recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Allosaurus

***Allosaurus*** /ˌælɵˈsɔrəs/ is a genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived 155 to 150 million years ago during the late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian). The name "*Allosaurus"* means "different lizard". It is derived from the Greek ἄλλος/*allos* ("different, other") and σαῦρος/*sauros* ("lizard / generic reptile"). The first fossil remains that can definitely be ascribed to this genus were described in 1877 by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, and it became known as *Antrodemus*. As one of the first well-known theropod dinosaurs, it has long attracted attention outside of paleontological circles. Indeed, it has been a top feature in several films and documentaries about prehistoric life.

*Allosaurus* was a large bipedal predator. Its skull was large and equipped with dozens of sharp, serrated teeth. It averaged 8.5 m (28 ft) in length, though fragmentary remains suggest it could have reached over 12 m (39 ft). Relative to the large and powerful hindlimbs, its three-fingered forelimbs were small, and the body was balanced by a long and heavily muscled tail. It is classified as an allosaurid, a type of carnosaurian theropod dinosaur. The genus has a complicated taxonomy, and includes an uncertain number of valid species, the best known of which is *A. fragilis*. The bulk of *Allosaurus* remains have come from North America's Morrison Formation, with material also known from Portugal and possibly Tanzania. It was known for over half of the 20th century as *Antrodemus*, but study of the copious remains from the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry brought the name "*Allosaurus"* back to prominence, and established it as one of the best-known dinosaurs.

As the most abundant large predator in the Morrison Formation, *Allosaurus* was at the top of the food chain, probably preying on contemporaneous large herbivorous dinosaurs and perhaps even other predators. Potential prey included ornithopods, stegosaurids, and sauropods. Some paleontologists interpret *Allosaurus* as having had cooperative social behavior, and hunting in packs, while others believe individuals may have been aggressive toward each other, and that congregations of this genus are the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcasses. It may have attacked large prey by ambush, using its upper jaw like a hatchet.

## Movies

 The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock (1998)

Jurassic World-Fallen kingdom [2020s]
Amebelodon

***Amebelodon*** is a species of a diverse group of primitive proboscideans called amebelodonts, a group that also gave rise to the modern elephants and their close relative the mammoth. Inhabiting what is now North America and North Africa during the Mid Neogene Period, the most striking attribute of this animal is its lower tusks, which are narrow, elongated, and distinctly flattened with the degree of flattening varying among the different species.
Caudipteryx

***Caudipteryx*** is a genus of peacock-sized theropod dinosaurs that lived in the Aptian age of the early Cretaceous Period. They were feathered and remarkably birdlike in their overall appearance. Two species have been described; *C. zoui*, in 1998, and *C. dongi*, in 2000.

*Caudipteryx* fossils were first discovered in the Yixian Formation of the Sihetun area of Liaoning Province, northeastern China in 1997.
Chaoyangosaurus

Chaoyangosaurus Is A Genus Of Ceratopsian During The Cretaceous Period
About 263 Million Years Ago. Chaoyangosaurus Was A Herbivore. It Had A Sharp Beak
For Grinding Up Plants. Fossils Of Chaoyangosaurus Were Found In China.
It Was Over 11 Meters Short. Its Beak Also Chewed Up Seeds And Fruits.
Chaoyangosaurus Was Short And Stubby. Also It Was One Of The Smallest Dinosaurs.
Deinocheirus

***Deinocheirus*** is a genus of large ornithomimosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago. In 1965, a pair of large arms, shoulder girdles, and a few other bones of a new dinosaur were first discovered in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. In 1970, this specimen became the holotype of the only species within the genus, ***Deinocheirus mirificus***; the genus name is Greek for "horrible hand". No further remains were discovered for almost fifty years, and its nature remained a mystery. Two more complete specimens were described in 2014, which shed light on many aspects of the animal. Parts of these new specimens had been looted from Mongolia some years before, but were repatriated in 2014.

*Deinocheirus* was an unusual ornithomimosaur, the largest of the clade at 11 m long, and weighing 6.36 t. Though it was a bulky animal, it had many hollow bones which saved weight. The arms were among the largest of any bipedal dinosaurs at 2.4 m long, with large, blunt claws on its three-fingered hands. The legs were relatively short, and bore blunt claws. Its vertebrae had tall neural spines that formed a "sail" along its back. The tail ended in pygostyle-like vertebrae, which indicate the presence of a fan of feathers. The skull was 1.024 m long, with a wide bill and a deep lower jaw, similar to those of hadrosaurs.

The classification of *Deinocheirus* was long uncertain, and it was initially placed in the theropod group carnosauria, but similarities with ornithomimosaurians were soon noted. After more complete remains were found, *Deinocheirus* was shown to be a primitive ornithomimosaurian, most closely related to the smaller genera *Garudimimus* and *Beishanlong*, together forming the family Deinocheiridae. Members of this group were not adapted for speed, unlike other ornithomimosaurs. *Deinocheirus* is thought to have been omnivorous; its skull shape indicates a diet of plants, fish scales were found in association with one specimen and gastroliths were also present in the stomach region of the specimen. The large claws may have been used for digging and gathering plants. Bite marks on *Deinocheirus* bones have been attributed to the tyrannosaurid *Tarbosaurus*.
Aralosaurus

***Aralosaurus*** was a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous of what is now Kazakhstan. *Aralosaurus* was characterized by a small, bony peak on its nose, much like its relatives *Maiasaura* and *Gryposaurus*.

