recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Andromeda and the Local Group

## Andromeda and the Local Group (Episode)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Andromeda, Local Group

Andromeda and the Local Group is the tenth episode of the
first Videobook, How Far Away
is it? It covers the Andromeda galaxy and the Local Group of
Galaxies. First, he begins with the idea that the Milky Way contained
everything in the universe in earlier people’s minds until Hubble discovered
a variable star in the Andromeda nebula. At first, he catalogued it as a
nova, but then he realized it was a Cepheid and calculated the distance
to be 2.5 million light years, far outside the Milky Way. He then covers
the black hole at the center of Andromeda and points out the galaxy’s
immense size of trillions of stars. Then, he covers some of the dwarf galaxies
in the Local Group of Galaxies and the Triangulum Galaxy. He then
focuses on the Milky Way System and specifically on the two main
galaxies orbiting our galaxy: the LMC and the SMC. He looks at
the nebulae inside these galaxies as well. Finally, he does a review.
Carina Nebula

## Carina Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

Carina Nebula is one of the largest emission HII regions in
the Milky Way galaxy that surrounds several clusters of stars, not just the
usual one. It measures 260 light years across, or about 7 times the size of the
Orion Nebula. It contains many different structures, all of which have
different interesting features.
Messier 87

## M87

 ​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

M87 is an elliptical galaxy known for containing a supermassive black hole, that was imaged for the first time ever by the EHT in 2019. The stars in the galaxy are strongly concentrated towards its nucleus. The jet out from the center indicates the supermassive black hole is in an active galactic nucleus. The ray is 5000 ly long and 2000 ly wide. Strangely, there does not appear to be a counterjet unlike what is seen in other galaxies. It turns out the other jet is still there, but is invisible to us due to relativistic beaming an the fact it is facing away from us.

   The ring we see in the black hole image is consistent with relativity's predictions of a Kerr (rotating) black hole amidst a gravitationally lensed accretion disk. The disk is moving clockwise but insufficient information is given to determine velocity. Using the size of the innermost stable orbit as directly imaged the mass is calculated to be 6.5 billion solar masses.
Great Orion Molecular Cloud Complex

## Great Orion Molecular Cloud Complex

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The Great Orion Molecular Cloud is a giant star forming
region that spans more than 75 light years. It holds many well-known nebulae,
such as the Orion Nebulae and the Horsehead nebula. The three stars that make
up Orion’s Belt can be seen, but they are not a part of the cloud complex
itself.
Eta Carina Twins

## Eta Carina Twins

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2016

Eta Carinae, the most luminous stellar system ever seen, is
best known for an enormous eruption in the mid-19th century that hurled an
amount of material at least 10 times the sun's mass into space. Still shrouded
by this expanding veil of gas and dust, Eta Carinae is the only object of its
kind known in our galaxy. Galaxy surveys have not found any Eta twins,
underscoring its rarity. But, in a 2015 survey released in 2016, five potential
Eta twins were found 4 Virgo Supercluster galaxies.
Large Scale Structures

## Large Scale Structures

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters and
 later

A filament is constructed of galaxies and galaxy clusters.
The Perseus-Pegasus Filament is an example. Walls are much wider and thicker
than filaments. The Great Wall is one of the longest known super-structures in
the Universe.

Voids are the vast empty spaces between filaments which
contain very few, or no, galaxies at all. There are 25 major voids in our local
superclusters. The Sculptor void is the largest in the nearby universe.
NGC 1569

## NGC 1569

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

One of the most active galaxies in our local neighborhood.
The entire core is 5,000 lightyears wide. NGC 1569 sparkles with the light from
millions of newly formed young stars. It is pumping out stars at a rate that is
100 times faster than the rate observed in our Milky Way Galaxy. This frenzied
pace has been almost continuous for the past 100 million years.
ESO 576-69

## ESO 576-69

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

This is a cosmic collision between a spiral galaxy and a
lenticular galaxy. The bright spot in the middle of the plume above the
galaxies is what makes this pair unique. This spot is believed to be the
nucleus of the former spiral galaxy, which was ejected from the system during
the collision and is now being shredded by tidal forces to produce the visible
stellar stream.
Galaxy Supercluster

## Supercluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster and later

A galaxy supercluster is a collection of galaxy clusters or
galaxy clouds and are where we see that galaxies are not evenly distributed,
but collect towards each other. The galaxy superclusters do have internal
gravitational interactions, but they are weak and most superclusters will drift
apart due to expansion of space. Our local one is Virgo Supercluster.
Herbig Haro Object

## Herbig-Haro Object

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

A Herbig-Haro object is an example of the dramatic effects
young stars have on their surroundings. In HH Objects, the material that is
ejected from the young stars crashes into the outside nebula at speeds of
800,000 km/hr. These collisions are producing bright arcs.
Nearby Stars (Episode)

**Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Stars, Neighborhood

Nearby Stars is the fifth episode of the first Videobook, How Far Away is it? It
covers the nearby stars to the Solar System. First, it covers how the ancient
people thought of stars and how it was only recently that we began to
understand what stars really are. He goes into Stellar Parallax and how
to use the Earth’s orbit to find it. He then covers the first parallax
star, 61 Cygni, and who and how it was discovered. He then explores the
Local Stellar Neighborhood and all the stars that are in it. He also quickly
covers exoplanets and planet hunting. He then goes deeper into luminosity
and the inverse square rule, and how a dim star can be the same
brightness as a luminous star if it is closer to Earth. He then uses the famous
E=mc2 law. He then goes into the fact that ground-based
parallax dies out rapidly and how space parallax observatories are used, and
then covers these more distant stars. He covers binary mass calculations
and makes a graph of luminosity vs. mass. At the very end of the episode, he
introduces the fact that parallax only covers a little bit of the Milky Way.
Gravity

Gravity is the force that binds
large, planetary objects together and is also responsible for their orbits
around other bodies. It was developed by Isaac Newton in the 18th
century in his theory of Universal Gravitation. In terms of forces, gravity is weakest
of the four fundamental forces, but nobody has been able to relate it to
the other 3 to produce Universal Gravitation yet. Gravity is the main subject
of relativity and is thus the main focus of the How Fast is it
video book. It is weak so an object must be very massive in order to start
seeing its effects.

**Newton and Universal Gravitation**

Newton developed his theory of
gravitation in the 18th century, which was the final proof that the geocentric
model was false. The universal gravitation relies on the fact that gravity
acts as a field surrounding an object. The strength of this field is determined
by the fixed mass of the object. As one moves further from the field, the
surface area of the field increases, and thus the force of gravity felt at the
more distant point is weaker. Thus, gravity obeys the Inverse Square Law.
However, the constant of proportionality, G the Gravitational Constant, was not
known at Newton’s time and was measured by Henry Cavendish near the start of
the 19th century. But once we knew this number, we could use the
formula to find the mass of an object like Earth. The Gravitational Constant is also an essential component of every and any equation involving or calculating something related to gravity and is equal to 6.67\*10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 as originally measured by Henry Cavendish in 1798.
Globular Cluster

## Globular Cluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

A globular cluster is a very massive type of cluster and are
the larger of the two types of star cluster. They are a collection of hundreds
of thousands of older stars tightly bound by gravity. Most of them orbit our
galaxy in the halo instead of being inside the disk. Globular clusters sort out
stars according to their mass, with heavier stars sinking to the core and
lighter stars moving to the periphery of the cluster.
2010 TK7

## 2010 TK7

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Solar System

**Video Book Info** 2010 TK7 is a Trojan asteroid that is orbiting
the Earth’s L4 Lagrange point and it was discovered in 2010. It
is expected to have a stable orbit for another 10,000 years, and is not
expected to get any closer than 50 times the distance to the moon.

O**ther Info**
NGC 5315

## NGC 5315

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

NGC 5315 is a planetary nebula that reveals an X shaped
structure inside of it. This nebula is very chaotic, and of course, it is not
certain how the X shaped formed. Most likely, a binary star is the explanation
for this as well.
HII Regions (Standard Candle)

## HII Regions

  **Type**
 Ladder Rung
 Emission
  **Based On**
 Variables
 Inverse
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 Local Superclusters

An HII Region is an emission nebula in which the main power
source that causes the emissions are the new stars forming at the center of the
nebula. The ultraviolet light from these young, bright, massive stars ionize
hydrogen forming HII, which gives its name to the nebula. Most HII regions
shine red due to the ionization of this hydrogen. There are only a few
thousands of these in the galaxy because the young massive stars that power
them will later cause them to evaporate away with their strong stellar winds.

Although nebulae come in a variety of sizes and magnitudes,
it appears that the brightest HII regions all have a similar luminosity. This
makes them good standard candles. Since we know the normal luminosity of an HII
region, we can use the inverse square rule to find out how far away it is.
Heliocentric Model

## Heliocentric Model

The Heliocentric model was the
first step towards a more complete cosmology. It means “sun-centered”
and it replaced the earlier model known as the geocentric model.
Although the heliocentric model lacked an explanation for stars, it
provided a simpler explanation for retrograde motion and the orbits of planets.
The Earth along with the other planets were placed on rotational motion
about an axis, and revolutionary motion around the sun. It was
originally proposed by Copernicus, and was backed up by other great
scientists such as Tycho, Kepler, and Newton. Newton
provided the final proof point when he realized that the same set of rules for
gravity apply everywhere, and are not separated between the heavens and Earth.
NGC 602

## NGC 602

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

NGC 602 is a star birth nebula found at the heart of the
Small Magellanic Cloud. The inner edge of the nebula is being sculpted by the
intense radiation from the central star cluster. Elephant trunk structures
point towards the cluster and point out the eroding effects.
NGC 2074

