recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Anti-militarist resistance in Italy

* Rule of the Governo Militare weakened
* Carabinieri

 **Giustizia e Libertà**
* Italian Worker's Socialist Party
* Italian Republican Party
* Lion of Saint Mark
Victor Emmanuel III
Pietro Badoglio
Vittorio Ambrosio
Carmine Senise
Ezio Rosi
Antonio Gramsci
Amadeo Bordiga
Giacinto Menotti Serrati
Giuseppe Di Vittorio
Luigi Longo
Palmiro Togliatti
Pietro Nenni
Ruggero Grieco

Carlo Rosselli
Gaetano Salvemini
Alberto Tarchiani
Sandro Pertini
Ernesto Rossi
Ferruccio Parri
Giacomo Matteotti
Giuseppe Saragat
Filippo Turati
Randolfo Pacciardi

Italico Corradino Cappellotto
Guido Bergamo

Pietro Mastino
Emilio Lussu
 Dozens of civilians killed or wounded

The **Italian anti-militarist resistance movement** has, since 1929, waged a low level insurgency against the military regime of Pietro Badoglio. The conflict is rooted deeply in the events of the Decennio Rosso, a roughly ten-year period of political violence and economic instability.

The resistance movement is divided into multiple organizations with differing goals. The communist-led movement is organized under the Revolutionary Liberation Committee, based in exile in Berlin, Germany. Communists are organized in clandestine cells across Italy, but are especially strong in their activity in the industrialized north. These cells primary engage in civil disobedience, industrial sabotage and dissemination of propaganda. The non-communist opposition is largely organized under the Giustizia e Libertà movement of Carlo Rosselli. The actions of the movement have primarily consisted of targeted attacks against political figures of the regime. Allied with the movement is two regional autonomist organizations: the Lion of Saint Mark in Venice, and the Sardinian Action Party in Sardinia.

## History

The resistance movement began after the rise of the Governo Militare, a dictatorial military regime under General Pietro Badoglio brought to power after the assassination of Prime Minister Luigi Sturzo. Under the rule of the regime, the 1928 elections were suspended, martial law was instituted, and a number of political parties were banned. This came about amidst the Decennio Rosso, a period of widespread political violence. Though the actions of the regime brought a swift end to the unrest that had characterized the Decennio Rosso, opposition groups soon reconstituted themselves clandestinely.

The first resistance organization to arise was the Revolutionary Liberation Committee, formed on 1 May 1929 by exiled communists. In 1930 the resistance movement was joined by Giustizia e Libertà, an organization formed by a group of anti-militarist exiles based in London. Led by Carlo Rosselli, the movement is based around his personal ideology known as "liberal socialism". The movement is supported by the Italian Worker's Socialist Party, where most founding members originated, and the Italian Republican Party.
Italian Reformist Socialist Party

The **Italian Reformist Socialist Party** (Italian: *Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano*, **PSRI**) is an Italian social democratic political party.

## History

The PSRI was formed in 1912 by a small group of expelled reformists from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) that supported the 1911 Invasion of Libya and sought to join the liberal government of Giovanni Giolitti.

The current represented by the PSRI failed to capture a large proletarian support base, achieving success mainly among left-wing Freemasons, who had been prohibited from membership in the PSI, and the southern peasantry.

The Italian intervention in the Great War, although criticized, was ultimately supported by the party on the basis of patriotism. The party supported all post-war governments, with party leader Ivanoe Bonomi serving as Prime Minister from July 1921 to February 1922.

After the assassination of Prime Minister Luigi Sturzo in 1928 the party initially opposed the move towards a military dictatorship under Pietro Badoglio, though it simultaneously expressed support for delaying the upcoming elections. Ultimately the party joined the Stability Coalition, the political support structure of the dictatorship, in 1929.
Bavarian People's Party

The **Bavarian People's Party** (German: *Bayerische Volkspartei*; **BVP**) is a Bavarian political party. It initially succeeded the regional branch of the German Centre Party, but later took a more independent approach separate from the federalist liberalism of Centre Party leader Matthias Erzberger.

It supported the White Movement in the German Civil War. During this period, it adopted an increasingly nationalist and monarchist agenda. It had close ties to the Bavarian Reichswehr, an autonomous formation of the Reichswehr that often openly supported Bavarian separatism.

