recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Smoothie

File:Strawberry and lemon smoothie (14430283996).jpg
A **smoothie** is a thick and creamy beverage made from pureed raw fruit, vegetables, and sometimes dairy products (e.g. milk, yogurt, ice-cream or cottage cheese), typically using a blender. Smoothies may be made using other ingredients, such as water, crushed ice, fruit juice, sweeteners (e.g. honey, sugar, stevia, or syrup), whey powder, plant milk, nuts, nut butter, seeds, tea, chocolate, herbal supplements, or nutritional supplements. A smoothie containing dairy products is similar to a milkshake, though the latter typically contains less fruit and often uses ice cream or frozen yogurt.

## Composition

As products typically using raw fruits or vegetables, smoothies include dietary fiber (e.g. pulp, skin, and seeds) and so are thicker than fruit juice, often with a consistency similar to a milkshake. Smoothies, particularly "green smoothies" that include vegetables, may be marketed to health-conscious people for being healthier than milkshakes.

The healthfulness of a smoothie depends on its ingredients and their proportions. Many smoothies include large or multiple servings of fruits and vegetables, which are recommended in a healthy diet and intended to be a meal replacement. However, fruit juice containing high amounts of sugar can increase caloric intake and promote weight gain. Similarly, ingredients such as protein powders, sweeteners, or ice cream are often used in smoothie recipes, some of which contribute mostly to flavor and further caloric intake.

## Green smoothie

A **green smoothie** typically consists of 40–50% green vegetables (roughly half), usually raw green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, swiss chard, collard greens, celery, parsley, or broccoli, with the remaining ingredients being mostly or entirely fruit. Wheatgrass and spirulina are also used as healthful ingredients. Most green leafy vegetables have a bitter flavor when served raw, but this can be ameliorated by choosing certain less-bitter vegetables (e.g. baby spinach) or combining with certain fruit (e.g. banana softens both the flavor and texture). Some blender manufacturers now specifically target their products towards making green smoothies and provide a booklet of recipes for them.

If the fruit ingredients and the green vegetable ingredients are both juiced ahead of time, the mixed juice doesn't even have to be blended like a smoothie, i.e. a **green juice**.

## Around the world

Many different smoothies are part of Indian, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Fruit sharbat (a popular West and South Asian drink) sometimes include yogurt and honey, too. In India, the lassi is a smoothie or milkshake comprising crushed ice, yogurt, sometimes sugar, and often mango; in the south, pineapple smoothies made with crushed ice, sugar and no yogurt are more popular.

Health food stores on the West Coast of the United States began selling smoothies in the 1930s associated with invention of the electric blender. The actual term "smoothie" was being used in recipes and trademarks by the mid-1980s.
Steady state response

In electronics, **steady state** is an equilibrium condition of a circuit or network that occurs as the effects of transients are no longer important.

Steady state determination is an important topic, because many design specifications of electronic systems are given in terms of the steady-state characteristics. Periodic steady-state solution is also a prerequisite for small signal dynamic modeling. Steady-state analysis is therefore an indispensable component of the design process.

## Calculation methods

Steady state calculation methods can be sorted into time-domain algorithms (time domain sensitivities, shooting) and frequency-domain algorithms (harmonic balance) methods, are the best choice for most microwave circuits excited with sinusoidal signals (e.g. mixers, power amplifiers).

### Time domain methods

Time domain methods can be further divided into one step methods (time domain sensitivities) and iterative methods (shooting methods). One step methods require derivatives to compute the steady state; whenever those are not readily available at hand, iterative methods come into focus.
Timeline of Mongolian history

See also: Timeline of the Mongol Empire
This is a **timeline of Mongolian history**, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mongolia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Mongolia. See also the list of Presidents of Mongolia.

## 3rd century BC

 200 |  | At the Battle of Baideng, Emperor Gaozu of Han was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, only narrowly escaping capture.

## 2nd century BC

 119 |  | The Battle of Mobei, Han forces invade the northern regions of the Gobi Desert forcing the Xiongnu to flee into Siberia. After a series of further defeats, the Xiongnu are expelled from the Ordos Desert and Qilian Mountains.

## 1st century BC

 36 |  | At the Battle of Zhizhi General Chen Tang and Protector General Gan Yanshou, acting without explicit permission from the Han court, kill Northern Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu at his capital city (present-day Taraz, Kazakhstan)

## 1st century

 93 |  | The northern Xiongnu are dispersed by the Xianbei and the Chinese during the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The last Northern Chanyu is defeated and flees over to the north west with his subjects.