*Aralosaurus* was a herbivore that lived in the late Cretaceous period, sometime between 93.5 and 85.8 million years ago. Several relatives, such as *Jaxartosaurus* have also been found in the surrounding area where *Aralosaurus* was found.
Eusmilus

***Eusmilus***is a prehistoric genus of nimravid that lived in Europe during the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene epochs.

There are two valid species of *Eusmilus*, *E. bidentatus* and *E. villebramarensis*. *Ekgmoiteptecela* MacDonald, 1963 was synonymized with *Eusmilus* by some authors, but is actually synonymous with *Hoplophoneus*.
Gasosaurus

Gasosaurus is a fierce megalosaurus, related to Megalosaurus. This carnivore is 13 feet long, eats meat and is able to hunt smaller dinosaurs. Discovered in China.

1. Allosaurus Fragillis
2. Brachiosaurus Alithorax
3. Gasosaurus Constructus
4. Albertosaurus Sarcophagus
5. Yangchuanosaurus Shangyoensis
6. Lambeosaurus Lambei
7. Fukuiraptor Kitadensis
8. Utahraptor Ostrommaysorum
9. Iguanodon Bernatissmus
10. Carnotaurus Sastrei
Citipati

***Citipati*** is a genus of oviraptorid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia. It is one of the best-known oviraptorids, thanks to a number of well-preserved skeletons, including several specimens found in brooding positions atop nests of eggs. These nesting specimens have helped to solidify the link between non-avian dinosaurs and birds.

The type species, *Citipati osmolskae*, was described by James M. Clark, Mark Norell, and Rinchen Barsbold in 2001. A second, as yet unnamed species may also exist. *Citipati* is often confused with the similar *Oviraptor*.
Labyrinthodontia

**Labyrinthodontia** is an extinct amphibian subclass, which constituted some of the dominant animals of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. The group evolved from lobe-finned fishes in the Devonian and is ancestral to all extant landliving vertebrates. As such it constitutes an evolutionary grade rather than a natural group. The name describes the pattern of infolding of the dentin and enamel of the teeth, which are often the only part of the creatures that fossilize. They are also distinguished by a heavily armoured skull roof, and complex vertebrae, the structure of which is useful in older classifications of the group.

Because labyrinthodonts do not form a monophyletic group, many modern researchers have abandoned the term. However, some have continued to use the group in their classifications, at least informally, pending more detailed study of their relationships.
Chialingosaurus

***Chialingosaurus*** is a genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur similar to *Kentrosaurus* from the UpperShaximiao Formation, Late Jurassic beds in Sichuan Province in China. Its age makes it one of the oldest species of stegosaurs, living about 160 million years ago. Since it was an herbivore, scientists think that *Chialingosaurus* probably ate ferns and cycads, which were plentiful during the period when *Chialingosaurus* was alive.

## Movies

The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire (2000)
Dakosaurus

***Dakosaurus*** is an extinct genus within the family Metriorhynchidae that lived during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. It was large, with teeth that were serrated and compressed lateromedially. The genus was established by Friedrich August von Quenstedt in 1856 for an isolated tooth named*Geosaurus maximus* by Plieninger. *Dakosaurus* was a carnivore that spent much, if not all, its life out at sea. The extent of its adaptation to a marine lifestyle means that it is most likely that it mated at sea, but since no eggs or nests have been discovered that have been referred to *Dakosaurus*, whether it gave birth to live young at sea like dolphins and ichthyosaurs or came ashore like turtles is not known. The name *Dakosaurus* means "biter lizard", and is derived from the Greek *dakos* and σαῦρος -*sauros*.
Agathaumas

***Agathaumas*** is a dubious genus of a large ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in Wyoming during the Late Cretaceous. The name comes from Greek, *αγαν* - 'much' and *θαυμα* - 'wonder'. It is estimated to have been 9 metres long and weighed 6 tonnes, and was seen as the largest land animal known at the time of its discovery.

It was the first named ceratopsian, though relatively little is known about it. The original specimen consisted only of the animal's hip bones, hip vertebrae and ribs, and because these bones vary little between ceratopsid species, it is usually considered a *nomen dubium*. It is provisionally considered a synonym of *Triceratops*, but is difficult to compare to that genus because it is only known from postcranial remains.
Chasmosaurus

***Chasmosaurus*** (/ˌkæzmɵˈsɔrəs/ ***KAZ**-mo-**SAWR**-əs*) is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period of North America. Its name means 'opening lizard', referring to the large openings (fenestrae) in its frill (Greek *chasma* meaning 'opening' or 'hollow' or 'gulf' and *sauros* meaning 'lizard'). With a length of 4.3–4.8 metres (14–16 ft) and a weight of 1.5–2 tonnes (1.7–2.2 short tons), *Chasmosaurus* was a ceratopsian of average size. Like all ceratopsians, it was purely herbivorous. It was initially to be called *Protorosaurus*, but this name had been previously published for another animal. All specimens of *Chasmosaurus* were collected from the Dinosaur Park Formation of the Dinosaur Provincial Park of Alberta, Canada. *C. russelli* comes from the lower beds of the formation while *C. belli* comes from middle and upper beds.

