SS Columbia

## SS Columbia (1880)

**SS *Columbia*** (1880–1907) was a cargo and passenger steamship that was owned by the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and later the San Francisco and Portland Steamship Company. *Columbia* was constructed in 1880 by the John Roach & Sons shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania for the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company.

*Columbia* was the first ship to carry a dynamo powering electric lights instead of oil lamps and the first commercial use of electric light bulbs outside of Thomas Edison's Menlo Park, New Jersey laboratory. Due to this, a detailed article and composite illustration of *Columbia* was featured in the May 1880 issue of *Scientific American* magazine.

*Columbia* was lost on 21 July 1907 after a collision with the lumber schooner *San Pedro* off Shelter Cove, California, with the loss of 88 lives.

## History

### Construction and outfitting

After attending Thomas Edison's New Year's Eve lighting demonstration in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Henry Villard, president of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company became enthusiastic of Edison's work. Villard subsequently ordered an Edison Lighting System to be installed on his company's new passenger steamer, *Columbia*. Although met with hesitation by Edison himself, the project moved forward, making the installation onboard *Columbia* Edison's first commercial order for the light bulb. *Columbia* would also be the first ship to utilize a dynamo. The success of *Columbia*'s experimental dynamo system led to the system being retrofitted on to other vessels.

*Columbia* herself was ordered in July 1879 as Hull No. 193 at the John Roach & Sons Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works in Chester, Pennsylvania originally by the Oregon Steamship Company. That same year, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company had bought and merged the Oregon Steamship Company into its own operations. Construction of *Columbia* began in September 1879. *Columbia* was launched at 11:40 AM on February 24, 1880. Both the Bureau Veritas and American Shipmasters' Association oversaw her construction. Roach himself refused to install the incandescent light bulbs on board *Columbia* in fear of a possible fire breaking out. In May 1880, *Columbia* sailed to New York City, where Edison's personnel installed the new lighting systems. The light bulbs were carried aboard in a shopping basket by Francis R. Upton, a chief assistant of Edison. The first lighting of the ship took place on May 2, 1880.

### Maiden voyage

*Columbia* finished her sea trials and sailed around Cape Horn to San Francisco, California loaded with 13 locomotives, 200 railroad cars and other railroad supplies. *Columbia* made a stop in Rio de Janeiro to replenish her coal supply and was exhibited to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, who had a fascination with electricity. While passing through the Straits of Magellan, the propeller shaft and rudder were checked using light bulbs attached to a tallow covered cable.

After arriving in San Francisco without incident, the original carbon paper filament bulbs were replaced by a shipment of newer bamboo filament bulbs, sent by Edison himself. The chief engineers of *Columbia* sent a letter of satisfaction to Edison complimenting the superior performance of the light system, stating that none of the lights gave out after 415 hours and 45 minutes of constant use. *Columbia* safely arrived in Portland on August 24, 1880. Despite this, insurance companies were reluctant at first to underwrite the brand new vessel.

### Subsequent operations

*Columbia* ran a regular service between Portland and San Francisco. When the paddle steamer *Alaskan* was sunk by a storm in 1889, *Columbia* carried its captain and crew to Astoria.

The success of the Edison lighting systems onboard *Columbia* eventually convinced other shipping companies to install similar systems in their vessels, including the British Cunard Line. The next year, Cunard's SS *Servia* became the first major ocean liner to be lit up by the incandescent light bulb. In service, the *Columbia* was greatly appreciated for its reliability.

The *Columbia*'s record on the Portland and San Francisco route is remarkable, as only once in fifteen years has she been longer than one night at sea on the down trip between two cities.

~E.W. Wright - *Lewis and Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest* - 1895

During a major overhaul in July 1895, the original Edison generators were removed in favor of modern counterparts. The dynamos were donated to the Smithsonian Institution and The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan. Three years later, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad.

