Timeline of World History

The **Timeline of World History** encompasses an array of broad yet important historical events since the beginning of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire up until 1936.

## 1893

**June**: Long existing tensions between Armenians, Ottomans and Kurds in the Sasun mountains erupt into violence, with both Armenian and Kurdish irregular forces laying waste to villages, buildings and neighborhoods.

**July**: False rumors spread of a rebellion in the Sasun mountains, resulting in Ottoman forces mobilizing and massacring the Armenian population all throughout the month in several villages, and many officers, Mutasarrifs and generals encouraged Turkish and Kurdish inhabitants of Anatolia to protect themselves "against Christian insurgents".

**August**: Violence spreads throughout Anatolia as Armenians of various villages are massacred, while confrontations between Turks and Kurds against Armenians leads thousands of Armenians to mobilize with whatever weapons they could find.

**October**: In the village of Van, radical Kurds burn the Akdamar Church with dozens inside during Sunday mass, leading to everyone inside the church perishing. Desperate Armenians contact missionaries with the horror stories of their persecutions, leading these stories to filter out to the world. Governments of England, Russia and the United States openly condemn these activities, but the Sultan ignores demands to stop these massacres. In an effort to weaken the Ottomans, the Russians secretly begin supplying the Armenians in border villages with gunpowder and rifles.

   **November**: With rumors emerging of Russian aid, the Ottoman military begins Operation Ararat with the goal of dismantling the supply network that the Russians have made.

## 1894

**January**: Operation Ararat ends in a failure, leading to a military retreat, as various villages and towns are now solely in the hands of Armenian rebels in the Erzurum Vilayet.

**March**: Further attempts at quashing this rebel territory are unsuccessful with Russian help, and spurred on by this Armenians declare the State of Hayastan, sending shockwaves throughout the Empire.

**April**: Eastern Anatolia is in full upheaval as Armenians begin openly confronting Ottoman troops and Kurdish irregulars, while the rebellion grows as the State of Hayastan expands their territory. Ottoman troops also demand Assyrian and Greeks align with Constantinople as the Armenians were actively encouraging both groups to rise up.

**May**: With little compensation given in exchange, many Assyrian and Pontic Greeks actively resist the Ottoman garrisons, leading to more massacres of their populations, while the Russians expand their supply networks to aid Assyrians and Greeks.

**June**: Hakkari enters a period of upheaval as Assyrians begin a full on revolt, while small coastal villages are taken over by Pontic Greeks as the State of Hayastan reaches Lake Van.

**July**: Arabs see these Ottoman losses as an opportunity, and in Hejaz many Arab villages are taken over by guerrilla forces.

**September**: Greeks rise up in Crete, while mass protests in Ottoman Europe demand the departure of the Empire from the Balkans.

**October**: Arab rebellions begin forming in Ottoman Yemen and Palestine, strategically and slowly attacking Ottoman forces and taking swathes of land, Along with Libyan guerilla forces in Ottoman Tripolitania.

**November**: Europeans in Ottoman Europe begin rebelling as well as the Sultan does not make any large effort to end centralization efforts in the Empire, leading Greeks, Serbs, Albanians and Bulgarians to rebel. This causes widespread panic among the Turks of the Ottoman Empire.

## 1895

**January**: Greece and Russia, after the Ottoman-Russian border between both nations was fully captured by rebels, declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Russia and Greece begin to pour troops into captured territory, while the Russians navy aids the Pontic Greek war effort.

**March**: Albanian and Montenegrin separatists form and declare independent states. Serbia declares war on Constantinople.

**April**: Bulgaria falls to a nationalistic coup, forming a new Bulgarian state and opening hostilities with the Smpkre, as all of Tripolitania falls to the Senussi Order, forming their own state. | On the 18th, British, French and Russian delegations sign the secret Yerevan Accords, which paved the way for British and French participation in the revolution. On the 28th, both London and Paris declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

**May**: After weeks of sieging the city, Arab rebels take Mecca, plundering the Ottoman war effort. British forces invade the Levant and capture Gaza. French forces begin the Battle for Latakia. Arab insurgents fighting the Europeans are brutally repressed.

**July**: Almost all of eastern Anatolia is now in rebel territory as Mosul falls to Arab insurgents, while Sivas is taken over by Russian-Armenian forces.

**August**: Salonica and Smyrna fall to the Europeans, as western Anatolian Greeks fight the Ottomans too. Arab rebels slowly take all of Hejaz as Palestinian rebels and Mesopotamian Arab forces take Jaffa and Basra. The Ottoman army begins to collapse. Around the same time, British forces arrive in Mecca and decimate the Arabs, while Kuwait City, Basra and Jaffa were all shortly taken over by colonial forces after brief liberation by Arabs.

