Tyrannosaurus

* Evolution 2
* Database
* Evolution
* 1993

* Evolution 2
* Evolution

***Tyrannosaurus***, often referred to as ***Tyrannosaurus rex*** or simply ***T. rex***, is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur in the *Jurassic World Evolution* series. Arguably the world's most famous dinosaur, it originated from Late Cretaceous North America.

In *Evolution*, *Tyrannosaurus* fossils are first unlocked on Isla Tacaño, and can then be excavated from the Frenchman Formation, Hell Creek Formation, and Lance Formation in North America. Acquiring the complete genome of the *Tyrannosaurus* and the *Velociraptor* unlocks the *Indominus rex*. Additional *Tyrannosaurus* skins were added to the game with the *Return to Jurassic Park* expansion pack, based on its appearances in the original *Jurassic Park* trilogy.

In *Evolution 2*, *Tyrannosaurus* features a range of unique behaviours and can be unlocked in Challenge Mode, as well as Chaos Theory Mode, the latter of which also unlocks cosmetic genes based on its canon appearances.

## History

*Tyrannosaurus* was among the first species of dinosaur successfully cloned by InGen, intending to be displayed as an attraction in Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar. During the 1993 incident and subsequent abandonment of the park, the *Tyrannosaurus* escaped from its exhibit where it roamed free on the island for a time. In 1994, InGen sent a recovery team to Isla Nublar, moving the island's *Tyrannosaurus* to an unknown location prior to its exhibition in Jurassic World many years later.

During the 1997 incident, the InGen team sent to Isla Sorna encountered several *Tyrannosaurus*. Two of which, a buck and its infant, were captured and shipped to San Diego as the intended main attractions for Jurassic Park: San Diego. In what became known as the San Diego Incident, the buck escaped onto the streets of the city, causing numerous fatalities before being lured back to the San Diego Docks, where it was eventually transported back to Isla Sorna with the infant. During the 2001 Isla Sorna rescue mission, those involved encountered at least one *Tyrannosaurus*.

Following its opening in 2005 and until 2015, Jurassic World exhibited the *Tyrannosaurus* from the original Jurassic Park. During the 2015 incident, the park's *Tyrannosaurus* would be intentionally released by Claire Dearing to combat the rampaging *Indominus rex*. After the incident, which resulted in the abandonment of Jurassic World, the *Tyrannosaurus* became wild on Isla Nublar once more. In 2018, with the impending eruption of Mt. Sibo, Nublar's *Tyrannosaurus* was captured and transported to the Lockwood Manor in California, USA. The *Tyrannosaurus* later escaped from the manor into the wilds of Northern California.

Four years after the incident at Lockwood Manor, the escaped *Tyrannosaurus* was captured by the Department of Fish and Wildlife and was transported to a sanctuary created by BioSyn. It would develop a rivalry with the resident *Giganotosaurus* before eventually killing it with the aid of a *Therizinosaurus*. The *Tyrannosaurus* remained in the BioSyn sanctuary as it greeted two other members of its species.

## Characteristics

The most famous of all dinosaurs in history and among the largest theropod dinosaurs of all time, measuring at around 14.5 meters in length and over eight tons in weight, *Tyrannosaurus* is a species of tyrannosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period. The apex predator of its time, it lived throughout western North America at the end of the Cretaceous period alongside other dinosaurs such as the ceratopsians *Triceratops* and *Torosaurus*, the hadrosaur *Edmontosaurus*, the armored *Ankylosaurus*, the pachycephalosaurs *Pachycephalosaurus*, *Stygimoloch* and *Dracorex*, the smaller theropod *Troodon*, and the ornithomimid *Struthiomimus*, making it one of the latest species of non-avian dinosaurs to evolve prior to the great extinction 66 million years ago. *Tyrannosaurus* enjoys a fearsome reputation around the world thanks to its size, power and aggression – a status borne out by its name, which translates to “*King of the Tyrant Lizards*” – and to many, it represents the ultimate predator. This magnificent animal has long been at the heart of dinosaur attractions. *Tyrannosaurus* is known for its massive head with what is theorized have been the most powerful jaw known to science and rows of large, serrated teeth delivering the strongest bite to have ever existed on land. The base genome of the *Tyrannosaurus* is primarily dark brown.

## Gameplay

### Evolution

#### Behaviour

*Tyrannosaurus* is an extremely powerful carnivorous dinosaur representing one of the pinnacles of the Hammond Foundation's operations in the Muertes Archipelago. A temperamental species in comparison to other dinosaurs, *Tyrannosaurus* do not tolerate variations from their preferred environment, which should ideally consist of a mix between open grassland to roam, and open forests, from which they can ambush their prey. If their enclosure fails to meet these requirements, the *T. rex* may become stressed and attempt to escape.

Unlike most of the other large carnivores such as *Carcharodontosaurus*, *Giganotosaurus*, *Acrocanthosaurus*, and *Spinosaurus*, *Tyrannosaurus* is content with solitude and will become stressed when placed in an enclosure with another member of their species. This will result in an often fatal fight for dominance. Similar clashes, often to the death, can occur between similarly-sized carnivores such as *Spinosaurus*, while heavily armored herbivores such as *Ankylosaurus*, *Stegosaurus*, and *Triceratops* are more than capable of fighting back.

