David Cronenberg

Canadian filmmakerTemplate:SHORTDESC:Canadian filmmaker[[Category:**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Pagetype/config' not found.**s with short description]]

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* screenwriter

**David Paul Cronenberg** CC OOnt (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian filmmaker.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.** He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre, with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation, infection, technology and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical. In the first third of his career he explored these themes mostly through horror and science fiction films such as *Scanners* (1981) and *Videodrome* (1983), although his work has since expanded beyond these genres.

Cronenberg's films have polarized critics and audiences alike; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence. *The Village Voice* called him "the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world". His films have won numerous awards, including, for *Crash*, the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually, but only at the request of the official jury, who in this case gave the award "for originality, for daring and for audacity".

## Early life

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Cronenberg is the son of Esther (*née* Sumberg), a musician, and Milton Cronenberg, a writer and editor. He was raised in a "middle-class progressive Jewish family". His father was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and his mother was born in Toronto; all of his grandparents were from Lithuania.

He began writing as a child and wrote constantly. He attended high school at Harbord Collegiate Institute and North Toronto Collegiate Institute. A keen interest in science, especially botany and lepidopterology, led him to enter the Honours Science program at the University of Toronto in 1963, but he switched to Honours English Language and Literature later in his first year.

Cronenberg's fascination with the film *Winter Kept Us Warm* (1966), by classmate David Secter, sparked his interest in film. He began frequenting film camera rental houses, learning the art of filmmaking, and made two 16mm films (*Transfer* and *From the Drain*). Inspired by the New York underground film scene, he founded the Toronto Film Co-op with Iain Ewing and Ivan Reitman. After taking a year off to travel in Europe, he returned to Canada in 1967 and graduated from University College at the top of his class.

## Career

After two short sketch films and two short art-house features (the black-and-white *Stereo* and the colour *Crimes of the Future*) Cronenberg went into partnership with Ivan Reitman. The Canadian government provided financing for his films throughout the 1970s. He alternated his signature "body horror" films such as *Shivers* with projects reflecting his interest in car racing and bike gangs (*Fast Company*). *Rabid* provided pornographic actress Marilyn Chambers with work in a different genre. (Cronenberg's first choice for the role had been a then little-known Sissy Spacek). *Rabid* was a breakthrough with international distributors, and his next two horror features gained stronger support.

Cronenberg's films follow a definite progression: a movement from the social world to the inner life. In his early films, scientists modify human bodies, which results in the breakdown of social order (e.g. *Shivers*, *Rabid*). In his middle period, the chaos wrought by the scientist is more personal, (e.g. *The Brood*, *Scanners*, *Videodrome*). In the later middle period, the scientist himself is altered by his experiment (e.g. his remake of *The Fly*). This trajectory culminates in *Dead Ringers* in which a twin pair of gynecologists spiral into codependency and drug addiction. His later films tend more to the psychological, often contrasting subjective and objective realities (*Existenz*, *M. Butterfly*, *Spider*).Template:Citation needed

Cronenberg has cited William S. Burroughs and Vladimir Nabokov as influences. Perhaps the best example of a film that straddles the line between his works of personal chaos and psychological confusion is Cronenberg's 1991 "adaptation" of *Naked Lunch* (1959), his literary hero William S. Burroughs' most controversial book. The novel was considered "unfilmable", and Cronenberg acknowledged that a straight translation into film would "cost 400 million dollars and be banned in every country in the world". Instead—much like in his earlier film, *Videodrome*—he consistently blurred the lines between what appeared to be reality and what appeared to be hallucinations brought on by the main character's drug addiction. Some of the book's "moments" (as well as incidents loosely based upon Burroughs' life) are presented in this manner within the film. Cronenberg stated that while writing the screenplay for *Naked Lunch* (1991), he felt a moment of synergy with Burroughs' writing style. He felt the connection between his screenwriting style and Burroughs' prose style was so strong, that he jokingly remarked that should Burroughs pass on, "I'll just write his next book."Template:Citation needed

