The Film

Film Poster

### Starring

Harry Andrews, Michael Caine, Trevor Howard, Curd Jürgens, Ian McShane, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Nigel Patrick, Christopher Plummer, Michael Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Robert Shaw, Patrick Wymark and Susannah York

## Release Details

### Box Office

$13 million

Source

***Battle of Britain*** is a 1969 Second World War film directed by Guy Hamilton, and produced by Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz. The film documented the events of the Battle of Britain. The film drew many respected British actors to accept roles as key figures of the battle, including Laurence Olivier as Sir Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park. It also starred Michael Caine, Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders. The script by James Kennaway and Wilfred Greatorex was based on the book *The Narrow Margin* by Derek Wood and Derek Dempster.

The film endeavoured to be an accurate account of the Battle of Britain, when in the summer and autumn of 1940 the British RAF inflicted a strategic defeat on the *Luftwaffe* and so ensured the cancellation of Operation Sea Lion – Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Britain. The film is notable for its spectacular flying sequences, in contrast with the unsatisfactory model work seen in *Angels One Five* (1952). It was on a far larger scale than had been seen on film before and this made the film's production very expensive.

## Plot

During the Battle of France in June 1940, RAF pilots evacuate a small airfield in advance of the German *Blitzkrieg*. The pilots, along with British and French military, leave just as German aircraft arrive and execute a heavy strafing attack. RAF Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding (Laurence Olivier), realising that an imminent invasion of Great Britain will require every available aircraft and airman to counter it, stops additional aircraft being deployed to France so that they are available to defend Britain. In the next dramatic scene, French civilians watch in grim despair as a convoy of German troops marches into France and takes control.

At the deserted beaches of Dunkirk, the BBC reports British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's declaration that "what General Weygand called the 'Battle of France' is over, the Battle of Britain is about to begin".Luftwaffe Inspector-General Field Marshal Milch arrives to inspect a large German airfield in captured France. Hundreds of Heinkel He 111 bomber aircraft are stationed under Luftwaffe General Kesselring's command.

Luftwaffe commanders are stunned when the Führer informs them that the British are not their "natural enemy" and delays their attack while attempting a diplomatic settlement. In neutral Switzerland, the German ambassador, Baron von Richter (Curd Jürgens) officially proposes new peace terms to his British counterpart, Sir David Kelly (Ralph Richardson), stating that continuing to fight the "masters" of Europe is hopeless. Kelly's brave retort, "Don't threaten or dictate to us until you're marching up Whitehall ... and even then we won't listen", is followed by a private comment to his wife that von Richter is probably correct. In England, commanders celebrate their good fortune, using the delay to build up their strength and continually train their pilots and ground controllers.

The wait finally ends when Luftwaffe pilots receive orders to move to the front, where troops are preparing for a sea-borne invasion. The campaign begins with the Luftwaffe launching an early morning assault on "Eagle Day". The plan is to destroy the RAF on the ground before they have time to launch their Spitfire and Hurricane fighters.

Eagle Day proves highly successful, with attacks on British[ radar installations by Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers. Two radar stations are put out of action and a number of British airfields are damaged or destroyed but British losses are relatively light. A grueling battle of attrition ensues, with the RAF airfields under repeated attack while inflicting heavy, but non-critical, damage on the attacking forces.

Adding to the RAF's problems is a battle between the commanding officers of 11 Group, Keith Park (Trevor Howard), and 12 Group, Trafford Leigh-Mallory (Patrick Wymark). 12 Group is tasked with protecting 11 Group's airfields while 11 Group meets the enemy, but in raid after raid 12 Group aircraft are nowhere to be seen. Called to meet Dowding, Leigh-Mallory explains that the "Big Wing" tactic takes time for form up, while Park complains that the tactic simply is not working. Dowding ends the debate noting a critical shortage of pilots, wearily remarking, "We're fighting for survival, and losing."

The turning point occurs when a squadron of German bombers becomes lost in bad weather at night and drops bombs on London. In retaliation, the RAF attacks Berlin. Though the damage is negligible, an enraged Adolf Hitler publicly orders London to be razed. Hermann Göring (Hein Riess) arrives in France to personally command the attack, confident that the end of the battle nears. Their first attack skirts the RAF, who are still defending their airfields to the south, and they bomb unopposed. Night time attacks follow and London burns.

One of the film's most poignant scenes takes place during the Blitz. Non-commissioned fighter pilot Andy Moore (Ian McShane) comes home on leave and is furious to discover that his family have returned to London from their place ofevacuation. Meeting them in a shelter during a raid, he gives his children presents of carved model aeroplanes, and tells his wife she must return them to the country at once. As they argue, an ARP warden arrives with news of a family trapped in a burning house. Andy goes to help, but returns later to find that the shelter destroyed and his family dead.

Meanwhile, to supplement Commonwealth forces, the RAF has been forming units of foreign pilots who have escaped German-occupied countries; the main difficulty is their lack of English-language skills. While on a training flight, a Free Polish squadron accidentally runs into an unescorted flight of German bombers. Ignoring the commands of their British training officer, they peel off one by one and shoot down several of the bombers with unorthodox aggressive tactics. Park rewards them by elevating them to operational status, leading Dowding to do the same for the Canadian and Czech squadrons as well.

