recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
S78 (New York City bus)

The **S78** consitiutes a bus route in Staten Island, New York running primarily on Tompkins Avenue, Hylan Boulevard, Arthur Kill Road, between St. George Ferry Terminal and Charleston.

It was originally a route numbered the R103, which ran between St. George and Tottenville. On April 15, 1990, the route was split into two services: the S78 for Tottenville service, and the S79 for Staten Island Mall service.

It is the longest local route in New York City, with the route spanning at 19.7 miles (or about 31.7 kilometers).

## Route description

The S78 begins at the St. George Ferry Terminal, at Ramp "C", and continues along Bay Street until it uses Victory Boulevard, St. Pauls Avenue, Beach Street, and Water Street to access Canal Avenue, while buses heading to St. George uses Canal Avenue, Wright Street, Van Duzer Street, and Van Duzer Street Extension to access Bay Street. It continues on Canal Avenue until it turns to Tompkins Avenue. It continues on Tompkins Avenue as well until it turns to Hylan Boulevard. It goes on Hylan Boulevard for most of its length, until it turns to Craig Avenue, and uses Amboy Road and Johnson Avenue to access Arthur Kill Road, while northbound buses uses Main Street to access Hylan Boulevard. It then goes on Arthur Kill Road for a length until it uses Mohr Street to access the terminus, while northbound buses use Veterans Road West to access Arthur Kill Road.

Some buses run between St. George Ferry and Luten Avenue on school days, providing service to Tottenville High School. Alternate weekend daytime buses start/end at Richmond Avenue.

## History

The S78 was originally the R103, which ran between St. George Ferry Terminal Ramp "E" and Tottenville. Other Tottenville destination changes included Craig Avenue & Butler Place and Main Street and Amboy Road. An alternate destination was at Richmond Ave and Hylan Boulevard.

There was school service to and from Lindberg Avenue & Clawson Street (Old New Dorp High School), Huguenot Avenue and Hylan Boulevard (E. Berstein Intermediate School, Yetman Avenue and Manhattan Street (Old Tottenville High School), Luten Avenue and Eylandt Street (New Tottenville High School), and New Dorp Lane and Mill Road (New-New Dorp High School).

A summer only route, numbered the R103S and named the Great Kills Park Shuttle ran from the park entrance at Hylan Boulevard to the main parking lot. The route was discontinued in the late 1980s.

The segment along Richmond Avenue to the Staten Island Mall was initiated in the early 1980s.

It was renumbered the S103, and on April 15, 1990, Tottenville service was numbered the S78, and Staten Island Mall service was numbered the S79.

The S78 was extended to Bricktown Mall in 2011 with the opening of the Charleston Depot, which is behind the mall.
Meister Eckhart

**Meister Eckhart**, ca. 1260 bis 1328, ein Dominikaner-Mönch, wurde früher allgemein als führender deutscher Mystiker gesehen. Dieses Urteil ist jedoch mittlerweile durch die Forschung relativiert. Eckhardt war studierter Theologe und temporär zwei Mal sogar Philosophie-Dozent in Paris. Er wollte sich auch ausdrücklich als Philosoph sehen. Allerdings enthielt seine Philosophie, wie in unserer Kategorisierung dargestellt, zweifellos auch eine mystische Dimension. Das bezeugen etwa einige seiner hier aufgeführten Traktate und Predigten (eine Auswahl):

* *Von der Selbsterkenntnis oder: Von der Vollendung der Seele*
* *Von der wahren Armut*
* *Vom wahren Reichtum*
* *Von unsagbaren Dingen*
* *Vom Tod*
* *Ich und der Vater sind eins*
* *Vom Reich Gottes*

## Quelle

K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*

## Siehe auch

* Vollendung der Seele (Eckhart)
* Vom Wunder der Seele
M96 (New York City bus)

The **M96** constitutes a bus route between Upper West Side and Yorkville. It serves as the 96th Street crosstown bus route. It is currently based at the Manhattanville Depot.

## History

The New York City Department of Plant and Structures began operating a bus route designated the M6 – which soon became NYCO's 19 on July 1, 1921. It was operated by Green Bus Lines from 1933 to 1936, then it was taken over by the New York City Omnibus Corporation on June 22, 1936. Around May 1993, the M19 route was renumbered to and became the M96.
B8

B8
--

### End

Bay Ridge4th Avenue and 95th Streetat 95th Street ( R train) OR Dyker HeightsBrooklyn VA Hospital

### Streets served/Via

18th Avenue

**B8** is a bus route in Brooklyn.

## Description

It begins at Rockaway and Hegeman Avenue in Bensonhurst. It then continues until it turns left on Church Avenue and again at Resmen Avenue. Wip

## History

It began on October 22, 1925 by Queens Bus Lines. Daytime service between Bay Ridge and Veterans Administration Hospital was discontinued in 2010 but restored on June 29, 2014. The original eastern terminus was the Brooklyn Terminal Market. Most trips were rerouted to Brookdale Hospital in the 1990s. Brooklyn Terminal Market service was discontinued on June 23, 1996. Service was then extended to Bay Ridge-95th Street on June 29, 2014.

## References

1. ↑ B8 B37 B70 Effective Sunday, June 29, 2014 New and improved service for our Brooklyn customers!, June 2014, mta.info, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, retrieved June 28, 2018
2. ↑ B8 Bus Schedule, 1997, mta.nyc.ny.us, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, June 14, 1997, retrieved June 28, 2019
Frau

Die Person und Persönlichkeit der **Frau** scheint zumindest in der spätantiken und mittelalterlichen Philosophie nicht im Zentrum gestanden zu haben, jedenfalls wenn man den spärlichen Äusserungen dazu von Kurt Flasch folgt (dies im Gegensatz zur Theologie, wo der Jesusmutter Maria, Maria Magdalena und den Frauen, welche das leere Grab entdeckten und den Auferstandenen als erste sahen, relativ zentrale Rollen zukommen).