Cronenberg has said that his films should be seen "from the point of view of the disease", and that in *Shivers*, for example, he identifies with the characters *after* they become infected with the anarchic parasites. Disease and disaster, in Cronenberg's work, are less problems to be overcome than agents of personal transformation. Of his characters' transformations, Cronenberg said, "But because of our necessity to impose our own structure of perception on things we look on ourselves as being relatively stable. But, in fact, when I look at a person I see this maelstrom of organic, chemical and electron chaos; volatility and instability, shimmering; and the ability to change and transform and transmute." Similarly, in *Crash* (1996), people who have been injured in car crashes attempt to view their ordeal as "a fertilizing rather than a destructive event". In 2005, Cronenberg publicly disagreed with Paul Haggis' choice of the same name for the latter's Oscar-winning film *Crash* (2004), arguing that it was "very disrespectful" to the "important and seminal" J.G. Ballard novel on which Cronenberg's film was based.

Aside from *The Dead Zone* (1983) and *The Fly* (1986), Cronenberg has not generally worked within the world of big-budget, mainstream Hollywood filmmaking, although he has had occasional near misses. At one stage he was considered by George Lucas as a possible director for *Return of the Jedi* (1983) but was passed over. Cronenberg also worked for nearly a year on a version of *Total Recall* (1990), but experienced "creative differences" with producers Dino De Laurentiis and Ronald Shusett; a different version of the film was eventually made by Paul Verhoeven. A fan of Philip K. Dick's, author of "We Can Remember it For You Wholesale", the short story upon which the film was based, Cronenberg related in the biography/overview of his work, ''Cronenberg on Cronenberg'' (1992) that his dissatisfaction with what he envisioned the film to be and what it ended up being pained him so greatly that for a time, he suffered a migraine just thinking about it, akin to a needle piercing his eye.

In the late 1990s, Cronenberg was announced as director of a sequel to another Verhoeven film, *Basic Instinct* (1992), but this also fell through. His thriller *A History of Violence* (2005) is one of his highest budgeted and most accessible to date. He has said that the decision to direct it was influenced by his having had to defer some of his salary on the low-budgeted *Spider* (2002), but it was one of his most critically acclaimed films to date, along with *Eastern Promises* (2007), a film about the struggle of one man to gain power in the Russian Mafia.

 File:Director DAVID CRONENBERG of the film 'Spider' during the Toronto International Film Festival.jpg
Cronenberg has collaborated with composer Howard Shore on all of his films since *The Brood* (1979), (see List of noted film director and composer collaborations) with the exception of *The Dead Zone* (1983), which was scored by Michael Kamen. Other regular collaborators include actor Robert Silverman, art director Carol Spier, sound editor Bryan Day, film editor Ronald Sanders, his sister, costume designer Denise Cronenberg, and, from 1979 until 1988, cinematographer Mark Irwin. In 2008, Cronenberg directed Howard Shore's first opera, *The Fly*.

Since *Dead Ringers* (1988), Cronenberg has worked with cinematographer Peter Suschitzky on each of his films (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations). Suschitzky was the director of photography for *The Empire Strikes Back* (1980), and Cronenberg remarked that Suschitzky's work in that film "was the only one of those movies that actually looked good", which was a motivating factor to work with him on *Dead Ringers*.

Although Cronenberg has worked with a number of Hollywood stars, he remains a staunchly Canadian filmmaker, with nearly all of his films (including major studio vehicles *The Dead Zone* and *The Fly*) having been filmed in his home province Ontario. Notable exceptions include *M. Butterfly* (1993), most of which was shot in China, *Spider*, and *Eastern Promises* (2007), which were both filmed primarily in England, and *A Dangerous Method* (2011), which was filmed in Germany and Austria. *Rabid* and *Shivers* were shot in and around Montreal. Most of his films have been at least partially financed by Telefilm Canada, and Cronenberg, a vocal supporter of government-backed film projects, has said: "Every country needs [a system of government grants] to have a national cinema in the face of Hollywood".

Cronenberg has also appeared as an actor in other directors' films. Most of his roles are cameo appearances, as in the films *Into the Night* (1985), *Blood and Donuts* (1995), *To Die For* (1995), and *Jason X* (2002) and the television series *Alias*, but on occasion he has played major roles, as in *Nightbreed* (1990) and *Last Night* (1998). He has not played major roles in any of his own films, but he did put in a brief appearance as a gynecologist in *The Fly*; he can also be glimpsed among the sex-crazed hordes in *Shivers*; he can be heard as an unseen car-pound attendant in *Crash*; his hands can be glimpsed in *eXistenZ* (1999); and he appeared as a stand-in for James Woods in *Videodrome* for shots in which Woods' character wore a helmet that covered his head.

