Michael Graves

**Michael Graves** (July 9, 1934 – March 12, 2015) was an American architect and principal of Michael Graves and Associates and Michael Graves Design Group. He was also professor of architecture at Princeton University for nearly forty years. Graves, who was one of The New York Five and a member of the Memphis Group, is best known first for his modern and postmodern building designs. Some of his best-known public commissions, such as the Portland Building in Oregon and the Humana Building in Kentucky, became iconic examples of Postmodern architecture. Other notable projects in the United States include a major expansion of the Denver Public Library in Colorado and several buildings for The Walt Disney Company, among others. He also designed buildings internationally. In addition to his postmodern buildings, Graves was a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture, and was recognized as a major influence in all three movements.

Graves's recognition increased through his designs of domestic products for premium Italian housewares maker Alessi and his lower-cost designs for mass-consumer products that were sold in stores such as Target and J. C. Penney in the United States. Graves was the recipient of numerous honors for his architectural and product designs, including a National Medal of Arts (1999), the American Institute of Architects' Gold Medal (2001), and the Driehaus Architecture Prize (2012).

## Personal life and education

Graves was born on July 9, 1934, in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Erma (Lowe) and Thomas B. Graves. He grew up in the city's suburbs and later credited his mother for suggestion that he become and engineer or an architect. Graves graduated from Indianapolis's Broad Ripple High School in 1952 and earned a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1958 from the University of Cincinnati. During college he also became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. Graves earned a master's degree in architecture from Harvard University in 1959.

After graduation from college, Graves spent a year working in George Nelson's office. Nelson, a furniture designer and the creative director for Herman Miller, exposed Graves to the work of fellow designers Charles and Ray Eames and Alexander Girard. In 1960 Graves won the American Academy in Rome's Prix de Rome (Rome Prize) and spent the next two years at the Academy in Italy. Graves describes himself as "transformed" by his experience in Rome: "I discovered new ways of seeing and analyzing both architecture and landscape."

Little is known of Graves' married life. His marriage to Gail Devine in 1955 ended in divorce; his subsequent marriage to Lucy James in 1972 also ended in divorce. Graves was the father of three children, two sons and a daughter.

## Career

Graves began his career in 1962 as a professor of architecture at Princeton University, where he taught for nearly four decades, and established his own architectural firm in 1964 at Princeton, New Jersey. Graves worked as an architect in public practice designing a variety of buildings that included private residences, university buildings, hotel resorts, hospitals, retail and commercial office buildings, museums, civic buildings, and monuments. During a career that spanned nearly fifty years, Graves and his firm designed more than 350 buildings around the world, in addition to an estimated 2,000 household products.

### Professor of Architecture

In 1962, after two years of studies in Rome, Graves returned to the United States and moved to Princeton, New Jersey, where he had accepted a professorship at the Princeton University School of Architecture. Graves taught at Princeton for thirty-nine years while simultaneously practicing architecture. He retired as the Robert Schirmer Professor of Architecture, Emeritus, in 2001. Although Graves was a longtime faculty member at Princeton and trained many of its architecture students, the university did not allow its faculty to practice their profession on its campus. As a result, Graves was never commissioned to design a building for the university.

### Architect

In his early years as an architect, Graves did designs for home renovation projects in Princeton. In 1964 he founded the architectural firm of Michael Graves & Associate in Princeton and remained in public practice there until the end of his life. His firm maintained offices in Princeton, New Jersey, and in New York City, but his residence in Princeton served as his design studio, home office and library, and a place to display the many objects he collected during his world travels. Nicknamed "The Warehouse", it also displayed many of the household items he designed. After Graves's death, Kean University acquired his former home and studio in Princeton, along with two adjacent buildings.

