recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Flour beetles

**Flour beetles** are members of the darkling beetle genera *Tribolium* or *Tenebrio*. They are pests of cereal silos and are widely used as laboratory animals, as they are easy to keep. The flour beetles consume wheat and other grains, are adapted to survive in very dry environments, and can withstand even higher amounts of radiation than cockroaches. They are a major pest in the agricultural industry and are highly resistant to insecticides.

The larvae of *T. molitor*, when full-grown, are known as mealworms; small specimens and the larvae of the other species are called **mini mealworms**.

Flour beetles are part of the life cycle of the tapeworm *Hymenolepis nana*, which causes hymenolepiasis in humans. Female reproduction is distributed over their adult life-span which lasts about a year. Flour beetles also display pre-mating discrimination among potential mates. Female flour beetles, specifically of *T. castaneum*, can mate with different males and may choose more attractive males over the course of their adult life-span.

## Selected species

* *Tribolium castaneum* – red flour beetle
* *Tribolium confusum* – confused flour beetle
* *Tribolium destructor* – destructive flour beetle
* *Tenebrio molitor* – mealworm beetle
* *Tenebrio obscurus* – dark mealworm beetle

## Research

In 2008, the *Tribolium castaneum* genome was sequenced by the *Tribolium* Genome Sequencing Consortium.
Embryophyta

The **Embryophyta**, or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that form vegetation on earth. Embryophyta is a clade within the Phragmoplastophyta, a larger clade that also includes several green algae groups (including the Charophyceae and Coleochaetales), and within this large clade the embryophytes are sister to the Zygnematophyceae/Mesotaeniaceae and consist of the bryophytes plus the polysporangiophytes. Living embryophytes therefore include hornworts, liverworts, mosses, ferns, lycophytes, gymnosperms and flowering plants. The Embryophyta are informally called **land plants** because they live primarily in terrestrial habitats, while the related green algae are primarily aquatic. Embryophytes are complex multicellular eukaryotes with specialized reproductive organs. The name derives from their innovative characteristic of nurturing the young embryo sporophyte during the early stages of its multicellular development within the tissues of the parent gametophyte. With very few exceptions, embryophytes obtain their energy by photosynthesis, that is by using the energy of sunlight to synthesize their food from carbon dioxide and water.
Foresight

The forebrain determines **what** to do. The cerebellum determines **how** (and when) to do it. The midbrain determines **why** things should be done in the first place.

To help us avoid pain our cerebellum is constantly running simulations to see what is about to happen and to see what effect various actions we could take would have. It also sets off alarms to tell us when we should take immediate action.

So we are attracted toward pleasant things and repelled from unpleasant things. If our brains functioned the way that they should then we would only experience pain or pleasure when the path forward was clear. But we experience pain even when there is nothing we can do about it.

## Self driving cars

Self driving cars will probably require two different modes. One mode which assumes that pedestrians, cyclists, and other motorists on the road are obeying and will continue to obey the rules of the road. And a second mode which is much more cautious and assumes nothing.

I don't think it will be possible to make a single neural network do everything that a car needs to do. It will probably need multiple neural networks with each one specializing in one particular area.
Exoplanets

See also: Cosmic Man

## Super-puff

From Wikipedia: Super-puff

A **super-puff** is a type of exoplanet with a mass only a few times larger than
Earth’s but a radius larger than Neptune, giving it a very low mean density. They are cooler and less massive than the inflated low-density hot-Jupiters.

The most extreme examples known are the three planets around Kepler-51 which are all Jupiter-sized but with densities below 0.1 g/cm3.
Another example is Kepler-87c.
Everbridge

**Everbridge** (formerly known as **3n Global** and the **National Notification Network**) is a company that sells communications services for notifications of emergencies. It began operations in 2002. In an emergency, Everbridge sends messages via telephone, text message and email, but stop once they know that a person has read a message. An app allows emergency managers to track geotagged tweets that contain specific hashtags and use this information to respond to incidents as they occur.

Their system was used in 2012 to send over 10 million messages to residents during Hurricane Sandy. During the Boston Marathon bombings in April 2013, the city of Boston used Everbridge for its critical communications. Everbridge relayed information to business operators, employees, firefighters, hospital staff, police and residents after the explosions and during the lockdown of Boston, Watertown, Waltham and surrounding areas.
Fascism

Fascists = Super-Soldiers. Super-Soldiers see everyone as the enemy. Not just the ones on the other side
Fascism is not a philosophy. Its a religion
Fascist motto: *Just because we are enemies doesnt mean we cant be friends. (i.e. love your enemies)*

Fascism is a radical, authoritarian or totalitarian nationalist or ultranationalist political ideology. Fascists paradoxically promote violence and war as actions that create positive transformation in society. Fascists exalt militarism as providing national regeneration, spiritual renovation, vitality, education, instilling of a will to dominate in people's character, and creating national comradeship through military service. Fascists view conflict as an inevitable fact of life that is responsible for all human progress.

