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<hero description="In the world of Pokémon, mysterious new creatures called hybrids made themselves known. Created using artificial means, these hybrids are mixtures of human and Pokémon biology, and they are only growing in number. But... Where did they come from? What is their purpose? What do they mean for the rest of the world?

This is the official wiki for the Hybridverse, a Pokémon fan fiction universe based around the concept of humans becoming anthropomorphic Pokémon through various means. Be warned: this wiki contains spoilers for the various stories that take place in the universe." imagename="" cropposition="" />
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Planetary Ring System

A planetary ring system is a disc or ring orbiting a astronomical object. Planetary ring systems are mainly composed of dust or small asteroids, typically called moon-lets. Ring systems are commonly found around gas giants, but small ring systems have been found on asteroids and dwarf planets. Ring systems are made from collisions or by smaller planets/moons, hitting it's Roche limit. Ring systems can also be composed in parts, as seen on Saturn.

Moon-lets are thrown out away from the planet, colliding with one another and breaking apart constantly as they orbit. and sunlight should photo-dissociate ring particles. The only thing keeping ring's stable and maintained is gravity.

Orbital resonance can tug at ring particles, keeping them in place. Shepherd moons can fit through the Roche limit and can pull on ring particles, making particles out of place, and create gaps in the rings which create room for moons. Moons that have cryovolcanism can also make there own dim rings.

## Formation

As a planet or moon come into the bigger planet's Roche limit, the smaller planet experiences tidal forces, which will overtake the the smaller planet's own gravity, causing it to split into tiny asteroids and dust. These remnants of the smaller planets start orbiting around the bigger planet at very fast speeds, due to the proximity of the bigger planet. However there is another way to get a planetary ring system. These can form when the planets is early in life. When leftover debris are floating around close to the planet, they can start to orbit around the planet that is forming. When rings are formed this way, they are usually farther from the planet.

## Classification

Ring systems can come into 3 types, all based on the ring's material. There are rocky rings found near planets relatively close to stars, Metal Rings, which are found on Hot Jupiters which are rich in metal due to the proximity. And Ice rings, the most common type of rings which are found on cold gas giants, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> There are many moons around Ikanos, a cold gas giant, Ikanos has 2 moons which are frigid and are similar to Enceladus. Ikanos has huge rings, ranging from where Io would be compared to Jupiter. There is supposed to be a Station settled near the planet in the frozen rings it has. The bright A Type star shines over the construction zone, as all of them are frozen to the bone, waiting for a break. Since the rings are huge it is planned to be a mining zone for ice and maybe some minerals. However the view is gorgeous, something to be in awe about.
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Diamila

She is one of the Protagonists in the story series known as "Almian Nights". Formerly a human female, she became a Milotic after a Meteor nearly hit her and her then-sisters in the Desert.

## Bio

She is one of three of the Belly Dancing Siblings. When she was a child and preteen, she was considered "ugly" by the locals and visitors. There, she came across a Female Frebas and over time, the Frebas became a Milotic. Six months prior, around her thirteenth birthday, Djamila entered her first Belly Dancing competition, and was considered more beautiful then her older sisters. Djamila is a very skilled dancer of the Turkish/Oriental Style.

Four years later, the pressure from her parents and their culture beginning to weigh heavy on her and her older siblings. One night, while they were travelling through the desert, they noticed the three Mega-stones in the sand. Then while they were setting up camp, a Meteor came down and she got caught into the crater. In there, she underwent the transformation into a Milotic-Hybrid that she is now.

## Personality

She is usually shy around others, due to her childhood where others called her ugly. That shyness sort of subsided, but it still remains due to her current situation. However, when she is in the water, she is smiling and happy. In the water, she feels free and hyper. The difference between her on Land and her in the Sea, it is like Night and Day.

## Abilities and Skills

Abilities:

She have an ability that, as far as she is aware of, no other Hybrids have. That ability is to take on a Mer-Pokémon form. She call this form, whenever she is in a container or body of water that is big enough for her to move around, her "Mer-Milotic Form". In her Mer-Milotic form, she is as flexible as a Milotic as well as as strong or stronger as them. She can even breath and communicate underwater as if it was the same as air. She haven't fully discovered her entire Mer-Milotic form's potential, but she already have daydreams of an underwater home of her own with a hybrid lover and children.

Skills:

-She can dance in a Turkish Style of Belly Dance. (It is the most energetic and high-energy Dance with its female dancers wearing flamboyant pieces of cloths. (Almost like Shantae))

(Future Skills)

-Underwater combat/Underwater Battling

-Hunting and Gathering underwater.

-Underwater navigation

## Pokémon Stats

As a Milotic, she have all the Type Effectiveness that a normal Milotic possess. Which includes the 2X weakness to Grass and Electricity. As well as the half-damage resistance from Steel, Fire, Water, and Ice.

