recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Russula acrifolia

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***Russula acrifolia*** is a species of mushroom. Its cap is coloured grey to blackish-grey; the cap becomes red when it is injured, but then turns blackish-gray. It is edible and described as having an acrid taste. It grows on rich soils.

## Distribution

*Russula acrifolia* is an holarctic species that needs a temperate climate. The species is spread in the Caucasus, Siberia, Korea and Japan, Northern America, Northern Africa and Europe.

## Ecological properties

*Russula acrifolia* is a mycorrhizal mushroom for different trees. Its favourite symbionic partners are *Fagus sylvatica* and spruce. If those are not available, it can also form symbiotic partnerships with larix, pines, betula, oaks and tilia.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `mtsn`

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Phellodon confluens

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***Phellodon confluens***, commonly known as the **fused cork hydnum**, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described in 1825 as *Hydnum confluens* by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Czech mycologist Zdenek Pouzar transferred it to the genus *Phellodon* in 1956. The fungus is found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1987`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon 1825`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pouzar 1956`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dai 2011`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Senn-Irlet 2007`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Ramaria gelatinosa

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***Ramaria gelatinosa***, commonly known as the **gelatinous coral**, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in Europe and North America. The species was first described by Theodor Holmskjold in 1790.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Holmskjold 1790`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Poromycena hanedai

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***Poromycena hanedai*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Found in Japan, the species was first described by Kobayasi in 1951. It is bioluminescent.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kobayasi 1951`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Desjardin 2008`

## External links

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Rhodofomitopsis lilacinogilva

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***Rhodofomitopsis lilacinogilva*** is a species of bracket fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Known primarily from Australia, it has also been recorded from Brazil and India. It is a white-rot fungus that grows on rotting eucalyptus wood. Its main identifying feature is the lilac colour of the pore surface on the underside of the fruit body.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1839, who called it *Polyporus lilacino-gilvus*. The type specimen was found growing on charred wood in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania). and sent to Berkeley through botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker, who was sent the specimens from collections made by Ronald Campbell Gunn. Berkeley considered the fungus to be allied with *Polyporus gilvus*, a species now known as *Phellinus gilvus* and classified in the Hymenochaetaceae. Mycologists have juggled the fungus to several different polypore genera in its taxonomic history: Mordecai Cubitt Cooke to genus *Polystictus* in 1886; Otto Kuntze to *Microporus* in 1898; Curtis Gates Lloyd to *Trametes* in 1915; and Jorge Eduardo Wright and J.R.Deschamps to *Fomitopsis* in 1975. Chinese mycologists transferred the species to the newly created genus *Rhodofomitopsis* in 2016.

## Description

The fungus produces shelf-like fruit bodies, usually Template:Convert in diameter, attached directly to the substrate without a stipe. The caps have concentrically ridged surfaces, and are brown with lilac tints. The lilac-coloured surface of the cap underside has 4–5 pores per millimetre. The spore print is white; spores are smooth, ellipsoid, and measure 6–9 by 2–3 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Rhodofomitopsis lilacinogilva* is known primarily in Australia, where it is widely distributed, having been reported from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, and Northern Territory. The fungus was reported from India for the first time in 2009, and from Brazil in 2015. Although not native to Europe, it was reported as an exotic species growing on imported eucalyptus wood sheet piling in a new housing estate in Groningen.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1839`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cooke 1886`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuntze 1898`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lloyd 1915`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Wright 1975`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Han 2016`
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Young 2005`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ashok 2014`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gomes-Silva 2015`
10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Keizer 2016`

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Mycogelidium

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**Mycogelidiaceae** is a fungal family in the order Atractiellales. The family contains the single genus ***Mycogelidium***, which in turn contains the single species ***Mycogelidium sinense***, found in China.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhuang 2007`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pulchroboletus

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***Pulchroboletus*** is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. It was circumscribed in 2014 to contain the species formerly known as *Xerocomus roseoalbidus*, a rare bolete fungus originally described from Sardinia, Italy. ***Pulchroboletus roseoalbidus*** is found in Mediterranean Europe, where it grows in association with oak species and less often *Cistus* species.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gelardi 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pachykytospora tuberculosa

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***Pachykytospora tuberculosa*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae, and the type species of genus *Pachykytospora*.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Pachykytospora* was circumscribed by Czech mycologists František Kotlaba and Zdenek Pouzar in 1963 with *P. tuberculosa* as the type species. This fungus was originally described as *Boletus tuberculosus* by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1815. Elias Fries later (1821) sanctioned the name as *Polyporus tuberculosus*.