**October**: Adana falls to Russian forces helped by Armenians, Baghdad and Aleppo are put on the siege by British and French forces while the Ottomans put up fierce resistance.

**December**: Aleppo and Baghdad finally fall on the 12th between French and British soldiers, with Jerusalem falling on the 20th to Britain, while European rebels take Adrianople on the 29th.

## 1896

**January**: Greek Anatolian rebels capture most of Ionia, including Izmit, and Bursa on the 17th and 23rd, and by the 28th, Constantinople is out on siege.

**March**: Constantinople finally falls to various rebel militias, causing the rest of the Ottoman government, based in Ankara to surrender the Ottoman Empire.

**April**: Russian, Greek, Serbian, Arab, Assyrian, Armenian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian delegates all meet in Baku, to discuss the treaties of the Ottoman Empire.

**May**: On the 21st, the Treaty of Baku is finally ratified, ending the Ottoman Revolution. After the treaties were signed, a period of violence and instability gripped West Asia, as Turkish refugees fled non-Turkish territories, whereas Kurds migrated from Armenia and Assyria to the newly formed Kurdistan, and Armenians and non-Turks fled Ottoman persecution.

**August**: On the 12th Italy declares war on Libya hoping to annex the whole country. But Britain and France join on the war 4 days later.

**September**: On the 3rd Libya finally collapses. 2 weeks later the victors meet in Tripoli to discuss the partition of the nation.

## 1897

**February**: The Benin Expedition leads to a military victory for the British and the absorption of Kingdom of Benin into the British Empire.

**October**: The Empire of Korea under Japanese influence is proclaimed. Sultan Abdul Hamid II is assassinated in Ankara.

**November**: The Ottoman State is dissolved, and the Republic of Turkey is proclaimed in its place.

## 1898

**April**: The Spanish-American War begins in late April.

**August**: The Spanish-American War ends in a decisive American victory, which gains Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

## 1899

**February**: The Philippine-American War breaks out on the 4th between Filipino nationalists and the United States as a consequence of the Spanish-American War, starting the Insurgency Wars.

**July**: With failures from the summer monsoons resulting in a drought, the Indian Famine of 1899 breaks out.

**October**: On the 27th, Colombia erupts in a civil war between liberalists and conservatives.

## 1900

**April**: The recently annexed Hawaii is turned into an official territory of the United States.

**May**: London issues the Zionist Declaration, openly advocating for Zionist repatriation to Palestine. This news results in a wave of violent antisemetism across the Arab World, leading to the first groups of Jewish migration to Palestine.

**June**: The Eight-Nation Alliance invades Northern China.

**July**: The King of Italy, Umberto I is assassinated on the 29th, and shortly after is replaced by Victory Emanuel III.

**November**: Incumbent William McKinley of the United States loses the general election to right-wing candidate Adlai Stevenson I.

## 1901

**January**: The various colonies of Australia federalize and form the Federation of Australia. Queen Victoria dies in late January, ushering in Edward VII to become King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India.

**March**: Cubans fleeing violence in their home country seek asylum in the United States, and land in Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas and the like. Many are upset over these waves of migrants, reopening old racial wounds in the South.

**October**: Controversies surrounding the rights of workers in the recently founded United States Steel Corporation eventually results in a general strike being called in Chicago.

## 1902

**January**: In Central Arabia, the Royal family of the House of Saud unifies most of the Arab Peninsula not occupied by European forces. | The Chicago General Strike is crushed.

**May**: Cuba is granted independence from the United States. | The Second Boer War begins a few weeks later between the British Empire and 2 Boer Republics in South Africa.

**July**: Arthur Balfour becomes the British prime minister.

**December**: Great Britain, Germany and Italy blockade Venezuela to enforce a collection of financial claims from the South American nation.

## 1903

**July**: The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party is formed between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in Minsk. | The United States president, Adlai Stevenson I, declares the refugee crisis that gripped America following the Insurgency Wars to be over.

**August**: Pius X is sworn in as the new pope. | The far-right National Dignity Party is founded in Virginia by Carter Glass. | At that same time, the Black Liberation Front is founded by disgruntled Black Americans who wish for an end to certain Jim Crow and segregationist policies.

