开关控制.负载时间表控制.技术

**以下译文来自122-04-黄春**

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Energy codes—based on standards ASHRAE 90.1 or the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), or a unique code such as California’s Title 24—require buildings to have controls that automatically shut off lighting when it’s not being used.

Designers have a choice of load scheduling, occupancy sensing or signals from other building systems, and in many buildings, a combination of approaches work together well, with load scheduling controls providing the backbone of the lighting control system.

This course, in two parts, describes the benefits, theory of operation and construction of load scheduling (also called time-based or time-sweep) control systems. Load Scheduling Control, Part 1: Technology provides knowledge about load scheduling control system technology, focusing on low-voltage relay systems. At the end of the course, participants will understand the purpose of load scheduling, match the approach to suitable applications, and recognize the typical components of a system, including user overrides.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, participants will be able to:

• define the purpose of load scheduling and how it saves energy.

• match a time-based control approach to suitable applications.

• recognize the typical components of a load scheduling control system, including a means for users to be warned of changes to the lighting system and subsequently override the automatic shutoff program.

• evaluate and select load scheduling control systems based on factors such as intelligence, networking, centralized versus local control, and centralized versus distributed intelligence.

HOW DOES LOAD SCHEDULING SAVE ENERGY?
负载调度如何做到节约能源？

Strategy
Automatic shutoff (also called time sweep) Load shedding (may be called demand response)
How it works
Automatically turn off lighting at the end of normal operating hours when the space is predictably unoccupied.
Automatically shut down some of the lighting during certain times of the day such as peak demand periods (if the lighting is circuited for bi- or multi-level switching).
Energy savings (according to California Energy Commission) 5-10% 5-15%

策略 Automatic shutoff (also called time sweep)
自动关闭（或定时扫描） Load shedding (may be called demand response)
减负 （也可称需求响应）

工作方式
自动将办公时间已结束并且即将空置的房间的灯关闭。
在用电高峰等特殊时段自动关闭部分照明（如果照明系统为双级或多级回路）

```
     节约能源        (根据加州能源委员会)	5-10% 	5-15%

```

WHEN IS LOAD SCHEDULING IDEAL?
负载调度的理想时间？
With load scheduling, switching of lighting loads occurs at preset times.
照明负载根据负载调度切换的预设时间

Because switching is based on time, load scheduling is highly suitable for spaces that are …
… regularly occupied and where people work a predictable schedule. … intermittently occupied but where we want to keep the lights on.
Examples Open offices, retail sales floors, other large open spaces Corridors, lobbies, parking lots, sidewalks

由于负载调度是依据时间进行切换，所以它非常适合以下场所：
占用时间固定并且人们遵循既定时间表的地方 间歇性使用但必须保持照明的场所
举例 开放式办公室，零售销售楼层，其他大型开放空间窗体底端
走廊，大厅，停车场，人行道

HOW TO ACHIEVE LOAD SCHEDULING
如何实现负载调度？
Panel-based system Digital ballast-based system Digital control-based system
Utilizes a central lighting control panel as the control platform, with control zones created via hardwiring jumpers within the panel or by programming via a panel display or computer. Intelligent panels include integral time-clock and processor. This is the traditional lighting automation method and is the focus of the remainder of this Learning Module.
Utilizes an intelligent digital dimming ballast as the system’s platform, connected to each other and controls via a single low-voltage control bus. Control zones are created using software, can be as small as a single ballast, and can be reconfigured without wiring. To learn more, see LM03 in Section 1 of EE103: Fluorescent Dimming.
Distributed control scheme that utilizes a combination of intelligent controls, switches and relays as the system’s platform. Control zones are created using software and can be as small as a single room; facility operator can communicate with the control system via the Internet to schedule operation and commands such as changing occupancy sensor characteristics.