With the victory of the socialists, the party was banned and suppressed. Its leadership resides in exile in Baden-Württemberg, which supports the party. It continues to support an underground campaign of resistance against the Bavarian Soviet Republic, which has culminated in numerous violent incidents such as the Passau Rebellion.
Kuwait-Najd War

* Eastern coast of the Sultanate of Nejd ceded to Kuwait
 British Empire
 Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah

 Sheikh Duaij Salman Al-Sabah

The **Kuwait-Najd War** was a conflict between the Sultanate of Nejd and the Sheikdom of Kuwait (a British subject at the time). After the conclusion of the Great War, Nejd leader Ibn Saud sought to annex Kuwait. After various failed attempts to encroach on Kuwaiti territory in a series of border clashes, the United Kingdom intervened by reinstating and enforcing the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913. Despite the official conclusion of the war through treaty on 2 December 1922, Nejd continues to impose economic blockades on Kuwait to this day. Although large scale military activity has ceased, Kuwaiti officials have reported small raiding incidents near the borders with Nejd.
Italian Nationalist Association

The **Italian Nationalist Association** (*Associazione Nazionalista Italiana*, ANI) is Italy's first nationalist political movement founded in 1910, under the influence of Italian nationalists such as Enrico Corradini and Giovanni Papini. Upon its formation, the ANI supported the repatriation of Austrian held Italian-populated lands to Italy and was willing to endorse war with Austria-Hungary to do so. The party has a paramilitary wing called the Blueshirts.

The authoritarian nationalist faction of the ANI would be a major influence on the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini formed in 1921. In 1922 the ANI participated in the March on Rome, with an important role, but it was not completely aligned with Benito Mussolini's party. When the March on Rome failed, the ANI distanced themselves from the fascists to avoid being banned and swore their allegiance to the crown. With the rise of the Governo Militare the ANI aligned itself with Pietro Badoglio and joined the Stability Coalition. The ANI has wielded increasing amounts of influence over the regime and the Blueshirts have even received state funding.

## Ideology

The ANI's ideology remained largely undefined for some time other than it being nationalist. The ANI was divided between supporters of different kinds of nationalism - authoritarian, democratic, moderate, and revolutionary.

Corradini, the ANI's most popular spokesman, linked leftism with nationalism by claiming that Italy was a "proletarian nation" which was being exploited by international capitalism which had led to Italy being disadvantaged economically in international trade and its people divided on class lines, but instead of advocating socialist revolution, he claimed that victory against these oppressing forces would require Italian nationalist sentiment to succeed. Corradini occasionally used the term "national socialism" to define the ideology which he endorsed.

In 1914, the ANI began to tilt towards authoritarian nationalism with its endorsement of the creation of an authoritarian corporate state, a radical idea created by Italian law professor, Alfredo Rocco. Such a corporate state led by a corporate assembly rather than a parliament, which would be composed of unions, business organizations and other economic organizations that would work within a powerful state government to regulate business-labour relations, organize the economy, end class conflict, and make Italy an industrial state which could compete with imperial powers and establish its own empire.

## Membership

A large number of the ANI supporters were wealthy Italians of right-wing authoritarian nationalist background, in spite of efforts by Corradini and left-leaning nationalists to make the ANI a nationalist mass movement supported by the working-class. Some fascists joined the ANI after the banning of the National Fascist Party in 1922.

## Prominent members

* Francesco Coppola
* Enrico Corradini
* Luigi Federzoni
* Roberto Forges Davanzati
* Ezio Maria Gray
* Maurizio Maraviglia
* Giovanni Papini
* Alfredo Rocco
Kingdom of Italy

**Italy**, officially the **Kingdom of Italy** (Italian: *Regno d'Italia*) is a European country consisting of the Apennine peninsula up to the Italian Alps and surrounded by several islands. The country covers about 310,190 km2 (192,743 sq mi) and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, and the Kingdom of Illyria. In addition, Italy controls various colonies.

## History

The nation was established in 1861 when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state.

Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory. Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, thereby ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 later known as the Central Powers, following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions. However, even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste, corners of Austria-Hungary populated by Italians. So in 1915, Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allied Powers, as the western powers promised territorial compensation (at the expense of Austria-Hungary) for participation that was more generous than Vienna's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality.

By the end of the Great War, Italy had acquired the regions of Trieste and Trentino which it had long sought to obtain. Territorial disputes and conflicting interests in Montenegro led to a war with the Kingdom of Serbia known as the Adriatic War. Victorious in that conflict, Italy annexed territories along the Adriatic Coast beyond the scope of the 1915 Treaty of London and established the Kingdom of Illyria, encompassing the unannexed areas of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, as a nominally independent state under an Italian monarch.

The post-Great War period saw Italy enter a state of economic downturn. This situation, combined with the revolutionary fervor created by the socialist revolutions in Germany and Russia, resulted in extensive labour unrest. The tumultuous period that followed was known as the Decennio Rosso. After a failed fascist coup and the assassination of the Prime Minister in 1928, a military government under Pietro Badoglio seized power and declared martial law. The repressive period that followed brought an end to the Decennio Rosso but sparked a militant resistance movement.
Anglo-Irish War

* Establishment of the Crown Dominion of Ireland
* Eradication of the Irish Republican Army
* Irish Republican Army
* Irish Citizen Army

**Support from:**
 Frederick Shaw
 Henry Hugh Tudor
 Peadar O'Donnell
 Richard Mulcahy
 Cathal Brugha
 Constance Markievicz
 James Larkin
 Jack White
 ~1,200 civilians killed or missing

The **Anglo-Irish War** or the **Irish War of Independence** was a guerrilla war fought from 1919 to 1922 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and the British security forces in Ireland. Some consider it part of the post-WWI European revolutionary period, but others point to the different reasons for the Irish republican uprising and the wave of revolutions in Europe.

