Andrew Jackson

7th President of the United States

### Birth

March 15, 1767Waxhaw Settlement between North Carolina and South Carolina, British America

### Death

June 8, 1845 (aged 78)Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.

### Political party

Democratic-Republican (before 1825); Jacksonian (1825–1828); Democratic (1828–1845)

### Children

Andrew Jackson Jr. (adopted son)Lyncoya (adopted son)

### Parents

Andrew Jackson (father)Elizabeth Hutchinson (mother)

### Siblings

Hugh Jackson (brother)Robert Jackson (brother)

### Awards

Congressional Gold MedalThanks of Congress

### Hair color

Sandy red

**Andrew Jackson** was the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837, seeking to act as the direct representative of the common man. An expansionist president, Jackson sought to fight against what he deemed a "corrupt aristocracy" and to preserve the Union.

*The Presidency of Andrew Jackson spanned the period in United States history that encompasses the events of the Jacksonian Era. President Andrew Jackson represented the Democratic political party which influenced the domestic and foreign policies of his presidency. Andrew Jackson went against political convention and chose his friends as advisors rather than use the cabinet, they were referred to as the "Kitchen Cabinet" which caused resentment during the Peggy Eaton Affair as did the use of the "Spoils System", that gave jobs for the boys.*

## Biography

More nearly than any of his predecessors, Andrew Jackson was elected by popular vote; as President he sought to act as the direct representative of the common man.

Born in a backwoods settlement in the Carolinas in 1767, he received sporadic education. But in his late teens he read law for about two years, and he became an outstanding young lawyer in Tennessee. Fiercely jealous of his honor, he engaged in brawls, and in a duel killed a man who cast an unjustified slur on his wife Rachel.

Jackson prospered sufficiently to buy slaves and to build a mansion, the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was the first man elected from Tennessee to the House of Representatives, and he served briefly in the Senate. A major general in the War of 1812, Jackson became a national hero when he defeated the British at New Orleans.

In 1824 some state political factions rallied around Jackson; by 1828 enough had joined “Old Hickory” to win numerous state elections and control of the Federal administration in Washington.

In his first Annual Message to Congress, Jackson recommended eliminating the Electoral College. He also tried to democratize Federal officeholding. Already state machines were being built on patronage, and a New York Senator openly proclaimed “that to the victors belong the spoils. . . . ”

Jackson took a milder view. Decrying officeholders who seemed to enjoy life tenure, he believed Government duties could be “so plain and simple” that offices should rotate among deserving applicants.

As national politics polarized around Jackson and his opposition, two parties grew out of the old Republican Party–the Democratic Republicans, or Democrats, adhering to Jackson; and the National Republicans, or Whigs, opposing him.

Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other Whig leaders proclaimed themselves defenders of popular liberties against the usurpation of Jackson. Hostile cartoonists portrayed him as King Andrew I.

Behind their accusations lay the fact that Jackson, unlike previous Presidents, did not defer to Congress in policy-making but used his power of the veto and his party leadership to assume command.

The greatest party battle centered around the Second Bank of the United States, a private corporation but virtually a Government-sponsored monopoly. When Jackson appeared hostile toward it, the Bank threw its power against him.

Clay and Webster, who had acted as attorneys for the Bank, led the fight for its recharter in Congress. “The bank,” Jackson told Martin Van Buren, “is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!” Jackson, in vetoing the recharter bill, charged the Bank with undue economic privilege.

His views won approval from the American electorate; in 1832 he polled more than 56 percent of the popular vote and almost five times as many electoral votes as Clay.

Jackson met head-on the challenge of John C. Calhoun, leader of forces trying to rid themselves of a high protective tariff.

When South Carolina undertook to nullify the tariff, Jackson ordered armed forces to Charleston and privately threatened to hang Calhoun. Violence seemed imminent until Clay negotiated a compromise: tariffs were lowered and South Carolina dropped nullification.

