recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Penrhyn phonology

## Alphabet

**A**, **E**, **H**, **I**, **K**, **M**, **N**, **Ng**, **O**, **P**, **R**, **T**, **U**, **V**

Long vowels are written with a macron.

## Consonants

Consonants in Penrhyn

Tongareva is one of the few Cook Islands languages without a glottal stop [ʔ]. There is allophonic voicing of stops present. [f] is present in loanwords from languages like Rakahanga-Manihiki language.
Panará orthography

Orthography for Panará has been developed by Panará teachers, with help from literacy workshops, over the last 20 years. The following charts for both consonants and vowels are the result of the aforementioned workshops between Panará groups and academics, specifically Bernat Bardagil-Mas and Myriam Lapierre, in 2016 and 2017 and represent the orthography that has been adopted since then.

## Vowels

Vowel length is phonemic and is represented in the orthography by a digraph consisting of a doubling of the vowel at hand. Nasalization is also phonemic and represented in orthography with the ˜ above the vowel.
Phake orthography

## Consonants

* က - kaa - k - [k]
* ၵ - khaa - kh - [kʰ]
* င - ngaa - ng - [ŋ]
* ꩡ - chaa - ch - [t͡ʃ], [t͡s]
* ꩬ - saaa - s - [s]
* ၺ - nyaa - ny - [ɲ]
* တ - taa - t - [t]
* ထ - thaa - th - [tʰ]
* ꩫ - naa - n - [n]
* ပ - paa - p - [p]
* ၸ - phaa - ph - [pʰ]
* မ - maa - m - [m]
* ယ - yaa - y - [j]
* လ - laa - l - [l]
* ဝ - waa - w - [w~v]
* ꩭ - haa - h - [h]
* ဢ - aa - a - [ʔ]

## Vowels

* ႊ - a - [a]
* ႃ - ā - [aː]
* ိ - i - [i]
* ီ - ī - [iː]
* ု - u - [u]
* ူ - ū - [uː]
* ေ - e/ae - [eː/ɛ]
* ႝ - ai - [ai]
* ေႃ - o/aw - [oː/ɔː]
* ံ - ṁ - [am]
* ုံ - um - [um]
* ွံ - om - [ɔm]
* ိုဝ် - eu - [ɛu]
* ်ႍ - au - [au]
* ်ွ - āu - [aːu]
* ွ - aw - [ɒ]
* ွႝ - oi - [oj]
* ် - final consonant

## References

1. ↑ http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11\_4.pdf
Palaung phonology

Chen, et all (1986) lists the following consonants for Palaung:

A final /r/ can be heard as a voiceless sound [ɹ̥], and following a /u/ it is heard as [ɫ̥].

 Mid high
 Mid tense | e
 Mid lax | ɛ
 Low | ɑ

/ɤ/ can be heard in rapid speech as a central vowel [ə], and is heard as [ɤ] elsewhere. /a/ can be heard as fronted [æ] before /k, ŋ/, and [ɛ] before /n, t/.

According to Shorto (1960), /ɤ/ does not occur alone in primary stressed syllable, but only in an unstressed syllable or as the second member of a diphthong. There are also a large number of diphthongs, including /eo/, /eɤ/, /aɤ/, /ɔɤ/, /oɤ/, /uɤ/, and /iɤ/.

Although Milne (1921) includes the vowels /ü, ö, ɪ/ in her transcriptions, Shorto (1960) did not find these as vowel phonemes in his work.

(Note that the words cited below in the Syntax section come from Milne (1921), so their phonetic representations may need revision.)
Qimant phonology

## Consonants

Continuants can be geminated word-medially.

## Phonotactics

The maximum syllable structure in Qimant is CVC, which implies that consonant clusters are only allowed word-medially. In loanwords from Amharic there may also be consonant-clusters within a syllable. Vowel clusters are not allowed.

## Phonological processes

Consonant clusters with more than two consonants are broken up by inserting the epenthetic vowel /ɨ/. Other phonological processes are nasal assimilation and devoicing of /ɡ/ at word boundaries.

## Prosody

The prosodic features of Qimant have not been studied yet.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zelealem 2003, p. 158
2. ↑ Zelealem 2003, p. 160f
3. ↑ Zelealem 2003, p. 164ff
Mbugu phonology

## Consonants

Normal Mbugu distinguishes 29 consonants. Inner Mbugu distinguishes an additional four: /ʔ ɬ x ŋ̊x/, for a total of 33. The table below displays the consonants of Mbugu in IPA format, along with Mous' (1995) practical orthography in angle brackets where it differs from IPA.

## Vowels

Both registers of Mbugu distinguish thirteen vowels.

## Tone

Three tones are distinguished in Mbugu: high, low, and falling. Low tone is default (unmarked). High tone is represented with an acute accent ⟨á⟩, while falling tone is represented with the sequence ⟨áa⟩.
Pulmonic-contour click

**Pulmonic-contour clicks**, also called **sequential linguo-pulmonic consonants**, are consonants that transition from a click to an ordinary pulmonic sound, or more precisely, have an audible delay between the front and rear release of the click. All click types (alveolar ǃ, dental ǀ, lateral ǁ, palatal ǂ, retroflex ‼, and labial ʘ) have linguo-pulmonic variants, which occur as both stops and affricates, and are attested in four phonations: tenuis, voiced, aspirated, and murmured (breathy voiced). At least a voiceless linguo-pulmonic affricate is attested from all Khoisan languages of southern Africa (the Khoe, Tuu, and Kx'a language families), as well as (reportedly) from the Bantu language Yeyi from the same area, but they are unattested elsewhere.
Palawano orthography

## Latin alphabet

The spelling is controversial with multiple translators using separate spelling methods, some using Tagalog based spelling while others use other systems.

Brooke's Point Palawano uses 23 letters: a, b, [k], d, e, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ng, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y, and ' (glottal stop). Borrowed: c, f, q, x, z. The 'e' stands for schwa and "dy" makes a 'j' sound.
Palikúr phonology

## Consonants

* Plosives in word-final position are heard unreleased as [p̚, t̚, k̚, b̚, d̚, ɡ̚].
* /p/ can be heard as [v] or [β] when before close vowels /i, u/, or within intervocalic positions.
* /t, d, n/ when before front vowels /i, ĩ/ are heard as palatal and post-alveolar sounds [tʃ, dʒ, ɲ].

