recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Retrogradation (starch)

**Retrogradation** is a reaction that takes place when the amylose and amylopectin chains in cooked, gelatinized starch realign themselves as the cooked starch cools.

When native starch is heated and dissolved in water, the crystalline structure of amylose and amylopectin molecules is lost and they hydrate to form a viscous solution. If the viscous solution is cooled or left at lower temperature for a long enough period, the linear molecules, amylose, and linear parts of amylopectin molecules retrograde and rearrange themselves again to a more crystalline structure. The linear chains place themselves parallel and form hydrogen bridges.
In viscous solutions the viscosity increases to form a gel. At temperatures between –8 and +8 °C the aging process is enhanced drastically. Amylose crystallization occurs much faster than crystallization of the amylopectin. The crystal melting temperature of amylose is much higher (about 150 ℃) than amylopectin (about 50-60 ℃). The temperature range between cooking starch and storing in room temperature is optimum for amylose crystallization and, therefore amylose crystallization is responsible for the development of initial hardness of the starch gel. On the other hand, amylopectin has a narrower temperature range for crystallization since crystallization does not happen when the temperature is higher than its melting temperature. Therefore, amylopectin is responsible for development of the long term crystallinity and gel structure.

Retrogradation can expel water from the polymer network. This is a process known as syneresis. A small amount of water can be seen on top of the gel. Retrogradation is directly related to the staling or aging of bread.

Retrograded starch is less digestible (see resistant starch).

Chemical modification of starches can reduce or enhance the retrogradation. Waxy, high amylopectin, starches also have a much less tendency to retrogradate. Additives such as fat, glucose, sodium nitrate and emulsifier can reduce retrogradation of starch .
Pay-to-stay prisons

In the United States, **pay-to-stay** is the practice of charging prisoners for their accommodation in jails. The practice is controversial, because it can result in large debts being accumulated by prisoners who are then unable to repay the debt following their release, preventing them from successfully reestablishing themselves in society.

In 2015, the American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio published a comprehensive study of the pay-to-stay policy throughout the state of Ohio, the first detailed study of its kind.

In 2017, The Marshall Project published a study of jails in Southern California, where wealthier prisoners could pay to be housed in a more comfortable, safer prison in a different jurisdiction, sometimes with more furlough privileges.
The facilities are located in Seal Beach, Anaheim, Arcadia, Burbank, Glendale, Huntington Beach, Pasadena, Santa Ana and Torrance.
Protostome

**Protostomia** (from Greek πρωτο- proto- "first" and στόμα stoma "mouth") is a clade of animals containing phyla including the arthropods, annelids, and molluscs. Together with the deuterostomes and xenacoelomorpha, its members make up the Bilateria, mostly comprising animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers. The major distinctions between deuterostomes and protostomes are found in embryonic development and is based on the embryological origins of the mouth and anus.

In most, but not all protostomes, the mouth forms first, then the anus, whereas the reverse is true in deuterostomes.

## Protostomy

In animals at least as complex as earthworms, the embryo forms a dent on one side, the blastopore, which deepens to become the archenteron, the first phase in the growth of the gut. In deuterostomes, the original dent becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. The protostomes were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the embryological dent formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut. It is now known that the fate of the blastopore in protostomes is extremely variable. While the evolutionary distinction between deuterostomes and protostomes remains valid, the descriptive accuracy of the name 'protostome' (in Greek: "first-mouth") is disputable.

Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia) undergo spiral cleavage.
Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the embryonic gut develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily. Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm. Yet two of the most basal and ancient protostome phyla, the chaetognatha and priapulida, have deuterostome-like development.

## Evolution

The common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes was evidently a worm-like aquatic animal. The two clades diverged about 600 million years ago. Protostomes evolved into over a million species alive today, compared to about 60,000 deuterostome species.

Protostomes are divided into the Ecdysozoa, e.g. arthropods, nematodes; the Spiralia, e.g. molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths, and rotifers. A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the protostomes is shown below. The timing of clades radiating into newer clades is given in mya (millions of years ago); less certain placements are indicated with dashed lines.
Particle electrostatic energy

See also: Periodic tablew and Spatial\_structure\_of\_the\_electron

The highest energy gamma rays emitted by nuclei are around 10 Mev which corresponds to a wavelength of 124 fm.

