Early Christianity

Early Christianity, spanning from 27 AD to 100 AD, represents a crucial and formative period in the history of the Christian faith. This boundary is framed by the establishment of the ministry of Jesus Christ and extends to the passing of the last apostle, John, the author of the Gospel of John, the Epistles of John, and the Book of Revelation.

## Introduction

### Naming

The early followers of Jesus, known as the First Christians, adopted various titles that reflected their identity, beliefs, and commitment to the teachings of Jesus. One prominent designation was "The Way" (τῆς ὁδοῦ), which is derived from the New Testament, specifically the Book of Acts. In Acts 9:2, it is mentioned that Saul, later known as the Apostle Paul, sought to persecute those who belonged to "The Way." This term signifies a distinctive path of life and faith that the followers of Jesus were committed to following. Another title used to describe the early Christians was "The Nazarenes." This term likely connects to the fact that Jesus of Nazareth was the central figure in their faith. It not only emphasizes the geographical origin of Jesus but also underscores his role as the pivotal figure in their religious movement. The term "Christian" (Χρῑστῐᾱνός, Khrīstiānós) is perhaps the most well-known designation for the followers of Jesus. It is derived from the Greek word "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Christ" or "the Anointed One." The label "Christianoi" further emphasizes their identity as "the followers of the Christ." The term "Christian" was likely used by both believers and outsiders to identify those who aligned themselves with the teachings of Jesus Christ. Over time, this designation gained widespread acceptance and became the commonly recognized name for adherents of Christianity.

### Historical Development of Christian Practices and Beliefs

The early Christians played a pivotal role in shaping the historical development of Christian practices and beliefs, contributing to the foundation of what would become one of the world's major religions. Emerging within the socio-cultural context of the Roman Empire, the early Christian community navigated a complex landscape of diverse religious traditions. Their practices and beliefs were deeply influenced by Jewish traditions, as many early followers of Jesus were Jewish by birth. The Council of Jerusalem, as recorded in the Acts of the Apostles, marked a crucial moment in this development, as it addressed the integration of Gentiles into the burgeoning Christian community and set the stage for defining essential beliefs and practices. As the movement spread beyond its Jewish origins, the early Christians grappled with questions of identity, theology, and communal life. Creeds, such as those found in the New Testament writings, emerged to succinctly articulate core beliefs, offering a foundation for the theological development that would follow. The writings of Paul, the Gospels, and other early Christian documents played a crucial role in shaping doctrinal understandings, while diverse expressions of worship, baptismal practices, and ethical teachings contributed to the establishment of Christian practices.

### Diversity of Christian Traditions

The period from 27 AD to 100 AD saw the emergence of diverse early Christian traditions, reflecting the varied contexts, cultures, and theological perspectives within the nascent Christian community. The followers of Jesus during this time navigated a complex landscape shaped by both Jewish and Greco-Roman influences, leading to the development of distinct traditions. One significant aspect of diversity lay in the question of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity. Early Christian communities comprised both Jewish converts and Gentiles, resulting in a spectrum of practices and beliefs.In the first few decades after Jesus' ministry, Jewish Christian communities, centered in Jerusalem, maintained a close connection to Jewish traditions, including the observance of Jewish laws and rituals. These communities, led by figures like James the Just, retained a more Judaic flavor in their worship and lifestyle. However, as Christianity spread to the Gentile world, especially through the missionary efforts of figures like Paul, the cultural and religious context began to shape a different expression of the faith.Gentile Christian communities, emerging in regions beyond the Jewish heartland, experienced a more pronounced shift away from Jewish traditions. This diversity is evident in the varying approaches to issues like circumcision and dietary laws. The Council of Jerusalem (around 48-50 AD), as recorded in Acts 15, exemplifies the attempts to address these differences and find common ground between the Jewish and Gentile followers.Theological diversity also characterized early Christian traditions. Different communities emphasized certain aspects of Jesus' teachings or interpreted his significance in distinct ways. The Pauline communities, for instance, focused on the transformative power of faith in Christ, while other traditions highlighted Jesus' role as a wisdom teacher or a prophetic figure.The diversity within early Christian traditions was not always harmonious, leading to debates and disputes over doctrinal matters. Nonetheless, this period laid the groundwork for the rich tapestry of beliefs and practices that would continue to evolve in the subsequent centuries, illustrating the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the early Christian movement.