In 2008, Cronenberg realized two extra-cinematographic projects: the exhibition *Chromosomes* at the Rome Film Fest, and the opera *The Fly* at the LaOpera in Los Angeles and Theatre Châtelet in Paris. In July 2010, Cronenberg completed production on *A Dangerous Method* (2011), an adaptation of Christopher Hampton's play *The Talking Cure*, starring Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, and frequent collaborator Viggo Mortensen. The film was produced by independent British producer Jeremy Thomas.

In 2012, his film *Cosmopolis* competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

In the October 2011 edition of *Rue Morgue*, Cronenberg stated that he has written a companion piece to his 1986 remake of *The Fly*, which he would like to direct if given the chance. He has stated that it is not a traditional sequel, but rather a "parallel story".Template:Citation needed

For a time it appeared that, as *Eastern Promises* producer Paul Webster told Screen International, a sequel is in the works that would reunite the key team of Cronenberg, Steven Knight, and Viggo Mortensen. The film was to be made by Webster's new production company *Shoebox Films* in collaboration with Focus Features, and shot in early 2013. However, in 2012, Cronenberg commented that the *Eastern Promises* sequel had fallen through due to budget disagreement with Focus Features.

Filming for Cronenberg's next film, a satire drama entitled *Maps to the Stars* (2014)—with Julianne Moore, Mia Wasikowska, John Cusack, and Robert Pattinson—began on July 8, 2013 in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles. This was the first time Cronenberg filmed in the United States.

In a September 2013 interview, Cronenberg stated that he is not concerned about posthumous representations of his film work: "It wouldn't disturb me to think that my work would just sink beneath the waves without trace and that would be it. So what? It doesn't bother me." In the same interview, Cronenberg revealed that it depends on the "time of day" as to whether or not he is afraid of death.

On June 26, 2014, Cronenberg's short film *The Nest* was published on YouTube. The film was commissioned for "David Cronenberg – The Exhibition" at EYE Film Institute in Amsterdam and was available on YouTube for the duration of the exhibition, until September 14, 2014.

In a May 2016 interview, Viggo Mortensen revealed that Cronenberg is considering retiring due to difficulty financing his film projects.

### Fiction

In 2014, Cronenberg published his first novel, *Consumed*.

## Personal life

Cronenberg lives in Toronto.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.** He married his first wife, Margaret Hindson, in 1972: their seven-year marriage ended in 1979 amidst personal and professional differences. They had one daughter, Cassandra Cronenberg. His second wife was film editor Carolyn Zeifman, to whom he was married until her death in 2017. The couple met on the set of *Rabid* while she was working as a production assistant. They have two children, Caitlin and Brandon. In the book *Cronenberg on Cronenberg* (1992), he revealed that *The Brood* was inspired by events that occurred during the unraveling of his first marriage, which caused both Cronenberg and his daughter Cassandra a great deal of turmoil. The character Nola Carveth, mother of the brood, is based on Cassandra's mother. Cronenberg said that he found the shooting of the climactic scene, in which Nola was strangled by her husband, to be "very satisfying".**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.**

In a September 2013 interview, Cronenberg revealed that film director Martin Scorsese admitted to him that he was intrigued by Cronenberg's early work but was subsequently "terrified" to meet him in person. Cronenberg responded to Scorsese: "You're the guy who made *Taxi Driver* and you're afraid to meet me?" In the same interview, Cronenberg identified as an atheist. "Anytime I've tried to imagine squeezing myself into the box of any particular religion, I find it claustrophobic and oppressive," Cronenberg elaborated. "I think atheism is an acceptance of what is real." In a 2007 interview, Cronenberg explained the role atheism plays in his work. He stated, "I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife. There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me." In a separate 2013 interview, Cronenberg discussed the role religion plays in his films, using *Eastern Promises* as the main example:

