Tap dance technique

**Tap dance** makes frequent use of syncopation. Tap dance choreographies typically start on the eighth beat, or between the eighth and the first count.

## Styles

Tap was formed from other types of dancing, such as ballet, jazz and contemporary clogging. Hoofers are tap dancers who dance only with their feet, making a louder, more grounded sound. This kind of tap dancing is also called "rhythm tap".

Another aspect of tap dancing is improvisation. This can either be done with music and follow the beats provided or without musical accompaniment, otherwise known as a cappella dancing. Tap dancers often work with musicians to weave rhythm and musical composition, usually jazz music, to create improvisation. Improv jams take place in communities around the world where tap dancers and musicians exchange and experiment with improv.

## Steps

There is no universal terminology for tap techniques and steps. The following includes descriptions of steps that are well known, although the names may vary.

### Steps with one sound

* **toe**: tap the ball or pad of the foot against the floor, use your ankle not your whole leg.
* **heel tap**: strike the heel of the foot on the floor and release it immediately.
* **step**: place the ball of the foot on the floor with a change of weight.
* **touch**: place the ball of the foot on the floor without change of weight.
* **stamp**: place the flat foot on the floor with a change of weight. Foot stays on floor.
* **stomp**: place the flat foot on the floor, lift foot off floor (no change of weight).
* **(heel) dig**: place the heel on the floor, keeping the ball off the floor (with or without change of weight).
* **heel (drop)**: standing on the balls of one or both feet, "drop" the heel on the floor, with or without change of weight.
* **ball (drop)**:standing on the heels of one or both feet, "drop" the ball on the floor, with or without change of weight.
* **toe**: hit the floor with the tip of the foot, usually behind the other foot, without change of weight.
* **toe stand**: stand on one or both tips of the feet. This requires fairly stiff tap shoes.
* **hop**: standing on one foot, jump up and land on the same foot.
* **leap**: standing on one foot, jump up and land on the other foot.
* **jump**: standing on one or both feet, jump up and land on both feet.
* **brush**: standing on one leg sweep the opposite leg forward or backward from the hip striking the ball of the foot. (Backward aka "spank")
* **scuff**: as a brush, but striking the floor with the heel instead of the ball of the foot,

### Steps with two sounds

* **ball heel**: strike the ball of the foot on the floor and drop your heel.
* **shuffle**: combine two brushes, one forward and one backward. A faster shuffle can be achieved by making smaller movements that are closer to the body. There are actually many different ways to perform a shuffle. **Broadway-style shuffles** use knee movement to swing the foot into a shuffle. Hoofers generally execute a shuffle from movement in the upper leg and hip. While a faster shuffle may seem to come from the ankle, it is actually much easier to get speed and clarity from the hip, which is why this method is preferred.
* **scuffle** or **paddle**: combine a scuff with a backward brush.
* **flap**: brush forward and a step (which is striking the ball of the foot on the floor with a change of weight; similar to a walking step, only done on the ball of the foot—the heel does not touch the floor). The flap is often counted as "& 1." It is similar to the shuffle, but instead of brushing the ball back after the brush forward, the dancer steps (i.e. brush step instead of brush brush, as in a shuffle).
* **slap**: brush forward and a touch, similar to the flap but without change of weight.
* **pickup**: placing the heel of the foot on the ground and slapping the ball of the foot where the heel was in a picking up motion.
* **pullback**: standing on the balls of one or both feet, jump up, hitting the ground with the ball(s) of the foot/feet, and land on the same foot (or again both feet), slapping your feet while in the air and landing on the foot/feet. Notable variations are single pullback, double pullback, alternating pullback, and other variations including other steps.
* **riff**: standing on one leg, swing the other leg to the front, first hitting the ground with the ball of the foot, then with the heel.
* **ball change**: two steps on alternating feet. The first step does not get full weight.

### Steps with three sounds

* **riffle**: a riff combined with a backward brush.
* **ripple**: using only the toe tap of one foot, striking with the outer edge of the tap, followed by the inner edge, followed by the ball of the foot.
* **slurp**: one foot is placed on the floor with or without weight, first hitting with the ball, then with the heel, then again with the ball. This step is usually very fast with precision.
* **shuffle-hop-step**: a shuffle connected with a hop and a step on the foot that had brushed in the beginning.
* **three beat shuffle**:the same movement as a two beat shuffle except with a heel

### Steps with four sounds

* **Cramp roll**: Steps and heel drops can be combined to make a **cramp roll** which produces a rolling sound like a horse gallop or a drum roll. It is performed by doing two steps (right then left or vice versa), followed by two heel drops (right then left or vice versa), releasing the first heel immediately upon completion. In other words, it is performed as "ball (R) ball (L) heel (R) heel (L)" and is often counted as "1 and a 2." It may be preceded by a brush (counted as "& 1 & a 2" and known as a flap cramp roll or 5-cramp roll) or done double time, known as a "bite cramproll" and counted as "a & a 1."
* **paradiddle**: a scuffle, followed by step heel, all on the same foot.
* **riff walk**: a riff, followed by a dig-ball on the same foot. Can be extended to a 5-sound riff walk by inserting a heel on the other foot between the riff and the dig-ball.
* **Four beat shuffle**: a shuffle with four beats, with relaxed movement of the foot.
* **Irish**: Named for its resemblance to Irish jigs. A shuffle followed by a hop on the standing foot, then the working foot crosses either in front or in back.

All tap dancing steps are a combination of simple movements that build upon each other. Most movements, simple and complex, include "taps", "drops", "brushes" (including shuffles and flaps), and "steps". For example, "shuffle ball change" is a shuffle followed by a ball change. Tap dancing steps may be learned and mastered by children and adults alike and are a good way to express/learn rhythm, dance, and percussion.