Arthur

King Arthur Pendragon was the high King of England and Emperor of Rome and central figure of the legends.

## Family

Arthur was conceived by lady Igraine and King Uther Pendragon under the guise of her husband, Duke of Tintagil; however later Uther married Igraine so that he wasn't born a bastard. (1,ii)(1,viii)

Bagdemagus is his cousin. (2,xi) King Pellinore's sons, i.e. Sirs Aglovale, Tor, Percivale and Lamorak are once mentioned among his nephews. (7,xxvii)

## Early life

When Arthur was born, according to Merlin's counsel, Uther commanded 2 knights and 2 ladies to take the child, bound in golden cloth and be delivered to a "poor man" waiting at the postern gate of the castle. Merlin then bare it forth unto Sir Ector, made an holy man to christen him, and named him Arthur; and so Ector's wife nourished him with her own milk. (1,III)

When Arthur was about 2 years old, Uther was dying in London. On his deathbed, Merlin made Uther speak in front of all his barons, that he gives to his son his blessing to claim the throne. (1, II) Arthur grew up with Kay as his brother.

Years later, when Arthur was young and Kay was knighted, on New Year's Day they accompanied their father to the jousts in London. Kay forgot hs sword at his father's lodging so as they rode to the jousts-ward, Kay told to Arthur to go and fetch it. But when he came home, the lady and all were out to see the jousting. Angry that his brother would be swordless on that day, he decided to go to the churchyard with the miraculous stone with Excalibur and take that one. Once he rode there, he went to the tent, and found no guards there, been at the jousting. Handling the sword by the handles, he pulled it out of the stone lightly and fiercely, and rode back to his brother. When Ector saw this, they returned to the church and made Kay swear how Arthur delivered it to him. Asked how he got it, Arthur said the story, and that there were no knights around. Then Ector told him that it was God's will that only the rightwise king would pull that sword. Ector made him ut the sword back; Ector tried to pull it out again and failed. (1,V)

Then Ector told to Kay to pull the sword and he failed. Then he told to Arthur and he pulled it out again easily. Then the two knelt down, and explained to Arthur that he is not his father but fostered him according to Merlin, while he is of higher blood. He asked him if he will be a good and gracious king and Arthur said that he is beholden to him and his wife, and will do his desires. Ector's only desire was to make Kay seneschal of his lands, which Arthur promised. Then they went to the Archbishop of Canterbury and told him about Arthur and the sword. (1,VI)

The barons doubted how nobody could pull it out except Arthur. Many were angry, shamed to be overgoverned by a boy of low blood, and they delayed the chosing and gathered again On Twelfth-day, Candlemas, and then Easter, and everytime only Arthur prevailed. Some great lords still had doubts and delayed it until Pentecost. The Archbishop, again by Merlin's providence, prepared the best knights he could, to be always with Arthur until the Pentecost: Sir Baudwin, Kay, Ulfius and Brastias. (1,VI)

## Kingship

And at Pentecost again all people tried to pull it but only Arthur prevailed. Then all the commons recognized it was God's will that Arthur is their next king, and anyone denying him will be slain. All, rich and poor, kneeled and asked his forgiveness. Arthur forgave them and offered the sword on the altar with the Archbishop, and the best man made him a knight and then he was crowned and swore to be a true and just king. He made all loyal lords to come and do service, and heard the wrongs done since the death of his father, and of disowned lands, and Arthur gave them again to their lords. He assigned his 5 guaards to their duties; most of his enemies was northern of Trent so he put Brastias as a warden, and a part of Wales held against him. Within a few years he won all the north, Scotland and the lands under it, Wales and the remaining lands. (1,VII)

Perhaps 1 year later, Arthur went to Wales, and announced a great feast at Pentecost after his incoronation in Carlion. Six kings and many knights came to the feast. Arthur was glad, thinking that all came to show him love and respect at his feast, and sent them great presents. But the kings shamed and rebuked the messengers saying that they don't accept gifts from a beardless boy of low blood, and sent him word they would come to give him "gifts with hard swords betwixt the neck and the shoulders", because they were shamed to see such a boy to rule such a noble realm. Once the messengers brought this answer, by the advice of his barons, he went to a strong tower at Carlion with 500 good men and many supplies. Then all the rebel kings laid a siege. 15 days later Merlin came to the six rebel kings and supported Arthur, prophecizing that he will overcome all his enemies and ruling over Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, and more realms; they asked to talk with him, and Merlin went inside, telling Arthur that he can go out to speak with them without fear, answering as their king and chieftain, as he will overcome everyone, want it or not. (1,VIII)

## Battle of Carlion

Arthur came out of his tower, wearing a jesserant of double mail under his gown, accompanied by the Archbishop, Baudwin, Kay and Brastias. There were stout words on both sides, and always Arthur answered them, and said he would make them to bow eventually, and they left with wrath. Arthur returned to the tower and armed him and all his knights. Then Merlin came angry with Lot, and told Arthur to fight the rebels fiercely. Then 300 of the best knights of the kings came and joined Arthur. Merlin advised him to pull out Excalibur only at the most difficult time. So the Battle of Carlion began: Arthur set upon their lodging on horseback and fought bravely that many kings admired his deeds and hardiness. Then Lot brake out on the back side, and the King with the Hundred Knights, and King Carados, and set on Arthur fiercely behind him. With that, Arthur turned with his knights smiting behind and before and was always in the fremost press until his horse was killed, and Lot smote him down. His four knights put him back on a horse. Then he drew out Excalibur, that gave light like 30 torches and blinded his enemies. He put them aback and slew much enemies. Then the commons of Carlion rose against the rebels and drove them away. Merlin came to him and told him not to follow them. (1,IX)

## Alliance

After the feast and journey, Arthur returned to London. Merlin told him that the six rebel kings would quickly invade his lands and should summon his barons to council. However they could not give any counsel other than saying they were big enough. Arthur told them to speak with Merlin. When Merlin came advised them to make an alliance with Kings Ban and Bors, and Arthur agreed. He had a pleasant letter prepared and sent Ulfius and Brastias to Benwick. (1,X)

Indeed the kings came over the sea with 300 knights well arrayed both for the peace and for the war, and Arthur met them 10 miles out of London, and there was great joy. On All Hallowmass at the great feast, the three Kings sat in the hall. Before the tournament, they sat in a place covered with cloth of gold, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Sir Ector, ladies and gentlewomen, to give judgment on the tournament. (1,X)

The 3 kings let depart the knights in 2 arties, with 300 French knights against 400 English. During the fight they saw them begin to wax wroth so they leapt on small hackneys, and let cry that all men should depart unto their lodging. And so they went home and unarmed them, and so to evensong and supper. Then the three kings went into a garden, and gave the to Sir Kay, Lucas and Griflet. After the tournament the 3 kings went to cuoncil, and with them Gwenbaus, Ulfius Brastias and Merlin, arguing what was the best action. At night they slept and continued the next day, and concluded that Merlin should go to France with Gracian and Placidas to prepare their castle, and bring an army to England for Arthur. When Merlin returned, the kings marveled at how he went and came so quick. Merlin told them how he prepared 10000 soldiers from Benwick and hid them in the forest of Bedegraine. Arthur had purveyed 20000 and all the host went to horseback by night and day. (1, XI)

