World War II

Kree-Skrull War

Assassination of Abraham Erskine

Battle of Azzano

Uprising at the Austrian HYDRA Weapons Facility

Liberation of Allied Prisoners of War

Chase of the HYDRA Spies

Battle of Finow

Attack on the Danish HYDRA Research Facility

Capture of the Leviathan

Attack on the HYDRA U-Base

Capture of Arnim Zola

Attack on HYDRA Headquarters

Battle in the Valkyrie

Attack on HYDRA Research Facility Number 4

## Casualties

*"I went under, the world was at war. I wake up, they say we won. They didn't say what we lost."*
―Captain America to Nick Fury

**World War II**, or the **Second World War**, abbreviated **WWII** or **WW2**, was a global war that began in 1939 and ended six years later in 1945. It involved a vast majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers that would eventually form two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Various advanced weapons were made during the war, and the Axis conquered many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

The Allied response was the creation of the first super soldier, Captain America, who became a symbol of freedom and justice. The war became much more complicated when the Nazi SS general Johann Schmidt separated his HYDRA division from his Nazi backers to start his own global conquest. The war ended with the complete victory for the Allies, who defeated both the Axis and HYDRA.

## History

### Leading up to World War II

#### Hitler's Rise to Power

*"So many people forget that the first country the Nazis invaded was their own. You know, after the last war, they... My people struggled. They... they felt weak... they felt small. Then Hitler comes along with the marching, and the big show, and the flags, and the, and the..."*
―Abraham Erskine to Steve Rogers
The devastation of the Great War, also known as **World War I**, had greatly destabilized Europe, and in many respects, World War II grew out of issues left unresolved by that earlier conflict. In particular, political and economic instability in Germany, and lingering resentment over the harsh terms imposed by the Versailles Treaty, fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi) Party.

#### The Third Reich

##### HYDRA's World War II Sect Founding

*"Wagner's line of thought is intimately familiar to me. What is celebrated is not the Christian religion of compassion, but pure and noble blood...blood whose purity the brotherhood of initiates has come together to guard. A divisive process is taking place in terms of world history. The man who sees the meaning of life in conflict will gradually mount the stairs of a new aristocracy... "*
―Adolf Hitler
In February 1934, Adolf Hitler watched one of Richard Wagner's operas at the Deutsches Opernhaus in Berlin. He met Johann Schmidt, the physicist who revealed his theory that tales of the Asgardians and other heroes of Norse mythology could be more history than myth. Hitler was intrigued by Schmidt's ideas, but Hitler's associate Ernst Kaufmann, head of the Sturmabteilung's special weapons division, was less impressed. Though Hitler ordered Kaufman to arrange a meeting between him and Schmidt, when Hitler left the scene, Kaufman threatened Schmidt that he would kill him if he approached Hitler again. However, the same night, Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel, recruited Schmidt. Four months later, to gain support from the German Army for his regime, Hitler ordered the assassinations of all higher officers of the Sturmabteilung, including Kaufmann, who was killed by Schmidt, who then took control of Kaufmann's weapons program and formed his own SS division, HYDRA.

#### Spanish Civil War

In 1936, civil war broke out in Spain between the Republicans and the Nationalists. Otherworld powers lent varying degrees of support to both sides. The Soviet Union supported the Republicans, while the Nazis supported the Nationalists. To ensure a Nationalist victory, Hitler ordered various armed units of his government to provide military support to them. These included the regular German military, the Wehrmacht; and the special weapons division HYDRA. The battles that were fought here were to be a proving ground for the newly-rearmed German military, who would apply what they learned when war broke out in 1939. Much damage was done during the Spanish Civil War, both by conventional weaponry as well as by the advanced technology HYDRA used. British Agent Peggy Carter, who was embedded deep within HYDRA, smuggled footage of an advanced exoskeleton out of Nazi hands, and revealed that the damage in the city of Guernica, which previously had been attributed to the *Luftwaffe*, was actually wrought at the hands of HYDRA's tanks and battle armor.

### Outbreak of World War II (1939)

*"The Third Reich represents the greatest threat to liberty and justice the world has ever seen."*
―Chester Phillips to Howard Stark
In August 1939, Hitler and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which incited a frenzy of worry in London and Paris. Hitler had long planned an invasion of Poland, a nation to which Britain and France had guaranteed military support if it was attacked by Germany. The pact with Stalin meant that Hitler would not face a war on two fronts once he invaded Poland, and would have Soviet assistance in conquering and dividing the nation itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the west; two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World War II.

