Electronic Arts

**Electronic Arts Inc.** (**EA**) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018.

Founded and incorporated on May 27, 1982, by Apple employee Trip Hawkins and Blucc, the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games. EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games, leading to the 1987 release of *Skate or Die!*. The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable, as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable.

Currently, EA develops and publishes games including EA Sports titles *FIFA*, *Madden NFL*, *NHL*, *NBA Live*, and *UFC*. Other EA established franchises includes *Battlefield*, *Need for Speed*, *The Sims*, *Medal of Honor*, *Command & Conquer*, as well as newer franchises such as *Dead Space*, *Mass Effect*, *Dragon Age*, *Army of Two*, *Titanfall* and *Star Wars: The Old Republic*. Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin, an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve's Steam. EA also owns and operates major gaming studios, EA Tiburon in Orlando, EA Vancouver in Burnaby, BioWare in Edmonton as well as Austin, and DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles.

## History *(Blucc on Spotify)*

### Trip Hawkins era: origins, founding, success (1982–1990)

 File:Trip Hawkins 2013 (10627605786).jpg
Trip Hawkins had been an employee of Apple Inc. since 1978, at a time when the company had only about fifty employees. Over the next four years, the market for home personal computers skyrocketed. By 1982, Apple had completed its initial public offering (IPO) and become a Fortune 500 company with over one thousand employees.

In February 1982, Trip Hawkins arranged a meeting with Don Valentine of Sequoia Capital to discuss financing his new venture, *Amazin' Software*. Valentine encouraged Hawkins to leave Apple, where Hawkins served as Director of Product Marketing, and allowed Hawkins use of Sequoia Capital's spare office space to start the company. On May 27, 1982, Trip Hawkins incorporated and established the company with a personal investment of an estimated Template:US$.Template:Rp

For more than seven months, Hawkins refined his Electronic Arts business plan. With aid from his first employee (with whom he worked in marketing at Apple), Rich Melmon, the original plan was written, mostly by Hawkins, on an Apple II in Sequoia Capital's office in August 1982. During that time, Hawkins also employed two of his former staff from Apple, Dave Evans and Pat Marriott, as producers, and a Stanford MBA classmate, Jeff Burton from Atari for international business development. The business plan was again refined in September and reissued on October 8, 1982. By November, employee headcount rose to 11, including Tim Mott, Bing Gordon, David Maynard, and Steve Hayes. Having outgrown the office space provided by Sequoia Capital, the company relocated to a San Mateo office that overlooked the San Francisco Airport landing path. Headcount rose rapidly in 1983, including Don Daglow, Richard Hilleman, Stewart Bonn, David Gardner, and Nancy Fong.

When he incorporated the company, Hawkins originally chose Amazin' Software as their company name, but his other early employees of the company universally disliked the name. He scheduled an off-site meeting in the Pajaro Dunes, where the company once held such off-site meetings. Hawkins had developed the ideas of treating software as an art form and calling the developers, "software artists". Hence, the latest version of the business plan had suggested the name "SoftArt". However, Hawkins and Melmon knew the founders of Software Arts, the creators of VisiCalc, and thought their permission should be obtained. Dan Bricklin did not want the name used because it sounded too similar (perhaps "confusingly similar") to *Software Arts*. However, the name concept was liked by all the attendees. Hawkins had also recently read a bestselling book about the film studio United Artists, and liked the reputation that the company had created. Hawkins said everyone had a vote but they would lose it if they went to sleep.

 File:Electronic Arts historical logo 80s.svg
Hawkins liked the word "electronic", and various employees had considered the phrases "Electronic Artists" and "Electronic Arts". When Gordon and others pushed for "Electronic Artists", in tribute to the film company United Artists, Steve Hayes opposed, saying, "We're not the artists, they [the developers] are..." This statement from Hayes immediately tilted sentiment towards Electronic Arts and the name was unanimously endorsed and adopted later in 1982.

He recruited his original employees from Apple, Atari, Xerox PARC, and VisiCorp, and got Steve Wozniak to agree to sit on the board of directors.

