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Chess Wiki

**Welcome to the Chess Wiki!**
chess is a board game of strategic skill for two players, played on a chequered board on which each playing piece is moved according to precise rules. The object is to put the opponent's king under a direct attack from which escape is impossible ( checkmate ).

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Fritz Gygli

**Fritz Gygli** was a Swiss chess master.

He tied for 3rd-4th at St. Gallen 1920, tied for 4-8th at Neuchâtel 1922, shared 2nd at Interlaken 1924, took 2nd at Zurich 1925, tied for 3rd-4th at Geneva 1926, tied for 5-6th at Biel 1927, tied for 4-5th at Basel 1928, took 3rd at Schaffhausen, and took 5th at Lausanne 1930.

In the 1930s, he took 4th at Berne 1932, took 15th at Berne 1932 (an event won by Alexander Alekhine), tied for 3rd-4th at Berne 1933, took 11th at Zürich 1934 (Alekhine won), and took 6th at Montreux 1939.

Gygli represented Switzerland in Chess Olympiads at The Hague 1928, Warsaw 1935, and in 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad, Munich 1936. He also played in friendly matches for Switzerland against France (1946), Yugoslavia (1949), and West Germany (1952).

He won the Swiss Championship in 1941.
Fred Yates

**Fred Dewhirst Yates** was an English chess master who won the British Chess Championship on six occasions. He started a career in accountancy, but in 1909, abandoned it in favour of becoming a professional chess player and journalist.

Yates almost won the British Championship in 1911, when he tied for first place with Henry Atkins, but lost the play-off. He went on to secure the title in 1913, 1914, 1921, 1926, 1928 and 1931.
Wilhelm Steinitz

**William Steinitz** was an Austrian and later American chess player, and the first official World Chess Champion, from 1886 to 1894. He was also a highly influential writer and chess theoretician.

When discussing chess history from the 1850s onwards, commentators have debated whether Steinitz could be effectively considered the champion from an earlier time, perhaps as early as 1866. Steinitz lost his title to Emanuel Lasker in 1894, and lost a rematch in 1896–97.

Statistical rating systems give Steinitz a rather low ranking among world champions, mainly because he took several long breaks from competitive play. However, an analysis based on one of these rating systems shows that he was one of the most dominant players in the history of the game. Steinitz was unbeaten in match play for 32 years, from 1862 to 1894.

Although Steinitz became "world number one" by winning in the all-out attacking style that was common in the 1860s, he unveiled in 1873 a new positional style of play, and demonstrated that it was superior to the previous style. His new style was controversial and some even branded it as "cowardly", but many of Steinitz's games showed that it could also set up attacks as ferocious as those of the old school.
Péter Lékó

**Peter Leko** is a Hungarian chess player. He became the world's youngest grandmaster in 1994. He narrowly missed winning the Classical World Chess Championship 2004: the match was drawn 7–7 and so Vladimir Kramnik retained the title. He also came fifth in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 and fourth in the World Chess Championship 2007.
Manuel Golmayo Torriente

**Manuel Golmayo y de la Torriente** was a Cuban-Spanish chess master.

Born into a 'chess family' (father Celso Golmayo Zúpide, elder brother Celso Golmayo Torriente), he was Spanish Champion on numerous occasions (1902, 1912, 1919, 1921, 1927, 1928) and Sub-Champion in 1929/30 he lost the title in a match to Ramón Rey Ardid.

In 1922, he lost a mini match to Alexander Alekhine in Madrid. In 1924, he took 8th in first unofficial Chess Olympiad (Championship Final) at Paris 1924 (Hermanis Matisons won). In 1928, he took 4th in the Amateur World Championship in The Hague (Max Euwe won).

He played for Spain in three official Chess Olympiads:

In 1927, at first board in 1st Chess Olympiad in London;

In 1930, at second board in 3rd Chess Olympiad in Hamburg;

In 1931, at first board in 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague.

In tournaments, he took 6th at Barcelona 1929 (José Raúl Capablanca won), took 7th at Sitges 1934 (Andor Lilienthal won), took 3rd at Madrid 1934 (*Torneo Gromer*), took 4th at Paris 1938 (*L'Echiquier*, Baldur Hönlinger won), tied for 9-10th at Barcelona 1946 (Miguel Najdorf won), took 6th at Gijon 1948 (Antonio Rico won), tied for 8-9th at Almeria 1948, and won both at Madrid 1947 and Linares 1951.
Johannes Zukertort

**Johannes Hermann Zukertort** was a leading Polish-German-British chess master. He was one of the leading world players for most of the 1870s and 1880s, and lost to Wilhelm Steinitz in the World Chess Championship 1886, which is generally regarded as the first World Chess Championship match. He was also defeated by Steinitz in 1872 in an unofficial championship.
Evgeny Ermenkov

**Evgenij Petkov Ermenkov** is a Bulgarian chess player. FIDE awarded him the titles International Master, in 1974, and Grandmaster in 1977. Ermenkov represented Palestine from October 2003 to December 2010.

Ermenkov won the Bulgarian championship in 1973, 1975 (after a play-off), 1976, 1979 (after a play-off) and 1984 (jointly).

In international competition, he has had many tournament victories, including Albena 1977 (and 1979), Plovdiv 1978 (and 1979), Varna 1986, Dieren 1990 (Open Dutch Championship), Beirut 2004 and Imperia 2005.