On January 30, 1898, the *Columbia* broke the speed record between San Francisco and Portland. Under the leadership of Captain Conway, she left her San Francisco dock at 10:09 A.M. on January 28 and began travelling on a relatively calm ocean at a fast pace. On January 30 at 1:25 A.M., the *Columbia* passed the Columbia River lightship, but was delayed for 12 minutes due to fog. After the fog lifted, the *Columbia* reached Astoria at 3:20 A.M. and arrived in Portland at 10:27 A.M. It had taken barely two days for *Columbia* to travel between Portland and San Francisco. Although the *Columbia* was delayed by one hour due to stopping a few times, she was able to shave one hour off the previous speed record.

Following the sale of its steamship, the *Oregon* in 1899, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company considered placing the *Columbia* and its fellow steamer, the *State of California*, into Alaskan service to Nome. On October 3, 1900, the *Columbia* was steaming slowly towards its dock in San Francisco, while the ferryboat *Berkeley* was preparing to leave her slip. Captain Peter A. Doran of the *Columbia* and Captain "Jim" Blaker of the *Berkeley* mis-interpreted each other's signals, which led to the *Columbia* colliding with the *Berkeley*, destroying one of the ferry's lifeboats and badly damaging the *Columbia's* bow. Both ships were taken out of service to be repaired following this incident. Another screw steamer owned by the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, the *George W. Elder*, temporarily took over the *Columbia's* route. On September 14, 1902, the *Columbia* ran aground near Astoria due to low tide. She was subsequently refloated at high tide and returned to Portland the following night. In 1904, the *Columbia* and the *George W. Elder* transferred to a new Union Pacific subsidiary called the San Francisco and Portland Steamship Company. By this time, the *Columbia* was considered to be an outdated vessel.

In 1905, the new company was plagued by two unfortunate events. The *George W. Elder* struck a rock in the Columbia River and sank. She was later refloated and purchased by the North Pacific Steamship Company after being abandoned by her owners. The same year, the *Columbia* collided with a wood barge in the Columbia River, resulting in the ship being badly damaged. Although spared from a similar fate to the *George W. Elder*, she needed to be repaired in San Francisco. On February 1, 1906, the *Columbia* collided with a log raft on the Columbia River in dense fog. Luckily, the *Columbia* was not damaged in the incident. The fog however worsened enough to cause Captain Peter A. Doran to anchor the ship until the fog lifted.

*Columbia* was undergoing a refit at the Union Iron Works dock, when the 1906 San Francisco earthquake occurred. The quake caused *Columbia* to knock off its supports, roll on her starboard side and hit the dock. The ship's large iron hull was damaged filling it partially full of water. It took two months to make the temporary repairs to the vessel. Unfortunately, the hydraulic drydock being used by the *Columbia* had taken irreparable damage from the liner's iron hull. The drydock had been of great use to the shipyard. *Columbia* was sent to Hunter's Point for permanent repairs. Along the way, the crew abandoned ship after a steam pipe exploded. *Columbia* eventually made it to dry dock and repairs were finally done. During her absence, the *Columbia* was temporarily replaced by the steamer *Costa Rica* (also owned by the San Francisco and Portland Navigation Company) and the steamer *Barracouta*, which was being leased from the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. *Columbia* was returned to service in January 1907. Soon after returning to service on January 17, 1907, the *Columbia* became trapped in an ice pack on the Columbia River for four days near St. Helens, Oregon. The steamship *Aragonia* attempted to break through the pack ice and free the *Columbia* on January 18. The efforts by the *Aragonia* were successful and allowed *Columbia* to steam free of the ice via the path *Aragonia* had cut for her. When *Columbia* returned to San Francisco, the ship appeared visibly unscathed.

