recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Crucifixion

**Crucifixion** was a violent execution involving being suspended from a cross, stake, or tree by either ropes or nails. It is the most infamous form of Roman execution. The word derives from the Latin "Crucificare", meaning "to fasten to a cross".

## History

Crucifixion was used throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East in various forms throughout antiquity. By the Roman Republic, crucifixion was the form of execution reserved for slaves and traitors, due to its torturous degradation of the condemned. The condemned was stripped naked and secured to the gibbet in a variety postures, all intended to immobilize the condemned and render him a helpless object of contempt and revulsion. The proximate cause of death varied from case to case, depending on the precise method of crucifixion. The condemned might linger for hours or even days before ultimately succumbing to asphyxia, cardiac arrest, thirst, or exposure.

Although the exemplary purpose of crucifixion was best served by permitting the condemned to linger in agony as long as possible, in some cases, in order to speed death, the legs of the condemned would be broken, increasing the agony of suspension but causing internal bleeding leading more swiftly to shock, embolisms in the bloodstream, asphyxia, and death.

During the Third Servile War, while being trapped by Marcus Licinius Crassus in Bruttium, Spartacus decided to crucify one of his Roman captives, Lucius Olidus infant of Crassus' camp, as a way to both intimidate Crassus and his men as well as send a message to the other rebels of what awaits them should they fail.

After Marcus Crassus ended the Third Servile War, he crucified 6000 rebel slaves under Spartacus' command who he had taken prisoner during the battle at the Silarus River. Stretching 150 miles, there would have been a crucified slave every 30 yards or so, sending a powerful, fixed message to all other slaves.

## See Also

* Crucifixions along the Appian Way
* Crucifixion of Lucius Linianus
Cicourus

**Cicourus** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Thracian born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

Cicourus was captured in 71 BC after the Battle of the Silarus River, and crucified on the Appian Way, on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Cicourus was native in his native Thracian language as well as Latin.
Clysea

**Clysea** is a recurring character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Greece who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. She took no part in the conflict, later settling in Thurii along with Angania, Thessela and Digananus, eventually marrying a blacksmith named Atticus, who had previously helped the rebellion in 72 BC.

## Background

### Life in Thurii

Clysea, along with many others after Spartacus defeat, fled to Thurii, driving a few months later. Under the guise of Roman citizens, they claimed to have been among the former citizens that had survived and been thrown out following Spartacus' plundering of the city.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Other than her native tongue, Greek, Clysea was also fluent in Latin.
Apoecida

**Apoecida** is a Minor Character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a Sicilian born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. During the rebellion, she had been a member of the Dionysian cult led by Tresura, the wife of Spartacus.

She was a slave owned by Marcus Licinius Crassus, having belonged to one of his estates in Apulia. Following the rebellion, Apoecida was captured alongside several of Tresura's followers attempting to escape to Etruria, and eventually brought back to another of Crassus' estates in Picenum.

## Background

### Early Life

Apoecida was born in Sicilia around 100 BC, in the city of Adranum. As an infant, her mother would talk to her and tell her stories of the fire god Adranus. While still a child, she was brought to Italia. When she had come of age, her Dominus, a friend of Marcus Licinius Crassus, sold her alongside several others to Crassus.

However, instead of being sent to Rome, Apoecida and the others were sent to one of Crassus' estates located in Apulia. For several years, Apoecida lived at this estate as a House Slave.

## Personality

Despite not wanting to fight against the Romans, Apoecida was convinced through talking to Tresura that Spartacus was leading a good cause. Although having spent most of her life in Italy surrounded by the teachings of Jupiter and Rome's other Gods, she also did what she could to learn about the god Adranus, a god her mother taught her about as a child, even spending most of her time with Thenus, a Sicilian himself.

## Appearance

Apoecida was of average height, with brown hair and eyes. After the rebellion, Apoecida was tattooed with *FUGITIVI* on her back.
Alliope

**Alliope** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of **Spartacus**.

She was a slave formerly owned by Marcus Licinius Crassus, as well as his former Concubina. Later sent to live and serve Gaius Gennius Vallus in Thurii.

Unbeknownst to Crassus, Alliope was impregnated by him, eventually giving birth to a son, Lucianus

Alliope and Lucianus were eventually being freed when Spartacus and his rebel army in 72 BC.

After Spartacus' defeat, Alliope was able to pass as Vallus' wife, with Lucianus being raised and named after their former dominus.
Carbo's Group

During the Third Servile War, a Roman born rebel named **Gaius Carbo** became one of Spartacus' informants. Knowing many of the rebels would become hostile and violent to any known Romans in his army, free or slave, Spartacus told Carbo to form a group for his people. At first, Spartacus only used this to keep an eye on all Romans in his army for any spies.

