recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Hydnellum spongiosipes

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***Hydnellum spongiosipes***, commonly known as the **velvet tooth**, is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It is found in Europe and North America. In Switzerland, it is considered a vulnerable species.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described as new to science in 1898 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck, who placed it in the genus *Hydnum*. Zdeněk Pouzar transferred it to *Hydnellum* in 1960. Synonyms include *Hydnellum nuttallii*, published by Howard James Banker in 1906, and *Hydnellum velutinum* var. *spongiosipes*, published by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus in 1957.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1997`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Senn-Irlet 2007`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Peck 1897`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pouzar 1960`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Hydnellum spongiosipes`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius controversus

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***Lactarius controversus***, commonly known as the **Blushing Milkcap**, is a large funnel-capped fungus within the genus *Lactarius*, which are collectively known as 'milk caps'. They all exude milky drops (lactate) from the flesh and gills when damaged. It has no common English name.

## Taxonomy

Accredited to Christian Hendrik Persoon, one of the fathers of mycology.

## Description

It is distinguishable mainly by its pinkish-buff gills and rosy markings on the upper cap surface, often arranged in concentric rings. Like other fungi in the genus, it has crumbly, rather than fibrous, flesh, and when this is broken the fungus exudes a white milky liquid. Mature specimens are funnel-shaped, with decurrent gills and a concave cap. It has firm, tough flesh, and a stipe which is shorter than the fruitbody is wide. The spore print is creamy-pink in colour.

*L. controversus* is similar to several white milk-caps in the genus *Lactifluus* which however are only distantly related: The 'fleecy milk-cap' *Lactifluus vellereus*, its sister species *Lf. bertillonii*, and the 'peppery milk-cap' *Lf. piperatus* all lack the pinkish gills and 'rosy' cap markings.

 File:Lact.cont(2).jpg
 File:Lact.cont(3).jpg
## Distribution and habitat

It is found in Britain, and Europe, and usually grows with species of Salix (Goat willow or Creeping willow) on heaths and moors.It is uncommon. It is widespread in North America growing with aspen, poplar, and willow. Found in the aspen forests of the Sierra Nevada, and has been noted in New Mexico.

## Edibility

This mushroom is considered inedible in western Europe due to its very acrid taste, but is eaten, and even commercially collected, in south-eastern European countries such as Serbia and Turkey.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

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1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Miona\_Belovic/publication/276868135\_Edible\_mycorrhizal\_species\_Lactarius\_controversus\_Pers\_1800\_as\_a\_source\_of\_antioxidant\_and\_cytotoxic\_agents/links/55db171408aeb38e8a8a6e4e/Edible-mycorrhizal-species-Lactarius-controversus-Pers-1800-as-a-source-of-antioxidant-and-cytotoxic-agents.pdf?origin=publication\_detail,

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Microporus affinis

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***Microporus affinis*** is a fungus species in the family Polyporaceae. It was first described in 1826 as a species of *Polyporus* by German botanists Carl Ludwig Blume and Theodor Nees. Otto Kuntze transferred it to *Microporus* in 1898. It is a widespread polypore that is common in tropical and subtropical regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Blume 1826`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuntze 1898`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

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Lutypha

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***Lutypha*** is a genus of fungi in the family Typhulaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single clavarioid species ***Lutypha sclerotiophila***, found in India. The generic name is an anagram of *Typhula*, a genus with which it has affinities.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Khurana 1977`

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Lycoperdon molle

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***Lycoperdon molle***, commonly known as the smooth puffball or the soft puffball, is a type of puffball mushroom in the genus *Lycoperdon*. It was first described scientifically in 1799 by Dutch mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. The puffball is edible when the internal flesh is still white.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1987`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2013`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon 1799`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hypomyces cervinigenus

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***Hypomyces cervinigenus*** is a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on elfin saddle (*Helvella*) mushrooms in Europe and North America. It was described as new to science in 1971 by Clark Rogerson and Horace Simms. The type collection was made in Pierce County, Washington, where the fungus was found growing on the stipe and cap of what they identified as a fruit body of *Helvella lacunosa*; later molecular work demonstrated that the European *H. lacunosa* is not found in North America, and that the North American versions are in fact two similar species, *H. vespertina* and *H. dryophila*. *H. cervinigenus* has perithecia that are white to pale buff with a waxy texture. The ascospores are two-celled, smooth-walled, and measure less than 25 µm long. The anamorph form of the fungus is known as *Mycogone cervina*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rogerson 1971`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Beug 2014`

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Inocybe rimosa

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***Inocybe rimosa*** (formerly known as ***Inocybe fastigiata***) is a poisonous mushroom native to Europe. Its toxic ingredient is muscarine, discovered during the 1930s.

