recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Laura and Friends Wiki

**Welcome to the Laura and Friends Wiki!**
This is an adventure series with Laura Williams and her friends. It is rated E for Everyone.

We're a collaborative community website about Laura and Friends that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

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Females

**Females** (雌, *Jōyō*), are the biological term used throughout the many worlds, and beyond. They are a gender identity within the binary genders. **Women** (女, *Onna*) is a term used for adults, and corresponds to the terms girl (for children and adolescents), female (adjective) and femininity.

"*.*"

—About Females.

## Overview

### Anatomy and Design

Children born with vulvas are often raised with the expectation that they will identify as women, although intersex children may also be assigned to this identity while not possessing all of the above characteristics. Women may be cisgender (assigned female at birth and identifying as female) or transgender (assigned male at birth, yet identifying as female).

Identifying as a woman is often associated with female sex characteristics such as a vagina, a uterus, wide hips, breasts and a high-pitched voice, as well as a feminine gender expression and gender role, but these are not neccessary, and it is still possible to identify as a woman without them.

## External links

* Females *Wikipedia* — Wikipedia article on assassins.
* Females *MOGAI Encyclopedia*
* Females *Gender Wiki*
Males

**Males** (雄, *Jōyō*), are the biological term used throughout the many worlds, and beyond. They are a gender identity within the binary genders. **Men** (男, *Otoko*) is a term used for adults, and corresponds to the terms boy (for children), male (adjective) and masculinity.

"*.*"

—About Males.

## Overview

### Anatomy and Design

Children are born with penises and testes are often raised with the expectation that they will identify as men, although intersex children may also be assigned to this identity while possessing some but not all of the above characteristics, Men may be cisgender (assigned male at birth and identifying as male) or transgender (assigned female at birth, yet identifying as male).

Identifying as a man is often associated with male sex characteristics such as a penis, testes, narrow hips, a prominent Adam's apple and a low-pitched voice, as well as a masculine gender expression and gender role, but these are not neccessary, and it is still possible to identify as a man without them.

## External links

* Males *Wikipedia* — Wikipedia article on assassins.
* Males *MOGAI Encyclopedia*
* Males *Gender Wiki*
Rainbow Fish and the Storyteller

**Rainbow Fish and the Storyteller** is the ninth and final book of the *Rainbow Fish* book series by Marcus Pfister. It teaches about lies and exaggeration.

## Plot

When Rainbow Fish meets a new friend, Humbert, he isn’t sure what to think. Humbert tells all kinds of strange stories: Somewhere at the bottom of the ocean there’s a plug!

There’s a blue whale living near here . . . and he’s going to eat up all of our food.

But before Rainbow Fish and his friends panic, they realize that Humbert just likes to make up tall tales. Rainbow Fish and his friends soon come up with an idea that might make them all happy—even Humbert.
Laura Lumin

Laura Lumin is one of the main characters of Laura and Friends who is also one of the Trainee Fairies of Fairy Academy. She is also the fairy of light as her title suggests.

## Appearance

Laura is a fairy with pale skin, almond-shaped amber eyes and long blonde hair which reaches to her torso and is also pulled into a braid by a long goldenrod ribbon. She wears a yellow off-sleeved dress with a goldenrod sash, a pair of yellow bracelets and on her feet are a pair of yellow Mary Janes and goldenrod knee length socks. Her wings are rounded and dark goldenrod tinted.

### Fairy Wand

Laura's Fairy Wand is mainly goldenrod in colour and is three centimetres to fit her hand. When she uses it, the wand emits yellow and orange sun symbols.

## Personality

Laura is a cheerful, energetic and loud fairy of her group. She likes to be as bright as the sun and loves to have fun with her friends. She also loves to risk challenges depending on the difficulty. Despite being loud however, she is always with her king and queen when she is at home with them.

## Abilities

With her wand, Laura can perform light based spells to unlock different spells with it. Like other light fairies, her element is light and she also uses light.

### Spells she can use

#### Glimmer Shine

She can use Glimmer Shine with her wand to colour the Fairy Kingdom to its normal colours. She can also use it to bring the sun to life during her birthday too.

#### Shimmer Rainbow

When she waves her wand in a crescent shape, she can use Shimmer Rainbow to create a rainbow for Saint Patrick's Day on 17th March.

## Fact File

* Birthday: 25th December 2000.
* Chinese Zodiac: Dragon.
* Star Sign: Capricorn.
* Favourite Food: Chicken Curry, Mac and Cheese.
* Least Favourite Food: Strawberry Crepes.
* Likes: Happiness, light.
* Dislikes: Sadness, darkness.
* Favourite Song: Video Killed the Radio Star - The Buggles.
* Least Favourite Song: Judas - Lady Gaga.
* Element: Light.
King Lumin

King Lumin is Laura Lumin's father and one of the main characters that appear in Laura and Friends. He teaches the Fairy Trainees how to properly use their wands.