He has a long and illustrious career in team chess, beginning at the World Student Olympiad of 1972, where he represented his country of birth. Graduating to the full Bulgarian men's team, he first played at the European Team Chess Championship in 1977 (Moscow) and won an individual bronze medal in 1983 (Plovdiv). At the Chess Olympiad, he represented Bulgaria from 1978 to 1992, taking individual bronze in 1990.
Hikaru Nakamura

**Hikaru Nakamura** is an American chess player, Twitch livestreamer, and content creator. A chess prodigy, he became the youngest American to earn the title of Grandmaster, aged 15 years and 79 days, which has since been broken by Samuel Sevian aged 13 years and 10 months. Nakamura is a five-time United States champion. He won the 2011 edition of Tata Steel Chess Tournament Group A and represented the United States at five Chess Olympiads, winning a team gold medal and two team bronze medals.
Robert Byrne

**Robert Eugene Byrne** was an American chess grandmaster and chess author. He won the U.S. Championship in 1972, and was a World Chess Championship Candidate in 1974. Byrne represented the United States nine times in Chess Olympiads from 1952 to 1976 and won seven medals. He was the chess columnist from 1972 to 2006 for *The New York Times*, which ran his final column (a recounting of his 1952 victory over David Bronstein) on November 12, 2006. Byrne worked as a university professor for many years, before becoming a chess professional in the early 1970s.

Byrne and his younger brother Donald grew up in New York City and were among the "Collins Kids", promising young players who benefited from the instruction and encouragement of John W. Collins. Both ultimately became college professors and among the leading chess players in the country. They were part of a talented new generation of young American masters, which also included Larry Evans, Arthur Bisguier, and George Kramer.

Robert Byrne's first Master event was Ventnor City in 1945, where he scored a respectable 4/9 to place 8th; the winner was Weaver Adams. He tied 1st–2nd in the Premier Reserves section at the U.S. Open Chess Championship, Pittsburgh in 1946. College studies limited his opportunities for the next several years; he represented the U.S. in a 1950 radio match against Yugoslavia. In the 1951 Maurice Wertheim Memorial, New York, Robert Byrne scored 6/11 for a tied 6–7th place; this was a Grandmaster round-robin with 6 of the world's top 36 players, and it was won by Samuel Reshevsky.
Maurice Raizman

**Maurice Raizman** was a French chess master.

Born into a Jewish family in Bendery (then in Russian Empire), he emigrated to France. He was six-times French Champion (1932, 1936, 1946, 1947, 1951, and 1952) and Paris Champion in 1938. He shared first with Victor Kahn in 16th Paris Championship 1934, and tied for 1st-2nd with Aristide Gromer in 17th French Championship at Nice 1938. He took 2nd, behind Stepan Popel, in the Paris Championship 1953.

Raizman played for France in Chess Olympiads:
Sergey Karjakin

**Sergey Alexandrovich Karjakin** is a Russian chess grandmaster (formerly representing Ukraine). A chess prodigy, he holds the record for the world's youngest ever grandmaster, having qualified for the title at the age of 12 years and 7 months.

Karjakin won the European U10 Chess Championship in 1999, and he was World U12 Chess Champion in 2001. He earned the international master title at age 11, and was awarded his grandmaster title in 2003. He represented Ukraine at the Chess Olympiad in 2004, winning team and individual gold. He competed in two more Chess Olympiads for Ukraine, and won the Corus chess tournament in 2009, before transferring to Russia. He has since represented Russia five times in the Chess Olympiad, winning individual gold in 2010. He also won team gold with Russia at the World Team Chess Championship in 2013 and 2019.

Karjakin won the 2012 World Rapid Chess Championship, and the Norway Chess tournament in 2013 and 2014. He competed at the Candidates Tournament 2014, placing second. He won the Chess World Cup 2015, thus qualifying for the Candidates Tournament 2016. He won the tournament and earned the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship. In November 2016, he lost the championship match to Magnus Carlsen in the rapid tiebreaks after drawing 6–6 in the classical games. He won the 2016 World Blitz Chess Championship. He participated in the candidates tournament again in 2018, placing third.
Zahar Efimenko

**Zahar Efimenko** is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster. He was a member of the gold medal-winning Ukrainian team at the 2010 Chess Olympiad. Efimenko competed in the FIDE World Cup in 2005, 2009 and 2011.

In 1999 Efimenko won the U-14 division of the World Youth Chess Championships in Oropesa del Mar, Spain. In the same year he was a member of the Ukrainian national youth team, which won the U-16 Chess Olympiad in Artek, Ukraine.

Efimenko has won several chess tournaments since then, among them the 2001 Stork Young Masters in Hengelo, Netherlands. In 2005 he tied for 1st–5th with Levon Aronian, Kiril Georgiev, Alexei Shirov and Emil Sutovsky in the Gibraltar Chess Festival. He became champion of Ukraine in 2006. In 2007, he tied for 1st–6th with Vitali Golod, Mateusz Bartel, Yuri Yakovich, Michael Roiz and Mikhail Kobalia in the 16th Monarch Assurance Isle of Man International tournament. In May 2010, he tied for 1st–2nd with Victor Bologan in the 40th Bosna International Tournament in Sarajevo. At the 39th Chess Olympiad, held later in the same year in Khanty-Mansiysk, Efimenko won the team gold medal and an individual silver playing board 4. In July 2013, he tied for 1st–4th with Igor Kurnosov, Mikhailo Oleksienko and Avetik Grigoryan in the Masters tournament of the Abu Dhabi Chess Festival. In 2015, Efimenko tied for 1st–3rd with Andrei Volokitin and Martyn Kravtsiv in the Ukrainian championship in Lviv
Rafael Vaganian

**Rafael Vaganian** is an Armenian chess player holding the title of grandmaster (GM). He was Soviet champion in 1989.

Born in Yerevan, Vaganian achieved the International Grandmaster status in 1971, at the age of 19, following an excellent result at the Vrnjacka Banja tournament the same year, where he took first place ahead of Leonid Stein and Ljubomir Ljubojević. This was also the year that he finished fourth at the World Junior Chess Championship, won by the Swiss player Werner Hug.
Alejandro Nogués Acuňa

**Alejandro Nogués Acuňa** was an Argentine chess player.

Alejandro Nogués Acuňa was an international chess master and one of the strongest chess players of Argentina in the 1920s–1930s. He was repeated participant in Argentine Chess Championship in which he ranked 2nd in 1926, 4th in 1931, and 3rd in 1938. The his main achievement in international chess tournaments was shared 3rd-4th places in Buenos Aires in 1931.