## Vowels

* /e, o/ are heard as [ɛ, ɔ] within different positions.
* /a/ is heard as a nasalized central vowel sound [ɐ̃] when preceding a nasal consonant.
Paresi phonology

## Consonants

There are 17 contrastive consonant phonemes in Paresi, with three marginal phonemes that only appear in very restricted contexts. These marginal phonemes are analyzed to be their own phonemes, because unlike other palatalized consonant allophones in the language, these phonemes can appear word-initially before /a/, which would not trigger palatalization.

## Vowels

There are 6 contrastive vowel phonemes in Paresi, although the nasalized vowels are restricted in the contexts in which they may occur and are occasionally emphatic allophones of their oral equivalents, the front nasal vowels are the only ones with distributions complementary to their respective oral vowels. Paresi exhibits a form of rhinoglottophilia in that vowels adjacent to a glottal fricative onset to a final syllable are nasalized and exhibit breathy phonation.

 Low | /a/ ⟨a⟩
Qʼanjobʼal phonology

Qʼanjobʼal consists of 26 consonant sounds and 5 vowel sounds. The letters of the alphabet are as follows:

a, bʼ, ch, chʼ, e, h, i, j, k, kʼ, l, m, n, o, p, q, qʼ, r, s, t, tʼ, tx, txʼ, tz, tzʼ, u, w, x, xh, y, and ʼ (glottal stop).
The `ʼ` in chʼ, kʼ, qʼ, tʼ, txʼ, and tzʼ represents an ejective or glottalic egressive, i.e., the consonant is accompanied by a puff of air from the glottis. The letter *r* in Qʼanjobʼal has a limited distribution. It is used mostly in borrowings, primarily in words borrowed from Spanish, such as *roxax*, rose, from Spanish *rosa*. It is also used in affect and positional words like *kʼarari* 'noise of an old engine or the like', *jeran* 'to be in a broken position/form'. The letters *tx* and *x* represent retroflex consonants, pronounced with the tongue curled backward in the mouth. It is believed such retroflection in Qʼanjobʼal is an influence from the Mamean Mayan languages.

Vowels

## Stress

Primary stress in Qʼanjobʼal is fairly simple. Words *in isolation and in final phrase boundaries bear stress on the last syllable*. However, *words within a phrasal unit (not in final phrase boundary) bear stress on their first syllable*.
Prenasalized consonant

**Prenasalized consonants** are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent (or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant such as [ɺ]) that behave phonologically like single consonants. The primary reason for considering them to be single consonants, rather than clusters as in English *finger* or *member*, lies in their behaviour; however, there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing, prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates, and the presence of the former implies the latter.
Powhatan phonology

## Consonants

This table is based on Frank T. Siebert's reconstruction of the Powhatan language. He used the notes of John Smith but relied primarily on the work of William Strachey recorded between 1610 and 1611. Siebert also used his knowledge of the patterns of other Algonquian languages in determining the meaning of Strachey's notes. This table provides the practical symbols along with their IPA equivalents, in brackets.

## Vowels

Siebert reconstructs the following vowels for Powhatan (with assumed IPA equivalents in brackets):
Piapoco phonology

## Consonants

* /s̪/ can be pronounced as [θ] among speakers who have had less contact with Spanish speakers.
* /k/ can be palatalized as [kʲ] when after /i/, before another vowel.
* /ts/ can be pronounced as [tʃ] in free variation among different speakers.
* /w/ is pronounced as [β] when preceding front vowels.

## Vowels

Vowels can be nasalized [ã] when occurring before nasal consonants.
Rama phonology

There are three basic vowel sounds: *a, i* and *u*. In addition to these, *e* and *o* have been introduced as distinct vowels in some foreign loanwords. Each vowel may be either short or long. Here the vowels are shown in standard Rama orthography:

Vowels

The following consonants are found (IPA transcriptions are shown where helpful):
Qashqai phonology

## Consonants

* Sounds /ʒ/ and /ʔ/ only occur as loan consonants from Persian and Arabic.
* Sounds /p, t, t͡ʃ, k/ mainly occur phonemically before consonants, but may occur as aspirated before vowels or in word-final position as [pʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ].
* Sounds /z, ŋ, ʁ/ never occur in word-initial position, except in a few loan words.
* [w] only occurs as an intervocalic allophone of /v/ when occurring between two rounded vowels. It may also occur in vowel diphthongs as [ow].
* /ŋ/ and /ɡ/ can occur phonemically as [ɲ] and [ɟ] when preceding front vowels.
* /l/ may occur as two allophones; as [l̠ʲ] before front vowels, or as [ɫ] before back vowels.
* /r/ can have two allophones; as [ɾ] in word-initial and word-medial positions, or as [r̥] in word-final positions. In native words, /r/ rarely occurs word-initially.

## Vowels

Vowels of Qashqai

* Vowels /y/ and /œ/ are used rather infrequently.
* /ɛ/ only occurs as a word-final variant of /æ/.
* /i/ is always realized in word-final position as [ɪ].
* /ɯ/ can be realized as [ɨ] in non-initial positions.
* /u/ mainly occurs as a centralized allophone [ʉ] when preceding palatal consonants.
* Vowel /ɑ/ is in free variation with its rounded equivalent /ɒ/, when occurring in front syllables.
Pingelapese phonology

The degree of language used differs between communities. All of the Pingelap communities have experienced language shift.

The Pingelapese language consists of a total of thirty-five phonemes. There are 11 consonants and 14 vowels. The consonants include p, pʷ, t, k, s, m, mʷ, n, ŋ, l, r.

Pingelapese has ten syllables and eight vowel phonemes. This is the first recorded Pohnpeic language that has an eight-vowel system. Multiple young and elderly Pingelapese speakers in the Mwalok and Pingelap atoll can confirm this recent discovery of the eighth vowel. This is also the first Pohnpeic system that has a more symmetrical vowel system with [-round] [-back] vowels in four heights and [+round] [+back] vowels in four heights.

One of the consistent rules throughout Micronesia is vowel-shortening.