## Habitat and distribution

*P. tuberculosa*, is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. In Europe it fruits almost exclusively on oak.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kotlaba 1963`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bi 1993`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 1994`

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Pleurotus citrinopileatus

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***Pleurotus citrinopileatus***, the **golden oyster mushroom** (*tamogitake* in Japanese), is an edible gilled fungus. Native to eastern Russia, northern China, and Japan, the golden oyster mushroom is very closely related to *P. cornucopiae* of Europe, with some authors considering them to be at the rank of subspecies. In far eastern Russia, *P. citrinopileatus*, they are called *iI'mak*, is one of the most popular wild edible mushrooms.

## Description

The fruiting bodies of *P. citrinopileatus* grow in clusters of bright yellow to golden brown caps with a velvety, dry surface texture. Caps range from Template:Convert in diameter. The flesh is thin and white, with a mild taste and without a strong smell. Stems are cylindrical, white in color, often curved or bent, and about Template:Convert long and Template:Convert in diameter. The gills are white, closely spaced, and run down the stem. The spores of the golden oyster mushroom are cylindrical or elliptical in shape, smooth, hyaline, amyloid, and measure 6-9 by 2–3.5 micrometres.

## Ecology

The golden oyster mushroom, like other species of oyster mushroom, is a wood-decay fungus. In the wild, *P. citrinopileatus* most commonly decays hardwoods such as elm. Spores are spread by *Callipogon relictus*, a beetle.

## Uses

Golden oyster mushrooms are cultivated commercially, usually on a medium of grain, straw, or sawdust. *Pleurotus* species are some of the most commonly cultivated mushrooms, particularly in China, due to their ease of cultivation and their ability to convert 100 g of organic refuse into 50-70 g of fresh mushrooms.

*P. citrinopileatus* mushrooms are a source of antioxidants. Extracts from *P. citrinopileatus* have been studied for their antihyperglycemic properties, decreasing blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. They have also been studied as a source of lipid-lowering drugs; *P. ostreatus*, a related oyster mushroom, has been found to contain the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal
7. ↑ Template:Cite journal
8. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum
* *Pleurotus citrinopileatus* at Mushroom Observer

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Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii

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***Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii*** is a fungus that infects Douglas fir and causes **Swiss needle cast**, a yellowing of foliage and reduction in growth. It is endemic in western North American stands of Douglas fir, but was first discovered in Douglas fir trees planted Switzerland. When trees in America were checked, it was found that the fungus was common but apparently caused no disease. However, in the 1980s and 90s the disease became noticeable and problematic.

The classification of *Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii* within the Venturiaceae has been questioned, with molecular studies placing it in the Mycosphaerellaceae (Capnodiales), close to species of *Mycosphaerella* and *Rasutoria*, such as *Rasutoria pseudotsugae* and *Rasutoria tsugae*.

The fungus infects trees in the spring, and continues to develop over the following winter. The fungus causes yellowing (chlorosis) of the needles, with eventual necrosis and premature needle-drop. In some heavily diseased stands of trees, the only needles remaining are those of the current year, in which the disease has not yet had time to fully develop. The overall result for the infected tree is reduced growth.

The fungus is temperature dependent within the Douglas fir range, with the highest level of infection in the warmest part of the range. Growth reduction in the warm part of the range averages 35%.

## Gallery

 File:Swiss-needle-cast-on-Douglas-fir-Phaeocryptopus-gaeumannii.jpg
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## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal Abstract
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite journal
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal Abstract
7. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative. Oregon State University.

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Mycena epipterygia

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*Mycena epipterygia* is a species of fungi in the Mycenaceae family of mushrooms commonly found in Europe. The species is saprotrophic and its appearance is quite variable. Some parts of the fungus are bioluminescent.

