Aventinus 130

Johannes Turmayr's 1520 History of Bavaria, Chapter 130, - translated and annotated by Ras Feqade, AD 2021.

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### 130. Of king Brenner the second, and Könman, king of the Bavarians in Bohemia; how at this time in the Swabian kingdom, the Bavarian in Bohemia, the Bavarian (Walha) in Italy, the Walhish (the older) between the Inn, Bodensee and Danube, in these lands (as we now call Swabia, Upper and Lower Bavaria) the one chased the other away, driven away and eaten like wild animals.

Quite a few Italians write that 400 years before Christ was born, the Germans, namely a hundred thousand, moved to Italy with their women and children because of the good wine.

In old German songs and rhymes, according to our chronicles, I find that in Germany, **Brenner** the second, an Englishman from Tyrgen and Meichsen, a king of the Swabians, was a great, powerful warrior, got 110 years consecutively and lifted it, since the high monastery of Rome was built in honor of the highest god, which is called capitolium, from a human head, that in Latin is called *caput* and one has found that the grundvest grave has been found. Quite a few write that the above-mentioned tomb was built by the 5th Roman king Tarquinius the Elder; Lucius Florus writes that his son or his nephew did it, the seventh and last Roman king Tarquinius Superbus: Perhaps the ruler had risen, died before the time of it and was made possible, and the nephew only gave him away.

[It seems Brenner II was the youngest son of Ambgot, Mader the Scythian's brother-in-law and viceroy, but Ambgot's race is unspecified; he could potentially be Scythian, German, Gaulish, or British. The end of his reign is indicated below as 509 BC and his birth in 637 BC. 110 years would thus count his reign from 619 BC. However, elsewhere below, the reigns of Brenner II and his wife Queen Tomyris are indicated to have begun in 588 BC. It seems between the end of Mader II in 610 BC, and 588 BC, the regents for young Brenner would most likely be his father Ambgot and his older brother Sigweis. In addition it is ambiguous when Brenner's successor Landein reigned, but he is mentioned in connection with Darius' war with the Getae in 513 BC, so perhaps Brenner's figures have been exagerrated.]

The Bavarian king in Bohemia was at that time king **Könman** or Kekman, for short Kek, he was the aforementioned king Sigweis' son and king Brenner's closest ally, his brother's son and (as our old Bavarian chronicles source) also his step son; none the less they disagreed on matters, fought with each other, spoiled each other's country and people. King Brenner was increasing the Swabian empire, training his people with major wars, sent everywhere always, outside to Italy, Asia and other countries more, they had to look for war, follow suit; the others, who stay at home, had to build their warehouses and provide houses for the warriors. When the year is over, they had to move home again, someone else travels out. He provided it (as he then did) that he wanted his country folk, the Swabians, to make the most famous warriors among all Germans, who were less strong in virtue and good deeds than the invincible and immortal heroes and gods. Accordingly, he wants to be lord of greater Germania and bordering lands alone, thinks that it wouldn’t be good to have two houses in a house, wouldn’t be looked after where there would be a lot of guards, it would be just one sun, that would illuminate the whole world, should only be one ruler too. He also doesn’t like to copy other people around and with him, wants to have wide barren land between them, heather and wild walnut, as the Turk is doing now; thinks his country would be no safer from the enemy, would at least be invaded and overrun by strangers, if there is no delivery in the sewing area. For the sake of the cause, he left no rest for Bavaria, his next of kin, and his own father, King Koenman, had such a compulsion and urge that King Koenman and his people, the Bavarians, gave himself up and allowed himself to want to go with women and children vacate their home, Bohemia, move to Italy (as their ancestors had done before). King Brenner helped with all his diligence, as did the people of his fathers.

[Konman or Kekman inherited Bavaria, while Brenner II inherited Greater Swabia. If Ambgot, who ruled from Bourges and also governed Britannia, is the same as Iago listed among the kings of Britannia as ruling ca. 630-602 BC, this may indicate 602 BC as the year Ambgot left Bavaria and Britannia to his grandson Konman or Kekman, who would then be the same as Kinimarus or Kinfark of Britannia 602-548 BC. However, Iago is claimed in British chronicles to be a cousin or nephew of Gorust, a previous British king (717-679 BC), and to be buried at York, while Kinimarus is called a son of Saisyllt (679-630 BC).]

