Ramaria botrytis

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***Ramaria botrytis***, commonly known as the **clustered coral**, the **pink-tipped coral mushroom**, or the **cauliflower coral**, is an edible species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. Its robust fruit body can grow up to Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert tall, and resembles some marine coral. Its dense branches, which originate from a stout, massive base, are swollen at the tips and divided into several small branchlets. The branches are initially whitish but age to buff or tan, with tips that are pink to reddish. The flesh is thick and white. The spores, yellowish in deposit, are ellipsoid, feature longitudinal striations, and measure about 13.8 by 4.7 micrometers.

The type species of the genus *Ramaria*, *R. botrytis* was first described scientifically in 1797 by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. A widely distributed species, it is found in North America, North Africa, central and eastern Europe, Australia, and Asia. The fungus is mycorrhizal with broadleaf trees, and fruits on the ground in wooded areas. There are several species of coral fungi that are superficially similar in appearance to *R. botrytis*, and although comparison of habitat or characteristics like color or branching morphology is often sufficient for identification, sometimes microscopy is required to definitively distinguish between them. Fruit bodies of *Ramaria botrytis* are edible, and young specimens have a mild, fruity taste. Some authors warn of laxative effects in susceptible individuals. The fungus contains several chemical compounds with *in vitro* biological activity, and fruit bodies have antimicrobial activity against several species and strains of drug-resistant bacteria that cause disease in humans.

## Taxonomy and classification

The species was first named as *Clavaria botrytis* in 1797 by Christian Hendrik Persoon. In 1821, Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned the genus name *Clavaria*, and treated *Ramaria* as a section of *Clavaria*. It was given its current name in 1918 by Adalbert Ricken. Obsolete historical synonyms include Gotthold Hahn's 1883 *Corallium botrytis* and A. A. Pearson's variety *Clavaria botrytis* var. *alba*, which is no longer recognized as an independent taxon. Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz described the variety *R. botrytis* var. *aurantiiramosa* in their 1973 monograph of western Washington *Ramaria*; Edwin Schild and G. Ricci described variety *compactospora* from Italy in 1998. In 1950, E.J.H. Corner published George F. Atkinson's 1908 *Clavaria holorubella* as *R. botrytis* var. *holorubella*, but this taxon is now known as the independent species *Ramaria holorubella*.

The specific epithet *botrytis* is derived from the Greek word Template:Lang (*botrus*) meaning "bunch of grapes". The species is commonly known as the "cauliflower coral", the "pink-tipped coral mushroom", or the "rosso coral". In the Cofre de Perote region of Veracruz, Mexico, *R. botrytis* is known by the local names *escobea*, meaning "little broom", or *pechuga*, meaning "breast meat of chicken".

*Ramaria botrytis* was designated the type species of *Ramaria* in 1933 by Marinus Anton Donk. Modern molecular analysis indicates that *Ramaria* is a polyphyletic assemblage of species with clavarioid fruit bodies. According to the infrageneric classification scheme proposed by Marr and Stuntz, *R. botrytis* is included in the subgenus *Ramaria*, which includes species that have grooved spores, clamps present in the hyphae, and fruit bodies with a large, profusely branched cauliflower-like appearance. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that *R. botrytis* is closely related to *R. rubripermanens* and *R. rubrievanescens*, and that these species form a clade that is sister (sharing a recent common ancestor) to the false truffle genus *Gautieria*, the most derived group within the studied taxa.

## Description

 File:Ramaria botrytis 299869.jpg
The fruit bodies produced by the fungus are Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert tall. They are fleshy cauliflower-like masses with a stout central stem that splits into a few lower primary branches before branching densely above. The stem is short and thick—between Template:Convert in diameter—and tapers downward. Initially white, in age both the stem and branches turn pale yellow to buff to tan. Old fruit bodies can fade to become almost white, or may be ochre due to fallen spores. The branching pattern is irregular, with the primary branches few and thick—typically Template:Convert—and the final branches slender (2–3 mm), and usually terminated with five to seven branchlets. The branchlet tips are pink to purplish-red. The flesh is solid and white, and has an odor described variously as indistinct or pleasant. A drop of Melzer's reagent applied to the stem tissue reveals a weak amyloid staining reaction that often requires more than 30 minutes to develop. This reaction can be used to help distinguish *R. botrytis* from other similar fungi.

 File:Ramaria botrytis 190863.jpg
Spores are produced by basidia on the outer surface of the branches. Viewed in deposit, the spores are pale yellow. Microscopically, they have fine longitudinal or oblique striations that often fuse together in a vein-like network. They range in shape from roughly cylindrical to sigmoid (curved like the letter "S"), and their dimensions are 12–16 by 4–5 µm. Basidia are four-spored (occasionally two-spored), and measure 59–82 by 8–11 µm. The sterigmata (slender projections of the basidia that attach to the spores) are 4–8 µm long. The hymenium and subhymenium (the tissue layer immediately under the hymenium) combined are about 80 µm thick. Hyphae comprising the subhymenium are interwoven, 2.5–4.5 µm in diameter, thin-walled, and clamped.

The variety *R. botrytis* var. *aurantiiramosa* is distinguished from the more common variety by the orange color of the upper branches. Variety *compactospora* tends to show a more pronounced wine-red, purple, or reddish color in the branch tips, and has smaller spores measuring 9.2–12.8 by 4–5.4 µm.