In 3 dimensions the force between 2 electrons is:

# F

1

4
π

ε
0

e
1

e
2

r
2

{\displaystyle F = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon\_0} { e\_1 e\_2 \over r^2}}

where *m*e is the electron's mass, *e1* is the charge of the electron,

ε
0

=

1
180.95

e
2

eV Å

{\displaystyle \varepsilon\_0 = \frac{1}{180.95} \frac{e^2}{\text{eV Å}}}

The electric force between two electrons is 4.166 \* 1042 times stronger than the gravitational force. (12,242 \* 2128)

The energy required to assemble a sphere of uniform charge density =

3
5

Q
2

4
π

ϵ
0

r

{\displaystyle \frac{3}{5}\frac{Q^2}{4 \pi \epsilon\_0 r}}

For Q=1 electron charge and r=1.8506 angstrom thats 4.669 ev. That energy is stored in the electric field of the electron.
The energy per volume stored in an electric field is proportional to the square of the field strength so twice the charge has 4 times as much energy.
4\*4.669 = 18.676.
Mass of electron = Me = 510,999 ev

Mass of proton = Mp = 938,272,000 ev

Mass of neutron = Mn = 939,565,000 ev

Mn = Mp + Me + 782,300 ev
Mass of muon = Mμ = 105.658 ev = 206.7683 \* Me

Mass of helium atom = 3,728,400,000 = 4\*Me+4\*Mp -52.31 Me

The missing 52.31 electron masses of energy is called the mass deficit or nuclear binding energy. Fusing hydrogen into helium releases this energy.
Iron can be fused into heavier elements too but doing so consumes energy rather than releases energy.

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Persistent Berries

* Holly tree (Ilex spp.)
* Chokecherry (Aronia spp.)
* Hawthorns (Crataegus spp.)
* Eastern Juniper (Juniperus virginiana)
* Sumac (Rhus spp.)
* Crabapple (Malus spp.)
* Arrowwood (Viburnum prunifolium and V. nudum)
* Rose hips (Rosa spp.)
* Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)
* White Oak (Quercus alba)

## References

* https://beechhollowfarms.com/winter-persistent-berries-a-birds-best-friend/
Sayings

See also: Category:Adages
A **saying** is any concisely written or spoken expression that is especially memorable because of its meaning or style. Sayings are categorized as follows:

* Aphorism: a general, observational truth; "a pithy expression of wisdom or truth".
	+ Adage, proverb, or saw: a widely known or popular aphorism that has gained credibility by long use or tradition.
	+ Apophthegm: "an edgy, more cynical aphorism; such as, 'Men are generally more careful of the breed of their horses and dogs than of their children.'"
* Epigram: a clever and often poetic written saying that comments on a specific person, idea, or thing; it especially denominates such a saying that is conspicuously put at the beginning of a text.
* Maxim: (1) an instructional expression of a general principle or rule of morality or (2) simply a synonym for "aphorism"; they include:
	+ Brocards
	+ Gnomes
	+ Legal maxims

## Sayings

A pints a pound the world around

* 1 pint = 473.176473 ml = 473.176473 grams = 1.04317556 pounds

**One bad apple spoils the barrel**

Based upon the effect of one apple ripening (or rotting) and emitting ethylene which accelerates the ripening and senescense of apples stored with it.

Thirty days hath November,

April, June, and September.

With 28 there is only one.

All the rest have thirty-one

Righty, tighty. Lefty, loosey
Second sound

**Second sound** is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the more usual mechanism of diffusion. This leads to a very high thermal conductivity. It is known as "second sound" because the wave motion of heat is similar to the propagation of pressure waves in air (sound).

Normal sound waves are fluctuations in the density of molecules in a substance;
second sound waves are fluctuations in the density of particle-like thermal excitations (rotons and phonons).
Second sound can be observed in any system in which most phonon-phonon collisions conserve momentum.
This occurs in superfluids, and also in
some dielectric crystals when Umklapp scattering is small.
(Umklapp phonon-phonon scattering exchanges momentum with the crystal lattice, so phonon momentum is not conserved.)

## Second sound in helium II

Second sound is observed in liquid helium at temperatures below the lambda point, 2.1768 K, where 4He becomes a superfluid known as helium II.
Helium II has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material (several hundred times higher than copper). Second sound can be observed either as pulses or in a resonant cavity.

The speed of second sound is close to zero near the lambda point, increasing to approximately 20 m/s around 1.8 K, about ten times slower than normal sound waves.
At temperatures below 1 K, the speed of second sound in helium II increases as the temperature decreases.

Second sound is also observed in superfluid helium-3 below its lambda point 2.5 mK.

## Second sound in other media

Second sound has been observed in solid 4He and 3He,
and in some dielectric solids such as Bi in the temperature
range of 1.2 to 4.0 K with a velocity of 780 ± 50 m/s,
or NaF around 10 to 20 K.

In 2019 it was reported that ordinary graphite exhibits "second sound" at 120 Kelvin.
This was both predicted theoretically and observed experimentally, and
was by far the hottest temperature at which second sound has been observed.