## Core Beliefs & Practices

### New Converts

New converts, often referred to as "Catechumens", they would typically undergo a three year period of instruction and catechesis before being baptized. During this time, they would receive teachings about Christian beliefs, ethics, and practices. Catechumens were instructed in the Scriptures, the life and teachings of Jesus, and the foundational doctrines of the faith. Catechumens were also introduced to the liturgical life of the Christian community. They would attend regular worship services but were usually dismissed before the Eucharistic celebration, which was reserved for baptized members. This exclusion from the Eucharist was a way to emphasize the distinction between the catechumens and full members of the Christian community. Some early Christian communities practiced forms of asceticism during the catechumenate. This might involve fasting, prayer, and other spiritual disciplines to prepare the catechumens for the life of faith and the sacrament of baptism. The culmination of the catechumenate was baptism, which was typically administered on Easter Sunday, also known as the feast day of Easter. Easter, celebrating the resurrection of Jesus, was seen as the most appropriate time for new converts to be symbolically united with Christ in His death and resurrection through the sacrament of baptism. Before baptism, catechumens would publicly renounce their previous pagan beliefs and practices. This was a significant step in the conversion process, signifying a break from their former way of life and allegiance to the new Christian faith. The actual baptismal rite involved immersion in water, which symbolized the washing away of sin and the new birth in Christ. In some cases, anointing with oil and the laying on of hands would also be part of the baptismal ceremony. Reception into the Christian Community: Following baptism, the new believers were welcomed into the full communion of the Christian community. They could now participate in the Eucharistic celebration and all aspects of the Christian life.

### Creeds

* Creeds in Christian theology are concise statements of faith that encapsulate fundamental beliefs and doctrines.
* In Philippians 2:6-11, often referred to as the "Christ Hymn," Paul articulates the early Christian understanding of Christ's incarnation, humility, and exaltation, emphasizing Jesus' divine nature.
* The creedal nature of 1 Corinthians 15:3-4 highlights the essential components of the gospel, stating Christ's death, burial, and resurrection as foundational for salvation.
* In 1 Timothy 3:16, a creedal passage, Paul underscores the mystery of godliness in the person of Christ. Romans 10:9-10 encapsulates the confession of faith required for salvation.
* Acts 8:37 reflects an early creedal statement affirming the prerequisite of belief for baptism.
* The Didache, an early Christian manual, contains teachings on ethical conduct and the Eucharist, reflecting creedal elements.
* The Apostles' Creed and the Old Roman Creed are ancient creeds articulating core Christian beliefs. Baptismal confessions were statements of faith made during the baptismal rite.
* Additionally, hymns and psalms served as musical expressions of creedal content, reinforcing doctrinal truths and fostering communal worship in Christian communities throughout history.

### Ancestry in Connection to Faith

The influx of Gentile converts, initially God-fearers, brought forth debates about their adherence to Jewish practices. The Council of Jerusalem around 48–50 AD, featuring leaders such as James, Peter, and John, addressed these concerns. It affirmed the legitimacy of the mission to the Gentiles by Barnabas and Paul, determining that Gentile converts were not obliged to follow the Mosaic Law. Despite the Council, disputes persisted, notably regarding circumcision. The Apostle Paul emphasized the inclusion of Gentiles into God's New Covenant, asserting that faith in Christ sufficed for salvation. Paul also believed that the Torah was no longer binding because of Jesus' death and resurrection. In the middle were Christians who believed Gentiles should follow some of the Torah but not all of it. The Council did not fully resolve the matter, leading to ongoing tensions and the beginning of a split between Jewish and Gentile Christianity. There are clear indications in Galatians 2:11-14 that James, the leader of the Jerusalem church, adhered to the belief that the Torah was binding on Jewish Christians. The account describes "people from James" influencing Peter and other Jewish Christians in Antioch to discontinue table fellowship with Gentiles. Some suggest Peter's stance may have positioned him between James and Paul, with a leaning towards James. This situation marked the initial stages of a divergence between Jewish Christianity and Gentile (or Pauline) Christianity. While Jewish Christianity retained significance for several centuries, it gradually receded to the sidelines as Gentile Christianity ascended to dominance. Early Rabbinic Judaism, the successor to the Pharisees, opposed Jewish Christianity.

### Practices of Christians pre-Council of Jerusalem

Before the Council of Jerusalem, early Christians, predominantly of Jewish origin, closely adhered to Jewish customs and traditions. These practices included observing Jewish laws, participating in synagogue activities, and upholding dietary regulations. Circumcision, as a significant covenantal sign in Judaism, was a common practice among Jewish Christians. The early Christian communities, initially centered in Jerusalem, maintained a close connection to their Jewish roots, and the apostles, notably James the Just, played prominent roles in leadership. The evangelistic efforts of early Christians were often directed toward Jewish communities, emphasizing Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecies.

### Council of Jerusalem

The Council of Jerusalem, held around 48–50 AD, crucially decided that Gentile converts to Christianity were not required to adhere to certain aspects of the Mosaic Law, particularly circumcision. This pivotal decision, encapsulated in the Apostolic Decree proposed by James the Just and accepted by the council, outlined key guidelines for Gentile Christians. They were instructed to abstain from food offered to idols, engage in no sexual immorality, avoid consuming the meat of strangled animals, and refrain from ingesting blood. By making these provisions, the council sought to establish a framework for the inclusion of Gentiles in the burgeoning Christian community while easing them from the specific requirements of the Jewish legal tradition. This decision had far-reaching implications for the development of early Christianity and set a precedent for the relationship between Gentile believers and the Mosaic Law.