On September 17, Soviet troops invaded Poland from the east. Under attack from both sides, Poland fell quickly, and by early 1940 Germany and the Soviet Union had divided control over the nation, according to a secret protocol appended to the Nonaggression Pact. Stalin's forces then moved to occupy the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and defeated a resistant Finland in the Russo-Finish War. During the six months following the invasion of Poland, the lack of action on the part of Germany and the Allies in the west led to talk in the news media of a "phony war." At sea, however, the British and German navies faced off in heated battle, and lethal German U-boat submarines struck at merchant shipping bound for Britain, sinking more than 100 vessels in the first four months of the war.

### World War II in the West (1940-41)

#### The Fall of Western Europe

​​​​​​
On April 9, 1940, Germany simultaneously invaded Norway and occupied Denmark, and the war began in earnest. On May 10, German forces swept through Belgium and the Netherlands in what became known as "blitzkrieg," or "lightning war". Three days later, Hitler's troops crossed the Meuse River and struck French forces at Sedan, located at the northern end of the Maginot Line, an elaborate chain of fortifications constructed after World War I and considered an impenetrable defensive barrier. In fact, the Germans broke through the line with their tanks and planes and continued to the rear, rendering it useless. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated by sea from Dunkirk in late May, while in the south French forces mounted a doomed resistance. With France on the verge of collapse, Benito Mussolini of Italy put his Pact of Steel with Hitler into action, and Italy declared war against France and Britain on June 10.

#### The Battle of Britain

On June 14, German forces entered Paris; a new government formed by Marshal Philippe Petain requested an armistice two nights later. France was subsequently divided into two zones, one under German military occupation and the other under Petain's government, installed at Vichy. Hitler now turned his attention to Britain, which had the defensive advantage of being separated from the Continent by the English Channel. To pave the way for an amphibious invasion dubbed Operation Sea Lion, German planes bombed Britain extensively throughout the summer of 1940, including night raids on London and other industrial centers that caused heavy civilian casualties and damage. The Royal Air Force RAF eventually defeated the Luftwaffe, German Air Force, in the Battle of Britain, and Hitler postponed his plans to invade. With Britain's defensive resources pushed to the limit, Prime Minister Winston Churchill began receiving crucial aid from the United States under the Lend-Lease Act, passed by Congress in 1941.

#### The War Behind the War

> *"But... we're not at war with Germany."*
>
>

> *"The general consensus in the White House and the War Department is that that this is a temporary condition."*
>
> ―Howard Stark and Chester Phillips

​​​​​​
Viewing Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich as a threat to the free world, American President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the formation of the Strategic Scientific Reserve, an Allied deep science agency which would battle Nazi super weapons. The commander of the Strategic Scientific Reserve was Colonel Chester Phillips of the United States Army, who persuaded the industrialist Howard Stark to join the agency.

In November 1940, at Castle Kaufmann in the Bavarian Alps, Johann Schmidt, the commanding officer of the Nazi Schutzstaffel's research division HYDRA, injected himself with the Super Soldier Serum made by Doctor Abraham Erskine. The serum made him stronger, but it also disfigured his face, and he became known as the Red Skull. Erskine was rescued from the castle by Peggy Carter, the British agent who infiltrated HYDRA. Erskine was brought to the United States where he joined the Strategic Scientific Reserve.

### Operation Barbarossa (1941-42)

*"The Reich shall win because we are unified. In blood as in purpose. While our enemies... are the polyglot peasants of Europe and the mongrel masses of North America."*
―Lohmer
In early 1941, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria had joined the Axis, and German troops overran Yugoslavia and Greece that April. Hitler's conquest of the Balkans was a precursor for his real objective: an invasion of the Soviet Union, whose vast territory would give the German master race the "Lebensraum" it needed. The other half of Hitler's strategy was the extermination of the Jews from throughout German-occupied Europe. Plans for the "Final Solution" were introduced around the time of the Soviet offensive, and over the next three years more than four million Jews would perish in the death camps established in occupied Poland. The extermination was carried out mainly by Heinrich Himmler's infamous SS troops.