Within a little space they came unto the castle of Bedegraine and found there a fair fellowship, and well beseen, they had great joy, and needed no further supplies. (1,XII)

## Battle of Bedegraine

By Merlin's advice scout riders told to Arthur where is the northern host, and by Ban and Bors' council they burned and destroyed all the country before them. Later, again by counsel of Merlin, when they learned which way the rebels would ride and lodge, at midnight they attacked them in their pavillions, alerting the guard who alarmed the host. (1,XIII)

Then the 3 kings with their knights set on them and overthrew their pavilions on their heads, and the rebels took a fair campaign. By daylight 10,000 good men were killed. (1,XIV)

When the rebel kings regrouped, Arthur came to the battle with Ector, and seeing Ulfius and Brastias on foot, he ran against Cradelment like a lion, and smote him through the left side, that he fell down with his horse, which he led to Ulfius. Then Arthur did so marvellously, that all men admired him. And when later he saw Cradelment riding again, on Ector's horse, angrily he smote him on the helm with his sword, that a quarter of the helm and shield fell down, and the sword carved down unto the horse's neck, and man and horse fell down. (1,XIV)

The battle progressed hard for both arties but Arthur was glad that his knights were horsed again, and fought together, but seeing that it was not ending, he fared wood as a lion, and steered left and right until he slew 20 knights. Also he wounded Lot sore on the shoulder, and made him to leave that ground, for with Kay and Griflet they did great deeds of arms. (1,XV)

Through Ban's great force they made both northern battles and departed hurtled together for great dread; and the 3 kings and their knights slew on. His shield was all bloody and his sword was full of blood and brains. He saw Ban on foot amng dead men and horses. Then he saw a well hrsed knight, ran to him and smote him on the helm that Excalubur went unto his teeth. Then took the horse and led it to Ban. Arthur said that he sees his deeds but can not support him at the moment. When the rebels retreated, they held their position hard. Arthur marveled at how the held together and was angry, and the 2 Kings said that they do as good men should. Ban admitted they are the best fighters and knights of most prowess he ever saw or heard. and if they submitted to Arthur, no other king could have such glorious knights. Arthur said that he has no love for those who wish to destroy him. (1,XVI)

The 3 kings praised each other and all their hardy knights for their noble chivalry. Eventually the rebels with part of their knights rode as fast as they might with their spears. So the 3 kings came into the thick of the press and slew on both hands, that their horses went in blood up to the fetlocks. But ever the rebels and their host was ever in the visage of Arthur. Then MErlin came and interrupted the battle saying that God is wroth with all the deaths and that the rebels will now have to face the Saracens. Merlin advised Arthur to reward his allies with the loot rom the battle and then left for his master. After the battle the 3 Kings went to the castle of Bedegraine. Then on the morn after Candlemas Merlin returned, but was disguised as a churl and Arthur didn't recognize him. He asked for a gift from the battle, because its "better to give a gift not in your hand than lose great riches". Arthur asked the churl how he knew about the battle and he replied that Merlin told him so. Ulfius and Brastias recognized him and Arthur and the two kings had marvel of Merlin. Many lords came to pay homage after the battle, includng Earl Sanam. Arthur loved his daughter Lionors and they had a son, Borre. (1,XVII)

## Battle of Cameliard

Later he learned that King Rience made war on his ally king Leodegrance. (1,XVII)

The 3 Kings departed with a fellowship of 20,000 and within 6 days they came to Cameliard and slew 10,000 people or Rience and put him to flight. King Leodegrance was rescued and made a celebration. There Arthur noticed his daughter, Guenever, and married. Meanwhile Claudas did damage in the King's lands and Arthur offered to go to their support but they refused. Merlin predicted that the kings won't come again to support Arthur, as the rebels will perish, but Arthur will go to the kings's support within 1-2 years. (1,XVIII)

## Meeting with Pellinore

After the kings left, Arthur rode to Carlion and there also came Margawse his half-sister and wife of Lot. She said she came for a message but actually to spy his court. During the month she stayed he loved her and slept together, conceiving Mordred, without knowing they are siblings. Then he had a nightmare where griffins and serpents came to his land, burning and slaying all its people; he fought them but they wounded him before he slew them. heave of this dream, to relax he prepared to go hunting with many knights. In the forest he saw a great hart and rode long after it, and it seemed like he hit it. Eventually his horse lost its breath and died and a yeoman fetched him another horse.

     Seeing the hart emboushed and his horse dead, he sat by a fountain and fell in thoughts. Then he saw coming the strangest beast he ever saw or heard of with the noise of 30 hounds, and it drank from the well silently. When it left he again fell in great thoughts and fell asleep. Then came a knight, Sir Pellinore, asking if he saw that beast because he had a quest to kill it. Then one brought to Arthur a new horse and the knight asked Arthur to give it to him. (1,XIX)

Arthur refused and offered to hunt the beast himself for another 12 months but Pellinore said it was impossible for anyone other than him or his kin, and took the horse by force. Arthur challenged him and Pellinore said that he can seek him again on this spot. (1,XX)

After the marvelous sight he sat in a study and bade his men to fetch his horse as fast as possible. Then came a 14 years old child, saluted and asked why he was so pensive. Then he said he knows what Arthur saw, and his thoughts, and that they won't fix his problems; and that he knows his parents, Uther and Igraine. Arthur denied it, pointing out the boy's age, but when the boy insisted that he knows better than anyone, Arthur was angry and the boy left. Then came a 60-years old man, and Arthur was glad to see a wise man. He asked Arthur why he is sad and saying about the boy, the man verified that he told the truth, and would say more if Arthur allowed him. He also revealed that he lain by his sister and God is angry with him and the child wild destroy him and his kingdom. Arthur wondered and he said he was Merlin. Merlin also mentioned that while God wants Arthur to be punished by dying in battle, (while himself will die a shameful death, quick in the earth.) Then a man brought the horse and the two rode to Carlion. There he asked Ector and Ulfius about his birth and they verified what Merlin said. Then he said to Merlin that he wanted to ask his mother herself to believe it, and the queen was sent for in all haste, and Arthur welcomed her in the best manner. (1,XX)

During the feast Ulfius accused her for treason. Arthur told him to beware because his words ara grave. he said that Igraine never made known Arthur's parentage and that's why many were against him. Igraine recounted about Arthur's conception and birth and never knowing what happened to it as Merlin took him, Then Merlin took the king by the hand, saying it his his mother, and Ector confirmed that he nourished him by Uther's command. Arthur took his mother, in his arms and kissed her, and either wept upon other. And let make a feast that lasted 8 days. (1,XXI)

After the death of Sir Miles, Griflet asked Arthur to avenge him. (1,XXI) Arthur reminded him that he is tender of age, but Griflet insisted. Merlin said that Griflet will be a good man, and if he challenges the knight, his life will be in danger and it will be a pity to lose him. Arthur reluctantly knighted him, and made him promise that he will return immediately after jousting, whether he be mounted or on foot. (1,XXII)

Griflet returned heavily wounded but was healed. As Arthur was sad, 12 aged knights came to his court as messengers from the Emperor of Rome, asking of truage for this realm, or he would destroy him and his land. Arthur said that if they weren't messengers they would die, and gave the answer that he owes no truage but he will soon give him one with a sharp spear or sword on a fair field, and swore by Uther's soul.