German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer described this species in 1774. Lucien Quélet transferred it to the genus *Inocybe* in 1872.

*I. fastigiata* has a brownish fibrous cap, and stalk that lacks a ring.

In Israel, *I. fastigiata* grows under Palestine oak (*Quercus calliprinos*) and pines, with mushrooms still appearing in periods of little or no rain as they are mycorrhizal.

In Israel, it is confused with edible mushrooms of the genus *Tricholoma*, particularly *Tricholoma terreum*, and *Suillus granulatus*, all of which grow in similar habitat.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite journal

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Leucoagaricus sericifer

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***Leucoagaricus sericifer*** is an agaric fungus in the genus *Leucoagaricus*. It was originally described as *Pseudobaeospora sericifera* by French mycologist Marcel Locquin. It is widespread in Europe.

## See also

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* List of *Leucoagaricus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Loquin 1952`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Noordeloos 2001`

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Melampsora caprearum

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***Melampsora caprearum*** is a fungal pathogen which causes galls on willows (*Salix* species). Also known as a rust fungus, it was first described by Felix von Thümen in 1879.

## Description

*M. caprearum* distorts the blades and veins of willow leaves, causing irregular spots with yellow-orange uredinia (which produce a powdery mass of spores). The rust has been found on eared willow (*Salix aurita*), goat willow (*S. caprea*), grey willow (*S. cinerea*) and their hybrids.

## Distribution

Has been recorded from Belgium (photo), Finland, Great Britain (common) and Poland.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 *Melampsora caprearum* Thümen 1879. Retrieved on December 29, 2017.
3. ↑ Category:*Melampsora caprearum*. Retrieved on December 29, 2017.

## External links

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Leccinellum lepidum

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***Leccinellum lepidum*** is a species of edible bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in Mediterranean Europe, it was originally described in 1965 as *Boletus lepidus*. Andreas Bresinsky and Manfred Binder transferred it to the new genus *Leccinellum* in 2003.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bresinsky 2003`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hygrophorus marzuolus

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***Hygrophorus marzuolus***, commonly known as the **March mushroom**, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is known from Asia, Europe, and North America, where it grows on the ground in mixed forests at high elevations.

## Taxonomy

The species was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821 as *Agaricus marzuolus*, and transferred to *Hygrophorus* in 1893 by Giacomo Bresadola. It is commonly known as the "March mushroom".

## Description

The fruit bodies have caps that are broadly convex, measuring Template:Convert in diameter. Their surfaces are smooth and sticky, with a pale greyish-brown center and darker brown to blackish-grey margin. The distantly spaced, broad gills have an adnate to adnexed attachment to the stipe, and two tiers of intervening lamellulae (short gills). The gills are initially white before turning gray to bluish-gray in age. The whitish stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and is either equal in width throughout or tapers slightly towards the base. The stipe is smooth except for a few tufts of hairs near the top. Immediately underneath the cap cuticle, the flesh of the cap is water-soaked; elsewhere in the cap, it is gray-tinted with a sheen, while in the stipe it is dull white. It lacks any appreciable odor or taste. It is considered edible in Europe, where it is prized in some regions.

The thin-walled, elliptical spores measure 6.5–8.5 by 4.5–5 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 42–55 by 5.4–8.1 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Hygrophorus marzuolus* is a mycorrhizal fungus. Associations have been noted with the trees *Abies alba*, and sometimes with *Picea excelsa* and *Pinus sylvestris*. Fruit bodies grow singly to scattered or sometimes in clusters on the forest floor in duff or in moss. It fruits under conifers, often fir and Engelmann spruce, typically at high elevations. A snowbank mushroom, it is associated with melting snow, and fruiting is initiated under snowbanks. The fungus has been recorded from the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, northern Arizona, and northern California. The European distribution extends from the French Pyrenees to the region of Prague. In Asia, it has been reported from Pakistan.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Hygrophorus marzuolus`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1987`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 1995`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Overall 2004`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kraft 1958`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Razaq 2005`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Marasmius oreades

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***Marasmius oreades***, the **Scotch bonnet**, is also known as the **fairy ring mushroom** or **fairy ring champignon**. The latter names tend to cause some confusion, as many other mushrooms grow in fairy rings (such as the edible *Agaricus campestris*, the poisonous *Chlorophyllum molybdites*, and many others).

