Flag of the Philippines

The **National Flag of the Philippines** (Filipino: *Pambansang Watawat ng Pilipinas*) is a horizontal flag bicolor with equal bands of royal blue and scarlet, and with a white, equilateral triangle at the hoist. In the center of the triangle is a golden-yellow sun with eight primary rays, each representing a Philippine province. At each vertex of the triangle is a five-pointed, golden-yellow star, each of which representing one of the country's three main island groups—Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the central star originally referred to Panay (where Iloilo is located, the first province outside Luzon to have raised this flag) which is commonly mistaken to be the whole island group of Visayas. Panay, which recent interpretations call as *"as representative of the entire Visayas region"*.
A unique feature of this flag is its ability to indicate a state of war if it is displayed with the red side on top.

## Design

### Construction

The flag's length is twice its width, giving it an aspect ratio of 1:2. The length of all the sides of the white triangle are equal to the width of the flag. Each star is oriented in such manner that one of its tips points towards the vertex at which it is located. Moreover, the gap-angle between two neighbours of the 8 ray-bundles is as large as the angle of one ray-bundle (so 22.5°), with each major ray having double the thickness of its two minor rays. The golden sun is not exactly in the center of the triangle but shifted slightly to the right. This flag is waved when having ceremonies

 File:Philippines flag construction sheet.png
### Color

The shade of blue used in the flag has varied over time, beginning with the original color *lazuli Rosco*. The exact nature of this shade is uncertain, but a likely candidate is the blue of the Cuban flag, which a theory says influenced the flag's design.[*Citation needed*] Specifications for the flag's colors with shades matching those used in the American flag were adopted by the National Historical Institute in 1955. President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the colors restored to the original light blue and red of the Cuban flag in 1985, but this was immediately rescinded after the 1986 People Power Revolution that removed him from power. For the 1998 independence centennial celebrations, the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (RA 8491) was passed, designating royal blue as the official variant.

The flag's colors are specified by Republic Act 8491 in terms of their cable number in the system developed by the Color Association of the United States. The official colors and their approximations in other color spaces are listed below:.

### Usage as war ensign

The Philippines does not utilize a separate war flag; instead, the national flag itself is used for this purpose. To indicate a state of war, the red field is flown upwards and is placed on the right (on the observer's left) if it is in a hanging position. In times of peace, however, the blue area is the superior field. The orientation of the flag was used during the Philippine–American War from 1899 to 1901, World War II by the Philippine Commonwealth from 1941 to 1945 and by the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic when it declared war against the United Kingdom and the United States in 1944, the coup attempts during President Corazon Aquino's administration, and EDSA III. The only time that the flag was not oriented in a state of war was during the Battle of Alapan in 1898, 15 days before the Philippine Declaration of Independence in Kawit, Cavite.

During the 2010 US-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit in New York City, the Philippine flag was inadvertently flown with the red field on top. The U.S. Embassy in Manila apologized for the mistake, and the Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs accepted the apology.

### Symbolism

The Philippine national flag has a rectangular design that consists of a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing liberty, equality, and fraternity; a horizontal blue stripe for peace, truth, and justice; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism and valor. In the center of the white triangle is an eight-rayed golden sun symbolizing unity, freedom, people's democracy, and sovereignty. Each ray represents a province with significant involvement in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against Spain; these provinces are Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija (some sources specify other provinces as alternatives to some of these). Three five-pointed stars, one for each of the triangle's points, stand for the three major islands where the revolution started: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

The flag's original symbolism is enumerated in the text of the independence proclamation, which makes reference to an attached drawing, though no record of the drawing has surfaced. The proclamation explains the flag as follows:

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>  | *And finally it was resolved unanimously that this Nation, already independent from today should use the same flag which it has used, whose shape and colors are described in the attached drawing rendering realistically the three aforementioned forces representing the white triangle as the distinctive symbol of the famed Society of the Katipunan, which through the blood compact impelled the masses to rise in revolt; the three stars representing the three principal islands of this Archipelago — Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay (Visayas) in which the revolutionary movement broke out; the sun indicating the gigantic steps taken by the children of this country on the road to progress and civilization; the eight rays symbolizing the eight provinces of the Philippines, and the colors of blue, red and white commemorating the flag of the United States of North America as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lends us, and continues to lend us. And, carrying this flag, I unfurl it before the gentlemen assembled here—[List of names of the delegates]—and we all solemnly swear to acknowledge and defend it to the last drop of our blood.* | ”
>
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>

The symbolism given in the 1898 Proclamation of Philippine Independence differs from the current official explanation. According to the document, the white triangle signifies the emblem of the Katipunan, the secret society that opposed Spanish rule. It says the flag's colors commemorate the flag of the United States as a manifestation of gratitude for American aid against the Spanish during the Philippine Revolution. It also says that one of the three stars represents the island of Panay, rather than the entire Visayan islands. The proclamation also declares that the sun represents the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization, and lists Bataan instead of Tarlac among the eight provinces symbolized by the sun's rays.

