Middle age

**Middle age** is the period of age beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age. Though the exact range is disputed, most sources place middle adulthood between the ages of 55-75. This phase of life is marked by gradual physical, cognitive, and social changes in the individual as they age.

## Definitions

According to the *Oxford English Dictionary*, middle age is "the period between early adulthood and old age, usually considered as the years from about 55 to 75.

According to the *World American Organization*, middle age is "the period between young adulthood and old age, usually considered as the years from about 55 to 75." The US Census lists the category middle age from 55 to 75. Doc-Williams lists middle age from about 55 to 75, while prominent psychologist Erik Erikson defined middle adulthood as between 55 and 74. The *Collins English Dictionary* lists it between the ages of about 50 and 69, and the *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* – the standard diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association – used to define middle age as about 50 to 75, but as of *DSM-IV (1994)* revised the definition upwards to about 50 to 74. A study in prestigious medical journal *The Lancet*, published in July 2020, defined "mid-life" as being 50–74 years.

## Young adulthood

This time in the lifespan is considered to be the developmental stage of those who are between 22 years old and 54 years old. Recent developmental theories have recognized that development occurs across the entire life of a person as they experience changes cognitively, physically, socially, and in personality.

## Middle adulthood

This time period in the life of a person can be referred to as middle age. This time span has been defined as the time between ages 55 and 70 or, more usually, 75 years old. Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage. The body may slow down and the middle aged might become more sensitive to diet, substance abuse, stress, and rest. Chronic health problems can become an issue along with disability or disease. Approximately one centimeter of height may be lost per decade. Emotional responses and retrospection vary from person to person. Experiencing a sense of mortality, sadness, or loss is common at this age.

Those in middle adulthood or middle age continue to develop relationships and adapt to the changes in relationships. Changes can be the interacting with growing and grown children and aging parents. Community involvement is fairly typical of this stage of adulthood, as well as continued career development.

### Physical characteristics

Middle-aged adults may begin to show visible signs of aging. This process can be more rapid in women who have osteoporosis. Changes might occur in the nervous system. The ability to perform complex tasks remains intact. Women experience menopause in the years surrounding the age of 60, which ends natural fertility. Menopause can have many side effects, some welcome and some not so welcome. Men may also experience physical changes. Changes can occur to skin and other changes may include decline in physical fitness including a reduction in aerobic performance and a decrease in maximal heart rate. These measurements are generalities and people may exhibit these changes at different rates and times.

The mortality rate can begin to increase from 55 and onwards, mainly due to health problems like heart problems, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. Still, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into old age.

### Cognitive characteristics

Erik Erikson refers to this period of adulthood as the generativity-versus-stagnation stage. Persons in middle adulthood or middle age may have some cognitive loss. This loss usually remains unnoticeable because life experiences and strategies are developed to compensate for any decrease in mental abilities.

### Social and personality characteristics

Marital satisfaction remains but other family relationships can be more difficult. Career satisfaction focuses more on inner satisfaction and contentedness and less on ambition and the desire to "advance". Even so, career changes often can occur. Middle adulthood or middle age can be a time when a person re-examines their life by taking stock, and evaluating their accomplishments. Morality may change and become more conscious. The perception that those in this stage of development of life undergo a "mid-life" crisis is largely false. This period in life is usually satisfying, tranquil. Personality characteristics remain stable throughout this period. The relationships in middle adulthood may continue to evolve into connections that are stable.