Signifikante Erwähnung dazu bei Flasch ist einzig Meister Eckhart, der das alte Bild von der Entstehung Evas aus Adams Rippe neu interpretierte: "Als Gott den Menschen erschuf, machte er die Frau aus der Seite des Mannes, damit sie ihm gleich wäre." (wobei mit "gleich" wohl kaum die heutige politisch-gesellschaftliche Gleichstellung gemeint war, sondern vielmehr die relative biologische Gleichheit)

## Quelle

K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
Edgewater Depot

The **Edgewater Depot**, also called **Edgewater Pier**, was a Staten Island Division bus depot located at 60/171 Edgewater Street on the coastline of Rosebank, Staten Island (40.619279°N 74.068309°W), the former area of the Pouch Terminal (Piers 20 and 21). It was leased from Pouch Terminal, Inc. in 1977, and used to relieve overcrowding at the Staten Island Depot (now Castleton Avenue Depot), which had been the only bus depot in the borough. It was later discovered that the terminal was about to be foreclosed, and could have been acquired by the city at no cost. A fire destroyed Pier 20 in 1978, rendering the depot useless until 1983. During that time, the depot stored several new General Motors-built RTS-04 buses awaiting entry into revenue service in 1982. On February 18, 1983, two GMC fishbowl buses on loan from Washington DC's Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) fell into the Narrows after one of its piers collapsed. Although the TA initially planned to rehabilitate the depot, Edgewater was permanently abandoned in 1985 when it was found to be structurally unsafe for use as a bus depot.

An office building is located near the site, at 1 Edgewater Street or 1 Edgewater Plaza, used by the MTA, Staten Island Community Board 1, and other organizations. It was originally a Pouch Terminal warehouse, re-purposed for office use from 1973 to the 1980s.
Bx22 (New York City bus)

### **End**

Bedford Park – Paul Avenue and West 205th Street / Bedford Park Boulevard station
Fordham – Fordham Road and Valentine Avenue
Pelham Parkway – Pelham Parkway and Boston Road

The **Bx22** constitutes a bus route in the Bronx, New York running primarily on Castle Hill Avenue, White Plains Road, Fordham Road, and Goulden Avenue, between Castle Hill and Bedford Park, Fordham, or Pelham Parkway.

The Bx22 was originally numbered the Bx13, which began in 1928. In 1984, as part of the Bronx bus revamp, the Bx13 was renumbered the Bx28.

## Route description

The Bx22 begins at Castle Hill Avenue and Zerega Avenue, and continues on Castle Hill Avenue until it turns to Starling Avenue and then Unionport Road. It then continues on Unionport Road until it turns to Bronx Park East and then goes on White Plains Road. It then continues on White Plains Road until it ends at Pelham Parkway and Boston Road.

During all times except late nights, the Bx22 runs to Fordham. In this case, the Bx22 turns to East Fordham Road, and continues until it ends at Valentine Avenue.

During weekdays only, the Bx22 is extended to Bedford Park. In that case, northbound buses turn to East Kingsbridge Road, and southbound buses use Valentine Avenue to access East Fordham Road. It then continues on East Kingsbridge Road until it makes a turn at Goulden Avenue, and continues on that avenue until it uses West 205th Street to access the terminus, while southbound buses use Paul Avenue and Bedford Park Boulevard to access Goulden Avenue.

## History

The Bx22 started service in 1928, numbered as the Bx13. The original northern terminus was at Pelham Parkway (2,​ 5 trains). Service was extended to serve Fordham Road-Valentine Avenue, near the Fordham Road station on the IND Concourse Line, during all times except nights and Bedford Park, near Bedford Park Boulevard station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (weekdays only) on February 19, 1984.

On February 19, 1984, the Bx13 was renumbered the Bx22, as part of the Bronx bus revamp.

Select Bx22 services (originating only from Bedford Park weekdays and Pelham Parkway daily) also had a split branched service to Clasons Point via Lacombe Avenue and White Plains Road in 1984, running all times except evenings and late nights. This branch was originally instituted to serve passengers riding to the former Shorehaven Beach Club. Because the club closed in 1986, ridership for this branch was scant and was eliminated in March 1988. Current Bx22 service at Castle Hill Avenue, along with the Bx27 at Soundview Avenue/White Plains Road and Bx36 at Randall Avenue, accommodated the small number of affected passengers.
B68 (New York City bus)

The **B68** is a bus route that constitutes a public transit line operating in Brooklyn, New York City. The B68 is operated by the MTA New York City Transit Authority. Its precursor was a streetcar line that began operation in June 1862, and was known as the Coney Island Avenue Line. The route became a bus line in 1955.

## Route description

The B68's northern terminus is at Prospect Park Southwest and Pritchard Square near the 15th Street–Prospect Park station in Park Slope. Service heads south via Prospect Park Southwest and Coney Island Avenue until Brighton Beach Avenue. Service then heads west via that street until West Brighton Avenue, before turning right onto West 5th Street. Buses then make lefts at Neptune Avenue and Stilwell Avenue before terminating at the Mermaid Bus Loop at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station.

## History

### As a horsecar line

The original line ran from the Boulevard entrance of Prospect Park (Park Circle) to Coney Island and was operated by the Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad (CI&B). It was the first railroad of any kind to reach Coney Island. The CI&B connected to other lines to bring people from Brooklyn (then a city) and from New York City (then meaning Manhattan) to its service to Coney Island. It began operating service along the Smith Street Line to Fulton Ferry in June 1862, so that the line was commonly called the "Smith Street Line". It was also known as the "Slocum Road" after its president, Henry Warner Slocum, a Civil War general and New York congressman. Slocum's name is also associated with the steamboat General Slocum, involved in a disastrous fire on the East River. Most of the route operated alongside the Coney Island Plank Road, now Coney Island Avenue.

### As a trolley line

In 1890, in order to compete better with the steam railroads that had been opened to Coney Island beginning in 1864, the CI&B became the first horsecar line in Kings County to electrify, using trolley wire.

