recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Pontobdella muricata

## Source: Wikipedia

***Pontobdella muricata*** is a species of marine leech in the family Piscicolidae. It is a parasite of fishes and is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

*Pontobdella muricata* is a long, cylindrical, somewhat flattened leech, narrowing at both ends. It has a number of annulations, which do not correspond to its internal segmentation, and is one of the largest sea leeches, with a length up to 10 cm (4 in) long when at rest, and double that length when stretched. The anterior end has a sucker with which it feeds, and the posterior end bears another sucker with which it adheres to its host. The skin is rough and covered with small warts; the colour varies, juveniles are usually black or dark green with small speckles, while adults are pale grey, tan, or olive-green.

## Distribution and habitat

Native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the species ranges from the Arctic, the Baltic Sea, and the North Sea, to the Mediterranean Sea. It has also been reported from the United States, Canada, Namibia, and Pakistan, but some of these records may be due to misidentification. It is found on the seabed at depths down to about 100 m (330 ft) and attached to large demersal fish.

## Ecology

This leech is an external parasite of cartilagenous fishes such as the marbled electric ray (*Torpedo marmorata*), the common stingray (*Dasyatis pastinaca*), and the thornback ray (*Raja clavata*), and less often of ray-finned fish such as the European plaice (*Pleuronectes platessa*), the black scorpionfish (*Scorpaena porcus*), and the red scorpionfish (*S. scrofa*). It is found attached to the gills, the abdomen, and the bases of the fins of the host, where it feeds by sucking blood. It is quiescent during the day, holding itself motionless and partially coiled, attached by its posterior sucker, but becomes active at night, when it feeds. It can separate from its host and swim by flattening its body. It is the intermediate host for the protozoan *Trypanosoma raiae*, which it carries in its gut and transmits to rays.

Like all leeches, *P. muricata* is a hermaphrodite, and fertilisation is internal. The eggs pass through the clitellum, where each is enclosed in a spherical cocoon. These are attached to empty bivalve or gastropod shells on the seabed and are pale at first, but darken with age. They are often irregularly grouped together, each with a slender, twisted stalk connecting it to a spreading, membranous holdfast. The sphere is filled with a thick, gelatinous material with the developing embryo spirally coiled within. When it is nearly 2.5 cm (1 in) long and ready to hatch, a pair of small, rounded protuberances at the side of the sphere fall off, allowing the juvenile leech to emerge, and search for a suitable host fish.
Proboscisless Leeches (Order Arhynchobdellida)

## Source: Wikipedia

**Arhynchobdellida**, the **proboscisless leeches**, are classified as an order of the Hirudinea. More recently, this order has been rejected and replaced with a newer classification. Still, leech taxonomy and systematics may eventually need to be revised, not because of the many uncertainties exist about their phylogeny, but because the major clades of clitellate annelids - and whether the clitellates are themselves a clade - have not been fully elucidated. For example, the "true leeches" (Euhirudinea) might actually be synonymous with the Hirudinea, as all other leech-like annelids might not be very closely related to the true leeches.

Proboscisless leeches are generally freshwater or amphibious animals. They have usually six to eight, sometimes five pairs of eyes. Some - among them the well-known European medical leech (*Hirudo medicinalis*) of the Hirudiniformes - are bloodsuckers, while most - including the Kinabalu giant red leech (*Mimobdella buettikoferi*) of the Erpobdelliformes - are predators that hunt small invertebrates, which are swallowed whole.

## Systematics and taxonomy

Given the systematic uncertainties, the proboscisless leeches have been treated at varying ranks, and the alternate name **Arhynchobdellae** is also sometimes found.

Arhynchobdellida systematics has been revised in modern times. Formerly, they could be divided into jawed and a jawless orders. However, the lack of jaws does not denote a particularly close relationship. Jawed leeches are more numerous, but exclusively found among the Hirudiniformes, while the jawless **Pharyngobdellida** (or **Pharyngobdellae**), also known as **"worm-leeches"**, are more diverse and occur in the Hirudiniformes and the Erpobdelliformes alike.

In addition to the two orders accepted today, a more basal lineage exists. These, the Americobdellidae, are not assigned order rank, but are treated as a family to signify their phylogenetic position near the base of the Arhynchobdellida. They are massive annelids, measuring 30 cm long in some cases, and are anatomically primitive. These animals hunt earthworms, which they suck in one piece through their toothless mouths.
Oligobdella biannulata

source: epa

#### Description:

Oligobdella biannulata (Moore, 1900) is a rare, endemic leech species originally described from a mountain stream near Blowing Rock, North Carolina. Specimens of O. biannulata were collected seasonally from Fall 1999, to Summer 2002, with new county records in North Carolina and South Carolina, and new state records from Georgia and Tennessee. Fifty-one percent of Desmognathus quadramaculatus and 50% of Desmognathus marmoratus were infested with O. biannulata. Desmognathus quadramaculatus exhibited a higher prevalence and mean intensity of infestation than D. marmoratus. Oligobdella biannulata leave their salamander hosts in late May to early July to lay eggs. Leeches lay 15-30 bright yellow, yolky eggs and brood them underneath their ventral surface. Eggs hatch in 10-20 days and in about 50 days, the hatchlings and adult search for a blood meal. Oligobdella biannulata re-attaches in late August to early October and over-winters on the host. When a desmognathine salamander host is found, the adult attaches, hatchlings leave the adult, and attach singly or in clusters on the limbs or axillary and inguinal regions, and blood-feed.
Luminsecent Earthworm (Microscolex phosphoreus)

source: Elsevier

## Abstract

1. *Microscolex phosphoreus* (Acanthrodrilidae: Oligochaeta) is a small bioluminescent earthworm with a broad distribution throughout the world.
2. In response to adverse stimuli it exudes a luminescent fluid from the mouth and along the body wall which originates in the coelome and contains large (27.1 ± 4.2 μm) granule filled cells.
3. Similarly to the other species examined so far, the luminescence system is found associated with the isolated granule filled cells; it is stimulated to emit by hydrogen peroxide, *Diplocardia longa* luciferin and *D. longa* luciferase; and exhibits a broad, unimodal bioluminescence spectrum (λmax = 538 nm).
4. The spectrum of the bioluminescence is matched by fluorescence which is associated with these same cells.
5. The spectrum of the soluble extract has a considerably altered spectrum with some indications of a similar, but more complex, alteration in the spectroscopy of the fluorescent component.
6. These results are discussed in comparison with other investigations of *M. phosphoreus* bioluminescence and the general common features of earthworm bioluminescence.
Genus Batracobdelloides

## Source: Wikipedia

***Batracobdelloides*** is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Glossiphoniidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Southern Africa.