In January of 1832, while the President was dining with friends at the White House, someone whispered to him that the Senate had rejected the nomination of Martin Van Buren as Minister to England. Jackson jumped to his feet and exclaimed, “By the Eternal! I’ll smash them!” So he did. His favorite, Van Buren, became Vice President, and succeeded to the Presidency when “Old Hickory” retired to the Hermitage, where he died in June 1845.

## Personality

The character traits of President Andrew Jackson can be described as open, frank, charismatic and charming with excellent leadership skills. It has been speculated that the Myers-Briggs personality type for Andrew Jackson is an ESTP (introversion, intuition, thinking, perceiving). An outgoing, active, influential and resourceful character with the ability to improvise to achieve desired results. Andrew Jackson Personality type: Socially sophisticated, persuasive, competitive and easily bored.

## Nicknames

* "Old Hickory"
* "The Hero of New Orleans"
* "King Mob"

*Meaning: The nickname of President Andrew Jackson provides an insight into how the man was viewed by the American public during his presidency. The meaning of the Andrew Jackson nickname "Old Hickory" refers to Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815), the War of 1812,  when Major General Andrew Jackson defeated the British. Andrew Jackson was greatly admired by his troops who affectionately referred to him as being as "tough as old hickory."*

## Inaugurations

### First Inauguration

The **first inauguration of Andrew Jackson** as the seventh president of the United States was held on Wednesday, March 4, 1829, at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Andrew Jackson as president and the second term of John C. Calhoun as vice president. Chief Justice John Marshall administered the presidential oath of office. Calhoun resigned 3 years, 299 days into this term, and the office remained vacant for the balance of it. (Before ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency.)

### Second Inauguration

The **second inauguration of Andrew Jackson** as president of the United States took place in the House Chamber of the U.S. Capitol on Monday, March 4, 1833. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second four-year term of Andrew Jackson as president and the only four-year term of Martin Van Buren as vice president. When arriving at the east front of the capitol for the inauguration, John Peter Van Ness, the Mayor of Washington, and members of the Council of Corporation greeted Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren and helped escort these men to the House of Representatives Chamber prior to the commencement of the swearing of oath

## Presidents born during his Presidency

* James A. Garfield
* Chester A. Arthur
* Benjamin Harrison

## Presidents who died during his Presidency

* James Madison
* James Monroe

## Accomplishments and major events

*The major events that occurred during the time that Andrew Jackson was president included the opening of the Oregon Trail (1830), the Indian Removal Act (1830), Second Seminole War (1835), the Bank Wars, the Nullification Crisis,  the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution (1835). The Abolitionist Movement was growing in the period that saw Nat Turner's Rebellion, the Fugitive Slave Act and the emergence of the "Underground Railroad".*

**The 1830 Indian Removal Act**

Summary: The 1830 Indian Removal Act was signed by Andrew Jackson and was the start of the forced removal of Native American Indians fro their homelands.

**Nat Turner's Rebellion**

Summary: Nat Turner's Rebellion was a short lived slave revolt that started on August 21, 1831 and was quashed within 48 hours during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The bloody rebellion was led by religious leader Nat Turner and 60 slaves  Nat Turner's rebellion raised southern fears of a general slave uprising.

**The Abolitionist Movement**

Summary: The Andrew Jackson presidency saw the emergence of the Abolitionist Movement in 1831. The abolitionist movement was based in the North and its goals were to bring about the emancipation of slaves in the agricultural slave states of the south that depended on slave labor for their cash crop economy.

**The "Underground Railroad"**

Summary: The Underground Railroad, a secret organization, supported by Abolitionists, was established in 1831 to help slaves escape from slavery in the Southern slave states to freedom in the Northern free states and Canada.

**The Tariff of 1832**

Summary: The Tariff of 1832 was a Protective tariff that was passed to ease the conflict between the North and South states created by the 1828 tax referred to by its critics as the Tariff of Abominations.