Panel-based system
基于控制面板的系统 Digital ballast-based system
基于数字镇流器的系统 Digital control-based system
基于数字控制的系统
利用中央照明控制面板作为控制平台，控制区通过跳线硬连线连接的控制面板或通过计算机编程建立。智能面板包括积分时间，时钟和处理器。这是传统的照明自动化方法，并且是本学习模块的剩余部分的学习焦点
采用智能数字调光镇流器作为系统平台，通过一个单一的低电压控制总线进行相互连接和控制。使用软件创建的控制区可以小到一个单一的镇流器，并且可以无需布线进行重新配置。更多信息参阅LM03在EE103第1部分：荧光灯调光。
利用智能控制、开关和继电器作为系统平台的组合分布式控制方案。控制区使用软件控制，并且可以小到一个单独的房间;操作人员可以通过互联网进行控制系统日程的操作和命令，如改变占用传感器的特性等。

LOW VOLTAGE CONTROL
低电压控制
Low-voltage control systems process low-voltage control signals as commands to switch lighting loads using relays, contactors or remotely operated circuit breakers as the switching mechanism. Low-voltage wiring enables automation because an occupant can override the automatic shutoff for his or her area, critical in areas with highly variable occupancy.
低压控制系统是以利用继电器、接触器、或者远程操作断路器来处理作为指令的低压控制信号，以达到开关照明负载的这样一种开关机制。低电压布线方式可使开关灯变得自动化，因为可以覆盖用户所在的一些重要区域。

THE RELAY
继电器
A typical low-voltage control system uses relays.
一个典型的低压控制系统将用到继电器这一器件。
A low-voltage relay is a power switching device with a low-voltage input for receiving switching commands and a line-voltage output for doing the actual switching of the lighting load.
低电压继电器是具有低电压输入，用于接收切换命令和一个线电压输出做照明负载的实际切换的功率开关装置。
THE LIGHTING CONTROL PANEL
照明控制面板
Traditionally, relays are located centrally, typically in the electrical room, near the lighting distribution panel, in a cabinet housing called a lighting control panel.
传统上，继电器一般位于照明控制面板的中央位置，通常在电气室、照明配电盘附近。
The panel has a low-voltage compartment where low-voltage wiring from input devices is terminated and a line-voltage compartment where the relays and branch circuits reside.
面板上有一个低压室，来自输入装置的低电压布线在此终止；还有一个线电压室，继电器和分支电路在这里驻留。
Panels are well suited to large, more complex lighting loads; they can be sized for 2-100+ circuits. Local controls such as manual switches, photosensors and other devices are wired to the panel’s relays with low-voltage wiring, creating communication pathways for control signals. Shown here is an input-based control panel, used when there is an existing time-clock.
面板非常适合大型的、更复杂的照明负载;它们可以适用于2-100以上的电路。本地控制，如手动开关、光电传感器和其他设备用低压连接线连接到面板的继电器，创造通信路径的控制信号。这里展示的是有时钟时使用的输入型控制面板。
INTELLIGENCE
智能
Intelligent control panels can feature integrating processing and time-clock that enable:circuits to be grouped and assigned to control zones; programmable scheduling; automated control of control zones by external devices such as master switches;custom logic capabilities; and the ability to communicate directly with other panels, computers and building automation system (BAS) controllers using common industry communication protocols.
智能控制面板可配备集成处理器和时钟，使其具有电路进行分组并分配到控制区的能力、可编程调度能力、定制逻辑能力、控制区由外部设备如交换机主自动化控制的能力，以及使用行业通用的通信协议与其它面板、计算机及楼宇自动化系统（BAS）控制器直接通信的能力。
LIGHTING AUTOMATION PLATFORM
照明自动化平台
This scheduling capability, programmable at the panel or via a PC, makes the intelligent control panel the central platform for lighting automation and the backbone of a robust, energy code-compliant lighting control system.
此项调度能力可通过面板或PC编程，使智能控制面板成为照明自动化的中央平台和一个强大的、能源代码兼容的照明控制系统的骨干。