Species:

* *Batracobdelloides conchophylus* Bolotov, Klass, Bespalaya, Konopleva, Kondakov & Vikhrev, 2019
* *Batracobdelloides hlaingbweensis* Bolotov, Klass, Bespalaya, Konopleva, Kondakov & Vikhrev, 2019
* *Batracobdelloides indochinensis* Bolotov, Klass, Bespalaya, Konopleva, Kondakov & Vikhrev, 2019
* *Batracobdelloides koreanus* Bolotov, Klass, Bespalaya, Konopleva, Kondakov & Vikhrev, 2019
* *Batracobdelloides moogi* Nesemann & Csanyi, 1995
* *Batracobdelloides tricarinata* (Blanchard, 1897)
* *Batracobdelloides yaukthwa* Bolotov, Klass, Bespalaya, Konopleva, Kondakov & Vikhrev, 2019
Genus Placobdelloides

## Source: Wikipedia

***Placobdelloides*** is a genus of glossophoniid leeches.

## Description

Species of *Placobdelloides* lack a jaw and usually feed with a protrusible proboscis; they are predacious or sanguivorous, or both, on a variety of prey such as shrimps, waterfowl, fish, amphibians, turtles, crocodiles or mammals.

## Species

The genus includes 17 species found worldwide:

* *Placobdelloides bancrofti* (Best, 1931)
* *Placobdelloides bdellae* (Ingram, 1957)
* *Placobdelloides emydae* (Harding, 1924)
* *Placobdelloides fimbriata* (Johansson, 1909)
* *Placobdelloides fulva* (Harding, 1921)
* *Placobdelloides horai* (Baugh, 1960)
* *Placobdelloides indica* (Baugh, 1960)
* *Placobdelloides jaegerskioeldi* (Johansson, 1909)
* *Placobdelloides maorica* (Benham, 1907)
* *Placobdelloides multistriata* (Johansson, 1909)
* *Placobdelloides octostriata* (Grube, 1866)
* *Placobdelloides okadai* (Oka, 1925)
* *Placobdelloides okai* (Soós, 1969)
* *Placobdelloides siamensis* (Oka, 1917)
* *Placobdelloides sirikanchanae* Trivalairat, Chiangkul & Purivirojkul, 2019
* *Placobdelloides stellapapillosa* Goverdich et al., 2002
* *Placobdelloides undulata* (Harding, 1924)
Horse Leech (Haemopis sanguisuga)

## Source: Wikipedia

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Pijawki\_w\_laboratorium.webm/Pijawki\_w\_laboratorium.webm.480p.vp9.webm
*Haemopis sanguisuga* in a lab

***Haemopis sanguisuga*** is a species of freshwater leech in the family Haemopidae. It is commonly called the **horse-leech**, but that is due to the similarity of its appearance to the leech *Limnatis nilotica*, which sometimes enters the nasal cavities of livestock. *Haemopis sanguisuga* does not behave in this way. Another synonym for this leech is *Aulastomum gulo*.

## Description

*Haemopis sanguisuga* can reach a length of 10 cm (4 in), a similar size to the medicinal leech *Hirudo medicinalis*, but can extend to a greater length when stretched out. The body is segmented; the upper surface is brownish-black, usually a solid colour but sometimes with streaks and spots, and the under surface is yellowish-grey or olive. There are two suckers, a small one at the anterior end and a larger one at the posterior end. There is a crescent-shaped grouping of five pairs of eyes on the head.

## Distribution and habitat

*Haemopis sanguisuga* is a freshwater leech and is found across most of Europe as well as in Asia. Typical habitats are in shallow parts of lakes, ponds, ditches and slow-moving rivers. It may emerge onto the land, hiding under stones, and it tolerates slightly brackish water. It can be found as far as 30 metres away from water.

## Ecology

*Haemopis sanguisuga* moves by looping, attaching its front sucker to the substrate, drawing forward the back sucker and positioning it close to the front one, and then detaching the front sucker and extending its front end forward. It can also move by swimming. It has a few blunt teeth in two rows and is a predator rather than a blood-sucker. It feeds on insect larvae, fish eggs and fry, tadpoles, worms, other leeches, and gastropods; the prey is sucked in and swallowed whole. The leech sometimes emerges from the water to hunt for earthworms.

Like other leeches, *Haemopis sanguisuga* is a hermaphrodite. The testes mature first and the ovaries later in the organism's life. A pair of leeches will line up with the clitellar regions in contact, and sperm is passes by the one acting as male to the female gonopore. Some time later, several eggs are laid by the female, and these are wrapped in an albumin-filled cocoon that is secreted by the clitellum. The cocoon is buried in damp earth close to the water's edge. When the eggs hatch, the juveniles that emerge are about 15 mm (0.6 in) in length.

