recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Brown-throated Sloth

The **brown-throated sloth** (*Bradypus variegatus*) is a species of three-toed sloth found in the neotropical ecozone.

It is the most common of the four species of three-toed sloth, and is found in the forests of South and Central America.

## Description

The brown-throated sloth is of similar size and build to most other species of three-toed sloths, with both males and females being 42 to 80 cm (17 to 31 in) in total body length. The tail is relatively short, only 2.5 to 9 cm (1.0 to 3.5 in) long. Adults weigh from 2.25 to 6.3 kg (5.0 to 13.9 lb), with no significant size difference between males and females. Each foot has three fingers, ending in long, curved claws, which are 7 to 8 cm (2.8 to 3.1 in) long on the fore feet, and 5 to 5.5 cm (2.0 to 2.2 in) on the hind feet.

The head is rounded, with a blunt nose and inconspicuous ears. As with other sloths, the brown-throated sloth has no incisor or canine teeth, and the cheek teeth are simple and peg-like. They have no gall bladder, cecum, or appendix.

The brown-throated sloth has grayish-brown to beige-color fur over the body, with darker brown fur on the throat, the sides of the face, and the forehead. The face is generally paler in color, with a stripe of very dark fur running beneath the eyes.

The guard hairs are very coarse and stiff, and overlie a much softer layer of dense under-fur. The hairs are unusual in lacking a central medulla, and have numerous microscopic cracks across their surfaces. These cracks are host to a number of commensal species of algae, including *Rufusia pillicola*, *Dictyococcus bradypodis*, and *Chlorococcum choloepodis*. The algae are generally absent in the hair of young sloths, and may also be absent in particularly old individuals, where the outer cuticle of the hair has been lost.[5] Sloth hair also harbours a rich fungal flora.

Over parts of its range, the brown-throated sloth overlaps the range of Hoffmann's two-toed sloth. Where this overlap occurs, the three-toed sloth tends to be smaller and more numerous than its relative, being more active in moving through the forest and maintaining more diurnal activity.

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Aedes sollicitans

***Aedes sollicitans***, the **eastern saltmarsh mosquito** (also known as *Ochlerotatus sollicitans*), is a species of mosquito native to the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada as well as the entire Gulf coast and is also present in the Bahamas and Greater Antilles. While primarily found in coastal areas within a few miles of the coast, it is occasionally found inland in areas with saline pools, the species was reported as far west as Arizona. The species is a prime vector for Eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and dog heartworm.

## Description

*Aedes sollicitans* has a conspicuous band of white scales around the central area of the proboscis and the anterior portion of the hind tarsomeres upon which there is also band a band of yellow scales in the middle. The abdomen has white basal bands and is divided by a medial longitudinal stripe. The thorax is white on the sides and the top is brown, yellow, golden and white.

The female *Aedes sollicitans* lays her eggs on the dried out substrate of salt pannes, depressions within salt marshes which dry out between periods of very high tide (spring tide). The eggs hatch upon the panne filling at the next spring tide in 4–5 days with optimal conditions.

*A. sollicitans* tends to stay within 5 miles of the coast on average all the range can be greater dependent upon a number of factors such as wind speed and duration. It tends to feed most actively at twilight but is an opportunistic feeder which will feed a host species that enters its area in daytime. The female requires one blood meal for each egg batch with the primary host species being mammals, and birds as a secondary host.

In the south the peak amount of adults occurs in the spring and fall, and in the northern portion of its range peak adult population occurs in the summer. The last batches of eggs laid in the fall remain in diapause until the spring.

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Brown Cockroach

The **brown cockroach** (*Periplaneta brunnea*) is a species of cockroach in the family Blattidae. It is probably originally native to Africa, but today it has a circumtropicaldistribution, having been widely introduced. In cooler climates it can only survive indoors, and it is considered a household pest.

## Description

This cockroach is similar in appearance to the American cockroach (*P. americana*), but darker in color and with thicker, wider, triangular cerci. It is a reddish-brown color and has fully developed wings. It reaches up to 4 centimeters in length.

It produces an ootheca about 1.2 to 1.6 centimeters long containing about 24 eggs on average.

It is an omnivore.

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Decapoda (Decapods)

The **Decapoda** or **decapods** (literally "ten-footed") are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns, and shrimp. Most decapods are scavengers. The order is estimated to contain nearly 15,000 species in around 2,700 genera, with around 3,300 fossil species. Nearly half of these species are crabs, with the shrimp (about 3000 species) and Anomura including hermit crabs, porcelain crabs, squat lobsters (about 2500 species) making up the bulk of the remainder. The earliest fossil decapod is the Devonian *Palaeopalaemon*.