So the Bavarians went with three hundred thousand men, women and children, out of Bohemia: one part settled in the lands down under the Inn with their fathers and compatriots who were from Bavaria, the land from the Inn to the Save, also the ones Bulgaria had under the Save, as I also mentioned above, one part for itself also moves through the country, that is now the rulership of Venice; the third group for the old Germans (who before they had invaded Italy because of fertility, over the mountain, hitherto impassable, nobody wanted to come over it, respect, accidentally were wiped) after, left Bohemia, their old dwelling and fatherland, gave way to the Swabians, came in greater and more powerful numbers, with much more people than the earlier Germans, over the mountains in Italy, settled there, forcing the whole country between the mountains and the watercourse called the Po. Since they had all conquered and owned such areas, they made large rafts and came across the Po, the old country folk chased away from the country, naming all the villages and castles by force from the origin of the Po, from Sophoier birg, until Ancon and everything that lay this side of Partenbirg (they didn’t come past that, as Livy writes), occupied with their people, built and expanded cities, namely Milan, Pavia, Novärn, Chom, Bressa, Bern, Bergamo, Trient, Teutsch Sen, Pesaro, Rhimino, Moden, Parma, Boloni, Lada and others. And as much as before and after more Germans, as they still do today, have moved to Italy, the Bavarians, as Strabo writes, were most of them. And if I diligently search for it, then I find in the Greek histories, which were also Bavarian, had special names of the rivers in Bavaria, came out of them in Italy and left as: those at Sophoi up above Milan around the origin of the river Po that ran through the middle of Italian Bavaria (now Lombardy) is named from Laber; those around Milan Inshueber, those around Lake Gard, those on the Na, then those from the brook Lech and Semna, then those from the Salza and Sala and from Taurn.

And as Cato says, Pliny reports, the Bavarians divided Italy into 112 lands and (as I read in our German rhymes) into 6 stewardships, jurisdictions and marches. The first was Milan, in which Pavi, Chom, Novärn and other spots belonged; the town was called Inshuober, it is now the duchy of Milan. I have a very old Festum Pompeium, written on bergamen, which also attributes Milan with the same area to the Bavarians; Pliny also says the same thing, that the Bavarians, who came in the country, built on the mountain, Ladon, so there is still a bishopric in the duchy of Milan and is negotiated. The other march was called Könmansgau, Bressa was the capital; these include Bergamo, Cremon, and Mantua. The third stewardship was Bern, and Trento was one of them. Bononia or Bolonia was the capital of the Bavarians, they were called in full Baierbonum, for short, Baibon; the largest march was called Teutschland and Gallreich with the long, wide skirts, and the water Rubicon (at that time an end and gräniz Italy, as Ptolemy wrote) decided. The Bavarian landship and march, like the Gardsee and Chomersee, stretched further from Pienz toward Ravenna, including these cities: Pienz, Parma, Imola, Moden, Ravenna, Forli, Cesena and much more between the mountain to to the aforementioned city of Ravenna and the river Rubicon. Over which river was the fifth place, that of the Senna (some say it was Swabia); their capital was Teutsch Sen, four miles from Ancon, from Arimino at eight miles; there belonged to it Pesaro, Rhimino, Fanum, Fortunae. The sixth place, as the Germans say, was Hohen Sen.

[Anderson says for the era between Wolfheim and Brenner II as follows, specifically for when Tarquin Priscus began in Rome, or 614 BC according to him (note that I would place Tarquin in 618 BC):

*For then we read of these petty German Kings, viz. BELLEVOSUS der Baldweiss, SIGOVESUS der Sygweiss, HELITONUS der Deid, and MEDO, under whom the Ligures, Insubres, Suevi, Senones, Sicambri, Cimbri, Chamani, and other Nations of Gaul and Germany, pass'd over the Alps, and spread themselves over the North of Italy: after whom followed King CICONIUS aer Zecco, with his Boji, (that had been expell'd from Bohemia by the Marcomanni, a Suevian Nation) and crossing the Po, They expell'd the old Hetrusci and Umbri, possessing all to Ancona. They built or enlarged the Cities Comus, Bergamus, Trent, Vincentia, Mutina, Parma, and Bononia, the Capital of the 112 Tribes of the Boji, call'd by them Bojobonia.*After this, he continues: *About the End of Tarquinius Priscus* [579 BC]*, BRENNUS King of the German Suevi began a War against the Romans in Italy, that lasted 110 Years. He built or inlarged the Cities Hochojena, Teutonica Sena, Verona, Brixia, Ticinum, and Milan, about the Time that the Capitol of Rome was built by the last Roman King Tarquinius Superbus* [535-509 BC]*. RAETUS a German King led the Thusci to the Alps, and there founded the Nation of the Rhetians; while the Sacæ or Saxons perform'd great Exploits with the Grand Cyrus the Founder of the Persian Monarchy.*

