K.S. Lal

**K.S. Lal** is an Indian historian. He wrote many historical books, mainly on medieval India. Many of his books, such as *History of the Khaljis* and *Twilight of the Sultanate*, are regarded as standard works.

## Career

He obtained his Master's degree in 1941 at the University of Allahabad. In 1945 he obtained his D.Phil. with a dissertation on the history of the Khaljis. This dissertation formed the basis for his book History of the Khaljis.

From 1945 to 1963 he taught at Government Colleges in Madhya Pradesh. After 1963, he was a professor at the University of Delhi in Medieval Indian history.

He was fluent in Persian, Old Persian, Urdu and other languages.

Andrew Bostom's book The Legacy of Jihad contains several chapters written by K. S. Lal.

## Works

* The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1992. [1] (ISBN 81-85179-03-04 Template:Please check ISBN, ISBN 81-85689-03-2, ISBN 81-85689-03-2)
* History of the Khaljis (1950, 1967, 1980)
* Twilight of the Sultanate (1963, 1980)
* Studies in Asian History (edited - 1969)
* Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India (1973)
* Early Muslims in India (1984)
* The Mughal Harem (1988) ISBN 81-85179-03-4
* Indian Muslims: Who are they (1990) [2] ISBN 81-85990-10-7
* Muslim Slave System in Medieval India (1994) [3] ISBN 81-85689-67-9
* Historical essays
* Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999) ISBN 81-86471-72-3
* Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India (1995)
* Studies in Asian History: Proceedings of the Asian History Congress, 1961

## Criticism

Lal's early books were not controversial, but some of his later works have earned him a lot of criticism by historians such as Peter Jackson and Irfan Habib (despite the fact that Irfan Habib's father, the historian Muhammad Habib, wrote a foreword to "History of the Khaljis"). Lal noted: "As usual these [my books] have been reviewed in journals in India and abroad, bestowing both praise and blame as per the custom of the reviewers. However, during the last fifteen years or so, some of my books have received special attention of a certain brand of scholars for adverse criticism." K.S. Lal wrote a rebuttal to many criticisms in his book "Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India". He explained:

One does grow during the course of half a century if one continues with his studies and I have surely grown. And since I do no believe that "Muslim rule should not attract any criticism. Destruction of temples by Muslim invaders and rulers should not be mentioned and forcible conversions to Islam should be ignored and deleted, etc. etc.", my books are free from such restrictions. I now also apply the same yardstick to medieval Indian history as is done with respect to modem Indian history. ... We in India write the history of British rule not from the point of view of European imperialism but from that of the victims of colonization. I apply the same methodology to the history of Muslim rule. I write about it from the people's point of view rather than from the view of Islamic imperialists. We cannot apply different standards of approach and methodology to different periods of Indian history.
He is controversial because he is viewed by his critics as the of spokesman for the RSS. In the midst of a Hindu-Muslim antagonism he is allegedly oft-cited and patronized by various right-wing proponent groups of hindutva, such as the Sangh Parivar as their favorite historian. He was both placed by the RSS (as part of the NDA 2005 government of India), and fleetingly made the chairman of the Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) and also placed on the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Comittee to draft the model school syllabus on Indian History. The controversy surrounding these events is reflected in the theme of the discourses of his books which allegedly describe Muslims as foreigners, destructive barbarians and immoral degenerates, thereby placing him among a controversial group of authorsTemplate:Cn charged with the "saffronized" (i.e., make lessons consonant with the Hindu world view) re-writing of history, with a negative portrayal of other religions and a pro-Hindu bent.

## Notes

1. ↑ Comment by Muhammad Habib on the jacket of the book "History of the Khaljis AD 1290-1320" by K.S. Lal. K.S. Lal: Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India
2. ↑ Times Literary Supplement, London, December 19, 1968. A.A. Powell, Review of The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 58, No.2, (1995), pp. 397-8. Peter Jackson in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, Third Series, Vol. 4, Part 3, November 1994, pp. 421-23.
3. ↑ Meenkakshi Jain 2002 Medieval India
4. ↑ Lal, K.S. Theory and Practice of Muslim State
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Delhi Historian's Group, Section 2. Part 3
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 India: International Religious Freedom Report 2005

## References

* "Delhi Historians Group's Publication "*Communalization of Education: The History Textbooks Controversy*", A report in 2002, New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
* Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor "*India: International Religious Freedom Report 2005*", US Department of State