**November**: Panama is granted independence.

## 1904

**February**: The Russo-Japanese War begins as the Japanese surprise attacked the Russians in Port Arthur.

**April**: France and Britain sign a defensive alliance together known as the Entente Cordiale.

**May**: With American investment and help, the Panama Canal begins construction.

**June**: The Trans-Siberian Railway is completed after a decade of construction.

**August**: After an attack on German settlers by the indigenous Herero and Namaqua people in Namibia, the Germans retaliate by using violence on both ethnic groups, massacring thousands in an attempt of cultural extermination.

**November**: In the United States presidential election, Alton B. Parker is elected against Adlai Stevenson I.

## 1905

**January**: A revolution breaks out in Russia, and while unsuccessful results in a partial democratization of the country and the installation of the Duma.

**March**: Unable to come to a consensus over the status of Morocco, the First Moroccan Crisis breaks out,

**June**: Norway achieves full and peaceful independence from Sweden. | The Industrial Workers of the World, a radical labor union is founded in the US.

**September**: The Russo-Japanese War ends in a Japanese victory.

**December**: Henry Campbell-Bannerman is sworn in as the new British Prime Minister. | The Persian Constituional Revolution takes place.

## 1906

**July**: The Niagara Falls Movement, a civil rights movement aimed at enfranchisement of African-Americans, is founded. They would be the precursor to the modern Black Liberation Front.

**September**: The United States re-occupies Cuba.

## 1907

**February**: Romanian peasants revolt all across the country over increasing discontent about their treatment in the country.

**July**: The Japan-Korea Treaty is signed.

**October**: A financial crisis engulfs Wall Street due to the actions of various businessmen such as J.P Morgan. A minor recession takes hold of the United States, but this event weakens the Democratic and Republican Parties.

## 1908

**April**: H. H. Asquith becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

**May**: The first commercial oil fields are established in Persia.

**June**: The National Dignity Party fractures, and many leave the party to form the People’s Rights Party in the South.

**October**: Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia, leading to widespread protests in Serbia.

**November**: In the aftermath of the general elections in America, William Howard Taft is elected, while the Socialist Party of America, National Dignity Party and People’s Rights Party gain key members in the House of Representatives.

**December**: Pu Yi becomes the new emperor of China. | The first commercial radio transmissions are established.

## 1909

**March**: William Howard Taft is inaugurated as the next United States president.

**July**: Mohammad Ali Shah of Persia is forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his son, Ahmad Shah Qajar after revolution sweeps across the country.

## 1910

**March**: The Gaza Massacre results in anti-colonial and anti-British riots across Palestine, leading the British government to pass the "Act of Gaza", giving Palestine more autonomy while also leaving it in the hand of newly formed, British-aligned "Jewish Levies", a paramilitary force tasked with protecting the interests of Jews and the British in Palestine.

**May**: The Albanian Revolution begins in earnest. | George V becomes King of the United Kingdom. | The Union of South Africa is proclaimed and formed. out of the various British colonies in Southern Africa.

**August**: Japan fully annexes the Empire of Korea, which had already been a vassal state of Tokyo.

**October**: The Portuguese Revolution topples the monarchy, and the first Portuguese Republic is established.

**November**: The Mexican Revolution breaks out. | The US midterm elections create a widely polarized society. The Socialist Party, for the very first time, gains governors in various Eastern states. The People’s Rights Party has seen its support grow vastly, electing governors in the South while the National Dignity Party regrows after 1908, electing governors in the Northwest.

## 1911

**January**: United States' army departs from Cuba, creating widespread protests.

**April**: The Second Moroccan Crisis breaks out.

**October**: The Xinhai revolution topples the Qing dynasty, leading to the dissolution of monarchism in China for the first time.

## 1912

**February**: The Republic of China is founded.

**March**: Morocco officially becomes a French protectorate.

**July**: With the death of the Japanese Meiji Emperor it also leads to an end of the Meiji Era in Japanese history, as Emperor Taishō becomes Meiji's successor.

**November**: Woodrow Wilson becomes the next president of the United States. The Democratic and Republican Parties suffer key losses.

## 1913

**March**: Woodrow Wilson is inaugurated as the new president of the United States.

## 1914

**July**: After Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary was assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist, the Great War begins in Europe, spreading to Asia and Africa.

**August**: The Panama Canal is opened. | The Battle of Tanneburg leads to a decimation of the Russian army by the Germans. | The United States invades Northern Mexico.

**September**: Benedict XV ascends as the new pope in Italy. | The First Battle of the Marne takes place, while the aftermath of the Race to the Sea leaves both the Allies and Central Powers at a deadlock in Northern France.

## 1915

**April**: The Second Battle of Ypres leads to the first modern use of poison gas on the battle field.

**May**: The Kingdom of Italy joins the Entente.

**July**: On the 28th, American President Woodrow Wilson orders 330 United States Marines to occupy Port-au-Prince, Haiti. In a short period, the whole of Haiti would be occupied by American forces for the next 4 years.

