Symplectic manifold

In differential geometry, a subject of mathematics, a **symplectic manifold** is a smooth manifold,

M

{\displaystyle M}

, equipped with a closed nondegenerate differential 2-form

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

, called the symplectic form. The study of symplectic manifolds is called symplectic geometry or symplectic topology. Symplectic manifolds arise naturally in abstract formulations of classical mechanics and analytical mechanics as the cotangent bundles of manifolds. For example, in the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics, which provides one of the major motivations for the field, the set of all possible configurations of a system is modeled as a manifold, and this manifold's cotangent bundle describes the phase space of the system.

## Motivation

Symplectic manifolds arise from classical mechanics; in particular, they are a generalization of the phase space of a closed system. In the same way the Hamilton equations allow one to derive the time evolution of a system from a set of differential equations, the symplectic form should allow one to obtain a vector field describing the flow of the system from the differential *dH* of a Hamiltonian function *H*. So we require a linear map *TM* → *T*∗*M*, or equivalently, an element of *T*∗*M* ⊗ *T*∗*M*. Letting *ω* denote a section of *T*∗*M* ⊗ *T*∗*M*, the requirement that *ω* be non-degenerate ensures that for every differential *dH* there is a unique corresponding vector field *VH* such that *dH* = *ω*(*VH*, · ). Since one desires the Hamiltonian to be constant along flow lines, one should have *dH*(*VH*) = *ω*(*VH*, *VH*) = 0, which implies that *ω* is alternating and hence a 2-form. Finally, one makes the requirement that *ω* should not change under flow lines, i.e. that the Lie derivative of *ω* along *VH* vanishes. Applying Cartan's formula, this amounts to (here

ι
X

{\displaystyle \iota\_X}

 is the interior product):

L

V
H

(
ω
# )
0

⇔

d

(

ι

V
H

ω
)

ι

V
H

d

# ω

d

(

d

H
)

d

ω
(

V
H

# )

d

ω
(

V
H

# )
0

{\displaystyle \mathcal{L}\_{V\_H}(\omega) = 0\;\Leftrightarrow\;\mathrm d (\iota\_{V\_H} \omega) + \iota\_{V\_H} \mathrm d\omega= \mathrm d (\mathrm d\,H) + \mathrm d\omega(V\_H) = \mathrm d\omega(V\_H)=0}

so that, on repeating this argument for different smooth functions

H

{\displaystyle H}

 such that the corresponding

V
H

{\displaystyle V\_H}

 span the tangent space at each point the argument is applied at, we see that the requirement for the vanishing Lie derivative along flows of

V
H

{\displaystyle V\_H}

 corresponding to arbitrary smooth

H

{\displaystyle H}

 is equivalent to the requirement that *ω* should be closed.

## Definition

A **symplectic form** on a smooth manifold

M

{\displaystyle M}

 is a closed non-degenerate differential 2-form

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

. Here, non-degenerate means that for every point

p
∈
M

{\displaystyle p \in M}

, the skew-symmetric pairing on the tangent space

T
p

M

{\displaystyle T\_p M}

 defined by

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 is non-degenerate. That is to say, if there exists an

X
∈

T
p

M

{\displaystyle X \in T\_p M }

 such that

ω
(
X
,
Y
# )
0

{\displaystyle \omega( X, Y ) = 0 }

 for all

Y
∈

T
p

M

{\displaystyle Y \in T\_p M }

, then

# X
0

{\displaystyle X=0}

. Since in odd dimensions, skew-symmetric matrices are always singular, the requirement that

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 be nondegenerate implies that

M

{\displaystyle M}

 has an even dimension. The closed condition means that the exterior derivative of

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 vanishes. A **symplectic manifold** is a pair

(
M
,
ω
)

{\displaystyle (M,\omega)}

 where

M

{\displaystyle M}

 is a smooth manifold and

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 is a symplectic form. Assigning a symplectic form to

M

{\displaystyle M}

 is referred to as giving

M

{\displaystyle M}

 a **symplectic structure**.

## Linear symplectic manifold

There is a standard linear model, namely a symplectic vector space

R

2
n

.

