recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Activity coefficient

The **activity coefficient** is the "factor by which the numerical value of the concentration of a solute must be multiplied to give the true thermodynamic activity of that solute".

## References

1. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Attribute

HP = Wieviel Schaden die Karter einstecken kann bevor sie stirbt

Schaden = Wieviel Schaden die Karte austeilen kann (Wird gegen Rüstung berechnet)

Rüstung = Schutz gegen Schaden

Geschw. = Bestimmt welche Karte der gleichen Position zuerst angreift

Phys. Angr. = Physischer Schaden, gilt für Krieger und Bogenschützen (wird gegen Physische Verteidigung berechnet)

Mag. Angr. = Magischer Schaden, gilt für Magier (wird gegen Magische Verteidigung berechnet)

Heilen = Erhöht die von der Karte erhaltene Heilung Prozentual, wenn sie durch einen Heiler geheilt wird im Kampf

Phys. Vert. = Physische Verteidigung der Karte

Mag. Vert. = Magische Verteidigung der Karte

Treff. = Treffsicherheit der Karte (wird gegen Ausweichen berechnet)

Ausw. = Ausweich warscheinlichkeit der Karte

Krit. = Krit. Chance (Wird gegen Zähigkeit berechnet)

Zäh. = Krit. Immunität

I = Ein wenig

II = Etwas

III = Einiges

IIII = Sehr viel

IIIII =
Bioinformatics pipeline

## External Links

* Bpipe : A Tool for Running and Managing Bioinformatics Pipelines
* A Tool for Creating and Parallelizing Bioinformatics Pipelines

## Further Reading

* Napolitano, Francesco, Renato Mariani-Costantini, and Roberto Tagliaferri. “Bioinformatic Pipelines in Python with Leaf.” *BMC Bioinformatics* 14 (2013): 201. PMC. Web. 2 Dec. 2015.
Adjacency-matrix representation

An **adjacency-matrix representation** (sometimes referred to simply as an **adjacency matrix**) is a "representation of a directed graph with *n* vertices using an *n* × *n* matrix, where the entry at (*i*,*j*) is 1 if there is an edge from vertex *i* to vertex *j*; otherwise the entry is 0. A weighted graph may be represented using the weight as the entry. An undirected graph may be represented using the same entry in both (*i*,*j*) and (*j*,*i*) or using an upper triangular matrix".

## References

1. ↑ Sandeep Kumar Shukla, "adjacency-matrix representation", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 3 August 2009. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/adjacencyMatrixRep.html
Biomolecular archaeology

**Biomolecular archaeology** refers to the "scientific analysis of ancient organic remains".

## Further Reading

* Brown, T. A., and Keri Brown. *Biomolecular Archaeology: An Introduction*. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print.
* Brown, Terry, and Keri Brown. "Biomolecular Archaeology." *Annual Review of Anthropology* 42 (2013): 159-74. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "Biomolecular Archaeology." *Penn Museum*. Penn Museum, 2015. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.
Augmenting path

An **augmenting path** is a "path with alternating free and matched edges that begins and ends with free vertices. Used to augment (improve or increase) a matching or flow".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "augmenting path", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 19 April 2004. (accessed TODAY) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/augmentngpth.html
Alphabetical list of databases on the NAR Database Summary

## 0-9

* 1000 Genomes Selection Browser
* 16S and 23S Ribosomal RNA Mutation Database
* 2D-PAGE
* 2P2Idb
* 3D rRNA modification maps
* 3D-Footprint
* 3D-Interologs
* 3DID - 3D interacting domains
* 3DNALandscapes
* 3DSwap: Database of Proteins involved in 3D domain Swapping
* 4DXpress
* 5S Ribosomal RNA Database

A

* AAindex
* ABA - Ascidian Body Atlas
* ABCdb
* ABS
* ACeDB
* ACLAME - A Classification of Mobile genetic Elements
* ACTIVITY
* ADDA - A Domain Database
* Addgene Repository Database

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z
Bioinformatics for Glycobiology and Glycomics: An Introduction

***Bioinformatics for Glycobiology and Glycomics: An Introduction*** is a book edited by Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth, Thomas Luetteke, and Martin Frank which provides an introduction "both for the experimentalist working in glycobiology and glycomics, and also for the computer scientist looking for background information for the development of highly sophisticated algorithmic approaches".

