Timeline of Ancient History

## 4th century

* 304: Huns break through the great wall and invade Jin China.
* 313: Edict of Milan in Rome; Christianity becomes the state religion of the Roman Empire
* 316: Japan invades Korea but is driven back.
* 320: Indian Gupta empire is established by Chandragupta Maurya.
* 325: Council of Nicaea dictates Christian doctrine.
* 333: Axum in Ethiopia converts to Christianity.
* 300s: Zapotec Civilization is at its peak in Mexico.
* 350; Axum conquers Meroe and moves into the lower Nile Valley.
* 350; Early Mayan civilization is at its peak.
* 370: Huns invade Rome from central Asia.
* 395: Roman empire permanently split between east and west.

## 5th century

* 400; Highland Maya fall to Teotihuacan in central Mexico, but eventually regain independence after the empire falls.
* 400; Polynesians reach Easter Island.
* 405; Christian gospel is first translated from Greek to Latin.
* 409: Gupta empire takes Gujarat
* 410: Rome is sacked by German warlord Alaric
* 410: Angles and Saxons invade and colonize England.
* 429; Vandals invade Carthage and set up the kingdom of Ifriqiya.
* 443: Visigoths invade Gaul.
* 456; Visigoths kingdom in Spain and southern France.
* 457; England is founded by Germanic tribes.
* 470; Gupta India is invaded by Huns via Punjab and Afghanistan. Empire struggles on until its final collapse in 535
* 476: Odoacer, Germanic warlord, sacks Rome and ends the western Roman empire after deposing Romulus Agustulus.
* 481; Clovis I conquers France and Germany.
* 484: Huns invade Persia and kill Shah Shanpore I

## 6th and 7th centuries

* 500; rise of Tikal in the Lowland Maya
* 500-843; Frankish kingdom in France and Germany
* 503-711; Visigoth kingdom in Spain
* 501; composition of the Spring and Autumn Annals in China
* 507: Franks defeat Visigoths at the battle of Vouille; end of Visigoth power in France.
* 527; Justinian is crowned Roman emperor in the Eastern Empire and renames the country to Romalia.
* 528: Huns are driven out of India.
* 530; Height of power in Teotihuacan in Mexico.
* 535; fall of the Gupta Empire in India.
* 537; Battle of Camlan; death of King Arthur, Celtic king fighting against invading Saxons.
* 540-561; Wars bewtween Romalia and Persia.
* 543; Nubia converts to Christianity
* 563; Christianity spreads in Ireland and Scotland.
* 568-774; Lombard kingdom in Northern Italy.
* 570; Muhammad is born in Mecca.
* 577; England conquers Cornwall
* 581; General Yang Chien re-unites China and founds the Sui Dynasy.
* 594; Buddhism becomes the state religion alongside Shinto in Japan
* 598; Sui Dynasty invasions of Korea lead to instability in China.
* 600; England is divided into seven kingdoms but is re-united by 660
* 600; Teotihuacan power is at its height in Mexico.
* 602-611; Romalian-Persian war.
* 605; Civil Service system and imperial examinations are first used in China.
* 607: Tibet is unified.
* 610: The Grand Canal is completed in China.
* 611: End of Romalian-Persian war. Persia conquers parts of Kurdistan and Eastern Syria. Alliance is formed between Persia and Romalia to counter growing Arab power in the region.
* 610: Reign of Romalian emperor Heraclius; official language is changed from Latin to Greek.
* 618; fall of the Sui Dynasty to the Tang. Tang dynasty survives until 907 CE.
* 622: Muhammad migrates from Mecca to Medina.
* 624; Buddhism becomes the official religion in China.
* 627-649; reign of Taizong the great in China.
* 632; death of Muhammad. By this point, all of Arabia is Islamic.
* 632; Abu Bakr succeeds as first Caliph.
* 638; Battle of Jerusalem; Arabs take Judea but are halted in Syria after being defeated by Romalian and Persian armies.
* 640; Egypt revolts and gains independence from Romalia. Remains a ally against Arabs.
* 641; Battle of Nehwand: Persian and Romalian armies defeat Arab forces, saving Persia and Romalia from Islamic conquest and preserving Christian and Zoroastrian communities in the Levant.
* 645; Buddhism becomes the official religion of Tibet.
* 650; Mostly peaceful Slavic migrations to the Balkans are complete by this point.
* 650: Fall of Teotihuacan: Tikal further South gains power and Xochialco on lake Texcoco is founded.
* 664; Synod of Whitby: English Christians choose to join the Catholic Church rather than the Celtic Church.
* 657: Chinese defeat Turks (Uighurs and Kazakhs) and extend their power into Central Asia.
* 668: Chinese conquer Pyongyang and take Korea.
* 685: Battle of Dun Nechtain: Picts defeat Anglo-Northumbrians, preserving Scottish independence.
* 690; Wu Zeitan seizes the throne of China. She rules until 713.