## NGC 2074

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

NGC 2074 is a firestorm of star formation possible triggered
by a recent supernova explosion event. There are ridges and valleys of dust and
serpent head pillars of creation, and gaseous filaments glowing under
ultraviolet radiation.
NGC 2787

## NGC 2787

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

Tightly wound, almost concentric, arms of dark dust encircle
the bright nucleus of galaxy NGC 2787. This lens-shaped galaxy shows little or
no evidence of any grand spiral arms. Also visible in the image are about a
dozen globular clusters hovering around the galaxy. What appear to be stars
are, in fact, gravitationally bound families of 100,000s of ancient stars
orbiting the center of NGC 2787.
IC 1101

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

IC 1101 is the largest galaxy ever seen so far in the
entire universe. IC 1101 fills up most of the space in its home cluster Abell 2029 and is 6
million light years across. That is 60 times the size of the Milky Way
and almost that of the Local Group! It contains 100 trillion stars.
47 Tucanae

## 47 Tucanae

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**

**Video Book Info**

47 Tucanae is one of the densest globular clusters in the
southern hemisphere, containing over a million stars. Using Doppler
measurements of the movement of 15,000 stars in this cluster, we have learned
that globular clusters do, indeed, sort out stars according to their mass.

**Other Info**
Messier 96

## M96

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

Its gas and dust are distributed asymmetrically and its
spiral arms are ill-defined. The galaxy's core is compact but glowing, and the
dark dust lanes around it move in a delicate swirl towards the nucleus. And the
spiral arms, patchy rings of young blue stars, are like necklaces of blue
pearls. Its graceful imperfections likely result from the gravitational pull
from nearby galaxies. M96 spans some 100,000 light-years in diameter, about the
size of our Milky Way.
Galaxy Classification

## Galaxy Classification

In 1926, there were enough galaxies known for Edwin Hubble to
create a morphological classification scheme. This is his diagram. His students
called it the “Hubble tuning fork”.

Hubble’s scheme divides galaxies into 3 broad classes based
on their visual appearance.

Elliptical galaxies have smooth, featureless light
distributions and appear as ellipses in images like Centaurus A. They are
denoted by the letter E, followed by an integer n representing their degree of
ellipticity on the sky.

Spiral galaxies consist of a flattened disk, with stars
forming a spiral structure, and a central concentration of stars known as the
bulge like the Whirlpool galaxy. They are given the symbol S or SB if it has a
bar core like the Milky Way.
Betelgeuse

## Betelgeuse

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

Betelgeuse is a very reddish, rich, cool, supergiant
carbon star. It is also one of the largest and most luminous stars
known. In fact, if it were are the center of our solar system, it would
extend to Jupiter’s orbit! It is expected to go supernova in the
next few thousand years.
NGC 7049

## NGC 7049

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 7049 is one of the brightest galaxies in its cluster, making
it a type of galaxy called a brightest cluster galaxy, or BCG for short.
These kinds of galaxies are the oldest and most massive galaxies and are
typically found at the center of their clusters.
Electromagnetic Spectrum

## Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of the
wavelengths of light when viewed as a wave instead of a particle.
Here are the various ranges of light:

Radio: Radio is the lowest energy light with the longest wavelength

Microwave: Microwave is a very low energy infrared light

Infrared: Infrared is low energy light that is invisible. At
temperatures common to our own experience, objects emit in the infrared,
including ourselves! Spitzer sees here.

Visible: Visible light is what we see, red orange yellow
green blue indigo violet

Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet light is high energy light that is
emitted frequently from stars, including our own sun.

X-Ray: X-ray light is very high energy light. Chandra sees in
this light.

Gamma Ray: The highest energy light, emitted from decaying
atoms.
NGC 4414

## NGC 4414

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 4414 is part of the Key project on extragalactic distance
scales. An international team observed this galaxy on 13 different occasions
over 2 months. Based on their observations, they made an accurate assumption of
the galaxy’s distance: 62 million light years.
NGC 1427A

## NGC 1427A

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 1427A is a galaxy that is currently plunging through the Fornax
Cluster of Galaxies at an extremely high speed equal to 644 km/s. The
passage through the cluster is expected to distort the galaxy beyond
recognition due to the high speed of the galaxy and the gravitational
influence of the cluster.
Ant Nebula

## Ant Nebula (Menzel 3, MZ3)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Ant Nebula is a bipolar planetary nebula that is known
for looking like a garden-variety ant, complete with two distinct parts of an
ant’s body: head and thorax. It also includes many legs on both sides of the
nebula. As usual, binary stars could be responsible for structure.
Crab Nebula