Known attacks:

* Move 1: Rain Dance (Status) <Water>
* Move 2: Blizzard (Special) <Ice>
* Move 3: Dragon Tail (Physical) <Dragon>
* Move 4: Dive (Physical) <Water>
Rogue Planet

A **rogue planet,** also know as a **interstellar planet**, **nomad planet**, **free -floating planet**, **orphan planet** (and several more terms) is a type of planet that does not orbit a stellar object, but instead orbits the galactic core directly  Rogue planet include sub brown dwarfs, planets that form and behave like a Brown Dwarf . Others may formed by their Planetary System's Giant planets migrating inwards, using gravity to throw nearby planets out of the system. Even if it didn't, nearby stars passing by may cause the planet to be ejected. Although it is unlikely if would harbour life, life can form in subsurface oceans, rogue planets can also keep warm by tidal forces of it's moon or high atmospheric pressure.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

TSD-194 is a rogue planet that orbits The Hathor Galaxy and has a mass of around 6 Earth masses. The planet was probably formed in a nearby Planetary System that ejected it away, we are not really sure how the planet gone rogue, but scientists assumed that it may got thrown away by a Gas Giant moving inwards. Although it's at a frigid -270 degree celsius. It may harbour life in its recent discovered subsurface ocean.

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue\_planet
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-brown\_dwarf
3. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7CkdB5z9PY
Moon

A **moon** or a **natural satellite** is a rocky or icy object orbiting a planet. It could be a regular satellite, a moon in a prograde, uninclined and round orbit. Moons could have formed in the circumplanetary disk (for the Gas Giant or Ice Giant) or from the fragments of a massive impact (for Terrestrial planets). However a rocky planet is more likely to have a Irregular satellite, which is a moon that is in a inclined, eccentric or even retrograde orbit, like the two potato shaped moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Moons also needs to be in the Hill Sphere of the planet it's orbiting.

Although moons are often thought to be boring chunks of rock and ice, it is actually more interesting than that. First of all, moons could potentially host life, and it could have conditions better than a Garden World , they are protected by the magnetic field of their parent object if they are close enough, and a big moon can either just be warmed by being in habitable zone, or if you want Earth-like conditions far from habitable zone, you could use tidal heating from it’s parent object. Or a far more likely option, a sub-surface ocean warmed by geological activities or tidal forces. Therefore, moons could potentially host life, and may even be more habitable than Planets.

## Worldbuilding in Practise

One of the icy irregular moon orbiting the Ice Giant Aerope is the famous Apraton, the moon was thought to be a Dwarf planet at once, but then got near Aerope and got captured. Due to the tidal heating, Apraton is heated enough to have subsurface oceans inside, and with the newly discovered “Black Smokers” scientist thought Apraton is ready for life, or maybe it already has life.

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural\_satellite
2. ↑ citation needed
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://aasnova.org/2018/08/29/habitable-moons-instead-of-habitable-planets/
Seren

***Seren*** is the main character of Pokémon: Serene Unity. Formerly a male human named William, she was transformed into female Umbreon hybrid after nearly being killed in a bad rock slide on Route 42.

## Bio

William was down on his luck all his life. After a massive failure at the Johto League when he was young, he couldn't seem to do anything right afterwards. He couldn't hold down a job anywhere he tried. He finally hit the breaking point when he tried and failed to get a job at the Ecruteak Gym, running up Mt. Mortar in a blind rage. His best friend, an Umbreon named Eve, talked him out of doing anything drastic. They sat next to Waterfall River to relax, only to find a small Keystone floating in the river. When an earthquake suddenly shook the mountain, William and Eve were caught up in a bad rock slide, Eve and William sustaining horrible injuries.

As Eve's life started to fade away, William's Keystone started glowing, transforming him into a female Umbreon hybrid and transferring Eve's soul into the stone. William escaped into the woods, waking to find that all that had happened had actually happened. He along with Eve tries to deal with his new body and the new name that suddenly appeared in his mind, a name he had never heard before: Seren.

## Personality

When Seren was known as William, she was very sad most of the time, having borderline depression after all of the failures she had managed to build up. The only time she was happy was when she was with her human mother and his best friend Eve.

After the transformation, Seren realized how, despite all of the strangeness of being in a female body, being an Umbreon hybrid could bring her joy in ways she never knew. Bathing in the moonlight and absorbing its power became something she looked forward to every night, helping her ease into her new life.

## Abilities and Skills

Seren doesn't know that many Pokémon moves due to her recent transformation, but Eve is using the realm of dreams to teach Seren everything she can. Seren's new female instincts already do give her an advantage in combat however, her curvy body providing more than enough distractions for opponents even if she doesn't intend it. Due to her Umbreon form, she can increase her strength and restore health by bathing in the moonlight. Although she is a Dark type, her stealth skills are very lacking.

## Pokémon Stats

### Known Moves

* Sand Attack
* Pursuit
* Quick Attack
* Psychic

## Trainer Card

### Pokémon League Standings

* Johto League - Defeated in the Elite Four

## See Also

* Pokémon: Serene Unity - The story that Seren stars in
Interacting Galaxies

A common occurrence in the universe, and an essential ingredient for the formation of many types of galaxy, is **galaxy interaction**. This can happen on a smaller scale (for example, a satellite galaxy warping the spiral arms of a spiral galaxy) or on a much bigger scale (where entire galaxies collide). When galaxies collide, it can be devastating to their morphology, more often than not resulting in peculiar or even irregular galaxies. Galactic collisions are also thought to be behind the formation of elliptical galaxies and even lenticular galaxies.

Near-miss encounters can also significantly warp a galaxy's shape. In some cases, these galaxies may even exchange some material in their brief encounters.