{\displaystyle \R^{2n}.}

 Let

{

v
1

,
…
,

v

2
n

}

{\displaystyle \{v\_1, \ldots, v\_{2n}\}}

 be a basis for

R

2
n

.

{\displaystyle \R^{2n}.}

 We define our symplectic form *ω* on this basis as follows:

ω
(

v
i

,

v
j

# )

{

1

j
−
# i
n
 with
1
⩽
i
⩽
n

−
1

i
−
# j
n
 with
1
⩽
j
⩽
n

0

otherwise

{\displaystyle \omega(v\_i, v\_j) = \begin{cases} 1 & j-i =n \text{ with } 1 \leqslant i \leqslant n \\ -1 & i-j =n \text{ with } 1 \leqslant j \leqslant n \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}}

In this case the symplectic form reduces to a simple quadratic form. If *In* denotes the *n* × *n* identity matrix then the matrix, Ω, of this quadratic form is given by the 2*n* × 2*n* block matrix:

# Ω

(

0

I
n

−

I
n

0

)

.

{\displaystyle \Omega = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & I\_n \\ -I\_n & 0 \end{pmatrix}. }

## Lagrangian and other submanifolds

There are several natural geometric notions of submanifold of a symplectic manifold

(
M
,
ω
)

{\displaystyle (M,\omega)}

.

* **symplectic submanifolds** of

M

{\displaystyle M}

 (potentially of any even dimension) are submanifolds

S
⊂
M

{\displaystyle S \subset M }

 such that

ω

S

{\displaystyle \omega|\_S }

 is a symplectic form on

S

{\displaystyle S}

.

* **isotropic submanifolds** are submanifolds where the symplectic form restricts to zero, i.e. each tangent space is an isotropic subspace of the ambient manifold's tangent space. Similarly, if each tangent subspace to a submanifold is co-isotropic (the dual of an isotropic subspace), the submanifold is called **co-isotropic**.

* **Lagrangian submanifolds** of a symplectic manifold

(
M
,
ω
)

{\displaystyle (M,\omega)}

 are submanifolds where the restriction of the symplectic form

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 to

L
⊂
M

{\displaystyle L\subset M}

 is vanishing, i.e.

ω

L

=
0

{\displaystyle \omega|\_L=0}

 and

dim
# L

1
2

dim
⁡
M

{\displaystyle \text{dim }L=\tfrac{1}{2}\dim M}

. Langrangian submanifolds are the maximal isotropic submanifolds.

The most important case of the isotropic submanifolds is that of **Lagrangian submanifolds**. A Lagrangian submanifold is, by definition, an isotropic submanifold of maximal dimension, namely half the dimension of the ambient symplectic manifold. One major example is that the graph of a symplectomorphism in the product symplectic manifold (*M* × *M*, *ω* × −*ω*) is Lagrangian. Their intersections display rigidity properties not possessed by smooth manifolds; the Arnold conjecture gives the sum of the submanifold's Betti numbers as a lower bound for the number of self intersections of a smooth Lagrangian submanifold, rather than the Euler characteristic in the smooth case.

### Examples

Let

R

x

,

y

2
n

{\displaystyle \R^{2n}\_{\textbf{x},\textbf{y}}}

 have global coordinates labelled

(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

,

y
1

,
…
,

y
n

)
.

{\displaystyle (x\_1, \ldots, x\_n, y\_1, \ldots, y\_n).}

 Then, we can equip

R

x

,

y

2
n

{\displaystyle \R^{2n}\_{\textbf{x},\textbf{y}}}

 with the canonical symplectic form

# ω

d

x
1

∧

d

y
1

⋯

d

x
n

∧

d

y
n

.