A parasitic diplomonad, *Hexamita gigas*, is sometimes found in the leech's gut. Most species of *Hexamita* infect vertebrates, and the only other known invertebrate hosts for this genus of flagellates are found among the cockroaches, such as the oriental cockroach (*Blatta orientalis*).
Placobdella papillifera

source: natureserve

## Conservation Status

### NatureServe Status

Global Status:

GNR

### Other Statuses

U.S. Endangered Species Act:

None

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC):

None

## Distribution

National and State/Provincial Distribution:

Endemism:

endemic to a single nation

## Ecology and Life History

### Mobility and Migration

Colonial Breeder:

No

Non-Migrant:

No

Locally Migrant:

No

Long Distance Migrant:

No

### Habitat

Habitat Type:

Freshwater

## Population / Occurrence Delineation

Group Name:

Default

Separation Distance for Unsuitable Habitat:

1 kilometers

Separation Distance for Suitable Habitat:

1 kilometers
Helobdella octatestisaca

source: researchgate

Helobdella octatestisaca Lai and Chang, 2009, was originally described from Taiwan where it is believed to have been introduced. It has subsequently been reported from throughout much of Mexico. Helobdella octatestisaca was collected from a small pond in Walker County, Texas, U.S.A., representing the first report of this species from the United States. Helobdella octatestisaca occurred primarily associated with red-eared slider turtles, Trachemys scripta, and common mud turtles, Kinosternon subrubrum. Individuals of H. octatestisaca were frequently found within clusters of juveniles of the common turtle leech, Placobdella parasitica, and were often attached to individuals of P. parasitica. It was hypothesized that H. octatestisaca is utilizing P. parasitica as a source of food and that Helobdella spp. preferentially associate with turtles, thereby gaining enhanced access to prey items.
Oregon Giant Earthworm (Driloleirus macelfreshi)

## Source: Wikipedia

The **Oregon giant earthworm** (*Driloleirus macelfreshi*) is one of the largest earthworms found in North America, growing to more than three feet (0.91 m) in length. First described in 1937, the species is not common. Since its discovery, specimens have been documented in only fifteen locations within Oregon's Willamette Valley.

## Taxonomy and description

The Oregon giant earthworm was first described by Frank Smith in 1937 from a specimen found near Salem, Oregon in 1903. The species was named in honor of its collector, F. M. McElfresh. Like its cousin, the giant Palouse earthworm (*Driloleirus americanus*) of Washington, this species can grow to lengths in excess of 3 feet (0.91 m) and up to an inch (2.5 cm) in width. When handled, the worms emit a peculiar aroma that is reminiscent of flowers—hence their genus name *Driloleirus*, which means "lily-like worm".

The life history of this species is not well understood and is based on a very limited number of observations. They live in the deep, moist, undisturbed soils of riparian forests. They tunnel deep into the soil and are known to dig permanent burrows fifteen feet below the surface. However, during the wetter seasons, they are found closer to the soil surface feeding on the rich layers of accumulated organic material.

## Distribution and habitat

The Oregon giant earthworm is endemic to Oregon and has been found at 15 sites in the Willamette Valley and one additional site within the Oregon Coast Range. Like Oregon’s other indigenous worms, this species has a narrow range of tolerance for soil conditions, favoring fine textured soils rich in clay. It appears to prefer well drained soils (fine-grained, clay to silt loams) that are near subsurface water, often where the water table is reachable but the soil is not waterlogged. This species is associated with deep, little-disturbed soils in moist mixed forest of Douglas firs, grand firs, and bigleaf maples and is also known from pure Douglas-fir woodlots and occasionally from oak-ash woods. It is apparently tolerant of the acidic soil found under coniferous forests.

## Conservation status

Because this species is so elusive, being last sighted in 2008, it is very difficult to estimate populations or assess potential threats. Habitat loss and competition from introduced earthworms are thought to be two major threats. In the Willamette Valley, less than one percent of the original native grasslands remain, and conversion of land for agriculture, industry, and housing development has eliminated much of this species’ suitable habitat.
Giant Amazon Leech (Haementeria ghilianii)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Haementeria ghilianii***, the giant Amazon leech, is one of the world's largest species of leeches. It can grow to 450 mm (17.7 in) in length and 100 mm (3.9 in) in width. As adults, these leeches are a greyish-brown colour, as opposed to juveniles, which do not have a uniform colour, but rather, a noncontinuous stripe of colour, and patched colouring. They live from the Guianas to the Amazon.[*citation needed*] The leech produces the anticoagulant protease hementin from its salivary glands.

It was thought to be extinct from the 1890s until the 1970s, when specimens were rediscovered in French Guiana by Dr Roy Sawyer. One of these leeches, dubbed Grandma Moses, founded a successful breeding colony at UC Berkeley.
Genus Haemopis

## Source: Wikipedia

***Haemopis*** is a genus of leeches belonging to the family Haemopidae. The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.

## Species

Species include:

* *Haemopis caballeroi* (Richardson, 1971)
* *Haemopis caeca* Manoleli, Klemm & Sarbu, 1998
* *Haemopis elegans* (Moquin-Tandon, 1846)
* *Haemopis grandis* (Verrill, 1874)
* *Haemopis kingi* Mathers, 1954
* *Haemopis lateromaculata* Mathers, 1963
* *Haemopis marmorata* (Say, 1824)
* *Haemopis ottorum* Wirchansky & Shain, 2010
* *Haemopis paludum* Tennent, 1859
* *Haemopis plumbea* Moore, 1912
* *Haemopis sanguisuga* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Haemopis septagon* Sawyer & Shelley, 1976
* *Haemopis terrestris* (Forbes, 1890)
Lumbricus badensis

## Source: Wikipedia

***Lumbricus badensis*** is a type of giant earthworm, a species of annelid. It is endemic to the upper-elevation spruce forests of Germany's Black Forest, where its common name is *Badischer Riesenregenwurm* ("giant rainworm of Baden"). It inhabits exclusively the region between the mountains Feldberg and Belchen, and the Wiese Valley at elevations above 1000 m. Up to 60 cm in length, this earthworm is one of the largest European species. It weighs between 25 and 35 g and lives in subterranean tubes which are up to 2.5 m deep. It feeds on organic matter it ingests from the surface and aerates the soil as it moves through it, contributing to the formation of humus. It is prey for foxes and owls. An informational trail about this giant earthworm, the *Riesenregenwurm-Erlebnispfad,* has been established on Belchen mountain.
Genus Eophila