However, this second sound is observed only at the microscale, because the wave dies out exponentially with
characteristic length 1-10 microns.
Therefore, presumably graphite in the right temperature regime has extraordinarily high thermal conductivity *but* only
for the purpose of transferring heat pulses distances of order 10 microns, and for pulses of duration on the order of 10 nanoseconds.
For more "normal" heat-transfer, graphite's observed thermal conductivity is less than that of, e.g, copper.
The theoretical models, however, predict longer absorption lengths would be seen in isotopically-pure graphite,
and perhaps over a wider temperature range, e.g. even at room temperature.
(As of March 2019, that experiment has not yet been tried.)

## Applications

Measuring the speed of second sound in 3He-4He mixtures can be
used as a thermometer in the range 0.01-0.7 K.

Oscillating superleak transducers (OST) use second sound to locate defects in superconducting accelerator cavities.
List of human evolution fossils (single table)

*This page is transcluded from List of human evolution fossils*

The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.

As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but does show some of the most important finds. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.

Most of the early fossils shown are not considered direct ancestors to *Homo sapiens* but are closely related to direct ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of *Paranthropus*), all fossils shown are human (genus *Homo*). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are *Homo sapiens* (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.

## Holocene (11,500 – 5,000 years old)

Further information: Recent human evolution, Late Stone Age, Mesolithic, Neolithic

## Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name

* AL – Afar Locality, Ethiopia
* ARA-VP – Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
* BAR – (Lukeino, Tugen Hills) Baringo District, Kenya
* BOU-VP – Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
* D – Dmanisi, Georgia
* ER – East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
* KGA – Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
* KNM – Kenya National Museum
* KP – Kanapoi, Kenya
* LB – Liang Bua, Indonesia
* LH – Laetoli Hominid 4, Tanzania
* MH – Malapa Hominin, South Africa
* NG – Ngandong, Indonesia
* OH – Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
* SK – Swartkrans, South Africa
* Sts, Stw – Sterkfontein, South Africa
* TM – Transvaal Museum, South Africa
* TM – Toros-Menalla, Chad
* WT – West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya
Puzzles

* How Knot To Hang A Painting
* 5 Pirates Puzzle
* netwalk
	+ netwalk

From Wikipedia: Ant on a rubber rope:

An ant starts to crawl along a taut rubber rope 1 km long at a speed of 1 cm per second (relative to the rubber it is crawling on). At the same time, the rope starts to stretch uniformly at a constant rate of 1 km per second, so that after 1 second it is 2 km long, after 2 seconds it is 3 km long, etc. Will the ant ever reach the end of the rope?
Poison sumac

***Toxicodendron vernix***, commonly known as **poison sumac**, is a woody shrub or small tree growing to 9 m (30 ft) tall. It was previously known as ***Rhus vernix***. This plant is also known as **thunderwood**, particularly where it occurs in the southern United States. All parts of the plant contain a resin called urushiol that causes skin and mucous membrane irritation to humans. When the plant is burned, inhalation of the smoke may cause the rash to appear on the lining of the lungs, causing extreme pain and possibly fatal respiratory difficulty.

## Description

Poison sumac is a shrub or small tree, growing up to nearly 30 ft (9 m) in height. Each pinnate leaf has 7–13 leaflets, each of which is 2–4 inches (5–10 cm) long. These are oval-to-oblong; acuminate (tapering to a sharp point); cuneate (wedge-shaped) at the base; undulate (wavy-edged); with an underside that is glabrous (hairless) or slightly pubescent (down-like hair) beneath. The stems along the leaflets are red and the leaves can have a reddish tint to them, particularly at the top of the plant. New bark for a poison sumac tree is lightish gray, and as the bark ages, it becomes darker.

Its flowers are greenish, growing in loose axillary panicles (clusters) 3–8 inches (8–20 cm) long. The fruits are subglobose (not quite spherical), whitish-gray, flattened, and about 0.2 inches (0.5 cm) across; these are eaten by birds.

Poison sumac fruit are creamy white and part of a cluster. Typically, they are around 4 to 5 millimetres (0.16 to 0.20 in) in size.

The fruit and leaves of the poison sumac plant contain urushiol, an oil that causes an allergic rash upon contact with skin. They are, however, not toxic to birds or other animals, and eaten by them when other food is scarce, especially in winter.

## Distribution

Poison sumac grows exclusively in wet and clay soils, usually in swamps and peat bogs, in the eastern United States and extreme southeast Canada.

## Toxicity

Main articles: Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
In terms of its potential to cause urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, poison sumac is more toxic than its relatives poison ivy and poison oak. According to some botanists, poison sumac is the most toxic plant species in the United States (Frankel, 1991).