{\displaystyle \omega =\mathrm{d}x\_1\wedge \mathrm{d}y\_1 + \cdots + \mathrm{d}x\_n\wedge \mathrm{d}y\_n.}

There is a standard Lagrangian submanifold given by

R

x

n

→

R

x

,

y

2
n

{\displaystyle \R^n\_{\mathbf{x}} \to \R^{2n}\_{\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}}}

. The form

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 vanishes on

R

x

n

{\displaystyle \R^n\_{\mathbf{x}}}

 because given any pair of tangent vectors

# X

f
i

(

x

)

∂

x
i

,
# Y

g
i

(

x

)

∂

x
i

,

{\displaystyle X= f\_i(\textbf{x}) \partial\_{x\_i}, Y=g\_i(\textbf{x})\partial\_{x\_i},}

 we have that

ω
(
X
,
Y
# )

{\displaystyle \omega(X,Y) = 0.}

 To elucidate, consider the case

# n
1

{\displaystyle n=1}

. Then,

# X
f
(
x
)

∂
x

,
# Y
g
(
x
)

∂
x

,

{\displaystyle X = f(x)\partial\_x, Y=g(x)\partial\_x,}

 and

# ω

d

x
∧

d

y
.

{\displaystyle \omega = \mathrm{d}x\wedge \mathrm{d}y.}

 Notice that when we expand this out

ω
(
X
,
Y
# )
ω
(
f
(
x
)

∂
x

,
g
(
x
)

∂
x

# )

1
2

f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
(

d

x
(

∂
x

)

d

y
(

∂
x

)
−

d

y
(

∂
x

)

d

x
(

∂
x

)
)

{\displaystyle \omega(X,Y) = \omega(f(x)\partial\_x,g(x)\partial\_x) = \frac{1}{2}f(x)g(x)(\mathrm{d}x(\partial\_x)\mathrm{d}y(\partial\_x) - \mathrm{d}y(\partial\_x)\mathrm{d}x(\partial\_x))}

both terms we have a

d

y
(

∂
x

)

{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}y(\partial\_x)}

 factor, which is 0, by definition.

The cotangent bundle of a manifold is locally modeled on a space similar to the first example. It can be shown that we can glue these affine symplectic forms hence this bundle forms a symplectic manifold. A more non-trivial example of a Lagrangian submanifold is the zero section of the cotangent bundle of a manifold. For example, let

# X
{
(
x
,
y
)
∈

R

2

:

y
2

−
# x
0
}
.

{\displaystyle X = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 : y^2 - x = 0\}.}

Then, we can present

T
∗

X

{\displaystyle T^\*X}

 as

T
∗

# X
{
(
x
,
y
,

d

x
,

d

y
)
∈

R

4

:

y
2

−
# x
0
,
2
y

d

y
−

d

# x
0
}

{\displaystyle T^\*X = \{(x,y,\mathrm{d}x,\mathrm{d}y) \in \R^4 : y^2 - x = 0, 2y\mathrm{d}y - \mathrm{d}x = 0\}}

where we are treating the symbols

d

x
,

d

y

{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}x,\mathrm{d}y}

 as coordinates of

R

4

=

T
∗

R

2

.

{\displaystyle \R^4 = T^\*\R^2.}

 We can consider the subset where the coordinates

d

# x
0

{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}x=0}

 and

d

# y
0

{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}y=0}

, giving us the zero section. This example can be repeated for any manifold defined by the vanishing locus of smooth functions

f
1

,
…
,

f
k

{\displaystyle f\_1,\ldots,f\_k}

 and their differentials

d

f
1

,
…
,
d

f
k

{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}f\_1,\ldots,df\_k}

.

Another useful class of Lagrangian submanifolds can be found using Morse theory. Given a Morse function

f
:
M
→

R

{\displaystyle f:M\to\mathbb{R}}

 and for a small enough

ε

{\displaystyle \varepsilon}

 one can construct a Lagrangian submanifold given by the vanishing locus

V

(
ε
⋅

d

f
)
⊂

T
∗

M

{\displaystyle \mathbb{V}(\varepsilon\cdot \mathrm{d}f) \subset T^\*M}

. For a generic morse function we have a Lagrangian intersection given by

M
∩

V

(
ε
⋅

d

f
# )
Crit
(
f
)

{\displaystyle M \cap \mathbb{V}(\varepsilon\cdot \mathrm{d}f) = \text{Crit}(f)}

.