## References

1. ↑ "Bioinformatics for Glycobiology and Glycomics: An Introduction Hardcover – January 19, 2010." *Amazon.com*. Amazon.com, Inc, n.d. Web. 12 June 2015.
Accession number

An **accession number** is a "unique identifier given to a sequence when it is submitted to one of the DNA repositories (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ). The initial deposition of a sequence record is referred to as version 1. If the sequence is updated, the version number is incremented, but the accession number will remain constant".

## References

1. ↑ McEntyre J, Ostell J, editors. *The NCBI Handbook* [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2002-. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21106/
ASN.1

**Abstract syntax notation one** (**ASN.1**) is a "formal language for abstractly describing messages or information to be exchanged. ASN.1 is used extensively by the National Center for Biotechnology Information in representing sequence, structure, interaction, mapping, and bibliographic records".

## References

1. ↑ "APPENDIX 2 Glossary of Bioinformatics Terms." *Current Protocols in Bioinformatics* 35.2 (2011): A.2.1-.2.13. Print.
Briefings in Bioinformatics

***Briefings in Bioinformatics*** is an international journal which "publishes reviews for the users of databases and analytical tools of contemporary genetics, molecular and systems biology and is unique in providing practical help and guidance to the non-specialist in computerized methodology".

## References

1. ↑ "Briefings in Bioinformatics." *Oxford Journals*. Oxford University Press, 4 July 2015. Web. 15 July 2015.
Coprime

The phrase "**coprime**" or "**co-prime**" refers to integers which have "no common factor other than 1 and -1 or if their greatest common divisor is 1".

## References

1. ↑ "coprime". *Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon*. Dictionary.com, LLC. 13 Dec. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coprime>.
Boltzmann machine

A **Boltzmann machine** (**BM**) is a "network of symmetrically connected, neuron-like units that make stochastic decisions about whether to be on or off. Boltzmann machines have a simple learning algorithm ... that allows them to discover interesting features that represent complex regularities in the training data".

## References

1. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey E. "Boltzmann Machine." *Scholarpedia*. MediaWiki, 24 May 2007. Web. 8 June 2016.
Aromatic

## Further Reading

* IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
ADEpedia

**ADEpedia** is a "scalable and standardized knowledge base of adverse drug events using semantic web technology".

## References

1. ↑ Jiang, Guoqian, Harold R. Solbrig, and Christopher G. Chute. “ADEpedia: A Scalable and Standardized Knowledge Base of Adverse Drug Events Using Semantic Web Technology.” *AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2011* (2011): 607–616. Print.
Arrhenius equation

The **Arrhenius equation** is an "equation relating chemical reaction rate (*k*) to the absolute temperature (*T*) by the equation: d(ln *k*)/d*T*) = Δ*E**a*/*RT*2 where *E**a* is the activation energy and *R* is the universal gas constant".

## References

1. ↑ "Arrhenius equation." *Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary*. 2012. Farlex 1 Nov. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Arrhenius+equation>
Algorithm

An **algorithm** is generally defined as a "formula or set of steps for solving a particular problem. To be an algorithm, a set of rules must be unambiguous and have a clear stopping point", but more specifically as a "well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that when executed produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time". Algorithms can be "expressed in any language, from natural languages like English or French to programming languages like FORTRAN". However, the term *algorithm* is used most often to describe a **computer algorithm**.

## Further Reading

* Gurevich, Yuri. *What Is an Algorithm?* Tech. no. MSR-TR-2011-116. Redmond: Microsoft Research, Microsoft Corporation, 2011. Print.
* Rutenbeck, Jeffrey B. *Tech Terms: What Every Telecommunications and Digital Media Professional Should Know*. Amsterdam: Elsevier Focal, 2006. Print.

## External Links

* Background: Algorithms -- 50 Examples 1.0 documentation

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Beal, Vangie. "Algorithm." *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
2. ↑ Balci, Osman, William S. Gilley, Robin J. Adams, Emre Tunar, and N. Dwight Barnette. "Online CS Modules: The Definition Of An Algorithm." *Virginia Tech CS Online Modules*. Center for Innovation in Learning at Virginia Tech, n.d. Web. 18 June 2015.
BayesTraits

**BayesTraits** is a "computer package for performing analyses of trait evolution among groups of species for which a phylogeny or sample of phylogenies is available. This new package incoporates our earlier and separate programes Multistate, Discrete and Continuous. BayesTraits can be applied to the analysis of traits that adopt a finite number of discrete states, or to the analysis of continuously varying traits. Hypotheses can be tested about models of evolution, about ancestral states and about correlations among pairs of traits".

