recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Lipid pneumonia

**Lipoid pneumonia** is a specific form of lung inflammation (pneumonia) that develops when lipids enter the bronchial tree. The disorder is sometimes called cholesterol pneumonia in cases where that lipid is a factor.

## Signs and symptoms

The pneumonia presents as a foreign body reaction causing cough, dyspnea, and often fever. Hemoptysis has also been reported.

## Causes

Sources of such lipids could be either exogenous or endogenous

**Exogenous**: from outside the body. For example, inhaled nose drops with an oil base, or accidental inhalation of cosmetic oil. Amiodarone is an anti-arrythmic known to cause this condition. Oil pulling has also been shown to be a cause. Fire breather's pneumonia from the inhalation of hydrocarbon fuel is a specific variant. At risk populations include the elderly, developmentally delayed or persons with gastroesophageal reflux. Switching to water-soluble alternatives may be helpful in some situations.

**Endogenous**: from the body itself, for example, when an airway is obstructed, it is often the case that distal to the obstruction, lipid-laden macrophages and giant cells fill the lumen of the disconnected airspace.

## Appearance

The gross appearance of a lipid pneumonia is that in which there is an ill-defined, pale yellow area on the lung. This yellow appearance explains the colloquial term "golden" pneumonia.

At the microscopic scale foamy macrophages and giant cells are seen in the airways, and the inflammatory response is visible in the parenchyma.

## Treatment

Treatment is with corticosteroids and possibly intravenous immunoglobulins.

## Prognosis

Endogenous lipoid pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis has been seen prior to the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a child.

## History

Laughlen first described lipid pneumonia in 1925 with infants that inhaled oil droplets. It is a condition that has been seen as an occupational risk for commercial diving operations but documented cases are rare.
Milk watcher

A **milk watcher**, **milk saver**, **pot watcher**, **pot minder**, **milk guard**, or **boil over preventer** is a cooking utensil placed at the bottom of a pot to prevent boiling over of liquids, and especially the burning (scorching) of milk.

A milk watcher is a disk with a raised rim, and is notched on one side (see images). Some milk savers are designed so they can be used with the obverse or reverse side facing up, so they appear to have two notches. The interior of the disk is not level; it slants upward toward the notched side creating a space just behind the notch where water vapor can collect. Water vapor is trapped under the Milk Saver causing the notched side to rise up, releasing the water vapor at the same time circulating liquid around the base of the pot and making a rattling noise.

## History

The milk watcher was invented by Vincent Hartley in 1938.

## How it works

Normally, boiling water does not boil over. When fats, starches, and some other substances are present in boiling water, for example by adding milk or pasta, boiling over can occur. A film forms on the surface of the boiling liquid; for example, cream can boil over as milk fat separates from the milk. The increased viscosity of the liquid causes the steam bubbles to form foam trapped under the film, pushing the film up and over the lip of the pot, boiling over. A milk watcher disrupts this process by collecting small bubbles of steam into one large bubble and releasing it in a manner which may puncture the surface film. The device also rattles when boiling occurs, alerting the cook who may then lower the heat setting of the stove.

By circulating fluid around the bottom of the pot the device may also prevent material from being deposited and eventually burned on the pot's bottom.
Paid vacation days

In the majority of nations, including all industrialised nations except the United States, advances in employee relations have seen the introduction of statutory agreements for minimum employee leave from work—that is the amount of entitlement to paid vacation and public holidays. Several companies will offer contractually more time, depending on the sector. Companies and the law may also differ as to whether public holidays are counted as part of the minimum leave.

Disparities in national minimums are still subject of debate regarding work-life balance and perceived differences between nations. These numbers usually refer to full-time employment – part-time workers may get a reduced number of days. In most countries, public holidays are paid and usually not considered part of the annual leave. Also, in most countries there are additional paid leave benefits such as parental leave and sick leave that are not listed here.

  No data at all
  No mandatory vacation
  1–5 days
  6–10 days
  11–15 days
  16–20 days
  21–22 days
  23–28 days

## Methodology

For the purpose of comparison, the paid vacation column has been normalised to a five-day workweek. For instance, a calendar day is divided by seven and multiplied by five, while a six-day workweek day is divided by six and multiplied by five. The paid vacation column gives the minimum mandatory vacation days for an employee who has one year of service with the same employer.

In some countries, the public holidays are strictly bound to the calendar dates, so if they happen on Saturday or Sunday, they are "lost" for the particular year. As a result, the average number of paid extra free days can be lower than the table specifies. For example, in the Czech Republic, where the official number of paid public holidays is 13, the average number of public holidays during working days in the years 2000–2016 was only 8.9 days. In other countries, the public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are moved to the nearest Monday or Friday such as in the United Kingdom or the United States.
Occult pneumonia

**Occult pneumonia** is a pneumonia that is not observable directly by the eye, but can only be shown indirectly, especially by radiography. Occult pneumonia can be made visible by chest X-rays.