Hawkins was determined to sell directly to buyers. Combined with the fact that Hawkins was pioneering new game brands, this made sales growth more challenging. Retailers wanted to buy known brands from existing distribution partners. Former CEO Larry Probst arrived as VP of Sales in late 1984 and helped expand the already successful company. This policy of dealing directly with retailers gave EA higher margins and better market awareness, key advantages the company would leverage to leapfrog its early competitors.

 File:Can a Computer Make You Cry advertisement.jpg
A novel approach to giving credit to its developers was one of EA's trademarks in its early days. This characterization was even further reinforced with EA's packaging of most of their games in the "album cover" pioneered by EA because Hawkins thought that a record album style would both save costs and convey an artistic feeling. EA routinely referred to their developers as "artists" and gave them photo credits in their games and numerous full-page magazine ads. Their first such ad, accompanied by the slogan "We see farther," was the first video game advertisement to feature software designers. EA also shared lavish profits with their developers, which added to their industry appeal. The square "album cover" boxes (such as the covers for 1983's *M.U.L.E.* and *Pinball Construction Set*) were a popular packaging concept by Electronic Arts, which wanted to represent their developers as "rock stars".

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In the mid-1980s, Electronic Arts aggressively marketed products for the Commodore Amiga, a premier home computer of the late 1980s and early 1990s in Europe. Commodore had given EA development tools and prototype machines before Amiga's actual launch.Template:Rp For Amiga EA published some notable non-game titles. A drawing program *Deluxe Paint* (1985) and its subsequent versions became perhaps the most famous piece of software available for Amiga platform. In addition, EA's Jerry Morrison conceived the idea of a file format that could store images, animations, sounds, and documents simultaneously, and would be compatible with third-party software. He wrote and released to the public the Interchange File Format, which would soon become an Amiga standard.Template:Rp Other Amiga programs released by EA included *Deluxe Music Construction Set*, *Instant Music* and *Deluxe Paint Animation*. Some of them, most notably *Deluxe Paint*, were ported to other platforms. For Macintosh EA released a black & white animation tool called Studio/1, and a series of Paint titles called Studio/8 and Studio/32 (1990).

Relationships between Electronic Arts and their external developers often became difficult when the latter missed deadlines or diverged from the former's creative directions. In 1987, EA released *Skate or Die!*, their first internally developed game. EA would continue publishing their external developers' games while experimenting with their internal development strategy. This led to EA's decision of purchasing out a series of companies they identify as successful, as well as the decision to release annualized franchises to cut budget costs. Because of Trip Hawkins' obsession of simulating a sports game, he signed a contract with football coach John Madden that would lead to EA's developing and releasing annual *Madden NFL* games.Template:RpTemplate:Rp

In 1988 EA published a flight simulator game exclusively for Amiga, *F/A-18 Interceptor*, which received attention due to its vector graphics that were notable for 1988 standards. Another significant Amiga release (also initially available for Atari ST, later converted for numerous other platforms) was *Populous* (1989) developed by Bullfrog Productions. It was a pioneering and influential title in the genre that was later called "god games".Template:Rp

### Hawkins stepping down, Larry Probst rising (1990–1999)

In 1990, Electronic Arts began producing console games for the Nintendo Entertainment System, after previously licensing its computer games to other console-game publishers. A year later, Trip Hawkins stepped down as EA's CEO and was succeeded by Larry ProbstTemplate:Rp to found the now-defunct 3DO Company, while remaining the former company's chair until July 1994. There, once a critic of game consoles, Hawkins conceived a console that unlike its competitors would not require a first-party license to be marketed, and was intended to appeal to the PC market. In October 1993, 3DO developed the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, which at the time was the most powerful game console. Electronic Arts was The 3DO Company's primary partner in sponsoring their console, showcasing on it their latest games. With a retail price of US$700 (Template:Inflation) compared to its competitors' $100, the console lagged in sales, and with the 1995 arrival to North America of Sony's PlayStation, a cheaper and more powerful alternative, combined with a lower quality of the 3DO's software library as a backfiring of its liberal license policy, it fell further behind and lost competition. Electronic Arts dropped its support for 3DO in favor of the PlayStation, 3DO's production ceased in 1996, and for the remainder of the company's lifetime, 3DO would develop video games for other consoles and the IBM PC until it folded in 2003.Template:RpTemplate:RpTemplate:Rp

In 1995 Electronic Arts won the European Computer Trade Show award for best software publisher of the year. As the company was still expanding, they opted to purchase space in Redwood Shores, California in 1995 for construction of a new headquarters, which was completed in 1998.