## 2nd century

 180 |  | The Xianbei conquer areas of northern China.

## 6th century

 584 |  | The Göktürks Empire, which stretches west to Crimea, is partitioned into Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates. Eastern Turk Göktürks recognize Sui dynasty Suzerainty.

## 7th century

 696 |  | Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids the Tang dynasty.

## 8th century

 758 |  | Uyghurs destroy several northern Yenisei Kyrgyz trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan
The Society of the Mind

***The Society of Mind*** is both the title of a 1986 book and the name of a theory of natural intelligence as written and developed by Marvin Minsky.

In his book of the same name, Minsky constructs a model of human intelligence step by step, built up from the interactions of simple parts called *agents*, which are themselves mindless. He describes the postulated interactions as constituting a "society of mind", hence the title.

A core tenet of Minsky's philosophy is that "minds are what brains do". The society of mind theory views the human mind and any other naturally evolved cognitive systems as a vast society of individually simple processes known as *agents*. These processes are the fundamental thinking entities from which minds are built, and together produce the many abilities we attribute to minds.
Tree of life

In biology, **taxonomy** is the science of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus, and species.

The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms.

With the advent of such fields of study as phylogenetics, cladistics, and systematics, the Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms, both living and extinct.

## Clade

A **clade** (from Ancient Greek: κλάδος, klados, "branch"), also known as monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The blue and red subgroups (below) are clades, or monophyletic (complete) groups; each shows its common ancestor 'stem' at the bottom of the subgroup 'branch'.

The green subgroup is *not* a clade. It is an *incomplete* clade because it excludes the blue branch even though it has also descended from the common ancestor stem at the bottom of the green branch.

The green box (central) could represent an *evolutionary grade*, a paraphyletic group united by conservative anatomical and physiological traits rather than phylogeny.

The green subgroup together with the blue one forms a clade again.

A homoplasy is a characteristic that is shared by two or more taxa due to some cause other than common ancestry. The two main types of homoplasy are convergence (evolution of the "same" character in at least two distinct lineages) and reversion (the return to an ancestral character state).

## Convergent evolution

From Convergent evolution:

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups.

Analogous traits arise when different species live in similar ways and/or a similar environment, and so face the same environmental factors. When occupying similar ecological niches (that is, a distinctive way of life) similar problems can lead to similar solutions.

## Evolution

A gene that is present in only one in a million individuals and that has only a 0.1% advantage in reproduction will in only 15,000 generations be present in 75% of individuals.

Traveling at 1 mm/s a snail will move 1,000 km in 31.7 years.

## Integrated Taxonomic Information System

* Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Sex outside marriage

*See also: Wikipedia:Common-law marriage*

Sex outside of marriage is a greatly misunderstood concept.

* Sex is defined as touching the genitals of another person **with intent to arouse and gratify that person**.
* In the religious world marriage is synonymous with **consummation**.

Sex outside marriage is therefore to use another person for ones own pleasure without intention to arouse and gratify that person. (e.g. anal sex)
Trichoptera

The **caddisflies**, or order **Trichoptera**, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis of the adult mouthparts. Integripalpian larvae construct a portable casing to protect themselves as they move around looking for food, while Annulipalpian larvae make themselves a fixed retreat in which they remain, waiting for food to come to them. The affinities of the small third suborder Spicipalpia are unclear, and molecular analysis suggests it may not be monophyletic. Also called **sedge-flies** or **rail-flies**, the adults are small moth-like insects with two pairs of hairy membranous wings. They are closely related to the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) which have scales on their wings; the two orders together form the superorder Amphiesmenoptera.

The aquatic larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats such as streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, spring seeps and temporary waters (vernal pools). The larvae of many species use silk to make protective cases, which are often strengthened with gravel, sand, twigs, bitten-off pieces of plants, or other debris. The larvae exhibit various feeding strategies, with different species being predators, leaf shredders, algal grazers, or collectors of particles from the water column and benthos. Most adults have short lives during which they do not feed.

In fly fishing, artificial flies are tied to imitate adults, while larvae and pupae are used as bait. Common and widespread genera such as *Helicopsyche* and *Hydropsyche* are important in the sport, where caddisflies are known as "sedges". Caddisflies are useful as bioindicators, as they are sensitive to water pollution and are large enough to be assessed in the field. In art, the French artist Hubert Duprat has created works by providing caddis larvae with small grains of gold and precious stones for them to build into decorative cases.
Tune-up

A **motor vehicle service** or **tune-up** is a series of maintenance procedures carried out at a set time interval or after the vehicle has travelled a certain distance. The service intervals are specified by the vehicle manufacturer in a service schedule and some modern cars display the due date for the next service electronically on the instrument panel. A tune-up should not be confused with engine tuning, which is the modifying of an engine to perform *better* than the original specification, rather than using maintenance to keep the engine running as it should.