## Appearance

King Lumin is a pale male fairy, with blue eyes and short auburn hair in a stylish hairdo. He wears a goldenrod shirt that matches his shoes and bracelets, as well as a yellow pair of knee length leggings and gold earrings to match his gold jacket. He also has freckles. His wings are pointy and marigold tinted.

### Magic Wand

King Lumin has a wand which is mainly marigold in colour. When he uses the wand, it emits sunflowers and stars, like Queen Lumin.

## Personality

King Lumin is a curious and creative king. He is part of the Lumin Kingdom, a kingdom where everything is colourful and he is the king of said kingdom. He is also very clumsy and can break glass easily.

## Abilities

His element is light, like many Lumin Kingdom Fairies, because he can use his wand to perform light spells.

### List of spells

#### Honorable Flash

With Honorable Flash, King Lumin can be able to create a rainbow like the other members of his family.
The Logo Camp Wiki

# THE LOGO CAMP

This wiki is about discord Logo Camp were host is The Internet OG(original host) and co host The interner(nintendo)

## Contestans

* Nintendo
* Apple
* Samsung
* LG
* Discord
* Wattpad
* Android
* Philips
* YouTube
* Instagram
* Twitter
* Sony
* Razer
* Acer
* Lenovo
* Sky
* Adobe
* Google
* Microsoft
* Twitch
* Java

## Challenges

* Challenge 1
* Challenge 2
* Challenge 3

## Eliminations

* Elimination 1
* Elimination 2
JAQ Preview Of Chapter 2

JAQ Preview Of Chapter 2 was minor updated version of JAQ Chapter 1. Unlike Chapter 1, the Preview had more areas on the map to travel (the same areas that you can in JAQ Chapter 2). The preview still had the same shop owner in spawn as Chapter 1 which was Enyaba, while Chapter 2 would change the shop owner to Doppio.

You can play JAQ Preview Of Chapter 2 here
Challenge 1

## Part 1.1

it was to pick Leader

Google, Sky, Nintendo got picked

## Part 1.2

it was to pick a team name

Team Google was gonna pick Egg fan club but mest up and picked We Finished and got 5/10 points

Team Sky picked Lucky and got 7/10 points

Team Nintendo Picked The Hope Of Team and got 4.9 points

means The Hope of team are ufe
Locations

**Locations** are a content construct shown throughout all things. They are various places set in different world consisting of several countries. Every location spans over many climatic zones, from deserts and exotic islands to tundra, and has different landscapes - mountain ranges seemingly being very common.

"*.*"

—About Locations.

## Section heading

Write the first section of your page here.

## Section heading

Write the second section of your page here.
Common Quail

## Description

The Common quail is a small ground-nesting game bird. It is streaked brown with a white eyestripe, and, in the male, a white chin. It has long wings and the female is generally slightly heavier than the male.

## Distribution

Common quail breed in Europe, western Asia, and northwest Africa. Unlike most game birds, they are strongly migratory and winter in Africa and southern India. They inhabit grasslands and farmlands preferring areas with dense, tall vegetation.

## Behavior

Common quail are generally solitary birds; they spend most of their time on the ground and are more often heard than seen. They typically remain hidden in crops, and reluctant to fly, preferring to creep away instead. Even when flushed, they keep low and soon drop back into cover. Often the only indication of their presence is the distinctive "wet-my-lips" repetitive song of the male. This call is uttered mostly in the mornings, evenings, and sometimes at night.

## Diet

Common quail mainly have a herbivorous (granivorous) diet feeding on various seeds, grain, and weeds. However, they will also eat small insects such as beetles, bugs, ants, worms, and grasshoppers.

## Reproduction

Males generally arrive in the breeding area before the females. In northern Europe, laying begins from the middle of May, and with repeat, laying can continue to the end of August. The female forms a shallow scrape in the ground 7-13.5 cm (2.8-5.3 in) in diameter which is sparsely lined with vegetation. The clutch consists of between 8 and 13 eggs which have an off-white to creamy yellow background with dark brown spots or blotches. The eggs are incubated by the female alone beginning after all the eggs are laid and hatch synchronously after 17-20 days. The chicks are precocial and shortly after hatching leave the nest and can feed themselves. They are cared for by the female who broods them while they are small. The young fledge around 19 days of age but stay in the family group for 30-50 days. They generally first breed when one year old and only have a single brood.

## Population

### Threats

The main threats to Common quail include habitat loss, hunting, trapping, climate change, drought, and in some areas hybridization with Japanese quail.