The differences in toxicity in poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are due to differences in the side chains of the chemicals in these plants. In general, poison ivy has a C15 side chain, poison oak has a C17 side chain and poison sumac has a C13 side chain.

The dermatitis shows itself in painful and long continued swellings and eruptions. In the worst case, smoke inhaled by burning poison sumac leads to life-threatening pulmonary edema whereby fluid enters the alveoli.
Quantity calculus

**Quantity calculus** is the formal method for describing the mathematical relations between *abstract* physical quantities. (Here the term *calculus* should be understood in its broader sense of "a system of computation", rather than in the sense of differential calculus and integral calculus.) Its roots can be traced to Fourier's concept of dimensional analysis (1822). The basic axiom of quantity calculus is Maxwell's description of a physical quantity as the product of a "numerical value" and a "reference quantity" (i.e. a "unit quantity" or a "unit of measurement"). De Boer summarized the multiplication, division, addition, association and commutation rules of quantity calculus and proposed that a full axiomatization has yet to be completed.

Measurements are expressed as products of a numeric value with a unit symbol, e.g. "12.7 m". Unlike algebra, the unit symbol represents a measurable quantity such as a meter, not an algebraic variable.

A careful distinction needs to be made between abstract quantities and measurable quantities. The multiplication and division rules of quantity calculus are applied to SI base units (which are measurable quantities) to define SI derived units, including dimensionless derived units, such as the radian (rad) and steradian (sr) which are useful for clarity, although they are both algebraically equal to 1. Thus there is some disagreement about whether it is meaningful to multiply or divide units. Emerson suggests that if the units of a quantity are algebraically simplified, they then are no longer units of that quantity. Johansson proposes that there are logical flaws in the application of quantity calculus, and that the so-called dimensionless quantities should be understood as "unitless quantities".

How to use quantity calculus for unit conversion and keeping track of units in algebraic manipulations is explained in the handbook on Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry.
Medical terminology

This is a **list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes** used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymologies. Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary. There are a few general rules about how they combine. First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o-. As a general rule, this *-o-* almost always acts as a joint-stem to connect two consonantal roots (e.g. arthr- + -o- + *-logy* = *arthrology*), but generally, the *-o-* is dropped when connecting to a vowel-stem (e.g. arthr- + *-itis* = *arthritis*, instead of *arthr-o-itis*). Second, medical roots generally go together according to language, i.e., Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes. Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages, it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots.

## Prefixes and suffixes

The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes, along with their meanings, origins, and English examples.

## English meanings

This section contains lists of different root classification (e.g. body components, quantity, description, etc.). Each list is alphabetized by English meanings, with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given.

### Roots of position

 **right** | dexi- | dex-, dextr-, dextro- | –
Rebirth

Dhamma-follower
1st stage (Stream-enterer)

Finite faith ("Homelessness")
2nd stage (Once-returner)

Moral "discipline" (Boot camp)
All-or-nothing thinking
Union with the divine (Rebirth)
3rd stage (Nonreturner)

Meditation (Concentration)
Jhanas of form (Divine abodes)
Infinite faith (Equanimity)
Infinite happiness (Joy)
Infinite sanctity ("Love")
***Infinite time*** (Compassion)
Optional (Serenity) (Recommended)
Jhanas of formlessness
4th stage (Arahant)

Wisdom of insight (Hand & eye)
Liberation from Samsara

Aging is not just physical. Its also psychological. Physical aging ends in physical death. Psychological aging ends in psychological death.

As you age your subjective self-image of yourself as a young person begins to seem unrealistic.
You begin to awaken to the fact that you were just dreaming that you were young.
You begin to become old.
You continue to get older and older till (psychological) death at which point you fully awaken.

Now it is indeed true that you were just dreaming that you were young.
But you are also just dreaming that you are getting old.
And when you die and wake up you will just be dreaming that you are waking up.
And the dream will reset and start all over.

Birth - aging - death - rebirth.

As a finite mortal you only have a finite amount of time.
When your time is up you wither and die like a tree without water. The Tree of eternal life is the tree of ***infinite time***.

Lack of time causes people to get in a hurry and miss the mark they had set for themselves. If you had infinite time then you would never miss your mark. ('Missing your mark' is not a synonym for the English word 'sin'.)
Projection

**Projection** is the phenomenon whereby one imagines that others are thinking what you yourself are thinking or what you yourself would be thinking if you were in their position. This is sometimes expressed as "the light you project onto others is reflected back at you".

Projection is normally thought of as a defect but it can be used to ones advantage. By deliberately thinking warm comforting thoughts about others (being "sensitive to others feelings") you will automatically begin to feel that others are thinking the same about you.

