Timeline of Contemporary history

This is a **timeline of the 20th century**.

## 1900s

See also: Edwardian Era, Gilded Age, Progressive Era
* 1901: First Nobel Prizes awarded. The Australian colonies federated. Boxer Rebellion ends. Edward VII becomes King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India upon the death of Queen Victoria. Platt Amendment limits the autonomy of Cuba in exchange for withdrawal of American troops. Assassination of William McKinley. Emily Hobhouse reports on the terrible conditions in the 45 British concentration camps for Boer women and children in South Africa. Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal.
* 1902: Second Boer War ends. Philippine–American War ends. Cuba gains independence from the United States. Willis Carrier invents the first modern electrical air conditioning unit. Unification of Saudi Arabia begins. Venezuela Crisis, in which Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims.
* 1903: First controlled heavier-than-air flight of the Wright Brothers. Herero and Namaqua Genocide, the first genocide of the 20th century, begins in German South-West Africa. In Russia the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks form from the breakup of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. Pius X becomes Pope. The teddy bear is invented. The first Tour de France is held. Independence of Panama, the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama. The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople-Baghdad Railway.
* 1904: Entente cordiale signed between Britain and France. A Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur (Lushun) starts the Russo-Japanese War. Trans-Siberian railway is completed. Construction of the Panama Canal begins. Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo Free State. End of British expedition to Tibet.
* 1905: Russo-Japanese War ends. Revolution of 1905 in Russia. Persian Constitutional Revolution begins. Trans-Siberian Railway opened. Albert Einstein's formulation of relativity. Schlieffen Plan proposed. The British Indian Province of Bengal, was partitioned by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. First Moroccan Crisis. The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence.
* 1906: Earthquakes in San Francisco, California (death toll: 3000) and Valparaíso, Chile (death toll: 20,000) occur. Dreyfus Affair ends. Stolypin reform in Russia creates a new class of affluent kulaks. Brazilian inventor Alberto Santos-Dumont takes off and flies his 14-bis to a crowd in Paris. The Muslim League is formed by Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dacca. The US began the Second Occupation of Cuba.
* 1907: Herero and Namaqua Genocide ends. A peasants' revolt in Romania kills roughly 11,000. The Indian National Congress splits into two factions at its Surat session, presided by Rash Behari Bose. Persian Constitutional Revolution ends with the establishment of a parliament. Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907. The Anglo-Russian Entente bring a pause in The Great Game in Central Asia. Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world with woman candidates, as well as the first elections in Europe where universal suffrage is applied.
* 1908: First commercial radio transmissions. The Ford Motor Company invents the Model T. First commercial Middle-Eastern oilfield established, at Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia. The Tunguska impact devastates thousands of square kilometres of Siberia. Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire. Independence of Bulgaria. Austro-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, triggering the Bosnian Crisis. Pu Yi, the last Emperor of China, assumes the throne. 1908 Messina earthquake kills over 70,000 people. Start of publication of Robert Baden-Powell's *Scouting for Boys* in London.
* 1909: United States troops leave Cuba. Bosnian crisis ends with Austro-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Robert E. Peary claims to have reached the North Pole though the claim is subsequently heavily contested. Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. Ottoman countercoup fails in the Ottoman Empire. A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah, Persian Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. Japan and China sign the Jiandao/Gando Treaty