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Geography Cone

***Conus geographus***, popularly called the **geography cone** or the **geographer cone**, is a species of predatory cone snail. It lives in reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific, and hunts small fish. Although all cone snails hunt and kill prey using venom, the venom of this species is potent enough to kill humans. Specimens should be handled with extreme caution.

The variety *Conus geographus* var. *rosea* G. B. Sowerby I, 1833 is a synonym of *Conus eldredi* Morrison, 1955.

## Description

*C. geographus* has a broad, thin shell, cylindrically inflated. Geography cones grow to about 4 inches (10 cm) to 6 inches (15 cm) in length. The size of an adult shell varies between 43 mm and 166 mm. The ground color of the shell is pink or violaceous white, occasionally reddish. It has a mottled appearance, clouded and coarsely reticulated with chestnut or chocolate, usually forming two very irregular bands. This intricately brown-and-white pattern is highly prized by shell collectors.

The geography cone has a wide, violaceous white or pink aperture and numerous shoulder ridges or spines.[3] The shell is covered with thread-like revolving striae, usually nearly obsolete except at the base. The flattened spire is striated and coronated.

In comparison with other species, the shell has a noticeably wider and convex mid-body, with a flattened spire. Its walls are also noticeably thinner and lighter compared to other cone shells of similar length and size.

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Eastern Bloodsucking Conenose

***Triatoma sanguisuga***, also known as the **Eastern Bloodsucking Conenose** or the **Mexican Bed Bug**, is an insect of the Triatominae subfamily, known as kissing bugs. Like other species in this subfamily, *T. sanguisuga* is known to bite and feed off of humans at the mouth during sleep. This bite is painful and can cause adverse effects such as swelling, feelings of faintness, nausea, and vomiting.

## Description

*T. sanguisuga* is found throughout North America, particularly in the American South (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia), as well as in portions of South America. They are generally about 1–2 cm long and brown or black, with an alternating pattern of brown/black and red/orange stripes around the abdomen. They are winged and have kinked antennae and a slender proboscis used for feeding.

*T. sanguisuga* is a known carrier of *T. cruzi*, and therefore is a vector for transmission of Chagas disease to humans. However, because the disease is transmitted through the feces, and because the North American variety does not defecate while feeding, Chagas disease is primarily spread by the species only in South America, where the insect does defecate during feeding.

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Bombus wurflenii

***Bombus wurflenii*** is a species of bumblebee found in several parts of central and northern Europe to Turkey and the Crimea peninsula in the southeast.

## Description

This bumblebee has a very short proboscis (tongue), powerful, toothed mandibles, and a short head. The queen has a body length of 19 to 22 mm (0.75 to 0.87 in), a wing span of 36 to 41 mm (1.4 to 1.6 in) and a black, shaggy fur with the three last terga (abdominal segments). The workers, which have body lengths ranging from 13 to 16 mm (0.51 to 0.63 in) and wing spans from 25 to 32 mm (0.98 to 1.26 in), look like the queen, except for the lesser length. The males are 14 to 16 mm (0.55 to 0.63 in) in length, have a wing span from 28 to 32 mm (1.1 to 1.3 in) and are otherwise similar to the females. A lighter form, with most of thorax and the two anterior terga covered in pale fur exists.

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Boomslang

The **boomslang** (/ˈboʊmslɑːŋ/, /ˈbɔːmsləŋ/, or /ˈbuːmslæŋ/; *Dispholidus typus*) is a large, venomous snake in the family Colubridae.

## Description

The average adult boomslang is 100–160 cm (3¼–5¼ feet) in total length, but some exceed 183 cm (6 feet). The eyes are exceptionally large, and the head has a characteristic egg-like shape. Coloration is very variable. Males are light green with black or blue scale edges, but adult females may be brown.

Weight varies from 175 to 510 g, with an average weight of 299.4 g.

In this species, the head is distinct from the neck and the canthus rostralis is distinct. The pupils of the very large eyes are round. Boomslangs have excellent eyesight and often move their heads from side to side to get a better view of objects directly in front of them. The maxillary teeth are small anteriorly, seven or eight in number, followed by three very large, grooved fangs situated below each eye. The mandibular teeth are subequal. The body is slightly compressed. The dorsal scales are very narrow, oblique, strongly keeled, with apical pits, arranged in 19 or 21 rows. The tail is long, and the subcaudals are paired. Ventrals are 164–201; the anal plate is divided; and the subcaudals are 91–131.

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Acrididae

The **Acrididae** are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes classified as a distinct family Oedipodidae in the superfamily Acridoidea. Acrididae grasshoppers are characterized by relatively short and stout antennae, and tympana on the side of the first abdominal segment.

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## Genus and Species

* Schistocerca
	+ S. gregaria (Desert Locust)
Cryptic Bumblebee

***Bombus cryptarum*** is a species of bumblebee. It is native to the northern hemisphere, where it is "one of the most widespread bumblebees in the world." It occurs throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. It is known commonly as the **cryptic bumblebee**.