### Number

According to the IUCN Red List, the total population size of the Common quail is 15,000,000-35,000,000 mature individuals. The European population consists of 3,320,000-6,720,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 6,630,000-13,400,000 mature individuals. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List but its numbers today are decreasing.

### Ecological niche

These small birds play an important role in the ecosystem they live in. Feeding upon various seeds and grain, Common quail have an impact on the plants within their native range.
Common toad

The common toad, European toad, or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the toad, is an amphibian found throughout most of Europe, in the western part of North Asia, and in a small portion of Northwest Africa. It is one of a group of closely related animals that are descended from a common ancestral line of toads and which form a species complex. The toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. It moves with a slow, ungainly walk or short jumps, and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps. Although toads are usually solitary animals, in the breeding season, large numbers of toads converge on certain breeding ponds, where the males compete to mate with the females. Eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in the water and later hatch out into tadpoles. After several months of growth and development, these sprout limbs and undergo metamorphosis into tiny toads. The juveniles emerge from the water and remain largely terrestrial for the rest of their lives. The common toad seems to be in decline in part of its range, but overall is listed as being of "least concern" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is threatened by habitat loss, especially by drainage of its breeding sites, and some toads get killed on the roads as they make their annual migrations. It has long been associated in popular culture and literature with witchcraft.
Chapters

JAQ Has Multiple Chapters, this is because MM didn't want to accidently do a big update that people hated, so when ever he did a big update he would just make a new chapter so if people didn't like it they can still play the old one. JAQ currently has 2 Public actual Chapters, and a couple in between sneak peaks. These chapters are listed below in release order

* JAQ Alpha
* JAQ Chapter 1
* JAQ Preview of Chapter 2
* JAQ Chapter 2
* JAQ Chapter 3

JAQ Chapter 1JAQ CreatorJAQ Preview Of Chapter 2JAQ Chapter 2JAQ Chapter 3
Honorable Mentions:

* JAQ Creator
* JAQ April Fools Prank
* JAQ Chapter 3 Troll
Abert's towhee

Abert's towhee is a bird of the family Passerellidae, native to a small range in southwestern North America, generally the lower Colorado River and Gila River watersheds, nearly endemic to Arizona, but also present in small parts of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and Sonora in Mexico. The name of this bird commemorates the American ornithologist James William Abert .
Cuban Solenodon

## Description

The Cuban solenodon is an insectivore native to Cuba. It is unusual among mammals in that its saliva is venomous. With small eyes and dark brown to black hair, the Cuban solenodon is sometimes compared to a shrew, although it most closely resembles members of the tenrec family, of Madagascar. It has an elongated snout and a long, naked, scaly tail.

## Distribution

Cuban solenodons are found only in the dense, humid forests of Cuba.

## Behavior

Cuban solenodons are solitary animals that live underground in their burrows and thus are very rarely seen. They are nocturnal and travel at night along the forest floor, looking for insects and small animals on which to feed. With venom from modified salivary glands in the lower jaw, they can kill lizards, frogs, small birds, or even rodents. They also climb well and often forage in trees.

## Diet

Cuban solenodons are omnivores and have a varied diet. They eat insects and other invertebrates, small rodents, lizards, frogs, small birds, fungi, roots, fruits, berries, and buds.

## Reproduction

Cuban solenodons are polygynous which means they only meet up to mate and the male mates with multiple females. The males do not participate in raising any of the young. Cuban solenodons may breed throughout the year and females usually give birth to 2 litters of 1-2 young per year. The young are born blind and hairless and stay with their mother for several months until they reach independence.

## Population

### Threats

Cuban solenodons are threatened by deforestation, habitat degradation due to logging and mining, and predation by feral cats and dogs, and the invasive small Asian mongoose introduced by humans.

### Number

The IUCN Red List and other sources don’t provide the number of the Cuban solenodon total population size. Currently, this species is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers today are decreasing.

### Ecological niche

Cuban solenodons are important predators in the ecosystem they live in and also help to disperse the seeds of the fruits and berries they feed on.
Rainbow Fish and the Pop Star

**Rainbow Fish and the Pop Star** is the eighth episode of *Rainbow Fish* after "Rainbow's Dental Dilemma". It premiered on television on February 25, 2000. It was followed by "Sherman Shrimp".