On June 22, 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Barbarossa. Though Soviet tanks and aircraft greatly outnumbered the Germans', their air technology was largely obsolete, and the impact of the surprise invasion helped Germans get within 200 miles of Moscow by mid-July. Arguments between Hitler and his commanders delayed the next German advance until October, when it was stalled by a Soviet counteroffensive and the onset of harsh winter weather.

### Discovery of the Tesseract

> *"The energy we have just collected could power my designs. All my designs. This will change the war."*
>
>

> *"Doctor Zola, this will change the world."*
>
> ―Arnim Zola and Johann Schmidt

After researching, Johann Schmidt learned about the mythical Tesseract, an object of unlimited power that was left on Earth by the Asgardians centuries earlier. Believing it to be real he began searching for it, knowing it would give him power. In March 1942, Schmidt and his army invaded Tønsberg, Norway, looking for the Tesseract. After entering a church, Schmidt encountered the Church Keeper who refused to tell him where the object was. However, Schmidt found the Tesseract in the wall and shot the church keeper, killing him.

After gaining the Tesseract, Schmidt returned to his base in the Alps and gave the object to his top scientist, Arnim Zola, for studying. The Tesseract was shown to be so powerful that its energy could help the Axis powers conquer the entire world.

### World War II in the Pacific (1941-43)

#### Pearl Harbor

*"At approximately eight A.M. local time, Japanese aircraft attacked the main base of the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, just outside Honolulu..."*
―Radio broadcast
While the United Kingdom facing Germany in Europe, the United States of America was the only nation capable of combating Japanese aggression, which by late 1941 included an expansion of its ongoing war with China and the seizure of European colonial holdings in the Far East. On December 7, 1941, 360 Japanese aircraft attacked the major U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, taking the Americans completely by surprise and claiming the lives of more than 2,300 troops. The attack on Pearl Harbor served to unify American public opinion in favor of entering World War II, and on December 8 Congress declared war on Japan with only one dissenting vote. Germany and the Axis Powers promptly declared war on the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the United States would build fifty thousand planes to fight the armies of Hirohito and Adolf Hitler. Howard Stark, supporting the American war effort, built one hundred thousand planes for the United States Air Force.

#### America Strikes Back

*" Roosevelt won't go just after Japan — we'll be at war with Hitler and Mussolini soon enough."*
―Steve Rogers
After a long span of Japanese victories, the U.S. Pacific Fleet won the Battle of Midway in June 1942, which proved to be a turning point in the war. On Guadalcanal, one of the southern Solomon Islands, the Allies also had success against Japanese forces in a series of battles from August 1942 to February 1943, helping turn the tide further in the Pacific. In mid-1943, Allied naval forces began an aggressive counterattack against Japan, involving a series of amphibious assaults on key Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. This "island-hopping" strategy proved successful, and Allied forces moved closer to their ultimate goal of invading the Japanese homeland.

### The Tide of War Turns (1943)

#### German Defeats

> *"Hitler speaks of a thousand year Reich, but he cannot feed his army for a month. His troops spill their blood across every field in Europe. But he is still no closer to achieving his goals."*
>
>

> *"And I suppose you still aim to win this war through magic?"*
>
> ―Johann Schmidt and Roeder

In North Africa, British and American forces had defeated the Italians and Germans by 1943. An Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy followed, and Benito Mussolini's government fell in July 1943. However, the German troops immediately occupied northern and central Italy, slowing the advance of the Allies.

Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, a Soviet counteroffensive launched in November 1942 ended the bloody Battle of Stalingrad, which had seen some of the fiercest combat of the war. The approach of winter, along with dwindling food and medical supplies, spelled the end for German troops there, and the last of them surrendered on January 31, 1943.

#### Russia

*"The war has damaged us all has it not, Agent Sousa? We will never be the men we once were."*
―Johann Fennhoff to Daniel Sousa
In 1943, Johann Fennhoff was stationed in an army camp for the Soviet Armed Forces. While at the camp, he was reading a book called *"The Tragic Life of Doctor Faustus"*. During his reading, he was interrupted by a surgeon, who wanted his assistance during an amputation of the leg of a soldier, called Ovechkin. He was hesitant at first, but agreed to help nonetheless. Fennhoff used his hypnosis-technique on the soldier, who focused on the memory of a game of chess he had with his mother before he enlisted in the army. As Ovechkin was completely focused on the memory, the surgeons could amputate his leg without Ovechkin feeling any pain.