While discussing the day's events, Park and Dowding examine the German switch to London. Given a respite, Park notes that he will be able to repair his airfields and bring his squadrons back to full strength. Dowding adds that 12 Group units north of London are now all within range, while enemy fighters are at the extreme edge of their own range. He concludes that "turning on London could be the German's biggest blunder."

The next German daytime raid is met by a massive response; watching his formations build up in 11 Group's operations room, Wing Commander Willoughby (Robert Flemyng) wryly states "this should give them something to think about." RAF fighters arranged into large groups, attack en masse, overwhelming the German raids. Luftwaffe losses are now critical and Göring is incensed, ordering his fighters remain with the bombers, an order the pilots hate because it robs them of the mobility required to keep the British squadrons off the German bombers. Losses continue to mount on both sides.

The climactic air battle of 15 September 1940 arrives, with Winston Churchill in attendance at 11 Group's operations room. In the underground bunker, British ground control personnel order every squadron into the air to meet the massive attack. Intense combat in the sky over London follows, with both sides taking heavy losses. The outcome is so confused that Dowding refuses to comment on the events.

The next day the RAF anxiously await a raid that never comes. Likewise the Luftwaffe is disheartened by heavy losses and also await orders that never come to resume raiding. Two German anti-aircraft gunners, who had earlier observed a French port teeming with Kriegsmarine vessels and landing barges, now observe a deserted harbour basin. Göring leaves the front, accusing his commanders of betrayal. Dowding looks out over the gardens and up to the sky where the words of Winston Churchill appear onscreen: *"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."*

## Errors and Explanations

### Internet Movie Database

#### Continuity

1. Harold Balfour, Under-Secretary of State for Air (Harry Andrews' character) is seen seated at his desk, wearing glasses, reading Dowding's letter to Churchill. As Dowding enters the room Balfour turns to speak to him and his glasses are now absent. The timing of the scene precludes him removing them as part of the action. **He could have quickly removed them just before Dowding entered.**
2. The Poles cannot understand Edwards without a translator until he tells them that they are now operational, when they immediately cheer. **Edwards probably had the translator on hand to make doubly sure the pilots understood what he was complaining about, as the pilots obviously preferred to use their own language, even though they probably understood English.**

#### Miscellaneous

1. In the scene where Group Captain Barker, Station Commander at RAF Duxford, is talking to Section Officer Maggie Harvey, and the Germans start to bomb the airfield, the blast from the first bomb landing in the distance is heard at the same time as the blast occurs. Both react to the true sound seconds later, making them look rather slow on the uptake. **At first, neither of them can believe that the Germans are really attacking the airfield.**

#### Plot holes

1. Sgt Pilot Andy never pays the taxi driver who brings him to the London docklands. As the driver only explains that the route is blacked after he has stepped out, he could not have paid the correct fare inside the cab. **Assuming the cabbie charged Andy at all, on account of him being a pilot in uniform.**
2. Why would Polish flight T5 have loaded cannons if it is only supposed to be a training mission? **It makes sense to have loaded guns for a training flight, in order to a) provide experience of flying with a full load of ammo, and b) for gunnery practice.**

#### Revealing mistakes

1. (At 01:30) A Polish flight of Hurricanes is flying in formation with Messerschmitt 109s (the 109s at the rear). The 109s can be easily distinguished from the Hurricanes by their tailplane struts. **Three of the 109s - actually HA1112s - were painted in RAF markings to act as distant stand-ins for other aircraft.**

### Movie Mistakes Website

1. The film takes place in 1940. In at least two scenes on an airfield, a Land Rover (possibly a made-for-defence purposes Defender model) can clearly be seen. The Land Rover was not developed until after WW2 & not actually put into production until 1947, as the British "answer" to the US Jeep. **This is utter nonsense. The vehicle was a period Bedford MW 15cwt truck. There is no Land Rover anywhere in this film.**
2. On the attack on the airfield by He111s, a burning Spitfire is out of control and heads towards a fuel truck. Unfortunately the truck blows up before the Spit' hits it. **This is wrong. We see the Spitfire approaching from behind the fuel truck, from our point of view. The spinning propeller hits, unseen, and the fuel truck explodes. The only visible part of the Spitfire on impact is the starboard wingtip - and as that is some way behind the propeller itself (obviously) it is not in contact with the truck itself.**
3. In many scenes you will see Spitfires diving to avoid the German Messerschmitts. Now the film shows the beginning of the Battle of Britain to the end, well there is one problem with the Spitfires diving, it wouldn't happen. The type of Spitfire in service during the Battle of Britain was the Spitfire Mark 1, which had a carburetor. If the plane dives the engine will stall. Spitfire pilots would never intentionally dive, but Messerschmitt 109 pilots, when being tailed by a Spitfire, would engage in a sharp dive to save their butts as they knew the Spitfire couldn't follow them. **The Mark 1 couldn't match the performance of the Me109, but the Spitfire Mark 2, first delivered in August 1940, could match it. The filmmakers based their recreation of combat footage on film taken during the actual battle, so the flight characteristics of the Spitfires shown are realistic.**
4. During the film, a German bomber crew, lost in the dark, accidentally jettison their bombs over London, thus starting the Blitz. In reality, the very first German air-raid on London in late August 1940 was planned and intentional, borne out by the fact that a number of aircraft bombed the city at different times during the night. **This is wrong. The sequence of events in the film is almost completely accurate. On August 25, 1940 a lone German bomber lost its way and dropped its bombload on London. The British reacted by launching an 81 bomber attack against Berlin. In fact the German response was relatively muted and the raids on the RAF airfields continued until September 7th, 1940 when the first full-scale attack on London was mounted.**

