Indonesia

The **national emblem** or **coat of arms of Indonesia** is called ***Garuda Pancasila***. The main part of Indonesian national emblem is the Garuda with a heraldic shield on its chest and a scroll gripped by its legs. The shield's five emblems represent *Pancasila*, the five principles of Indonesia's national ideology. The Garuda claws gripping a white ribbon scroll inscribed with the national motto *Bhinneka Tunggal Ika* written in black text, which can be loosely translated as "Unity in Diversity". *Garuda Pancasila* was designed by Sultan Hamid II from Pontianak, supervised by Sukarno, and was adopted as the national emblem on 11 February 1950.

## History

Garuda, the discipled carrier or vehicle (vahana) of Lord Vishnu, appears in many ancient Hindu-Buddhist temples of ancient Indonesia. Temples such as Mendut, Borobudur, Sajiwan, Prambanan, Kidal, Penataran, Belahan, and Sukuh depict the images (bas-relief or statue) of Garuda. In Prambanan temple complex there is a single temple located in front of Vishnu temple, dedicated to Garuda. However, there is no statue of Garuda inside the chamber today. In the Shiva temple, also in Prambanan complex, there is a relief telling an episode of Ramayana about Garuda's nephew who also belongs to the bird-god race, Jatayu, tried to rescue Sita from Ravana's hand. The deified statue of King Airlangga depicted as Vishnu mounting Garuda from Belahan, probably the most famous statue of Garuda from ancient Java. Now the statue is one of the important collection of Trowulan Museum.

Garuda appear in many traditions and stories, especially in Java and Bali. In many stories Garuda symbolises the virtue of knowledge, power, bravery, loyalty, and discipline. As the vehicle of Vishnu, Garuda also bears the attributes of Vishnu, which symbolise preservation of cosmic order. Balinese tradition venerated Garuda as "the lord of all flying creatures", and "the majestic king of birds". In Bali, Garuda traditionally portrayed as a divine creature with head, beak, wings, and claw of an eagle, while has the body of a human. Usually portrayed in intricate carving with golden and vivid colours, as the vehicle of Vishnu or in battle scene against Nāga (dragon) serpents. The important and noble position of Garuda in Indonesian tradition since ancient times has venerated Garuda as the national symbol of Indonesia, the embodiment of Indonesian ideology, *Pancasila*. Garuda also chosen as the name of Indonesian national airlines, Garuda Indonesia. Next to Indonesia, Thailand also uses the Garuda as its national symbol.

After the Indonesian National Revolution ended and followed by the Dutch acknowledgement of the Indonesian independence in 1949, there was a need to create a national emblem of United States of Indonesia. On 10 January 1950 the Committee of State Seal was formed, under co-ordination of Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak as the State Minister of No Portfolio, with Muhammad Yamin as the chairman, and Ki Hajar Dewantara, M. A. Melkias Agustinus Pellaupessy, Mohammad Natsir, and Raden Mas Ngabehi Poerbatjaraka as committee members. The committee task is to select the proposals of United States of Indonesia national emblem to be presented to the government.

According to Mohammad Hatta, in his memoire "Bung Hatta Menjawab", to fulfill the mandate of the Cabinet, Minister Priyono launched the design competition. After the competition was held, there were two proposed designs selected as the finalists; one was the work of Sultan Hamid II and the other one was the work of Muhammad Yamin. The design proposed by Sultan Hamid II was accepted by both the People's Consultative Assembly (DPR) and the government, while Yamin's design was rejected because it featured shining sun emblem that seemed to be influenced by the Japanese Empire flag. Sukarno as The President of United States of Indonesia together with Mohammad Hatta as the Prime Minister, asked Sultan Hamid II to change the red and white ribbon being held by the Garuda talons to a white scroll bearing the national motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika". On 8 February 1950, the design created by Sultan Hamid II was presented to President Sukarno. The design featured the Garuda in its anthropomorphic form, similar to the traditional depiction in ancient Javanese, Balinese, and Siamese art. However, the Islamic party Masyumi expressed their objection and stated that the bird with human neck and shoulders with both hands holding the *Pancasila* shield was too mythical.

Sultan Hamid II edited his design and proposed the new version, this time discarding the anthropomorphic form, the eagle-like Garuda was done in stylised naturalistic style and named *Rajawali* (eagle) *Garuda Pancasila*. President Sukarno presented this design to the cabinet and Prime Minister Hatta. According to AG Pringgodigdo in his book "Sekitar Pancasila" published by the Minister of Defence and Security, the improved design of *Garuda Pancasila* by Sultan Hamid II was officially adopted in United States of Indonesia Cabinet Assembly on 11 February 1950. At that time, the *Rajawali Garuda Pancasila* was still "bald" without crest crowning its head like current version. President Sukarno introduced the national emblem of Indonesia to the public at Hotel Des Indes, Jakarta, on 15 February 1950.