Throughout the rebels, the non-combatant Romans found solace within the cult led by Spartacus' wife Tresura.

## Members of Carbo's Group

* Gaius Carbo
* Marcus Paccius
* Octavius Celso
* Lucius Crito
* Lucius Narto
* Tiberius Vintus
* Copilia
Coelus

**Coelus** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Gladiator from Greece who later escaped from the Ludus of Gaius Aurelius Scaurus in 73 BC.

He later found and joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans, and ultimately died in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Background

### Early Life

Coelus was born in Greece and later taken into slavery when his village was attacked by the Romans. Coelus was sent to a lesser known ludus in Capua and trained as a gladiator. When he heard of Spartacus' rebellion, he and the other gladiators in his ludus escaped, killing their lanista.
Danion

**Danion** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Greece who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

He was captured in 71 BC following the Battle of the Silarus River, and was crucified on the Appian Way on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

He was the lover of Anentus, who was also crucified in 71 BC.
Acnata

**Acnata** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. Following the Battle of the Silarus River, she was captured and crucified along the Appian Way on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

## Background

### Third Servile War

#### Death

It was only until it was too late that Acnata discovered that the rebels were outnumbered, and that Spartacus had fallen. Like hundreds of others, she fled from the battlefield, but would eventually be captured by perusing Roman troops.

For almost a day, Acnata was left in chains, and brought to the Appian Way, awaiting her turn to be crucified.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Other than Thracian, her native tongue, Acnata was also fluent in Latin, which she used to speak to most of the other rebels.
Capua

**Capua** was a provincial city north of Naples in western Italy, where Spartacus, Crixus, Gannicus, Oenomaus and Castus was trained as a gladiators.

## History

The Roman civilization operated many gladiatorial training schools throughout the rebellion, where prisoners of war and slaves were trained to perform for public entertainment.

Capua was known for its roses, its slaughterhouses, and its Gladiators.

## Capua residents

* Lentulus Batiatus (lanista)
* Aurelia Varia
* Marcus Aurelius Scaurus (lanista)
* Accalius Vibius (lanista)
* Spartacus, Crixus, Gannicus, Oenomaus, Castus and Batiatus' other gladiators.
* Phialius (merchant)
* Gaius Gennius Vallus
Denarius

The **denarius** (plural **denarii**) was the standard Roman currency from the Second Punic War around 211 BC, to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–244), eventually being replaced by the **Antoninianus**. They were silver coins,

After Gordian II's reign, the denarius continued to be minted in very small quantities, likely for ceremonial purposes, until and through the tetrarchy (293–313).

## Trivia

* The word *dēnārius* is derived from the Latin *dēnī* "containing ten", as its value was originally of 10 assēs. The word for "money" descends from it in Italian (*denaro*), Slovene (*denar*), Portuguese (*dinheiro*), and Spanish (*dinero*).
* The word denarius also survives in the dinar currency.
* Its symbol is represented in Unicode as 𐆖 (U+10196), however it can also be represented as X̶ (capital letter X with combining long stroke overlay).
Cyllion

**Cyllion** is a mentioned character in the first season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Sicilian born Gladiator from the Ludus of Accalius Vibius.

He was killed by Spartacus in 75 BC, becoming the first victory Spartacus achieved in the Arena. He fought in the Hoplomachus style.

## Background

Cyllion, among the Gladiators of Capua, was known to make Gladiatorial fights last the longest. Cyllion was able to win many matches, including many against the Gladiators of Lentulus Batiatus.

In 75 BC, Cyllion finally fought Spartacus. After a long match, Spartacus ultimately defeated him.
Abarcus

**Abarcus** is a recurring character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Vulture.

## Background

### Early Life

Abarcus was born in Northern Thrace, and taken into slavery later in his life, when he was captured by Roman soldiers. A few years later he was brought to Italy and sold to a wealthy Roman in Campania.

### Third Servile War

In 72 BC, he heard of Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans, and left with many pastores and slaves, later finding them in southern Italy.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Being a pastores when he was enslaved, Abarcus was an incredible fighter, having defended his masters stock in large open fields for years.
* **Bilingual**: Abarcus could speak his native Thracian as well as Latin

## Appearance

During the rebellion, Abarcus was middle aged, with brown hair and eyes. He was average height, and had the muscular build of a pastor.
Cavalia

**Cavalia** is a minor character appearing in the ***Spartacus*** spin off comic Lovers of the Damned. She was a citizen of Capua and the daughter of one of Capua's magistrates, Gnaeus Cavalianus. She was among one of Aurelia's group of friends, allowing her better access to affairs with multiple Gladiators in her husbands Ludus.
Battle of Picenum

The **Battle of Picenum** was a battle of multiple engagements that occurred during the Third Servile War, in 72 BC. The battle occurred after Spartacus' victory against Consul Cornelius Lentulus in the region of Lentula.