## Cast

The *Battle of Britain* has a large all-star international cast. The film was notable for its attempt to accurately portray the role of the Germans, with participants in the battle including Group Captain Tom Gleave, Wing Commander Robert Stanford Tuck, Squadron Leader Bolesław Drobiński and Luftwaffe *Generalleutnant* Adolf Galland involved as consultants. During the war, Drobiński had heavily damaged Galland's plane and forced him into a crash-landing.

Subtitled German-speaking actors were utilised, a departure from other English language British films in the postwar period, where Germans were often played by Anglophone actors.

### British Commonwealth and Allies

* Laurence Olivier as Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Fighter Command.
* Trevor Howard as Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park, Air Officer commanding No. 11 Group RAF.
* Patrick Wymark as Air Vice-Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Air Officer commanding No. 12 Group RAF.
* Christopher Plummer as Squadron Leader Colin Harvey, a Canadian pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).
* Susannah York as Section Officer Maggie Harvey, Colin's wife.
* Michael Caine as Squadron Leader Canfield
* Ralph Richardson as Sir David Kelly, British Ambassador to Switzerland.
* Robert Shaw as “Skipper”
* Ian McShane as Sergeant Pilot Andy Moore
* Kenneth More as Group Captain Barker, Station Commander.
* Edward Fox as Pilot Officer Archie.
* Nigel Patrick as Group Captain Hope.
* Michael Redgrave as Air Vice-Marshal Douglas Evill
* Harry Andrews as Harold Balfour, Under-Secretary of State for Air
* Barry Foster as Squadron Leader Edwards
* Robert Flemyng as Wing Commander Willoughby
* Tom Chatto as Willoughby's Assistant Controller
* Bill Foxley as Squadron Leader Evans
* Michael Bates as Warrant Officer Warwick
* Isla Blair as Mrs. Andy Moore, Sergeant Pilot Andy Moore's wife
* John Baskcomb as Farmer
* David Griffin as Sergeant Pilot Chris
* Jack Gwillim as Senior Air Staff Officer
* André Maranne as French NCO
* Myles Hoyle as Peter
* Anthony Nicholls as Minister
* Duncan Lamont as Flight Sergeant Arthur
* Nicholas Pennell as Simon
* Sarah Lawson as Skipper's wife
* Andrzej Scibor as Ox
* Mark Malicz as Pasco
* Jean Wladon as Jean Jacques

### Germans and Axis

* Curd Jürgens as Maximilian Baron von Richter
* Hein Riess as *Reichsmarschall* Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the *Luftwaffe*
* Karl-Otto Alberty as Gen. Jeschonnek (*Luftwaffe* chief of staff)
* Manfred Reddemann as Major Falke
* Paul Neuhaus as Major Föhn
* Dietrich Frauboes as Generalfeldmarschall Erhard Milch (Inspector General, *Luftwaffe*)
* Wilfried von Aacken as Gen. Osterkamp
* Peter Hager as Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring
* Wolf Harnisch as General Johannes Fink
* Alexander Allerson as Major Brandt
* Helmut Kirchner as Boehm
* Malte Petzel as Colonel Beppo Schmid (*Luftwaffe* Intelligence)
* Alf Jungermann as Lieutenant Froedl, Brandt's navigator
* Reinhard Horras as Bruno
* Rolf Stiefel as Adolf Hitler

## Production

Former participants of the battle served as technical advisers including Douglas Bader, James Lacey, Robert Stanford Tuck, Adolf Galland and Dowding himself.

### Aircraft

The film required a large number of period aircraft. In September 1965 producers Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz contacted former RAF Bomber Command Group Captain T.G. 'Hamish' Mahaddie to find the aircraft and arrange their use. Eventually 100 aircraft were employed, called the "35th largest air force in the world". With Mahaddie's help, the producers located 109 Spitfires in the UK, of which 27 were available although only 12 could be made flyable. Mahaddie negotiated use of six Hawker Hurricanes, of which three were flying. The film helped preserve these aircraft, including a rare Spitfire Mk II which had been a gate guardian at RAF Colerne in Wiltshire.

During the actual aerial conflict, all RAF Spitfires were Spitfire Mk I and Mark II variants. However, only one Mk Ia and one Mk IIa (the latter with a Battle of Britain combat record) could be made airworthy, so the producers had to use seven other different marks, all of them built later in the war. To achieve commonality, the production made some modifications to "standardise" the Spitfires, including adding elliptical wingtips, period canopies and other changes. To classic aircraft fans, they became known as "Mark Haddies" (a play on Grp. Capt. Mahaddie's name). A pair of two-seat trainer Spitfires were camera platforms to achieve realistic aerial footage inside the battle scenes. A rare Hawker Hurricane XII had been restored by Canadian Bob Diemert, who flew the aircraft in the film. Eight non-flying Spitfires and two Hurricanes were set dressing, with one Hurricane able to taxi.