NETWORKING
网络工作
Low-voltage relay control panels can be installed as stand-alone devices, although some panels can be daisy-chained or otherwise connected to build a network of panels and connected controls, depending on the manufacturer.
低压继电器的控制终端可作为独立的设备安装，但也有一些控制终端可以安装成菊链式的以和其它终端和控制器连接到网络中，当然，这取决于制造商的选择。
If networking is allowed and desired, an intelligent control panel can be designated as the “master” panel, providing central scheduling for all panels on the network in a hierarchical master-extension configuration. From a single workstation with an Ethernet or Internet connection to the master control panel, the facility operator can conduct remote programming, monitoring, override and reporting.
如果网络被准许的、被需要的话，一个智能的控制终端可以被设定为“主”控制终端上，为网络中的分层管理扩展配置上的所有终端服务提供中央调度。将一个独立的工作站通过以太网和互联网连接至主控制终端，设施操作人员就可以进行实现远程编程，监控，覆盖和报告反馈。

CENTRAL VS. LOCAL CONTROL
中央控制器VS局部控制器
Traditionally, lighting control panels are located in the electrical room, with wiring pulled back between local override control devices and this point of control. Such a centralized control scheme is economical when you want to control large loads, such as switching the lights on entire floors of a building based on a schedule. It is also advantageous in that all equipment is located conveniently for maintenance purposes.
传统意义上来说，灯光控制面板位于电气室，采用布线拉回的方式，并且位于局部超驰控制设备和该控制点之间。当你想要控制大负荷，比如基于时间表要开关整个建筑物的楼层的灯时，这样一个集中控制方式是经济的。这样也方便对所有设备维护。

You may encounter applications where it is desirable to have more relays and distribute them locally, however. In a localized (distributed) control system, relays are grouped in mini-panels (typically two to four 20A circuits) placed close to the loads they control—such as in an accessible ceiling or nearby closet—and then networked together (and to other controls, such as occupancy sensor relay packs) using low-voltage wiring for global commands from a master panel or facility operator. Primary advantages include lower wiring costs (shortened distance between local controls and relays) and greater flexibility.
当然，你可能会遇到一些希望能有更多的继电器并且局部分配继电器的应用。在本地（分布式）的控制系统，继电器被分组放置在靠近他们控制的负载微型板附近（通常两到四个20A电路）- 例如放置在可以轻易到达的天花板或附近壁橱上，然后（和其他控制器，如占用传感器继电器组群）联网在一起。采用低压线路控制，从主终端或设施运营发出全局指令，这种方式的主要优点包括降低布线成本和具有更大的灵活性（缩短本地控制器和继电器之间的距离）。

CENTRAL VS. DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE
中央控制器VS.分布式智能控制器

In a centralized control system, a central processor periodically polls connected devices for input information that it is programmed to respond to, and then responds by issuing switching commands to the appropriate relays. A disadvantage of this scheme is if the processor fails, the entire system fails.
If a localized control scheme is being deployed, it is possible to eliminate the central processor by making each control device intelligent, resulting in a very robust system. If one processor fails, the system continues on, which increases reliability. This reliability, however, typically comes at an added cost in terms of hardware, configuration and maintenance.

在一个集中控制系统中，一个中央处理器定期轮询连接设备以响应已编程完成的输入信息，然后通过发出切换命令到适当的继电器来响应。如果处理器出现故障，则整个系统也将失效，这是这种方案的缺点。

如果局部控制方案被部署，可以通过使每个控制设备智能化，以此来建立一个非常强大的系统，从而取消中央处理器。这样当一个处理器发生故障时，系统将继续运行，从而增加了系统的可靠性。然而，这种可靠性，通常会给硬件、配置和维护方面增加成本。

INTRODUCTION
This Learning Module, in two parts, describes the benefits, theory of operation and construction of load scheduling control systems.
简介
此学习模块，分为两部分，一部分描述了负荷调度控制系统的优势、操作原理；另一部分描述了负荷调度控制系统的结构组成。
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of Part 2 of this Learning Module, you will understand:
• Occupant overrides
• Building automation functionality
• Integration with a building automation system (BAS)