#### Modernist

Graves spent much of the late 1960s and early 1970s designing modern residences. Notable exampoles include the Hanselman House (1967) and the Snyderman House (1972, destroyed by fire in 2002) in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Graves also became one of the New York Five, along with Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey, John Hejduk and Richard Meier. This informal group of Princeton and New York City architects, also known as the Whites due to the predominant color of their architectural work, espoused a pure form of modernism that is characterized by clean lines and minimal ornamentation. The New York Five became the "standard-bearers of a movement to elevate modernist architectural form into a serious theoretical pursuit." *Five Architects* (1973) describes some of their early work.

#### Postmodernist

In the late 1970s, Graves shifted away from modernism to pursue Postmodernism and New Urbanism design for the remainder of his career. He began by sketching designs that had Cubist-inspired elements and strong, saturated colors. Postmodernism allowed Graves to introduce his humanist vision of classicism, as well as his sense of irony and humor. His designs, notable for their "playful style" and "colorful facades," were a "radical departure" from his earlier work. The Plocek Residence (1977), a private home in Warren Township, New Jersey, was among the first of his designs in this new style.

Graves designed some of his most iconic buildings in the early 1980s, including the Portland Building. The fifteen-story Portland Municipal Services Building, his first major public commission, opened in 1982 in downtown Portland, Oregon. The "monolithic cube" with decorated facades and colorful, oversized columns is "considered a seminal Postmodern work" and one of Graves's best-known works of architecture. The celebrated but controversial municipal office also became an icon for the city of Portland and subject to an ongoing preservation debate. Regarded as the first major built example of postmodern architecture, the Portland Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. Although it faced demolition in 2014, the city government decided to proceed with a renovation, estimated to cost $195 million.

As a result of the notoriety he received from the Portland Building design, Graves was awarded other major commissions in the 1980s and 1990s. Notable buildings from this period include the Humana Building (1982) in Kentucky and the Newark Museum expansion (1982) in New Jersey. Some architecture critics, including Paul Goldberger of *The New York Times*, consider the Humana Building, a skyscraper in Louisville, Kentucky, one of Graves's finest building designs. *TIME* magazine also claimed it was a commercial icon for the city of Louisville and one of the best buildings of the 1980s. The San Juan Capistrano Library (1982) in California, another project from this period, shows his interpretation of the Mission Revival style.

Graves and his firm also designed several buildings for the Walt Disney Company in the postmodern style. These include the Team Disney headquarters in Burbank, California; the Dolphin (1987) and Swan (1988) resorts at Walt Disney World in Florida; and Disney's Hotel New York (1989) at Disneyland Paris. Patrick Burke, the project architect for the two resort hotels in Florida, commented that the Walt Disney Company described Graves's designs as "entertainment architecture." In addition to the Swan and Dolphin hotel buildings, Graves's firm designed their original interiors, furnishings, signage, and artwork. Graves's other notable commissions for buildings that were completed in the 1990s include an expansion of the Denver Public Library (1990) and the renovation of the Detroit Institute of Arts (1990).

Postmodern architecture did not have a long-lasting popularity and some of Graves's clients rejected his ideas. For example, his design for an expansion of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City in the mid-1980s was highly contested and never built due to local opposition. Graves's designs for a planned Phoenix Municipal Government Center complex were among the project's finalists, but his concept was not selected as the winning entry.

Graves's prominence as a postmodernist architect may have reached its peak during the 1980s and in the early 1990s, but he continued to practice as an architect until his death in 2015. Later works include the O'Reilly Theater (1996) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the NCAA Hall of Champions in Indianapolis, Indiana; and 425 Fifth Avenue (2000) in New York City, among others. Graves also received recognition for his multi-year renovation of his personal residence in Princeton. International projects included the Sheraton Miramar Hotel (1997) in El Gouna, Egypt, and the Hard Rock Hotel in Singapore. One of the last projects that Michael Graves and Associates was involved in before Graves's death was the Louwman Museum (2010) in The Hague, Netherlands. Gary Lapera, a principal and studio head of Michael Graves and Associates, designed the museum, also known as the Lowman Collection and the National Automobile Museum of the Netherlands, which houses more than 230 cars.