## Plot

Rainbow mistakenly brags to his friends that he knows the famous pop star, Bruce Sturgeon, which lands him in trouble and causes him to force Bruce Sturgeon himself to perform at the school.
Asiatic wildcat

The Asiatic wildcat is an African wildcat subspecies that occurs from the eastern Caspian Sea north to Kazakhstan, into western India, western China and southern Mongolia. It is also known as the Asian steppe wildcat and Indian desert cat. The status Least Concern in the IUCN Red List is attributed to the wildcat species complex. There is no information on current status or population numbers for the Asiatic wildcat's entire range, but populations are thought to be declining.
Common Opossum

## Description

The Common opossum is a marsupial species living in the Americas. It is similar in size to a house cat. The fur of the opossum is actually yellow in the under-fur but is hidden by the longer black guard-hairs that cover it, while the tail, fingers, and face are lighter. It has large ears that are usually black, and its face is usually a pale peach in color, with black whiskers and eyes that reflect reddish in light.

## Distribution

Common opossums occur from the northeast of Mexico to Bolivia (reaching the coast of the South Pacific Ocean to the central coast of Peru), including Trinidad and Tobago. The live in tropical dry and mois forests, but can also be found in fields and cities.

## Behavior

Common opossums are mainly nocturnal and terrestrial, but will also readily climb in trees for nesting. They use a wide range of nest sites. Most commonly they will create one in the hollow of a tree; however, they will also dig a burrow or nest in any dark location if nothing else is suitable (which often gets them in trouble with humans). Opossums enjoy denning underground, but do not spend as much time underground when it is dry season. Outside of the breeding season, they are usually solitary. A male opossum's home range (distance traveled at night) can vary in size from wet to dry seasons while a female has a more stationary home range when she is breeding. Males are usually most active between 11 pm and 3 am at night. Common opossums comunicate with the help of visual displays and vocally; their common sounds include growls, hissing, or screeches.

## Diet

Common opossums are omnivores and scavengers. They can eat small insects, small animals, fruits, vegetables, nuts, grass, and also carrion.

## Reproduction

Common opossums are polygynous breeders, meaning that males mate with more than one female. After the gestation period of 13-15 days, females give birth to 5-9 offspring. They may reproduce between one and three times per year and raise their young by themselves. The young are born tiny, blind, and helpless and remain inside the mother's pouch for about 50 days. They usually stay with the mother for the first few months of their lives and reach maturity before they are one year old.

## Population

### Threats

Common opossums are currently not endangered, however, in some areas of their range they are collected for their meat. These animals are aslo often trapped and killed because they are considered pests due to their somewhat raccoon-like behavior; they raid trash cans, nest in locations that are not suitable, and caus mayhem if encountered within a human living space.

### Number

The IUCN Red List and other sources don’t provide the number of the Common opossum total population size. Currently this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers today are stable.
Bobak marmot

## Description

The bobak marmot (Marmota bobak ), also known as the steppe marmot, is a species of marmot that inhabits the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It is a social animal and inhabits steppe grassland, including cultivated field borders. It hibernates for more than half the year. Litter sizes average about five offspring and it takes three years for the young marmots to reach sexual maturity. Male offspring leave the home colony after their second winter, and about 60% of mature females give birth in any one year. The fur is used to make hats and coats and a Moscow fur-farm is experimenting with breeding bobak marmots for their pelts.

## Distribution

The bobak marmot is native to the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, ranging from central and eastern Ukraine, through far southwestern Russia, to northern and central Kazakhstan. Historically, its range was continuous, but it has disappeared from several regions, including its past range in southeastern Belarus and eastern Hungary, making its overall range discontinuous. In some places it has been reintroduced and is slowly expanding its range again. In Kazakhstan's highlands the bobak marmot comes into contact with the gray marmot and animals tend to show intermediate features. Scientists Alyona Koshkina, Johannes Kamp, et al. used satellite imagery to map the location of 7,000 Bobak marmot burrows across Kazakhstan's steppes in 2019, which are home to approximately six million marmots.

## Behavior

The bobak marmot is often described as a large analog of the North American prairie dog, with a round stomach, stubby legs, and a short tail. Bobak marmots inhabit steppe ecosystems and prosper on rolling grasslands and on the edge of cultivated fields. Active for about five and a half months each year, dispersers leave their natal social group after their second hibernation. Litter sizes average a little over five, and it takes at least three years to reach sexual maturity. About 60% of adult females breed in a given year. They have a single alarm call, but studies have demonstrated that bobak marmots call faster when they live in steep terrain and slower when they live in flatter terrain. Bobak marmots' fur is used to make hats and the occasional coat. Outside Moscow, a fur-farm is experimenting with breeding bobak marmots in captivity for captive fur production.

Like other marmots, the bobak is susceptible to infection by bubonic plague. A population of bobaks living in the Ural Mountains is believed to have served as a reservoir host for the bubonic plague epidemic that struck western Russia at the end of the 19th century.