## Distribution and habitat

*Marasmius oreades* grows extensively throughout North America and Europe in the summer and autumn (fall) (June - November in the UK), or year-round in warmer climates. It loves grassy areas such as lawns, meadows, and even dunes in coastal areas.

## Description

*Marasmius oreades* grows gregariously in troops, arcs, or rings (type II, which causes the grass to grow and become greener). The cap is 1–5 cm across; bell-shaped with a somewhat inrolled margin at first, becoming broadly convex with an even or uplifted margin, but usually retaining a slight central bump- an "umbo"; dry; smooth; pale tan or buff, occasionally white, or reddish tan; usually changing color markedly as it dries out; the margin sometimes faintly lined.

The bare, pallid stem grows up to about 7 cm by 5mm in diameter.

The gills are attached to the stem or free from it, fairly distant (rather a distinctive character), and white or pale tan, dropping a white spore-print. The spores, themselves, are 7-10 x 4-6 µ; smooth; elliptical; inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Pileipellis without broom cells.

This mushroom can be mistaken for the toxic *Clitocybe rivulosa* which lacks an umbo, is white to grey in color, and has closely spaced decurrent gills.

## Edibility

 File:Marasmius oreades string.jpg
Many mushroom connoisseurs are fond of *M. oreades* and its sweet taste lends it to baked goods such as cookies. It is also used in foods such as soups, stews, etc. Traditionally, the stems (which tend to be fibrous and unappetizing) are cut off and the caps are threaded and dried in strings. A possible reason why this mushroom is so sweet-tasting is due to the presence of trehalose, a type of sugar that allows *M. oreades* to resist death by desiccation. When exposed to water after being completely dried out, the trehalose is digested as the cells completely revive, causing cellular processes, including the creation of new spores, to begin again.

## Ecological uses

*Marasmius oreades* can be used for the biological remediation of bismuth in polluted soils.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Marasmius oreades (MushroomExpert.com)
2. ↑ Marasmius oreades, the fairy ring mushroom, leprechaun. Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for March 2003
3. ↑ ^ Carmen Cristina Elekes; Gabriela busuioc. "The Mycoremediation of Metals Polluted Soils Using Wild Growing Species of Mushrooms". Engineering Education.http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Corfu/EDUCATION/EDUCATION-04.pdf

## External links

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Lycoperdon subincarnatum

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***Lycoperdon subincarnatum*** is a type of puffball mushroom in the genus *Lycoperdon* (family Agaricaceae). It was first officially described in 1872 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck. The puffball is found in North America and China.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Lycoperdon subincarnatum`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bi 1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Imaia

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***Imaia*** is a fungal genus in the family Morchellaceae found in Japan, and in the Appalachian Mountains of the USA. A monotypic genus, *Imaia* was circumscribed in 2008 to contain the truffle-like species formerly known as *Terfezia gigantea* when molecular analysis demonstrated that its DNA sequences were markedly different from those of *Terfezia*. The fruit bodies of *Imaia gigantea* are spherical to roughly elliptical to irregular in shape, brown, and usually develop cracks in age. The interior gleba comprises brown pockets of asci separated by white veins. The spores are spherical or nearly so, up to 70 µm long, and enclosed by a thick epispore.

## Taxonomy

The generic name *Imaia* honors Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai, who collected the type specimen, while the specific epithet *gigantea* alludes to the large size of the specimens in the type collection, one of which measured Template:Convert.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kovacs 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Inocybe tricolor

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***Inocybe tricolor*** is a rare member of the genus *Inocybe* that is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom that contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. *Inocybe tricolor* is found under Norway spruce in central Europe.