When galaxies collide, the odds are extremely low that any two stars themselves may collide, as stars are very small compared to the spaces between them. However, clouds of gas and dust will be compressed during collisions and this will trigger lots of star formation.

Galactic interaction is a very slow process and  and is unlikely to affect a galaxy’s habitability significantly. The night sky might be warped significantly.

Examples of interacting galaxies include the Antennae Galaxies, NGC 520, the Mice Galaxies and NGC 2207/IC 2163. In about 4.5 billion years, Andromeda and the Milky way will collide.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> The Galaxy NSG 104 are two galaxies colliding and according to a computer simulator, NSG 104 is going to merge into an Elliptical Galaxy. Recently, large amounts of stars and planets are suddenly popped out between the Galaxy colliding area, possibly due to gas and dust forced to merge into stars and planets with the collision. The local civilization noticed the spectacular Galaxy changes and some panicked that star collisions will appear. However, there is a really rare chance to have a star collision.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Interacting Galaxies
2. ↑ Deborah Byrd: Night sky as Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies merge
3. ↑ Wikipedia: Andromeda–Milky Way collision
Nebulae and Molecular Clouds

**Nebulae** are large, dense clouds of hydrogen, helium and cosmic dust. They are very dense (100 to 1000 molecules per cm3) compared to empty space, but are hardly dense at all compared to earth’s atmosphere (2.5 x 1019 molecules per cm3). In fact, they are less dense than the best of Earth's artificial vacuums. There are several types of nebulae.

Planetary Nebulae are clouds of hydrogen which are expelled from a low mass star upon its death. They are illuminated by the white dwarf which they surround. The nebula which results from a supernova is known as a supernova remnant.

**Molecular Clouds** are a particular type of nebula, typically ranging from 50 light years to 300 light years across and containing anywhere between 105 and 107 solar masses of material. They normally range in temperature from 10 Kelvin to 50 Kelvin and last for about 10 to 100 million years before dissipating.

Giant Molecular Clouds, such as the Orion Nebula, form stars by gravitationally coalescing, eventually accumulating enough mass in a single spot to form a protostar.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> The largest star systems may seem huge to us, but they are minuscule compared to the vast Nephele Nebula. With a diameter of about 86 pc and a total mass of around 106 solar masses, it is the cradle of millions of stars. In another 20 million years or so, the nebula will disappear completely, but until then, it remains one of the most beautiful sights in the Armstrong Sector, and one of the most popular desktop wallpapers across the galaxy.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Nebula
2. ↑ Nick Strobel: Lives and Deaths of Stars
3. ↑ Wikipedia: Planetary Nebula
4. ↑ Wikipedia: Supernova Remnant
5. ↑ Wikipedia: Molecular Cloud
Neutron Star

**Neutron Stars** are incredibly dense stars composed entirely of degenerate neutrons. They are formed after a star of 8 M☉ to 20 M☉ explodes in a type Ib, Ic or II supernova. The nature of their formation leaves them rotating incredibly quickly – with a rotational frequency of 0.033 rotations per second to a whopping 716 rotations per second. The period of these rotations remains very regular. These rotations do slow down, however, by about 10-15 seconds per rotation. Thus a neutron star rotating with a period of 1 second will have a period of 1.03 seconds after about 1 million years.

Neutron stars that are highly magnetized emit beams of electromagnetic radiation which can only be seen if pointed directly at the observer. Thus these neutron stars, known as pulsars, are incredibly accurate timekeepers.

About 5% of neutron stars are part of a binary system.

Neutron stars have a mass of about 1.4 M☉ to 3 M☉ and a radius of between 10 km to 13 km. The relationship between the mass and the radius of a neutron star is not currently understood, but the values will definitely lie between these ranges.

Habitability (for life as we know it) around a neutron star is almost certainly impossible. Other, non life-bearing worlds could easily exist in a neutron star system however.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Far away from human territory, in the deep depths of uncharted space, PSR J0048-7C6, a small pulsar, rotates at 1.833 revolutions per second, sending consistent pulses of radiation at the Tyson cluster. One of many pulsars in the galaxy, it is almost completely unremarkable, other than the fact that its rotational frequency happens to be almost 110 revolutions per minute, which matches the 110 bpm speed of the 20th century human musical group Queen's "Another One Bites the Dust". A popular internet meme is a video of the pulsar as viewed through the Laswell Telescope accompanied by a ten hour loop of the aforementioned song. It has 17 trillion views.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Neutron Star
2. ↑ Wikipedia: Neutron Degeneracy
3. ↑ Wikipedia: Pulsar
Stellar Demographics

All types of stars exist in certain proportions in galaxies. If you are looking to create a reasonably accurate collection of stars, you may want to have ratios of stars similar to that of the Milky Way, whose ratios are given below:

Please note that Red Dwarfs (M and very low-mass K stars) are included in the Dwarf statistics, not in the Main Sequence statistics.
Also note that these figures may change for different galaxy types. Expect older galaxies (such as ellipticals and globular clusters) to have a higher proportion of low end Main Sequence stars and Dwarfs, while galaxies with intense star formation (such as interacting or irregular galaxies) will likely have a higher proportion of giants and high end Main Sequence stars.

The positions of each star type of the HR diagram are shown below.
Carbon Planet

A **Carbon Planet** is a terrestrial planet composed largely of carbon, rather than iron and/or silicates, that could potentially form in oxygen-poor, carbon-rich star systems (such as around brown dwarfs, white dwarfs, neutron stars or closer to the galactic core). No water could exist on a carbon planet, as it would react with the carbon.