## Crab Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

Japanese and Chinese astronomers recorded this event on 1054.
Called the Crab Nebula, its name derives from a drawing taken by the Irish
astronomer Lord Rosse. The filaments are the tattered remains of the star and
consist mainly of hydrogen. This nebula’s eerie glow is powered by the rapidly
spinning neutron star or pulsar at its center. The star’s magnetic field causes
electrons to move nearly the speed of light, making the bluish glow. It pulses
30 times every second and is called PSR B0531+21.
NGC 5584

## NGC 5584

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 5584 is a galaxy that has had two standard candles: a
recent Type Ia supernova and plenty of Cepheid variable stars. Galaxies
like this one can be used to refine supernova as standard candles by comparing
their results against the Cepheids. It was analyzed by a project that
discovered over 250 Cepheid variables within the galaxy.
Capella

## Capella

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

Capella is a rich yellow star and is the third
brightest star in the northern hemisphere. Capella has an interesting
arrangement of stars in its system. It has two main components that orbit
each other, but on closer examination these components are actually binary
systems too.
Galactic Center

## Galactic Center

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Milky Way

The Galactic center is the region of the galaxy that exists
at the very center of the galaxy’s central bulge and contains a supermassive
black hole known as Sagittarius A\*. Our current view of this region is made by
Spitzer, Hubble, and Chandra. It also contains millions of stars in the central
main cluster, including S2.
Geocentric Model

## Geocentric Model

Every day, the sun, moon,
and planets all rise and set, so it isn’t surprising that ancient
astronomers thought that the earth was eternally fixed, and everything revolved
around us. Ancient Greeks such as Plato, Aristotle, and culminating in Ptolemy,
constructed a cosmology consisting of a number of celestial spheres that orbit
the earth each day. There was one for the sun, the moon, the stars, and all the
planets. Planets moved over time whereas the stars were eternally fixed in
place. The model stood up for 1500 years, until Copernicus and later Tycho,
Kepler, Galileo, and finally Newton provided enough
evidence to replace it with Heliocentrism.
NGC 454

## NGC 454

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

NGC 454 is galaxy pair with a large red elliptical galaxy and
an irregular gas-rich blue galaxy. The system is in the early stages of an
interaction that has severely distorted both components. Although the dust
lanes that stretch all the way to the center of the elliptical galaxy suggest
that gas has penetrated that far, no signs of star formation are visible.
Mt. Everest

## Mt. Everest

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Earth

Mt. Everest is a surface feature on Earth,
particularly a mountain. It is actually the tallest mountain on Earth. In 1856,
The Great Triangulation Survey of India established the height of Mt. Everest,
using triangulation, at 8,840 meters.
NGC 1466

​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

This old globular cluster in the LMC dwarf galaxy has a mass of 140,000 solar masses. Its turnoff point indicates its age at around 13.1 billion years. Though the cluster is close to the age of the universe, a number of blue stars, known as blue stragglers, seem to remain. These stars are formed by the merger of stars which can happen due to the extraordinary density of the cluster.
Encyclopedia Howfarawayica

## Hello!

Welcome to the wiki. We’re a collaborative community website about your topic that anyone, including you, can edit. Click the edit button at the top of any page to get started!

## Welcome!

This is the official wiki for astronomy and physics information brought to you by David Butler and his youtube channel, Howfarawayisit

Rules:

Make sure to use already existing pages of a certain object/thing type as templates for making a new page

If you add an object that is not covered by David Butler, add it in a separate category, for instance category:stars (no videobook)

Categorize every page by type and by videobook appearance

Add in any necessary redirects (such as if an object has multiple designations such as the XYZ Galaxy/ NGC 6546 / UGC 345 / etc.), and for any necessary categories (like category:planet to category:planets)

Make sure to keep everything hyperlinked, connected, and updated!

Be respectful in your conversations!

No vandalising or creating non-astronomy related pages

## Recent Changes

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the picture of him is on the right --->
NGC 346

## NGC 346

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

NGC 346 is a large star formation region in the small
Magellanic cloud that contains a cluster with at least 3 sub-clusters. They
collectively contain dozens of high mass blue stars and consists of half the
known high mass stars in the LMC.
Crab pulsar

**Appears in** | ·        Star Clusters + Supernovae

Crab Pulsar blasts out bursts of radiation 30 times per second. Inside the shell is a bright blue that is produced by accelerating electrons close to the speed of light due to the pulsar's magnetic field. The expanding ring is moving outwards from the star at half the speed of light.
NGC 5189

## NGC 5189

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

NGC 5189 is a planetary nebula has an intricate structure
that is quite interesting and unknown, forming a dramatic S shape structure. It
has a lot of dense knots of gas, which is formed by the central star’s
radiation carving them out. The star, as it rotates, is wobbling, giving the
nebula its shape. A binary star is a good explanation, but to date one has yet
to be found.
Gaia (Spacecraft)

## Gaia (Spacecraft)

We have a major new telescope that was launched in late 2013
called Gaia. It is now in its operational orbit around the L2 gravitationally
stable Lagrange Point 1.5 million km from Earth. Gaia is an ambitious mission
to chart a three-dimensional map of our Galaxy. Gaia will provide unprecedented
positional and radial velocity measurements with the accuracies needed to
produce a stereoscopic and kinematic census of about one billion stars in our
Galaxy and throughout the Local Group. If you recall form our segment on nearby
stars, Hipparcos recorded parallax information for 118,000. Gaia will do over 8
thousand times this number. Gaia will map each of the billion stars 70 times to
record their position, movement and characteristics. The key to this is the
billion-pixel camera at the heart of its dual telescope.