#### Project Rebirth

*"You don't win wars with niceness, Doctor. You win wars with guts."*
―Chester Phillips to Abraham Erskine
In June 1943, as part of the Strategic Scientific Reserve's Project Rebirth, Abraham Erskine recruited Steve Rogers into the United States Army. Rogers and other potential candidates for the Super Soldier experiment were moved to Camp Lehigh. Colonel Chester Phillips and Peggy Carter put the candidates through a series of physical tests. Meanwhile, Johann Schmidt, having discovered Erskine's whereabouts, sent his agents to kill him.

Following a week of evaluation, Erskine picked Rogers as the subject for the Super Soldier experiment based on his strength of character, knowing that the serum will react to that character. Phillips was not impressed with the choice. A day later, Rogers underwent Erskine’s Super Soldier treatment and experienced a transformation that increased his strength and stamina. Heinz Kruger, an assassin sent by Schmidt, infiltrated the secret Strategic Scientific Reserve laboratory in Brooklyn where the experiment was held and killed Erskine. Kruger escaped but was captured by Rogers who was unable to stop Kruger from killing himself rather than be interrogated by the SSR.

#### Hail HYDRA!

*"My apologies, Doctor, but we both knew HYDRA could grow no further in Hitler's shadow. Hail HYDRA!"*
―Johann Schmidt to Arnim Zola
The German armies began to suffer serious defeats. The Battle of Kursk in July 1943, with which Adolf Hitler hoped to turn the tide of war on the Eastern Front in his favor again, ended in the devastating defeat of the German forces.

Hitler, who funded Johann Schmidt's research for years, now expected from HYDRA's scientists to make new weapons for the German armed forces. But the army never received promised weapons. Schmidt ignored all Hitler's calls.

Worried, Hitler sent three loyal SS officers, Oberstgruppenführer Roeder, Gruppenführer Schneider, and Sturmbanführer Hutter, to Schmidt's base. Schmidt's visitors were intrigued by the unusual uniforms and equipment used by the soldiers of HYDRA, but they told Schmidt that the Führer feels that "the Red Skull" was indulged long enough. Provoked, Schmidt showed them his Tesseract powered cannon. But when they discovered that he intends to nuke Berlin and overthrow Hitler, Schmidt vaporized them all to silence them. Though Schmidt didn't start an open war against the Axis, HYDRA no longer worked for Nazi Germany.

Shortly after, a battle was fought near Azzano in Italy between the American troops and the German Army. A company of HYDRA soldiers joined the battle, wiping out the Germans with their pulse rifles and capturing almost the entire American unit. The prisoners were soon transported to the Austrian HYDRA Weapons Facility where they were forced to work as slaves.

#### Captain America

> *"Sir, if you're going after Schmidt, I want in."*
>
>

> *"You're an experiment. You're going to Alamogordo."*
>
>

> *"The serum worked."*
>
>

> *"I asked for an army and all I got was you. You are not enough."*
>
> ―Steve Rogers and Chester Phillips

Rather than risk the only super soldier in combat, the United States military leaders decided to use Rogers as a public relations tool, having him appear around the country at War Bond rallies as Captain America. The new hero soon became the subject of war movies and comic books. Meanwhile, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the Strategic Scientific Reserve to concentrate its efforts on combating HYDRA.

Rogers' War Bond show turned into a USO Tour show and was sent into Italy. In November 1943, Captain America was met with derision from soldiers who have actually been through months of grueling combat. When he found out about the casualties sustained by the 107th, the unit of his friend Bucky Barnes, he planned a rescue mission. Helped by Peggy Carter and Howard Stark, he flew behind the German lines into Austria, where he parachuted near one of HYDRA's bases in the Austrian Alps, halfway between Kitzbühel and Klagenfurt.

Captain America sneaked into the base and freed 400 captured Allied troops including Barnes, Timothy “Dum Dum” Dugan, Gabe Jones, Jim Morita, James Montgomery Falsworth, and Jacques Dernier. During the battle between the freed prisoners and HYDRA guards, Captain America confronted Schmidt and his top scientist Arnim Zola. After attacking Rogers and punching a hole in his shield, Schmidt ripped off his face mask to show him what Erskine's serum did to his face. While Rogers and Barnes were stunned, Schmidt escaped in a plane while Zola took his car. Rogers and Bucky were able to escape from the facility before it blew and walked with the released prisoners all the way back to Colonel Chester Phillips' base in Italy.

