Over-the-top content

**Over-the-top content** (**OTT**) is a term used in broadcasting and technology business reporting to refer to audio, video, and other media transmitted via the Internet as a standalone product, that is, without an operator of multiple cable or direct-broadcast satellite television systems (so-called multiple-system operators) controlling or distributing the content.[*not verified in body*]

## Definitions

In their 2008 book, *Introduction to Video Search Engines*, David C. Gibbon and Zhu Liu of AT&T Labs contrast an "over-the-top" method for the distribution of video on demand with video-delivery systems offered by cable and IPTV. Cable and IPTV represent tightly managed networks where channels can be changed instantly, while OTT download managers such as iTunes require that the video be downloaded first and then played. Also in 2008, the blogger Jose Miguel Consado likewise contrasted IPTV telcos and cable operators with over-the-top players such as Apple TV, Amazon Unbox or Netflix which offer movie downloads. The same year, an unnamed author writing for TMCNet stated that OTT content "removes service providers from the value chain," and rides for free on their infrastructure.

In 2011, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission stated that it "considers that Internet access to programming independent of a facility or network dedicated to its delivery (via, for example, cable or satellite) is the defining feature of what have been termed 'over-the-top' services."

The FCC, in its 17th *Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming* in 2014 (published May 2016), on developments in the video marketplace in that year, categorizes the entities providing the services into three groups:

* multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs);
* broadcast television stations; and
* online video distributors (OVDs).

MVPDs are defined by the FCC "based on the similarity of the video services offered," as any entity "such as, but not limited to, a cable operator, a multichannel multipoint distribution service, a direct broadcast satellite service, or a television receive-only satellite program distributor, who makes available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple channels of video programming," citing Section 602(13) of the Act, and 47 U.S.C. § 522(13). The FCC notes that as of this May 2016 report date, "[t]he major MVPDs offer hundreds of linear television channels [channels that "offer video programs on a specific channel at a specific time of day"], thousands of non-linear video-on-demand (VOD) programs [that "allow consumers to select and watch video programs whenever they request them], as well as pay-per-view (PPV) programs [whether VOD and pre-scheduled special events]." The matter of the means used to distribute the programming is complicated, and is a matter of a pending FCC rule chance.

An OVD is defined by the FCC as:

> any entity that provides video programming by means of the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP)-based transmission path where the transmission path is provided by a person other than the OVD. An OVD does not include an MVPD inside its MVPD footprint or an MVPD to the extent it is offering online video programming as a component of an MVPD subscription to customers whose homes are inside its MVPD footprint.
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> The FCC does not define the term OTT content.[*better source needed*]
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## Background

In broadcasting, *over-the-top content* (*OTT*) is the audio, video, and other media content delivered over the Internet without the involvement of a multiple-system operator (MSO) in the control or distribution of the content. The Internet provider may be aware of the contents of the Internet Protocol (IP) packets but is not responsible for, nor able to control, the viewing abilities, copyrights, and/or other redistribution of the content. This model contrasts with the purchasing or rental of video or audio content from an Internet service provider (ISP), such as pay television,[*citation needed*] video on demand,[*citation needed*] and from internet protocol television (IPTV).[*citation needed*] OTT refers to content from a third party that is delivered to an end-user, with the ISP simply transporting IP packets.

## Types of content

**OTT messaging** is defined as instant messaging services provided by third parties, as an alternative to text messaging services provided by a mobile network operator. An example is the Facebook-owned mobile application WhatsApp, that serves to replace text messaging on Internet connected smartphones. Other providers of OTT messaging include Viber, WeChat, Skype, and Google Allo.

**OTT voice calling** capabilities, for instance, as provided by Skype, WeChat, Viber, and WhatsApp use open internet communication protocols to replace and sometimes enhance existing operator controlled services offered by mobile phone operators.[*citation needed*]

## Modes of access

Consumers can access OTT content through Internet-connected devices such as phones (including Android, iPhone, and Windows-type mobile devices),[*citation needed*] smart TVs (such as Google TV and LG Electronic's Channel Plus),[*better source needed*] set-top boxes (such as the Fire TV and Roku),[*citation needed*] gaming consoles (such as the PlayStation 4, Wii U, and Xbox One),[*citation needed*] and desktop and laptop computers and tablets.[*citation needed*]

## See also

* Access-independent services
* Content delivery network
* Home theater PC
* Internet television
* List of Internet television providers
* Multi-screen video
* Streaming media
* Telco-OTT

## References

1. ↑ David C. Gibbon and Zhu Liu. 2008. *Introduction to Video Search Engines*. Springer. p.251
2. ↑ Cansado, Jose Miguel (13 October 2008). "Will Internet TV Kill IPTV?". Retrieved 30 May 2017.
3. ↑ "Emerging IPTV Advertising Opportunities". *next-generation-communications.tmcnet.com*. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
4. ↑ (CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. "Results of the fact-finding exercise on the over-the-top programming services". *www.crtc.gc.ca*. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 FCC (May 6, 2016). Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming [Seventeenth Report; MB Docket No. 15-158; DA 16-510] (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: Federal Communications Commission (FCC). pp. 4417–4587. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
6. ↑ The FCC goes on to note that as of May 2016, a rule change proposed in December 2014 that remained pending, that would "include in the definition of MVPD [all] entities that make available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple channels of linear video programming, *regardless of the means used to distribute the programming*" citing MB Docket No. 14-261, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 29 FCC Rcd 15995 (2014). See FCC, May 6, 2016, op. cit., page 4477, Footnote 11.
7. ↑ IPTV is the delivery of television content using signals based on the logical Internet protocol (IP), rather than through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats.[*citation needed*]
8. ↑ Hansell, Saul (March 3, 2009). "Time Warner Goes Over the Top". *The New York Times*. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
9. ↑ "Over-the-Top Video and Content Delivery Networks Will Transform Video-On-Demand Provisioning". *Electronic Component News*. November 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012.
10. ↑ "Why 2011 Is Being Called The Year Of "The Cable Cut"". *Business Insider*. December 30, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
11. ↑ "Who Is Playing The OTT Game And How To Win It". *Business Insider*. December 30, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
12. ↑ "Chart of the Day: Mobile Messaging". *Business Insider*. May 17, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
13. ↑ Maytom, Tim (August 4, 2014). "Over-The-Top Messaging Apps Overtake SMS Messaging". *Mobile Marketing Magazine*. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
14. ↑ Albergotti, Reed; MacMillan, Douglas; Rusli, Evelyn (February 20, 2014). "Facebook's $18 Billion Deal Sets High Bar". *The Wall Street Journal*.  Missing or empty `|url=` (help); `|access-date=` requires `|url=` (help)
15. ↑ Rao, Leena (September 4, 2015). "WhatsApp hits 900 million users". *Fortune*. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
16. ↑ "Apps Roundup: Best Messaging Apps". *Tom's Guide*. Oct 4, 2016.
17. ↑ Roettgers, Janko (January 8, 2016). "LG's New TVs Mix Streaming Channels from Buzzfeed, GQ & Vogue with Traditional Networks". *Variety*. Retrieved December 26, 2016.

## Further reading

* "FCC Adopts 15th Report On Video Competition". *U.S. Federal Communications Commission*. July 22, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2014.  Announcement of release Report.
* "User Interface Holds the Key to OTT Success". *Pay OTT TV*. March 11, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2016.