The general symptoms *cough for more than 10 days* and *fever for more than 3 days* can indicate the presence of occult pneumonia, just as a temperature of 39 °C or higher and a high white blood cell count.

Administration of a pneumococcal vaccine decreases the incidence of occult pneumonia, which suggests that *Streptococcus pneumoniae* is a cause of occult pneumonia. Occult pneumonia, however, can also be the result of atypical pneumonia.
thumb
Although pneumococcal vaccination lowers the prevalence of occult pneumonia, it does not make radiographic diagnosis superfluous at patients with prolonged fever, cough or leukocytosis.

Etymology: the term is derived from the Latin *occultus* = hidden, secret and *pneumonia* = inflammation of the lungs > Greek: *pneuma* = wind and Indo-European: *pleumon* = floating, swimming.
Mythology

*Those who can't remember mythology are doomed to repeat it*.

Mythology has gotten a bum rap in the modern age because of its outlandish and unbelievable imagery. But what appears to be its greatest weakness is actually its greatest strength. Before the existence of books the only way to make sure something was remembered was to make use of memory aids. The simplest way to make something memorable was to make it outlandish. See Method of loci.

Even numbers can be made memorable by associating each number with an element or an object. For example the 1st day becomes the day of air.

## Mythology

 * Aztec
* Bible
	+ All-Human
	+ Forbidden fruit (Electricity)
	+ Day-year principle
		- Dual fulfillment
	+ Two Jesuses
		- Gospel harmony
		- Crucifixion of Jesus
	+ Genesis
	+ Revelation
		- Beast/666
	+ Spirits
	+ Sex outside marriage
* Book of Enoch
* Canaanite
* Chinese
	+ Pangu
	+ Great Flood
	+ Book of the Dead
* Greek
	+ Hyperion
	+ Golden Fleece
	+ Atlantis
* Hawaiian
* Hindu (extremely difficult)
	+ Karma
	+ Rebirth
	+ Earthmaker
* Inca
* Japanese
* Mayan
* Navajo
* Norse
	+ Ymir
	+ Æsir (Ice-dwellers)
* Sumerian
	+ King list

## A basic classification of types of gods

See also: Wikipedia:List of deities by classification
A basic classification of types of gods is given by Stith Thompson's *Motif-Index of Folk-Literature*:

* A0 Creator (not a god)
* A100—A199. The gods in general
	+ A101. Supreme god
	+ A104. The making of gods
	+ A107. Gods of darkness and light (darkness thought of as evil, light as good)
	+ A109.1. Triple deity
	+ A116. Triplet gods
	+ A111.1. Mother of the gods
	+ A111.2. Father of the gods
	+ A117.5. Gods are spirits of deified dead
	+ A131. Gods with animal features
		- A132.3. Equine god (goddess)
		- A132.5. Bear-god (goddess)
		- A132.9. Bull-god
	+ A161.2. King of the gods
	+ A177.1. God as dupe or trickster
	+ A192. Death or departure of the gods
	+ A193. Resurrection of gods
* A200—A299. Gods of the upper world
	+ A210. Sky-god
	+ A220. Sun-god
	+ A240. Moon-god
	+ A250. Star-god
	+ A260. Light
	+ A270. Dawn
	+ A280. Weather-god
		- A281. Storm-god
		- A282. Wind-god
		- A284. God of thunder
		- A287. Rain-god
* A300—A399. Gods of the underworld
	+ A310. God of the world of the dead
	+ A311. Conductor of the dead
* A400—A499. Gods of the earth (human sphere)
	+ A400. Earth
	+ A401. Mother Earth
	+ A405. Nature
	+ A410. Local gods
	+ A411. Household gods
	+ A415. God of clans or nations
	+ A420. Water
	+ A421. Sea
	+ A425. River
	+ A417. Springs
	+ A430. Vegetation
	+ A431. Fertility
	+ A435. Trees and forests
	+ A440. Animals
	+ A450. trades and professions
		- A451. Artisan-god
		- A452. Hunting
		- A454. Healing
	+ A460. Gods of abstractions (also Z110. Abstractions personified)
		- A461. Wisdom
		- A463. Fate
			* A463.1. The Fates (goddesses who preside over the fates of men)
		- A464. Justice
		- A465. God of the arts
		- A472. Sleep
		- A473. Wealth
		- A475. Love
		- A484. Oath
		- A485. War
		- A486. The Furies (goddesses of vengeance)
		- A487. Death
	+ A490. Miscellaneous gods of the earth
		- A491. God of travelers
		- A493. God of fire
* A500—A599. Demigods and culture heroes
Nanobes

See also:  Virus,  Protein complex
A **nanobe** is a tiny filamental structure first found in some rocks and sediments. Some scientists hypothesize that nanobes are the smallest form of life, 1/10 the size of the smallest known bacteria.