## 1910s

See also: Timeline of World War I
* 1910: Beginning of the Mexican Revolution. George V becomes King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India. Union of South Africa created. 5 October 1910 revolution in Portugal and proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic. Imperial Japan annexes Korea. Boy Scouts of America is founded. Halley's Comet returns. Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom. Albanian Revolt of 1910.
* 1911: Xinhai Revolution in China overthrows the Qing Dynasty. Roald Amundsen first reaches the South Pole. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire results in the deaths of 146 workers and leads to sweeping workplace safety reforms. New Delhi becomes the capital of British India. Ernest Rutherford identifies the atomic nucleus. The Italo-Turkish war leads to the capture of Libya by Italy. Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS *Pennsylvania* stationed in San Francisco harbor, marking the first time an aircraft lands on a ship. Agadir Crisis.
* 1912: End of the Chinese Empire; Republic of China established. The African National Congress is founded. Morocco becomes a protectorate of France. Sinking of the *RMS Titanic*. First Balkan War begins. Woodrow Wilson is elected 28th President of the United States. Arizona becomes the last state to be admitted to the continental Union. United States occupation of Nicaragua begins. The Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party, is founded.
* 1913: Niels Bohr formulates the first cohesive model of the atomic nucleus, and in the process paves the way to quantum mechanics. In the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Ismail Enver comes to power. Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line. La Decena Trágica in Mexico City. Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament and rules as a dictator. Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring infamously premiers in Paris. Treaty of London. Second Balkan War and Treaty of Bucharest. The Federal Reserve System is created.
* 1914: Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, triggering the start of World War I. First Battle of the Marne. The Race to the Sea leaves Germany and the Allies entrenched along the Western Front. The United Kingdom establishes the Sultanate of Egypt as a protectorate. Panama Canal opens. Benedict XV becomes Pope. Battle of Tannenberg. Martha, last known passenger pigeon, dies.
* 1915: The *RMS Lusitania* is sunk. The United States occupation of Haiti begins. Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire. D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation is released. First use of poison gas at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and Second Battle of Ypres. The Treaty of London brings Italy into the war.
* 1916: Easter Rising in Ireland. The implementation of daylight saving time. Brusilov Offensive. Warlord Era begins in China. David Lloyd George becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Gallipoli Campaign fails. First use of tanks at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette. Battle of the Somme. Grigory Rasputin is assassinated by H.H. Prince Felix Youssoupov. The Pact is agreed upon by both the Congress and the Muslim League at the Indian city of Lucknow. Sinking of the HMHS Britannic. Battle of Verdun. The Arab Revolt begins
* 1917: Russian Revolution ends the Russian Empire; beginning of Russian Civil War. Battle of Passchendaele. USA joins the Allies for the last 17 months of World War I. Battle of Caporetto. Independence of Poland and Finland recognised. The Third Battle of Gaza ends in British victory. The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded. October Revolution in Russia. Ukrainian–Soviet War begins. Apparations of Our Lady of the Rosary in Fatima,Portugal.
* 1918: Spring Offensive. Battle of Amiens. The Hundred Days Offensive sends Germany into defeat. Armistice of 11 November 1918 ends World War I. German Revolution begins. Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Spanish flu pandemic. Assassination of Tsar Nicholas II and his family. Poland, Ukraine and Belarus are among a number of states to declare independence from Russia. Finnish Civil War. Mehmed VI becomes last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and last Caliph. Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire begins. The Kingdom of Iceland and The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs are established. The British occupy Palestine. Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is founded. Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is declared. Armenian–Azerbaijani War begins. Polish–Ukrainian War begins.
* 1919: Treaty of Versailles redraws European borders. German Revolution ends with the collapse of the German Empire and the establishment of the Weimar Republic. Victory for Estonia in the Estonian War of Independence. League of Nations founded in Paris. Polish-Soviet War begins. The Italian National Fascist Party is established by Benito Mussolini. Comintern established. Egyptian Revolution of 1919. Turkish War of Independence begins. End of Polish–Ukrainian War. The International Labour Organization is established. Ernest Rutherford discovers the proton. First experimental evidence for the General theory of relativity obtained by Arthur Eddington.