Ultimately, it is easier to define fascism by what it is against than by what it is for. Fascism is anti-anarchist, anti-communist, anti-conservative, anti-democratic, anti-individualist, anti-liberal, anti-parliamentary, anti-bourgeois, and anti-proletarian. It entails a distinctive type of anti-capitalism and is typically, with few exceptions, anti-clerical. Fascism rejects the concepts of egalitarianism, materialism, and rationalism in favour of action, discipline, hierarchy, spirit, and will. In economics, fascists oppose liberalism (as a bourgeois movement) and Marxism (as a proletarian movement) for being exclusive economic class-based movements.

Indeed, fascism is perhaps best described as "anti-ism"; that is, the philosophy of being against everyone and everything all of the time. The only place where fascism makes any sense is bootcamp. But if fascists had their way they would turn the entire world into one big never-ending boot camp.

Capitalism can be thought of as a sort of economic fascism. The belief that if we all try to drive each other out of business then we will all get rich.

 Friend
Flannel moths

The **flannel moths** or **crinkled flannel moths** (scientific name **Megalopygidae**) are a family of insects. They occur in North America (11 species) and the New World tropics. The larvae are called **puss caterpillars**, and with their long hairs, resemble cotton balls. They have venomous spines that can cause a painful sting and inflammation lasting for several days. In some cases, the sting may cause headache, nausea, and shock-like symptoms. Perhaps the most notorious for stinging is the caterpillar of *Megalopyge opercularis*.

## Genera

* *Aithorape*
* *Cephalocladia*
* *Coamorpha*
* *Edebessa*
* *Endobrachys*
* *Eochroma*
* *Hysterocladia*
* *Macara*
* *Malmella*
* *Megalopyge*
* *Mesoscia*
* *Microcladia*
* *Microrape*
* *Norape*
* *Norapella*
* *Podalia*
* *Proterocladia*
* *Psychagrapha*
* *Repnoa*
* *Thoscora*
* *Trosia*
* *Vescoa*
* *Zyzypyge*
Event-driven programming

In computer programming, **event-driven programming** is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions (mouse clicks, key presses), sensor outputs, or messages from other programs or threads. Event-driven programming is the dominant paradigm used in graphical user interfaces and other applications (e.g., JavaScript web applications) that are centered on performing certain actions in response to user input. This is also true of programming for device drivers (e.g., P in USB device driver stacks).

In an event-driven application, there is generally a main loop that listens for events, and then triggers a callback function when one of those events is detected. In embedded systems, the same may be achieved using hardware interrupts instead of a constantly running main loop. Event-driven programs can be written in any programming language, although the task is easier in languages that provide high-level abstractions, such as await and closures.

## Common uses

Most of existing GUI development tools and architectures rely on event-driven programming. The Java AWT framework processes all UI changes on a single thread, called the Event dispatching thread. Similarly, all UI updates in the Java framework JavaFX occur on the JavaFX Application Thread.

In addition, systems such as Node.js are also event-driven.

## Criticism

The design of those programs which rely on event-action model has been criticised, and it has been suggested that the event-action model leads programmers to create error-prone, difficult to extend and excessively complex application code. Table-driven state machines have been advocated as a viable alternative. On the other hand, table-driven state machines themselves suffer from significant weaknesses including state explosion phenomena.
Elementary school

You will never need to know the capitals of the 50 states.

No employer will ever care what grades you got in elementary school.

After spending eight hours sitting in a chair doing unpaid work no teacher in the world should ever send you home with homework. School work should be done at school and only at school.
Entrapment

In criminal law, **entrapment** is a practice whereby a law enforcement agent or agent of the state induces a person to commit a criminal offense that the person would have otherwise been unlikely or unwilling to commit. It "is the conception and planning of an offense by an officer or agent, and the procurement of its commission by one who would not have perpetrated it except for the trickery, persuasion or fraud of the officer or state agent."

Police conduct rising to the level of entrapment is broadly discouraged and thus, in many jurisdictions, is available as a defense against criminal liability. Sting operations, through which police officers or agents engage in deception to try to catch persons who are committing crimes, raise concerns about possible entrapment.