### Baptism

Baptism was indeed an integral practice in early Christianity. It was seen as a way to symbolize one's repentance, forgiveness of sins, and commitment to follow Jesus Christ. Early Christian writings, even those predating the New Testament, indicate that baptism was practiced as a significant rite of initiation into the Christian community. Baptism is prominently featured in the New Testament. Jesus' disciples practiced baptism during His ministry, and John the Baptist is well-known for baptizing people as a sign of repentance. After Jesus' resurrection, His disciples were instructed to baptize in the name of the Father, the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19). In the Book of Acts, there are instances where people were baptized specifically in the name of Jesus Christ (e.g., Acts 2:38). This practice was an expression of faith in Jesus as the Messiah and Lord. The apostle Paul, in his letters, often used baptism as a symbol of identification with Christ's death and resurrection. He described it as being "buried with Christ in his death" and "raised to walk in newness of life" (Romans 6:3-4). Paul's teachings contributed to the theological understanding of baptism within early Christianity. There is a strong emphasis on "believer's baptism." This means that individuals are baptized after they have personally professed faith in Jesus Christ and have made a conscious decision to follow Him. The Ethiopian eunuch's baptism by Philip (Acts 8:26-39) and the baptism of Cornelius and his household (Acts 10:44-48) are notable accounts. Acts records numerous instances of miraculous healings and other signs and wonders performed by the apostles and early believers in the name of Jesus Christ (Acts 3:1-10; Acts 5:12-16).

### Worshiping

The Christian celebration of the Eucharist, also known as the Lord's Supper or Communion, replaced elements of the Jewish Passover Seder. While the Eucharist has some similarities to the Passover meal, it took on a distinct Christian meaning. In the Eucharist, Christians remember and participate in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ through the sharing of bread and wine, which symbolize His body and blood. Early Christians developed their own liturgical practices and texts for worship. These included prayers, hymns, and liturgical structures that were distinct from the Jewish Siddur. Over time, various liturgical traditions emerged within the Christian Church, leading to the development of liturgical calendars, sacraments, and rites. Christian Worship Spaces: Christians began constructing dedicated places of worship known as churches, which were distinct from synagogues. These church buildings served as centers for Christian worship and community gatherings. They were designed to accommodate the celebration of the Eucharist and other Christian rituals.The Lord's Day (Sunday Worship): Early Christians shifted their primary day of communal worship from the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday) to the first day of the week, known as the Lord's Day (Sunday). This change was in recognition of the resurrection of Jesus on a Sunday and marked the distinctiveness of Christian worship from Jewish Sabbath observance.Christian Theology and Doctrine: Christian theology developed independently of Jewish thought, articulating unique beliefs about the nature of God, the Trinity, salvation through Christ, and other core doctrines that set Christianity apart from Judaism.

### Christian Preaching and Incarnation Doctrine

Kerygma (Preaching) and Gospel Message: Early Christianity relied heavily on oral communication, and the core beliefs and teachings of the faith were proclaimed through kerygma, which means "preaching" or "proclamation." This oral tradition likely began in Aramaic, the common language of the region where Jesus and His disciples lived and preached. However, as Christianity spread beyond its Jewish origins and into the broader Hellenistic world, the message was also communicated in Greek, which was a widely understood language at the time. This oral proclamation laid the foundation for the written Gospels and the New Testament scriptures. Doctrine of the Incarnation: The doctrine of the Incarnation is a central Christian belief that the divine Word (Logos) became flesh in the person of Jesus Christ. This belief underscores the divinity and humanity of Jesus. While this concept is central to Christian theology, it took time to develop and articulate fully in theological terms. Early Christians believed in the Incarnation based on their experiences and understanding of Jesus, but the formal language and definitions of this doctrine developed in the following centuries, especially during the ecumenical councils.

### Worship & Structure

Christian communities were initially informal in their organization. They often formed as small gatherings of believers who came together for worship, teaching, prayer, and fellowship. These gatherings were often held in private homes due to the need for secrecy in the face of Roman persecution. While there were leaders in these communities, the roles of bishops (overseers), elders (presbyters), and deacons (servants) were not as precisely delineated as they would become in later centuries. The New Testament, particularly in the writings of Paul and the Acts of the Apostles, provides some guidance on the qualifications and responsibilities of these leaders, but the structure was flexible and adapted to local needs. In the letters attributed to the apostle Paul, we see a developing understanding of leadership roles in the early Christian communities. Paul appointed elders (presbyters) in various places (e.g., Titus 1:5), and he gave instructions for the selection and behavior of deacons (1 Timothy 3). These leaders were responsible for shepherding and guiding the local Christian communities. There was no centralized ecclesiastical hierarchy as seen in later Christian traditions. Each Christian community was relatively independent and autonomous, making its own decisions under the guidance of local leaders. The apostles, including figures like Paul, played a crucial role in establishing and guiding these early Christian communities. They provided leadership, teaching, and oversight. However, the apostolic ministry was unique and eventually phased out as the Christian movement became more established.