## 1920s

See also: Roaring Twenties
* 1920: Mexican Revolution ends. Greece restores its monarchy after a referendum. Mandatory Palestine established. Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan and Armenia ends the Armenian–Azerbaijani War and concludes with their incorporation into the Soviet Union. Mohandas Gandhi launches Non-cooperation movement. Prohibition in the United States enforced.
* 1921: Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the Nazi Party as hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic begins. Russia invades Georgia and incorporates it into the Soviet Union. End of Russian Civil War, Polish-Soviet War and Ukrainian–Soviet War. Coup brings the Pahlavi dynasty to power in Iran. Warren G. Harding becomes 29th President of The United States
* 1922: Ottoman Sultanate abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly; Sultan Mehmed VI is deposed. Irish Free State is established, while the Province of Northern Ireland is created within The United Kingdom. The Irish Civil War begins. The Italian reconquest of Libya begins. The union of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador is dissolved. Egypt gains independence from the United Kingdom, though British forces still occupy the Suez Canal. March on Rome brings Benito Mussolini to power in Italy. Howard Carter discovers Tutankhamen's tomb. Gabriel Narutowicz, President of Poland is assassinated. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the world's first officially Communist state, is formed. Pius XI becomes Pope. James Joyce publishes *Ulysses*. The Washington Naval Treaty is signed. Mohandas Gandhi calls off Non-cooperation movement.
* 1923: Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic ends with the introduction of the Rentenmark. *Time* Magazine is first published. Irish Civil War ends. The Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic, ends in failure and brief imprisonment for Adolf Hitler but brings the Nazi Party to national attention. A military coup ousts and kills Bulgarian Prime Minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski. The Great Kantō earthquake kills at least 105,000 people in Japan. Turkish War of Independence ends; Kemal Atatürk becomes the first President of the newly established Republic of Turkey; Ankara replaces Istanbul as its capital. The Walt Disney Company is founded. Death of Warren G. Harding; Calvin Coolidge takes presidency in the United States.
* 1924: Death of Vladimir Lenin triggers power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. The Caliphate is abolished by Kemal Atatürk. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation founded under J. Edgar Hoover. The August Uprising in Georgia against Soviet rule. George Gershwin composes Rhapsody In Blue. U.S. Immigration Act of 1924 significantly restricts immigration from Asia, the Middle East, and Southern Europe.
* 1925: Benito Mussolini gains dictatorial powers in Italy. *Mein Kampf* is published. First televisual image created by John Logie Baird. Locarno Treaties are signed. Serum run to Nome.
* 1926: Hirohito becomes Emperor of Japan. Coups in Greece, Poland and Portugal install new dictatorships.
* 1927: *The Jazz Singer*, the first "talkie", is released. Joseph Stalin becomes leader of the Soviet Union. Chinese Civil War begins. Bath School disaster. Australian Parliament convenes in Canberra for the first time. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland officially becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Saudi Arabia gains independence. The BBC is granted a Royal Charter in the United Kingdom. World population reaches 2 billion. Charles Lindbergh's flight to Paris.
* 1928: Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. Warlord Era ends in China. Malta becomes a British Dominion. Bubble gum is invented. King Zog I is crowned in Albania. The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed in Paris. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is established. Mickey Mouse is created at the Walt Disney Studio. Hassan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood.
* 1929: Wall Street crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression. Leon Trotsky is exiled. First people sent to the gulag in the Soviet Union as Stalin assumes effective control. Pope Pius XI signs the Lateran Treaty with Italian leader Benito Mussolini. Vatican City is recognised as a sovereign state. Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. The first Academy Awards are presented.

## 1930s

See also: Timeline of the Great Depression
* 1930: Aided by the Great Depression, the Nazi Party increases its share of the vote from 2.6% to 18.3%. Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto. Salt March by Mohandas Gandhi and the official start of civil disobedience in British India. Military coups replace governments in Peru and Brazil. Haile Selassie becomes king of Abyssinia. First FIFA World Cup hosted.
* 1931: Floods in China kill up to 2.5 million people. Independence of South Africa. Construction of the Empire State Building. "The Star-Spangled Banner" is adopted as the United States's national anthem. The Second Spanish Republic is declared. The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong. Statute of Westminster creates the British Commonwealth of Nations. Japan invades Manchuria, China and occupies it until the end of World War II.
* 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the United States. Éamon de Valera becomes President of the Executive Council (prime minister) of the Irish Free State. The Nazi party becomes the largest single party in the German parliament. Military coup in Chile. Siamese Revolution establishes a constitutional monarchy. BBC World Service starts broadcasting. The Neutron is discovered. Lindbergh baby kidnapping.
* 1933: Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. New Deal begins in America. Japan and Germany announce they are going to leave the League of Nations. United States occupation of Nicaragua ends. Prohibition in the United States is abolished.
* 1934: Dictatorships begin in Brazil and Bolivia. Austrian Civil War results in Fascist victory. Mao Zedong begins the Long March. United States occupation of Haiti ends. United States grants more autonomy to the Philippines. Adolf Hitler instigates the Night of the Long Knives, which cements his power over both the Nazi Party and Germany. With the death of President Hindenburg, Hitler declares himself Fuhrer of Germany. Bonnie and Clyde are shot to death in a police ambush. John Dillinger is gunned down by the FBI outside the Biograph Theater.
* 1935: Second Italo-Abyssinian War concludes with the exile of Haile Selassie and the conquest of Abyssinia by Benito Mussolini. Persia becomes Iran. William Lyon Mackenzie King is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Enactment of the Nuremberg racial laws.
* 1936: Beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Great Purge begins under Stalin. Edward VIII becomes King of the British Commonwealth and Emperor of India, before abdicating and handing the throne to his brother, George VI. George Nissen and Larry Griswold build the first modern trampoline. Hoover Dam is completed. Arab Revolt in Palestine against the British begins to oppose Jewish immigration. Italy annexes Ethiopia. "Benjamin", the last known thylacine, dies in Hobart Zoo.
* 1937: Japanese invasion of China, and the beginning of World War II in the Far East. Rape of Nanking. Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Irish Republican Army attempts to assassinate King George VI of the United Kingdom. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is the first feature-length animated movie released. German zeppelin Hindenburg crashes in Lakehurst, New Jersey.
* 1938: Anschluss unifies Germany and Austria. Munich agreement hands Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. Great Purge ends after nearly 700,000 executions. Kristallnacht in Germany, while *Time* Magazine declares Adolf Hitler as Man of the Year. DC Comics hero Superman has its first appearance.
* 1939: End of Spanish Civil War; Francisco Franco becomes dictator of Spain. Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. Nazi invasion of Poland triggers the beginning of World War II in Europe. Soviet invasion of Poland begins 16 days later. Palestinian revolt against the British ends. Pius XII becomes Pope.