## End of the War

*Main article: Battle of Dublin*

The end of the war was sudden and bloody. Sir Nevil Macready, the Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Ireland, executed brutal attacks in Dublin and Cork on locations believed to be harbouring Sinn Féin, IRA, and ICA leaders.

Although civilian casualties were relatively common during the war, the Battle of Dublin was shocking for its unprecedented level of civilian casualties. It resulted in the deaths of many prominent Irish republicans, and led to the dismissal of Macready and a hasty ceasefire between Irish and British forces.

## Anglo-Irish Treaty

The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 3 March, 1922. It formalised the partition of Ireland, in which the counties of Londonderry, Antrim, Down, and Armagh were assigned to Northern Ireland, which was to remain a constituent part of the United Kingdom. The Irish Republic was abolished, and in its place the Crown Dominion of Ireland was established.
Congress of Federal Trade Unions

The **Congress of Federal Trade Unions** (German: *Kongress der Bundesgewerkschaften*, **KdBG**) is an annual meeting of federal-level trade unions in the Free Socialist Republic of Germany. Each trade union presents 10 delegates, and the delegates collectively draft demands, suggestions and goals to be presented to the federal legislature. The congress always begins on May 1st, and usually lasts until May 3rd, although it has been extended for an additional day twice since the meeting process was established in 1922. The meeting is considered to be a very important event within Germany, and the press actively reports on the process of each day.

### Trade Unions

Germany has a unique system of trade unionism that begins in the workplaces. Local workers from each general occupation elect delegates to a regional trade union that specializes in said occupation. The regional trade unions are affiliated with a federal nationwide trade union, to which they elect delegates. The federal and regional trade unions represent their workers on their respective administrative level on a year round basis, and play an influential but separate part in the electoral system. All trade unions are legally independent from the political parties, although delegates can and often do belong to political parties. The Congress of Federal Trade Unions serves as an annual opportunity for all the trade unions to collectively voice common goals.

There are currently fifteen national trade unions. All participate in the Congress of Federal Trade Unions. Many unions group together related occupations.

* Industrial Union of Metalworkers (Industriegewerkschaft Metall)
* Industrial Union of Construction and Wood Workers (Industriegewerkschaft Bau-Holz)
* Industrial Union of Mining and Energy Workers (Industriegewerkschaft Bergbau-Energie)
* Industrial Union of Chemical, Glass and Ceramic Workers (Industriegewerkschaft Chemie, Glas und Keramik)
* Industrial Union of Printing and Paper Workers (Industriegewerkschaft Druck und Papier)
* Industrial Union of Transport and Communication Workers (Industriegewerkschaft Transport und Nachrichtenwesen)
* Industrial Union of Textile, Clothing and Leather Workers (Industriegewerkschaft Textil-Bekleidung-Leder)
* Union of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Workers (Gewerkschaft Land, Nahrungsgüter und Forst)
* Union of Teaching and Education Workers (Gewerkschaft Unterricht und Erziehung)
* Union of Food and Entertainment Workers (Gewerkschaft Nahrung und Genuss)
* Union of Art and Literature Workers (Gewerkschaft Kunst und Schrifttum)
* Union of Science Workers (Gewerkschaft Wissenschaft)
* Union of Healthcare Workers (Gewerkschaft Gesundheitswesen)
* Union of State and Communal Workers (Gewerkschaft der Mitarbeiter der Staatsorgane und der Kommunalwirtschaft)
* Union of People's Army Workers (Gewerkschaft Volksarmee)
Bundesrat (Baden-Württemberg)

The **Baden-Württemberger Bundesrat** (literally "Federal Council"; pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁaːt]) is the upper house of Baden-Württemberg. Its lower house counterpart is the Bundestag, which holds more legislative power than the Bundesrat.

The Bundesrat, unlike the Bundestag, is not directly elected by the people. Instead, it acts as the federal representative of the four constituents of Baden-Württemberg: the Kingdom of Württemberg, Grand Duchy of Baden, Principality of Hohenzollern and Territory of Hesse.

The amount of total seats is locked at 100. The share of seats distributed to each constituent is roughly equal to their population share. The seats distributed to parties is based off their seat share within the Landtag of the respective constituent.

The makeup of the Bundesrat can shift every 1 November, following elections to the Landtage which are always held in October. By default these elections are held every 4 years, and thus far have all been held in the same year. However, if the local Landtage are dissolved new elections will be held in the following October, meaning the makeup of the Bundesrat could shift before the next scheduled elections in 1933.
Battle of the Ruhr

**Strategic Spartacist victory**
* White forces fail to capture the Ruhr region
* The Summer Offensive relieves besieged Spartacist forces

**Support from:**
Hans Marchwitza
Heinrich Fomferra
 100,000 civilians dead or missing

The **Battle of the Ruhr** (German: *Schlacht am Ruhr*) is the historiographic term for the extended military conflict in the Rhineland region, primarily in the Rhine-Ruhr region, during the German Civil War.