## External Links

* Reading Evolutionary Biology Group - BayesTraits V2.0 Sep 2014

## References

1. ↑ Pagel, Mark. "Reading Evolutionary Biology Group - BayesTraits V2.0 Sep 2014." *Reading Evolutionary Biology Group*. Mark Pagel, Sept. 2014. Web. 05 June 2015.
Amino-acid residue

An **amino-acid residue** or **amino acid residue** (sometimes referred to simply as a **residue**) refers to what remains of each amino acid when two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide.

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Adduct

An **adduct** is a "new chemical species AB, each molecular entity of which is formed by direct combination of two separate molecular entities A and B in such a way that there is change in connectivity, but no loss, of atoms within the moieties A and B".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Comparative genomics

**Comparative genomics** is a "research strategy that uses information obtained from the study of one genome to make inferences about the map positions and functions of genes in a second genome".

## References

1. ↑ Brown TA. *Genomes*. 2nd edition. Oxford: Wiley-Liss; 2002. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21126/
Alphabet

In computer science, an **alphabet** is a set of things {*A*1, ..., *A**N*} that might be encoded or the "set of all possible symbols in an application".

## External Links

* COMP 423 lecture 2 - Basic definitions of codes

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "alphabet", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 15 Oct. 2015) Available from: <http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/alphabet.html>
Brownian motion

**Brownian motion** or **Brownian movement** (also referred to as **pedesis**) refers to "any of various physical phenomena in which some quantity is constantly undergoing small, random fluctuations. It was named for the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, the first to study such fluctuations (1827)".

## References

1. ↑ "Brownian motion". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 17 Dec. 2015 <http://www.britannica.com/science/Brownian-motion>.
Dipole-dipole interaction

A **dipole-dipole interaction** is an "intermolecular or intramolecular interaction between molecules or groups having a permanent electric dipole moment".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Bioinformatics Organization

The **Bioinformatics Organization, Inc.** is a company which "serves the scientific and educational needs of bioinformatic practitioners and the general public" by "develop[ing] and maintain[ing] computational resources to facilitate world-wide communications and collaborations between people of all educational and professional levels".

## References

1. ↑ "About." *Bioinformatics.Org Wiki*. MediaWiki, 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 12 June 2015.
CS-BLAST

**CS-BLAST** (**Context-Specific BLAST**) is "an extension to standard NCBI BLAST that allows to increase its sensitivity by a factor of more than two on remote homologs at the same speed. CS-BLAST first adds context-specific pseudocounts to the input sequence and then jumpstarts PSI-BLAST with the resulting profile. The output is identical to BLAST and contains a list of closest homologs with alignments".

## Further Reading

* Biegert, A., and J. Söding. "Sequence Context-Specific Profiles for Homology Searching." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 106.10 (2009): 3770–3775. PMC. Web. 5 June 2015.

## External Links

* CS-BLAST/ CSI-BLAST
* Index of /pub/csblast/
* cangermueller/csblast

## References

1. ↑ "Search Tools." *Bioinformatics Toolkit*. Department of Protein Evolution at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 2015. Web. 05 June 2015.
Base pair

A **base pair** (**bp**) is "two nitrogenous bases paired together in double-stranded DNA by weak bonds; specific pairing of these bases (adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine) facilitates accurate DNA replication; when quantified (e.g., 8 bp), refers to the physical length of a sequence of nucleotides".

## See Also

* Codon
* Nucleotide
* Reading frame

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
Chiral

"**Chiral**" refers to having the property of chirality.

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
BLAST

**BLAST** (**Basic Local Alignment Search Tool**) is "a sequence comparison algorithm optimized for speed used to search sequence databases for optimal local alignments to a query. The initial search is done for a word of length "W" that scores at least "T" when compared to the query using a substitution matrix. Word hits are then extended in either direction in an attempt to generate an alignment with a score exceeding the threshold of "S". The "T" parameter dictates the speed and sensitivity of the search".

## External Links

* BLAST: Basic Alignment Search Tool
* Sequence Similarity Search - BLAST

## References

1. ↑ Fassler, Jan, and Peter Cooper. "BLAST." *BLAST Glossary*. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 14 July 2011. Web. 05 June 2015.
Acceptor control

**Acceptor control** refers to the "regulation of the rate of respiration by the availability of ADP as phosphate group acceptor".

## External Links

* Control of Oxidative Phosphorylation - Oregon State University

## References

1. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Blat

**Blat** (also stylized as **BLAT**; **BLAST-like alignment tool**) is "hashing algorithm developed by Jim Kent to allow rapid searching of large amounts of genome sequence. A hashing algorithm divides the database into words of a prescribed size (often 12-14 bases). The locations of these words are stored in memory. The query sequence is scanned for exact matches to words stored in memory. These types of algorithms tend to be very fast and effective for closely related sequences, but fail as sequences diverge. In addition to nucleotide BLAT, translated BLAT allows for comparison of protein sequences. This sequence aligner also allows for accurate alignment of transcribed sequences by looking at splice site information".