学习目标
在这一学习模块的第2部分的结束时，你就会理解：
•超驰控制系统
•楼宇自动化的功能
•集成楼宇自动化系统（BAS）

OCCUPANT OVERRIDE
Load scheduling controls shut off the lights based on what time it is, not whether the space is actually unoccupied. Therefore, so that people working after hours do not suddenly find themselves in the dark, local occupants should 1) be given the capability of overriding the scheduled shutoff and keep the lights on in their local area, and 2) be warned that the lights are about to shut off, if possible.
超驰照明控制系统：
负载调度控制器是基于时间控制来关闭灯具的，而不是基于空间是否未被占用的。因此，对于那些下班后仍在工作的人很有可能遇到突然灯灭的情况，此时用户应该：1：给予覆盖定时关机的功能，并且保持灯在局部区域亮的状态。2：如果可能的话，灯在关闭之前，应该发出警告。

OCCUPANT OVERRIDE
Energy codes require space controls that are capable of overriding the automatic shutoff controls.
So that the lights eventually automatically shut off, energy codes typically limit the override to a maximum of two or four hours, then the lights must shut off (unless another override event occurs).
So that the override does not turn on the lights on an entire floor for just a single worker, most energy codes limit the size of space control zone to a maximum of 2,500-10,000 sq.ft., depending on the code and size of the enclosed space.
超驰照明控制系统：
能源法规要求用能够覆盖自动关灯的空间控制来控制。
所以灯最终将自动关闭。能源法规通常限制被覆盖区域时间两个小时，最多四个小时，然后灯必须关闭（除非另一个控事件发生）。
从而使一整层楼覆盖不开灯的只有一个工人，能源法规最大地限制空间控制区域的大小到2,500-10,000平方尺，当然，这取决于法规和封闭的空间的大小。

OCCUPANT OVERRIDE
How do schedules and local overrides interact? Most schedule-based lighting control systems operate in either one of two modes:
Sweeps: This is where a preprogrammed schedule occurs at a set interval during non-occupied hours (e.g., every two hours during closing time). An occupant override simply toggles the relay or breaker to the ON state. The relay/breaker will remain ON until the next programmed sweep. These types of control systems may present an inconvenience to the occupant if the override is initiated just prior to the OFF sweep.
Logic: By using Boolean logic, scheduled events are programmed into the system. Overrides are set up with preset countdown timers. If either the schedule or overrides is in a True state, the lights will be ON. Special logic commands exist for custom configurations that require complex control algorithms.
超驰照明控制系统：
时刻表和本地超驰控制系统是如何互动的？大多数基于时刻的照明控制系统工作在任一两种模式：
扫描：扫描发生于非工作状态下，扫描预先编好的程序（例如，在非工作时间的每两个小时）。超驰控制系统可以简单地切换继电器或断路器到ON状态。继电器/断路器将保持开启，直到横扫下一个编程。如果在关闭状态扫描前，超驰系统被启动，那么这种类型的控制系统会给操作人员带来不便。
逻辑：通过使用布尔逻辑，预设的内容被编入系统,超驰系统设置了倒数计时器。如果时间表或超驰系统不是在一个真正的状态时，指示灯会亮。特殊的逻辑命令需要复杂的控制算法进行自定义配置。
Although not required by energy codes, it is generally desirable to warn occupants that the lights are about to shut off. For example, as long as the lights are not HID, the panel can “blink” the lights off and on to warn occupants. Depending on the manufacturer, the number of blinks and the time period before shutoff in the warning add-on feature may be specifiable.
If resulting effect on lamp life is a concern, alternate lamps (if bi-level switching is employed) or some percentage of fixtures can be set to blink. Alternately, an audible signal can be used to signal the upcoming shutoff event to occupants. If HID lamps are used, there may be fluorescent task lights or other fluorescent lighting in the space that can be set to blink.
虽然不被能源法规强制性要求，但是通常它会警告用户灯即将关闭。例如，只要该灯不是高压气体放电灯，控制面板可以是灯“闪烁”，来警告灯即将灭了或者亮。当然，“闪烁”的次数和“闪烁”的时间段是可以设定的，这取决于制造商。
如果由此产生的对灯的寿命的影响是一个问题，备用灯（如果采用双电平开关）或百分之几的灯具可以设置为“闪烁”模式。或者，可听信号可以用于通知即将到来关闭的用户。如果高压气体放电灯被使用，那么有可能是荧光工作灯或者在空间中的荧光灯具就可以被设置为“闪烁”模式。
OPTIONS FOR CODE-COMPLIANT LOCAL OVERRIDE
Type of Override Low-voltage switch