The species' complete distribution is unclear due to taxonomic uncertainties. It is part of a species complex of several bees in the subgenus *Bombus* *sensu stricto*, which are very similar and difficult to tell apart.

It has only recently been identified in the British Isles.

In northern areas this bee lives on plains, especially in heather ecosystems. In southern regions it can be found in mountain habitat.

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Casuariidae

The bird family **Casuariidae** has four surviving members: the three species of cassowary and the emu.

All living members of the family are very large flightless birds native to Australia-New Guinea, though the extinct potential member *Hypselornis* was native to India. The characteristics of the family are those of its members.

## Genus and Species

* Casuarius
	+ C. casuarius (Southern Cassowary)
* Dromaius
	+ D. novaehollandiae (Emu)
Apis nearctica

***Apis nearctica*** is an extinct species of honey bee which existed in what is now the United States, during the middle Miocene period. It was described by Michael S. Engel, Ismael A. Hinojosa-Díaz, and Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn in 2009, and is the first fossil honey bee described from the New World.

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Black-legged Poison Frog

***Phyllobates bicolor***, also known as the **black-legged poison frog**, **bicolored dart frog** or ***neari*** in Choco, is the second-most toxic of the wild poison dart frogs. This species obtained its name due to its normally yellow or orange body with black or dark blue hindlegs and forelimbs below the elbow. It lives in the lowland forests in the Chocó area in western Colombia, along the San Juan River.

In this species, the male transports tadpoles adhering on its back.

## Description

*Phyllobates bicolor* is one of the largest poison dart frogs. Males can reach a length of 45–50 mm from snout to vent, while the slightly larger females reach 50–55 mm in length from snout to vent. *P bicolor* ranges in color from earthy orange to pure yellow in coloration, often with a blue or black tinge on their legs, hence their name. They are smaller and more slender than their close relative, *Phyllobates terribilis*, and can resemble juvenile or subadult *P. terribilis* frogs. They also bear a resemblance to *D. leucomelas*, particularly the "netted" color morph of *D. leucomelas*.

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Elongate Tigerfish

***Hydrocynus forskahlii***, the **elongate tigerfish**, is a species of predatory characin from the family Alestidae which is found in northern and western Africa.

## Description

*Hydrocynus forskahlii* has pronounced stripes along the length of the body. Therer are two scales between the pelvic fin insertion and the lateral line, less than for other species of togerfish such as *Hydrocynus brevis* which has 23-5 scales in the same position. Thelateral line scale count is between 46 and 53 scales and the anal fin ray count is 3 soft, unbranched rays with 11-14 branched rays. It is a slenderer species than other Hydrocynus and the deapth of the body averages 22.6 per cent of its length and the head averages around 20 per cent of the body length. It has 9 to 14 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 to 12 in the lower jaw and the jaws are frequently short and upturned. They are similar in colour and pattern to *Hydrocynus vittatus* being bright, silvery white in color, but with a grayish tail that has red, orange or yellow colour only on its lower lobe.

They are normally less than 30 cm in length, although large specimens may be 45 cm and they normally weigh about 2.3 kg, the world record rod caught specimen was 4.08233 kg. Although a maximum weight of 15.5 kg has been reported.

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Bovidae

The **Bovidae** are the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, wildebeest, impala, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. A member of this family is called a **bovid**. With 143 extant species and 300 known extinct species, the family Bovidae consists of eight major subfamilies apart from the disputed Peleinae and Pantholopinae. The family evolved 20 million years ago, in the early Miocene.

The bovids show great variation in size and pelage colouration. Excepting some domesticated forms, all male bovids have two or more horns, and in many species females possess horns, too. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always one or more pairs of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth.

Most bovids are diurnal. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. Bovids typically rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. They have various methods of social organisation and social behaviour, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. Most species alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed on high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Most bovids are polygynous. Mature bovids mate at least once a year and smaller species may even mate twice. In some species, neonate bovids remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers; in other species, neonates are followers, accompanying their dams, rather than tending to remain hidden.

The greatest diversities of bovids occur in Africa. The maximum concentration of species is in the savannas of eastern Africa. Other bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Bovidae includes three of the five domesticated mammals whose use has spread outside their original ranges, namely cattle, sheep, and goats. Dairy products such as milk, butter, and cheese are manufactured largely from domestic cattle. Bovids also provide leather, meat, and wool.

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## Genus and Species

* Syncerus
	+ S. caffer (African Buffalo)
Chilean Recluse Spider

The **Chilean recluse spider** is a venomous spider, ***Loxosceles laeta***, of the family Sicariidae (formerly of the family Loxoscelidae). In Spanish, it (and other South American recluse spiders) is known as ''***araña de rincón''***, or "corner spider"; in Portuguese, as ''***aranha-marrom''*** or "brown spider". This spider is considered by many to be the most dangerous of the recluse spiders, and its bite is known to frequently result in severe systemic reactions, including death.