## History

### Historical flags of the Philippine Revolution

It has been common since the 1960s to trace the development of the Philippine flag to the various war standards of the individual leaders of the Katipunan, a pseudo-masonic revolutionary movement that opposed Spanish rule in the Philippines and led the Philippine Revolution. However, while some symbols common to the Katipunan flags would be adopted into the iconography of the Revolution, it is inconclusive whether these war standards can be considered precursors to the present Philippine flag.

Philippine revolution flag kkk1.svgThe first flag of the Katipunan.Philippine revolution flag magdalo alternate.svgFlag of the Magdalo Katipunan faction.Flag of the Tagalog people.svgThe flag adopted by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.Philippines Aguinaldo flag (obverse).svgOfficial Flag of the First Philippine Republic.
The first flag of the Katipunan was a red rectangular flag with a horizontal alignment of three white Ks (an acronym for the Katipunan's full name, *Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan* - Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the Nation). The flag's red field symbolized blood, as members of the Katipunan signed their membership papers in their own blood.

The various leaders of the Katipunan, such as Andrés Bonifacio, Mariano Llanera, and Pío del Pilar, also had individual war standards. The organization was represented in Cavite province by two factions: the *Magdiwang* faction and the *Magdalo* faction, with each adopting a flag. Both used a white sun. Instead of the letter K the flags bore the symbol for the syllable *ka* in Baybayin, the pre-Hispanic writing script of the Tagalogs.

The Katipunan adopted a new flag in 1897 during an assembly at Naic, Cavite. This new flag was red and depicted a white sun with a face. The sun had eight rays, representing eight provinces of the Philippines.

### Current flag

The earlier design of the current Philippine flag was conceptualized by Emilio Aguinaldo during his exile in Hong Kong in 1897. The first flag was sewn by Marcela Marino de Agoncillo with the help of her daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad (a niece of *Propagandista* José Rizal). It was first displayed in the Battle of Alapan on May 28, 1898.

 File:Philippines flag.jpg
The flag was formally unfurled during the proclamation of independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite. However, a Manila Times article by Augusto de Viana, Chief History Researcher, National Historical Institute, mentions assertions in history textbooks and commemorative rites that the flag was first raised in Alapan, Imus, Cavite, on May 28, 1898, citing Presidential Proclamation No. 374, issued by then-President Diosdado Macapagal on March 6, 1965. The article goes on to claim that historical records indicate that the first display of the Philippine flag took place in Cavite City, when General Aguinaldo displayed it during the first fight of the Philippine Revolution.

The original design of the flag adopted a mythical sun with a face influenced by Latin American republics Argentina, Peru, and Uruguay; a triangle, representing the Katipunan which inspired by the Eye of Providence in the Great Seal of the United States and the Masonic Triangle and which enshrined Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité; the stripes and colors derived from the American flag. The particular shade of blue of the original flag has been a source of controversy. Based on anecdotal evidence and the few surviving flags from the era, historians argue that the colors of the original flag was influenced by the flags of Cuba and Puerto Rico.

The original flag that was first hoisted on May 28, 1898 and unfurled during the Declaration of independence on June 12, 1898 is being preserved at the Gen Emilio Aguinaldo Museum in Baguio City. There were plans to restore the flag by replacing the worn-out portion but the idea was abandoned because matching threads could not be found. The flag is more elaborate than the flag which is currently in use. It bears the embroidered words, *Libertad, Justicia and Ygualidad* (Liberty, Justice and Equality) on one side of the flag and *Fuerzas Expedicionarias del Norte de Luzon* (Expeditionary forces of Northern Luzon) on the other

Hostilities broke out between the Philippines and the United States in 1899. The flag was first flown with the red field up on February 4, 1899 to show that a state of war existed. Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans two years later, and swore allegiance to the United States.

