recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Diptera (Flies)

True **flies** are insects of the order **Diptera**, the name being derived from the Greek δι- *di-* "two", and πτερόν *pteron* "wings". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described.

Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are laid on the larval food-source and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults.

Diptera is one of the major insect orders and of considerable ecological and human importance. Flies are important pollinators, second only to the bees and their Hymenopteran relatives. Flies may have been among the evolutionarily earliest pollinators responsible for early plant pollination. Fruit flies are used as model organismsin research, but less benignly, mosquitoes are vectors for malaria, dengue, West Nile fever, yellow fever, encephalitis, and other infectious diseases; and houseflies, commensal with humans all over the world, spread food-borne illnesses. Flies can be annoyances especially in some parts of the world where they can occur in large numbers, buzzing and settling on the skin or eyes to bite or seek fluids. Larger flies such as tsetse flies and screwworms cause significant economic harm to cattle. Blowfly larvae, known as gentles, and other dipteran larvae, known more generally as maggots, are used as fishing bait and as food for carnivorous animals. They are also used in medicine in debridement to clean wounds.

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## Families

* Culicidae
* Muscidae
* Oestridae
* Tabanidae
Long-spined Sea Urchin

***Diadema antillarum***, also known as the **lime urchin**, **black sea urchin**, **Grabaskey's bane** or the **long-spined sea urchin**, is a species of sea urchin in the FamilyDiadematidae.

This sea urchin is characterized by its exceptionally long black spines.

It is the most abundant and important herbivore on the coral reefs of the western Atlantic and Caribbean basin. When the population of these sea urchins is at a healthy level, they are the main grazers which prevent algae overgrowth of the reef.

## Description

*iadema antillarum* has a test, or "shell," similar to most other sea urchins. What distinguishes the *Diadema* is the length of its spines. Most sea urchin spines are 1–3 cm, but the spines in this species are usually 10–12 cm in length, and can grow as long as 30 cm in very large individuals.

*Diadema antillarum* is still, in some tropical areas, one of the most abundant, widespread, and ecologically-important shallow-water sea urchins. It is found in the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean, including the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the northern and eastern coasts of South America (as far south as Brazil). It is also found in the East Atlantic at the Canary Islands. This species is ecologically important because it consumes algae that can otherwise grow to such an extent that they can smother coral reefs. They live in holes that are in the reef.

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Nematoda (Nematodes)

The **nematodes** (UK: /ˈnɛmətoʊdz/, US: /ˈniːməˌtoʊdz/) or **roundworms** constitute the phylum **Nematoda** (also called *Nemathelminthes*). They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish, and although over 25,000 have been described, of which more than half are parasitic, it is estimated that over 40,000 species exist; estimates of 500,000 to 1 million species are not supported by evidence. Nematodes are classified along with insects and other moulting animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and, unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends.

Nematodes have successfully adapted to nearly every ecosystem from marine (salt water) to fresh water, to soils, and from the polar regions to the tropics, as well as the highest to the lowest of elevations. They are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and species counts, and are found in locations as diverse as mountains, deserts and oceanic trenches. They are found in every part of the earth's lithosphere, even at great depths, 0.9–3.6 km (3,000–12,000 ft), below the surface of the Earth in gold mines in South Africa. They represent 90% of all animals on the ocean floor. Their numerical dominance, often exceeding a million individuals per square meter and accounting for about 80% of all individual animals on earth, their diversity of life cycles, and their presence at various trophic levels point at an important role in many ecosystems. There are about 2271 genera in 256 families. The many parasitic forms include pathogens in most plants and animals. A third of the genera occur as parasites of vertebrates; about 35 nematode species occur in humans.

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## Classes

* Chromadorea
* Secernentea
Anthia tatumana

***Anthia tatumana*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Anthiinae. It was described by the zoologist Adam White in 1846.

## Description

This species is about one inch long and resembles both Anthia Caillaudii and Cypholoba macilenta. It is black with a white stripe (called a vitta) extending from the head to the elytra, where there are two white lunulated spots. It is named after Thomas Tatum of St George’s Hospital.

This species is also sometimes categorized as being in the genus *Cypholoba* instead of the genus *Anthia*.

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Terciopelo

The **Terciopelo** (***Bothrops asper)*** is a highly venomous pit viper species ranging from southern Mexico to northern South America. Sometimes referred to as the "ultimate pit viper",these snakes are found in a wide range of lowland habitats, often near human habitations. Its proximity to human habitations and temperament are likely the reasons why it is considered more dangerous to humans than others. This species is the main cause of snakebite incidents within its range. No subspecies are currently recognized.