## Description

The Chilean recluse is one of the larger species of recluse spiders, generally ranging from 8–40 mm in size (including legs). Like most recluses, it is brown and usually has markings on the dorsal side of its thorax, with a black line coming from it that looks like a violin with the neck of the violin pointing to the rear of the spider resulting in the nickname "fiddleback spider" or "violin spider" in English-speaking areas. Coloring varies from light tan to brown and the violin marking may not be visible. Since the "violin pattern" is not diagnostic, it is far more important, for purposes of identification, to examine the eyes. Most spiders have eight eyes, but recluse spiders have six eyes arranged in pairs (dyads) with one median pair and two lateral pairs.

Like other recluse spiders, the Chilean recluse builds irregular webs that frequently include a shelter consisting of disorderly threads. Unlike most web weavers, they leave these webs at night to hunt. People get bitten when they unintentionally squeeze them in clothing and bedding. These spiders frequently build their webs in woodpiles and sheds, closets, garages, and other places that are dry and generally undisturbed. The spider is frequently found in human dwellings. The spiders can last a long time without food or water, a fact that encourages their worldwide spread.

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Australian Bush Fly

***Musca vetustissima***, commonly known as the **Australian bush fly**, is a species of fly found in Australia. It is the specific fly that has given rise to the expression "Aussie salute".

## Description

The bush fly is a dung fly that is closely related to the bazaar fly (*M. sorbens*). The adults are attracted to large mammals for fluid for nourishment and feces for oviposition. A study showed that there is a low survival rate for eggs and larvae in cattle feces because of infrequent rainfall. The study also showed that parasites and predators have caused a low survival rate. According to a study, the fly can spread harmful bacteria. The fly can spread the pathogens *Salmonella* and *Shigella*. Most of the bacterial populations per fly occurred in a farm environment, while an urban environment was the lowest. A standard composition that contains small amounts of trimethylamine and indole, blended with large amounts of ammonium sulfate and anchovy meal, attracts the fly. A wind-oriented trap has been used to catch this species. The number of ovarioles in females probably have to do with how big they are. If females do not obtain enough dietary protein, the maturation of their eggs will stop. The fly likes to crawl on human faces as well as on the faces of livestock.

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Egyptian Predator Beetle

***Anthia sexmaculata***, common name **Egyptian predator beetle**, is a species of beetles of the family Carabidae.

## Description

*Anthia sexmaculata* can reach a length of 40 millimetres (1.6 in). Body is black with whitish markings. Incongruously this species has not six markings (hence the Latin name *sexmaculata*), but it has about 14 pale markings on its body, but the number can vary.

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Asian Giant Hornet

The **Asian giant hornet** (*Vespa mandarinia*), including the subspecies Japanese giant hornet (*V. m. japonica*), colloquially known as the **yak-killer hornet**, is the world's largest hornet, native to temperate and tropical Eastern Asia. They prefer to live in low mountains and forests, while almost completely avoiding plains and high-altitude climates. *V. mandarinia* creates nests by digging, co-opting pre-existing tunnels dug by rodents, or occupying spaces near rotted pine roots. It feeds primarily on larger insects, colonies of other eusocial insects, tree sap, and honey from honey bee colonies. Some dimensions of this hornet are a body length of 45 mm (1.8 in), a wingspan around 75 mm (3.0 in), and stinger length of 6 mm (0.24 in) which injects a large amount of potent venom.

The asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) should not to be confused with the yellow-legged hornet, also known as the Asian hornet, (Vespa velutina), an invasive species of major concern across Europe, including the UK.

## Description

Regardless of sex, the hornet’s head is a light shade of orange and its antennae are brown with a yellow-orange base. Its eyes and ocelli are dark brown to black. *V. mandarinia* is distinguished from other hornets by its pronounced clypeus and large genae. Its orange mandible contains a black tooth that it uses for digging. The thorax is dark brown, with two grey wings varying in span from 3.5 to 7.5 cm. Its forelegs are brighter than the mid and hind legs. The base of the forelegs is darker than the rest. The abdomen alternates between bands of dark brown or black and a yellow-orange hue (consistent with its head color). The sixth segment is yellow. Its stinger is up to 10 mm long and contains a potent venom that, in cases of multiple wasps stinging simultaneously, can kill a human.

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Atlantic Sailfish

The **Atlantic sailfish** (*Istiophorus albicans*) is a species of marine fish in the family Istiophoridae of the order Perciformes. It is found in the Atlantic Oceans and the Caribbean Sea, except for large areas of the central North Atlantic and the central South Atlantic, from the surface to depths of 200 m (656 ft). The Atlantic sailfish is related to the marlin.