Depending on the law in the jurisdiction, the prosecution may be required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped or the defendant may be required to prove that they were entrapped as an affirmative defense.
Deadly fungi

Although many people have a fear of mushroom poisoning by "toadstools", only a small number of the many macroscopic fruiting bodies commonly known as mushrooms and toadstools have proven fatal to humans.

This list is not exhaustive and does not contain many fungi that, although not deadly, are still harmful. For a less-detailed list of fungi that include non-deadly poisonous species, see List of poisonous fungi.
Dust pneumonia

**Dust pneumonia** describes disorders caused by excessive exposure to dust storms, particularly during the Dust Bowl in the United States. A form of pneumonia, dust pneumonia results when the lungs are filled with dust, inflaming the alveoli.

Symptoms of dust pneumonia include high fever, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, and coughing. With dust pneumonia, dust settles all the way into the alveoli of the lungs, stopping the cilia from moving and preventing the lungs from ever clearing themselves.

People who had dust pneumonia often died. There are no official death rates published for the Great Plains in the 1930s. In 1935, dozens of people died in Kansas from dust pneumonia. Red Cross volunteers made and distributed thousands of dust masks, although some farmers and other people in the affected areas refused to wear them.
Goddess savior

See also: The Society of the Mind
The Sun-in-man causes anxiety. The goddess-savior-in-man is the cure. The goddess-savior-in-man lifts up the Sun-in-man.

And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Sun-in-man be lifted up

Jesus said, "When you lift up the Sun-in-man, then you will know "I am", and that I do nothing on My own, but I say these things as the Father instructed Me

Apparently the name of the goddess is "I am". Her name might also be Dinah or Dynamis (power).

## Developing happiness

Develop happiness to find the goddess in yourself.

Happiness can be a result of positive external circumstances causing us to feel joy

or

Happiness can come bubbling up from within even in the face of extremely bad external circumstances.

When circumstances make you miserable you can use it as an opportunity to strengthen your happy muscle by simply laughing (It might take quite a bit of effort though. As the muscle strengthens it will get easier).

Note: Cleaning is not the same thing as being happy. Thats totally different. Cleaning is just pretending to be happy, not actually being happy.

I am told that, for some inexplicable reason (I have no idea why), some people consider developing happiness to be a "sexual" act. Developing happiness therefore must wait until young adults are of legal age.

When in a painful and difficult situation people will sometimes resort to clowning around to make things seem less painful. You are much better off exercising your happy muscle than clowning around.
Four primary colors

The primary colors that the brain (not the retina) perceives are

yellow
red
blue
combining these gives the secondary colors

orange
purple
green
One can see that these secondary colors are intermediate between the primary colors

One would assume then that combining a primary color and a secondary color would result in a color intermediate between the primary and the secondary. And indeed most do. Except for cyan. Cyan is produced by combining blue light and green light but the color we perceive is not intermediate between the colors blue and green.

The color we perceive as cyan is clearly a combination of the color blue and some other color. But what that other color is is just not clear.

## Retina

I suggest that there were originally four primary colors and that cyan was, and still is, intermediate between blue and the fourth primary color which no longer exists (except as a component of cyan).

The original four color receptors in the retina were

green
yellow
red
blue
Originally we didnt perceive the output of the green receptor as the color green. We perceived it as a fourth primary color that no longer exists (except as a component of cyan).

For some unknown reason we eventually started perceiving the output of the green receptor as we do today as green (between yellow and blue). Therefore we no longer needed all four light receptors in the retina. So we dropped one. But instead of dropping the green receptor we dropped the yellow receptor. Today we only perceive yellow when both the green and the red receptors are activated.

## Origin of the colors

Yellow, red, and blue are colorized, beautified versions of white, grey, and black. It isnt clear what the fourth primary color corresponded to.

 grey
 black

## See also

* Trichromacy
* Cyanobacteria
Elevator safety

See also: List of elevator accidents

Statistically speaking, cable-borne elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides result in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open.

* Of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related — for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts.
* Most of the rest are attributed to other kinds of accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors

In fact, prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant — the elevator operator.

* However, there was an incident in 2007 at a Seattle children's hospital, where a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine-room-less elevator free-fell until the safety brakes were engaged. This was due to a flaw in the design where the cables were connected at one common point, and the kevlar ropes had a tendency to overheat and cause slipping (or, in this case, a free-fall).

While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing.

* An elevator cab is typically borne by 2 to 6 (up to 12 or more in high rise installations) hoist cables or belts, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five percent more weight.

* In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is descending faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes copper (or silicon nitride in high rise installations) brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. This device is called the governor, and was invented by Elisha Graves Otis.