#### Available genomes

 Hell Creek Formation | ★★★★★★★★★★
 Lance Formation | ★★★★★★★

#### Skins

* Base Game
* Return to Jurassic Park

 NULL

 ALPINE

 COASTAL

 STEPPE

 TUNDRA

 WETLAND

 Wetland: Isla Pena Challenge Mode Jurassic Difficulty Unlock

 1993

 1993 A

 1997

 1997 A

 2001

 2001 A

 1993 A: Isla Nublar (1993) Challenge Mode Jurassic Difficulty Unlock
### Evolution 2

#### Behaviour

In *Evolution 2*, *Tyrannosaurus* is a highly aggressive species, although they can comfortably coexist with another member of their species in the same enclosure, engaging in social behaviours such as play fighting and sharing food from a carnivore feeder. As apex predators, *T. rex* can become stressed when denied an opportunity to hunt, and may attempt to escape if these needs are not met. *Tyrannosaurus* prefer large enclosures with areas of both forest and sand to remain comfortable.

*Tyrannosaurus* have the maximum security rating of 6, and can break out of their enclosures regardless of the strength of their fences. While they tolerate another member of their species, they dislike sharing their enclosure with other carnivores, with the exception of *Compsognathus*. They will engage in territorial fights with other carnivores, and can be defeated by smaller pack hunting predators such as *Velociraptor*.

## Paleontology

*Tyrannosaurus* fossils have been found across the once island continent of Laramidia – now western North America. Teeth were the first fossil find in 1874 near Golden in Colorado. American geologist Arthur Lakes lays claim to the discovery of *Tyrannosaurus*, when he unearthed multiple teeth in the Morrison Formation, Colorado. The teeth were initially believed to belong to *Ornithomimus*, but the subsequent discovery of a partial skeleton by Barnum Brown while investigating a site in Wyoming in 1900 was classified as *Tyrannosaurus* five years later, with Lakes' find later attributed to the same genus. There are two *Tyrannosaurus* skeletons that are the largest specimens found so far - one was discovered by Sue Hendrickson in August 12, 1990 at the Hell Creek Formation in South Dakota and was named "*Sue*" in Hendrickson's honor. The other was unearthed a year later in Saskatchewan, Canada by Eastend school teacher Robert Gebhard leading a team of paleontologists on a local expedition and named "*Scotty*".

Infamous for being called the king of the dinosaurs, *Tyrannosaurus* had a bite force of almost 6,000 kg of pressure, giving it arguably the strongest jaws ever seen amongst terrestrial carnivores with only extremely large crocodilians (i.e. *Deinosuchus*) and marine predators, such as the *Mosasaurus* and the *Megalodon*, have rivaled or surpassed it in sheer bite force. Although other species of theropod dinosaurs were roughly the same size as *Tyrannosaurus*, it is still one of the largest known terrestrial carnivores of all time. Large individuals could reach lengths of 43 feet and grow to 13 feet tall, with the average still being a respectably huge 40 feet long and 12 feet tall. However, new research estimates that *Tyrannosaurus* may have grown bigger than previously thought. Its teeth are actually blunt and relied more on the bite force than a serrated edge like other theropods. Possessing 50 to 60 teeth in its mouth, this was an adaptation to crush bones and bite through body armor, allowing adult *Tyrannosaurus* to both bring down armored prey such as ankylosaurids and ceratopsians, as well as process a carcass efficiently by crunching bones and tougher tissues to eat.

Curiously this is not true with young *Tyrannosaurus* who had a much leaner, thin build and narrow, serrated teeth. This suggests the young of the species chased down prey more actively and likely ate different animals than the adults. Of course, alone, they would never attack an adult, but instead, attack juveniles. A family group, however, could attack a sick or an old individual. While the Jurassic franchise portrays *Tyrannosaurus* as having considerably limited depth perception, therefore only "attacking when seeing movement", a study of brain scans at Ohio University indicate that *Tyrannosaurus* possessed hypersensitive hearing (attuned to hear low frequency sounds) and an enhanced sense of smell, both of which allowed it to track prey movements over long distances, as well as powerful binocular vision that rivaled, if not surpassed, a modern eagle's and enabled *Tyrannosaurus* to see as far as almost four miles away. Additionally, scientists believe that *Tyrannosaurus* was a fairly intelligent dinosaur, more so than most other species - enough to potentially solve problems.

*Tyrannosaurus* was the perfect predator for armored prey even up to equal size to itself, if not larger. However, their blunter teeth and narrower jaw gape would have made hunting sauropods difficult. In the past, juvenile and adolescent specimens of the genus were mistaken for different species or genera, *Nanotyrannus* being a notable example as most paleontologists now believe it to be an adolescent *Tyrannosaurus*. A second possible species exists in Mongolia in the form of the almost equally huge *Tarbosaurus*, which if true would be reclassified as *Tyrannosaurus bataar*.

