recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Клинчер

**Клинчер** (от слова **clinch** - *англ*. зацеп, захват) - вид велосипедной камерной шины, имеющий зацеп из стального или кевларового троса внизу борта. Требуют для своей правильной посадки и работы специальных "клинчерных" ободов, которые имеют "ответный" выступ внутри обода, и который зацепляется при накачке за трос борта шины. На сегодняшний день самый распространённый тип велосипедных шин на всех типах велосипедов и почти во всех видах спорта.

**Типы**:

1) С кевларовым кордом

2) Со стальным кордом

Клинчеры для МТБ

**Виды**:

1) слик

2) полуслик

3) универсальная

4) кросс-кантри

5) грязевая с развитыми грунтозацепами

**Преимущества**.

Благодаря крепкому "зацепу" обода с шиной позволяют накачивать такие шины до очень высокого давления (более 10 атм), что позволяет их использовать даже в профессиональном спорте. Так же имеют высокую ремонтопригодность, по сравнению с шинами-одотрубками, т.к. имеют отдельную камеру и покрышку. Решающим моментом для большинства юзеров выступает цена, которая значительно ниже, чем у шин-однотрубок, а так же более долгий ресурс (достигающий нескольких тысяч километров).

**Недостатки**

Он только один, и достаточно условный - вес. Комбинация двойного обода + шин однотрубок весит до 20% ниже, чем комбинация двойной обод + камера + клинчерная шина. Однако самые топовые современные клинчеры вплотную приближаются к весу трубок, из-за чего уже плотно используются в шоссейных гонках.

**В крокодиловодстве**

В полноценном виде клинчерные покрышки на совдеповские велосипеды не ставились, поскольку советская промышленность не выпускала обода под клинчеры (они не имели внутреннего зацепа), поэтому большинство крокодиловодов ставит современные покрышки на родные обода, но вынуждены ограничивать давление, что бы шину не выдавило с обода. Тебе, кто имеет более высокий бюджет (или утратили родные колеса), ставят связку "одинарные" клинчерные обода + клинчерные покрышка. Эта информация касается в первую очередь дорожных (Украина, Аист, Урал) и легкодорожных (Спутник, Турист) велосипедов.

Нескольколько иная ситуация с шоссейными и трековыми велосипедами (Стартон, Чемпион, Рекорд и пр. спецзаказы), которые с завода имели обода под шины-однотрубки. Ввиду запредельной стоимости современных трубок, владельцы Стартонов практически поголовно ставят клинчерные обода и резину, что бы сэкономить, а так же сильно упростить эксплуатацию своего педального коня.

Так же клинчеры бешено любят фиксеры, так как ходит миф, что трубки срывает при скиде (что просто объясняется неумением клеить трубки на обода, ну и нищебродством, т.к. ресурс трубок крайне мал), и сложностью их замены.
Слопинг

Слопинг - наклон назад верхней трубы велосипеда относительно строгой горизонтали . Изначально применялось на дамских велосипедах, что бы женщины могли ездить в юбках. Сильно прижилось на МТБ, дабы райдер не становился евнухом при частых падениях. В мире шоссейных и туринговых велосипедов, имхо, бессмысленно, является маркетинговым ходом.

наклон же трубы вперед относительно строгой горизонтали называется лоу про ( лукьян не прав)

В крокодиловодстве - не труЪ, да и в стандартных мужских советских велосипедах не применялось. В спорте передний наклон трубы применяется для аэродинамической посадки в позе раком.
Crseih

**Crseih** var en kristalliserad vit dvärg som slukades av ett svart hål. Påverkad av Waru, ett extra-dimensionellt väsen, störde Creseih Kraften när de var i närheten av varandra. Den förstördes 14 ABY när den sögs in i ett svart hål.

## Framträdande

* The Crystal Star (första framträdande)
* Young Jedi Knights: Delusions of Grandeur (endast omnämnd)
Sooty Chat

The **sooty chat** (*Myrmecocichla nigra*) is an African songbird of the chat subfamily.

## Description

It is 15 to 16 cm (6 to 6.25 inches) long, stocky and relatively short-tailed for a chat. The adult male's plumage is glossy black except for white patches on the upper wings that are usually visible or only partly concealed (as in the photograph at upper right) when the bird is at rest. The female and young are very dark brown.

## Song

The song (in Kenya and northern Tanzania) is described as "prolonged, sweet and musical, sometimes given in flight, *wee tewee tuweer, skwik-skueeeeer, cueee-eeeee-cuweeeeer, eee-euwee-tee, tseuwee-tew-skweeer-tsi-seet….*" This species sometimes imitates other birds.

## Range

It occurs widely but discontinuously in African grasslands, from Senegal east to Kenya and south to Angola and Zambia. Its range is estimated at 3,400,000 km², and it is considered "frequent" in at least parts of that area.
Одинарный обод

Одинарный обод - классический велосипедный обод, по умолчанию в форме швеллера. Является предметом неудержимого фапа многих крокодиловодов, часто небезосновательно. Хорош тем, что дешев, легок и придает велосипеду мягкость на дороге и всеядность покрытия. При грамотном мастеровом наборе спиц может быть не менее прочным, чем двойной обод. Бывает из стали и алюминия, его конструкция и характеристики идеально подходят для окрокодиленных "Туристов" и прочих "Украин".
Buff-collared Nightjar

The **buff-collared nightjar** (*Antrostomus ridgwayi*) is a small sized nightjar. Adults are dark with brown, grey, black, and white patterning on the upperparts and breast. The tail is dark brown, with darker finely barred markings throughout. The male has large white outer tail tips on the 3 outermost tail feathers. The female has buffy tail tips. The most distinguishing characteristic to determine its identity from its closest relative the Whip-poor-will is from where the bird gets its name. It shows a prominent buff-colored collar around its neck and nape. Its song is also very different. It sounds like an accelerating cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk, cukacheea.