The CI&B acquired the Grand Street, Prospect Park and Flatbush Railroad (Franklin Avenue Line) in the early 1890s, and leased the Brooklyn City and Newtown Rail Road (DeKalb Avenue Line) in 1897.

The Coney Island and Gravesend Railway, a Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company subsidiary, bought a majority of CI&B stock in 1913 or 1914; it remained part of the BRT (Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation after 1923) system until the BMT was purchased by the City of New York in 1940.

### As a bus line

In 1955, this was the third-to-last Brooklyn streetcar line to be converted to bus operation and the fourth to last in the State of New York. Service was renumbered as the B68 bus. In July 2001, service was extended from West 5th Street to the Coney Island subway station.
Category;MTA Regional Bus routes
Concourse Bus Line, Incorporated

**Concourse Bus Lines** was a bus operator in the borough of The Bronx in New York City. It operated two routes on the Grand Concourse, which briefly came under the operation of Fifth Avenue Coach Company, but became part of the Third Avenue Railway's system, operated by their bus-operating subsidiary, the Surface Transportation Corporation of New York. The two routes are now Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority routes Bx1 and Bx2.
B84 (New York City bus)

### **End**

East New York – Livonia Avenue and Warwick Street at New Lots Avenue (2, 3, 4, 5 trains)

The **B84** constitutes a bus route between Gateway Center Mall and East New York. It was created in 2013, replicating the original B83 route in East New York between Jerome Street and Berriman Street.

## Route description

The bus route begins at Gateway Center Mall, and uses Seaview Avenue until it turns onto Fountain Avenue. It then goes on until it turns to Flatlands Avenue, and continues on the avenue until it turns to Jerome Street, then Cozine Avenue, and finally Ashford Street. It then continues until it turns right on Hegeman Avenue, left on Cleveland Street, and again on Livonia Avenue. It then continues for a short stretch, until it ends.

For buses heading to Gateway Center Mall, they turn onto Warwick Street and New Lots Avenue to access Ashford Street. It then goes on the same route, until it reaches Vandalia Avenue, where it turns right on. It then turns left on Erskine Street, and continues until it ends there.

## History

The B84 was created as a new route on June 30, 2013, and it replicates the B83 bus between Jerome Street and Berryman Street.
B34 (New York City bus)

The **B34** was a MTA bus route that ran in the neighbourhoods of Bay Ridge, Brighton Beach, Coney Island Beach and Bath Beach that ran mostly on Bay Ridge Avenue, 13th Avenue, and 86th Street, between Bay Ridge Avenue and Bath Beach. It was originally a streetcar route, which was replaced with buses in 1949, but it no longer operated and was replaced by the B1 bus. It is now part of the B64 bus route.

## Route description

The route was mostly replicated by the present route of the B64, but it ended at Harway Avenue and 25th Avenue.

## History

The Sixty-fifth and Bay Ridge Avenue Line opened on May 22, 1891, as the first streetcar line built as an electric railway in Brooklyn. On March 19, 1893, the Nassau Electric Railroad was established and took control of the route.

The Bay Ridge Avenue Line streetcars would be replaced by buses, numbered the B34. It would remain that way until on November 12, 1978, when the route was replaced with the B1 bus route.

On July 2010, the western end of the B1, at 13th Avenue and 86th Street would be swapped with the B64 bus route because of the 2010 MTA budget cuts.
East Side Omnibus Corporation

The **East Side Omnibus Corporation** was a bus company in the borough of Manhattan, New York City.

It was formed in 1932 to operate former streetcar routes operated by the Second Avenue Railroad in Manhattan. One year later, the same people formed Comprehensive Omnibus Corporation. Comprehensive and East Side Omnibus were coordinated in their transfer policy with New York City Omnibus Co., all three companies exchanging transfers among their routes, even though Comprehensive and East Side were entirely independent in ownership from NYCO.

Both Comprehensive and East Side went bankrupt in 1948, and their routes were taken over by New York City, operated by the Board of Transportation (which later became a State operation, the New York City Transit Authority).

## Routes

The following routes were operated by the East Side Omnibus Company:

 M12
 M13
 M14
 M15

Note that the current M15 is a successor to both East Side's M13 and M15, as the two routes were combined when First and Second Avenues were made one-way.
Philosophie des Mittelalters

**Mystische Theologie**

* Benedikt von Nursia
* Gregor der Groβe
* Bernhard von Clairvaux
* Hildegard von Bingen
* Petrus Olivi
* Girolamo Savonarola

**Mystische Philosophie**

* Joachim von Fiore
* Bonaventura
* Meister Eckhart
* Nikolaus von Kues

**Logische Philosophie**

* Anselm von Canterbury
* Petrus Abaelard
* Thomas von Aquin
* Johannes Duns Scotus
* Raimundus Lullus
* Thomas Bradwardine
* Wilhelm von Ockham

**Empirismus**

* Eriugena
* Albert der Groβe
* Roger Bacon
* Nicolas von Autrecourt
* Johannes Buridanus

Die Aufzählungen sind stark unvollständig. In Russland *beispielsweise* wirkte im Spätmittelalter auch der mystisch orientierte Nil Sorskij.

Theologie bedeutet hier Auslegung des Bibeltextes im engeren Sinne sowie - bei der Mystik - emotionale Erfahrungen damit ("Gottesnähe"), Philosophie die Entwicklung eigenständiger neuer Ideen auf der Grundlage des Bibeltextes (Siehe dazu auch die Sachartikel in diesem Wiki, jenseits der Biografien => unter "Erkunden" -> "Alle Seiten").