Low vowel dissimilation is a phonological process in which there are two low vowels in successive syllables, the first of which is raised. It is seen in various Micronesian languages as well as Ere, Southern Paamese, and in the Southern Vanuatu subgroup. Pingelapese is the first Pohnpeic language that demonstrates this process.

Stand alone auxiliary verbs are also a constant in Pingelapese. These verbs are created by taking the *ae, aen, e, and e* from the pronoun auxiliary complex and will leave the person/number morphemes out.

1 In the Pohnpeic languages, geminate obstruents are realized as homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters.

2 Often before /i/.

3 Before /a/.

4 The reflex is \*∅ sporadically before PMc \*e.
Raga phonology

The consonants of Raga are as follows,

In this article, the sounds /ŋ/ and /ᵑɡ/ (like the *ng* of 'singer' and 'finger', respectively), which are written *n̄* and *ḡ* in standard orthography, will be written *ng* and *ngg*. *G* is typically pronounced like the *ch* in Scottish "loch".

Prenasalization of the voiced plosives, such that *b* becomes *mb* (always voiced) and *d* becomes *nd*, occurs when the preceding consonant is nasal (*m*, *n* or *ng*). Thus *mabu* "rest" is pronounced *mambu*.

*V, vw* are labiodental, unlike in Apma to the immediate south, where they are bilabial [β, βʷ]. Descriptions describe *v* as [v] and *g* as [x] more commonly than as [f] or [ɣ], but there is evidently some variation.

Raga has the five basic vowels **a**, **e**, **i**, **o** and **u**. Vowels are not generally distinguished for length.

Word roots in Raga nearly always end with a vowel. However, word-final vowels are often dropped within phrases, so that, for example, *tanga* "basket" and *maita* "white" combine to make *tang maita* "white basket".

Stress occurs on the penultimate syllable of a word.
Pirahã phonology

## Consonants

The segmental phonemes are:

* /ʔ/ is written ⟨x⟩.
* Everett posits that [k] is an allophone of the sequence /hi/.
* Women sometimes substitute /h/ for /s/.

No-nasal analysis

However, an alternative analysis is possible. By analysing the voiced stops as underlyingly /m/ and /n/, and the [k] as /hi/, it could also be claimed to be one of the very few languages without velars:

No-velar analysis
Quechuan phonology

The description below applies to Cusco Quechua; there are significant differences in other varieties of Quechua.

## Vowels

Quechua only has three vowel phonemes: /a/ /i/ and /u/, as in Aymara (including Jaqaru). Monolingual speakers pronounce them as [æ, ɪ, ʊ] respectively, but Spanish realizations [ä, i, u] may also be found. When the vowels appear adjacent to uvular consonants (/q/, /qʼ/, and /qʰ/), they are rendered more like [ɑ], [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively.

## Consonants

About 30% of the modern Quechua vocabulary is borrowed from Spanish, and some Spanish sounds (such as /f/, /b/, /d/, /ɡ/) may have become phonemic even among monolingual Quechua-speakers.

Voicing is not phonemic in Cusco Quechua. Cusco Quechua, North Bolivian Quechua, and South Bolivian Quechua are the only varieties to have glottalized consonants. They, along with certain kinds of Ecuadorian Kichwa, are the only varieties which have aspirated consonants. Because reflexes of a given Proto-Quechua word may have different stops in neighboring dialects (Proto-Quechua *\*čaki* 'foot' becomes *č'aki* and *čaka* 'bridge' becomes *čaka*), they are thought to be innovations in Quechua from Aymara, borrowed independently after branching off from Proto-Quechua.

Gemination of the tap /ɾ/ results in a trill [r].

## Stress

Stress is penultimate in most dialects of Quechua. In some varieties, factors such as apocope of word-final vowels may cause exceptional final stress.
Pite Sami phonology

## Consonants

The Pite Sámi consonant inventory is very similar to that found in neighbouring Lule Sámi, but lacks contrastive voicing of stops and affricates entirely.

* Stops before a homorganic nasal (pre-stopped nasals) are realised as unreleased stops.
* /v/ is realised as a labiodental fricative [v] in the syllable onset (before a vowel), and as bilabial [w] in the syllable coda (in a consonant cluster).
* /ð/ is present only in the language of some elderly speakers. It is otherwise replaced by /r/ or /t/, depending on dialect.

## Vowels

The Pite Sámi vowel inventory has a relative lack of phonemic diphthongs, compared to other Sámi languages and particularly neighbouring Lule Sámi. Instead, there are more vowel height distinctions.

* The close vowels /i/ and /u/ are realized as laxer [ɪ] and [ʊ] respectively, in unstressed positions.
* Close-mid /e/ and /o/ are diphthongized to [ie̯] and [uo̯] respectively, when stressed.
* /ɔ/ contrasts with /ɔː/ in near-minimal pairs such as *båhtet* /ˈpɔːhtet/ "to come" vs *båhtjet* /ˈpɔht͡ʃet/ "to milk".
* /ɛ/ does not occur in unstressed syllables.
* /ɔ/ can occur in unstressed syllables, but only when a preceding stressed syllable contains /ɔ/.

Features of the northern dialects are:

* Lack of /aː/ → /eː/ umlaut.
* Voicing in quantity 3 of plain stops (thus strong /bː.b/ ~ weak /p.p/ etc.), like in Lule Sámi.
* /t/ as the outcome of Proto-Samic *\*đ*.

Features of the southern dialects are:

* /r/ as the outcome of Proto-Samic *\*đ*.-->
Paumarí phonology

Paumarí has a larger consonant inventory than most languages of the Amazon Basin, and is notable for featuring bilabial and coronal implosives, which have been lost from other Arauan languages but are reconstructed clearly for the protolanguage of the family. It is one of very few languages in the New World to contrast implosives with other voiced stop consonants: similar contrasts are known only for a few other Amazonian languages. However, it has a very simple vowel system with only three contrastive vowels, the back one of which can range from [o] to [u].

## Vowels

Paumarí has a (C)V syllable structure: a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. This is consistent among all Arawan languages (Dixon (1999), 295). Often two vowels will occur in a sequence, CVV, however, the length of the resulting syllable will often make a phonetic difference between the two vowels, and the syllable’s duration will correspond to the amount of vowels, reflecting a moraic structure also common in Japanese. Often in the Paumarí language, when an identical vowel occurs word-final and then word-initial in two sequential words, one of the two vowels will be dropped within the phrase.
Puinave phonology

## Vowels

Syllable structure is (C)V(C); nasal syllabic nuclei cause allophonic variation of consonantal segments in the same syllable. The phonemes /m n/ have oral, non-sonorant allophones [b d] in the onsets of syllables with oral nuclei.