The battle began immediately after the May Uprising on 1 May 1919. The Ruhr, which had already been effectively under the control of left-wing militias since the April general strike, turned into a major military stronghold for the socialist Spartacists. During the Schleicher Offensive in 1920 the region was surrounded and cut off from the rest of the Spartacist forces, but the anti-communist White forces were unable to conquer the area. The besieged Spartacists were relieved in August during the Summer Offensive.
Congress of Bavarian Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Councils

The **Congress of Bavarian Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Councils** (German: *Kongress der Bayerischen Arbeiter-, Soldaten- und Bauernräte*) is the regional unicameral legislature of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Like the national Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils, it is elected by the Bezirksräte (district councils). However, the amount of seats is not determined by the population, instead being fixed at 150. The president of the congress functions as the head of the Bavarian government.
German Centre Party (Rhineland)

*This article is about the defunct German Centre Party in the Rhineland. For the original party formed in 1870, see German Centre Party.*

 **Religion** | Catholicism

The **German Centre Party** (German: *Deutsche Zentrumspartei* or **Zentrum**) was a political party in the Rhenish Republic. It emerged after the party congress of the German Centre Party on 15 February 1921, in which the majority of the Rhenish branch, led by Konrad Adenauer, broke with the Baden-Württemberger branch to form the Christian People's Party (CVP). A minority of the Rhenish branch led by Rudolf Amelunxen opposed the split and sought to maintain the Catholic-centric politics and ties with the Baden-Württemberger Centre Party. Despite this, the Rhenish branch soon developed into a functionally separate party as the two regions evolved into separate states.

The party participated in the first Rhenish elections in 1924, securing 5.1% of the vote and 7 seats, being well overshadowed by the victory of the CVP. In the subsequent formation of a government led by Adenauer the Centre Party was approached as a coalition partner, which a majority of the membership voted in favor of. A party merge was rejected at the time under the reasoning that the Centre Party would offer a voice for disaffected Catholics uninterested in Adenauer's platform. In the 1929 elections the party suffered a loss of more than half their votes and seats, with a large portion of its voter base shifting to the CVP. This defeat, combined with an increasing tide of church support for Adenauer's party, prompted a party congress in which the majority voted to dissolve and merge into the CVP.
Baden-Württemberger federal election, 1929

**Federal elections** were held in Baden-Württemberg on 19 October 1929.

Snap elections were held after the German Democratic Party (DDP) withdrew its participation in the coalition government of Chancellor Wilhelm Bazille in May due to the passage of restrictive laws that included forbidding the expression of republicanism. This prompted their fellow coalition partner, the German People's Party (DVP), to request new elections despite their support for the laws. Bazille subsequently asked King Albrecht I to dissolve the parliament so that new elections could be held in October. This was the first of two elections held due to the dissolution of the government rather than the expiration of a parliamentary term, the other being in 1931.

The DDP supported a coalition with the German Centre Party, but Bazille's party, the German National People's Party, was able to stage a successful electoral campaign that saw their vote share rise significantly, allowing them to reform a coalition government now excluding the DDP. Humiliated, the longtime party leader of the DDP, Johannes von Hieber, turned the leadership over to Otto Gessler.
1921 Imperial Conference

## Key Issues

Anglo-Japanese AllianceCommunist revolutions

The **1921 Imperial Conference** was held from 18 March to 9 April 1921. It was chaired by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George.

In the wake of drastic changes in geopolitics, given the end of the Great War and the wave of revolutions that succeeded it. Of chief importance was the relationship with the United States and Japan, and whether to renew the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which was due to expire on 13 July 1921. Australia and New Zealand were strongly in favour of renewing the alliance, feeling that the British Empire needed a strong ally in the Pacific. Canada, on the other hand, felt that the Empire should pursue closer relations with the United States instead, given Canada's border and friendly relations with the ascendant nation.

One determining factor in favour of renewing the alliance with Japan was the issue of the Russian SFSR, which along with the Socialist Republic of Germany was one of two new communist powers in the world. Fearing the spread of communist influence in the Pacific, and feeling that, as Japan had taken an active role in intervening against Red forces in the Russian Civil War, it would form an effective buffer against communism, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was renewed.

Some have speculated that this decision contributed to deepening the United States' isolationism. One consequence of this has been the increased investment in Canada's military, as the United States' status as an ally is in question. Nevertheless, relations between the United States and Canada under its decade-long Liberal government have remained cordial, despite a cooling of relations between the United States and the United Kingdom itself. Many commentators have noted that this period has marked an assertion by the Canadian government of its own autonomy.
Italian Socialist Party

The **Italian Socialist Party** (Italian: *Partito Socialista Italiano*, **PSI**) was an Italian socialist party. It became the Communist Party of Italy in 1921.

## History

The PSI was founded in Genoa in 1892 as the *Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani*, unifying various left-wing organizations. It was renamed to the Italian Socialist Party in 1893. The party gradually grew in influence over the following years, especially with changes in the electoral laws that extended suffrage to many workers. In 1912 a number of reformists left to form the Italian Reformist Socialist Party.