This can be very helpful for those suffering from anxiety.
Pulmonary consolidation

A **pulmonary consolidation** is a region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled with liquid instead of air. The condition is marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue) of a normally aerated lung. It is considered a radiologic sign. Consolidation occurs through accumulation of inflammatory cellular exudate in the alveoli and adjoining ducts. The liquid can be pulmonary edema, inflammatory exudate, pus, inhaled water, or blood (from bronchial tree or hemorrhage from a pulmonary artery). Consolidation must be present to diagnose pneumonia: the signs of lobar pneumonia are characteristic and clinically referred to as consolidation.

## Signs

Signs that consolidation may have occurred include:

* Expansion of the thorax on inspiration is reduced on the affected side
* Vocal fremitus is increased on the affected side
* Percussion is dull in the affected area
* Breath sounds are bronchial
* Possible medium, late, or pan-inspiratory crackles
* Vocal resonance is increased. Here, the patient's voice (or whisper, as in whispered pectoriloquy) can be heard more clearly when there is consolidation, as opposed to the healthy lung where speech sounds muffled.
* A pleural rub may be present.
* A lower PAO2 than calculated in the alveolar gas equation

## Diagnosis

### Radiology

* Typically, an area of white lung is seen on a standard X-ray. Consolidated tissue is more radio-opaque than normally aerated lung parenchyma, so that it is clearly demonstrable in radiography and on CT scans. Consolidation is often a middle-to-late stage feature/complication in pulmonary infections.
Schizoid avoidant behavior

The relationship between schizoid personality disorder (SPD) and avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) has been a subject of controversy for decades.

Today it is still unclear and remains to be seen if these two personality disorders are linked to genetically distinct, but overlapping, personality disorders or if these two personality disorders are merely two different phenotypic expressions of the same genetic disorder. Both have been associated with a shared genetic risk factor and the same polymorphism within the ANKK1 gene. There is also some evidence that AvPD (like SPD) is a personality disorder of the schizophrenia spectrum.

Originally, schizoid personality disorder involved social avoidance combined with marked ambivalence regarding the desirability of social contact. It included indifference or even cold disdain oscillating with longing for normal relationships. Through the efforts of Theodore Millon, this complex idea was later divided across two disorders with the emergence of a separate AvPD construct and the idea of ambivalence was lost.

According to the differential diagnosis guidelines provided in the text of the DSM-IV the two conditions are distinguished by the extent to which the individual desires social contact versus being indifferent to it. But such distinctions are often difficult to apply in practice, as patients often have unclear, marginal, or shifting status on those elements thought most crucial for differential diagnosis. In the case of the avoidant and schizoid PDs, however, both the problem and its solution may be more academic than real. First, research indicates that all of the avoidant symptoms except social withdrawal correlate negatively with the schizoid symptom list and that differential diagnosis is not difficult. Second, as pointed out by Benjamin (1993), schizoid PD is exceedingly rare and the diagnostic quandary may never occur in practice.

However, new research shows that both PDs are linked to hypersensitivity.
Parallel computing

**Parallel computing** is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has long been employed in high-performance computing, but it's gaining broader interest due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.

Conventional programs are written assuming the sequential execution model. Under this model, instructions execute one after the other, atomically (i.e., at any given point of time only one instruction is executed) and in the order specified by the program.

However, dependencies among statements or instructions may hinder parallelism — parallel execution of multiple instructions, either by a parallelizing compiler or by a processor exploiting instruction-level parallelism. Recklessly executing multiple instructions without considering related dependences may cause danger of getting wrong results, namely hazards.

Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks are typically some of the greatest obstacles to getting good parallel program performance.

Subtasks in a parallel program are often called threads. Some parallel computer architectures use smaller, lightweight versions of threads known as fibers, while others use bigger versions known as processes. However, "threads" is generally accepted as a generic term for subtasks. Threads will often need synchronized access to an object or other resource, for example when they must update a variable that is shared between them.

The simplest way to resolve these issues is to make all variable immutable. The program can create any variable with any value it wants but it can never overwrite that value. Whenever a calculation is done it must create an entirely new variable to store the result.
Rice weevils

The **rice weevil** (*Sitophilus oryzae*) is a stored product pest which attacks several crops, including wheat, rice, and maize.