Their breeding habitat is open country of Mexico and Central America to central Nicaragua. The northern limit of its range reaches just over the Mexican border to southeasternmost Arizona and southwesternmost New Mexico–(the Madrean Sky Islands in the eastern Sonoran Desert mountain region), where they are the only breeding resident birds. The nightjar's two eggs are laid directly on bare ground near rocks or scrubby vegetation—there is no nest. The adult may feign injury to distract an intruder from the eggs or young birds.

They catch flying insects on the wing, making forays to catch its prey from the ground or a perch from a bush, tree, or large rock. They are mainly active at night, but can also be awake at dawn or dusk. They usually rest on the ground during the day.

## Name

The buff-collared nightjar was previously known as Ridgway's whip-poor-will. Its scientific name (*Antrostomus ridgwayi*) was chosen in honor of Robert Ridgway, an American ornithologist of the 19th century.
Rhampholeon

***Rhampholeon*** is a genus of small chameleons, commonly known as **pygmy chameleons** or **African leaf chameleons**, found in central East Africa (extending slightly into adjacent DR Congo). They are found in forests, woodlands, thickets, and savanna, and most species are restricted to highlands. They are brown, grey, or green, and typically seen at low levels in bushes, or on the ground among grasses or leaf litter.

## Taxonomy

Until recently, the members of the genus *Rieppeleon* were commonly included in *Rhampholeon*, instead.

## Species

The following 19 species are recognized as being valid.

* *Rhampholeon acuminatus* Mariaux & Tilbury, 2006
* *Rhampholeon beraduccii* Mariaux & Tilbury, 2006
* *Rhampholeon boulengeri* Steindachner, 1911 – Boulenger's pygmy chameleon
* *Rhampholeon bruessoworum* Branch, Bayliss & Tolley, 2014
* *Rhampholeon chapmanorum* Tilbury, 1992
* *Rhampholeon gorongosae* Broadley 1971 – Gorongosa pygmy chameleon
* *Rhampholeon hattinghi* Tilbury & Tolley, 2015
* *Rhampholeon marshalli* Boulenger, 1906 – Marshall's pygmy chameleon
* *Rhampholeon maspictus* Branch, Bayliss & Tolley, 2014
* *Rhampholeon moyeri* Menegon, Salvidio & Tilbury, 2002
* *Rhampholeon nchisiensis* (Loveridge, 1953) – pitless pygmy chameleon
* *Rhampholeon nebulauctor* Branch, Bayliss & Tolley, 2014
* *Rhampholeon platyceps* Günther, 1893
* *Rhampholeon spectrum* (Buchholz, 1874) – spectral pygmy chameleon
* *Rhampholeon spinosus* (Matschie, 1892) – rosette-nosed chameleon
* *Rhampholeon temporalis* (Matschie, 1892) – Usambara pitted pygmy chameleon
* *Rhampholeon tilburyi* Branch, Bayliss & Tolley, 2014
* *Rhampholeon uluguruensis* Tilbury & Emmrich, 1996 – Uluguru pygmy chameleon
* *Rhampholeon viridis* Mariaux & Tilbury, 2006
Mangalarga

The **Mangalarga** is a horse breed that was originally developed in Brazil by Francisco Gabriel Junqueira, the Baron of Alfenas, when he began breeding Royal Alter stallions from Portugal with local colonial mares on his lands in Baependi County at Minas Gerais State.

In 1812, when the Junqueira family moved to São Paulo state, the topography, the forest, the local culture and the different species of deer to hunt, forced them to seek for a horse with different characteristics, by the selection or crossing, and so they started to breed the Mangalarga horse with Thoroughbred, Arabian, and American Saddlebred stallions plus a Saddlebred mare and one Lusitano stallion. As the breed's popularity spread, breeders concentrated on developing different gaits within the breed without loss of the conformation and agility . Nowadays, this blood remains only by a few female lines, but these influences made the Mangalarga horse a different breed from the Mangalarga Marchador breed. The horse has a slightly long head but alert eyes and ears. A long muscular neck, prominent withers, a short, strong back, well-muscled hindquarters, and a high set tail gives this breed a fine appearance. It is found in colors of chestnut, bay, gray, and roan. Their common height is between 14.2-15.2 hands high.

Thus work of Junqueira also developed the Mangalarga Marchador breed that differs from the Mangalarga due to the influence of different bloodlines and a focus on different traits. However, at the beginning, there was just one type of horse, the "Mangalarga Horse". However, today the two breeds are different from one another and each has its own studbook and breed associations. The Mangalarga exhibits both the picada and batida.

The two names references differences in the desired gaits of each breed: Mangalarga Marchador = Triple contact base or support while marching, referencing that breed's desired ambling gait; Mangalarga = referring to a double (bipedal) contact base or support while marching.