Early in 1997, *Next Generation* identified Electronic Arts as the only company to regularly profit from video games over the past five years, and noted it had "a critical track record second to none".

### Continuous expansion and success through the new millennium (1999–2007)

 File:Electronicartsheadquarters.jpg
EA is headquartered in the Redwood Shores neighborhood of Redwood City, California. In 1999, EA replaced their long-running Shapes logo with one based on the EA Sports logo used at the time, and Larry Probst took over the reins. EA also started to use a brand-specific structure around this time, with the main publishing side of the company re-branding to EA Games. The EA Sports brand was retained for major sports titles, the new EA Sports Big label would be used for casual sports titles with an arcade twist, and the full Electronic Arts name would be used for co-published and distributed titles.

EA began to move toward direct distribution of digital games and services with the acquisition of the popular online gaming site Pogo.com in 2001. In 2009, EA acquired the London-based social gaming startup Playfish.

In 2004, EA made a multimillion-dollar donation to fund the development of game production curriculum at the University of Southern California's Interactive Media Division. On February 1, 2006, Electronic Arts announced that it would cut worldwide staff by 5 percent. On June 20, 2006, EA purchased Mythic Entertainment, who are finished making *Warhammer Online*.

After Sega's *ESPN NFL 2K5* successfully grabbed market share away from EA's dominant Madden NFL series during the 2004 holiday season, EA responded by making several large sports licensing deals which include an exclusive agreement with the NFL, and in January 2005, a 15-year deal with ESPN. The ESPN deal gave EA exclusive first rights to all ESPN content for sports simulation games. On April 11, 2005, EA announced a similar, 6-year licensing deal with the Collegiate Licensing Company (CLC) for exclusive rights to college football content.

Much of EA's success, both in terms of sales and with regards to its stock market valuation, is due to its strategy of platform-agnostic development and the creation of strong multi-year franchises. EA was the first publisher to release yearly updates of its sports franchises—*Madden*, *FIFA*, *NHL*, *NBA Live*, *Tiger Woods*, etc.—with updated player rosters and small graphical and gameplay tweaks. Recognizing the risk of franchise fatigue among consumers, EA announced in 2006 that it would concentrate more of its effort on creating new original intellectual property.

In September 2006, Nokia and EA announced a partnership in which EA becomes an exclusive major supplier of mobile games to Nokia mobile devices through the Nokia Content Discoverer. In the beginning, Nokia customers were able to download seven EA titles (*Tetris*, *Tetris Mania*, *The Sims 2*, *Doom*, *FIFA 06*, *Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06* and *FIFA Street 2*) on the holiday season in 2006. Rick Simonson is the executive vice-president and director of Nokia and starting from 2006 is affiliated with John Riccitiello and are partners.

### John Riccitiello era (2007–2013)

In February 2007, Probst stepped down from the CEO job while remaining on the Board of Directors. His handpicked successor is John Riccitiello, who had worked at EA for several years previously, departed for a while, and then returned. Riccitiello previously worked for Elevation Partners, Sara Lee and PepsiCo. In June 2007, new CEO John Riccitiello announced that EA would reorganize itself into four labels, each with responsibility for its own product development and publishing (the city-state model). The goal of the reorganization was to empower the labels to operate more autonomously, streamline decision-making, increase creativity and quality, and get games into the market faster. This reorganization came after years of consolidation and acquisition by EA of smaller studios, which some in the industry blamed for a decrease in quality of EA titles. In 2008, at the DICE Summit, Riccitiello called the earlier approach of "buy and assimilate" a mistake, often stripping smaller studios of its creative talent. Riccitiello said that the city-state model allows independent developers to remain autonomous to a large extent, and cited Maxis and BioWare as examples of studios thriving under the new structure.

Also, in 2007, EA announced that it would be bringing some of its major titles to the Macintosh. EA has released *Battlefield 2142*, *Command & Conquer: Tiberium Wars*, *Crysis*, *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix*, *Madden NFL 08*, *Need for Speed: Carbon* and *Spore* for the Mac. All of the new games have been developed for the Macintosh using Cider, a technology developed by TransGaming that enables Intel-based Macs to run Windows games inside a translation layer running on Mac OS X. They are not playable on PowerPC-based Macs.