**The 1833 Force Bill**

Summary: The Force Bill authorized Andrew Jackson to use military force against any state that resisted the protective tariff laws It was in response to the actions of the South Carolina legislature who had declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void.

**The Nullification Crisis**

Summary: The Nullification Crisis was sparked by the South Carolina Exposition resulting in the Southern states opposing protective tariffs which damaged the economy of the South.

**The 1833 Compromise Tariff**

Summary: The 1833 Compromise Tariff was signed by Andrew Jackson to defuse the gravity of the Nullification Crisis.

**The Bank War, Pet Banks and Wildcat Banks and the Specie Circular**

Summary: The 1832 events of the Bank War were initiated by Andrew Jackson to bring about the destruction of the Second Bank of the United States and transfer government money into selected state banks. The Bank War led to the emergence of the Pet Banks favored by Andrew Jackson and the Wildcat Banks in the west (Pet Banks and Wildcat Banks). The Specie Circular was the name given to an Executive Order issued by Andrew Jackson aimed at curtailing the Wildcat Banks stipulating that all government owned lands must be paid for exclusively in gold or silver (specie) in order to restrain excessive land speculation in the west and the massive growth of paper money in circulation.

**The Kitchen Cabinet, the Spoils System and the Peggy Eaton affair**

Summary: President Andrew Jackson preferred to use his chose his friends as his advisors rather than use the cabinet and this elite group were referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet. This resulted in 'Jobs for the Boys' in the escalated use of the Spoils System. Problems within the cabinet erupted in the scandal known as the Peggy Eaton affair that involved members of President Jackson's Cabinet and their wives

**The Battle of the Alamo**

Summary: The Battle of the Alamo (February 23, 1836 – March 6, 1836) was a 13 day siege fought at a mission in San Antonio between  Mexican forces of about 4000, led by President General Santa Anna, against 180 American rebels fighting for Texan independence from Mexico. The Battle of the Alamo was won by the Mexicans but the 13 days gave General Sam Houston time to build his Texan Army to fight in the Texas Revolution.

**The Texas Revolution**

Summary: The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 - April 21, 1836) was fought during the presidency of Andrew Jackson between the government of Mexico, led by General Santa Anna, and Texas colonists. General Santa Anna was captured, the peace treaty of Velasco was signed and the defeated Mexican army, crossed the Rio Grande back into Mexico. The Texas Revolution resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Texas.

**The 1836 Gag Rule**

Summary: The infamous Gag Rule was applied in Congress from 1836 to 1844, banning petitions calling for the Abolition of Slavery.

**The Cyrus McCormick reaper**

Summary: The Cyrus McCormick reaper was invented in 1831, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The mechanical horse-drawn reaping machine would revolutionize farming methods but did not come into general use until 1845.

## Post Presidency

Jackson retired to the Hermitage in 1837, though he remained influential in national and state politics. To reduce the inflation caused by the Panic of 1837, Jackson supported an Independent Treasury system that would restrict the government from printing paper money and require it to hold its money in silver and gold.

During the 1840 presidential election, Jackson campaigned Van Buren in Tennessee, but Van Buren had become unpopular during the continuing depression. The Whig Party nominee, William Henry Harrison, one the election using a campaign style similar to that of the Democrats: Van Buren was depicted as an uncaring aristocrat, while Harrison's war record was glorified, and he was portrayed as a man of the people. Harrison won the 1840 election and the Whigs captured majorities in both houses of Congress, but Harrison died a month into his term, and was replaced by his vice-president, former Democrat John Tyler. Jackson was encouraged because Tyler was not bound to party loyalties and praised him when he vetoed two Whig-sponsored bills to establish a new national bank in 1841.

Jackson lobbied for the annexation of Texas, He was concerned that the British could use it as a base to threaten the United States and insisted that it was part of the Louisiana Purchase. Tyler signed a treaty of annexation in April 1844, but it became associated with the expansion of slavery and was not ratified. Van Buren, who had been Jackson's preferred candidate for the Democratic Party in the 1844 presidential election, had opposed annexation. Disappointed by Van Buren, Jackson convinced Polk, who was to be Van Buren's running mate, to run as the Democratic Party's presidential nominee instead. Polk defeated Van Buren for the nomination and won the election. The Senate passed a bill to annex Texas, and it was signed on March 1, 1845.