Tests in the 1920s estimated that the Atlantic sailfish was capable of short sprints of up to 111 kilometres per hour; however, more conservative estimates of 37 to 55 kilometres per hour are more widely accepted. More recent studies even suggest sailfish do not exceed swimming speeds of 36 km/h (22 mph).

Atlantic sailfish hunt schooling fish, such as sardines, anchovies and mackerel although they also feed on crustaceans and cephalopods.

## Description

The Atlantic sailfish is a metallic blue fish with a large sail-like dorsal fin and a long and pointed bill-like snout. It is dark bluish-black on the upperparts and lighter on the sides (counter-shading), with about twenty bluish horizontal bars along the flanks; the underparts are silvery white. The tail fin is strongly forked. The fins are bluish-black and the front dorsal fin is speckled with small black spots. The bases of the anal fins are pale.

The length of this fish is up to 3.15 m (10.3 ft) and the maximum published weight is 58.1 kg (128.1 lb).

In previous studies, sailfish hunting schools of sardines rely heavily upon stealth and quick slashing or tapping with the rostrum in order to temporarily immobilize prey and facilitate capture in small prey. The adaptive advantage of the bill is highly debated and many different functions have been suggested. The bill has been hypothesized to increase the hydrodynamic qualities of the fish and even to ward off predators. However, it has been well documented that the sailfish utilizes the bill in hunting.

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Anthoathecata (Athecate Hydroids)

**Anthoathecata**, or the **athecate hydroids**, are an order of hydrozoans belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. A profusion of alternate scientific names exists for this long-known, heavily discussed, and spectacular group. It has also been called **Gymnoblastea** and (with or without an emended ending *-ae*), **Anthomedusa,** **Athecata**, **Hydromedusa**, and **Stylasterina**. There are about 1,200 species worldwide.

These hydrozoans always have a polyp stage. Their hydranths grow either solitary or in colonies. There is no firm perisarc around the polyp body. The medusae, or jellyfish, are solitary animals, with tentacles arising from the bell margin, lacking statocysts but possessing radial canals. Their gonads are on the manubrium ("handle").

Except in Eudendriidae and Laingiidae, prey can be captured by discharging harpoon-like structures (desmonemes) from chambers (cnidae) in specialized cells (nematocysts) on the tentacles. In hydrozoans, these are nearly always adhesive and entrapping, rather than puncturing and poisoned as in other jellys.

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Bombus ignitus

***Bombus ignitus*** is a species of bumblebee in the family Apidae. It is mainly distributed in Eastern Asia, commonly found in China, Japan, and Korea. It is used in China and Japan commercially as a pollinator. *B. ignitus* is a eusocial insect with a queen that is monandrous - mating with only one male in the late summer before hibernating until the following spring. It builds its nest out of a mass of pollen and lays its eggs after completion. Due to numerous conflicts between queens and fertile workers, some surviving queens are badly injured, described by some as living corpses.

## Description

*Bombus ignitus* is a large bee characterized by a medium length tongue. Females have black bristles that cover the back of the thorax and the mid-legs. The abdomen is separated into five tergum. Starting from the thorax, the first three terga are black in color, whereas the fourth and fifth terga are orange-red in color. Males are characterized by golden yellow bristles that form two bands on the anterior and posterior thorax. Like the female, the male has an abdomen separated into five tergum. Starting from the thorax, the first two terga are golden yellow in color, differentiating males from females. The third tergum is black in color. The fourth and fifth terga, like the female, is orange-red in color. Compared to the female, the male compound eye is small. The antenna of males are shorter than the antenna of females, reaching only to the base of the wings. Compared to the males of other bumblebee species, the males of *B. ignitus* have greatly broadened penis valves that flare outwards to form a funnel shape. The queen has a body length of 19 mm. Workers have a body length of 15–17 mm. Males have a body length of 17 mm.

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Common Kingslayer

***Malo kingi*** or the **common kingslayer** is an Irukandji jellyfish named after victim Robert King, a tourist from the United States swimming off Port Douglas, Queensland, who died from its sting. It was first described to science in 2007, and is one of four species in genus *Malo*. It has some of the world's most potent venom, even though it is no bigger than a human thumbnail. As an Irukandji, it can cause Irukandji syndrome, characterized by severe pain, vomiting, and rapid rise in blood pressure.

## Description

Malo Kingi are Irukandji jellyfish. They can be halo banded or non-halo banded. Halo banded Malo Kingi have halo like rings that encircle their tentacles. They are bell shaped with light purple nematocyst warts. The bell is transparent, colorless and has height of 31mm. They also have a frown-shaped rhopaliar niche ostium, perradial lappets that have two rows of warts, palmate velarial canals, and two median lensed eyes. Its primary tentacular cnidae is club shaped. The Rhopaliar Horns are short, broad, and curved.