The battle took place in North-Eastern Italy.

## Battle

During the battle, Lentulus called for reinforcements, but the rebels caused heavy losses before reinforcements could arrive. Lentulus would have expected the reinforcements to defeat the rebels going up hill, but this did not happen.

The rebels overpowered and defeated the reinforcements. Once again, Spartacus had won.

## Outside

* Rebel Victory
* Captured Romans are forced to fight in Gladiatorial combat in Crixus' Funeral Games
Bogdius

**Bogdius** is a recurring character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Thracian born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River, under Spartacus' command.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Bogdius was fluent in his native Thracian tongue as well as Latin, using both to communicate with many other rebels.
Cattos

**Cattos** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

In 71 BC, Cattos was killed during the Battle of the Silarus River.

Cattos was one of the thousands of slaves owned, unbeknownst to him, by Marcus Licinius Crassus.

## Background

### Early Life

Cattos was born in eastern Thrace and taken into slavery when his village was attacked by the Romans. Cattos was eventually brought to Italia where he was sold to Marcus Licinius Crassus, and put to work on one of his estates in Lucania.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: As a *Pastores*, Cattos was trained for years in hand to hand combat, skills he used to defend his Dominus' stock from wild animals and thieves.
* **Bilingual**: Cattos was fluent in both his native Thracian, and Latin, later using both to communicate with his fellow rebels.
Baeucius

**Baeucius** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Dacia and the twin brother of Benina, and was reunited with her shortly before the Battle of Lentula.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Background

### Early Life

Baeucius was born into the Piephigi tribe of Dacia in 103 BC along with his twin sister Benina, and both were taken into slavery at an early age when the tribe was attacked and forced to flee by Roman legionaries.

Taken to Italia, both were sold to a wealthy Roman in Rome
Carnificina

***Carnificina*** is a Roman military punishment. The name means "execution, torture, anguish" in Latin. The punishment was sometimes used as a "side entertainment" to punish and kill prisoners of war while the present conflict continued.

## Trivia

* Relating to the *Carnificina*, a *Carnifex* was a professional torturer and executioner of slaves and common criminals in ancient Roman society. It is derived from the words Carnis, or flesh, and Facio, or 'to make'. In other words; butcher. The nature of the Carnifex's job was considered lowly and spiritually impure, and Carnifices (plural) were often reviled, though, their profession was considered necessary in society.
Acontus

**Acontus** (Pronounced: *A-Cone-tus*) is a recurring character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Gladiator from Greece who in 73 BC, escaped from the Ludus of Lentulus Batiatus in Capua, alongside Spartacus, Crixus and seventy other gladiators, a band which would eventually begin the Third Servile War.

He would ultimately die in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Camalatrum.
Aulus Atilianus

**Aulus Atilianus** is a recurring character in season 0 of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman and citizen of Capua. He was employed as the *Summa rudis* in Capua's arena.

## Background

Aulus was born and raised in Capua, the grandson of a Gladiator who earned his freedom in the arena. Aulus would eventually train as a Summa rudis, the main referee of Capua's Gladiatorial fights, a career he would have for over a decade. His son Gaius would eventually join him, serving as his *Secunda rudis*. He was present when Trius , a Gladiator of Lentulus Batiatus won his freedom in 80 BC.
Castus

**Castus** (real name unknown) is a major character in the first, second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a gladiator from Gaul who escaped from the ludus of Batiatus along with Spartacus, Crixus and the other gladiators and slaves. After he and the other gladiators and slaves escaped from the ludus, he moved on to become one of Spartacus' generals.

## Background

### Early Life

Castus was born in an unknown Gallic tribe. Through unknown circumstances he joined the Roman army, but deserted. Eventually he was tracked down and enslaved, being sent to Italy where he was then sold to Lentulus Batiatus in Capua.

Castus spent many years in Batiatus' ludus, meeting the Gauls Crixus, Oenomaus, his true "brother in arms" **Castus** and later a Thracian by the name of Spartacus.

### Third Servile War

In 73 BC, Castus helped Spartacus begin his rebellion and became one of the rebel leaders, often acting out his and Gannicus' commands. Throughout the rebellion, he often informed Spartacus of their enemies' positions and commanders and advised him in his actions.

