recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
11 Parthenope

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**Parthenope** (minor planet designation: **11 Parthenope**) is a large, bright main-belt asteroid. Parthenope was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 11 May 1850, the second of his nine asteroid discoveries. It was named after Parthenopē, one of the Sirens in Greek mythology, said to have founded the city of Naples. De Gasparis "used his utmost endeavours to realise a 'Parthenope' in the heavens, such being the name suggested by Sir John Herschel on the occasion of the discovery of Hygiea in 1849". Two symbols were proposed for Parthenope: a fish and a star while such symbols were still in use, and later a lyre in lists of symbols.

## Orbit Data

### Aphelion

2.69837 AU

Both are obsolete. There have been two observed Parthenopian occultations, on 13 February 1987, and 28 April 2006. On 6 August 2008, during a perihelic opposition, Parthenope had an apparent magnitude of 8.8. In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty. Based upon a light curve that was generated from photometric observations of this asteroid at Pulkovo Observatory, it has a rotation period of 13.722 ± 0.001 hours and varies in brightness by 0.10 ± 0.0s in magnitude. The light curve displays three maxima and minima per cycle. The JPL Small-Body Database lists a rotation period of 13.7204 hours.

## Mass

In 2007, Baer and Chesley calculated a higher mass and density for Parthenope based on perturbations by the 90 km asteroid 17 Thetis. Baer and Chesley calculated a mass of 6.3×1018 kg with a density of 3.3 g/cm3. 2008 estimates by Baer suggest a mass of 6.15×1018. The 1997 and 2001 estimates by Viateau and Rapaport were closer to 5×1018 kg with a density of 2.7 g/cm3.
Blumchery

*For the former country, see Lexi’s Kingdom*

**Blumchery** (sometimes spelled incorrectly as **Blumcherry**) is one of the 7 provinces of the nation of Torchland in CSMP New Horizons. It consists of the landmass that was formally Lexi's Kingdom before it was amalgamated into Torchland via H9's treaty between Lexi's and Torchland. It is the only province to have an officially designated governor, H9, but the details of what this role entails is unclear.

### History

*For the history of Lexi's Kingdom, click here*

#### Incorporation

*This section is empty. Please add to it.*

#### Growth

*This section is empty. Please add to it.*
Ariel

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**Ariel** is the fourth-largest of the 27 known moons of Uranus. Ariel orbits and rotates in the equatorial plane of Uranus, which is almost perpendicular to the orbit of Uranus and so has an extreme seasonal cycle.

It was discovered in October 1851 by William Lassell and named for a character in two different pieces of literature. As of 2019, much of the detailed knowledge of Ariel derives from a single flyby of Uranus performed by the space probe *Voyager 2* in 1986, which managed to image around 35% of the moon's surface. There are no active plans at present to return to study the moon in more detail, although various concepts such as a Uranus Orbiter and Probe have been proposed.
16 Psyche

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**16 Psyche** is a large M-type asteroid discovered by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis on 17 March 1852 and named after the Greek goddess Psyche. The prefix "16" signifies that it was the sixteenth minor planet in order of discovery. It is the largest and most massive of the M-type asteroids, and one of the dozen most massive asteroids. It has a mean diameter of approximately 220 kilometres (140 mi) and contains about one percent of the mass of the asteroid belt.

## 16 Psyche

16 Psyche imaged by the Very Large Telescope's adaptive optics system in August 2019

## Asteroid Data

### Dimensions

/a = 0.59±0.02
(278±5 × 232±6 × 164±4) km
[best ellipsoid fit = 277 km × 238 km × 168 km]

### Geometric Albedo

0.15±0.03
0.34±0.08 (radar)

## Orbit Data

### Aphelion

3.328 AU

Historically, it was hypothesized to be the exposed core of a protoplanet, but numerous recent studies have all but ruled that out.

## Mission

Psyche will be explored by a spacecraft of the same name, marking the first time a man-made object will journey to a metallic asteroid. Launch is planned for no earlier than 5 October 2023, with an expected arrival in 2029.
Galilean Moons of Jupiter

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.The **Galilean moons** (/ˌɡælɪˈliː.ən/), or **Galilean satellites**, are the four largest **moons of Jupiter:** **Io**, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They are the most readily visible Solar System objects after Saturn, the dimmest of the classical planets, which are readily visible from Earth by the unaided eye, even under night sky conditions of high light pollution. Visible with common binoculars, the invention of the telescope enabled the discovery of the moons in 1610. Through this they became the first Solar System objects discovered since humans have started tracking the classical planets, and the first objects to be found to orbit a planet other than the Earth.