## 1916

**February**: The Battle of Verdun begins.

**April**: The Easter Rising takes place in Ireland.

**June**: The Brusilov Offensive leads to one of the most lethal offensives in Russian history.

**July**: Battle of the Somme starts.

## 1917

**February**: Croats, Serbians, Czechs, and many other minority groups rebel against the Austrians. New states cede from Austria-Hungary, and the monarchy sues for peace. The end of the Great War in Central Europe would not be achieved for another few years. | The Russian monarchy is disposed of through a peaceful revolution, resulting in its territory being intact and the new government still being able to fight the German state. | The French high command, determined to push Germany out of the war launches the Alsace Offensive.

**March**: In early March the Russians start their Eastern Campaign as a way to push back the Germans. Withering away at the might of the British blockade and at the tenacity of the Allies alongside loosing their biggest ally, Berlin is unable to stop and starts to retreat very quickly from Eastern Europe. Russian forces enter East Prussia.

**July**: The Alsace Offensive ends with 2 million men dead. | Shortly after Danzig is taken by Russian forces, and with it Germany erupts into open violence. Kaiser Wilhelm flees, and thereby shortly after the German Republic is proclaimed with Entente backing. | Numerous Great War treaties are signed as the conflict comes to an end: The Treaties of Versailles, Saint Germain, Trianon, and Neuilly.

**August**: Despite Berlin's sympathy, the Entente force the German government to crack down on mutual aid campaigns and networks created by socialist and syndicalist organizations, leading to the first wave of pro-syndicalist sentiment among the German population.

**November**: Rome intervenes in the Austro-Hungarian Civil War by invading the Dalmatian coast despite Entente protests.

## 1918

**January**: After almost a year of fighting, all wars in Central Europe come to an end. The Austro-Hungarian Empire is dismantled, and several new states are born, while the Italians keep the Dalmatian coast.

**February**: The Spanish Flu pandemic begins. While its origins are unknown, it manages to ravage the world and kill millions.

## 1919

**January**: On the 21st, Irish separatists shoot two British officers in Ireland. This is widely regarded as the beginning of the Irish War of Independence after the quashed Eastern Rising. | Trade unions across the German Republic declare a nationwide general strike. Thousands participate in an effort to force the German government to adopt reforms as the working class was chafing under poor working conditions.

**February**: The strikes in Germany grow and escalate into riots, and after reports of police brutality in Munich the population was pushed to the breaking point, leading a revolutionary mob to seize the city and proclaim the Union of Bavaria. The German Civil War begins. | The Mexican Revolution ends, and the United States keeps control of Northern Mexico.

**March**: The newly created state of Bosnia collapses as Croatian and Serbian nationalism tears the country apart. At first, Croatia and Serbia fund rebellions in Bosnia as a proxy war. | Tehran is overtaken by anti-monarchist sympathizers, and soon after the Republic of Iran is declared, beginning the Iranian Revolution.

**April**: The Iranian Revolution ends with a Republican, anti-British victory, and soon after power is reconsolidated within the new regime.

**May**: After 1 month of proxy fighting, Serbia invades collapsing Bosnia with the goal to annex the whole country. Croatia, fearing the Croats in Bosnia would be subject to persecution, also attack Bosnia, and the nation fully disintegrates within 2 weeks.

**June**: Serbia and Croatia begin fighting for control over Bosnian land, with guerilla forces on both sides trying to stop the other. Italy, France, and Greece intervene to calm the situation, dividing Bosnia between both nations, but Serbia and Croatia would not be fully content with the subsequent ceasefire.

**September**: The Egyptian population, after a month of bloody suppression and repression by the British take up arms and force the British out of Cairo in one of many humiliating defeats to come for the British Empire. The Egyptians propped up nationalist and monarchist Fuad I, who declares the Sultanate of Egypt, beginning the Cairo War. Over the next few weeks the British begin losing territory to Egyptian rebels, and while the Royal Navy has blockaded their war effort on the seas, on land the British aren't able to take back anything significant.

**October**: The Kingdom of Nejd eagerly declares war on the British and invades the Gulf territories and Hejaz, seeing the success of the Egyptian nationalists, while at the same time Arabs across British Arabia begin revolting. The Irish city of Cork is burned by British forces.

**November**: Israel declares independence, while 8 days later Syria, and 6 days later Yemen proclaim independence as the British quickly loose control over their provinces. Without sufficient supplies, British troops, pushed back into the Suez Canal surrender on the 25th, and the Egyptians seize the Canal before the Royal Navy can stop them, cutting the British Empire in half. With the absence of British troops on Ireland, Irish rebels have the strategic advantage and begin taking the entire island.