No conclusive evidence exists that these structures are, or are not, living organisms, so their classification is controversial.

The 1996 discovery of nanobes was published in 1998 by Philippa Uwins *et al.*, from the University of Queensland, Australia. They were found growing from rock samples (both full-diameter and sidewall cores) of Jurassic and Triassic sandstones, originally retrieved from an unspecified number of oil exploration wells off Australia's west coast. Depths of retrieval were between 3,400 metres (2.1 mi) and 5,100 metres (3.2 mi) below the sea bed. While Uwins *et al.* present assertions against it, they do not exclude the possibility that the nanobes are from a surface contaminant, not from the rock units cited.

The smallest are just 20 nanometers in diameter. Some researchers believe that these structures are crystal growths, but the staining of these structures with dyes that bind to DNA might indicate that they are living organisms. They are similar to the structures found in ALH84001, a Mars meteorite found in the Antarctic.
Nanobes are similar in size to nanobacteria, which are also structures that had been proposed to be extremely small living organisms. However, these two should not be confused. Nanobacteria were thought to be cellular organisms, while nanobes are hypothesized (by some) to be a previously unknown form of life or protocells.

## Claims

* It is a living organism (contains DNA or some analogue, and reproduces).
* Has a morphology similar to Actinomycetes and fungi.
* Nanobes are about 20 nm in diameter, which may be too small to contain the basic elements for an organism to exist (DNA, ribosomes, etc.), suggesting that if they grow and reproduce they would need to do so in an unconventional way.
* The Martian meteorite ALH84001, discovered in 1984 in the Antarctic, contained similar tubular structures which some astrobiologists suggested could be evidence of life at an earlier time on Mars.

## Responses

A review in *Microbes and Environments* of the various ultra-small forms of proposed life states that the main criticism of nanobes is that they appear too small to contain the biochemical machinery needed to sustain life. The review also states that there is no evidence that nanobes are organisms in themselves and not fragments of larger organisms.

Tony Taylor was one of the authors of the original nanobe paper. He argues that the conspicuous lack of phosphorus in the X-ray spectroscopy data and the failure to find DNA using various DNA amplification techniques demonstrates that nanobes do not have any DNA or RNA. He also argues that they may have a completely different mechanism for heredity, which would account for many of their unusual chemical and physical properties.
Marination

**Marination** is the process of soaking foods in a seasoned, often acidic, liquid before cooking. The origin of the word alludes to the use of brine (*aqua marina*) in the pickling process, which led to the technique of adding flavor by immersion in liquid. The liquid in question, the 'marinade', can be either acidic (made with ingredients such as vinegar, lemon juice, or wine) or enzymatic (made with ingredients such as pineapple, papaya or ginger), or have a neutral pH. In addition to these ingredients, a marinade often contains oils, herbs, and spices to further flavor the food items.

It is commonly used to flavor foods and to tenderize tougher cuts of meat. The process may last seconds or days. Different marinades are used in different cuisines. For example, in Indian cuisine the marinade is usually prepared with a mixture of spices.

Marination is similar to brining, except that brining generally does not involve significant amount of acid. It is also similar to pickling, except that pickling is generally done for much longer periods, primarily as a means of food preservation, whereas marination is usually only performed for a few hours to a day, generally as a means of enhancing the flavor of the food.

## Tissue breakdown

In meats, the acid causes the tissue to break down, which allows more moisture to be absorbed and results in a juicier end product; however, too much acid can be detrimental to the end product. A good marinade has a balance of acid, oil, and spice. If raw marinated meat is frozen, the marinade can break down the surface and turn the outer layer mushy.

Often confused with marinating, macerating is a similar form of food preparation.

## Marinating safety

Raw pork, seafood, beef and poultry may contain harmful bacteria which may contaminate the marinade. Marinating should be done in the refrigerator to inhibit bacterial growth. Used marinade should not be made into a sauce unless rendered safe by boiling directly before use; otherwise, fresh or set-aside marinade that has not touched meat should be used. The container used for marinating should be glass or food safe plastic. Metal, including pottery glazes which can contain lead, reacts with the acid in the marinade and should be avoided.

## Marinades and cancer risk reduction

Cooking proteins at high temperature can lead to the formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs). According to the National Cancer Research Institute such substances present a heightened risk of cancer exposure. Marinating proteins can reduce this risk by as much as 95% by creating a barrier to high-temperature cooking. Marinating times necessary to reduce the formation of HCAs may be as little as 20 minutes.
Martha Mitchell effect

The **Martha Mitchell effect** is the process by which a psychiatrist, psychologist, other mental health clinician, or a medical professional, labels the patient's accurate perception of real events as delusional and misdiagnoses accordingly.