A North American B-25 Mitchell, registration *N6578D* and flown by pilots John "Jeff" Hawke and Duane Egli, was the primary filming platform for the aerial sequences. It was fitted with camera positions in what were formerly the aircraft's nose, tail and waist gun positions. An additional camera, on an articulating arm, was mounted in the aircraft's bomb bay and allowed 360-degree shots from below the aircraft. The top gun turret was replaced with a clear dome for the aerial director, who would co-ordinate the other aircraft by radio.

*N6578D* was painted garishly for line-up references and to make it easier for pilots to determine which way it was manoeuvring. When the brightly coloured aircraft arrived at Tablada airbase in Spain in early afternoon of 18 March 1968, the comment from Derek Cracknell, the assistant director, was "It's a bloody great psychedelic monster!" The aircraft was henceforth dubbed the *Psychedelic Monster*.

For the German aircraft, the producers obtained 32 CASA 2.111 twin-engined bombers, a Spanish-built version of the German Heinkel He 111H-16. They also located 27 \* Hispano Aviación HA-1112 M1L 'Buchon' single-engined fighters, a Spanish version of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109. The Buchons were altered to look more like correct Bf 109Es, adding mock machine guns and cannon, and redundant tailplane struts, and removing the rounded wingtips. The Spanish aircraft were powered by British Rolls-Royce Merlineng ines, and thus almost all the aircraft used, British and German alike, were Merlin-powered.  After the film, one HA-1112 was donated to the German *Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr*, and converted to a Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-2 variant, depicting the insignias of German ace Gustav Rödel.

Two Heinkels and the 17 flyable Messerschmitts (including one dual-controlled HA-1112-M4L two-seater, used for conversion training and as a camera ship), were flown to England to complete the shoot. In the scene where the Polish training squadron breaks off to attack (the "Repeat, please" sequence), the three most distant Hurricanes were Buchons marked as Hurricanes, as there were not enough flyable Hurricanes. In addition to the combat aircraft, two Spanish-built Junkers Ju 52 transports were used.

### Locations

Filming in England was at Duxford, Debden, North Weald and Hawkinge, all operational stations in 1940 – one surviving First World War "Belfast" hangar at Duxford was blown up and demolished for the *Eagle Day* sequence. Some filming also took place at Bovingdon, a former wartime bomber airfield. The title sequence scene, showing a review of German bombers on the ground by Fieldmarshal Milch, was filmed at Tablada Airfield in Spain. Stunt coordinator Wilson Connie Edwards retained a Mark IX Spitfire, six Buchons, and a P-51 Mustang in lieu of payment, which were stored in Texas until sold to collectors in 2014.

The village of Chilham in Kent became the base of operations for the radio controllers in the film.
Denton, another Kent village, and its pub, The Jackdaw Inn, features in the film as the location where Christopher Plummer and his on-screen wife argue about her relocating closer to his posting. The Jackdaw Inn has a room devoted to an extensive collection of RAF Second World War memorabilia.

Another early scene was the Dunkirk recreation which was shot at the beachfront in Huelva, Spain.  To reflect the cloudless skies of summer of 1940, many upward-facing shots were filmed over Spain, while downward-facing shots were almost all below the clouds, over southern England, where farmland is distinctive. However 1940 camouflage made it difficult to see the aircraft against the ground and sky, so a cloud background was used where possible. Only one Spitfire was relocated to Spain to stand in for the RAF defenders. After filming began, the English weather proved too unreliable and filming was moved to Hal Far and Luqa Airfields in Malta to complete the aerial sequences.

Numerous scenes were shot in the preserved operations rooms, illustrating the operation of the Dowding system that controlled the fighter squadrons. Much of this footage takes place in 11 Group's operations room, today preserved as the Battle of Britain Bunker. Other scenes take place in Fighter Command's central "filter room" as well as recreations of the squadron ops rooms. One scene shows the hit on Biggin Hill's ops room, and another shows its relocation to a local bakery, although this is a recreation of another squadron's backup room in a local butcher's shop.

Location filming in London was carried out mainly in the St Katharine Docks area where older houses were being demolished for housing estates. Partly demolished buildings represented bombed houses and disused buildings were set on fire. St Katharine Docks was one of the few areas of London's East End to survive the Blitz. Many extras were survivors of the Blitz. Aldwych tube station, used as a wartime air-raid shelter, was also used as a filming location. Almost all the period equipment from the London Fire Brigade Museum was used in the film. The night scenes of wartime Berlin were filmed in Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country. The scenes at RAF Fighter Command were filmed at RAF Bentley Priory, the headquarters of Fighter Command. Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding's original office, with the original furniture, was used.

### Aircraft models

Permission was granted to the producers to use the Royal Air Force Museum's Junkers Ju 87 *Stuka* dive-bomber (one of only two that survive intact). The 1943 aircraft was repainted and slightly modified to resemble a 1940 model Ju 87. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was ultimately too costly for the filmmakers. Instead, three Percival Proctor training aircraft were converted into half-scale *Stukas*, with a cranked wing, as "Proctukas" though, in the film, they were not used on-screen. Instead, to duplicate the steep dive of Ju 87 attacks, large models were flown by radio control.