De Plancy likewise lists the cities built while Ambron ruled Sicambria (627-552 BC): *Ambigat sent his children Bellovese and Sigovese to Italy, which they populated with Gauls, and where they founded Como, Cremona, Vicenza, Pavia, Genoa, Mantua, Milan, and Venice.*

Note the one of these 'Bavarian' subgroups, the Insubres or Inshueber, were actually already in the area of Milan since 2400 BC, being from Subres son of Tubal, according to local records.]

In the Bohemia abandoned by the Bavarians, the old Bavarian homeland, king Brenner set his countrymen, the Swabians, even to the Danube, called Marcomanni, that is the Swabians at the place and end of the Swabian kingdom.

But why the Bavarians and the Germans left their old dwelling so carelessly, sought other areas, overran Italy, is indicated by the old historians, Greeks and Latins, for various reasons. Quite a few say that the constant discord and busy war under him at home, of which they had become tired and could not otherwise compare with the matter, being its cause, they were urged to look for foreign land. The others write that they had too many people at home, had to send quite a few, that such a large number no longer had to manage and grapple with each other, so it is resolved who moves out with women and children or stays at home. The third opine, that they invaded Italy because of the wine, which tastes good in it (if they have never tried before, which at that time in these lands did not change and was unknown, even as I indicated above, has not yet contributed to the Germans village). And it happened to this figure. A mighty burger in the town of Clausen in Italy, by the name of Aruns, has a beautiful wife; Lucumo, the prince of the country, woos her for his wife, plow love with her. The aforementioned Aruns, so that he might rake himself on his master, for whom he was too weak, secretly fled with his goods into Germany, brought with him the best wine and other delicious fruits, growing in Italy, more, gave such to the Germans: the taste of the wine (which was newly drank, hitherto unknown to them) even wanted, did it gently; let themselves be persuaded, so they landed outside of Germany with Aruns, who was the guide. Others say it was a German carpenter, who was called 'the holy', followed his trade in Italy for a number of years, then brought him home with wine, figs, oil and grapes, so brought other people from his country, the Germans, to them left Germany, which was not as fertile at the time as it is now, moved with military force in such a fertile land that they had enough wine to drink and figs to eat. The fourth say it was their old custom and their praiseworthy long-time habit (like the Turks are now) to fall on another country, rob them and take them over. The fifth cause is also indicated: the open sea, the High German Sea are said to have been abandoned, the land has ruined and so many people were forced to look for new homes.

These five causes are not against each other, all five must have happened with each other and have happened together. There must have been conflict and war between the German princes as is still common; must also have had too many idle people and flooded the sea and water as stated above; Therefore it must have been more easily brought up by the above mentioned gentleman Aruns and the German carpenter, as much as it is possible that they came together, brought wine and other fruit with them, to move the Germans, who were at odds, their country corrupted and starved with war. Or, as the fourth write, it was nice to help too, waving and fiddling: if you like to dance, it's nice to whistle. It is their custom and habit that they usually send one year to another country and follow the wars (good to win, to get rich and healthy, as we still do); when at the same time did our forefathers consider it a divine honest win to deal with the warriors: what does not fight, would be a vainly disgraceful, dishonorable people; it would also be totally impolite if the beurish servant wasn’t free, with sweat and toil, with hard, sour work; that one would like to get blood and wounds with fencing and with oneself, that would be honest and free, wanting.