The Great War transformed the party. A majority of the party voted to assume an anti-war position. The newly founded pro-war national syndicalist faction was expelled. The Russian Revolution in 1917 triggered yet another transformation. The majority of the party proclaimed support for the Bolsheviks, while the reformist faction opposed the move. The party achieved their peak electoral success in the 1919 elections, shortly after the Great War.

The post-war period was marked with great labour unrest, becoming known as the Decennio Rosso. The factionalization of the party contributed to their inability to turn the unrest into a revolution. For example, the local wing of the party in Turin successfully established the Red Army of Turin, but their initiative failed to achieve support from the national party leadership.

Ultimately the divides came to a climax with the 1921 party congress, where the question of whether or not to align with the Communist International was discussed. At this point there were three primary factions within the party: the Ordinovists, Maximalists and Reformists. The Ordinovists (named after the *L'Ordine Nuovo* newspaper), led by Antonio Gramsci, strongly supported joining the Comintern. The Maximists, the majority of the party led by Giacinto Menotti Serrati, were largely revolutionary but divided on some of the terms for joining the Comintern. The Reformists, led by the party founder Filippo Turati, bitterly opposed joining the Comintern. The debate nearly led to the splitting away of the Ordinovists and their allies, but was eventually resolved in great part by the intervention of the German communists, who had just recently emerged victorious in their revolution. The party was renamed to the Communist Party of Italy and the Reformists were expelled, fulfilling the terms for joining the Comintern. The Reformists formed the Unitary Socialist Party as an alternative, but the vast majority of the party assets were transferred to the communists.
French Section of the Workers' International

The **French Section of the Workers' International** (French: *Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière*, **SFIO**) is a socialist party in France. It was founded on 25 April 1905 through a merger of the French Socialist Party and the Socialist Party of France to align with the Second International.

After the SFIO took a patriotic stance in defense of the French government during the Great War, the revolutionary section of the party sympathetic to the Bolsheviks split at the Tours Congress on 20 December 1920, forming the French Section of the Communist International.
Cartel of the Left

**Political position** | Left/Centre-Left

The **Cartel of the Left** (French: *Cartel des gauches*) was the name of the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), and other smaller left-republican parties.

The Cartel of the Left is first formed as a counterweight to the conservative alliance (National Bloc) and the government of Alexander Millerand. But following the resignation of Alexander Millerand and the constitution of its National Republican League, the Cartel of the Left arises as a Republican front to prevent Millerand to regain power. Although the negotiations between the SFIO and the PRRRS go back to the senatorial elections of 1921, it is the "danger" Millerandiste who finished merging all the left political forces with the exception of PC-SFIC.

The cartel wins the legislative elections of 1924, obtains 256 sieges out of a total of 3,776,588 votes and forms a majority. Edouard Herriot forms a government but the Socialists refuse to participate.
General Confederation of Labour (France)

The **General Confederation of Labour** (French: *Confédération Générale du Travail*, **CGT**) is a French labor union confederation, founded in 1895 in the city of Limoges. It is the first major confederation of trade unions in France. Initially an anarchist and revolutionary syndicalist organization, the Great War and German-Russian revolutions pushed the CGT towards communism, and it subsequently joined the Red International of Labor Unions after the split of reformist minority in the 1921 Congress of Lille. It was banned by the Lyautey regime in 1925, but continues to operate underground and in exile.
1924 Rhenish general election

**General elections** were held in the Rhenish Republic on 9 November 1924. They were the first elections held in that country since its establishment in 1922, replacing the provisional advisory parliament established by the occupying Entente powers with a unicameral House of Representatives (German: *Abgeordnetenhaus*).

The Christian People's Party emerged as the largest party, having been formed in 1921 out of a split in the Rhenish branch of the German Centre Party. Led by the Mayor of Cologne Konrad Adenauer, the party successfully captured a majority of the Catholic voting base, holding off opposition from the remainder of the Centre Party. Although no majority of seats was attained by Adenauer, the liberal bloc of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Democratic Party of Germany likewise failed to achieve a majority. The election was a first test for Rhenish nationalist parties, which had coalesced themselves into the United Rhenish Movement. The coalition achieved a meager 2.68% of the vote and 4 seats, coming in last.

Adenauer initially sought to create a governing coalition with the Democratic Party, but failed to come to terms in negotiations, eventually leading to a minority government between the Christian People's Party, the Centre Party and the United Rhenish Movement, with himself as State Chancellor.
Hesse territorial elections

The Territory of Hesse holds elections to the **Landtag**, the local parliament, every four years, as a constituent of the Kingdom of Baden-Württemberg. The Hessian Landtag is the newest in Baden-Württemberg, having been established in 1925 following the official integration of the region into the Confederation as a specially designated "Territory", with no local monarchy. Before 1925 the population only had voting rights in federal elections. Prior to integration the area was officially recognized by Baden-Württemberg as a part of the defunct Grand Duchy of Hesse, which was not admitted into the Confederation at its foundation in 1920 due to opposition from France against the restoration of the Hessian monarchy. This was in large part due to the former territory of the Grand Duchy of Hesse stretching into the occupied Rhineland, which France would later establish the Rhenish Republic within.