The high vowel [u], when occurring in onset or coda position, is realized as a glide [w]. When the high vowel /i/ is in coda position, it is also realized as a glide [j], but in onset position, it is realized as a palatal stop matching in nasality with the nucleus, either [ɟ] or [ɲ], in the same way that /m n/ match the following vowel's nasality. Any glides [w] occurring before or [j w] occurring after a nasalized nucleus are also realized as nasal [j̃ w̃].

## Tone

Puinave distinguishes four surface (phonetic) tones: two simple (H and L) and two contour (HL and LH); these are analyzed as being composed of two phonemic tone values, H and L. Girón Higuita and Wetzels (2007) note that speakers seem to associate H with prominence, rather than increased duration or intensity (the typical correlates of prominence in languages like English).
Preaspiration

In phonetics, **preaspiration** (sometimes spelled **pre-aspiration**) is a period of voicelessness or aspiration preceding the closure of a voiceless obstruent, basically equivalent to an [h]-like sound preceding the obstruent. In other words, when an obstruent is preaspirated, the glottis is opened for some time before the obstruent closure. To mark preaspiration using the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for regular aspiration, ⟨ʰ⟩, can be placed before the preaspirated consonant. However, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) prefer to use a simple cluster notation, e.g. ⟨hk⟩ instead of ⟨ʰk⟩.
Panare phonology

**Consonants**

Panare contains approximately 14 contrasting consonant phonemes, with variation depending on dialect and origins of certain lexical items (see: Notes).

**Vowels**

Panare contains 7 contrasting vowel phonemes.

 Mid | e
 Low |  | a

**Notes**

/n/ = [ŋ]/\_#, \_C[-alveolar]/[n] elsewhere; /ɲ/ has phonemic status in loanwords from Spanish, and is an allophone in native words; Payne & Payne (2013) consider /ʔ/ and /h/ to be different allophones of an “underlying pharyngeal approximate,” that releases differently depending on environment. There are also records of these two phones occurring in free variation, which may be attributed to once-distinct dialects being merged into communities of speakers with idiolectical contrasts.

## References

1. ↑ Payne & Payne, 2013: 41-42
2. ↑ Payne & Payne, 2013: 55
Pukapukan phonology

## Alphabet

There are 40 letters in the Pukapukan alphabet – 16 vowels and 24 consonants. The digraph ⟨ng⟩ occurs in the place that ⟨G⟩ occupies in the English alphabet.

## Consonants

The consonant phonemes in Pukapukan are: (Teingoa 1993).

The letters ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are not in the Cook Islands Maori language but are additions to Pukapukan. The semivowel /w/ and the palatalised dental spirant /θʲ/, in general, regularly reflect \*f and \*s, respectively. The ⟨y⟩ sound in Pukapukan actually acts somewhat differently and is difficult for non native speakers to pronounce. It is pronounced like ⟨th⟩ in English "this, other".

* wano, go
* wou, new
* wawine, woman
* yinga, fall over
* iyu, nose
* tayi, one

## Vowels

All vowels have two sounds, a long sound and a short sound. A vowel's length is indicated by writing a macron above each vowel.

* papa, rock
* papā, European
* pāpā, father
* pāpa, crewcut (hairstyle)

In Pukapukan it is safe to say that every syllable ends with a vowel, every vowel is pronounced, and there are no diphthongal sounds.
Siar-Lak phonology

Siar-Lak contains fifteen consonants, and five vowels, which does not include the mid-high vowel pronunciations of /é/ and /ó/.

Vowel Phonemes

The vowel /ẹ/ can be thought to be pronounced in between the high vowel /I/ and the mid vowel /E/, as well as /ọ/ being in between the high vowel /U/ and the mid vowel /O/, according to the native people in Papua New Guinea. "ẹ" can be written as "é", and "ọ" can also be written as "ỏ". Knowing which vowel is used when writing is critical, as two words that are similar can have completely different meanings. For example, "rowoi" means to "carry in arms", while "rówói" means "to fly". Also, "toh" has a meaning of "to be able", while "tóh" means "sugarcane".
Peripheral consonant

In Australian linguistics, the **peripheral consonants** are a natural class encompassing consonants articulated at the extremes of the mouth: **labials** (lip) and **velars** (soft palate). That is, they are the non-coronal consonants (palatal, dental, alveolar, and postalveolar). In Australian languages, these consonants pattern together both phonotactically and acoustically. In Arabic and Maltese philology, the moon letters transcribe non-coronal consonants, but they do not form a natural class.
Palauan phonology

While the phonemic inventory of Palauan is relatively small, comparatively, many phonemes contain at least two allophones that surface as the result of various phonological processes within the language. The full phonetic inventory of consonants is given below in IPA (the phonemic inventory of vowels, above, is complete).
Pashayi phonology

## Consonants

* [h] is only phonemic in the Amla dialect.
* Sounds [f] and [q] can also occur, but only in loanwords and among Dari speakers.
* [ʂ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʃ].
* [ʐ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʒ].
* /ʋ/ is heard before front vowels /i e/. When occurring before or after central or back vowels /a u o/, it is heard as [w].

## Vowels

* Only mid or low vowels have lengthened equivalents.
* /e/ can be heard as [ɛ] and /a/ can be heard as [ə] or [æ], in certain environments.
Rennellese phonology

## Consonants

Consonants in Rennellese

The consonants of Rennellese consist of ⟨H, K, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, NG, GH, NNG⟩. The letters ⟨P, T, K⟩ are regular stops, ⟨B, GH, H, S⟩ are the fricatives, ⟨M, N, NG⟩ are the nasals, ⟨L⟩ is the only lateral, and finally ⟨G⟩ as a pre-nasal (Elbert, 1988).