Alejandro Nogués Acuňa played for Argentina in the Chess Olympiad:

In 1927, at third board in the 1st Chess Olympiad in London.
Tigran Petrosian

**Tigran Vartani Petrosian** was a Soviet Armenian Grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed "Iron Tigran" due to his almost impenetrable defensive playing style, which emphasized safety above all else. Petrosian is credited with popularizing chess in Armenia.

Petrosian was a Candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1953, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1971, 1974, 1977 and 1980). He won the World Championship in 1963 (against Mikhail Botvinnik), successfully defended it in 1966 (against Boris Spassky), and lost it to Spassky in 1969. Thus he was the defending World Champion or a World Championship Candidate in ten consecutive three-year cycles. He won the Soviet Championship four times (1959, 1961, 1969, and 1975).
Lázaro Bruzón

**Lázaro Bruzón Batista** is a Cuban chess grandmaster. He is a former World Junior Champion, two-times American Continental champion, two-time Iberoamerican champion and five-time Cuban champion.

Bruzón played for Cuba at the Chess Olympiads between 2000 and 2014.

He won the World Junior Chess Championship in 2000. This achievement qualified him for the FIDE World Chess Championship 2002.

Bruzón won the Lausanne Young Masters, a knockout event, in 2001 by defeating Etienne Bacrot in the final. Later that year, at the end of November, he competed in the FIDE World Championship: after defeating Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu in the first round, he was knocked out by Kiril Georgiev.
Timur Gareev

**Timur Gareyev** is an American chess grandmaster. He was born in Tashkent to Tatar parents. Gareyev was a part of the University of Texas at Brownsville's chess team from August 2005 to August 2006 and from August 2009 to December 2011 where he helped the university obtain its first national championship along with other collegiate honors. In 2007, he tied for first with Vladimir Egin and Anton Filippov in the Uzbekistani Chess Championship. Gareyev has participated in two Chess Olympiads: 2004 Calvià, Spain and 2006 Turin, Italy. Gareyev won the 20th Annual Chicago Open and the 11th Metropolitan Chess FIDE Invitational tournament.
Antonio Sacconi

**Antonio Sacconi** was an Italian chess master.

He won Italian Chess Championship at Florence 1935, shared 4th at Florence 1936, and took 4th at Naples 1937.

In international tournaments, he won at Milan 1926 (the 4th *torneo Crespi*), tied for 2nd-3rd with George Alan Thomas, behind Rudolf Spielmann, at Sopron 1934, and took 2nd at Margate 1937 (B tournament).

Sacconi represented Italy in Chess Olympiads:

In the 1st Olympiad at London 1927;

In the 2nd Olympiad at The Hague 1928;

In the 5th Olympiad at Folkestone 1933;

In the 6th Olympiad at Warsaw 1935.

He was awarded the International Master title in 1951.
Francisco Vallejo Pons

**Francisco Vallejo Pons** is a Spanish chess grandmaster. He is a five-time Spanish Chess Champion.

He achieved the Grandmaster title at the age of 16 years and 9 months. He won the under-18 World Chess Youth Championship in 2000.

He won the Ciudad de Leon Masters after defeating Veselin Topalov 3½–2½.

In 2013 he tied for first at the European Individual Championship.
Jean-Luc Seret

**Jean-Luc Seret** is a French chess player, International Master and four-time winner of the French Chess Championship.

Seret was a member of the French team at the 1974, 1976, 1980, 1982 and 1984 Chess Olympiad. He obtained the International Master title in 1982. Seret won the French Chess Championship in 1980, 1981, 1984 and 1985. During the 1989 Championship, Seret was involved in a violent altercation with Gilles Andruet who subsequently withdrew from the tournament.
Daniel Naroditsky

**Daniel Naroditsky** is an American chess grandmaster. He has been a published chess author since age 14.

Naroditsky learned chess at age six from his father, Vladimir; shortly thereafter, he started to take serious chess lessons. In May 2007, he won the Northern California K-12 Chess Championship, becoming the youngest player ever to do so. Later that year, Naroditsky won the Under-12 division of the World Youth Chess Championship with a score of 9½/11. In May 2008, he won the Northern California 9-12 Chess Championship.

At the 2010 U.S. Open, Naroditsky scored 7½/9 to share second through fifth places, behind Grandmaster Alejandro Ramírez and tied with Grandmasters Alexander Shabalov and Varuzhan Akobian. Naroditsky played in the 2011 U.S. Chess Championship but finished with more losses than wins. In July 2011 he earned his first Grandmaster norm. Naroditsky earned his second Grandmaster norm at the 2013 Philadelphia Open by tying for first place with GM Fidel Jimenez. In 2014 Naroditsky tied for 1st–5th with Timur Gareev, Dávid Bérczes, Sergei Azarov and Sam Shankland in the Millionaire Chess Open in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Benny Blanco

**Benjamin Joseph Levin** (nacido el 8 de marzo de 1988, en Reston, Virginia, Estados Unidos), más conocido como **Benny Blanco** (estilizado en minúsculas) es un músico, cantautor y productor musical estadounidense. Ha co-escrito y producido canciones para *The Family Jewels* y *Electra Heart*.