## Design and accommodations

*Columbia*, designed by shipwright Edward Faron, was about 300 feet (91 m) long with about 310 feet (94 m) visible above the waterline. She had a beam of 38 feet 6 inches (11.73 m) and a depth of 23 feet (7.0 m). She had two compound condensing steam engines with a 42.5 in (1,080 mm) and 82 in (2,100 mm) by 54 in (1,400 mm) stroke driving a single Hirsch four-bladed propeller with a diameter of 16 feet (4.9 m). The propeller had a mean pitch of 27 feet (8.2 m) and could do 65 revolutions per minute. The blades of the propeller were able to be removed individually or all at once. Powering the engine were six boilers with a diameter of 12 feet (3.7 m) and a length of 12 feet 6 inches (3.81 m) each. Each boiler had a working pressure of 80 pounds per square inch (550 kPa). *Columbia* was a coal-powered steamship, able to carry a maximum of 300 tons of coal within her bunkers. She had an estimated top speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). She also carried a single donkey boiler and an auxiliary steam engine which powered the bilge and could supply water to the boilers should the fires break out of control. A second auxiliary steam engine powered the ship's electricity. *Columbia* had an auxiliary Brigantine rig sail plan with over 15,000 yards (14,000 m) of canvas. The sails would be rigged upon two iron masts.

*Columbia* had four decks, three of which were the Spar deck, Main deck and Hurricane deck. The Spar deck was completely of iron construction and the Main had a mix of wood and iron. All the decks had iron framing. *Columbia* had four watertight compartments. She also utilized electric fire alarms and annunciators with several hydrants in case of fire. Electric head and side lights were used for navigation. These navigational lights were powered by an auxiliary dynamo between decks. The navigational electric system was of Hiram Maxim's design, where the main electrical systems were Edison's. The bridge and engine room were able to communicate by telegraph. The cargo holds of *Columbia* were equipped with double steam-powered elevators.

The passenger comforts and amenities of *Columbia* were highly innovative and advertised as luxurious. She had a large refrigeration room in her stern for holding food items such as fresh meat. The large refrigerator was capable of keeping a constant cold temperature regardless of the outside temperature. *Columbia* also included ventilation and heating systems. The main saloon included a Bohemian glass shade illuminated by an electric light bulb. The remainder of the saloon's light bulbs were encased in frosted glass lamp fixtures. The main dining room boasted French walnut, Hungarian ash, mahogany and maple wooden paneling. Wooden furniture and carpeting further complimented the room's elegance. Telephones were provided in key rooms to allow easier communication between the ship's crew. The bridge was fitted with electrical indicators and monitoring equipment which would have alerted the captain the status of the engine as well as simplifying commands between the captain and engine room. *Columbia* had first-class staterooms for 250 individuals and could accommodate 600 steerage passengers. The first-class staterooms had paneling and furniture commonly seen on first-class Pullman rail cars on passenger trains, including folding berths in place of conventional beds. *Columbia* also boasted fresh-water plumbing still system.

By far the most innovative feature aboard the *Columbia* were her Edison incandescent light bulbs. If a passenger wanted his or her light turned off, a steward had to be summoned, who would unlock a rosewood box outside the cabin and turn the light off. All the lights were placed in the main salons and staterooms only. The passenger accommodations and luxuries aboard *Columbia* were designed to greatly surpass anything seen on previous liners along the Pacific coastline. *Scientific American* later published a large article describing the Edison lighting system aboard *Columbia*. All 120 light bulbs were connected via separate circuits to four 6-kilowatt Edison A Type "long legged Mary-Ann" dynamos, producing power via a belt drive connection to the main engines. The fourth dynamo was used to boost the magnetic fields of the other three and operated at a lower voltage. All four dynamos included two bipolar magnets along with lead wires that produced the multiple circuits. Each dynamo was capable of powering 60 light bulbs. Due to the lack of instrumentation, adjusting the voltage was judged by the brightness of light bulbs in the engine room. The wiring insulation was molten parafin and cotton mix inside a rubber tube casing. The wires were also painted two separate colors to differentiate the negative and positive charges. Overall, the electrical systems aboard the *Columbia* held little difference from its Menlo Park counterparts. Oil lamps were readily available throughout the vessel in case of a power outage.