## Presence

*M. epipterygia* is a common species in Western Europe (amongst others Netherlands and Belgium). It grows in diverse habitats: in deciduous and coniferous woods, but it is also found in heather and agrid grasslands. This species grows on the ground. See the picture in the taxobox for a typical underground where *M. epipterygia* can be found.

## Appearance

*Mycena epipterygia* has a sticky, elastic and deductible surface. Its cap is one to two centimetres wide and its colour varies over yellowish brown to gray-brown. The stipe is yellowish to yellow-green.

The gills are white to white-grey, sometimes with brown speckles. The spores are amyloidic and have a length of 8 to 10 micrometres and a width of 4 to 5.5 micrometres.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gerhardt, Ewald (2006). De grote paddenstoelengids voor onderweg, Tirion uitgevers B.V., Baarn, Template:ISBN

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Peziza fimeti

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***Peziza fimeti*** is a species of ascomycete fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. Found in Europe and North America, the fungus grows on cow dung. It produces small, light brown, cup-shaped fruit bodies up to Template:Convert in diameter. The asci (spore-producing cells) are cylindrical (or nearly so), with dimensions of up to 280 µm long and 18 µm in diameter. The spores are ellipsoid and measure 8 by 16 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Seaver 1942`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phellodon tomentosus

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***Phellodon tomentosus***, commonly known as the **zoned cork hydnum**, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. First described as *Hydnum tomentosum* by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it was transferred to the genus *Phellodon* by Howard James Banker in 1906. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1987`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Banker 1906`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

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Mycorrhaphium stereoides

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***Mycorrhaphium stereoides*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. The fungus was first described by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in 1892 as *Hydnum stereoides*. The original specimens were collected in Perak, Malaysia, where they were found growing on a tree trunk. Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus transferred it to the genus *Mycorrhaphium* in 1971.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cooke 1892`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1971`

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Papiliotrema

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***Papiliotrema*** is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Papiliotrema bandonii***, found in Portugal. More than 20 species have been reported under Papiliotrema.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Pluteus nigroviridis

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***Pluteus nigroviridis*** is a mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. Found in Europe, it was first described scientifically by Hungarian mycologist Margit Babos in 1983.

## Chemistry

Fruit bodies of the fungus contain the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin.

## See also

* List of *Pluteus* species
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Babos 1982`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Johnson 1998`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Ramaria cokeri

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***Ramaria cokeri*** is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It was described in 1976 from the Appalachian Mountains in the United States. Some authors have proposed to place the species in a separate genus *Phaeoclavulina* based on molecular analyses, but this was explicitly rejected in a subsequent publication due to the resulting morphological variability of the resulting genus.

The species has been reported from Japan, Mexico, Colombia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and New Zealand. In 2012, it was reported for the first time from the Canary Islands and Guinea.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Parker 1976`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Giachini 2011`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Giachini 2010`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Daniëls 2012`

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Psathyrella piluliformis

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***Psathyrella piluliformis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) with broadly convex caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter. The caps are chestnut to reddish brown, the color fading in age and with dry weather. The closely spaced Gills have an adnate attachment to the stipe. They are initially tan until the spores mature, when the gills turn dark brown. Fragments of the partial veil may remain on the cap margin, and as a wispy band of hairs on the stipe. Fruiting occurs in clusters at the base of hardwood stumps.

Edibility: Reported to be edible https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/psathyrella-piluliformis.php

No personal problem with its consumption (parboiled)

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Davis 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena tenuispinosa

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***Mycena tenuispinosa*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It was described as new to science by Swiss naturalist Jules Favre in 1957. Classified in the section *Basipedes* of the genus *Mycena*, it is characterized by the presence of sharp spinules of the surface of its cap. It has been reported from several western European countries, including Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, and the Netherlands, and in 2006, it was recorded from Poland.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Favre 1957`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ronikier 2006`

## External links

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Panaeolus cambodginiensis

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***Panaeolus cambodginiensis*** is a potent hallucinogenic mushroom that contains psilocybin and psilocin. It was described in 1979 as *Copelandia cambodginiensis*.