The Mangalarga horse breed has been registered by the ABCCRM since 1934.
Chiles

**Chiles** is a volcano on the border of Colombia and Ecuador. It lies 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of the volcano Cerro Negro de Mayasquer, and the two peaks are considered part of the same Chiles-Cerro Negro volcanic complex. A 1936 eruption reported by the Colombian government agency Ingeominas may have been from the Ecuadorean volcano Reventador, otherwise the volcano has not erupted for around 160,000 years.

On 20 October 2014 Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) reported that a M 5.8 earthquake, the largest to date, occurred in the vicinity of the Cerro Negro de Mayasquer and Chiles volcanoes at a depth of less than 10 km. The event was felt to the north in Pasto, Colombia, and to the south in Quito, Ecuador.

On 21 October 2014 SGC raised the alert level for the volcanic complex to orange (level 3 of 4) noting that a seismic swarm characterized by 4,300 earthquakes was detected in an 18-hour period. Hypocenters were located 1–4 km southwest of Chiles volcano at depths of 3–5 km and local magnitudes between M 0.2 and 4.5. Inhabitants felt 11 of the events. On 22 October a report noted that the total number of earthquakes recorded on 21 October 2014 reached 7,717, which was the largest number of earthquakes recorded on one day since the installation of a local seismic network in November 2013. Several swarms have occurred in the area since February 2013. By the end of November 2014 over 132,000 earthquakes occurred within a narrow area .5 – 6 km SW of the summit of Chiles.
Dudley

**Dudley** was a city in the Greater Canaima Area of California. At some point, it became infested by a deadly spider species imported from Venezuela. The threat was exterminated by Delbert McClintock of Bugs-B-Gone, headquartered in the nearby town of Canaima, California.

## Appearances

1. ARACHNOPHOBIA video game (first appearance)
Austroponera castaneicolor

***Austroponera castaneicolor*** is an ant species of the subfamily Ponerinae, endemic to the North Island, and the north and north west of the South Island, of New Zealand.

## Description

The worker ants are typically 5.5 - 6.4mm (10 Workers). Their heads have a width of 1.12 - 1.30mm (10 Workers) with their sides (as seen from the photo provided) slightly and evenly convex. Their eyes are levelled with their Antennae. Their Mandibles are long with 10 teeth. The colour of their head, body and legs are uniformly yellowish and orange-brown.

## Distribution

The species are typically found in the North and South Island of New Zealand they are more prevalent in the North Island as they are affected by the cold found in the lower South Island: Nelson province, Marlborough. The southernmost known record is a small sample of workers collected near the shore of Lake Moeraki (Westland). A few years earlier, March 29, 1964, workers were collected at Bullock Creek.
Polycotylidae

**Polycotylidae** is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous, a sister group to Leptocleididae.

With their short necks and large elongated heads, they resemble the pliosaurs, but closer phylogenetic studies indicate that they share many common features with the Plesiosauridae and Elasmosauridae. They have been found worldwide, with specimens reported from New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Morocco, the USA, Canada, Eastern Europe and South America.
Ситибайк

Ситибайк - тип велосипеда, предназначенный для обитания в городских джунглях. Характерен наличием полноразмерных крыльев, корзинкой на руле, багажником и защитой цепи, удобной вертикальной посадкой. Тормоз обычно только педалями с помощью втулки "Торпедо". Чаще всего является синглспидом, однако в последнее время всё чаще оснащается с завода планетарной втулкой. Особенно распространен в Европах, на Этом форуме является частым вариантом переделки ХВЗ "Турист", но в облегченной варианте (без корзинок/багажников/крыльев)
White-crowned Cliff Chat

The **white-crowned cliff chat** (*Thamnolaea coronata*) is a species of chat in the family Muscicapidae which occurs in rocky habitats in much of western Sub-Saharan Africa.

## Description

There are three subspecies and only the nominate subspecies has the white crown of the white-crowned cliff chat, although it is individually variable in extent and sometime consists of just a few feathers. The males are black above with white shoulder patches. These patches are largest in the subspecies *T.c. cavernicola*, smaller in *T.c. bambarae*, and absent in the nominate. They all have rufous coloring on the belly and vent, with a pale line separating the back of the breast from the rest of the underparts on *T.c. cavernicola*, lacking on *T.c. bambarae*, and wider on *T.c. coronata*. Additionally, *T.c. cavernicola* has a rufous rump. The females are similar to males and are duller, lacking any white shoulder patches or white borders on underparts. The female *T.c. coronata* has a paler head and the whole of her underparts are rufous. Length is 20 cm.

### Voice

A melodious rich and far-carrying song with lots of mimicked phrases; often pairs duet.

## Distribution, subspecies and taxonomy

The three currently recognised subspecies are listed below with their distributions:

* *Thamnolaea coronata bambarae* Bates, 1928: Southern Mauritania, eastern Senegal, and southwestern Mali.
* *Thamnolaea coronata cavernicola* Bates, 1933: Central Mali in the Mopti region.
* *Thamnolaea coronata coronata* Reichenow, 1902: northern Ivory Coast and eastern Burkina Faso east patchily to western South Sudan.

It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the mocking cliff chat Especially as many birds, even within the range of *T.c. coronata*, do not have white crowns.

## Habitat and habits

The white-crowned cliff chat is found in inselbergs, cliffs, and escarpments in savanna.