## Description

* **Cap**: Brick red to chocolate brown, lighter towards the margin, convex to umbonate, with a fibrillose to squamulose cap. Usually less than 4 cm across and has incurved margin until very mature.
* **Gills**: adnate and very numerous, pale cream brown to yellowish tan.
* **Spores**: Smooth and ellipsoid to oval, measuring 7.5 x 4.5 micrometres, ochre to tan brown.
* **Stipe**: 2.5–6 cm long, 4 to 6 mm thick, and is equal width for the whole length, sometimes with some swelling at the base.

## See also

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* List of *Inocybe* species

## External links

* *Inocybe tricolor* picture
* *Inocybe tricolor* picture

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Leucoagaricus moseri

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***Leucoagaricus moseri*** is a species of agaric fungus found in Europe. The species was originally described as *Lepiota moseri* by Solomon Wasser in 1975. The specific epithet honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser. Wasser transferred the fungus to the genus *Leucoagaricus* in 1978.

## See also

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* List of *Leucoagaricus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser 1978`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lanmaoa fragrans

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***Lanmaoa fragrans*** is a rare species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Europe. It has a brownish convex cap measuring Template:Convert in diameter that initially has a velvety texture before becoming smooth. The spindle-shaped stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert wide. It is yellow at the top and flushed with red in the lower portions, terminating with black at the very base. The yellow flesh is tinged with red under the cap cuticle. It bruises blue only after several hours of exposure to air. The pores on the cap underside are lemon-yellow to chrome-yellow and display a faint blue bruising reaction. Spores are elliptical and measure 9–14 by 4.5–6.5 µm; in mass they produce an olive-green spore print.

*Lanmaoa fragrans* is most often reported from southern Europe, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oaks. It is edible, with a pleasant taste and aroma. Although *Lanmaoa fragrans* has been occasionally reported from North America, this version has a different mycorrhizal associate (conifers) and it is not known if it is the same as the European species. Originally described in 1835 by Italian mycologist Carlo Vittadini as a species of *Boletus*, the fungus was transferred to *Lanmaoa* in 2015 by Alfredo Vizzini.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2013`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlCA Boletes -- Boletus fragrans`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2015`

## External links

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Lepiota helveola

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***Lepiota helveola*** is a gilled mushroom of the genus *Lepiota* in the order Agaricales. It is known to contain amatoxins and consuming this fungus can be a potentially lethal proposition. It was described by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1882.

It has white gills and spores. They typically have rings on the stems, which in larger species are detachable and glide up and down the stem.

Like several other species of the genus *Lepiota*, it contains amatoxins which can result in severe liver toxicity.

## See also

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* List of deadly fungi
* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

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Inocybe fraudans

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***Inocybe fraudans***, commonly known as the **pear fibrecap**, is an agaric fungus in the family Inocybaceae. It has a yellowish-brown fibrillose cap and stipe that develops reddish tints with age. The flesh has a characteristic odor, similar to jasmin or ripe pears, although the mushroom—like many in the genus *Inocybe*—is suspected to be toxic. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows in woodlands. Fruitbodies produce an walnut-brown spore print, and have smooth, almond-shaped spores measuring 8–11.5 by 5–7 µm. Many authors have erroneously referred this species to *Inocybe pyriodora*.

## See also

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* List of *Inocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2013`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Deconchat 2002`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Inocybe fraudans`

## External links

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Macrolepiota excoriata

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***Macrolepiota excoriata*** is a mushroom in the family Agaricaceae.

## Description

The height is Template:Convert. The color of the mushroom is white to cream. The cap is convex to shield shaped, is arched over with a raised center, Template:Convert in diameter, has a brownish center, and has ochre yellow to pale brown scales. The gills are white to cream. The stipe is smooth, cylindrical, has a bulbous base, and has a ring. The spores are smooth, hyaline, and ellipsoid. The spore print is white, cream, or yellowish. The ring is whitish to white. The flesh is white, fibrous, and does not change color. The mushroom is saprophytic. It is listed as a vulnerable species. The threat to this species is over-growing of ungrazed and unmowed meadows. The species is similar to *Macrolepiota procera*, although the latter is bigger.

## Edibility

The flesh is white, tender, and has a pleasant taste, best when it is consumed while it is young. The flesh tastes like hazelnut. The odor of the species is weak. The mushroom is similar to numerous toxic species so harvesting them is problematic. It has been advised by the website Memento des champignons (Memento of Fungus) to not collect specimens by roadsides. The collection period for the mushroom is from mid-summer to late autumn.