## Source: Taylor and Francis Online

Abstract

The rare and poorly known lumbricid *Eophila tellinii*, type species of the genus inquirendum *Eophila* (Rosa, 1894), is described anew. is quite different from the type species of the lumbricid genera escribed before 1894: thus, according to international usage, the genus *Eophila is* valid. A new lumbricid from Turkey together with other less known endemic species that may be assigned to this genus are described. The close relationships between the genus *Snhenthecà* (Bouché, 1972) and *Eophila* are discussed.
Jawed Leeches (Genus Chtonobdella)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Chtonobdella limbata*** is a species of blood sucking leech, found in New South Wales, Australia; it belongs to the genus ***Chtonobdella*** and may be called the **Australian bush leech**. This species was described in 1866 by the German naturalist Adolph Eduard Grube. A variant name, *Gnathobdellida limbata*, sometimes appears in the literature.

## Bite

Generally the bite is harmless. There will be bleeding, and possible irritation and itching after the bite. There is no evidence that the leech can transmit disease. However, some people have an allergic reaction or infection.
Lumbricus friendi

# Life cycle studies of the earthworm *Lumbricus friendi* (Cognetti, 1904)

## Summary

The objective of this work was to obtain data on aspects of the life cycle of *Lumbricus friendi*. Field-collected specimens from NW Spain were grown to maturity and maintained under controlled laboratory conditions. Thereafter experiments were undertaken to determine mode of reproduction, reproductive output, cocoon viability and development, and hatchling growth rate. Effects of density and temperature on growth were also examined. Plastic culture vessels containing a substrate of Kettering loam were incubated in temperature-controlled chambers, with dried horse manure as food. Paired, mature animals were sampled monthly over a period of 9 months for cocoon production. Cocoons were incubated on moist filter papers in Petri dishes. Results showed that at 15 °C, individuals matured at a live mass of 3.5 g. Zero cocoons were produced by virgin animals maintained in isolation, but recently matured, paired *L. friendi* produced 2.16 cocoons individual−1 wk−1. Cocoons were lemon-shaped with a smooth pale yellow-coloured outer surface and had a mean mass of 28 mg. At 15 °C, cocoons required 90 days to hatch and hatchability from the first 5 months of cocoon production was 85% successful. The majority of cocoons produced a single hatchling (twins recorded < 1%). Growth of hatchlings to maturity was achieved within a period of 5 months, with tubercula pubertatis developed after 3 months. Increased temperatures in the range of 5–15 °C led to significantly increased growth rates, whereas increased earthworm density led to a significant decrease in rate of growth. These findings permit comparisons with more closely studied anecic species such as *Lumbricus terrestris*.
Jawless Leeches (Order Rhynchobdellida)

## Source: Wikipedia

**Rhynchobdellida**, the **proboscis-bearing leeches**, although paraphyletic, are classified as an order of the Hirudinea. But leech taxonomy and systematics will eventually be revised in due time, not because there are many uncertainties about their phylogeny, but because the major clades of clitellate annelids – and whether the clitellates are themselves a clade – have not been fully elucidated. For example, the "true leeches" (Euhirudinea) might actually be synonymous with the Hirudinea, as all other leech-like annelids might not be very closely related to the true leeches.

Compared to their sister taxon, the Arhynchobdellida (proboscisless leeches), rhynchobdellid systematics has always been rather straightforward as regards the main clades contained therein. The common name is actually misleading however, as jawlessness is a primitive trait among leeches in general – most Arhynchobdellida are in fact jawless too. It is rather the proboscis that is the characteristic apomorphy of the Rhynchobdellida.

Three families are recognized: The Glossiphoniidae are freshwater leeches, flattened, and with a poorly defined anterior sucker. The Piscicolidae occur in both freshwater and seawater, have cylindrical bodies, and a usually well-marked, bell-shaped, anterior sucker. Ozobranchidae, the turtle leeches, are primarily parasitic on marine turtles.
Tyrone (Backyardigans)

## Tyrone

My name's Tyrone!

Singing

* Corwin Tuggles (season 1)
* Leon Thomas III (seasons 2-3)
* Damani Roberts (season 3)
* Tyrel Williams (seasons 3-4)

* **Moderate phthalo blue** and **Brilliant scarlet** for the stripes on his shirt
* **Brilliant amber** for his antlers

**Tyrone** is an anthropomorphic moose and the tritagonist of Nickelodeon's The Backyardigans.

## Description

Tyrone is confident, laid-back, and easygoing. He is best friends with Pablo, and their different personalities make them perfect complements to each other. While Pablo is a quick thinker, Tyrone likes to take his time. Tyrone can get nervous or frightened on occasion, but he is not insecure about his fears.

At the end of every episode he appears in, Tyrone recites the line, "That was an excellent (type) adventure, don't you think?" Pablo, Tasha, and Austin use the line when he is absent.

## Residence

Tyrone lives in an orange-colored house in the center of the backyard. Two lawn chairs and a slide are visible in front of it.

## Physical Appearance

Tyrone's skin is orange. He has red fringe between his antlers, which are light yellow. His eyes are white with black pupils. His face and head are shaped similarly to Tasha's (though his muzzle is less rounded). His standard striped shirt is red-orange and blue.

## Episode Appearances

Tyrone has appeared in many episodes of The Backyardigans. He is absent for five episodes: "Ranch Hands from Outer Space", "Pirate Camp", "Dragon Express", "The Funnyman Boogeyman" and "The Flipper!".

## Depiction in V Smile Baby

In The Backyardigans: Big Backyard Adventure, when you press the green square button, Tyrone introduces you to Samurai Pie. He and Austin guide you to a series of opposites while learning how to make pie.

### Song

There is a song in the activity that is sung to the tune of Farmer in the Dell.
Infraclass Acanthobdellidea

## Source: Wikipedia

**Acanthobdellidea** is an infraclass of primitive leeches; some authors place them in a separate subclass from the Hirudinea. However, the World Register of Marine Species places them within the Hirudinea, as a sister group to Euhirudinea, the true leeches.