## Death

Jackson died of dropsy, tuberculosis and heart failure at 78 years of age on June 8, 1845. He was surrounded by family and friends at his deathbed, and his last words were, "Oh, do not cry. Be good children and we will all meet in Heaven." He was buried in the same tomb as his wife Rachel.

## Facts and trivia

* Andrew Jackson is the only American president to pay off the National Debt. He was also the first president who didn't come from a wealthy family showing the American people that anyone can succeed.
* Jackson's parents were Scots-Irish colonists Andrew Jackson and his wife Elizabeth Hutchinson, Presbyterians who had emigrated from Ulster, Ireland, two years earlier. Jackson's parental ancestors crossed into Northern Ireland from Scotland after the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
* Jackson's exact birthplace is unclear because of a lack of knowledge of his mother's actions immediately following her husband's funeral. The area was so remote that the border between North and South Carolina had not been officially surveyed. In 1824, Jackson wrote a letter saying he had been born on the plantation of his uncle James Crawford in Lancaster County, South Carolina. Jackson may have claimed to be a South Carolinian because the state was considering nullification of the Tariff of 1824, which he opposed. In the mid-1850s, second-hand evidence indicated that he might have been born at a different uncle's home in North Carolina.
* At nine years old, Jackson read the Declaration of Independence aloud to neighbors who had never learned to read.
* As a young boy, Jackson was easily offended and was considered something of a bully. He was, however, also said to have taken a group of younger and weaker boys under his wing and been kind to them.
* At 13 years old, he left school to join the Militia, where he served as a messenger during the Revolutionary War. He was captured by the British, where he contracted smallpox and nearly starved to death.
* By the age of 14, Jackson was an orphan and the only surviving member of his immediate family.
* After the Revolutionary War, Jackson received a sporadic education in a local Waxhaw school. On bad terms with much of his extended family, he boarded with several different people.
* In 1781, he worked for a time as a saddle-maker, and eventually taught school. He apparently prospered in neither profession.
* In 1784, Jackson left the Waxhaws region for Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law under attorney Spruce Macay, eventually becoming a renowned frontier lawyer.
* Jackson moved to the small frontier town of Nashville in 1788, where he lived as a boarder with Rachel Stockly Donelson, the widow of John Donelson. Here Jackson became acquainted with their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. The younger Rachel was in an unhappy marriage with Captain Lewis Robards; he was subject to fits of jealous rage. The two were separated in 1790. According to Jackson, he married Rachel after hearing that Robards had obtained a divorce.
* When she first met Jackson, Rachel Donelson was already married to Lewis Robards. Robards had a reputation for marital violence, leading to his separation from Rachel in 1790. Though she filed for an official divorce before she and Jackson married in 1791, wasn’t finalized yet at the time, technically making their marriage bigamous and illegal. After the divorce finally went through in 1794, she and Jackson had a second ceremony.
* The circumstances around Jackson's marriage to Rachel made it a target for his enemies. In 1806, Charles Dickinson published an attack on Jackson over his marriage with Rachel in a local newspaper. Jackson responded by challenging Dickinson to a duel, with Dickinson shooting first and almost killing Jackson.
* Different children were taken care of and lived with the Jackson family at one time or another. These included the two Creek children the Jacksons called Charly or Charley and Theodore. The Jacksons had two boys they considered as adopted — Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's brother Severn Donelson, and Lyncoya, a Creek orphan adopted by Jackson after the Battle of Tallushatchee.
* In 1794, Jackson formed a partnership with fellow lawyer John Overton, dealing in claims for land reserved by treaty for the Cherokee and Chickasaw. Like many of their contemporaries, they dealt in such claims although the land was in Indian territory. Most of the transactions involved grants made under a 'land grab' act of 1783 that briefly opened Indian lands west of the Appalachians within North Carolina to claim by that state's residents.
* After moving to Nashville, Jackson became a protege of William Blount, a friend of the Donelsons and one of the most powerful men in the territory. Jackson became attorney general in 1791, and he won election as a delegate to the Tennessee constitutional convention in 1796.