## Description

*Bothrops* species can be distinguished by their broad, flattened heads which are set apart from the rest of their bodies. The head of this snake is light to dark brown or even black. Although usually absent, it may have occipital blotches or streaks that range from indistinct to distinct. The underside is most often pale yellow. This species has different patterns and colors on its dorsal and ventral sides and it exhibits a postorbital stripe. The ventral side is yellow, cream, or a whitish gray, with dark blotches that are more frequent closer to the posterior end. Ventrolaterally, *B. asper* has interchanging gray scales which are more pale towards the medial line. Dark triangles with pale edges can be seen laterally, which range in number from 18 to 25. Apices either alternate or are reflective of each other over the middorsal line. In the interspaces, there are dark, paravertebral blotches. Specimens may have a yellow zig-zag-shaped line on each side of the body. There is a great variety of colours on its dorsal side: olive, gray, light brown to dark brown, tan or sometimes nearly black. To prevent water loss where they occur in drier regions, this species has more scales.

Specimens of this species may weigh up to 6 kilograms (13 lb) and are often 1.2 to 1.8 meters (3.9 to 5.9 ft) in length. Very big females can reach lengths up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft), although this is uncommon. These are among the most sexually dimorphic of all snakes. The two sexes are born the same size, but by age 7 to 12 months, females begin to grow at a much faster rate than males. Females have thick, heavy bodies and grow significantly larger than males. They also have heads two or three times the size of males relative to their size and proportionally bigger fangs (typically 2.5 cm), as well.

Across its geographic range, this species varies greatly phenotypically. As a result, great confusion between it and other related species, most notably *Bothrops atrox*, which is similar in color but usually has yellow or rust-like tones and rectangular or trapezoidal blotches.

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Ixodes hoogstraali

***Ixodes hoogstraali*** is a species of tick endemic to the higher mountains of southwestern Arabia. The type specimens were collected at 7,400 feet (2,300 m) elevation near Ma'bar, Yemen, on king jirds (*Meriones rex buryi* Thomas), trapped beside a well in dry fields on a rocky plateau. The species was named in honor of Harry Hoogstraal, who provided the type specimens; the species is closely related to *Ixodes ugandanus* Neumann, 1906.

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Shortfin Mako Shark

The **shortfin mako shark** (*Isurus oxyrinchus*), also known as the **blue pointer** or **bonito shark**, is a large mackerel shark. It is commonly referred to as the **mako shark**, as is the longfin mako shark (*Isurus paucus*). The shortfin mako is on record as the fastest-swimming shark, capable of bursts of speed up to 18.8 metres per second (68 km/h; 42 mph).

## Description

The shortfin mako shark is a fairly large species of shark. Growth rates appear to be somewhat accelerated in comparison to other species in the lamnid family. An average adult specimen measures around 3.2 m (10 ft) in length and weighs from 60–135 kg (132–298 lb). The species is sexually dimorphic, with females typically larger than males. Large specimens are known, with a few large, mature females exceeding a length of 3.8 m (12 ft) and a weight of 570 kg (1,260 lb). The largest taken on hook-and-line was 600 kg (1,300 lb), caught off the coast of California on June 3, 2013, and the longest verified length was 4.45 m (14.6 ft) caught off of the coast of France in September 1973. A specimen caught off the coast of Italy and examined in an Italian fish market in 1881 was reported to weigh an extraordinary 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) at a length of 4 m (13 ft).

The shortfin mako shark is cylindrical in shape, with a vertically elongated tail. This species exhibits countershading, with brilliant metallic blue coloration dorsally and white ventrally. The line of demarcation between blue and white on the body is distinct. The underside of the snout and the area around the mouth are white. Larger specimens tend to possess darker coloration that extends onto parts of the body that would be white in smaller individuals. The juvenile mako differs in that it has a clear blackish stain on the tip of the snout. The longfin mako shark very much resembles the shortfin mako shark, but has larger pectoral fins, dark rather than pale coloration around the mouth and larger eyes. The presence of only one lateral keel on the tail and the lack of lateral cusps on the teeth distinguish the makos from the closely related porbeagle sharks of the genus *Lamna*.

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Pompiidae (Spider Wasps)

Wasps in the family **Pompilidae** are commonly called **spider wasps** or **pompilid wasps**. The family is cosmopolitan, with some 5,000 species in six subfamilies. All species are solitary, and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are cleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders.

In South America, species may be referred to colloquially as *marabunta* or *marimbondo*, though these names can be generally applied to any very large stinging wasps. Furthermore, in some parts of Venezuela and Colombia, it is called *matacaballos*, or "horse killers", while in Brazil some particular bigger and brighter species of the general *marimbondo* kind might be called *fecha-goela*, or "throat locker".

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## Genus and Species

* Hemipepsis
	+ H. ustulata
Musca albina

***Musca albina*** is a widespread Old World species of fly, known from dry areas of the Afrotropical Region, North Africa and the Middle East, Central Asia, India and Sri Lanka. It is a sun-loving species, and adults have been found clustering around domestic animals to feed on sweat and other secretions and on their faeces. At least the Namibian population is clearly kleptoparasitic and very specific in its oviposition behaviour, laying eggs only in dung balls being interred by one out of several co-occurring dung-rolling scarab beetle species.

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Rhinotermitidae

**Rhinotermitidae** is a family of termites (Isoptera). They feed on wood and can cause extensive damage to buildings or other wooden structures. About 345 species are recognized, among these are severe pests such as *Coptotermes formosanus*, *Coptotermes gestroi*, and *Reticulitermes flavipes*.