### Product and furniture designer

In addition to his architecture, Graves became a noted designer of consumer products. His distinctive style was well known among the general public in the United States in 1980s and 1990s, when he began designing household products for major clients such as the Target Corporation, Alessi, Steuben, and The Walt Disney Company. Over the years, the Michael Graves Design Group, a part of his design firm, designed and brought to market more than 2,000 products.

In the early 1980s Ettore Sottsass recruited Graves to become a member of Memphis, a postmodern design group based in Milan, Italy. Graves began designing consumer products such as furniture and home accessories. Especially notable is his "Plaza" dressing table. Around the same time, Graves became associated with Alessi, a high-end Italian kitchenware manufacturer. Graves designed a sterling silver tea service for Alessi in 1982, a turning point in his career, and he was no longer known solely as an architect. After the $25,000 tea service began to attract buyers, Alberto Alessi commissioned Graves to design a moderate-priced kettle for his company. In 1985 Graves designed his iconic a stainless-steel teakettle (9093 stovetop kettle).

The kettle featured a red, bird-shaped whistle at the end of the spout. It remained the company's top-selling product for fifteen years. In honor of its thirtieth anniversary in 2015, Graves designed a special edition version with a dragon replacing the kettle's bird-shaped whistle.

In 1997–98, when Graves designed the scaffolding used in the restoration of the Washington Monument in Washington D.C., he met Ron Johnson, a Target executive who appreciated his product designs. (The Target Corporation contributed $6 million toward restoration of the monument.) The result of their acquaintance was the formation of a business relationship between Graves and the U.S. retailer that lasted until 2012. Graves began the collaboration with Target by designing a half-dozen products for the mass-consumer market. His collection of housewares began selling in Target stores in January 1999.

In 1998 Target commissioned Graves to design a model home to showcase the new line of housewares, but Graves went a step further. He designed "Cedar Gables," contemporary house in Minnetonka, Minnesota, complete with custom furniture, lighting, fixtures, and other unique items, making it only one of three homes he designed and furnished. By 2009, however, Graves noted that the house "doesn't have a wow factor. That gets old quickly."
When the partnership with Target ended in 2012, Graves had designed more than 500 objects for the retailer.

Increasingly concerned about Target's dwindling partnerships with outside designers, Graves decided to explore other relationships for marketing his consumer products. After Johnson became CEO of J.C. Penney in 2011, he and Graves reached an agreement for Graves to design products exclusively for Penney's. Graves also created products for other manufacturers. In the 1990s for example, Graves created the Mickey Mouse Gourmet Collection for Moeller Design with the Walt Disney Company's approval. The collection of kitchenware and tabletop items was initially sold through the Walt Disney Company's retail stores and later offered at other retail outlets.

In addition to housewares, Graves was involved in a variety of other design projects that included sets and costumes for New York City's Joffrey Ballet; a shopping bag for Bloomingdale's department store; jewelry for Cleto Munari of Milan, Italy; vinyl flooring for Tajima, a Japanese company; and rugs for Vorwerk, a German firm. In 1994 Graves opened a small retail store named the Graves Design Store in Princeton, New Jersey, where shoppers could purchase his designs and reproductions of his artwork. At that time Graves had designed products for more than fifty manufacturers.

## Later years

Graves retired as a professor of architecture at Princeton University in 2001, but remained active in his architecture and design firm. He also became an advocate for the disabled in the last decade of his life. When Graves became paralyzed from the waist down in 2003, the result of a spinal cord infection, the use of a wheelchair heightened his awareness of the needs of the disabled. After weeks of hospitalization and physical therapy, Graves adapted his home to suit his accessibility needs and resumed his architectural and design work. In addition to other types of buildings and household products, Graves designed wheelchairs, hospital furnishings, hospitals, and disabled veteran's housing. Graves also became a "reluctant health expert", as well as an internationally recognized advocate for accessible design. In 2013 President Barack Obama appointed Graves to an administrative role in the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (also known as the Access Board). The independent agency addresses accessibility concerns for people with disabilities.