Marmots are preyed upon by snow leopards. They can also act as a buffer against other prey of the snow leopard.
Abraliopsis morisii

Abraliopsis morisii is a species of bioluminescent squid in the family Enoploteuthidae. The species occurs in tropical to warm temperate waters in the Atlantic Ocean, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea. It can be found in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. Jean Baptiste Vérany described the species in 1839 and it reaches lengths of 25 to 33 millimetres . It is rated as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature .
Common Krait

## Description

The Common krait is a highly venomous snake native to the Indian subcontinent. It is a member of the "big four" species, inflicting the most snakebites on humans in Bangladesh and India. The coloration of this snake is generally black or bluish-black, with about 40 thin, white crossbars which may be indistinct or absent anteriorly. Albino specimens can be found, although such cases are extremely rare. The pattern, however, is complete and well defined in the young, which are marked with conspicuous crossbars even anteriorly; in old individuals, the narrow white lines may be found as a series of connected spots, with a prominent spot on the vertebral region. A white preocular spot may be present; the upper lips and the belly are white. Males of this species are typically longer, with proportionately longer tails.

## Distribution

Common kraits are distributed from Sindh to West Bengal, throughout South India and Sri Lanka. They have also been recorded in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. These snakes live in a wide variety of habitats, including fields and low scrub jungle, semi-desert, rocky areas, and oven ventures to plantations, cultivated land, suburban gardens, and settled areas. They rest in termite mounds, brick piles, rat holes, and even inside houses. Common kraits are frequently encountered in water or in proximity to a water source.

## Behavior

Common kraits are solitary and can be active both during the day and night time. During the day, they are sluggish and generally docile. They often hide in rodent holes, loose soil, or beneath the debris, so are rarely seen. They often roll their body into a loose, coiled ball, keeping their head well concealed. When in this 'balled' condition, the snake allows considerable handling, but overhandling often instigates bites. At night, Common kraits are very active and escape by hissing loudly or keeping still, occasionally biting the source of the annoyance. When agitated, they will coil up with their head concealed and body flattened, and make jerky movements. They may also lift their tail. Common kraits are reluctant to bite, but when they do, they typically hold on for a while, which enables them to inject considerable amounts of venom. These snakes may become aggressive at night if threatened since this is their active time. They are responsible for 2nd most snake bites in India.

## Diet

Common kraits are carnivores feeding primarily on other snakes, including: "blind worms" and other kraits, including the young. They also feed on small mammals, lizards, and frogs. The young are known to eat arthropods.

## Reproduction

Common kraits are oviparous snakes. Females lay up to 12-14 eggs and guard their clutches until the young hatch.

## Population

### Threats

There are no known threats to Common kraits at present.

### Number

Presently, the Common krait is not included in the IUCN Red List and its conservation status has not been evaluated.
Brown Antechinus

## Description

The brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii ), also known as Stuart's antechinus and Macleay's marsupial mouse, is a species of small carnivorous marsupial of the family Dasyuridae. The males die after their first breeding season, and the species holds the world record for being the world's smallest semelparous mammal.

## Appearance

Brown antechinus are small marsupials. These animals are mostly light brown above, including the upper surfaces of their feet, and a lighter brown below and on their tail. Their coat is short, dense, and coarse. Tails are moderately furred, ears are relatively large and eyes are dark brown.

## Distribution

The Brown antechinus is found east of the Great Dividing Range in Australia, from southeastern Queensland to around Kioloa, New South Wales. This species inhabits forested habitats, with dense lower ground cover and low fire frequency.

## Behavior

Brown antechinus are mostly nocturnal and is arboreal. During warm periods these marsupials live in solitary nests and occupy their own home ranges. As temperatures drop, both males and females stay together in nests with up to 18 animals. Their nests are not stable and antechinus may change nests. Females usually nest alone to rear young. They can separate their offspring between nests in different trees. During winter times Brown antechinus can slip into a torpor which lasts a few hours to lower their metabolic requirements.

## Diet

Brown antechinus are carnivores. Their diet includes beetles, spiders, amphipods, and cockroaches.

## Reproduction

Little is known about the mating system in Brown antechinus. Males leave their foraging ranges when mating season begins and gather in all-male nests during most of the night. Females remain solitary but visit male aggregations. During mating season males become vocal, emitting staccato chirps, and become very aggressive. The gestation period lasts for 26-35 days. The litter size is 6-7 young. After birth babies cling to the mother's underbelly and are dragged across the ground while she forages for about 5 weeks. They stay with the mother for about 90 days and leave with the arrival of winter. Brown antechinus reach reproductive maturity in 9-10 months. Like all antechinuses, males die after their first breeding season as a result of stress and exhaustion.