## 1940s

See also: Timeline of World War II
* 1940: Nazis invade France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. Katyn massacre of Polish soldiers in USSR and the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states. Winter War between Soviet Union and Finland. Soviet Union annexes the Baltic states. Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Battle of Britain, the first entirely aerial military campaign, becomes the first significant defeat for the Axis powers. The Blitz begins. Leon Trotsky is assassinated. Chechen insurgency begins in Soviet Union. Neptunium is synthesized.
* 1941: Operation Reinhard commences the main phase of The Holocaust. Attack on Pearl Harbor, which leads to the USA joining World War II. Hitler commences the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union begins. Siege of Tobruk in North Africa is the first major defeat for Hitler's land forces. Siege of Leningrad begins.
* 1942: Battle of Midway. Battle of the Coral Sea. First and second Battles of El Alamein. Battle of Stalingrad and Guadalcanal Campaign begin. Internment of Japanese-American citizens in the US begins. Manhattan Project begins.
* 1943: Battle of Stalingrad ends with over two million casualties and the retreat of the German Army. The failed Battle of Kursk becomes the last Nazi offensive on the Eastern Front. Warsaw Ghetto uprising fails. Tehran Conference between Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin agrees to launch Operation Overlord. Green Revolution begins.
* 1944: D-Day landings in Normandy. Liberation of Paris. The Siege of Leningrad ends with Soviet victory after over a million deaths. Chechen insurgency ends with deportation of the entire Chechen population. Continuation War ends. First operational electronic computer, Colossus, comes online.
* 1945: Allied bombing of Dresden. Battle of Berlin. Yalta Conference. End of World War II in Europe. The Holocaust ends after ~12 million deaths, including 6 million Jews. Battle of Okinawa. Creation of the atomic bomb, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. End of World War II in Asia and beginning of the Occupation of Japan. Potsdam Conference divides Europe into Western and Soviet blocs. United Nations founded. Independence of Korea. Independence of Indonesia. Nuremberg trials begin.
* 1946: Italy becomes a republic. French Fourth Republic established. Independence of Jordan. Nuremberg trials end. First Indochina War begins. First images of the Earth taken from space. Bhumibol Adulyadej becomes King of Thailand. Mustafa Barzani founds the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Treaty of Manila declares Philippines independent.
* 1947: Independence of India and Pakistan and beginning of First Indo-Pakistani War. Invention of the first practical transistor. Breaking of the sound barrier. Harry Truman establishes the Truman Doctrine of containment of Communism. Creation of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
* 1948: United Nations establishes Israeli Independence and the formation of the official State of Israel. Arab–Israeli War. Independence of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Berlin Blockade begins. Marshall Plan; founding of the OECD and the World Health Organization. Assassination of Mohandas Gandhi. The independence of Burma. Beginning of apartheid in South Africa. Division of North and South Korea. First Indo-Pakistani War ends. The Soviet *Sever-2* expedition become the first party to indisputably set foot on the North Pole.
* 1949: Creation of NATO. Berlin Blockade ends. Partition of Germany into the Soviet socialist German Democratic Republic and the NATO-backed Federal Republic of Germany. COMECON founded by USSR and the Eastern Bloc. Partition of Kashmir. Establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong; The Republic of China relocates to Taiwan. Soviet Union tests atomic bomb.