### Toward Allied Victory in World War II (1944)

#### The Howling Commandos

Meanwhile, the United States Army fought against the regular German troops, while Steve Rogers was ordered to battle HYDRA's forces across the Nazi-occupied Europe. In a new uniform provided by Howard Stark and equipped with the new shield made from the only available piece of Vibranium, he assembled his own personal team of soldiers. The unit, named the Howling Commandos, was composed of men which Captain America freed from HYDRA in Austria. They embarked on several raids against HYDRA, destroying many of their factories.

#### London

*"Maybe you'll get away, for now. But I'll never stop hunting you. Me, and all those millions who think like me. Because you and your HYDRA buddies aren't facing a man in this war. You're facing an ideal. That all people deserve to be free. And you can't kill an ideal with bullets... or smother it with bombs."*
―Captain America
During the first months of 1944, when the German air force launched the last "Blitz", Johann Schmidt sent a group of HYDRA agents to London to steal some blueprints from the Strategic Scientific Reserve. The agents were successful, but while they were trying to reach their submarine to escape back to Germany, they were discovered and chased by Captain America who managed to capture all of them.

A German scientist, Wernher von Braun, developed the world's first long-range guided ballistic missiles: the V-2s. Hundreds of V-2 rockets, or *Vergeltungswaffe 2,* were launched by the Wehrmacht, targeting the city of London.

#### Denmark

*"Embrace your superiority, Hauptmann. Leave your inferiors to their doom. Or perish with them. These are your only choices."*
―Johann Schmidt to Captain America
During April of 1944, Captain America infiltrated a castle controlled by HYDRA on an island in the Nazi-occupied Danish Straits. After defeating a soldier equipped with the advanced exoskeleton battle suit, he took control of a tank and used its laser cannon to kill several HYDRA soldiers. The Howling Commandos soon joined him in cleaning the place, and they finally broke into the control room, where they found Schmidt himself. However, "Schmidt" was actually only a remote-controlled "sonogram", an image formed of sound waves, one of Arnim Zola's many inventions. They saw that Schmidt was studying a mystical Viking Runestone found in the castle. Schmidt remotely sent a catastrophic surge to the site through the "Vita-batteries", intending to destroy the castle. Speaking through sonogram, Schmidt gave Captain America the choice of dying with the Commandos, or saving only himself. However, Captain America managed to slow the relic from exploding too early to make time for the Commandos to escape.

#### The Mediterranean

> *"The doctors here took the name of their organization - "HYDRA" - pretty literally. They were researching means of cell regeneration to enhance the combat effectiveness of Axis soldiers."*
>
> ―Gabe Jones to Captain America

When the scientists of HYDRA developed the thunder lance torpedoes, the submarine *Leviathan* used them to destroy the Allied merchant freighter in the Mediterranean. However, Captain America, who was traveling on the sunken ship, boarded the submarine and captured it. Captain America and the Howling Commandos infiltrated the HYDRA U-base where they discovered that the mysterious "Hydra Serum" merged the entire base's staff into one octopus-like creature. Captain America decided to take the creature to Howard Stark to separate it back into individual men.

#### Battle of Finow

*"I was only spared because I had a gas mask to protect myself. My comrades were not so lucky. My brother wasn't so lucky. When I found him, he had no eyes. Pieces of his flesh had been bitten off."*
―Johann Fennhoff to Howard Stark
During June 1944, Johann Fennhoff and his brother were among the soldiers deployed to fight in Finow, Germany. Choosing to wear a gas mask, he was not affected when General John McGinnis deployed the invention called Midnight Oil. Fennhoff's brother was killed in the massacre that resulted. Fennhoff discovered his beloved brother's corpse without eyes and with pieces of his flesh ripped off, showing that he had suffered a horrifically painful death.

#### Normandy

*"General Patton has said that wars are fought with weapons but are won by men."*
―Chester Phillips
On June 6, 1944–known today as "D-Day"–the Allies began a massive invasion of Europe, landing 156,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers on the beaches of Normandy, France. As a response, Adolf Hitler poured all the remaining strength of his army into Western Europe, ensuring Germany's defeat in the east. Soviet troops soon advanced into Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania, while Hitler gathered his forces to drive the Americans and British back from Germany in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945), the last major German offensive of the war.

