The Art of War/Strategies

## Information

The ***Thirty-Six Stratagems*** is a Chinese essay used to illustrate a series of stratagems used in politics, war, and civil interaction.

Its focus on the use of cunning and deception both on the battlefield and in court have drawn comparisons to Sun Tzu's *The Art of War*. Zhang Yingyu's *The Book of Swindles*, a late-Ming-dynasty work that focuses on the realms of commerce and civil society, shares some thematic similarities.

## Strategies

The *Thirty-Six Stratagems* consists of six chapters, with each chapter consisting of six stratagems.

### Chapter 1: Winning Stratagems (勝戰計, Shèng zhàn jì)

#### Deceive heavens into trusting one does not cross the sea (瞞天過海, Mán tiān guò hǎi)

Mask the real plot by lying or disguising.
#### Besiege Wèi to rescue Zhào (圍魏救趙, Wéi Wèi jiù Zhào)

When an enemy is too strong to be attacked directly, attack its weakness to disintegrate the opposite's strength.
#### Kill with a borrowed knife (借刀殺人, Jiè dāo shā rén)

Attack an enemy using the strength of another.
#### Be prepared and wait for the exhausted enemy (以逸待勞, Yǐ yì dài láo)

It is always advantageous to be prepared well to attack the exhausted enemy.
#### Make a sound in the east, then strike in the west (聲東擊西, Shēng dōng jī xī)

It is a tactics often used to create a fake illusion benumbing the rival's judgement.
### Chapter 2: Enemy Dealing Stratagems (敵戰計, Dí zhàn jì)

#### Create something from nothing (無中生有, Wú zhōng shēng yǒu)

A plain lie. Make somebody believe there was something when there is in fact nothing or vice versa.
#### Openly chisel a tunnle in the steep precipice, but clandestinely go through an easy path (明修棧道，暗渡陳倉, Míng xiū zhàn dào, àn dù Chéncāng)

Deceive the enemy with a highly risky action, because the highly risky action can easily give an illusion of impossibility so as to paralyze the enemy.
Today, "Clandestinely go through an easy path" also has the meaning of having an affair or doing something that is illegal.
#### Watch fires burning on the other bank of the river (隔岸觀火, Gé àn guān huǒ)

Just watch other's suffering from a disaster without giving any help.
#### Hide a knife within a smile (笑裏藏刀, Xiào lǐ cáng dāo)

It looks polite to, but acutally a hideous plot has been clandestinely planned against someone.
#### Sacrifice the plum tree to preserve the peach tree (李代桃僵, Lǐ dài táo jiāng)

There are circumstances where short-term objectives must be sacrificed in order to gain the long-term goal. This is the scapegoat strategy where someone suffers the consequences so that the rest do not.
#### Take the opportunity to pilfer a goat (順手牽羊, Shùn shǒu qiān yáng)

While carrying out one's plans, be flexible enough to take advantage of any opportunity that presents itself, however small, and avail oneself of any profit, however slight.
### Chapter 3: Attacking Stratagems (攻戰計, Gōng zhàn jì)

#### Stomp the grass to scare the snake (打草驚蛇, Dǎ cǎo jīng shé)

Do something unaimed, but spectacular ("hitting the grass") to provoke a response from the enemy ("startle the snake") to have them give away their plans or position. Do something unusual, strange, and unexpected to arouse the enemy's suspicion and disrupt their thinking. It is more widely used as a warning: "[Do not] startle the snake by hitting the grass". An imprudent act will give one's position or intentions away to the enemy.
#### Borrow a corpse to resurrect the soul (借屍還魂, Jiè shī huán hún)

Take an institution, a technology, a method, or even an ideology that has been forgotten or discarded and appropriate it for one's own purposes.
#### Lure the tiger off its mountain lair (調虎離山, Diào hǔ lí shān)

Never directly attack an opponent whose advantage is derived from their position. Instead, lure them away from their position to separate them from their source of strength.
#### In order to capture, one must let loose (欲擒故縱, Yù qín gù zòng)

Cornered prey will often mount a final desperate attack. To prevent this, let the enemy believe they still have a chance for freedom. Their will to fight is hampered by their desire to escape. The enemy's morale will be depleted and they will surrender without a fight when the illusion of escape is revealed.
#### Tossing out a brick to get a jade gem (拋磚引玉, Pāo zhuān yǐn yù)

Bait someone by making them believe they gain something or to just make them react to it ("toss out a brick") to obtain something valuable from them in return ("get a jade gem").
#### Defeat the enemy by capturing their chief (擒賊擒王, Qín zéi qín wáng)

If the enemy's army is strong but is allied to the commander only by money, superstition, or threats, target the leader. If the commander falls, the rest of the army will disperse or join one's side. If they are allied to the leader through loyalty, beware, as the army can continue to fight on after their death out of vengeance.
### Chapter 4: Chaos Stratagems (混戰計, Hùnzhàn jì)

#### Remove the firewood from under the pot (釜底抽薪, Fǔ dǐ chōu xīn)

Take out the leading argument or asset of someone; "steal someone's thunder". This is the essence of the indirect approach: instead of attacking enemy's fighting forces, direct attacks against their ability to wage war. Literally, take the fuel out of the fire.
#### Disturb the water and catch a fish (渾水摸魚／混水摸魚, Hùn shuǐ mō yú)