In 2014, a year before his death, Graves helped to establish and plan the Michael Graves School of Architecture at Kean University in Union, New Jersey. Kean University's Bachelor of Arts in Architectural Studies program began in 2015; its Master of Architecture program is slated to begin in 2019. As part of gift from Graves's estate, the university acquired "The Warehouse," Graves's former home and studio, and two adjacent buildings in Princeton in 2016. The university plans to use the facility as an educational research center for its School of Public Architecture, although its main campus and its School of Public Architecture are located about forty miles away in Union, New Jersey.

## Death and legacy

Graves died at his home in Princeton, New Jersey, on March 12, 2015 at the age of 80, and is buried at Princeton Cemetery.

Graves favored a "humanistic approach to architecture and urban planning" and was a major influence in late-twentieth-century architecture. Graves was among the most prolific and prominent American architects from the mid-1960s to the end of the twentieth century. Graves and his team designed more than 350 buildings in the Postmodern, New Classical Architecture, and New Urbanism styles for projects around the world. His architectural designs have been recognized as major influences in all three of these movements.

In naming Graves as a recipient of its national design award for lifetime achievement, the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum explained that Graves broadened "the role of the architect in society" and raised "public interest in good design as essential to the quality of everyday life." Graves and his firm designed more than 2,000 consumer products during his lifetime. He was especially noted for his domestic housewares. Many Graves-designed products were sold through mass-market U.S. retailers such as Target and J. C. Penney, but his best-known product is the iconic kettle that he designed in 1985 for Alessi, an Italian housewares manufacturer. As an advocate for the needs of the disabled, Graves used his skills as an architect and designer "to improve healthcare experience for patients, families and clinicians."

## Awards and honors

* In 1979 Graves was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.
* Graves served as a trustee of the American Academy in Rome and was the president of its Society of Fellows from 1980 to 1984.
* In 1994 he was awarded the American Prize for Architecture
* President Bill Clinton awarded Graves the National Medal of Arts in 1999.
* Graves was voted *GQ'*s Man of the Year in 1999.
* Graves was awarded the American Institute of Architects' AIA Gold Medal in 2001. His career was also recognized with an AIA Presidential Citation and the Topaz Medallion from the AIA/ACSA.
* Graves was the first recipient of the Michael Graves Lifetime Achievement Award from the AIA-NJ.
* Graves received honorary degrees from the University of Miami in 2001.
* In 2002 the Indiana Historical Society named Graves as an Indiana Living Legend.
* In 2009 Graves was named a Design Futures Council Senior Fellow, one of the twelve honorees selected that year.
* In 2010 Graves was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.
* The Center for Health Design and *Healthcare Design* magazine recognized Graves as one of the top twenty-five "most influential people in healthcare design" in 2010.
* Graves was named the Driehaus Architecture Prize in 2012.
* Graves was awarded an honorary degree from Emory University in 2013.
* From October 13, 2014, to April 5, 2015, in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of Graves's firm, Michael Graves Architecture and Design, the Grounds for Sculpture in Hamilton, New Jersey, held a retrospective exhibition, "Michael Graves: Past as Prologue."
* On November 22, 2014, the Architectural League of New York held a daylong symposium in his honor at the Parsons School of Design. Several prominent architects such as Steven Holl and Peter Eisenman, as well as Graves served as guests and lecturers.
* In 2015 the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum posthumously awarded Graves a National Design Award for Lifetime Achievement.

## Notable houses

* Hanselmann House, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1968
* Benacerraf House, Princeton, New Jersey, 1969
* Snyderman House, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1972
* Wageman House, Princeton, New Jersey, 1974
* Plocek Residence, Warren, New Jersey, 1977 (Graves' first postmodern design)
* Graves Residence ("The Warehouse"), Princeton, New Jersey, 1986
* Malibu House (private residence), Malibu, California, 1990
* Pura-Williams House, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, 1994
* House At Indian Hill, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1996
* De Luwte House, Loenen aan de Vecht, Netherlands, 1997
* North Hall Residence, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1997
* Cedar Gables House, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1998
* Private residence, Harbourton, New Jersey, 1999
* Private residence, Lake Geneva, Switzerland, 2000
* Housing For Martin House, Trenton, New Jersey, 2003
* Private residence, Sentosa, Singapore, 2006

