Peru

Peru is a nation of South America, a nation of 10 million inhabitants ...

during the 19th century, Peru had large mines and large plantations and the Peruvian government, to feed the economy, attracted foreign immigrants from outside ...

It was then that a great immigration of Chinese to Peru took place, who, when they arrived in the South American country, found themselves exploited as slaves, treated in very bad conditions, having to work in inhumane conditions in the Peruvian mines and plantations ...

*Peru has a population of 10 million. The southern region is a Peruvian population area. It is very difficult to seize a piece of land in southern Peru.*

*明 Li Mingyuan knew from previous life that there are about 100,000 Chinese laborers in Peru. As long as they are all rescued, they can easily organize an army of tens of thousands.*

*The journey from the mainland to South America was difficult. Most of the poor Chinese workers died on the ship. Those who could come to South America alive were healthy young people. Among the more than 100,000 Chinese workers in Peru, there were probably more than 10,000 Pacific soldiers. All are young men. It is impossible to establish a country in Peru. Li Mingyuan set his sights elsewhere.*

*(Chapter 3)*

## Chinese Immigration to Peru

the nation of Peru, during the 19th century, was an emerging economy, which had numerous mines and numerous sugar plantations, the Peruvian government, looking for cheap labor and additional manpower to build infrastructure and power the labor of mines and plantations, opened the borders to immigration, attracting above all the immigration of the Han Chinese ...

Most Chinese workers labored in the sugar and cotton industries, where plantation agriculture expanded significantly in the nineteenth century as a result of the guano boom that invigorated the Peruvian economy ...

Peruvian planters benefited from high world sugar prices, which lasted until the 1880s, and high demand for cotton, which increased during the U.S. Civil War.

The only obstacle to continuing growth for the sugar and cotton industries was a dearth of labor.

In order to alleviate the problem, The Peruvian Congress passed an immigration law subsidizing the importation of contract laborers. Between 1839 and 1851, 450,000 pesos were paid to subsidize immigration at the rate of 30 pesos per immigrant to anyone who imported at least fifty workers between the ages of 10 and 40.

China was a good source for laborers at the time because political unrest and a relatively weak government that could not enforce order reduced millions to refugee status and made them vulnerable to labor contractors and merchants eager to profit. A typical coolie contract could last from four to eight years, often longer, depending on the hacienda owner.

Unscrupulous owners could extend a coolie’s contract if they managed to increase his debt by claiming absence during work hours or charging extra for goods and services rendered.

During the 19th Century, Peru had established itself as an important exporter of Cane Sugar, Cotton and Guano, Minerals and Metals ... these exports had driven the Peruvian economy ...

in 1850-1860, China, ruled by the ***Qing Empire***, was a nation in economic decline, overwhelmed by political and social turmoil: a declining economy and the end of the "Taiping Rebellion" (1850-1864), had exhausted China and this had caused a strong mass immigration of Han Chinese, abroad, in search of better living conditions ...

among the numerous countries to which the Han Chinese emigrated, there was Peru, where they emigrated in mass, both Chinese fleeing poverty and misery, which gripped imperial Qing China, and the followers of the Taiping sect and soldiers of the Army Taiping, who after being defeated militarily by the Qing Empire, had emigrated to Peru ...

starting in 1840, there was a large-scale immigration of Han Chinese to Peru, who were attracted by the Peruvian ruling class, in order to have a mass of low-cost workers and a mass of additional workers to develop the infrastructure and tow industrial and economic production ...

between 1849 and 1874, more than 100,000 Chinese emigrated to Peru, Chinese workers were employed in the sugar cane plantations and in the Cotton plantations and in the Guano mines on the Peruvian coasts and in the mineral and metal mines in the Peruvian Mountains , that is, the Andes ...

at the same time, Chinese workers were employed in the "***Haciendas***", large farms, managed by rich and powerful landowners, who used Chinese immigrants as labor to be employed in the agricultural fields ...

these low-cost Chinese workers were called "***Coolies***" and were also employed to build the railways of Peru, in the years when Peru was creating its first railway network, built however, with the labor of the "Coolies". ..

but although Peru had abolished slavery, Chinese immigrants were treated in very bad conditions, in a semi-slave condition, Chinese immigrants found themselves oppressed and humiliated by the Peruvian authorities, treated as second class citizens, being subjected to inhumane working conditions ...

the Chinese "Coolies" found themselves subjected to forced labor by the owners of the mines and plantations and the owners of the "Haciendas", the Chinese Coolies suffered abuse and exhaustion, due to poor working conditions, which caused waves of suicides and depression and mental disorders among the Chinese Coolies ...