Usually seen in pairs. Often slowly raises and lowers its tail, fanning it as it raises it vertically over the bird's back.
Maremmano

The **Maremmano** is a breed of horse originating in the Maremma area of Tuscany and Lazio in Italy. Traditionally a hardy working horse used by the *Butteri* for livestock management, it is today principally a saddle horse. Extensive crossing with Thoroughbred and other breeds has led to a more athletic type, the *Maremmano migliorato*, or "Improved Maremmano".

## History

The history of the Maremmano breed is not fully known, but it is thought that they were developed from North African stock that was combined with Spanish, Barb, Neapolitan and Arabian blood. During the 19th century, Thoroughbred, Norfolk Roadster and other blood was probably added.

For more than a century the original Maremanno type has been crossbred with additional Thoroughbred blood, resulting in a taller and more refined type, but at the expense of the hardiness and stamina of the original breed. Crossbreeding with Freiberger horses in the Pesaro province of Italy has resulted in a breed known as the Catria Horse.

## Breed characteristics

The Maremmano breed generally stands between 15 and 15.3 hands (60 and 63 inches, 152 and 160 cm) and is usually bay, brown, dark chestnut or black, although gray and roan are occasionally seen. It has a long, slightly heavy head, a muscular neck that is broad at the base, high, well-muscled withers, a full chest and sloping shoulders. The back is short, the croup sloping, and the legs solid and sturdy with good joints and strong hooves. The breed is known for its solidity and their ability to adapt to bad weather and rough terrain.

## Uses

The Maremmano is the traditional mount of the Maremma cattle men, known as *butteri*, and is also used for light draftwork. Horses of this breed have often been used as cavalry mounts and today are used by Italian Mounted Police. They were amongst the protagonists of the last successful classical cavalry charge in history in August 1942 near Isbushensky on the Don river by a cavalry unit of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia (*Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia*, or CSIR) on the Eastern Front. The 2nd squadron of the 3rd Dragoons *Savoia Cavalleria* Regiment of the Prince Amedeo Duke of Aosta Fast (*Celere*) Division, armed with sabres and hand grenades, outflanked an estimated 2,000 Soviet infantry while the remainder of the regiment took Isbushensky in a dismounted attack. The Maremmano proved to be tough enough to brave the Russian steppe, a feat which few foreign horses can boast about.
Myrmecocichla

***Myrmecocichla*** is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World chat and flycatcher family Muscicapidae.

The genus contains the following species:

* Sooty chat (*Myrmecocichla nigra*)
* Anteater chat (*Myrmecocichla aethiops*)
* Congo moor chat (*Myrmecocichla tholloni*)
* Ant-eating chat (*Myrmecocichla formicivora*)
* Rüppell's black chat (*Myrmecocichla melaena*)
* Mountain wheatear (*Myrmecocichla monticola*) (formerly placed in *Oenanthe*)
* Arnot's chat (*Myrmecocichla arnoti*) (formerly placed in *Pentholaea*)
* Ruaha chat (*Myrmecocichla collaris*)
Meiolaniidae

**Meiolaniidae** is an extinct family of large, possibly herbivorous turtles with heavily armored heads and tails known from South America and most of Oceania. They are best known from the last surviving genus, *Meiolania*, which lived in the rain forests of Australia from the Miocene until the Pleistocene, and relict populations that lived on Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia until 2000 years ago. A similar form is also known from the Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna of New Zealand.

The family was once thought to have originated in Australia sometime in the Miocene, when the earliest *Meiolania* first appeared. However, due to the discovery of South American meiolaniids, including *Crossochelys* and *Niolamia* in Eocene Argentina, it is now believed that the meiolaniids appeared sometime prior to the breakup of Gondwana during the Cretaceous. Though once believed to be cryptodires, meiolaniids are outside of the Testudines crown-group, potentially indicating that their origin is even further back. Several basal non-testudine turtles possibly related to meiolaniids are known in both Laurasian and Gondwanan landmasses in the Cretaceous, such as the Asian *Mongolochelys*.

More recently, Eocene Australian species have also been uncovered.
Kingdom of the Spiders

***Kingdom of the Spiders*** is a 1977 American science fiction horror film directed by John "Bud" Cardos and produced by Igo Kantor and Jeffrey M. Sneller. The screenplay is credited to Richard Robinson and Alan Caillou, from an original story by Sneller and Stephen Lodge. The film was released by Dimension Pictures and starred William Shatner, Tiffany Bolling, Woody Strode, Lieux Dressler, and Altovise Davis.

The film shares many narrative similarities with the 1990 horror and comedy film *Arachnophobia*, for which it is often cited as an influence. When asked about the noticeable similarities between the two motion pictures, producer Igo Kantor stated that he did find them to be duplicate films but that he could not sue Steven Spielberg.

## External links

* *Kingdom of the Spiders* on Wikipedia
* *Kingdom of the Spiders* at the Internet Movie Database

## References

1. ↑ Bearden, Keith and Weaver, Tom. *Eight Legs Is Enough.* Fangoria. May 1998. No. 172. pp. 12–17, 67.
White-browed Jungle Flycatcher

The **white-browed jungle flycatcher** (*Vauriella insignis*) is a species of bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is endemicto Luzon island, in the Philippines. The natural habitat of the white-browed jungle flycatcher is tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

This species was previously placed in the genus *Rhinomyias* but was moved to *Vauriella*when a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that *Rhinomyias* was polyphyletic.
Reigitherium bunodontum

***Reigitherium bunodontum*** is a mammal that lived during the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian-Maastrichtian). Fossils of it have been found in the Los Alamitos and the La Colonia Formations of Argentina.