**December**: Spurred on by the lose of the canal, Rome issued a declaration of war and begins fighting the British in Malta and Cyprus. A Spanish general stationed in Southern Spain disobeys Madrid’s neutrality and occupies Gibraltar on the 2nd. 1 day later the British government declares war on Spain. Japan joins the war and quickly occupies much of the British Pacific colonies, including Hong Kong. In order to prevent Japanese domination in Malaysia, the Siamese military occupy Malaysia, though a stalemate ensues.

## 1920

**January**: Malta and Cyprus fall to Italian onslaughts with no end to the war in sight. Abyssinia joins the war against Britain and occupies British Somaliland. The stalemate in Sudan is finally broken as Egyptian forces enter from the north.

**February**: Jamaicans and Belizeans revolt and force the British to depart from both territories. Siam enteres Burmese territory and occupies much of the colony's southern territory.

**March**: Mass protests rock the British Empire's colonies, from Nigeria to the Raj, as many predict the Cairo War will lead to the direct end of the British Empire. Warren Harding is inaugurated as the new president of the United States, faced with an increasingly polarizing nation.

**April**: British soldiers leave the last royalist outposts in British-Arab colonies. In Washington D.C., a slew of military officers stage a coup, taking control of the country and putting new president Warren Harding under house arrest. Just a few weeks later, leftist governor Joseph Cannon declares the Republic of New York, igniting the Second American Civil War.

**May**: The governor of Massachusetts openly defies the American military by joining the new Republic, humiliating the Federalists. The war expands as the Dunkirk Conference begins, the backbone to the eventual formation of the Peoples' Union of America.

**July**: Iran declares war against the Raj, and occupies British Balochistan, while soon after Afghanistan occupies neighboring Raj territories.

**August**: As the German Civil War enters its closing stages, French forces occupy one of the last loyalist and Republican strongholds of the Saarland. Soon after the entire Saarland would become an integrated province within France. A few weeks later, Berlin is seized and the revolutionaries declare victory, de-jure ending the civil war. Various American states declare independence as the Union of Southern States against the Federal government.

**September**: The British Empire finally unconditionally surrenders, and soon after the Treaty of Valletta is signed. A few days later, multiple states cede from the United States in the northwest, forming the Commonwealth of America.

## 1921

**January**: The Social Protection Act is passed by the German Trade Union's Congress, which results in the arrest and expulsion of tens of thousands of Germans with suspected anti-socialist beliefs from their country.

**February**: With the syndicalist revolution cemented in Berlin, the founding congress of the Third International began in early February, marking the dissolution of the Second International and the beginning of the Third International.

**March**: Both states of California and Texas peacefully declare independence with Federal support, promising to reintegrate back in the United States once the war is over.

**April**: A general uprising in the Black Belt results in the formation of the Republic of New Afrika in Montgomery and Jackson.

**June**: The New Afrikan Republic is crushed by Southern Militias.

**July**: Previously captured states of Northern Mexico are peacefully reintegrated back into Mexico, while Arizona is absorbed into the new state of California. The Republic of Texas annexes New Mexico.

**August**: The bloodiest and most costly battle of the entire American Civil War, the Battle of Washington D.C, begins.

**September**: Facing mistreatment at the hands of the American Commonwealth, Mormons capture Salt Lake City in a general uprising.

**October**: The recently created Republic of Utah dies out as Salt Lake City is retaken by Commonwealth forces.

**November**: In Portugal, a civil war begins between monarchist forces and republicans.

**December**: On the 25th, Portuguese republicans finally surrender, bringing the monarchy back to Lisbon.

## 1922

**January**: The Beer Hall Putsch begins in Munich, a last ditch effort to remove the new German Union government from power.

**May**: The Federalists evacuate the Continental United States, and in Ottawa, Canada, a peace treaty is signed, ending the civil war for good.

**June**: In an effort to destabilize their neighbors and spread socialist principles, German officials secretly meet with Vladimir Lenin, a charismatic man living in exile in Switzerland and visiting the Union. He proposes a deal with the Germans, who would secretly send him to Russia to spread revolutionary ideals and principles to the people and destabilize the Russian Republic. Eventually, the German government agrees to the idea.

**August**: Lenin arrives in Petrograd under a disguise and fake alias, writing papers and articles denouncing the Republicans and calling for the Russians to unite under Marxism and Communism. Lenin's papers, pamphlets and articles gain huge attraction in a few months. His words are constantly printed across the state. The Russian authorities are unable to contain his message, while political instability grows.

