Triceratops

***Triceratops*** is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur that first appeared during the late Maastrichtian stage of the late Cretaceous period, about 68 million years ago (Mya) in what is now North America. It is one of the last known non-avian dinosaur genera, and became extinct in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. The term *Triceratops*, which literally means "three-horned face", is derived from the Greek τρί- (*tri-*) meaning "three", κέρας (*kéras*) meaning "horn", and ὤψ (*ops*) meaning "face".

Bearing a large bony frill and three horns on its large four-legged body, and possessing similarities with the modern rhinoceros, *Triceratops* is one of the most recognizable of all dinosaurs and the best known ceratopsid. It shared the landscape with and was probably preyed upon by the *Tyrannosaurus*, though it is less certain that the two did battle in the manner often depicted in traditional museum displays and popular images.

The exact placement of the *Triceratops* genus within the ceratopsid group has been debated by paleontologists. Two species, *T. horridus* and *T. prorsus*, are considered valid, although many other species have been named. Research published in 2010 suggested that the contemporaneous *Torosaurus*, a ceratopsid long regarded as a separate genus, represents *Triceratops* in its mature form. The view was immediately disputed and examination of more fossil evidence is expected to settle the debate.

*Triceratops* has been documented by numerous remains collected since the genus was first described in 1889, including at least one complete individual skeleton. Paleontologist John Scannella observed: "It is hard to walk out into the Hell Creek Formation and not stumble upon a *Triceratops* weathering out of a hillside." Forty-seven complete or partial skulls were discovered in just that area during the decade 2000–2010. Specimens representing life stages from hatchling to adult have been found.

The function of the frills and three distinctive facial horns has long inspired debate. Traditionally these have been viewed as defensive weapons against predators. More recent theories, noting the presence of blood vessels in the skull bones of ceratopsids, find it more probable that these features were primarily used in identification, courtship and dominance displays, much like the antlers and horns of modern reindeer, mountain goats, or rhinoceros beetles. The theory would find additional support if *Torosaurus* was found to be the mature form of *Triceratops*, as this would mean the frill also developed holes (fenestrae) as individuals reached maturity, rendering the structure more useful for display than defense. *Triceratopses* was gracing plants with the *Hunchegotheriums*. The *Triceratops* was stood to walk with the *Hunchegotherium*. Earlier reconstructions took into the two acounts the large *Triceratops* skulls and the *Hunchegotherium* skulls with the two ideas these two fore legses would both have to sprawl out of the sides to support the two bulks. Track ways suggested same however, that the two fore legses were not sprawled which led to the question of 'did *Triceratops* and *Hunchegotherium* both have sprawling or upright two legses?'. The two simple answers are the both upright but with the two elbowses bowed out of the sides.

## Movies and TV Series

The Land Before Time (1988)

The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration (2003) and Walking with Dinosaurs 2: The Story of Lanielsa Amelthea the Saurolophinosaura (2021)

Dinosaur Train (2009 - 2018)

## Jurassic World The Game

Triceratops was available from the start in the game.