Constitutional monarchy

A **constitutional monarchy** is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. Constitutional monarchy differs from absolute monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power) for which constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within limits prescribed within an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Malaysia and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less personal discretion in the exercise of their authority.

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Constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution, whether written or unwritten. While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets public policy or chooses political leaders. Political scientist Vernon Bogdanor, paraphrasing Thomas Macaulay, has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".

In addition to acting as a visible symbol of national unity, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as dissolving parliament or giving royal assent to legislation. However, the exercise of such powers may largely be exercises strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preference imposed by the sovereign. In *The English Constitution*, British political theorist Walter Bagehot identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain reserve powers and who may also play an important political role.

The United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms are all constitutional monarchies in the Westminster system of constitutional governance. Two constitutional monarchies – Malaysia and Cambodia – are elective monarchies, wherein the ruler is periodically selected by a small electoral college.

Strongly limited constitutional monarchies may sometimes be referred to as crowned republics by certain commentators.[*by whom?*][*Citation needed*]

The concept of **executive constitutional monarch** identifies constitutional monarchies with fewer parliamentary powers. As a result, constitutional monarchies may also be referred to as '**parliamentary monarchies**' to differentiate them from executive constitutional monarchies.

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== See also ==

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* Monarchism

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ Blum, Cameron & Barnes 1970, pp. 2Nnk67–268.
2. [[#cite\_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2011<sup\_class="noprint\_Inline-Template"\_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing\_sources|<span\_title="This\_citation\_requires\_a\_reference\_to\_the\_specific\_page\_or\_range\_of\_pages\_in\_which\_the\_material\_appears.'"`UNIQ--nowiki-00000001-QINU`"'\_from\_December\_2015">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>\_2-0|↑]] Kurian 2011, p. [*page needed*].
3. ↑ Bogdanor 1996, pp. 407–422.
4. ↑ Semi presidential systems and executive constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) (2016).
5. ↑ Parliamentary Monarchy. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law [MPECCoL].

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## Further reading

* <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Locke, John (2003) [1690], Shapiro, Ian (ed.), *Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration* (with essays by John Dunn, Ruth W. Grant and Ian Shapiro ed.), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10017-5

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