### Zeittafel dazu

* um 500: Benedikt von Nursia
* um 600: Gregor der Große
* 9. Jahrhundert: Eriugena
* 11. Jahrhundert: Anselm
* 12. Jahrhundert: Abaelard, Bernhard, Hildegard, Fiore
* 13. Jahrhundert: Olivi, Bonaventura, Albert, Aquino, Duns Scotus, Bacon, Lullus
* 14. Eckhart, Autrecourt, Bradwardine, Ockham
* 15. Kues, Mirandola, Savonarola und Nil Sorskij

Die Zeittafel lässt keine eigentlichen Strömungen ersehen, sondern verrät überraschend individuelles Erkennen. So sind beispielsweise derart unterschiedliche Denker wie Bacon (Empirist) und Olivi (mystisch orientiert) im gleichen Jahrzehnt verstorben.

### Merksätze

* Wider die irdischen Laster (Bernhard)
* Du hast die Wahl (Mirandola)
* Vollendung der Seele (Eckhart)
Rauchwerger Bus Company

**Rauchwerger Bus Company** was a bus company in New York City, United States, operating local service in Queens. It was founded by Joseph Rauchwerger on August 14, 1923 to take over routes which had been operated as streetcar routes by the New York & North Shore Traction Co.. Rauchwerger later co-founded the North Shore Bus Company on April 21, 1926, which took over the lines of Rauchwerger Bus Co.

Rauchwerger Bus Company operated two routes:

* Q12 (Northern Boulevard), started 1921
* Q15 (150th Street), started April 2, 1924
B2 (New York City Bus)

**B2** is a bus route in Brooklyn. It primarily serves Midwood and Kings Plaza. It is 2.4 miles long.

## Description

It begins at the Kings Highway station on the BMT Brighton Line. It
WIP

## References

1. ↑ https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kings+Plaza+Flatbush+Av%2FAv+U/E+16+St%2FQuentin+Rd,+Brooklyn,+NY+11229/@40.6024086,-73.9553016,14.21z/data=!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c24342f1093533:0x4cec8e2ad0582083!2m2!1d-73.921822!2d40.609528!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c244937a9e79b9:0x707b84ece6f42b7d!2m2!1d-73.9572673!2d40.6080029!3e0!5i1
Kingsbridge Depot

The **Kingsbridge Depot** is a Bronx Division bus depot located in at 4055-4060 Ninth Avenue in Inwood, Manhattan (40.870190°N 73.912521°W) and stretches nearly two square blocks, from Tenth Avenue to the Harlem River and from 216th Street to 218th Street. The current facility opened on February 23, 1993, and consists of two separate buildings: one for maintenance (the **Ninth Avenue Shop**) and one for bus storage. The Ninth Avenue shop rebuilds individual bus components. It was the first in the city to house articulated buses beginning on September 30, 1996. The roof of the depot is a public parking facility.

The site of the depot was originally the Kingsbridge Car Barn, a streetcar barn owned by the Third Avenue Railway in 1897. This was a one-story brick structure with a basement and steel frame designed in Roman renaissance style with terracotta features. Among its designers included Isaac A. Hopper, who constructed Carnegie Hall. Across from the barn on the east side of Ninth Avenue was the Kingsbridge Power House, which was constructed around the same time and supplied electricity to the Third Avenue system. It was designed and built by Westinghouse Electric Corporation and by Hopper, with similar brick and terracotta features.

The facility became the location of the company's central repair shop in 1947 when the 65th Street Shops closed. In 1948, Third Avenue's central repair shop was moved again to a facility in Yonkers, while the Kingsbridge Depot ceased serving trolleys and began serving buses in 1948. In 1962, it was acquired by the MaBSTOA. The original 1897 depot closed on September 10, 1989, when the Gun Hill Depot opened, and was razed soon after. It had fallen into disrepair and the placement of its support columns was inconvenient for bus movements in the building.

## Fleet

* OBI Orion VII NG HEV
* Nova Bus LFS LF40102
* Nova Bus LFS HEV LF40102
* Nova Bus LFS LF60102

## Routes

* Local Routes: Bx3, Bx7, Bx10, Bx13, Bx18, Bx20, M100
* Articulated Local Routes: Bx1, Bx2, Bx9, Bx12 (supplemental summer service only), Bx15
* Former Articulated Local Routes: Bx55 (discontinued on 2013 and replaced with Bx15 Limited and Bx41)
Q54 (New York City bus)

The **Q54** constitutes a bus route in Brooklyn and Queens, New York running between Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Bus Terminal in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and Jamaica, Queens. Originally a streetcar route, it is now operated by New York City Transit under the MTA Regional Bus Operations brand.

## Route description

The route begins at Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Bus Terminal lane 1, and it continues on Broadway until it turns to Rodney Street, while buses heading to the terminal use Marcy Avenue to access Broadway. It then continues on Borinquen Place, until it goes on Grand Street and then Metropolitan Avenue. It then goes on the avenue for most of its length, except the portion in which they use 80th Street and Cooper Avenue, and resume its journey on Metropolitan Avenue. It then continues until it goes on Jamaica Avenue, and continues until it uses 170th Street, 90th Avenue and 171st Street while buses heading to Brooklyn makes a turn onto Jamaica Avenue.

## History

The Metropolitan Avenue Line streetcar was built by the Broadway Ferry and Metropolitan Avenue Railroad in either the 1880s or the 1890s, and was then controlled by the Brooklyn Heights Railroad.

Bus service started on June 12, 1949 to replace the streetcar service, and was designated as the **B53**; the eastern terminus was extended from Jamaica and Metropolitan Avenues to 170th Street at this time.

On November 6, 1954, the NYCTA proposed to truncate service along Jamaica Avenue from 171st Street to Metropolitan Avenue, a distance of 1.6 miles (2.6 km) to cut costs. Free transfers would have been provided to the B22 and B56.

It was renumbered to the current **Q54**on December 11, 1988.

On August 29, 1993, two-way traffic on Archer Avenue and Jamaica Avenue was restored between 138th Street and 168th Street, undoing changes that took effect in November 1990. The change was made to alleviate heavy traffic on Jamaica Avenue. Q54 service began running on Jamaica Avenue in both directions; eastbound buses had been running along Archer Avenue.