With its two telescopes, Gaia looks at two patches of sky at
the same time. Mirrors guide the light to the billion pixel camera. As Gaia
rotates, the images move across the camera. As a star’s image moves across the
camera, its brightness and position are measured. Then the spectral footprint
is recorded. The final camera area measures the stars radial velocity towards
or away from us. For each star, the data is compressed and stored aboard Gaia.
Around 2 million stars are examined in this way every hour creating 50
gigabytes of data every day. This data is then transmitted to the ground
station where teams of astronomers examine it.

By 2015, it has now accumulated about 340 billion positional
or astrometric measurements, 68 billion brightness data points, and 6.7 billion
spectra.

In 2016, Gaia produced the most detailed 3D map ever made of
our Milky Way galaxy. It has pinned down the brightness and precise position on
the sky of 1 billion, 142 million stars. This past year’s data release also
includes the distances and the motions across the sky for more than two million
stars.
NGC 3109

## NGC 3109

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

NGC 3109 looks like a small spiral galaxy, and if it is, it
would be one of the smallest spiral galaxies known in the local universe. It is
oriented edge-on from our point of view and may contain a disk and a halo. It
does not possess a galactic nucleus.
Kleinmann-Low Nebula

​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**

```
​ ly

 ​**Appears in**
 ​2017

It is a nebula at the heart of the orion molecular cloud. It is the most active star forming region in the nebula. Two stars in the nebula, BN and I, seemed to come from the same star system, but their momentum did not add up, so they speculate there must be a third star with the extra momentum.

    This star turned out to be called X, discovered when searching for brown dwarves. The stars broke up in year 1477.
Hanny's Voowerp

## Hanny’s Voorwerp and IC 2497

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2015

Hanny’s Voorwerp is one of the strangest space objects ever
seen. A mysterious, glowing green blob of gas is floating in space near a
spiral galaxy (IC 2497). The object is so huge that it stretches from 44,000 light-years
to 136,000 light-years from the galaxy's core. It turns out that it’s part of a
300,000 lightyears long tidal tail that wraps around IC 2497.
NGC 5866

## NGC 5866

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 5866 is a galaxy tilted edge-on to our line of
sight. It has a subtle, reddish bulge surrounding a bright nucleus; a
blue disk of stars parallel to the dust lanes; and a
transparent outer halo. The dust lane appears warped compared with the
disk, so this galaxy could have gone through a gravitational tidal
disturbance sometime in the past with another galaxy.
HIP 13044

## HIP 13044

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

This star came from outside our galaxy and was not
originally formed within it. It arrived in our galaxy as the result of a
merger with a dwarf galaxy in the past 6 to 9 billion years ago. The
dwarf was most likely a satellite that came too close to our own galaxy.
Bestselling Market Items

This is a list of 30 items with 100 or more sales in the Market or made by BLOXCity. It notes not only sales count but also the creator of the item. BLOX City Shirt and Jeans are two items excluded from the list because every user who signed up in BLOX City owns the items. This list includes every item created by BLOXCity excluding the two items mentioned before, membership earned items, admin items, and Collectibles. (For non-existent links, please add their links in once there is a wiki page for them.)

Feel free to add shirts/pants to the list once they reach 100 sales or update the number of sales.

## Bestselling Market Items

*This list was last updated on April 3, 2020.*
Cartwheel Galaxy

## Cartwheel Galaxy

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

Lying about 500 million light-years away, the cartwheel shape
of this galaxy is the result of a violent galactic collision. The striking
ring-like feature is a direct result of a smaller intruder galaxy — possibly
one of two objects to the left of the ring — that careened through the core of
the host galaxy. Like a rock tossed into a lake, the collision sent a ripple of
energy into space, plowing gas and dust in front of it. Expanding at 200,000
miles per hour, this cosmic tsunami leaves in its wake a firestorm of new star
creation.
NGC 4314

## NGC 4314

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 4314 is a barred spiral galaxy with a spiral
bar bisecting the core of the galaxy. There are clusters of infant
stars, however, that formed in a ring around the core which is very
unusual. There are dust lanes, dust and gas in the stellar ring, and an extra
pair of spiral arms.
Cat's Paw Nebula

## Cat’s Paw Nebula (NGC 2237)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The Cat’s Paw nebula is one of the most massive star forming
emission nebulae in the Milky Way galaxy. It is 50 light years across and
contains many bright blue stars more than 10 times the mass of our sun. It also
includes smaller stars too deep in the dust to properly study. In total, it
could contain tens of thousands of stars.
Hubble Flow

## Hubble Flow

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster
 ·
 The Local Superclusters
 ·
 The Universe

The Hubble Flow is the direction of the movement of galaxies
as described by the astronomer Hubble. The Hubble Flow is the movement
of each galaxy away from each other due to the forces of dark energy. When