## Habitat

The mushroom can be found in North America and Europe and can be found on the ground, in fields, in lawns, or on roadsides. The species is common in Guernsey, even though most books say that it is rare in Guernsey.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Macrolepiota excoriata. *Roger's Mushrooms*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.
2. ↑ Frayed parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota excoriata). *SortenBank*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mushroom EXCOR (Schaeff.: Fr.) Was. Atlante dei funghi - Funghi commestibili e velenosi Atlas of fungi - edible and poisonous mushrooms. *Agriculture Education Online*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mushroom EXCOR (Schaeff. Br) Wasser Bubbola minore Smaller bells. *Mycological Association Bresadola Messina Group*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Common Name: Parasol mushroom excoriated. *Memento des champignons*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.
6. ↑ Parasol mushroom excoriated or small parasol. *Tachenon*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.
7. ↑ Macrolepiota excoriata. *National Red Lists*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Macrolepiota excoriata. *La Société Guernesiaise*. Retrieved on June 5, 2010.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hygrocybe reidii

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***Hygrocybe reidii***, commonly known as the **honey waxcap**, is a mushroom of the waxcap genus *Hygrocybe*. It was published by Robert Kühner in 1976, with the specific epithet honouring British mycologist Derek Reid. It is based on a species originally published as *Hygrophorus marchii* by Giacomo Bresadola in 1928, but with an insufficiently precise description, which later led to conflicting interpretations about the species concept. In 1969, Reid gave a precise description of the fungus common in Europe, but Kühner had a different interpretation of *H. marchii*, and gave a new name to Reid's concept of the species.

The fungus makes reddish-orange to reddish fruit bodies with dry, smooth caps. The flesh has an odour of honey, particularly when the tissue is rubbed, or when it is drying. It is found in Europe, and reported from eastern North America, although it is uncertain whether the North American population represents the same species.

## See also

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* List of *Hygrocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kühner 1976`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kibby 2008`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuo`

## External links

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Hygrocybe conica

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***Hygrocybe conica***, commonly known as the **witch's hat**, **conical wax cap** or **conical slimy cap**, is a colourful member of the genus *Hygrocybe* (the waxcaps), found across northern Europe and North America. Originally described as *Hygrophorus conicus*, it may be a complex of closely related and similar species.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically in 1774 by German polymath Jacob Christian Schäffer, who named it *Agaricus conicus*. Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus *Hygrocybe* in 1871.

## Description

 File:Saftling.jpg
The witch's hat is a small mushroom, with a convex to conical yellow-orange to red cap 2 to 5 cm (¾-2 inches) in diameter, though very occasionally larger specimens up to 8 or 9 cm (3½ in) diameter are found. It turns black when cut or bruised.

## Distribution and habitat

The witch's hat is widely distributed in grasslands and conifer woodlands across North America, Europe and Asia, as well as Australia and New Zealand, being found in summer and autumn. It is likely that what is currently termed *Hygrocybe conica* is a complex of closely related species, some of which are suspected of being poisonous.
Though *Hygrocybe conica* occurs in Australia, principally near urban areas, many collections originally assigned to this species are the similar *Hygrocybe astatogala*.

## Edibility

The edibility or otherwise of *Hygrocybe conica* is unclear. Its small size and being coated in a sticky substance render it of limited palatability anyway, however there is a report of poisoning from China in the early part of the 20th century which was allegedly from this species.

## See also

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* List of *Hygrocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schaeffer 1774`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kummer 1871`
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Kuo M. Hygrocybe conica. *Mushroomexpert*. Retrieved on October 21, 2015.

* Template:Cite book
* Führer, Bruce Alexander (2005) *A Field Guide to Australian Fungi* Bloomings Books, Melbourne, Australia, Template:ISBN

## External links

Template:Commons

* Template:IndexFungorum
* "Fungus of the Month for October 2001: *Hygrocybe conica*, the witch's hat mushroom" by Tom Volk, *TomVolkFungi.net*.