## Traits and Skills

* **Master combatant**: Castus was a very skilled fighter, being trained as a gladiator. Instructed in the ways of a gladiator, Castus was a testament of true skill in battle, like the other rebel leaders. When using a sword, he uses his strength and often utilizes unarmed techniques such as punches.
* **Bilingual**: Castus could speak Gaulish and Latin

## Personality

Castus had a stubborn and temperamental attitude, much like Crixus and Gannicus.
Diobena

**Diobena** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Greece who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic. She was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

She was the lover of Gonnus, a Thracian.

## Biography

### Early Life

Diobena was born in Greece around 100 BC, and enslaved at a young age. Diobena would eventually be sold to a Roman living in Lucania, and become the body slave (*Serva Corporis*) of said Romans' wife.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Diobena was fluent in both Greek and Thracian.
* **Archery**: Diobena trained as an archer in the rebellion.
Benina

**Benina** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Dacia who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. She was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Camalatrum.

She was the twin sister of Baeucius, who would also join Spartacus' rebellion, and die in the final battle against Marcus Crassus.

## Background

### Early Life

Benina was born into the Piephigi tribe in Dacia along with her twin brother Baeucius, and both were taken into slavery at a young age. After being taken to Italy, Benina and Baeucius were fortunate enough to have both been sold to the same wealthy Roman in Rome. Once into adulthood, Benina and Baeucius were sold to another Roman living in southern Campania, where Benina became the body slave of her dominos' wife, while Baeucius was trained and worked as a *Pastores*, in order to tend their dominus' land and protect it from thieves. Unbeknownst to Baeucius for most of his enslavement, Benina had been sold to another Roman living in Lucania.

### Third Servile War

In 73 BC, word spreads of the rebel Gladiator Spartacus and his army of rebels, and how they defeated Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber at Mount Vesuvius.

#### Death

Benina was killed in Bruttium, near Mount Camalatrum while Spartacus was forced to engage Crassus in battle. Benina tried her best to evade Crassus' scouts but was ultimately killed when an arrow impaled her through the chest.

Baeucius was killed a short time later during Spartacus' final battle at the Silarus River.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: While having minimal fighting prowess in battle, Benina had a reasonable amount of skill with the bow, which helped her take down a number of Roman legionaries.
* **Bilingual**: Benina was fluent in both her native Dacian as well as Latin.
Boiania

**Boiania** is a minor character in the second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a Gallic born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

After surviving the Battle of Mount Garganus under Crixus' command, Boiania returned to Spartacus' ranks, but would eventually be killed in 72 BC during the Battle of Mutina, against the legions of Proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus.
Danatha

**Danatha** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Hispania who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

After the Battle of the Silarus River in 71 BC, Danatha was captured and crucified on the Appian Way, on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.
Abrexta

**Abrexta** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Germania who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Republic. She was the lover of Girbius.

## Background

### Early Life

Abrexta was born into the Brisgavi, a Germanic tribe. Like everyone in her tribe, she fought off neighbouring tribes and Roman forces through "hit and run" tactics. That was until she was captured by Roman legionaries, along with many of her people, and enslaved. Taken to Italy, she was sold to a wealthy Roman living in Northern Lucania, and worked as a house slave.

In 73 BC, Abrexta heard of Spartacus' rebellion, and quickly moved to escape from her dominus, managing to kill one of the guards, allowing her and a few other slaves to escape the villa. Like a number of rebels, she had to travel and look after a small group of her own before finding Spartacus in southern Italy.

She trained for weeks with a bow and arrow, becoming well trained enough to join the rebels in open battles, and even gained the attention of the former Gladiator Girbius, with the two eventually beginning a relationship.

### Battle of Lentula

She managed to kill a number of mercenaries before her first battle against Cornelius Lentulus with Spartacus' army.

### Battle of Picenum

Following the defeat of Lentulus, both he and Publicola combining their remaining forces.

### Battle of Mutina

Abrexta helped out greatly during the battle against Cassius Longinus Varus, killing off a number of his solders.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Abrexta was fluent in both her native Germanic as well as Latin, later using both to communicate with many of the rebels.
Arbcana

**Arbcana** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was an Egyptian born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

After the Battle of the Silarus River, Arbcana was captured and crucified on the Appian Way, on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

She was one of the many members of the Dionysian cult led by Tresura, the wife of Spartacus.
Carbo

**Gaius** **Carbo**, or simply **Carbo**, is a major character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a former Roman Legionary later enslaved and sold to Lanista Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus in Capua. Carbo was trained as a Gladiator, fighting as a Murmillo in the Arena.

In 73 BC, Carbo aided Spartacus, Crixus and Oenomaus in escaping from Batiatus' Ludus, and beginning their rebellion against Rome, a rebellion later known as the Third Servile War.