discovering his flow, Hubble noticed the relationship between the distance of
the object and its recessional
velocity. This is the final run on the cosmic distance ladder, redshift.
Eratosthenes

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Long Ago?**
  **Discussed in**
 The Earth

Eratosthenes is a Greek Philosopher who is credited with the
first accurate measurement of the Earth. Using the instruments of the ancient
times, he was able to calculate the circumference of the Earth within an
accuracy of 1%. For info on how he did it, see Earth.

In 2005, his experiment was a science project for many schools across the country in the Eratosthenes Project.
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC)

## Large Magellanic Cloud

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

The Large Magellanic Cloud, or the LMC, is a galaxy visible
to the eye and is located very close to our home galaxy. It is also the
brightest galaxy in the sky with billions of stars. In addition, billions of
stars are still forming within it. A small part of the Magellanic Stream is
from it.
Brightest Globular Cluster

## Brightest Globular Clusters

  **Type**
 Ladder Rung
 Star
  **Based On**
 Variables
 Inverse
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 Local Superclusters

A globular cluster is a very massive type of cluster and are
the larger of the two types of star cluster. They are a collection of hundreds
of thousands of older stars tightly bound by gravity. Most of them orbit our
galaxy in the halo instead of being inside the disk. Globular clusters sort out
stars according to their mass, with heavier stars sinking to the core and
lighter stars moving to the periphery of the cluster.

Although star clusters come in a variety of sizes and
magnitudes, it appears that the brightest globular clusters all have a similar
luminosity. This makes them good standard candles. Since we know the normal
luminosity of the brightest globular clusters, we can use the inverse square
rule to find out how far away it is.
NGC 604

## NGC 604

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

NGC 604 is a gigantic star forming region located in the
outer Triangulum Galaxy. This star birth region contains more than 200
brilliant blue stars and is 1,300 light years across. That’s nearly 100 times
the size of the Orion nebula.
Galaxy Group

## Galaxy Group

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Group and later

A galaxy group or galaxy cluster is a collection of a few
gravitationally bound galaxies, and is the largest gravitationally bound object
in the universe. Our local galaxy group is called the Local Group which
includes us and Andromeda. They are organized into galaxy clouds.
Comet Siding Spring

## Comet Siding Spring

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

On October 19, 2014 positions of Comet Siding Spring and Mars
in a never-before-seen close passage of a comet by the Red Planet. On that date
the comet passed by Mars at approximately one-third the distance between the
Earth and the Moon. Sliding Spring is headed back to the Oort cloud and won’t
be back for a million years.
Hubble's Law

## Hubble Constant/ Hubble’s Law

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Used in**
 The Virgo Supercluster
 ·
 The Local Superclusters
 ·
 The Universe

Hubble’s Constant is a constant used to determine how far
away an object is when used with recessional velocity. It is
defined as the ratio between the velocity and object is moving away from us and
its distance. It can be used to help us determine a galaxy’s distance, luminosity,
and even the age of the universe.
It is a key part of the final rung on the cosmic distance ladder, redshift. Hubble’s Law
states that if you multiply the constant by the distance, you will get the
recessional velocity. So, the recessional velocity divided by the constant will
give the distance. Since Hubble’s time, we have used modern instruments
to refine the constant and the distance to which it works.

Hubble's constant can also be measured by type 1A supernova gravitational lensing.
Cat's Eye Nebula

## Cat’s Eye Nebula (NGC 6543)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Cat’s eye nebula is a very popular planetary nebula,
and is one of the most complex nebula of this type known. It consists of the
familiar cat’s eye shape surrounded by a larger, brown cloud. It was used to
develop Expansion parallax.
Coma Supercluster

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The Coma Supercluster is a nearby supercluster of galaxies
that includes the famous Coma Cluster (Abell 1656). Located 300 million light-years
from Earth, it is roughly spherical, about 20 million light-years in diameter
and contains more than 3,000 galaxies. Being one of the first superclusters to
be discovered, Coma Supercluster helped astronomers understand the large scale
structure of the universe. It is located in the Coma Wall.
How Small is It?

## How Small is it?

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Many Episodes is It**
  **Created**
 December 1, 2014

How Small is it? Is David’s sequel Videobook to his first
video series, How Far Away is
it? It does the reverse of what How Far Away is it? does- it starts
in David’s backyard and goes down to the smallest things imaginable. He
was motivated by two main things: the success of his first series, which was
actually not too bad considering it was a science channel. The second reason
why he made this channel is because he studied Quantum Field Theory at
Oxford University and that the Higgs Boson was discovered shortly before