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## Genus and Species

* Reticulitermes (**23 species**)
	+ Reticulitermes amamianus
	+ Reticulitermes arenicola
	+ Reticulitermes balkanensis
	+ Reticulitermes banyulensis
	+ Reticulitermes chinensis
	+ Reticulitermes clypeatus
	+ Reticulitermes flavipes (Eastern Subterranean Termite)
	+ Reticulitermes grassei
	+ Reticulitermes guangzhouensis
	+ Reticulitermes hageni
	+ Reticulitermes hesperus
	+ Reticulitermes kanmonensis
	+ Reticulitermes khaoyaiensis
	+ Reticulitermes leptomandibularis
	+ Reticulitermes lucifugus
	+ Reticulitermes malletei
	+ Reticulitermes miyatakei
	+ Reticulitermes nelsonae
	+ Reticulitermes okinawanus
	+ Reticulitermes speratus
	+ Reticulitermes urbis
	+ Reticulitermes virginicus
	+ Reticulitermes yaeyamanus
Synanceiidae

**Synanceiidae** is a family of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish, found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. They are primarily marine, though some species are known to live in fresh or brackish waters. The various species of this family are known informally as stonefish, stinger, stingfish and ghouls. The most prominent genus of the family is *Synanceia*, which is sometimes placed in the family Scorpaenidae. Its species are known to have the most potent neurotoxins of all the fish venoms, secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like dorsal fin spines. The vernacular name of the species derives from their behaviour of camouflaging as rocks. The type species of the family is the stonefish, *Synanceia verrucosa*.

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## Genus and Species

* Synanceia
	+ S. verrucosa (Stonefish)
Indian Red Scorpion

***Hottentotta tamulus***, the **Indian red scorpion** (Tamil: செந்தேள்; also known as the **eastern Indian scorpion**), is a species of scorpion belonging to the family Buthidae. It occurs in most of India, eastern Pakistan and the eastern lowlands of Nepal, and recently from Sri Lanka.

## Description

*H. tamulus* specimen range in size from 50–90 mm. The coloration ranges from dark orange or brightly red-brown through dull brown with darker grey carinae (ridges) and granulation. Grey spots might be distributed irregularly across the cephalothorax and the mesosoma. The walking legs and the tip of the pedipalp pincers are brighter colored (orange-yellow to light reddish-brown). The mesosomal tergites always bear three distinct carinae. Their habitus is typical of buthid scorpions, with rather small pedipalp pincers, moderately thickened metasomal segments and a rather bulbous telson with large stinger. The base of the pedipalp pincers (manus) is slightly more inflated in males than in females.

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Casuariiformes

The **Casuariiformes** is an order of large flightless bird that has four surviving members: the three species of cassowary, and the only remaining species of emu. They are classified as one family Casuariidae or two, with the emu split off into its own family Dromaiidae.

All four living members are native to Australia-New Guinea, but some possible extinct taxa occurred in other landmasses

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Tasmanian Paralysis Tick

***Ixodes cornuatus***, commonly known as the **Tasmanian paralysis tick**, is one of about 75 species of Australian tick fauna. It is found across Tasmania and Victoria. It has been responsible for several cases of evenomation in humans and the death of one cat.

*Ixodes cornuatus* has been implicated in the envenomation of cats.

*Ixodes cornuatus* is difficult to distinguish from *I. holocyclus*. The ranges of the two species overlap in Eastern Victoria.

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Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceros)

A **rhinoceros** (/raɪˈnɒsərəs/, from Greek *rhinokeros*, meaning 'nose-horned', from *rhinos*, meaning 'nose', and *kerato/keras*, meaning 'horn'), commonly abbreviated to **rhino**, is one of any five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family **Rhinocerotidae**, as well as any of the numerous extinct species. Two of the extant species are native to Africa and three to Southern Asia. The term "rhinoceros" is often more broadly applied to now extinct relatives of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea.

Members of the rhinoceros family are some of the largest remaining megafauna, with all species able to reach or exceed one tonne in weight. They have a herbivorous diet, small brains (400–600 g) for mammals of their size, one or two horns, and a thick (1.5–5 cm) protective skin formed from layers of collagenpositioned in a lattice structure. They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment food in their hindgut allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter when necessary. Unlike other perissodactyls, the two African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths, relying instead on their lips to pluck food.

Rhinoceros are killed by some humans for their horns, which are bought and sold on the black market, and used by some cultures for ornaments or traditional medicine. East Asia, specifically Vietnam, is the largest market for rhino horns. By weight, rhino horns cost as much as gold on the black market. People grind up the horns and consume them, believing the dust has therapeutic properties. The horns are made of keratin, the same type of protein that makes up hair and fingernails. Both African species and the Sumatran rhinoceros have two horns, while the Indian and Javan rhinoceros have a single horn. The IUCN Red Listidentifies the Black, Javan, and Sumatran rhinoceros as critically endangered.