## Population

### Threats

There are no major threats to the Brown antechinus.

### Number

The IUCN Red List and other sources do not provide the Brown antechinus total population size, but this animal is one of the most common and widespread species throughout its known range. Currently, the Brown antechinus is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers today remain stable.
Common Tree Snake

## Description

The Common tree snake (Dendrelaphis punctulatus) is a species of slender non-venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to many parts of Australia.

## Appearance

The dorsal body color of these agile snakes varies from golden yellow to bright green, to olive green, to black, and sometimes even blue. It is frequently pale yellow on the throat and belly, but other pale colors have been noted. Blue flecks are present on the flanks. The eyes are large, with typically golden-colored irises and large round pupils.

## Distribution

Common tree snakes are found in Australia's northern tropics and eastern Australia. They also range from the Kimberley region (Western Australia) to Cape York and Torres Strait (Queensland), extending down the east coast into New South Wales, and north into Papua New Guinea. These snakes live in a wide variety of habitats, including bushland; well-vegetated banks of rivers, creeks, and streams; rainforest edges; eucalypt forests; heathland, and areas with trees, long grass, and lush vegetation - especially near water.

## Behavior

Common tree snakes are fast-moving creatures that like to spend time on their own. They are active during the day and rest at night in hollow trees, logs, foliage, or rock crevices. They are often found resting in trees; hence the name "tree snake". When they are near water Common tree snakes often look for long grass, blending in to hide while watching for potential prey to come to nearby rocks or banks to bask or play. They will also enter house gardens that have fountains or ponds surrounded by long grass or shrubs. They do not constrict their prey, but rather rely on their sharp, angled teeth to 'chew' the prey down the esophagus. Although Common tree snakes are essentially harmless to humans, they will defend themselves by producing a horrible odor from their cloaca and may bite. Sometimes when approached, they inflate their body and neck to make themselves seem larger, a tactic sometimes used to scare predators. Generally, however, Common tree snakes in the wild will make a quick escape when they feel threatened.

## Diet

Common tree snakes are carnivores. Their diet includes mainly frogs, water skinks, and small reptiles and their eggs, but they will also eat small fish, mammals, geckos, and turtle hatchlings.

## Reproduction

Common tree snakes are oviparous and females lay 5 to 12 elongated eggs per clutch.

## Population

### Population threats

There are no major threats facing this species at present.

### Population number

According to IUCN Red List, the Common tree snake is widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers today remain stable.
Bengal florican

The Bengal florican, also called Bengal bustard, is a bustard species native to the Indian subcontinent, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List because fewer than 1,000 individuals were estimated to be alive as of 2017. It is the only member of the genus Houbaropsis.
Black-Headed Python

## Description

The Black-headed python (Aspidites melanocephalus ) is a species of non-venomous snake in the Pythonidae (the python family). Being naturally non-venomous, these snakes must constrict their prey to suffocate it prior to consumption.

## Appearance

The body of the Black-headed python is muscular with a flattened profile, while the tail tapers to a thin point. The top of the head is covered by large, symmetrical scales. The dorsal scales, which are smooth and glossy, number 50-65 rows at midbody, while 315-355 ventral scales occur. The tail has 60-75 mainly single subcaudal scales and the anal scale is single. The posterior subcaudals tend to be divided, often irregularly.

The color pattern consists of shades of black, dark grey, brown, gold, and cream arranged in a banded or brindled pattern. The belly is light-colored, flecked with darker spots. The head is shiny black that also extends down the neck and throat for several inches.

## Distribution

Black-headed pythons are found in the northern half of Australia, excluding the very arid regions. They live in humid tropical forests, seasonally dry woodlands, shrublands, savannas, grasslands, and peripheral desert regions.

## Behavior

Black-headed pythons are ground-dwelling creatures and are often found amongst rocks and loose debris. If disturbed, they hiss loudly but are unlikely to bite unless hunting prey. They sometimes strike with a closed mouth, but generally can be handled easily. These pythons are strong swimmers, but they almost never spend time in the water. To cool themselves, they may bury their dark head in the sand. Black-headed pythons are nocturnal and spend their time single. Because they live in the tropics, they heat up quicker and stay warmer for longer. This means they can eat more because they digest food quicker in warmer conditions. When ingesting large prey, Black-headed pythons position one or two coils just ahead of their distended mouths and by constriction make the task of swallowing prey easier.

## Diet

Black-headed pythons are carnivores. They prey mainly on reptiles, including snakes but will also eat mammals if available.