## 1950s

See also: Timeline of events in the Cold War
* 1950: Communist victory in the Landing Operation on Hainan Island and Wanshan Archipelago Campaign end the Chinese Civil War. Beginning of the Korean War. Lhamo Dondrub becomes the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet.
* 1951: Colombo Plan comes into effect. Treaty of San Francisco ends the Occupation of Japan and formally concludes hostilities between Japan and the US.
* 1952: European Defence Community formed. Egyptian Revolution under Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk and ends British occupation. Queen Elizabeth II becomes Monarch of the Commonwealth realms. Bonn–Paris conventions end allied occupation of West Germany. Slansky Trial in Czechoslovakia. Detonation of the hydrogen bomb. First scheduled flight by commercial jet. Development of the first effective polio vaccine by Jonas Salk. Mau Mau Uprising begins in Kenya.
* 1953: Independence of Cambodia. Discovery of the three-dimensional structure of DNA. First ascent of Mount Everest. Mohammed Mossadeq deposed in Iran. End of the Korean War. East German Uprising leads to the arrest and execution of Lavrentiy Beria; power struggle begins between Georgy Malenkov and Nikita Khrushchev. Elvis Presley's musical career is launched.
* 1954: Paris Treaty establishes Western European Union, Supreme Court of the United States decides *Brown v. Board of Education*, ordering an end to racial segregation in public schools. *Rock Around the Clock* by Bill Haley and His Comets, brings rock and roll to the American mainstream. The Soviet Union generates first electricity by nuclear power. First Indochina War ends. Algerian War begins. First Taiwan Strait Crisis begins.
* 1955: Nikita Khrushchev assumes control of the Soviet Union. Signing of the Warsaw Pact. First Sudanese Civil War begins. First Taiwan Strait Crisis ends. Antimatter first produced. Formation of the Central Treaty Organization. Deaths of James Dean and Albert Einstein.
* 1956: Independence of Sudan and Tunisia and full independence of Pakistan. The Hungarian Uprising crushed by Soviet troops. Nasser's nationalisation of the Suez Canal triggers the Suez crisis. Brasilia constructed.
* 1957: Launch of *Sputnik 1* and the beginning of the Space Age. Independence of Ghana. Treaty of Rome, which would eventually lead to the European Union. Harold Macmillan become British Prime Minister. First prescription of the combined oral contraceptive pill. Independence of the Federation of Malaya.
* 1958: French Fifth Republic established. Great Chinese Famine begins in China. NASA, the U.S. Federal Aviation Authority and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) founded. CND's symbol, the peace sign, is first used. Invention of the optical disc and the cassette tape. Second Taiwan Strait Crisis.
* 1959: Cuban Revolution. Independence of Cyprus. Admission of Alaska and Hawaii into the United States. Uprising in Tibet against China leads to the exile of the Dalai Lama. First documented AIDS cases. Beginning of the Vietnam War. First images of the far side of the Moon. Ritchie Valens, Buddy Holly and The Big Bopper die in a plane crash. By this time, the gulag has been effectively disbanded, after over a million recorded deaths. World population reaches 3 billion.