Reigitherium was initially classified in the order Dryolestida. In 2000 Pascual *et al.* found it to be a Docodont. Later authors found it to be neither a dryolestoid nor a docodont, and found it to be of uncertain placement within Mammalia. In 2011, Rougier *et al.* found it to be a Dryolestoid again, within Meridiolestida, a clade composed of GondwananDryolestoids. It "differs from other Mesozoic mammals including docodontans in that the lower molars decrease in length and notably increase in width posteriorly."
Ашанбайк

Ашанбайк (он же Ашан, он же лентабайк) - на этом форуме любой велосипед, не являющийся крокодилом, чаще всего являющийся макетом МТБ-двухподвеса из известной торговой сети, купленный на сдачу твоей мамой. Если на ашане стоит Shimano Deore - это всего лишь дорогой Ашан. Даже недешевые модели известных брендов внезапно для гражданского велолюбителя могут невозбранно быть названы эти словом. Подходит для поездок за пивом/хлебушком. Втайне находится в пользовании у многих крокодиловодов.
List of Prehistoric Creatures

A

Albanerpeton

Alamosaurus

B

C

D

E

Elaphrosaurus

F

G

Giant ground sloth

H

Homo heidelbergensis

I

Issoire lynx

Iguanadon

J

K

L

Lobe-finned fish

Liopleurodon

M

Megalosaurus

N

O

Ouranosaurus

P

Psittacosaurus

Pachycephalosaur

Propalaeotherium hassiacrum

Q

R

Riversleigh rainforest koala

S

Smilodon

Stegosaurus

Segnosaurus

Subhyracodon

Stotosaurus

T

Titanoboa

U

V

W

X

Y

Z
Oenanthe (plant)

The **water dropworts**, ***Oenanthe*** /ɔɪˈnænθiː/, are a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae. Most of the species grow in damp ground, in marshes or in water.

Several of the species are extremely poisonous, the active poison being oenanthotoxin. The most notable of these is *O. crocata*, which lives in damp, marshy ground, and resembles celerywith roots like a bunch of large white carrots. The leaves may be eaten safely by livestock, but the stems, and especially the carbohydrate-rich roots are much more poisonous. Animals familiar with eating the leaves may eat the roots when these are exposed during ditch clearance – one root is sufficient to kill a cow, and human fatalities are also known. It has been referred to as the most poisonous of all British plants, and is considered particularly dangerous because of its similarity to several edible plants.

The species *O. javanica*, commonly known as Chinese celery or Japanese parsley (*seri*; not to be confused with *mitsuba* or Japanese wild celery, a plant from a different genus) is edible and grown in several countries of eastern Asia, as well as in Italy and India, where the spring growth is relished as a vegetable.

## Names

"*Oenanthe*" is derived from the Greek *oinos* "wine" and *anthos* "flower", from the wine-like scent of the flowers.

The name "water dropwort" comes from the close resemblance of some of the smaller species (which mainly grow in wet ground) to dropwort (*Filipendula vulgaris*) (Rosaceae), an unrelated plant of dry grassland.

## Sardonic grin

Scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy wrote that they had identified hemlock water dropwort (*Oenanthe crocata*) as the plant responsible for producing the sardonic grin. This plant is the most-likely candidate for the "sardonic herb", which was a neurotoxic plant used for the ritual killing of elderly people in Nuragic Sardinia. When these people were unable to support themselves, they were intoxicated with this herb and then dropped from a high rock or beaten to death. Criminals were also executed in this way.

## Fossil record

***Oenanthe aquatica*** fossil fruit halves have been recorded from Upper Miocene of Bulgaria, Pliocene of Thuringia and the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Poland.
Facts: Akhal Teke Horse

1. While you don’t usually see this with domestic animals, the Akhal-Teke is listed as threatened on the Conservancy’s Conservation Priority List (CPL).

2. The Akhal-Teke is the national emblem of Turkmenistan, where the breed originated. The breed is featured on their coat of arms, banknotes and even stamps.

3. This rare breed is believed to be at least three thousand years old. Originally called Nisaean, Parthian, as well as other names, the breed was spoken of by Herodotus in his writing and also by the well-known Roman historian, Oppian. A race horse, they were bred for speed, beauty, size, and strength. They are still raced in Turkmenistan.

4. According to the International Museum of the Horse, the origins of the Akhal-Teke breed has not been translated reliably in English, and much of what is said about (for example: that it originated in Russia) is false.

5. While many think of the Thoroughbred as an influencer for so many breeds, with the Arabian as its ancestor, evidence suggests that Byerly Turk, one of the three founding stallions of the Thoroughbred breed was an Akhal-Teke. It makes sense if they are one of the world’s oldest and most well-known racing breeds.

6. The Akhal-Teke comes from a country where resource – food and water – are scarce. The breed naturally developed to survive in these conditions, making them an incredible Endurance horse. In 1935, a group of Turmen riders rode 2500 miles in 84 days. The trip included a three-day, 235 mile, crossing of a desert without water. The breed is known for extremely thin skin, which may have something to do with its desert habitat.