## References

1. ↑ "Genome Glossary." *NCBI*. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2015.
Active transport

**Active transport** is the "energy-requiring movement of an ion or small molecule across a membrane against its concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
Bonferroni correction

A **Bonferroni correction** is a "conservative statistical multiple comparison correction used to correct the significance threshold (α value) of multiple independent statistical tests, which together may have a greater chance of generating false positives than the individual test".

## References

1. ↑ "APPENDIX 2 Glossary of Bioinformatics Terms." *Current Protocols in Bioinformatics* 35.2 (2011): A.2.1-.2.13. Print.
BDGP

The **Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project** (**BDGP**) is a "consortium of the Drosophila Genome Center, funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Cancer Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, through its support of work in the Gerald Rubin, Allan Spradling, Roger Hoskins, Hugo Bellen, Susan Celniker, and Gary Karpen laboratories".

## References

1. ↑ "BDGP Information." *BDGP*. Drosophila Genome Center, 1 July 2015. Web. 20 July 2015.
Advanced JS: Natural Simulations

***Advanced JS: Natural Simulations*** is a Khan Academy course which teaches users how to use "JavaScript, ProcessingJS, and mathematical concepts to simulate nature" in programs. The tutorials are a derivative of *The Nature of Code* by Daniel Shiffman.

## References

1. ↑ "Advanced JS: Natural Simulations." *Khan Academy*. Khan Academy, 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Dataset

A **dataset** or **data set** is "any organized collection of data". Within SDMX, a data set "can be understood as a collection of similar data, sharing a structure, which covers a fixed period of time".

A **data set** may also refer to "a named collection of data in an IBM mainframe operating system".

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Data Set Definition." *OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms*. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1 Feb. 2006. Web. 24 June 2015.
2. ↑ "Data Set." *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Biomedical statistics

**Biomedical statistics** is the study of the application of "statistical concepts ... with emphasis on their relevance to biological and medical investigations".

## Further Reading

* Ludbrook, John, and Hugh Dudley. "Issues In Biomedical Statistics: Statistical Inference." *ANZ J Surg ANZ Journal of Surgery* 64.9 (1994): 630-36. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "BME 220-0 20: Introduction to Biomedical Statistics." *Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University*. Northwestern University, n.d. Web. 12 June 2015.
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center

**Caenorhabditis Genetics Center** (**CGC**) is a website whose "overall objective ... is to promote research on the small metazoan *Caenorhabditis elegans* by acquiring, maintaining, and distributing genetically characterized nematode stocks".

## References

1. ↑ "Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)." *University of Minnesota Twin Cities*. Regents of the University of Minnesota, 8 June 2015. Web. 08 June 2015.
Cell

In biology, a **cell** is the "basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed".

In spreadsheet applications, a **cell** is a "box in which you can enter a single piece of data".

## External Links

* What is a cell? - Genetics Home Reference
* What is a cell? | British Society for Cell Biology
* What is a Cell? | Learn Science at Scitable

## References

1. ↑ "cell". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 23 Jun. 2015 <http://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology>.
2. ↑ Beal, Vangie. "Cell." *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 23 June 2015.
Binary search tree

A b**inary search tree** (**BST**) is a "binary tree where each node has a `Comparable` key (and an associated value) and satisfies the restriction that the key in any node is larger than the keys in all nodes in that node's left subtree and smaller than the keys in all nodes in that node's right subtree".

## References

1. ↑ Sedgewick, Robert, and Kevin Wayne. "3.2 Binary Search Trees." *Algorithms, 4th Edition*. Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne, 13 Sept. 2015. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
BMC Bioinformatics

***BMC Bioinformatics*** is an "open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of the development, testing and novel application of computational and statistical methods for the modeling and analysis of all kinds of biological data, as well as other areas of computational biology".

## References

1. ↑ "BMC Bioinformatics." *BioMed Central*. BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. Web. 08 June 2015.
Anime Motivation

Theo came up with this business name first by writing down a list of topics on one side of a sheet of paper. Forming a long list, he started combining topics and eventually stumbled on Anime + Motivation. He wanted the business name to have a meaning, something that would help it stand out.