* Jackson served briefly in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate, representing Tennessee, where he helped shape the modern Democratic Party. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804.
* In addition to his legal and political career, Jackson prospered as a planter and merchant. He built a home and the first general store in Gallatin, Tennessee, in 1803. The next year, he acquired The Hermitage, a 640-acre (259 ha) plantation in Davidson County, near Nashville. He later added 360 acres (146 ha) to the plantation, which eventually totaled 1,050 acres (425 ha). The primary crop was cotton.
* Like most successful American planters at the time, Jackson's plantation depended on slave labor. The cotton cultivated at the Hermitage was planted and picked by slaves. The Hermitage was quite profitable; Jackson began with nine slaves, owned as many as 44 by 1820, and later up to 150, placing him among the planter elite. Jackson also co-owned with his son Andrew Jackson Jr. the Halcyon plantation in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which housed 51 slaves at the time of his death. Throughout his lifetime, Jackson owned over 300 slaves.
* Jackson expressed concern for the slaves' treatment, attempted to keep slave families together, and urged his overseers to treat them with humanity. He believed in a paternalistic idea of slavery, which claimed that slave ownership was morally acceptable as long as owners served as paternal figures for slaves, offering food, shelter, and other necessities.
* Jackson endorsed James Monroe for president in 1808 against James Madison.
* In 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander the following year. He led troops during the Creek War of 1813–1814, winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia.
* Jackson's soldiers nicknamed him "Old Hickory" during the War of 1812 because he was willing to suffer the same hardships as the average soldier.
* Jackson led troops to victory in the Battle of New Orleans, the final battle of the War of 1812, which made him a national hero.
* Jackson also led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate.
* Jackson was one of the three original investors who founded Memphis, Tennessee, in 1819.
* Jackson was a Freemason, initiated at Harmony Lodge No. 1 in Tennessee. He was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee in 1822 and 1823. During the 1832 presidential election, Jackson faced opposition from the Anti-Masonic Party. He was the only U.S. president to have served as Grand Master of a state's Grand Lodge until Harry S. Truman in 1945.
* Jackson's Masonic apron is on display in the Tennessee State Museum. An obelisk and bronze Masonic plaque decorate his tomb at the Hermitage.
* In the spring of 1822, Jackson suffered a physical breakdown. His body had two bullets lodged in it, and he had grown exhausted from years of hard military campaigning. He regularly coughed up blood, and his entire body shook. Jackson feared that he was on the brink of death. After several months of rest, he recovered. During his convalescence, Jackson's thoughts increasingly turned to national affairs. He obsessed over rampant corruption in the Monroe administration and grew to detest the Second Bank of the United States, blaming it for causing the Panic of 1819 by contracting credit.
* Jackson turned down an offer to run for governor of his home state, but accepted John Overton's plan to have the legislature nominate him for president. On July 22, 1822, he was officially nominated by the Tennessee legislature.
* Jackson ran for president in 1824, winning a plurality of the popular and electoral vote. As no candidate won an electoral majority, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams in a contingent election. In reaction to the alleged "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Henry Clay and the ambitious agenda of President John Quincy Adams, Jackson's supporters founded the Democratic Party.
* Almost immediately, opposition arose to the Adams presidency. Jackson opposed Adams's plan to involve the U.S. in Panama's quest for independence, writing, "The moment we engage in confederations, or alliances with any nation, we may from that time date the down fall of our republic."
* Jackson was nominated for president by the Tennessee legislature in October 1825, more than three years before the 1828 election. It was the earliest such nomination in presidential history, and it attested to the fact that Jackson's supporters began the 1828 campaign almost as soon as the 1824 campaign ended. Adams's presidency foundered, as his ambitious agenda faced defeat in a new era of mass politics.
