9699/12/M/J/15

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## **Section A**

Answer question 1.

**1** A survey carried out in Sri Lanka shows that the divorce rate is higher amongst migrant families than
non-migrant families. This and other studies show that cases of family break up due to migration are
reported to be increasing in many countries. Sociologists have found a trend towards *polygamy* as a
result of the separation of married couples through migration.

Another Sri Lankan survey indicates that the effects of migration also include: wasteful consumption,
increased alcoholism and gambling, loss of traditional values among migrant women, particularly the
unmarried, and the problem of social reintegration upon return. Another consequence for families is
the disruption of family life and matrimonial relationships.

**(a)** What is meant by the term *polygamy*? [2]

One mark for a partial definition such as when an individual is married to more than one
partner.

Two marks for an accurate definition of polygamy as a form of marriage where a man/woman
can have two or more wives/husbands at the same time.

**(b)** Describe **two** reasons why migration can lead to problems of social reintegration upon
return. [4]

Points that can be included are the changes that can occur in the social position/status of
women, weakening patriarchy, causing marital breakdown, removing a parent from the
socialisation of children, encouraging marital infidelity, changed attitude/behaviour of the
returning partner, any other valid point.

Answers are likely to assume that the returning parent is male but allow those who answer in
relation to females.

One mark for each reason plus one mark for development (2 × 2 marks).

**(c)** Explain why divorce rates are higher among some social groups than other social
groups. [8]

**L1 0–4** Answers at this level are likely to show only limited appreciation of the issues
raised in the question.

Lower in the level, a simple answer which identifies how, when couples are
separated, for whatever reason, they tend to drift apart, may be worth **1 or 2**
marks**.**

Higher in the level, an answer might advance a few limited observations such as
which types of couples from which social groups are more likely to experience
‘strain’ than others, or answers which make reference to divorce statistics, may be
worth **3 or 4 marks**, but there would be little depth in the explanations offered and
the answer will rely on description rather than explanation.

**L2 5–8** Answers at this level show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.

Lower in the level, answers may be simplistic and/or descriptive and may be
limited to ‘the way social control is weakened for some social groups as compared
to others’. Other factors that could be referred to can include reference to the
social position of women and the rising expectations of marriage, especially in
some societies. Such answers could receive a **mark of 5-6**.

Higher in the level, a more detailed account of evidence, such as that of Hart that
has identified long separation/different types of employment as a correlation to
divorce, may be worth a **mark of 7 or 8**. Place at the top of the level according to
depth and/or range of examples explained and supported by reference to theory or
empirical data.

**N.B.** This question asks candidates to ‘explain’ therefore there is no
requirement for assessment.

**(d)** Assess the view that in modern industrial society family life is breaking down. [11]

**L1 0–4** Answers at this level are likely to show only limited appreciation of the issues
raised in the question.

Lower in the level, a simple answer that identifies a few basic features about how
families do not (or do) work in modern societies may gain **1 or 2 marks**.

Higher in the level, answers may advance a few limited observations about how
families are breaking down in modern industrial society. General descriptions
about how this has led to social problems, such as juvenile delinquency, may go to
**3 or 4 marks**. Other answers which offer short descriptive accounts of either
different families that lack key members, such as fathers, or are in some way
dysfunctional, may also go to **3 or 4 marks**.

**L2 5–8** Answers at this level show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.

Lower in the level, a simplistic description such as the way in which the family may
have experienced a loss of function should receive a **mark of 5 or 6**. This is likely
to highlight functionalist views of the family remaining important and the change of
functions from a larger group to the ‘basic and irreducible’ ones. An alternative
answer at this level may refer to the work of the New Right.

Higher in the level, answers will include a more detail account. Award **7-8 marks** to
answers which address both sides of the argument. This is likely to focus on the
way in which the family does or does not carry out its functions.

**A descriptive answer cannot gain more than 8 marks.**

**L3 9–11** Answers at this level will demonstrate good sociological knowledge and
understanding applied to the question. There will also be an assessment of the
view on which the question is based.

Lower in the band, **9–10 marks**, the assessment may be based on a simple
juxtaposition of the functionalist and the New Right views, or may be confined to
just one or two evaluative points.

At the top of the band, **11 marks**, the functions of the family will be evaluated
explicitly and in reasonable depth; candidates can either take the view that this
refers to how the family operates for family members, or the functions of the family
for society. The notion of ‘broken’ will be directly addressed, probably by a
discussion of key concepts such as such as domestic violence, migration, divorce,
cohabitation, social problems, lone-parent families, traditional values. Reference to
a dependency culture may be included as well as a possible evaluation of the
supposed ‘golden age’ of the family.

## **Section B**

Answer **either** question 2 **or** question 3.

**2** Explain and assess the view that in modern industrial societies females are the main
decision makers in families. [25]

**L 1 0–6** Answers at this level are likely to be assertive and to focus on a few common sense
observations about the different activities that men and women undertake in the
house/home, with little or no sociological support. The activities can be stated as
either being done by men or women.

Lower in the level, answers may be confined to one or two simple points based on
assertion and/or common sense understanding. For example, one or two simple
points about men no longer deciding, or women taking decisions, may gain up to **3**
marks**.**

Higher in the level, there may be a wider range of simple points based on assertion or
common sense understanding. For example, an answer stating that men make all the
decisions, control money and have more privileges than women, may gain up to **6**
marks**.**
**L 2 7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.

Lower in the level, **7–9 marks**, answers may be confined to a narrow range of points,
lacking in detail and include some inaccuracies. For example, an outline of changes
in the law or social changes that may have weakened patriarchy but with no
development, may gain up to **9 marks**.
Higher in the level, **10–12 marks**, answers may either cover a narrow range of points
in reasonable detail, or cover a wider range of points in limited detail.