The completed services are usually recorded in a service book upon completion of each service. A complete service history usually adds to the resale value of a vehicle.

## Scheduling

The actual schedule of car maintenance varies depending on the year, make, and model of a car, its driving conditions and driver behaviour.
Car makers recommend the so-called extreme or the ideal service schedule based on impact parameters such as

* number of trips and distance travelled per trip per day
* extreme hot or cold climate conditions
* mountainous, dusty or de-iced roads
* heavy stop-and-go vs. long-distance cruising
* towing a trailer or other heavy load

Service advisors in dealerships and independent shops recommend schedule intervals, which are often in between the ideal or extreme service schedule.

## Common maintenance

Maintenance tasks commonly carried out during a motor vehicle service include:

* Change the engine oil
* Replace the oil filter
* Replace the air filter
* Replace the fuel filter
* Replace the cabin or a/c filter
* Replace the spark plugs
* Check level and refill brake fluid/clutch fluid
* Check Brake Pads/Liners, Brake Discs/Drums, and replace if worn out.
* Check level and refill power steering fluid
* Check level and refill Automatic/Manual Transmission Fluid
* Grease and lubricate components
* Inspect and replace the timing belt or timing chain if needed
* Check condition of the tires
* Check for proper operation of all lights, wipers etc.
* Check for any Error codes in the ECU and take corrective action.
* Use scan tool read trouble code.

Mechanical parts that may cause the car to cease transmission or prove unsafe for the road are also noted and advised upon.

In the United Kingdom, few parts that are not inspected on the MOT test are inspected and advised upon a Service Inspection, including Clutch, Gearbox, Car Battery, and Engine components (further inspections than MOT).

## See also

* Internal combustion engine
* Car longevity and total cost
* **Tune-up**
* Oil change
* Fuel economy
* Milage deduction
Skin tag

For similar structures in mucous membranes such as the colon, see Polyp (medicine).
A **skin tag**, or **acrochordon** (pl. acrochorda), is a small benign tumor that forms primarily in areas where the skin forms creases (or rubs together), such as the neck, armpit and groin. They may also occur on the face, usually on the eyelids. Perianal skin tags can be associated with Crohn's disease. Acrochorda are generally harmless and painless and usually do not grow or change over time. Though tags up to a half-inch long have been seen, they are typically the size of a grain of rice. The surface of an acrochordon may be smooth or irregular in appearance and is often raised from the surface of the skin on a fleshy stalk called a peduncle. Microscopically, an acrochordon consists of a fibrovascular core, sometimes also with fat cells, covered by an unremarkable epidermis. However, tags may become irritated by shaving, clothing, jewellery or eczema.

## Etiology

Skin tags are thought to occur from skin rubbing up against skin, since they are so often found in skin creases and folds. Studies have shown existence of low-risk HPV 6 and 11 in skin tags, hinting at a possible role in its pathogenesis although one 2012 study found no association between skin tags and low risk or high risk human papillomaviruses. Acrochorda have been reported to have a prevalence of 46% in the general population. A causal genetic component is thought to exist. They also are more common in women than in men. Acrochorda were once thought to be associated with colorectal polyps, but studies have shown no such connection exists. Rarely, they can be associated with the Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, acromegaly, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Elevated blood sugar and insulin is linked to an increased incidence of skin tags through an unknown mechanism.

## Treatment

Like moles, removal of skin tags poses a threat of exacerbation of the tumorous site. Though rare, it is possible to develop a malignant tumor by removal. If removal is desired or warranted, it can be achieved using a home treatment kit, dermatologist, general practitioner or similarly trained professional who may use cauterisation, cryosurgery, excision, laser, or surgical ligation to remove the acrochorda.
The Shining

Much has been discussed about the meaning of the film and in particular who or what is to blame. Jack? Beer? Ghosts?

I think the real lesson is that all three main characters are to blame.

* Jack either is Grady or is possessed by Grady
* Wendy either is the lady in the bath or is possessed by the lady in the bath
* Danny either is tony or is possessed by Tony

All three are tragically flawed individuals but instead of coming together as a family and confiding in one another and helping one another to overcome their difficulties they instead are suspicious of each other and turn on each other thereby making their situation infinitely worse.