It was revealed in February 2008 that Electronic Arts had made a takeover bid for rival game company Take-Two Interactive. After its initial offer of Template:US$ per share, all cash stock transaction offer was rejected by the Take-Two board, EA revised it to Template:US$ per share, a 64% premium over the previous day's closing price and made the offer known to the public. Rumours had been floating around the Internet prior to the offer about Take-Two possibly being bought over by a bigger company, albeit with Viacom as the potential bidder. In May 2008, EA announced that it will purchase the assets of Hands-On Mobile Korea, a South Korean mobile game developer and publisher. The company will become EA Mobile Korea. In September 2008, EA dropped its buyout offer of Take-Two. No reason was given.

As of November 6, 2008, it was confirmed that Electronic Arts is closing their Casual Label & merging it with their Hasbro partnership with The Sims Label. EA also confirmed the departure of Kathy Vrabeck, who was given the position as former president of the EA Casual Division in May 2007. EA made this statement about the merger: "We've learned a lot about casual entertainment in the past two years, and found that casual gaming defies a single genre and demographic. With the retirement and departure of Kathy Vrabeck, EA is reorganizing to integrate casual games—development and marketing—into other divisions of our business. We are merging our Casual Studios, Hasbro partnership, and Casual marketing organization with The Sims Label to be a new Sims and Casual Label, where there is a deep compatibility in the product design, marketing and demographics. [...] In the days and weeks ahead, we will make further announcements on the reporting structure for the other businesses in the Casual Label including EA Mobile, Pogo, Media Sales and Online Casual Initiatives. Those businesses remain growth priorities for EA and deserve strong support in a group that will compliment their objectives." This statement comes a week after EA announced it was laying off 6% about 600 of their staff positions and had a Template:US$ net loss for the quarter.

Due to the 2008 Economic Crisis, Electronic Arts had a poorer than expected 2008 holiday season, moving it in February 2009 to cut approximately 1100 jobs, which it said represented about 11% of its workforce. It also closed 12 of their facilities. Riccitiello, in a conference call with reporters, stated that their poor performance in the fourth quarter was not due entirely to the poor economy, but also to the fact that they did not release any blockbuster titles in the quarter. In the quarter ending December 31, 2008, the company lost Template:US$. As of early May 2009, the subsidiary studio EA Redwood Shores was known as Visceral Games. On June 24, 2009, EA announced it will merge two of its development studios, BioWare and Mythic into one single role-playing video game and MMO development powerhouse. The move will actually place Mythic under control of BioWare as Ray Muzyka and Greg Zeschuk will be in direct control of the new entity. By fall 2012, both Muzyka and Zeschuk had chosen to depart the merged entity in a joint retirement announcement.

On November 9, 2009, EA announced layoffs of 1,500 employees, representing 17% of its workforce, across a number of studios including EA Tiburon, Visceral Games, Mythic and EA Black Box. Also affected were "projects and support activities" that, according to Chief Financial Officer Eric Brown "don't make economic sense", resulting in the shutdown of popular communities such as Battlefield News and the EA Community Team. These layoffs also led to the complete shutdown of Pandemic Studios.

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In October 2010, EA announced the acquisition of England-based iPhone and iPad games publisher Chillingo for Template:US$ in cash. Chillingo published the popular *Angry Birds* for iOS and *Cut the Rope* for all platforms, but the deal did not include those properties, so *Cut the Rope* became published by ZeptoLab, and *Angry Birds* became published by Rovio Entertainment.

On May 4, 2011, EA reported $3.8 billion in revenues for the fiscal year ending March 2011, and on January 13, 2012, EA announced that it had exceeded $1 billion in digital revenue during the previous calendar year. In a note to employees, EA CEO John Riccitiello called this "an incredibly important milestone" for the company.

In June 2011, EA launched Origin, an online service to sell downloadable games directly to consumers. In July 2011, EA announced that it had acquired PopCap Games, the company behind hits such as *Plants vs. Zombies* and *Bejeweled*.