## Movies

The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving (1995)
Acantholipan

***Acantholipan*** is an extinct of genus of nodosaur from the Late Cretaceous Pen Formation in Coahuila, Mexico. The type and only species, *Acantholipan gonzalezi*, was named by Rivera-Sylva *et al.*, 2018. Known remains include isolated bones and osteoderms.

## Discovery and naming

In the north of Mexico, fragmentary fossils have been found of nodosaurids.

## Paleogeography

*A. gonzalezi* is the first named Ankylosaur from Mexico that adds to the currently rare nodosaurid diversity from southern Laramidia.
Changyuraptor

***Changyuraptor*** is a genus of "four-winged", predatory dinosaurs. It is known from a single fossil specimen representing the species ***Changyuraptor yangi***, which was discovered from Early Cretaceous (125 million year old) deposits in Liaoning Province, China. *C. yangi* belongs to the group of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs called the Microraptoria.

At the time of its discovery, *C. yangi* was the largest four-winged dinosaur known and among the largest Mesozoic flying paravians, volant true birds seldom approaching its size.

## Description[edit]

Analysis of the fossil at the University of Cape Town, South Africa reveals that the specimen was a fully grown adult, approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) long and estimated to weigh 4 kilograms (8.8 lb), roughly the size of a turkey. These dimensions make *Changyuraptor* the largest four-winged microraptorine known, exceeding previously known specimens in size by at least 60%.

Like other microraptorines, *Changyuraptor* had feathers all over its body, including forelimbs and hindlimbs, which gives the appearance of having two pairs of wings. The presence of long feathers on all four limbs also suggests that these dinosaurs could fly.

The dinosaur's tail is long and feathered, with end feathers up to 29.27 centimetres (11.52 in) long, equalling approximately 30% of the length of the animal's skeleton. This length exceeds the previous record length of 7 inches (18 cm) for feathers from non-avian dinosaurs. The elongated tail feathers are thought to have helped provide softer and safer landings. They could have controlled pitch, a feature useful for a heavier animal, that would have attained a faster gliding speed.

While elongated feathers on the hindlimbs were present in many early birds, such as *Archaeopteryx*, the morphology of microraptorines suggests a different aerodynamic model from that of modern birds, which have characteristically bald legs and exhibit stable flight using two wings only.

*Changyuraptor* is thought to have existed alongside a variety of predatory and herbivorous dinosaurs of the Jehol Biota, including *Yutyrannus*, in moist temperate forest, primarily vegetated by ginkgos and conifers, with hot, dry summers and frosty winters.
Rugops

***Rugops*** is a genus of theropod dinosaur which inhabited what is now Africa approximately 95 million years ago. The discovery of a *Rugops* skull in Niger in 2000 was a crucial breakthrough in the understanding of the evolution of theropods in that area, and demonstrates that this landmass was still united with Gondwana at that stage in history.

Though known only from a skull, *Rugops* has been estimated to have been about 6 metres long based on comparisons with its relatives. The skull bore armour or scales, and other bones had many blood vessels, causing Paul Sereno, who led the team that discovered the fossil, to say, "It's not the kind of head designed for fighting or bone-crushing", suggesting that it may have been a scavenger. The skull also bears two rows of seven holes, each of unknown purpose, although Sereno has speculated that they may have anchored some kind of crest or horns.

Like other abelisaurs, *Rugops* probably had very short arms. These were probably useless in fighting. They may have only been balance tools, items to counterbalance the dinosaur's head.

The type species is *R. primus*, discovered in the Cenomanian-age Echkar Formation. *Rugops* is believed to be an abelisaurid, and is related to *Majungasaurus*.
Dunkleosteus

***Dunkleosteus*** is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm fish that existed during the Late Devonian period, about 360–380 million years ago. Some of the species, such as *D. terrelli*, *D. marsaisi*, and *D. magnificus*, are among the largest arthrodire placoderms ever to have lived.

The largest species, *D. terrelli*, measuring up to 6 m long and 1,000 kg in weight, was ahypercarnivorous apex predator. Few other placoderms, save, perhaps, its contemporary *Titanichthys*, rivaled *Dunkleosteus* in size.

*Dunkleosteus* is a pachyosteomorph arthrodire originally placed in the family Dinichthyidae, a family composed mostly of large, carnivorous arthrodires like *Gorgonichthys*. Anderson suggests, because of its primitive jaw structure, *Dunkleosteus* should be placed outside the family Dinichthyidae, perhaps close to the base of the clade Pachyosteomorpha, near *Eastmanosteus*. Carr and Hlavin resurrect Dunkleosteidae and place *Dunkleosteus*, *Eastmanosteus*, and a few other genera from Dinichthyidae within it.

New studies have revealed several features in both its food and biomechanics, as well as its ecology and physiology. Placodermifirst appeared in the Silurian, and the group became extinct during the transition from the Devonian to the Carboniferous, leaving no descendants. The class persisted in the fossil record for at least 70 million years, in comparison to the 400-million-year-long history of sharks.

In recent decades, *Dunkleosteus* has achieved recognition in popular culture, with a large number of specimens on display, and notable appearances in entertainment media like *Sea Monsters - A Walking with Dinosaurs Trilogy* and *River Monsters*. Numerous fossils of some species have been found in North America, Poland, Belgium, and Morocco. The name *Dunkleosteus* combines the Greek *osteus*, meaning "bone", and *Dunkle*, in honor of David Dunkle of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
Giganocephalus

***Giganocephalus*** is a genetically modified hybrid of *Giganotosaurus* and *Euoplocephalus* in *Jurassic World The Game*.