It was obviously Wendy in room 237 that strangled Danny and it might have even been Wendy who broke Danny's arm. Yet she tries to pass the blame onto Jack. Through all this Jack supports her. He tells her that Danny must have done it to himself even though Jack must know that Wendy did it.

This also explains why Jack says that she has "fucked up his life".

In the most famous scene of the movie Jack follows Wendy up the stairs as he tries to take away her baseball bat.
She knocks him down the stairs and locks herself and Danny in a bathroom.
Maybe Jack was afraid she would use the baseball bat on Danny.
Maybe that is why he broke through the door with an axe.

Seems as though the movie is being told through the eyes of Wendy who seems to be somewhat out of touch with reality.
Super-puff

A **super-puff** is a type of exoplanet with a mass only a few times larger than Earth’s but a radius larger than Neptune, giving it a very low mean density. They are cooler and less massive than the inflated low-density hot-Jupiters.

The most extreme examples known are the three planets around Kepler-51 which are all Jupiter-sized but with densities below 0.1 g/cm3. (The density of liquid hydrogen/helium is 0.081833 g/cm3) These planets were discovered in 2012 but their low densities were not discovered until 2014.

Another example is Kepler-87c.
Trial of the facts

Under the law of England and Wales regarding insanity and unfitness to plead, once a court has determined that the defendant is subject to a disability that prevents their trial progressing, there may be a "**trial of the facts**" in which the truth of the allegations against the defendant, as opposed to their guilt or innocence of a crime, is to be determined. The court's options are: to order an absolute discharge; a supervision order; or a hospital order (with or without a restriction order).

The trial is not a criminal trial to determine guilt or otherwise; it is "limited to ensuring that the interference with the liberty of the defendant consequent upon whatever order might be made following an adverse finding can be justified by reference to what can be proved about what he or she did, even if intention might have been clouded by delusion or other incapacity."
Timeline of English history

This is a **timeline of English history**, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in England and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of England.

## 1st century BC

 54 BC |  | Caesar invades for the second time, gaining a third of the country. These two invasions are known as Caesar's invasions of Britain.

## 11th century

 1066
 1086 |  | Work commenced on the Domesday Book.

## 12th century

 1194 |  | Richard was ransomed and returned to England.

## 19th century

 1859 | 24 November
 1863 | 10 January
 1870

## 20th century

 1982
 1989
 1996 | 8–30 June | England hosts the UEFA Euro 1996 and reaches the Semi-Final.
Timeline of Russian history

This is a **timeline of Russian history**, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Russia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Russia. See also the list of leaders of Russia.

Dates before 31 January 1918, when the Bolshevik government adopted the Gregorian calendar, are given in the Old Style Julian calendar.

## 9th century

 882 |  | Oleg of Novgorod conquered Kiev and moved the capital there.
Spermatophytina

The **spermatophytes**, also known as **phanerogams** (taxon Phanerogamae) or **phaenogams** (taxon Phaenogamae), comprise those plants that produce seeds, hence the alternative name **seed plants**. They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. The term *phanerogams* or *phanerogamae* is derived from the Greek φανερός, phanerós meaning "visible", in contrast to the **cryptogamae** from Greek κρυπτός kryptós = "hidden" together with the suffix γαμέω, gameo, "to marry". These terms distinguished those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible sexual organs (phanerogamae).

## Angiosperms

From Wikipedia:Xylem:

Vessels first evolved during the dry, low CO2 periods of the late Permian, in the horsetails, ferns and Selaginellales independently, and later appeared in the mid Cretaceous in angiosperms and gnetophytes. Vessels allow the same cross-sectional area of wood to transport around a hundred times more water than tracheids! This allowed plants to fill more of their stems with structural fibers, **and also opened a new niche to vines, which could transport water without being as thick as the tree they grew on**. Despite these advantages, tracheid-based wood is a lot lighter, thus cheaper to make, as vessels need to be much more reinforced to avoid cavitation

Gnetophyta is to angiosperms what marsupials are to placentals.
Thermosome

A **thermosome** is a group II chaperonin protein complex that functions in archaea. This group II chaperonin is an ATP-dependent chaperonin that is responsible for folding or refolding of incipient or denatured proteins. A thermosome has two rings, each consisting of eight subunits, stacked together to form a cylindrical shape with a large cavity at the center. The thermosome is also defined by its heterooligomeric nature. The complex consists of two subunits, alpha and beta, that alternate location within its two rings. Being a Group II chaperonin, the thermosome has a similar structure to group I chaperonins. The main difference, however, lies in the existence of a helical protrusion in the thermosome which composes of a built-in lid of the hydrophilic cavity. Not only is thermosome ATP-dependent, but the mechanism in which thermosome shifts from open to close conformation is also temperature-dependent. The open conformation of the ATP-thermosome exists mainly at low temperatures. Whereas, the closed conformation of the thermosome occurs when heating to physiological temperature.
Transient response

In electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, a **transient response** is the response of a system to a change from an equilibrium or a steady state. The transient response is not necessarily tied to abrupt events but to any event that affects the equilibrium of the system. The impulse response and step response are transient responses to a specific input (an impulse and a step, respectively).