#### Siege of Bastogne

> *"Did you get that leg in combat?"*
>
>

> *"Bastogne. Europe."*
>
> ―Rufus Hunt and Daniel Sousa

In December 1944, Bastogne was the site of an engagement between Allied and German forces. One of the soldiers fighting on the American side was Daniel Sousa. While fighting, Sousa was in the femur by shrapnel, necessitating an amputation.

### The End of the War in Europe (1945)

#### Reshaping Europe

At the beginning of February 1945, the heads of all three major Allied countries, the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and the Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, had a meeting near Yalta in Crimea. The Big Three agreed to require Germany’s unconditional surrender and began plans for a post-war world.

#### Zola's Imprisonment

*"You are failing! We are close to an offensive that will shake the planet, yet we are continually delayed because you cannot outwit a simpleton with a shield!"*
―Red Skull to Arnim Zola
At the beginning of 1945, Captain America and the Howling Commandos progressively managed to destroy most major HYDRA operations, depriving Arnim Zola of any real ability to work on his scientific projects. Eventually he had to be moved via armored train, which Captain America and the Howling Commandos attacked. In the ensuing battle, Bucky fell off the train, seemingly dying, but Zola was captured and handed over to Allied forces.

#### Planning the Last Battle

*"Schmidt believes he walks in the foot steps of the gods. Only the world itself will satisfy him."*
―Arnim Zola to Chester Phillips
Arnim Zola was brought to the Strategic Scientific Reserve base where he was questioned by Colonel Chester Phillips. Phillips noted that his lack of the Cyanide Pills normally used by HYDRA agents to prevent capture suggested that he did not want to die personally. Zola told him everything he knew about HYDRA and revealed Schmidt's plans of world domination.

#### HYDRA's Defeat

*"Tomorrow, HYDRA will stand master of the world. Borne to victory on the wings of the Valkyrie. Our enemies' weapons will be powerless against us. If they shoot down one plane, hundreds more will rain fire upon them! If they cut off one head, two more shall take its place. Hail HYDRA!"*
―Red Skull
While the Third Reich crumbled and Hitler, HYDRA was finally ready to launch an offensive that would shake the planet. With the giant super bomber, the *Valkyrie*, and its flying nuclear bombs, Schmidt intended to bring the United States of America to its knees by destroying major cities across the country.

As a diversion, Captain America attacked Schmidt's base. He was captured, and just as Schmidt prepared to kill him, the Howling Commandos broke in, followed by the United States Army detachment led by Chester Phillips and Peggy Carter. After the fierce battle, the base was captured, but Schmidt escaped on the *Valkyrie* and was preparing to carry out his plan to bomb America. Rogers was able to get aboard the plane and battled Schmidt for the final time. In the wake of the battle, Schmidt touched the Tesseract and disappeared. Rogers, realizing that there was no safe place to put the plane down without risking the weapons going off, decided to crash the plane in the Atlantic. After the final assault, Rogers was presumed missing in action.

Unaware of the Red Skull's defeat, the HYDRA General Werner Reinhardtaniel continued his experiments with a dangerous new weapon known as the Obelisk, which had the power to kill anyone it came into contact with. Reinhardt collected a group of men and women of various ages and races to touch the Obelisk and test how it killed people. Eventually one of the captured villages, a woman named Jiaying was able to touch the Obelisk without being harm, causing it to glow a strange golden color. As Reinhardt ordered the woman to be experimented on, one of his lieutenants came in to inform him of Schmidt's demise at the hands of Captain America.

Reinhardt attempted to empty the HYDRA Research Facility in Austria and escape with several mysterious artifacts of unknown origin. But the facility was attacked by the Howling Commandos and a group of US Army soldiers led by Peggy Carter. The surviving HYDRA members were taken into custody. Before he was taken away, Reinhardt warned Peggy that if one head was cut off, two more would grow, indicating that HYDRA will survive.

#### The Fall of Nazi Germany

In February of 1945, an intensive aerial bombardment preceded the Allied land invasion of Germany. The last German offensive on the Eastern Front at the Lake Balaton area in March 1945 was easily stopped by the overwhelming Soviet forces. By the time Germany formally surrendered on May 8, Soviet forces had occupied much of the country. Adolf Hitler was already dead, having committed suicide on April 30 in his bunker in Berlin. Many of his deputies, including Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel, also committed suicide.

On May 9, 1945, the German Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel had to sign the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany at Soviet headquarters in Berlin.