He was still angry about Griflet's condition when they left and commanded a privy man of his chamber to bring his best horse and armour outside the city before dawn. So then he mounted his horse, took his shield and spear and had his chamberlain to wait until his return. He rode a soft pace until dawn and saw 3 churls chasing Merlin to kill him. He rode unto them and drove them away. He teased Merlin saying his crafts wouldn't save him if he didn't show up. Merlin said that he would if he wanted, and Arthur is nearer to death than himself.
They reached the fountain and the knight's pavillion where he was sitting armed in a chair. Arthur inquired why he is sitting and forbids any knight to ride his way and demanded to leave. The knight was defiant saying that he will continue his custom. Arthur said that he will amend it. The knight armed himself and the two jousted, hitting each other's shields and breaking their spears. Arthur pulled his sword but the knight said to run more, and since Arthur had no more spears a squire brought two for him to choose. But again, they came together with all their might and they broke their spears to their hands. Arthur grabbed his sword but the knight said to try again, as he is the best jouster he met. They got 2 new great spears and ran together but Arthur's broke and was hit so hard on the shield that he fell with his horse. He pulled out his sword but Pellinore said he will remain on the horse; but seeing Arthur ready to fight, the knight dismounted as it would be honorless.

A great battle begun with great strokes, cantels flew in the fields that were filled with their blood. After fighting long they rested and then resumed, hurtled like two rams that either fell down. As their swords came together, Pellinore broke Excalibur to two. He demanded Arthur to yield or be slain. Arthur welcomed death rather than yielding as a recreant and be shamed. He leapt unto Pellinore's waist and threw him down, pulling out his helm. But Pellinore being big and mighty man, brought Arthur under him and removed his helmet to smite off his head. (1,XXIII)

Then came Merlin and told him to stop because is about to kill is King Arthur, dooming the realm. Nonetheless he was about to slay him fearing of his wrath, but Merlin cast an enchantment and he fell down. As they rode away, Arthur asked if he killed such a most glorious knight. Merlin said that he is just sleeping; he stressed that he had warned Arthur about him, and he just saved his life. He said that his name is Pellinore and will serve him in the future, and will reveal the name of his son who will destroy the realm. (1,XXIV)

The two went to a hermit who was a good man and healer. He cured Arthur for 3 days with good salves until his wounds were healed and he was ready to ride. Arthur said he had no sword, and Merlin replied that that one will be his. They came to a fair and broad lake. Arthur saw an arm clothed in white samite in the middle of the lake, holding a fair sword, which Merlin said is his, and a damosel went upon the lake. Merlin explained that it's the Lady of the Lake, and Arthur should speak fair to her. As she approached, they saluted each other, and Arthur said he wished for the sword held by the arm, as he has none. The damsel said that Arthur can take it with the scabbard, but she would ask a gift later. Tying their horses to 2 trees, they boarded a barge and rowed to the arm and took the sword by the handles, and the arm went under the water.

They rode forth into the land until Arthur saw a pavilion which Merlin reminded him that it ws Pellinore's, who right now is hunting his knight Egglame to Carlion. Arthur considered avenging him now he has a sword, but Merin counseled against it, as he is weary and the challenge would be honorless; furthermore he is a hard adversary, and predicted again that he will serve Arthur well in the future.

Arthur admired the sword, and Merlin asked him whether he prefers the sword or its scabbard. Arthur prefers the sword, but Merlin told him that the scabbard will protect him from wounds so he must keep it always on him. On their way they met Pellinore, who didn't talk Arthur because of Merlin's craft. Arthur wondered, and Merlin said that if he saw him, they would have trouble. His knights were glad with his return, and marveled at his perils that he adventured alone and were happy to have such a chieftain. (1,xxv)

## War with Rience

Then a messenger came from his old enemy, King Rience, saying that he has overcome 11 kings and demands from Arthur his beard clean flayed off to make a mantle with the beards as a token of homage; or he would invade his lands and take his head. Arthur said it's the most vilainous and shameful message. He said that his beard is too young and that he owes him no homage and returned the threats. Then he asked if anyone knows Rience, and Sir Naram said that he is strong and proud and no doubt will make war. Arthur ordained for him soon. (1,xxvi)

Merlin told Arthur that the person who will destroy him ws born on May-day, so Arthur asked all boys born then, of noble heritage, and many lords and ladies sent their sons upon pain of death, some a month old. So in June they were put in a ship to the sea, which drave unto a castle, and sunk. Lords and barons were displeased but many blamed Merlin more. (1,xxvii)

Arthur returned to London and there came a knight who saw Rience's host that invaded his land slaying his people. Arthur ordered all the nobles and officials to go to Camelot and make ageneral council, and lodged as best they could. The a damsel came saying she came with a message of lady Lile of Avelion. She showed a sword she was girt with, surprising Arthur, and she said that she seeks a pure and honest knight of gentle strain to pull it from the sheath. Arthur marveled and tried to draw it first, not to prove that he is the best, but to give an example for the barons to try. But he failed. Everyone after him also failed. Arthur said that the Round Table has the best knights in the world, and is displeased that their grace isn't enough. (2,i)

However the last who tried was Balin who recently was released from prison. Arthur and everyone else marveled at him. After the damsel left, Balin aslo asked his leave; but Arthur said that he shouldn't depart like this; he had been misinformed about him, and asked him to stay in his fellowship and advance him. But Balin needed to go. Arthur was disapointed and asked him to return soon to amend all wrongs he did to him. (2,ii)

Then came the Lady of the Lake asking for Arthur's gift he had promised. Arthur had forgotten the sword's name which the Lady reminded him it's Excalibur. She asked the head of the knight who took the sword or the damsel's who brought it because they did harm to her. Arthur said that in his honor he can't grant this, but he wll fulfill something else, but the Lady won't ask any other thing. Then Balin came, cursed her and smote off her head. Arthur scolded him for shaming his court, killing a lady who came under his safe-conduct to whom he was beholden to. Balin explained that she was evil and harmed many knights, including him, but Arthur said he should forborne her in his presence. He ordered him to leave. He and all the court wept and had shame of her death, and he buried her richly. (2,iii)

Then Sir Lanceor asked Arthur his leave to ride after Balin to revenge what he did. Arthur gave his leave, being angry with Balin and wanting him to quit of the despite. Then Merlin came to the court and being told what happened, he revealed the story of the damsel. (2,iv) He was sad about Balin, because there is no stronger or braver knight and will do great honour and kindness to Arthur, and it is a pity that he will be destroyed. (2,v)

Merlin appeared to Arthur to inform him that his biggest enemy was captured, and will learn the names of the two knights who did it. Before dawn the porters brought Rience whom Arthur welcomed and asked what happened; he replied the "Knight with the Two Swords" and his brother, which Merlin revealed are Balin and his brother Balan. Arthur was sad that he won't endure much because he is much beholden and didn't deserve his kindness. Merlin said he will do much more for him soon. And warned him to prepare for Nero's attack the next day. (2,ix)