## Damping

The response can be classified as one of three types of damping that describes the output in relation to the steady-state response.

Underdamped
An underdamped response is one that oscillates within a decaying envelope. The more underdamped the system, the more oscillations and longer it takes to reach steady-state. Here damping ratio is always less than one.
Critically damped
A critically damped response is that response which reaches the steady-state value the fastest without being underdamped. It is related to critical points in the sense that it straddles the boundary of underdamped and overdamped responses. Here, damping ratio is always equal to one. There should be no oscillation about the steady state value in the ideal case.
Overdamped
An overdamped response is the response that does not oscillate about the steady-state value but takes longer to reach steady-state than the critically damped case. Here damping ratio is greater than one.
## Properties

Transient response can be quantified with the following properties.

Rise time
Rise time refers to the time required for a signal to change from a specified low value to a specified high value. Typically, these values are 10% and 90% of the step height.
Overshoot
Overshoot is when a signal or function exceeds its target. It is often associated with ringing.
Settling time
Settling time is the time elapsed from the application of an ideal instantaneous step input to the time at which the output has entered and remained within a specified error band.
Delay-time
The delay time is the time required for the response to reach half the final value the very first time.
Peak time
The peak time is the time required for the response to reach the first peak of the overshoot.
Steady-state error
2003's *Instrument Engineers' Handbook* defines the steady-state error of a system as "the difference between the desired final output and the actual one" when the system reaches a steady state, when its behavior may be expected to continue if the system is undisturbed.
Spirits

According to the new testament the neshamah (spirits) walk among us.

The spirits are called ne-shamah because they have no shame.

The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the neshamah.

Spirits do not fear the sun...

he who is believing in the sun is not judged, but he who is not believing hath been condemned already, because he hath not believed in the power of the one and only Sun of God.

...because spirits are invisible because they have no flesh....

...because a spirit has exactly zero curiosity and zero anti-curiosity and zero time and zero anti-time and therefore has no conscience.

And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?

Father, glorify thy name. Then came there a voice from heaven, saying, I have both glorified it, and will glorify it again.

In one case the spirit took the bodily form of Jonah (John)
Tax bracket

**Tax brackets** are the divisions at which tax rates change in a progressive tax system (or an explicitly regressive tax system, although this is much rarer). Essentially, they are the cutoff values for taxable income—income past a certain point will be taxed at a higher rate.

## Example

Imagine that there are three tax brackets: 10%, 20%, and 30%. The 10% rate applies to income from $1 to $10,000; the 20% rate applies to income from $10,001 to $20,000; and the 30% rate applies to all income above $20,000.

Under this system, someone earning $10,000 would be taxed at a rate of 10%, paying a total of $1,000. Someone earning $5,000 would pay $500, and so on.

Meanwhile, someone earning $25,000 would face a more complicated calculation. The rate on the first $10,000 would be 10%; the rate from $10,001 to $20,000 would be 20%; and the rate above that would be 30%. Thus, they would pay $1,000 for the first $10,000 of income (10%); $2,000 for the second $10,000 of income (20%); and $1,500 for the last $5,000 of income (30%); in total, they would pay $4,500, or an 18% average tax rate.

In practice the computation is simplified by using point–slope form or slope–intercept form of the linear equation for the tax on a specific bracket, either as tax on the bottom amount of the bracket *plus* the tax on the marginal amount *within* the bracket:

$
3

000
(
$
25

000
−
$
20

000
)
×
30
# %
$
3

000
$
1

# 500
$
4

500
,

{\displaystyle \$3\,000+(\$25\,000-\$20\,000)\times 30\%=\$3\,000+\$1\,500=\$4\,500,}

or the tax on the entire amount (*at* the marginal rate), *minus* the amount that this overstates tax on the bottom end of the bracket.