## 8th & 9th Centuries

* 700-1000: Mississippi city states thrive in central North America.
* 711: second Arab assault on Syria ends in failure and a resounding Romalian victory.
* 711; Islam spreads into Sudan and the Sahara.
* 712: Japanese Capital is established at Nara.
* 715: Islamic Almohads from Morocco invade Spain and overthrow the Visigoths.
* 720: Ifriqiya holds out against Islamic Arab invasions from the Sahara after receiving assistance from other Italian states further north.
* 720: Kingdom of Ghana rules the Sahel until 1200.
* 736; Delhi is founded in northern India.
* 751; Battle of Talas: Persian and Tibetan forces defeat the Chinese in Central Asia, ending their dominance there.
* 755: Al Lushan rebellion in China results in civil war. Tang power is eventually restored.
* 768: Charlemagne is crowned king of the Franks in Aachen.
* 786: Reign of Arab Caliph Harun Al Rashid in Arabia. He conquers Sudan and Somalia and is known for the Thousand and One Nights stories.
* 793: Sack of Lindesfarne. Beginning of the Viking age in Europe.
* 794-1185; Heian period in Japan; the emperor rules from Kyoto. Power is increasingly in the hands of nobles as the feudal system takes hold.
* ~800; gunpowder is invented in China.
* 800; Khmer kingdom is established in Kampuchea. Rules from Angkor until 1450
* 800: Igbo kingdom in West Africa
* 800: Mayan civilization begins to decline.
* 806: Vikings raid Iona and Christian monks flee to Ireland.
* 827: Arab attacks on Egypt. After a short period of Arab rule, Egypt regains independence but continues to be threatened by Islamic power in the Sahara and Israel.
* 830-900; frequent Viking raids on the British Isles and France.
* 843: Charlemagne dies and his kingdom is divided among his heirs.
* 843: Kenneth McAlpin become king of the Picts and unites Scotland for the first time.
* 845; beginning of Buddhist persecution in China as Emperor Wuzong outlaws the monasteries.
* 850: Many Highland Mayan cities are abandoned.
* 858-1160: Fujiwara period in Japan.
* 858: Floods on the Yellow River kill thousands in China.
* 860: Final split of Charlemagne's empire, establishing Germany and France as separate countries.
* 861: Vikings discover Iceland and colonize it.
* 862: St. Cyril and Methodius, Romalian missionaries, spread Christianity in Russia and Ukraine. They adapt the Greek alphabet for Slavic use, creating the Cyrillic Alphabet.
* 862: Novgorod is founded by Swedish viking Rurik in Russia.
* 867: Denmark conquers much of Northern and Central England.
* 868: Earliest printed book, the Diamond Sutra, is printed in China.
* 870: Chinese invasion of Korea.
* 871: Alfred the Great unites England.
* 872: Harold Fairhair establishes Norway.
* 882: Kiev is founded.
* 885: Vikings sack Paris.
* 886-1267: Chola kingdom rules all of southern India.
* 889: Magyars under Arpad invade central Europe and settle there, establishing Hungary.
* 895: Fall of Tikal; heart of Mayan civilization shifts to the Yucatan peninsula.
* 900-1800: Kingdom of Borno rules northern Nigeria.