It was rerouted in Middle Village and Glendale to serve The Shops at Atlas Park on July 1, 2007.

In December 2019, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Queens bus network. As part of the redesign, the Q54 bus would have been cut back to Jamaica Center and the travel path moved to Hillside Avenue in Jamaica. Limited-stop service would have been provided by the QT3. The redesign was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020, and the original draft plan was dropped due to negative feedback. A revised plan was released in March 2022. As part of the new plan, the Q54 would be realigned in Jamaica to use Hillside Avenue and Van Wyck Expressway to access Jamaica Avenue.
Bx32 (New York City bus)

### **Start**

Mott Haven – East 138th Street and Lincoln Avenue / Third Avenue–138th Street station

### **End**

Kingsbridge Heights – Bronx VA Medical Center

The **Bx32** constitutes a bus route in the Bronx, New York running primarily on Morris Avenue and Jerome Avenue, between Mott Haven and Kingsbridge Heights.

The Bx32 was originally the Morris Avenue Line streetcar, which was replaced with buses in 1941, numbered the Bx25. In 1984, as part of the Bronx bus revamp, the former Bx25 was renumbered the Bx32.

## Route description

The Bx32 begins at East 138th Street and Lincoln Avenue, at the Third Avenue–138th Street station on the IRT Pelham Line, and continues on Lincoln Avenue until it goes on Morris Avenue. It continues mostly on Morris Avenue until it turns to East 175th Street and then Jerome Avenue. It then continues on Jerome Avenue until it turns to West 195th Street, Reservoir Avenue, Kingsbridge Road, and Webb Avenue, and continues until it ends at Bronx VA Medical Center.

## History

Buses replaced Morris Avenue Line streetcars on January 1, 1941, numbered the Bx25. The original part-time northern terminus was at Reservoir Avenue-West 195th Street (near Kingsbridge Road on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line) All service to and from this terminal ended between 6PM and 7PM, with all remaining buses terminating at Jerome Avenue-East 175th Street (near 176th Street on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line) during the evening hours.

On February 19, 1984, as part of the Bronx bus revamp, the Bx25 was renumbered the Bx32. At the same date, service to Kingsbridge was expanded to run until 10PM daily, with the last few remaining buses terminating at Jerome Avenue-East 175th Street.

Before a study was conducted on February 1986, the VA Hospital requested either the Bx3 or Bx9 be diverted to serve hospital grounds. On September 1986, the Bx32 was chosen to be extended from the former terminal, which went into effect on January 1987. To accommodate this extension, the original short turn service to Jerome Avenue-East 175th Street was discontinued and service to and from the hospital ran between 6AM and 11:30PM daily. Further recommendation also included the bus to bypass the West 195th Street area during non-school hours, running at Kingsbridge Road instead.
Bx31 (New York City bus)

### **Start**

Westchester Square – Lane Avenue and East Tremont Avenue / Westchester Square–East Tremont Avenue station

### **End**

Woodlawn – Katonah Avenue and East 242nd Street

The **Bx31** consitutes a bus route in the Bronx, New York, running primarily on Eastchester Road and East 233rd Street between Westchester Square and Woodlawn.

The Bx31 was originally the former Bx9, which began service in 1927. In 1984, the Bx9 was renumbered the Bx31, part of the Bronx bus revamp.

## Route description

The Bx31 begins at Lane Avenue and East Tremont AVenue, at Westchester Square–East Tremont Avenue station on the IRT Pelham Line, and continues on East Tremont Avenue until it goes on Williamsbridge Road, and turns to Eastchester Road. It then continues on Eastchester Road until it turns to East 225th Street, Schieffelin Place, East 229th Street, Laconia Avenue, and East 233rd Street. It then continues on East 233rd Street until it turns to Katonah AVenue, and continues until it ends East 242nd Street.

## History

The current Bx31 began on November 1, 1927, numbered the Bx9. The original northern terminus was at East 225th Street on the IRT White Plains Road Line, running within East 224th-227th Streets in Williamsbridge. The former Bx14A service between East 233rd Street on the IRT White Plains Road Line and Laconia Avenue-East 225th Street via Edenwald Playground became part of the Bx9 in July 1974, but service at Edenwald Houses was discontinued.

On February 19, 1984, the former Bx9 was renumbered to the current Bx30, as part of the Bronx bus revamp.

Service was later extended to Webster Avenue-East 238th Street (near Woodlawn Metro-North station) in 1988 and then rerouted to run with the Bx34 at Woodlawn-Katonah Avenue in April 2007.
SIM4, SIM4X, and SIM4C buses

### **Start**

Lower Manhattan – Church Street and Worth Street (last drop-off), Broadway and Chambers Street (first pick-up) (SIM4/X)
Midtown – Sixth Avenue and 59th Street (SIM4C)

### **Via**

Church Street (northbound), Broadway (southbound), Church Street, Sixth Avenue, Madison Avenue (northbound)Fifth Avenue, Broadway (southbound) (SIM4C)

### **End**

Annadale – Annadale Road and Drumgoole Road West (SIM4)
Staten Island Mall (SIM4X)
Huguenot – Boulder Avenue and Woodrow Road (last drop-off), Vineland Avenue and Woodrow Road (first pick-up)

The **SIM4**, **SIM4X**, and **SIM4C** buses are express bus routes that run between Manhattan and Staten Island, New York via the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, Gowanus Expressway and Hugh L. Carey Tunnel. The SIM4 and SIM4X buses run during rush hour in the peak direction, while SIM4C buses operate during off-peak hours. The SIM4X runs express along Richmond Avenue, only stopping at Lamberts Lane and the Staten Island Mall (Lamberts Lane stop added January 13, 2019).

## Route description

The SIM4 and SIM4X buses begin at Broadway and Chambers Street, and use Broadway to access Battery Place, while buses heading to the last stop use Trinity Place and Church Street. It then uses Battery Place to access the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel.