And (so that I can finish this off) the old peasants in Italy (called in their language Etrusci, in Latin Tusci, the Greeks Tyrrheni) had to pay a fraction; had long gone in Italy from the Lombardic Sea to the Venedian, had been the most powerful in all of Italy; at that time the Roman king only had the city of Rome and had to borrow from them. They had a special language, just like the Jewish one, which the Romans cut off and brought up theirs, otherwise known as Latin. In front of them in Italy the oldest peasants from Noah, were called Umbri; which were driven out by these Etrurians, who won in more than three hundred vast large mighty towns. But now these old Walhas and residents of Italy must also evacuate their homeland (the Bavarians forced to do so); as they had done the Umbris, so now they were cheated by the Germans.

But they chose one king, called Rhaetus, they named themselves Rhaeti after him; The Bavarians gave way to the mountains against the German lands, namely the Feltliner valley, Wormeser joch above Chom, the Nans above Bern to the Etsch and Eingadein, where the Inn rises; further from the Inn to Lake Constance, the Rhine and the Danube, the land we now called Swabia and Upper and Lower Bavaria. The Romans and Greeks called this land from them Upper Rhaetia and Lower Rhaetia, and the inhabitants were called Rhaeti; his, as I have now indicated, was Walhen, spoke the old Italian languages. Titus Livius writes (who wrote under the emperor Augustus) that in his day the said country still had something of the old speech, although coarser and changed. But as the Germans said, I now want to report them out of old letters.

Some think they were called the Räzen; I let that count as much. But because I find, as Strabo and the old historians testify, that the old Bavarians on the Nardgau, like their kindred against the fall of the sun, called Helveti, always fell over the Danube and Rhine, overran the Rhaeti, it is believed, they read German too, but mixed up with their old language (as Livius then also indicates) talked before the Romans conquered this land and brought it to the Roman Empire. Emperor Arnulph testifies in a letter, as far as it is still available at Heimeran in Regensburg, that the above-mentioned land, before the Swabians and Bavarians arrived, the Germans named the upper Ries and the lower Ries to the Lech and Winda. And this last lower Ries is Greek Latin Rhaetia Vindelicia, now upper and lower Bavaria; the upper one is now called Öztal, den Nans, Feltlinertal, Engedein, Chur, Swabia; So the names get together with the lands, with animals and people.

And so great murder, spoil at this time happened because of adultery and three kingdoms have eaten each other, one driven the other away; story of who's only warned. There is no evil but in the long run with impunity, it wilts because through the fingers, as the heathen Valerius Maximus speaks, punish at the very least after unpunished, it repays the punishment with severity. Is a poor judge who does not have to deal with one change, one who pays badly with today will. The wrath of god is always delighted on the back of the jerk (as the pagan poet speaks).

And the aforementioned king Brenner expanded the Swabian empire from the north from the Thuringian Forest to the Danube and towards the sunrise to Hungary and to the Bergstedt (where the Hungarian gold is now being digged, the ancients called the Swabian mountain) to the rivers Maresch and Theissa; the Swabians towards the east were joined by the Gueten and Danauer, whom the ancients call Getae and Dacians, also Goths, in particular Scythas in common, whose king was a supremely courageous woman named **Thämärin**, who even fought in Asia, who would become this Brenner's housewife; then Jordanus, the bishop, and others, who wrote in Germany about the Germans, say that a German woman from Danau was born from Danau. She and her husband fought a great war in Asia, as I will describe further below.

This Brenner, the Thämärin and the old Germans, called the Kempher, like those of Asia, as the Turk is doing us now, stretched three hundred miles as far as the sea (where the Danube falls), out of Germany even in Asia up to Armenia through the country we now called Tatarei, are allowed to uproot cultivation, burn the entire country, rob, plunder, and is then again unbeaten from upwards back home in his Swabian country and his housewife Thämärin in the country that we now call part of Hungary, part of Transylvania and Wallachia, come and sing such things in old rhymes. Since there was a wave of the most famous emperor of the Persians, by the name of Cyrus (who in our old German rhymes made by the old German heroes and this hero Brenner, is called Kaiser Kurein) he was outwitted and slain by the aforementioned woman. But I want to describe it later, if there is time.