## Background

### Early Life

Carbo was born in the city of Rome and recruited into the Roman army at the age of 18. Sometime during his service, he deserted and was later captured and enslaved. Taken to Capua, he was sold to Accalius Vibius, a lanista, and trained as a gladiator, fighting to the death for the amusement of the crowd. In the arena, he fought a number of opponents trained in the ludus of Lentulus Batiatus.

### Third Servile War

After hearing of Spartacus and his rebellion, he and other gladiators in his ludus escaped and later found Spartacus in Campania.

Unlike many of the gladiators he had travelled with, many of the rebels living in Spartacus' camp distrusted Carbo after finding out that he was Roman, something he regretted telling Spartacus. He fought in several battles against the Roman armies sent against them before he was trusted by the other rebels, eventually becoming a trusted ally of Spartacus when Crixus decided to separate from Spartacus in 72 BC.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Carbo was skilled formerly as a Roman soldier and was well trained as a gladiator.
Coellia

**Coellia** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Sicily who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic. After the Battle of the Silarus River in 71 BC, Coellia was crucified on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.
Arulia

**Arulia** is a minor character in the second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Dacia who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

She was killed in 72 BC during the Battle of Mutina, against the legions commanded by Proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus.

She was the lover of Naphnion, who was later captured and crucified along the Appian Way in 71 BC.

## Background

### Early Life

Arulia was born somewhere in southern Dacia and taken into slavery when she was captured by Roman soldiers. She was later sold to a wealthy Roman in Caiatia.

### Third Servile War

When she heard of Spartacus and his rebellion, she managed to escape along with a few other slaves and the help of shepherds. Her group finally met up with Spartacus and his army in Campania.

Arulia eventually met Naphnion, a runaway *Pastores*, and the two became lovers.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: While not skilled in combat, she was able to became a proficient archer in the rebellion and killed many Romans.
* **Bilingual**: Other than Dacian, her native tongue, Arulia was also fluent in Latin, which she used to communicate with the majority of the rebels
Gnaeus Afinius Capito

**Gnaeus Afinius Capito** is a mentioned character in ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman Lanista living in Pompeii during the Third Servile War.

Capito was an associate of Capuan Lanista Lentulus Batiatus, having bought and sold to him over several decades.

## Background

### Later Life

Although still in business with Batiatus after Spartacus' rebellion, their business dealings became strained, as Batiatus and his ludus were now tarnished because Batiatus had allowed his slaves to escape in the first place.

Almost all of the slaves Batiatus was able to sell were sold to Capito, but eventually, Batiatus was forced to sell his ludus and villa to make ends meet.
Cassius Longinus Varus

**Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus** is a major character in the fourth season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman consul who was defeated in a battle in Mutina by Spartacus and his rebel army in 72 BC.

His son, Gaius Cassius Longinus, would later help assassinate Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC.

## Background

### Third Servile War

As proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul in the next year, 72 BC, during the Third Servile War, Cassius tried to stop Spartacus and his followers near Mutina (modern day Modena) as the slave army was trying to break through to unoccupied Gaul, but suffered defeat and barely managed to get away alive.

Varus was replaced by Gaius Calpurnius Piso as the Governor of Cisalpine Gaul.

### Later life

Two years later, Cassius appeared as witness of the prosecution in the trial against the corrupt former governor of Sicily, Verres. In 66 BC, Cassius supported the Manilian law that gave command of the war against Mithridates to Pompey; he was joined in this by Cicero, then praetor, whose famous speech in support of the same bill survives.
Alleintus

**Alleintus** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Germanic born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Cantenna in Lucania, under Gannicus and Castus' command.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: As a *Pastores*, Alleintus was well experienced in hand to hand combat.
* **Bilingual**: Alleintus was fluent in his native Germanic, as well as Latin.

## Personality

Despite Crassus' several victories against the Rebels, Alleintus was among those who remained optimistic, gaining his small group of followers inside Gannicus' split off army.
Dioskilus

**Dioskilus** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Potentia.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Being a pastores, Dioskilus is a well trained fighter, skills he used to protect his former masters stock against thieves.
* **Bilingual**: Dioskilus was fluent in his native Thracian as well as Latin, using both to communicate with the rebels.
Ansanamea

**Ansanamea** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Egypt who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

She was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Vulture.

## Background

### Early Life

Ansanamea was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and taken into slavery at a young age. She was sold to an unnamed wealthy Roman living in southern Campania.
Celso

**Octavius Celso** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman legionary who was later enslaved after Sulla's dictatorship, later joining Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

In the rebellion, Celso helped to protect the Roman born rebels who joined Spartacus, often coming into conflict with Gannicus, Castus and their underlings.
Agnodia

**Agnodia** is a minor character in the second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Greece who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. She was killed during the Battle of Mutina in 72 BC.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Agnodia was fluent in both her native Greek as well as Latin.
Concubina

A ***Concubina*** was a term given to a woman who engaged in either a sexual affair or a quasi-marriage of sorts with a male lover.