See also: symplectic category
### Special Lagrangian submanifolds

In the case of Kahler manifolds (or Calabi-Yau manifolds) we can make a choice

# Ω

Ω
1

i

Ω
2

{\displaystyle \Omega=\Omega\_1+\mathrm{i}\Omega\_2}

 on

M

{\displaystyle M}

 as a holomorphic n-form, where

Ω
1

{\displaystyle \Omega\_1}

 is the real part and

Ω
2

{\displaystyle \Omega\_2}

 imaginary. A Lagrangian submanifold

L

{\displaystyle L}

 is called **special** if in addition to the above Lagrangian condition the restriction

Ω
2

{\displaystyle \Omega\_2}

 to

L

{\displaystyle L}

 is vanishing. In other words, the real part

Ω
1

{\displaystyle \Omega\_1}

 restricted on

L

{\displaystyle L}

 leads the volume form on

L

{\displaystyle L}

. The following examples are known as special Lagrangian submanifolds,

1. complex Lagrangian submanifolds of hyperKahler manifolds,
2. fixed points of a real structure of Calabi-Yau manifolds.

The SYZ conjecture has been proved for special Lagrangian submanifolds but in general, it is open, and brings a lot of impacts to the study of mirror symmetry. see

## Lagrangian fibration

A **Lagrangian fibration** of a symplectic manifold *M* is a fibration where all of the fibres are Lagrangian submanifolds. Since *M* is even-dimensional we can take local coordinates (*p*1,…,*p**n*, *q*1,…,*q**n*), and by Darboux's theorem the symplectic form *ω* can be, at least locally, written as *ω* = ∑ d*p**k* ∧ d*q**k*, where d denotes the exterior derivative and ∧ denotes the exterior product. Using this set-up we can locally think of *M* as being the cotangent bundle

T
∗

R

n

,

{\displaystyle T^\*\R^n,}

 and the Lagrangian fibration as the trivial fibration

π
:

T
∗

R

n

→

R

n

.

{\displaystyle \pi: T^\*\R^n \to \R^n.}

 This is the canonical picture.

## Lagrangian mapping

Let *L* be a Lagrangian submanifold of a symplectic manifold (*K*,ω) given by an immersion *i* : *L* ↪ *K* (*i* is called a **Lagrangian immersion**). Let *π* : *K* ↠ *B* give a Lagrangian fibration of *K*. The composite (*π* ∘ *i*) : *L* ↪ *K* ↠ *B* is a **Lagrangian mapping**. The critical value set of *π* ∘ *i* is called a caustic.

Two Lagrangian maps (*π*1 ∘ *i*1) : *L*1 ↪ *K*1 ↠ *B*1 and (*π*2 ∘ *i*2) : *L*2 ↪ *K*2 ↠ *B*2 are called **Lagrangian equivalent** if there exist diffeomorphisms *σ*, *τ* and *ν* such that both sides of the diagram given on the right commute, and *τ* preserves the symplectic form. Symbolically:

τ
∘

i
1

=

i
2

∘
σ
,

ν
∘

π
1

=

π
2

∘
τ
,

τ
∗

ω
2

=

ω
1

,

{\displaystyle \tau \circ i\_1 = i\_2 \circ \sigma, \ \nu \circ \pi\_1 = \pi\_2 \circ \tau, \ \tau^\*\omega\_2 = \omega\_1 \, , }

where *τ*∗*ω*2 denotes the pull back of *ω*2 by *τ*.

## Special cases and generalizations

* A symplectic manifold endowed with a metric that is compatible with the symplectic form is an almost Kähler manifold in the sense that the tangent bundle has an almost complex structure, but this need not be integrable.

* Symplectic manifolds are special cases of a Poisson manifold. The definition of a symplectic manifold requires that the symplectic form be non-degenerate everywhere, but if this condition is violated, the manifold may still be a Poisson manifold.

* A **multisymplectic manifold** of degree *k* is a manifold equipped with a closed nondegenerate *k*-form.

* A **polysymplectic manifold** is a Legendre bundle provided with a polysymplectic tangent-valued

(
n
2
)

{\displaystyle (n+2)}

-form; it is utilized in Hamiltonian field theory.