* In addition, an oil/hydraulic or spring or polyurethane or telescopic oil/hydraulic buffer or a combination (depending on the travel height and travel speed) is installed at the bottom of the shaft (or in the bottom of the cab and sometimes also in the top of the cab or shaft) to somewhat cushion any impact.
	+ However, in Thailand in November 2012, a woman was killed in a free falling elevator, in what was reported as the "first legally recognised death caused by a falling lift".
Force lines

**Force lines** method is used in Solid Mechanics for visualization of internal forces in a deformed body. A force line represents graphically the internal force acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces. The force lines show the maximal internal forces and their directions.

## Force lines drawing

The procedure for determining the force lines consists of two stages:

1) Defining the internal surface. The surface is perpendicular to maximum principal stress in every point of the solid.

2) Integration of internal stresses on the surface. Stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. The stress distribution can be obtained from known theoretical or numerical (Finite element method) analysis.

The researcher who builds up the force lines can choose a magnitude of the internal force and the initial border where the drawing procedure starts.

Figure 1. Force lines in a plate with a hole.Figure 2. Force lines in a plate with a central crack.Figure 3. Force lines in a beam under pure bending.

Figure 1 shows an example of force lines in a body with a hole under tension. The force lines are denser near the hole. The visualization helps to explain the stress concentration.

Figure 2 shows the force lines in a body with a crack. The cracks are the most dangerous stress concentrator: the intensity of the force lines is high in the crack tip (see Fracture mechanics).

Figure 3 shows the case of pure bending of a beam with rectangular cross section. There are no internal forces at the neutral axis of the beam. The tensile and compressive force lines are symmetrical and are denser at the beam’s edge.

## Application

The force lines pictures are used for

1) Analysis of stress concentration (Figure1 and Figure 2): the number of the force lines increases in areas with stress concentration.

2) Optimization of structures: reinforcing the structure in the areas with concentration of force lines and deleting the components where there are no force lines.

## See also

* Fracture
* Engineering stress
* Stress concentration
* Stress intensity factor
* Strength of materials
* Structural fracture mechanics
Game of chance

A **game of chance** is a game whose outcome is strongly influenced by some randomizing device, and upon which contestants may choose to wager money or anything of monetary value. Common devices used include dice, spinning tops, playing cards, roulette wheels, or numbered balls drawn from a container.

Alternatively, a game of skill is one where the outcome is determined mainly by mental or physical skill, rather than chance.

While a game of chance may have some skill element to it, chance generally plays a greater role in determining its outcome. A game of skill may also may have elements of chance, but skill plays a greater role in determining its outcome.

Any game of chance that involves anything of monetary value is gambling.

Gambling is known in nearly all human societies, even though many have passed laws restricting it. Early people used the knucklebones of sheep as dice. Some people develop a psychological addiction to gambling, and will risk even food and shelter to continue.

Some games of chance may also involve a certain degree of skill. This is especially true where the player or players have decisions to make based upon previous or incomplete knowledge, such as blackjack. In other games like roulette and *punto banco* (baccarat) the player may only choose the amount of bet and the thing he wants to bet on; the rest is up to chance, therefore these games are still considered games of chance with small amount of skills required. The distinction between 'chance' and 'skill' is relevant because in some countries chance games are illegal or at least regulated, but skill games are not. Since there is no standardized definition, poker, for example, has been ruled a game of chance in Germany and, by at least one New York state Federal judge, a game of skill there.

## Addiction

Main articles: Problem gambling
People who engage in games of chance and gambling can develop a strong dependence on them. This is called psychopathology (addiction) of "pathological gambling". According to psychoanalyst Edmund Bergler, there are six characteristics of pathological gamblers:

1. He must play regularly: the issue here is to know from when the subject performs "too much."
2. The game takes precedence over all other interests.
3. There is optimism in the player that is not initiated by repeated experiences of failure.
4. The player never stops until he wins.
5. Despite the precautions that he originally promised he ends up taking too many risks.
6. There is in him a subjective experience of "thrill" (a shivering sensation, excitement, tension, both painful and pleasant) during the phases of play.
Gibborim

**Gibborim** (from the singular גִּבֹּר, גִּבּוֹר *gibbor*) is a Hebrew word that can be glossed "mightiest" which is an intensive for *gabar* (גּבר) that can be glossed "mighty". Many times it is used of people who are valiant, mighty, or of great stature. There is some confusion about Gibborim as a class of beings because of its use in Genesis 6:4, which describes the Nephilim as mighty (*gibborim*).