## Description

According to Bell et al., "Sometimes, improbable reports are erroneously assumed to be symptoms of mental illness", due to a "failure or inability to verify whether the events have actually taken place, no matter how improbable intuitively they might appear to the busy clinician".

Examples of such situations are:

* Pursuit by organized criminals
* Surveillance by law enforcement officers
* Infidelity by a spouse
* Physical issues

Quoting psychotherapist Joseph Berke, the authors report that, "even paranoids have enemies". Any patient, they explain, can be misdiagnosed by clinicians, especially patients with a history of paranoid delusions.

Patients may be diagnosed as delusional when their grievances concern health care workers and/or health care institutions, even when the patient has no history of delusion. "A patient arriving claiming to have been injured by another health care professional is regarded as a crazy person who potentially could ruin the career of an innocent colleague."

## Origin

Psychologist Brendan Maher named the effect after Martha Beall Mitchell. Mitchell was the wife of John Mitchell, Attorney-General in the Nixon administration. When she alleged that White House officials were engaged in illegal activities, her claims were attributed to mental illness. Ultimately, however, the facts of the Watergate scandal vindicated her and garnered her the label, "The Cassandra of Watergate".

Although it has been stated that many of her allegations remain unproven, such as her claim that she had been drugged and put under guard during a visit to California after her husband was summoned back to Washington, D.C., in order to prevent her from leaving the hotel or making phone calls to the news media., James McCord admitted in 1975 that her story was true, as reported in the *New York Times*. More supporting evidence that Martha was telling the truth was published in a 2017 news article in *Newsweek* about the appointment of a U.S. ambassador.
Limbic lobe

The **limbic lobe** is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The term is ambiguous, with some authors including the paraterminal gyrus, the subcallosal area, the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and the subiculum; while the Terminologia Anatomica includes the cingulate sulcus, the cingulate gyrus, the isthmus of cingulate gyrus, the fasciolar gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the parahippocampal sulcus, the dentate gyrus, the fimbrodentate sulcus, the fimbria of hippocampus, the collateral sulcus, and the rhinal sulcus, and omits the hippocampus.

## History

Broca named the limbic lobe in 1878, identifying it with the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, and associating it with the sense of smell - Treviranus having earlier noted that, between species, the size of the parahippocampal gyrus varies with the size of the olfactory nerve. In 1937 Papez theorized that a neural circuit (the Papez circuit) including the hippocampal formation and the cingulate gyrus constitutes the neural substrate of emotional behavior, and Klüver and Bucy reported that, in monkeys, resection involving the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex has a profound effect on emotional responses. As a consequence of these publications, the idea that the entire limbic lobe is dedicated to olfaction receded, and a direct connection between emotion and the limbic lobe was established.

## Gallery

Limbic lobe (shown in red) of left cerebral hemisphere.Limbic lobe (shown in orange) of left cerebral hemisphere.Limbic lobe (shown in purple) of right cerebral hemisphere.Limbic lobe (shown in purple) of right cerebral hemisphere.
Orogeny

An **orogeny** is an event that leads to both structural deformation and compositional differentiation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) at convergent plate margins. An **orogen** or **orogenic belt** develops when a continental plate crumples and is pushed upwards to form one or more mountain ranges; this involves a series of geological processes collectively called **orogenesis**.

Orogeny is the primary mechanism by which mountains are built on continents. The word "orogeny" comes from Ancient Greek (????, óros, lit.?'mountain' + ???es??, génesis, lit.?'creation, origin'). Although it was used before him, the term was employed by the American geologist G.K. Gilbert in 1890 to describe the process of mountain building as distinguished from epeirogeny.

The following is a list of known orogenies organised by continent, starting with the oldest at the top. The organization of this article is along present-day continents that do not necessarily reflect the geography contemporary to the orogenies. Note that some orogenies encompass more than one continent and might have different names in each continent. Like-wise some very large orogenies include a number of sub-orogenies. As with other geological phenomena orogenies are often subject to different and changing interpretations regarding to their age, type and associated paleogeography.
Odd-toed ungulates

**Odd-toed ungulates**, mammals which constitute the taxonomic order **Perissodactyla** (from the Ancient Greek περισσός perissós, "uneven"; and δάκτυλος dáktylos, "finger, toe"), are hoofed animals—ungulates—which bear most of their weight on *one* (an odd number) of the five toes: the third toe. The non-weight-bearing toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, the even-toed ungulates bear most of their weight equally on *two* (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as the even-toed ungulates do.

The order includes about 17 species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs).

Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in the 19th century by the zoologist Richard Owen, who also coined the order name.