EA continued its shift toward digital goods in 2012, folding its mobile-focused EA Interactive (EAi) division "into other organizations throughout the company, specifically those divisions led by EA Labels president Frank Gibeau, COO Peter Moore, and CTO Rajat Taneja, and EVP of digital Kristian Segerstrale." EA continued its shift toward digital goods in 2012, folding its mobile-focused EA Interactive (EAi) division "into other organizations throughout the company, specifically those divisions led by EA Labels president Frank Gibeau, COO Peter Moore, and CTO Rajat Taneja, and EVP of digital Kristian Segerstrale."

### Andrew Wilson era: exclusive partnership with Disney, monetization, expansion (2013–present)

On March 18, 2013, John Riccitiello announced that he would be stepping down as CEO and a member of the Board of Directors on March 30, 2013. Larry Probst was also appointed executive chairman on the same day. Andrew Wilson was named as the new CEO of EA by September 2013.

In April 2013, EA announced a reorganization which was to include dismissal of 10% of their workforce, consolidation of marketing functions which were distributed among the five label organizations, and subsumption of Origin operational leadership under the President of Labels.

EA acquired the lucrative exclusive license to develop games within the *Star Wars* universe from Disney in May 2013, shortly after Disney's closure of its internal LucasArts game development in 2013. EA secured its license from 2013 through 2023, and began to assign new *Star Wars* projects across several of its internal studios, including BioWare, DICE, Visceral Games, Motive Studios, Capital Games and external developer Respawn Entertainment.

In April 2015, EA announced that it would be shutting down various free-to-play games in July of that year, including *Battlefield Heroes*, *Battlefield Play4Free*, *Need for Speed: World*, and *FIFA World*.

The reorganization and revised marketing strategy lead to a gradual increase in stock value. In July 2015, Electronic Arts reached an all-time high with a stock value of US$71.63, surpassing the previous February 2005 record of $68.12. This is also up 54% from $46.57 in early January 2015. The surge was partly attributed to EA's then-highly anticipated *Star Wars Battlefront* reboot, which released one month before *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*, also highly anticipated.

During E3 2015, vice-president of the company, Patrick Söderlund, announced that the company will start investing more on smaller titles such as *Unravel* so as to broaden the company's portfolio. On December 10, 2015, EA announced a new division called Competitive Gaming Division, which focuses on creating competitive game experience and organizing ESports events. It was once headed by Peter Moore. In May 2016, Electronic Arts announced that they had formed a new internal division called Frostbite Labs. The new department specializes in creating new projects for virtual reality platforms, and "virtual humans". The new department is located in Stockholm and Vancouver.

EA announced the closure of Visceral Games in October 2017. Prior, Visceral had been supporting EA's other games but was also working on a *Star Wars* title named *Project Ragtag* since EA's acquisition of the *Star Wars* license, even hiring Amy Hennig to direct the project. While EA did not formally give a reason for the closure, industry pundits believed that EA was concerned about the principally single-player game which would be difficult to monetize, as well as the slow pace of development.

EA's original approach to the microtransactions in *Star Wars Battlefront II* sparked an industry-wide debate on the use of random-content loot boxes. While other games had used loot boxes, EA's original approach within *Battlefront II* from its early October 2017 launch included using such mechanics for pay to win gameplay elements, as well as locking various *Star Wars* characters behind expensive paywalls, leading several gaming journalists and players to complain. EA modified some of the costs of these elements in anticipation of the game's full November 2017 launch, but they were reportedly told by Disney to disable all microtransactions until they could come up with a fairer monetization scheme. Ultimately, by March 2018, EA had developed a fairer system that eliminated the pay to win elements and drastically reduced costs for unlocking characters. The controversy over *Battlefront II*Template:'s loot boxes led to an 8.5% drop in stock value in one month—about $3.1 billion and impacted EA's financial results for the following quarters. Further, the visibility of this controversial led to debate at government levels around the world to determine if loot boxes were a form of gambling and if they should be regulated.

In January 2018, EA announced eMLS, a new competitive league for EA Sports' *FIFA 18* through its Competitive Gaming Division (CGD) and MLS. That same month, EA teamed up with ESPN and Disney XD in a multi-year pact to broadcast *Madden NFL* competitive matches across the world through its Competitive Gaming Division arm.