In terms of Roman citizens, the institution was often found in unbalanced couples, where one of the members belonged to a higher social class.

For a *Dominus* and a slave, it was a form of sexual slavery. it was also referred to as a *Contubernium.* It was not uncommon for slaves to create family-like unions, allowed but not protected by the law. The law allowed a slave-owner to free the slave and enter into a *Concubinatus* or a regular marriage. However, a *Concubina* was still not considered a social equal to her patron as that patron's wife was. Many of these slave-master unions would have resulted in children, known as *Verna* (Home-grown slaves) in Roman society.

The word *Concubina* (and it's male equivalent *Concubinus*) were often inscribed on tombstones, apparently not being seen as derogatory or holding much stigma.

The English word "Concubine" is derived from *Concubina*.

## Known Concubina

* Caenis: According to historian Suetonius, Caenis, a slave and secretary of Antonia Minor, was Vespasian's wife *"in all but name"*, and thus it was a quasi-marriage.
Kraynos

**Kraynos** is a recurring character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Numidia and a Gladiator from the Ludus of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus, alongside Spartacus and Crixus. In 73 BC, Kraynos escaped from Batiatus' ludus along with Spartacus, and ultimately joined the latter ever-growing rebellion against the Roman Republic.
Anentus

**Anentus** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Egypt who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

Following the Battle of the Silarus River, Anentus was captured and crucified on the Appian Way, on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

He was romantically involved with Danion in the rebellion, who was also crucified by Crassus in 71 BC.

## Background

### Early Life

Anentus was born in 97 BC in Alexandria, Egypt and taken into slavery as a young adult.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Having been trained as a *Pastores*, Anentus was able to face off against numerous opponents at once, skills that aided him well during the rebellion.

## Appearance

Anentus was tall, with dark hair and brown eyes. Throughout the rebellion, he wore
Celt

The' '**Celts** is an umbrella term for a widespread group of nations in ancient times, their lands ranging from the British Isles to Galatia in Asia Minor (Anatolia). Among the Celts were many peoples, including the Gauls, the Britons, the Picts (Scotland), the Celtiberians and Asturians (Spain), the Belgae (Low Countries and western Germany), and the Boii (northern Italy and eastern Europe). And also the Galatians, who would migrate to Turkey in the Third Century BCE. Although they were fierce warriors that threatened the classical world and they even sacked Rome on occasion, the Celtic peoples were nevertheless overrun and assimilated by Mediterranean and later Germanic cultures.

Before the invasion of Britain, the Celts (also known as "Keltoi") territory covered the islands and the western part of the Rhine.
Cathia

**Cathia** is a minor character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Capua, and owned by Lanista Lentulus Batiatus.

## Background

### Early Life

Cathia was born in Capua around 100 BC, the daughter of two slaves owned by Lentulus Batiatus. Raised inside Batiatus' Villa, Cathia was well treated by Batiatus and his wife Aurelia.
Matinia Aelia

**Matinia Aelia**, or simply **Matinia**, is a character that appears in the ***Spartacus*** prequel comic *Lovers of the Damned*. She was a Roman living in Capua before the Third Servile War.

## Background

Matinia lived in Capua with her husband, who would often witness the Gladiatorial games including the Gladiators owned and trained by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus. In secret, she was granted an audience with Crixus, one of Batiatus' most prized Gladiators. Through this she became a close friend of Batiatus' wife Aurelia Varia.

## Personality

Matinia had a high interest in the Gladiator games of Capua, going as far as to pay Batiatus to lay with one of his Gladiators.
Corcontus

**Corcontus** is a recurring character in the second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Thracian born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

He was killed in 72 BC during the Battle of Mutina, against the legions commanded by Proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus
Castra Hannibalis

**Castra Hannibalis** was a town and seaport in the region of Bruttium, situated on the Gulf of Scyllacium.

The modern city of Le Castelle, near the north-east area of the Gulf of Squillace is said to be near the modern site of the ancient town.

## History

### Founding

The town was situated on the Gulf of Scyllacium, at the point where the two bays, the Sinus Terinaeus and Scyllacinus, approach nearest to one another, so that the isthmus between them is the narrowest part of Italy.

Castra Hannibalis is said to have been situated near the mouth of the little river Corace. The town served as a seaport of Scyllacium.

### Roman Republic

#### Second Punic War

During the Second War between Rome and Carthage, the town became a permanent station of Hannibal Barca during the later years of the war.