Species in the group include *Acanthobdella peledina*, described by the German zoologist Adolph Eduard Grube in 1851, and *A. livanowi*, described in 1966.
Genus Diplocardia

## Source: Wikipedia

***Diplocardia*** is a genus of North American (USA, Mexico) earthworms with 52-57 known species that is remarkably similar to Australian *Diplotrema* Spencer, 1900.

Species include *Diplocardia pettiboneae* (Gates 1977) and *Diplocardia longa* (Moore 1904), with bioluminescent mucus.

The second largest earthworm in North America is *Diplocardia meansi (*Gates 1977) and is endemic to Rich Mountain in the Ouachita Mountains.
Placobdella ornata

source: natureserve

## Conservation Status

### NatureServe Status

Global Status:

GNR

#### National & State/Provincial Statuses

, , , ,

, ,

### Other Statuses

U.S. Endangered Species Act:

None

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC):

None

## Distribution

National and State/Provincial Distribution:

## Ecology and Life History

### Mobility and Migration

Colonial Breeder:

No

Non-Migrant:

No

Locally Migrant:

No

Long Distance Migrant:

No

### Habitat

Habitat Type:

Freshwater

## Population / Occurrence Delineation

Group Name:

Default

Separation Distance for Unsuitable Habitat:

1 kilometers

Separation Distance for Suitable Habitat:

1 kilometers
Placobdelloides siamensis

source: wikipedia

***Placobdelloides siamensis*** is a species of blood-feeding jawless leech in the family Glossiphoniidae. It is commonly known as the **Siam shield leech** and is a prevalent ectoparasite on Malayemys turtles but has a range of Geoemydidae hosts. In high numbers it can cause severe anaemia and malnutrition which can lead to the death of its host.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as *Hemiclepsis siamensis* by Oka in 1917 then transferred by Sawyer to his new genus *Placobdelloides* in 1986. In 2018, it was redescribed from specimens collected in Thailand.

## Hosts

The type host is the Black Marsh Turtle, *Siebenrockiella crassicollis*. Other hosts include the Southeast Asian Box Turtle, *Cuora amboinensis*, the Yellow-headed Temple Turtle, *Heosemys annandalii*, the Mekong Snail-eating Turtle *Malayemys subtrijuga*, the Malayan Snail-eating Turtle *Malayemys macrocephala*, the Khorat Snail-eating Turtle *Malayemys khoratensis*, Oldham's lead turtle *Cyclemys oldhamii* and the giant Asian pond turtle *Heosemys grandis*.
Limnatis nilotica

## Source: Wikipedia

***Limnatis nilotica*** is a species of leech in the family Hirudinidae. It is hematophagous (feeding on blood), living on the mucous membranes of mammals.

## Description

*Limnatis nilotica* grows to a length of about 10 cm (4 in). It has powerful jaws and a sucker at both the anterior and the posterior end. The general colour is dark green and there are green spots in rows on the dorsal surface and bands of yellowish-orange and green on the sides.

## Distribution and habitat

*Limnatis nilotica* is native to Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It inhabits stagnant ponds and shallow lakes.

## Biology

*Limnatis nilotica* is unable to pierce skin with its jaws which are relatively small, soft and rounded; there are about thirty flat teeth with rough surfaces on the jaws, and small papillae which probably secrete saliva. Instead it enters its mammalian host through an orifice and sucks blood from mucous membranes inside the host, often the pharynx. The ingested blood is granular in nature, perhaps because the leech has scraped the tissues as it fed. The volume of blood consumed at any one time is much smaller than is typical for the European medicinal leech, but *L. nilotica* may stay in place for several weeks, feeding at intervals.

*Limnatis nilotica* is periodically reported as affecting humans and livestock, entering the host through the mouth, nose, and occasionally through the eye socket, the urethra or vagina. In Iran, a pregnant cow showed respiratory distress and anaemia and was found to have a leech attached to the inside of the cheek and tongue; the cow was said to have drunk from a local pond. In another instance, a camel in Iraq had leeches inside its nasal cavity. There have been other reports from Iraq of affected cattle, sheep, donkeys and dogs. Two young dogs in Iran with symptoms including anorexia, anaemia, hyper-salivation, retching, and bleeding from the mouth, were found to have leeches under their tongues. If left untreated animals may die, but these dogs recovered after the leeches were removed.
Placobdella ali

source: bioone

Abstract

Placobdella ali Huges and Siddall, 2007 has not been reported since its original description based on 3 specimens from Silver Mine Lake in Orange County, New York. The finding of 3 populations of P. ali in Connecticut along with further collection of this species from its type locality facilitated an investigation of host use by this leech, molecular characterization of the species, and observations on its natural history. Placobdella ali commonly occurred on substrate in Silver Mine Lake in Orange County, New York, and Clark's Pond and North Farms Reservoir in New Haven County, Connecticut. A single specimen was found in Lake Wintergreen in New Haven County, Connecticut. Placobdella ali was represented by individuals of a light-colored form and a melanic or dark-colored form. Sequences of 2 mitochondrial genes, CO-I and ND-1, were virtually identical among individuals from Connecticut and New York populations, as well as between the 2 color morphs. Placobdella ali was collected from 10 of 15 (66.7%) American snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in North Farms Reservoir. This observation in conjunction with the absence of P. ali on 55 eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) suggests a fairly high degree of host specificity. Two species of exotic turtles, 3 red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), and a single southern painted turtle (Chrysemys dorsalis), which is a state record for Connecticut, indicate the potential of introduction of exotic turtles as a vehicle for the introduction of exotic leeches. One of the 3 (33.3%) red-eared sliders was infested with a single individual of P. ali.
Octodriloides mimus

## Source: GBIF

Octodrilus mimus (Rosa, 1889)

(Figure 4 C,D)

Allolobophora mima RosA, 1889 BoLL. MUs. TorIno, 4 (60): 1.