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## Genus and Species

* Diceros
	+ D. bicornis (Black Rhinoceros)
Reduviidae

The **Reduviidae** are a large cosmopolitan family of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They can be perceived as slightly unusual, but they are very common among the Hemiptera because almost all are terrestrial ambush predators (most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic). The main examples of nonpredatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily **Triatominae**. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable; they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and formidable curved proboscis (sometimes called a rostrum). Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.

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## Genus and Species

* Arilus (**1 species**)
	+ Arilus cristatus (Wheel Bug)
* Triatoma (**95 species**)
	+ Triatoma africana
	+ Triatoma amicitiae
	+ Triatoma arthurneivai
	+ Triatoma bahiensis
	+ Triatoma baratai
	+ Triatoma barberi
	+ Triatoma bassolsae
	+ Triatoma bolivari
	+ Triatoma boliviana
	+ Triatoma bouvieri
	+ Triatoma brailovskyi
	+ Triatoma brasiliensis
	+ Triatoma breyeri
	+ Triatoma bruchi
	+ Triatoma carcavalloi
	+ Triatoma carrioni
	+ Triatoma cavernicola
	+ Triatoma chagasi
	+ Triatoma chilena
	+ Triatoma circummaculata
	+ Triatoma costalimai
	+ Triatoma deaneorum
	+ Triatoma delpontei
	+ Triatoma dimidiata
	+ Triatoma dispar
	+ †Triatoma dominicana
	+ Triatoma eratyrusiformis
	+ Triatoma fluminenses
	+ Triatoma garciabesi
	+ Triatoma gerstaeckeri
	+ Triatoma gomesi
	+ Triatoma gomeznunezi
	+ Triatoma guasayana
	+ Triatoma guazu
	+ Triatoma hegneri
	+ Triatoma holmbergi
	+ Triatoma howardi
	+ Triatoma incrassata
	+ Triatoma indictiva
	+ Triatoma infestans (Kissing Bug)
	+ Triatoma juazeirensis
	+ Triatoma jurbergi
	+ Triatoma klugi
	+ Triatoma lecticularia
	+ Triatoma lenti
	+ Triatoma leopoldi
	+ Triatoma limai
	+ Triatoma longipennis
	+ Triatoma maculata
	+ Triatoma martinezi
	+ Triatoma matogrossensis
	+ Triatoma matsunoi
	+ Triatoma mazzae
	+ Triatoma mazzottii
	+ Triatoma melanica
	+ Triatoma melanocephala
	+ Triatoma mexicana
	+ Triatoma migrans
	+ Triatoma neotomae
	+ Triatoma nigromaculata
	+ Triatoma ninoi
	+ Triatoma nitida
	+ Triatoma occulta
	+ Triatoma oliveirai
	+ Triatoma oswaldoi
	+ Triatoma patagonica
	+ Triatoma peninsularis
	+ Triatoma pessoai
	+ Triatoma petrochiae
	+ Triatoma phylossoma
	+ Triatoma picturata
	+ Triatoma pintoi
	+ Triatoma platensis
	+ Triatoma protracta (Western Bloodsucking Conenose)
	+ Triatoma pseudomaculata
	+ Triatoma pugasi
	+ Triatoma recurva
	+ Triatoma rosenbuschi
	+ Triatoma rubida
		- Triatoma rubida rubida
		- Triatoma rubida uhleri
	+ Triatoma rubrofasciata
	+ Triatoma rubrovaria
	+ Triatoma rufofasciata
	+ Triatoma ryckmani
	+ Triatoma sanguisuga (Eastern Bloodsucking Conenose)
	+ Triatoma sherlocki
	+ Triatoma sinaloensis
	+ Triatoma sinica
	+ Triatoma sordida
	+ Triatoma tibiamaculata
	+ Triatoma vandae
	+ Triatoma venosa
	+ Triatoma vitticeps
	+ Triatoma wernickei
	+ Triatoma williami
	+ Triatoma wygodzinskyi
Southern Cassowary

The **southern cassowary** (*Casuarius casuarius*) also known as **double-wattled cassowary**, **Australian cassowary** or **two-wattled cassowary**, is a large flightless black bird. It is a ratite and therefore related to emu, ostrich, and the *Rhea* and Kiwi genera. (See also dwarf cassowary and northern cassowary.)

## Description

The southern cassowary has stiff, bristly black plumage, a blue face and neck, red on the cape and two red wattles measuring around 17.8 cm (7.0 in) in length hanging down around its throat. A horn-like brown casque, measuring 13 to 16.9 cm (5.1 to 6.7 in) high, sits atop the head. The bill can range from 9.8 to 19 cm (3.9 to 7.5 in). The three-toed feet are thick and powerful, equipped with a lethal dagger-like claw up to 12 cm (4.7 in) on the inner toe. The plumage is sexually monomorphic, but the female is dominant and larger with a longer casque, larger bill and brighter-colored bare parts. The juveniles have brown longitudinal striped plumage. It is perhaps the largest member of the cassowary family and is tied as the second heaviest bird on earth, at a maximum size estimated at 85 kg (187 lb) and 190 cm (75 in) tall. Normally, this species ranges from 127 to 170 cm (50–67 in) in length. The height is normally 1.5 to 1.8 m (4.9–5.9 ft); females average 58.5 kg (129 lb), while males average 29 to 34 kg (64–75 lb). The northern cassowary is about the same size on average and is perhaps very mildly less sexually dimorphic than the southern. Most adult birds will weigh between 17 and 70 kg (37 and 154 lb). It is technically the largest Asian bird (since the extinction of the Arabian ostrich, and previously the moa of New Zealand) and the largest Australian bird (though the emu may be slightly taller).