Hesse, like the rest of Baden-Württemberg, uses a proportional voting system in which voters choose from a party list, which means seats are usually assigned based primarily on party vote share. Like the federal elections, elections in Hesse are held with universal suffrage. As Hesse does not have its own monarch, the right to dissolve the Landtag and to veto its decisions has been granted to the President of the Confederation, though this right has not been used so far.
Antimilitarist Apparatus

The **Antimilitarist Apparatus - Department of Military Policy** (German: *Antimilitaristische Apparat* *-* *Abteilung Militärpolitik*, **AM-Apparat**), also commonly known as the **Antimilitarist Apparatus**, was initially the secret intelligence organization of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), established to prepare the communist movement for a violent revolution. After the onset of the German Civil War, the AM-Apparat was subordinated to the Council of People's Deputies and served a role similar to the Cheka. Its members are commonly referred to as "Apparatists", a name that has carried on to its successor, the People's Ministry of Internal Security.

## History

The AM-Apparat was established sometime in early 1919 by the Communist Party of Germany. Its structure was highly secretive and many party members were unaware of its existence. As a result, the AM-Apparat managed to avoid being infiltrated by spies of the Weimar government. It had no more than a hundred "official" members prior to the May Revolution, but nonetheless played a crucial role in setting the stage for the uprising.

As the German Civil War began, the AM-Apparat was transformed to serve a purpose similar to the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, more commonly known as the Cheka. It was subordinated to the revolutionary government of the Council of People's Deputies, under the Department of Military Policy. Hans Kippenberger, a young 21 year old war veteran that had distinguished himself as a revolutionary militant in Saxony, became the head of the Department of Military Policy and thus the AM-Apparat. The AM-Apparat was soon faced with multiple tasks, including organizing extrajudicial arrests of counterrevolutionaries, maintaining discipline within the Volksarmee, suppressing anti-communist rebellions, seizing and distributing foodstuffs, and recruiting dedicated revolutionaries to its ranks.

To aid in this task, the Internal Defense Forces were formed as a wing of the AM-Apparat, which by November 1920 had grown to 40,000 members. Also formed was the Operation Reporting Apparatus (German: *Betriebsberichterstattungs-Apparats* or *BB-Apparat*), responsible for organizing regional detachments of the AM-Apparat and reporting important information to its leaders, and the Defense Apparatus (German: *Abwehparparats*), responsible for recruiting troops to the Internal Defence Forces.

The conclusion of the civil war saw the need for a restructuring of the AM-Apparat. The Internal Defense Forces were quickly reduced in size, then disbanded entirely in February 1922. With the establishment of a constitution in 1921 and the creation of the Congress of People's Deputies, the AM-Apparat was merged into the People's Ministry of Internal Security. The Internal Defence Forces were succeeded by the Red Guard.
General Confederation of Labour (Portugal)

The **General Confederation of Labor** (Portuguese: *Confederação Geral do Trabalho*, **CGT**) is an anarcho-syndicalist Portuguese labor union confederation.

The organization was founded in 1919 as a successor to the National Workers' Union. It is the largest and most influential trade union in the country, having seen an increase in membership amidst the post-Great War revolutionary period.

The CGT became explicitly anarcho-syndicalist after joining the International Workers' Association in 1922. Some "Maximalists" in the party supported association with the Bolshevik-led Red International of Trade Unions, and many of them would take part in the foundation of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP).

The CGT rejects party politics and association with political parties, though some of its members still associate with left-wing political parties. It tacitly supports the Union of the Republican Left (UER), a left-wing anti-monarchist coalition formed after the Rose Revolution. The CGT and the PCP jointly sponsored strikes and demonstrations that were instrumental in triggering the revolution.
F.A.Q.

This is a list of frequently asked questions about the mod and its universe. Any country-specific questions are answered by the respective country developer(s), and may change over time. If you have any specific questions which are not on this list, please feel free to ask in the "questions" channel on the Discord server.

**Q: What is this mod about?**

A: *Spartakus* is a Hearts of Iron IV modification revolving around an alternative history where the German Revolution and various other socialist revolutions succeed following the Great War. The goal is to create a semi-realistic representation of how the world would be in such an alternative history, while still providing a fun, narrative-driven, innovative experience. Following a series of divergences in late-1918, the newly-founded Communist Party of Germany (KPD) maintains its alliance with the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) and participates in elections to the Weimar National Assembly. As such, the disorganized revolts that occurred historically in early 1919 never take place, with a well-coordinated nationwide revolution instead taking place in May 1919. Following a brutal civil war in which the Bolsheviks intervene, the socialists emerge victorious and establish the Free Socialist Republic of Germany. The success of the revolution sends shockwaves throughout the world. The lack of the Treaty of Versailles and reparations leaves both France and Britain economically devastated and unable to repay their debts to the United States, weakening the British Empire and enabling the rise of a military dictatorship in France. The United States isolates itself from the world economy, shielding itself from the effects of the catastrophic 1929 London Market Crash. With 1932 arriving and distinct power blocs forming, it is now not a matter of if but rather when another war will erupt.