A carbon planet would probably be structured as follows:

* A steel or iron core
* A layer of molten silicon carbide and titanium carbide
* A layer of graphite or, if pressures are great enough, diamond
* A surface layer, where liquid or frozen hydrocarbons such as methane and tar could exist
* An atmosphere of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide, with carbon smog

Volcanism on a carbon planet could push diamonds from the subsurface layer to the surface, resulting in mountains of diamonds and silicon carbides. If surface temperature is less than 77℃, a weather cycle is possible. Temperatures below 350 K would allow long-chain hydrocarbons to fall down as rain. On carbon planets, rivers and lakes of oils could conceivably exist.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Abrota, a small carbon planet orbiting at 1.04 AU, is the only planet to orbit the brown dwarf Nisos. Abrota is infamous for its numerous mines and industrial complexes, owned by the Extrasolar Investment Corporation, whose workers are almost entirely indentured servants and the exploited poor, who earn next to nothing. Worker deaths are numbered in the hundreds of thousands, often due to cheap, faulty environmental suits. Despite this, Abrota's horrors are relatively unknown: swept under the proverbial carpet by governments who benefit from Abrota's exploitation.
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## References

1. ↑ I. Pascucci, G. Herczeg, J. S. Carr, and S. Bruderer: THE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR CONTENT OF DISKS AROUND VERY LOW-MASS STARS AND BROWN DWARFS
2. ↑ Wikipedia: Carbon Planet
3. ↑ Marc J. Kuchner, S. Seager: Extrasolar Carbon Planets
4. ↑ Fahad Sulehria: Carbon Planets
Premium & VIP

**Premium** es un estado especial que dura **30 dias.**
**Hay** **5 niveles premium** y cada siguiente nivel puede comprarse cualquier dia mientras tengas el estado premium. Despues de comprar el estado de **Premium** durara **30 dias** sin importar cuantos dias de tu actual estado de Premium le quedasen por terminar.

**Los Bonus de ser** **Premium son**: *Gemas cada dia (apareceran en el menu de recompensas), un bonus de EXP a las criaturas al terminar las Etapas, un bonus de EXP al jugador (no incluye las raids ni misiones diarias) y para terminar tambien tendras un bonus de Oro al terminar las Etapas.*

## VIP

**VIP** es un estado especial de la cuenta que depende de la cantidad de gemas que hallas comprado.
**Las Recompensas por ser son VIP**:

* Bonus de Gemas para cualquier compra de Gemas que hagas en el Banco
* Oro
* Piedras del Alma de Rubi o Ambar
* Comida y Chili
* Trampa de Almas
Lenticular Galaxy

**Lenticular Galaxies** are a form of galaxy that classify as something between an elliptical galaxy and a spiral galaxy. Lenticulars, like spirals, are disks with a central bulge region. They may also possibly have a bar structure. Unlike spirals, however, they have no spiral arm formation and, like ellipticals, have little ongoing star formation and consist mainly of old stars. Lenticulars may contain significant amounts of dust in their disks, however. They are thought to have been formed as a result of galactic collisions between spiral galaxies. Roughly 20% of galaxies are lenticular.

Lenticulars are classified as S0 (unbarred) or SB0 (barred).

Lenticulars are likely to exhibit the same properties as spirals and ellipticals when it comes to habitability. Whether an individual lenticular is closer to an elliptical than to a spiral is up to the discretion of the worldbuilder.

Examples of lenticular galaxies include the Cartwheel galaxy, NGC 2787 and M84.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> The Ripple Galaxy, named for its ripple-like ring structure, is a barred lenticular galaxy and a ring galaxy, classified SB0(r). It is about 1800 parsecs across and contains roughly 30 billion stars. It is incredibly beautiful to observe and is the second largest object (apart from any nearby planets or suns) in the night sky when observed from Karnak, second only to Hathor, visible in most parts to the naked eye.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Lenticular Galaxy
2. ↑ Swinburne University of Technology: Lenticular Galaxy
Niyari

***Niyari*** is the main character of Pokémon: Shadow of a Doubt. He mysteriously arrived at the Unova Pokémon Village hidden in the Lostlorn Forest where he was then raised by the Zoroark who lives there. He is stuck halfway through the process of hybridization into a Zoroark hybrid, human skin visible in some places.

## Bio

Niyari was found a little bit outside of the Unova Pokémon Village by Setsuna, a Zoroark who guards the village entrance. Setsuna carried him into the village and raised him as her own. Niyari grew up with his adoptive mother and her natural born son Yami, a Zorua who Niyari grew to know as his brother. He had no memory of his past, so he was happy to live as if he had always lived there. He lived in the village for a whole year, getting to know the villagers and gaining their trust as well as learning to be a village guardian like his mother.

One day, Niyari and his brother were called upon to help a local villager locate her missing son, so they headed deep into the woods in order to find him. What they find in the woods making Niyari ask all kinds of questions about his past and where he came from.

## Personality

Niyari grew up in a nurturing yet strict home in a friendly neighborhood. This has shaped him into a kind, sympathetic boy who is fairly headstrong and brash. However, his generally laid back attitude makes him easy to get along with, although he is known to get competitive and snarky when around his brother due to their friendly rivalry.