## 1960s

See also: Civil Rights Movement, Swinging Sixties
* 1960: European Free Trade Association formed. 1960 U-2 incident sparks deterioration in relations between superpowers. Year of Africa: Independence of 17 African nations. Assassination of Patrice Lumumba begins the Congo Crisis. Khrushchev withdraws Soviet cooperation with China, initiating the Sino-Soviet split. The Birth control pill becomes commercially available. Sharpeville Massacre in South Africa. 1960 United States presidential election marks the first televised debates between presidential candidates. Mau Mau Uprising ends. First manned descent to the deepest point on Earth, the Mariana Trench. Construction of the first laser. The Beatles form in Liverpool. Muhammad Ali wins gold in Rome.
* 1961: Great Leap Forward ends in China after the deaths of roughly 20 million people. Construction of the Berlin Wall. First human spaceflight. Congo Crisis: Assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld dies in a plane crash.
* 1962: Cuban missile crisis. Algerian war ends with the independence of Algeria. The Beatles' first record and the beginnings of the British Invasion. Death of Marilyn Monroe. Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation begins. A coup ends the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and establishes the Yemen Arab Republic. North Yemen Civil War begins. Sino-Indian War. Second Vatican Council is opened by Pope John XXIII.
* 1963: Independence of Kenya and Zanzibar and creation of Malaysia. Birmingham campaign. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers "I Have a Dream" at the March on Washington. Assassination of John F. Kennedy. Launch of the first geostationary satellite. Paul VI becomes Pope. Upon the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became U.S. president.
* 1964: Leonid Brezhnev ousts Khrushchev and assumes power in the Soviet Union. Independence of Malta and Malawi. Zanzibar Revolution overthrows Arab ruling class; Zanzibar merges with Tanganyika to form Tanzania. Civil Rights Act abolishes segregation in the USA. Colombian armed conflict begins. The Gulf of Tonkin incident led to the escalation of U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. The Beatles' first visit to the United States. Rhodesian Bush War begins. First close-up images of Mars
* 1965: Deaths of Winston Churchill and Malcolm X. Congo Crisis ends; Joseph Mobutu becomes dictator of the Congo. Anti-Communist purge in Indonesia kills up to 500,000 people. Second Indo-Pakistani War. Second Vatican Council is closed by Pope Paul VI. Singapore gains independence.
* 1966: Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation ends. China's Cultural Revolution begins. Independence of Lesotho, Botswana and Barbados. The Beach Boys release Good Vibrations.
* 1967: Summer of Love. Six-Day War. Attempted secession of the Republic of Biafra from Nigeria triggers the Nigerian Civil War. ASEAN founded. The Beatles release their landmark album *Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band*. Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt disappears while swimming at Cheviot Beach, Victoria.
* 1968: Assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy during the Poor People's Campaign. Prague Spring crushed by the Eastern Bloc military intervention. May 1968 protests in France. The Troubles begin in Northern Ireland. Tet Offensive occurs in South Vietnam.
* 1969: The first manned mission to the Moon. Woodstock festival. Sino-Soviet border conflict. The Manson Family Murders. Creation of ARPANET, the earliest incarnation of the Internet. Muammar Gaddafi overthrows King Idris of Libya in a Coup d'état and establishes the Libyan Arab Republic. Stonewall riots in the US instigate the gay rights movement.

## 1970s

* 1970: Nigerian Civil War ends with the reintegration of the Republic of Biafra with Nigeria after ~3 million deaths. Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 1970 Polish protests. Cambodian Civil War begins. Kent State massacre leaves four students dead and nine injured. Yemeni Civil War ends. Ratification of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Containerisation adopted globally, massively boosting global trade. Maiden flight of the Boeing 747. Bhola Cyclone kills 500,000 people in East Pakistan. Black September in Jordan begins. Anwar Sadat becomes President of Egypt. Break-up of the Beatles. FLQ seizes hostages, causing Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau of Canada to issue the War Measures Act
* 1971: Nixon shock removes gold back-up for the US Dollar triggering export of inflation from rich to poor nations. Black September in Jordan ends. Bangladesh Liberation War occurred, independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan and precipitates Third Indo-Pakistani War. Internment begins in Northern Ireland. Invention of the microchip. The death of Jim Morrison. Idi Amin seizes power in Uganda. Completion of the World Trade Center (North tower). Joseph Mobutu renames The Republic of the Congo Zaire. Greenpeace founded. COINTELPRO officially ends.
* 1972: Northern Ireland's Bloody Sunday. First Sudanese Civil War ends. Martial law declared in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos. Munich massacre occurs at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned to Bangladesh from imprisonment in Pakistan.
* 1973: 1973 Chilean coup d'état. Yom Kippur War, Beginning of the Watergate scandal. First space station, Skylab, is launched. Pink Floyd's album *The Dark Side of the Moon* is released in the UK. The Supreme Court of the United States decides *Roe v. Wade*. First close-up images of Jupiter. The Sears Tower is completed.
* 1974: The Turkish invasion of Cyprus led to the creation of the Northern Cyprus. Carnation Revolution in Portugal begins transition to democracy. Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia is overthrown in a military coup. First close-up images of Mercury. Discovery of "Lucy" (Australopithecus afarensis) in Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge. World population reaches 4 billion. Resignation of Richard Nixon.
* 1975: The Fall of Saigon ends the Vietnam War. Juan Carlos I becomes King of Spain. Cambodian Civil War ends with victory for the Khmer Rouge. The Killing Fields murders begin. First Cricket World Cup hosted.
* 1976: First outbreak of the Ebola virus. End of Cultural Revolution. Steve Wozniak invented the Apple I and Steve Jobs then convinced Wozniak to sell the system, giving birth to Apple Computer. Church Committee.
* 1977: Introduction of the first mass-produced personal computers. Launch of the *Voyager 1 and 2* spacecrafts, currently the most distant man-made objects in the universe. Queen Alia of Jordan is killed in helicopter crash. Tenerife disaster marks the deadliest accident in aviation history. Shaba I conflict involves Safari Club.
* 1978: Invention of artificial insulin. Discovery of Pluto's moon Charon. Independence of Tuvalu. Jim Jones's New religious movement The Peoples Temple ends in the organized mass killing and suicide of 920 people. Birth of the first test-tube baby. Cambodian-Vietnamese War begins. Uganda–Tanzania War begins. War in Afghanistan (1978–present) begins. Deng Xiaoping commences the Chinese economic reform. Spanish transition to democracy is completed. John Paul I and then John Paul II become Pope. 918 people die at Jonestown.
* 1979: Smallpox eradicated. Soviet–Afghan War begins. Rhodesian Bush War ends. Iranian Revolution and Iran hostage crisis. Shah Reza Pahlavi forced into exile. Arrival of Pope John Paul II in Poland, eventually sparking the Solidarity movement. First close-up images of Saturn. Margaret Thatcher becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Implementation of China's One-child policy. Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Uganda–Tanzania War ends with defeat for Uganda and the exile of Idi Amin. Cambodian-Vietnamese War ends with the overthrow of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge regime. 1.7 million people known to have been murdered in The Killing Fields. Sino-Vietnamese War. Nicaraguan Revolution. Central Treaty Organization dissolved.