 File:Amorsolo's The Making of the Philippine Flag.png
With the defeat of the Philippine Republic, the Philippines was placed under American colonial rule and the display of the Philippine flag was declared illegal by the Sedition Act of 1907. This law was repealed on October 24, 1919. With the legalization of display of the Philippine flag, the cloth available in most stores was the red and blue of the flag of the United States, so the flag from 1919 onwards adopted the "National Flag blue" color. On March 26, 1920, the Philippine Legislature passed Act. No 2928 on March 26, 1920, which legally adopted the Philippine flag as the official flag of the Philippine Islands. Up until the eve of World War II, Flag Day was celebrated on annually on October 30, commemorating the date the ban on the flag was lifted.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated in 1935. On March 25, 1936, President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No. 23 which provided for the technical description and specifications of the flag. Among the provisions of the order was the definition of the triangle at the hoist as an equilateral triangle, the definition of the aspect ratio at 1:2, the precise angles of the stars, the geometric and aesthetic design of the sun, and the formal elimination of the mythical face on the sun. The exact shades of colors, however, were not precisely defined. These specifications have remained unchanged and in effect to the present. In 1941, Flag Day was officially moved to June 12, commemorating the date that Philippine independence was proclaimed in 1898.

The flag was once again banned with the Japanese invasion and occupation of the Philippines beginning in December 1941, to be hoisted again with the establishment of the Second Republic of the Philippines, a client state of Japan. In ceremonies held in October 1943, Emilio Aguinaldo hoisted the flag with the original Cuban blue and red colors restored. The flag was initially flown with the blue stripe up, until President José P. Laurel proclaimed the existence of a state of war with the Allied Powers in 1944. The Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C. continued to use the flag with the American colors, and had flown it with the red stripe up since the initial invasion of the Japanese. With the combined forces of the Filipino & American soldiers and the liberation of the Philippines in 1944 to 1945, the flag with the American colors was restored, and it was this flag that was hoisted upon the granting of Philippine independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.

## Proposals

Proposals for changes to the Philippine flagPH flag 9 Rays.svgVexillological description Philippine flag with the proposed ninth ray.Philippine Flag with 4 stars and 9 rays.svgVexillological description Osorio's proposalFlag of the Philippines FVR proposal 1.svgVexillological description Proposal by former President Fidel V. RamosFlag of the Philippines FVR proposal 2.svgVexillological description Another proposal by former President Fidel V. Ramos
### Sun's rays

Prior to the 1998 independence centennial celebrations, the provincial government of Zambales lobbied that the sunburst design accommodates a ninth ray, reasoning that their province was also in a state of rebellion in 1896. The Centennial Commission however refuted this change, based on research by the National Historical Institute. In August 2003, then Foreign Affairs Secretary Blas Ople also lobbied for a ninth ray, saying that Quezon province should be added. He reasons that the first uprising against the Spaniards happened at the foot of Mount Banahaw which was led by Hermano Pule in 1841. In 2009, Senate Bill No. 3307 was introduced to add an additional ray to represent the Moro people in Mindanao who also fought the Spanish and was never occupied by the Spanish colonial government. As of September 24, 2009. On October 14, 2009, the Senate approved the Conference Committee Report on the bill. As of 2014[update], the Ninth Ray movement is among the prominent groups pushing for the addition of a ninth ray to the flag's sun. Proponents of the movement believe that a ninth ray should be added to represent the Muslim and indigenous people of the country who kept colonizers away from their lands.

### Fourth star

Emmanuel L. Osorio, one of the founders of the Ninth Ray movement, came up with a proposal adding not only a ninth ray to the flag's sun but also adding a fourth star to the flag representing North Borneo (present-day Sabah), a territory claimed by the Philippines but currently under Malaysian sovereignty. The flag's triangle is changed into a rectangle to accommodate a fourth star. According to Osorio, the star representing Sabah in his proposed flag was added "in principle" and said the flag proposal seeks to express the Ninth Ray movement's view that "if we get Sabah, then it could be represented by the star".

### Crescent moon

There have been numerous proposals as to how the crescent moon should be incorporated into the flag, including one such proposal from former President Fidel V. Ramos.

### Flag protocol

The flag should be displayed in all government buildings, official residences, public plazas, and schools every day throughout the year. The days of the 28th of May (National Flag Day) and the 12th of June (Independence Day) are designated as flag days, during which all offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government, business establishments, institutions of learning and private homes are enjoined to display the flag. But in recent years, the flag days are now from May 28 to June 30 yearly to promote patriotism and to celebrate the nation's independence.

By law, the Philippine flag must be permanently hoisted and illuminated at night at the following locations:

* Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines
* Congress of the Philippines buildings:
	+ Senate of the Philippines building
	+ House of Representatives of the Philippines building (Batasang Pambansa Complex)
* Supreme Court of the Philippines building
* Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila
* Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite
* Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan
* Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
* *Libingan ng mga Bayani*
* *Mausoleo de los Veteranos de la Revolución*
* All international ports of entry
* All other places as may be designated by the National Historical Institute as such.