## Abilities and Skills

Niyari has the unique ability to alter one half of his genome, being able to change his human half into another Pokémon.
Zoey

Zoey is a Zoroark who has been Aaron's best friend and companion since the beginning of his adventure. She is a secondary character in Pokémon: A New Evolution.

## Bio

Zoey, as a Zorua, was abused by a disgruntled trainer in Castelia City, Unova. One day, she was taken out into an alley and was beaten to the brink of death, but Aaron managed to rescue her take her back home to Hoenn. Zoey and Aaron went on to become Hall of Famers in many different regions.

After Aaron's transformation into a Zoroark hybrid, her relationship with Aaron has only strengthened. She tries to keep Aaron's spirits up while helping him adjust to his new body, although she feels that Aaron is hiding his true feelings from her.

## Personality

Zoey is a hardened veteran in battle, but she is anything but when she is surrounded by friends. Her heart is full of purity, and she wants any wrongs that she has committed to be righted. She is very loyal to her teammates and her master, often playing the mediator if the others get in fights.

When it comes to Aaron though, she has a very caring and motherly spirit, even though Aaron is older than her. This is because she made a promise to Aaron on the day that he saved her from her abusive owner: she would always protect him with her life all the way until her death.

## Abilities and Skills

Zoey, being a Zoroark, has access to various Dark types moves as well as a great understanding of hand-to-hand combat and stealth. In battle, she always aims to intimidate her opponent so she doesn't have to use her full force.

### Pokémon Stats

#### Moves

* Nasty Plot
* Extrasensory
* Shadow Claw
* Aerial Ace

## See Also

* Pokémon: A New Evolution - The story that Zoey comes from
* Aaron
Variable Star

A **Variable Star** is a star whose brightness fluctuates. This may happen either because of of external interference between the star and the observer (e.g. clouds of dust, eclipsing companion, etc.) in which case the star is an “Extrinsic Variable”, or because the star’s luminosity does actually change for some reason (e.g. the star periodically grows and shrinks) in which case the star is an “Intristic Variable”.

Intrinsic Variables are further subdivided into three categories:

1. Pulsating Variables, stars whose radius expands and contracts periodically as part of their ageing. These stars are generally found in a part of the HR diagram known as the instability strip.
2. Eruptive Variables, stars which briefly get brighter due to eruptions on the star’s surface such as a flare or mass ejection.
3. Cataclysmic Variables, stars which get brighter due to cataclysmic events such as supernovae.

There are many, many types of variable stars, all of which are covered in great detail here.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Eta Rodriguez A is a particularly fascinating star as it is a variable star (a Delta Cepheid variable, to be precise) which regularly pulsates in a four day cycle. At the peak of this cycle, it is about 11 times brighter than it was two days previously. Even from its distant companion Eta Rodriguez E, this cycle is very much apparent.
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Ocean Planet

**Ocean Planets** are planets mostly or entirely composed of water. They could feature a rocky or icy core, with oceans hundreds of kilometres deep. They would occupy the the H2O band of the Mass-Radius graph, and would have densities of around 1 g/cm3.

These planets could potentially form from the bombardment of a rocky planet by comets, or the inward migration of an ice planet.

Ocean planets would have much thicker atmospheres (composed of water vapour) than silicate planets of equivalent masses, producing a much stronger greenhouse effect than on a silicate planet of equivalent mass. Low mass ocean planets would have relatively thin atmospheres in which water could evaporate more easily and, theoretically, could have much higher waves than their more massive counterparts.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Dagny is a "super-earth" ocean planet of mass 2.3 M⊕ and 1.9 R⊕, orbiting 0.51 AU from the K star Ascott. Comprised largely of water with a small silicate core, Dagny has a thick oxygen-water vapour atmosphere which maintains a pleasant 23° C on the planet's surface and deflects the worst of Ascott's radiation. While colonists are required to live entirely on boats and other floating structures, and also require the constant use of breathers outside contained environments, it is a small price to pay for a "shirt-sleeves" habitable world with bearable temperature and atmospheric pressure, teeming with small, relatively non-aggressive life that forms the backbone of Dagny's aquaculture economy.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Ocean Planet
2. ↑ Solstation: Water Worlds and Ocean Planets
3. ↑ Marc J. Kuchner: Volatile-Rich Earth-Mass Planets in the Habitable Zone
Gas Giant

**Gas Giants** are giant planets composed largely of hydrogen, similar in composition to Jupiter and Saturn. They are composed of roughly 90-95% hydrogen and around 2-10% helium, and are structured in the following layers (from inwards to outwards):

* A rocky metal-silicate core similar in composition to silicate terrestrial planets or perhaps even carbon planets.
* A layer of liquid metallic hydrogen (making up the bulk of the planet).
* A layer of atmospheric hydrogen, full of many clouds.