## Description

The adults are around 2 mm long with a long snout. The body color appears to be brown/black, but on close examination, four orange/red spots are arranged in a cross on the wing covers. It is easily confused with the similar looking maize weevil, but there are several distinguishing features:

 Pronotal punctures are separated by a flat, median, longitudinal puncture-free zone
 Less than 20 pronotal punctures along the approximate midline, running from neck to scutellum
 Scutellar elevations relatively closer together compare to their longitudinal length
 Scutellar elevations extend longitudinally approximately more than halfway down the scutellum
 Proepimera meets behind the fore coxae and along the posterior edge, has a distinct curved notch
 Aedeagus (in males) is smooth and shiny on the dorsal surface

## Biology

Adult rice weevils are able to fly, and can live for up to two years. Females lay 2-6 eggs per day and up to 300 over their lifetime. The female uses strong mandibles to chew a hole into a grain kernel after which she deposits a single egg within the hole, sealing it with secretions from her ovipositor. The larva develops within the grain, hollowing it out while feeding. It then pupates within the grain kernel and emerges 2–4 days after eclosion.

Male *S. orzyae* produce an aggregation pheromone called sitophilure ((4S,5R)-5-Hydroxy-4-methylheptan-3-one) to which males and females are drawn. A synthetic version is available which attracts rice weevils, maize weevils and grain weevils. Females produce a pheromone which attracts only males.

## Control

Control of weevils involves locating and removing all potentially infested food sources. Rice weevils in all stages of development can be killed by freezing infested food below 0 °F (-18 °C) for a period of three days, or heating to 60 °C (140 °F) for a period of 15 minutes.
Panpulmonata

**Panpulmonata** is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura.

Panpulmonata was established as a new taxon by Jörger et al. in October 2010.

The older name "Pulmonata" referred to a group of gastropods which were considered to be "air-breathers". This meaning certainly does not apply to the panpulmonate groups Acochlidia, Sacoglossa and Pyramidelloidea, and also was inaccurate when applied to some of the more traditional pulmonate taxa such as Siphonarioidea or Hygrophila, most members of which lack permanently air-filled lungs. However, the term Panpulmonata was chosen by Jörger et al. (2010) to provide some continuity in the terminology.
Promoter (role variant)

The **Promoter** Artisan is one of the 16 role variants of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves. David Keirsey originally described the Promoter role variant; however, a brief summary of the personality types described by Isabel Myers contributed to its development. Promoters correlate with the ESTP Myers-Briggs type.

## Overview

Promoters are tactical operators, concrete in speech and utilitarian in action. In social situations, they are directive and expressive. Promoters are the most adept among the types at maneuvering other people to their position. They make a point of getting to know those in positions of influence. Promoters are also resourceful, knowing where the fun and the action are. They like to indulge themselves in the finer things in life and to bring other people with them. Their goal in life is to sell themselves and their schemes to others. Dramatic and debonair, they are gifted at earning others' confidence.

## Notable Promoters

For illustrative purposes, Keirsey and his son, David M. Keirsey, have identified well-known individuals whose *behavior* is consistent with a specific type. Type and Temperament are models of individuals. Unless otherwise noted, the categorization of the individuals below, whether living or dead, as Promoters is a matter of expert opinion rather than the result of the named individual taking a personality type inventory.

* Winston Churchill
* Ernest Hemingway
* Madonna
* General George Patton
* Evita Peron
* Franklin D. Roosevelt
* Grace Slick
* Donald Trump
Rear downdraft

The **rear-inflow jet** is a component of bow echoes in a mesoscale convective system that aids in creating a stronger cold pool and downdraft. The jet forms as a response to a convective circulation having upshear tilt and horizontal pressure gradients. The cold pool that comes from the outflow of a storm forms an area of high pressure at the surface. In response to the surface high and warmer temperatures aloft due to convection, a mid-level mesolow forms behind the leading edge of the storm.

With a mid-level area of low pressure, air is drawn in under the trailing stratiform region of precipitation. As air is drawn in on the rear side of the storm, it begins to descend as it approaches the front line of the cells. Before reaching the leading edge, the jet descends to the surface as a strong downdraft, creating straight-line winds.

Any mature mesoscale convective system is capable of developing its own rear-inflow jet, but questions remain as to what influences the strength of the jet. While the diabatic effects of sublimation, melting and evaporation play a role in influencing jet strength, these effects do not account for cases with strong rear-inflow jets. However, the diabatic effects are responsible for the jet subsiding behind the leading edge of the MCS. The sinking of the jet first starts when the mid level inflow goes under the trailing stratiform cloud before descending to the melting layer.

There are other factors that contribute to the strength of any rear inflow jet. The strength of a rear inflow jet can be greatly increased with induced vortices at the end of the line, called "line-end vortices" or "book-end vortices." These vortices at either end of the line will help reinforce the rear inflow towards the center of the line. The other factor that can help strengthen the jet is an environment in which the large scale flow is feeding/forcing mid-level air into the rear end of the storm.
Premonitory urge

A **premonitory urge** is a sensory phenomenon associated with Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Premonitory urges are "uncomfortable feelings or sensations preceding tics that usually are relieved by [a particular] movement".