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Cortinarius subfraudulosus

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***Cortinarius subfraudulosus*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Found in Fennoscandia and Estonia, where it grows on the ground in hemiboreal and boreal forests, it was described as new to science in 2014.Template:Citation needed The specific epithet *subfraudulosus* refers to its similarity to *Cortinarius fraudulosus*.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Cortinariaceae-stub
Antrodia albida

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***Antrodia albida*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Antrodia* that grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees. A widely distributed species, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, North America, and South America. The fungus was first described under the name *Daedalea albida* by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1815 work *Observationes mycologicae*. Marinus Anton Donk transferred it to *Antrodia* in 1960.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1815`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Donk 1960`

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Hygrophoropsis laevis

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***Hygrophoropsis laevis*** is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. Found in Malawi, it was described as new to science in 1985.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Heinemann 1985`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leucoagaricus leucothites

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***Leucoagaricus leucothites***, ***white dapperling***, or **white Agaricus mushroom**, is a species of agaric fungus. The species was originally described as *Agaricus leucothites* by Carlo Vittadini in 1835. Solomon Wasser transferred it to *Leucoagaricus* in 1977.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Leucoagaricus* species
* Mushroom Poisoning: Destroying Angel vs. what's called a Lookalike that many Experts Avoid Eating

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Wasser 1977`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Agaricales-stub
Lobaria quercizans

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***Lobaria quercizans***, commonly known as the **smooth lungwort**, is a macrolichen. It forms large, smooth, grey (pale green when wet) growths which often have abundant red-brown apothecia.

## Distribution

Most records are from eastern North America but there are also isolated probable location records from South America (Bolivia), eastern Asia (China, Korea, Russian Manchuria). In eastern North America it is found from Newfoundland to northern Georgia and west to eastern Minnesota. An outlying population is found in the Ouachita Mountains.

## Ecology

In eastern North America, *L. quercizans* is found primarily on the bark of deciduous trees, usually maples (*Acer* species). In the southern parts of its range *A. saccharum* (sugar maple) is preferred. Further north, where there is less *A. saccharum*, *A. rubrum* (red maple) is favoured.

## Uses

The lichen is used for food and medicine by the Menomini people of Wisconsin.

## References

1. ↑ GBIF Data Portal.
2. ↑ Template:Citation

## External links

Template:Commons

* USDA plant profile

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Lactarius flexuosus

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***Lactarius flexuosus*** is a species of fungus in the Russulaceae family of mushrooms. The cap of *L. flexuosus* can reach Template:Convert in diameter. The mushroom is edible when pickled and boiled.

## References

1. ↑ *Lactarius flexuosus*. *An article from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia* (2011). Retrieved on August 17, 2011.

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Mitrula paludosa

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***Mitrula paludosa*** (syn. *Mitrula phalloides*), the **swamp beacon** (US) or **bog beacon**, (UK) is a species of fungus.

## Habitat

These mushrooms are found in swamps and bogs across North America in the cooler climates of south-eastern Canada, New England south to the Mason–Dixon line, and much of the mid-western United States. Also present in Europe from the British Isles to Eastern Europe.

On the West Coast of the United States, the *Mitrula elegans* looks similar.

## Identification

Many related species of *Mitrula* look identical without microscopic study. The cap or club is yellow with a white stalk (possibly with some pink coloration).

## External links

* Images of the bog beacon in the UK
* Bog beacon locations in Northern Ireland
* Photographs with many European language translations of the name

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Menegazzia subsimilis

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***Menegazzia subsimilis*** is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae It is found scattered across the Northern Hemisphere, including Oceania (Hawaii, Solomon Islands), Asia (Japan, Papua New Guinea, Russia), Europe (Austria, Germany, Portugal), South America (Ecuador, Peru), the Caribbean (Dominican Republic, Jamaica) and North America (Canada, USA). It has recently been recorded for the first times in Tibet (2005), in the British Isles, and in Malaysia and Indonesia (2007).

The lichen was originally described as *Parmelia subsimilis* by Swedish lichenologist Adolf Hugo Magnusson in 1941, based on specimens found in Hawaii. A year later, Rolf Santesson transferred the species to the genus *Menegazzia*. The species was not reported outside of Hawaii until a 1993 collection from southeast Asia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bjerke2003`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bjerke2005`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bjerke2006`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bjerke2007`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Magnusson1941`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Santesson1942`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leccinum albostipitatum

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***Leccinum albostipitatum*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. This fungus is commonly found in Italy, where it grows in association with poplar. It was described as new to science in 2005.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `den Bakker 2005`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lepiota babruka

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***Lepiota babruka*** is a gilled mushroom of the genus *Lepiota* in the order Agaricales. Known only from Kerala State, India, it was described as new to science in 2009.

