Tuksharan language

The Tuksharan language (more commonly Classical Tuksharan) was the language of the Tuksharan Empire. It also refers to its modern descendant.

## Dialects

Western Tuksharan dialects, including their modern descendants, have a z sound in place of js, and pronounce and transcribe the letter like that.

### Razhno Tuksharan (Tačōrei)

Razhno Province, in northeastern Bujan, is the only province in the kingdom that uses Tuksharan as one of two provincial languages. The other provincial language is Ielorete.

Razhno Tuksharan uses a lot of words derived from Bujanski and Ielorete. Due to millennia of separation from Tukshara, it has become more like a related language, almost different from modern Standard Tuksharan.

## Declension

### Classical

-ai - plural

-as - plural (for Sanskrit loanwords)

-ce / -cei - genitive

-neṃ / -nei - oblique/accusative (towards someone)

-jo / -joi - instrumental (using something; ceremonial)

-sa / -sai - perlative (across)

-mpa / -mpai - comitative (with)

-ś(ca) / -ś(c)ai - allative (towards)

-šä / -šäi - ablative (away from)

-an / -nai - locative (used after "in", "on", "at" or "by")

-njo / -nja - causative (the affected word causes the action)

In later times, only plural and genitive forms are used, while the others remained only in ceremonial speech.

Razhno Tuksharan preserves the case suffixes, but they have mostly become separate prepositions, similar to Wonao languages.

## Pronouns

### Classical

njäś - I

tu, tuwe - thou

su - he

sai - she

wes - we, us

nās - we, us (formal)

ju - you all

-ce / -cei - genitive

### Modern

* njäs - I
* tu - thou
* so - he
* sā - she

### Razhno, Buyanski

* nei - I
* to - thou
* tsom - he
* tsam - she

## Verbal tenses

### Present tense pronoun conjugation

* arttāu > orsau - I love
* arttat > orsto - thou lovest
* arttäñ > orsani/orsena - he/she loves
* arttic > orsik - it loves
* arttemo > orsemu - we love
* arttacer > orsecro - you love
* artteñ  > orsennja - they love

## Affixes

### Location

* kom- - from
* aittäṃ - forth
* ispe - near
* lau - far
* lauke - far away
* akanc - very far
* kauc - high, above
* kläsko, kaun-kläsko - west
* pirko, kaum-pirko - east
* allek - other
* ambi - both

### Time

* njake - then, now
* tāperc - now
* laukannje - for a long time
* ākennje - last, final
* šek - always
* akek ... - finally, at last, in the end
* ot - then

### Amount

* po- - all
* māka - many, much
* menki - little, less
* ksa - some
* šemeske - only, single, alone
* wrottse - great
* jekte - small, little
* antapi - both
* kalpaske - heavy
* lankwatse - light

### Question

* kas - what
* kus - who
* mänt - how

### Miscellaneous

* -(e)šše - -ness, state of being
* -(a/ä)tte - -ness, -dom, state of being
* -(a)ssu - -er, person with
* -(ä)ttse - doer of something
* -ätte - done, state of a condition
* sa - this
* läšše - like, similar to
* inte - if

## Numbers

* 0; 1-10 (Classic) - mās; še, wo, trai, śtwer, piśe, škas, šukt, okt, nju, śak
* 0; 1-10 (modern) - enja; šei, vo, dra, šor, piśe, šau, šos, ośc, njo, ssak
* ikäṃ - twenty
* tärjāka - thirty
* śtwārka - forty
* piśāka - fifty
* škaska - sixty
* šuktanka - seventy
* oktanka - eighty
* njumka - ninety
* känt - 100
* jaltse - 1000
* njultse - 9000

Numbers are made ordinal when you put -ste (modern: -(o)se; eighth is oścose) after it.

## Basics

* śä - yes
* nai - indeed, sure, (formal) yes
* nā - no, not
* an-, en- - not, without, cannot
* tāk- - to be
* -(a)tstse - having something
* špak(a) - also

## Sample text

**jolo jām-nja māsk-eñ.**

*Bad deed-CAUS-PLU hurt-they.*

Bad deeds cause hurt to others.

"Keep focusing, and you will go far."

## Trivia

* Tuksharan was based on Tocharian B, with heavy Sanskrit influence.

## See also

* Sanskrit language
* Tuksharan glossary
* Bujanski language