It was back then in German lands master Albar, a fortune teller, told the Germans fortune, they should get honor, they would have a great victory; what they thought and raised would go out happily. They followed that. He can do much stranger things, can give victory and long life, can make the future victorious and even live long; also says future things. The old pagan people highly valued as Plato and Democritus, also quite a few old Christian theologians (namely Pinytus from the island of Candia, Montanus, Priscilla, Maximilla) think such people have a spirit obsessed with God, don't have to be more in their senses, have to agree and say what God wants, and bear that they think the inexperienced people are ridiculous. That is why the Greeks, like us, called 'mani', that is, not being particularly obsessed with oneself, going to the wheat; We still so call today from the aforementioned fortune teller 'albar', is a common saying 'he is albar' from those who do not want to be in their senses. Eusebius and Jerome also report from this master Albar in their chronicles, and also according to the old German rhyme.

### 131. Of the Roman Kingdom.

In the 9th year of King Brenner, king **Tarquinius the old** was murdered and succeeded by his son in law **Servius** the 6th Roman king, who was murdered in the council chambers before all councilors by his own son in law **Tarquinius the arrogant**, the seventh and last Roman king. He invented and thought up all kinds of prisoners and corporal punishments over people, namely keten fiddles turn henchman parlors iron stocks (in which one pecks and thief slecht) joping pillory, further with hostages and limbs, condemn in stone pit, send to the ellend and the like has more executioner's work he brought up the first. It was at the expense of adultery, so that his son would languish the stupid women Lucretia, chased away and driven out of the city of Rome with all his, women and children, sons and daughters and whatever was devoted to him. And if the royal name and power in Rome were forever dismissed, he assumed the freedom and administration of the common man, as in Switzerland. And under this free status, the Roman Empire took a great deal of attention, as Titus describes Livius at length, it is not necessary here to go on much crookedly about it; who like to know it well, who reads the German Titus Livius, is much more useful because he meanwhile fres and sucks and with other fools work unnecessarily wastes time, which is neither good nor useful to the world.

[Tarquin Priscus 618-579 BC; Servius Tullus 579-535 BC, Tarquin Superbus 535-509 BC. This would put the start of Brenner's reign in 588 BC.]

And the expulsion of the king in Rome took place in the 78th year of the regime of the said king Brenner, when now the royal power in Rome had been 240 years, three or four more.

[This again puts the start of Brenner's reign in 588 BC.]

The first war that the city of Rome waged, was against **Porsenna**, king from Eutruria the land, where now the high Sen and Florence are, which wants to reinstate the expelled king in the ninth year after the king was expelled; Called them to the Latin cities, at 24, and in front of the Latin prince Octavius ​​Manilius, an oath of the expelled king Tarquinii.

And since Rome has now expelled the king, there is no peace at all in the 24th year: now it's going to get with the expelled kins and their supporters, now the citizens were themselves, councilor and commoner confusion, the matter disagreed seven times about the debt and fief because of and interest and claims. Even then there was the first twentieth between council and common, accordingly a new power was established in Rome, one turned away all other power and empathy, achieved a united chief, called dictator; what he says and what he says, you have to do much. The first what Titus Largius, the name of the marshal and chief man of the traveling witness, Spurius Cassius. Diser Titus Largius adjusts the matter, makes a decent, and then after six months he cancels it again. The next year afterwards the Latin king, named above, roused again in armor against Rome, Aurelius Postumius was at the fore once again raised by the Romans for the first time. He named a captain over the traveling Titus Ebutius Cossus, attacked the enemy, killed Octavius Manilius, the enemy captain, the expelled king's son in law, who had to be very daring to use it; died soon afterwards in his fourteenth year of misery, his age in his ninetieth. The Latins came back for more than three years, always eager to have Rome dismantled and broken up when it was lying on the neck. Back then there was a big uproar between council and common, so the next year after that there was the third dictator Marcus Valerius, who makes peace between the burgers. The common evolves out of five, they also had to sit in the council, were called common city speakers and handlers, one had to mean their need, their stupid fools, their harm. They had the greatest power in Rome. Afterwards, Cnaeus Marcius Coriolanus did the best against the Latins, and quite a few Latin cities were won. Since one came again with victory against Rome, the commoners became angry again. Because they punished Coriolanus, they drove him out of town. He fled to the enemies, was their captain, moved for Rome, defied the city, in which there was great disagreement between council and common; did not want to withdraw, it was also won; as persuaded in his mouth to give it away. There was still no unity in Rome. Spurius Cassius divides the wise feeling among the common, thus placing it nicely after the rulership of the city; but he thinks he was unanimously condemned to death by council and commoners. Something else always unwilling between council and commoner. Accordingly, the Latins set out against Rome, which is only too big for them because of their thanks under their eyes. The commoner doesn't want to get out of Rome. There was a great slaughter in Rome, called the Fabii, on us said the Bonmeir, they marched three hundred and six against the enemy and were all perished in one heap; in 23 years after the expulsion of the king. There it was raised to some major in Rome L Quintius Cincinnatus, the fourth dictator, a farmer and a farmer: was honored by the plow, killed the enemy, made good peace and unity, they lasted together 36 years.