7. This is probably the best-known feature of the breed and definitely its most unique. And why does it have such a high gloss? The hair of some Akhal-Teke’s is so “fine and silky that it gives a special metallic sheen to any colour” according to the International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding

8. As you can guess by the fact that the breed is their national emblem, the Turkmens take great pride in their Akhal-Tekes. This includes decorating them with lavish tack and drapings. These “alagayysh” are highly-prized and made of gold, silver, bronze and precious stones.

9. A study being conducted by Phil Case, who brought the breed to America, has shown that the Akhal-Teke’s trot is not the typical two-beat rhythm of other breeds. Instead, they step down with each foot individually – alternating between having just one foot on the ground, to two diagonal feet on the ground. This creates a smoother trot. Further study is still being conducted.
Reunion Stonechat

The **Réunion stonechat** (*Saxicola tectes*) is a species of stonechat, endemic to the island of Réunion. This small passerine bird is common in clearings and open mountain bushlands there.

## Description

Overall, the male is black above and white below, but also with a white supercilium (sometimes absent), half-collar, and greater covert patch, and a variable-sized orange patch on the breast. Females differ from males in being browner above, more buff-toned below, and often lacking the white greater covert patch. The white throat and (usually white) supercilium are the most prominent external differences from the African stonechat *S. torquatus*, which has a wholly black head including the throat and supercilium.

## Taxonomy and etymology

It is a member of the common stonechat superspecies, but it is distinct, together with its closest relative the Madagascan stonechat *S. sibilla* being insular derivatives of the African stonechat. Its ancestors probably diverged from the sub-Saharan African lineage as it spread across the continent some 2-2.5 mya during the Late Pliocene.

The etymology of the scientific name is from *Saxicola*, "rock-dweller", from Latin *saxum*, a rock + *incola*, dwelling in; and *tectes*, onomatopoetic New Latin after the species' call, from the Réunion Creole name *tec-tec*.
Masked Hunter

***Reduvius personatus*** or the **masked hunter** is an insect belonging to the assassin bug (Reduviidae) family. The name is because its nymphs camouflage themselves with dust. The masked hunter is a predator of small arthropods, including woodlice, lacewings, earwigs, and bed bugs. Masked hunters do not feed on human blood, but can bite humans in self-defense when mishandled. The bite can be extremely painful, but masked hunters are not known to transmit any diseases and medical attention is rarely needed.

## Identification

Adult masked hunters are uniformly dark brown to black in color and vary in length from 17–22 mm. They have an elongated head that includes a short, three-segmented beak, as well as long, slender antennae. Their abdomen is wide, extending in the middle beyond the wings to reveal the lateral margins of their abdominal segments. Nymphs of this species resemble the adult form and are naturally dark-colored, but often appear grey or light-colored due to a camouflage layer of debris covering them. Nymphs exude a sticky substance that covers their entire body, including the antennae and all six legs, which causes dust, lint, and other small particles to adhere to the surface of their body.

## Natural history

### Distribution

The masked hunter has a Holarctic distribution. It is native to Europe, but was accidentally transported to North America and is now common in the Central and Eastern United States. It can be also found in South Africa.

### Lifecycle

Masked hunters, like other Hemiptera, undergo incomplete metamorphosis. Early stages of the lifecycle look like small adults and are called nymphs. Normally, one generation of masked hunter bugs occurs per year. Adults are common during midsummer, but can also be found in the winter.

### Behaviour

Nymphs of *R. personatus* use their hind legs and a tarsal fan to construct a camouflaging layer of substrate on their bodies. Two layers are formed, an inner layer of fine particles and an outer layer of coarser particles. The formation of these two layers may be the reason for the presence of long and short trichomes on the nymphs. Nymphs may use the serrated setae present on their abdomens to assist in loosening substrate for use in camouflage. The camouflage may assist the nymph in avoiding detection by both predators and prey. They hunt bed bugs at night, as well as other prey.

Both the nymphs and adults are predatory, feeding on various arthropods by piercing their bodies with sucking mouthparts.

Masked hunters prefer dry habitats and are usually only found in small numbers when they infest houses.

## Human impact

Masked hunters deliver a bite comparable to a bee's sting when handled or trapped. The bite can cause swelling that lasts for about a week. Because they feed on a wide variety of arthropods, they sometimes are found in homes with bed bug infestations. They can generally be controlled by dealing with the bed bug infestation.
Temminck's Tragonpan

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The **Temminck's tragopan** (*Tragopan temminckii)* is a medium-sized, approximately 64 cm long, pheasant in the genus *Tragopan*. The male is a stocky red-and-orange bird with white-spotted plumage, black bill and pink legs. It has a bare blue facial skin, inflatable dark-blue lappet and horns. The female is a white-spotted brown bird with blue circular eye skin.

Its appearance resembles the satyr tragopan, but unlike the latter species it has all red upperbody plumage and orange collar. The diet consists mainly of berries, grass and plants.

The Temminck's tragopan is distributed in forests of northern South Asia, from northeast India, northwest Vietnam, and northern provinces of China.