They are among the largest objects in the Solar System with the exception of the Sun and the eight planets, with radii greater than any of the dwarf planets. The largest of the four are Ganymede, which is the largest moon in the Solar System, and Callisto, both of which are either larger or as large as the planet Mercury, though not nearly as massive. The smaller ones, Io and Europa, are about the size of the Moon. The three inner moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede—are in a 4:2:1 orbital resonance with each other. While the Galilean moons are spherical, all of Jupiter's, much smaller, remaining moons have irregular forms because of their weaker self-gravitation.

Named after Galileo Galilei, who observed them in either December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized them as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610, remaining the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of the fifth largest moon of Jupiter Amalthea in 1892. Galileo initially named his discovery the **Cosmica Sidera** ("Cosimo's stars"), but the names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius. Marius discovered the moons independently at nearly the same time as Galileo, 8 January 1610, and gave them their present individual names, derived from rape victims of Zeus, which were suggested by Johannes Kepler, in his *Mundus Jovialis*, published in 1614. Their discovery showed the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by proving that there were objects in space that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a serious blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system, a geocentric theory in which everything orbits around Earth.
8 Flora

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**Flora** (minor planet designation: **8 Flora**) is a large, bright main-belt asteroid. It is the innermost *large* asteroid: no asteroid closer to **the Sun** has a diameter above 25 kilometres (20% that of Flora), and not until 20-km 149 Medusa was discovered was an asteroid known to orbit at a closer mean distance. It is the seventh-brightest asteroid with a mean opposition magnitude of +8.7. Flora can reach a magnitude of +8.1 at a favorable opposition near perihelion, such as occurred in November 2020 when it was 0.88 AU (132 million km; 340 LD) from **Earth**.

## Observational mishap

During an observation on 25 March 1917, 8 Flora was mistaken for the 15th-magnitude star TU Leonis, which led to that star's classification as a U Geminorum cataclysmic variable star. Flora had come to opposition on 1917 February 13, 40 days earlier. This mistake was uncovered only in 1995.
Bestla

**Bestla** or **Saturn XXXIX** is a retrograde irregular moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on 4 May 2005, from observations taken between 13 December 2004 and 5 March 2005.

## Bestla

Image of Bestla taken by Cassini in September 2015

## Discovery

### Discovered by

Scott S. Sheppard
David C. Jewitt
Jan T. Kleyna
Brian G. Marsden

## Physical Characteristics

### Synodic Rotation Period

14.6238 h

Bestla is about ~7 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,192,000 km in 1088 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic, in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.5145. Like Kiviuq, Erriapus and Bebhionn, Bestla could be contact-binary or having itself a moon (according to light curve analysis).
Abzorbaloff (Single)

**Abzorbaloff** (DWT 001) is a track released by TCoS in July 2019, from their **album of the same name**

The song is notable for being the band's first commercially released single, written by lead vocalist Deborah J detailing a disastrous date that she had had with the eponymous Abzorbaloff. The song was in a pop-punk style, consistent with all of the songs from the group's debt album. The cover art featured a simple image of the Abzorbaloff, trimmed from a candid photo snapped by a paparazzi photographer on the aforementioned date, superimposed onto a plain white background to fit in with the aesthetic from the other covers of that first wave of releases. In an unusual stylistic choice, the track name is not featured on the cover, with the implication being that the Abzorbaloff represents himself beyond the need for his name to appear in text form. Multiple different versions of this track exist, the version released as a single being the shorter, cleaner, radio friendly version. The iteration featured on the Abzorbaloff album, promoted as "Live and Uncensored" is a minute and a half longer and considerably more explicit, though despite its name it is still a studio recorded track. There is, however, a recorded live version from their **Live at the Daily Vortex** album, as well as an early demo version from the rare **Binro** album.

 Compilation albums
 Live albums
 EPs
 Singles
12 Victoria

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**Victoria** (minor planet designation: **12 Victoria**) is a large main-belt asteroid, orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.56 years and an eccentricity of 0.221. It is a stony (S-type) asteroid, about 112–124 km across with an albedo of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66 hours. Victoria has been observed to occult a star three times since its discovery. Radar and speckle interferometry observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a binary asteroid, with a moon of irregular shape.

## Orbit Data

### Aphelion

2.84931 AU

This minor planet was discovered by English astronomer J. R. Hind on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman goddess of victory, but the name also honours Queen Victoria. The goddess Victoria (Nike for the Greeks) was the daughter of Styx by the Titan Pallas. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and B. A. Gould, editor of the prestigious *Astronomical Journal*, adopted the alternate name **Clio** (now used by 84 Klio), proposed by the discoverer. However, W. C. Bond, of the Harvard College Observatory, then the highest authority on astronomy in America, held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.
Adrastea

**Adrastea**, also known as **Jupiter XV**, is the second by distance, and the smallest of the four inner moons of Jupiter. It was discovered in photographs taken by Voyager 2 in 1979, making it the first natural satellite to be discovered from images taken by an interplanetary spacecraft, rather than through a telescope.