**December**: Authorities are finally able to trace the writings to Lenin and is arrested. He is subsequently jailed on the 12th, but the Russian authorities know that whatever fate Lenin suffers will only spread and reinforce his message and discontent about the current Russian government. For the time being, he is kept in jail until local authorities can decide what to do with him. One of the guards looking after Lenin is a staunch anti-Communist and anti-Marxist, and on the 16th he is assassinated in his holding cell. The Russian government feared if he was executed it would make him a martyr, and ultimately they’d be correct. Although the state authorities had no involvement in his death, word quickly spread that they did. Riots soon broke out across every major Russian city subsequently, and while they would die down, the Russian population would continually hold sympathies with Lenin and his cause.

## 1923

**September**: Seeing their chance in a ruined Spain, Moroccan nationalists and separatists rise up in arms resulting in the Rif war.

**November**: Moroccan separatists capture all of the Spanish Rif, with Ceuta being the last city in mainland Africa still controlled by the Spanish. A stalemate would ensue, but so would the Gibraltar Crisis.

**December**: Due to the blockade of Gibraltar thanks to the Rif War, it causes widespread international concern. The French, who join in the war are not able to break the frontlines either and a crisis results in 10 Moroccans dead in Casa Blanca. With the ensuing chaos, the United States and Great Britain demand a ceasefire to the war.

## 1924

**January**: Alfonso XIII accepts the ceasefire to stop a total world crisis and meets with the Rif leaders to discuss a treaty. The French are forced to give Morocco more autonomy, in exchange the Spanish still retain Ceuta from the Rif, but also in exchange the Rif becomes an internationally recognized sovereign nation.

## 1925

**June**: Ignacy Daszyński is assassinated in broad daylight by a German agent disguised as a Russian Tsarist. As a result, the Polish population ignites in fury and rage, believing the Russian government to be responsible for the assassination.

**July**: Polish workers declare a general strike and form into disorganized militias, seizing Warsaw after a few weeks of Ignacy Daszyński's assassination, officially marking the start of the Russian Civil War.

**September**: Ukrainian and Estonian civilians form into separatist militias and begin fighting for independence. At the same time, the working class of Petrograd seize the city and declare the Socialist Republic of Russia, and rapidly began seizing so-called "White" Russian lands.

**October**: Around the month, Moscow and Tsaritsyn fall to Communist rebellions as the socialists in Petrograd rapidly expand in European Russia, while Estonian, Polish and Ukrainian separatists strengthen themselves.

**November**: The Congress of Ufa takes place, with the end result being that Russia should prioritize their military against the Reds first, and minority separatists second.

**December**: Operation Kornilov, the plan to halt the offensive war with the communists is a success, as White forces attack the Russian Red Army and retook Tsaritsyn, while Party or the Red Army retreats into Central Asia. Adolf Hitler, in a small motel outside of Chicago was assassinated by American Communists.

## 1926

**January**: In Smolensk on the 7th, a new treaty is signed between Poland, Ukraine, White Russia, and Lithuania, however over the next few weeks the treaty would be broken. On the 16th, Caucasian rebels in the North Caucasus begin the Caucasian Wars for Independence, fighting Russia. At the same time, the lack of any Russian military presence in Central Asia allows the region to explode into violence, called the Turkic Revolution.

**February**: Increasingly disgruntled from the lack of rights for Ukrainian peasants, Nestor Makhno's radical anarchist ideology spreads like wildfire, and among the various states that formed in Ukraine emerges Makhnovia, which slowly but surely begins taking territory after territory from Ukrainian and Russian nobles, landowners, and anti-socialists.

**March**: Georgia and Azerbaijan cede from Russia. Russia finally makes peace with Central Asia, realizing its futile to continue the fight there. Lithuania agrees to become part of Poland after a series of battles lost left Lithuania decimated. The Whites organize around the goal of retaking Moscow, and shortly after the offensive begins.

**April**: White Russia begins a new offensive into the new Belarus Republic as Poland gains ground on the country as well. Although the Whites wanted to focus on the Reds, several divisions headed by a White Russian general focuses his army on Belarus since his troops were already fighting the Belarusians. Japan formally declares war on Russia, which some consider a part of the Civil War whereas others believe the new war to be its conflict. Japan quickly captures Vladivostok within days, while Moscow is overtaken by White forces from the Reds.