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Notonecta glauca

***Notonecta glauca*** is a species of aquatic insect, and a type of backswimmer. It is the most widespread and abundant of the four British notonectids.

## Description

They are also found throughout North America. *Notonecta glauca* are *Hemiptera* (true bug) predators, that are approximately 13–16 mm in length. They are the most common backswimmer species (49%). Females have a larger body size compared to males. These water insects swim and rest on their back (hence their common name "Backswimmer" or "Water Boatman") and are found under the water surface. *Notonecta glauca* supports itself under the water surface by using their front legs and mid legs and the back end of its abdomen and rest them on the water surface; They are able to stay under the water surface by water tension, also known as the air-water interface (Surface tension). they use the hind legs as oars. *Notonecta glauca* will either wait for its prey to pass by or will swim and actively hunt its prey. When the weather is warm, usually in the late summer and autumn, they will fly between ponds. *Notonecta glauca* reproduce in the spring.

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Perissodactyla (Odd-toed Ungulates)

Members of the order **Perissodactyla**, also known as **odd-toed ungulates**, are mammals characterized by an odd number of toes and by hindgut fermentationwith somewhat simple stomachs. Perissodactyla comes from the Ancient Greek περισσός (*perissós*, “uneven”) + δάκτυλος (*dáktulos*, “a finger, toe”). Unlike the even-toed ungulates, they digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers. The order includes three extant families: Equidae(horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs), with a total of about 17 species. Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in the 19th century by the zoologist Richard Owen, who also coined the order name.
Malapterurus electricus

***Malapterurus electricus*** is a species of electric catfish that occurs widely in Africa. This species grows to a length of 122 centimetres (48 in) SL. This species is important for subsistence fisheries and as a gamefish. This is also the most common of the electric catfish to appear in the pet trade. The electric catifish has been found in the natural waters of Hong kong as an introduced species.

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Great Skua

The **great skua** (*Stercorarius skua*) is a large seabird in the skua family Stercorariidae. The English name and species name "skua" is believed to originate from the Faroese *skúvur* or *skúgvur* [ˈskɪkvʊər] and is the only known bird name to originate from the Faroes that has come into regular use elsewhere.[2][3] In Britain, it is sometimes known by the name **bonxie**, a Shetland name of Norse origin. The genus name *Stercorarius* is Latin and means "of dung"; the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement.

## Description

Great skuas measure 50–58 cm (20–23 in) long and have a 125–140 cm (49–55 in) wingspan. One study found that 112 males weighed an average of 1.27 kg (2.8 lb) and that 125 females weighed an average of 1.41 kg (3.1 lb). Adults are a streaked greyish brown, with a black cap, while juveniles are a warmer brown and unstreaked below. They have a short, blunt tail, and a powerful flight. The great skua's call is a harsh *hah-hah-hah-hah*; quacking and croaking noises have also been heard. Distinguishing this skua from the other North Atlantic skuas (parasitic jaeger, pomarine jaeger and long-tailed jaeger) is relatively straightforward. The herring gull size, massive barrel chest and white wing flashes of this bird are distinctive even at a distance. It is sometimes said to give the impression of a common buzzard. Identification of this skua is only complicated when it is necessary to distinguish it from the closely related large southern-hemisphere skuas. Despite its name, the great skua is marginally smaller on average than the other 3 large southern-hemisphere skuas, although not by enough to distinguish them by size in the field. Some authorities still regard the great skua as conspecific with some of these southern skuas, and as a group they have sometimes been separated in the genus *Catharacta*, although currently this taxonomy is not commonly followed.

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Lemon Shark

The **lemon shark** (*Negaprion brevirostris*) is a stocky and powerful shark. A member of the family Carcharhinidae, lemon sharks can grow to 3.4 metres (11 ft) in length. They are often found in shallow subtropical waters and are known to inhabit and return to specific nursery sites for breeding. Often feeding at night, these sharks use electroreceptors to find their main source of prey: fish. Lemon sharks enjoy the many benefits of group living such as enhanced communication, courtship, predatorybehavior, and protection. This species of shark gives birth to live young, and the females are polyandrous and have a biennial reproductive cycle. Lemon sharks are not thought to be a large threat to humans.

## Description

The shark's yellow colouring serves as a perfect camouflage when swimming over the sandy seafloor in its coastal habitat. The lemon shark commonly attains a length of 2.4 to 3.1 m (7.9 to 10.2 ft) and a weight up to 90 kg (200 lb) by adulthood, although sexual maturity is attained at 2.24 m (7.3 ft) in males and 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in females. The maximum recorded length and weight is 3.43 m (11.3 ft) and 183.7 kg (405 lb), respectively. It has a flattened head with a short, broad snout, and the second dorsal fin is almost as large as the first. Lemon sharks have electroreceptors concentrated in their heads, called the ampullae of Lorenzini. These receptors detect electrical pulses emitted by potential prey and allow these nocturnal feeders to sense their prey in the dark.