On plantations, the coolies faced limited mobility via debt peonage and tightly controlled lives via corporal punishment. On plantations, many coolies resisted total domination by planters through tactics very similar to those of African slaves and indentured servants, sometimes going against Chinese contractors that acted as enforcers

Coolies would steal, run away, pretend to be sick, strike, and hold back or disrupt production in order to frustrate owners in the hope of gaining concessions that would better their living conditions.

In general, the Peruvian government was unconcerned about the everyday abuses of the coolies and even created legislation to help the planters.

anti-Chinese Racism was widespread within Peruvian society, where Chinese immigrants were regarded with distrust and hostility by Peruvians ...

*Slavery was abolished in Peru in 1854. At the same time, in order to save production costs, Peru imported a large amount of labor from China to replace the original slave labor.*

*When China Cooli arrives in Peru, employers will sign an 8-year labor contract with them, stipulating that they can receive a meager monthly salary (4 pesos per month), and stipulating that after the 8-year period expires, the employer has no reason to extend their labor period. .*

*In fact, due to the meager wages, after 8 years, China ’s coolie usually cannot afford the cost of returning home, and has to choose an employer to renew the contract or engage in other low-level labor to earn a living.*

*In the Spanish part of the contract, the Chinese workers are called "Asian settlers". In fact, their employers never treat them as settlers. In the eyes of the employer, the Chinese workers are coolies or slaves.*

*This point, it can be seen from the contract that the employer is often called the "consignor" or "owner".*

*China ’s labor contract and Peru ’s related laws actually recognize the fact that labor is the property of the employer during the eight-year service period. In the employer ’s plantation or business, labor constitutes part of the fixed assets.*

*The supervisors who manage Chinese coolies are slaves who have just been liberated.*

*In order to control the labor, supervisors can directly adopt the methods of controlling slaves in the past, such as leather whip, sticks, fetters, confinement, and even execution.*

*Corporal punishment is common in any plantation or mine in Peru.*

*Headlines such as "Cool Run" and "Cool Sale" can often be found in local newspapers, although according to the laws of the time, the labor was not available for sale.*

(Chapter 19)

*In the plantation in Peru, the Chinese workers got up at 4:30 in the morning to call and started their long work of more than 12 hours a day. They work seven days a week, and in the evening, locked in dilapidated, dirty, rough wooden houses.*

*Because of the heavy exertion and the temptation of the plantation owner, some Chinese workers use an opium to anesthetize themselves.*

*The plantation owners seized the dependence of Chinese workers on opium, thereby threatening those Chinese workers who smoked opium and did not complete their daily labor tasks and did not release opium.*

*Chen Huagong managed to get real objects in exchange for opium, and the crime rate of robbery and murder rose, including suicide. Suicide is also a crime in Spanish law.*

*Of the 1878 Chinese labor crimes registered in 1860, 900 were suicides, 203 were robberies, 210 were murders against Chinese people, 418 were deliberate murders against whites and blacks, and 72 were arson burning sugar cane or buildings 12 cases were uprisings or collective protests.*

*On the one hand, planters avoid oppression of large-scale resistance by the coolies through opium. On the other hand, desperate Chinese workers, except hanging, plunging into the well, and drowning in the bucket of sugar refining, are the most common and most commonly consumed opium. An easy way to commit suicide.*

(Chapter 19)

## The Chinese Rebellion

Starting with the Duraya Mine Rebellion, led by Li Mingyuan and the South American Chinese Army, there is a large-scale rebellion of Chinese workers in Peru, sweeping all the mines in Peru and all the plantations in Peru. .

the South American Chinese Army, led by Li Mingyuang, conquers and captures numerous mines and plantations, freeing the Chinese "coolies" held prisoner and exploited...

the Chinese Coolies begin to join Li Mingyuang's army, making the "South American Chinese Army" expand more and more, which becomes a mighty military force, which engages in furious battles against the Peruvian Army...

the indigenous peoples of Peru, including the Aymara and the Quechua, join the rebellion of the Chinese Coolies against the Peruvian government, creating an alliance between the Chinese and the indigenous Aymara...