### Similar species

Distinctive features of *Ramaria botrytis* include its large size, the orange, reddish, or purplish branchlets, striate spores with dimensions averaging 13.8 by 4.7 µm, and a weak amyloid staining reaction of the stem tissue. *R. rubripermanens* has reddish terminal branches, a stout form, and striate spores, but may be distinguished from *R. botrytis* by its much shorter spores. Other species with which *R. botrytis* may be confused include: *R. formosa*, which has branches that are pinker than *R. botrytis*, and yellow-tipped; *R. caulifloriformis*, found in the Great Lakes region of the United States, whose branch tips darken with age; *R. strasseri*, which has yellow to brown branch tips; *R. rubrievanescens*, which has branches in which the pink color fades after picking or in mature fruit bodies; and *R. botrytoides*, which is most reliably distinguished from *R. botrytis* by its smooth spores. The European species *R. rielii*, often confused with *R. botrytis* and sometimes considered synonymous, can be distinguished by microscopic characteristics: *R. reilii* lacks the clamped hyphae of *R. botrytis*, its spores are longer and wider, and they have warts instead of striations. The North American species *R. araiospora*, though superficially similar to *R. botrytis*, has several distinguishing characteristics: it grows under hemlock; it has reddish to magenta branches with orange to yellowish tips; it lacks any discernible odor; it has warted, somewhat cylindrical spores averaging 9.9 by 3.7 µm; and it has non-amyloid stem tissue. Uniformly colored bright pink to reddish, *R. subbotrytis* has spores measuring 7–9 by 3–3.5 µm.

Lookalike *Ramaria*

## Habitat and distribution

An ectomycorrhizal species, *Ramaria botrytis* forms mutualistic associations with broadleaf trees, particularly beech. In a study to determine the effectiveness of several edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in promoting growth and nutrient accumulation of large-fruited red mahogany (*Eucalyptus pellita*), *R. botrytis* was the best at improving root colonization and macronutrient uptake. Records of associations with conifers probably represent similar species. Fruit bodies grow on the ground singly, scattered, or in small groups among leaves in woods. They can also grow in fairy rings. *Ramaria botrytis* is a "snowbank fungus", meaning it commonly fruits near the edges of melting snowbanks in the spring. In Korea, it is prevalent at sites that also produce the choice edible species *Tricholoma matsutake*.

*Ramaria botrytis* is found in Africa (Tunisia), Australia, Asia (including the eastern Himalayas of India, Nepal, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, China, the Far East of Russia, and Turkey) and Europe (including the Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy, Bulgaria, and Spain). It is also present in Mexico and in Guatemala. Widely distributed in North America, it is most common in the southeast and along the Pacific Coast. The variety *R. botrytis* var. *aurantiiramosa*, limited in distribution to Lewis County, Washington, associates with Douglas fir (*Pseudotsuga menziesii*) and western hemlock (*Tsuga heterophylla*). Variety *compactospora* is known from Sardinia, Italy, where it has been found growing in sandy soil in forests comprising strawberry tree (*Arbutus unedo*), tree heath (*Erica arborea*), and holm oak (*Quercus ilex*).

## Uses

*Ramaria botrytis* is an edible species, and some rate it as choice. Its taste is "slight", or "fruity", and has been likened to sauerkraut, green peanuts (fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated), or pea pods. Older fruit bodies develop an acidic flavor. It is sold in food markets in Japan as *Nedzumi-take*, and harvested from the wild in Korea and Nepal. The thick base and main branches require longer cooking than the smaller branchlets. In the Garfagnana region of central Italy, the mushroom is stewed, or pickled in oil. Fruit bodies can be preserved by slicing thinly and drying. One field guide rates the edibility as "questionable", warning of the possible danger of confusing specimens with the poisonous *Ramaria formosa*. Other authors warn that some individuals may experience laxative effects from consuming the mushroom. Caution is advised when collecting fruit bodies near polluted areas, as the species is known to bioaccumulate toxic arsenic.

Chemical analysis shows *R. botrytis* to have a food energy value of 154 kilojoules per 100 grams of fresh fruit bodies, which is comparable to the 120–150 kJ range reported for commercially grown edible mushrooms. As a percentage of dry matter, the fruit bodies contain 39.0% crude protein, 1.4% lipids, 50.8% carbohydrates, and 8.8% ash. The majority of the lipid content comprises oleic (43.9%), linoleic (38.3%), and palmitic (9.9%) fatty acids.

### Chemistry

 File:Nicotianamine.PNG
Extracts of the fruit body of *Ramaria botrytis* have been shown to favorably influence the growth and development of HeLa cells grown in tissue culture. The mushroom contains nicotianamine, an ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme). Nicotianamine is a metal-chelating compound essential in iron metabolism and utilization in plants. Several sterols have been isolated from the fruit bodies, 5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-(22*E*)-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-7-one, ergosterol peroxide, cerevisterol, and 9α-hydroxycerevisterol, in addition to the previously unknown ceramide (2*S*,2Template:'*R*,3*R*,4*E*,8*E*)-*N*-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-2-amino-9-methyl-4,8-heptade-cadiene-1,3-diol.

Laboratory tests show that fruit bodies have antimicrobial activity against several strains of drug-resistant bacteria that are pathogenic in humans. Extracts inhibit the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria *Enterococcus faecalis* and *Listeria monocytogenes*, and kill the Gram-positive species *Pasteurella multocida*, *Streptococcus agalactiae* and *S. pyogenes*. A separate study demonstrated growth inhibition against *Proteus vulgaris*.

In a 2009 study of 16 Portuguese edible wild mushroom species, *R. botrytis* was shown to have the highest concentration of phenolic acids (356.7 mg per kg of fresh fruit body), made up largely of protocatechuic acid; it also had the highest antioxidant capacity. Phenolic compounds—common in fruits and vegetables—are being scientifically investigated for their potential health benefits associated with reduced risk of chronic and degenerative diseases.

## References

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41. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `INPN 2013`
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