On August 14, 2018, Patrick Söderlund announced his departure from EA as its vice-president and chief design officer, after serving twelve years with the company. With Söderlund's departure, the SEED group was moved as part of EA's studios, while the EA Originals and EA Partners teams were moved under the company's Strategic Growth group.

On February 6, 2019, Electronic Arts' stock value was hit by a decline of 13.3%, the worst decline since Halloween 2008. This was largely due to the marketing of their anticipated title *Battlefield V*, which was released after the holiday season of October 2018. Stocks were already declining since late August, when EA announced that *Battlefield V*Template:'s release would be delayed until November. Upon release, the game was met with a mixed reception, and EA sold one million fewer copies than their expected figure of 7.3 million. Also attributed to the stock plunge was the game's lack of the game mode Battle Royale, popularized by *PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds* and then *Fortnite*. Stocks then surged 9.6% with the surprise release of *Apex Legends*, which garnered 25 million players in just one week, smashing *Fortnite*Template:'s record of 10 million players in two weeks. In advance of the end of its financial quarter ending March 31, 2019, Wilson announced they were cutting about 350 jobs, or about 4% of its workforce, primarily from their marketing, publishing, and operations divisions. Wilson stated the layoffs were necessary to "address our challenges and prepare for the opportunities ahead".

## Company structure

*See also: List of acquisitions by Electronic Arts*
EA is headed by chairman Larry Probst and CEO Andrew Wilson. Many have attributed Riccitiello's success in leading EA to his passion as a gamer.

### Studios

* BioWare in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; founded in February 1995, acquired October 2007 from Elevation Partners.
* Chillingo in Macclesfield, England.
* Criterion Games in Guildford, England; founded as Criterion Software in 1993, acquired in August 2004.
* DICE Los Angeles in Los Angeles, California; founded as DreamWorks Interactive LLC in 1995, acquired in 2000.
* EA Baton Rouge in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.; opened in September 2008.
* EA Capital Games (formerly KlickNation, then BioWare Sacramento) in Sacramento, California founded in 2008, specialised in creating mobile games, acquired in 2011.
* EA DICE in Stockholm, Sweden; founded in 1992, acquired in 2005.
* EA Mobile in Los Angeles, California.
* EA Montreal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; formed in 2004.
* EA Redwood Studios in Redwood City, California, U.S.; formed in 2016 and developed *Command & Conquer: Rivals*.
* EA Romania in Bucharest, Romania; founded as JAMDAT Mobile Romania in 2005, acquired in 2006.
* EA Singapore in Singapore.
* EA Tiburon in Maitland, Florida, U.S.; founded as Tiburon Entertainment in 1994, acquired in 1998.
* EA Vancouver in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; formed in January 1983.
* Frostbite Labs; formed in 2016.
* Ghost Games in Gothenburg, Sweden; founded as EA Gothenburg in 2011, rebranded in 2012.
* Industrial Toys in Pasadena, California, U.S.; founded in 2012, acquired in July 2018.
* Motive Studios in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; formed in 2015.
* PopCap Games in Seattle, Washington, U.S.; acquired in 2011.
* Respawn Entertainment in Sherman Oaks, California, U.S.; acquired in 2017.
* Spearhead in Seoul, South Korea; founded in 1998 as EA Korea.
* Tracktwenty in Helsinki, Finland.
* Uprise (formerly ESN) in Uppsala, Sweden; founded in 2002, acquired in 2012.

