1978 FIFA World Cup

The **1978 FIFA World Cup**, the 11th staging of the FIFA World Cup, quadrennial international football world championship tournament, was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June.

The 1978 World Cup was won by Argentina who beat the Netherlands 3–1 after extra time in the final. This win was the first World Cup title for Argentina, who became the fifth team (after Uruguay, Italy, England and West Germany), to be both hosts and world champions. Argentina, the Netherlands and Brazil were the gold, silver and bronze medalists respectively. Iran and Tunisia made their first appearances in the finals.

The official match ball was the Adidas Tango.

## Host selection

Argentina was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in London, England on 6 July 1966. Mexico withdrew from the bidding process after having been awarded the 1970 competition two years earlier.

## Qualification

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification

England failed to qualify for the second World Cup in succession, losing out to Italy. European champions Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union also failed to qualify for the finals. Uruguay failed to qualify for the first time since 1958. Newcomers to the finals were Iran and Tunisia; Austria qualified for the first time since 1958, while France, Spain and Hungary were back for the first time since 1966. For the first time, more than 100 nations entered the competition.

## Controversy

A controversial fact surrounding the 1978 World Cup was that Argentina had suffered a military coup only two years before the cup, a coup known as the National Reorganization Process. Less than a year before the World Cup, in September 1977, Interior Minister General Albano Harguindeguy, stated that 5,618 people had recently disappeared. The infamous Naval Mechanics School (known by its acronym ESMA) held concentration camp prisoners of the Dirty War and those held captive reportedly could hear the roars of the crowd during matches held at River Plate's Monumental Stadium, located only a mile away; prompting echoes of Hitler's manipulation of sports during the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Because of the political turmoil, some countries, most notably the Netherlands, considered publicly whether they should participate in the event. Despite this, all teams eventually took part without restrictions. Allegations that Dutch star Johan Cruyff refused to participate because of political convictions were denied by him 30 years later. More controversy surrounded the host, Argentina, as all of their games in the first round kicked off at night, giving the Argentines the advantage of knowing where they stood in the group. This issue would arise again in Spain 1982, which prompted FIFA to change the rules so that the final two group games in subsequent World Cups would be played simultaneously.

Further accusations surround the game Argentina and Peru played in the second round of the tournament. Argentina needed to win by a margin of four goals to proceed to the final and did so by defeating Peru by 6–0. However, claims that the Argentine military dictatorship interfered to ensure Argentina would defeat Peru, were denied by the Peruvian captain and several Peruvian players. Some accusations originated in the Brazilian media and pointed to the fact that the Peruvian goalkeeper had been born in Argentina. There is also an alleged deal, reported by the British media as an anonymous rumour, that involved the delivery of a large grain shipment to Peru by Argentina and the unfreezing of a Peruvian bank account that was held by the Argentine Central Bank. Another alleged deal, published by a Colombian drug lord in a controversial book, involved the Peruvian team being bribed without any political implications. A third alleged deal, claimed by a Peruvian leftist politician, encompassed sending 13 Peruvian dissidents exiled in Argentina back to Peru. On top of the contradictions between stories, no evidence is shown in any case.

Three months before the World Cup, Argentina had beaten Peru 3–1 in Lima, head to head record was 15–3 in favour of the hosting nation and Peru had never beaten Argentina away from home. However, Peru had conceded only 6 goals in their previous 5 games in the World Cup. During the first half, Peru hit the post twice after two counters when the game was 0–0. Argentina managed to get ahead 2–0 before the end of the first 45 minutes. During the second half, Argentina was ahead 4–0 when Peru had another clear chance. Argentina kept attacking and scored twice more, making it 6–0 and surpassing the needed margin.