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 "Michael Graves dies at 80; pioneering figure in postmodern architecture", *Los Angeles Times*, March 12, 2015. Retrieved on 2015-03-13.
2. ↑ Mike Porter (17 May 2010). Thomas B. Graves. Find A Grave. Retrieved on 5 February 2018. See also: Mike Porter (17 May 2015). Erma Lowes Graves. Find A Grave. Retrieved on 5 February 2018.
3. ↑ Iovine, p. 94.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Michael Graves. Biography.com. Retrieved on 23 August 2017.
5. ↑ Michael Graves. *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved on 12 March 2015.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Michael Graves (2 September 2012). "Drawing with a Purpose". *The New York Times*. https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2012/09/02/opinion/sunday/20120902-Graves-Drawing.html. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
7. ↑ Israel, p. 69; Michael Graves Biography. IMDb. Retrieved on 5 January 2018.
8. ↑ Israel, p. 126.
9. ↑ Built in the 1920s by Italian masons who came to work on buildings at Princeton University, the warehouse originally stored furniture. Graves bought the dilapidated building in 1970 for $30,000. He remodeled and expanded the L-shaped structure into a Tuscan-style villa. Graves later added a terracotta-colored surface to its exterior later. See Iovine, p. 18, and Patricia Leigh Brown (3 November 1996). "Architect Michael Graves get busloads of visitors". *Indianapolis Star* (Indianapolis, Indiana).
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dan Howarth (6 July 2016). Michael Graves' Princeton Home to Become Architecture Education Centre. Dezeen. Retrieved on 12 June 2017. Also: Michael Graves College: School of Public Architecture. Kean University. Retrieved on 12 June 2017.
11. ↑ Cindy Larson (14 May 2011). "Live Inside a Work of Art". *News-Sentinel* (Fort Wayne, Indiana). Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140313011516/http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110514%2FNEWS%2F105140336. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
12. ↑ Dan Howarth (21 May 2017). "Five Mid-Century Gems in Unlikely Architecture Haven Fort Wayne". *Dezeen*. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/05/21/mid-century-modern-gems-unlikely-architecture-haven-fort-wayne-indiana/. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
13. ↑ Israel, p. 21.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Allan G. Brake (12 September 2015). "Postmodern architecture: the Portland Municipal Services Building, Oregon, by Michael Graves". *Dezeen*. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/12/postmodernism-architecture-portland-municipal-services-building-michael-graves/. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
15. ↑ Marcus Fairs (12 March 2015). "Michael Graves dies aged 80". *Dezeen*. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/03/12/michael-graves-dies-aged-80/. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
16. ↑ "Portland Building gets a place on national history list", 17 November 2011. Retrieved on 6 July 2013.
17. ↑ Israel, p. 128; Iovine, p. 11.
18. ↑ Aaron Betsky (9 January 2013). "Beyond Buildings: Michael Graves's San Juan Capistrano Library, 30 Years Later". *Architect* (American Institute of Architects). http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/michael-gravess-san-juan-capistrano-library-30-years-later\_o. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
19. ↑ Dan Howarth (28 April 2017). "Postmodern Architecture: Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels by Michael Graves". *Dezeen*. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/04/28/michael-graves-walt-disney-world-dolphin-swan-hotels-architecture-orlando-florida-postmodernism/. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
20. ↑ Iovine, pp. 12–13.
21. ↑ Phoenix Municipal Government Center Design Competition Collection–Design and the Arts Library. Arizona State University Library. Retrieved on 14 November 2017.