### World War II Ends

> *"My old man had a philosophy: peace means having a bigger stick than the other guy."*
>
>

> *"That's a great line, coming from a guy selling the sticks."*
>
>

> *"My father helped defeat Nazis. He worked on the Manhattan Project."*
>
> ―Tony Stark and Christine Everhart

At the Potsdam Conference of July-August 1945, U.S. President Harry S. Truman (who had taken office after Roosevelt's death in April), Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin discussed the ongoing war with Japan as well as the peace settlement with Germany. Post-war Germany would be divided into four occupation zones, to be controlled by the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and France. On the divisive matter of Eastern Europe's future, Churchill and Truman acquiesced to Stalin, as they needed Soviet cooperation in the war against Japan.

Heavy casualties sustained in the campaigns at Iwo Jima (February 1945) and Okinawa (April-June 1945), and fears of the even costlier land invasion of Japan led Truman to authorize the use of a new and devastating weapon – the Atomic Bomb – on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August. The new weapon was the product of the Manhattan Project, made by some of America's best scientists, including Howard Stark. On August 10, the Japanese government issued a statement declaring they would accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, and on September 2, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur accepted Japan's formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

## Aftermath

Following the end of the war, in a pub in London, the Howling Commandos toasted to their fallen comrade Captain America. Howard Stark attempted to find him, but was unsuccessful, although he found the Tesseract at the bottom of the Atlantic ocean.

World War II proved to be the most devastating international conflict in history, taking the lives of some 35 to 60 million people, including 6 million Jews who died at the hands of the Nazis. Millions more were injured, and still more lost their homes and property. The legacy of the war would include the global shift in power from Europe to two rival superpowers of the United States of America and the Soviet Union, that would soon face off against each other in the Cold War.

Many key players in the former Nazi political regime and Wehrmacht were arrested after the war, and prosecuted at the Nuremberg Trials, such as the chief of the *Oberkommando der Wehrmacht*, *Generalfeldmarschall* Wilhelm Keitel. He, along with many others, such as Ernst Mueller, were hanged after the trials concluded for Crimes against Humanity and Crimes against Peace, among other charges. However, many members of the Nazi Party successfully fled to South America.

A new peacekeeping and intelligence agency, S.H.I.E.L.D., was formed by Colonel Chester Phillips, Howard Stark and Peggy Carter, to absorb the Strategic Scientific Reserve and expand upon its mandate. At the same time, the United States started Operation Paperclip, an effort to recruit the scientists of Nazi Germany for employment under the American government, denying their scientific expertise and knowledge to the Soviet Union. Among the scientists recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. was Arnim Zola, who used his new position to slowly rebuild HYDRA within the United States. Therefore, even though the Allies won the war, the core of their enemy survived to fight another day.

Several countries were also formed, split or partitioned as a result of the war. The spread of communism from the Soviet Union into the Republic of China caused the communist Chinese government to seize control of the majority of the country, forcing the Republic of China's government to flee, creating two China's in the process – the People's Republic of China in Mainland China and the Republic of China in Taiwan. Japan's surrender led to the fall of the Empire of Japan, becoming a modernized government as a result, as well as the end of Japanese control over Korea. Japanese Korea was now left in the hands of the two superpowers, with the Soviet Union administering the north of the Korean peninsula while the United States military administered the south. This led to Korea splitting into two, forming the socialist Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, informally known as North Korea, and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south, informally known as South Korea.

Nazi Germany's surrender also led to the country and its capital city of Berlin being split in two as well, with East Germany administered by the Soviet and West Germany administered by the United States. The Berlin Wall was created to separate East Berlin and West Berlin, although its collapse led to the reunification of Berlin and Germany as a whole. Following the war, the United Kingdom granted independence to India and Ceylon, bringing an end to British colonial rule and partitioning the former country into two – India and Pakistan. Pakistan itself later split into two as well, with East Pakistan becoming Bangladesh while West Pakistan reverted back to using the Pakistan name.

After the end of the war, James Lucas' father, who was a Tuskegee Airman, returned to Savannah, Georgia and founded Mount Calvary Baptist Church.

The devastation wrought by the Second World War left a permanent impact on the course of human history. It helped define the modern world and, consequently, the violence of modern warfare. Eventually, the destruction of World War II and what followed would come to be evaluated by the sentient computer program known as Ultron, seventy years after the end of the conflict. As a peacekeeping program, Ultron's analysis of World War II and the resulting global unrest was instrumental in his decision to eradicate humanity.