## 10th century

* 900: Mataram Buddhist dynasty rules Java.
* 907-960: Collapse of the Tang Dynasty in China is followed by political fragmentation.
* 910; English forces defeat the vikings in Northumbria. Denmark retreats.
* 911: Viking king Rollo establishes the Duchy of Normandy.
* 912-961: Reign of Abd-Al Rahman, Caliph of Cordoba. Flourishing of Islamic culture in Spain.
* 919: Greek fire and the flamethrower are used in China.
* 925: Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Dacia are founded in the Balkans.
* 931: Slavic invasions of the lower Balkans are repelled by Romelian forces.
* 937: English capture remaining Danish colonies in England and repel further Viking and Celtic invasions.
* 937: Otto the great unites Germany.
* 947: birth of Quetzalcoatl, king of the Toltecs and revered as a god.
* 955: battle of Lechfeld: German forces under Otto the Great stop the advance of the Magyars into Europe.
* 960: Mieszko I founds Poland.
* 960: Song Dynasty re-unites China and rules from its capital Kaifeng.
* 965: Russians destroy the Khazar Empire.
* 965: Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark, converts to Christianity.
* 970: University of Memphis established in Egypt.
* 972: Fatimid dynasty
* 976: Basil II becomes emperor of Romelia. Fends off Slavic and Arab invasions.
* 978; Al-Mansur, Arabian Caliph, leads Arab armies into Sudan and Egypt.
* 980: Toltecs establish a capital at Tula in Mexico.
* 980: Kiev establishes itself as the preeminent state and rules Russia.
* 985: Rajara I king of Chola conquers Kerala and Sri Lanka.
* 985: Erik the Red leads colonization efforts in Greenland after being expelled from Iceland.
* 987-1328: Capetian Dynasty rules France
* 988: Russia is Christianized when Vladimir of Kiev marries the daughter of Basil II of Romelia. Beginning of close Russian-Romelian relations.
* 990: Chichen Itza founded by Toltecs and Mayas.
* 990: Poland converts to Christianity.
* 993-1000: Sweden and Norway are converted to Christianity.
* 997-1031: Reign of Manhoman of Ghanzi: Establishes the city of Ghanzi and gains independence from Persia. Rules Afghanistan and leads invasions of India.
* 997-1038: Steven I brings Christianity to Hungary.

