An alternate system of quantum numbers

An alternate system of quantum numbers that avoids fractions and corresponds closely to the observables of the Zeeman effect (note the one electron that switches from white to grey when going from ml to mj):

*n* gives the size of the mass shell and therefore the "size" of the atom as we normally think of it. In this system *n* takes even numbers but can take odd numbers in highly relativistic situations. See image of atomic radii below.

In the Bohr model each mass cloud is prevented from collapsing into the nucleus by its Clifford rotation. In reality only the 2 electrons of the lowermost cloud (*n* = 0) are supported in this way. All other mass clouds (*n* > 0) are resting on top the the ground shell; repelled from the ground shell by some sort of quantum force.

*n* + *ℓ* gives the size of the charge shell and therefore determines the order of filling. The charge shell is usually far larger than the mass shell.

If *ms* is positive then the charge cloud *as a whole* naturally aligns **with** the magnetic field (Paramagnetism) but if *ms* is negative then the charge cloud *as a whole* naturally aligns **against** the magnetic field (Diamagnetism). Hence the Stern–Gerlach experiment.

Unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. For two electrons to pair they must both be diamagnetic.

The numerical value of *ms* is the number of parts the charge cloud is divided into. Each part can be forced against its nature to align independently with or against the field but strong magnetic fields can overcome this force and cause it to revert back to its natural behavior. Hence the various values of *mj*, and of course the Zeeman effect itself.

## Zeeman effect

The Zeeman effect (note the one electron that switches from one group to the other when going from low magnetic field to high magnetic field):

## Stark effect

The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect.

Computed energy level spectrum of hydrogen as a function of the electric field.

In the image above to the left:

* Between the electric charge pushing down and the 0s orbital pushing upward all odd n have been squeezed out of existence.
* The strong charge shells havent changed at all except perhaps to move closer together when the odd n disappeared.
* All green mass orbitals including 6d have (gradually) moved to level 6 (where the strong charge is) as the high electric field decreased to zero.
* The strong charge of every particle exists at the same level as the mass. In other words T=0.
* 6s probably originally had L=1 (not shown) but was forced to change to L=2 when all odd n disappeared.

For comparison here is the nuclear shell filling order below. Nucleons pair immediately.

## Atomic radii

Green parabola at bottom:

1 at zero (far left)
0 at 19 (#20 is the 1st "d" electron to pair)
0.5 at 32.435 (far right)
Yellow parabola is 4 times the height of the green parabola.

Orange parabola is 8 times the height of the green parabola.

All parabolas with the same color are identical and all parabolas have their minimum value at 19.

Vertically the parabolas have minimum value at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4.75

D orbital electrons seem to correspond to the orange and yellow parabolas of one level.

P orbital electrons seem to correspond to the yellow parabola of one level and the orange parabola one level below.

S orbital electrons seem to correspond to the yellow parabola of one level and the orange parabola two levels below.