The SIM4C bus begins at Sixth Avenue and 59th Street, and uses Central park South and 7th Avenue to access 57th Street, while buses heading to that terminus use 6th Avenue. It then continues on 57th Street until it turns to 5th Avenue, 23rd Street, and then Broadway, with northbound buses turning to 23rd Street and then Madison Avenue from 6th Avenue. It then continues on Broadway until it turns to Battery Place, while northbound buses turn to Trinity Place, Church Street, and then 6th Avenue. It then uses Battery Place to access the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel.

After going on the tunnel, the Gowanus Expressway, and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the SIM4 and SIM4X buses use the exit and then turn to Richmond Avenue, and continue on the avenue until it turns to Richmond Hill Road, Marsh Avenue, Platinum Avenue, and Richmond Avenue again. It then continues on Richmond Avenue until it uses Drumgoole Road West to access the Staten Island terminus, while buses heading to Manhattan use Annadale Road and Arthur Kill Road to access Richmond Avenue.

The SIM4C goes on the same route as the SIM4 and SIM4X buses in Staten Island, and then it uses Drumgoole Road West and Annadale Road to access Arthur Kill Road, while northbound buses turn to Richmond Avenue from Arthur Kill Road. It then continues on Arthur Kill Road until it turns to Arden Avenue and Woodrow Road, and then continues on the road until it ends at Boulder Avenue, and begins at Vineland Avenue.

## History

The SIM4, SIM4X, and SIM4C buses replaced the X17A and X17C express bus routes during the express bus redesign in 2018. Late evening Staten Island-bound SIM4C service was extended west to Huguenot Avenue along the SIM8 route on October 7, 2018. As of January 13, 2019, SIM4C buses were extended to Huguenot in order to replace the SIM2 off-peak.
East New York Depot

The **East New York Depot**, also called the **East New York Base Shops**, is located at One Jamaica Avenue/25 Jamaica Avenue at Bushwick Avenue in the Broadway Junction area of East New York, Brooklyn (40.678063°N 73.899747°W), just east of the New York City Subway's East New York Yard. The five-story structure is steel-framed with a brick exterior, with two stories for bus storage and repair shops. The facility was built to perform heavy maintenance, and served as New York City Bus' central maintenance facility until the opening of the Zerega and Grand Avenue facilities. Buses enter and exit the complex via numerous doors on Jamaica Avenue, with an additional vehicle entrance at the north end of the complex at Bushwick Avenue. The depot was built to house over 300 buses. It currently has space for around 280 buses, including two additional outdoor parking lots south of the depot: Havens Lot at Havens Place between Herkimer Street and Atlantic Avenue, and Herkimer Lot at Herkimer Street and Williams Place underneath the BMT Canarsie Line. The depot also features a paint shop, which is decommissioned and has been used to store buses at times. The north end of the depot (1720 Bushwick Avenue) is used to maintain the museum bus fleet along with Amsterdam Depot, and contains a repair shop for MTA Bus. Also, work is underway to modify this depot to accommodate articulated-buses for use in the very near future.

The original building on the site was a trolley car barn for the Broadway Railroad's Broadway streetcar line, opened in 1859. The barn began serving buses in 1931, and was acquired by the city during unification in 1940. Construction on the current bus depot began in 1947. The depot was built on top of the subway tunnel roof of the IND Fulton Street Line, which had been built in the early 1940s. The depot opened on December 17, 1950. The trolley barn was replaced by the current depot on October 30, 1956, when Brooklyn streetcar service ended.

Also located at the facility is the MTA's bus command center, also known as the East New York Administration Building. The brick structure built along with the current depot is located at the west end of the bus depot, facing Fulton Street at the foot of Alabama Avenue. The center was expanded in 1962, and again in 1969. The MTA plans to construct a new command center across from the depot, to the east of the current complex. The contract for the project was awarded on June 26, 2015.

## Fleet

* OBI Orion VII NG HEV
* New Flyer XD40
* New Flyer XDE40

## Routes

Local Routes: B12, B14, B15, B17, B25, B42, B45, B65, B82/B82 SBS, B83, B84, Q24, Q56

Former Local Routes: B40 (merged with the B78 to form the B47 on September 8, 2002), B47 (moved to the Grand Avenue Depot in 2008)
Isle Transportation Company

The **Isle Transportation Company** was a bus operator organized in 1946 to take over the bus routes of the Staten Island Coach Co. in Staten Island (the borough of Richmond in New York City) when the latter company went out of business. It was organized by Staten Island Coach Co. employees. Its own existence was only a short time, as it went bankrupt in 1947, and the city took over the buses on Feb. 23 of that year.
Q18 (New York City bus)

The **Q18** bus constitutes a public transit line in Queens, New York City, running primarily along 58th Street, Woodside Avenue, 65th Place, 69th Street between the two neighborhoods of Astoria and Maspeth. It is one of the busiest local bus routes in Queens. Formerly operated by Triboro Coach Corporation, the route is now operated by MTA Regional Bus Operations under the MTA Bus Company brand.

## Route description

The route begins at 2nd Street and Astoria Boulevard, while buses terminating use 1st Street, 26th Avenue, and 2nd Street to access the southbound portion of the route. it then continues until it turns to 8th Street and then goes on until it turns to 30th Avenue. It then continues for most of the length, until it goes on Holbart Street, and southbound buses use 51st Street to acces Broadway, while northbound buses use 54th Street to access Holbart Street. It then goes on Broadway until it heads to 58th Street, and continues until it turns to 58th Street, and then Roosevelt Avenue and then Woodside Avenue. It then goes on the street for a short stretch until it turns onto 65th Place, 50th Avenue, 69th Street, 53rd Avenue, and finally 65th Place again. It then continues until it heads to Hamilton Place, and uses Grand Avenue, until it ends at 69th Street. Northbound buses use 69th Street and Jay Avenue to access 65th Place.