Digital low-voltage switch

Type of Operation Switching (most often, this is simply a momentary contact closure) and, if desired, dimming if light sources are dimmable (may require dimming ballast) Buttons initiate a digital command that is transmitted over a communication network back to the panel for switching and, if the light sources are dimmable, dimming (may require dimming ballast)
Timed Override Programmed into panel Programmed into switch that has this capability
Capabilities ON/OFF ON/OFF, timed override, dimming, networking into common wiring network
符合法规的局部超驰系统的组成
超驰系统的类型 低压开关
数字式低电压开关

操作方式 开关（通常就是一个简单地瞬间触点闭合），如果需要的话，可使光源具有可调光功能（可能需要调光镇流器） 按钮启动会发送给通信网络一个数字指令，而后反馈到面板用于切换，而且如果光源具有调光功能，还可以进行调光。（可能需要调光镇流器）
定时超驰系统 可将程序烧入终端 将程序烧入到有足够容量的交换机
功能 开 / 关 开 / 关，定时超驰，调光，联网到公共布线网络
OTHER OVERRIDE OPTIONS
Remote switching can be provided to the facility operator using master switches controlling groups of relays.
While an individual space control can provide an override of a single enclosed space, master overrides provide override capability for multiple spaces, even entire buildings.
Such overrides are essential when interfacing with security and fire alarm systems or utility load-shedding systems.
超驰系统的其余部分：
遥控开关可使设备的操作者用主开关控制整一个继电器群。
虽然单个空间控制器可以覆盖单一的封闭空间，但主控制器具有覆盖多个空间的能力，甚至具有覆盖整个建筑物的能力。
对于安全和火灾报警系统或公用事业减载系统，这样的超驰装置是必不可少的。
OTHER OVERRIDE OPTIONS
If the panel has an internal modem with a telephone input, it can accept programming from facility operators (global instruction) or control signals from users (local override) using telephones, cell phones, beepers or personal digital assistants (PDAs). For example, if the control system is about to shut off the lights in an area due to a schedule, and causes the lights to blink as a warning, occupants still working can keep the lights on by simply picking up their phone and punching in several numbers.
Additionally, some panels feature network communications enabling acceptance of programming and inputs from authorized PCs either on the building’s local area network (LAN) or located remotely and communicating via the Internet. In this case, the building LAN is used to control lighting instead of low-voltage wiring. For example, to override the schedule and keep the lights on, occupants can simply point and click on their browser.
如果控制面板有一个内部的调制解调器，则可以使用电话，手机，寻呼机或个人数字助理（PDA）接受来自设备操作人员的编程（全局指令）或来自用户的控制信号（局域超驰）。
例如，如果控制系统根据预定时间即将将一个区域中的灯关闭，它会使灯闪烁以示警告，然而用户仍然需要继续工作保持灯亮状态，用户可以简单地通过拿起他们的手机设定灯的状态。
此外，一些具有网络通信功能的终端设备可以接受连接到大厦内的局域网或者互联网的个人电脑的编程和输入。在这种情况下，该大厦的局域网可以代替低电压布线方式用于控制大厦内的照明。举个例子，用户可以轻松的在终端设备的软件上点击，使其覆盖原有的时间设定，使灯一直保持亮的状态。