The word *gibborim* is used in the Tanakh over 150 times and applied to men as well as lions (Proverbs 30:30), hunters (Genesis 10:9), soldiers (Jeremiah 51:30) and leaders (Daniel 11:3).

In modern Hebrew the word "gibbor" (the singular form of *gibborim*), equates with "hero" (if noun), or "brave" (if adjective).
Fleeing felon rule

At common law, the **fleeing felon rule** permits the use of force, including deadly force, against an individual who is suspected of a felony and is in clear flight.

## Argument in favor of shooting fleeing felon

According to David Caplan "Immediate stopping of the fleeing felon, whether actually or presumably dangerous, was deemed absolutely necessary for the security of the people in a free state, and for maintaining the "public security." ... " Indeed, it has been said that the social policy of the common law in this matter was not only to threaten dangerous felons and hence deter them, but was also to induce them to "surrender peaceably" if they dared commit inherently dangerous felonies, rather than allow them to "escape trial for their crimes."

## U.S. law

Under U.S. law the fleeing felon rule was limited in 1985 to non-lethal force in most cases by *Tennessee v. Garner,* 471 U.S. 1. The justices held that deadly force "may not be used unless necessary to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or others."

> A police officer may not seize an unarmed, nondangerous suspect by shooting him dead...however...Where the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others, it is not constitutionally unreasonable to prevent escape by using deadly force.
>
> — Justice Byron White, Tennessee v. Garner
>

Fleeing felons may be followed into places not open to the public without a warrant if the officer is in "hot pursuit." Deadly force that is executed by a co-defendant against an accomplice is not justified by the fleeing felon rule.

## Case law

* Samuel Alito's memo written while working in the Solicitor General's office regarding Memphis Police v. Garner which was the Sixth Circuit appellate case leading to Tennessee v. Garner. (May 18, 1984) (PDF)
* People v. Couch (1990) in the Michigan Supreme Court held that Tennessee v. Garner was

1. civil rather than criminal action;
2. did not affect Michigan's Fleeing Felon Rule; and
3. that a citizen may use deadly force when restraining a fleeing felon in a criminal matter.

* State v. Weddell, The Nevada Supreme Court ruled that a private citizen may not use deadly force under the common law fleeing felon rule.
Duane–Hunt law

The **Duane–Hunt law**, named after the American physicists William Duane and Franklin L. Hunt, gives the maximum frequency of X-rays that can be emitted by Bremsstrahlung in an X-ray tube by accelerating electrons through an excitation voltage *V* into a metal target.

The maximum frequency *ν*max is given by

ν

m
a
x

=

e
V

h

,

{\displaystyle
\nu\_{\rm max} = \frac{eV}{h},
}

which corresponds to a minimum wavelength

λ

m
i
n

=

h
c

e
V

,

{\displaystyle
\lambda\_{\rm min} = \frac{hc}{eV},
}

where *h* is Planck's constant, *e* is the charge of the electron, and *c* is the speed of light. This can also be written as:

λ

m
i
n

≈

1239.8
 pm

V
 in kV

.

{\displaystyle \lambda\_{\rm min} \approx \frac{1239.8 \text{ pm}}{V\text{ in kV}}.}

The process of X-ray emission by incoming electrons is also known as the inverse photoelectric effect.

## Explanation

In an X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated in a vacuum by an electric field and shot into a piece of metal called the "target". X-rays are emitted as the electrons slow down (decelerate) in the metal. The output spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum of X-rays, with additional sharp peaks at certain energies (see graph on right). The continuous spectrum is due to *bremsstrahlung*, while the sharp peaks are characteristic X-rays associated with the atoms in the target.

The spectrum has a sharp cutoff at low wavelength (high frequency), which is due to the limited energy of the incoming electrons. For example, if each electron in the tube is accelerated through 60 kV, then it will acquire a kinetic energy of 60 keV, and when it strikes the target it can create X-ray photons with energy of at most 60 keV, by conservation of energy. (This upper limit corresponds to the electron coming to a stop by emitting just one X-ray photon. Usually the electron emits many photons, and each has an energy less than 60 keV.) A photon with energy of 60 keV or less has a wavelength of 21 pm or more, so the X-ray spectrum has exactly that cutoff, as seen in the graph. This cutoff applies to both the continuous (*bremsstrahlung*) spectrum and the characteristic sharp peaks: There is no X-ray of any kind beyond the cutoff. However, the cutoff is most obvious for the continuous spectrum.