After the war ended, another Roman colony of around 300 was established in 122 BC.
Massalia

**Massalia** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Hispania who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

After the Battle of the Silarus River in 71 BC, Massalia was captured and crucified with six thousand other rebels along the Appian Way, on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.
Dalauca

**Dalauca** is a Minor Character in the second and third seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Gaul who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. She was romantically involved with Lugurix during the war. She was killed in 72 BC during the Battle of Mount Garganus.

## Background

### Early Life

Dalauca was born in central Gaul and taken into slavery at a young age. She spent most of her life in Italy being sold to various Romans living in Lucania, until ultimately being sold to a wealthy Roman living in the town of Nola.

### Third Servile War

In 72 BC, she was freed when Spartacus and his rebellion laid siege to Nola. Her dominus was killed by Lugurix.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: While having no experience in combat at first, Dalauca was surprising fast at learning to use a bow, aiding the rebels greatly in every battle she took part in. While slow at locking an arrow, she made up for her lack of speed with great accuracy.

## Personality

After leaving Nola in 72 BC, Dalauca became far more talkative and boisterous, easily gaining her the attention of Lugurix, who was known for the same attitude among the rebels.

## Appearance

Dalauca was of average height, with brown hair and eyes.
Dienecus

**Dienecus** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Greece who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Cantenna, under Gannicus and Castus' command.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: While also trained in the use of a Gladius, Dienecus' weapon of choice was a Pilum.
* **Bilingual**: Other than Greek, his native tongue, Dienecus was also fluent in Latin.
Cecithia

**Cecithia** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

She was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Background

### Early Life

Cecithia was born in 110 BC in Western Thrace.

### Third Servile War

By 72 BC, Cecithia was still living in Atella, alongside Mios when Spartacus and his newly formed rebel army attacked the city. Cecithia and Mios watched their dominus and domina both killed when rebels stormed through their villa, causing the two and several other slaves to escape the villa, where they saw more and more rebels storming through the gates and around the city

It wasn't until the next morning that Bersobis found them hiding.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: While only marginally skilled in hand to hand combat, Cecithia was a well trained and experienced archer during the rebellion
* **Bilingual**: Other than Thracian, her mother tongue, Cecithia was also fluent in Latin.

## Personality

While initially silent when she joined the rebellion, Cecithia quickly gained confidence,

## Appearance

Cecithia was tall and slightly skinny, with dark brown hair and eyes
Attarrix

**Atuarrix** is a recurring character in the second and third seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Gaul who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. He was killed in 72 BC during the Battle of Mount Garganus, under Crixus' command.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Have been trained as a pastores during his enslavement
* **Bilingual**: Other than his native tongue, Gaulish, Atuarrix was also mildly fluent in Latin.
Flagrum

A **Flagrum**, or **Flagellum**, was a short whip. Used to punish criminal and disobedient slaves, the Flagrum was designed to remove flesh from the body of its victim. The

## Description

made of two or three leather (ox-hide) thongs and ropes connected to a handle. The leather thongs were knotted with a number of small metal pieces (usually zinc or iron), and were also knotted with bones, or heavy indented pieces of bronze.

Sometimes the Flagrum had a hook attached to the end, and was given the name "Scorpius" ("Scopion"). Often, the victim was made to bend over, which would result in deeper lashes from the shoulders to the waist. Deep lacerations often resulted in death, although Romans would often make sure they were still alive to subject them to Crucifixion. This made slaves and criminals fear crucifixion even more.
Addintus

**Addintus** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Greece who later joined Spartacus rebellion against the Roman Republic. He was the lover of Ceirene. He was killed during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Background

### Early Life

Addintus was born in Athens, and was sold into slavery as a young adult. Being taken to Rome, he was sold to a wealthy Roman living in Lucania, and was put to work on his masters lands.

### Third Servile War

In 73 BC, Addintus heard word of Spartacus' victory over Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber at Mount Vesuvius. Along with several other slaves, Addintus quickly escaped from captivity, heading north until they found Spartacus' growing army.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Addintus was highly skilled in combat, gaining a reputation for gaining more and more kills with each battle.
* **Bilingual**: Other than his native tongue, Greek, Addintus was also fluent in Latin.
Abiron

**Abiron** is a recurring character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a gladiator from Germania and a slave of Lanista Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus. In 73 BC, he escaped from the ludus of Batiatus along with Spartacus and the other gladiators and slaves. Following this, he joined Spartacus' growing rebellion against the Roman Republic, eventually dying in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Background

### Early Life

Abiron was born in Germania in 116 BC, into the Condrusi tribe. As an adolescent, he decided to travel on his own, allowing his own naivety to get the better of him. He survived for a few months on his own, travelling all the way to Southern Gaul, where he would eventually be captured by Gauls and eventually sold to Roman slavers.