### Paul's Theological Stand

Paul strongly objected to the requirement of male circumcision for Gentile (non-Jewish) converts to Christianity. He argued that Gentiles should not be compelled to undergo this Jewish ritual as a condition of faith in Christ. Paul also challenged the Jewish dietary laws that dictated what foods were clean and unclean. He emphasized that believers were no longer bound by these dietary restrictions and could eat all kinds of foods (Romans 14:14; 1 Corinthians 8:8). Observance of Sabbaths and Festivals: While Paul did not object to the observance of special days, instead they were a matter of personal choice and should not be imposed as obligatory on Gentile believers (Colossians 2:16). In contrast to the ritual and ceremonial commandments, Paul emphasized the importance of moral and ethical commandments that were rooted in the principles of love, faith, and righteous living. He stressed that these moral commandments were still relevant for Christians: Paul highlighted the command to love one another as the fulfillment of the Law (Romans 13:8-10; Galatians 5:14). He often reiterated the importance of love as the guiding principle for Christian behavior. Paul taught that believers were to follow the teachings and commandments of Jesus Christ. This included living in love and humility, seeking justice, and demonstrating compassion and forgiveness. In Galatians 5:22-23, Paul outlined the "fruit of the Spirit," which includes love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control. These qualities were to characterize the lives of Christians.It's important to note that Paul's objections to certain aspects of the Jewish Law were specific to the issue of salvation. He believed that faith in Jesus Christ and the grace of God were the primary means of salvation, and that adherence to these ritual commandments was not necessary for justification. However, Paul did not dismiss the moral and ethical commandments found in the Law, emphasizing that these were still important for Christian living. His teachings contributed significantly to the development of Christian theology and ethics.

### Dietary restrictions

Abstaining from Food Sacrificed to Idols: As mentioned in Acts 15:29, early Christians were instructed to abstain from food that had been sacrificed to idols. This was to avoid any association with pagan practices and to maintain their commitment to the one true God.Abstaining from Blood: The same passage in Acts 15:29 also prohibited the consumption of blood. This restriction likely stemmed from both Jewish dietary laws found in the Torah (such as Leviticus 17:10-14) and the broader cultural understanding of the sacredness of blood. Abstaining from Meat of Strangled Animals: Acts 15:29 also specified that early Christians should not consume the meat of animals that had been strangled. This restriction was likely connected to the prohibition against consuming blood and was part of the effort to maintain purity and avoid any practices associated with pagan rituals.

### Alcoholic beverages

Wine was used during the celebration of the Eucharist (Lord's Supper or Communion) as a symbol of the blood of Christ, as instructed by Jesus during the Last Supper (Matthew 26:26-29; Mark 14:22-25; Luke 22:17-20; 1 Corinthians 11:23-26). Wine was a common beverage in the Mediterranean region during this period. It was consumed at meals, celebrations, and social gatherings. Wine was often diluted with water and served as a staple beverage, especially in the Roman world. While wine was a part of everyday life, early Christians were encouraged to consume it in moderation and with caution. This was consistent with biblical teachings on temperance and self-control (Proverbs 20:1; Ephesians 5:18; 1 Timothy 3:8; Titus 2:3). Paul warned against excessive drinking and drunkenness. They emphasized the importance of maintaining sobriety and self-discipline (Ephesians 5:18; 1 Corinthians 6:10; Galatians 5:21; 1 Peter 4:3). Early Christians believed that their bodies were temples of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). As such, they were encouraged to take care of their physical well-being, which included avoiding overindulgence in alcoholic beverages.

### End of Times

Early Christians believed that Jesus Christ would return soon, within their lifetimes. This expectation of the imminent return of Christ is evident in various New Testament writings, including the teachings of Jesus himself (Matthew 24:36-44; Mark 13:32-37). Early Christians held a strong belief in the resurrection of the dead, which was tied to the return of Christ. They anticipated a future event in which the dead would be raised to eternal life (1 Corinthians 15:12-28; 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18). Early Christian teachings included the concept of a final judgment in which all individuals would be held accountable for their actions. This judgment would determine their eternal destiny, either with God in heaven or separated from God (Matthew 25:31-46; Romans 2:5-16). Some early Christians expected a period of tribulation and turmoil preceding the return of Christ, during which the Messiah (Christ) would establish his kingdom and reign as the righteous ruler (Revelation 20:1-6; 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12). The early Christian period saw the development of apocalyptic literature, such as the Book of Revelation. These writings often contained vivid and symbolic descriptions of end-times events, including cosmic upheavals, battles between good and evil, and the ultimate triumph of God. Early Christians were encouraged to live morally upright lives and be prepared for the return of Christ. They were advised to be vigilant, faithful, and morally pure in anticipation of the end times (1 Peter 4:7; 1 John 2:28) The teachings about the end times also provided hope and comfort to early Christians, especially in the face of persecution and challenges. The belief in the ultimate victory of Christ and the promise of eternal life served as sources of encouragement.