## Trabajo con MARINA

Blanco ha trabajado con Marina Diamandis en las siguientes canciones:

Canciones de ***Electra Heart*** (2012):

* "How to Be a Heartbreaker" (escritor, productor, programador, todos los instrumentos)

Canciones ***inéditas***:

* "Like the Other Girls" (productor)
Fidel Jimenez

**Fidel Corrales Jimenez** is an American chess Grandmaster.

In 2009 Jimenez shared first place with Alexander Shabalov in the American Continental Chess Championship.

He played in the Chess World Cup 2009 and Chess World Cup 2011, in both cases representing the Cuban Chess Federation, being defeated by Alexander Areshchenko and Judit Polgár respectively in the first rounds.
Akiba Rubinstein

**Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein** was a Polish chess player. He is considered to have been one of the strongest players never to have become World Chess Champion. Rubinstein was granted the title International Grandmaster in 1950, at its inauguration.

In his youth, he defeated top players such as José Raúl Capablanca and Carl Schlechter and was scheduled to play a match with Emanuel Lasker for the World Chess Championship in 1914, but it was cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. He was unable to re-create the same form after the war, and his later life was plagued by mental illness.
Reginald Pryce Michell

**Reginald Pryce Michell** was an English chess master.

He was British Amateur Champion in 1902. He played in eight England vs. USA cable matches between 1901 and 1911, and twice represented England in the 1st Chess Olympiad at London 1927 and the 5th Chess Olympiad at Folkestone 1933.

Michell was a frequent competitor in the Hastings International Chess Congress over 20 years, defeating Mir Sultan Khan and Vera Menchik in 1932/3. He finished 2nd, 3rd and 4th in the British Championship proper, defeating Henry Ernest Atkins on several occasions.
Sergei Azarov

**Sergei Nikolayevich Azarov** is a Belarusian chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 2003.

He won the Belarusian championship in 2001 and 2002, both times in Minsk, his native city. In 2002, he shared first place in the Challengers tournament at the Hastings Chess Congress.
Sadi Kalabar

Sadi Kalabar played for Yugoslavia in the Chess Olympiad:

In 1927, at fourth board in the 1st Chess Olympiad in London.

In this Chess Olympiad he made one of the most ridiculous blunder in the history of chess: in the game with the Argentine chess player Palau after moves 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 Bb4+ 4. Bd2 Sadi Kalabar wanted to play 4 ... Qe7, but instead of the queen he rearranged the king on the e7 square (4 ... Ke7) and after the answer 5. Bxb4+ passed the game.

Sadi Kalabar also participated in the Yugoslav Chess Championship in 1946 and shared 18th - 19th place.
Viswanathan Anand

**Viswanathan Anand** is an Indian chess grandmaster and former world chess champion. He became the first grandmaster from India in 1988, and is one of the few players to have surpassed an Elo rating of 2800, a feat he first achieved in 2006.

Anand is a five-time world chess champion. He defeated Alexei Shirov in a six-game match to win the 2000 FIDE World Chess Championship, a title he held until 2002. He became the undisputed world champion in 2007, and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in 2008, Veselin Topalov in 2010, and Boris Gelfand in 2012. In 2013, he lost the title to challenger Magnus Carlsen, and he lost a rematch to Carlsen in 2014 after winning the 2014 Candidates Tournament.

In April 2006, Anand became the fourth player in history to pass the 2800 Elo mark on the FIDE rating list, after Kramnik, Topalov, and Garry Kasparov. He occupied the number one position for 21 months, the sixth-longest period on record.

Known for his rapid playing speed as a child, Anand earned the sobriquet "Lightning Kid" during his early career in the 1980s. He has since developed into a universal player, and many consider him the greatest rapid chess player of his generation. He won the FIDE World Rapid Chess Championship in 2003 and 2017, the World Blitz Cup in 2000, and numerous other top-level rapid and blitz events.
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave

**Maxime Vachier-Lagrave** is a French chess player, the top ranked of his country. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 2005, at age 14. His peak Elo rating of 2819 makes him the seventh-highest rated player of all time. He is often referred to by his initials, **MVL**.

He was world junior champion in 2009 and is a three-time French champion (2007, 2011, shared 2012). Vachier-Lagrave is a five-time winner of the Biel Grandmaster Tournament (2009, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016), and won the Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting in 2016 and the Sinquefield Cup in 2017.

He participated in seven Chess Olympiads (2006–2018) and four European Team Chess Championships (2007, 2011–2015) as a member of the French national team and has been a member of the winning team of the French Team Championship multiple times
Bachar Kouatly

**Bachar Kouatly** is a French chess grandmaster, journalist and activist. He is deputy president of FIDE.

He played three times for Lebanon in the World Junior Chess Championship (1975–1977), and represented Lebanon at the Chess Olympiad at La Valleta 1980. He won a zonal tournament at Qatar in 1981 and finished 14th at the 1982 Interzonal tournament in Toluca.

Kouatly won the French Chess Championship in 1979. He played for France in five Chess Olympiads (1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, and 1992).

He was awarded the titles of International Master in 1975 and Grandmaster in 1989.
Valentí Marín

**Valentí Marín i Llovet** was a Catalan notary, chess writer and player.

He was in the Spanish team in the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad of Paris, in 1st Chess Olympiad of London, in the 2nd Chess Olympiad of The Hague, in the 3rd Chess Olympiad of Hamburg and in the 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague; and he was president of the *Federación Española de Ajedrez* (*Chess Spanish Federation*, FEDA).
Vitali Golod

**Vitali Golod** (Russian: Виталий Голод; born 23 June 1971) is a Soviet-born Israeli chess player. He holds the title of Grandmaster, which FIDE awarded him in 1996.

Golod was Ukrainian champion in 1991. He then moved to Israel.

In 2004, he tied for 1st-2nd places with Sergey Erenburg in the Israeli championship in Ramat Aviv. He also won in Santa Monica.