## The War Against the South American Chinese Army

the war starts from the ***Rebellion of Duraya mine***, where Li Mingyuan creates the first nucleus of the "*South American Chinese Kingdom*" and from where the military campaign of the South American Chinese Army against the Peruvian army starts ...

the South American Chinese Kingdom in Peru, has 90,000 soldiers ...

an army that continues to expand, absorbing the liberated Chinese workers from the conquered mines and plantations and welcoming the Chinese workers, who fled the mines and plantations of the unconquered territories ...

the South American Chinese Army in Peru, strengthens itself, allying itself with the indigenous peoples of Peru, who ally with Li Mingyuan, against the Peruvian government ...

***Capture of Patibirka Valley***

the South American Chinese Army, after a military campaign, conquers the ***Patibirka Valley***, an important center of salt and pepper production in Peru, home to numerous "*Haciendas*" and mines ...

through a military offensive, the South American Chinese army takes control of large portions of Peru ...

*"Patibilka Valley is an important saltpeter producer in our country. Every additional day occupied by the rebels will cause huge losses to our country, so I decided to take advantage of the Chinese labor riots shortly before they had the opportunity to form a combat force. , And strive to recover it before getting the news of Patilka's loss in the central government, to minimize the loss. "Salva pointed to the Patilka valley on the sand table with a small stick.*

*"I agree with the general's decision. If Patipirka cannot be recovered as soon as possible, those politicians in the capital will definitely blame us, and then send other troops to guard Baranga and take the saltpeter origin from us."*

*The local forces in Peru have their own spheres of influence, and the interests represented by Salva and Passat are mainly in the Patipirka Valley. Many officers in the army have shares in saltpeter mines, while Salva and Passat It is even more important to occupy the interests, so after the Chinese workers occupy the saltpeter producing area, they will be so nervous.*

(Chapter 13)

***Conquest of Arequipa***

the South American Chinese Army, launches a siege of the city of ***Arequipa***, an important Peruvian industrial center and home to a large arsenal of the Peruvian army, defended by 7000 Peruvian soldiers ...

## Army

The Peruvian Southern Army has been wiped out by the Chinese Independent Army. In a short time, the Peruvian Army will not make major moves, but the Peruvian navy has a large force at sea and is capable of launching landing operations against the Chinese Independent Army.

(Chapter 34)

the Peruvian Army has 50,000 soldiers, but it is a well armed and well trained army ...

The Peruvian army of 50,000 people should not be underestimated, because after all, they are equipped with brand new muskets and cannons. If they use the current number and equipment of the Chinese army to fight them hard, the end result may be both.

(Chapter 21)

Peru was a mining base in South America during the Spanish rule. Peruvians sold mineral resources after independence. But they made a lot of money. Rich Peruvians naturally did not treat their own army. Peru bought from the British and French. A large number of armed equipment armed soldiers, and in addition to buying arms, the Peruvians also develop their own military industry.

(Chapter 21)

*Peruvian Northern Army*

*Peruvian Southern Army*

***Peruvian Navy***

the Peruvian navy has 33 warships

## Characters

*Borja*: an Peruvian Tycoon, owner of the Duraya Mine

*Pedro Diaz Canseco*: The President of Peru

*General Iqitoc*: Commander of the Peruvian Army Garrison of Arequipa City

*General Salva:* Peruvian Army General

*Mr. Passat*

## Locations

*Duraya Mine*

*Mount Rollin*

*Patibirka Valley*

*Lake Titicaca*

***Cities:***

*Balanga City*

*Umato City*

*Puno City*

*Mojendo City*

*Cuzco City*

*Arequipa City*