There was also this time Pompilia, a cloister woman who vowed to her and not kept chastity, condemned to death and buried alive.

### 133. Of the other empire of the world, as the Persians are called and associated with silver and the wild beast leopard in the holy scriptures; also how the two archkingdoms of the Medes and Babylonians were dismissed by the first two emperors of the Persians, named Darius and Cyrus, whom the Jews call Koresch, the Greeks Cyrus and the Germans Kurein; how they fought with the Germans, how the Jews once again camped out of their prison; how one died, one was slain by the Germans.

At that time, meanwhile, great changes were taking place all over the world and among the Germans the old king Brenner the second and his spouse, queen Thämärin, in the 58th year of their administration rose up the two brothers **Darius**, fifty years old, and Koresch or **Cyrus**, son of lord Asuerus Histaspis from Media land, helped each other, sat together, got against the last archking of Medes by the name of Apanda, the Greeks called **Astyages**. And Emperor Cyrus or Kurein had a good reputation that he knew about all his war people, what he was called to call him and what he was called. The above-mentioned king Apanda or Astyages was helped by the German king Brenner and his spouse Queen Thamärin, they sent many people, Germans and Winds, to Asia. But the Germans and their spoiled fondness were also good to see, pulled in the manner of their fathers, who previously often enjoyed winning over the rich land of Asia with women and children and earning good money. It wasn’t vastly serious, if they were only to steal and burn, their names apply to everyone, do not pay attention to who he was, he was whether or not he was, as the Swiss and especially the landsknecht also do. But Darios and his brother Koresch were up to the Medes, eradicated from the Mede name, violence and arch-kingdom, the Persian raised the other in the whole wide world of imperialism, which God in the Bible equates to the silver and wild animal leopard; it took six years until they put the land and people in a right order.

[Cyrus II of Persia overthrew his grandfather Astyages of Media in 550 BC. Darius was not actually his brother. This would date the reign of Brenner and Tomyris to 608 BC, close to the end of Mader's reign ca. 610 BC.]

Subsequently their cousin and son **Cambyses** afflicted the regime, land and people, he was Koresch' son; then he raged against the Germans, they quarreled with him for six whole years, he wanted to know that they would not overrun Asia as easily as they had long ago (men and women, namely the kempher and amazon matrons), fearing where they had allow and watch such a thing, if they, the Germans, would in time bring the whole of Asia under themselves, would (as if people who knew nothing but rob and burn and take that from them, would learn nothing, would be brought up by young people, would not give up, would not be gross people, west not what would be peaceful or right) hold on, never leave no peace, as their predecessors would have done a long time ago.

Cyrus addressed the queen, who withdrew into the mountain; that the Germans call the gray and ripe mountain, of which I have written enough above, occupy the clauses. King Brenner, the old man, occupied here in Europe the Danube and the narrow sea, into which the Danube falls, and since this sea meets a large lake to the north, which the Latins and Greeks call Mæotis; a lot of it is written above. Darios moved to the narrow of the sea (where Constantinople is now, since it is not farther than five hundred paces and the Black Sea rises, in which the Danube fell) came over there with a lot of people, continued to close to the Danube towards north, passed over same bridge and moved to Germany. The Germans and Winds gave way to their advantage, burned everything after him, hid a lot of people and pushed one stop, they let Darius go and run after him: there they turned, broke open, put Darius into flight. He lost many of the people in the flight, because of great damage. But he still had plenty of people's needs, with whom he fled over the bridge again, ordered the bridge to be thrown off after him and went back to Asia with shame and spot to his brothers Cyrus, read here in Europe a general one Magobazum and Bubarem, Named Thrace and Macedonia, maybe **Amyntas** and his son **Alexander**.

[Amyntas I of Macedon 547-498 BC, Alexander I 498-453 BC.]