### Battle of Terrabil

Arthur prepared 10 battles and met Nero who was ready with a great host in the field before Castle Terrabil. That day he slew 20 knights and maimed 40. Sir Hervis did marvellous deeds with him. Arthur also marveled at Balin and Balan and said they were the best knights he saw. (2,x)

Back in Camelot, Arthur buried the 12 slain kings in the Church of St. Stephen and made their tombs with images of them. After that Merlin told him his predictions that after his death will come the adventures of Sangreal, then of Balin and the dolorous stroke, that he will meet him and Pellinore soon; Arthur said that he is beholden to him. Merlin reminded him to keep the scabbard of Excalibur to be safe, but he trusted it to Morgan. Later Merlin told him that his son will fight him near Salisbury; and that Bagdemagus is his cousin. (2,xi)

Within a couple of days Arthur was somewhat sick, and had his pavilion in a meadow. As he was sleeping on a pallet, he woke up by a noise of a horse; out at the purch there was a knight crying, but he refused to say the reason, who passed forth. Later Balin came by and Arthur told him to fetch the knight, willing or not, to learn of his sorrow. But he was killed before he could meet the King. Arthur buried him richly with a tomb. (2,xii)

After the death of Balin and Balan Merlin came to Arthur and told him of the dolorous stroke, how the 2 brothers fought the marvellest battle and how they were buried in one tomb. Arthur said it was the greatest pity he ever heard, for he never knew such 2 knights. (2,xix)

## Marriage

Arthur's barons were pressing him to take a wife, and as he was mostly ruled by the counsel of Merlin, he said that he will take only one by his advice. Merlin asked if he loves someone already and he said about Guenever of Cameliard. Merlin agreed that she is one of the fairest, and if he didn't love her so much he would suggest for him another beautiful and good damsel because Guenever will not be wholesome for him; but he realized his heart is set. He discreetly advised him that Guenever and Launcelot will love each other, and then said the adventures of Sangreal. According to Merlin's suggestion, Arthur sent him with some men to Leodegrance to ask Guenever, and so they returned to London with the Round Table as a gift from her father. (3,i)

He was very happy to see Guenever coming to London because he loved her long, and the wedding gift from her father, the Round Table with 100 knights pleased him more than riches. He let ordain for the marriage and the coronation in the most honorable way and sent Merlin to fetch the best 50 knights to fill the seats. Merlin returned with 28 who then rose to do homage to Arthur. Then his nephew Gawaine came to ask a gift, to be knighted the day of his marriage, and Arthur accepted gladly. (3,ii)

Arthur made word that he will grant any reasonable favor to anyone, and Aries, one cowherd, came asking to knight his son, Tor, who is different from his other children and always wanted to be a knight. Arthur asked to see his 12 brothers and noticed that they look like their father except Tor. Then asked for a sword to knight him, and asked Merlin about his future. Merlin said that he will be a good knight because he is of royal blood, and revealed tha this true father is Pellinore. (3,iii)

The next morning Pellinore came and Arthur made joy. He told him about Tor, that he is his son and how he knighted him. Later he knighted Gawaine, and later at his request, Merlin explained why 2 seats of the Round Table are void. (3,iv)

    The high feast made ready, and he married Guenever in the Church of St. Stephen with great solemnity. (3,v)

### The 3 quests

During the feast, a white hart came running into the hall, hunted by 60 black hunting dogs. The hart knocked out Sir Abelleus who took up a white brachet and left, and rode away. Right so came in Nimue, and demanded from Arthur to bring her brachet back. Arthur denied and right then came Sir Hontzlake and abducted the lady as she cried loudly. Arthur was glad that there was silence. But Merlin said that he must fix the things so as not to shame his feast; according to Merlin's advice he sent Gawaine to bring the hart, Tor to bring the brachet and Pellinore to bring the lady. (3,V) As Tor was young with no succour, Arthur provided him with a mail and a sword. (3,xi)

When Gawaine returned, Merlin wanted Arthur to make him swear about his quest. Arthur and Guenever were displeased to hear how he refused to show mercy to Ablamar and how he accidentally killed his lady. (3,viii)

When Tor returned, Arthur and Guenever and all the court were glad. By Merlin's advice they made him swear to tel his adventures and both made great joy. Merlin said that in the future he will do much more deeds and will prove to be a noble and strong knight; with these words, Arthur gave him him an earldom of lands. (3,xi)

The couple were glad also when Pellinore returned with Nimue and made him swear about his adventures. When all three quests were completed, he stablished all his knights and gave lands to those from poor lands, and made them swear on the Round Table. (3,xv)

Before leaving Camelot with Nimue, Merlin warned Arthur that he won't endure for much more, and will be put in the earth quick despite his crafts. He told him many prophecies and warned him to keep Excalibur and its scabbard with him because they will be stolen by a woman that he trusted most; furthermore Merlin told him that in the future he will miss Merlin and would give all his lands if he could have Merlin again. He told Merlin to avoid his fate since he knows it, but Merlin said that "it will not be". (4,i)

## Battle of Humber

His first trial without Merlin came soon: He briefly rode to Camelot to hold a great feast, and when he returned to Cardoile, he learned that a host of five kings invaded his lands. He swore to meet them in a field to save his people and asked anyone who wants to come with him. He wrote a letter to Pellinore asking for support. He was forced to leave (some barons were silently angry for leaving so soon) and wrote to the barons who weren't in the court to hurry after him. He then went to the Queen and told her to come with him to be safe, and her presence will make him more hardy. On the morning they left with their fellowship to the north, and camped in a forest beside Humber. His movements were known by the kings, who decided to hurry against him. (4,ii)

At night he laid with Guenever to rest in their pavilion unarmed, despite Kay's warnings. Right then they were attacked and he shouted to arm themselves. Soon however a wounded night came to tell him that their host was all but destroyed and should save himself and the Queen. With Kay, Gawaine and Griflet they rode to Humber in order to pass it but the waters were rough and Arthur asked whether Guenever should stay there and be slain. Right then the 5 kings approached, but the knights ran against them, and Arthur ran third smiting one of the kings through the body. Once all the kings were dead, they regrouped with their survivors in the forest, and Arthur suggested to wait for the host to realize they were leaderless; indeed, as the enemies were in chaos, Arthur and his small fellowship fell on them and slew almost everyone. (4,iii)

A messenger came, telling that Pellinore was within 3 miles, and Arthur sent him back to tell him how they did. Shortly after Pellinore came and there was great joy made on every side. Arthur let search how many of his men were slain, and let built at the site of the battle the Abbey of La Beale Adventure. Back in Camelot, he called Pellinore and asked his advice to choose 8 knights for the Round Table to replace those who were slain. Pellinore suggested 4 among the older and 4 among the younger, one of which was Kay, and Arthur agreed he was the best worth of all. (4,iv) For the last knight, Pellinore put Arthur to schoose between Sir Bagdemagus and Tor. Arthur chose Tor as he had seen his worth; this choice angered Bagdemagus for some time left Camelot. (4,v)

## Morgan's trap

One time he rode with his knights hunting into a great forest. Following a great hart, he, King Uriens and Sir Accolon chased it far away so fast that they lost the others, until their horses died under them. Arthur said they were in a hard situation and Uriens suggested to continue until they find a lodging. They were now 2 days away from Camelot, and on a great water bank they found the hart bitten by hounds. Arthur caught the hart and loking around he saw only great water.