## Phylogenetic tree

Cladogram below is for existing Perissodactyla
Method of image charges

The **method of image charges** (also known as the **method of images** and **method of mirror charges**) is a basic problem-solving tool in electrostatics. The name originates from the replacement of certain elements in the original layout with imaginary charges, which replicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see Dirichlet boundary conditions or Neumann boundary conditions).

## Reflection in a conducting plane

### Point charges

The simplest example of method of image charges is that of a point charge, with charge *q*, located at

(
0
,
0
,
a
)

{\displaystyle (0,0,a)}

 above an infinite grounded (i.e.:

# V
0

{\displaystyle V = 0}

) conducting plate in the *xy*-plane. To simplify this problem, we may replace the plate of equipotential with a charge –*q*, located at

(
0
,
0
,
−
a
)

{\displaystyle (0,0,-a)}

. This arrangement will produce the same electric field at any point for which

z
>
0

{\displaystyle z>0}

 (i.e.: above the conducting plate), and satisfies the boundary condition that the potential along the plate must be zero. This situation is equivalent to the original setup, and so the force on the real charge can now be calculated with Coulomb's law between two point charges.

Because electric fields satisfy the superposition principle, a conducting plane below multiple point charges can be replaced by the mirror images of each of the charges individually, with no other modifications necessary.

### Electric dipole moments

The image of an electric dipole moment **p** at

(
0
,
0
,
a
)

{\displaystyle (0,0,a)}

 above an infinite grounded conducting plane in the *xy*-plane is a dipole moment at

(
0
,
0
,
−
a
)

{\displaystyle (0,0,-a)}

 with equal magnitude and direction rotated azimuthally by p.

## Reflection in a dielectric planar interface

Similar to the conducting plane, the case of a planar interface between two different dielectric media can be considered. If a point charge

q

{\displaystyle q}

 is placed in the dielectric that has the dielectric constant

ϵ
1

{\displaystyle \epsilon\_1}

, then the interface (with the dielectric that has the dielectric constant

ϵ
2

{\displaystyle \epsilon\_2}

) will develop a bound polarization charge. It can be shown that the resulting electric field inside the dielectric containing the particle is modified in a way that can be described by an image charge inside the other dielectric. Inside the other dielectric, however, the image charge is not present.

Unlike the case of the metal, the image charge

q
′

{\displaystyle q'}

 is not exactly opposite to the real charge:

q
′

=

ϵ
1

−

ϵ
2

ϵ
1

ϵ
2

q

{\displaystyle q'=\frac{\epsilon\_1 - \epsilon\_2}{\epsilon\_1 + \epsilon\_2}q}

. It may even have the same sign, if the charge is placed inside the stronger dielectric material (charges are repelled away from regions of lower dielectric constant). This can be seen from the formula.
On Bullshit

***On Bullshit*** is a 1986 essay, reprinted as a 2005 book, by philosopher Harry G. Frankfurt which presents a theory of bullshit that defines the concept and analyzes the applications of bullshit in the context of communication. Frankfurt determines that bullshit is speech intended to persuade without regard for truth. The liar cares about the truth and attempts to hide it; the bullshitter doesn't care if what they say is true or false, but rather only cares whether their listener is persuaded.

## History

Frankfurt originally published the essay "On Bullshit" in the *Raritan Quarterly Review* journal in 1986. Nineteen years later, the essay was published as the book *On Bullshit* (2005), which proved popular among lay readers; the book appeared for 27 weeks on *The New York Times* Best Seller list, and was discussed on the television show *The Daily Show With Jon Stewart*, as well as in an interview with a representative of the publisher, Princeton University Press. *On Bullshit* (2005) served as the basis for Professor Frankfurt's follow-up book *On Truth* (2006).

## Publication history

* Frankfurt, Harry G. (Fall 1986). "On Bullshit". *Raritan Quarterly Review* **6** (2): 81–100.
* Frankfurt, Harry G. (1988). "On Bullshit". *The Importance of What We Care About: Philosophical Essays*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–133. . . https://archive.org/details/importanceofwhat00harr/page/117.  (hardback), ISBN 0-521-33611-2 (paperback).
* *On Bullshit*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2005. . https://archive.org/details/onbullshit00fran.
Movement disorders

**Movement disorders** are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. Movement disorders are synonymous with basal ganglia or extrapyramidal diseases. Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- *hyperkinetic* and *hypokinetic*.

Hyperkinetic movement disorders refer to dyskinesia, or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow of motor activity.

Hypokinetic movement disorders refer to akinesia (lack of movement), hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movements), bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or neurological disorder.

## Diagnosis

Step I : Decide the dominant type of movement disorder

Step II : Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder

Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests

* Metabolic screening
* Microbiology
* Immunology
* CSF examination
* Genetics
* Imaging
* Neurophysiological tests
* Pharmacological tests

## Treatment

Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder. Movement disorders have been known to be associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases.

