Xerocomus subtomentosus

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***Xerocomus subtomentosus***, commonly known as **suede bolete**, **brown and yellow bolet**, **boring brown bolete** or **yellow-cracked bolete**, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The fungus was initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and known for many years as *Boletus subtomentosus*. It is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms.

It occurs throughout Eurasia, North America and Australia and grows with a wide range of hardwood and conifer trees. It forms symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. The fungus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies. The olive to tan fruit body cap is up to Template:Convert in diameter and has a distinctive velvety surface. Like other boletes, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface is yellow and bruises blue. The stipe, or stem, measures up to 8 cm (3 in) tall and Template:Convert thick.

## Taxonomy

*Xerocomus subtomentosus* was first described in 1753 by the father of taxonomy Carl Linnaeus as *Boletus subtomentosus*. The starting date of fungal taxonomy had been set as January 1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the 'father of mycology', Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries, which meant that the name required sanction by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid, as Linnaeus' work preceded this date. It was thus written *Boletus subtomentosus* L.:Fr. However, a 1987 revision of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature set the starting date at May 1, 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus' seminal work, the *Species Plantarum*. Hence the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries' authority.

French mycologist Lucien Quélet had classified a number of *Boletus* species in the genus *Xerocomus*, with *Xerocomus subtomentosus* made the type species. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek *Xeros* "dry" and *kome* "hair", and refers to the velvety surface of the cap. This classification was disputed, with many authorities not recognising the genus and continuing to use *Boletus subtomentosus*; however genetic analysis published in 2013 confirmed the distinctness of this species and its close relatives from the core group of fungi in the genus *Boletus* (sensu stricto).

*Xerocomus subtomentosus* and relatives, including *Phylloporus pelletieri*, form a clade known informally as the *xerocomus* clade within a larger group (informally called hypoboletus) in the suborder Boletineae. Other clades within the group include the *Aureoboletus* and *Hemileccinum* clades, as well as species currently designated *Boletus* (though they are not closely related to *Boletus edulis*) and three species currently designated *Boletellus* (though they are unlikely to be close relatives of the type species, *Boletellus ananas*). The clade containing the hypoboletus group and the *Royoungia* clade is sister to the anaxoboletus group (containing the genera *Tylopilus* sensu stricto, *Strobilomyces*, *Xanthoconium*, *Porphyrellus*, *Xerocomellus*, *Boletus* sensu stricto, and species that require new generic names (e.g., *Boletus badius*) and the leccinoid group (comprising the genera *Leccinellum*, *Leccinum*, *Spongiforma*, and the species *Retiboletus griseus*). As *X. subtomentosus* is the type species of the genus, it and close relatives remain *Xerocomus* as other members are placed in different genera.

Its specific name *subtomentosus* is Latin "finely haired", referring to its cap. Mushroom author David Arora nicknamed the mushroom the *boring brown bolete* from its lack of taste and appeal. Other vernacular names include "yellow-cracked bolete", "suede bolete", and "brown and yellow bolete".

## Description

The pale olive or tan cap is initially convex before flattening, and measures Template:Convert or sometimes up to Template:Convert in diameter with a velvety tan surface. Occasionally the cap slits revealing yellow flesh beneath. The skin of the cap is very hard to remove. The pores underneath the cap are yellow, and bruise blue or green before fading somewhat. The stipe lacks a ring and is up to Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide. The spore print is olive-brown. A drop of ammonium hydroxide on the cap instantly produces a mahogany red reaction, which distinguishes it from some other similar species of the genus. The flesh is white and has little taste or smell.

### Similar species

The rare European species *Xerocomus silwoodensis*, described as new to science in 2007, is similar in appearance to *X. subtomentosus*. It can be distinguished from the latter in the field by the darker reddish-brown tones of the cap and its preference for associating with *Populus* trees. It has white flesh that becomes yellow-tinged on exposure to air. *Xerocomus chrysonemus* has bright yellow flesh and mycelium. *Xerocomus ferrugineus* is found under conifers and also has yellow mycelium.

## Distribution and habitat

*Xerocomus subtomentosus* occurs in autumn in forests throughout Eurasia, North America and Australia and forming a mycorrhizal relationship with a wide range of hardwood and conifer trees. It has been recorded from the vicinity of Tangier in Morocco, growing under cork oak (*Quercus suber*). It is associated with bilberry and other evergreen shrubs of the heath family Ericaceae.

*Xerocomus subtomentosus* is found in subarctic areas of western Greenland, where it is common and grows in association with white birch (*Betula pubescens*).

## Edibility

*Xerocomus subtomentosus* is edible, although not highly regarded. Its mild taste makes it suitable for mixed mushroom dishes. An elemental analysis of specimens collected from Notec Forest in western Poland determined the mushrooms to have abundant amounts of potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, with mean values of 46000, 8400, and 1100 milligramme/kilogramme dry weight, respectively, in the caps. The levels of the toxic metals cadmium, mercury, and lead in the mushrooms "did not pose a threat to a consumer's health".

## See also

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* List of North American boletes

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Esser 1994`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nilper 1977`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nuhn 2013`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 1986`
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Michell 2006`
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Laursen 2010`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Taylor 2007`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlBoletales`
10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maire 1937`
11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Elborne1990`
12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jarzynska 2012`

## External links

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