    Then a little ship came right unto them from the water and Arthur went to the bank and looked inside. He saw nobody and said to the others to come and see what is inside as it was night. Then 12 damsels came and greeted them; after offering them a rich dinner they led them to rich chambers to sleep. In the morning Arthur found himself in a dark prison and knights around him woing. (4,vi)

Arthur asked why the knights are weeping, and one told him that he is in the dungeons of Damas's castle. Damas is on war against his brother Ontzlake and captures kninghts to force them fight for him but nobody accepts as Damas is a cruel and treacherous knight. When a damsel came, he recognised her (being a servant of Morgan) but she claimed to be Damas's daughter, and offered his freedom if he fights for Damas; he repied that he prefers to die in battle than in this prison and conceded to fight if all the knights are released, and have a horse and armour. Damas sent for Arthur and when he came all knights saw him well coloured and with healthy limbs and said it would be pity to die in prison. They agreed to fight against Ontzlake's champion, on the condition that all knights should be released. Damas swore and brought them into the hall. (4,vii)

On the morning Arthur was armed and well horsed, and Damas told him to hear mass before going to the field. A messenger from Ontzlake came and Arthur mounted on horseback. All knights and commons of the country were there and 12 good men waited on the fighters. A damsel from Morgan brough him a sword and told him that she sent him his sword for great love. He thanked her, not knowing that it was a counterfeit, and the real one was held by his adversary. (4,viii)

The two dressed them and rode and hit each other in the shield and fell down. They pulled their swords and exchanged many strokes. With every hit the knight wounded Arthur sore, and lost much blood, while Arthur's sword didn't deliver any wound. It was a marvel that he still stood and seeing the ground fool of blood he was dismayed and guessed that his sword was changed and feared for his life, and that the other word was Excalibur. They exchanged buffets that each almost fell down. They were both wroth but Arthur weakened but knightly he endured the pain and made countenance, trying to hold the knight back. All who beheld said they never saw a knight fight so well and were sorry for him. Arthur withdrew a little to rest, but the knight didn't let him and came fiercely upon him. But again Arthur was wroth for the blood he lost and smote him high upon the helm and made him almost to fall. Therewith his sword brast at the cross and fell among the grass and blood. Seeing that ARthur feared for his life and held his shield up. (4,ix)

The knight told him to yield but Arthur refused, as he had promised to fight to the death, and prefers to die with honour 100 times than to live with shame; although without a weapon, he still has his honor, and if he slays him weaponless it will be his shame. The knight nonetheless gave him a stroke but Arthur pressed with his shield and gave him a buffet with the pommel that he went 3 strides back. Nimue was there because she knew Morgan's machinations and came to save Arthur. At the next hit, she made an enchantment that Excalibur fell out of his hand. Immediately Arthur leapt and grasped it; seeing the magic scabbard hanging from Accolon's side, he jumped and pulled it away. Arthur said that he will reward the knight with the same sword for the blood and pain he suffered. He rushed him with all his might and pulled him down and rushed off his helm giving a strong buffet on the head. The knight recognized his defeat but refused to yield. Then Arthur remembered him and asked his name and country, and then remembered Accolon of his sister and of the ship. He asked him to tell how he found Excalibur. (4,x)

Accolon said how it was in his possession for most of the year, and his lover, Morgan, brought it to him to slay Arthur; she wants both Arthur and Uriens dead so that Accolon and Morgan will reign together. Arthur said it would be great damage to destroy his lord, and revealed it is him. Arthur promised mercy, because he didn't know he was fighting himself, although he still is a traitor as he had agreed for his death. But accused Morgan's false crafts and lusts that manipulated Accolon, and swore to be avenged upon her that all Christendom shall speak of it. Then Arthur called the keepers and told them to come, and if they knew better they would not fight at all. (4,xi)

Then all people fell on their knees and cried for mercy. Arthur promised them mercy, having seen the adventures of errant knights. As they are gravely hurt he stopped, and accorded the two brethren: he told Damas to give to his brother all the manor and not to harm any other knight, and Ontzlake he invited to his court. Ontzlake apologized, saying that they should have fought together if he wasn't wounded. He directed him to an abbey of nuns to rest and be healed. Indeed healers tended their wounds but Accolon died in 4 days. Then Arthur sent his body and a warning to Morgan in Camelot. (4,xii)

Arthur was restless for 3 nights, and one noon he was sleeping with Excalibur at hand. When he woke up, he saw the scabbard was missing. He asked who was there and they said his sister. He accused the nuns for falsely watching him, and they said they didn't dare to disobey the queen. He asked for the best horse and Sir Ontzlake to arm himself. They rode after Morgan and by a cross a cowherd told them that she rode into a forest. Soon he had a sight of Morgan and chased as fast as possible, but she also rode faster. They reached a valley with big stones. Arthur hoped to recognize Morgan and her men but she had disguised themselves like stones; Arthur said that this is the vengeance of God and a misadventure befell. He couldn't find the scabbard either, and returned to the abbey. (4,xiv)

When he rested well, he returned to Camelot and the queen and his barons were glad, and when they heard his adventures they had marvel of Morgan's treachery. Then Manassen returned and said about how Morgan saved his life and the warning that she doesn't fear him. Arthur said that she is a kind sister and repeated his vow that he will be avenged on her. (4,xv)

The morning came a damsel from Gore, with the richest mantle seen there, full of the richest precious stones he ever saw, as a gift from Morgan asking forgiveness. He liked it a lot but didn't say much. (4,xv) Then came Nimue and secretly told him to not put the mantle, nor anyone else, before having the bringer to wear it herself. When he said so, the damsel refused, saying it is not fitting of her to wear a king's garment, so Arthur ordered to be put on her, then she fell down dead and burnt to coals. Arthur was angry and complained to Uriens about his wife; knowing that Uriens was also her victim, he deemed him innocent, but couldn't trust their son Uwaine so he charged Uriens to discharge him. Gawaine also chose to go with him, and when Arthur learned that he departed from the court, there was made great sorrow among all the estates. (4,xvi)

After the departure of the two knights, Arthur sent one or more messengers, and for a whole year one sought them throughout all England, Wales and Scotland, to bring them to the court if he finds them. He found them in a forest, with sir Marhaus, and so within 12 days they came to Camelot, and Arthur and all the court were glad for their coming and he made them to swear upon a book to tell all their adventures. Great joy he had of Marhaus and Sir Pelleas (who came on Pentecost) and made them knights of the Round Table. (4,xviii)

By the next years Arthur had made conquests in Europe, having won Cologne and many fair countries from King Claudas. (5,ii) He also had overcome the Giant of the mount of Araby. (5,v)

## Liber VIII

King Anguish of Ireland was accused that he had killed by treason a cousin of Sirs Bleoberis and Blamore, so one time Arthur sent the brothers to summon him to Camelot to be judged; otherwise Arthur would forfeit his good grace from him and would take his lands. However at the assigned day Arthur had to be with Launcelot at the Joyous Garde, so he left King Carados and the King of Scots in his place to judge him. (8,xx)