Adrastea is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day. It orbits at the edge of Jupiter's main ring and is thought to be the main contributor of material to the rings of Jupiter.

## Adrastea

Image of Adrastea taken by Galileo spacecraft between November 1996 and June 1997

## Discovery

### Discovered by

David C. Jewitt
G. Edward Danielson

## Discovery and Observations

Adrastea was discovered by David C. Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson in *Voyager 2* probe photographs taken on July 8, 1979, and received the designation **S/1979 J 1**.It appeared only as a dot, it was the first moon to be discovered by a spacecraft. Soon after its discovery, two other of the inner moons of Jupiter (Thebe and Metis) were observed in the images taken a few months earlier by *Voyager 1*.

## Physical characteristics

Adrastea has an irregular shape and measures 20×16×14 km across. A surface area estimate would be between 840 and 1,600 (~1,200) km². This makes it the smallest of the four inner moons. The bulk, composition and mass of Adrastea are unknown, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea, around 0.86 g/cm³, its mass can assumed to be estimated at about 2 × 10¹⁵ kg.

## Orbit

Adrastea is the smallest and second-closest member of the inner Jovian satellite family. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of about 129,000 km at the exterior edge of the planet's main ring. The orbit has very small eccentricity and inclination—around 0.0015 and 0.03°, respectively. Inclination is relative to the equator of Jupiter.

## Relationship with Jupiter's rings

Adrastea could be a shepherd moon since it is thought to shepherd Jupiter's main ring
Eirene

**Eirene**, also **Jupiter LVII** and provisionally known as **S/2003 J 5**, is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

## Physical Characteristics

### Diameter

4 km

Eirene is about ~4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,974,000 km in 743.88 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic, in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.307.

Eirene was considered lost after its discovery and was later recovered in 2017 and also received its permanent designation.

Eirene belongs to the Carme group, made up of irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter in the opposite direction.
21 Lutetia

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**Lutetia** (minor planet designation: **21 Lutetia**) is a large M-type asteroid in the main asteroid belt. It measures about 100 kilometers in diameter (120 km along its major axis). It was discovered in 1852 by Hermann Goldschmidt, and is named after Lutetia, the Latin name of Paris.

## 21 Lutetia

Rosetta image of 21 Lutetia at closest approach

## Asteroid Data

### Geometric Albedo

0.19 ± 0.01 (geometrical)0.073 ± 0.002 (bond)

## Orbit Data

### Aphelion

2.833 AU

Lutetia has an irregular shape and is heavily cratered, with the largest impact crater reaching 45 km in diameter. The surface is geologically heterogeneous and is intersected by a system of grooves and scarps, which are thought to be fractures. It has a high overall bulk density, suggesting that it is made of metal-rich rock.

The *Rosetta* probe passed within 3,162 km (1,965 mi) of Lutetia in July 2010. It was the largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft until *Dawn* arrived at Vesta in July 2011.

## Discovery and exploration

Lutetia was discovered on 15 November 1852, by Hermann Goldschmidt from the balcony of his apartment in Paris. A preliminary orbit for the asteroid was computed in November–December 1852 by German astronomer Georg Rümker and others. In 1903, it was photographed at opposition by Edward Pickering at Harvard College Observatory. He computed an opposition magnitude of 10.8.

There have been two reported stellar occultations by Lutetia, observed from Malta in 1997 and Australia in 2003, with only one chord each, roughly agreeing with IRAS measurements.

On 10 July 2010, the European *Rosetta* space probe flew by Lutetia at a minimum distance of 3168 ± 7.5 km at a velocity of 15 kilometres per second on its way to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The flyby provided images of up to 60 meters per pixel resolution and covered about 50% of the surface, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The 462 images were obtained in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1 μm. Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging spectrometer VIRTIS, and measurements of the magnetic field and plasma environment were taken as well.
1566 Icarus

**1566 Icarus** (*provisional designation*: 1949 MA) is a large near-Earth object of the Apollo group and the lowest numbered potentially hazardous asteroid. It has is an extremely eccentric orbit (0.83) and measures approximately 1.4 km (0.87 mi) in diameter.