the series began. Also, he was upset that some people oversimplified concepts
such as the Higgs Boson, and so he wanted to help people understand the way
things actually work. So, he decided to dedicate the series to the really
small, and instead of astronomy, go into quantum mechanics as he
explains how small things can get and how we know about them. The series begins
in the backyard as with the first series and covers the microscopic,
then moves on to the atom and elementary particles, finally
finishing with fields and the Higgs Boson. (link to all objects
covered in this series)
Messier 77

## M77, NGC 1068

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

Messier 77 or M77 or NGC 1068 is a spiral galaxy containing
a supermassive black hole at its center. X-ray images show that a
strong wind is being blown away from the center of the galaxy at 1
million mph or 1.6 million kmph. This wind is generated as gas is accelerated
and heated when it swirls towards the black hole. Some is eaten while other is
blown away as the wind. This accelerated wind produces X-rays, causing the gas
to glow in low energy X-rays.
Galactic Halo

## Galactic Halo

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Milky Way

The Galactic Halo is a region of hot hydrogen gas that
surrounds our galaxy and is where the globular clusters orbit. There is no star
formation out in the halo. In 2007, it turned out that there were two layers to
the halo that were spinning in opposite directions. It is theorized that the
increased spin rate of the galaxy is caused by halo dark matter. Peering deep
into the vast stellar halo that envelops our galaxy, astronomers using the
Hubble Space Telescope have uncovered tantalizing evidence for the possible
existence of a shell of stars that are a relic of the long ago birth of our
Milky Way.
2DF Galaxy Redshift Survey

## 2DF Galaxy Redshift Survey

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

The 2DF Galaxy Redshift Survey is a massive galaxy survey
that wanted to collect the redshifts
of 52,000 galaxies in our universe in 2003. The reason for doing
so is to produce a “slice of the universe”. The reason for doing this is to
plot the large scale structure of the universe so that it can be studied
in more depth.
Lagoon Nebula

## Lagoon Nebula (M8)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

A large amount of stars that are young and massive occupy the
lagoon nebula. These stars are inside the clouds of dust and gas that have been
colored a pink color due to the HII gas inside of it. It is an emission nebula.
At its heart are a pair of stellar twisters caused by temperature differences
between the cold inside and hot outside of the twisters.
NGC 3079

## NGC 3079

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 3079 contains a bubble in its disk. The structure
is more than 3,000 light years wide and rises 3,500 light years above the
galaxy. Gaseous filaments at the end of the bubble are being whirled around in
a vortex and being propelled into space. These may rain down onto the disk,
forming new stars in the process.
LaLande-21185

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

LaLande-21185 is another dim red star found within our
local neighborhood,he *may have as many as three planets.The proposed planet on 12-day orbit and a orbital distance of 0,08 AU was confirmed by CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) project in 2020.*
MACS J1149+2223

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2015

A supernova actually happened in a galaxy 4 billion light
years behind this cluster – making it 9 billion light years away. The huge mass
of the foreground galaxy and the cluster bent the light from the distant
supernova - creating four separate images of the same explosion.

Thanks to the lensing, the furthest individual star spotted, Icarus, was discovered.
Heliosphere

## Heliosphere (Object)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Heliosphere

The sun is moving through the interstellar medium
like a ship through the ocean, and we are just tagging along with it.
The sun is continuously ejecting large amounts of particles known as the solar
wind, which goes out in all directions. The heliosphere describes the region
where the solar wind begins to interact with the interstellar medium. The
layers are Termination Shock, Heliosheath and Heliopause, and Bow
Shock. You can’t see the heliosphere in the same way you can’t see the top
of the sky, so you must use direct measurement like Voyager.
Andromeda Galaxy

## Andromeda (M31)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

For a long time, it was thought that the Andromeda Nebula was
actually a part of the Milky Way galaxy. In fact, it was thought that all stars
in the entire universe were in our Milky Way galaxy. That changed in the early
1900s when the star V1 was discovered. The star changed the course of astronomy
forever. It has many large giant clusters, like AP14.
Emission Nebulae

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

Emission nebulae are shining with their own light, as opposed
to reflecting light like the reflection nebulae. In order to do that, the gas
and dust need to be excited to the point of luminescence. This is accomplished
by exploding stars at the end of their life or by new stars exciting the clouds
they are born in. They are also known as HII Regions, a standard candle. As
parts of molecular cloud condense, ultraviolet stars form and ionize hydrogen to
make this.
MyCN 18 (Etched Hourglass Nebula)

## MyCn 18 (Etched Hourglass Nebula)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Etched Hourglass Nebula is a bipolar planetary nebula
that displays an intricate pattern of etching in its walls. Also known as the