Create confusion and exploit it to further one's own goals.
#### Slough off the cicada's golden shell (金蟬脱殼, Jīn chán tuō qiào)

Mask oneself. Either leave one's distinctive traits behind and become inconspicuous or masquerade as something or someone else. This strategy is mainly used to escape from a stronger enemy.
#### Shut the door to catch the thief (關門捉賊, Guān mén zhuō zéi)

To capture one's enemy, or more generally in fighting wars, to deliver the final blow to the enemy, plan prudently for success; do not rush into action. Before "moving in for the kill", first cut off the enemy's escape routes and any routes from external aid.
#### Befriend a distant state and strike a neighbouring one (遠交近攻, Yuǎn jiāo jìn gōng)

Invading nations close to oneself carries a higher chance of success. The battlefields are close to one's domain and as such is easier for one's troops to receive supplies and defend the conquered land. Make allies with nations far away from oneself, as it is unwise to invade them.
#### Obtain safe passage to conquer the State of Guo (假途伐虢, Jiǎ tú fá Guó)

Borrow the resources of an ally to attack a common enemy. Once the enemy is defeated, use those resources to turn on the ally that lent them in the first place.
### Chapter 5: Proximate Stratagems (並戰計, Bìng zhàn jì)

#### Replace the beams with rotten timbers (偷梁換柱, Tōu liáng huàn zhù)

Disrupt the enemy's formations, interfere with their methods of operations, and change the rules that they are used to following. In this way the supporting pillar, the common link that makes a group of men an effective fighting force, is removed.
#### Point at the mulberry tree while cursing the locust tree (指桑罵槐, Zhǐ sāng mà huái)

To discipline, control, or warn others whose status or position excludes them from direct confrontation; use analogy and innuendo. Without directly naming names, those accused cannot retaliate without revealing their complicity.
#### Feign madness but keep your balance (假痴不癲, Jiǎ chī bù diān)

Pretend to be incompetent to create confusion about one's intentions and motivations. Lure the opponent into underestimating one's ability until they drop their guard.
#### Remove the ladder when the enemy has ascended to the roof (上屋抽梯, Shàng wū chōu tī)

With baits and deceptions, lure the enemy into treacherous terrain and cut off their lines of communication and escape routes. To save themselves, they must fight both one's own forces and the elements of nature.
#### Decorate the tree with false blossoms (樹上開花, Shù shàng kāi huā)

Tying silk blossoms on a dead tree gives the illusion that the tree is healthy. Using artifice and disguise, make something worthless appear valuable and vice versa.
#### Make the host and the guest exchange roles (反客為主, Fǎn kè wéi zhǔ)

Usurp leadership in a situation where one is normally subordinate. Infiltrate one's target. Initially, pretend to be a guest to be accepted, but develop from inside and become the owner later.
### Chapter 6: Desperate Stratagems (敗戰計, Bài zhàn jì)

#### The beauty trap (Honeypot) (美人計, Měi rén jì)

Send the enemy beautiful women to cause discord within his camp. This strategy can work on three levels. First, the ruler becomes so enamoured with the beauty that he neglects his duties and allows his vigilance to wane. Second, the group of men will begin to have issues if the desired women court another man, thus creating conflict and aggressive behavior. Third, other females at court, motivated by jealousy and envy, begin to plot subversions that further exacerbate the situation.
#### The empty fort strategy (空城計, Kōng chéng jì)

When the enemy has stronger forces and one expects to be overrun at any moment, act calmly and taunt the enemy, so that the enemy thinks they are walking into an ambush. This stratagem is only successful if in most cases one has a powerful hidden force and the stratagem is seldom used.
#### Let the enemy's own spy sow discord in the enemy camp (反間計, Fǎn jiàn jì)

Undermine the enemy's ability to fight by secretly causing discord between them and their friends, allies, advisors, family, commanders, soldiers, and population. While they are preoccupied with settling internal disputes, their ability to attack or defend is compromised.
#### Inflict injury on oneself to win the enemy's trust (苦肉計, Kǔ ròu jì)

Pretending to be injured has two advantages: first, the enemy is lulled into lowering their guard since as they no longer consider one to be an immediate threat. Second, ingratiating oneself with the enemy by pretending the injury was caused by a mutual enemy conserves one's strength while one's enemies fight each other.
#### Chain stratagems (連環計, Lián huán jì)

In important matters, one should use several stratagems applied simultaneously after another as in a chain of stratagems. Keep different plans operating in an overall scheme; if any one strategy fails, apply the next strategy.
#### If all else fails, retreat (走為上策, Zǒu wéi shàng cè)

If it becomes obvious that one's current course of action will lead to defeat, retreat and regroup. When one's side is losing, three choices remain: surrender, compromise, or escape. Surrender is complete defeat, compromise is half defeat, but escape is not defeat. As long as one is not defeated, there is still a chance. This is the most famous of the stratagems and is immortalized in the form of a Chinese idiom: "Of the Thirty-Six Stratagems, fleeing is best" (三十六計，走為上計, Sānshíliù jì, zǒu wéi shàng jì).