See also: Parkinson's disease
## History

Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical nuclei from cortex and white matter. However Willis' conceptualized the corpus striatum as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and athetosis by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described but for most no pathologic correlate was known.
Masochism

Humans are rational and therefore superior to irrational animals. Masochism is irrational therefore masochists are irrational animals.

It impossible to reason with irrational masochists and punishing them wont do any good since they enjoy it. Just give these degenerates what they want and let them learn the hard way.
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

**Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia** (**LIP**) is a syndrome secondary to autoimmune and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia applies to disorders associated with both monoclonal or polyclonal gammopathy.

## Signs and symptoms

Patients with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia may present with enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, enlarged salivary gland, thickening and widening of the extremities of the fingers and toes (clubbing), and breathing symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing.

## Causes

Possible causes of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia include the Epstein-Barr virus and HIV.

## Diagnosis

Arterial blood gases may reveal hypoxemia when tested in a lab. Respiratory alkalosis may also be present. Peripheral lymphocytosis can be observed. A lung biopsy may also be indicated.

## Treatment

Patients presenting with no symptoms, and not affected by the syndrome may not require treatment. Corticosteroids have been reported to be of benefit in select patients. Bronchodilators may assist with breathing issues and resolution may occur with the use of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy. However, responses to different treatments are widely varied, and no single first line treatment represents the default treatment for lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia.
Neutrino-electromagnetism

There are three possibilities:

1. Like charges attract while unlike charges repel. (Gravitational mass)
2. Like charges repel while unlike charges attract. (Electric charge)
3. Charges that neither attract nor repel each other. (Neutrinos?)

Oscillating charges of the third type would emit waves forever without even slowing down and the resulting waves would pass through any amount of matter completely unimpeded. Perhaps neutrinos are this type.
Miscarriage of justice

This is a list of **miscarriage of justice cases**. This list includes cases where a convicted individual was later cleared of the crime and either has received an official exoneration, or a consensus exists that the individual was unjustly punished or where a conviction has been quashed and no retrial has taken place, so that the accused is assumed innocent. This list is not exhaustive. Crime descriptions with an asterisk indicate that the events were later determined not to be criminal acts.

## Canada

Main articles: Overturned convictions in Canada

## Iran

Unbeknownst to her parents, documents presented to the Supreme Court of Appeal described her as 22 years old. Her birth certificate indicated her age was 16. Amnesty International and other organizations declared her execution to be a crime against humanity and against children of the world.

## Mexico

Amnesty International denounced Francisco Marcial's imprisonment as resulting from a wrongful prosecution. The group declared her a prisoner of conscience, claiming there was no credible evidence against her, and that she had been prosecuted because of her gender, poverty, race, and inability to speak or understand the Spanish language.
In 2009, prosecutors dropped the case against Francisco Marcial and she was released. The two other women convicted of the same charges, Alberta Alcántara and Teresa González, had their convictions reversed by the Mexican Supreme Court in April 2010 and were also released from prison.

## Nicaragua

After returning to the U.S., St. Martin's Press published Volz's memoir, Gringo Nightmare: A Young American Framed for Murder in Nicaragua.

## United Kingdom

See also: List of failed and overturned convictions involving the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad, West Midlands Serious Crime Squad

## United States

Due to the high number of notable wrongful conviction entries for the United States, the list can be viewed via the main article.

Main articles: List of wrongful convictions in the United States
Milage deduction

The **business mileage reimbursement rate** is an optional standard mileage rate used in the United States for purposes of computing the allowable business deduction, for Federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code, at 26 U.S.C. § 162, for the business use of a vehicle. Under the law, the taxpayer for each year is generally entitled to deduct either the actual expense amount, or an amount computed using the standard mileage rate, whichever is greater.

The business mileage reimbursement rate by some employers for computing employee reimbursement amounts when an employee operates a motor vehicle not owned by the employer for the employer's business purposes. The General Services Administration (GSA) sets the rate for federal jobs. In general, the GSA rate matches the annual rate set by the IRS, although by law the government employee reimbursement rate cannot exceed the mileage rate set by the IRS for business deductions.

Reimbursement by an employer on a per-mile basis is also used in other countries; it offers a similar simplification to payment of subsistence per diem.

## See also

* Internal combustion engine
* Car longevity and total cost
* Tune-up
* Oil change
* Fuel economy
* **Milage deduction**
Orthoptera

**Orthoptera** is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.

More than 20,000 species are distributed worldwide. The insects in the order have incomplete metamorphosis, and produce sound (known as a "stridulation") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or ear is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and katydids, and on the first abdominal segment in the grasshoppers and locusts. These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals.

Grasshoppers and other orthopterans are able to fold their wings (i.e. they are members of Neoptera), and they are frequently grouped with similar "Orthopteroid" insect orders.