*Giganocephalus* is of the hybrids that can be created in the game. It and *Pachyceratops* were able to created for the player's park on September 30th, 2015.

## Description

Did you know that Giganocephalus is a misnomer? Its name means 'giant head', when in fact it actually has a small head! The Giganocephalus has smooth, armored plates and four large spikes protecting its neck and shoulders. Like the Euoplocephalus, the Giganocephalus has fused bone plates, protecting its back and neck from attack. The Giganocephalus is nearly twice the size of its Euoplocephalus progenitor; weighing 4.2 tons and measuring up to 30 feet in length!

Fuse to
Giganotosaurus

***Giganotosaurus*** is a genus of meat-eating carcharodontosaurid dinosaurs that lived in what is now Argentina during the early Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous Period, approximately some 99.6 to 97 million years ago. It included some of the largest known terrestrial carnivores, with known individuals equaling or slightly bigger than the size of the largest of the genera *Tyrannosaurus* and *Carcharodontosaurus*, but not as large as those of *Spinosaurus*.

## Movies

The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island (1997)

Dinosaur Train (2020)

Gigantosaurus (2022)

Jurassic World Dominion (2023)
Diplodocus

***Diplodocus*** (/dɪˈplɒdəkəs/, /daɪˈplɒdəkəs/, or /ˌdɪploʊˈdoʊkəs/) is an extinct genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs whose fossils were first discovered in 1877 by S. W. Williston. The generic name, coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878, is a neo-Latin term derived from Greek διπλός (*diplos*) "double" and δοκός (dokos) "beam", in reference to its double-beamed chevron bones located in the underside of the tail. Chevron bones of this particular form were initially believed to be unique to *Diplodocus*; however, since then they have been discovered in other members of the diplodocid family as well as in nondiplodocid sauropods, such as *Mamenchisaurus*. It is now common scientific opinion that *Seismosaurus hallorum* is a species of *Diplodocus*.

This genus of dinosaurs lived in what is now western North America at the end of the Jurassic period. *Diplodocus* is one of the more common dinosaur fossils found in the middle to upper Morrison Formation, between about 154 and 152 million years ago, during the late Kimmeridgian age. The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs, such as *Apatosaurus*, *Barosaurus*, *Brachiosaurus*, *Brontosaurus*, and *Camarasaurus*.

*Diplodocus* is among the most easily identifiable dinosaurs, with its typical sauropod shape, long neck and tail, and four sturdy legs. For many years, it was the longest dinosaur known. Its great size may have been a deterrent to the predators *Allosaurus* and *Ceratosaurus*: their remains have been found in the same strata, which suggests that they coexisted with *Diplodocus*.

## Movies

The Land Before Time (1988)

The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock (1998)
Bonitasaura

***using*** titanosaurian dinosaur hailing from uppermost layers of the Late Cretaceous Bajo de la Carpa Formation, Neuquen Group, located in Río Negro Province, Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. The remains, consisting of a partial sub-adult skeleton jumbled in a small area of fluvial sandstone, including lower jaw with teeth, partial vertebrae series and limb bones, were described by Apesteguía in a short uganda bolivia and yemen communication in mid-2004.

in name refers to the fossil quarry’s name, “La Bonita”, while the name of the type species, *B. salgadoi*, pays homage to Leonardo Salgado, a renowned Argentine palaeontologist.
Aepycamelus

***Aepycamelus*** is an extinct genus of camelid, formerly called ***Alticamelus***, which lived during the Miocene 20.6–4.9 million years ago, existing for about 15.7 million years. Its name is derived from the Homeric Greek αἰπύς, "high and steep" and κάμηλος – "camel"; thus, "high camel"; *alticamelus* in Latin.

*Aepycamelus* walked on its toes only. Unlike earlier species of camelids, they possessed cushioned pads like those of modern camels.
Afrovenator

***Afrovenator*** is a genus of megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the middle Jurassic Period of northern Africa. It was a bipedal predator, with three claws on each hand.

The generic name comes from the Latin *afer*, "African", and *venator*, "hunter". There is one named species, *Afrovenator abakensis*. The generic name refers to its predatory nature, and its provenance from Africa. The specific name refers to Abaka, the Tuareg name for the region of Niger where the fossil was found. The original short description of both genus and species is found in a 1994 paper which appeared in the prestigious journal Science. The primary author was well-known American paleontologist Paul Sereno, with Jeffrey Wilson, Hans Larsson, Didier Dutheil, and Hans-Dieter Sues as coauthors.
Adasaurus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 70 Ma
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 *Adasaurus mongoliensis*
Barsbold, 1983

***Adasaurus*** (/ˌɑːdəˈsɔːrəs/ *AH-də-SAWR-əs*; "Ada's lizard") is a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Central Asia. It was a small bipedalcarnivore with a sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot, and was perhaps 1.8 m (5.9 ft) long.[1] The genus name *Adasaurus* is taken from Ada, an evil spirit in the mythology of Mongolia, and the Greek word *sauros* meaning 'lizard'. The species name, for the single species, (*A. mongoliensis*), refers to the country of origin. *Adasaurus*was named and described in 1983 by Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold.[2]