## Description

The cap is less than 23 mm across, with a convex shape and an incurved margin when young, expanding to broadly convex. The cap surface is smooth, often cracking with irregular fissures. The gills are gray to black. The stem is Template:Convert tall, 4 mm thick, and slightly swollen at the base. The spores are black, shaped like lemons, smooth, measuring 11 x 8 µm. The entire mushroom quickly bruises blue where it is handled.

It can be differentiated from the similar *Panaeolus cyanescens* by microscopic characteristics.

## Distribution and habitat

*Panaeolus cambodginiensis* is mushroom that grows on dung of water buffalo. It was first described from Cambodia and is widespread throughout the Asian subtropics and Hawaii.

## Alkaloid Content

Strongly bluing species. Merlin and Allen (1993) reported the presence of psilocybin and psilocin, up to .55% and .6%, respectively.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Panaeolus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Weeks1979`
2. ↑ Template:Cite book

* Template:Cite book

## External links

* Mushroom John - *Panaeolus cambodginiensis*
* Erowid - *Panaeolus cambodginiensis*
* A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi

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Panellus serotinus

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***Panellus serotinus***, commonly known as the **late oyster**, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Fruit bodies grow as overlapping fan- or oyster-shaped caps on the wood of both coniferous and deciduous trees. The gills on the underside are closely spaced, bright orange yellow, and have an adnate attachment to the stipe. It produces a yellow spore print; spores are smooth, amyloid, and measure 4–6 by 1–2 µm. The caps are edible, but some people report the taste to be bitter—a factor that may depend on the host tree on which it is found. In Japan, where it is called *Mukitake*, it is considered "one of the most delicious edible mushrooms", and a system has recently been developed to cultivate the mushroom in plastic greenhouses.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1998`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2010`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Inoue 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Peziza moseri

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***Peziza moseri*** is a species of cup fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. It was officially described as new to science in 1974 from collections made in Israel. Fruit bodies are purple and cup-shaped, measuring Template:Convert in diameter. It fruits singly or in groups on burnt ground in coniferous forests.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Avizohar-Hershenzon 1974`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Spooner 2005`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena tintinnabulum

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***Mycena tintinnabulum*** is a European species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. The mycelium, but not the fruit body, is bioluminescent.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bothe 1930`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Desjardin 2008`

## External links

Template:IndexFungorum

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Multifurca roxburghiae

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***Multifurca roxburghiae*** is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the genus Russulaceae. Found in Himachal Pradesh, India, where it associates with chir pine (*Pinus roxburghii*), it was described as new to science in 2008.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Buyck 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Psilocybe fuscofulva

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***Psilocybe fuscofulva*** is a species of mushroom in that grows on *Sphagnum* moss and rarely decaying wood in peat bogs in North America and Europe. It is the only species of *Psilocybe* currently known to not contain any psilocybin or psilocin. The phylogenetic placement indicates its close relationship to *Psilocybe silvatica* and *Psilocybe semilanceata*. It was previously most commonly known as *Psilocybe atrobrunnea* but the holotype does not exist and the neotype of this species was lost, so *Psilocybe fuscofulva*, which was previously regarded as a synonym but has a holotype, was resurrected to replace it.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Borovička 2015`

## External links

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Ramaria rielii

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***Ramaria rielii*** is a European species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It was described in 1897 by Jean Louis Émile Boudier. It is quite similar in appearance to the more common and widely distributed *Ramaria botrytis*, but can be distinguished from that species by the lack of clamped hyphae, its longer and wider spores, and warts instead of striations on the spore surface.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boudier 1897`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Daniëls 2000`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena flavescens

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***Mycena flavescens*** is a species of Mycenaceae fungus. It was first described scientifically by the Czech mycologist Josef Velenovský in 1920, based on specimens collected in Mnichovice in 1915. The mushroom is edible.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Velenkovsky1920`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boa2004`

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Mycena pura

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***Mycena pura***, commonly known as the **lilac bonnet**, is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. First called *Agaricus prunus* in 1794 by Christian Hendrik Persoon, it was assigned its current name in 1871 by German Paul Kummer. *Mycena pura* is known to bioaccumulate the element boron.