"Individuals with tics may have either a generalized or a localized sensation of tension that is relieved by movement, [that is] the tic." Sensory phenomena in tic disorders include bodily sensations, mental urges, and a sense of inner tension, feelings of incompleteness, and a need for things to be "just right". Bodily sensations include focal or generalized body sensations (usually tactile, muscular-skeletal/visceral, or both); mental sensations include urge only, energy release (mental energy that builds up and needs to be discharged), incompleteness, and just-right perceptions. Published descriptions of the tics of Tourette's identify sensory phenomena as the core symptom of Tourette syndrome, even though they are not included in the diagnostic criteria.

In contrast to the stereotyped movements of other movement disorders such as choreas, dystonias, myoclonus, and dyskinesias, the tics of Tourette's are temporarily suppressible and preceded by this premonitory urge. Immediately preceding tic onset, most individuals with Tourette syndrome are aware of an urge, which is similar to the need to sneeze or scratch an itch. Individuals describe the need to tic as the buildup of tension in a particular anatomical location, which they consciously choose to release, as if the subject "had to do it". Examples of the premonitory urge are the feeling of having something in one's throat, or a localized discomfort in the shoulders, leading to the need to clear one's throat or shrug the shoulders. The actual tic may be felt as relieving this tension or sensation, similar to scratching an itch. Another example is blinking to relieve an uncomfortable sensation in the eye.

The presence of sensory phenomena differentiates subjects with Tourette syndrome plus obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from subjects with OCD alone, and may be an important measure for grouping patients along the OCD-Tourette's disorder spectrum.
REM sleep

Reality is not the ego's native habitat. (This is why **REM sleep** is a necessity for most people)

Animals that are allowed to get deep sleep but prevented from getting REM sleep die.

Death by sleep deprivation was a long slow and painful way to die.

It is thought that sleep allows the brain to get rid of waste products which then pass through the kidneys and are eliminated by urination. In effect, the brain is urinating while we dream.

We always wake briefly just before going into REM sleep but it may be so brief that it doesnt always show on a hypnogram.

### Dolphins

Further information: Sleep (non-human)
Generally, dolphins sleep with only one brain hemisphere in slow-wave sleep at a time, thus maintaining enough consciousness to breathe and to watch for possible predators and other threats. Sleep stages earlier in sleep can occur simultaneously in both hemispheres.

In captivity, dolphins seemingly enter a fully asleep state where both eyes are closed and there is no response to mild external stimuli. In this case, respiration is automatic; a tail kick reflex keeps the blowhole above the water if necessary. Anesthetized dolphins initially show a tail kick reflex. Though a similar state has been observed with wild sperm whales, it is not known if dolphins in the wild reach this state.

The Indus river dolphin has a sleep method that is different from that of other dolphin species. Living in water with strong currents and potentially dangerous floating debris, it must swim continuously to avoid injury. As a result, this species sleeps in very short bursts which last between 4 and 60 seconds.
Relativistic effort

Main articles: Theory of relativity
When relativistic effects are significant, the effort of a point particle of mass *m* travelling a world line *C* parametrized by the proper time

τ

{\displaystyle \tau}

 is

# S
−
m

c
2

∫

C

d
τ
.

{\displaystyle S = - m c^2 \int\_{C} \, d \tau. }

If instead, the particle is parametrized by the coordinate time *t* of the particle and the coordinate time ranges from *t*1 to *t*2, then the effort becomes

# S

∫

t
1

t
2

L

d
t
,

{\displaystyle S = \int\_{t1}^{t2} L \, dt,}

where the Lagrangian is

# L
−
m

c
2

1
−

v
2

c
2

.

{\displaystyle L = -mc^2 \sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}.}
Republicans vs Democrats

*When you own the ball you get to make the rules*

The US is a one party plutocracy. This one party has two subgroups. Right wing Democrats and ultra right wing Republicans.

When the economy is weak people vote Democrats into office. Democrats adopt policies that stimulate the economy.

When the economy recovers the Republicans return to office. Republicans raise taxes and give the money to the rich and to the military.

Politics is all about money and the economy. As far as I can tell everything else is just hand waving and blowing smoke.
Pressure of speech

**Pressure of speech** is a tendency to speak rapidly and frenziedly. Pressured speech is motivated by an urgency that may not be apparent to the listener. The speech produced is difficult to interrupt.

Such speech may be too fast, erratic, irrelevant, or too tangential for the listener to understand. It is an example of cluttered speech, and is often associated with certain mental disorders, particularly mania and schizophrenia. It can be unrelenting, loud, and without pauses.