## 11th century

* 1000-1450; kingdom of Ife in West Africa.
* 1000-1897; kingdom of Benin in Nigeria.
* 1001: Leif Erikson settles L'anse Aux Meadows and discovers the American continent.
* 1001: Ghanzi invades Punjab and the north Indian plain.
* 1002-1050: reign of Suryavarman
* 1008: Almoravid kingdom in Cordoba, Spain begins to weaken due to civil wars. Beginning of the Reconquista, the reconquest of the muslim kingdoms of Spain by Spanish Christian kingdoms in the north.
* 1014-1035: Cnut becomes king of Denmark and rules England, Denmark and Norway.
* 1018: Bosnia is divided between Croatia and Serbia.
* 1018: Persia invaded by Seljuk Turks. Turks capture Esfahan and end the Sassanid Dynasty (ruled since 400s CE) Turkish Samanid Dynasty adopts Zoroastrianism and rule Persia.
* 1019: Al-Mansur invades Romelia via Palestine but is captured by Basil II and executed in Constantinople.
* 1020: Tales of Genji, the first novel, is written in Japan.
* 1025: Avecinna, Persian polymath publishes the canon of Medicine. Becomes standard for Romelian, Persian and Arab medicine practice. Rejected by European science.
* 1029: Castile and Aragon become independent of Almoravid rule in Spain.
* 1037-1044: Romelian-Persian war: Persian gains in Anatolia are eventually reversed after a Romelian counterattack.
* 1042-1066; reign of Edward the Confessor, last native king of England.
* 1051-1062: Civil war in Japan. leads to the rise of the samurai.
* 1052: Almoravids attack Ghana and destroy it.
* 1052: Decline of Ghanzi Sultanate;
* 1054: Carthage invades Sicily.
* 1058: Sumra Hindus drive the last of Zoroastrian Ghanzi forces out of Punjab and Sindh.
* 1066: Battle of Hastings. William I of Normandy conquers England.
* 1068: Drydocks are first used in Song China.
* 1071-1074: Romelian-Persian War: Romelia is defeated at the battle of Manzikert. Persia takes Armenia.
* 1076: Seljuk Arab sultanate conquers Judea and Palestine, and forbids Jews and Christians entry to Jerusalem. Provokes the Crusades.
* 1081: Komneni Dynasty rules Romelia.
* 1083-1087: Civil war in Japan.
* 1085: Castile conquers Toledo from the Almoravids. Hero of the battle is El Cid.
* 1086: Bohemia becomes independent.
* 1086: Domesday Book is compiled in England. A census commissioned by William I to assess his new posessions.
* 1094: Portugal gains independence from the Almoravid Caliphate in Cordoba.
* 1095: Romelian emperor Alexios Komnenos calls on Pope Urban II for a crusade to retake Jerusalem.
* 1096: 1st crusade begins. German and French soldiers and knights travel to Palestine to retake the Holy Land.
* 1099: earliest Moai are erected in Easter Island.
* 1099: Viking raids come to an end as Vikings are slowly Christianized.
* 1099: Latin forces from the 1st crusade take Jerusalem and much of Palestine. Arabs and Turks retreat but ally with Arab forces further south and east.

## 12th century

* 1100: Toltec kingdom in central Mexico conquers highland and lowland Maya.
* 1100s: Chimu people found cities around Lake Titicaca and in the Altiplano. Ancestors of the Incas begin to form.
* 1101: Arabs take Damascus from Romelia. City becomes an important Arab city for the rest of history.
* 1102: Hungary conquers Croatia.
* 1111: Academies are founded across Song China.
* 1116: Seljuk Persian Samanid Dynasty invades Central Asia. Recovers Afghanistan and extends territory to the Amu Darya river.
* 1119: Poland defeats Germany at Danzig and gains access to the sea.
* 1123: Emperor Taizu of Song dies, leaving China weakened.
* 1125: Manchu forces sack Kaifeng. North China comes under Manchu rule while the Song dynasty retreats to south of the Yellow River and moves the capital to Hangzhou.
* 1135: Almohad sultanate is founded in Morocco. Almohads conquer southern Spain and the Sahara, replacing the Almoravid kingdom.
* 1135; civil war in England between successors to English king Henry I.
* 1137: Hohenstaufen dynasty rules Germany.
* 1139: Persian invasion of Georgia and Circassia ends in failure.
* 1139-1148: Civil war in England between Stephen and Matilda. Stephen's forces prevail.
* 1147-1149: 2nd crusade ends in failure and never reaches the Holy Land.
* 1152-1190: Frederick Barbarosa is Kaiser of Germany. He invades Italy and helps the Pope fight rebellions in the southern Italian states.
* 1153: Henry of Anjou son of Matilda, becomes king of England and France.
* 1157: Scotland cedes Northumberland and Cumbria to England.
* 1158: Irish Celtic Church joins the fold of Catholic Christianity.
* 1158: Hanseatic league is founded.
* 1160: Toltecs are defeated by northern tribes.
* 1162: Genghis Khan Temujin is born in Mongolia.
* 1165: Peace between Manchus and Song China. Manchu Jung Dynasty establishes its capital at Kaifeng.
* 1166: Serbia is re-united.
* 1170: Height of Shrivijaya kingdom in Sumatra.
* 1171: Saladin overthrows the Seljuk sultanate in Damascus and Palestine and establishes the Arabian Ayyubid dynasty.
* 1171: English invasion of Ireland fails and Henry II is killed.
* 1171: Emperor Manuel Komnenos arrests all Venetians on Romelian territory, but loses the resulting war with Venice. Venice gains control of Ragusa.
* 1175: Manhoman Ghori,Zoroastrian Persian noble in Afghanistan, invades northern India.
* 1179; Chichen Itza is destroyed
* 1185: Kamakura period in Japan after Yoshitsumi Minamoto takes the title of Shogun.
* 1185: First windmills in Europe.
* 1187: Saladin unites Arabs and retakes Jerusalem after the battle of Hattin where French and German crusaders are defeated.
* 1189-1192: Phillip II of France and Richard I of England fail to retake Jerusalem.
* 1190: Teutonic Knights order is founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land.
* 1191: Acre is captured as a Christian stronghold in the Holy Land.
* 1192: Peace of Ramallah: Saladin keeps Jerusalem but recognizes the independence of Acre.
* 1193: Manhoman Ghor, a Zoroastrian duke from Afghanistan conquers northern India.
* 1193: Ghor burns the library of Nanda, leading to the predominance of Hinduism and the final destruction of Buddhism in India.
* 1199: Europeans first use the compass.