Seeing as motivation isn't a thing in the anime community in terms of content marketing, it made perfect sense. This is how Theo founded Anime Motivation and it seems to be resonating surprisingly well ever since.

## References

1. ↑ Anime Motivation, Quotes & Life Lessons!
2. ↑ Entrepreneurs Explain Their Business Names
Asymptotic upper bound

An **asymptotic upper bound** is an "asymptotic bound, as function of the size of the input, on the worst (slowest, most amount of space used, etc.) an algorithm will do to solve a problem. That is, no input will cause the algorithm to use more resources than the bound".

## References

1. ↑ Sandeep Kumar Shukla, "asymptotic upper bound", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed TODAY) Available from: <http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/asymptoticUpperBound.html>
Bio-Linux 8

**Bio-Linux 8** is a "powerful, free bioinformatics workstation platform that can be installed on anything from a laptop to a large server, or run as a virtual machine".

## References

1. ↑ "Bio-Linux Overview." *Environmental Omics*. International Environmental Synthesis Conference, 16 Feb. 2015. Web. 12 June 2015.
Accelerator mass spectrometry

**Accelerator mass spectrometry** (**AMS**) is a "mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are ionized, accelerated to MeV energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing high discrimination for measurement of isotope abundances".

## References

1. ↑ Murray, Kermit K., Robert K. Boyd, Marcos N. Eberlin, G. John Langley, Liang Li, and Yasuhide Naito. "Definitions of Terms Relating to Mass Spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)." *Pure and Applied Chemistry* 85.7 (2013): 1515-609. Print.
Amine

An **amine** is an "organic derivative[] of ammonia, in which one, two, or all three of the hydrogens of ammonia are replaced by organic groups".

## References

1. ↑ "CHAPTER 21: AMINES." *Professor Nathan L. Bauld*. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, UT Austin, 2001. Web. 08 Sept. 2015.
Aliphatic compound

An **aliphatic compound** is an acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound that is not aromatic.

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Assembled neural network

An **assembled neural network** (**ASNN**) is the neural model obtaining after combining neurons extracted from other neural networks, trained by MICI, MMGDX, and LM.

## References

1. ↑ Ludwig, Oswaldo, and Urbano Nunes. "Novel Maximum-Margin Training Algorithms for Supervised Neural Networks." *IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks* 21.6 (2010): 972-84. Print.
Action potential

An **action potential** (**AP**) is a "rapid, transient, all-or-none electrical activity that is propagated in the plasma membrane of excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
Animal QTL Database

The **Animal Quantitative Trait Loci Database** (**Animal QTLdb**) is a database which "strives to collect all publicly available trait mapping data, i.e. QTL (phenotype/expression, eQTL), candidate gene and association data (GWAS), and copy number variations (CNV) mapped to livestock animal genomes, in order to facilitate locating and comparing discoveries within and between species".

## References

1. ↑ "Animal QTL Database." *Animal QTL Database*. NAGRP - Bioinformatics Coordination Program, 27 Apr. 2015. Web. 20 July 2015.
Epidemiology

**Epidemiology** is the "study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems".

## References

1. ↑ "Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology." *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention*. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 May 2012. Web. 03 Sept. 2015.
2. ↑ "Introduction to Drug Utilization Research: Chapter 1: What Is Drug Utilization Research and Why Is It Needed?: 1.1. Definition and Domains." *Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal*. WHO, 30 July 2015. Web. 02 Oct. 2015.
Big-Ω notation

**Big-Ω** (**Big-Omega**) **notation** (or simply **Ω**, **Ω(*n*)**, or **Omega**) is a "theoretical measure of the execution of an algorithm, usually the time or memory needed, given the problem size *n*, which is usually the number of items. Informally, saying some equation f(*n*) = Ω (*g*(*n*)) means it is more than some constant multiple of *g*(*n*)".

## External Links

* 1.2.6 Big Omega and Big Theta Notations
* Big-Ω (Big-Omega) notation | Asymptotic notation | Khan Academy
* Big Omega Ω(…)

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "Ω", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2008. (accessed TODAY) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/omegaCapital.html
Amyloid fibril

An **amyloid fibril** is a peptide or protein aggregate that forms under certain conditions *in vitro* or *in vivo*.

## Further Reading

* Rambaran, Roma N, and Louise C Serpell. “Amyloid Fibrils: Abnormal Protein Assembly.” *Prion* 2.3 (2008): 112–117. Print.
* Serpell, Louise C. "Alzheimer’s Amyloid Fibrils: Structure and Assembly." *Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease* 1502.1 (2000): 16-30. Print.
Biologic

A **biologic** or **biological product** is something "manufactured in a living system such as a microorganism, or plant or animal cells".