## Format

The format of the competition stayed the same as in 1974: 16 teams qualified, divided into four groups of four. Each group played a round-robin with two points for a win and one for a draw, and goal difference used to separate teams level on points. The top two teams in each group would advance to the second round, where they would be split into two groups of four. The winners of each group would play each other in the final, and the second place finishers in the third place match. For the 1978 World Cup, FIFA introduced the penalty shootout as a means of determining the winner in knockout stages should the match end on a draw after 120 minutes. The method, however, was not put in practice as both the third-place match and the final were decided before 120 minutes. The first World Cup to feature a penalty shootout was the 1982 World Cup, in the semifinal match between France and West Germany.

## Summary

### First round

The first round produced several surprises. Poland won Group 2 ahead of world champions West Germany, after holding the Germans to a goalless draw and then beating Tunisia and Mexico. The Germans then thrashed Mexico 6–0, and finally played out a second goalless draw against Tunisia. Although they failed to qualify for the second round, Tunisia made history by beating Mexico 3–1 while losing 0–1 at half time. It was the first time that any African team had won a match at the World Cup finals.

Peru pushed the Netherlands into second place in Group 4, where Scotland missed out on goal difference for the second successive tournament. Teófilo Cubillas was outstanding for Peru, scoring twice against Scotland in Peru's 3–1 win and hitting a hat-trick in their 4–1 victory over Iran. Rob Rensenbrink of the Netherlands also scored three times against Iran, scoring all the goals as the Dutch won 3–0. Scotland drew with Iran 1–1 and the only highlight of their campaign was a 3–2 victory over the Netherlands in their final group game which was not enough to prevent elimination. Iran, the reigning Asian champions, went out of the tournament winless. Rensenbrink's goal against Scotland was the 1000th goal of World Cup history. Scotland's Willie Johnston was expelled from the World Cup after he was found to have taken a banned stimulant during the opening game against Peru.

The biggest surprise of all came in Group 3, where Austria finished ahead of Brazil. The Austrians beat Spain and Sweden, while Brazil were held to draws by the same two teams. The draw with Sweden was especially controversial; Welsh referee Clive Thomas awarded Brazil a very late corner kick and Zico directly headed the kick into the net but Thomas blew for time before Zico made contact with the ball and the goal was disallowed. The Brazilian players were not happy with the decision, but the final result remained a 1–1 draw. Brazil needed to beat Austria in their final group game to be sure of progressing to the second round, and managed a 1–0 win thanks to a goal from Roberto Dinamite. Brazil and Austria thus finished with the same number of points and the same goal difference, but Austria won the group by virtue of having scored more goals.

Group 1 had the strongest line-up of teams in the first round, featuring Italy, the host Argentina, France and Hungary. The two places in the second round were claimed before the final round of games, with Italy and Argentina both beating France and Hungary. The match between Italy and Argentina decided who topped the group, and a goal from Roberto Bettega midway through the second half was enough to give that honour to Italy. It also forced Argentina to move out of Buenos Aires and play in Rosario.

The 1978 World Cup marked the second and last occasion during which a national team did not wear its own kit to play a match (the first being in a 1958 World Cup first round match between West Germany and Argentina). The incident happened during the game between France and Hungary. Both teams arrived at the venue with only their white change kits, resulting in a delayed kickoff while officials went in search of the jerseys of a local team from Mar del Plata, Club Atlético Kimberley; the jerseys had vertical green and white stripes and were worn by France.

### Second round

In the all-European Group A, the Netherlands got off to a flying start by thrashing Austria 5–1, Johnny Rep scoring two of their goals. In a rematch of the 1974 final, the Dutch then drew 2–2 with West Germany, who had previously shared a goalless game with Italy. The Italians beat Austria 1–0, and so the Netherlands faced Italy in their last group game knowing that the winners would reach the final. Ernie Brandts scored an 18th-minute own goal to put Italy ahead at half-time, but he made up for his mistake by scoring at the right end in the fifth minute of the second half. Arie Haan got the winner for the Dutch with 15 minutes remaining, and the Netherlands had reached their second successive World Cup Final. In the game known as the miracle of Cordoba, West Germany were surprisingly beaten by Austria 2–3 which marked their end as World Champions.