**Q:  What is the specific 'Point of Divergence' in this mod?**

A:  There is no exact point of divergence, with instead a series of divergences occurring in late-1918 after the onset of the November Revolution.

**Q:  When is the release date of this mod?**

A:  There is, at this point, no set release date. When further information is available it will be announced.
German Conservative Party

**Color(s)** |      Grey

The **German Conservative Party** (German: *Deutsche Konservative Partei*, **DKP**) is a right-wing party in the Rhenish Republic. Established in 1922 by uniting the Rhenish branch of the German National People's Party with the middle-class oriented Economic Party and the agricultural Landbund, it has the strongest support among Protestant farmers, shop owners, intellectuals, and Prussian exiles, but practically no support among Catholics. It is considered further right-wing than the DNVP in Baden-Württemberg, which it ended ties with in 1928.
Danish legislative election, 1925

The **1925 Danish legislative election** was held on 5 November 1925. It was the first election held in Denmark since the political crisis in 1920 that had led to a Danish intervention in the German Civil War. It was also the first held since the implementation of a new constitution that strengthened the powers of the monarch and increased the period between elections from three to four years.

The elections were initially slated to be held in 1924, however the incumbent Prime Minister Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu enjoyed significant support both in the government and in the popular sphere. He instead announced his intention to resign in 1925, and the elections were delayed until then.

While Richelieu left office with great popularity, his resignation marked the beginning of a new period of political uncertainty and division. The Social Democrats under Thorvald Stauning had taken a pacifist stance during the 1919 crisis. This, along with their rejection of the new constitution, prompted the small nationalistic moderate wing to split away and merge with the Free Social Democrats to form the National Social Democrats, led by Emil Marott.

The election served as a test for the popularity of the Social Democrats in the wake of their split, as well as for all parties who had opposed the armed intervention in Schleswig. Ultimately, despite the split, Stauning would manage to lead his party to a slight increase in votes, while the National Social Democrats would barely make their way into parliament. Nonetheless, Marott had entered a trusted circle around King Christian X, and managed to form a coalition government with the Conservatives and Venstre, with himself as Prime Minister. Together they had achieved a majority of seats.

Meanwhile the Social Liberals under former Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle would see a collapse in popularity. He had led the government during the 1920 crisis, resulting in his controversial ouster due to his refusal to support a military intervention in Schleswig. Zahle was accused of being a pacifist and a traitor by the conservative opposition, which diminished his personal popularity. The Communists made a surprisingly strong first showing, receiving support from disgruntled workers upset by the brutal suppression of striking demonstrators in Copenhagen in 1920, as well as from the urban German minority in Flensburg and Schleswig. Venstre saw a minor decline in votes, while the Conservatives gained strength. Additionally, the Schleswig Party, a German regional minority party, made its first showing and won significant representation, while the bourgeois-oriented Industry Party fell out of parliament, having suffered a split in 1922.
Congress of State Councils

The **Congress of State Councils** (German: *Kongress der Landerräte*,**KdL**) is a non-legislative body in the Free Socialist Republic of Germany. It functions as a representative body of the German states, or Lander, on a national level. Each state has 5 representatives for a total of 130 based on the 26 states. As 3 states are entirely under "foreign occupation", 15 seats are symbolically vacant, meaning there are 115 seats in practice.

The congress is largely symbolic and has no real legislative power. Its main functions are to represent the states on a national level, foster cooperation between the states, and resolve administrative disputes. Unlike the legislative congresses, the KdL convenes on a biweekly basis, except if an emergency meeting is convened. Due to its largely ceremonial nature, there have been a number of proposals to abolish it.
German-Baltic Social Democratic Party

The **German-Baltic Social Democratic Party** (German: *Deutsch-baltische Sozialdemokratische Partei*, **DbSP**) is a social democratic political party in Livonia. It was founded on 15 October 1924 by Otto Braun, a former politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. It plays only a marginal role in Livonian politics, having been reduced to a single seat after the 1929 elections. It is a member of the Labour and Socialist International.
Quick Blitz

**Quick Blitz** (エリアルブレイク Eriaru Bureiku, lett. "Aerial Break") is 'n tegniek wat in *Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep*, *Kingdom Hearts Re:coded* en *Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance* verskyn. Dit laat die gebruiker toe om 'n spring aanval met hul wapen uit te voer.

## Speletjie meganika

In *Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep* is Quick Blitz 'n basiese aanval opdrag wat een gleuf in die Command Deck opneem, 'n maksimum vlak van 3 het, 'n normale herlaaityd van 10 sekondes het en die Command Gauge met 30% vul.