Engraved Hourglass Nebula, this structure has been features in a number of
different fictional places.
Messier 100

## M100

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

M100 or Messier 100 is a perfect example of a grand design
spiral, which has very prominent and very well defined spiral arms. It
has dusty structures that spiral around the galaxy’s nucleus and
have a flurry of star formation activity. This causes M100 to have many hot
blue stars.

In commemoration of the twenty fifth anniversary of the Hubble telescope repair a less blurry image was released of the galaxy.
NGC 3256

​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

It is similar in size to our own milky way and demonstrates signs of a past collision. The trails were expected to have formed 500 million years ago during a past encounter with the colliding galaxy. They are now currently one starburst galaxy. The tails shine with the light from new stars born as a result of the collision. There are two distinct nuclei currently but in another few hundred million years it will be just one nucleus.
NGC 4710

## NGC 4710

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 4710 is an example of a spiral galaxy that is tilted edge-on
to us, and is located in the massive Virgo Cluster. The fact that it
is edge-on allows astronomers to make detailed observations of the bulge
region. An X shaped region inside the bulge, called a peanut shaped
bulge, is from the vertical motions of stars in the galaxy’s bar.
Pompeian Soul Tamer

## Soul Tamer

26 Regenerating Wardsafes

Magic Chariot

300 Tol Caretakers

## The Soul Tamer

The smallest of the major Pompeian Carriers, the Soul Tamer, while less powerful in head to head combat compared to its counterpart, the Star Hunter, it can exert immense control over the battlefield using its massive compliment of fighter-craft, These fighters are mostly the relatively powerful Tol-Drone fighters, but the true danger of this vessel is its compliment of 800 Pompeian Sky-Strikers, These 42m long Micro-Corvettes dominate fighter to fighter engagements, using power from the main Pompeian vessel, these small obelisk-like craft can pull themselves forward with Magic Chariots at incredible speed, and are armed with 4 Micro-Fireball cannons, each firing out the equivalent to a heavy anti-tank missile at a speed of 1400rpm, allowing them to easily shred groups of fighters, to compound this, each is equipped with a powerful Ion Shield for its size, 2 Corvette Grade Impulse thrusters, and its own Wardsafe.
Messier 81

## M81

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

This galaxy is tilted at an oblique angle on to our line of
sight and is a "grand design" spiral galaxy. It is similar to our
Milky Way, and the spiral arms, which wind all the way down into the nucleus,
are made up of young, bluish, hot stars formed in the past few million years.
The galaxy's central bulge is significantly larger than the Milky Way's bulge.
A black hole of 70 million solar masses resides at the center. Next to M82 and
Holmberg IX.
2014 Update

## Rosetta (2014 Update)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Variety

Rosetta is the eighteenth episode of the first Videobook, How Far Away is it? It
is the second update for the series as well. The update is basically a
mini-version of the entire previous series. He begins with an introduction,
like the Preface
in the series. Then, he talks about comets since he didn’t really cover
comets previously. He also discusses the Oort Cloud. The next thing he
discusses in details is the Rosetta Mission to the comet 67P. He
then updates with the Milky Way with the G2 gas cloud and also
the Gaia Mission. After this he moves on to Star Birth Nebula and
other Hubble images, including the great Tarantula Nebula. He
then goes on to star clusters with an update on globular clusters. He
also moves on to some supernovae, and the Virgo Supercluster with
some other significant galaxies that were highlighted in the last year.
He continues this by going to the Local Superclusters, often talking
about black holes. He appears to loop back to the Local Volume with
Centaurus A and then jumps back to the local superclusters. After this, he
moves into the cosmos with some clusters and a deep field.
He then finishes with the credits.
Holmberg IX

## Holmberg IX

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

A loose collection of stars that is actually a dwarf
irregular galaxy, Holmberg IX resides just off the outer edge of M81. Holmberg
IX is a Magellanic type of galaxy, as its size and irregularity in structure
are similar to the Small Magellanic Cloud. A close encounter with M81 may have
triggered the newer star formation that has occurred. By understanding how
Holmberg IX was formed, scientists hope to understand their role as building
blocks for large galaxies.
ESO 137-001

## ESO 137-001

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

This is ESO 137-001, a part of the Norma Galaxy Cluster near
the Great Attractor. This image not only captures the galaxy and its backdrop
in stunning detail, but also includes intense blue streaks streaming outwards
from the galaxy, seen shining brightly in ultraviolet light.
Centaurus Supercluster

## Centaurus Supercluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The Centaurus Supercluster is the closest neighbor of our
Virgo Supercluster. It contains a number of large galaxy clusters including the
Centaurus Cluster. The galaxies in the supercluster range from 150 to 200
million light years away.