To recreate airfield scenes in the film, with the limited number of period aircraft available for the film, large scale models were used. The first requirement was for set decoration replicas. Production of full-size wood and fibreglass Hurricanes, Spitfires and Bf 109s commenced in a sort of production line set up at Pinewood Studios. A number of the replicas were fitted with motorcycle engines to enable them to taxi. Although most of these replicas were destroyed during filming, a small number were made available to museums in the UK.

The other need was for models in aerial sequences, and art director and model maker John Siddall was asked by the producer to create and head a team specifically for this because of his contacts in the modelling community.  A test flight was arranged at Lasham Airfield in the UK and a model was flown down the runway close behind a large American estate car with a cameraman in the rear. This test proved successful, leading to many radio-controlled models being constructed in the band rehearsal room at Pinewood Studios. Over a period of two years, a total of 82 Spitfires, Hurricanes, Messerschmitts and He 111s were built. Radio-controlled Heinkel He 111 models were flown to depict bombers being destroyed over the English Channel. When reviewing the footage of the first crash, the producers noticed a trailing-wire antenna; this was explained by an added cutaway in which the control wires of a Heinkel are seen shot loose.

### Releases

The quote from the 20 August 1940 speech was changed when the movie was released on DVD in 2003. Onscreen, instead of the quote about "The Few," this Churchill quote appears: "This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning," which was a reference to the Second Battle of El Alamein being a turning point in the war. The 2004 Special Edition, however, reverts to the quotation about The Few: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."

## Historical accuracy

The film is generally faithful to events and, although merging some characters, it sticks to the orthodox view – that the Germans threw away strategic advantage by switching bombing from RAF airfields to London in revenge for RAF raids on Berlin.

Some later scholarship has cast doubt on one or another aspect of the orthodox view, arguing either: (a) that the switch to bombing London was made not for reasons of revenge but because the Germans thought they had already defeated RAF Fighter Command or (b) that accelerated British aircraft production meant that the prospect of a German victory was never likely (this view seems doubtful, in part because the issue was the number of pilots).

The film includes a sequence which relates the events of 15 August 1940, in which the *Luftwaffe* attempted to overwhelm fighter defences by simultaneous attacks on northern and southern England, the *Luftwaffe* reasoning that "even a Spitfire can't be in two places at once". North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel He 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt Bf 110s and RAF Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers Ju. 88s. Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent, 16 bombers and seven fighters were lost. As a result of these casualties, *Luftflotte* 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign.

The Robert Shaw character "Skipper" is based loosely on Squadron Leader Sailor Malan, a South African fighter ace and No. 74 Squadron RAF commander during the Battle of Britain. The scene in the operation room in which the British listen to their fighters' wireless transmissions is dramatic licence. The operations room received information by telephone from the sector airfields. The scenes at the end, where the RAF pilots are seen suddenly idle and left awaiting the return of the *Luftwaffe* raids, are more licence; the fighting fizzled out through late September, although daylight raids continued for some weeks after the 15 September engagement. 31 October 1940 is regarded as the official end on the British side.

     The Edward Fox character "Pilot Officer Archie", is based on Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF. On 15 September 1940, now known as "Battle of Britain Day", Holmes used his Hawker Hurricane to destroy a Dornier Do 17 bomber over London by ramming but at the loss of his own aircraft (and almost his own life) in one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain. Holmes, making a head-on attack, found his guns inoperative. He flew his plane into the top-side of the German bomber, cutting off the rear tail section with his wing and causing the bomber to dive out of control and crash. The Dornier pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, bailed out, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack, while the injured Holmes bailed out of his plane and survived. As the RAF did not practice ramming as an air combat tactic, this was considered an impromptu manoeuvre and an act of selfless courage. Holmes was feted by the press as a war hero who saved Buckingham Palace. This event became one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain and elicited a congratulatory note to the RAF from Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands who had witnessed the event. This event is depicted, with considerable artistic licence, in the film.

The confrontation between Dowding and Keith Park and Trafford Leigh-Mallory is fictitious, though there were undoubted tensions between the two sides. The film does not mention that, following the Battle of Britain, Dowding and Park were replaced by Sholto Douglas and Leigh-Mallory, despite Dowding and Park having demonstrated that Leigh-Mallory's "Big Wing" strategy was unworkable.

One omission is at the end of the film, when casualties are listed. The film does not mention losses by the *Corpo Aereo Italiano*, an Italian expeditionary force that took part, nor is its participation mentioned during the film. One anomalous entry in the list of pilots who served with the RAF is a Palestinian pilot described by the credits as *Israeli*, even though the State of Israel was only created in 1948. This referred to George Goodman, an ace born in Haifa while Palestine was under British administration, who was killed in action in 1941. There was no attempt to recreate tracer rounds. Göring's train in the film is Spanish rather than French (the RENFE markings are just visible on its tender) and the steam locomotive shown did not come into service on Spanish National Railways (RENFE) until 1951.