Illustration

*Adasaurus* is a member of Dromaeosauridae, a group that is closely related to living birds. Other dromaeosaurids include *Deinonychus*, *Velociraptor*, *Microraptor*, and *Buitreraptor*. The relationships of *Adasaurus* are poorly understood. Traditionally, *Adasaurus* is assigned to the Dromaeosaurinae, which includes heavily built animals such as *Dromaeosaurus* and *Utahraptor* [3][4] but several recent studies have suggested that it may be a member of the Velociraptorinae instead.[5][6]

Two specimens of *Adasaurus* have been found, both from the Nemegt Formation in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. The holotype, **IGM 100/20**, is an incomplete skeleton with partial skull, including the vertebral column except the back of the tail, all three bones of the pelvis, the shoulder girdle and the hindlimbs. The second specimen, the paratype IGM 100/51 also described in the original paper, consists of the back end of another skeleton, including the hindlimbs. Both specimens are currently in the collection of the Mongolian Geological Institute in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

The age of the Nemegt is not known for certain, but it is commonly thought to belong to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period.,[7] and *Adasaurus* would therefore have lived between 72 and 66 million years ago. Other dinosaurs found in this formation include the tyrannosaur *Tarbosaurus*, the ornithomimid *Anserimimus*, the troodontid *Zanabazar*, and the hadrosaur *Saurolophus*.
Camptosaurus

***Camptosaurus*** is a genus of plant-eating, beaked ornithischian dinosaurs of the Late Jurassic period of western North America and possibly Europe. The name means 'flexible lizard'.

*Camptosaurus* is a relatively heavily built form, with robust hindlimbs and broad feet, still having four toes. Due to the separate status of *Uteodon* it has become problematic which material from the Morrison belongs to *Camptosaurus*. The specimens with certainty belonging to *Camptosaurus dispar*, from Quarry 13, have been recovered from very deep layers, probably dating to the Callovian-Oxfordian. The largest fragments from later strata indicate adult individuals more than 7.9 metres long, and 2 metres at the hips. The Quarry 13 individuals are smaller though. They have been described as reaching 6 meters in length and 785 – 874 kg in weight. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul gave an even lower estimate: a length of five metres and a weight of half a tonne.

Earlier reconstructions, such as those by Marsh and Gilmore, were based on the skull of *Theiophytalia* and display an incorrect, more rectangular profile. The skull was in fact triangular with a pointed snout, equipped with a beak. Its teeth were more tightly packed in the jaw compared to other Morrison euornithopods. Museum curator John Foster describes them as having "thick median ridges on their lateral sides and denticles along their edges," these features were similar to, but "more fully developed" than those in *Dryosaurus*. *Camptosaurus* teeth frequently exhibit extensive wear, which indicates that individuals in the genus had a diet of relatively tough vegetation.
Nyctosaurus

***Nyctosaurus*** is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur, the remains of which have been found in the Niobrara Formation of the mid-western United States, which, during the late Cretaceous Period, was covered in an extensive shallow sea. The genus *Nyctosaurus* has had numerous species referred to it, though how many of these may actually be valid requires further study. At least one species possessed an extraordinarily large antler-like cranial crest.
Anabisetia

***Anabisetia*** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Patagonia, South America. It was a small bipedal herbivore, almost seven feet long.

Argentine paleontologists Rodolfo Coria and Jorge Orlando Calvo named *Anabisetia* in 2002. The generic name honors the late Ana Maria Biset, an influential archeologist from Neuquén Province in Argentina, where the remains of this animal were found. The one named species is called *A. saldiviai*, after Roberto Saldivia Blanco, a local farmer who had discovered the fossils in 1985 and brought them to the attention of science in 1993. The finds had already been reported in the scientific literature in 1996.
Alphadon

***Alphadon*** was a genus of small, primitivemammal that was a member of the metatherians, a group of mammals that includes modern-day marsupials. Its fossils were first discovered and named by George Gaylord Simpson in 1929.

Not much is known of its appearance as it is only known from teeth. It probably grew to about 12 in and may have resembled a modernopossum. Judging from its teeth, it was likely an omnivore, feeding on fruits, invertebrates and possibly small vertebrates.

*Alphadon* lived during the end of the late Cretaceous period, alongside dinosaurs such as *Tyrannosaurus* and *Triceratops*. Its fossils have been found across North America, ranging from as far north as Alberta, Canada, to as far south as New Mexico in the United States.

The type species is *A. marshi*.

The species *Nortedelphys jasoni* was originally described as a species of the genus *Alphadon* by Storer; however, it was subsequently transferred to the herpetotheriid genus *Nortedelphys*.

The number of marsupial species in North America plummeted at the end of the Cretaceous, and *Alphadon* represent the only surviving lineage together with its Paleocene successor *Peradectes*.
Eustreptospondylus

***Eustreptospondylus*** is a genus of megalosaurid dinosaur, from the Callovian stage of the Middle Jurassic period in southern England, at a time when Europe was a series of scattered islands. It might have foraged on shorelines for carcasses and marine life.

The main fossil of *Eustreptospondylus* was found in 1870. At first it was assigned to other genera. In 1964 it was made a separate genus. *Eustreptospondylus* was about six metres long as an adult. It was carnivorous, bipedaland had a slightly stiffened tail. It was a typical theropod, with powerful hind limbs, and small forelimbs.
Alanqa

***Alanqa*** is a genus of pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds (which date to the late Albian or Cenomanian age) of southeastern Morocco.