* Jackson ran again in 1828, defeating Adams in a landslide. The campaign was heavily personal. As was the custom at the time, neither candidate personally campaigned, but their political followers organized campaign events. Both candidates were rhetorically attacked in the press. Jackson was labelled a slave trader who bought and sold slaves and moved them about in defiance of higher standards of slaveholder behavior.
* Jackson's wife Rachel, was also a frequent target of attacks, and was widely accused of bigamy, a reference to the controversial situation of her marriage with Jackson. She had been under extreme stress during the election, and often struggled while Jackson was away. She began experiencing significant physical stress during the election season. Jackson described her symptoms as "excruciating pain in the left shoulder, arm, and breast." After struggling for three days, Rachel finally died of a heart attack on December 22, 1828, three weeks after her husband's victory in the election (which began on October 31 and ended on December 2) and 10 weeks before Jackson took office as president. A distraught Jackson had to be pulled from her so the undertaker could prepare the body. He felt that the abuse from Adams's supporters had hastened her death and never forgave him.
* Jackson's name has been associated with Jacksonian democracy or the shift and expansion of democracy with the passing of some political power from established elites to ordinary voters based in political parties. "The Age of Jackson" shaped the national agenda and American politics. Jackson's philosophy as president was similar to that of Jefferson, advocating republican values held by the Revolutionary generation.
* Jackson faced the threat of secession by South Carolina over what opponents called the "Tariff of Abominations". The crisis was defused when the tariff was amended, and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South Carolina attempted to secede.
* Jackson departed from the Hermitage on January 19 and arrived in Washington on February 11. He then set about choosing his cabinet members, the first choice proved to be unsuccessful, full of bitter partisanship and gossip. Jackson blamed Adams in part for what was said about Rachel during the campaign, and refused to meet him after arriving in Washington. Therefore, Adams chose not to attend the inauguration.
* On March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first United States president-elect to take the oath of office on the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol. In his inaugural speech, Jackson promised to respect the sovereign powers of states and the constitutional limits of the presidency. He also promised to pursue "reform" by removing power from "unfaithful or incompetent hands." At the conclusion of the ceremony, Jackson invited the public to the White House, where his supporters held a raucous party. Thousands of spectators overwhelmed the White House staff, and minor damage was caused to fixtures and furnishings. Jackson's populism earned him the nickname "King Mob."
* The widower Jackson invited Rachel's niece Emily Donelson to serve as hostess at the White House. Emily was married to Andrew Jackson Donelson, who acted as Jackson's private secretary and in 1856 ran for vice president on the American Party ticket. The relationship between the president and Emily became strained during the Petticoat affair, and the two became estranged for over a year. They eventually reconciled and she resumed her duties as White House hostess.
* In an effort to purge the government of corruption, Jackson launched presidential investigations into all executive Cabinet offices and departments. He believed appointees should be hired on merit and withdrew many candidates he believed were lax in their handling of monies. He believed that the federal government had been corrupted and that he had received a mandate from the American people to purge such corruption.
* As president, Jackson enforced the Tenure of Office Act, signed by President Monroe in 1820, that limited appointed office tenure and authorized the president to remove and appoint political party associates. Jackson believed that a rotation in office was a democratic reform preventing hereditary office-holding and made civil service responsible to the popular will.
* Jackson's quick temper was notorious. Biographer H. W. Brands notes that his opponents were terrified of his temper: "Observers likened him to a volcano, and only the most intrepid or recklessly curious cared to see it erupt. ... His close associates all had stories of his blood-curdling oaths, his summoning of the Almighty to loose His wrath upon some miscreant, typically followed by his own vow to hang the villain or blow him to perdition. Given his record—in duels, brawls, mutiny trials, and summary hearings—listeners had to take his vows seriously."