The character Major Falke is based on *Generalleutnant* Adolf Galland, a famous ace during the Second World War, who did ask *Reichsmarshall* Göring for "an outfit of Spitfires for my squadron". Galland explained in his autobiography that his request was only a way to upset Göring, because he was "unbelievably vexed at the lack of understanding and stubbornness with the command (i.e. Göring) who gave us orders we could not execute". Galland did feel that the Spitfire was more manoeuvrable than the Me 109, which he felt made it more suitable as a defensive fighter but he also states that "fundamentally I preferred the Bf 109". Galland was upset about the director's decision not to use the real names. While making the film, Galland was joined by his friend Robert Stanford Tuck.

During filming, Galland, who was acting as a German technical adviser, took exception to a scene where Kesselring is shown giving the Nazi salute, rather than the standard military salute. Journalist Leonard Mosley witnessed Galland spoiling the shooting and having to be escorted off the set. Galland subsequently threatened to withdraw from the production, warning "dire consequences for the film if the scene stayed in". When the finished scene was screened before Galland and his lawyer, he was persuaded to accept the scene after all.

## Musical score

As recounted in Mervyn Cooke's *A History of Film Music* (2008), the film has two musical scores. The first was written by Sir William Walton, then in his late 60s, and conducted by Malcolm Arnold, who also assisted Walton with the orchestration - notably the music accompanying the Blitz sequences, and some sections of "Battle in the Air", which may have involved some compositional "patches" by Arnold. Aside from the undoubted originality and impact of "The Battle in the Air" sequence, and an opening march (conducted at the sessions by Walton) which was described by a journalist present at its recording as "a grand patriotic tune to out-type and out-glory any that Sir William has yet written, whether for films or coronations", much of Walton's score involves parodies of the horncall from Wagner's *Siegfried*.

However, Arnold and David Picker - the execs in charge of United Artists - insisted on having the music tracks sent to them in New York; their verdict on hearing the music, unaccompanied by the film, was that it was unsuitable and that a composer known to them should be hired to write a replacement score. The music department at United Artists furthermore objected that the score was too short to fill an LP recording which was intended to be marketed with the film. As a result, John Barry - who had scored several James Bond films - was approached, but he declined. The job was finally accepted by Ron Goodwin, who also served as conductor. Producer S. Benjamin Fisz and actor Sir Laurence Olivier protested against this decision, and Olivier threatened to take his name from the credits. In the end, one segment of the Walton score, "Battle in the Air", which depicted the climactic air battles of 15 September 1940, was retained in the final cut, as well as a few bars of his march edited into the final scene before the credits roll. The Walton score for the battle sequence was played with no sound effects of aircraft engines or gunfire, giving the segment a transcendent, lyrical quality.

Prime Minister Edward Heath retrieved Walton's manuscript from United Artists in 1972, presenting it to the composer at Walton's 70th birthday party held at 10 Downing Street. Tapes of the Walton score were believed lost forever until being rediscovered in 1990 in the sound mixer's garage. Since then the score has been restored and released on compact disc. The option to watch the film with the complete Walton score was included on the Region 2 special edition DVD of the film, which was released in June 2004 and the Region A Blu-ray released on June 3, 2008.

Ron Goodwin's score opens with the "Luftwaffe March", later retitled "Aces High", in the style of a traditional German military march in 6/8 time. The march places heavy emphasis on the "oom-pah" sound of tubas and lower-pitched horns on the first and second beats and has the glockenspiel double the horns in the melody. Because of the great length of this sequence, which shows a Luftwaffe general's inspection of a Heinkel squadron in occupied France, the "Aces High" has three separate bridges between choruses of the main theme, one of which recurs several times in a gently sentimental variation. Despite its origin in a representation of a tyrannical threat to democracy, the march has become a popular British march tune, like the *Dambusters March*; an adaptation was first played by a British military band in 1974 by the Corps of Drums of the Royal Pioneer Corps and is now frequently played at military parades and by marching bands in Northern Ireland. American radio personality and convicted Watergate conspirator G. Gordon Liddy has used the march as bumper music on his syndicated radio programme.

Reporting on the film's premiere, *The Times* commented: "Handsomely shot, soberly put together, it is weighed down somewhat by a platitudinous score from Ron Goodwin. The only sequence of the rejected Walton score, the Battle in the Air, turned down allegedly because it was not long enough to fill an LP, is not perhaps vintage Walton, but at least lifts the film with moments of sharp excitement."

## Reception

In the United Kingdom, filming of the aerial battle scenes over London and the home counties had generated considerable interest. Pre-release publicity included the film's quad posters on prominent billboard locations and features in *The Sunday Times* magazine and local press. However, the film was released at a time when anti-war feeling stirred by the Vietnam War was running high, together with cynicism among post-war generations about the heroism of those who participated in the Battle of Britain.

The film's premiere was held at the Dominion Theatre in London on September 15, 1969 and was attended by 350 Battle of Britain veterans, including Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding.