> "I'm an atheist but not all my characters are atheists. So it's true that I don't think about God ever as part of my life or anything. But if you're a dramatist and you are working with characters who come from a particular culture, you have to accept their understanding of life, and with passion. So the Nikolai character, I'm pretty sure he believes in God and most of the other characters in the movie do too. Some of them are Muslim, some of them are Eastern Orthodox, and that's a part of their life, a part of their understanding of suffering. Because everybody in life suffers but not everybody thinks of that in religious terms. These people do. And they think of suffering as a way to salvation, also in religious terms. I am their God really, as I am creating them; that's religious in itself. I am a very hardcore atheist believe me but you become like an actor really, as a director or a writer. You must take on the character as that character is and believe in it as you're playing it. To allow that character to exist as he would exist. That's really what it's all about, so I have no problem with characters who are religious and believe in God. I would have a problem if that was the point of the whole story because that bores me and I just don't have any emotional or intellectual respect for it, frankly."
>
>

## Filmography

### Acting roles

Television spots

* *Jim Ritchie Sculptor* (1971)
* *Letter from Michelangelo* (1971)
* *Tourettes* (1971)
* *Don Valley* (1972)
* *Fort York* (1972)
* *Lakeshore* (1972)
* *Winter Garden* (1972)
* *Scarborough Bluffs* (1972)
* *In the Dirt* (1972)

Television series

* *Programme X*
	+ Episode: "Secret Weapons" (1972)
* *Peep Show*
	+ Episodes: "The Victim" (1975) & "The Lie Chair" [1975]
* *Teleplay*
	+ Episode: "The Italian Machine" (1976)
* *Friday the 13th: The Series*
	+ Episode: "Faith Healer" (1987)
* *Scales of Justice*
	+ Episodes: "Regina vs Horvath" (1990) & "Regina vs Logan" (1990)

Commercials

* *Hydro*
	+ Client: Ontario Hydro
	+ Product: Energy conservation
	+ Agency: Burghardt Wolowich Crunkhorn
	+ Production company: The Partners' Film Company Ltd.
	+ Format: 4 x 30-second commercials
	+ Titles: *Hot Showers*, *Laundry*, *Cleaners*, *Timers*
* *Caramilk*
	+ Client: William Neilson Ltd.
	+ Product: Cadbury Caramilk
	+ Agency: Scali McCabe, Sloves (Canada) Ltd.
	+ Production company: The Partners' Film Company Ltd.
	+ Format: 2 x 30-second commercials
	+ Titles: *Bistro*, *Surveillance*
* *Nike*
	+ Client: Nike International
	+ Product: Nike Air 180
	+ Agency: Wieden and Kennedy
	+ Production company: The Partners' Film Company Ltd.
	+ Format: 1 x 15-second/4 x 30-second commercials
	+ Title: *Transformation*

## Awards and recognition Template:Anchor

Cronenberg has appeared on various "Greatest Director" lists. In 2004, Science Fiction magazine *Strange Horizons* named him the second greatest director in the history of the genre, ahead of better known directors such as Steven Spielberg, James Cameron, Jean-Luc Godard, and Ridley Scott. In the same year, *The Guardian* listed him 9th on their list of "The world's 40 best directors". In 2007, Total Film named him as the 17th greatest director of all-time. Film professor Charles Derry, in his overview of the horror genre *Dark Dreams*, called the director one of the most important in his field, and that "no discussion of contemporary horror film can conclude without reference to the films of David Cronenberg."

Cronenberg received the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival for *Crash*. In 1999, he was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame, awarded the Silver Bear Award at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. and that November received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts.

In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada (the order's highest rank) in 2014. In 2006 he was awarded the Cannes Film Festival's lifetime achievement award, the Carrosse d'Or. In 2009 Cronenberg received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France. The following year Cronenberg was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin.Template:Citation needed In 2012, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.

The opening of the "David Cronenberg: Evolution" Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) exhibition occurred on October 30, 2013. Held at the TIFF Bell Lightbox venue, the exhibition paid tribute to the director's entire filmmaking career and the festival's promotional material referred to Cronenberg as "one of Canada's most prolific and iconic filmmakers". The exhibition was shown internationally following the conclusion of the TIFF showing on January 19, 2014.

In 2014, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being "Canada's most celebrated internationally acclaimed filmmaker".

In April 2018, it was announced that Cronenberg would receive the honorary Golden Lion at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.

### Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television

**Best Picture**

**Best Director**

**Best Screenplay**

## Writings

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## References

1. ↑ "Cronenberg defends movie's naked bathhouse scene", *CTVNews* (September 11, 2007).
2. ↑ "Director David Cronenberg: Responsible violence?". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Movies/09/21/david.cronenberg/.
3. ↑ J. Hoberman (May 17, 2005). "Historical Oversight". *The Village Voice*. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080807/http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-05-17/film/historical-oversight/. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
4. ↑ "Secrets and Lies' Wins the Top Prize at Cannes", *The New York Times* (May 21, 1996). Retrieved on September 20, 2018.
5. ↑ "David Cronenberg Biography (1943–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/David-Cronenberg.html. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120817024054/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/david-cronenberg/biography. Retrieved 19 August 2012. ."
7. ↑ "Canadian Icon: David Cronenberg". April 14, 2014. http://thechronicleherald.ca/heraldmagazine/99409-canadian-icon-david-cronenberg. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
8. ↑ "Film-Related 2007". http://www.viggo-works.com/index.php?page=1392. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
9. ↑ "David Cronenberg: Full Biography" (January 8, 2012). Retrieved on April 16, 2017. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009.
10. ↑ Template:Cite book
11. ↑ Gordon, Bette (Winter 1989). "David Cronenberg", *BOMB Magazine*. Retrieved on July 25, 2011.
12. ↑ "Double Trouble", *Slate* (May 12, 2005). Retrieved on December 13, 2009.
13. ↑ Template:Cite book
14. ↑ "David Cronenberg Re-Examines David Cronenberg". Film Freak Central. March 9, 2003. Archived from the original on April 1, 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20030401142610/http://filmfreakcentral.net/notes/dcronenbergretrointerview.htm. Retrieved March 9, 2003.
15. ↑ Phipps, Keith. "David Cronenberg". *The A.V. Club*. http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22500. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
16. ↑ "Viggo Mortensen Replaces Christoph Waltz As Sigmund Freud in David Cronenberg's 'The Talking Cure'". March 9, 2010. http://theplaylist.blogspot.com/2010/03/viggo-mortensen-replaces-christoph.html. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
17. ↑ "Keira Knightley Takes The Talking Cure", *Empire* (December 23, 2009). Retrieved on May 18, 2011.
18. ↑ "2012 Official Selection". http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/58878.html. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
19. ↑ "Cannes Film Festival 2012 line-up announced", *Time Out*. Retrieved on April 19, 2012.
20. ↑ "Paul Webster". http://www.screendaily.com/reports/one-on-one/paul-webster/5040550.article?blocktitle=One-On-One&contentID=1799. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
21. ↑ "Exclusive: David Cronenberg Shares Details Of Canceled ‘Eastern Promises 2’ & ‘The Fly’ Remake", IndieWire, Penske Business Media, LLC (December 14, 2012). Retrieved on January 19, 2018.
22. ↑ "David Cronenberg's 'Maps to the Stars' Finds Julianne Moore, John Cusack & EOne". Deadline Hollywood. http://www.deadline.com/2013/04/david-cronenberg-julianne-moore-john-cusack-robert-pattinson-maps-to-the-stars-entertainment-one/#. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
23. ↑ "Julianne Moore, John Cusack & Sarah Gadon Join Robert Pattinson in David Cronenberg's 'Map to the Stars'". http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/julianne-moore-john-cusack-sarah-gadon-join-robert-pattinson-in-david-cronenbergs-maps-to-the-stars-20130418. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
24. ↑ "Cronenberg starts Maps shoot". http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/cronenberg-starts-maps-shoot/5058318.article#.UeRHiRx5XpE.twitter. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
25. ↑ "David Cronenberg Says His Novel May Arrive in 2013, Talks Working With Robert Pattinson, 'Map to the Stars' & More". http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/david-cronenberg-talks-cosmopolis-robert-pattinson-his-novel-and-what-he-really-thought-of-dark-knight-rises-20130103. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Henry Barnes (September 12, 2013). "David Cronenberg: 'I never thought of myself as a prophet'". Retrieved on September 13, 2013.
27. ↑ Template:Cite book
28. ↑ Nordine, Michael; Nordine, Michael (May 12, 2016). "David Cronenberg: Why He’s Considering Retiring From Filmmaking". https://www.indiewire.com/2016/05/david-cronenberg-why-hes-considering-retiring-from-filmmaking-290720/.