The exact formula for the cutoff comes from setting equal the kinetic energy of the electron, *E* = *eV*, and the energy of the X-ray photon, *E* = *hν* = *hc*/*λ*.
Frying

**Frying** is the cooking of food in oil or another fat. Similar to sautéing, pan-fried foods are generally turned over once or twice during cooking, using tongs or a spatula, while sautéed foods are cooked by "tossing in the pan". A large variety of foods may be fried.

## Details

Fats can reach much higher temperatures than water at normal atmospheric pressure. Through frying, one can sear or even carbonize the surface of foods while caramelizing sugars. The food is cooked much more quickly and has a characteristic crispness and texture. Depending on the food, the fat will penetrate it to varying degrees, contributing richness, lubricity, its own flavor, and calories.

Frying techniques vary in the amount of fat required, the cooking time, the type of cooking vessel required, and the manipulation of the food. Sautéing, stir frying, pan frying, shallow frying, and deep frying are all standard frying techniques.

Pan frying, sautéing and stir-frying involve cooking foods in a thin layer of fat on a hot surface, such as a frying pan, griddle, wok, or sauteuse. Stir frying involves frying quickly at very high temperatures, requiring that the food be stirred continuously to prevent it from adhering to the cooking surface and burning.

Shallow frying is a type of pan frying using only enough fat to immerse approximately one-third to one-half of each piece of food; fat used in this technique is typically only used once. Deep-frying, on the other hand, involves totally immersing the food in hot oil, which is normally topped up and used several times before being disposed. Deep-frying is typically a much more involved process, and may require specialized oils for optimal results.

Deep frying is now the basis of a very large and expanding worldwide industry. Fried products have consumer appeal in all age groups and in virtually all cultures, and the process is quick, can easily be made continuous for mass production, and the food emerges sterile and dry, with a relatively long shelf life. The end products can then be easily packaged for storage and distribution. Some include potato chips, french fries, nuts, doughnuts, and instant noodles.

Tofu being friedFried polenta, French fries, and fried chicken at a Brazilian eateryPakora is a fried snack, popular throughout the Indian subcontinent, served in Jaipur, India.

## Notes

1. ↑ Chemically, oils and fats are the same, differing only in melting point, and the distinction is only made when needed. Foods can be fried in a variety of fats, including lard, vegetable oil, rapeseed oil, and olive oil. In commerce, many fats are called oils by custom, e.g. palm oil and coconut oil, which are solid at room temperature.
Disinhibited attachment disorder

**Disinhibited attachment disorder**  (**DAD**) according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), is defined as:

"A particular pattern of abnormal social functioning that arises during the first five years of life and that tends to persist despite marked changes in environmental circumstances, e.g. diffuse, nonselectively focused attachment behaviour, attention-seeking and indiscriminately friendly behaviour, poorly modulated peer interactions; depending on circumstances there may also be associated emotional or behavioural disturbance." – F94.2 of the ICD-10.
Disinhibited attachment disorder is a subtype of the ICD-10 category F94, "Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and adolescence". The other subtype of F94 is reactive attachment disorder of childhood (RAD – F94.1).

Synonymous or similar disorders include affectionless psychopathy and institutional syndrome.

Within the ICD-10 category scheme, disinhibited attachment disorder specifically excludes Asperger syndrome (F84.5), hospitalism in children (F43.2), and hyperkinetic disorders (F90.-).

## Comparison with the DSM-IV

The DSM-IV distinguishes two categories of RAD: an inhibited subtype and a disinhibited subtype (in the DSM it is listed as 313.89 under infant diagnoses). The ICD-10 describes the former, emotionally withdrawn subtype as RAD and the latter subtype as Disinhibited Attachment Disorder (DAD) (Zeanah *et al.*, 2004).

Generally, the DSM-IV criteria for the inhibited subtype of RAD were generated by studies done on children who were maltreated or abused. Criteria for the DSM-IV disinhibited subtype of RAD were based on research on children raised in institutions (Zeanah, 1996). This is largely based on the fact that inhibited subtype of RAD is more prevalent in maltreated children, and the disinhibited subtype of RAD is more prevalent in children raised in institutions (Zeanah, 2000).

## Studies

In a study by Zeanah, (Zeanah *et al.*, 2004) on reactive attachment disorder in maltreated toddlers, the criteria for DSM-IV *disinhibited* RAD (i.e. disinhibited attachment disorder) were:

1. not having a discriminated, preferred attachment figure,
2. not checking back after venturing away from the caregiver,
3. lack of reticence with unfamiliar adults,
4. a willingness to go off with relative strangers.