## Bioactive compounds

*Mycena pura* contains the chemical puraquinonic acid, a sesquiterpene. This compound induces mammalian cells (specifically, the cell line HL60) to differentiate into granulocyte- or macrophage-like cells. The fungus also contains the antifungal metabolite strobilurin D, previously found in *Cyphellopsis anomala*.

The mushroom also contain psilocybin (Allen et al., 1991).

## References

1. ↑ Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK. British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Peziza succosa

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***Peziza succosa*** is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. It grows in woods in Europe, Iceland, Israel, China, Argentina, and the United States. In Europe this fungus appears in summer and autumn as grey or brown saucers up to Template:Convert in diameter on soil in woodland, often at pathsides. In the United States, this type of cup fungi may also be found on decaying deciduous wood.

## References

1. ↑ BARSEGHYAN, G. S. and S. P. WASSER. 2011. The genus Peziza Dill. ex Fr. (Pezizales, Ascomycota) in Israel. Ascomycete.org 2(4):39-50.

* Template:Cite book
* Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* *Peziza succosa* at GBIF

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Purpureocillium atypicola

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***Purpureocillium atypicola*** is a species of fungus, previously known as *Nomuraea atypicola*, in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae with no subspecies listed in the Catalogue of Life. There are records of occurrence from Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

## References

1. ↑ Spatafora, Quandt, Kepler, Sung, Shrestha, Hywel-Jones, Luangsa-ard (2015) *IMA Fungus* **6(2)**: 361.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `COL`

## External links

* Template:Commonscat inline
* Template:Wikispecies inline

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Resupinatus applicatus

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***Resupinatus applicatus***, commonly known as the **smoked oysterling** or the **black jelly oyster**, is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus *Resupinatus*. First described in 1786 as *Agaricus applicatus* by August Johann Georg Karl Batsch, it was transferred to *Resupinatus* by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821.

## Description

The cuplike to convex fruit bodies of the fungus are Template:Convert in diameter, and grayish-blue to grayish-black in color. The dry cap surface is covered with small, fine hairs. The mushrooms have no stem, and have a firm but gelatinous flesh. The mushrooms produce a white spore print.

## Habitat and distribution

The fungus is saprobic, and grows on decaying wood. It is widely distributed in North America, Europe, and Australia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Batsch1786`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gray1821`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Miller2006`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungionWood`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fuhrer1985`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Morchella kakiicolor

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***Morchella kakiicolor*** is a species of fungus in the family *Morchellaceae* (Ascomycota). It was originally proposed as a form of *Morchella quercus-ilicis* in a 2012 study by Philippe Clowez, but was later re-combined as an autonomous species by Loizides and colleagues, based on molecular phylogenetic data. In the same study, *M. quercus-ilicis* f. *quercus-ilicis* was shown by the authors to be a later synonym of the old taxon *Morchella tridentina*, and not phylogenetically related to *M. kakiicolor*.

*Morchella kakiicolor* is phylogenetically and morphologically very close to the widespread Mediterranean species *Morchella dunalii*. So far, this apparently rare morel is only known from Spain and the Canary Islands.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Clowez 2012`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Loizides 2015`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Richard 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* [1]

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Morchella vulgaris

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***Morchella vulgaris*** is a widespread fungus of the *Morchellaceae* family (Ascomycota). It was originally described in 1801 as a form of the common yellow morel (*Morchella esculenta*) by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, but was later recombined as a distinct species by Samuel Gray.

Owing to its high morphological plasticity, its taxonomical status had long been in flux, sometimes treated as a variety of, or conspecific to *Morchella esculenta*, while at the same time several forms and varieties of *M. vulgaris* itself have been described. An extensive phylogenetic and nomenclatural study by Richard and colleagues in 2014, confirmed the status of *Morchella vulgaris* as a distinct species, and resolved several of its synonymities.

This species is characterised by the predominantly grey colours of its cap and "blistered", highly irregular appearance of its ridges and pits.