Group B was essentially a battle between Argentina and Brazil, and it was resolved in controversial circumstances. In the first round of group games, Brazil beat Peru 3–0 while Argentina saw Poland off by a score of 2–0. Brazil and Argentina then played out a tense and violent goalless draw, so both teams went into the last round of matches with three points. Argentina delayed the kick-off of its last match to await the result of the Brazil-Poland encounter. Brazil won by a 3–1 score, meaning Argentina had to beat Peru by four clear goals to reach the final but they managed to do it. Trailing 2–0 at half-time, Peru simply collapsed in the second half, and Argentina eventually won 6–0. As previously noted, rumors suggested that Peru might have been bribed or threatened into allowing Argentina to win the match by such a large margin. However, nothing could be proved, and Argentina met the Netherlands in the final. Brazil took third place from an enterprising Italian side with Nelinho scoring a memorable goal, and were dubbed "moral champions" by coach Cláudio Coutinho, because they did not win the tournament, but did not lose a single match.

### Final

The final, Argentina vs Netherlands, was also controversial, as the Dutch accused the Argentines of using stalling tactics to delay the match. The host team came out late and questioned the legality of a plaster cast on René van de Kerkhof's wrist, which the Dutch claimed allowed tension to build in front of a hostile Buenos Aires crowd. During the game, the referees repeatedly ignored Argentine players running off side for up to 10 meters and catching the ball with their hands.

Mario Kempes opened the scoring for the hosts before Dick Nanninga equalized a few minutes from the end. Rob Rensenbrink had a glorious stoppage-time opportunity to win it for the Netherlands but his effort came back off the goal post. Argentina won the final 3–1 after extra time, after Daniel Bertoni scored and Kempes, who finished as the tournament's top scorer with six goals, added his second of the day. The Netherlands, because of the controversial game events, refused to attend the post-match ceremonies after the match ended. They had lost their second World Cup final in a row, both times to the host nation, after losing to West Germany in 1974. Argentina won 5 games but became the first team to win the World Cup after failing to win two matches (losing to Italy in the first round and drawing with Brazil in the second round). (Four years later, Italy would win the next World Cup despite failing to win three games.)

## Mascot

The official mascot of this World Cup was *Gauchito*, a boy wearing an Argentina kit. His hat (with the words ARGENTINA '78), neckerchief, and whip are typical of gauchos.

## Match officials

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AFC
* Template:Flagicon Farouk Bouzo
* Template:Flagicon Jafar Namdar
* Template:Flagicon Abraham Klein

CAF
* Template:Flagicon Youssou N'Diaye

CONCACAF
* Template:Flagicon Alfonso González Archundia

CONMEBOL
* Template:Flagicon Ramón Barreto
* Template:Flagicon Arnaldo Cézar Coelho

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* Template:Flagicon Ángel Norberto Coerezza
* Template:Flagicon César Orosco
* Template:Flagicon Juan Silvagno

UEFA
* Template:Flagicon Ferdinand Biwersi
* Template:Flagicon Charles Corver
* Template:Flagicon Jean Dubach
* Template:Flagicon Ulf Eriksson
* Template:Flagicon António Garrido
* Template:Flagicon John Gordon
* Template:Flagicon Sergio Gonella

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* Template:Flagicon Alojzy Jarguz
* Template:Flagicon Erich Linemayr
* Template:Flagicon Dušan Maksimović
* Template:Flagicon Ángel Franco Martínez
* Template:Flagicon Károly Palotai
* Template:Flagicon Pat Partridge
* Template:Flagicon Adolf Prokop
* Template:Flagicon Nicolae Rainea
* Template:Flagicon Francis Rion
* Template:Flagicon Clive Thomas
* Template:Flagicon Robert Wurtz

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## Squads

For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see *1978 FIFA World Cup squads*.