**May**: Russia also signs a peace treaty with Poland, ending their war, but Armenia, Pontia, Assyria, and Kurdistan finally declare independence. The Japanese land in Kamtchatka and capture all of Sakhalin. Armenia, due to territorial disputes, declares war on Georgia and Azerbaijan, beginning the Caucasus Conflict.

**June**: Caucasian separatists capture all of Dagestan as they enter Circassia. The Sámi people rise in defiance against the Russians, but it is put down, followed by pogroms against the Sámi, resulting in 19 dead. The Whites, similarly to the original plan of the Reds slowly push the Reds to Petrograd, but it is long and grueling. The remaining of Ukrainian warlord states collapses from Polish, Anarchist and some Russian pressure. The Whites seize very little Ukrainian territory, while the Ukrainians and Polish issue a treaty for the Ukrainian territory. Around the same time, Cossack nationalists rally the populations of Krasnodar and Rostov to rebellion. The new Republic of Finland makes peace with the Socialist Republic of Russia in order for the SRR to focus their war effort against the Whites.

**July**: Makhnovia overwhelms the rest of Ukrainian warlord states, as Crimea, the last non-Anarchist territory in Ukraine collapses.

**August**: Russia signs peace agreements with several nations, bringing peace to Eastern Europe with Poland triumphing overall, as well as in Anatolia and Transcaucasia. Pontia votes to be formally a part of Greece, which Greece accepts. 2 weeks later Pontia is dissolved and becomes a part of Greece. Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia all sign the Ceasefire of Sevanavank, ending hostilities between each other. In the same town, the Treaty of Sevanavank is also signed, slightly adjusting borders and fully ending the Caucasus Conflict. Russian forces overwhelm the Reds and take over Petrograd.

**September**: Cossack separatists capture Rostov, the last Black Sea port available to Russia, while White forces in Petrograd, despite orders telling them not to, surrender after being encircled for over a week, and the city is retaken. A stalemate ensues.

**October**: The Union of Caucasian Republics and the Kon Union is recognized by Russia as a white peace agreement is signed. The 2nd Russo-Japanese war still rages on but it is still a bloody stalemate along Siberia and the Amur River. The Ceasefire of Petrograd is signed, ending hostilities between the Reds and Whites.

**November**: On the 19th of November, Russia fully accepts all Japanese demands, surrendering, ending the fighting. The Treaty of Vladivostok is signed 1 week later.

## 1927

**February**: The Treaty of Petrograd is signed between the White and Red Russians, ending conflict between both states, and officially ending the Russian Civil War, as the Reds remain in Northwest Russia indefinitely. A revised version of the Treaty of Baku is signed by Turkey, Armenia, Greece and Italy.

**March**: The Lebanese Civil War begins.

**April**: Israel invades and occupies Tyre despite Syrian and Lebanese protests. | The news of the signing of the Treaty of Baku, called the "Baku Humiliation" by Turks, sparked widespread political violence across Turkey, and on the 18th, a far-right, Pan-Turkist political party with support of the military coups the country. In 1 week any opposition to the coup is quickly snuffed out as the constitution and civil liberties are suspended, and nationalist Recep Peker is named "president for life". | Due to widespread protests gripping the Peoples’ Union of America, then president Alfred Wagenknecht peacefully resigns. Elmer Allison takes his place and is elected as the second president of the Union.

**May**: The British Financial Crisis begins.

**August**: Riots break out in India over the economic crash in London. Unable to stifle protests, the situation would escalate into the Indian Civil War.

## 1928

**March**: In Nanjing, supporters of strong, absolute monarchism successfully revolted against the Kuomintang, establishing a rebel stronghold. Although nationalist China had controlled most of China proper, all of these warlord states broke away, creating the Nanjing Breakup. In the next few months, the Communist Party of China mobilized their forces into the Chinese Mountain Rebels.

**September**: Bulgarians in Vardar Macedonia rebel against Serbia, declaring unity with Bulgaria. In 2 weeks, the rebellion grows and Serbia accuses Bulgaria of instigating the rebellion, which they deny.

**October**: Seeing Serbian weakness, Croatia pushes the Croats of Serbian Bosnia to rebel and push Serbia out of the country which Serbia is not able to control, weakening the state even further. | Nationalist China, Japan, monarchist China, and its warlords sign the Nanjing Accords.

**November**: In Bulgaria, they also push the Bulgarians and Macedonians to revolt against the Serbs which becomes successful. 1 week later, Bulgarian and Croatian armies enter Serbia to aid the rebels. Britain, France, and Russia demand an end to the offensive which does nothing, and their threats were nothing more than a bluff. In Podgorica in late November, an agreement is signed, giving Croatia 2/3 of Bosnia, but forcing Croatia to allow Serbia to keep Sarajevo. Bulgaria keeps Skopje, Vardar Macedonia and Leskovac.