## 1566 Icarus

Radar image of Icarus taken by the Goldstone Observatory in June 2015

## Designation and Discovery

### Minor Planet Categories

NEO Apollo PHA Mercury-crosser Venus-crosser Mars-crosser

## Asteroid Data

### Synodic Rotation Period

2.268 h2.27±0.05 h2.2726±0.0003 h2.273 h2.27364 h2.2794±0.0005 h

### Geometric Albedo

0.140.14±0.100.199±0.1100.29±0.050.330.40

## Orbit Data

### Aphelion

1.9697 AU

In 1968, it became the first asteroid ever observed by radar. Its orbit brings it closer to the Sun than Mercury and further out than the orbit of Mars, which also makes it a Mercury-, Venus-, and Mars-crossing asteroid. This stony asteroid and relatively fast rotator with a period of 2.27 hours was discovered on 27 June 1949, by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Palomar Observatory in California. It was named after the mythological Icarus.
4 Vesta

**Vesta** is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of 525 kilometres. It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, the virgin goddess of home and hearth from Roman mythology.

## Orbit Data

### Aphelion

2.36179 AU (353.319 Gm)
Psamathe

**Psamathe**, also known as **Neptune X**, is a retrograde irregular satellite of Neptune. It was given its provisional designation **S/2003 N 1**.

## Psamathe

Image of Psamathe taken by Subaru Telescope in 2003

## Physical Characteristics

### Diameter

40 km

Psamathe is about ~38 kilometers in diameter. It orbits Neptune at a distance of between 25.7 and 67.7 million km and requires almost ~25 Earth years to make one orbit.

Psamathe is the 2nd outermost moon of Neptune after Neso.
2I/Borisov

**2I/Borisov**, originally designated **C/2019 Q4 (Borisov)**, is the first observed rogue comet and the second observed interstellar interloper after ʻOumuamua. It was discovered by the Crimean amateur astronomer and telescope maker Gennadiy Borisov on 29 August 2019 UTC (30 August local time).

## Orbit Data

### Last Perihelion

8 December 2019

2I/Borisov has a heliocentric orbital eccentricity of 3.36 and is not bound to the Sun. The comet passed through the ecliptic of the Solar System at the end of October 2019, and made its closest approach to the Sun at just over 2 AU on 8 December 2019. The comet passed closest to Earth on 28 December 2019. In November 2019, astronomers from Yale University said that the comet's tail was 14 times the size of Earth, and stated, "It's humbling to realize how small Earth is next to this visitor from another solar system." In the middle of March, 2020, the comet was observed to fragment; and later, in April, even more evidence of fragmentation was reported.[*dubious – discuss*]

## Nomenclature

The comet is formally called "2I/Borisov" by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), with "2I" or "2I/2019 Q4" being its designation and "Borisov" being its name, but is sometimes referred to as "Comet Borisov", especially in the popular press. As the second observed interstellar interloper after 1I/ʻOumuamua, it was given the "2I" designation, where "I" stands for interstellar. The name Borisov follows the tradition of naming comets after their discoverers. Before final designation as 2I/Borisov, the object was referred to by other names: *[Including?]*
Smash Hits Housewarming Special

The **Smash Hits Housewarming Special** was an edition of TDV's Smash Hits that focused on TCoS, the fourth to do so. It was published on the 17th July 2023. It included an interview with the newly revealed TCoS session musician Beary T Bear and reviews of the latest releases including Deborah's Diner and The Greatest Bulkman (Everybody Bulks).

Front coverInterview with Beary T BearReview page
1 Ceres

**Stub**

This article is a stub — it needs more information. You can help Solarpedia by expanding it.

***Ceres***, minor-planet designation 1 Ceres, is a dwarf planet in the asteroid belt between the orbits of **Mars** and Jupiter. It was the first asteroid discovered, on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi at Palermo Astronomical Observatory in Sicily and announced as a new planet.

## Physical Characteristics

### Axial Tilt

4 degrees
Rings of Jupiter

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The planet Jupiter has a system of faint planetary rings. The Jovian rings were the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. The main ring was discovered in 1979 by the *Voyager 1* space probe and the system was more thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the *Galileo* orbiter. The main ring has also been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and from Earth for several years. Ground-based observation of the rings requires the largest available telescopes.

The Jovian ring system is faint and consists mainly of dust. It has four main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named for the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe.

The main and halo rings consist of dust ejected from the moons Metis, Adrastea and perhaps smaller, unobserved bodies as the result of high-velocity impacts. High-resolution images obtained in February and March 2007 by the *New Horizons* spacecraft revealed a rich fine structure in the main ring.