## Seeding

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* Template:Fb (1974 runners-up)
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### Group stage

#### Group 1

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group 1

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#### Group 2

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group 2

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#### Group 3

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group 3

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#### Group 4

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group 4

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### Second round

#### Group A

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group A

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Main article: Miracle of Córdoba
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#### Group B

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group B

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### Third place match

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup third place play-off
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### Final

Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Final
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## Goalscorers

With six goals, Mario Kempes is the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 102 goals were scored by 63 different players, with three of them credited as own goals.

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6 goals
* Template:Flagicon Mario Kempes

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5 goals
* Template:Flagicon Rob Rensenbrink
* Template:Flagicon Teófilo Cubillas

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4 goals
* Template:Flagicon Leopoldo Luque
* Template:Flagicon Hans Krankl

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3 goals
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* Template:Flagicon Dirceu
* Template:Flagicon Roberto Dinamite

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* Template:Flagicon Paolo Rossi
* Template:Flagicon Johnny Rep

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* Template:Flagicon Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

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2 goals
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* Template:Flagicon Daniel Bertoni
* Template:Flagicon Nelinho
* Template:Flagicon Roberto Bettega
* Template:Flagicon Ernie Brandts

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* Template:Flagicon Arie Haan
* Template:Flagicon Zbigniew Boniek
* Template:Flagicon Grzegorz Lato

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* Template:Flagicon Archie Gemmill
* Template:Flagicon Heinz Flohe
* Template:Flagicon Dieter Müller

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1 goal
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* Template:Flagicon René Houseman
* Template:Flagicon Daniel Passarella
* Template:Flagicon Alberto Tarantini
* Template:Flagicon Erich Obermayer
* Template:Flagicon Walter Schachner
* Template:Flagicon Reinaldo
* Template:Flagicon Zico
* Template:Flagicon Marc Berdoll
* Template:Flagicon Bernard Lacombe
* Template:Flagicon Christian Lopez
* Template:Flagicon Michel Platini
* Template:Flagicon Dominique Rocheteau
* Template:Flagicon Károly Csapó
* Template:Flagicon András Tóth

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* Template:Flagicon Sándor Zombori
* Template:Flagicon Iraj Danaeifard
* Template:Flagicon Hassan Rowshan
* Template:Flagicon Romeo Benetti
* Template:Flagicon Franco Causio
* Template:Flagicon Renato Zaccarelli
* Template:Flagicon Víctor Rangel
* Template:Flagicon Arturo Vázquez Ayala
* Template:Flagicon Dick Nanninga
* Template:Flagicon René van de Kerkhof
* Template:Flagicon Willy van de Kerkhof
* Template:Flagicon César Cueto
* Template:Flagicon José Velásquez

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* Template:Flagicon Kazimierz Deyna
* Template:Flagicon Andrzej Szarmach
* Template:Flagicon Kenny Dalglish
* Template:Flagicon Joe Jordan
* Template:Flagicon Juan Manuel Asensi
* Template:Flagicon Dani
* Template:Flagicon Thomas Sjöberg
* Template:Flagicon Mokhtar Dhouieb
* Template:Flagicon Néjib Ghommidh
* Template:Flagicon Ali Kaabi
* Template:Flagicon Rüdiger Abramczik
* Template:Flagicon Bernd Hölzenbein
* Template:Flagicon Hansi Müller

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Own goals
* Template:Flagicon Andranik Eskandarian (against Scotland)
* Template:Flagicon Ernie Brandts (against Italy)
* Template:Flagicon Berti Vogts (against Austria)

## Players who were red-carded during the tournament

* Template:Flagicon Tibor Nyilasi
* Template:Flagicon András Törőcsik
* Template:Flagicon Dick Nanninga

## FIFA retrospective ranking

In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1978 tournament were as follows:

## External links

* 1978 FIFA World Cup on FIFA.com
* Details at RSSSF
* History of the World Cup-1978
* Planet World Cup – Argentina 1978

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