Earth

## Resume

Earth is the third planet from the Sun in the Solar System and is the only one known to host life. Its oxygen-rich atmosphere and liquid water on its surface have allowed a wide variety of life forms to develop and flourish. With a solid inner core and a rocky mantle, Earth is a dynamic world constantly changing due to geological processes such as plate tectonics and volcanic activity. Life on Earth has evolved over millions of years and has given rise to an astonishing biodiversity, ranging from microorganisms to complex species such as humans. Our planet also has a wide variety of ecosystems, climates and landscapes, from vast oceans to towering mountains. Earth is a unique place in the universe, and its study not only helps us understand the history and dynamics of our own home, but also investigate the possibility of life elsewhere in the cosmos.

## History

1. Formation and Differentiation (About 4.6 billion years ago): The Earth formed from the gravitational collapse of a cloud of gas and dust in the young Solar System. During this period, the Earth experienced intense volcanic activity and bombardment by meteorite impacts.
2. Formation of the Moon (About 4.5 billion years ago): A massive impact between Earth and a protoplanet called "Theia" resulted in the formation of the Moon. This event had a significant impact on the early evolution of the Earth and the configuration of its system.
3. Development of the Atmosphere and Oceans (About 4 billion years ago): The early Earth had an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide and water vapor. Over time, volcanic activity released gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, allowing oceans to form.
4. Origin of Life (About 3.5-4 billion years ago): Although the precise details are still the subject of research, it is believed that life may have emerged in the oceans in the form of simple microorganisms, such as bacteria.
5. Biological Evolution (About 3.8-3.5 billion years ago): Over millions of years, life evolved and diversified, giving rise to more complex and diverse forms of organisms.
6. Geological Eras (From about 542 million years ago to the present): The geological history of the Earth is divided into eras, periods and epochs that represent different phases of the planet's evolution. During these eras, key events occurred such as the colonization of the earth by plants and animals, the formation of continents, glaciations and climate changes.
7. Mass Extinctions (Various times throughout history): The Earth has experienced several mass extinctions, in which a large number of species abruptly disappeared. The most famous is the extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago.
8. Human Evolution (About 6-7 million years ago to the present): Human ancestors evolved in Africa and gradually developed distinctive characteristics, such as the ability to walk upright and use tools.
9. Human Evolution (About 6-7 million years ago to the present): Human ancestors evolved in Africa and gradually developed distinctive characteristics, such as the ability to walk upright and use tools.

## The Moon

The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth and one of the closest objects to our planet. Throughout human history, it has captured our imagination and sparked scientific investigations into its origin and nature. Here is a summary of the Moon:

The Moon formed about 4.5 billion years ago, shortly after the formation of the Earth, from the remains of a collision between the Earth and a celestial body the size of Mars, known as "Theia." This collision ejected material that eventually condensed and formed the Moon.

The Moon has a diameter of approximately 3,474 kilometers and is about a quarter the size of the Earth. It lacks a significant atmosphere and its surface is marked by craters, mountains, valleys and lunar seas. The lunar surface is also home to dark and bright regions due to the difference in rock composition and age.

Throughout history, the Moon has influenced Earth in several ways. Its gravity causes tides in the oceans, which in turn affects coastal ecosystems and climate. The Moon has also been an object of cultural and mythological interest in many civilizations.

The Moon has been the target of space exploration since the 1950s. The Apollo missions brought humans to its surface for the first time in 1969, marking a historic milestone in space exploration. Subsequent missions, such as the Lunokhod probes and China's Chang'e missions, have provided valuable data on the geology and composition of the Moon.

In short, the Moon is a nearby and fascinating celestial object that has captured humanity's attention and curiosity for millennia. Their study has enriched our understanding of the Solar System and contributed to scientific and technological advances in space exploration.

### Second Moon

The phenomenon of "second moons" or "captured asteroids" refers to the theoretical possibility of an asteroid being temporarily captured by the gravity of a planet, such as Earth, and behaving like a second natural satellite, although only for a short time. limited period of time.

Although the Moon is Earth's only natural satellite, there are times when astronomers have identified asteroids that appear to be in temporary orbits around our planet. These asteroids are generally small and are not captured in the same way that the Moon is. Instead, its orbit around Earth can be influenced by Earth's gravity, resulting in a temporary "second moon" appearance.

These moons end up being ejected after a while due to gravitational interactions.

## About the Name

The name "Earth" for our planet derives from ancient linguistic roots dating back to the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon languages. Its etymology is found in words like "eorthe" in Old English and "erda" in Old High German, which translate as "soil" or "earth." These roots reflect the ancestral connection that human civilizations have had with the solid surface of our planet, which is where we live and find sustenance.

The use of the term "Earth" to refer to our planet is also related to the beliefs and worldviews of ancient cultures. Many early civilizations associated the Earth with divinities and concepts of fertility and life. In Greek and Roman mythologies, for example, the Earth was personified by maternal deities such as Gaia and Tellus.