Gas Giants can be classified based on their atmospheres. The classes and cloud composition are as follows:

* Class I - Ammonia Clouds. Examples include Jupiter and Saturn. Class I gas giants would orbit either around dim stars or would be found in the outer reaches of their planetary system, and would have temperatures less than about 150 K.
* Class II - Water Clouds. Class II gas giants would have temperatures of less than 250 K. The clouds would be very similar to those found on Earth.
* Class III - Cloudless. Class III gas giants have temperatures of between about 350 K and 800 K, and lack elements suitable for clouds. They would appear as featureless blue globes and would likely orbit very close to a star.
* Class IV - Alkali Metals. Class IV gas giants have temperatures of between 900 K and 1400 K, and would likely be Hot Giants. They would have clouds of carbon monoxide, sodium and potassium.
* Class V - Silicate Clouds. Class V gas giants have temperatures of greater than 1400 K, and would almost certainly be Hot Giants. They would have clouds of silicates and iron in their upper atmosphere.

Gas Giants tend to have massive magnetic fields (which may even extend beyond some of the planet’s moons and thus shield them from radiation) as a result of the ionization of the giant’s metallic layer.

Gas giants follow the H/He band on the Mass-Radius graph, and range in radius from about 6 R⊕ to 15 R⊕. Such a high mass range but a low radius range results in a wide density range.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Hyrja is a class II gas giant of 1.99 MJ and 0.90 RJ orbiting the blue giant Hrimnir at an enormous distance of 1,437 AU. At such a distance, the planet completes an orbit every 6,515 Earth years, but still receives more sunlight from its incredibly luminous star than Earth does from the Sun. Hyrja has over 40 moons, many of which are exploited by ESIC mining teams. The moons alone supply a steady income of mineral wealth and water, supplemented by a vast agricultural habitat on Hyrja's moon Ari, to keep the inhabitants of the Hrimnir system self-sufficient.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Gas Giant
2. ↑ Wikipedia: Sudarsky's Gas Giant Classification
3. ↑ David Sudarsky, Adam Burrows, Philip Pinto: Albedo and Reflection Spectra of Extrasolar Giant Planets
Globular Cluster

**Globular Clusters** are very dense, spherical collections of stars which orbit the a galaxy as a satellite. They are found in the galactic halo, and galaxies can host from hundreds to thousands of them. The Milky Way hosts 150 to 158 confirmed globular clusters, while Andromeda may host as many as 500 clusters. Giant elliptical galaxies at the centres of galaxy clusters are by far the most abundant source of globular clusteres: M87 hosts about 13,000 globular clusters.

Globular clusters are far denser than star clusters in the galaxy itself, and may have around 0.04 stars per cubic parsec in the outer envelope of the cluster, to as many as 100 to 1000 stars per parsec in the dense, globular core. Globular clusters consist primarily of old, low-metallicity population II stars. They range in size from a radius of about 10 parsecs to 50 parsecs.

Both the high stellar density and the low metallicity of globular clusters are factors which greatly inhibit the formation of planets and life.

Examples of globular clusters include M80 and Palomar 12.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> RGS 23 is a small globular cluster orbiting the Ripple Galaxy. It itself is rather unremarkable: it is about 80 light years across and contains about 1 million stars. More importantly to space exploration, RGS 23 is close enough to the elliptical Inti that, once colonies are firmly rooted there, it can act as a stepping stone between Inti and the Ripple Galaxy and possibly even the nearby elliptical radio galaxy, TGC 43.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Globular Cluster
2. ↑ Jon Talpur: A Guide to Globular Clusters
3. ↑ Wikipedia: Stellar Population
Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies

**Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies**, also known as Invisible Galaxies or UDGs, are incredibly sparsely populated galaxies. They can be as large as the Milky Way, yet only have around 1% of the stars. Due to a lack of gas, they are full of old stellar populations.

Although no formal studies have been conducted on this subject, we can speculate that habitability would be difficult at best, due to the population type (low metallicity) of the stars. This is just speculation, however. Any observer in a UDG would likely see a relatively empty night sky.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Karnak is an Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy in the Thebes cluster, connected to the Milky Way via an ancient intergalactic gate. It is 25 kpc wide, yet has only around 860 million stars. Although it has little to recommend it in many regards, it is very useful as a stepping stone from the Milky Way to the Thebes cluster.
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Ring Galaxy

**Ring Galaxies** are a particular type of peculiar galaxy formed when another galaxy passes through the centre of a spiral or lenticular galaxy, creating the ring shape. The ring is fairly similar in composition to a spiral arm, whereas the bulge is identical to the bulges of spiral galaxies or elliptical galaxies.

Habitability of such a galaxy would depend on whether a particular star system lies in the bulge (not habitable), the ring (dangerous) or somewhere in between (possibly habitable). The night sky would resemble that of a planet in a spiral galaxy, but may differ, again depending on the position of the observer in the galaxy.

Ring galaxies are designated with a (r).

Examples include the famous Hoag’s Object, the Cartwheel Galaxy and AM  0644-741.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> The Ripple Galaxy, named for its ripple-like ring structure, is a barred lenticular galaxy and a ring galaxy, classified SB0(r). It is about 1800 parsecs across and contains roughly 30 billion stars. It is incredibly beautiful to observe and is the second largest object (apart from any nearby planets or suns) in the night sky when observed from Karnak, second only to Hathor, visible in most parts to the naked eye.
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Active Galactic Nucleus

Most, if not all, galaxies have a supermassive black hole (SMBH) at their core. While certainly impressive enough on their own (the largest - the SMBH of NGC 4889 - has a mass of about 2.1 x 1010 solar masses and a diameter of about 20 to 124 billion kilometers), they can become even more impressive.