Widespread and a common species throughout its large habitat range, the Temminck's tragopan is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

This bird's common name and Latin binomial commemorate the Dutch naturalist Coenraad Jacob Temminck.
Sholicola

***Sholicola*** is a genus of bird in the family Muscicapidae that was erected in 2017. The two species placed in this genus are from the montane grass and forest complex known as sholas in southern India:

* Nilgiri blue robin (*Sholicola major*)
* White-bellied blue robin (*Sholicola albiventris*)

A third species *Sholicola ashambuensis* described by the original authors is close to *Sholicola albiventris* and may possibly be treated as a subspecies of the latter.

They were formerly placed in the genus *Brachypteryx* and thought to be "shortwings". Species in the genus *Brachypteryx* show strong sexual dimorphism and because of this misplacement, the two south Indian species were moved to *Myiomela* by Pamela Rasmussen. Molecular phylogeny studies however showed these two species to be flycatchers that foraged close to the ground. A new genus had to be erected as the species are quite distinct from their sister genera *Niltava*, *Cyornis* and *Eumyias* from which they diverged about 11 million years ago [(*Sholicola* is basal in the clade that contains it - *Sholicola*, (*Cyornis*, (*Niltava*, (*Eumyias*, *Cyanoptila*))) which is sister to another major clade that includes *Ficedula*, *Monticola*, *Saxicola*, *Luscinia*, *Tarsiger*, *Larvivora*, *Brachypteryx* etc.].
Primed Species

## Definition

The term "Primed Species" is a word directed at a species in an Omniverse that can survive long enough to meet the requirements of a type II civilization. If a species was to go extinct before reaching the requirements that species would not be considered Primed. If a species was to go extinct after reaching the requirements they would still be considered Primed even after extinction.

The term "Primed Species" is used to narrow down the number of species throughout the 27 Omniverses into the few that manage to reach a type II civilization. A species that was Primed for an Omviverse would be referred to as "a Primed Species of Omiverse X".

## Primed Species

The following is a list of species that have been Primed.

* Humans
* Harenae Böbas
* Passers
* To be cont.
White-tailed Stonechat

The **white-tailed stonechat** (*Saxicola leucurus*) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is found in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.

## Description

Very similar in plumage to common stonechat (*Saxicola torquata*). The male has black head, white collar and bright rufous chest patch. The back and wings are dark, with white on wing coverts and rump. The key differentiating feature from male common stonechat is the white inner webs of outer tail feathers which is visible when the bird spreads the tail in flight or while landing. Note that this may not be visible when the tail is folded. The female is very similar to female common stonechat, but is overall paler with duller rump, tail and wings.

## Taxonomy and systematics

Considered monotypic though there are slight variations in plumage for birds from South Assam Hills (where the birds are darker and large billed) and Pakistan (where chest patch is more reddish). Though sympatric with common stonechat in its range, they do not intergrade.

## Distribution and status

White-tailed stonechats are resident in suitable marshy habitats across plains in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, North and Central and Eastern parts of India till South Assam Hills & Manipur. They prefer grasslands and marshy areas with tall grass, reeds and tamarisk. They also undertake local movements, based on water availability and possibly for breeding.

## Behaviour and ecology

Typical of stonechats, they catch their prey by dropping to ground or making short sallies from their perch. They are generally found in loose pairs, rarely in singles.

Key breeding season is Mar-May when it makes a cup shaped nest in natural depressions on the ground among plants like lotuses or tamarisk.
Red-flanked Bluetail

The **red-flanked bluetail** (*Tarsiger cyanurus*), also known as the **orange-flanked bush-robin**, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. It, and related species, are often called chats.

## Habitat

It is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in mixed coniferous forest with undergrowth in northern Asia and northeastern Europe, from Finland east across Siberia to Kamchatka and south to Japan. It winters mainly in southeastern Asia, in the Indian Subcontinent, the Himalayas, Taiwan, and northern Indochina. The breeding range is slowly expanding westwards through Finland (where up to 500 pairs now breed), and it is a rare but increasing vagrant to western Europe, mainly to Great Britain. There have also been a few records in westernmost North America, mostly in western Alaska.

## Description

At 13–14 cm long and 10–18 g weight, the red-flanked bluetail is similar in size and weight to the common redstart and slightly smaller (particularly with a slimmer build) than the European robin. As the name implies, both sexes have a blue tail and rump, and orange-red flanks; they also have a white throat and greyish-white underparts, and a small, thin black bill and slender black legs. The adult male additionally has dark blue upperparts, while females and immature males are plain brown above apart from the blue rump and tail, and have a dusky breast. In behaviour, it is similar to a common redstart, frequently flicking its tail in the same manner, and regularly flying from a perch to catch insects in the air or on the ground. The male sings its melancholy trill from treetops. Its call is a typical chat "tacc" noise. The nest is built on or near the ground, with 3–5 eggs which are incubated by the female.

## Taxonomy and nomenclature

The genus name *Tarsiger* is from Ancient Greek *tarsos*, "flat of the foot" and Latin *gerere*, "to carry". The specific *cyanurus* is also derived from Greek, the roots being *kuanos*, "dark-blue", and *oura*, "tail".