In visible and near-infrared light, the rings have a reddish color, except the halo ring, which is neutral or blue in color. The size of the dust in the rings varies, but the cross-sectional area is greatest for nonspherical particles of radius about 15 μm in all rings except the halo. The halo ring is probably dominated by sub-micrometer dust. The total mass of the ring system (including unresolved parent bodies) is poorly constrained, but is probably in the range of 1011 to 1016 kg. The age of the ring system is also not known, but it is possible that it has existed since the formation of Jupiter.

A ring or ring arc appears to exist close to the moon Himalia's orbit. One explanation is that a small moon recently crashed into Himalia and the force of the impact ejected the material that forms the ring.
水 Water

**水 Water** is a Chinese bottled water brand famous for their advertising agreement with TCoS and DWT Records Ltd.

## Background

水 Water is an intergalactically famous bottled water brand which over the years has gained a notorious reputation for extravagant advertising and dubious ingredients. Brand Ambassador Mr. Yah-Forsure, based in the company's Beijing office, is the most infamous due to his sensational claims including "I once knew a man who went three days without 水 Water. He got hit by a TARDIS!" and "水 Water... Brings your ancestors back from the grave!" The company has also been embroiled in various controversies with health agencies across the cosmos following ad claims such as "No natural sweeteners" and "Now made with 10% real water". None of this seems to have dented sales however with 水 Water reportedly the biggest selling and most popular bottled water brand in nine different galaxies.

## Association with TCoS

水 Water first became associated with TCoS following the 2021 Anti-Grav Clom Snooker tournament, where they were 'Official Water Brand.' TCoS bassist Danoftardis is a well known fan of Anti-Grav snooker and Mr. Yah-Forsure approached him in an attempt to sign an advertising deal with TCoS. Following various back room meetings with DWT Records' legal baboons at local Clom pub 'The Judoon's Head' a deal was announced worth a rumoured 10 trillion talmars. The following February saw the release of TCoS single Last T-MAT to Clarksville which featured a 'Ask for 水 Water' slogan on the album cover. This was to be the first in a series of album art endorsements however no further adverts have been seen. Insiders claim that negotiations broke down between 水 Water and TCoS singer Deborah J over payment for her to appear in a series of billboard posters around the universe, with some claiming she was holding out for 14 billion Yen from the Chinese company. As of 2023 no further adverts have appeared however both 水 Water and DWT Records claim negotiations are ongoing and hope to release further adverts in the future.
10199 Chariklo

Featured Article: **This Article Is Recommended For New Users**
**10199 Chariklo** or **Chariklo** for short is the largest centaur (small solar system body). Currently, it is the only centaur or asteroid to possess a ring

## Orbital Characteristics

### Satellites

(2) rings of Chariklo · (undiscovered embedded or shepherd moons?)

## Physical Characteristics

### Apparent Magnitude

18.3

system. The body orbits the sun between Uranus and Saturn, having an orbital period of 62.93 years. On 26 March 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of two rings (nicknamed **Oiapoque** and **Chuí** after the rivers that define Brazil's borders) around Chariklo by observing a stellar occultation, making it the first minor planet known to have rings.

## Discovery and Naming

Chariklo was discovered on February 15, 1997, by Spacewatch member James V. Scotti. Chariklo is named after the nymph Chariclo (*Χαρικλώ*), the wife of Chiron and the daughter of Apollo.

## Orbit

   Centaurs originated from the Kuiper Belt and are naturally in unstable orbits due to them being between large planets. This will usually lead to ejection from the Solar System, an impact with a planet or The Sun, or transition into a short-period comet. Chariklo lies within 0.09 AU of the 4:3 resonance of Uranus and is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life of about 10.3 Myr. Orbital simulations of twenty clones of Chariklo suggest that Chariklo will not start to regularly come within 3 AU (450 Gm) of Uranus for about thirty thousand years.

During the perihelic oppositions of 2003–04, Chariklo had an apparent magnitude of +17.7. As of 2014, Chariklo was 14.8 AU from the Sun.

## Physical Characteristics

      A stellar occultation in 2013 revealed that Chariklo has two rings with radii 386 and 400 km and widths of about 6.9 km and 0.12 km respectively. The rings are approximately 14 km apart. This makes Chariklo the smallest known object to have rings. The existence of a ring system around a minor planet was unexpected because it had been thought that rings could only be stable around much more massive bodies. Ring systems around minor bodies had not previously been discovered despite the search for them through direct imaging and stellar occultation techniques. Chariklo's rings should disperse over a period of at most a few million years, so either they are very young, or they are actively contained by shepherd moons with a mass comparable to that of the rings. However, other research suggests that Chariklo's elongated shape combined with its fast rotation can clear material in an equatorial disk through Lindblad resonances and explain the survival and location of the rings, a mechanism valid also for the ring of Haumea.