## Vowels

The 19 vowels in the system are /a, e, i, o, u, ɒ, ø, y, ɤ, ɯ, æ, ɛ, ɔ, ɨ, ɑ, ə, œ, ʌ, ɐ/. Rennellese possess ⟨‘⟩ which is a glottal stop used to lengthen vowel sounds. The ⟨‘⟩ can be written before or after the vowel it is lengthening, similar to an English apostrophe. Vowel length is also distributed (Elbert 1988).

## Syllable Structure

The typical syllable structure in Rennellese is (C)V. Rennellese favors vowels when making syllables, and not many consonant clusters (Elbert 1988).
Mid front rounded vowel

i
y

ɨ
ʉ

ɯ
u

ɪ
ʏ

ʊ

e
ø

ɘ
ɵ

ɤ
o

e̞
**ø̞**

ə

ɤ̞
o̞

ɛ
œ

ɜ
ɞ

ʌ
ɔ

æ

ɐ

a
ɶ

ä

ɑ
ɒ

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

* Kazakh phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Phrygian phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Russian phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Caló phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Turkish phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Finnish phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Kyrgyz phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Faroese phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Khinalug phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Veps phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
Sierra Otomi orthography

## Alphabet

* a - [ɑ]
* a̱, ä - [ɔ]
* æ - [æ]
* b - [b]
* c - [d͡ʒ]
* ch - [t͡ʃ]
* d - [d]
* dh - [ð]
* e - [e]
* e̱, ë - [ɛ]
* f - [ɸ]
* g - [ɡ]
* ɣ - [ɣ]
* h - [h]
* i - [i]
* j - [x]
* k - [k]
* l - [l]
* m - [m]
* n - [n]
* ñ - [ɲ]
* ŋ - [ŋ]
* o - [ɔ/o]
* o̱ - [ø]
* p - [p]
* r - [ɾ]
* s - [s]
* t - [t]
* th - [θ]
* ts - [t͡s]
* u - [u/w]
* u̱, ʉ - [ʉ/ɨ]
* v - [β]
* w - [w]
* x - [ʃ]
* y - [j]
* z - [z/d͡z]

## Other letters

* ą - [ɑ̃]
* ę - [ɛ̃]
* į - [ĩ]
* ǫ - [ɔ̃]
* ų - [ũ]

## Tones

Tones are usually not marked.

* a - low tone
* á - high tone
* ǎ - rising tone
* à - falling tone
Sama phonology

## Consonants

The consonants of the Sinama languages are represented by the letters b, c, d, f, g, ɣ, h, j, k, l, lg, ly, m, n, ng, ny, p, q, r, s, š, t, v, w, x. y, z, ž and '.

## Vowels

The vowels a, e, i, o, u are found in all Sinama languages and dialects. In addition to these 5 vowels ə, and ɤ are found in one or more Sinama language.

Allophones of /i, e, a, o, u/ are heard as [ɪ, ɛ, ʌ, ɔ, ʊ].

Many of the Sinama languages have contrastive vowel lengthening. This is represented by a macron over the vowel (ā ē ī ō ū).
Sandawe phonology

## Vowels

Sandawe has ten vowel qualities:

All ten vowel qualities may be found as short oral /a/, long oral /aː/, short nasal /ã/, and long nasal /ãː/ vowels. There are therefore fifteen basic vowel phonemes. Short nasal vowels also occur, apparently from the historical elision of a nasal consonant that is still attested in related forms. Long vowels are written double, *aa*; short nasal vowels with a diaresis, *ä*; and long nasal vowels with a tilde, *ã*.

Long vowels are about 50% longer than short vowels. In morpheme-final position, low-tone /u/ and /i/ are frequently devoiced, though this may not occur after /j/, /w/, or /h/.

## Consonants

### Non-click consonants

The glyphs in ⟨brackets⟩ are the practical orthography developed by Hunziker and Hunziker, along with approximate equivalents in the IPA.

*Tc* and *dz* are [tʃ] and [dʒ] in the northwestern dialect, but often [ts] and [dz] or even [z] in the southeast. [tsʰ] for *tch* occurs but is less common.
Shompen orthography

There is no standard way to write the Shompen language.

## Vowels

* a - [a]
* ā - [aː]
* ã - [ã]
* ã̄ - [ãː]
* e - [e]
* ē - [eː]
* ẽ - [ẽ]
* ẽ̄ - [ẽː]
* ɛ/E - [ɛ]
* ɛ̄ - [ɛː]
* ɛ̃ - [ɛ̃]
* ɛ̃̄ - [ɛ̃ː]
* i - [i]
* ī - [iː]
* ĩ - [ĩ]
* ĩ̄ - [ĩː]
* o - [o]
* ō - [oː]
* õ - [õ]
* ȭ - [õː]
* ɔ/O - [ɔ]
* ɔ̄ - [ɔː]
* ɔ̃ - [ɔ̃]
* ɔ̃̄ - [ɔ̃ː]
* ö - [ə]
* u - [u]
* ū - [uː]
* ũ - [ũ]
* ũ̄ - [ũː]

## Consonants

* b - [b]
* bh - [bʱ]
* c - [c]
* d - [d]
* ɸ/f - [ɸ]
* g - [g]
* gh - [gʱ]
* ɣ - [ɣ]
* h - [h]
* j - [ɟ]
* k - [k]
* kh - [kʰ]
* l - [l]
* m - [m]
* n - [n]
* ŋ/ṅ/ng - [ŋ]
* ɲ/ñ - [ɲ]
* p - [p]
* ph - [pʰ]
* t - [t]
* th - [tʰ]
* w - [w]
* x - [x]
* y - [j]
* ʔ/?/ˑ - [ʔ]
Romanized Popular Alphabet

The **Romanized Popular Alphabet** (**RPA**) or **Hmong RPA** (also **Roman Popular Alphabet**), is a system of romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language. Created in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by a group of missionaries and Hmong advisers, it has gone on to become the most widespread system for writing the Hmong language in the West. It is also used in Southeast Asia and China alongside other writing systems, most notably Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong and Pahawh Hmong.
Sankethi phonology

Sankethi phonology is very similar to Kannada and Tamil, with the classical Sanskrit aspirates and retroflex laterals characteristic of many Dravidian languages. Like a few other South Indian languages including Konkani, Marathi, and Saurashtra, the language has a few uncommon aspirates: [ʋʰ], [nʰ], and [ʃʰ], though both most often appear in their palatalized forms. Its presence is usually marked by the presence of long vowels, as well as syllable finally (where they are often palatalized in that position). See the table below for the range of Sankethi consonants.