## 13th Century

* 1202: Turkic dynasties in Persia lose control of Bukhara and Samarqand to the Buddhist Khans of Khwarzim.
* 1202: Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe
* 1203: Siam is founded in its present form at Sukothai.
* 1204: French-English Wars: England loses control of Normandy, Alencon, Maine, and Anjou.
* 1204: 4th Crusade fails to reach the Holy Land. Crusaders, sponsored by Venice, sack Constantinople and depose Manuel Komnenos.
* 1206: Genghis Khan is elected Khagan of the Mongols and the Mongol Empire is established.
* 1206: Delhi kingdom is established by Zoroastrian kings. Zoroastrian influence in Northern India.
* 1209: Mongols conquer Xia kingdom in northern China.
* 1210: Shah Iltummish, ruler of Delhi, conquers Punjab.
* 1210: Maya build a new capital at the walled city of Mayapan.
* 1212: Battle of Las Navas: Christian kings of Castile and Aragon defeat Muslim Almohads. Beginning of the Reconquista and the collapse of the Almohad sultanate and Islamic Spain as a whole.
* 1214: Phillip II of France takes the remaining English land in France.
* 1214-1294 Life of Roger Bacon, English mathematician and scientist.
* 1215: The Magna Carta is signed by King John of England.
* 1215: Civil war in France; Albesignans rebel against the Catholic Church.
* 1216: Mongols conquer Kashgar and the Uighur cities west of Mongolia.
* 1217: Mongols take Almaty.
* 1217: 5th Crusade fails to retake Jerusalem or reinforce Acre in any significant way.
* 1218: Mongols at war with Buddhist Khwarzim; they take Ferghana and advance on Samarqand.
* 1218: Saladin dies and the Ayyubid kingdom breaks up.
* 1219: Siege of Samarqand and Bukhara; Buddhist Khanates fall to the Mongols. Khwarzim falls to Genghis Khan.
* 1220-1228: Civil war in Egypt: Upper and lower Egypt break up.
* 1220-1223: Liao Manchu Dynasty in northern China (Kaifeng) is conquered by the Mongols.
* 1220: Tehran is sacked by the Mongols. Seljuk Turgil dynasty ends when Genghis Khan conquers Persia.
* 1221: Ctesiphon is sacked by Genghis Khan. End of Persian Seljuk dynasty.
* 1221: Georgia, Armenia and Circassia fall to Mongols.
* 1221: Mongols invade Punjab and Delhi, but are driven back by the Kingdom of Delhi.
* 1223: Siege of Kaifeng: Aizong, the Liao emperor is killed.
* 1223: Mongols invade Russia; conquer Astrakhan and Volga Bulgaria.
* 1224:Teutonic Knights move into the Baltic region to convert Latvians and Estonians to Christianity.
* 1225-1274: Life of Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian and philosopher.
* 1227: Genghis Khan dies. Mongol empire divided under successors who owe alleigance to the Khagan of Karakoram.
	+ Yuan Dynasty rules China (at this time, only north of the Yangtze)
	+ Ilkhanate rules central Asia, Mesopotamia and Persia, lasts until 1336
	+ Golden Horde rules Asian and European steppes, Russia, and Eastern Europe.
* 1227-1230: Geramny and Denmark at war; Germany defeats Denmark and gains power in the Baltic.
* 1228: 6th crusade; crusaders capture Jerusalem and German emperor Frederick II is crowned king of Jerusalem.
* 1231: Mongols capture Korea
* 1235: Kingdom of Mali founded in West Africa, lasts until 1500.