## Taxonomy

The species was described by T.K.A. Kumar and P. Manimohan in 2009, in the journal *Mycotaxon*. The type collection was made in 2004, in the Kannur District of Kerala State in India. The specific epithet *babrulka* is derived from the Sanskrit word for "brownish".

## Description

The fruit bodies of *Lepiota babruka* have caps up to Template:Convert wide, which are initially broadly convex before flattening out in age, usually developing a shallow umbo. The cap color is brown, and it is covered with small, darker brown, pyramid-shaped scales. The cap margin, initially curved inward before straightening out in maturity, becomes cracked in age. The gills are free from attachment to the stem. At first, they are white, but later develop yellowish tones. They are crowded together, and have 3–4 tiers of lamellulae (short gills that do not extend completely from the cap margin to the stem). The edges of the gills are the same colors as the gill face, and are fringed if viewed with a hand lens. The cylindrical, hollow, stem measure Template:Convert long and 2 mm thick, and roughly the same width throughout. Its color is initially brown before darkening, and the surface is fibrillose (made of thin, threadlike fibers). A whitish, membranous ring is present on the upper portion of the stem in young fruit bodies, but it does not last for long. The flesh is thin (less than 2 thick), yellowish-white, and lacks any distinctive odor.

The spores have a roughly elliptical shape, and dimensions of 4.5–7 by 3–4 µm. They are thick-walled, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and contain refractive oil droplets. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored with sterigmata up to 3 µm long, and measure 10–17 by 6–8 µm. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are plentiful, thin-walled, and measure 13–34 by 10–20 µm; there are no pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face).

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Lepiota babruka* grow singly on the ground among decaying leaf litter. It is known only from the type locality.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kumar2009`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Inocybe coelestium

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***Inocybe coelestium*** is a member of the genus *Inocybe* which is widely distributed in Europe. It was described as new science by mycologist Thomas Kuyper in 1985. The specific epithet *coelestium* means 'celestials', "the inhabitants of the Mount Olympus, the gods; referring to its hallucinogenic properties."

## Biochemistry

*Inocybe coelestium* contains the compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Inocybe* species
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuyper 1985`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Hallucinogenic mushrooms
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Inocybe bongardii

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***Inocybe bongardii*** is an agaric fungus in the family Inocybaceae. It was originally described as a species of *Agaricus* by German botanist Johann Anton Weinmann in 1836. Lucien Quélet transferred it to the genus *Inocybe* in 1872. It is a common species with a widespread distribution. Fruit bodies grow on the ground, often in clay soils, and typically with broadleaf trees. The fruit bodies are suspected to be toxic, as they contain muscarine.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Inocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Weinmann 1836`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quélet 1872`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Courtecuisse 1999`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Barceloux 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactocollybia subvariicystis

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**Lactocollybia subvariicystis** is a fungus in the Lactocollybia genus. Species in this genus are little known in China. This species is reported from subtropical south China in 2016. It is characterized by its small, white, hygrophanous basidiomata, sinuate to adnexed lamellae, common presence of gloeocystidia in the context of pileus, lamellae and stipe which is sharply tapering at both ends, and found on the living trunk of Acacia confusa.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Marchandiobasidium

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***Marchandiobasidium*** is a genus of fungus in the family Corticiaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum***, found in Europe and North America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Micronematobotrys

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***Micronematobotrys*** is a monotypic genus of Pezizales in the Pyronemataceae family, first described in 2010. It contains the single species ***Micronematobotrys verrucosus***. The type location is Dongling Mountain, near Beijing, China, where it was found growing on *Quercus liaotungensis* and *Ulmus macrocarpa*.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Infundibulicybe geotropa

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***Infundibulicybe geotropa***, also known as the **trooping funnel** or **monk's head**, is a funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in Europe and (less commonly) in North America. A large sturdy cream- or buff-coloured funnel-shaped mushroom, it grows in mixed woodlands, often in troops or fairy rings, one of which is over half a mile wide. Although edible, it could be confused with some poisonous species of similar colouration and size.