Sankethi vowels are very similar to Tamil vowels:

In Sankethi, some nouns that end in ಒ (o) have a final nasal sound, which is not indicated with the anusvāra when written down. This is especially prevalent in the Lingadahalli dialect.
Shipibo phonology

## Vowels

Monophthong phonemes

* /i/ and /o/ are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): [i̞], [o̽], /ɯ/ is more front than cardinal [ɯ]: [ɯ̟], whereas /a/ is more close and more central ([ɐ]) than cardinal [a]. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas /ɯ/ before coronal consonants (especially /n, t, s/) can be as central as [ɨ].
* In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.

### Nasal

* The oral vowels /i, ɯ, o, a/ are phonetically nasalized [ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã] after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes /ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã/.
* Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than /w, j/ intervenes.

### Unstressed

* The second one of the two adjacent unstressed vowels is often deleted.
* Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.

## Consonants

* /m, p, β/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
	+ /β/ is most typically a fricative [β], but other realizations (such as an approximant [β̞], a stop [b] and an affricate [bβ]) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.
* /n, ts, s/ are alveolar [n, ts, s], whereas /t/ is dental [t̪].
* The /ʂ–ʃ/ distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.
* /k/ is velar, whereas /j/ is palatal.
* Before nasal vowels, /w, j/ are nasalized [w̃, j̃] and may be even realized close to nasal stops [ŋʷ, ɲ].
* /w/ is realized as [w] before /a, ã/, as [ɥ] before /i, ĩ/ and as [ɰ] before /ɯ, ɯ̃/. It does not occur before /o, õ/.
* /ɻ/ is a very variable sound:
	+ Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ([ɻ] or [ʐ]).
	+ Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate [d̠͡z̠], or a stop-appproximant sequence [d̠ɹ̠].
	+ It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap [ɾ̠].
Sibilant consonant

In phonetics, **sibilants** are fricative consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth. Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of the English words *sip*, *zip*, *ship*, and *genre*. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to denote the sibilant sounds in these words are, respectively, [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ]. Sibilants have a characteristically intense sound, which accounts for their paralinguistic use in getting one's attention (e.g. calling someone using "psst!" or quieting someone using "shhhh!").
Senary

A **senary** numeral system (also known as **base-6**, **heximal**, or **seximal**) has six as its base. It has been adopted independently by a small number of cultures. Like decimal, it is a semiprime, though being the product of the only two consecutive numbers that are both prime (2 and 3) it has a high degree of mathematical properties for its size. As six is a superior highly composite number, many of the arguments made in favor of the duodecimal system also apply to base-6. In turn, the senary logic refers to an extension of Jan Łukasiewicz's and Stephen Cole Kleene's ternary logic systems adjusted to explain the logic of statistical tests and missing data patterns in sciences using empirical methods.
Shawiya orthography

## Latin alphabet

* A - [a/æ]
* B - [β]
* C - [ʃ]
* D - [ð]
* Ḍ - [ðˤ]
* E - [ə]
* Ɛ - [ʕ]
* F - [f]
* G - [g/j]
* Ɣ - [ɣ]
* H - [h]
* Ḥ - [ħ]
* I - [i]
* J - [ʒ]
* K - [ç]
* L - [l]
* M - [m]
* Ṃ - [mˤ]
* N - [n]
* Q - [q]
* R - [r]
* Ṛ - [rˤ]
* S - [s]
* Ṣ - [sˤ]
* T - [θ/h]
* Ṭ - [θˤ]
* U - [u]
* W - [w]
* X - [x]
* Y - [j]
* Z - [z]
* Ẓ - [zˤ]
* ʔ - [ʔ]

## Tifinagh alphabet

* ⴰ - ya - a - [a]
* ⴱ - yab - b - [β]
* ⴳ - yag - g - [g]
* ⴳⵯ - yagʷ - gʷ - [gʷ]
* ⴷ - yad - d - [ð]
* ⴹ - yaḍ - ḍ - [ðˤ]
* ⴻ - yey - e - [e]
* ⴼ - yaf - f - [f]
* ⴽ - yak - k - [ç]
* ⴽⵯ - yakʷ - kʷ - [çʷ]
* ⵀ - yah - h - [h]
* ⵃ - yaḥ - ḥ - [ħ]
* ⵄ - yaɛ - ɛ - [ʕ]
* ⵅ - yax - x - [x]
* ⵇ - yaq - q - [q]
* ⵉ - yi - i - [i]
* ⵊ - yaj - j - [ʒ]
* ⵍ - yal - l - [l]
* ⵎ - yam - m - [m]
* ⵏ - yan - n - [n]
* ⵓ - yu - u - [u]
* ⵔ - yar - r - [r]
* ⵕ - yaṛ - ṛ - [rˤ]
* ⵖ - yaɣ - ɣ - [ɣ]
* ⵙ - yas - s - [s]
* ⵚ - yaṣ - ṣ - [sˤ]
* ⵛ - yac - c - [ʃ]
* ⵜ - yat - t - [t]
* ⵟ - yaṭ - ṭ - [tˤ]
* ⵡ - yaw - w - [w]
* ⵢ - yay - y - [j]
* ⵣ - yaz - z - [z]
* ⵥ - yaẓ - ẓ - [zˤ]
Shawnee phonology

## Vowels

Shawnee has six vowels, three of which are high, and three are low.

In Shawnee, /i/ tends to be realized as [ɪ], and /e/ tended to be pronounced [ɛ].

In (1) and (2), a near minimal pair has been found for Shawnee /i/ and /ii/. In (3) and (4), a minimal pair has been found for Shawnee /a/ and /aa/.

(1) ho-wiisi'-ta 'he was in charge'

(2) wi 'si 'dog'

(3) caaki yaama 'all this'

(4) caki 'small'

However, no quantitative contrasts have been found in the vowels /e/ and /o/.

## Consonants

Shawnee consonants are shown in the chart below.

/k/ and /kk/ contrast in the verbal affixes *-ki* (which marks third person singular animate objects) and *-kki* (which marks third person plural animate objects).

The Shawnee /θ/ is most often derived from Proto-Algonquian \*s.