## References

1. ↑ Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants, according to their relations to each other Vol. 1. p. 662.
2. ↑ Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. (1984). Fungi of Switzerland, Volume 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. p. 314.
3. ↑ Dennis RWG. (1978). Bristish Ascomycètes. Ed. Cramer, Vaduz. p. 585.
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena alphitophora

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***Mycena alphitophora*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Its small, whithe, delicate fruit bodies are characterized by the powdery coatings on the surfaces of both the cap and stipe. Also, the stipe base is not swollen or disk-like. The stipe surface is more hairy than *M. tenerrima*.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as *Agaricus alphitophorus* by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877, based on specimens collected in 1873 from the Devonshire Marsh, a peatland in Bermuda. Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred it to the genus *Mycena* in 1887. William Alphonso Murrill placed the species in *Prunulus* in 1916. Jakob Emanuel Lange's *Mycena osmundicola*, published in 1914, is a synonym. P. Manimohan and K.M. Leelavathy defined the varieties *distincta* and *globispora* from southern India in 1989. It is classified in the section *Saccharifera* of *Mycena*.

### Similar species

*Mycena tenerrima* has a swollen or disk-like stipe base; also, the stipe surface is more densely hairy with caulocystida. *Mycena stylobates* has a pruinose stipe that arise from a basal disc, but he cap is up to 10 mm and lacks white granules. White *Hemimycena* species lack granules and all have inamyloid spores.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1875`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Murrill 1916`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lange 1914`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum: Mycena alphitophora`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Manimohan 1989`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Desjardin 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Rheubarbariboletus persicolor

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***Rheubarbariboletus persicolor*** is a species of bolete fungus. It was originally described in 1996 as *Xerocomus persicolor*, based on collections made in Italy. The bolete was found in mixed woodland with hop-hornbeam, pine, and oak.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2015`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Engel 1996`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena guldeniana

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***Mycena guldeniana*** is a species of agaric fungus in the Mycenaceae family. Described as new to science in 2011, it occurs in Norway. The specific epithet *guldeniana* honors Norwegian mycologist Gro Gulden. The whitish caps of the fruit bodies are hemispherical before flattening out, and measure 1–2 mm in diameter. They appear solitarily or in small groups on the fallen leaves (occasionally on twigs) of *Salix* species. The spores are broadly ellipsoid to pip-shaped, smooth, amyloid, and measure 7.5–8.7–10 by 4.8–5.5–6.5 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Aronsen2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Omphalotus olearius

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 File:Omphalotus olearus.png
***Omphalotus olearius***, commonly known as the **jack-o'-lantern mushroom**, is a poisonous orange gilled mushroom that to an untrained eye appears similar to some chanterelles. It is notable for its bioluminescent properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. It has also been reported from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. A similar, but phylogenetically distinct species found in eastern North America is *Omphalotus illudens*.

Unlike chanterelles, *Omphalotus olearius* and other *Omphalotus* species contain the toxin illudin S, and are poisonous to humans. While not lethal, consuming this mushroom leads to very severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.

## Description

 File:Omphalotus olearius 33857.jpg
The jack-o'-lantern mushroom is orange. Its bioluminescence, a blue-green color, can be observed in fresh specimens in low light conditions once the eye becomes dark-adapted. The whole mushroom does not glow—only the gills do so. This is due to an enzyme called luciferase, acting upon a compound called luciferin, leading to the emission of light much as fireflies do when glowing.

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## Similar species

Unlike chanterelles, jack-o'-lantern mushrooms have true, sharp, non-forking gills; this is possibly the simplest trait for distinguishing between the two. Furthermore, if the jack-o'-lantern's stem is peeled, the inside is orange, while the chanterelle is paler inside the stem.

*Omphalotus illudens*; the Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom (*Omphalotus olivascens*) is common in southern to central California: Both are poisonous. The similarly poisonous mushroom Tsukiyotake (*Omphalotus japonicus*, formerly known as *Lampteromyces japonicus*, found in Japan and eastern Asia, is also bioluminescent and contains the same poison, illudin.