Sukarno continued to improve the design of *Garuda Pancasila*. On 20 March 1950, Sukarno ordered the palace artist Dullah to make several improvements according to his suggestions, such as the addition of a crest and the change of talons position to the scroll. It was believed that Sukarno suggested the crest addition because the "bald" Garuda was considered too similar to the bald eagle in the United States Great Seal.

## Scroll and Motto

The Garuda clutches in its talons a scroll bearing the National Motto of Indonesia, "*Bhinneka Tunggal Ika*" which is an Old Javanese stanza of the epic poem "***Sutasoma***" attributed to the 14th-century poet sage of the Javanese Majapahit Empire, Empu Tantular. The text was redesicovered by the Dutch scholar Brandes from among the many lontar manuscripts among the Dutch booty called the *Lombok treasure* — looted from the destroyed Lombok palace in 1894. who is said to have committed the phrase to writing for the first time.

The poem expounded a doctrine of reconciliation between the Hindu and Buddhist faiths: meaning literally "Although diverse, both truthful to Dharma — thus there exists no duality in Truth". This spirit of religious tolerance was an essential element in the foundation and security of the newly emerging State of Majapahit and the thus fledgling Republic of Indonesia. It is roughly rendered, *Diverse, yet united* or perhaps more poetically in English: *Unity in Diversity*. The official Indonesian language translation is: *Berbeda-beda namun tetap satu jua*.

## Uses

The National Emblem is used to symbolize Indonesian government and as official emblem of Indonesian ministries, departments and institutions. It is commonly displayed in Indonesian state palaces, monuments, government offices, buildings and also Indonesian embassies abroad. It is also used in private offices and buildings, also in the classes of public schools, placed on the wall slightly upper than the President's and Vice-President's photographs that flanked the emblem. Also, it is used on the front of every Naval vessel, denoting governmental status of the vessel. Moreover, every governor and head of cities or regencies wears the National Emblem on their headgear's badge. The President uses it on every plane he/she travelled with. Every Ministry, Provincial, Military and Police flag also uses it on one side.

The Indonesian National Emblem is used as part of governmental institutions' and organisations' emblems. Such as being included within the emblems of Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), General Elections Commission (KPU), People's Representative Council (DPR), and Regional Representative Council (DPD).

In sports, many sport branches uses the National Emblem as their uniform insignia, such as football, creating the nickname for the Indonesia national football team as the "Garuda Team".

However, some elements of Garuda Pancasila is used in some on non-national and non-governmental organisation. For example, the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra) used the head of Garuda Pancasila as the main part of their symbol. The rallying symbol of Prabowo Subianto's 2014 presidential campaign also used the *Garuda Merah* (red Garuda), a red silhouette of Garuda Pancasila, which raised the controversy and protest whether a partisan non-governmental organisations should be allowed on using the national emblem as rallying symbol. The controversy also raised from pro-Prabowo musician Ahmad Dhani who campaigned through a music video that displays golden Garuda Pancasila — which looks like the German imperial eagle, in aesthetic imagery reminiscent of Nazi's style fascism. The red Garuda is again used as part of Prabowo's campaign for presidency in the 2019 election.

## Symbolism

### Garuda

The Garuda is the mythical golden eagle, common to both Hindu and Buddhist mythology. The Garuda was a chimera, having the wings, beak, and feet of the golden eagle, but a man's arms and trunk. The Garuda is commonly used as an emblem in South and Southeast Asian nations. The use of the Garuda in Indonesia's coat-of-arms invokes the pre-colonial Hindu kingdoms that spanned across the archipelago, from which the present-day Republic of Indonesia is understood to be descended.

However, unlike the traditional anthropomorphic form of Garuda as featured in ancient temples in Java, the Balinese Garuda, or the national emblem of Thailand, the design of Indonesia's *Garuda Pancasila* is rendered in modern naturalist style. The design of *Garuda Pancasila* was inspired by the *elang Jawa* or Javan hawk-eagle (*Nisaetus bartelsi*), an endangered raptor endemic to the mountainous forest regions of Java. The Javan hawk-eagle's resemblance to the *Garuda Pancasila* is most obvious with the prominent crest crowning its head and the plumage colored dark-brownish to chestnut-gold. By presidential decree, the Javan hawk-eagle was legally registered as the national bird of Indonesia, and thus attributing the endangered species very high protection.