Points candidates might cover and discuss can include, for example, the continuation
of domestic violence as an example of lack of female power, or a discussion of other
theories, such as functionalist views, for example, Talcott Parsons and instrumental
and expressive roles that are seen as ‘different but equal’. Such answers are likely to
rely on one theory.

**L 3 13–18** Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding. The
material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to answering the
question. There is no requirement for assessment at this level.

Lower in the level, **13–15 marks**, answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge. There will be little or no accurate use of concepts/theory and the points
covered may lack development.

Answers may refer to ideas linked to functionalism and the growing equality in
families resulting in increasing levels of female power, or the ideas of the New Right
that traditional family structures have weakened leaving females to dominate families.

Higher in the level, **16–18 marks**, answers will use a wider range of knowledge
supported by the use of concepts/theory where relevant and include some welldeveloped points.
Such answers may include an evaluation of the power of females to be found in the
past, or the ability of females to control their men in traditional societies by ‘the fear of
public shame’. Other answers may display a detailed assessment but be unsupported
by much knowledge. There may be some discussion of the way in which females may
or may not be dominating families more now, than in the past. However, this
assessment may be lacking in detail and rely on the juxtaposition of different theories
or empirical evidence.

**L 4 19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things: **first**, there will be good sociological
knowledge and understanding; **second**, the material used will be interpreted
accurately and applied effectively to answering the question; and **third**, there must
also be some evidence of assessment.

Lower in the level, **19–21** marks, the assessment may be largely delivered through
juxtaposition of contrasting arguments/theories. Alternatively, the assessment may be
limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated.

Answers will provide a solid account of the control of families including reference to
both patriarchy and matriarchy in relation to different societies or different social
groups. There may also be a sustained and well informed assessment of the way in
which the female members of the family may have gained more power, such as the
role of mothers in single parent families and such phenomenon as the New World
Black Family. Good use can be made of the main sociological theories such as the
New Right and post-modernists.

Higher in the band, **22–25**, there will be sustained assessment and the points offered
will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely to be a well formulated conclusion. Trends in patterns of employment as well as legal changes
and the loss of traditional male occupations could all be referred to.

One way to gain the highest marks would be to discuss the way in which the roles of
different females in families may have changed due to changes in education, paid
employment and social values. Another way of gaining the highest level would be to
highlight the ways in which patriarchy still dominates family life in many societies and
social groups whilst showing that there have been some changes. Use of concepts
such as matriarchy, patriarchy, female carer core and same sex relationships may be
the mark of a good essay.

**3** ‘Protection of children is the most significant function of the family.’ Explain and assess
this view. [25]

**L 1 0–6** Answers at this level are likely to be assertive and focus on a few common sense
observations about caring for children with little or no sociological support.

Lower in the band, answers may be confined to one or two simple points based on
assertion and/or common sense understanding. For example, the role of the family in
caring for its children such as providing them with food, may gain up to **3 marks**.

Higher in the level, there may be a wider range of simple points made based on
assertion and/or common sense understanding. For example, an answer stating that
children are socialised, or provided for economically, may gain up to **6 marks**.
Conversely, place here answers of a similar type that assert that families do not care
for children, or answers which select another function as more important.

**L 2 7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.

Lower in the level, **7–9 marks**, the answer may be confined to a narrow range of
points, lacking in detail and include some inaccuracies. For example, a basic account
of the socialisation of children with no development, may gain up to **9 marks**.

Higher in the level, **10–12 marks**, answers may either cover a narrow range of points
in reasonable detail or cover a wider range of points in limited detail.

Points covered may include discussion of, for example, socialisation and the role of
the family in providing health and education, as well as other functions of the family.

**L 3 13–18** Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding. The
material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to answering the
question.

There is no requirement for assessment at this level.

Lower in this level, **13–15 marks**, answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge. There will be little or no accurate use of concepts/theory, and the points
covered may lack development. Such answers are likely to review the functions of the
family.

Higher in the level, **16–18 marks**, answers will use a wider range of knowledge,
supported by the use of concepts/theory where relevant, and include some welldeveloped points.

At this level answers are likely to review the functions of the family from the
perspective of different theories and, although assessment is not required in this
band, there may be some attempt to state which is more important.

**L 4 19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things: **first**, there will be good sociological
knowledge and understanding; **second**, the material used will be interpreted
accurately and applied effectively to answering the question; and **third**, there must
also be some evidence of assessment.

Lower in the level, **19–21 marks**, the assessment may be largely delivered through
juxtaposition of contrasting arguments/theories. Alternatively, the assessment may be
limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated.

Answers in this level will provide a solid account of the functions of the family
including the socialisation and nurture of children. There will also be a sustained and
well informed assessment of the success with which this function is carried out and
evidence, such as the abuse that may be suffered by some family members at the
hands of other family members, may be given. There should be some attempt to
directly assess the ‘protection of children as the most significant function’ in the
answer.

Higher in the level, **22–25 marks**, there will be sustained assessment and the points
offered will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely to be a
well-formulated conclusion. This analysis may take the form of arguing from a Marxist
perspective that the prime function is that of providing the next generation of workers
for a capitalist society.

Another way of gaining the highest level would be to assess the post-modern view
that family life and family functions are negotiable by individual members. Concepts
that could be usefully included are functional prerequisites, patriarchy, forced
marriages, hidden victims, domestic violence, lone-parenting, egalitarianism, as well
as others.

## Useful information (Hints)

**Question 1(a)**

**Question 1(b)**

**Question 1(c)**

**Question 1(d)**

**Question 2**

**Question 3**