### Scriptural Authority

Use of the Old Testament: Early Christians, many of whom were Jewish, regarded the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) as authoritative and foundational to their faith. They saw the Old Testament as containing prophecies and types that pointed to the coming of Jesus Christ as the Messiah (e.g., Isaiah 53). While the writings that would later become the New Testament were still in the process of being composed, early Christian communities relied heavily on oral tradition. The teachings and sayings of Jesus, as well as stories about his life and ministry, were transmitted orally from the eyewitnesses and early apostles. Letters or epistles written by apostles and leaders of the early Christian communities held a significant position of authority. These letters, such as those written by Paul (e.g., Corinthians, Galatians) and other apostles (e.g., Peter, John), provided guidance, theology, and ethical instructions to the Christian communities.Emergence of New Testament Writings: During this period, some New Testament writings were composed, although they were not yet universally recognized as Scripture. These writings included the Pauline Epistles and possibly some Gospels. The process of collecting and recognizing these texts as authoritative Scripture continued into the 2nd century. Early Christian gatherings often included the reading and teaching of Scriptures, primarily the Old Testament. Leaders and elders would provide exhortations, explanations, and applications of these Scriptures to the life and faith of the community. The eyewitness testimony of the apostles, who had walked and ministered with Jesus, held a unique authority in the early Christian communities. Their firsthand accounts and teachings were highly regarded. The teachings and sayings of Jesus, as remembered and transmitted by the early Christian communities, were considered authoritative and served as a foundational source for Christian ethics and beliefs.

### Community Life

Communal Sharing, Early Christian communities often practiced communal sharing of possessions and resources. This practice was inspired by passages in the New Testament, particularly in the Book of Acts (Acts 2:44-45; Acts 4:32-35). Believers would sell their possessions and distribute the proceeds to those in need, ensuring that no one among them was in want.Gatherings in Homes: Early Christian gatherings for worship, teaching, and fellowship were typically held in private homes. Due to the need for secrecy in the face of Roman persecution, meeting in homes provided a measure of safety. These gatherings included prayer, reading of Scriptures, sharing of meals (such as the Agape Feast), and the breaking of bread (Eucharist). Mutual Support: Early Christians demonstrated a strong sense of mutual support and care for one another. This was particularly important in a society where Christians faced persecution and societal ostracism. The community provided emotional, spiritual, and practical support to its members.Leadership: While leadership structures were not as formalized as they would become in later centuries, early Christian communities had leaders who served as overseers (bishops), elders (presbyters), and servants (deacons). These leaders were responsible for shepherding and guiding the community, ensuring its spiritual health, and overseeing practical matters. Hospitality: Hospitality was a central virtue in early Christian communities. Believers were encouraged to practice hospitality by welcoming strangers and fellow Christians into their homes. This practice reinforced the sense of community and care for one another.Baptism and Initiation: Baptism was a significant rite of initiation into the Christian community. New converts would be baptized as a symbol of their faith in Jesus Christ and their commitment to follow Him. Baptism served as a marker of entrance into the Christian fellowship.Sharing of Spiritual Gifts: Early Christians believed in the presence of spiritual gifts, and these gifts were often exercised within the community for the edification of all. Gifts such as prophecy, healing, speaking in tongues, and interpretation of tongues were used in the context of community gatherings. Exhortation and Edification: Teaching and exhortation were essential components of community life. Leaders and elders would instruct the community in the faith, provide moral guidance, and exhort members to live according to Christian principles.

### Missionary Activity

Apostolic Missions: The apostles, including figures like Peter, Paul, John, and others, played a crucial role in early Christian missionary activity. They traveled extensively, establishing Christian communities, preaching the Gospel, and appointing local leaders.Jewish Diaspora: Early Christian missionaries initially focused on Jewish communities in the Jewish diaspora (Jewish communities living outside of Judea). They saw Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish messianic expectations and sought to spread this message to their fellow Jews.Synagogues: Early Christian missionaries often began their outreach in Jewish synagogues. They used the synagogue as a platform to proclaim Jesus as the Messiah and draw Jewish listeners to the Christian faith.Conversion of Gentiles: While early Christian missions initially targeted Jewish communities, there was a gradual shift toward the conversion of Gentiles (non-Jews). This transition marked a significant expansion of the Christian movement beyond its Jewish origins.Missionary Journeys: Missionary journeys, as documented in the Book of Acts, were common during this period. Paul's missionary journeys, for example, took him throughout the eastern Mediterranean, including regions such as Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome.Use of Letters: Early Christian leaders, including Paul, used letters (epistles) as a means of communication and instruction to distant Christian communities. These letters served as a form of missionary outreach, reinforcing Christian beliefs and practices.Martyrdom: Some early Christians, including missionaries, faced persecution and martyrdom for their faith. Their willingness to suffer and die for their beliefs served as a powerful testimony to the Christian message.Spread along Trade Routes: The Roman Empire's extensive network of roads and trade routes facilitated the spread of Christianity. Missionaries often traveled along these routes, contributing to the dissemination of the Gospel.Local Leadership: As Christian communities were established in various regions, local leaders and converts played a vital role in furthering missionary efforts. They would continue to share the Christian message with their communities.Multilingual Communication: Early Christian missionaries often had to communicate in multiple languages, including Greek, Aramaic, and Latin, to reach diverse audiences within the Roman Empire.Adaptation to Local Cultures: Missionaries sometimes adapted their message and practices to the cultural contexts of the regions they visited. This approach allowed Christianity to take root in diverse cultural settings.Conversion of Influential Figures: The conversion of influential individuals or households often had a significant impact on the success of missionary efforts. The conversion of key figures could lead to the spread of Christianity within a community or region.