## Taxonomy and naming

French mycologist Pierre Bulliard initially described the trooping funnel as *Agaricus geotropus* in 1792, before Lucien Quélet renamed it *Clitocybe geotropa* (a name by which it was long known) in 1872. Its specific epithet derived from the Ancient Greek words Template:Lang/*gē* "earth", and τρόπος/*tropos* "turn".

Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja proposed *I. geotropa* and twelve other *Clitocybe* species be split off into a new genus *Infundibulicybe*, thus the new binomial name is *Infundibulicybe geotropa*.

 File:2Clitocybe geotropa.jpg
## Description

A cream- or buff-coloured mushroom, the cap may reach Template:Convert in diameter. It has a prominent boss and looks small in relation to the large stem in young specimens. As the mushroom ages, the cap changes from convex with inrolled margins to more funnel shaped. The decurrent gills are the same colour as the cap. The stipe is bulbous, larger at the base and Template:Convert high. The spore print is white. There is a sweet smell, which has been likened to the odour of bitter almonds. The white flesh is firm in young specimens.

It can be mistaken for the similar-coloured and also edible miller (*Clitopilus prunulus*), but the latter species has pink spores. However, there are a number of similar white or pale mushrooms which are poisonous; young specimens of *Entoloma sinuatum* can be distinguished by their sinuate gills and mealy smell. The unpleasant-tasting *Melanoleuca grammopodia* is similar, but has a more pale brownish cap and musky odour.

## Distribution and habitat

Trooping funnel is found in mixed woodlands, especially grassy clearings, in autumn. Often gregarious, it can form fairy rings, and has a complex mycelium. It is abundant and widespread in Europe, and less common in North America.

One fairy ring in Belfort, eastern France, has been reported at over half a mile in diameter and estimated at 800 years of age. It is thought to be the largest known fairy ring.

## Edibility

Only young mushrooms are recommended eating, as older ones lose their pleasant taste, and the flesh becomes leathery in consistency. The stipes of all aged specimens are generally discarded. The fungus is popular in northern Italy, where it is roasted or cooked in stews and frittatas, or preserved in oil.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite book
7. ↑ Template:Cite book
8. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Lactarius chrysorrheus

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***Lactarius chrysorrheus*** (sometimes spelt *Lactarius chrysorheus*) is a member of the *Lactarius* genus, whose many members are commonly known as Milkcaps. It has recently been given the English (common) name of the **Yellowdrop Milkcap**. It is pale salmon in color, poisonous, and grows in symbiosis with oak trees.

## Taxonomy

First described by the Swedish father of modern mycology Elias Magnus Fries. The specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek words *chryso-* "golden", and *rheos* "stream". Common names include yellow milkcap, and yellowdrop milkcap.

## Description

The cap is Template:Convert in diameter. It is pale salmon, or rosy, with darker markings arranged in rough rings, or bands. At first it is convex, but later flattens, and eventually has a small central depression. It is often somewhat lobed at the edge, and is smooth, with a hairless margin. The whitish to pale buff stipe sometimes has a pink flush on the lower half. It is hollow, cylindrical, or with a slightly swollen base. The gills are decurrent, crowded, and have a pinkish buff tinge, giving a spore print that is creamy white, with a slight salmon tinge. They are quite closely spaced initially. The flesh is white and tastes hot, but is coloured by the copious amounts of milk exuded. This milk is initially white, but when exposed to the air turns bright sulphur yellow in five to fifteen seconds.

Many *Lactarius* species are similarly coloured, but not too many exude white milk that turns sulphur yellow. However, those that do include *Lactarius maculatipes*, and *Lactarius croceus* which are found with hardwoods in the north eastern United States, and *Lactarius vinaceorufescens* is locally abundant with both hard and soft woods there too. None of these can be found in Britain; *Lactarius decipiens* is on the British checklist, but is smaller than *L. chrysorrheus*, and grows with Hornbeam.

## Distribution and habitat

*Lactarius chrysorrheus* appears in summer and autumn. It is frequent in the northern temperate zones, Europe, North America, and also North Africa. It is mycorrhizal with oak trees in Britain.

## Edibility

This mushroom is recorded as poisonous by Roger Phillips (2006) and Lamaison, and as edible by Marcel Bon (1987). Consumption of the several species of poisonous milkcaps results in predominantly acute gastrointestinal symptoms which can be severe.

The milk is extremely acrid.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite book
7. ↑ Template:Cite book

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