ENERGY INFORMATION
If the lighting control network is connected to a facility operator computer, the operator can collect operating data and status information for measurement of energy consumption, load profiling and building management functions if these add-on features are available from the manufacturer.
For example, at the end of the month, the operator can simply ask the system for a report on the total lighting energy use for the last period. In addition, an intelligent control system can provide alarm functions, such as automatic notification of tripped breakers, alarm on faulted components, and alarm when branch circuit runtime exceeds the preset value.
关于能源管理
如果照明控制网络连接到设施操作人员的计算机，操作员可以收集运行数据和状态信息，用于测量能源消耗，负载分析和建筑物管理的功能，当然，这取决于制造商是否授权使用。
例如，在每月结束时，操作者可以简单地通过系统得到一份关于总的电能消耗的报告。此外，智能控制系统能够提供报警功能，如自动跳闸通知断路器，对故障组件警报，还有当分支电路运行时间超过预设值报警。
BUILDING AUTOMATION
Some lighting control systems can handle HVAC, service water heater and motor loads, which may provide additional control opportunities if a lighting control panel will have unused inputs/outputs.
In this case, the panel can be extended to provide many of the functions required in ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6.4, such as automatic shutoff of HVAC systems (6.4.3.2.1) and dampers (6.4.3.3.3).
Alternately, the panel can be configured to accept control signals from other building controls such as access control (security) systems for code-compliant automatic shutoff.
楼宇自动化
一些照明控制系统可处理暖通，服务热水器和电机负载，如果照明控制终端未被使用（输入/输出），还可以提供额外的控制。
在这种情况下，终端可以被扩展以提供许多在ASHRAE90.16.4节所需要的功能，如HVAC系统的自动关闭（6.4.3.2.1）和阻尼器（6.4.3.3.3）。
另外，终端设备可以被改造成可以接受来自其他建筑物的控制信号，如来自于其他建筑物的合法的控制系统（安保）发出的自动关闭的信号。
BUILDING AUTOMATION
Alternately, a BAS or energy management system (EMS) can be used to provide the automatic shutoff control signal. These systems typically have their own integral time-scheduling functionality, which can be shared with the lighting control system so that both HVAC and lighting are controlled via a single schedule.
Other BAS functions, such as security systems, can also interface with the lighting control system and shut off lights—e.g., when the security system is armed. Some BAS can provide information such as maintenance scheduling, monitoring, logging and inventory control. They can also be integrated with an energy information system, which provides a continuous flow of information.

或者，BAS或能源管理系统（EMS）可以用来提供自动关断控制信号。这些系统通常具有其自己的积分时间调度功能，它可以与照明控制系统共享，这样暖通和照明都可以由单个时间表控制。
其他BAS功能，如安全系统，也可以与照明控制系统接口，来关闭灯，比如，当安全系统布防。有些BAS可以提供信息，例如维修调度，监控，记录和库存控制。它们也可以用电力系统一体化，用以提供连续的信息流。
For the lighting control system to be able to communicate with the BAS, a common language is needed. The most popular are BACnet, LonWorks and Modbus. Devices designed according to these protocols can interact seamlessly with similarly designed devices.
For example, employing a BACnet lighting control system makes it easier to utilize signals from other BACnet systems to shut off lighting—e.g., an override signal from a BACnet card access system. Alternately, a gateway can be used, a device that acts as an interpreter between control systems.
为使照明控制系统能够与BAS通信，这就需要一种可以通信的共同语言。当下最流行的是的BACnet，LonWorks技术和Modbus。根据这些协议设计的装置可以与具有类似设计的装置无缝地交互。
例如，采用BACnet的照明控制系统,可以更容易地利用其他BACnet系统信号来关闭灯具。例如，从BACnet门禁系统发来的超驰信号。或者，网关可以使用，充当控制系统之间的解释器的装置。