Octolasium mima f. marenzelleri MIchAELsEn, 1910 Ann. MUs. ST.-PETErsb., 15: 1.

Octolasium mima f. marenzelleri: OModEo 1954 ATTI MUs. CIv. ST. NAT. TrIEsTE, 19: 131.

Octolasium (Octodrilus) mima: OModEo 1956 Arch. ZooL. ITAL., 41: 177 (pArT).

Octolasium mima TypIcUM: OModEo 1962 MEM. MUs. CIv. ST. NAT. VEronA, 10: 79.

Octolasium mima marenzelleri: OModEo 1962 MEM. MUs. CIv. ST. NAT. VEronA, 10: 80.

Octolasium mima mima: KArAMAn 1972 BIoL. VEsTn. 20: 102 (pArT. EXcL. vAr. tergestina MIchAELsEn, 1910, vAr. rucneri PLIsko & ZIcsI, 1970, vAr. nov. slovenica).

Octodrilus mima: ZIcsI 1981 OpUsc. ZooL. (BUdApEsT), 27–28: 166.

Octodrilus mima: ZIcsI 1986 OpUsc. ZooL. (BUdApEsT), 22: 108.

Octodrilus marenzelleri: ZIcsI 1986 OpUsc. ZooL. (BUdApEsT), 22: 108.

Octodrilus mimus: MršIć 1991 Monogr. EArThw. BALkAns: 411.

Material examined. Medea 2 (MH 032875), 4: Colle di Medea, Gorizia, Italy, 18/02/2016, leg. Maurizio G. Paoletti. Velika 1 (EWITA271-15): Velika Gorica, Croatia, 04/09/2014, leg. Enzo Moretto. Velebit 2 (EWITA270- 15): Trnovac-Velebit, Croatia, 05/09/2014, leg. Angelo L. Dreon. Groinizza 1 (MH 032871), 2 (MH 032872): Groinizza, Gorizia, Italy, 23/11/2016, leg. Luca Dorigo. (Altogether six specimens).

Diagnosis. Medium to large sized worms, 120–400 mm by 10–15 mm. Colour brown on dorsum with darker midsegment stripes and pale on ventrum. Male pores on 15 small. Clitellum on 1/n 28, 28–40, 41; tubercles on 1/n 28, 29–40, 41. Nephridiopores irregularly alternate between b and above d. Two pairs of testes enclosed in perioesophageal testis sacs in 10, 11. Vesicles in 9–12, those in 11 sometimes smaller. Spermathecae six to seven pairs, in 6/7–11/12, 12/13.

Remarks. The taxonomy of Oc. mimus is quite controversial. The different varieties and forms described (tergestina, marenzelleri, vallorum, slovenicus) have later been treated differently. Omodeo (1954) regarded both marenzelleri and vallorum as forms of Octolasium mima, but later marenzelleri was treated as a subspecies (Omodeo 1962). Karaman (1972) regarded vallorum as a subspecies of mima, marenzelleri as a synonym and tergestina, rucneri and the newly described slovenica as forms. Zicsi (1982) elevated all forms, varieties and subspecies to species rank. Mršić (1991) thoroughly analyzed the literature data and his own large collection and concluded that marenzelleri is a synonym of Oc. mimus, while Oc. tergestinus, Oc. rucneri, Oc. vallorus and Oc. slovenicus represent independent species.

Our molecular analysis confirmed the distinctness of Oc. slovenicus, which forms a distinct, highly supported clade together with the Oc. pseudocomplanatus specimens. Oc. mimus is sister to a clade composed of Oc. complanatus and Oc. zicsiniello sp. nov. and seemingly not closely related to Oc. tergestinus. The Oc. mimus clade consists of specimens with typical mimus characters (cl. 28–40, spermathecae 6/7–11/12) and also with marenzelleri characters (cl. 29–41, spermathecae 6/7–12/13) therefore their synonymy is maintained.
Numb Ray Leech (Branchellion borealis)

source: marinespecies

116951 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:116951)

1. Biota
2. Animalia (Kingdom)
3. Annelida (Phylum)
4. Clitellata (Class)
5. Hirudinea (Subclass)
6. Euhirudinea (Infraclass)
7. Rhynchobdellida (Order)
8. Piscicolidae (Family)
9. *Branchellion* (Genus)
10. *Branchellion borealis* (Species)

accepted

Species

*Branchellion* Savigny, 1822

*Branchellion borealis* Leigh-Sharpe, 1933

marine

Not documented

WoRMS (2022). *Branchellion borealis* Leigh-Sharpe, 1933. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=116951 on 2022-10-17

**Date**

**action**

source: marinespecies

**by**

2004-12-21 15:54:05Z

created

van der Land, Jacob

The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

[taxonomic tree]
Genus Mooreobdella

## Source: Wikipedia

***Erpobdella*** is a genus of leeches in the family Erpobdellidae. Members of the genus have three or four pairs of eyes, but never have true jaws, and are typically 20–50 millimetres (0.8–2.0 in) long. All members do not feed on blood, but instead are predators of small aquatic invertebrates, which they often swallow whole.