## History

The Q18 bus began in 1925, being originally operated by Woodside–Astoria Transportation, which was later known as Triboro Coach Corporation.

On June 30, 2003, to better serve Goodwill Industries, service was rerouted between to run along 30th Avenue between 14th Street and 8th Street, and along 8th Street between 30th Avenue and 27th Avenue. The route along 14th Street between 30th Avenue and 27th Avenue, and along 27th Avenue between 14th Street and 8th Street was discontinued.

On February 2, 2006, Triboro Coach ceased operations and the Q18, as well as all other routes operating under Triboro Coach, were picked up by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).
B13 (New York City bus)

**B13** is a bus route in Brooklyn.

## History

It began on October 25, 1921 by Independent Buses. It merged with most of route B18 on September 8, 2002. Service along Cypress Avenue between the Ridgewood Terminal and Cypress Hills was discontinued. In Williamsburg, the B13 ran on Bushwick Avenue instead of on Morgan and Porter Avenues. In Spring Creek the B13 ran on Eldert Lane instead of via Crescent Street between Linden Boulevard and Stanley Avenue. It was then extended from Fountain and Vandalia Avenues to Gateway Mall in April 2003. It was extended to new bus terminal at Gateway Center North on August 31, 2014.
Meredith Avenue Depot

The **Meredith Avenue Depot** or **Meredith Depot** is a Staten Island Division bus depot located at 280 and 336 Meredith Avenue, at the intersection of Meredith Avenue and South Avenue (formerly Chelsea Road) near the shoreline of Arthur Kill and Prall's Island in Chelsea (40.600570°N 74.196001°W). This depot was constructed in 2009 to expand storage capacity in the borough, with the MTA operating the site on a 15-year lease. The depot was built on largely vacant land, with the exception of an 1890s-era house. It has space for 80 buses, and light maintenance facilities. It operates only from Monday to Friday, and houses exclusively express buses, which are rotated from the other Staten Island depots. Meredith Avenue depot was closed due to damage from Hurricane Sandy, but has since reopened.

## Routes

* Express Routes: SIM4X, SIM15, SIM30, SIM32, SIM33, SIM34, SIM35
B60 (New York City bus)

The **Wilson Avenue Line** is a public transit line in Brooklyn, New York City, running along Wilson Avenue and Rockaway Avenue between Williamsburg and Canarsie. Originally a streetcar line, it is now the **B60** bus route, operated by MTA New York City Bus.

## Description

The B60 bus route starts at Williamsburg Bridge Plaza near the Marcy Avenue (BMT Jamaica Line) with the B39 Bus in Williamsburg. After the subway station, buses head north and use a number of streets through the neighborhood, eventually reaching the Morgan Avenue station on the BMT Canarsie Line. Buses then reach Wilson Avenue and run along the street, parallel to the Canarsie Line until it reaches Decatur and Cooper Streets, near the Wilson Avenue station. Then the route heads south down Decatur and Cooper parallel to the B20 bus, until it reaches Broadway, where the route now heads down Rockaway Avenue. South of Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, the B60 enters Canarsie and turns onto Rockaway Parkway. At Rockaway Parkway and Glenwood Road is the Rockaway Parkway terminus of the Canarsie Line and a transfer point to several routes, including the B6, B17, B42 and B82. However, like the B17, the B60 does not have its own dedicated loop and northbound buses stop in front of the station entrance, while southbound service stops on Glenwood Rd at the B6 bus stand. At this point, the B60 continues east along the B6 and B82 routes until East 108th Street, where southbound buses loop around the Breukelen Houses, and ends at Williams Avenue and Flatlands Avenue near the Breukelen Park. Northbound service follows the B82 route to Rockaway Parkway and resumes the regular route.

## History

The line was built after 1897 by the Nassau Electric Railroad to gain access to Williamsburg and the Williamsburg Bridge into Manhattan. The line began at Canarsie-Rockaway Parkway on the Canarsie Line and ran north and west along Rockaway Parkway, Rockaway Avenue, Cooper Street, Wilson Avenue, Morgan Avenue, Johnson Avenue, and Broadway to the bridge. Later, eastbound traffic from the bridge was rerouted to use the Bushwick Avenue Line (South 4th Street, Meserole Street, and Bushwick Avenue) to the crossing of Bushwick and Johnson Avenues, and westbound Bushwick Avenue cars were moved to the Wilson Avenue Line. Buses were substituted for streetcars on May 27, 1951.
Charleston Depot

The **Charleston Depot** is a Staten Island Division depot located at 4700 Arthur Kill Road near the Outerbridge Crossing in Charleston (40.531447°N 74.238263°W). The facility includes a 87,000-square-foot (8,100 square meter) two-story building, with enough room to service and maintain 220 buses, but also includes outdoor parking for buses and employees. The site was selected in 2000. The depot was announced in September 2005 as part of the MTA's 2000-2004 Capital Plan, to relieve the overcrowding and maintenance and storage pressure's between the Castleton and Yukon bus depots, both of which had limited bus storage space. The depot was also intended to help expand express bus service in Staten Island, and improve service for then-36,000 Staten Islanders who used express buses. A new depot had been planned for around 30 years, and attempts to secure funding lasted around a decade. After delays due to lack of funding, construction on the depot (then called the **Charleston Bus Annex**) began on February 15, 2008. The depot was opened on December 6, 2010.