In 2006, he won the Spring North American FIDE Invitational tournament (GM-B section) in Schaumburg, Illinois, US, and shared third place at the Monarch Assurance Isle of Man International tournament (behind Alexander Areshchenko and Segey Volkov). The next year Golod tied for 1st-6th with Mateusz Bartel, Zahar Efimenko, Yuri Yakovich, Michael Roiz and Mikhail Kobalia at Isle of Man, finishing second on tiebreak score.

In March 2010, he tied for 1st-4th places with grandmasters Maxim Turov, Sergei Zhigalko and Rinat Jumabayev in the Georgy Agzamov Memorial tournament. Four months later, Golod tied for 1st-7th with grandmasters Alexander Riazantsev, Nadezhda Kosintseva, Leonid Kritz, Sébastien Feller, Christian Bauer and Sébastien Mazé in the Master open tournament at the 43rd Biel Chess Festival. In November, he won the Israeli championship.
Erwin Voellmy

**Erwin Voellmy** was a Swiss chess master.

Voellmy, a mathematics teacher by profession, edited the chess column in *Basler Nachrichten* for 40 years, and was an author of several chess books.

He was Swiss Champion three times; in 1911 (jointly), 1920 and 1922. Voellmy represented Switzerland at:

the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad at Paris 1924,

the 2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague 1928,

the 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936.

He won team bronze medal at Paris 1924.

He shared 1st with Alexander Alekhine and Oskar Naegeli at Bern 1932.
Jan Willem te Kolsté

**Jan Willem te Kolsté** was a Dutch chess master.

Te Kolsté participated many times in unofficial and official Dutch championships, and won at Utrecht 1907. He also took 4th at Utrecht 1897 (Rudolf Loman won), tied for 5-6th at The Hague 1898 (J.D. Tresling won), took 14th at Amsterdam 1899 (Henry Ernest Atkins won), took 10th at Haarlem 1901 (Adolf Georg Olland won), took 2nd behind Arnold van Foreest at Rotterdam 1902, tied for 7-9th at Hilversum 1903 (Paul Saladin Leonhardt won), tied for 9-10th at Scheveningen 1905 (Frank James Marshall won), took 3rd at Haarlem 1908 (Johannes Esser won), shared 3rd at Delft 1912 (Loman won), took 4th at The Hague 1919 (Max Marchand won), and took 5th at Nijmegen 1921 (Max Euwe won).

In other tournaments, he won at The Hague 1904, tied for 2nd-3rd at Amsterdam 1907, tied for 6-7th at Scheveningen 1913, shared 1st at The Hague 1917 and s' Hertogenbosch 1918, won at The Hague 1922, shared 1st at Amsterdam 1927, but came a distant last at Baden-Baden 1925 (Alexander Alekhine won),.

He played for The Netherlands in 1st Chess Olympiad at London 1927.
Juan Corzo

**Juan Corzo y Príncipe** was a Spanish–Cuban chess master and five-time chess champion of Cuba.

Born in Madrid, Corzo emigrated to Cuba in 1887. He became Champion of the Havana Chess Club in 1898. He is best known for losing to José Raúl Capablanca (4–3, 6 draws) in 1901 during that great player's meteoric rise, when Capablanca had just turned 13.
Hans Kmoch

**Johann "Hans" Joseph Kmoch** was an Austrian-American chess player, chess journalist and author, for which he is best known. He was awarded the title of International Master in 1950 at its inauguration and in 1951, he also received the title of International Arbiter.

Kmoch had most of his best competitive results between 1925 and 1931. He won at Debrecen 1925 with 10/13. At Budapest 1926, he shared 3rd-5th places with behind winners Ernst Gruenfeld and Mario Monticelli. At Vienna 1928, Kmoch placed 6th with 8/13 as Richard Réti won. Then at the Trebitsch Memorial, Vienna 1928, Kmoch shared 3rd-6th places with 6/10, half a point behind Gruenfeld and Sandor Takacs. At Brno 1928, Kmoch placed 3rd with 6/9, with Réti and Friedrich Saemisch winning. Kmoch won at Ebensee 1930 with 6/7, ahead of Erich Eliskases.
Allan Nilsson

**Allan Nilsson** was a Swedish chess master.

He was Swedish Champion in 1924-1929, and played four matches for the title, all in Gothenburg. He drew a match with Gustaf Nyholm in 1921, won against Nyholm in 1924, drew with Gösta Stoltz in 1927, and lost to Gideon Ståhlberg in 1929.

He tied for 2nd-3rd, behind Paul Johner, at Göteborg 1920, shared 1st with Anton Olson at Uppsala 1923, and took 3rd at Copenhagen 1924 (Nordic Championship, Aron Nimzowitsch won).

Nilsson represented Sweden in the 1st Chess Olympiad at London 1927, and tied for 9-11th in the Amateur World Championship (Max Euwe won), which took place during the 2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague 1928.
Martin Craft

**Martin Craft** (nacido el 18 de enero de 1978, en Canberra, Australia) es un productor, músico, compositor y productor discográfica australiano. Ha co-producido una canción para *The Crown Jewels*.

## Trabajo con MARINA

Craft ha trabajado con Marina Diamandis en la siguiente canción:

Canción de ***The Crown Jewels*** (2008):

* "Simplify" (productor)
Like China Dolls

## Cronología en *Give Me The Money!*

"**Like China Dolls**" (en español "Como muñecas de porcelana"), es una canción inédita de Marina Diamandis. Fue escrita por Diamandis y producida por un productor desconocido en el año 2006.

## Antecedentes

La canción se mencionó por primera vez en comentarios el 17 de julio de 2006.