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Narcinidae (Numbfishes)

The **numbfishes** are a group of electric rays (order Torpediniformes) in the family **Narcinidae**. They are bottom-dwelling cartilaginous fishes with large, rounded pectoral fin discs and long tails. They can produce an electric discharge for defense, from which their scientific name is derived (Greek *narke*, meaning "paralysis").

Members of this family are commonly known as the numbfishes, and are found almost worldwide in warm temperate and tropical continental and continental insular waters. They are strictly marine, so are absent from rivers and lakes. They occur in sandy beaches, muddy enclosed bays, estuaries, off coral reefs and river mouths, and on the upper continental slope to a depth of 1,071 m.

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## Genus and Species

* Diplobatis
	+ D. ommata (Ocellated Electric Ray)
Hemipepsis ustulata

***Hemipepsis ustulata*** is a species of tarantula hawk native to the Southwestern United States. Tarantula hawks are a large, conspicuous family of long-legged wasps which prey on tarantulas. They use their long legs to grapple with their prey before paralyzing them with a powerful sting. Their stings are ranked second-most painful in the insect world. The tarantula hawk is also the state insect of New Mexico. They are a solitary wasp species, displaying lekking territorial behavior in their mating rituals.

## Description

*H. ustulata* generally has a matte black body with rust-orange wings. It is among the largest of *Hymenoptera*, growing up to 5 cm in length. It is difficult to distinguish *Hemipepsis* from its *Pepsis* relatives. However, *Pepsis* tend to be a more metallic black with a deep-blue striped patterning. Since their biology and appearance is so similar, the only reliable way to tell them apart is by their wing venationpatterns.

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Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles)

The **rove beetles** are a family (**Staphylinidae**) of beetles, primarily distinguished by their short elytra (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdomens exposed. With roughly 63,000 species in thousands of genera, the group is currently recognized as the largest extant family of beetles. It is an ancient group, with fossilized rove beetles known from the Triassic, 200 million years ago, and possibly even earlier if the genus *Leehermania* proves to be a member of this family. They are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of beetles, and commonly encountered in terrestrial ecosystems.

One well-known species is the devil's coach horse beetle.

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## Genus and Species

* Ocypus (**21 species**)
	+ Ocypus affinis
	+ Ocypus alfierii
	+ Ocypus auroguttatus
	+ Ocypus aurosericans
	+ Ocypus baronii
	+ Ocypus cameroni
	+ Ocypus curtipennis
	+ Ocypus cyaneopubens
	+ Ocypus festae
	+ Ocypus miwai
	+ Ocypus olens (Devil's Coach-horse Beetle)
		- Ocypus olens azoricus
		- Ocypus olens olens
	+ Ocypus ophthalmicus
		- Ocypus ophthalmicus atrocyaneus
		- Ocypus ophthalmicus balearicus
		- Ocypus ophthalmicus benoiti
		- Ocypus ophthalmicus brigitteae
		- Ocypus ophthalmicus ophthalmicus
		- Ocypus ophthalmicus rodopensis
	+ Ocypus quadrimaculatus
	+ Ocypus rhaeticus
	+ Ocypus rhoetus
	+ Ocypus sikkimensis
	+ Ocypus thericles
	+ Ocypus umbro
	+ Ocypus wasmanni
	+ Ocypus weisei
	+ Ocypus zopyrus
Lestrimelitta limao

***Lestrimelitta limao*** is a neotropical eusocial bee species found in Brazil and Panama and is part of the Apidae family. It is a species of stingless bees that practices obligate nest robbing. They have never been spotted foraging from flowers, an observation that supports their raiding behavior. Because of their lack of hind corbicula, they must raid to obtain enough protein in their diet in the form of pollen and nectar. *Lestrimelitta limao* secrete a lemon-scented alarm allomone, from which they receive their name, in order to conduct successful raids. *L. limao* are hypothesized to produce poisonous honey that is toxic if consumed by humans. Because robber bees are so rare and difficult to observe, there is a limited scope of information available.

## Description

The *Lestrimelitta limao* species is divided into the workers, males and queens within each colony. Males are about the same size as workers, but the queens are noticeably larger. All members of the species are of shiny black coloration with hairs sparsely found on the body and densely found of the femora and tibiae. The hairs on the tibiae are short and yellow, while the sparse body hairs are black. The wings of *L. limao* contain barely noticeable cubital veins. Additionally they are identifiable by their lack of a functional worker corbiculae,[2] elongated gut, fewer olfactory discs, and through their unique cleptobioticbehavior. A *L. limao* colony is generally composed of guards, workers, and scouts that all work towards raiding neighboring stingless bee colonies. There is no job specialization according to age.