Some speakers of Shawnee pronounce /ʃ/ more like an alveolar [s]. This pronunciation is especially common among Loyal Band Shawnee speakers near Vinita, Oklahoma.

/ʔ/ and /h/ are allophones of the same phoneme: /ʔ/ occurs in syllable final position, while /h/ occurs at the beginning of a syllable.

## Stress

Stress in Shawnee falls on the final syllable (ultima) of a word.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Andrew, Kenneth Ralph. Shawnee Grammar. ProQuest *Dissertations and Theses;* 1994
Sabanê phonology

Sabanê has 16 phonemes — 11 consonants and 5 vowels. Each has different allophones.

## Consonants

Sabanê's 11 consonants are shown in the table below.

The consonants used in Sabanê are similar to those for the Northern Nambikwara languages, although there are no implosives in Latundê. However, the Southern Nambikwara languages have different phonemes such as glottalized and aspirated consonants as wells as only one implosive /ɗ/ and one affricate /tʃ/.

## Vowels

Sabanê has 5 phonemic vowels, listed in the table below.

Once again the vowels used in Sabanê are similar to Northern Nambikwara, but vary when compared to Southern Nambikwara. Southern Nambikwara has a much larger vowel inventory, including creaky and nasal vowels.
S'gaw Karen alphabet

The Karen alphabet was created by American missionary Jonathan Wade in the 1830s, based on the S'gaw Karen phonology; Wade was assisted by a Karen named Paulah. The consonants and most of the vowels are adopted from the Burmese alphabet; however, the Karen pronunciation of the letters is slightly different from that of the Burmese alphabet. Since Karen has more tones than Burmese, additional tonal markers were added.

The script is taught in the refugee camps in Thailand and in Kayin State.

Vowels

The number 1962 would be written as ၁၉၆၂.
Second

The **second** (symbol: **s**, abbreviation: **sec**) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) (French: *Système International d’unités*), commonly understood and historically defined as 1⁄86400 of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each.
Rohingya phonology

## Consonants

Rohingya has primarily the following 25 native consonant phonemes. There are some other consonant phonemes which are from foreign languages such as Arabic, Bengali, Burmese and Urdu.

## Vowels

There are six vowels and several diphthongs in the Rohingya language. They contrast between "open-o" ([ɔ]) and "closed-o" ([o]) by using the different spellings ⟨o⟩/⟨ó⟩ and ⟨ou⟩/⟨óu⟩ respectively.

## Tones

Accented vowels, marked with an acute accent, represent stressed (or "hard" vowels), and repeating a vowel lengthens it. Thus, tonals are marked by arranging the location of a stressed vowel in a lengthened pair, like ⟨aá⟩ and ⟨áa⟩.
Saliba phonology

The consonants of Saliba are /b/, /bw/, /p/, /pw/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /gw/, /kw/, /m/, /n/, /(w)/, /(j)/, / ' / and /r/. The vowels of Saliba are /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/ and /o/. The /w/ and /j/ are debatable if they are different phonemes because they are in complementary distribution with the sounds /u/ and /i/ respectively.

**Vowels**

 Mid
 Low

Listed above are the consonants for Saliba in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet).

## Orthography

In its orthography, Saliba uses Latin alphabets. The letters can also be upper case or lower case. All of Saliba's orthography is in the table below.
Sherpa phonology

Sherpa is a tonal language. Sherpa has the following consonants:

## Consonants

* Stop sounds /p, t̪, ʈ, k/ can be unreleased [p̚, t̪̚, ʈ̚, k̚] in word-final position.
* Palatal sounds /c cʰ ɟ/ can neutralize to velar sounds [k kʰ ɡ] when preceding /i, e, ɛ/.
* /n/ can become a retroflex nasal [ɳ] when preceding a retroflex stop.
* /p/ can have an allophone of [ɸ] when occurring in fast speech.

### Vowels

* Vowel sounds /i, u/ have the allophones [ɪ, ʊ] when between consonants and in closed syllables.

## Tones

There are four distinct tones; high /v́/, falling /v̂/, low /v̀/, rising /v̌/.
Saanich phonology

## Vowels

Saanich has no rounded vowels in native vocabulary. As in many languages, vowels are strongly affected by post-velar consonants.

## Consonants

The following table includes all the sounds found in the North Straits dialects. No one dialect includes them all. Plosives are not aspirated, but are not voiced either. Ejectives have weak glottalization.
Shabo phonology

The consonants are:

Consonants in parentheses are not entirely phonemic according to Teferra (1995):

* [p] and [f] are in free variation
* [s] and [ʃ], and sometimes also [c], [ɟ], and [ʒ], are in free variation, as in Majang; Teferra speculatively links this to the traditional practice of removing the lower incisors of men.
* [h] and [k] occasionally alternate.

Implosive consonants are common in languages of the area, but ejective consonants are not found in Majang.

Consonant length is found in several words, such as *walla* "goat", *kutti* "knee"; however, it is often unstable.

Teferra tentatively postulates 12 vowels: /i/ /ɨ/ /u/ /e/ /ə/ /o/ /ɛ/ /a/ /ɔ/ /æ/ /ɑ/ /ɒ/, possibly with further distinctions based on advanced tongue root. Five of these, /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/, have long counterparts. Occasionally final vowels are deleted, shortening medial vowels: e.g. *deego* or *deg* "crocodile".

The syllable structure is (C)V(C); all consonants except /pʼ/ and /tʼ/ can occur syllable-finally.

The language is tonal, but its tonology is unclear. Two minimal pairs are cited by Teferra 1995, including *há* "kill" versus *hà* "meat".
Romangol phonology

## Vowels

These three tables list the vowel inventory of the "classical" version of the northern macro-dialect of Romagnol.

Monophthongs

Diphthongs

Nasal Vowels

The following table lists the vowels above alongside their relative orthography:

## Consonants

The letter *z* is always pronounced as either [θ] or [ð] and not [t͡s] or [d͡z] as in Standard Italian.

[ŋ] occurs only before velar stops.