Marina en más de una ocasión ha comentado que ha estado escribiendo desde el año 2005, cuando tenía unos veinte años, siendo su primera canción "Plastic Rainbow". Sin embargo, no empezó a grabarlas hasta el año 2006. Diamandis contrató a un productor desconocido via Gumtree el mismo año, sin embargo, no le acabaron de gustar los resultados, pues le recordaban a una "horrible banda de rock progresivo". Por ese motivo, en el año 2007, decidió autoproducir sus propias canciones. Según Marina, esto le permitía expresarse mucho mejor. Las canciones que fueron producidas por dicho productor desconocido son las siguientes: "Troubled Mind", "This Is L.A.", "Philosopher My Arse" y la demo de "Plastic Rainbow".

La canción volvió a aparecer al azar, 14 años después, el 17 de marzo de 2020, después de que un usuario anónimo la subiera a dbree.org junto con versiones demo de "Bad Kidz" y "Plastic Rainbow".

## Referencias cruzadas

* El instrumental de la canción fue reutilizado en "Obsessions".

## Letra

Somebody said

Don't let it go to your head

All this talking, all this talking

Let the words go

It's time to begin the show

Let's start walking, let's start walking

Walking, talking

We are like dolls

Aching, breaking

Shatter when we fall

We are like dolls

Walking in a factory

A factory of bones

We are like bums

Looking for a burning match

Singing like we're strong

Singing like we're strong

Nobody knows where the years go

Show me the stairwell

Where I tripped and fell

Stand on your stage

And step out of your cage

Don't let them make your world

Into an oyster shell

Walking, talking

We are like dolls

Aching, breaking

Shatter when we fall

We are like dolls

Walking in a factory

A factory of bones

We are like bums

Looking for a burning match

Singing like we're strong

Singing like we're strong

We are like dolls

Walking in a factory

A factory of bones

We are like bums

Looking for a burning match

Singing like we're strong

Singing like we're strong
Edmund Spencer

**Edmund Spencer** was an English chess player, Chess Olympiad team bronze medal winner (1927).

Since 1900 Edmund Spencer was Manchester's chess club member. He was four times participated in British Chess Championship (1924, 1925, 1928, 1931). In this tournament he achieved the best results in 1925, when won 3rd place behind Henry Ernest Atkins and Frederick Yates, and in 1931, when he ranked in 4th place. In 1924, in Weston Edmund Spencer ranked 4th in International Chess tournament, which won Max Euwe.
Vladimir Vuković

**Vladimir Vuković** was a Croatian Jewish chess writer, theoretician, player, arbiter, and journalist.

Included in Vuković's tournament record achievements:

3rd at Celje 1921, behind Stefan Erdélyi and Imre König

=4–7th at Vienna 1921 tied with Ernst Grünfeld, Savielly Tartakower, and Árpád Vajda; won by Friedrich Sämisch

1st at Vienna 1921

=10–11th at Vienna 1922; won by Akiba Rubinstein

=4–5th at Györ 1924 (Hungarian Chess Championship); won by Géza Nagy

=4–5th at Debrecen 1925; won by Hans Kmoch

7th at Kecskemét 1927 (elim., group B); won by Lajos Steiner

=6–7th at Kecskemét 1927 (final B); won by Savielly Tartakower

3rd at Ramsgate 1929, behind Adolf Seitz and Árpád Vajda

He played for Yugoslavia on second board in the 1st Chess Olympiad at London 1927
Milton Hanauer

**Milton Loeb Hanauer** was a public school principal, chess master and Marshall Chess Club official.

Born in Harrison, New York, He is best known for running the New York school competition that became known as the Hanauer League and for writing the book *Chess Made Simple*.

His playing career is not well known, but he played on the silver medal winning US team in the 2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague 1928, he qualified for four US Championships, and he won games from Reuben Fine and Isaac Kashdan.
Pawn

The **pawn** is the most numerous piece in the game of chess and, in most circumstances, also the weakest. It historically represents infantry, or more particularly, armed peasants or pikemen. Each player begins a game with eight pawns, one on each square of the rank immediately in front of the other pieces. (The white pawns start on a2, b2, c2, d2, e2, f2, g2, h2; the black pawns start on a7, b7, c7, d7, e7, f7, g7, h7.)
Henry Ernest Atkins

**Henry Ernest Atkins** was a British chess master who is best known for his unparalleled record of winning the British Chess Championship nine times in eleven attempts. He won every year from 1905 to 1911, and again in 1924 and 1925. A schoolmaster, Atkins treated chess as a hobby, devoting relatively little time to it and playing in only a handful of international tournaments. He was an extremely gifted player who would likely have become one of the world's leading players had he pursued the game more single-mindedly. FIDE, the World Chess Federation, awarded him the International Master title in 1950 in recognition of his past achievements.
Anish Giri

**Anish Kumar Giri** is a Nepali-Russian-origin Dutch chess player. A former chess prodigy, he completed the requirements for the title Grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 7 months and 2 days. FIDE awarded him the title in 2009.

Giri is a four-time Dutch champion (2009, 2011, 2012, and 2015) and won the Corus Chess B Group in 2010. He has represented the Netherlands at five Chess Olympiads (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018). He also won major international tournaments, including the 2012 Reggio Emilia tournament, 2017 Reykjavik Open and shared 1st place in the 2015 London Chess Classic and 2018 Tata Steel Chess Tournament. In 2019 he won clear first at the Third Edition of the Shenzhen Masters, deemed by some to be his first supertournament victory and supported by Dutch Chess Federation (KNSB). As of March 2021, Anish Giri is the No. 1 ranked player in Netherlands and the No. 7 in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2776. In 2021 Tata Steel Chess Tournament, Giri shared the first place with fellow Dutch GM Jorden van Foreest, but lost to him in the armageddon after the two blitz games in the playoff ended in a draw.
Paulino Frydman

**Paulino Frydman** was a Polish chess master.

In 1922, Paulin Frydman took 2nd place, behind Kazimierz Makarczyk in Warsaw. In 1923, he tied for 2nd-4th, behind Alexander Flamberg. In 1926, he shared 1st with Abram Blass, and took 2nd, behind Dawid Przepiórka, in the 1st Polish Chess Championship. In 1927, he tied for 5th-7th in the 2nd POL-ch in Łódź. The event was won by Akiba Rubinstein. In 1928, he tied for 2nd/3rd with Makarczyk, behind Blass. In 1930, he took 4th in Łódź, won in Sopot, and in Warsaw. Frydman won the Warsaw championship four times (1931, 1932, 1933, and 1936).