It is speculated the the other centaur 2060 Chiron may have a similar pair of rings.
Metis (moon)

*Not to be confused with 9 Metis*
**Metis**, also known as **Jupiter XVI**, is the current innermost known moon of Jupiter. It was discovered in 1979 in images taken by Voyager 1, and was named in 1983 after the first wife of Zeus, Metis.

## Metis (moon)

Image of Metis taken by Galileo's Solid State Imager between November 1996 and June 1997

## Discovery and observations

Voyager 1 discovery image of Metis on 4 March 1979, showing the moon's tiny silhouette against the backdrop of Jupiter's clouds
Metis was discovered in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the *Voyager 1* probe and was provisionally designated as **S/1979 J 3**.

## Physical characteristics

Metis has an irregular shape and measures 60 × 40 × 34 km across, which makes it the second smallest of the four inner satellites of Jupiter by diameter. Therefore, a very rough estimate of its surface area could be placed between 5,800 and 11,600 square kilometers (approx. 8,700). The bulk composition and mass of Metis are unknown, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm3),[10] its mass can be estimated as ~3.6×1016 kg. This density would imply that it is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10–15%

## Orbit and rotation

[[File:Metis\_moon.jpg|thumb|right|Metis image by *Galileo* spacecraft on January 4, 2000]
Metis is the innermost of Jupiter's four small inner moons. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000 km (1.79 Jupiter radii) within Jupiter's main ring. Metis's orbit has very small eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.

Because of tidal locking, Metis rotates at the same time with its orbital period (about 7 hours), with its longest axis aligned towards the planet.

## Relationship with Jupiter's rings

Metis could be a shepherd moon since it is thought to shepherd Jupiter's Metis notch ring.
S/2011 J 3

**S/2011 J 3** is a small outer moon of Jupiter located within the Himalia Group. It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard in 2011, but its discovery was not announced until over 11 years later.

## Discovery

S/2011 J 3 was first discovered by Scott S. Sheppard in September 27, 2011 using the Magellan-Baade Telescope in Chile. However, its discovery was not confirmed and announced until December of 2022 due to the fact it took a long time to analyze and study if it actually existed or not.

## Appearance & Size

As there are currently no known images of S/2011 J 3, it can only be assumed what the satellite may look like. It might have a similar appearance to the rest of the Himalia Group, as most moons in that group of moons look similar.

The diameter of S/2011 J 3 is estimated to be 1.9 miles, making it one of the smallest members of the Himalia Group, along with S/2018 J 2.

## Orbit

S/2011 J 3 orbits Jupiter at a distance of around 7.3 million miles, and takes 261.77 earth days to complete one orbit. It’s the overall 17th closest moon to Jupiter, and shares a similar orbit to other moons in the Himalia Group.
Dione

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Dione (/daɪˈoʊni/), also designated Saturn IV, is the fourth-largest moon of Saturn. Its trailing hemisphere is marked by large ice cliffs called chasmata and is also darkened compared to the leading hemisphere. Based on its density, Dione’s interior is likely a combination of silicate rock and water ice in nearly equal parts by mass. The moon was discovered by Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684 and is named after the Titaness Dione in Greek mythology.
Name[edit]
Giovanni Domenico Cassini named the four moons he discovered (Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus) Sidera Lodoicea ("the stars of Louis") to honor king Louis XIV. Cassini found Dione in 1684 using a large aerial telescope he set up on the grounds of the Paris Observatory. The satellites of Saturn were not named until 1847, when William Herschel's son John Herschel published Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope, suggesting that the names of the Titans (sisters and brothers of Cronus) be used.

## Dione

Wispy terrain on Dione's trailing hemisphere.

## Orbit

Dione orbits Saturn with a semimajor axis about 2% less than that of the Moon. However, reflecting Saturn's greater mass (95 times that of Earth), Dione's orbital period is one tenth that of the Moon. Dione is currently in a 1:2 mean-motion orbital resonance with moon Enceladus, completing one orbit of Saturn for every two orbits completed by Enceladus. This resonance maintains Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047), providing a source of heat for Enceladus's extensive geological activity, which shows up most dramatically in its cryovolcanic geyser-like jets. The resonance also maintains a smaller eccentricity in Dione's orbit (0.0022), tidally heating it as well.
Dione has two co-orbital, or trojan, moons, Helene and Polydeuces. They are located within Dione's Lagrangian points L4 and L5, 60 degrees ahead of and behind Dione respectively. A leading co-orbital moon twelve degrees ahead of Helene was reported by Stephen P. Synnott in 1982.
Dactyl

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**243 Ida** has a moon named Dactyl, official designation **(243) Ida I**. It was discovered in images taken by the *Galileo* spacecraft during its flyby in 1993. These images provided the first direct confirmation of an asteroid moon. At the time, it was separated from Ida by a distance of 90 kilometres (56 mi), moving in a prograde orbit. Dactyl is heavily cratered, like Ida, and consists of similar materials. Its origin is uncertain, but evidence from the flyby suggests that it originated as a fragment of the Koronis parent body

## Dactyl

Highest-resolution image of Dactyl, recorded while Galileo was about 3,900 km away from the moon

## Orbit Data

### Orbital Period

20 h

.