* 1235: Kublai Khan sacks Nanjing and Hangzhou, ending the Chinese Song Dynasty and beginning Mongol rule in China under the Yuan Dynasty.
	+ Yuan capital is established at Beijing
* 1237: Mongol invasions of Russia
	+ 1238: Kiev falls
	+ 1238: Moscow and Novgorod fall
* 1240: Ghana is invaded by Mali. Malinese destroy the Ghanian capital at Kumbi.
* 1241: Mongols invade Poland. German and Polish armies halt Mongol advance at the battle of Leignitz in Germany.
* 1241: Mongols invade Hungary. Battle of Mohi destroys the entire Hungarian army and Mongols sack Budapest.
* 1241: Golden Horde takes Crimea and Dacia, advance to the Austro-Italian border.
* 1241: Kublai Khan takes Tibet
* 1242: Ilkhanate invades Romelia; eastern Anatolia falls to the Mongols.
* 1244: French civil war ends. France conquers Provence.
* 1244: Mongol invasions of Yunnan are successful.
* 1248: Lombard, Venetian and Austrian troops halt Mongols at the battle of Altach in Austria. Furthest extent of Mongol advance in Europe.
* 1248: Arabs retake Jerusalem with help of Persian expatriot armies.
* 1250: Pope Gregory VI gives Sicily to the French.
* 1251: Mongols invade Syria. They sack Aleppo and Palmyra and massacre the entire population.
* 1253: Yunnan is brought under Yuan Mongol rule.
* 1257: 1st Mongol invasion of Vietnam fails.
* 1258: Michael Paliologos deposes Venitian emperor in Constantinople and restores the Romelian Empire.
* 1258-1265: Civil war in England.
* 1258: Arab Muslims invade Egypt and Jerusalem and conquer them; Lower Egypt falls to Arabs as does Jerusalem. Acre, Tyre, Sidon and Upper Egypt survive under independent Christian rule.
* 1259: Muslim Arabs invade Mesopotamia and capture Ur and Susa.
* 1259: Ctesiphon is destroyed by Arabs.
* 1259: Kublai Khan is elected Khagan and leader of all Mongol lands.
* 1260: Mongols take Damascus, Cilicia, Pontus and Lydia from Romelia.
* 1261: Mongols conquer Tyre from European Crusaders
* 1261: Greenland and Iceland join Norway and are brought under the rule of the Norwegian king.
* 1261: Peace of Antioch: Mongol and Romelian peace treaty signed.
* 1261: Battle of Ain Jalut. Mongol advance is halted by Arab armies. Furthest southwestern advance of Mongol armies.
* 1263: Scotland defeats Norway. Norway cedes the Hebrides Islands to Scotland.
* 1264: Acre and the kingdom of Outremer takes Tel Aviv and Sidon.
* 1266: Mongols retake Ctesiphon and Ur. They massacre all Arabs in the cities and kill Persian co-conspirators.
* 1266: Kublai Khan takes Sakhalin.
* 1266: Norway cedes the Isle of Mann to Scotland
* 1267: Outremer and the crusaders are defeated by Arabs, but hold onto Acre and Sidon
* 1268: Mongols invade Arabia. Muslim Caliph is taken prisoner and the entire Arab army is put to death. This marks the end of Arab power forever. Arabia is estimated to have lost 50% of its population as a result of their invasions of Mesopotamia and the resulting Mongol retaliation.
* 1269: Antioch captures Cilicia, reuniting itself with Romelia.
* 1270: Antioch takes Laodicaea, reaching Outremer to reinforce it.
* 1270-1290: 8th and last crusade. French, Maltese, Ifriqiyan and Sicilian forces fail to reach the Holy land. Louis IX dies in Alexandria.
