New Classical Architecture

**New Classical architecture** is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical and traditional architecture. The design and construction of buildings in these traditions is continuous throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, even as modernist and other post-classical theories of architecture have been more dominant. Since New Classical architecture is not an architectural style and can appear in various forms, contemporary classical buildings might be also, although not correctly, be described with the terms **Traditionalism**, **Neo-Historism** (or Historicism/Revivalism), or simply **Neoclassical Architecture,** implying the continuation of a specific historical style.

## Development

At the beginning of the 20th century, historicism and Jugendstil were still dominant styles in Germany. The Austrian architect Adolf Loos
 criticized his time's architecture as too "grandiloquent" and
"opulent", and longed for a complete abandonment of architectural ornaments in his 1910 essay *Ornament and Crime*.[2] As early as the first major modernist movements like Werkbund and Bauhaus gained momentum in Germany, the desire to continue and develop classical styles sprouted.[3] From 1904 until around 1955 the *Heimatschutz style* prospered in Germany, which focused on vernacular traditions and can be roughly translated to *cultural protection style*.
 After heavy Allied bombing of Germany in World War II, architects such
as Adolf Abel, Roderich Fick, Konstanty Gutschow, Werner March, Paul
Schmitthenner, Julius Schulte-Frohlinde, and Rudolf Wolters assisted in
the postwar rebuilding of destroyed German cities using Heimatschutz and
 other traditional design methods.

In
 Britain, architect Raymond Erith continued to design classical houses
into the late 1960s and early 1970s. Quinlan Terry, a New Classical
Architect who continues to practice, was an employee, later a partner
and now the successor of the late Raymond Erith. In the late 1970s several young architects in Europe began challenging
modernist proposals in architecture and planning. To broadcast them, Leon Krier and Maurice Culot founded the *Archives d'Architecture Moderne* in Brussels and began publishing texts and counterprojects to modernist proposals in architecture and planning.[4] It received a boost from the sponsorship of Charles, Prince of Wales, especially with The Prince's Foundation for Building Community.[5]

With
 the demand for professors knowledgeable in the history of architecture,
 several PhD programs in schools of architecture arose in order to
differentiate themselves from art history PhD programs, where
architectural historians had previously trained. In the US, MIT and Cornell were the first, created in the mid-1970s, followed by Columbia, Berkeley, and Princeton. Among the founders of new architectural history programs were Bruno Zevi at the Institute for the History of Architecture in Venice, Stanford Anderson and Henry Millon at MIT, Alexander Tzonis at the Architectural Association, Anthony Vidler at Princeton, Manfredo Tafuri at the University of Venice, Kenneth Frampton at Columbia University, and Werner Oechslin and Kurt Forster at ETH Zürich.[6] The
 creation of these programs was paralleled by the hiring, in the 1970s,
of professionally trained historians by schools of architecture:
Margaret Crawford (with a PhD from U.C.L.A) at SCI-Arc; Elisabeth Grossman (PhD, Brown University) at Rhode Island School of Design; Christian Otto (PhD, Columbia University) at Cornell University; Richard Chafee (PhD, Courtauld Institute) at Roger Williams University; and Howard Burns (M.A. Kings College) at Harvard.

In these years postmodern architecture developed a critique of modernist architectural aesthetics.[8]  Among them were certain influential postmodernist architects such as Charles Moore, Robert Venturi,[9] and Michael Graves,
  who used classical elements as ironic motifs in order to criticize
modernism's sterility. A broad spectrum of more than two dozen
architects, theorists, and historians presented other alternatives to
modernism.[10] Among
 them were several serious New Classical architects who saw classicism
as a legitimate mode of architectural expression, several of whom would
later become Driehaus Prize Laureates, including some such as Thomas Beeby and Robert A.M. Stern,
 who practice both in post modern as well as classical modes. Some
postmodernist firms, such as Stern and Albert, Righter, & Tittman,
fully moved from postmodern design to new interpretations of traditional
 architecture.[8] Thomas
 Gordon Smith, the 1979 Rome Prize laureate from the American Academy in
 Rome, was a devotee of Charles Moore. In 1988 Smith Published
"Classical Architecture - Rule and Invention" and in 1989 was appointed
to be chair of the University of Notre Dame Department of Architecture, which is now the School of Architecture.[11] Today other programs exist which teach in part New Classical Architecture at the University of Miami, Judson University, Andrews University and beginning in 2013,[12]  the Center for Advanced Research in Traditional Architecture at the University of Colorado Denver.