 File:Jack O' Lantern Mushroom Closeup; Omphalotus olearius.JPG

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirchmair2004`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Oliveira2012`

## External links

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* AmericanMushrooms.com: Jack O'Lantern Mushroom
* Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month October 1997
* Iowa State University Horticulture & Home Pest News

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Polyporus leprieurii

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***Polyporus leprieurii*** is a species of poroid fungus in the genus *Polyporus*. It was first described scientifically by French mycologist Camille Montagne.

It is found in tropical to subtropical areas of America and Eastern Asia, where it grows on dead hardwood that is lying on the ground, or on hanging branches.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Montagne 1840`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Núñez 1995`

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Morchella fluvialis

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***Morchella fluvialis*** is a species of fungus in the family *Morchellaceae*. It was described as new to science in 2014 by Clowez and colleagues, following collections from riparian forests in Spain under *Alnus glutinosa*, *Ulmus minor* and *Eucalyptus camaldulensis*, although previous collections from Turkey under *Pinus nigra* have also been reported. This species, which corresponds to phylogenetic lineage *Mes*-18, is very close to *Morchella esculenta*, from which it differs in its elongated cap with oblong pits and predominantly longitudinal ridges, pronounced rufescence, as well as its Mediterranean hygrophilic distribution along rivers and streams.

## References

1. ↑ Clowez P, Alvarado P, Becerra M, Bilbao T, Moreau P-A (2014). Morchella fluvialis sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales): a new but widespread morel in Spain. Bol Soc Micol Madr 38(2):251–260
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Penicillium fusisporum

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***Penicillium fusisporum*** is a fungus species in the family Trichocomaceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it was isolated from plant leaves in China. It is closely related to *Penicillium thomii* var. *flavescens*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Wang 2014`

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Morchella pulchella

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***Morchella pulchella*** is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae that was described as new to science in 2012. It is found in France, where it grows on calcareous soil under *Buddleja davidii*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Clowez 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Repetobasidiellum

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***Repetobasidiellum*** is a genus of fungi in the Hydnaceae family. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Repetobasidiellum fusisporum***, which is widespread in northern Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phlebia coccineofulva

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***Phlebia coccineofulva***, commonly known as the **scarlet waxcrust**, is a species of crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It was described as a new species by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1832. The fungus is found in North America, continental Europe, and northern Asia, where it grows as a saprophyte on decaying stumps and woody forest debris.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schweinitz 1832`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts 2011`

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Nectria peziza

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***Nectria peziza*** or **yellow spot** is an ascomycete fungus with bright yellow to orange globose fruiting bodies (0.2 – 0.4 mm across) found on rotting polypores, well rotted deadwood, bark, dung, and decaying cloth. Its globular fruiting bodies (peritheca), quite large for the genus, may be isolated or crowded; they have a slightly prominent black dot at the top, the ostiolum, this being the entrance to the inner cavity; the bodies often collapse into a cup-shape when dry and the colour fades to pale yellow or whitish.

## Synonyms

This fungus has an unusually large number of previous binomials, such as –
Sphaeria peziza (1791); Hydropisphaera peziza (1822); Dialonectria peziza (1884); Cucurbitaria peziza (1898); Neuronectria peziza (1957); Byssonectria bryophila (1985); Sphaeria aurea (1823); Nectria aurea (1879); Dialonectria aurea (1884); Cucurbitaria aurea (1898); Byssonectria epigaea; and Nectria epigaea (1879).

## Classification

*N. peziza* belongs to the order Hypocreales within the class Sordariomycetes, usually recognized by their brightly coloured (usually red, orange or yellow), perithecial ascomata, or spore-producing structures.

## Distribution

*N. peziza* has been recorded from Africa (Seychelles); Asia (Japan, Pakistan); Caribbean Islands (Bermuda); Europe (Denmark, Germany); North America (USA, Canada); and New Zealand. It is recorded as growing on a wide range of tree species. In the British Isles it has a wide range of distribution and has been found in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. *N. peziza* has even been found in Antarctica, growing in the Windmill Island group.

 File:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 23.jpg
## See also

* Nectria cinnabarina - a closely related and commoner species.