## Discovery

Dactyl was found on 17 February 1994 by *Galileo* mission member Ann Harch, while examining delayed image downloads from the spacecraft. *Galileo* recorded 47 images of Dactyl over an observation period of 5.5 hours in August 1993. The spacecraft was 10,760 kilometres (6,690 mi) from Ida and 10,870 kilometres (6,750 mi) from Dactyl when the first image of the moon was captured, 14 minutes before *Galileo* made its closest approach.
Daemon Dappy Bread

**Daemon Dappy Bread** (DWT 028) - Stylised as Dæmon Dappy Bread on merchandise - is a single released by TCoS, from their album **Hail Santa**

The track is about a very threatening loaf of sentient bread, baked in the very fires of heck itself, and was initially included as a track on the Hail Santa album before being released as a single. On the tracklist of the "Halloween" edition of Hail Santa, the track's name is translated into Latin as "Damon Dappium Panem"

The track was later included in the compilation album Greatest Hits II

 Compilation albums
 Live albums
 EPs
 Singles
Spamming the Boards

**Spamming the Boards** (DWT 010) is a single released by TCoS on the 12th of August 2019, from their studio album **Big Ass Photos**.

## Background

Due to the experimental nature of the Big Ass Photos album, Spamming the Boards - a more conventional Heavy Metal track - was the only one that radio stations were willing to play. Deborah J made a great effort to call in a favour and have her friend Daleks Jones play **Gromple Glulp** on her "Dalekstravaganza" show at the local "Clom FM" radio station, but station bosses vigorously vetoed that plan. Because of this, Spamming the Boards would be the only track from Big Ass Photos to be released as a single. Thematically the song is a diatribe against the excessive spam mail delivered to DWT Towers in the summer of 2019, rumoured to have been instigated by Davrid Goodoson as part of a publicity stunt. A Heavy Metal sound was chosen as a way to accruately reflect the anger of the visitors to DWT Towers to the piles of junk mail they found apon entering everyday.

## Artwork

The art for Spamming the Boards was made by Danoftardis and is inspired by the label on a tin of SPAM, with the artwork using a similar font and colour scheme. The main focus of the art is a lump of SPAM meat sitting on a plate which has an image of the DWT.net forum overlaid, alluding to the attack by spam-bots on the forum in 2019. This was made quickly as a stopgap and released ahead of the delayed art for numerically earlier single Balhoonian Rhapsody.

 Compilation albums
 Live albums
 EPs
 Singles
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Nereid

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**Nereid**, or Neptune II, is the third-largest moon of Neptune. It has the most eccentric orbit of all known moons in the Solar System. It was the second moon of Neptune to be discovered, by Gerard Kuiper in 1949.

## Orbit Data

### Inclination

5.04909° (to the ecliptic)
7.090° (to local Laplace plane)

## Physical Characteristics

### Diameter

357±13 km
340±50 km

## Discovery and naming

Nereid was discovered on 1 May 1949 by Gerard P. Kuiper on photographic plates taken with the 82-inch telescope at the McDonald Observatory. He proposed the name in the report of his discovery. It is named after the Nereids, sea-nymphs of Greek mythology and attendants of the god Neptune. It was the second, and last, moon of Neptune to be discovered before the arrival of Voyager 2 (not counting a single observation of an occultation by Larissa in 1981).
Kiviuq

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**Kiviuq** is a small Inuit group, retrograde, natural satellite of Saturn. It was discovered by J. J. Kavelaars in 2000, and given the temporary designation **S/2000 S 5**. It was named after Kiviuq, a hero of Inuit mythology.

## Physical Characteristics

### Albedo (Geometric)

0.04 (assumed

Kiviuq is about 16–17 km in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 11.1 million kilometers in 450 days. It is a member of the Inuit group of irregular satellites. It is light red, and the Kiviupian (Kiviuqan) infrared spectrum is very similar to the Inuit-group satellites Siarnaq and Paaliaq, supporting the thesis of a possible common origin of the Inuit group in the break-up of a larger body.