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Fat-tailed Scorpion

***Androctonus maroccanus*** is a species of scorpion, belonging to the family Buthidae. Along with other members of the genus *Androctonus* it is also known by the collective vernacular name **fat-tailed scorpion**. *A. maroccanus* is endemic to the Atlantic coast of central Morocco.

## Description

Adult specimens reach a considerable size of about 70 mm. The overall color is uniformly yellow to yellow-reddish with darker carinae on the metasoma. The scorpion shows the typical characteristics of the genus *Androctonus* including slender pedipalp chelae and a thick, robust metasoma with a proportionally large vesicle (bulbous part of telson containing the venom glands). Granulation of the cephalothorax and mesosoma is slightly more pronounced in the male than in the female and the males have an excavation at the base of the fixed finger of the chelae to accommodate the females pincers during mating "dance".

*A. maroccanus* is distinct from most of the potentially sympatric, dark-colored species of *Androctonus* by its brighter coloration. It differs from the similar *A. australis* in having a strongly hirsute "fore-arm" (patella) of the pedipalps and a more reddish coloration. Furthermore, in Morocco *A. australis* is so far known only from the easternmost part of the country. Another yellow-colored species, *A. amoreuxi*, occurring in the south and southwest of Morocco, is distinguished by a much slender metasoma.

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Deathstalker

The **deathstalker** (*Leiurus quinquestriatus*) is a species of scorpion, a member of the Buthidae family. It is also known as **Israeli or Palestine yellow scorpion**, **Omdurman scorpion**, **Naqab desert scorpion** and many other colloquial names, which generally originate from the commercial captive trade of the animal. To eliminate confusion, especially important with potentially dangerous species, the scientific name is normally used to refer to them. The name *Leiurus quinquestriatus* roughly translates into English as "five-striped smooth-tail". Other species of the genus *Leiurus* are also often referred to as "deathstalkers".

## Description

*Leiurus quinquestriatus* is yellow, and 30–77 millimetres (1.2–3.0 in) long, with an average of 58 mm (2.3 in).

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Electric Eel

The **electric eel** (*Electrophorus electricus*) is an electric fish, and the only species in its genus. Despite the name, it is not an eel, but rather a knifefish.

## Description

The electric eel has an elongated, cylindrical body, typically growing to about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length, and 20 kg (44 lb) in weight, making them the largest species of the Gymnotiformes. Their coloration is dark gray-brown on the back and yellow or orange on the belly. Mature females have a darker color on the belly. They have no scales. The mouth is square, and positioned at the end of the snout. The anal fin extends the length of the body to the tip of the tail.

As in other ostariophysan fishes, the swim bladder has two chambers. The anterior chamber is connected to the inner ear by a series of small bones derived from neck vertebrae called the Weberian apparatus, which greatly enhances its hearing capability. The posterior chamber extends along the whole length of the body and maintains the fish's buoyancy. *E. electricus* has a well-developed sense of hearing. This fish has a vascularized respiratory system with gas exchange occurring through epithelialtissue in its buccal cavity. As obligate air-breathers, electric eels must rise to the surface every ten minutes or so to inhale before returning to the bottom. Nearly eighty percent of the oxygen used by the fish is obtained in this way.

Despite its name, the electric eel is not closely related to the true eels (Anguilliformes) but is a member of the neotropical knifefish order (Gymnotiformes), which is more closely related to the catfish.

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Falconiformes (Falcons and Caracaras)

The **falcons** and **caracaras** are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the family **Falconidae**. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Polyborinae, which includes the caracaras and forest falcons, and **Falconinae**, the falcons, kestrels and falconets (*Microhierax* and *Spiziapteryx*). They differ from the eagles of Accipitridae, in that falcons kill with their beaks instead of their taloned feet. They have a "tooth" on the side of their beak for this purpose.

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Bull Shark

The **bull shark** (*Carcharhinus leucas*), also known as the **Zambezi shark** (informally "**zambi**") in Africa, and **Lake Nicaragua shark** in Nicaragua, is a requiem sharkcommonly found worldwide in warm, shallow waters along coasts and in rivers. The bull shark is known for its aggressive nature, predilection for warm shallow water, and presence in brackish and freshwater systems including estuaries and rivers.

Bull sharks can thrive in both salt and fresh water and can travel far up rivers. They have been known to travel up the Mississippi River as far as Alton, Illinois, about 700 miles (1100 km) from the ocean. However, few freshwater human-shark interactions have been recorded. Larger-sized bull sharks are probably responsible for the majority of near-shore shark attacks, including many bites attributed to other species.

Unlike the river sharks of the genus *Glyphis*, bull sharks are not true freshwater sharks despite their ability to survive in freshwater habitats.