Large amounts of matter may orbit a SMBH in a disk (known as an accretion disk) which heats up due to friction and releases high energy radiation, such as X-Rays. When this occurs at the centre of a galaxy, the core is referred to as an **active galactic nucleus**.

Active Galaxies are subdivided into many types, based on the frequency of emissions and the way in which they are emitted. Radio-loud types, such as some Quasars, Blazars and Radio Galaxies, emit energy via massive relativistic jets: shooting jets of plasma close to the speed of light. Radio-quiet types, such as LINERs, Seyfert Galaxies and some Quasars, do not emit energy via jets. More information can be found on their respective Wikipedia pages, linked above.

Examples of active galaxies include Centaurus A (Radio Galaxy), the Sombrero Galaxy (LINER),  the Einstein Cross (Quasar) and the Circinus Galaxy (Seyfert).

Concerning the habitability of an active galaxy, it is likely that they are almost as habitable as dormant galaxies. A planet would have to be very close to the SMBH to be significantly bathed in radiation (at which point, the normal radiation of the bulge stars would kill you anyway). Unless a relativistic jet is pointed straight at you (in which case, you die), there is no significant difference between active and dormant galaxies.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> The Thunatoo, a pre-space age civilisation inhabiting the Ripple Galaxy, noticed something terrifying when they observed TGC 43, an elliptical radio galaxy. They noticed that, according to advanced models on the movements of their galaxy, they would pass through the relativistic jet of TGC 43 within a million years. This would almost certainly eradicate all life in their part of the galaxy. The Thunatoo, and all life on their planet (and, indeed, in their quadrant of the galaxy), were living on borrowed time.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Supermassive Black Hole
2. ↑ Wikipedia: Accretion Disk
3. ↑ Wikipedia: Active Galactic Nucleus
4. ↑ Wikipedia: Relativistic Jet
5. ↑ Tsana Dolichva: Habitable Galaxies - Part 2: Active galaxies
Ice Planet

**Ice Planets** are planets that consist largely of volatile ices, such as water ice, ammonia ice, dry ice(CO2) and methane ice. Triton, Europa, Eris and Pluto are all examples of icy planetoids, although they are moons and dwarf planets, not true planets. These planets, if "cored", would occupy the Fe/MgSiO3/H2O band on the Mass-Radius graph, with densities of between roughly 1 and 2 g/cm3. If coreless (i.e. the planet is entirely composed of ices), these planets would occupy the H2O band of the Mass-Radius graph, and would have densities closer to 1 g/cm3.

An Ice Planet’s composition is dependent on its surface temperature. An ice planet would be composed of:

* Methane, if the temperature is less than 80 K

* CO2 and Ammonia, if the temperature is less than 180 K
* Water Ice, if the temperature is less than 260 K

Although an ice planet’s surface would be far too cold to harbor life, subsurface oceans may be warmed by internal heat or tidal forces from other bodies and thus be relatively hospitable. Any organisms living in these subsurface oceans would rely on chemosynthesis (producing nutrients from specific chemicals) rather than photosynthesis.

Ice planets are usually found orbiting beyond the frost line of a star, but in exceptional circumstances can be found closer in, as gravitational forces could keep the ices in solid states despite intense heat.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Orestes is a small ice planet on the outer edges of the Agamemnon system. It is large enough to be considered a true planet, but is nevertheless very small. In fact, it would have been completely disregarded by the system's inhabitants were it not for the fact that Electra, the system's "shirt-sleeves" habitable desert planet, lacks the water necessary to sustain its industrial colonies. Orestes, on the other hand, is 95% water and is very easily accessible from Electra, making it a vital area of development in the system. Every day it attracts hundreds of ice-crackers, most of whom are paid barely enough to live off by the Extrasolar Investment Corporation, who owns exclusive rights to the planet's development.
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Ice Giant

**Ice Giants** are giant planets similar in composition to Uranus and Neptune. In contrast to gas giants, they are only about 20% hydrogen and helium, with the rest of their composition being heavier elements and compounds such as ammonia, water and methane. Like gas giants, they are organised into layers:

* A rocky core
* A fluid-ice mantle of ammonia, water and methane
* An outer envelope of hydrogen, helium and methane (which gives them a bluish tint)

Theories suggest that immense pressures could separate the carbon atoms from the methane molecules that are abundant in ice giants and force them into diamonds, creating diamond hailstorms, diamond oceans and possibly even diamond icebergs.

Ice Giants, like gas giants, have magnetic fields (which, like those of gas giants, can extend beyond some of their moons), but as a result of convection currents in their fluid mantles, as they lack a metallic layer that can be ionized like a gas giant’s.

Ice Giants are found in between the H2O and H/He bands on the Mass-Radius graph, and range in radius from about 2 R⊕ to 6 R⊕.

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Aerope is a fairly standard ice giant of 0.1 MJ and 0.36 RJ, orbiting the F class star Agamemnon every 194 years at a distance of 37.3 AU. Despite only having 13 moons, Aerope has enough mineral wealth to warrant its own colony, and boasts the Aerope 6 space station, a galaxy-renowned spaceport infamous for its relaxed laws on gambling and prostitution.
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Iron Planet

An **Iron Planet** is a terrestrial planet composed almost entirely of an iron core with little or no silicate mantle. Mercury is considered an iron planet, with roughly 70% of its composition being metallic and 42% of its volume being its iron core (as opposed to Earth’s 17%). Some planets may be even more metallic. Iron planets would have a density of between roughly 5 and 8 g/cm3 (found around the Fe band on the Mass-Radius graph).