The light curve amplitude of Kiviuq is large, varying in brightness by over 2 magnitudes. The large amplitude of Kiviuq suggests that it has an elongated shape, and may be a possible contact binary.
Binro

**Binro** (PROMO 000) is an initially unreleased early demo album by TCoS

Front cover art for BinroBack cover art for Binro
Recorded some time in the first half of 2019, after the formation of the band but before their big promotional and publicity drive had begun, Binro was only ever intended as a proof of concept, recorded to satisfy the producers at DWT records that the band could produce viable musical content and to give some radio stations a preview of what was to come. There was no intention at the time for this album to be released to the public. The album, themed around famed martyr Binro the Heretic, contained early draft versions of some of the band's future hit songs, a number of covers and a final song about the titular Binro. In December 2019, several months after the group's big launch, when they were riding high in the public conciousness, jugband musician and famous TCoS fan Skifflebits ran into a copy of the Binro album in a second hand record store. It is unclear exactly how it got there, as only 5 copies were ever pressed, one of which was held in DWT records archives (presumably destroyed in the fire of 2023 ) one was held in Deborah J's attic, one copy - sent to radio station Clom FM - was "liberated" by host Daleks Jones and kept in her private music collection. What exactly happened to the other two is unclear, but somehow one of them ended up passing through Garrold's Second Hand Bops into the hands of Skifflebits. Following an extensive post on his blog about this hitherto unknown gem, fan interest was such that the band conceded to produce a very limited run of reproductions. These are easily identifiable from the original batch as the "Promotion Only" sticker affixed to the 2019 demo albums is printed on to the cover slips of the commercially released version. The 4 surviving copies of Binro's original pressing are seen as extremely valuable, though none of the three known owners of the album have any intention of parting with them. There is much speculation as to who holds the final copy and it is likely that, should they choose to make themselves known and sell, the album could attain one of the highest price tags in pop-music memorobilia history.

## Track Listing

1. Crazy Little Thing Called Love (cover)
2. Columbia (cover)
3. Greasy Regret
4. Abzorbaloff
5. Everybody Wants to Rel the World
6. Midnight Rabe
7. Tastes Like Chicken
8. Eczema
9. Binro Was Right!
Perdita

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**Perdita** is an inner satellite of Uranus. Perdita's discovery was complicated. The first photographs of Perdita were taken by the *Voyager 2* spacecraft in 1986, but it was not recognized from the photographs for more than a decade.

## Discovery

### Discovered by

Erich Karkoschka
*Voyager 2*

### Discovery Date

January 18, 1986
May 18, 1999

## Physical Characteristics

### Mean Density

~1.3 g/cm³

Perdita belongs to the Portia group including Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Belinda.
S/2006 S 20

**This page/section has been marked for fixing under Project/Paraphrase**
This page is to be fixed and paraphrased under the project's guidelines. Please do not remove this tag until the project has ended.**S/2006 S 20** is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, Brett J. Gladman, Edward Ashton, David C. Jewitt and Jan Kleyna on May 23, 2023 from observations taken between January 5, 2006 and July 9, 2021.

## Physical Characteristics

### Diameter

5 km

S/2006 S 20 is about ~5 kilometers in diameter, and orbits Saturn at a distance of 13.193 Gm in 563.89 days, at an inclination of 174.9, orbits in retrograde direction and eccentricity of 0.206.

S/2006 S 20 belongs to the Norse group and the only known Phoebe subgroup member other than itself. S/2006 S 20 is a fragment of Phoebe, much like the other 98 retrograde moons in the Norse group.
Ferdinand

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**Ferdinand** is the outermost retrograde irregular satellite of Uranus.

## Discovery

### Discovered by

Matthew J. Holman et al. (2001)Scott S. Sheppard et al. (2003)

### Discovery Date

August 13, 2001 (Rediscovered by Scott S. Sheppard et al. in August 29, 2003)

## Physical Characteristics

### Mean Density

~1.3 g/cm³

Ferdinand was first discovered in 2001 by Matthew J. Holman et al. and they thought it was an object that passed by. Until, in 2003, Scott S. Sheppard et al. confirmed it that Ferdinand orbits Uranus, and also discovered Margaret.
Fenrir

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**Fenrir**, or **Saturn XLI** (provisional designation **S/2004 S 16**), is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 13, 2004, and March 5, 2005.

## Discovery

### Discovered by

Jan T. Kleyna
Brian G. Marsden

## Physical Characteristics

### Mean Radius

2 km

Fenrir is about ~4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 22,454 Mm in 1260 days, at an inclination of 163° to the ecliptic (143° to Saturn's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.136.
Asteroid Belt

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The **asteroid belt** ,also known to the scientific community as the **main belt**, is a large toroidal, circumstellar disc, of primordial dust and debris, left over from forming the planets.