## Causes

The pace of the speech indicates an underlying thought disorder known as "flight of ideas" wherein the flow of ideas and information through one's mind is so fast that it is difficult to follow their train of thought. This is also tied to an inability to focus on one topic or task.

People with schizophrenia, as well as anyone experiencing extreme anxiety, may also exhibit pressure of speech. Pressure of speech usually refers to the improperly verbalized speech which is a feature of hypomanic and manic illness.

Pressure of speech has commonly been observed in people diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

### Stimulants

Psychostimulants such as cocaine or amphetamines may cause speech resembling pressured speech in individuals with pre-existing psychopathology and produce hypomanic or manic symptoms in general, owing both to the substance's own qualities and the underlying nature of an individual's psyche. In many psychotic disorders, use of certain drugs amplifies certain expressions of symptoms, and stimulant-induced pressured speech is among them.

## Related conditions

* Cluttering is a speech disorder that is related to pressure of speech in that the speech of a clutterer sounds improperly verbalized. However, cluttering is a distinct language disorder. Even though cluttering sounds almost identical to pressure of speech, it differs in that pressure of speech is rooted in anxiety, where cluttering is not.
* Pressure of speech is an instance of tachylalia, or rapid speech. Pressure of speech is also variously related to agitolalia, agitophasia, tachyphasia, and verbomania.
* Circumstantial speech is a communication disorder in which the focus of a conversation drifts, but often comes back to the point. In circumstantiality, unnecessary details and irrelevant remarks cause a delay in getting to the point.

## Stutter formation

Pressured speech may also lead to the development of a stutter. The person's need or pressure to speak causes him or her to involuntarily stutter. Therefore, the person's need to express themselves is greater than their ability to vocalise their thoughts.
Penetrating oil

**Penetrating oil**, also known as **penetrating fluid**, is very low-viscosity oil. It can be used to free rusted mechanical parts (such as nuts and bolts) so that they can be removed, because it can penetrate into the narrow space between the threads of two parts. It can also be used as a general-purpose lubricant, a cleaner, or a corrosion stopper. Using penetrating fluids as general-purpose lubricants is not advisable, because such oils are relatively volatile. As a result, much of the penetrating oil will evaporate in a short amount of time, leaving little residual lubricant.

Other uses include: removing chewing gum and adhesive stickers, lessening friction on metal-stringed musical instruments, various gardening purposes and household repair tasks.
Rosetta Stone

Website: Rosetta Stone
Rosetta Stone Language Learning is proprietary, computer-assisted language learning (CALL) software published by Rosetta Stone Inc. The software uses images, text, and sound to teach words and grammar by spaced repetition, without translation. Rosetta Stone calls its approach Dynamic Immersion.

Rosetta Stone is designed for teaching children. You might suppose that adults would find Rosetta Stone even easier since they are smarter but things dont always work that way as you can see here.

Latin is not available on the app. Only the website.

## UNIT 1 (language basics)

Focuses on declensions 1 and 2 but includes a few words from declension 3 (panis and piscis). Nominative and accusative are covered.

* Feminine objects are declension 1
* Masculine objects are declension 2.
* Neuter objects are also declension 2 but with some differences.
* Present tense of verbs is also covered.

## UNIT 2

Greetings and Introductions

* Ablative is introduced
* Interrogatives

Appendix:Latin correlatives
 Quis(m/f)
 Quam
 Quot
 Ubi
 Cuias

## See also

* Latin declension (Nouns)
* Latin conjugation (Verbs)

## Additional resources

* Lingua Latina
* Orbis Latinus
* Wikiversity:Latin
* Memrise
TMPRSS2

**Transmembrane protease, serine 2** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *TMPRSS2* gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine protease family. The encoded protein contains a type II transmembrane domain, a receptor class A domain, a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain and a protease domain. Serine proteases are known to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. This gene was demonstrated to be up-regulated by androgenic hormones in prostate cancer cells and down-regulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer tissue. The protease domain of this protein is thought to be cleaved and secreted into cell media after autocleavage. The biological function of this gene is unknown.

## ERG gene fusion

TMPRSS2 protein's function in prostate carcinogenesis relies on overexpression of ETS transcription factors, such as *ERG* and *ETV1*, through gene fusion. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene is the most frequent, present in 40% - 80% of prostate cancers in humans. ERG overexpression contributes to development of androgen-independence in prostate cancer through disruption of androgen receptor signaling.

## Relation to coronaviruses

Some coronaviruses, e.g. both the SARS coronavirus of 2003 and the novel coronavirus of 2019/20 are activated by TMPRSS2 and can thus be inhibited by TMPRSS2 inhibitors. "SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option."