Paleontologists suggested a wide range of maximum running speeds for *Tyrannosaurus*. For a time, given the size of its legs, it was speculated that *Tyrannosaurus* could run 45 mph (72 km/h). Later from 2002 to 2017, applying *Tyrannosaurus* physiology to modern reptiles and birds and given its heavy-size, they downsized its top speed between 25-35 mph (40-56 km/h). In 2019, studies officially declared *Tyrannosaurus* maximum speed at 11 mph (18 km/h). It has been suggested that if an adult *Tyrannosaurus* even tried running faster than 11 mph, their bones would shatter and break. However, while the adults were slow, it is possible that the juveniles could run at greater speeds.

While skin samples of *Tyrannosaurus rex* do show the genus having small scales, it is considered likely the species was unique amongst large theropods in that it sported primitive feathers of some sort somewhere on the body or during its lifetime. It wasn't as heavily feathered as early members of its family such as *Yutyrannus*, so any feathers were likely along the back or when the animal was young and might need extra insulation to regulate its body temperature. For much of the twentieth century, *Tyrannosaurus* was regarded as a primitive, murderous beast that roamed the jungle as a solitary hunter. However, this concept has since been dropped, as deep lacerations in the skulls of many specimens suggest the animal fought others of its own kind on a regular basis, a common trait of a social species defending territory and young from rivals, and likely hunted in small groups, probably family packs.

### Paleoecology

By far the largest and apex predator in its time and environment, *Tyrannosaurus* roamed western North America during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 73-66 million years ago, living in a variety of different ecosystems including inland and coastal subtropical regions, and semi-arid plains. There, it lived alongside large herbivores such as *Ankylosaurus* and the hadrosaur *Edmontosaurus*, the latter likely being a regular prey item for the active hunter, the hard-headed *Pachycephalosaurus*, as well as the famous ceratopsian *Triceratops*. They also coexisted with a large sauropod about the size of an *Argentinosaurus* called *Alamosaurus*, as well as a large dromaeosaurid called *Dakotaraptor*.

## Behind the scenes

The *Tyrannosaurus* was one of the first dinosaurs to be developed for *Jurassic World Evolution*. The development team used the 3D model that was created for the films by Industrial Light & Magic, as well as audio files to create the most authentic representation of the dinosaur. Its inclusion in the game was first revealed in the announcement trailer that was released at Gamescom 2017. It received a Species Profile on May 15, 2018.

At launch, *Tyrannosaurus* was considerably larger than both *Spinosaurus* and *Giganotosaurus*. In response to community feedback, it was downscaled from 14 meters (45.93 feet) to 13.5 meters (44.29 feet) in Update 1.4. The Wetland cosmetic skin was added to the game with Update 1.6 on December 13th, 2018.

For the *Return to Jurassic Park* expansion pack, *Tyrannosaurus* was given a makeover with six additional cosmetic skins that are based on its various depictions in the *Jurassic* series. In addition to the new cosmetic variants, the *Tyrannosaur* model was given a new texture map to make it look closer to its depiction in the earlier films.

## Gallery

Evolution Database images
VideosSpecies Profile - Tyrannosaurus RexHow Jurassic World Evolution Made Its T.Rex - IGN FirstSpecies Field Guide - Tyrannosaurus Rex - Jurassic World Evolution 2
Images
## References

1. ↑ Spielberg, Steven. (Director). (1993). *Jurassic Park* [Film]. Universal Pictures.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 *What Killed the Gene Guard Act?*. (February 23, 2018). Dinosaur Protection Group. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
3. ↑ Spielberg, Steven. (Director). (1997). *The Lost World: Jurassic Park* [Film]. Universal Pictures.
4. ↑ Johnston, Joe. (Director). (2001). *Jurassic Park III* [Film]. Universal Pictures.
5. ↑ Trevorrow, Colin. (Director). (2015). *Jurassic World* [Film]. Universal Pictures.
6. ↑ Bayona, J. A. (Director). (2018). *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom* [Film]. Universal Pictures.
7. ↑ Trevorrow, Colin. (Director). (2022). *Jurassic World Dominion* [Film]. Universal Pictures.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Frontier Developments. (May 15, 2018). *Species Profile - Tyrannosaurus Rex* [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
9. ↑ Vaaler, J. E. [Jens Erik]. (September 15, 2021). *Species Field Guide - Tyrannosaurus Rex* [Online forum post]. Frontier Forums. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
10. ↑ Krupa, Daniel (May 16, 2018). HOW JURASSIC WORLD EVOLUTION MADE ITS T.REX - IGN FIRST *IGN*. Retrieved June 14, 2018
11. ↑ PlayStation Europe. (August 21, 2017). *Jurassic World Evolution | Announcement Trailer | PS4* [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
12. ↑ Marit, Bo. [Bo\_Frontier]. (August 16, 2018). *Important News about Dinosaur Sizes* [Online forum post]. Reddit. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
13. ↑ Steggall, Mark. [Steggs]. (December 13, 2018). *Update 1.6 and Jurassic World Evolution: Cretaceous Dinosaur Pack Out Now!* [Online forum post]. Frontier Forums. Retrieved April 9, 2021.