### Spiritual Gifts and Charisms

Spiritual gifts, often referred to as charisms, were special abilities, talents, or powers believed to be granted by the Holy Spirit to individual Christians. These gifts were seen as divine enablements for various purposes within the Christian community.Diverse Gifts: Early Christians believed that the Holy Spirit endowed believers with a variety of gifts, including but not limited to prophecy, healing, speaking in tongues, interpretation of tongues, wisdom, knowledge, faith, miracles, discernment of spirits, teaching, and serving.Role in Early Christian Communities: Spiritual gifts played a vital role in the life of early Christian communities. They were used for the edification and growth of the community, the proclamation of the Gospel, and the welfare of its members.Prophetic Gifts: The gift of prophecy was highly regarded during this period. Prophets were seen as individuals who received direct revelations from God through the Holy Spirit. Their role included speaking messages of encouragement, exhortation, and edification to the community.Healing and Miracles: The gift of healing and the ability to perform miracles were also considered important charisms. Believers who possessed these gifts were believed to be channels through which God's power was manifested for the healing of the sick and the demonstration of God's authority.Speaking in Tongues: Speaking in tongues, or glossolalia, was another spiritual gift present in early Christian communities. It involved speaking in languages unknown to the speaker but often understood by others with the same gift or through interpretation.Edification of the Church: The primary purpose of spiritual gifts was the edification or building up of the Christian community. They were to be exercised in an orderly manner during gatherings to benefit all believers. Pauline Writings: The Apostle Paul's letters contain significant teachings on spiritual gifts. In 1 Corinthians 12-14 and Romans 12, Paul discusses the diversity of gifts, their proper use, and the importance of love as the guiding principle in their exercise.Unity in Diversity: Early Christians recognized the diversity of spiritual gifts but emphasized the unity of the body of Christ. Each believer had a role to play in the community, and all gifts were valued as contributions to the common good.Continuation of Charismatic Experiences: Early Christian writings and accounts suggest that charismatic experiences and the exercise of spiritual gifts were not limited to the apostolic era but continued in subsequent generations. Leadership Roles: Those with spiritual gifts, especially the gift of teaching or prophecy, often played leadership roles in early Christian communities. They provided guidance and instruction to the community.

### Persecution

The early Christians faced a negative perception among the Romans, as noted by the Roman historian Tacitus, who described them as despised for their "abominations" and "hatred of humankind." This disdain could be attributed to their refusal to engage in social activities associated with pagan worship, including participation in the theater, military service, sports, and classical literature. Additionally, their refusal to worship the Roman emperor, akin to the Jewish practice, contributed to the Romans' unfavorable view. Despite this, Romans tended to be more tolerant of Jews compared to Gentile Christians. Some anti-Christian Romans made distinctions between Jews and Christians, characterizing Christianity as a departure from Judaism. Celsus, for instance, accused Jewish Christians of hypocrisy for asserting their adherence to Jewish heritage. During the reign of Emperor Nero, Christians in Rome faced persecution, with Nero blaming them for the initiation of the Great Fire of AD 64. There is speculation that Peter and Paul may have been in Rome and martyred during this period. Nero's rule ended in AD 68, leading to a cessation of Christian persecution. Subsequently, under the emperors Vespasian (r. 69–79) and Titus (r. 79–81), Christians were generally overlooked by the Roman government. However, the Emperor Domitian (r. 81–96) later authorized a renewed persecution against Christians. It was during this time that John of Patmos wrote the Book of Revelation. Support for the Persecuted: Early Christian communities supported members who were persecuted for their faith. This support could include prayer, practical assistance, and efforts to secure their release from imprisonment or persecution.Exhortation and Edification: Teaching and exhortation were essential components of community life. Leaders and elders would instruct the community in the faith, provide moral guidance, and exhort members to live according to Christian principles.Eucharist (Lord's Supper): The practice of the Eucharist, also known as the Lord's Supper or Communion, was central to early Christian community life. Believers gathered to break bread and share wine in remembrance of Jesus' last meal with His disciples.

## Special Celebrations

### Agape Feast and Eucharist (Lord's Supper)

Early Christians celebrated the Agape feast first and then move on to Eucharist on the same day.