He played several matches; lost to Jakub Kolski at Łódź 1922, lost to Salomon Szapiro at Warsaw 1922, won against Kolski at Warsaw 1928, drew with Mieczysław Najdorf at Warsaw 1930, lost to Izaak Appel at Łódź 1932, and drew with Rudolf Spielmann in Warsaw in Spring 1935.

Frydman represented Poland eight times in Chess Olympiads:

2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague 1928, second board;

3rd Olympiad at Hamburg 1930, reserve board;

4th Olympiad at Prague 1931, reserve board;

5th Olympiad at Folkestone 1933, second board;

6th Olympiad at Warsaw 1935, second board;

3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936, first board;

7th Olympiad at Stockholm 1937, third board;

8th Olympiad at Buenos Aires 1939, third board.
Stefano Rosselli del Turco

**Stefano Rosselli del Turco**, Marquis, was an Italian chess player, writer and publisher. He was five times Italian champion and represented Italy in the Chess Olympiad seven times. He was a member of the famous Rosselli del Turco noble family of Florence.

He tied for 8-9th at Sanremo 1911 (Hans Fahrni won); placed 10-11th at Opatija 1912 (King's Gambit tournament; Rudolf Spielmann won); won at Bologna 1913; took 5th at Trieste 1923 (Paul Johner won); tied for 12-13th at Meran 1924 (Ernst Grünfeld won); placed 16-17th at Baden-Baden 1925 (Alexander Alekhine won); and took 9th at Meran 1926 (Edgar Colle won). Rosselli won at Livorno 1926; took 6th at Venice 1929 (Rudolf Pitschak won); tied for 2nd-3rd with Abraham Baratz, behind Brian Reilly, at Nice 1931, and placed 12th at the Zurich 1934 chess tournament (Alekhine won).
André Muffang

**André Muffang** was a French chess master.

Before World War I, he took 3rd, behind Alexander Alekhine and Frank Marshall, at Paris 1914; took 5th at Lyon 1914 (2nd French Amateur championship, Alphonse Goetz won); and won at Paris 1914 (Café de la Régence championship).

He won at Paris 1922, took 2nd at Paris 1923, lost a mini match to Alekhine (0–2) at Paris 1923, tied for 2nd-5th at Margate 1923 (Ernst Grünfeld won), and shared 4th at Strasbourg 1924. He was French Champion in 1931.

Muffang represented France in Chess Olympiads:

In the 1st Chess Olympiad at London 1927,

In the 2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague 1928,

In the 6th Chess Olympiad at Warsaw 1935,

In the 12th Chess Olympiad at Moscow 1956.

He won individual silver medal in The Hague.

After World War II, he played for France in friendly matches against Switzerland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1947), Soviet Union (1954), and Romania (1955).

He was awarded the International Master title in 1951.
Anton Filippov

**Anton Filippov** is an Uzbekistani chess Grandmaster (2008).

He won the Asian Under-16 Chess Championship in 2001 in Doha, and the Asian U18 Championship in 2004. In 2007 he tied for 1st–3rd with Vladimir Egin and Timur Gareev in the Uzbekistani Chess Championship. In 2008 he won the first Kuala Lumpur Open Championship and tied for 4–8th with Tamaz Gelashvili, Constantin Lupulescu, Nidjat Mamedov and Alexander Zubarev in the Open Romgaz Tournament in Bucharest 2008. In 2009, he won the fourth President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Cup in Manila, tied for second with Shakhriyar Mamedyarov in the fourth Kolkata Open, tied for 3rd–8th with Vadim Malakhatko, Elshan Moradiabadi, Merab Gagunashvili, Alexander Shabalov and Niaz Murshed in the Ravana Challenge Tournament in Colombo. He qualified for the Chess World Cup 2009 and was knocked out by Surya Shekhar Ganguly in the first round. In 2010 he tied for 3rd–6th with Ding Liren, Zhou Jianchao and Merab Gagunashvili in the first Florencio Campomanes Memorial in Manila and came first in the First Safin Memorial in Tashkent. In 2011, he tied for 1st–3rd with Tigran L. Petrosian and Marat Dzhumaev in the Georgy Agzamov Memorial in Tashkent.

Filippov played for Uzbekistan in the Chess Olympiads of 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012 and 2014.
Aldo Haïk

**Aldo Haïk** is a French chess International Master (IM) (1977), two-times East France Chess Championship winner (1972, 1983), Chess Olympiad individual gold medal winner (1972), World Team Chess Championship individual bronze medal winner (1985).

In the 1970s and 1980s Aldo Haïk was one of the leading French chess players. He twice winning gold medal in French Chess Championship: in 1972 in Rosny-sous-Bois and in 1983 in Belfort. In 1977, he was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. In 1985, he was the first French player to earn a chess grandmaster norm. Aldo Haïk has successfully participated in international chess tournaments where he has won or shared 1st place: Berga (1976), Stara Zagora (1977), London (1978, 1979), Bagneux (1981), Metz (1995).
Kiril Georgiev

**Kiril Dimitrov Georgiev** is a Bulgarian and Macedonian chess grandmaster, and seven-time Bulgarian Chess Champion.

Georgiev first caught the eye of the chess world in 1983, when he became the World Junior Champion with an unusually strong score of 11½ out of 13. This result automatically gave him the International Master title. Two years later, FIDE awarded him the Grandmaster title.