## Species

The genus includes species previously classified under the genera *Croatobranchus*, *Mooreobdella*, *Trocheta* and *Nephelopsis*. These were synonymized into *Erpobdella* by Sidall (2002) after morphogenetic analysis. There are over 30 currently accepted species:

* *Erpobdella adani* (Tessler, Siddall, & Oceguera-Figueroa, 2018)
* *Erpobdella anoculata* (Moore, 1898)
* *Erpobdella bhatiai* Nesemann, 2007
* *Erpobdella borisi* Chichocka et al., 2015
* *Erpobdella bucera* (Moore, 1953)
* *Erpobdella bykowski* (Gedroyc, 1913)
* *Erpobdella concolor* Annandale, 1913
* *Erpobdella costata* Sawyer & Shelley, 1976
* *Erpobdella dubia* (Moore & Meyer, 1951)
* *Erpobdella fervida* (Verrill, 1874)
* *Erpobdella japonica* (Pawlowski, 1952)
* *Erpobdella johanssoni* (Johansson, 1927)
* *Erpobdella krasense* (Sket, 1968)
* *Erpobdella lahontana* Hovingh & Klemm, 2000
* *Erpobdella luguensis* Liu, 1984
* *Erpobdella melanostoma* (Sawyer & Shelley, 1976)
* *Erpobdella mestrovi* (Kerovec, Kučinić & Jalžić, 1999)
* *Erpobdella mexicana* (Dugès, 1872)
* *Erpobdella microstoma* (Moore, 1901)
* *Erpobdella monostriata* (Lindenfeld et Pietruszynski, 1890)
* *Erpobdella nigricollis* (Brandes, 1900)
* *Erpobdella obscura* (Verrill, 1872)
* *Erpobdella octoculata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Erpobdella ochoterenai* Caballero, 1932
* *Erpobdella parva* (Moore, 1912)
* *Erpobdella punctata* (Leidy, 1870)
* *Erpobdella quaternaria* (Moore, 1930)
* *Erpobdella subviridis* (Dutrochet, 1817)
* *Erpobdella testacea* (Savigny, 1820)
* *Erpobdella tetragon* (Sawyer & Shelley, 1976)
* *Erpobdella triannulata* Moore, 1908
* *Erpobdella vilnensis* (Liskiewicz, 1925)
* *Erpobdella wuttkei* Kutschera, 2004
Genus Helodrilus

# Three in one: molecular phylogeny of the genus *Helodrilus* (Crassiclitellata: Lumbricidae) with a description of two new genera and two new species

## Abstract

The earthworm genus *Helodrilus* comprises about 20 species with distributions ranging from the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus, through Central Europe, the Balkans, Anatolia and the Levant. The species prefer moist habitats and are often found in the mud of river banks, in swamps or in caves. Although a high degree of morphological variability is observed in the taxonomic characters, the genus shares a common feature: the absence of nephridial bladders. In this study, we clarify the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus *Helodrilus* using an integrated approach including a multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis and thorough morphological examination of several species across the putative *Helodrilus* area of distribution. The findings of this study have led to the genus *Helodrilus* being split and to the description of two new genera and two new species: ***Coventina*** Szederjesi, Sarbu & Csuzdi **gen. nov.** and ***Imetescolex movilensis*** Szederjesi, Sarbu & Csuzdi **gen. & sp. nov.** The highly homoplasic nature of the absence of nephridial bladders was also revealed.
Kinabalu Giant Earthworm (Pheretima darnleiensis)

## Source: Wikipedia

The **Kinabalu giant earthworm**, *Pheretima darnleiensis*, is a grey-blue coloured peregrine annelid. It is found widely in Southeast Asia, primarily in the Indo-Australasian Archipelago (e.g., Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, some islands near New Guinea such as Darnley Island and Christmas Island), but also in Peninsular Malaysia. Records from the Caroline Islands and Fiji are believed to represent introductions This also applies to the eponymic Darnley Island record.

On Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, the animal grows to a length of approximately 70 cm and lives in burrows in the soft and thick soils around Paka Cave shelter, at an altitude of 3,000 m above sea level. The earthworm's segments are encircled by numerous setae and its skin has a greenish iridescent gloss. Amongst the Kinabalu earthworm's natural predators is another large annelid, the Kinabalu giant red leech. Both animals can only be seen during or after a heavy downpour.
Genus Americobdella

## Source: Wikipedia

***Americobdella*** is a genus of carnivorous leeches from southern Chile, comprising only the species ***Americobdella valdiviana***.

## Taxonomy

Philippi, who originally classified *A. valdiviana* as an erpobdellid leech, noted that *Americobdella valdiviana* was similar to *Trocheta* (now synonymized with *Erpobdella*) "in both appearance and habit". It is phylogenically between two major groups of leeches, the Rhynchobdellida and the Arhynchobdellida. Recent work has suggested *A. valdiviana* is more closely related to the Erpobdelliformes than the Hirudiniformes.

## Description

*Americobdella valdiviana* is a predator and has only rudimentary jaws. Because of these features, it was originally classified as an erpobdellid leech. *A. valdiviana* is grey-coloured on the dorsal side with a yellowish ventral side. Whether eyes are present in this species is a matter of debate. While Philippi originally described *Americobdella valdiviana* as having no eyes, other authors have indicated that eyes are indeed present.
Motobdella montezuma

## Source: Wikipedia

***Motobdella montezuma*** is a species of leech which is only found in Montezuma Well, central Arizona, United States. It is a nocturnal pelagic predator that feeds almost exclusively on the endemic amphipod *Hyalella montezuma*, which it detects using passive sonar and swallows whole.

## Description

Adults of *M. montezuma* may reach a length of 71 mm (2.8 in) including the suckers at the front and rear.

## Distribution

*M. montezuma* is closely related to the genus *Erpobdella*, which includes species that are widespread across North America from Alaska to Mexico. However, *M. montezuma* is only known to occur in a single pool, Montezuma Well, in the Montezuma Castle National Monument in Yavapai County, Arizona.

## Ecology

Montezuma Well, due to a high carbon dioxide level in the water, is unable to support a population of fish, leaving an ecological niche of predator-free open water. Although there are a number of species of invertebrates living in the well, the diet of *M. montezuma* consists almost entirely of the endemic amphipod *Hyalella montezuma*.

### Behavior

*M. montezuma* is nocturnal, resting at the bottom of the well during the day, when predatory waterfowl are present. As night falls, the leeches swim towards the surface and hunt amphipods near the surface; this is the only instance of a leech hunting in open water. Prey are detected by passive sonar, and swallowed whole. This pattern of diel vertical migration by a leech is only known to occur in Montezuma Well.