In the past generally treated as comprising two subspecies, *T. c. cyanurus* breeding in northern Asia and *T. c. rufilatus* breeding in the Himalaya, it is now increasingly being treated as monotypic, with *T. c. rufilatus* split off as a distinct species, Himalayan bluetail *T. rufilatus*. The species has also been known by a variety of English and scientific names in the ornithological literature. The table below details the treatments adopted by some major works, by publication date (newest first):
Phoenicurus

***Phoenicurus*** is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, native to Europe, Asia and Africa. Along with three other closely related genera, they are named redstarts from their orange-red tails ('start' is an old name for a tail). They are small insectivores, the males mostly brightly coloured in various combinations of red, blue, white, and black, the females light brown with a red tail. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 led to a reorganization of the Old World flycatchers family in which the two species in *Rhyacornis* and the single species in *Chaimarrornis* were merged into *Phoenicurus*.

The genus *Phoenicurus* was introduced by the English naturalist Thomas Forster in 1817. The name *Phoenicurus* is from Ancient Greek *phoinix*, "red", and *-ouros* -"tailed".

The genus contains the following species:

* Przevalski's redstart (*Phoenicurus alaschanicus*)
* Eversmann's redstart (*Phoenicurus erythronotus*)
* Blue-capped redstart (*Phoenicurus coeruleocephala*)
* Black redstart (*Phoenicurus ochruros*)
* Common redstart (*Phoenicurus phoenicurus*)
* Hodgson's redstart (*Phoenicurus hodgsoni*)
* White-throated redstart (*Phoenicurus schisticeps*)
* Daurian redstart (*Phoenicurus auroreus*)
* Moussier's redstart (*Phoenicurus moussieri*)
* Güldenstädt's redstart (*Phoenicurus erythrogastrus*)
* Blue-fronted redstart (*Phoenicurus frontalis*)
* Plumbeous water redstart (*Phoenicurus fuliginosus*) (previously in the genus *Rhyacornis*)
* Luzon water redstart (*Phoenicurus bicolor*) (previously in the genus *Rhyacornis*)
* White-capped redstart (*Phoenicurus leucocephalus*) (previously in the monotypic genus *Chaimarrornis*)
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Marismeño Horse

The **Marismeño** is a rare breed of horse indigenous to the marshes of the Guadalquivir River, from which it takes its name. It is now found particularly in the Doñana National Park, which lies mostly in the province of Huelva, in Andalusia, southwestern Spain. Until recently it was not considered a breed; recognition and recovery began in 2003. It is listed in the Catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de España in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.
Međimurje Horse

The **Međimurje horse** (pronounced [mɛdʑǐmuːriɛ]; Croatian: *Međimurski konj*, German: *Murinsulaner*, Hungarian: *Muraközi ló*, Slovene: *Medžimurski konj*) is an autochthonous medium-heavy horse breed of draught horse originating from Međimurje County in northernmost part of Croatia.

## Characteristics

The typical Međimurje horse ranges from 155 cm (15.1 h; 61 in) to 165 cm (16.1 h; 65 in) high. Stallions can weigh up to 900 kilograms (2,000 lb). Compared with two other cold-blooded Croatian breeds, it is significantly taller and heavier than the Posavac horse (140–150 cm high) and closer in size to the Croatian Coldblood horse (150–160 cm). It has a relatively small head and small ears, short and strong neck, pronounced withers and powerful shoulders, well-developed chest and sturdy legs.

The dominant colours are bay and seal brown, followed by black, while the other ones are much more rare.

The temperament of the Međimurje horse is calm, even and affectionate, with good obedience and willingness to work, either to pull waggons or work in a field or forest. Following the introduction of machinery into agriculture, the breed has lost its importance though, and is being used increasingly for horsemeat production today.

As for its pure-breeding, the genetical analyses were made recently, using samples of mitochondrial DNA of a significant number of both Croatian and Hungarian population of the breed, as well as related breeds (*Posavac horse*, *Croatian Coldblood horse*, *Noriker horse* etc.), and showed that Međimurje horse is an autochthonous breed with origin linked to some other, mostly neighbouring, cold-blooded horse breeds.

## History

The beginning of the breed dates back to the end of the 18th or the beginning of the 19th century, when it was started to crossbreed native mares (having Anglo-Arabiancharacteristics) with imported stallions of Noriker, Ardennes, Percheron and Brabantbreeds. Since Međimurje County then administratively belonged to Hungarian Zala County(during the most of 19th century, except between 1848 and 1861), international professional literature frequently quoted that the Međimurje horse descended from Hungary.

Once widely spread over parts of the Habsburg Monarchy – mostly in northern Croatia (besides Međimurje, there were significant populations in Zagorje, Podravina etc.), southwestern Hungary, eastern Sloveniaand eastern Austria – the breed is endangered today, with a remaining small population of only around 40 individuals in its original area in Croatia, and a larger one on the north side of the Mura River in southwestern Hungary, as well as in eastern Slovenia.
Vauriella

***Vauriella*** is a genus of birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae that occur in Borneo and the Philippines.

The species were previously placed in the genus *Rhinomyias* but were moved to *Vauriella* when a detailed molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that *Rhinomyias* was polyphyletic. The genus *Vauriella* had been introduced by the German ornithologist Hans Wolters in 1980.

The four species in the genus are:

* Eyebrowed jungle flycatcher (*Vauriella gularis*)
* White-throated jungle flycatcher (*Vauriella albigularis*)
* White-browed jungle flycatcher (*Vauriella insignis*)
* Slaty-backed jungle flycatcher (*Vauriella goodfellowi*)

There are also several species called "jungle flycatcher" in the genus *Cyornis*.