## Fleet

* Nova Bus LFS LF40102
* MCI D4500CL
* MCI D4500CT
* Prevost X3-45

## Routes

* Local Routes: S55, S56, S74, S78, S84
* Express Routes: SIM2, SIM4, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM25, SIM26, SIM31
Madison Avenue Coach Company

**Madison Avenue Coach Company** was a bus operator in New York City. From 1933-1951, the company operated bus service over the former New York and Harlem Railroad streetcar line after streetcar service was abandoned in 1935. It was controlled by the New York Railways Company from 1933 to 1936, when control was taken over by New York City Omnibus Corporation.
Jean Guitton

**Jean Guitton**, dessen Biografie nahezu entlang dem 20. Jahrhundert verläuft, war einer der nicht mehr allzu vielen christlichen Philosophen der neusten Zeit, aus Frankreich stammend. In einem dialogisch verfassten Buch mit zwei Physikern machte er etwa die folgende Aussage: *...jener absoluten Zeit, die nicht vergeht, entspricht dieselbe totale, unerschöpfliche Energie. Das Meer unbegrenzter Energie ist der Schöpfer.*

Mit der absoluten Zeit ist die Unendlichkeit des Universums gemeint, und die unerschöpfliche Energie spricht die *Urknall*-Theorie an.

Guitton war ein Schüler des ebenfalls christlich orientierten Philosophen Henri Bergson. Die verwendete, echt grossformatige Begrifflichkeit (siehe auch unter Das Ebenbild Gottes) weist klar auf die von Bergson begründete *Vitalismus*-Strömung hin (“Elan vital“).

## Quelle

J. Guitton et al.: *Gott und die Wissenschaft*, 1991
Origenes

**Origenes** († 254 n. Chr.) gilt als einer der bedeutendsten "Kirchenväter" des Christentums. Er lebte nicht in Rom, sondern im oströmischen Teil des römischen Reichs, also im Einzugsgebiet der späteren christlich-orthodoxen Kirchen. Origenes ging noch davon aus, dass die Bibel allen antik-philosophischen Einflüssen überlegen sei. Ein Aufstieg zu Gott war für ihn einzig und allein durch ein tugendhaftes Leben zu vollbringen. "Das Böse ist ohne dauerhafte Existenz", war er ferner überzeugt.
Jamaica Buses

**Jamaica Buses, Inc.**, also known as **Jamaica Bus Lines** or the **Jamaica Bus Company**, was a bus company in New York City, United States, operating local service in Queens and express service to Manhattan until January 30, 2006, when the MTA Bus Company took over its operations.

The president of Jamaica Buses, and GTJ Reit Inc. was the late Jerome Cooper (August 14, 1928 – May 20, 2015, aged 86). Its facility was located on 114-15 Guy R. Brewer Boulevard in South Jamaica, Queens.

From 1954 to 1995, Jamaica Buses, also provided charter services.

## History

After the bankruptcy of the Long Island Electric Railway in 1926, the company's trolley lines in Nassau County were disestablished, however the ones in Queens survived, and the company was reorganized as the Jamaica Central Railways. This company would continue to operate streetcars for another six years. Upon reestablishment, the company purchased used trolley cars from companies such as the Empire State Railroad of Oswego, and the New York and Stamford Railway. Many of these cars dated back as far as 1911 and proved to be defective when used on the Far Rockaway Line. The conditions became so dangerous that by the Summer of 1930 the New York State Public Service Commission intervened and demanded that they trade the cars in for those from the Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway. Unfortunately, those cars proved to be inadequate, and that line was eventually abandoned. Cars on other lines inherited from the LIER did not suffer such misfortunes.

In 1930, the City of New York granted the company a bus franchise service named Jamaica Buses, a subsidiary of Jamaica Central Railways. Bus operation over all the former JCR trolley lines began on November 12, 1933; this coincided with the widening of Jamaica Avenue, and the removal of the trolley tracks on the former routes. The company was acquired by the stockholders of Green Bus Lines in April 1949 after financial troubles, but also continued to operate independently. The change in ownership took effect on April 13, 1949, with Green Lines paying $200,000. In 1971 the QM21 express route to Manhattan was initiated.

## Bus routes

Just prior to MTA Bus takeover, Jamaica Buses operated on the following routes that are now based in Baisley Park Bus Depot, the former company facility. All four local routes shared a northern terminal in Jamaica, Queens at the Parsons Boulevard subway station at Hillside Avenue. Old route designations can also be found in the local routes.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Company Profile. Jamaica Buses, Inc.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pick Tentative Bus Operators; Queens Objects: Board Selects North Shore and Jamaica Firms-Hearing July 10 (June 19, 1931).
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Strike Ties Up 3 Queens Bus Lines: 138 Quit Work, Leaving 40,000 Riders Stranded (April 29, 1941).
4. ↑ New York Times, New Subway Line: Affords a Five-Cent Fare Between Manhattan and Jamaica, L.I., July 7, 1918, page 30
5. ↑ Bus Line Seeking Inwood Franchise (October 12, 1931).
Descartes und die Biber

**René Descartes und die Biber** haben nur auf den ersten Blick nichts miteinander zu tun.

Auf den zweiten ist die Biber-Forschung auch philosophisch recht interessant. Sie hat nämlich festgestellt, dass diese Dammbauer, die zum Schutz ihres Baus scheinbar gezielt Wasser mit Ästen und dergleichen aufstauen, keine 'Ingenieur-Intelligenz' haben. Wie viele Tiere - bis zu den Insekten - sind sie aber immerhin imstande, in ihre angeborenen Instinkte hinein zu lernen. Festgestellt wurden diese angeborenen Verhaltensweisen bei Experimenten mit Jungtieren, die ohne ihre Eltern aufgezogen wurden. Es erwies sich, dass die jungen Biber einige Dammbau-Bewegungen ausführen, ohne dass sie dies bei ihren Eltern erlernt hätten und teils auch quasi im luftleeren Raum, ohne dass sie wirklich einen Damm bauen.

Dies könnte eigentlich als Beweis für Descartes Lehre gesehen werden, dass *der Mensch* neben seinem quasi-mechanischen (Instinkt-)Körper eben *zusätzlich noch eine (Geist-)Seele besitzt*, die auch z.B. das Religiöse beherbergt. Wenn da nur nicht der heutige Widerspruch der Physiologie dazwischen stünde, welcher die Kulturfähigkeit des Menschen auf den rein biologischen Aspekt der deutlich *vergrösserten menschlichen Grosshirn-Rinde* zurückführt.