Romagnol, in addition to its larger inventory of vowels, also has more consonants compared to Standard Italian. Additionally, consonants have these differences from Standard Italian:

* In central dialects, word-final *n* is deleted, and the preceding vowel is nasalised, as is shown above.
* /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ can occur word-finally and are usually distinguished by the doubling of the final consonants (*cc* or *gg*).
* /ʂ/ and /ʐ/ may be realised as alveolars [s] and [z] by some speakers from the influence of Standard Italian.
* The voicing of those consonants is always contrastive.
Salish-Spokane-Kalispel phonology

## Salish

### Vowels

Salish has five vowels, /a e i o u/, plus an epenthetic schwa [ə] which occurs between an obstruent and a sonorant consonant, or between two unlike sonorants. (Differences in glottalization do not cause epenthesis, and in long sequences not all pairs are separated, for example in /sqllú/ → [sqəllú] "tale", /ʔlˀlát͡s/ → [ʔəlˀlát͡s] "red raspberry", and /sˀnmˀné/ → [səʔnəmˀné] "toilet". No word may begin with a vowel.

## Spokane

### Vowels

Spokane vowels show five contrasts: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/, but almost all examples of /a/ and /o/ are lowered from /e/ and /u/, respectively, when those precede uvulars, or precede or follow pharyngeals. Unstressed vowels are inserted to break up certain consonant clusters, with the vowel quality determined by the adjacent consonants. The epenthetic vowel is often realized as /ə/, but also /ɔ/ before rounded uvulars, and /ɪ/ before alveolars and palatals.

### Consonants

The consonant inventory of Spokane differs from Salish somewhat, including plain and glottalized central alveolar approximants /ɹ/ and /ˀɹ/, and a uvular series instead of post-velar.

### Stress

Spokane words are polysynthetic, typically based on roots with CVC(C) structure, plus many affixes. There is one main stress in each word, though the location of stress is determined in a complex way (Black 1996).
Seediq phonology

In Seediq there are 19 consonant phonemes and 4 vowel phonemes. Among these, there are two velar fricatives, one voiceless and the other voiced, and a uvular stop. In both labial and alveolar plosive series, voice opposition is contrastive; velar and uvular series, however, only display voiceless sounds. The alveolar affricate has a marginal phonological status and is found in some interjections (such as *teʼcu!* "what a mess!"), loanwords and non-finite verbal forms with the gerund prefix *cese-* (Tsukida 2005: 292, 297).

With the graphemes *c* and *j* the practical orthography indicates the palatal allophones of *t* and *d* respectively after *i* and *y*.

The vowels are the following:

Vowels in Seediq (Truku dialect)

Seediq also has three diphthongs, mainly *ay* [ai̯], *aw* [au̯] and *uy* [ui̯].

Seediq syllables have C, CV, or CVC structures, except for some interjections which have CVCC structures (e.g., *saws*, which is uttered when offering food to ancestors, and *sawp*, which is the sound of an object blown by the wind). Disyllabic words can take on the following structures:

* CVCV, CVCVC
* CVCCV, CVCCVC

Vowels in antepenultimate syllables are often /e/. The stressed syllable is usually the penultimate one, and is pronounced with a high pitch. In the Truku dialect stress is on the final syllable resulting in loss of first vowel in CVCCV and CVCCVC structures, for example compare: qduriq > pqdriqun, lqlaqi > lqlqian. In Taroko, up to six onset consonants are possible: CCCCCVC(VC), for example: tn'ghngkawas, mptrqdug, pngkrbkan, dmptbrinah.
Saramaccan orthography

## Vowels

* a - [a]
* e - [e]
* ë - [ɛ]
* i - [i]
* o - [o]
* ö - [ɔ]
* u - [u]

Long vowels are doubled or tripled.

## Consonants

* b - [b]
* d - [d]
* dj - [ɟ]
* g - [g]
* gb - [ɡ͡b]
* h - [h]
* j - [j]
* k - [k]
* kp - [k͡p]
* l - [l]
* m - [m]
* mb - [mb]
* n - [n]
* nd - [nd]
* nj - [ɲ]
* p - [p]
* s - [s]
* t - [t]
* tj - [ç], [c]?
* v - [v]
* w - [w]
Siona phonology

Vowels
There are 6 oral vowels and six nasal vowels. Only nasal vowels occur next to a nasal consonant /m/ or /n/.

 High-mid | e ẽ
 Low-mid | ɛ ɛ̃
 Low | æ æ̃

Consonants
There are two series of obstruent consonant. Both often produce a noticeable delay before the onset of the following vowel: the 'fortis' series (written *p t č k kw s h hw*) tends to be aspirated, with a noisy transition to the vowel, while the 'lenis' series (written *b d g gw ’ z*), optionally voiced, is glottalized, with a silent transition to the vowel, which in turn tends to be laryngealized. The glottal stop is faint, and noticeable primarily in the laryngealizing effect it has on adjacent vowels.

/ʈˀ/ is realized as [ɾ] between vowels. /j/ is realized as [ɲ] next to nasal vowels.

Stress
Stress is obligatory on all verb stems, root words, and some suffixes. It disappears when the syllable is not the nucleus of a phonological word. Some monosyllabic morphemes have both stressed and unstressed forms. Although the position of stress within a word is not contrastive, vocalic and consonantal allophony depends on whether a syllable is stressed. Initial stressed vowels followed by unstressed vowels are long and have a falling tone.
Roundedness

In phonetics, **vowel roundedness** refers to the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel. It is labialization of a vowel. When a *rounded* vowel is pronounced, the lips form a circular opening, and *unrounded* vowels are pronounced with the lips relaxed. In most languages, front vowels tend to be unrounded, and back vowels tend to be rounded. However, some languages, such as French, German and Icelandic, distinguish rounded and unrounded front vowels of the same height (degree of openness), and Vietnamese distinguishes rounded and unrounded back vowels of the same height. Alekano has only unrounded vowels. In the International Phonetic Alphabet vowel chart, rounded vowels are the ones that appear on the right in each pair of vowels. There are also diacritics, U+0339  ̹ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW and U+031C  ̜ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW, to indicate greater and lesser degrees of rounding, respectively. Thus [o̜] has less rounding than cardinal [o], and [o̹] has more (closer to the rounding of cardinal [u]). These diacritics can also be used with unrounded vowels: [ɛ̜] is more spread (less rounded) than cardinal [ɛ], and [ɯ̹] is less spread than cardinal [ɯ].