$
25

000
×
30
%
−
$
3

# 000
$
7

500
−
$
3

# 000
$
4

{\displaystyle \$25\,000\times 30\%-\$3\,000=\$7\,500-\$3\,000=\$4\,500.}

See Progressive tax#Computation for details.
Suez Canal

The Red Sea is believed by some historians to have gradually receded over the centuries, its coastline slowly moving southward away from Lake Timsah and the Great Bitter Lake. Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile silt, maintenance and repair of Ptolemy's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century.

Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy's canal, Cleopatra seems to have had no west–east waterway passage, because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which fed Ptolemy's west–east canal, had by that time dwindled, being choked with silt.

By the 8th century, a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea, but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction—either Trajan or 'Amr ibn al-'As, or Omar the Great. This canal was reportedly linked to the River Nile at Old Cairo and ended near modern Suez. A geography treatise by Dicuil reports a conversation with an English monk, Fidelis, who had sailed on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the first half of the 8th century

The Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching Arabian detractors.

## Omar

**Umar** (/ˈuːmɑːr/), also spelled **Omar** (/ˈoʊmɑːr/; Arabic: عمر بن الخطاب‎‎ ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb [ˈʕomɑr-,
 ˈʕʊmɑr ɪbn alxɑtˤˈtˤɑːb], "Umar, Son of Al-Khattab"; c. 584 CE – 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He was a senior companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet ***Al-Farooq*** ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). He is sometimes referred to as **Umar I** by historians of Islam, since a later Umayyad caliph, Umar II, also bore that name.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship. Umar was eventually killed by the Persian Piruz Nahavandi (known as *’Abū Lu’lu’ah* in Arabic) in 644 CE.

Umar is revered in the Sunni tradition as a great ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahaba after Abu Bakr. He is viewed negatively in the Shia tradition.

Since Medina, with a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import of grain. He ordered the building of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea and an improvement of port infrastructure on the Arabian coast.
Timeline of life on Earth

See also: List of bilateral animal orders
This **timeline of the evolutionary history of life** represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. In biology, evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, from kingdoms to species, and individual organisms and molecules, such as DNA and proteins. The similarities between all present day organisms indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species, living and extinct, have diverged through the process of evolution. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. However, a May 2016 scientific report estimates that 1 trillion species are currently on Earth, with only one-thousandth of one percent described.

While the dates given in this article are estimates based on scientific evidence, there has been controversy between more traditional views of increased biodiversity through a cone of diversity with the passing of time and the view that the basic pattern on Earth has been one of annihilation and diversification and that in certain past times, such as the Cambrian explosion, there was great diversity.

In this timeline, **Ma** (for *megaannum*) means "million years ago," **ka** (for *kiloannum*) means "thousand years ago," and **ya** means "years ago."

## Hadean Eon

Main articles: Hadean
4000 Ma and earlier.

 4500 Ma
 4404 Ma
 4280 Ma

## Archean Eon

Main articles: Archean

4000 Ma – 2500 Ma

 4100–3800 Ma
 3900–2500 Ma
 3800 Ma
 3500 Ma
 3200 Ma
 3000 Ma
 2800 Ma

## Proterozoic Eon

Main articles: Proterozoic
2500 Ma – 542 Ma. Contains the Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic eras.

## Phanerozoic Eon

Main articles: Phanerozoic
542 Ma – present

The Phanerozoic Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life," marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions.

### Palaeozoic Era

Main articles: Paleozoic
542 Ma – 251.0 Ma and contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.

### Mesozoic Era

Main articles: Mesozoic

From 251.4 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

### Cenozoic Era

Main articles: Cenozoic
66 Ma – present
Tree of Knowledge Wiki rules

As of March 2021 this wiki is a one man operation except for one minor edit made by an unknown person a year ago. It was created by myself as a repository for the articles I had written which were at that time scattered over many wikis where I had no control over them. I had no way to prevent them someday being deleted so I moved my articles here. My articles are off-limits. No one can edit my articles except me.

After that I started importing articles from Wikipedia to fill in the gaps. About 5 articles a day. A year and a half later there are now 2367 articles. These articles can be edited by anyone. Unless the edit is obviously correct you will need a citation. Its the only way to distinguish legitimate editors from vandals.

This wiki already has too many articles. Articles should only be created or imported if they are clearly very important and cant simply be added to an existing article.

Unlike Wikipedia you can insert your own opinions into articles or write your own articles as long as you use Template:Essay or Template:Essay-inline to clearly mark it as your personal opinion.

All but a handful of articles are linked to from the main page. As a result the main page is now almost too large. I may have to do something different in the future.