#### Former

* BioWare in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; founded in March 2009, merged into Motive Studios in August 2017.
* Bullfrog Productions in Guildford, England;, founded in 1987, acquired in 1995, merged with EA UK and effectively closed in 2001.
* Creative Wonders (Joint Venture between EA and the ABC): Founded in 1994, sold to Mattel Interactive in 1999.
* EA Baltimore in Baltimore, Maryland, established in 1996 as part of Origin, closed in 2000.
* EA Chicago in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, U.S.; founded in February 2004, closed November 6, 2007.
* EA Black Box in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; founded in 1998, acquired in 2002, closed on April 2013.
* EA Bright Light, in Guildford, England; founded as EA UK in 1995, closed in 2011.
* DICE Canada in London, Ontario, Canada; formed in 1998, acquired and closed on October 2, 2006.
* EA Mobile Brazil in São Paulo, Brazil, closed in 2013.
* EA North Carolina in Morrisville, North Carolina, closed in 2013.
* EA Pacific (known previously as Burst Studios and Westwood Pacific) in Irvine, California, U.S.; formerly part of Virgin Interactive, Founded in 1995, acquired with Westwood and Virgin Interactive USA in 1998, closed in 2003.
* EA Phenomic in Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany; founded as Phenomic Game Development in 1997, acquired August 2006 and closed down in 2013.
* EA Salt Lake in Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.; founded as Headgate Studios, founded in 1992, acquired December 2006. Closed in April 2017.
* EA Seattle in Seattle, Washington, founded in 1982 as Manley & Associates, acquired January 29, 1996, closed in 2002.
* Easy Studios in Stockholm, Sweden; founded in 2008 to develop free-to-play PC games, merged with DICE following the discontinuation of the *Play4Free* series in 2015.
* Kesmai; founded in 1981, acquired in 1999, closed in 2001.
* Mythic Entertainment in Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.; founded as Interworld Productions in 1995, acquired in June 2006 and closed down in May 2014.
* NuFX in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, U.S.; founded in 1990, acquired and closed in February 2004, merged into EA Chicago.
* Origin Systems in Austin, Texas, U.S.; founded in 1983, acquired in 1992, closed in 2004.
* Pandemic Studios in Los Angeles, California, U.S.; founded in 1998, acquired October 2007 from Elevation Partners, closed November 17, 2009.
* Playfish in London, England; acquired in 2009, closed down in 2013.
* Victory Games in Los Angeles, California; also has offices in Austin, Texas and Shanghai, China; founded in 2010 and closed down in 2013 as Danger Close.
* Visceral Games in Redwood City, California, also has an office in Shanghai, China; founded as EA Redwood Shores in 1998. Closed in October 2017.
* Waystone; disbanded in November 2014.
* Westwood Studios in Las Vegas, Nevada, founded in 1987, acquired from Virgin Interactive Entertainment in August 1998, merged into EA Los Angeles in 2003.

### Labels

#### EA Worldwide Studios

Formerly EA Games, EA Worldwide Studio is home to many of EA's studios, which are responsible for action-adventure, role playing, racing and combat games marketed under the EA brand. In addition to traditional packaged-goods games, EA Worldwide Studios also develops massively multiplayer online role-playing games.Template:Citation needed As of April 2018, the division is led by Laura Miele.

#### EA Sports

*Main article: EA Sports*
First introduced in 1991 as the Electronic Arts Sports Network, before being renamed due to a trademark dispute with ESPN, EA Sports publishes all the sports games from EA, including *FIFA Football*, *Madden NFL*, *Fight Night*, *NBA Live*, *NCAA Football*, *Cricket*, *NCAA March Madness*, *Tiger Woods PGA Tour*, *NHL Hockey*, *NASCAR* and *Rugby*.Template:Citation needed In 2011, *Forbes* ranked EA Sports eighth on their list of most valuable sports brands, with a value of Template:US$.

#### EA All Play

EA All Play is a mobile-oriented label that, since 2012, publishes digital titles like *The Simpsons'*, *Tetris*, and *Battlefield*, as well as Hasbro board games like *Scrabble*.

#### EA Competitive Gaming Division

The EA Competitive Gaming Division (CGD), founded in 2015 by Peter Moore and currently headed by Todd Sitrin, is the group dedicated on enabling global eSports competitions on EA's biggest franchises including *FIFA*, *Madden NFL*, *Battlefield* and more.

#### SEED

The Search for Extraordinary Experiences Division (SEED) was revealed at the 2017 Electronic Entertainment Expo as a technology research division and incubator, using tools like deep learning and neural networks to bring in player experiences and other external factors to help them develop more immersive narratives and games. SEED has offices in Los Angeles and Stockholm.

#### Former labels

* EA Kids — A label for educational titles. In January 1995, EA sold the label to and in conjunction with Capital Cities/ABC formed the independent ABC/EA Home Software, which was later absorbed into Creative Wonders in that year's May.
* EA Sports Big — A label introduced in 2000, and used for arcade-styled extreme sports. In 2008, Electronic Arts retired the EA Sports Big label and replaced it with EA Sports Freestyle, which would focus exclusively on casual sports games, regardless of genre. The label was used for just a few games until being quietly retired.