## 1929

October: Thanks to years of ideological and ethnic divides, German socialists storm Bern and declare the Syndicalist Republic of Switzerland.

**November**: After a secret agreement by France and Italy, both nations invade the rest of Switzerland and soon after, with Germany, partition the country.

## 1930

**March**: On the 1st, the Brazilian elections end resulting in a slight victory for the radical populist Brazilian Liberation Party, resulting in Plínio Salgado being sworn into office and the beginning of Populist Brazil. | Japan invades Mongolia, fractured and isolated after the collapse of Russia. Eventually, Mongolia would be absorbed into the Japanese puppet of Menjiang.

**April**: Due to worker riots and strikes across Bolivia since the early 1920 Great Depression, the then president of Bolivia, Hernando Siles Reyes steps down and a snap election is called across the country.

**May**: The invasion of Mongolia creates a scare in warlord China, where border clashes begin with various cliques. Eventually, it escalates into a border war. Tibet, having a mutual disdain for many warlord cliques, allies with Japan. | The snap elections in Bolivia result in a left-wing victory.

**June**: Japan (and Tibet) win the border skirmishes. Tibet and Japan absorb border regions they previously occupied and claimed, and because of this Japan shortly after creates a defensive military alliance, known as the “East Asian Sphere of Prosperity”.

## 1931

**February**: In Guatemala, Jorge Ubico is elected as president to the anger of the working class. | The infamous Russian general, Lavr Kornilov, storms Moscow in a coup, and with support from the military and population Moscow surrenders, and Kornilov assumes leadership of the Russian state, dissolving the Duma and turning Russia from a democracy to an autocratic militaristic state.

**April**: Strikes in El Salvador are unable to be pacified and amid rising amounts of violence, and soon after workers seize San Salvador as left-wing forces take control of the nation. Ubico is assassinated shortly after. His coalition and regime quickly fall apart and in his place communists take control of the country by force. | Anton Drexler launches a putsch in Austria against the republic. Within a few days Vienna falls to the dismay of Republican forces, and 2 weeks later all of Austria is consolidated under Drexler’s rule. He proclaims the Federal State of Austria soon after, officially turning Austria into a one-party National Populist state.

Military general Garegin Nzdeh, along with several other generals and his supporters demands the current liberal government of Armenia to step down. After 1 week of pressure the government resigns, and Garegin Nzdeh becomes the leader of Armenia. He begins policies transforming Armenia from a liberalized country to a conservative militaristic state.

## 1932

**December**: Brazil launches interventionist coups in Columbia and Venezuela resulting in a period of nationalistic dictatorships within both nations that soon align themselves with Brazil.

## 1933

**March**: In Hanoi, French Indochina, a conservative (headed by a nationalist-socialist coalition) Republican state is declared, forcing the French army out of the colony. The French would try, in vain to take back Indochina, but fierce fighting from anti-colonial forces the to the sea, trying time and time again to invade, becoming a great burden for the French empire.

May: Indochina falls apart, while the French is still unable to successfully land on the coast. Whenever they do, Indochinese forces brutally assault French Colonial forces. Siam invades Cambodia. The Republic of Laos declares its independence, forcing the complete capitulation of the Republic of Indochina. A border conflict starts between the Vietnamese and Siamese, but both sides agree to peace. Vietnamese delegates are invited to Singapore, known as the Singapore Accords to finally make peace with the region. France also accepts their withdrawal from the region.

**November**: The Dominion of Canada declares full independence from the United Kingdom.

## 1934

**February**: The Singapore Accords are signed between French, Siamese, Vietnamese and Laotian delegates, ending the Indochinese Revolution.

**June**: The conservative, pro-Siamese Laotian government is toppled by socialist pro-Vietnamese forces, subsequently proclaiming the Socialist Republic of Laos and cutting all ties with the Kingdom of Siam.

**November**: French president Édouard Daladier is killed in Paris by the far-right militia units known as the Criox de la Feu. Paranoia and upheaval grips France, while the far-left unites in the Coalition Manifesto and arm themselves.

## 1935

**January**: CGT-aligned workers revolt in Northern France, starting the French Revolution.

**March**: The Fourth Republic of France is declared in a recently captured Paris. 10 days later, Operation Avalanche is launched.

**November**: During the 3rd general election of the Socialist Republic of Russia, Alexandra Kollontai is elected as leader of the state.

**December**: The French 3rd Republic, now forced out of North Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia surrender to the Communards, ending the 5th French Revolution and starting the French-African War.