## Further Reading

* MORROW, THOMAS, and Linda Hull Felcone. “Defining the Difference: What Makes Biologics Unique.” *Biotechnology Healthcare* 1.4 (2004): 24–29. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "How Do Drugs and Biologics Differ?" *Biotechnology Industry Organization*. Biotechnology Industry Organization, 10 Nov. 2010. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Column chromatography

**Column chromatography** refers to "chromatography in which the substances to be separated are introduced onto the top of a column packed with an adsorbent (as silica gel or alumina), pass through the column at different rates that depend on the affinity of each substance for the adsorbent and for the solvent or solvent mixture, and are usually collected in solution as they pass from the column at different times".

## See Also

* gas chromatography
* paper chromatography
* thin-layer chromatography

## References

1. ↑ "Column Chromatography." *Merriam-Webster*. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2015. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
Functional genomics

**Functional genomics** is the "study of biological functions of individual proteins, complexes, pathways, etc. based on or at least facilitated by analysis of genome sequences".

## References

1. ↑ Koonin EV, Galperin MY. *Sequence - Evolution - Function: Computational Approaches in Comparative Genomics*. Boston: Kluwer Academic; 2003. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20257/
Acyclic graph

An **acyclic graph** is a "graph with no path that starts and ends at the same vertex".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "acyclic graph", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 19 April 2004. (accessed 15 Oct. 2015) Available from: <http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/acyclicgraph.html>
ADMET

**ADMET** (**absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity**) determines the "key elements that determine the safety, uptake, elimination, metabolic behavior, and effectiveness of drugs".

## References

1. ↑ "ADMET." *Medical Dictionary*. 2009. Farlex and Partners 11 Nov. 2015 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ADMET
End-of-file

**End-of-file** (**EOF** or **eof**) can refer to the "out-of-band value returned by C's sequential character-input functions (and their equivalents in other environments) when end of file has been reached. This value is -1 under C libraries postdating V6 Unix, but was originally 0." It can also refer to the "keyboard character (usually control-D, the ASCII EOT (End Of Transmission) character) that is mapped by the Unix terminal driver into an end-of-file condition".

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "eof." *The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing*. Denis Howe. 12 Oct. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eof>.
A Little Book of R For Biomedical Statistics

***A Little Book of R For Biomedical Statistics*** is a "simple introduction to biomedical statistics using the R statistics software" written by Avril Coghlan.

## External Links

* PDF version of *A Little Book of R For Biomedical Statistics*

## References

1. ↑ Coghlan, Avril. "Welcome to a Little Book of R for Biomedical Statistics!" *Welcome to a Little Book of R for Biomedical Statistics! — Biomedical Statistics 0.2 Documentation*. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, 2010. Web. 06 June 2015.
Genome bioinformatics

**Genome bioinformatics** is the application of bioinformatic methods in genomic research.

## Further Reading

* Tuteja, Renu. *Bioinformatics: Genome Bioinformatics and Computational Biology*. New York: Nova Science, 2011. Print.

## External Links

* Genome Bioinformatics - School of Agriculture and Food Sciences - The University of Queensland, Australia
Consanguinity

**Consanguinity** refers to "genetic relatedness between individuals descended from at least one common ancestor".

## See Also

* Autosomal recessive
* Family history
* Pedigree

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
Complementation

In genetics, **complementation** is "the restoration of a wild-type function (e.g., ability to grow on galactose) in diploid heterozygotes generated from haploids, each of which carries a mutation in a different gene whose encoded protein is required for the same biochemical pathway".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
Exon-intron boundary

## Further Reading

* Albertsen, Hans, and Andrew Thliveris. "Identification of Intron/Exon Boundaries in Genomic DNA by Inverse PCR." *Current Protocols in Human Genetics* Chapter 6.Unit 6.4 (2001): n. pag. Print.
* Breathnach, R., C. Benoist, K. O'hare, F. Gannon, and P. Chambon. "Ovalbumin Gene: Evidence for a Leader Sequence in MRNA and DNA Sequences at the Exon-intron Boundaries." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 75.10 (1978): 4853-857. Print.
Competitive ratio

A **competitive ratio** is the "worst-case ratio between [an on-line algorithm's] cost and that of a hypothetical off-line algorithm which knows the entire sequence of requests in advance and chooses its actions optimally".