The main thing that remains to be done is highlighting. Only a fraction of the pages now have highlighting. Ideally all of them should. Use Template:yellow to highlight and use Template:red to highlight the main point of the article and occasionally a few key words. If done properly it should be possible to read only the highlighted text and still understand 90% of the articles points. That may sound impossible but its almost always doable.

Do not ask to be made an admin or a moderator. It will not be given to anyone ever
Speeches by US Presidents

* George Washington
* John Adams
* Thomas Jefferson
* James Madison
* James Monroe
* John Quincy Adams
* Andrew Jackson
* Martin Van Buren
* William Henry Harrison
* John Tyler
* James K. Polk
* Zachary Taylor
* Millard Fillmore
* Franklin Pierce
* James Buchanan
* Abraham Lincoln
* Andrew Johnson
* Ulysses S. Grant
* Rutherford B. Hayes
* James A. Garfield
* Chester A. Arthur
* Grover Cleveland
* Benjamin Harrison
* William McKinley
* Theodore Roosevelt
* William Howard Taft
* Woodrow Wilson
* Warren G. Harding
* Calvin Coolidge
* Herbert Hoover
* Franklin Delano Roosevelt
* Harry S. Truman
* Dwight D. Eisenhower
* John F. Kennedy
* Lyndon Baines Johnson
* Richard Nixon
* Gerald R. Ford
* James Earl Carter
* Ronald Reagan
* George Herbert Walker Bush
* William Jefferson Clinton
* George W. Bush
* Barack Obama
* Donald John Trump

## Inaugural Speeches

* Portal:Inaugural Speeches by United States Presidents

## State of the Union Speeches

* Portal:State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents
X-Files

The X-Files is an American science fiction drama television series that revolves around Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny), and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who investigate X-Files: marginalized, unsolved cases involving paranormal phenomena.

In the episode Bad Blood (The X-Files) the story is told through the eyes of each agent and their stories dont agree proving that what we are seeing is not necessarily the truth. Perhaps all of the episodes are being told through the eyes of Mulder or Scully and are not necessarily the truth. Perhaps very much not the truth.

See Tommy Westphall.
Wonders of the world

* Amazon River
* Aurora
* Australite
* Blood Falls
* Catatumbo lightning
* Cave of the Crystals
* Devils Tower
* Grand Canyon
* Mount Everest
* Okavango Delta
* Great Barrier Reef
* Parícutin
* Salar de Uyuni
* Victoria Falls

* Dholavira
* Jaisalmer Fort
* Khajuraho Group of Monuments
* Konark Sun Temple
* Meenakshi Temple
* Nalanda University
* Red Fort
* Adam's Bridge
Throat lozenges

A **throat lozenge** (also known as a **cough drop**, **troche**, **cachou**, or **cough sweet**) is a small, typically medicated tablet intended to be dissolved slowly in the mouth to temporarily stop coughs and lubricate and soothe irritated tissues of the throat (usually due to a sore throat), possibly from the common cold or influenza. Cough tablets have taken the name lozenge, based on their original shape, a diamond.

## Ingredients

Lozenges may contain benzocaine, an anaesthetic, or eucalyptus oil. Non-menthol throat lozenges generally use either zinc gluconate glycine or pectin as an oral demulcent. Several brands of throat lozenges contain dextromethorphan.

Still other varieties, such as Halls, contain menthol, peppermint oil and/or spearmint as their active ingredient(s). Honey lozenges are also available.

The job of the throat lozenge is to calm the irritation that may be felt in the throat while swallowing, breathing, or even drinking certain fluids.

## History

Candies to soothe the throat date back to 1000 BC in Egypt's Twentieth Dynasty, when they were made from honey flavored with citrus, herbs, and spices. In the 19th century, physicians discovered methamphetamine and heroin, which suppress coughing at its source—the brain. Popular formulations of that era included Smith Brothers Cough Drops, first advertised in 1852, and Luden's, created in 1879. Concern over the risk of opioid dependence led to the development of alternative medications.

## Brands

* Cēpacol
* Chloraseptic
* Fisherman's Friend
* Gorpils
* Halls
* Läkerol
* Lockets
* Luden's
* Pine Bros.
* Ricola
* Robitussin
* Smith Brothers
* Strepsils
* Sucrets
* Troketts
* Tunes
* Vicks
* Strep-Drops
* Victory V
* Vigroids
Universal extra dimension

In particle physics, models with **universal extra dimensions** include one or more spatial dimensions beyond the three spatial and one temporal dimensions that are observed.