## Reproduction

Black-headed pythons are serially monogamous, meaning they form pairs only for one breeding season. The breeding season usually takes place between October and November. These snakes are oviparous and adult females lay 5 to 10 eggs per clutch. The females stay coiled about the eggs and incubate them until they hatch, which usually takes 2 to 3 months. The young are fully developed when they hatch and take small prey as soon as they are 2 days old.

## Population

### Population threats

There are no major threats to the Black-headed python at present.

### Population number

According to IUCN Red List, the Black-headed python is common throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List, and its numbers today remain stable.
Arabian leopard

The Arabian leopard is a leopard subspecies native to the Arabian Peninsula. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996 as fewer than 200 wild individuals were estimated to be alive in 2006. The population is severely fragmented. Subpopulations are isolated and not larger than 50 mature individuals. The population is thought to decline continuously. The Arabian leopard is the smallest leopard subspecies. It was tentatively affirmed as a distinct subspecies by genetic analysis of a single wild leopard from South Arabia, which appeared most closely related to the African leopard.
African wildcat

The African wildcat is a small wildcat species native to Africa, West and Central Asia up to Rajasthan in India and Xinjiang in China. The IUCN Red List status Least Concern is attributed to the species Felis silvestris, which at the time of assessment also included the African wildcat as a subspecies. In Cyprus, an African wildcat was found in a burial site next to a human skeleton in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement Shillourokambos. The graves are estimated to have been established by Neolithic farmers about 9,500 years ago, and are the earliest known evidence for a close association between a cat and a human. Their proximity indicates that the cat may have been tamed or domesticated. Results of genetic research indicate that the African wildcat genetically diverged into three clades about 173,000 years ago, namely the Near Eastern wildcat, Southern African wildcat and Asiatic wildcat. African wildcats were first domesticated about 10,000 years ago in the Near East, and are the ancestors of the domestic cat . Crossings between domestic cats and African wildcats are still common today.
Brown skua

The brown skua, also known as the Antarctic skua, subantarctic skua, southern great skua, southern skua, or hākoakoa, is a large seabird that breeds in the subantarctic and Antarctic zones and moves further north when not breeding. Its taxonomy is highly complex and a matter of dispute, with some splitting it into two or three species: Falkland skua, Tristan skua, and subantarctic skua . To further confuse, it hybridizes with both the south polar and Chilean skuas, and the entire group has been considered to be a subspecies of the great skua, a species otherwise restricted to the Northern Hemisphere.
Domestic pigeon

The domestic pigeon is a pigeon subspecies that was derived from the rock dove . The rock pigeon is the world's oldest domesticated bird. Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets mention the domestication of pigeons more than 5,000 years ago, as do Egyptian hieroglyphics. Research suggests that domestication of pigeons occurred as early as 10,000 years ago. Pigeons have made contributions of considerable importance to humanity, especially in times of war. In war the homing ability of pigeons has been put to use by making them messengers. So-called war pigeons have carried many vital messages and some have been decorated for their services. Medals such as the Croix de guerre, awarded to Cher Ami, and the Dickin Medal awarded to the pigeons G.I. Joe and Paddy, amongst 32 others, have been awarded to pigeons for their services in saving human lives. Despite this, city pigeons today are seen as pests, mainly due to their droppings. Feral pigeons are considered invasive in many parts of the world, though they have a positive impact on wild bird populations, serving as an important prey species of birds of prey.
Amur leopard

The Amur leopard is a leopard subspecies native to the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and northern China. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. In 2007, only 19–26 wild leopards were estimated to survive in southeastern Russia and northeastern China. It was considered one of the rarest cats on Earth. As of 2015, fewer than 60 individuals were estimated to survive in Russia and China. Camera-trapping surveys conducted between 2014 and 2015 revealed 92 individuals in an 8,398 km2 large transboundary area along the Russian-Chinese border. In 2019, it was reported that the population is close to 90 leopards. Results of genetic research indicate that the Amur leopard is genetically close to leopards in northern China and Korea, suggesting that the leopard population in this region became fragmented in the early 20th century. The North Chinese leopard was formerly recognised as a distinct subspecies P. p. japonensis, but was subsumed under the Amur leopard in 2017.
Common Mock Viper

## Description

Psammodynastes pulverulentus, the common mock viper, is a species of snake native to Asia.

Mock viper is a small snake (total length up to 65 cm (26 in), less in males), but it will form defensive coils and strike in viper-like fashion when threatened.

## Appearance

Common mock vipers are small mildly-venomous snakes native to Asia. Their coloring varies ranging from grayish-beige to dark brown with dark longitudinal stripes. There are bright yellow and brick-red individuals. There is also a characteristic Y-shaped pattern often visible on top of their heads.

## Distribution

Common mock vipers are found in Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, northeast India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. These snakes live in tropical moist forests often near the water.