* Jackson was a lean figure, standing at 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall, and weighing between 130 and 140 pounds (59 and 64 kg) on average. Jackson also had an unruly shock of red hair, which had completely grayed by the time he became president at age 61. He also had deep penetrating blue eyes.
* As president, Jackson held strong populist views, arguing that government officials’ opinions mattered less than those of the public.
* During his administration, Jackson vetoed many bills. Only one major law (the Indian Removal Act) was passed in his 8 years in office.
* In Congress, Henry Clay led the effort to reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson, regarding the Bank as a corrupt institution that benefited the wealthy at the expense of ordinary Americans, vetoed the renewal of its charter. After a lengthy struggle, Jackson and his allies thoroughly dismantled the Bank.
* In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly removed most members of the major tribes of the Southeast to Indian Territory; these removals were subsequently known as the Trail of Tears. The relocation process dispossessed these nations of their land and resulted in widespread death and disease.
* Jackson opposed the abolitionist movement, which grew stronger in his second term.
* Jackson opposed the Supreme Court’s binding authority and even argued that justices should stand for election instead of receiving appointments to their office. Jackson also called for the abolition of the electoral college, which led many historians to describe him as ahead of his time.
* In January 1835, Jackson survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president.
* Jackson appointed six justices to the Supreme Court. Most were undistinguished. His first appointee, John McLean, had been nominated in Barry's place after Barry had agreed to become postmaster general. McLean "turned Whig and forever schemed to win" the presidency. His next two appointees–Henry Baldwin and James Moore Wayne–disagreed with Jackson on some points but were poorly regarded even by Jackson's enemies. In reward for his services, Jackson nominated Taney to the Court to fill a vacancy in January 1835, but the nomination failed to win Senate approval.
* Two new states were admitted into the Union during Jackson's presidency: Arkansas (June 15, 1836) and Michigan (January 26, 1837). Both states increased Democratic power in Congress and helped Van Buren win the presidency in 1836. This was in keeping with the tradition that new states would support the party which had done the most to admit them.
* Jackson was one of the more sickly presidents, suffering from chronic headaches, abdominal pains, and a hacking cough. Much of his trouble was caused by a musket ball in his lung that was never removed, that often brought up blood and sometimes made his whole body shake.
* On the last day of his presidency, Jackson admitted that he had but two regrets, that he "had been unable to shoot Henry Clay or to hang John C. Calhoun." On his deathbed, he was once again quoted as regretting that he had not hanged Calhoun for treason. "My country would have sustained me in the act, and his fate would have been a warning to traitors in all time to come," he said.
* In 1837, after serving two terms as president, Jackson was replaced by his chosen successor Martin Van Buren and retired to the Hermitage. He immediately began putting it in order as it had been poorly managed in his absence by his adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr.
* Although he experienced ill health, Jackson remained highly influential in both national and state politics. He was a firm advocate of the federal union of the states and rejected any talk of secession, insisting, "I will die with the Union.
* Blamed for causing the Panic of 1837, Jackson was unpopular in his early retirement. He continued to denounce the "perfidy and treachery" of banks and urged his successor, Van Buren, to repudiate the Specie Circular as president.
* In 1838, Jackson became an official member of the First Presbyterian Church in Nashville. Both his mother and his wife had been devout Presbyterians all their lives, but Jackson himself had postponed officially entering the church in order to avoid accusations that he had joined only for political reasons.
* Though fearful of its effects on the slavery debate, Jackson advocated the annexation of Texas, which was accomplished shortly before his death.
* Jackson has been widely revered in the United States as an advocate for democracy and the common man. Many of his actions proved divisive, garnering both fervent support and strong opposition from many in the country.