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Anseriformes

**Anseriformes** is an order of birds that comprise about 180 living species in three families: Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. In fact, these living species are all included in the Anatidae except for the three screamers and the magpie goose. All species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. The males, except for the screamers, also have a penis, a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves. All are web-footed for efficient swimming (although some have subsequently become mainly terrestrial).

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Striped Skunk

The **striped skunk** (*Mephitis mephitis*) is a skunk of the genus *Mephitis* that is native to southern Canada, the United States and northern Mexico. It is currently listed as least concern by the IUCN on account of its wide range and ability to adapt to human-modified environments.

It is a polygamous omnivore with few natural predators, save for birds of prey. The striped skunk has a long history of association with humans, having been trapped and captively bred for its fur and kept as an exotic pet. It is one of the most recognizable of North America's animals, and is a popular figure in cartoons and children's books.

## Description

The striped skunk is a stoutly-built, short-limbed animal with a small, conical head and a long, heavily furred tail. Adult males are 10% larger than females, with both sexes measuring between 52–77 cm in total body length and usually weighing 1.8–4.5 kg (4.0–9.9 lb), though some may weigh 5.5 kg (12 lb). The feet are plantigrade with bare soles, and are not as broad or flat as those of hog-nosed skunks. The forefeet are armed with five long, curved claws adapted for digging, while those on the hind feet are shorter and straighter.

The color patterns of the fur vary greatly, but generally consist of a black base with a white stripe extending from the head which divides along the shoulders, continuing along the flanks to the rump and tail. Some specimens have a white patch on the chest, while others bear white stripes on the outer surface of the front limbs. Brown or cream-colored mutations occasionally occur.

Like all skunks, the striped skunk possesses two highly developed scent glands, one on each side of the anus, containing about 15 milliliters of musk each. This oily, yellow-colored musk consists of a mixture of powerfully odorous thiols (sulfur analogues of alcohols, in older sources called "mercaptans"), which can be sprayed at a distance of several meters. If sprayed on the eyes, this compound can cause a temporary burning sensation. The odor of this musk was likened by Ernest Thompson Seton to a mixture of perfume musk, essence of garlic, burning sulfur and sewer gas "magnified a thousand times", though Clinton Hart Merriam claimed that it isn't "one tenth" as offensive as that produced by minks and weasels.

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Scolopendromorpha

The Scolopendromorpha, also known as tropical centipedes, possess 21 or 23 body segments (apart from a single species, *Scolopendropsis duplicata*, which has 39 or 43 segments) with the same number of paired legs. Their antennae have 17 or more segments. The eyes have a fixed number of four ocelli on each side in the family Scolopendridae and one ocellus per side in the genus *Mimops* (family Mimopidae), but other families are blind. The order comprises the five families Cryptopidae, Scolopendridae, Mimopidae, Scolopocryptopidae, and Plutoniumidae. The only known amphibious centipede, *Scolopendra cataracta*, belongs to this order.

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Hemiptera (True Bugs)

The **Hemiptera** /hɛˈmɪptərə/ or **true bugs** are an order of insects comprising some 50,000 to 80,000 species of groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, and shield bugs. They range in size from 1 mm (0.04 in) to around 15 cm (6 in), and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. The name "true bugs" is sometimes limited to the suborder Heteroptera. Many insects commonly known as "bugs" belong to other orders; for example, the lovebug is a fly, while the May bug and ladybug are beetles.

Most hemipterans feed on plants, using their sucking and piercing mouthparts to extract plant sap. Some are parasitic while others are predators that feed on other insects or small invertebrates. They live in a wide variety of habitats, generally terrestrial, though some species are adapted to life in or on the surface of fresh water. Hemipterans are hemimetabolous, with young nymphs that somewhat resemble adults. Many aphids are capable of parthenogenesis, producing young from unfertilised eggs; this helps them to reproduce extremely rapidly in favourable conditions.

Humans have interacted with the Hemiptera for millennia. Some species, including many aphids, are important agricultural pests, damaging crops by the direct action of sucking sap, but also harming them indirectly by being the vectors of serious viral diseases. Other species have been used for biological control of insect pests. Hemipterans have been cultivated for the extraction of the dyestuff cochineal (also known as carmine) and for shellac. The bed bug is a persistent parasite of humans. Cicadas have been used as food, and have appeared in literature from the *Iliad* in Ancient Greece.

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## Families

* Belostomatidae
* Cimicidae
* Notonectidae
* Reduviidae
Sphyraenidae (Barracudas)

The **barracuda** is a ray-finned fish known for its large size, fearsome appearance and ferocious behaviour. The barracuda is a saltwater fish of the genus ***Sphyraena***, the only genus in the family Sphyraenidae which was named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. It is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide ranging from the Eastern border of the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and Caribbean Sea. Barracudas reside near the top of the water and near coral reefs and sea grasses.

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## Genus and Species

* Sphyraena
	+ S. barracuda (Great Barracuda)
Struthioniformes (Struthionids)

**Struthionidae** is a family of flightless ratite birds which first appeared during the Miocene epoch, though various Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene ratites may belong to this group. Traditionally the order **Struthioniformes** contained the world's ratites, but recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it paraphyletic in respect to the tinamous.