In the process of becoming the Bulgarian Champion of 1984 (shared), 1986 and 1989, he rapidly became recognised as Bulgaria's number one player, taking over from Ivan Radulov and eventually giving way to Veselin Topalov. He has represented his country at the Chess Olympiad many times, playing on either board 1 or 2. Exceptionally, in 2002 he played for Macedonia, while he was temporarily resident there.

At the 1988 World Blitz Championship in Saint John, Canada, Kiril Georgiev finished third after eliminating world champion Garry Kasparov (3 - 1) in the quarterfinal. In the semifinal he lost to Rafael Vaganian (3.5 - 4.5). The tournament was eventually won by Mikhail Tal.
Ljubomir Ljubojević

**Ljubomir Ljubojević** is a Serbian chess grandmaster. He won the Yugoslav Chess Championship in 1977 (tied) and 1982.

Ljubojević was born on 2 November 1950 in Titovo Užice, Yugoslavia (now Užice, Serbia). He was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1970 and the Grandmaster (GM) title in 1971. Ljubojević was Yugoslav champion in 1977 (jointly) and 1982. He won the 1974 Canadian Open Chess Championship. In 1983 he was ranked third in the Elo rating list, but he never succeeded in reaching the Candidates Tournament stage of the World Championship.

He played for Yugoslavia in twelve Chess Olympiads, nine times on top board, with an overall result of 63.5% (+66−22=75). He won an individual gold medal on third board at Skopje 1972 and three bronze medals (one individual and two team).

Ljubojević tied for first place with Robert Hübner at Linares 1985. He has defeated almost every top grandmaster active during his career, including world champions Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, and Viswanathan Anand.
Mark Dvoretsky

**Mark Izrailovich Dvoretsky** was a Russian chess trainer, writer, and International Master.

Dvoretsky was born in Moscow in 1947. He learnt chess when he was around 5 or 6 years old. However, he started to study chess seriously and participate in tournaments only when he was in the fifth grade. Before that he had a different interest – mathematics. One day his math teacher was changed, and a boring one was the replacement. He lost his interest in math and moved towards chess. He was 11–12 years old when he enrolled in a chess club in Moscow. He was awarded the International Master title in 1975, and for a time he was widely regarded as the strongest IM in the world. This was due to a number of excellent results: he was Moscow Champion in 1973, finished equal fifth in a strong Soviet Championship in 1974, and won the Wijk aan Zee Masters tournament of 1975 by a clear point and a half. Along with another creditable finish at the USSR Championship of 1975, the results were an indication that he was already of grandmaster strength.
Edward Lasker

**Edward Lasker** (born **Eduard Lasker**) was a German-American chess and Go player. He was awarded the title of International Master of chess by FIDE. Lasker was an engineer by profession, and an author of books on Go, chess and checkers. Born in Germany, he emigrated to the United States in 1914. He was distantly related to Chess World Champion Emanuel Lasker with whom he is sometimes confused.
World Chess Championship

The **World Chess Championship** is played to determine the world champion in chess. The current world champion is Magnus Carlsen of Norway.

The first generally recognized world championship took place in 1886, when the two leading players in the world, Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort, played a match, which was won by Steinitz. From 1886 to 1946, the champion set the terms, requiring any challenger to raise a sizable stake and defeat the champion in a match in order to become the new world champion. Following the death of reigning world champion Alexander Alekhine in 1946, FIDE (the International Chess Federation) took over administration of the World Championship, organizing their first championship in a 1948 tournament. In 1993, reigning champion Garry Kasparov broke away from FIDE, which led to a rival claimant to the title of World Champion for the next thirteen years. The titles were unified at the World Chess Championship 2006, with the unified title again administered by FIDE.

## World Champions

### Undisputed world champions (2006–present)

 15
 16
Veselin Topalov

**Veselin Aleksandrov Topalov**is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former FIDE World Chess Champion.

Topalov became FIDE World Chess Champion by winning the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005. He lost his title in the World Chess Championship 2006 against Vladimir Kramnik. He challenged Viswanathan Anand at the World Chess Championship 2010, losing 6½–5½. He won the 2005 Chess Oscar.

He was ranked world number one from April 2006 to January 2007. He regained the top ranking in October 2008 until January 2010. His peak rating was 2816 in July 2015, placing him joint-tenth on the list of highest FIDE-rated players of all time.

Topalov has competed at nine Chess Olympiads (1994-2000, 2008-2016), winning board one gold in 2014 and scoring best overall performance in 1994. He also won in Linares, Corus, Dortmund, Stavanger and Pearl Spring tournaments.
Josef Rejfíř

**Josef Rejfiř** was one of Czechoslovakia's strongest chess players before World War II.

Rejfiř represented Czechoslovakia at all five Chess Olympiads from 1928 to 1935. He retired from chess for many years, but returned in the last decade of his life to play in the 1956 and 1958 Olympiads.

Rejfiř received the International Master title in 1956.
Jagan

**Jagan** is a male water dragon and a brother of Pengu, Amba, Pranee, and Sisu. He is a a co-creator of the Dragon Gem. His magic is to create fog that is so thick it is impossible to see through. His part of the dragon gem was used by Sisu when Namaari came to Spine.

As seen at the end of the film, all dragons possess an unique ability to fly using rain drops to hop through the sky.

## Background

### Physical Appearance

Like his siblings, he is a long dragon, he is purple or deep purple. He has horn on his head and light green eyes.