Belgium

One of the smallest countries in Europe, Belgium is bordered by France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Germany. The country also has a narrow coastline along the North Sea.

Belgium primarily lies close to sea level, though the country does reach 2,277 feet (694 metres) at a point known as Botrange, which lies within the Ardennes plateau.

## Government & Economy

A constitutional monarchy, the government in Belgium is led by a prime minister who is appointed by a monarch and approved by a parliament. All citizens over age 18 must vote in national elections that occur at least once every four years, casting votes among a number of parties divided by French and Flemish.

Belgium is one of the most industrialized countries in Europe, with industries including metal manufacturing, food production, and construction.

The capital city, Brussels, is considered a centre of the world economy and diplomacy, with headquarters of the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and other organizations located in the city.

## History

Belgium declared its independence from the Netherlands in 1830. Germany occupied Belgium early in World War I. After five years, the Treaty of Versailles brought independence back to Belgium. However, Germany would occupy the region once again during World War II. Germany was driven from Belgium with the help of American and British forces.

In 1958, Belgium formed an economic agreement, known as the Benelux Economic Union, with neighbouring Netherlands and Luxembourg to promote free trade in the region. In 1993, Belgium's constitution was rewritten to officially recognize the country's three administrative regions of Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels.

## Nature

While most of Belgium was covered by deciduous forest 2,000 years ago, human activity has reduced both plant and animal life in the region.

Today, the most common tree is oak, and most animals can be found in the Ardennes, which consists of a mix of deciduous and coniferous forest. Animals commonly found in the Ardennes include wild boars, deer, wildcats, and pheasants.

Elsewhere in Belgium, several bird species can be found, such as sandpipers and snipes, along with muskrats and hamsters.

## People & Culture

Belgium is one of the most heavily populated countries in Europe and most people live in urban areas.

Belgium is divided into three communities based on language: In the north are the Flemings, who speak Flemish (Dutch), in the south are the Walloons, who speak French, and in the city of Liège there is a small German-speaking population.

Different communities in Belgium have different customs. The typical Flemish greeting involves a quick handshake, whereas Walloons greet with a light kiss on the cheek. Walloons also tend to eat their dinner later in the evening than the Flemish. However, talking while chewing gum or while keeping hands in one's pockets are considered rude across communities.

Art, music, and architecture play a big role in Belgian life and history. The comic strip is highly regarded, with "Tintin" and "The Smurfs" both originating in the country. Sports are also popular in Belgium, with soccer being the most-played sport.

Waffles, Moules frites (mussels served with french fries), and chocolate are three of the most popular Belgian foods.