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Maratus nigromaculatus

***Maratus nigromaculatus*** is a species of the genus *Maratus* (peacock spiders), an Australian member of the jumping spider family. Described in 1883 by Keyserling as *Ergane nigromaculata* from a specimen from Rockhampton, they are found in Queensland. The species name is derived from the Latin words *niger* "black" and *maculatus* "spotted".

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Odontaspididae (Sand Sharks)

**Sand sharks**, also known as **sand tiger sharks**, **grey nurse sharks** or **ragged tooth sharks**, are mackerel sharks of the family **Odontaspididae**. They are found worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. The three species are in two genera.

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## Genus and Species

* Carcharias
	+ C. taurus (Sand Tiger Shark)
Mediterranean Black Widow

***Latrodectus tredecimguttatus***, sometimes known as the **Mediterranean black widow**, the **European black widow**, or the **steppe spider**, is a species in the genus *Latrodectus* (widow spiders). It is commonly found throughout the Mediterranean region, ranging from southern Iberia to southwest and central Asia, hence the name. Specimens from central Asia are also known by the binomial name *Latrodectus lugubris*; that name, however, is now considered improper, though it is still commonly found in the literature. *Latrodectus tredecimguttatus* was previously considered a subspecies of *Latrodectus mactans*.

## Description

*L. tredecimguttatus* is black in color, similar to most other widow species, and is identified by the thirteen spots which are found on its dorsal abdomen (the species name is Latin for "with thirteen spots"). These spots are usually red in colour, but may also be yellow or orange. It is otherwise similar to other species in the genus *Latrodectus*. The Mediterranean widow primarily lives in steppes and other grasslands, and can be a significant problem in areas where grain is harvested by hand. The female of the species has a body length of about 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in), while the male is smaller and reaches 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) at best. Only the female spider's bite is dangerous (either for humans or cattle) as the male cannot penetrate the relatively thick epidermis.

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Scorpaenidae (Scorpionfish)

**Scorpaenidae** (also known as the **scorpionfish**) are a family of mostly marine fish that includes many of the world's most venomous species. As the name suggests, scorpionfish have a type of "sting" in the form of sharp spines coated with venomous mucus. The family is a large one, with hundreds of members. They are widespread in tropical and temperate seas, but mostly found in the Indo-Pacific. They should not be confused with the cabezones, of the genus *Scorpaenichthys*, which belong to a separate, though related, family, Cottidae.

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## Genus and Species

* Pterois
	+ P. volitans (Red Lionfish)
Latrodectus renivulvatus

***Latrodectus renivulvatus*** is a species of spider in the family Theridiidae, found in Africa, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. It is one of six species of *Latrodectus* found in southern Africa, four of which, including *L. renivulvatus*, are known as black button or black widow spiders. Like all *Latrodectus* species, *L. renivulvatus* has a neurotoxic venom. It acts on nerve endings, causing the very unpleasant symptoms of latrodectism when humans are bitten.

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Southern Right Whale

The **southern right whale** (*Eubalaena australis*) is a baleen whale, one of three species classified as right whales belonging to the genus *Eubalaena*.

Approximately 10,000 southern right whales are spread throughout the southern part of the Southern Hemisphere.

## Description

Like other right whales, the southern right whale is readily distinguished from others by the callosities on its head, a broad back without a dorsal fin, and a long arching mouth that begins above the eye. Its skin is very dark grey or black, occasionally with some white patches on the belly. The right whale's callosities appear white due to large colonies of cyamids (whale lice). It is almost indistinguishable from the closely related North Atlantic and the North Pacific right whales, displaying only minor skull differences. It may have fewer callosities on its head than North Atlantic and more on its lower lips than the two northern species. Biological functions of callosities are unclear although the primal role has been considered to be for protection against predators, and whales' declines may affect on diversities and quantities of barnacles.

An adult female is 15 m (49 ft) and can weigh up to 47 tonnes (46 long tons; 52 short tons), with the larger records of 17.5–18 m (57–59 ft) in length and 80 tonnes (79 long tons; 88 short tons) or up to 90 tonnes (89 long tons; 99 short tons) in weight, making them slightly smaller than other right whales in the Northern Hemisphere. The testicles of right whales are likely to be the largest of any animal, each weighing around 500 kg (1,100 lb). This suggests that sperm competition is important in the mating process.

Right whales do not normally cross the warm equatorial waters to connect with the other species and (inter)breed: their thick layers of insulating blubber make it difficult for them to dissipate their internal body heat in tropical waters. However, based on historical records and unconfirmed sightings in modern periods, *E. australis* transits may indeed occur through equatorial waters. Moreover, a stranding of "a 21.3 m (71 feet) long right whale at Gajana, northwestern India in November, 1944" was reported, however, true identity of this animal is unclear.

The proportion and numbers of molten-coloured individuals are notable in this species compared with the other species in the Northern Hemisphere. Some whales remain white even after growing up.

Life span is not clear although whales seem to reach over 100 years old.

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