## 1980s

* 1980: Independence of Rhodesia, which becomes Zimbabwe. Independence of Vanuatu. Ronald Reagan is elected President of the United States. 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Launch of CNN. Queen Beatrix becomes monarch of the Netherlands. Beginning of the Iran–Iraq War, Salvadorian Civil War and Contra War. Assassination of Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero. Disappearance and death of Azaria Chamberlain. Solidarity union forms at Poland's Gdańsk Shipyard under Lech Wałęsa, and begins agitation for greater personal freedoms. Murder of John Lennon.
* 1981: First orbital flight of the Space Shuttle. Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer. Assassination of Anwar Sadat. Launch of MTV. Iran releases the 52 U.S. hostages held in Tehran after 444 days. President Reagan and three others were injured after an assassination attempt. The AIDS epidemic officially begins.
* 1982: Death of Leonid Brezhnev; Yuri Andropov becomes leader of the Soviet Union. First Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Falklands War. Hama massacre in Syria leads to more than 10,000 deaths. First execution by Lethal injection takes place in Texas. Sony releases the world's first commercially sold CD Player, the Sony CDP-101. Princess Grace of Monaco dies following a car accident. Michael Jackson’s album *Thriller* is released.
* 1983: GPS development declassified following the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007. Independence of Brunei. End of dictatorship in Argentina. Second Sudanese Civil War begins. Invasion of Grenada by the United States. Bombing of U.S. Embassy in Beirut. The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing results in the deaths of 307 people, hastening the removal of international peacekeeping forces in Lebanon.
* 1984: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is recognized as the cause of HIV/AIDS, and research on zidovudine and other treatments gets underway. Konstantin Chernenko becomes Premier of the Soviet Union. Beginning of the 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia and the 1984-85 UK miners' strike. Sino-British Joint Declaration agrees to hand Hong Kong back to China by 1997. Assassination of Indira Gandhi. Murder of Marvin Gaye.
* 1985: End of 1982 Lebanon War. Live Aid. Mikhail Gorbachev becomes Premier of the Soviet Union. First use of DNA fingerprinting. End of military leadership in Brazil.
* 1986: Challenger and Chernobyl disasters. South Yemen Civil War. Launch of the space station Mir. First close-up images of the planet Uranus. Return of Halley's Comet. End of dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Iran–Contra becomes public. Assassination of Olof Palme.
* 1987: Stock market crash of 1987. First Intifada between Israel and Palestine begins. World population reaches 5 billion. The antidepressant drug Prozac becomes commercially available.
* 1988: Perestroika begins. End of the Iran–Iraq War. End of dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile. Pan Am Flight 103 falls over Lockerbie, Scotland. Myanmar Armed Forces launch a military coup. Construction of the Channel Tunnel begins. George H. W. Bush is elected President of the United States.
* 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall; Revolutions of 1989 and collapse of the Soviet Bloc in Europe. Tiananmen Square Massacre in China. End of the Soviet war in Afghanistan. End of dictatorship in Paraguay and the first direct Presidential election in Brazil since 1960. Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan. Fatwa issued against Salman Rushdie. Exxon Valdez oil spill. First close up pictures of Neptune. First Liberian Civil War begins.