Orthopterans have a generally cylindrical body, with elongated hindlegs and musculature adapted for jumping. They have mandibulate mouthparts for biting and chewing and large compound eyes, and may or may not have ocelli, depending on the species. The antennae have multiple joints and filiform type, and are of variable length.

The first and third segments on the thorax are larger, while the second segment is much smaller. They have two pairs of wings, which are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings, or tegmina, are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwing is membranous, with straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At rest, the hindwings are held folded fan-like under the forewings. The final two to three segments of the abdomen are reduced, and have single-segmented cerci.
Line graph

In graph theory the **line graph** of an undirected graph *G* is another graph *L*(*G*) such that

* each vertex of *L*(*G*) represents an edge of *G*; and
* two vertices of *L*(*G*) are adjacent if and only if their corresponding edges share a common endpoint ("are incident") in *G*.

That is, it is the intersection graph of the edges of *G*, representing each edge by the set of its two endpoints.

## Example

The following figures show a graph (left, with blue vertices) and its line graph (right, with green vertices). Each vertex of the line graph is shown labeled with the pair of endpoints of the corresponding edge in the original graph. For instance, the green vertex on the right labeled 1,3 corresponds to the edge on the left between the blue vertices 1 and 3. Green vertex 1,3 is adjacent to three other green vertices: 1,4 and 1,2 (corresponding to edges sharing the endpoint 1 in the blue graph) and 4,3 (corresponding to an edge sharing the endpoint 3 in the blue graph).

Graph GVertices in L(G) constructed from edges in GAdded edges in L(G)The line graph L(G)
Military state

A **fiscal-military state** is a state that bases its economic model on the sustainment of its armed forces, usually in times of prolonged or severe conflict. Characteristically, fiscal-military states will subject citizens to high taxation for this purpose.

In the past, states such as Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, which were embroiled in long-lasting periods of war for local or global hegemony, were organized as fiscal-military states. The British East India Company also employed military fiscalism in maintenance of rule in India in the mid-18th century. Colonial powers generated their revenue for the maintenance of the army. Currently there are few states that could be described as fiscal-military states, which is probably due to the decline of large scale international conflicts in recent times.
MAS

**Macrophage-activation syndrome** is a severe, potentially life-threatening, complication of several chronic rheumatic diseases of childhood. It occurs most commonly with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA). In addition, MAS has been described in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Kawasaki disease, and adult-onset Still's disease. It is thought to be closely related and pathophysiologically very similar to reactive (secondary) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The incidence of MAS is unknown as there is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and episodes may remain unrecognized.

## Signs and symptoms

The hallmark clinical and laboratory features include high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, liver dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypofibrinogenemia, hyperferritinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Despite marked systemic inflammation, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is paradoxically depressed, caused by low fibrinogen levels. The low ESR helps to distinguish the disorder from a flare of the underlying rheumatic disorder, in which case the ESR is usually elevated. A bone marrow biopsy or aspirate usually shows hemophagocytosis.

## Cause

In many cases a trigger is identified, often a viral infection, or a medication. There is uncontrolled activation and proliferation of macrophages, and T lymphocytes, with a marked increase in circulating cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF. The underlying causative event is unclear, and is the subject of ongoing research. In many cases of MAS, a decreased natural killer cell (NK-cell) function is found.

## Diagnosis

A febrile patient with known or suspected sJia must be considered for macrophage activation if:

Ferritin >684 ng/ml

and any 2 of the following:

Hemoglobin <90g/L (in infants <4 weeks: <100g/L)

Platelets <100 x 109/L

Neutrophils <1.0 x 109/L

Fasting triglycerides ≥3.0 mmol/L (i.e., ≥ 265mg/dl)

Fibrinogen ≤1.5 g/L

In addition, other specific markers of macrophage activation (e.g. soluble CD163), and lymphocyte activation (e.g. soluble IL-2 receptor) can be helpful. NK cell function analysis may show depressed NK function, or, flow cytometry may show a depressed NK cell population.

## Treatment

The best treatment for MAS has not been firmly established. Most commonly used treatments include high-dose glucocorticoids, and cyclosporine. In refractory cases treatment regimens are used similar to that in HLH.

Anakinra may also be effective.
Objectivity

Living creatures (creatures of life) are divided into two groups:

* Rational humans that think objectively.
* Irrational animals.

(So are creatures of death.)

Objectivity is the ability to observe without fear that what one might see might contradict some belief that one has.
All such fears are irrational. Irrational fears can be eliminated by proper mental hygiene. See Who you really are.

It is often said that you see what you want to see and indeed we often do see the light we project reflected back at us. If we look for a beautiful lady in the image to the right then we see that but if we look for an old hag then we see that too.