As for the national emblem, the Garuda symbolizes strength and power, while the gold color symbolizes greatness and glory.

The feathers on the Garuda of the Indonesian coat-of-arms are arranged so that they invoke the date of 17 August 1945, the officially recognized Indonesian Day of Independence. The total number of feathers symbolizes the date of the proclamation of Indonesian independence:

* The number of feathers on each wing totals 17
* The number of feathers on the tail totals 8
* The number of feathers below the shield or base of tail totals 19
* The number of feathers on the neck totals 45

These numbers of feathers correspond to "17/8/1945" international date format for Indonesian Independence Day.

### Emblems

Each section of the shield has a symbol corresponding to the Pancasila principles laid down by its founder, President Sukarno. The numbers of some elements in these symbols might evokes certain numbers, such as 17 and 5 which represents the date of independence and the number of principles in Pancasila, respectively.

### Escutcheon

The escutcheon (in heraldic terms) or shield is a martial symbol, representing the defense of the country. It is divided into five sections: a background divided into quarters, colored red and white (the colors of the national flag) in a checkerboard pattern; and a smaller, concentric shield, black in background. A thick, black line lies horizontally across the shield, symbolizing the equator which passes through the Indonesian archipelago.

#### Star

The black shield bearing the golden star at center corresponds to the first *Pancasila principle*: "Belief in One Supreme God". The color black represents the color of nature. Upon this shield at center is a golden, five-pointed star. This is a symbol common not only among Indonesia's sanctioned faiths of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Catholicism and Buddhism, but of the secular ideology of socialism as well.

This tenet of *Pancasila* has been criticized, for it suggests compulsory religious belief as well as compulsory monotheism. Supporters of Sukarno's legacy, however, believe that this tenet was meant to unify Indonesia's population, who have diverse faiths and beliefs.

#### Chain

In the bottom right quarter, on a red background, is a chain made up of 9 round links representing women and 8 square links representing men, together they sum the number 17. This chain represents successive human generations. It corresponds to the second principle of the *Pancasila*, the principle of "Just and Civilized Humanity".

#### Banyan Tree

At the upper right quarter, on a white background, is the banyan tree (Indonesian: *beringin*). This symbol corresponds to the third *Pancasila* principle, the principle of "The Unity of Indonesia". The banyan is known for having expansive above-ground roots and branches. The Republic of Indonesia, as an ideal conceived by Sukarno and the Nationalists, is one country out of many far-flung cultural roots, made up of millions of people from a number of ethnic communities and groups.

#### Bull

In the upper left quarter, on a red background, is the head of the Javanese wild bull, the *banteng*. This represents the fourth principle of *Pancasila*, the principle of "Democracy that is Guided by the Inner Wisdom in the Unanimity Arising Out of Deliberations Amongst Representatives". The banteng was chosen to symbolize democracy as Indonesians saw it as a social animal. The banteng was also adopted as a symbol of Sukarno's Nationalists, and later by his daughter Megawati Soekarnoputri's Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle.

#### Rice and Cotton

In the lower left quarter, on a white background, are a gold-and-white paddy and cotton. There are 17 seeds of rice and 5 cotton buds. These represent the fifth *Pancasila* principle, the principle of "Social Justice for the Entire People of Indonesia". The rice and cotton represent sustenance and livelihood.

## *Garuda Pancasila* song

The *Garuda Pancasila* song was composed by Sudharnoto as a patriotic song to commemorate the Indonesian struggle.

### Lyrics

*Garuda Pancasila*

*Akulah pendukungmu*

*Patriot proklamasi*

*Sedia berkorban untukmu*

*Pancasila dasar negara*
*Rakyat adil makmur sentosa*
*Pribadi bangsaku*
*Ayo maju maju*
*Ayo maju maju*
*Ayo maju maju*
### Literal translation

*O, Garuda Pancasila*

*I am your supporter*

*A patriot of Proclamation*

*(I am) willing to sacrifice for you*

*Pancasila the basis of the country*
*The people right and prospering*
*My nation's character*
*Let us go forth*
*Let us go forth*
*Let us go forth*
### Poetic translation

*O, Garuda Pancasila*

*A soldier for you, I am*

*A vanguard of Proclamation, I stand*

*I place my life and fortune in your hands*

*Pancasila the law of the land*
*People prospering hand-in-hand*
*Our nation's pride and joy*
*Onwards, march all*
*Onwards, march all*
*Onwards, march all*