## 1990s

* 1990: Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web. John Major becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. German reunification. Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. Gulf War begins. Contra War ends. Myanmar Armed Forces place Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest. North and South Yemen unify to form the Republic of Yemen. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change releases its first assessment report, linking increases in carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, and resultant rise in global temperature, to human activities.
* 1991: 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Gulf War ends in US withdrawal and failed uprising. Dissolution of the Soviet Union and independence of 15 former Soviet republics. Boris Yeltsin becomes the first President of the Russia. Ten-Day War in Slovenia begins the Yugoslav Wars. Beginning of the Somali, Sierra Leonian and Algerian Civil Wars. The first website is put online and made available to the public. Final end of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. Mount Pinatubo erupts with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 6 and reduces global temperatures.
* 1992: Maastricht Treaty creates the European Union. Bill Clinton is elected President of the United States. End of dictatorship in Albania and South Korea. End of Salvadorian Civil War. Bosnian War begins. Los Angeles riots over the acquittal of those involved in the beating of Rodney King. Discovery of the Kuiper belt and the first extrasolar planets. Hurricane Andrew kills 65 and causes $26.5 billion in damages in the Bahamas and the United States.
* 1993: Velvet Divorce between Czech Republic and Slovakia. Independence of Eritrea. Oslo accords end First Intifada between Israel and Palestine. 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The Waco siege ends after a 51-day standoff, leaving 86 people dead.
* 1994: Palau Independence. End of apartheid in South Africa and election of Nelson Mandela. Establishment of NAFTA. Cave of the Patriarchs massacre. First Chechen War begins. Yemeni Civil War (1994). Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira triggers the Rwandan genocide. Opening of the Channel Tunnel. Kim Jong-il becomes Supreme Leader of North Korea. Suicide of Kurt Cobain. Death of Ayrton Senna.
* 1995: Establishment of the World Trade Organization. American terrorist Timothy McVeigh bombs the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Srebrenica massacre. NATO bombing raids in Bosnia end the Bosnian War; Dayton Accords signed. Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. North Korean famine begins. Third Taiwan Strait Crisis begins. Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union. Murder of Selena.
* 1996: First Congo War begins. Third Taiwan Strait Crisis ends. First Chechen War ends. First Liberian Civil War ends. End of dictatorship in Taiwan. Dolly the sheep becomes the first successful cloned mammal. The Taliban government takes control of Afghanistan. Port Arthur massacre leaves 35 people dead, leading to tighter gun regulations in Australia. Nepalese Civil War begins. Murder of Tupac Shakur.
* 1997: Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from UK to China. Lottery Uprising in Albania. Kabila ousts Mobutu; Zaire becomes the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Diana, Princess of Wales is killed in a car accident in Paris. Sound barrier broken on land. Murder of Biggie Smalls. Lewinsky Scandal begins between U.S. president Bill Clinton and White House intern Monica Lewinsky.
* 1998: Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa against the West. Kenya and Tanzania bombings. Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Second Congo War begins. Good Friday Agreement brings an end to The Troubles in Northern Ireland. North Korean famine kills an estimated 2.5 million people by this point. Hurricane Mitch leaves more than 19,325 dead in Central America as a result of catastrophic flooding and mudslides. Murder of Phil Hartman.
* 1999: Euro is introduced. Kosovo War ends the Yugoslav Wars. Islamist insurgency in Nigeria begins. Hugo Chavez becomes President of Venezuela. Second Chechen War and Second Liberian Civil War begin. Fourth Indo-Pakistani War. Crisis in East Timor leads to 1400 deaths. Columbine High School massacre in Colorado, United States. World population reaches 6 billion. Vicente Fox becomes Mexican President, ending 71 years of single-party rule in the nation.

## 2000s

* 2000: The start of the 21st century and 3rd millennium was celebrated worldwide on New Years Day 2000. End of Israeli occupation of Lebanon. Second Intifada begins. George W. Bush is elected President of the United States. Vicente Fox becomes the first opposition President of Mexico. Vladimir Putin becomes President of Russia. British Army launch Operation Palliser which effectively ends the Sierra Leone Civil War. International Space Station begins operations. First Inter-Korean summit. al-Qaeda suicide bombs the USS Cole. 3rd Millennium begins.