The name *Alanqa* comes from the Arabic word **العنقاء** *al-‘anqā’*, for a Phoenix similar to the Simurgh of Persian mythology.

## Jurassic World The Game

Alanqa was unlocked in Stage 2 in the game.
Anchiceratops

***Anchiceratops*** is an extinct genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur that lived approximately 72 to 71 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Alberta, Canada. *Anchiceratops* was a medium-sized, heavily built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore that could grow up to an estimated 5 m long. Its skull featured two long brow horns and a short horn on the nose. The skull frill was elongated and rectangular, its edges adorned by coarse triangular projections. About a dozen skulls of the genus have been found.
Hyaenodon

***Hyaenodon*** is the type genus of Hyaenodontidae, a group of extinct carnivorous fossil mammals from Eurasia, North America and Africa, with species existing temporally from the Eocene until the middle Miocene, existing for approximately 26.1 million years. The various species of *Hyaenodon* competed with each other and with other hyaenodont genera, and played important roles as predators in ecological communities as late as the Miocene in Africa and Asia. Species of *Hyaenodon* have been shown to have successfully preyed on other large carnivores of their time, including a "false saber-tooth cat", *Dinictis* by analysis of tooth puncture marks on a fossil *Dinictis* skull in North Dakota.
Icaronycteris

***Icaronycteris*** is an extinct genus of microchiropteran bat that lived in the early Eocene, approximately 52.2 million years ago, making it the earliest known definitive bat. Four exceptionally preserved specimens, among the best preserved bat fossils, are known from the Green River Formation of North America. There is only one thoroughly described species of bat in the genus, *I. index*, although fragmentary material from France has also been tentatively placed within *Icaronycteris* as the second species *I. menui*. *I. sigei* is based on well-preserved fragments of dentaries and lower teeth found in Western India.
Arrhinoceratops

***Arrhinoceratops*** is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. The name was coined as its original describer concluded it was special because the nose-horn was not a separate bone, however further analysis revealed this was based on a misunderstanding. It lived during the latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous, predating its famous relative *Triceratops* by a few million years, although it was contemporary with *Anchiceratops*. Its remains have been found in Canada.
Albinykus

***Albinykus*** (meaning "Albin claw", after a term used by Mongolian shamans to describe light phenomena in the Gobi Desert) is a genus of alvarezsaurid dinosaur. Fossils have been found from Late Cretaceous-age (Santonian) Javkhlant Formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. The type species *A. baatar* was named by Sterling J. Nesbitt, Julia A. Clarke, Alan H. Turner and Mark A. Norell in 2011.

Estimated at under 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) in weight, *Albinykus* was one of the smallest alvarezsaurs and among the smallest non avian dinosaurs. The body size of alvarezsaurs decreased throughout their evolutionary history, and *Albinykus* represents a particularly derived form. One distinguishing feature of *Albinykus* not seen in other alvarezsaurids is the complete fusion of the tarsals to other bones of the leg; the proximal tarsals are fused to the tibia bone of the lower leg and the distal tarsals are fused to the metatarsal bones of the foot.

The holotype skeleton of *Albinykus*, specimen **IGM 100/3004** consisting of the pelvis and the hindlimbs, is postured in a sitting position with feet tucked underneath the body. This posture is similar to that of birds, an indication of the close relationship between nonavian maniraptoran dinosaurs and birds. Although oviraptorids and troodontids are known to have assumed this posture, the holotype of *Albinykus* is the first example of a crouching alvarezsaurid.
American Lion

The **American lion** – also known as the **North American lion**, **Naegele’s giant jaguar** or **American cave lion** – is an extinct lion of the family Felidae, endemic to North America during the Pleistocene epoch, existing for about 0.33 million years. It has been shown by genetic analysis to be a sister lineage to the Eurasian cave lion. It was part of the abundant Pleistocene megafauna, a wide variety of very large mammals that lived at the time. The most abundant remains have come from the La Brea Tar Pits.

The American lion is one of the largest types of cat ever to have existed, slightly larger than the early Middle Pleistocene primitive cave lion, *P. leo fossilis* and about 25% larger than the modern African lion.
Deinonychus

***Deinonychus*** (/daɪˈnɒnɨkəs/ *dy-**NON**-i-kəs*; Greek: *δεινός*, 'terrible' and *ὄνυξ*, genitive *ὄνυχος* 'claw') is a genus of carnivorous dromaeosaurid coelurosaurian dinosaurs, with one described species, ***Deinonychus antirrhopus***. This species, which could grow up to 3.4 metres (11 ft) long, lived during the early Cretaceous Period, about 115–108 million years ago (from the mid-Aptian to early Albian stages). Fossils have been recovered from the U.S. states of Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Oklahoma, in rocks of the Cloverly Formation, Cedar Mountain Formation and Antlers Formation, though teeth that may belong to *Deinonychus* have been found much farther east in Maryland.

Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of *Deinonychus* in the late 1960s revolutionized the way scientists thought about dinosaurs, leading to the "dinosaur renaissance" and igniting the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or cold blooded. Before this, the popular conception of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal posture, ratite-like spine, and especially the enlarged raptorial claws on the feet, which suggested an active, agile predator.