## Partnership and initiatives

### EA Partners program (1997–present)

EA Partners co-publishing program was dedicated to publishing and distributing games developed by third-party developers. EA Partners began as EA Distribution, formed in 1997 and led by Tom Frisina, a former executive from Accolade and Three-Sixty who helped both companies find third-party developers as to provide publishing support for them. Frisina's early partners included Looking Glass Studios, MGM Interactive for the rights to the *James Bond* property, DreamWorks Interactive, and eventually DICE; in the latter two cases, these studios would later be acquired by EA as part of the EA DICE family. In 2003, EA's president John Riccitiello pushed for a renaming of the EA Distribution label, seeing the potential to bring in more independent developers and additional revenue streams. While they rebraned the label as EA Partners in 2003, Riccitiello left EA the following year, which disrupted the direction the label had been aiming to go.

Oddworld Inhabitants, who had signed on with EA Partner for their next *Oddworld* games, found the situation difficult as EA Partners was reluctant to support games where they did not own the intellectual property rights and instead favored internal development. The situation with EA Partners switched gears in 2005 after EA and Valve Corporation signed a EA Partners deal for the physical distribution of *The Orange Box*; EA Partners realized it needed to be flexible to handle the different publishing opportunities presented to them. A similar breakthrough was reached with signing on Harmonix for the distribution of the *Rock Band* games, requiring them to work closely with MTV Games on the plastic instrument controllers necessary for the titles. A number of major partnerships were made over the next few years, including Namco Bandai, Crytek, Starbreeze Studios, id Software, Epic Games and People Can Fly, Double Fine Productions, Grasshopper Manufacture, Spicy Horse, and Realtime Worlds. While many of these partnerships proved successful, the division had two major marks on its name. It was associated with the situation around *Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning* developed by 38 Studios, which had been significantly backed by loans from taxpayer funds from the state of Rhode Island. *Kingdoms* failed to be commercially successful, and EA Partners pulled out of making a sequel, leaving 38 Studios in default of its loan payback to the state. Secondly, while *The Secret World* from Funcom launched as a paid-for game without subscriptions, Funcom had to switch their monetization model to free-to-play to improve their revenues, which further affected EA Partners.

Around April 2013, as part of a large 1000-employee layoff, many reporters claimed that EA Partners was also being shut down for its poor commercial performance, but the program remained active as the company refocused its efforts. The label remained dormant over the next several years, while Letts expanded on the EA Originals program, but following the move of EA Partners and EA Origins into the Strategic Growth group in August 2018, the label was revived on the March 2019 with a publishing deal with Velan Studios, formed from the former heads of Vicarious Visions.

Notable publishing/distribution agreements include:

* *Alice: Madness Returns* – Spicy Horse
* *APB* – Realtime Worlds
* *Brütal Legend* – Double Fine Productions
* *Bulletstorm* – Epic Games
* *Crysis* series – Crytek
* *DeathSpank* – Hothead Games
* *Fuse* – Insomniac Games
* *Hellgate: London* – Flagship Studios
* *Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning* – 38 Studios, Big Huge Games
* *Rock Band* series – Harmonix and MTV Games
* *The Secret World* – Funcom
* *Shadows of the Damned* – Grasshopper Manufacture
* *Shank* series – Klei Entertainment
* *Syndicate* – Starbreeze Studios
* *Warp* – Trapdoor

### EA Originals program (2017–present)

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EA Originals is a program within Electronic Arts to help support independently-developed video games. The program was announced at EA's press event at the 2016 E3 Conference, and builds upon the success they had with *Unravel* by Coldwood Interactive in 2015. The first game to be supported under this program is *Fe* by Zoink, with plans for release in 2018. It was followed by *A Way Out* by Hazelight Studios and eventually *Sea of Solitude* by Jo-Mei Games.

## Criticism and controversy

*Main article: Criticism of Electronic Arts*
Since the mid-2000s, Electronic Arts has been in the center of numerous controversies involving acquisitions of companies and alleged anti-consumerist practices in their individual games (which can be further read on their own articles), as well as lawsuits alleging EA's anti-competition when signing sports-related contracts.

## See also

* History of video games
* List of Electronic Arts games
* Blucc On Spotify

## Further reading

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## External links

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