Micrurus mipartitus

Species of snakeTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of snake

***Micrurus mipartitus*** (**redtail coral snake** or **many banded coral snake**) is a species of coral snake in the family Elapidae. It is found in South and Central America. The redtail coral snake is common in agricultural areas in Colombia. Its highly neurotoxic venom is known to cause seizures in its prey by activating nerve proteins responsible for seizures within it.

## Subspecies

Five subspecies are currently recognized:

* *M. m. mipartitus*  (Duméril, Bibron, Duméril 1854) – Pacific red-tailed coral snake
* *M. m. anomalus*  (Boulenger 1896) – Santa Marta red-tailed coral snake
* *M. m. decussatus*  (Duméril, Bibron, Duméril 1854) – Andean red-tailed coral snake
* *M. m. popayanensis*  (Ayerbe, Tidwell, Tidwell 1990) – Popayan red-tailed coral snake
* *M. m. rozei*  (Golay, Chiszar, Smith, Breukelen 1999) – Roze's coral snake

## Phenotypic features

*Micrurus mipartitus* has a cylindrical body that can reach up to 140.6 centimeters in length. They have quite small eyes upon their round heads. The black bodily rings of this species can range anywhere from 34 to 84 and are sundered by yellow or white intermediaries. The second ring on the head and 3 or 4 of the tail rings exude a red color in contrast to the white or yellow bands.

## Natural history

*Micrurus mipartitus* is a species of crepuscular and nocturnal habits. During period of low rainfall, could be located underground several centimeters deep. In times of high rainfall it's found on soil surface or where leaf litter is abundant. This coral snake lives from tropical dry forest to foggy forests and is related to human settlements in rural areas used for agriculture.

The diet of *M. mipartitus* is mainly based on snakes (e.g. *Atractus werneri*, *A. sanctamartae*, *Leptotyphlops* spp.) as well as lizards (e.g. *Lepidoblepharis sanctaemartae*), amphisbaenids (e.g. *Amphisbaena* spp.), frogs, and caecilians (e.g. *Caecilia guntheri*). It is oviparous; about eight white-colored eggs have been recorded, which are 2.9 cm long, with an average weight of 3.1 gr. Incubation period lasts between 73–87 days, total length of the infants could vary from 20–21.9 cm and weight is around 3.3 gr.

## Range

It occurs in Central America and South America. Limits of its range vary by source and may include Nicaragua and Costa Rica in the north, although older records from Nicaragua and Costa Rica likely refer to *M. multifasciatus*. The IUCN Redlist restricts its range to Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, and possibly Peru. It has also been listed from Brazil (Rondônia).

## Venom

The redtail coral snake has a potentially deadly neurotoxic venom which produces a complete depolarizing muscle block. Proteomics analysis of the venom components found that it contains about 60% three-finger toxins, 30% phospholipase A2, and 10% other toxins. The most abundant venom component is the three-finger toxin mipartoxin-I.

The venom acts by blocking the neuromuscular transmission of nerve muscle preparations, it acts in a post-synaptic way through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChr), inhibiting the muscle contractions in phrenic nerve diaphragm. After the bite, local pain and paraesthesia appear in minutes, in severe cases, neurological manifestations appear in 30 minutes to 1–2 hours, such as progressive bilateral ptosis, dysarthria, progressive weakness in the muscles of the extremities, difficulties in walking, salivation, drowsiness, respiratory arrest, flaccid quadriparesis and severe flaccid quadriplegia. The LD50 for 18-20 gram mice is 9 μg and 0.45 mg / kg. The intraperitoneal lethal dose is 0.125 mg / kg and 0.06 μg / g.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ibáñez, R.; et al. (2017). "*Micrurus mipartitus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T203627A2769221. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 *Micrurus mipartitus* at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 6 October 2020.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Micrurus mipartitus". *Venomous snakes in Costa Rica*. Clodomiro Picado Research Institute, Universidad de Costa Rica. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cañas, Carlos A.; Castro-Herrera, Fernando; Castaño-Valencia, Santiago; Cañas, Carlos A.; Castro-Herrera, Fernando; Castaño-Valencia, Santiago (2017). "Envenomation by the red-tailed coral snake (*Micrurus mipartitus*) in Colombia". *Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases*. **23**: 9. doi:10.1186/s40409-017-0100-4. PMC 5307858 . PMID 28228775.
5. ↑ "Red Tail Coral Snake Venom Activates Nerve Cell Proteins That Cause Seizures". *www.reptilesmagazine.com*. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
6. ↑ Pérez, Luis Enrique Vera; Baos, Jorge Alberto Zúñiga; González, Santiago Ayerbe (2019). "Nuevos registros de longitud y dieta de *Micrurus mipartitus* (Duméril, Bibron y Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes: Elapidae)". *Revista Novedades Colombianas* (in Spanish). **14** (1): 49–56.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rios-Soto, Julián Alberto; et al. "*Micrurus mipartitus* (Duméril, Bibron y Duméril, 1854)". *Catálogo de anfibios y reptiles de Colombia* (in Spanish). **4** (1): 37–44.
8. ↑ "Caso clínico histórico. Mordedura de serpiente «rabo de ají» en el año de 1968. Viacrucis de un herpetólogo" [Historical clinical case. «Coral snake» *Micrurus mipartitus* bite in 1968. A herpetologist's ordeal]. *Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología* (in Spanish and English). **44** (2): 161–169. 2016-04-01. doi:10.1016/j.rca.2015.11.011 . ISSN 0120-3347.
9. ↑ Rey-Suárez, Paola; Núñez, Vitelbina; Gutiérrez, José María; Lomonte, Bruno (December 2011). "Proteomic and biological characterization of the venom of the redtail coral snake, Micrurus mipartitus (Elapidae), from Colombia and Costa Rica". *Journal of Proteomics*. **75** (2): 655–667. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2011.09.003.
10. ↑ Rey-Suárez, Paola; Floriano, Rafael Stuani; Rostelato-Ferreira, Sandro; Saldarriaga-Córdoba, Mónica; Núñez, Vitelbina; Rodrigues-Simioni, Léa; Lomonte, Bruno (October 2012). "Mipartoxin-I, a novel three-finger toxin, is the major neurotoxic component in the venom of the redtail coral snake Micrurus mipartitus (Elapidae)". *Toxicon*. **60** (5): 851–863. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.023. hdl:10669/74496 .
11. ↑ "Mipartoxin-1 precursor - Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake)". *www.uniprot.org*. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
12. ↑ Cañas, Carlos A.; Castro-Herrera, Fernando; Castaño-Valencia, Santiago; Cañas, Carlos A.; Castro-Herrera, Fernando; Castaño-Valencia, Santiago (2017). "Envenomation by the red-tailed coral snake (Micrurus mipartitus) in Colombia". *Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases*. **23**. doi:10.1186/s40409-017-0100-4 . ISSN 1678-9199.
13. ↑ "Easy Snake Identification | snakeID.online". *snakedb.org*. Retrieved 2020-10-26.