"Terrible claw" refers to the unusually large, sickle-shaped talon on the second toe of each hind foot. The fossil YPM 5205 preserves a large, strongly curved ungual. In life, archosaurs have a horny sheath over this bone, which extends the length. Ostrom looked at crocodile and bird claws and reconstructed the claw for YPM 5205 as over 120 millimetres (4.7 in) long. The species name *antirrhopus* means "counter balance", which refers to Ostrom's idea about the function of the tail. As in other dromaeosaurids, the tail vertebrae have a series of ossified tendons and super-elongated bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance, but a fossil of the very closely related *Velociraptor mongoliensis* (*IGM* 100/986) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved laterally in a long S-shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could bend to the sides with a high degree of flexibility. In both the Cloverly and Antlers formations, *Deinonychus* remains have been found closely associated with those of the ornithopod *Tenontosaurus*. Teeth discovered associated with *Tenontosaurus* specimens imply they were hunted, or at least scavenged upon, by *Deinonychus*.

## Movies

The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire (2000)
Cryolophosaurus

***Cryolophosaurus*** is a genus of large theropods known from only a single species ***Cryolophosaurus ellioti***, known from the early Jurassic period of Antarctica. It was about 6.5 metres long and 465 kilograms in weight, making it one of the largest theropods of its time. Individuals of this species may have grown even larger, because the only known specimen probably represents a sub-adult. *Cryolophosaurus* is known from a skull, a femur and other material, the skull and femur of which have caused its classification to vary greatly. The femur possesses many primitive characteristics that have classified *Cryolophosaurus* as a dilophosaurid or a neotheropod outside of Dilophosauridae and Averostra, where as the skull has many advanced features, leading the genus to be considered a tetanuran, an abelisaurid, a ceratosaur and even an allosaurid. Since its original description, the consensus is that *Cryolophosaurus* is either a primitive member of the Tetanurae or a close relative of that group.

*Cryolophosaurus* possessed a distinctive crest on its head that spanned the head from side to side, similar to a Spanish comb. Based on evidence from related species and studies of bone texture, it is thought that this bizarre crest was used for intra-species recognition. The brain of *Cryolophosaurus* was also more primitive than those of other theropods.

*Cryolophosaurus* was first excavated from Antarctica's Early Jurassic, Sinemurian to Pliensbachian aged Hanson Formation, formerly the upper Falla Formation, by paleontologist Dr. William Hammer in 1991. It was the first carnivorous dinosaur to be discovered in Antarctica and the first non-avian dinosaur from the continent to be officially named. The sediments in which its fossils were found have been dated at ~194 to 188 million years ago, representing the Early Jurassic Period.
Achillobator

***Achillobator*** Was A Dromaeosaurid Theropod During The Late Cretaceous Period About 96-93 Million Years Ago. ***Achillobator*** Was Described As The 'Achilles Hero' In Latin. Fossils Of ***Achillobator*** Were Found In Mongolia. ***Achillobator*** Was A Huge Theropod And Will take A Huge Bite Of Any Dinosaur It Eats.
Eucentrosaurus

Eucentrosaurus is a genus of horned dinosaurs ceratopsian that lived in the late Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago, in the Campanian, in what is now North America.

Was the length of an elephant and the height of an adult. He had a bone plate in the neck with a long horn-shaped hook in the nose. He lived in small herds. Measuring 6 meters long and 3 tons of weight. The Eucentrosaurus is now considered synonymous with Centrosaurus apertus.
Adeopapposaurus

Adeopapposaurus is a genus of prosauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Cañón del Colorado Formation of San Juan, Argentina. It was similar to Massospondylus. Four partial skeletons with two partial skulls are known. The type specimen, PVS-J568, includes a skull and most of a skeleton to just past the hips.
Opisthocoelicaudia

***Opisthocoelicaudia*** was a genus of sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period discovered in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. The only species is ***Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii***. A well-preserved skeleton lacking only the head and neck was unearthed in 1965 by Polish and Mongolian scientists, making *Opisthocoelicaudia* one of the best known sauropods from the Late Cretaceous. Tooth marks on this skeleton indicate that large carnivorous dinosaurs had fed on the carcassand possibly had carried away the now-missing parts. To date, only two additional, much less complete specimens are known, including a part of a shoulder and a fragmentary tail. A relatively small sauropod, *Opisthocoelicaudia* measured about 11.4 metres in length. Like other sauropods, it would have been characterised by a small head sitting on a very long neck and a barrel shaped trunk carried by four column-like legs. The name *Opisthocoelicaudia* means "posterior cavity tail", alluding to the unusual, opisthocoel condition of the anterior tail vertebrae that were concave on their posterior sides. This and other skeletal features lead researchers to propose that*Opisthocoelicaudia* was able to rear on its hindlegs.

Named and described by Polish paleontologist Maria Magdalena Borsuk-Białynicka in 1977, *Opisthocoelicaudia* was first thought to be a new member of the Camarasauridae, but is currently considered a derived member of the Titanosauria. Its exact relationships within Titanosauria are contentious, but it may have been close to the North American *Alamosaurus*. All *Opisthocoelicaudia* fossils stem from the Nemegt Formation. Despite being rich in dinosaur fossils, the only other sauropod from this rock unit is *Nemegtosaurus*, which is known from a single skull. Since the skull of *Opisthocoelicaudia* remains unknown, several researchers have suggested that *Nemegtosaurus* and*Opisthocoelicaudia* may represent the same species. Sauropod footprints from the Nemegt Formation, which include skin impressions, can probably be referred to either*Nemegtosaurus* or *Opisthocoelicaudia* as these are the only known sauropods from this formation
Brachiosaurus

***Brachiosaurus*** is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America. It was first described by Elmer S. Riggs in 1903 from fossils found in the Grand River Canyon of western Colorado, in the United States. Riggs named the dinosaur *Brachiosaurus altithorax*, declaring it "the largest known dinosaur". *Brachiosaurus* had a disproportionately long neck, small skull, and large overall size, all of which are typical for sauropods. However, the proportions of *Brachiosaurus* are unlike most sauropods – the forelimbs were longer than the hindlimbs, which resulted in a steeply inclined trunk, and its tail was shorter in proportion to its neck than other sauropods of the Jurassic.