## War against Rome

> "*...he is all another man than ye ween, and holdeth the most noble court of the world, all other kings nor princes may not compare unto his noble maintenance. [...] and in his person the most manly man that liveth, and is like to conquer all the world, for unto his courage it is too little.*"
> ― One of the 12 ambassadors
>
>

Arthur had a long war, and after it he rested and on New Year's Day he held a royal feast with all his allies and vassals at the Round Table and 9 kings were served at his table with him. (5,ii) Then 12 ambassadors from Rome came to him, making reverence, then relaying the message of Emperor Lucius, demanding homage and to recognise him as sovereign lord, as from his predecessors, or he will make war against his realms to make an example of him. Arthur commanded them to withrdraw to take council. Many young knights were enraged, not wanting to hear such words to their king. Arthur commanded to not insult or harm them, but, knowing his honor, lodge and treat them, because Romans are great lords. Then he called all his nobles and knights of the Round Table for counsel. Sir Cador said it is an opportunity to make war on Rome and win honor. Arthur replied that the answers may not be answered, for the demand grieved him because he doesn't agree with the truage. Remembering Belinus and Brenius, as well as Constantine, he understood the Britons have right to claim the title of the Roman empire. (5,i)

King Anguish of Scotland mentioned that Arthur has the right above all kings because of his faith and knighthood and spoke against Rome, favoring the war. With the King of Little Britain they promised soldiers and Arthur thanked them. Understanding their good will and courage, he consented to war and gave his answer to the ambassadors; he doesn't recognise a homage to any other lord, and he intends to claim, by the right of his predecessors, possession in the empire with military strength; finally he commanded Lucius and all Rome to acknowledge him for their Emperor and Governor. Then he gave them great and large gifts and paid their dispenses on their way back to Italy. (5,ii)

While Lucius began attacking Arthur's lands in France (5,ii) Arthur commanded all his retinue to be ready at the utas of Hilary to go to York and hold a parliament. There it was concluded to gather all navy within 15 days at Sandwich, and he explained to his army how he purposed to conquer the empire. He also ordained Baudwin and Constantine as governors of his realm and in the presence of all his lords he resigned the rule of the realm and Guenever his queen to them. And when he was on his horse he appointed Constantine as his heir being next of his blood, should he die in the war. Then he departed and boarded at Sandwich. (5,iii)

He lay in his cabin and had a dream: a dreadful dragon came flying out of the west, drowning much of his people. His head enamelled with azure, his shoulders shone as gold, his belly like mails of a marvellous hue, his tail full of tatters, his feet full of fine sable, his claws like fine gold; and breathed hideous fire out of his mouth. Then a foul, grimly black boar came from the east in a cloud, 10 foot large from the head to the tail, his paws as big as a post; rugged and roughly, roaring and roming hideously. The dragon came in the wind against it like a falcon giving great strokes, and the boar stroke back with his grizzly tusks, bloodying the dragon's breast, making the sea red as blood dropped. Then the dragon flew high and came down with a swough, and smote the boar on the ridge, and smote his flesh and bones to powder that it flittered all abroad on the sea.

Arthur awoke puzzled and asked for a wise philosopher to tell him the meaning. He explained to him that the dragon tokens Arthur himself sailing there, the colors of its wings being the realms he won, and the tattered tail the Knights, while the boar was a tyrant who torments the people, and that he will fight the most terrible giant he ever saw, but he will win.

Soon after, they had sight of the land of Flanders and landed at Barflete, where many of his great lords were ready as he had commanded. (5,iv)

### Slaying the Giant

Then a husbandman came telling him of a great giant who ravaged the land and also abducted the Duchess of Brittany, wife of Sir Howell his cousin. Arthur said he'd rather lose his best realm to be able to save her. The man showed him 2 fires on a hill far away where the giant was, then Arthur entered his tent. (5,v)

He called Kay and Bedivere, and commanded to ready secretly horse and harness for himself and themselves, to ride with on pilgrimage to Saint Michael's mount after evensong. He prepared and armed himself and the 3 rode fast until the foreland of the hill. There he dismounted and commanded them to stay. He climbed into the hill until he found a fire and there was a widow crying over a grave. She told him to speak quietly fearing the giant. She told him that the grave is of the duchess, murdered by the giant. He said that he comes from the noble conqueror King Arthur, to save his people from this tyrant. She told him that he obeys not kings and vanquished 15 already, and said to go to the great fire at supper if he wants to meet him. He climbed the crest and saw him baking and gnawing human limbs and 3 damsels baking 12 children. Seeing this, his heart bled of sorrow, hailed and cursed the giant for murdering the innocent children and the duchess, and challenged him.

Then the giant smote at him with a great club, felling his coronal. Arthur in turn slit his belly and cut off his genitals. The giant caught him in his arms and crushed his ribs. The captive maidens kneeled down and prayed to Christ to protect Arthur. Then Arthur weltered and wrung, once above, once below, and they rolled down the hill, meanwhile Arthur smote him with his dagger.

They came to the sea mark, where his knights were, and once they came to loose him from the giant's arms. Arthur commanded Kay to cut off his head to deliver to Howell and display it on a barbican; then to go up to the hill to fetch his shield and sword and the giant's iron club and kirtle of precious gems, desiring no more. He let them take his treasure. This feat was known through all the country and thanked the king, who thanked God and let them distribute the goods among them. Then he commanded Howell, to build a church on the hill to honor Saint Michael.

### Against Lucius

The next morning he relocated his battalion to Champayne and encamped there. As he had dinner, the Marshal of France came with another messenger and told him that Lucius did great slaughter and is in Burgoyne, and asked his help before they lose all their men and goods. (5,v) He commanded Sir Gawaine, Bors de Ganis, Lionel and Bedivere, to go to Burgoyne and tell Lucius to remove out of his land and leave the poor people alone, or to be ready for battle. However the messengers started a battle there, and Gawaine sent a messenger to Arthur to send succour fast as they were in grave condition. Imediately he assembled his army, but before he departed his knights returned with the risoners. Then Arthur cared for Gawaine's wounds. That night there was joy in his host and on the morning he sent the prisoners to Paris under the guard of Launcelot and Cador and 10,000 knights. (5,vi)

On their way to Paris they had to fight a Roman ambush, and news came to Arthur who prepared him to come to the battle, and saw how his 10,000 knights vanquished the 60,000 Romans. He embraced them personally in his arms and praised them with all honour and worship, for no other king had so noble knights. Sir Cador praised Launcelot and told him about those slain, and Arthur wept and dried his eyes with a kerchief. He said that their courage almost destroyed them, and they would not lose their worship if they retreated from the overmatching odds. (5,vii)

### Battle of Sessoine

Secretly warned that Lucius was sending King Leomie to Sessoine, he also sent his people to Sessoine, winning the towns and castles from the Romans. He gave the rearward to Cador and distributed his host so that to surround the Romans.

He rode in the battle exhorting his knights to do well, and did as nobly as was possible for a man; he drew out Excalibur and went where the Romans were thickest and did most damage, and quickly rode there hewing and slaying to rescue his men. He met the giant Galapas, he smote off both his legs by the knees saying that he is better of a size now, and smote off his head.