## Overview

Models with universal extra dimensions, proposed and first studied in 2000, assume that all fields propagate universally in the extra dimensions; in contrast, the ADD model requires that the fields of the Standard Model be confined to a four-dimensional membrane, while only gravity propagates in the extra dimensions.

The universal extra dimensions are assumed to be compactified with radii much larger than the traditional Planck length, although smaller than in the ADD model, ~10−18 m. Generically, the—so far unobserved—Kaluza–Klein resonances of the Standard Model fields in such a theory would appear at an energy scale that is directly related to the inverse size ("compactification scale") of the extra dimension,

M

K
K

≈

R

−
1

.

{\displaystyle M\_{KK}\approx R^{-1} .}

The experimental bounds (based on Large Hadron Collider data) on the compactification scale of one or two universal extra dimensions are about 1 TeV.
Other bounds come from electroweak precision measurements at the Z pole, the muon's magnetic moment, and limits on flavor-changing neutral currents, and reach several hundred GeV. Using universal extra dimensions to explain dark matter yields an upper limit on the compactification scale of several TeV.
Two Jesuses

*Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be Jesus-el*
*Eternal happiness is metaphorically called a marriage of the soul with Christ*

There were 2 radically different men named Jesus (hence 2 different genealogies) and their radically different teachings are mixed together in the gospels.

But this spake he of that spirit which they that believe on him were about to receive for the Holy Spirit was not yet given; because THAT Jesus was not yet glorified.

While one of the Jesuses drank alcohol so much that he was called a glutton and a drunkard the other probably did not (Cains offering was wine and YHVD did not have respect for it).

He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad.

And Jesus said unto him, Forbid him not: for he that is not against us is for us.

says "In the same way, let your light shine before men, that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven." (NIV)

though, says "But when you give to the needy, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing, so that your giving may be in secert. Then your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you."

"Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you."
"The word which God sent unto the children of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus Christ."
" . . . on earth peace, good will toward men." vs.

"Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword. For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. And a man's foes shall be they of his own household."
"Then said he unto them, . . . he that hath no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one."

For God said, "Honor your father and mother," and "Anyone who curses his father or mother must be put to death."
But you say that if a man says to his father or mother, "Whatever help you might otherwise have received form me is a gift devoted to God," he is not to "honor his father" with it. Thus you nullify the word of God for the sake of your tradition."

He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me.”
“If any man come to me, and HATE not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.”﻿
Up or out

In a hierarchical organization, "**up or out**", also known as a **tenure** or **partnership system**, is the requirement that each member of the organization must achieve a certain rank within a certain period of time. If they fail to do so, they must leave the organization.

## Examples

### Private sector

"Up or out" is practiced throughout the accounting industry in North America, most notably at the Big Four accounting firms, which also practice this policy in other countries.

Up or out is commonly regarded as "a sign of the consulting industry's hard-nosed approach to doing business" with Bain & Co and McKinsey & Company being the two consultancies most closely associated with the approach. According to Leslie Perlow, up or out is also employed at Boston Consulting Group.

Among many other law firms, Cravath, Swaine & Moore's so-called "Cravath System" historically expected associate lawyers to achieve partner status within ten years of being hired or to leave the firm.

U.S. entrepreneur Vivek Wadhwa has argued that engineering in Silicon Valley is also "an 'up or out' profession: you either move up the ladder or face unemployment".

### Military

In the U.S. military, the 1980 Defense Officer Personnel Management Act mandates that officers passed over twice for promotion are required to be discharged from the military. It has been criticized as "arbitrary and bad management" that forces out "many fit, experienced officers...because there were only so many slots into which they could be promoted". Paul V. Kane, a Marine veteran of Iraq War and a former fellow at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, has argued that the "archaic 'up or out' military promotion system should be scrapped".

Manning control within the British Army plays a similar role.

### Diplomacy

The United States Foreign Service has used an up-or-out system since 1980. The American Foreign Service Association, which is the professional organization for foreign service officers, has criticized this system, on the grounds that it penalizes otherwise dedicated officers who do not wish to enter Senior Foreign Service.

### Academia

See also: Publish or perish
Tenure-track professors in the United States are usually subject to an up-or-out system. Newly hired professors, most often with the rank of assistant professor, must impress their department with their accomplishments to be awarded tenure, usually but not always combined with promotion to associate professor. Those not awarded tenure within a fixed time may be terminated. This first promotion may be required for tenure and further promotions are neither guaranteed nor necessary.

## Discussion

Despite widespread use in certain industries, a 1988 textbook by Michael Jensen noted that the system's effects on productivity have not been studied in depth.