*Brachiosaurus* is the namesake genus of the family Brachiosauridae, which includes a handful of other similar sauropods. Much of what is known by laypeople about *Brachiosaurus* is in fact based on *Giraffatitan brancai*, a species of brachiosaurid dinosaur from the Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania that was originally described by German paleontologist Werner Janensch as a species of *Brachiosaurus*. Recent research shows that the differences between the type species of *Brachiosaurus* and the Tendaguru material are significant enough that the African material should be placed in a separate genus. Several other potential species of *Brachiosaurus* have been described from Africa and Europe, but none of them are thought to belong to *Brachiosaurus* at this time.

*Brachiosaurus* is one of the rarer sauropods of the Morrison Formation. The type specimen of *B. altithorax* is still the most complete specimen, and only a relative handful of other specimens are thought to belong to the genus. It is regarded as a high browser, probably cropping or nipping vegetation as high as possibly 9 metres off of the ground. Unlike other sauropods, and its depiction in the film *Jurassic Park*, it was unsuited for rearing on its hindlimbs. It has been used as an example of a dinosaur that was most likely ectothermic because of its large size and the corresponding need for forage, but more recent research finds it to have been warm-blooded.

Also see Chubutisaurus.

## Movies and series

The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure (1994)

The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving [1990s]

Jurassic World

Dinotopia

Dinosaur Train
Aurognathus

***Anurognathus*** is a genus of small insectivorous pterosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic period (Tithonian stage). *Anurognathus* was first named and described by Ludwig Döderlein in 1923. The type species is *Anurognathus ammoni*. The genus name *Anurognathus* is derived from the Greek *αν*/ *an-* ("without"), *оυρα*/ *oura* ("tail"), and *γναθος*/ *gnathos* ("jaw") in reference to its unusually small tail relative to other "rhamphorhynchoid" (i.e. basal) pterosaurs. The specific name *ammoni* honours the Bavarian geologist Ludwig von Ammon, from whose collection Döderlein had acquired the fossil in 1922.
Kaprosuchus

***Kaprosuchus*** is an extinct genus of mahajangasuchid crocodyliform. It is known from a single nearly complete skull collected from the Upper Cretaceous Echkar Formation of Niger. The name means "boar crocodile" from the Greek κάπρος, *kapros* and σοῦχος, *souchos* in reference to its unusually large caniniform teeth which resemble those of a boar. It has been nicknamed "BoarCroc" by Paul Sereno and Hans Larsson, who first described the genus in a monograph published in *ZooKeys* in 2009 along with other Saharan crocodyliformes such as *Anatosuchus* and *Laganosuchus*. The type species is *K. saharicus*.
Minmi

***Minmi*** is a genus of small herbivorous ankylosaurian dinosaur that lived during the early Cretaceous Period of Australia, about 119 to 113 million years ago.

In 1964, Dr Alan Bartholomai, a collaborator of the Queensland Museum, discovered a chalkstone nodule containing an ankylosaurian skeleton in Queensland near Minmi Crossing, along the Injun Road, one kilometre south of Mack Gulley, north of Roma.

In 1980, Ralph E. Molnar named and described the type species, in this case the only species known in the genus, *Minmi paravertebra*. The generic name, at the time the shortest of a Mesozoic dinosaur, refers to Minmi Crossing. The meaning of "minmi" itself is uncertain; it refers to a large lily in the local aboriginal language but might also be derived from *min min*, a kind of will-o'-the-wisp. The specific name refers to strange bone elements found along the vertebrae, for which Molnar coined the designation *paravertebrae*.

The holotype, **QM F10329**, was discovered in a layer of the Bungil Formation, the Minmi Member, a lagoon deposit which was first dated to the Barremian-Valanginian, but later was recalibrated to the Aptian. It consists of a partial skeleton, lacking the skull. It preserves a series of eleven back vertebrae, ribs, a right hindlimb, and plates of the belly armour. It was the first specimen of a member of the Thyreophora discovered in the Southern Hemisphere.

In 1989, a much more complete skeleton was discovered, specimen QM F1801 that includes the skull and shows an articulated body armour. It was referred to a *Minmi* sp. Since 1989, most information provided on *Minmi* in books and illustrations is based on this second exemplar, but in 2015, it was named as a separate genus, *Kunbarrasaurus*.

Between 1989 and 1996 several other specimens were discovered and ultimately referred to a *Minmi* sp. These include QM F33286: a rump with pelvis and osteoderms; AM F35259: ribs with osteoderms; QM F33565: a partial thighbone; and QM F33566: a partial shinbone, perhaps of the same individual as QM F33565. AM F35259 is part of the collection of the Australian Museum. Later specimen QM F119849 was reported, consisting of ribs and osteoderms.