## References

1. ↑ Karp, Richard M. *On-Line Algorithms Versus Off-Line Algorithms: How Much Is It Worth to Know the Future?* Tech. no. TR-92-044. Berkeley: International Computer Science Institute, 1992. Print.
Computer

A **computer** is a "programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)".

## References

1. ↑ Beal, Vangie. "Computer." *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Cellular protein localization

**Cellular protein localization** refers to any "process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell".

## References

1. ↑ "GO:0034613 Cellular Protein Localization." *QuickGO*. EMBL-EBI, n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2015.
Deterministic finite automaton

A **deterministic finite automaton** (**DFA**) is a 5-tuple (*Q*, *Σ*, *δ*, *q*0, *F*), where *Q* is a finite set called the states, *Σ* is a finite set called the alphabet, *δ* : *Q* × *Σ* → *Q* is the transition function, *q*0 ∈ *Q* is the start state, and *F* ⊆ *Q* is the set of accept states.

## External Links

* DFA
* DFA Formal Definition (reminder)
* DFA.java
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate

**Diisopropyl fluorophosphate** (**DFP**, **DIFP**) is a "toxic cholinergic agent that acts by irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase; an ophthalmic cholinergic agent used in the treatment of glaucoma; also used in biochemical research as an enzyme inhibitor".

## References

1. ↑ "Diisopropyl fluorophosphate." *Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary*. 2012. Farlex 1 Nov. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Diisopropyl+fluorophosphate>
Euler's totient function

**Euler's totient function** (also referred to as **Euler's phi function** or simply as the **totient function** and denoted as either **φ(*n*)** or **ϕ(*n*)**) is "defined as the number of positive integers ≤ *n* that are relatively prime to (i.e., do not contain any factor in common with) *n*, where 1 is counted as being relatively prime to all numbers".

## References

1. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Totient Function." From *MathWorld*--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TotientFunction.html
Crystallographic refinement

**Crystallographic refinement** (often referred to simply as **refinement**) refers to the "process of improving the parameters of an approximate (trial) structure until the best fit is achieved between an observed diffraction pattern and that calculated by Fourier transformation from the numerically parameterized trial structure".

## References

1. ↑ "Refinement." *Online Dictionary of Crystallography*. International Union of Crystallography, 09 Apr. 2008. Web. 04 Oct. 2015.
Genotype

The **genotype** may refer to either the "genetic constitution of an organism or cell" or the "specific set of alleles inherited at a locus".

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
FAERS

**FAERS** (**FDA Adverse Event Reporting System**) is a "database that contains information on adverse event and medication error reports submitted to FDA".

## References

1. ↑ "FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)." *U.S. Food and Drug Administration*. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.
ENA Sequence Search

The **ENA Sequence Search** (also called the **ENA sequence search service**) is an "EMBL-EBI nucleotide search tool which is far faster than BLAST for large datasets, with only a marginal loss in search sensitivity".

## External Links

* ENA Sequence Search
* ENA Sequence Search (retired as of July 2015)

## References

1. ↑ "ENA Sequence Search." *OMICtools*. STATSARRAY, 23 Nov. 2013. Web. 07 June 2015.
Chiral center

A **chiral center** or **chiral centre** (also referred to as a **center of chirality** or a **centre of chirality**) is an "atom holding a set of ligands in a spatial arrangement which is not superposable on its mirror image".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Densitometry

**Densitometry** is a "method of identifying gene dosage or expression by measurement of light absorption on an autoradiogram (film) of a band (or spot) representing a DNA, RNA, or protein sample; useful in detecting duplication mutations and heterozygous deletion mutations".

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
Absolute quantitation of proteins

**Absolute quantitation of proteins** (**AQUA**) is a "method for absolute quantitation of proteins via measurements on constituent proteolytic peptides using
chemically synthesized isotope-labeled peptides as surrogate internal standards for mass spectrometry".

## References

1. ↑ Murray, Kermit K., Robert K. Boyd, Marcos N. Eberlin, G. John Langley, Liang Li, and Yasuhide Naito. "Definitions of Terms Relating to Mass Spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)." *Pure and Applied Chemistry* 85.7 (2013): 1515-609. Print.
Chromosome

A **chromosome** is a "physical structure consisting of a large DNA molecule organized into genes and supported by proteins called chromatin".

## See Also

* Aneuploidy
* Autosomal
* Cytogenetics
* Derivative chromosome
* Homologous chromosomes
* Karyotype
* Polyploidy

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
Fluorophore

A **fluorophore** is a chemical group responsible for fluorescence. Many fluorophores share a common "core" structure. Rhodamine is a fairly common core. Another is fluorescein which has been used for the development of fluorophores such as Fluo-3, Fluo-4 and Fluo-8.