* 1273: Rudolf of Habsburg ascends to the German throne; first Habsburg come to power
* 1274: Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant, travels to Mongol China and meets Kublai Khan.
* 1274: 1st Yuan invasion of Japan fails after typhoons sink the Mongol fleet and Japanese defenders defeat Mongol ground forces largely comprised of Koreans.
* 1275: English parliament begins to meet regularly
* 1275: Mongols take Lithuanian territories.
* 1276: Mongols take Oman and most of coastal east Arabia
* 1276-1278: War between Germany and Bohemia
* 1277: Yuan invasion of Burma ends in failure
* 1278: Ottokar II of Bohemia is killed at the battle of Marchfield. Bohemia is conquered by Germany
* 1280-1303: Reign of Alexander Nevesky, King of Moscow, begins expanding the size and power of Moscow
* 1281: Second Mongol invasion of Japan fails again. Japanese destroy the Mongol fleet and a second typhoon scatters the remainder of the Korean-based invasion force.
* 1282: Rebellion in Sicily; Sicilian forces massacre French governors and bureaucrats and gain independence.
* 1282: Albert of Habsburg becomes duke of Austria.
* 1283: Mongols sack Hanoi and invade the Khmer Empire.
* 1287: 2nd Yuan invasion of Burma fails.
* 1287: 3rd Yuan invasion of Vietnam brings gold and wealth back to China and sets up a Vietnamese puppet state.
* 1290: Jews are expelled from England.
* 1290: Khalij Dynasty in the kingdom of Delhi.
* 1291: Swiss cantons unite and Switzerland is founded.
* 1293: Sweden conquers Finland.
* 1294: Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty dies.
* 1295: Visconti dynasty rules Milan until 1447.
* 1296: England invades Scotland under Edward I.
* 1297: Battle of Stirling Bridge; English forces are defeated and Scottish independence is protected.
* 1297: French invade and occupy Flanders and Wallonia.
* 1298: Moveable type is invented in Yuan China
* 1299: Romelia retakes Pontus, Lydia, Cicicia, Antioch and Cappadocia to the Euphrates from the Mongols. Establishes current Romelian eastern frontier.

## 14th century

* 1300: Ghazan, leader of the Ilkhanate, converts to Zoroastrianism.
* 1300: civil war in the Maya city states
* 1301: Arpad dynasty ends in Hungary.
* 1301: Empire of Benin founded in southern Nigeria.
* 1302: Cuzco is founded in Peru and the Inca city state is founded
* 1306: Jews are expelled from France to Germany and Eastern Europe. Beginning of European Ashkenazi culture.
* 1307-1315: Austo-Swiss war.
* 1308: Luxembourg dynasty rules Germany.
* 1308: Austria becomes independent from Germany under Habsburg rulers.
* 1309: Arab attacks on Outremer fail. Crusaders control Acre, Sidon, Tel Aviv.
* 1309: Teutonic Knights invade Latvia, Livonia and west Prussia from their headquarters in East Prussia.
* 1309: Pope's court moves to Avignon, France. Rome begins to decline.
* 1312-1337: Mansa Musa rules Mali.
* 1314: Battle of Bannockburn: Robert the Bruce defeats English armies and ensures Scottish independence.
* 1315: Battle of Morgarten: Swiss armies defeat the Austrians. End of the Austro-Swiss war.
* 1317: Salic laws bans women from inheriting the French throne