Iron planets are thought to form very close orbits around their stars (larger orbits are permitted if the star is more massive), where the protoplanetary disk in more iron-rich. Iron planets may also form due to collisions stripping away the silicate mantle, or drag from solar nebulae causing lighter materials not to acrete (see theories on Mercury’s formation).

Since these planets are much smaller than silicate planets of a similar mass, they would likely be geologically dead and would not have a magnetic field, due to rapid cooling.

An iron planet may be covered with lakes of iron carbonyl if it exists within a region where it can interact with liquid water (i.e. the Habitable Zone). Some iron planets may also have diamond fields.

Examples might include the KOI 1843.03

## Worldbuilding in Practice

> Hephaestus is an iron planet orbiting the the F class star Agamemnon every 30 days. Orbiting at a mere 0.21 AU from its star, it is tidally locked and is heated to about 750 K on its day side. Composed almost entirely of iron, it has a density of just over 8 g/cm3. With a mass of almost 3 M⊕ and a radius of about 1.25 M⊕, it has a comfortable surface gravity of 1.82 Gs, allowing for very profitable mining on its night side, where temperatures are far more manageable.
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## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Iron Planet
2. ↑ Wikipedia: Mercury
Supernova

A **supernova** is the catastrophic explosion of a giant star. Supernovae are powerful enough to eject material from the star at 10% the speed of light and can even briefly outshine their own galaxy. All elements heavier than iron are fused in supernovae. A supernova leaves behind a stellar remnant and a special kind of nebula known as a supernova remnant.

There are 2 main types of supernovae: type I and type II. These are further subdivided into Ia,Ib,Ic, IIP, IIL, IIn and IIb. The differences between these types are rather complicated, but those searching for more details can find them here.

Type Ia supernovae are caused by the thermal runaway of a white dwarf which has exceeded its Chandrasekhar limit and thus has begun to fuse carbon at its core (see White Dwarfs). They eject material at 3% the speed of light and have a luminosity of about 5 billion L☉.

All other types of supernovae are caused by the core collapse of a very massive star. This can be tabulated as follows:

The effects of a supernova are truly devastating. The star's system will likely be destroyed (the planets either ejected from the system, disintegrated or at the very least incinerated by radiation) and the habitability of nearby systems could also be negatively affected.

## Worldbuilding in Practise

NV 012 is a Supernova explosion that caused several species to be extinct on several Garden World. The Progenitor is a massive blue star 9 times the mass of our sun, and formed a Pulsar. We don't know much about the supernova, however, we detected a shockwave hurdling towards the Nephele Nebula, which will cause a huge amount of stars born in the Nebula.

## References

1. ↑ Wikipedia: Supernova
2. ↑ Wikipedia: Supernova Remnant
3. ↑ Wikipedia: Near-Earth Supernova
Astronomical Observation

All astronomical objects, be they galaxies, stars or planets, appear differently to observers in different places. Objects appear larger and brighter the closer an observer is to the object. Small objects (such as the moon) may appear larger than anything else in the sky due to their proximity, while the largest of galaxies may be invisible to the naked eye or blocked by relatively nearby objects.

How a civilisation views astronomical objects may have an enormous impact on their culture and way of thinking, and thus it is an important thing to consider.

## Apparent Brightness

### Stars

We can determine the intensity of a star’s light as perceived on any given point in the solar system (and beyond). Given the luminosity of the star and the distance from the star to the observer, we can calculate the apparent brightness of a star as:

The answer, when converted to actual values, is in W/m2.

### Planets

Determining the brightness of planets is not as easy as determining the brightness of stars, as planets do not radiate light as stars do, but rather reflect it. A measure of a planet's ability to reflect light is called its bond albedo: a value which ranges from 0 to 1. A planet with an albedo of 0 absorbs all light (and hence is pure black), and a planet with an albedo of 1 reflects all light (and hence is pure white). Below are the bond albedos of some solar system bodies.

The apparent brightness of any planet P, orbiting a star S, as observed from an observer O is given by:

Where *a* is P's bond albedo, *LS* is S's luminosity (in watts), *RP* is the radius of P (in metres), *DPS* is the distance between P and S (in metres) and *DOP* is the distance between O and P (in metres). The answer will be in W/m2.

## Apparent Size

We can calculate how big an object will appear, based on the small-angle approximation. Given the radius of the object and the distance between the object and the observer, we can calculate its apparent size (relative to the Sun) as:

Where 1 θ☉ is the apparent size of the Sun from Earth, which is roughly 0.5°. The moon has roughly the same apparent size from Earth.

Comparing the apparent size of the object to the apparent size of other nearby objects (notably moons), we can determine whether or not total eclipses are possible.

We can also use the apparent size to determine whether or not the object in question can be seen with the naked eye. As a rule of thumb, anything smaller than 0.01145916° can not be seen by the naked human eye.

## References

1. ↑ Ohio State University: How Bright is a Star?
2. ↑ Dr. Christopher Palma: Luminosity and Apparent Brightness
3. ↑ Wikipedia: Small-angle approximation
4. ↑ Wikipedia: Pupil