The battle continued for long until he saw where the Emperor Lucius fought, rode to him and smote each other, until Lucius smote him acros the face, giving him a large wound. Once he felt hurt, he smote Lucius on the head, cleaving up to his breast. When it was known all Romans fled and he with his knights chased them until he triumphed. (5,viii)

Arthur ransacked and buried the bodies, let the surgeons heal the wounded, then rode to the place where Lucius lay dead, and found the bodies of other kings of various regions and senators of Rome. He balmed and cered them then put in lead chests. He commanded 3 surviving senators to carry the to Rome and present to the Potestate with his letters, in place of his tribute, as he owes none. And warns that he will soon come to Rome, and commands never to demand tribute or tax of his lands or he will "pay" more with his coming. (5,viii)

### Assaulting Italy

Then Arthur and his host entered into Lorraine, Brabant and Flanders, returned into Haut Almaine and over the mountains into Lombardy, then into Tuscany.

There a city would not yield or obey so they besieged it for long, with many vain assaults, and lacked supplies. He called Sir Florence and told him to take some knights and steal some beasts from the enemies's bestial. (5,ix) A couple of days later Arthur was still at the siege when Florence and Gawaine returned with plenty of bestial, treasure and riches. They presented their prisoners and recounted their adventures, and how they had vanquished their enemies. (5,xi)

    Arthur thanked God and noticed Priamus, a Saracen who seems no prisoner but stood by himself and asked about him. Gawaine praised him and his bravery, said they matched but wihed to be baptised. So Arthur agreed and let him anon be christened, made him a duke and knight of the Round Table.

Then he assaulted the city but as he started the Tuscan duchess and countess Clarisin came and knelt before him and asked for mercy. Arthur avaled his visor with a meek and noble countenance and promised none of their maidens will be mistreated by his subjects. The assault stopped and the oldest prince knelt and delivered him the keys, beseeking his grace. By assent of his lords, he seized the town and judged the Tuscan duke to be sent to Dover and assigned certain rents for the dower of the duchess and her children. Then he made lords to rule those lands and laws to rule, and departed.

He sent Sirs Floris and Floridas to take Urbino and they set his banners on the walls. Then he came upon a hill and saw them and sent a command that none of his subjects will defoul a woman. He entered the castle and comforted those who lost. He ordained a knight of his own country as a captain there. Learning of this, those of Milan acknowledged Arthur as their lord, sent him great sums of money, and yielded to him homage and fealty for several lands to sent him a million of gold all his lifetime. (5,xii)

### Emperor

> "*Blessed be God, your war is finished and your conquest achieved, in so much that we know none so great nor mighty that dare make war against you: wherefore we beseech you to return homeward, and give us licence to go home to our wives, from whom we have been long, and to rest us, for your journey is finished with honour and worship.*"
> ― Lords and knights to Arthur
>
>

Then he returned to Tuscany and made conquests, then moved on to Spolute and Viterbe, and the Vale of Vicecount. From there he called the senators to ask their allegiance; on a Saturday all surviving senators and the noblest cardinals from Rome begged for peace, and asked him as a governor to allow for 6 weeks to assemble all Romans to crown him emperor. Arthur assented and said at Christmas he will come to be crowned and to hold his Round Table. (5,xii)

At the day appointed, he came into Rome, and was crowned emperor by the pope's hand, with all the royalty that could be made, and anointed with chrism as befits such a high estate.

He sojourned there a time and set his Round Table. He established all his lands from Rome into France, gave lands and realms unto his servants and knights, rich and poor, and to Priamus he gave the duchy of Lorraine. He made dukes and earls, and made every man rich.

After all this his knights and lords assembled before him, asked to return home. And after licence given, he returned and forbid anyone to rob or steal by force. Thus he came over the sea and landed at Sandwich, where the Queen came and met him. He was nobly received by his people in every city and burgh and welcomed him with great gifts. (5,xii)

## Liber IX

At the court came a young and strong man asking to be made his knight. Kay mocked him for the strange rich gold over-garment that he wore overt-thwartly, and called him "La Cote Male Taile". The man said he was Breunor le Noire, and wore the coat in remembrance of his killed father. Lamorak and Gaheris spoke in his favor, believing that he would prove a good knight, as Launcelot did; Arthur promised to do so next day.

The other day a hart was found and Arthur went to hunt with a company of knight. Returning to home, Gwenever told him that a lion escaped and threatened her, and while all knights fled, only Breunor stayed to save her. He was well pleased and swore that he would prove a noble man and faithful knight, and knighted him. After that Breunor required that everyone in his court call him as Kay named him in moquery. Arthur assented. (9,i) Later that day came a damsel carrying a great black shield and Arthur asked whence she came and what she wanted; she explained that a dying knight gave her that shield asking for a knight from Arthur's court to take it and fulfill his quest. Arthur asked who of his knights would accept her quest; eventually La Cote Male Taile offered himself, and squires brought horses, his armor and spears. Arthur said that he didn't wish him to go, but the knight said that it is his frirst adventure and will take what adventure will come to him. (9,ii)

## Liber VII

When the Round Table was most full, Arthur commanded to go to Kink Kenadon to hold the feast of Pentecost and according to his custom he didn't feast until he heard of some strange adventure; then a little before noon Gawaine came and told him that some adventures are coming, so Arthur went to the feast with many other kings, and there were all the knights of the Round Table. Indeed then came into the hall 2 men bearing on their shoulders a young man, and Arthur made silence and space so they left him on the high dais. The man stood up, blessed Arthur and his fellowship and asked for 3 simple gifts, one now and the other 2 next year. Arthur agreed, and the man asked for the feast to have meat and drink for a whole year, and at the next feast he'd ask the other 2 gifts. Arthur, who guessed that he came of noble men, and he'd also prove a man of great worship, and suggested to him to ask for more, not something that simple, but theman didn't wish for anything else. Arthur said that he never refused food and drink, neither to his foes. He asked his name, but the man couldn't say, and Arthur marvelled how he is the goodliest young man and didn't know his name. So he took him to Kay the steward, and charged him to give him the best manner of meats and drinks and treat as he were a lord's son, but Kay mocked the boy, believing he was humble born. (7,i)(7,xxv)

A year passed and he held the feast of Whitsuntide at Carlion in the most royal manner, as always. Then a squire came and told him to go to eat as a damsel came with some strange adventures, and the king was glad and sat down. The damsel came into the hall and saluted him asking for succour. Arthur asked for whom, and she said about a lady besieged in her castle. Arthur asked the lady's and the enemy's name but the damsel refused to say, only that the tyrant who besieges her is the Red Knight of the Red Launds. (7,ii)(7,xxv) As Arthur didn't know him, Gawaine said that he is a dangerous knight who almost had killed him. Arthur said that his knights might want to rescue her lady but as she refuses to say the lady's name or location, he will not allow any to follow her. (7,ii) Hearing all this, the kitchen knave came thanking Arthur and asking for his 2 remaining gifts and Arthur agreed upon his peril: he requested to take the adventure and to have Launcelot, and none other, to come with him and make him knight, and Arthur granted both. (7,iii)(7,xxv) This angered the damsel who left. Later Beaumains appeared in full armor to the hall and took his leave of Arthur and rode after her. (7,iii) Knights told Arthur that a dwarf appeared and gave him a rich armor and horse. (7,xxv)