#### Agape Feast

The practice of communal meals, including the Lovefeast or Agape Feast, played a significant role in early Christian rituals. Initially intertwined with the Eucharist, these rituals evolved separately between the late 1st century AD and 250 AD. The Lovefeast, rooted in the early Church, served as a time of fellowship for believers, reflecting their dedication to divine service and each other. The earliest reference to a meal resembling the Agape Feast is found in Paul the Apostle's First Epistle to the Corinthians, emphasizing love in 1 Corinthians 13. Scholars infer the presence of Agape from its prominence in the preceding chapter, suggesting that Christians in Corinth engaged in a communal meal with sacramental actions involving bread and wine. 1 Corinthians 11:20–34 describes the Agape Meal as associated with a general communal feast, but challenges arose in Corinth, with divisions and indulgence, prompting Paul's criticism and a call for a more considerate approach. The term "Agape" is referenced in Jude 1:12 and, in some manuscripts, 2 Peter 2:13, connecting it to meals. Ignatius of Antioch, around 100 AD, mentions the Agape Feast in his letters. Pliny the Younger, in a letter to Trajan (112 AD), notes Christians assembling for a common meal, possibly the Agape Feast. Clement of Alexandria distinguishes between luxurious Agape meals and genuine Agape characterized by love and participation in the body of Christ. The term "Agape" signifies the highest form of self-giving love in the New Testament, representing the limitless and overflowing Divine Love. Agape Meals, or Love Feasts, were an ancient tradition of table fellowship, preceding the Church, and often included the Eucharist. However, between the late 1st century and mid-3rd century AD, the two feasts became separate. The practice of Agape Meals continued to fluctuate over the centuries. These communal meals had eschatological roots, expressing intense expectations of the second coming of the Lord. Early Christians, dedicated to divine service and rejecting earthly pursuits, concentrated on serving God and their neighbors during Agape Meals. The abuses corrected by Paul in Corinth are echoed in the writings of Jude. References to Agape Meals are found in the New Testament, including the Book of Acts (2:42) and 1 Corinthians 11:20-22. The Didache, an early Christian text, provides Eucharistic prayers for Agape Suppers. Early Christians partook of the Eucharist after the feast, a practice that changed in the latter half of the 2nd century. Augustine reports limited food and alcohol consumption at Agape Feasts, with excess given to the poor. Two types of Agape Feasts emerged between the 2nd and 3rd centuries – commemorative and charitable. Commemorative feasts were held at martyrs' tombs, while charitable feasts involved feeding the poor. However, abuses, including gluttony and inappropriate behavior, led to a decline in the practice. By the middle of the 4th century, Agape Feasts faded, though remnants persisted in some remote villages.

#### Eucharist

The Last Supper holds significant importance in Christian theology and is explicitly documented in the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. These accounts depict Jesus presiding over the Last Supper before his crucifixion, with Matthew and Mark offering nearly identical versions, while Luke introduces some textual differences. The Gospel of John, though not explicitly mentioning the Last Supper, contains theological allusions to the early Christian Eucharistic celebration, particularly in the Bread of Life Discourse. The earliest recorded description of the Last Supper is found in the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 11:23–25), emphasizing Jesus taking bread, giving thanks, breaking it, and instructing remembrance. The term "remembrance" in the Greek text, known as ἀνάμνησιν (anamnesis), carries a profound theological history. Early Christian sources, such as the Didache from the late 1st century, distinguish two Eucharistic traditions. Ignatius of Antioch and Justin Martyr, prominent figures from the early Christian era, underscore the Eucharist's significance, with Ignatius referring to it as "the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ" and Justin Martyr stressing its exclusivity for believers as Εὐχαριστία (the Eucharist). The liturgy of the Eucharist encompasses several key elements, beginning with Scripture readings and a homily that center on the teachings of Jesus and the Christian faith. Intercessory prayers and the exchange of a kiss of peace follow, emphasizing unity and goodwill within the community. The symbolic representation of the body and blood of Jesus is brought to the celebrant through the offering of bread and a cup, marking the preparation for the Eucharistic ritual. The Eucharistic prayer, characterized as flexible but adhering to a fixed pattern, involves the consecration of the bread and wine, with the congregation responding with a resounding "Amen." Deacons play a role in distributing the consecrated elements – the bread and wine – to both present and potentially absent participants. The liturgy also incorporates a collection, likely signifying offerings or contributions made by worshippers as an integral part of their worship experience. It is supposed to be celecbrated weekly on the Lord's day (Sunday) according to Didache, and Ignatius of Antioch, Revelation 1:10, and many other scholars.

### Easter (Pascha)

The Gospels affirm that both the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus occurred during the week of Passover, leading the early Christians to align the annual celebration of the resurrections with the timing of Passover. Direct evidence of a more fully developed Christian festival of Pascha (Easter) emerges in the mid-2nd century. One of the earliest extant primary sources mentioning Easter is a Paschal homily from the same period, attributed to Melito of Sardis, which characterizes the celebration as well-established. Ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus attributes the church's observance of Easter to the perpetuation of pre-Christian customs, akin to the establishment of various other traditions. He emphasizes that neither Jesus nor his Apostles mandated the observance of Easter or any other festival. Despite acknowledging the details of the Easter celebration as influenced by local customs, Socrates asserts that the feast itself is universally observed within the church. During Easter, early Christians engaged in a multifaceted observance that included a Paschal Vigil, initiating the festivities on Holy Saturday evening and extending through the night until the dawn of Easter Sunday. This night-long vigil involved fervent prayers, scriptural readings, and the ceremonial lighting of the Paschal candle. Easter served as a significant period for the sacraments of baptism and confirmation, symbolizing themes of renewal and rebirth connected to the resurrection. The central role of the Eucharist was evident, with Christians gathering for a joyous Eucharistic celebration, emphasizing the spiritual nourishment derived from Christ's sacrificial Last Supper. Some communities practiced the renewal of baptismal vows, underscoring the concept of spiritual rejuvenation and a renewed commitment to Christian living. The festive spirit of Easter extended to communal feasting, reflecting the triumph of Christ over death and the promise of new life. Easter services incorporated scripture readings, particularly passages related to the resurrection, accompanied by hymns and songs celebrating the victory of life over death. Acts of charity and almsgiving were integral to Easter, serving as expressions of love and benevolence in line with Christian virtues during this sacred season. The celebration happens on first Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox. (first day of Spring)