29. ↑ "David Cronenberg's consuming obsession", *Quill and Quire*. Retrieved on November 16, 2014.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Carolyn Cronenberg, Film Editor and Wife of David Cronenberg, Dies at 66", *The Hollywoord Reporter* (July 5, 2017).
31. ↑ Mottram, James (October 21, 2007). "David Cronenberg: 'I'm not ready to embrace Hollywood respectability quite yet". Retrieved on January 8, 2012.
32. ↑ Guttsman, Janet (September 10, 2007). "Cronenberg gets down and dirty with Russian mob", Reuters.  "I'm an atheist," Cronenberg said."
33. ↑ "Interview", *Esquire* (February 1992).  "I'm simply a nonbeliever and have been forever. ... I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife. There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me."
34. ↑ "Cronenberg on Cronenberg / April 29, 2013". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDE8HDjTN1Q.
35. ↑ 10-minute dramatic short for the TIFF exhibition *David Cronenberg: Evolution* (Toronto 2013/14); Howell, Peter (October 31, 2013). "David Cronenberg at TIFF: Evolution, Mugwumps and Kubrick", *The Star* (Toronto). Retrieved on November 5, 2013.
36. ↑ Cronenberg, David; Irwin, Mark (2004). *Director David Cronenberg and Director of Photography Mark Irwin commentary on Videodrome* [DVD; Audio Track 2]. Criterion Collection. (According to the DVD, the commentary was recorded in Toronto and Los Angeles in the winter and spring of 2004)
37. ↑ Jeremy Adam Smith (April 19, 2004). "The Ten Best Science Fiction Film Directors", *strangehorizons.com*. Retrieved on May 18, 2011.
38. ↑ "The world's 40 best directors", *The Guardian* (London). Retrieved on May 18, 2011.
39. ↑ "Greatest Directors Ever". August 20, 2007. http://www.totalfilm.com/features/the\_greatest\_directors\_ever\_-\_part\_2. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
40. ↑ Template:Citation
41. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Crash". *festival-cannes.com*. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4682/year/1996.html. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
42. ↑ "David Cronenberg, film director, Cannes Film Festival winner". Archived from the original on August 26, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060826110041/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/99\_david\_cronenberg.xml.htm.
43. ↑ "Berlinale: 1999 Prize Winners". *berlinale.de*. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/03\_preistr\_ger\_1999/03\_Preistraeger\_1999.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
44. ↑ "David Cronenberg biography". Governor General's Performing Arts Awards Foundation. http://ggpaa.ca/award-recipients/1999/cronenberg-david.aspx. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
45. ↑ "Order of Canada Appointments" (June 30, 2014). Retrieved on July 1, 2014.
46. ↑ Dupont, Joan (May 19, 2006). "Cronenberg: An intellectual with ominous powers", *The New York Times*. Retrieved on April 30, 2011.
47. ↑ "Cronenberg to receive France's Légion d'honneur", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (March 12, 2009). Retrieved on January 25, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2009.
48. ↑ "Diamond Jubilee Gala toasts exceptional Canadians", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (June 18, 2012). Retrieved on June 19, 2012.
49. ↑ "Evolution". *tiff.*. Toronto International Film Festival Inc.. September 2013. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130909055438/http://tiff.net/cronenbergparty. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
50. ↑ "New Appointees to the Order of Ontario". January 23, 2014. http://news.ontario.ca/mci/en/2014/01/new-appointees-to-the-order-of-ontario.html.
51. ↑ "A David Cronenberg il Leone d'oro alla Carriera". April 19, 2018. http://www.adnkronos.com/intrattenimento/spettacolo/2018/04/19/david-cronenberg-leone-oro-alla-carriera\_OYgfPwjzOSxyHIyKUkDJQO.html.

## Further reading

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* Humm, Maggie. "Cronenberg's Films and Feminist Theories of Mothering", *Feminism and Film*, Edinburgh University Press.
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## External links

Template:Commons
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* Template:IMDb name
* The Literary Adaptations of David Cronenberg (via LitReactor, 2011)
* David Cronenberg Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
* David Cronenberg Profile by *The New York Times Magazine* (September 2005)
* *Teleplay* episode "The Italian Machine" online at the Channel4 website (RealMedia)

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