### Half-mast

 File:Rizal Provincial Capitol.jpg
The flag may be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President, the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days. The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon the death of other persons to be determined by the National Historical Institute, for a period less than seven days. The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of Representatives, and such other persons as may be determined by the National Historical Institute.

When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half-mast position. It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day.

The flag may also be used to cover the caskets of the dead of the military, veterans of previous wars, national artists, and outstanding civilians as determined by the local government. In such cases, the flag must be placed such that the white triangle is at the head and the blue portion covers the right side of the casket. The flag should not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground, but should be solemnly folded and handed to the heirs of the deceased.

### Prohibited acts

 File:Flag of the Philippines (vertical display).svg
According to **Republic Act 8491** itself, it shall be prohibited:

a) To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on or cast contempt or commit any act or omission casting dishonor or ridicule upon the flag or over its surface;
b) To dip the flag to any person or object by way of compliment or salute;
c) To use the flag:
1) As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth;
2) As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
3) As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles;
4) As a staff or whip;
5) For unveiling monuments or statues; and
6) As trademarks, or for industrial, commercial or agricultural labels or designs.
d) To display the flag:
1) Under any painting or picture;
2) Horizontally face-up. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall freely;
3) Below any platform; or
4) In discothèques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places of vice or where frivolity prevails.
e) To wear the flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform;
f) To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisement, or imprint of any nature on the flag;
g) To print, paint or attach representation of the flag on handkerchiefs, napkins, cushions, and other articles of merchandise;
h) To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic establishments, and in offices of international organizations;
i) To use, display or be part of any advertisement or infomercial; and
j) To display the flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens.
The Act mandates that violators shall, upon conviction, be punished by fine or imprisonment.

## Pledge

*Main article: Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat*
The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine flag (distinct from the Patriotic Oath of Allegiance) should be recited while standing with the right hand with palm open raised shoulder high. Individuals whose faith or religious beliefs prohibit them from making such pledge are permitted to excuse themselves, but are required by law to show full respect when the pledge is being rendered by standing at attention.

The law makes no statement regarding the language in which the pledge must be recited, but the pledge is written (and therefore recited) in the Filipino language.

## Flag anthem

*Main article: Lupang Hinirang*
Spanish, Tagalog and English versions of the national anthem have been given official status throughout Philippine history. However, only the most recent and current "Filipino" version is officially recognised by law. The Flag and Heraldic Code, approved on 12 February 1998 specifies, *Lupang Hinirang*, "The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language within or without the country"; violation of the law is punishable by a fine and imprisonment.

## National Flag Day

The National Flag Day in the Philippines is celebrated every 28 May, the very day of the 1898 Battle of Alapan. The official National Flag flying period starts from May 28 and ends on Independence Day, June 12, every year, although the flying period for the flag in homes, businesses and public establishments may start on a specified day of May (to be given by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) and may last till June 30.

## See also

* List of flags of the Philippines
* Flags of the Philippine provinces
* Flags of the Philippine Revolution
* Naval Jack of the Philippines