## Description

The name "bull shark" comes from the shark's stocky shape, broad, flat snout, and aggressive, unpredictable behavior. In India, the bull shark may be confused with the Sundarbans or Ganges shark. In Africa, it is also commonly called the Zambezi River shark, or just "zambi".

Its wide range and diverse habitats result in many other local names, including Ganges River shark, Fitzroy Creek whaler, van Rooyen's shark, Lake Nicaragua shark, river shark, freshwater whaler, estuary whaler, Swan River whaler, cub shark, and shovelnose shark.

Bull sharks are large and stout, with females being larger than males. The bull shark can be up to 81 cm (2.66 ft) in length at birth. Adult female bull sharks average 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long and typically weigh 130 kg (290 lb), whereas the slightly smaller adult male averages 2.25 m (7.4 ft) and 95 kg (209 lb). While a maximum size of 3.5 m (11 ft) is commonly reported, a single record exists of a female specimen of exactly 4.0 m (13.1 ft). The maximum recorded weight of a bull shark was 315 kg (694 lb), but may be larger. Bull sharks are wider and heavier than other requiem sharks of comparable length, and are grey on top and white below. The second dorsal fin is smaller than the first. The bull shark's caudal fin is longer and lower than that of the larger sharks, and it has a small snout, and lacks an interdorsal ridge.

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Crocodylidae

The **Crocodylidae** family of crocodylians includes the true crocodiles which are the members of the subfamily Crocodylinae and the *Tomistoma* genus. Currently, the family includes two subfamilies, Crocodylinae and Tomistominae, with the latter being a subject of controversy whether it is a crocodile or belongs to the family Gavialidae. Further genetic analysis has to be done to come to a final conclusion.

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## Genus and Species

* Crocodylus
	+ C. acutus (American Crocodile)
	+ C. niloticus (Nile Crocodile)
	+ C. porosus (Saltwater Crocodile)
Giant Desert Centipede

***Scolopendra heros***, commonly known as the **giant desert centipede**, **giant Sonoran centipede**, **Texas redheaded centipede**, and **giant redheaded centipede**, is a species of North American centipede found in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico.

## Description

*S. heros* is the largest centipede in North America. It has an average length of 6.5 inches (170 mm), but can reach up to 8 in (200 mm) in the wild, and even longer in captivity. Its trunk bears either 21 or 23 pairs of legs.

It is aposematically colored, to warn off potential predators, and a number of color variants are known in the species. The *castaneiceps* variant found in Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, and other nearby areas is commonly known as the "giant redheaded centipede" or "Texas redheaded centipede" because of its distinct red head and greenish black body and tail.

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Arhynchobdellida (Proboscisless Leeches)

The **proboscisless leeches**, **Arhynchobdellida**, are classified as an order of the Hirudinea. But leech taxonomy and systematics will eventually be revised in due time, not because there are many uncertainties about their phylogeny, but because the major clades of clitellate annelids - and whether the clitellates are themselves a clade - have not been fully elucidated. For example, the "true leeches" (Euhirudinea) might actually be synonymous with the Hirudinea, as all other leech-like annelids might not be very closely related to the true leeches.

Proboscisless leeches are generally freshwater or amphibious animals. They have usually 6-8, sometimes 5 pairs of eyes. Some - among them the well-known European Medical Leech (*Hirudo medicinalis*) of the Hirudiniformes - are bloodsuckers, while most - including the Kinabalu Giant Red Leech (*Mimobdella buettikoferi*) of the Erpobdelliformes - are predators that hunt small invertebrates which are swallowed whole.

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Aedes furcifer

***Aedes furcifer*** was named in 1913 as a *nomen novum* for *nigra* Theobald. *Aedes furcifer* and *Aedes taylori* have been treated as two species, usually found sympatrically, but are difficult to separate morphologically so the term "*Aedes furcifer-taylori* group" has been used for the two species, and they have not always been differentiated by workers conducting studies on them.

*Aedes furcifer* is the type species for the *Aedes* (*Diceromyia*) *furcifer* group in the Afrotropical Region, comprising three species: *Aedes furcifer* (Edwards), *Aedes taylori* Edwards, and *Aedes cordellieri* Huang. Immature and adult female *A. furcifer* *sensu stricto* and *A*. *cordellieri* are indistinguishable morphologically, with differences in the male gonocoxite being the only characteristic useful in separating the taxa.

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Echinodermata (Echinoderms)

**Echinoderm** is the common name given to any member of the phylum **Echinodermata** (from Ancient Greek, ἐχῖνος, *echinos* – "hedgehog" and δέρμα, *derma* – "skin") of marine animals. The adults are recognizable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include such well-known animals as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea lilies or "stone lilies". Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. The phylum contains about 7000 living species, making it the second-largest grouping of deuterostomes (a superphylum), after the chordates (which include the vertebrates, such as birds, fishes, mammals, and reptiles). Echinoderms are also the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial (land-based) representatives.