Alongside
 these academic and scholarly developments, a populist and professional
manifestation of new classicism has existed and continues to develop.
The 1963 demolition of McKim, Mead & White's Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New York City provoked the formation of Classical America and its regional chapters, led by Henry Hope Reed, Jr..[13]
 Classical America advocated the appreciation of classically inspired
buildings and for the practice of contemporary classical and traditional
 design by teaching architects to draw the classical orders, hosting
walking tours, educational events, conferences and publishing The
Classical America Series in Art and Architecture.[14] In
 2002, the then-named Institute of Classical Architecture merged with
Classical America to form the Institute of Classical Architecture &
Classical America (now the Institute of Classical Architecture & Art).
 The ICAA currently supports and is supported by regional chapters
across the United States, almost all of which host awards programs [15] which recognize significant accomplishments in new classical and traditional design and construction.  The ICAA publishes *The Classicist*,[16] a
 peer-reviewed journal exclusively dedicated to the theory and practice
of contemporary classicism in architecture, urbanism, and the allied
arts.  The ICAA offers educational programs to architecture and design
professionals, many of which follow the methodologies of the École des Beaux-Arts. The ICAA also teaches courses to educate the general public,[17] and
 has created programs such as the Beaux Arts Atelier, the Advanced
Program in Residential Design for the American Institute of Building
Designers, and many other unique programs.

In 2003, Chicago philanthropist Richard H. Driehaus established[18] a
 prize in architecture to be given to an architect "whose work embodies
the principles of classical and traditional architecture and urbanism in
 society, and creates a positive, long lasting impact."  Awarded by the University of Notre Dame School of Architecture, the Driehaus Architecture Prize is seen as the alternative to the modernist Pritzker Prize. The Driehaus Prize is given in conjunction with the Reed Award,
 for an individual working outside the practice of architecture who has
supported the cultivation of the traditional city, its architecture and
art through writing, planning or promotion.[19] Other high-profiled classical architecture awards are the US-American Palladio Award,[20]  the Edmund N. Bacon Prize,[21] and the Rieger Graham Prize[22]  of the Institute of Classical Architecture and Art (ICAA) for architecture graduates.

## Philosophy

Fundamental tenets of the New Classicism include that it is not limited to neoclassical architecture; and that "classical" is not a style in itself, but a way of elevating the art of building to the art of architecture.[23]
 A classical building uses imitation to express its tectonic truth,
which is not the same as the facts of its construction, and finds its
beauty not in originality and style but in the handling of the
traditional forms that have always been its vehicles. Classical
buildings also always account for the differences between the public and
 the private realms in addressing the urban and rural conditions where
they are built. New classical architects also emphasize the awareness of
 sustainability, the aim is to create long-lasting, well-crafted buildings of great quality, with an efficient use of natural resources.[24]

## Education

While
 modernist teaching remains dominant at universities and architecture
faculties around the world, some institutions focus solely, mainly or
partly on teaching the principles of traditional and classical
architecture and urban planning. Some of these are:[25]

### In India

* Tirumala S.V. Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA) in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh[26]

### In the United Kingdom

* Ann's Court, Selwyn College, Cambridge
* Merton College, Oxford
* National Design Academy in Nottingham (heritage interior design)[27]
* The Prince's Foundation for Building Community in London
* The Prince's School of Traditional Arts in London
* Unit 6 of Kingston University London's Master of Architecture program;[28] the

 only postgraduate unit in the United Kingdom to teach classical design.
 Previously, this was taught in the undergraduate program.

* University of Portsmouth in Portsmouth, School of Architecture[29]
* PRASADA - Practice, Research, and Advancement in South Asian Design and Architecture in Cardiff, The Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University

### In the United States

* Whitman College, Princeton University
* Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Michigan[30]
* American College of the Building Arts[31] and School of the Arts at College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina
* The Center for Advanced Research in Traditional Architecture at the University of Colorado in Denver, Colorado
* Grand Central Academy of Art formerly hosted at the Institute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA) in New York City, New York
* Institute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA) in New York City, New York
* University of Notre Dame School of Architecture in Notre Dame, Indiana
* Beaux-Arts Academy in Salt Lake City, Utah[32]
* Academy of Classical Design in Southern Pines, North Carolina