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lone, Stewart (2007). *Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War*. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-313-33684-3.
2. ↑ Al, Antonio, Et. *Side by Side 5' 2002 Ed*. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 26;. ISBN 978-971-23-3300-2.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1993). *Aguinaldo's breakfast & more Looking back essays*. Anvil Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-971-27-0281-5.
4. ↑ Benjamin R. Beede (1994). *The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia*. Taylor & Francis. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-8240-5624-7.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Al, Carpio, Et. *My Country and My People 5*. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 139. ISBN 978-971-23-2254-9.
6. ↑ President Emilio Aguinaldo, *Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino*, Kawit, Cavite: 12 June 1898, "...triángulo blanco como distintivo de la célebre Sociedad "Katipunan" que por medio de pacto de sangre empujó a las masas a insurreccionarse; representando las tres estrellas las tres principales Islas de este Archipiélago, Luzon, Mindanao y Panay en que estalló este movimento insurreccional; indicando el sol los agigantados pasos que han dado los hijos de este país en el camino del progreso y civilización, simbolizando los ocho rayos de aquél las ocho provincias: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna y Batangas, declarando en estado de guerra apenas se inició la primera insurrección; conmemorando los colores azul, rojo y blanco los de la bandera de los Estados Unidos de la América del Norte, como manifestación de nuestro profundo agradecimiento hacia esta Gran Nación por la desinteresada protección que nos presta y seguirá prestando.", quoted from *Design of the Philippine Flag* in Symbolisms/Meanings in the Philippine Flag, May 18, 2015, National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines.
7. ↑ FULL TEXT: Pres. Benigno Aquino III's Independence Day speech. *Sun.Star* (June 12, 2015). Retrieved on September 23, 2015.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Philippine Declaration of Independence
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Origins of the Symbols of the National Flag.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 A. P. Samest Blaustein; Jay Adrian Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977). *Independence documents of the world. 2*. Brill Archive. p. 570. ISBN 0-379-00795-9.
11. ↑ Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). *The Philippines: A Unique Nation*. All-Nations Pub. p. 259. ISBN 978-971-642-071-5.
12. ↑ Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). *The Philippines: A Unique Nation*. All-Nations Publishing Co. p. 259. ISBN 971-642-071-4.
13. ↑ [English Speech of President Aquino at the celebration of Independence Day]. *Official Gazette*. Government of the Philippines (June 12, 2015).
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 RP flag blooper in New York not intentional—US embassy - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos
15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 Republic Act No. 8491. The Corpus Juris (February 12, 1998)..
16. ↑ Executive Order No. 23, s. 1936. *www.gov.ph*.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 The Philippine National Flag. *Monuments and Heraldry division, National Historical institute*. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27.
18. ↑ Quezon III, Manuel L. (2002-04-12). Philippines: the shade of blue. *Flags of the World*. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved on 2007-12-22.
19. ↑ Dictionary of Vexillology:C. Flags of the World. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
20. ↑ Philippines. Vexilla Mundi. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
21. ↑ Executive Order No. 321, s. 1950. “The Flag, if flown from a flagpole, should have its blue field on top in time of peace and the red field on top in time of war; if in a hanging position, the blue field should be to the right (left of the observer) in time of peace. However, the red should be on the left (of observer) in time of war.”
22. ↑ Republic Act No. 8491. “The flag, if flown from a flagpole, shall have its blue field on top in time of peace and the red field on top in time of war; if in a hanging position, the blue field shall be to the right (left of the observer) in time of peace, and the red field to the right (left of the observer) in time of war.”
23. ↑ E.A. Baja, *Our Country's Flag and Heritage*, 1930, Manila, p. 52
24. ↑ *Manuel Quezon III*, 10 November 2002
25. ↑ File:EDSAIII.png
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 Quezon, Manuel L. III (2002-04-02). History of the Philippines Flag. Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 2008-02-05. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
27. ↑ Renato Perdon (2010). *Footnotes to Philippine History*. Universal-Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-59942-842-0.
28. ↑ Augusto de Viana (May 28, 2008). Where was the Filipino Flag first unfurled?. the Manila Times. Archived from the original on 2008-06-24. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
29. ↑ Want to see PH flag first flown in 1898? Go to Baguio!. *Rappler*.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 The Declining Reverence for the Philippine Flag. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original on April 26, 2013. Retrieved on February 25, 2013..
31. ↑ Today in History. Presidential Museum and Library (30 October 2013). Retrieved on 12 June 2016.
32. ↑ Act No. 1696, s. 1907. Supreme Court Library (23 August 1907). Retrieved on 12 June 2016.
33. ↑ Adjusting the rays of the flag?. *Flags of the World* (1998-03-09). Retrieved on 2008-06-15.
34. ↑ "Ople urges putting of Quezon in rays of Philippine flag", *Philippine Daily Inquirer*, 2003-08-20. Retrieved on 2014-07-23.
35. ↑ Michael Lim Ubac, RP flag to have 9th ray to the sun Archived 2009-09-27 at the Wayback Machine., Philippine Daily Inquirer, September 24, 2009.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Place for Sabah in flag sought", 13 March 2013. Retrieved on 22 October 2014.
37. ↑ Fel V. Maragay. "Crescent moon in flag soon?", June 11, 1995.

## External links

* "The Controversial Philippine National Flag". National Historical Institute of the Philippines. May 14, 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
* The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines
* Philippine at Flags of the World
* Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines at Flags of the World
* How to properly display the Philippine flag.
* History of the Philippine Flag:
	+ Philippines - historical flags of 20th Century, flagspot.net
	+ Filipino Flag - Learn Now FilipinoFlag.net (archived from the original on 2012-06-23)
	+ WATAWAT - FLAGS AND SYMBOLS OF THE PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS
	+ History of the Philippine Flag, Philippines Presidential Museum and Library
	+ Origin of the Symbols of our National Flag, Philippines Presidential Museum and Library
	+ Flags and Banners of the Colonial Era in the Philippines, Philippines Presidential Museum and Library

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