It received mixed reviews in the UK and was not well received by American critics either. The *Evening Standard* called it "an absorbing rather than a stirring film", *The Times* noted that it was "a discreet mixture of all possible approaches, tastefully done, not unintelligent, eminently respectable, and for the most part deadly dull" while *The Guardian* was less impressed calling it "neither a very good movie nor a very formidable piece of history". Vincent Canby wrote in the New York Times that "'Battle of Britain,' which opened yesterday at the DeMille, 86th Street East and 34th Street East Theaters, is a homage to those airmen who, in 1940, broke the back of the threatened Nazi invasion. It is also one of those all-star non-movies, of a somewhat lower order than *The Longest Day*, that attempt to recapitulate history, but add nothing to one's understanding. The mixture of minor-key fiction and restaged fact is – for me, anyway – never particularly satisfying, since it is denied the prerogatives and possibilities of both the documentary and the fiction film." In the *Chicago Tribune*, Gene Siskel stated "we believe American film audiences are no longer impressed by casts of thousands and budgets of millions. Unfortunately, Harry Saltzman, who produced 'The Battle of Britain,' disagrees. The film is a 12-thousand-megadollar bomb that features 100 vintage planes eating up 40 minutes of film. The film has absolutely no dramatic Interest in the other 93 minutes, and I challenge the notion that it is worth seeing just for the aerial sequences." He later placed it on his list of the twenty worst films to have been released that year; commenting on the audience reaction to the aerial footage, he remarked that "the planes had the only good lines in the film." Remarking on the same footage, Roger Ebert wrote that "the aerial scenes are allowed to run forever and repeat themselves shamelessly, until we're sure we saw that same Heinkel dive into the sea (sorry – the "drink") three times already. And the special effects aren't all that good for a movie that cost $12,000,000."

*Battle of Britain* currently scores 67% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 9 reviews, with an audiance score of 79% based on over 5,000 ratings

In its first two days in 11 cities in the UK, the film grossed $56,242. It was the number one film in the United Kingdom for a total of 14 weeks beginning 26 September 1969 (4 weeks), 7 November 1969 (7 weeks), 6 February 1970 (2 weeks) and finally 27 February 1970 (1 week).

After worldwide distribution, the film grossed just under $13 million according to Guy Hamilton in an interview on the two-disc DVD edition, but due to the large cost of production, the film lost $10 million, although home media sales finally moved it into profit.

The use of actual aircraft in flying sequences has led to a number of subsequent productions utilising stock footage derived from *Battle of Britain*. These productions include the films *Adolf Hitler: My Part in his Downfall* (1972), *Carry On England* (1976) , *Midway* (1976), *Baa Baa Black Sheep* (television series 1979), *Hope and Glory* (1987), *Piece of Cake* (1988 ITV mini-series), *No Bananas* (BBC drama series 1996), *Dark Blue World* (2001), and *First Light* (BBC drama 2010). as well as the History Channel documentary *The Extraordinary Mr Spitfire* about the life of wartime test pilot Alex Henshaw (2007).

## Merchandise

Both a hardcover and paperback book on the making of the movie were published in 1969.

Dinky Toys produced a pair of diecast model aircraft based on the film. A Spitfire Mk II (Dinky Toys 719) in 1/65 scale and Junkers Ju 87B Stuka (Dinky Toys 721) in 1/72 scale were released in special boxes with *Battle of Britain* logo on the box and photographs from the film included.

## In popular culture

* The formative strategy war-game *Empire* was notably inspired by the RAF Fighter Command scenes in *Battle of Britain* in which staff move counters representing friendly and enemy aircraft and ships over the large map of Britain, from which tactical decisions are made by the air commanders.
* A fragment of the soundtrack of one of the dogfights is used on the album *The Wall* (1979) by Pink Floyd, immediately before the start of the track "Vera".
* Footage of Bf 109s exploding and crashing into the English Channel was inserted into the opening "Skeet Surfing" music video in the parody film *Top Secret!* (1984).
* Michael Caine appears in a spoken cameo role in the film *Dunkirk* (2017) as a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot, as a nod to his role of RAF fighter pilot Squadron Leader Canfield in *Battle of Britain*.

## Notes

1. ↑ A monochrome photograph of one of the three (C.4K-122) in RAF markings, taken during filming, was shown on page 88 of the July 2006 edition of FlyPast magazine.
2. ↑ Since Plummer is Canadian, he asked for his character's RAF uniform to display the "Canada" shoulder flashes.
3. ↑ An unnamed Squadron Leader, referred to as "Skipper": RAF slang for a commanding officer. The only other appellation he is known by is his call sign, "Rabbit Leader". Skipper could be inspired by Sailor Malan.
4. ↑ More had portrayed Douglas Bader in *Reach for the Sky* 12 years before
5. ↑ A role inspired by Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, who had been German Ambassador to Great Britain 1936–38. When the British Ambassador in Switzerland, Sir David Victor Kelly, argues with *Freiherr* von Richter over Hitler's appeal to reason, Kelly tells von Richter that von Richter's years in England had left him none the wiser.
6. ↑ In the scene which shows von Richter waiting for his audience with Hitler, the set is a partial reconstruction of the entrance to Hitler's cavernous office in the New Reich Chancellery, although the position in the building and ornamentation over the doorway are incorrect.
7. ↑ According to a booklet publicising the movie, Riess had allegedly once met Göring himself during the war. Galland himself acted as a technical adviser for the movie.
8. ↑ The cigar-chomping Major Falke, a role inspired by wartime *Luftwaffe* ace Adolf Galland, who at the age of 30 was to become the youngest man to hold the rank of general in the *Luftwaffe*. One scene in the film is said to have been based on a meeting between Galland and Göring: when Göring asks Falke what he needs, Falke answers: "A squadron of Spitfires!" In his autobiography, Galland said he actually told Göring, "I should like an outfit of Spitfires for my squadron."
9. ↑ The Merlin in the Spanish-built variant, is not an "inverted" engine like the actual Bf 109E's Daimler-Benz DB-601, so the nose profile of the "Spanish Messerschmitts" is distinctly different.
10. ↑ Only later did the directors find out that this location was where *The Man Who Never Was* deception had been carried out, in which the Germans were deceived by counterfeit documents purporting that the Allies were to invade Sardinia rather than Sicily, planted on a drowned man dressed as Royal Marines "Major Martin", allowed to wash up on the beach in 1943.
11. ↑ Modellers included Mick Charles, Jack Morton and Chris Olson. Siddall was told by production that the models would not get any credit because they didn't want it generally known that models were used in the film.
12. ↑  The film's producers did not have access to real or replica Bf 110 or Junkers Ju 88 aircraft, so the Junkers were not mentioned and the Heinkels are described as unescorted.
13. ↑ One of the first examples of "tie-in" merchandising.