## References

### Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Phillips, Page 377
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 peziza&organismtype=Fungus&fromAllCount=yes Agriculture Research Service Retrieved : 2010-10-22
3. ↑ Geograph Retrieved : 2010-10-22
4. ↑ Index Fungorum Retrieved : 2010-10-22
5. ↑ British Mycological Society Retrieved : 2010-10-25
6. ↑ NBN Database Retrieved : 2010-10-22.
7. ↑ Polar News. Retrieved : 2010-10-22

### Sources

* Phillips, Roger (2006), *Mushrooms*. London : MacMillan, Template:ISBN.

## External links

* The Virtual Field Guide.
* Index Fungorum.
* USDA ARS Fungal Database.
* The National Biodiversity Network Gateway.

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Rigidoporus ulmarius

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***Rigidoporus ulmarius*** is a fungal plant pathogen found mainly on broad-leaved trees, elm is considered particularly susceptible.

The fruiting bodies are white, knobbly and relatively hard, requiring a fair amount of force to break. Older bodies may be covered with green algae, or partially covered with vegetation and leaves making them difficult to spot. They often encapsulate grass, twigs and other debris.Template:Citation needed

Tubes are 1–5 mm long in each layer, pinkish to orange when young, browning with age, each layer separated by a thin contrasting band of white flesh. Pores 5–8 per millimeter, red-orange fading to clay-pink or buff with age. Spores pale yellow, globose, 6–7.5 µm in diameter. Hyphal structure monomitic; generative hyphae lacking clamps. Habitat at the base of trunks of deciduous trees, usually elm. Season all year, perennial. Common. Not edible. Found in Europe.Template:Citation needed

A fruit body of *R. ulmarius* discovered in Kew Gardens of London in 2003 was, for a time, the largest known fungal fruit body ever discovered, measuring Template:Convert in diameter, and had a circumference of Template:Convert. However, in 2011, a specimen of *Phellinus ellipsoideus* (formerly *Fomitiporia ellipsoidea*) significantly larger was discovered in China.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus

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***Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus*** is a fungus of the genus *Rubroboletus*, known for many years as *Boletus rhodoxanthus* until 2014. It is a rare, inedible bolete found in warm deciduous forests of southern Europe mainly under oak and beech, on chalky soil.

## Description

*Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus* produces a large, colourful fruit body. The cap is convex, coloured mostly whitish-grey, and flushed with pink especially towards the margin. The cap expands with maturity and may exceed 20 cm in diameter. The tubes are initially yellow in immature specimens, soon becoming bright red, and stain blue when damaged.

The stem is bulbous when young, but becomes more slender with maturity. It bears a dense carmine network covering an orange-yellow background. The flesh is bright yellow, turning blue when cut but only in the cap and not in the stem base. It has a mild taste.

The spores are olive-brown in colour, ellipsoid to spindle shaped, sized 10–15 by 4–5.5 μm.

## Distribution and habitat

*Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus* is a generally rare species found in southern Europe. It is common in Cyprus under golden oak (*Quercus alnifolia*). It is considered critically endangered in the Czech Republic.

## Edibility

*Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus* is poisonous and unsuitable for consumption, although its toxicity varies significantly from region to region depending on the substrate.

## Similar species

* *Boletus legaliae* grows with oak, and has a distinctive smell of chicory. Its cap is initially grey and then later flushes carmine from the rim.
* *Imperator rhodopurpureus* grows in mixed woodland, and also bears red-coloured pores and stem. It has a reddish cap with pink or crimson overtones, and flesh that stains deep blue throughout.
* *Rubroboletus satanas* grows in a similar habitat, and shares many features with *R. rhodoxanthus* including a whitish cap. However, its cap lacks flushes of pink, its flesh is whitish and turns pale blue all over when the fungus is sectioned.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mikšik 2012`

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.
* M. B. Ellis, J. P. Ellis *Fungi without gills (hymenomycetes and gasteromycetes): an identification handbook*. Springer. 1990.

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Morchella varisiensis

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***Morchella varisiensis*** is a later synonym of *Morchella semilibera*. The fungus, which belongs to the family Morchellaceae, was described from Italy as a new species in 2010, but subsequent molecular testing of the holotype by Richard and colleagues revealed it to be conspecific to the half-free morel (*M. semilibera*).

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ruini 2000`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Richard 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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