On Pentecost again he held his feast at Carlion and came to him Sir Pertolepe, Perimones, Persant of Inde, yielded them and their knights unto him, telling how they were overcome by a knight called Beaumains who had a damosel with him. Arthur marvelled of him and of his lineage. Then Launcelot came and told him that a lord came with many knights outside the town. (7,xxiii)

He went there and saluted the lord, who was Sir Ironside, the Red Knight, an old foe of him and his court, also defeated by Beaumains and commanded him to yield to the King, offering his service. Again Arthur felt beholden to that knight who put so much to serve him. He promised to Ironside to honor him and make him a knight of the Round Table if he stops his murders. He explained that he did so to take revenge against Launcelot and Gawaine, but now promised to ask forgiveness from them, and Arthur presented them to him. (7,xxiii)(7,xviii) Arthur and Gawaine marveled to hear about his battles with "Beaumains". Launcelot told them about his nobility and might and Arthur supposed that he knows about his name, blood and whence he is from. (7,xviii)

Arthur promised to honor them for the love of Sir Beaumains, and that he will make them knights of the Round Table when he meet him. He asked also about their brother the Black Knight, and he said it was pity when told that he was killed by Beaumains. Pertolepe also told him how Beaumains killed Gherard and Arnold le Breuse. (7,xxiv)

They all went to meat and were served in the best manner. As they sat Queen Margawse came with her retinue and asked about her son Gareth, whom not even her sons did recognise, nor Arthur. He realized that he proved to be a worshipful knight and promised to find him again. She complained about their treatment while he was there. Arthur explained that nor he nor his brethren knew it was him and that they must find him. He pointed out that Margawse didn't notify him for his arrival, so she mustn't blame him. He explained the wherabouts of his coming and that nothing indicated his nobility, as he came with no horse or armor. He said to stop the discussion and look for him within the seven realms, and be glad that he is a man of worship. (7,xxv) The brothers offered to go out and seek Gareth but Launcelot and Baudwin proposed instead to send a messenger to Lionesse to give him counsel where to find him. Arthur agreed and sent a messenger with goodly letters to her. (7,xxvi)

Lionesse came and was nobly welcomed, and Arthur and Margawse interrogated her. But according to Gareth's instructions, she lied she couldn't tell about him. She also invited him to a tournament before her castle on the Assumption of our Lady, where his knights would match against hers, on the purpose that they will hear about Gareth there. Arthur accepted and when she left, they both made great provision to that tournament. (7,xxvi)

Arthur went with Guenever and Margawse and his kings, dukes, earls, barons and knights and sent harbingers to harbour him to Castle Dangerous. They arrived 2 days before the Assumption and there was all manner of royalty of all minstrelsy. (7,xxvii)

Later Arthur marveled at the prowess of a strong knight of many colors fighting for Lionesse, and asked Launcelot to encounter with him. Launcelot refused, not wanting to deprive that knight of his honor. (7,xxviii) Later the tournament continued with swords and the knight appeared in yellow (having lost the magic ring that disguised him) and Arthur recognised by his hair that it was the same knight, and marvelled how he rased off helms and pulled down knights. (7,xxix) He had asked many knights of that party about him but nobody knew him, and said to his heralds to approach him and discover who he is. Indeed, they examined his helm and saw that he is Gareth. (7,xxx)

Linet came to Arthur and told him how Gawaine had met with Gareth and fought until she made them recognise each other, 2 miles away. Then he asked to ride a palfrey and bade whoever lords and ladies wish to come, and he prepared quick, with other queens and princes having their horses saddled and bridled after him. They found the knights sitting on a little hill-side. He approached Gareth but was unable to speak and almost fainted out of joy. The knights stood up and asked him to be of good comfort. Arthur made great oy and complained to Gareth, and he wept like a child. Margawse also came and fainted. Then he commanded all under him to make their lodging there to honor his nephews, with all provisions of animals, gold or silver. (7,xxxiii)

8 days passed and Arthur wondered to Linet why Lionesse isn't visiting him especially her knight who did so much for her love. She replied that her sister doesn't know he is there so Arthur sent her to bring her sister, in order to appoint what to be done, according to Gareth's desire. Soon after the Dame came and there was great rejoice among Arthur and the other kings and queens. (7,xxxiii)
Then he came to her with many other kings, his wife and sister and asked Gareth if he has that lady as paraour, or as his wife. As he said that he loves her above all, he asked the same to her. She replied that he is her first and last love, and if Arthur allowshim to make his choice, he will have her, and Gareth concured. Arthur understood the love between them and said he wishes not the stint of his crown to withdraw their hearts, and he should increase their love instead of distressing it. He promised his love and lordship as is within his power, and Margawse said the same. (7,xxxiv)

A provision was made for the day of marriage and Arthur advised to be at next Michaelmas at Kink Kenadon, being a plentiful country. And so it was cried in all the places through the realm. King Arthur gave Lionesse a rich pair of beads of gold before she departed and he and his fellowship rode toward Kink Kenadon, and Gareth came to the king again and rode with him. (7,xxxiv)

At his device Lionesse with Linet and Sir Gringamore were lodged. After the wedding, Arthur made Gaheris to wed Linet; and Agravaine to wed their niece, Dame Laurel and gave them great lands and riches. Then came into the court 30 widowed ladies, with many fair gentlewomen; they kneeled at once unto him and Sir Gareth, and told him how Gareth delivered them from the dolorous tower, and slew the Brown Knight. There was great jousts 3 days, but Lionese desired of him that no wedded man should joust there, and he didn't allow Gareth to joust, because of his new bride. During the joust days he made Sir Persant (and his two brethren), Ironside and Duke de la Rowse Knights of the Round Table to their lives' end, and gave them great lands. After the jousts, Arthur and all the court were displeased that Lamorak and Tristram departed suddenly without a notice. And so he held the court 40 days with great solemnity. (7,xxxv)

## Liber VI

Sir Pedivere came to Arthur's court in Winchester, sent by Launcelot, to ask for judgment from the queen. (6,xvii)

2 days before the Pentecost and Arthur and all the court were happy for Launcelot's return. The former prisoners of Sir Turquine came and Gaheris told to Arthur how Launcelot defeated Turquine, the strongest knight he ever saw, and about 60 knights bare him record. Kay also told him how Launcelot saved his life and made 3 knights yield to him instead of himself, and those were here and bare record; he also said how he left his armor to him for his safety. Then came Sir Meliot and told to Arthur how Launcelot saved his life. More of his deeds were known, how Morgan with other sorceress-queens, the queen of Northgalis, the queen of Eastland, and the queen of the Out Isles, prisoned him and he was rescued by King Bagdemagus' daughter; and Sirs Gahalantine, Mador and Mordred told his deeds in the tournament between Bagdemagus and the King of Northgalis. Then came Belleus's lady, and at Launcelot's request, Sir Belleus was made knight of the Round Table. (6,xviii)

## Death

His son Mordred will destroy the realm, and Pellinore will reveal his name in the future. (1,xxiv) They will fight in the Battle of Salisbury. (2,xi)

He was succeeded by Constantine. (5,iii)