The Babylonians sent their message to the two brothers, begged their help, and complained about their lords and emperors: there were three brothers, of the above-mentioned Evilmerodach's son, ruled one after the other, had to take good care of themselves, eat and drink, pay no attention to either country or people. The two emperors of the Persians, since they had quarreled with the Germans for six years, left a number of people against the Germans by their claws and borders and the braids and loins of the mountains and the sea, and they advanced with the other people for Babylon, won the same, urbäring attacked the city. Nobody thinks they will come. **Balthasar**, the last Babylonian emperor, has sworn an oath that it would not be possible for them to come because they had so much to do with the Germans for so long; but no matter how much he despises it and cannot believe it, they came up urbäring and killed him with all of them and threw out the Babylonian empire. And has Babylon been great, as Aristotle writes, that in the city it was only on the third day that the city was won.

[Cyrus II overthrew the last king of Babylonia, Nabonassar (father of Belshazzar) in 539 BC.]

From now on, when they had occupied Babylon, the Jews camped, if they had been in miserable conditions in Babylon for seventy years, released their prisoners, gave in all goodness and more, and let them go back home to the promised land that they had rebuilt the city of Jerusalem and the church; let a messenger go out, which the rentmasters and cameraworkers should all be allowed to create and reach out of the royal chamber for such a building. The Jews were of this, went with their duke, Barachia, to the promised land, built an altar from now on, sacrificed there, praised and thanked eternal God, then began to build a pen.

But since the foundation of the house of worship had been completed in the following year and the work had come out of the earth, King Darius died. The amtleut and kindred, who the Jews were envious of innate things, were forbidden and violated that they suspected that they should not build anything further imperial fields or raise them. Emperor Cyrus was too far, the Jews did not send a message to him that they had, in such an official capacity, unreasonably dutifully and for the sake of it, again complained in writing and reported by the emperor in writing; when Cyrus, having taken Babylon, left his brother Darius there, who was now a sixties, he went against the Germans.

There is also a king in Media, by the name of **Arpaxat**, who was helped by the above-mentioned queen and sent to him among the people, and because of how Cyrus brought the whole of Asia and the rise of the sun under him, he must against the above-mentioned German queen field leagues, things like that against Arpaxat, the king of Media. Brenner occupies the Danube and the sea in Europe, sends his two sons (as the Jews think) with many people, Germans and Winds, to help his wife queen Thomärin.

The first Persian emperor fought well into the twenty-fourth year with the above-mentioned Arpaxat, can never really stir up and bring to the table, because he has always refuge to the Germans and the above-mentioned queen and from them great help and support. Therefore, since Cyrus is concerned that everything is to be done, fight, labor and work for was fruitless, he may not conquer the Arpaxat, namely in front of his help and consolation, that he always has from the Germans, as in such a Sibylla from the narrow of the Greek sea, which we call S George's arm, such as the very richest king Croesus gold and silver from Lydia the land, adjoining the kingdom of Troy, also vastly advised against, he should stand idle the German petler, he would have no victory against them, No honor: nothing less he prepares himself with all he can do with two hundred thousand men, wants to tighten the above-mentioned queen along with the Germans, who abstained to north at the oft-named mountain, which now separates great Tatary and great Turkey. The queen wasn’t lazy either, didn’t act effeminately, wasn’t frightened from the mighty emperor or from the future of the enemy; that they did the same, so that they wouldn’t get to their country, they would have to not let them over the water Araxis. And since Cyrus has come over with all the people, he rams a little deep into the queen country for himself, sits down there, closes and circles the wagon camp. Then on the next day he acted that fear and fleeing would have come into him and his people, fled with all the people, backed off again, left him wine, all food and necessities that only belong to the fullness, to feast and splash. Since this was announced to the queen, she and the third part of her people sent the enemies to her son Spargapises, who was still a young, impetuous and unruly warrior, who should chase after the fugitive Emperor Koresch. But since the good young man came to the imperial layman as an ignorant warrior who tried to eat and drink, not to fight, he sat down there, left the enemy, read his people, for whom the wine was strange at that time and unusual things, overpower, splash, fill, fill up and get drunk: have been overcome by drunkenness and filling, so up to now wars have been insurmountable. Cyrus, as he became that through the artists, he attacked at night because, at gerochem fire the drunk and full Germans, strangled all together with the young gentleman, the queen's son.