## Life cycle

Like many other leeches, *M. montezuma* is hermaphroditic. Sexual reproduction results in two individuals fertilizing each other, and the resulting eggs are placed in a nutrient-filled cocoon. The cocoon is placed deep enough to avoid the attention of ducks and other predators, and the eggs hatch into self-sufficient juveniles.
Metaphire formosae

## Abstract

The *Metaphire formosae* species group is a member of the *Pheretima* complex of the family Megascolecidae. It is composed of 12 nominal taxa, *Metaphire bununa* Tsai *et al.*, 2000, *Metaphire feijani* Chang & Chen, 2004, *Metaphire formosae* (Michaelsen, 1922), *Metaphire glareosa* Tsai *et al.*, 2000, *Metaphire nanaoensis* Chang & Chen, 2005, *Metaphire paiwanna paiwanna* Tsai *et al.*, 2000, *Metaphire paiwanna hengchunensis* (James *et al.*, 2005), *Metaphire paiwanna liliumfordi* Tsai *et al.*, 2000, *Metaphire tahanmonta* Chang & Chen, 2005, *Metaphire taiwanensis* Tsai *et al.*, 2004, *Metaphire trutina* Tsai *et al.*, 2003, and *Metaphire yuhsi* (Tsai, 1964). In this study, we describe a new species, *Metaphire tengjhihensis* sp. nov., and two new subspecies, *Metaphire nanaoensis truku* ssp. nov. and *Metaphire taiwanensis tsaii* ssp. nov., belonging to this species group. DNA barcodes (partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome *c* oxidase subunit 1, COI) from type specimens of *M. feijani*, *M. tengjhihensis* sp. nov., *M. nanaoensis truku* ssp. nov., *M. tahanmonta* and *M. taiwanensis tsaii* ssp. nov. have been deposited in GenBank in previous studies and are explicitly linked to the type specimens for the first time, enabling unambiguous identification using both morphology and DNA barcodes. Finally, we comment on the systematics of the *M. formosae* species group and suggest an integrative taxonomic approach that combines morphology and DNA barcodes for future descriptions of new species of *Amynthas* and *Metaphire*.
Genus Haemadipsa

## Source: Wikipedia

***Haemadipsa*** is a genus of leeches, with members commonly known as *jawed land leeches*. These annelids are known from subtropical and tropical regions around the Indian and Pacific Ocean. Well-known *Haemadipsa* are for example the Indian Leech (*Haemadipsa sylvestris*) and the yamabiru or Japanese Mountain Leech (*Haemadipsa zeylanica*). Members of the genus feed on blood.[*circular reference*] They are troublesome to humans and animals especially because their bites result in prolonged bleeding.

Species in the genus *Haemadipsa*

* *Haemadipsa cavatuses*
* *Haemadipsa cochiniana*
* *Haemadipsa crenata*
* *Haemadipsa hainana*
* *Haemadipsa interrupta*
* *Haemadipsa japonica*
* *Haemadipsa limuna*
* *Haemadipsa moorei*
* *Haemadipsa montana*
* *Haemadipsa ornata*
* *Haemadipsa picta* (Tiger leech)
* *Haemadipsa rjukjuana*
* *Haemadipsa sumatrana*
* *Haemadipsa sylvestris* (Indian leech)
* *Haemadipsa trimaculosa*
* *Haemadipsa zeylanica* (Japanese mountain leech)
Caspiobdella fadejewi

source: marinespecies

370616 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:370616)

1. Biota
2. Animalia (Kingdom)
3. Annelida (Phylum)
4. Clitellata (Class)
5. Hirudinea (Subclass)
6. Euhirudinea (Infraclass)
7. Rhynchobdellida (Order)
8. Piscicolidae (Family)
9. Piscicolinae (Subfamily)
10. *Caspiobdella* (Genus)
11. *Caspiobdella fadejewi* (Species)

accepted

Species

*Caspiobdella* Epshtein, 1966

*Piscicola fadejewi* Epshtein, 1961

*Piscicola fadejewi* Epshtein, 1961 · unaccepted > superseded combination (superseded original combination)

~~marine~~, ~~brackish~~, fresh

recent only

**(of** *Piscicola fadejewi* Epshtein, 1961**)** Epshtein, V. M. (1961). [Piscicola fadejewi n.sp. (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae) and some theories on the origin of this species] (in Russian). *Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR.* 12: 1644-1648. [details]

WoRMS (2022). *Caspiobdella fadejewi* (Epshtein, 1961). Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=370616 on 2022-10-16

**Date**

**action**

**by**

2008-11-28 06:40:21Z

created

van der Land, Jacob

2022-08-22 02:01:18Z

changed

Read, Geoffrey
Mysidobdella californiensis

source: National Library of Medicine

## Abstract

Mysidobdella californiensis n. sp. is described from the mysid Holmesimysis sculpta from Bodega Bay on the central California coast and from Holmesimysis costata var. from San Pedro on the southern California coast. The internal anatomy of M. californiensis is similar to that of the only other species in the genus, Mysidobdella borealis from the north Atlantic Ocean, except that M. californiensis lacks the medial, unpaired seminal receptacle present in M. borealis. Externally, M. californiensis is slightly larger and more robust than M. borealis, with a much larger caudal sucker. The most striking difference between the species is the unusually large, trumpet-shaped, fluted oral sucker in M. californiensis. At Bodega Bay, the prevalence of M. californiensis on its host was 17% with an average intensity of 1.46 (range 1-3) leeches per host.
Octagonal-tailed Worm (Dendrobaena octaedra)

## Source: EOL

Dendrobaena octaedra (Octagonal Tail Worm) is a species of segmented worms in the family earthworms. They are native to Switzerland, Bulgaria, Spain, Slovenia, Italy, Croatia, Latvia, France, Asia, Lithuania, Denmark, Poland, Yugoslavia, Moldova, Sweden, The Netherlands, Romania, Finland, Europe, Portugal, Czech Republic, United Kingdom, Iceland, Russia, Estonia, Germany, Faroe Islands, Belarus, Austria, Ukraine, Belgium, Hungary, Ireland, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Norway, Slovakia, and Macedonia.