 In *Kingdom Hearts Re:coded* is Quick Blitz 'n aanvalopdrag met 'n geheueverbruik van 11%, 'n herlaaityd van 10 sekondes en vul die klok-meter met 140 punte. Die animasie wat gebruik word, is meer soos die standaard-afwerking wat in *Kingdom Hearts II* gebruik word.

In *Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance* is Quick Blitz 'n aanvalopdrag wat een gleuf in die Command Deck opneem en 'n herlaaityd van tien sekondes het. Dit gee +1 aan Sterkte wanneer dit aan 'n Dream Eater-resep gekoppel word.

## Verkry van Quick Blitz

### *Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep*

* Terra, Ventus en Aqua het elk Quick Blitz as een van hul begin opdragte.
* Quick Blitz kan gekoop word by die kommandowinkel vir 100 munny sodra die opdrag het reeds elders verkry.
* Die Peter Pan D-Link het twee keer Quick Blitz in sy vlak 0, vlak 1 en vlak 2 sy Command Deck.
* Die Zack D-Link het Quick Blitz in sy vlak 0, vlak 1 en vlak 2 sy Command Deck.
* Die Terra D-Link het Quick Blitz in sy vlak 0, vlak 1 en vlak 2 sy Command Deck.
* Die Ventus D-Link het Quick Blitz in sy vlak 0 en vlak 1 sy Command Deck.

### *Kingdom Hearts Re:coded*

* Data-Sora kan Quick Blitz verkry deur die Dream Sword in the Dive to the Heart te kies.
* Data-Sora kan Quick Blitz vir 400 munny in die winkel koop nadat hulle Destiny Islands voltooi het.
* Data-Sora kan Quick Blitz by Traverse Town: Sector B koop vanaf 110 SP.
* Data-Sora het 'n kans om Quick Blitz van 'n Destiny Card Scratch Card te verkry.

### *Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance*

* Sora het Quick Blitz as een van sy aanvanklike commands.
* Sora en Riku kan Quick Blitz by die winkel koop vir 400 munny, 320 munny tydens Bargain Flurry.

## Gesintetiseerde opdragte

### *Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep*

Quick Blitz word gebruik om die volgende opdragte te meld:

* Blitz
* Strike Raid
* Ars Arcanum
* Poison Edge
* Blizzard Edge
* Confusion Strike
* Binding Strike
* Magnet Spiral
* Collision Magnet
* Aerora
* Aeroga
* Tornado
* Bio Barrage

### *Kingdom Hearts Re:coded*

Quick Blitz word gebruik om die volgende opdragte te omskep:

* Rising Strike
* Fire Edge
* Blizzard Edge
* Thunder Edge
* Aero Edge
* Heat Dash
* Blizzard Slam
* Ice Dive
* Blizzard Raid
* Blizzara

## Sien ook

* Blitz
* Fire Edge
* Blizzard Edge
* Thunder Edge
* Aero Edge
* Poison Edge
* Wishing Edge
* Stun Edge
* Slot Edge

## Eksterne skakels

* Die artikel oor **Quick Blitz** in die *Amerikaanse Kingdom Hearts Wiki*
Gustave Hervé

Born
 Citizenship
 Political party
 Occupation
 Known for
*Nouvelle histoire de France*, 1930.*Nouvelle histoire de l'Europe, La Victoire*, Paris, 1931.

**Gustave Hervé**, is born in Brest in January 1871, is a French socialist politician who after the outbreak of the Great War, became a national socialist and later became a French fascist in 1922. He is known to be a theorist of the French Combat Legion of the Francisque.
1921 Italian general election

**General elections** were held in Italy on 15 May 1921. It was the first election in which the recently acquired regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Venezia Giulia, Zara and Lagosta island elected deputies, many of whom from Germanic and South Slav ethnicity. Some areas along the Adriatic Coast that were occupied after the Adriatic War did not take part.

The election was held during the early stages of the Decennio Rosso, a ten year period of political violence and proletarian unrest.

The Communist Party of Italy, formed out of the Italian Socialist Party, emerged as the largest party. Their vote share, however, was lower than that of the socialists in 1919 due to a number of reasons, including the formation of the Unitary Socialist Party after the expulsion of the reformists, and a loss of revolutionary fervor after two years of failed unrest.

Much of the parties opposed to the communists combined into an electoral coalition known as the National Blocs, led by Italian Liberal Party under Giovanni Giolitti. Included in the coalition was the Italian Fasci of Combat led by Benito Mussolini, which until then had been largely irrelevant in Italian politics. The coalition failed to achieve a majority, falling slightly behind the Italian People's Party.

A government was formed in July with Ivanoe Bonomi, a politician from the Reformist Socialist Party, as Prime Minister. His government had the backing of most of the non-leftist parties. It lasted until February 1922.

## Results

Due to the existence of the National Blocs coalition, the seat totals for the Italian Fasci of Combat, Italian Social Democratic Party and Italian Liberal Party only represent those elected on opposition lists or in areas where a National Blocs list did not run. Deputies that were elected via the National Blocs are included as part of the National Blocs seat total regardless of party affiliation.