## References

1. ↑ "fluorophore." *Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged*. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003. HarperCollins Publishers 4 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fluorophore>
Centrifuge

A **centrifuge** is an "apparatus consisting essentially of a compartment spun about a central axis to separate contained materials of different specific gravities, or to separate colloidal particles suspended in a liquid".

## References

1. ↑ "centrifuge." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/centrifuge>
Clone

In biology, a **clone** is a "group of cells that contain the same recombinant DNA molecule" or an "identical copy of a DNA sequence or entire gene".

In computing, a **clone** is a "computer, software product, or device that functions exactly like another, better-known product".

## References

1. ↑ Brown TA. *Genomes*. 2nd edition. Oxford: Wiley-Liss; 2002. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21126/
2. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
3. ↑ "Clone." Webopedia. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 28 June 2015.
Conjugated system

A **conjugated system** is a system which contains a "continuous array of "p" orbitals that can align to produce a π bonding overlap along the whole system".

## Further Reading

* IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.

## References

1. ↑ Hunt, Ian. "Chapter 10: Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic Systems." *Organic Chemistry On-Line Learning Center*. Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2015.
Belle Z. Boo

**Belle Z. Boo** é a drag queen fictícia criada por Lucas Garcia, participante da 1ª temporada de *RuPaul's Paper Race*.

## Competição

Belle Z. Boo foi a 8ª queen anunciada na 1ª temporada da *RuPaul's Paper Race*.

Durante a competição Belle Z. Boo não venceu nenhum desafio, mas obteve um desempenho bom e estável até sua desistência no quinto episódio, no evento conhecido como Surface Blur Tour, em que ela e a competidora Glitterizer desistiram após sequências de discussões devido ao uso de photoshop da Glitterizer.

Belle terminou a primeira temporada da competição em 8º/9º lugar junto com Glitterizer.

## Status

* Antes de desistir, Belle Z. Boo acumulava 3 HIGHs em 4 semanas de competição.
* Belle Z. Boo também é drag na vida real.

## Frases Memoráveis

* "Basic bitches, chirrion!" (Frase de entrada)
* "Olá, demônias!"
Acid ionization constant

The **acid ionization constant** or **acid-dissociation equilibrium constant** (**Ka**) is the "equilibrium constant for chemical reactions involving weak acids in aqueous solution".

## External Links

* Acid-Base Pairs, Stength of Acids and Bases, and pH
* Acids and Bases
* Weak Acids and Equilibrium

## References

1. ↑ Norberg, Paige, and Gabriela Mastro. "Calculating a Ka Value from a Known pH." *UC Davis ChemWiki*. University of California, Davis, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 07 Sept. 2015.
Cp

**cp** is a file copy command.

## Further Reading

* McIlroy, M. Douglas. *A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from the Programmer’s Manual, 1971-1986*. Tech. Murray Hill: Bell Laboratories, 1987. Print. CTSR.

## References

1. ↑ Cooper, Mendel. "16.1. Basic Commands." *Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide*. ibiblio, Mar. 2014. Web. 23 July 2015.
Fischer projection

A **Fischer projection** (also referred to as a **Fischer-Tollens projection**) is a "projection formula in which vertically drawn bonds are considered to lie below the projection plane and horizontal bonds to lie above that plane".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Boltzmann constant

The **Boltzmann constant** (**kB** or **k**) is the "ratio of the gas constant to the Avogadro constant, equal to 1.380 650 × 10-23 joule per kelvin".

## External Links

* Boltzmann constant | physics | Britannica.com

## References

1. ↑ "Boltzmann constant." *Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged*. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003. HarperCollins Publishers 1 Nov. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Boltzmann+constant>
Galaxy Project

The **Galaxy Project** (usually referred to simply as **Galaxy**) is an "open, web-based platform for data intensive biomedical research".

## References

1. ↑ "Data Intensive Biology for Everyone." *The Galaxy Project*. The Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics at Penn State University and the Department of Biology at Johns Hopkins University, n.d. Web. 10 June 2015.
Comparative medicine

**Comparative medicine** is a "distinct discipline of experimental medicine that uses animal models of human and animal disease in translational and biomedical research".

## Further Reading

* Jensen-Jarolim, Erika. "Definition of Comparative Medicine: History and New Identity." *Comparative Medicine* (2013): 1-18. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "Comparative Medicine." *Stanford University School of Medicine*. Stanford School of Medicine, 2015. Web. 09 Oct. 2015.