## Sources

1. ↑ Tino Balio, *United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry*, University of Wisconsin Press, 1987 p. 272
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Battle of Britain: Special Edition DVD (1969) BBC. Retrieved: 22 December 2011
3. ↑ Template:YouTube Retrieved: 27 March 2011.
4. ↑ IMDB entry tt0064072
5. ↑ FlyPast Magazine - July 2006 edition. Page 88. (The struts were removed after filming, and not replaced for later appearances, such as the film Patton, when they were modified to act as P-51s, and the miniseries Piece of Cake).
6. ↑ Movie Mistakes entry
7. ↑ Simpson, Geoff. The History of the Battle of Britain Fighter Association : Commemorating the Few, p. 115.
8. ↑ Archived copy.
9. ↑ Mosley 1969, p. 33.
10. ↑ Lehrer, Steven.  *The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex: An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime*. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2006. ISBN 0-7864-2393-5.
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19. ↑ MacCarron 1999, p. 80.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "It's 1940 Again", *Flight International*, Volume 93, Issue 3082, 4 April 1968. ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved: 1 July 2013.
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22. ↑ Crump 2007, p. 73.
23. ↑ Hirshman, Dave. "Battle of Britain Movie airplanes sold." *AOPA Pilot*, November 2014, p. 28.
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26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Junkers Ju-87 G2 494083/8474M." *RAF Museum*. Retrieved: 26 September 2010.
27. ↑ Rudhall 2000, p. 126.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Rudhall August 1988, p. 35.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Rudhall May 1988, p. 10.
30. ↑ Battle of Britain DVD, MGM Home Entertainment, Inc., 2003; minute 130, just before the credits roll
31. ↑ Robinson 1987, p. 19.
32. ↑ "Document 32." *Battle of Britain Historical Society*. Retrieved: 20 August 2011.
33. ↑ *Those Other Eagles*, Shores, (2004)
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35. ↑ Deighton, Len. *Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain.* New York: Ballantine Books, 1979. ISBN 0-06-100802-8.
36. ↑ Mosley 1969 Page 99
37. ↑ Galland 2005, pp. 28–29.
38. ↑ {{{1}}}{{{2}}}
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40. ↑ Mosley 1969 Pages 122–123
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42. ↑ Conway, Paul. "Battle of Britain: Ron Goodwin and William Walton." *Classical Music on the Web.* Retrieved: 7 March 2014.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Kennedy 1989, p. 238.
44. ↑ Kennedy 1989, pp. 238-239.
45. ↑ Kennedy 1989, p. 239.
46. ↑ (R.P.C. Corps of Drums)
47. ↑ *The Times*, 29 April 1971, p. 3.
48. ↑ Tierney 1984, p. 154.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Template:Cite magazine
50. ↑ Canby, Vincent (21 October 1969). "Screen: Army of Stars Wages the 'Battle of Britain'". *The New York Times*. 42.
51. ↑ Siskel, Gene (4 November 1969). "The Movies". *Chicago Tribune*. Section 2, p. 5.
52. ↑ Siskel, Gene (4 January 1970). "Last Year's 20 Biggest Bombs from Filmland". *Chicago Tribune*. Section 5, p. 1.
53. ↑ Ebert, Roger (3 November 1969). "Battle of Britain". *Chicago Sun-Times*.
54. ↑ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/battle\_of\_britain
55. ↑ The Guinness Book of Box Office Hits (1995) by Phil Swern
56. ↑ :: the whippit inn - carry on england 1976 ::.
57. ↑ "First Light". *BBC*, 2010. Retrieved: 7 March 2014.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Dinky Battle of Britain ad." *flickr.com,* 26 May 2011. Retrieved: 1 December 2011.
59. ↑ Bright, Walter. "A Brief History of Empire." *Walter Bright's Classic Empire* website, Kirkland, 2000.
60. ↑ Whitty, Stephen (16 July 2017). Chris Nolan on 'Dunkirk,' and leaving the 'Dark Knight' behind. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017.
61. ↑ Nolan, Christopher (2017). *Dunkirk*. Faber & Faber; Main edition. ISBN 978-0571336258.