## Behavior

Common mock vipers are solitary and active both during the day and at night. They are largely terrestrial but may also climb bushes or trees and hang from branches over the water. When feeling threatened these snakes will form defensive coils and strike in a viper-like fashion.

## Diet

Common mock vipers are carnivores feeding on frogs and small lizards such as skinks or geckos.

## Reproduction

These snakes are ovoviviparous meaning that they give birth to live young. The embryos develop inside eggs that remain in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.

## Population

### Population threats

Common mock vipers do not face any known threats at present.

### Population number

Presently, the Common mock viper is not included in the IUCN Red List and its conservation status has not been evaluated.
Chinese Hamster

## Description

The Chinese hamster is a charming intelligent species of hamster. Its body proportions, compared to other hamsters are "long and thin" and they have (for a hamster) a relatively long tail. The wild colour is brown with a black stripe down the spine, black and grey ticks and a whitish belly. This coloration, combined with their lithe build and longer tail, makes them look "mousy" to some eyes and, in fact, they are members of the group called ratlike hamsters. Besides the wild colour, a well-known variation is the white-spotted Chinese hamster, which often is grayish white all over, with only a dark stripe on its back.

## Distribution

Originally Chinese hamsters come from the deserts of northern China and Mongolia.

## Behavior

In the wild Chinese hamsters live in burrows which they dig themselves. These burrows can have only one entrance or more. These hamsters are very territorial, although they often build their burrows very close to each other. This often gives the wrong impression of them living in colonies. When foraging, Chinese hamsters collect food in their pouches and carry it to their burrows to eat in safety. In the wild, these animals do not actually hibernate. They wake up from time to time to eat stored food. When the weather becomes colder, they enter into a torpor and wake up rarer.

## Diet

Chinese hamsters are omnivores. In the wild, they eat grasses, leaves, shoots, nuts and seeds, and sometimes insects.

## Reproduction

Little is known about the mating system and reproductive behavior of Chinese hamsters.

## Population

### Number

The IUCN Red List and other sources do not provide the Chinese hamster total population size.

## Domestication

Chinese hamsters are very popular as pets. They can be nippy, but quick to be tamed. Once successfully tamed, these hamsters are easily handled. One of their endearing traits is that of clinging to a finger with all four paws, rather like a harvest mouse on a corn stalk. Chinese hamsters can be quite nervous as youngsters but, once they are tame, can display an endearing calmness and gentleness of character.
Boomslang

## Description

The Boomslang is a large, highly venomous snake native to Africa. Its common name means "tree snake" in Afrikaans. These snakes have exceptionally large eyes, and their head has a characteristic egg-like shape. Boomslangs have excellent eyesight and often move the head from side to side to get a better view of objects directly in front. Coloration of their skin is very variable. Males are light green with black or blue scale edges, but adult females may be brown or grey in color.

## Distribution

Boomslangs are native to sub-Saharan Africa. They live in karoo shrubs, savannahs, lowland forests, in the Eastern and Central African Plateaus and in grasslands.

## Behavior

Boomslangs are diurnal and almost exclusively arboreal. They will sometimes come down to the ground for hunting and basking the sun. They may also hide underground when the weather is harsh. Boomslangs are solitary reclusive creatures and flee from anything too large to eat. They spend the day hunting in trees or shrubs, moving through tree branches until they find an ideal hiding place. These snakes are able to stalk prey without being detected. During cool weather, they brumate for moderate periods, often curling up inside the enclosed bird nests. Boomslangs are timid snakes and bite generally only when people attempt to handle, catch, or kill them. When confronted and cornered, they inflate their neck and assume an "S"-shaped striking pose.

## Diet

Boomslangs are carnivores. Their diet includes chameleons and other arboreal lizards, frogs, and occasionally small mammals, birds, and eggs from nesting birds.

## Reproduction

Boomslangs are polygynandrous (promiscuous) meaning that both males and females have multiple partners. They breed in December and January. Boomslangs are oviparous, and an adult female can produce up to 30 eggs, which are deposited in a hollow tree trunk or rotting log. After the eggs have been laid, the female leaves and never returns. The eggs have a relatively long (3 months on average) incubation period. The snakelets use a special "egg tooth" to make their way out of the shell. Male hatchlings are grey in color with blue speckles, and female hatchlings are pale brown. They attain their adult coloration after several years. Hatchlings are about 20 cm (7.9 in) in length and pose no threat to humans; they become dangerously venomous by the time they reach a length of around 45 cm (18 in).

## Population

### Threats

There are no major threats facing Boomslangs at present.

### Ecological niche

These snakes are important for the ecosystem they live in through controlling the populations of frogs, lizards, birds, and small mammals they prey on.