### Day of Pentecost

Early Christians would gather for prayer, both individually and corporately. One significant instance is the Day of Pentecost when the disciples were together in prayer, and the Holy Spirit descended upon them (Acts 1:14; Acts 2:1-4). Christians often met together for communal worship. They would gather in homes or other meeting places to break bread, which likely included the sharing of meals and the celebration of the Eucharist (Acts 2:42-47; Acts 20:7-12). The apostles and other leaders preached and taught the message of Jesus Christ. They used the Hebrew Scriptures to demonstrate how Jesus fulfilled Old Testament prophecies. For example, Peter's sermon on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2:14-36) and Paul's teaching in various synagogues and public spaces (Acts 17:2-3; Acts 18:4) are notable examples. The celebration happens on the 6th day of Sivan.

### Passover

Passover is a Jewish festival that commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt, as narrated in the biblical Book of Exodus. The central event of Passover is the Exodus itself, during which the Israelites, led by Moses, escaped from bondage under Pharaoh's rule. The name "Passover" is derived from the biblical account of the final plague in Egypt, where the Angel of Death "passed over" the homes of the Israelites marked with the blood of a lamb, sparing their firstborn sons. Jesus Christ, who was Jewish, is believed to have celebrated Passover with his disciples during the Last Supper in Jerusalem. The Last Supper is considered the institution of the Eucharist, a central sacrament in Christianity, where bread and wine symbolize the body and blood of Jesus. Regarding when its practiced, Polycarp, the last known living apostle and student of the apostle John, held firm to his belief that the Passover should be kept on the 14th of Nisan, an observance he learned from John. Resulting in celebration on the evening corresponding to 14 Nisan for 8 days. The celebration encompasses various rituals, including the elimination of leavened products (chametz) from the household. Additionally, it involves partaking in the same elements consumed by Jesus and his disciples at the Last Supper before his crucifixion: unleavened bread (matzo), wine (symbolizing his blood of the covenant), lamb (representing the Passover sacrifice), and possibly bitter herbs such as horseradish. The Seder meal includes the retelling of the Exodus story, along with the recitation of prayers and blessings. As part of the ceremony, participants engage in the act of washing one another's feet, mirroring the gesture performed by Jesus for his disciples on the night of his suffering (John 13:5–14).

### Feasts in Commemoration of Martyrs

The feasts dedicated to martyrs serve as a profound recognition of their lives and sacrifices, acknowledging those who faced persecution, torture, or death unwaveringly due to their steadfast commitment to Christian beliefs. These commemorations, often observed on specific dates associated with the martyr's death. Liturgical observances play a central role during these feasts, encompassing special prayers, scripture readings, and hymns that emphasize the martyr's sacrifice and unwavering faith. Martyrs, elevated to the status of saints, are venerated by believers, who may seek their intercession in prayers, viewing them as powerful advocates in the spiritual realm. The feasts also serve as a wellspring of inspiration for the broader Christian community, prompting reflection on the martyrs' resolute commitment to faith and providing a source of strength and courage for believers facing challenges in their own spiritual journeys. The list of martyrs includes individuals who died just prior to or during the 1st century, with notable figures such as Joachim and Anne, parents of the Virgin Mary, and the Holy Innocents who were killed by Herod in an attempt to eliminate the newborn Jesus. The table provides details such as birth and death dates, birthplace, and place of death for each saint. Among the recognized saints are also biblical figures like Simeon, Anna the Prophetess, Joseph, Virgin Mary, Longinus, John the Baptist, and Dismas. The list continues with apostles such as Peter, Paul, Andrew, Bartholomew, Thomas, Philip, and John the Apostle, along with other early Christian figures like Mary Magdalene and Timothy. The feasts associated with these saints are observed on specific dates, and liturgical services, prayers, and readings commemorate their lives and contributions to the Christian faith.

### The Sabbath

In Christianity, the concept of Sabbath entails setting aside a specific day for rest and worship, aligning with the mandate outlined in the Ten Commandments and rooted in the divine sanctification of the seventh day (Saturday) when God rested from His creative work. This tradition, initially linked to the Jewish practice of congregational worship in synagogues on Shabbat, was observed by early Christians, particularly those of Jewish origin, who dedicated the seventh-day Sabbath to prayer and rest. However, by the early second century, Church Father Ignatius of Antioch endorsed a shift away from Sabbath observance. Presently, the prevailing Christian custom is to observe Sunday, referred to as the Lord's Day, as a designated time for rest and worship, deviating from the Jewish tradition of observing the seventh-day Sabbath.