It would take several weeks before he was finally brought the slave ports of Capua, where he was purchased by

## Traits and Skills

Being trained as a gladiator, Abiron was an extremely skilled fighter, more so against multiple enemies at once.
Caiatia

**Caiatia** (modern **Caiazzo**) was an ancient town in Campania, Italia.

## History

The Romans has gained control of Caiatia by at least 306 BC or before. Presumably, the towns citizens had the *civitas sine suffragio*, granting them all the rights of a Roman citizen, except the right to vote in popular assemblies.

### Roman Republic

#### Second Punic War

In the Second Punic War, Caiatia rebelled against Rome, receiving an unspecified punishment from the Romans. Lucius Cornelius Sulla

#### Social War

Following his victory, Lucius Cornelius Sulla added Caiatia's territory to that of Capua.

### Roman Empire

During the Roman Empire, Caiatia once again became a *Municipium*.
Atholites

**Atholites** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Greek born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River. He was the lover of Deiene, who was captured and crucified after the final battle.
Aenemacus

**Aenemacus** is a recurring character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Greece who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic. He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Cantenna.

He was the lover of Ichnea, a fellow Greek who also died at Mount Cantenna.

## Background

### Early Life

Aenemacus was born in Greece in 108 BC, in the Roman province of Achaea. Once he came of age, he travelled to the southern coast of Achaea, and found work as a fisherman. He would eventually meet a member of the Cilician pirates. One night, one pirate challenged him to a game of Latrunculi, which he lost. Believing it was just a friendly game, Aenemaucus let his guard down. The pirate also promised him work aboard one of their ships, however the next morning, he woke up in chains, and the pirate was gone.

Sometime later, the ship Aenemacus was on docked in the city port of Neapolis. With a dozen others, Aenemacus was sold to Gaius Conninus. Conninus put his acquired slaves to work tending his lands, training them to protect his stock from thieves.

During his years as a pastores, Aenemacus met and befriended Hegesylus, who also had a deep seated hated of the Cilician pirates.

### Third Servile War

In 71 BC, both Aenemacus and Hegesylus heard of Spartacus' victory over Gaius Claudius Glaber at Mount Vesuvius. Fearing that the repercussions would cause Conninus to chain and punish his own slaves for Spartacus', Aenemacus planned to escape. In the dead of night, Aenemacus and a few others killed the guards while Hegesylus helped free any and all slaves who were in their cages.
Damnatio ad bestias

**Damnatio ad bestias** (meaning *"condemnation to beasts"*) was an Ancient Roman punishment. The condemned would be killed by wild animals, mainly lions, tigers and other big cats, brought from North Africa. Those condemned to this punishment were mainly criminals and enemies, both foreign and political.
Chersis

**Chersis** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle on the Melia Ridge.

## Background

### Early Life

Chersis was born in Thrace and taken into slavery during 75 BC. Sent to Italy, he was bought by a wealthy Roman along with several others and taken to Campania.

### Third Servile War

Throughout the rebellion, Chersis was a part of Thromos and Odaus' group of Thracians and Greeks.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Chersis could speak Thracian and Latin, using both to communicate with the other rebels.
Belesa

**Belesa** was recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Thrace who was freed by Spartacus during the Third Servile War. She later fought in the slave rebellion against the Roman Republic. She was the sister of Purpura and the lover of Psammus.

Following the Battle of the Silarus River in 71 BC, Belesa was crucified on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

## Background

### Early Life

Belesa was raised in Thrace with her mother, father and her sister Purpura. Her tribe was later attacked by the Romans and she was enslaved. She was passed around from dominus to dominus until she was sent to the mines of Lucania in 74 BC.

### Third Servile War

The mines were soon attacked by Spartacus and his rebel army at the end 73 BC, and she was freed along with thousands of others. She soon learned how to fight and use a bow and arrow, helping the combatents anyway she could. She had come close to death a few times in 72 BC, had the other rebels not saved her.

While Cosentia was being attacked by Spartacus, she found her sister Purpura along with Psammus, and finally reunited with her.

### Death

For two days, Belesa was left to hang from her cross, witnessing a number of other rebels die of exhaustion, the heat and thirst. Belesa eventually passed out from the head, and her body was left on her cross for weeks with all the others.

Once her body fell apart and her remains dropped to the floor, she and hundreds of other rebels were immediately burned.

## Traits and Skills

* **Skilled archer**: Belesa was skilled with a bow.
* **Bilingual**: Belesa was fluent in both her native tongue Thracian, as well as Latin, which she used to communicate with many other rebels

## Appearance

Belesa was average height with brown hair and blue eyes. She had a slight scar on the left side of her neck, given to her by one of her Roman masters.