We see what we want to see and if we truly want to see what the facts say if they are allowed to speak for themselves then we will see that too. The desire or at least the willingness to let the facts speak for themselves is called objectivity. Objectivity is what separates humans from the animals. It is objectivity that gives man his capacity for language.

Lying to others may sometimes be advantageous but lying to yourself is pointless.

The possibility of thinking objectively is something that has never even entered some peoples minds. (See Macho for some other examples of this phenomenon and how to fix it.) They think objective law means that if you break any law no matter how small then you burn in hell for eternity. In reality civilized law makes distinctions between small crimes and large crimes and the punishment isn't burning in hell. The punishment is you get disciplined. Discipline can and should be a pleasant experience
R v Hebert

***R v Hebert*** [1990] 2 S.C.R. 151 is the leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on an accused's right to silence under section seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

## Background

In 1987, Neil Hebert was arrested for armed robbery. He was informed of his rights and taken to an RCMP detachment. Upon consulting a lawyer, he said he was not going to make any statements. Hebert was put in a cell with an undercover agent posing as another arrested suspect. The undercover agent chatted with Hebert and managed to elicit several incriminating statements from him.

At trial, a voir dire was held to determine the admissibility of the conversation. The judge found that Hebert's right to counsel under section 10(b) of the Charter, and his right to remain silent under section 7 were violated. On appeal the court found that Hebert's rights were not violated and a new trial was ordered.

## Opinion of the Court

Beverley McLachlin, writing for the majority, held that the evidence was inadmissible and upheld the trial judge's ruling.

McLachlin found that the right to silence was a principle of fundamental justice and as such was protected under section 7. Once in police custody, an accused's right cannot be undermined through acts of police trickery. However, if the accused were to divulge information to an informer or undercover agent of their own free will then the statements could be used against them.
Representatives

In the current system if you are a Democrat and a Republican gets elected for your district then you have no representation at all.

Instead of a representative for each district there should be a representative for each type

A representative for church goers. A representative for bar-goers...etc

the laws in a church could be different from the laws in a bar.

Instead of just one vote each voter could have 100 votes and spread them around as they wish.
Odonata

**Odonata** is an order of carnivorous insects encompassing the dragonflies (Anisoptera) and the damselflies (Zygoptera). The Odonata form a clade, which has existed since the Permian.

Dragonflies are generally larger, and perch with their wings held out to the sides; damselflies have slender bodies, and hold their wings over the body at rest.

These insects characteristically have large rounded heads covered mostly by well-developed, compound eyes, legs that facilitate catching prey (other insects) in flight, two pairs of long, transparent wings that move independently, and elongated abdomens. They have three ocelli and short antennae. The mouthparts are on the underside of the head and include simple chewing mandibles in the adult.

Flight in the Odonata is direct, with flight muscles attaching directly to the wings; rather than indirect, with flight muscles attaching to the thorax, as is found in the Neoptera. This allows active control of the amplitude, frequency, angle of attack, camber and twist of each of the four wings entirely independently.

In most families there is a structure on the leading edge near the tip of the wing called the pterostigma. This is a thickened, hemolymph–filled and often colorful area bounded by veins. The functions of the pterostigma are not fully known, but it most probably has an aerodynamic effect and may also have a visual function. More mass at the end of the wing may also reduce the energy needed to move the wings up and down. The right combination of wing stiffness and wing mass could reduce the energy consumption of flying. A pterostigma is also found among other insects, such as bees.

The nymphs have stockier, shorter, bodies than the adults. In addition to lacking wings, their eyes are smaller, their antennae longer, and their heads are less mobile than in the adult. Their mouthparts are modified, with the labium being adapted into a unique prehensile organ for grasping prey. Damselfly nymphs breathe through external gills on the abdomen, while dragonfly nymphs respire through an organ in their rectum.
Second Geneva Convention

The **Second Geneva Convention** for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions. The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea was first adopted in 1949, it replaced the Hague Convention (X) of 1907. It adapts the main protective regime of the First Geneva Convention to combat at sea.

## Summary of provisions

The treaty is a lengthy document consisting of 63 articles. The most essential provisions of the treaty are:

* Articles 12 and 18 requires all parties to protect and care for the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked.
* Article 14 clarifies that although a warship cannot capture a hospital ship's medical staff, it can hold the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked as prisoners of war.
* Article 21 allows appeals to be made to neutral vessels to help collect and care for the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked. The neutral vessels cannot be captured.
* Articles 36 and 37 protect religious and medical personnel serving on a combat ship.
* Article 22 states that hospital ships cannot be used for any military purpose, and owing to their humanitarian mission, they cannot be attacked or captured.

For a detailed discussion of each article of the treaty, see the original text and the commentary. There are currently 196 countries party to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, including this second treaty but also including the other three.