Aside from the hard-to-classify *Arkarua* (a Precambrian animal with echinoderm-like pentamerous radial symmetry), the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the Cambrian. One group of Cambrian echinoderms, the cinctans (Homalozoa), which are close to the base of the echinoderm origin, have been found to possess external gills used for filter feeding, like chordata and hemichordata.

The echinoderms are important both ecologically and geologically. Ecologically, there are few other groupings so abundant in the biotic desert of the deep sea, as well as shallower oceans. Most echinoderms are able to reproduce asexually and regenerate tissue, organs, and limbs; in some cases, they can undergo complete regeneration from a single limb. Geologically, the value of echinoderms is in their ossified skeletons, which are major contributors to many limestone formations, and can provide valuable clues as to the geological environment. They were the most used species in regenerative research in the 19th and 20th centuries. Further, it is held by some scientists that the radiation of echinoderms was responsible for the Mesozoic Marine Revolution.

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## Classes

* Asteroidea
* Echinoidea
* Holothuroidea
Fasciolidae

**Fasciolidae** is a family of trematodes and includes several parasites involved in the veterinary and medical sciences. Fasciolidae is divided into five genera by Olsen et al. 2003. The family's various species are localised in liver, gall bladder, and intestine. Their life-cycle includes an intermediate host, freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae.

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## Genus and Species

* Fasciola
	+ F. hepatica (Common Liver Fluke)
Bullet Ant

***Paraponera clavata*** is a species of ant, commonly known as the **bullet ant**, named for its extremely potent sting. It inhabits humid lowland rainforests from Nicaraguaand the extreme east of Honduras and south to Paraguay.

## Description

Worker ants are 18–30 mm (0.7–1.2 in) long and resemble stout, reddish-black, wingless wasps. *Paraponera* is predatory, and like all primitive poneromorphs, does not display polymorphism in the worker caste; the queen ant is not much larger than the workers.

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Bombus hyperboreus

***Bombus hyperboreus*** is a species of Arctic bumblebee with a circumpolar distribution. The species is primarily found in the arctic areas of Canada, Alaska, Greenland, northern Scandinavia, and Russia. However, more recently (2015) the nearctic bumble bee, *Bombus natvigi* has been separated from this species, based on genetic analysis. Then, *Bombus hyperboreus* is limited to the Palaearctic.

It is a brood parasite, and attacks and enslaves other bumblebee colonies in order to reproduce as they do not even have the ability to produce workers themselves. Most of its targets are colonies of species of the same subgenus, *Alpinobombus*.

## Description

Due to its parasitic lifestyle, workers are rarely present. Queens and drones are similar, with the thorax and anterior part of the abdomen brownish-orange. The thorax has a black transversal band, while the last abdominal segments are black. Because the environment the species inhabits is cold and windy, it is suggested that their black bands act as a method to increase their body temperature through solar radiation, and their long, dense hair coat minimizes insulation loss. The mean length of the queen is relatively large at 18.4 millimetres (0.72 in) and is presumed to allow the species to counter the strong effects of the windy and cold environment.

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Chiroptera (Bats)

**Bats** are mammals of the order **Chiroptera**; with their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more manoeuvrable than birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or patagium. The smallest bat, and arguably the smallest extant mammal, is Kitti's hog-nosed bat, which is 29–34 mm (1.14–1.34 in) in length, 15 cm (5.91 in) across the wings and 2–2.6 g (0.07–0.09 oz) in mass. The largest bats are the flying foxes and the giant golden-crowned flying fox, *Acerodon jubatus*, which can weigh 1.6 kg (4 lb) and have a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in).

The second largest order of mammals, bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,200 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders: the largely fruit-eating megabats, and the echolocating microbats. But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera, with megabats as members of the former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are insectivores, and most of the rest are frugivores (fruit-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example, the vampire bats feed on blood. Most bats are nocturnal, and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape predators. Bats are present throughout the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for pollinating flowers and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services.

Bats provide humans with some benefits, at the cost of some threats. Bat dung has been mined as guano from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides. They are sometimes numerous enough to serve as tourist attractions, and are used as food across Asia and the Pacific Rim. They are natural reservoirs of many pathogens, such as rabies; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease. In many cultures, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft and death.

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Autumn Housefly

***Musca autumnalis***, the **face fly** or **autumn housefly**, is a pest of cattle and horses.

## Description

The face fly is similar to the closely related housefly. Slightly larger, averaging about 7 – 8 mm long and grey in colour with four dark stripes on the thorax, with a grey-black patterned abdomen. Like many true flies, in the males, the eyes almost touch when viewed from above.

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