## Sinking

On 20 July 1907, *Columbia* departed San Francisco, California, with 251 passengers and crew for Portland, Oregon, under the leadership of Captain Peter Doran. When it became evening, *Columbia* became shrouded in fog about 12 miles (19 km) off Shelter Cove, but Captain Doran refused to slow the ship's speed. Even though the whistle of the steam schooner *San Pedro* could be heard nearby, neither Doran nor First Officer Hendricksen of *San Pedro* reduced the speed of either vessel. During this time, the rolling motion of the waves had caused many passengers to retire to their cabins due to seasickness. Fifteen minutes later, *San Pedro* was seen coming straight for *Columbia*. Doran finally ordered his ship to be put in full reverse, but it was too late. At 12:22 a.m. on 21 July 1907, *San Pedro* hit the starboard side of *Columbia*. Doran shouted at the other ship, "What are you doing man?" and continued his ordered reverse thrust, but the impact damaged the bow of the wooden-hulled *San Pedro* and holed *Columbia*, which started to list to starboard and sink by the bow. Passenger William L. Smith of Vancouver, Washington described the impact as being "soft", while music teacher Otilla Liedelt of San Francisco reported the impact as being severe.

Captain Doran ordered the passengers to go to the lifeboats and the lifeboats be lowered. Smith, concerned for the safety of his fellow passengers, began going from cabin to cabin and knocking on each door. Many passengers did not respond due to seasickness, while others hurriedly prepared themselves to abandon ship. Smith reported observing a small family holding hands in their cabin, rather than attempting to save themselves. As the ship was sinking, Liedelt noted that Captain Doran had tied the whistle cord down on the bridge and remained there as the ship sank, waving his hands in a final salute. After the bridge went underwater, the whistle died as well. *Columbia* at this point had developed a very noticeable list to starboard, allowing Lifeboat Number Four to be launched without being lowered. Eight and a half minutes after the collision, the *Columbia* began her final plunge. The stern of the ship rose out of the water and the ship slipped below the waves bow first in a matter of seconds. Once the ship was completely underwater, a large explosion occurred, sending many people dragged under by the *Columbia* back to the surface. While many survivors believed the explosion to have been caused by one of *Columbia's* boilers, Chief Engineer Jackson believed otherwise. He later stated, "I am quite positive that the boilers did not explode. I would have known if one did, as I stood directly above them when the ship pitched head foremost into the sea." Another theory is that a massive release of trapped air from the sinking *Columbia* caused the explosion.

88 passengers and crew, including all the children on board, lost their lives during the sinking of *Columbia*. Due to the speed of the sinking, many lifeboats were unable to be launched. After the sinking, the lifeboats of *Columbia* and *San Pedro* launched a rescue effort assisted by the steamers *Roanoke* and *George W. Elder*, the latter one of *Columbia's* old running mates. Although badly damaged and partially sunk with a noticeable list, the 390,000 ft (118,872 m) of redwood being carried in the *San Pedro's* hull kept the steam schooner afloat. Close to 80 survivors were brought on board the *San Pedro*. Many were forced to hold on to one another so as not to be carried away by the lapping waves which lapped across the *San Pedro's* semi-submerged deck. Along with transporting the survivors of the *Columbia*, the *George W. Elder* also towed the damaged *San Pedro* to shore.