22. ↑ Dwell Takes a Look Inside Michael Graves' Princeton Home. *Curbed National*. Retrieved on 16 March 2015.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Michael Graves: Legendary Advocate of Postmodernism and Household Designer. *Coffee Break*. Arch20.com. Retrieved on 5 February 2018.
24. ↑ Catherine Warmann (17 November 2010). "The Louwman Museum by Michael Graves and Associates". *Dezeen*. https://www.dezeen.com/2010/11/17/the-louwman-museum-by-michael-graves-associates/. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Iovine, p. 94–95.
26. ↑ Iovine, pp. 14–16.
27. ↑ Dan Howarth (25 August 2015). "Alessi celebrates Michael Graves' 9093 kettle anniversary with dragon-shaped whistle". *Dezeen*. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/25/alessi-michael-graves-9093-kettle-30th-anniversary-dragon-shaped-whistle/. Retrieved 23 August 2017.  Also: Alessi. Retrieved on 28 May 2015.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Designer Michael Graves on Moving to J.C. Penney. Retrieved on 28 May 2015.
29. ↑ Iovine, p. 21. Also: Michael Pogrebin (15 March 2015). "A Pioneer of Postmodern Design, Big and Small". *Toronto Star*. http://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20150315/282200829399433. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
30. ↑ Lynn Underwood (2 September 2009). "Gables by GRAVES". *Star Tribune*. http://www.startribune.com/gables-by-graves/59124482/. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
31. ↑ Iovine, p. 21.
32. ↑ Abe Amidor (15 September 1994). "Mouse in the House". *Indianapolis Star* (Indianapolis, Indiana): C1–2.
33. ↑ Iovine, pp. 16, 20.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Dwell Takes a Look Inside Michael Graves' Princeton Home. *Curbed National*. Retrieved on 16 March 2015. See also: *Healthcare Design* December 2010; 10 (12):26–29.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Julie V. Iovine. "An Architect's World Turned Upside Down", *New York Times*, 12 June 2003. Retrieved on 13 March 2015.
36. ↑ Amy Frearson (5 February 2013). Barack Obama appoints Michael Graves to advise on accessible design. Dezeen. Retrieved on 9 June 2017.
37. ↑ Louis du Mort (12 March 2015). Michael Graves. Find A Grave. Retrieved on 5 January 2018.
38. ↑ Robin Pogrebin. "Michael Graves, Postmodernist Architect Who Designed Towers and Teakettles, Dies at 80", *The New York Times*, 12 March 2015. Retrieved on 14 March 2015.
39. ↑ Israel, p. 11.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Snow, Shauna. "Morning Report", *Los Angeles Times*, 22 September 1999, p. 2.
41. ↑ Society of Fellows: Michael Graves, FAR 1962, RAAR 1978. American Academy in Rome. Retrieved on 7 August 2017.
42. ↑ Iovine, p. 7.
43. ↑ UM History and Commencement Honorary Degree Recipients. University of Miami. Retrieved on 24 August 2017.
44. ↑ "Living Legends". *The Bridge* (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society) **8** (3): 4. May 2002.
45. ↑ Senior Fellows. *di.net*. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved on 16 March 2015.
46. ↑ "City News: Greater New York Watch", *Wall Street Journal, Eastern Edition*, 3 May 2010, p. A27.
47. ↑ Honorary Degrees: Recent Recipients. *emory.edu*. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 16 March 2015.
48. ↑ Rita Dove to Deliver Emory Commencement Speech and Receive Two Honorary Degrees from Emerson College and Emory University. *virginia.edu*. Retrieved on 16 March 2015.
49. ↑ Exhibitions. *Grounds For Sculpture*. Retrieved on 16 March 2015.
50. ↑ Fred A. Bernstein. The Mouse That Roared. *construction.com*. Retrieved on 16 March 2015.

## Further reading

* Tishler, Linda (August 2004). "A Design for Living". *Fast Company*. http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/85/graves.html. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

## External links

* The Michael Graves Contract Fabric Collection, CF Stinson, Inc.
* Template:ArchINFORM
* Template:YouTube, Notre Dame School of Architecture
* "AD Interviews: Michael Graves", ArchDaily
* Washington Monument scaffolding