For comparison, the criteria for DSM-IV *inhibited* RAD were:

1. absence of a discriminated, preferred adult,
2. lack of comfort seeking for distress,
3. failure to respond to comfort when offered,
4. lack of social and emotional reciprocity, and
5. emotion regulation difficulties.

The authors found that these two disorders were not completely independent; a few children may exhibit symptoms of both types of the disorder.
Good regulator

The **good regulator** is a theorem conceived by Roger C. Conant and W. Ross Ashby that is central to cybernetics. It is stated that "every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system". That is, any regulator that is maximally successful and simple must be isomorphic with the system being regulated. This result is obtained by considering the entropy of the variation of the output of the controlled system, and shows that, under very general conditions, that the entropy is minimized when there is a mapping from the states of the system to the states of the regulator. The minimum is obtained when the map is an isomorphism, that is, when the regulator models the system.

With regard to the brain, insofar as it is successful and efficient as a regulator for survival, it must proceed, in learning, by the formation of a model (or models) of its environment.

The theorem is general enough to apply to all regulating and self-regulating or homeostatic systems.

The theorem does not explain what it takes for the system to become a good regulator. The problem of creating good regulators is addressed by the ethical regulator theorem, and by the theory of practopoiesis.

When restricted to the ODE (ordinary differential equations) subset of control theory, it is referred to as the internal model principle, which was first articulated in 1976 by B. A. Francis and W. M. Wonham. In this form, it stands in contrast to classical control, in that the classical feedback loop fails to explicitly model the controlled system (although the classical controller may contain an implicit model).
Fornication

"Sexual relations" are established when a person "knowingly engages in or causes . . . contact with the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks of any person with an intent to arouse AND gratify the sexual desire of any person".

**Fornication** is a sex act between two people not married to each other (without an intent to arouse AND gratify the sexual desire of the other person).

When one of the partners is a married person, it is described as adultery.

For many people, the term carries an overtone of moral or religious disapproval, but the significance of sexual acts to which the term is applied varies between religions, societies and cultures. In modern usage, the term is often replaced with a more judgment-neutral terms like *premarital sex* or *extramarital sex*.
Game of skill

A **game of skill** is a game where the outcome is determined mainly by mental or physical skill, rather than chance.

Alternatively, a game of chance is one where its outcome is strongly influenced by some randomizing device, such as dice, spinning tops, playing cards, roulette wheels, or numbered balls drawn from a container.

While a game of chance may have some skill element to it, chance generally plays a greater role in determining its outcome. A game of skill may also may have elements of chance, but skill plays a greater role in determining its outcome.

Some commonly played games of skill include: collectible card games, contract bridge, backgammon and mahjong.

However, most games of skill also involve a degree of chance, due to natural aspects of the environment, a randomizing device (such as dice, playing cards or a coin flip), or guessing due to incomplete information. Some games where skill is a component alongside gambling and strategy such as poker may involve the application of such methods as mathematical probability and game theory, bluffing, and other forms of psychological warfare.

## Legal meaning

The distinction between "chance" and "skill" has legal significance in countries where chance games are treated differently from skill games. The legal distinction is often vague and varies widely from one jurisdiction to the next.

In a number of countries like Germany, whether a game is considered of skill has legal implications with respect to whether money bets on the game's outcome are considered gambling or not. For example, poker is legally considered a game of chance in Germany (thus only allowed in casinos), whereas a tournament of skat is considered a game of skill and competitions with money prizes are allowed. Alternatively, poker has been ruled by a New York judge as a game of skill rather than chance.
Entry-level job

An **entry-level job** is a job that is normally designed or designated for recent graduates of a given discipline and typically does not require prior experience in the field or profession. These roles may require some on-site training. Many entry-level jobs are part-time and do not include employee benefits. Recent graduates from high school or college usually take entry-level positions. Entry-level jobs targeted at college graduates often offer a higher salary than those targeted at high school graduates. These positions are more likely to require specific skills, knowledge, or experience. Most entry-level jobs offered to college graduates are full-time permanent positions and some offer more extensive graduate training programs. While entry-level jobs traditionally required no experience, the Great Recession produced a surplus of college graduates on the job market and eliminated many entry level positions.
Elastic modulus

An **elastic modulus** (also known as **modulus of elasticity**) is a quantity that measures an object or substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic deformation region: A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the form:

δ

=

def

stress
strain

{\displaystyle \delta \ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ \frac {\text{stress}} {\text{strain}}}

where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied and strain is the ratio of the change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the original value of the parameter. Since strain is a dimensionless quantity, the units of

δ

{\displaystyle \delta}

 will be the same as the units of stress.