* Jackson's age and illness eventually overcame him. On June 8, 1845, he was surrounded by family and friends at his deathbed. Jackson, startled by their sobbing, said, "What is the matter with my dear children? Have I alarmed you? Oh, do not cry. Be good children and we will all meet in Heaven." He died immediately after at the age of 78 of chronic dropsy and heart failure.
* In his will, Jackson left his entire estate to Andrew Jackson Jr. except for specifically enumerated items that were left to various friends and family members.
* Jackson's tomb is located in his garden at The Hermitage and reads, "General Andrew Jackson, March 15, 1767 - June 8, 1845."
* Jackson remains one of the most studied and controversial figures in American history. His reputation has suffered since the 1970s, largely due to his anti-abolitionist views and policy of the forcible removal of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands. However, surveys of historians and scholars have ranked Jackson favorably among U.S. presidents.
* Jackson has appeared on U.S. banknotes as far back as 1869, and extending into the 21st century. His image has appeared on the $5, $10, $20, and $10,000 note. Most recently, his image has appeared on the U.S. $20 Federal reserve note beginning in 1928. In 2016, Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced his goal that by 2020 an image of Harriet Tubman would replace Jackson's depiction on the front side of the $20 banknote, and that an image of Jackson would be placed on the reverse side, though the final decision will be made by his successors.
* Jackson has appeared on several postage stamps. He first appeared on an 1863 two-cent stamp, which is commonly referred to by collectors as the *Black Jack* due to the large portraiture of Jackson on its face printed in pitch black. During the American Civil War, the Confederate government issued two Confederate postage stamps bearing Jackson's portrait, one a 2-cent red stamp and the other a 2-cent green stamp, both issued in 1863.
* Numerous counties and cities are named after Jackson, including the cities of Jacksonville in Florida and North Carolina; the cities of Jackson in Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee; the city of Andrew in Iowa; Jackson County in Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Oregon; and Jackson Parish in Louisiana.
* Memorials to Jackson include a set of four identical equestrian statues by the sculptor Clark Mills: in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.; in Jackson Square, New Orleans; in Nashville on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol; and in Jacksonville, Florida. Other equestrian statues of Jackson have been erected elsewhere, as in the State Capitol grounds in Raleigh, North Carolina. That statue controversially identifies him as one of the "presidents North Carolina gave the nation," and he is featured alongside James Polk and Andrew Johnson, both U.S. presidents born in North Carolina.
* There is a bust o Jackson in Plaza Ferdinand VII in Pensacola, Florida, where he became the first governor of the Florida Territory in 1821. There is also a 1928 bronze sculpture of Andrew Jackson by Belle Kinney Scholz and Leopold Scholz in the U.S. Capitol Building as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection.
* Jackson and his wife Rachel were the main subjects of a 1951 historical novel by Irving Stone, *The President's Lady*, which told the story of their lives up until Rachel's death. The novel was the basis for the 1953 film of the same name starring Charlton Heston as Jackson and Susan Hayward as Rachel.
* Jackson has been a supporting character in a number of historical films and television productions. Lionel Barrymore played Jackson in *The Gorgeous Hussy* (1936), a fictionalized biography of Peggy Eaton starring Joan Crawford. *The Buccaneer* (1938), depicting the Battle of New Orleans, included Hugh Sothern as Jackson, and was remade in 1958 with Heston again playing Jackson. Brian Donlevy played Jackson in the Paramount Pictures 1942 film The Remarkable Andrew. Basil Ruysdael played Jackson in Walt Disney's 1955 *Davy Crockett* TV miniseries. Wesley Addy appeared as Jackson in some episodes of the 1976 PBS miniseries *The Adams Chronicles*.
* Jackson is the protagonist of the comedic historic rock musical *Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson* (2008) with music and lyrics by Michael Friedman and book by Alex Timbers.
* In 1959, Jimmy Driftwood wrote the song "The Battle of New Orleans," which mentions Jackson. Johnny Horton recorded it that same year.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew\_Jackson
* https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/andrew-jackson/
* https://www.american-historama.org/presidents-united-states/andrew-jackson.htm
* https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Jackson-1115