[Tomyris and the Massagetae defeated and killed Cyrus II near the Oxus east of the Caspian (often confused with the Araxes west of it), in 530 BC.]

Queen Thamärin, having lost so much of the people and her only dearest son, she doesn’t complain, doesn’t sadden nor cry, don’t think how she could argue against her and thereby make her suffering again; proclaim the enemy who rose up to win their victory with the same value, carry and attack, stand up, pärt, collect them even despaired and desperate for the sake of such great damage and loss, flouch very obstructive and into the mountain, so bring emperor Koresch, who follows her with all the people and hurries, into a narrow Zwikmül and clausen of the above-mentioned mountain, has repudiated quite a few around the mountain in front next to and behind, they broke up with each other and so the queen killed the emperor Cyrus with all his people, so twice a hundred thousand, that there was no single man who had suffered such a battle, came from it. The main thing was cut off from the emperor Koresch, brought in for the queen, the schuef, who threw it in front of her in a lidded sack full of human blood and said: See there, drink enough of the human blood, for which you have always been so thirsty! And then let the dead body and head hang from a gallows and stretched out, nailed and pinned to a cross with all parties. And afterwards (as Bishop Jordan writes) with a great victory, bring it over to Europe on the Danube, build a city there by the sea, in which the Danube fell, for eternal memory of the above-mentioned victory, called after her Thamarburg, that the Latins and Greeks called Tomi; now called Chyli in Wallachia (since several years ago king Albrecht from Poland, duke George and king Sigmunds of Poland, who still ruled, brothers, lost a lot of people; if the Wallachians wanted it, the Poles and Winds were almost all slain, the Germans stopped the wagon town, came to a täding and with the king came back home in Poland). The Latins and Greeks called the people of Scythas; if the name tells you that you are from Germany, you will find good and thorough upstairs and teach in the old names of the Germans.

And so after Emperor Koresch had perished, things were going very badly in Persia. Arpaxat was rampant, everyone fell to him; the new Persian emperor, the old Asuerus, emperor Koresch' brother's son, abstained from Babylon, and should not taste good for the city. But so that he wouldn’t even be expelled from Arpaxat, to whom all the lands had fallen, he judged the Germans, gave him up, gave him salary and housework, got them to sit at home, looked on, didn’t help at all. Then Asuerus overran king Arpaxat, killed him in a quarrel, won and took all land (and even more besides) back up to the Black Moors land. He had a worthy, gracious captain, who was the best warrior, called Holophernes, but was a boozer and a whorer, so he shamefully lost his life: a Jewish woman murdered him because he was full and drunk and wanted to sleep with her.

[Cyrus II the Great was followed by Cambyses II 530-522 BC. Arpaxat seems to be Harpagus, a Mede general who fought for the Persians, not against them. After a usurper Gaumata in 522 BC, Darius the Great took the throne 522-486 BC, followed by Xerxes I.]

And our king Brenner reigned for another 21 years after the death of Emperor Koresch, lived for 128 years. In the next year thereafter, the above-mentioned emperor Asuerus, the third arch-king of the Persians or the second after Cyrus, died.

[21 years after Cyrus puts the end of Brenner's reign in 509 BC, and his birth in 637 BC. However Asuerus, meaning here Cambyses II, only reigned 8 years 530-522 BC, and not 20 as Aventinus states in the next chapter.]

But I am back to the Persian empire, since I left it, the arch-king of Persia must now also be told in short words for the sake of divine writing and ancient German history. And according to Metasthenes the Persian, as in the case of the king of Alexander the great, the emperors of Persia wrote the same thing in a true and green way, likewise the most learned Jew Philo, and so I begin. Eusebius and Jerome follow the Greeks in their chronicles, who had no right reason for the Persian Empire, nor did they know.

### 134. Of the Emperors of Persia in brief.

[In this chapter, Aventinus explains his account that Cyrus II ruled with a brother Darius (otherwise unknown) 12 years, then this Darius died and Cyrus reigned alone 22 years, altogether 36 years. He is followed by Ahasuerus or Artaxerxes the Elder, the Greek Cambyses - ie Cambyses II, for 20 years, then Darius II (Darius the Great) for 37 years, then Darius III aka Xerxes for 20.]