## Aftermath of the disaster

In the wake of the disaster, hull inspector John K. Bulger, who had inspected the hull of *Columbia* eight months earlier with hull inspector O.F. Bolles (coincidentally the first captain of the *Columbia*), testified that the ship was up to modern safety standards as *Columbia* carried four watertight bulkheads where law requires three watertight bulkheads in a ship of her size. Despite this, Bulger also testified should one of *Columbia*'s compartments be punctured by a collision, the water would cascade over the ship's bulkheads, allowing the ship to sink. A similar flooding action would occur nearly five years later, during the sinking of the RMS *Titanic*. Bulger later re-testified, claiming two flooded compartments onboard *Columbia* would lead to disaster rather than one compartment being flooded. Despite Bulger's reports, it is likely the bulkheads installed aboard *Columbia* did little to delay the inrush of water. In addition, an issue of the *San Francisco Examiner* explained:

The *Columbia*, an iron hull vessel, bore the brunt of the impact, and her iron plates – brittle with age – cracked and the gash, seven feet across the forward hatch, allowed the water free ingress.

Of the individuals involved in the *Columbia* sinking, Captain Doran of the *Columbia* and First Officer Hendrickson of the *San Pedro* were found to have the most responsibility for the collision. This led to Hendrickson's license being revoked for five years. In addition, Captain Magnus Hanson of the *San Pedro* was found to have given insufficient orders to his crew. He also did not come to the schooner's bridge when warned of the fog. Hanson's license was revoked for one year. Despite the errors made by both crews, the survivors and press gave praise to most of the crew members aboard *Columbia* and *San Pedro* for their courageous and lifesaving actions exhibited during the disaster.

One crew member who did not receive praise by most survivors was Third Officer Hawse of the *Columbia*. Hawse was reported to have shown aggressive and indifferent behavior towards injured survivors. He reportedly threatened to throw numerous survivors in his lifeboat overboard. Hawse later stated to the press, that he felt most of the men in the disaster refused to help many of the distressed women. He stated, "I would have shot them if I had a .45." Hawse even blamed Captain Hanson of the *San Pedro* for denying many survivors from boarding his vessel, which Hawse claimed led to the loss of many lives. Many survivors denied the truthfulness of Hawse's statement, regarding Hanson. Rumors began to spread about Hawse possibly having a morphine addiction. While at the U.S. Marine Hospital, Doctor S.B. Foster reported Hawse had requested the drug on three separate occasions. Hawse was arrested on July 29, 1907, while taking up residence in Second Officer Agerup's home in San Francisco. Hawse was reported to have shown signs of paranoia while being escorted to the Mission Street police station. He was subsequently admitted to the Central Emergency Hospital's detention ward.

After the sinking, the San Francisco and Portland Steamship Company leased the vessel *City of Panama* to fill the void left by *Columbia*. On August 8, 1907, the *City of Panama* was involved in a collision with the grounded steam schooner *Alliance* near the junction of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers. Due to the hull of *Alliance* being made of wood, the *City of Panama* received only minimal damage. The second officer of the *City of Panama*, Richard Agerup, had been on *Columbia*'s bridge the night she sank. The sinking of *Columbia*, combined with the earlier losses of the *Valencia*, the *Clallam* and the *City of Rio de Janeiro* helped to extinguish public confidence in shipping lines and steamboat inspectors. Despite the severity of *Columbia's* sinking, some lessons were not learned from the tragedy. On August 29, 1929, over 22 years after the *Columbia* sank, the passenger steamer *San Juan* collided with the oil tanker *S.C.T. Dodd* in dense fog at night. *San Juan* sank in 3 minutes, killing 77 people. The sinking of the *San Juan* largely paralleled that of the *Columbia*. Furthermore, the *Columbia* and the *San Juan* were of a similar design, were built in the same shipyard, served similar routes, and were both outdated iron-hulled steamers. The *San Pedro* was repaired following the sinking and continued serving along the California coastline until being sold to foreign owners in 1920. She sank that same year. The Punta Gorda Light was established in response to the sinking. Rusting debris from *Columbia* including a boiler and bulkhead are still visible near the northern section of the Lost Coast Hiking Trail. Between 1899 and 1907, at least eight other ships had met their end in the area, including the St. Paul, whose rusted boilers can still be seen in the surf at Punta Gorda.