Specifying how stress and strain are to be measured, including directions, allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined. The three primary ones are:

1. *Young's modulus* (E) describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. It is often referred to simply as the *elastic modulus*.
2. The *shear modulus* or *modulus of rigidity* (G or

μ

{\displaystyle \mu \,}

Lamé second parameter) describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as shear stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of viscosity.
3. The *bulk modulus* (K) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions when uniformly loaded in all directions; it is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain, and is the inverse of compressibility. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.

Two other elastic moduli are Lamé's first parameter, λ, and P-wave modulus, M, as used in table of modulus comparisons given below references.

Homogeneous and isotropic (similar in all directions) materials (solids) have their (linear) elastic properties fully described by two elastic moduli, and one may choose any pair. Given a pair of elastic moduli, all other elastic moduli can be calculated according to formulas in the table below.

Inviscid fluids are special in that they cannot support shear stress, meaning that the shear modulus is always zero. This also implies that Young's modulus for this group is always zero.

In some texts, the modulus of elasticity is referred to as the *elastic constant*, while the inverse quantity is referred to as *elastic modulus*.

## See also

* Bending stiffness
* Dynamic modulus
* Elastic limit
* Elastic wave
* Flexural modulus
* Hooke's Law
* Impulse excitation technique
* Proportional limit
* Stiffness
* Tensile strength
* Transverse isotropy
Epithalamus

The **epithalamus** is a (dorsal) posterior segment of the diencephalon. The diencephalon is a part of the forebrain that also contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
The epithalamus includes the habenular nuclei and their interconnecting fibers, the habenular commissure, the stria medullaris and the pineal gland.

## Functions

The function of the epithalamus is to connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain. The epithalamus also serves as a connecting point for the dorsal diencephalic conduction system, which is responsible for carrying information from the limbic forebrain to limbic midbrain structures. Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin and secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland (by the pineal gland circadian rhythms), regulation of motor pathways and emotions, and how energy is conserved in the body.

A study has shown that the lateral habenula, an epithalamic structure, produces spontaneous theta oscillatory activity that was correlated with theta oscillation in the hippocampus. The same study also found that the increase in theta waves in both lateral habenula and hippocampus was correlated with increased memory performance in rats. This suggests that the lateral habenula has an interaction with the hippocampus that is involved in hippocampus-dependent spatial information processing.

## Components

The epithalamus is a tiny structure that comprises of the habenular trigone, the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. It is wired with the limbic system and basal ganglia.

Species that possess a photoreceptive parapineal organ show asymmetry in the epithalamus at the habenula, to the left (dorsal).

## Dysfunction

Dysfunction of the epithalamus can be related to mood disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia and sleeping disorders. Low levels of melatonin will typically give rise to mood disorders.

Calcification of the epithalamus can be linked to periventricular lesions near the limbic system, and lesions of cortico-subcortical pathways that are involved with schizophrenia.

## Sleep disorders

The epithalamus is associated with sleep disorders like insomnia revolving around circadian rhythms of sleep wake cycles. The close connection of the epithalamus with the limbic system regulates the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland and the regulation of motor pathways and emotions. The secretion of melatonin happens in a cycle. Secretion is high at night or in the absence of light and low during the day. The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is responsible for this cycle of secretion from the epithalamus, specifically from the pineal gland. The Circadian timekeeping is driven in cells by the cyclical activity of core clock genes and proteins such as per2/PER2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and several peptide factors, including cytokines, growth hormone-releasing hormone and prolactin, are related to sleep promotion.
Dunning–Kruger effect

*One of the painful things about our time is that those who feel certainty are stupid, and those with any imagination and understanding are filled with doubt and indecision*
The psychological phenomenon of illusory superiority was identified as a form of cognitive bias in Kruger and Dunning's 1999 study, "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments".

In 2011, David Dunning wrote about his observations that people with substantial, measurable deficits in their knowledge or expertise lack the ability to recognize those deficits and, therefore, despite potentially making error after error, tend to think they are performing competently when they are not.

Dunning and Kruger tested the hypotheses on undergraduate students of introductory courses in psychology by examining the students' self-assessments of their intellectual skills. After learning their self-assessment scores, the students were asked to estimate their ranks in the psychology class. The competent students underestimated their class rank, and the incompetent students overestimated theirs.

Moreover, competent students tended to underestimate their own competence, because they erroneously presumed that tasks easy for them to perform were also easy for other people to perform. Incompetent students improved their ability to estimate their class rank correctly after receiving minimal tutoring in the skills they previously lacked, regardless of any objective improvement gained in said skills of perception.