GameCube

## Nintendo GameCube

An indigo GameCube (right) with a 251-block memory card inside and a GameCube controller (left)

### Manufacturer

Nintendo
Foxconn

### Release date

JP September 14, 2001
NA November 18, 2001
EU May 3, 2002
AU May 17, 2002

### Media

GameCube Game Disc
Game Pak (Game Boy Player required)

### CPU

32-bit IBM PowerPC 750CXe Gekko @ 485 MHz

### Memory

24MB of 1T-SRAM @ 324MHz as system RAM
3MB of embedded 1T-SRAM as video RAM
16MB of DRAM as I/O buffer RAM

### Removable storage

GameCube memory card (16 MB max. capacity)

### Display

Composite video
S-Video (NTSC consoles only)
RGB SCART (PAL consoles only)
YPBPR component video/d-terminal (DOL-001 models only)

### Graphics

ATI Flipper GPU @ 162 MHz with 3MB embedded 1T-SRAM

### Controller input

GameCube controller
WaveBird
Game Boy Advance
Various other input devices

### Connectivity

900 MHz/2.4 GHz wireless RF via WaveBird receiver
Broadband via GameCube Broadband Adapter
56k Dial-up via GameCube Modem Adapter

### Power

46-watt AC adapter (DOL-001)
48-watt AC adapter (DOL-101)

### Online services

LAN
Phantasy Star Online
Homeland

### Dimensions

150 × 161 × 110 mm
5.9 × 6.3 × 4.3 in
(width × depth × height)

### Mass

2.4 kg
5 lb. 5 oz.

### Best-selling game

*Super Smash Bros. Melee*, 7.09 million (as of March 10, 2008)

### Backward compatibility

Select Game Boy, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance games via Game Boy Player

### Related articles

Panasonic Q

The **Nintendo GameCube** is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and PAL territories in 2002. The GameCube is Nintendo's entry in the sixth generation of video game consoles and is the successor to their previous console, the Nintendo 64. The GameCube competed with Sony's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft's Xbox.

The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium. The discs are in a miniDVD-based format, but Nintendo didn't design the system to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs, unlike its competitors, and mainly focused on gaming instead. The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable, allowing players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller like a Wii U.

The reception of the GameCube was generally positive. Many praise the console for its controller, extensive software library and high-quality games but criticize it for its exterior design and lack of features. Nintendo sold 21.74 million GameCube units worldwide before they discontinued it in 2007. Its successor, the Wii, was released in November 2006.

## History

### Background

In 1997, a graphics hardware design company called ArtX was launched, staffed by twenty engineers who had previously worked at SGI on the Nintendo 64's graphics hardware design. Dr. Wei Yen, who had been SGI's head of Nintendo Operations, led the Nintendo 64's entire architectural design team.

### Development

Partnering with Nintendo in 1998, ArtX began the complete design of the system logic and the graphics processor (codenamed "Flipper") of Nintendo's sixth-generation video game console. The console project had a succession of codenames: N2000, Star Cube, and Nintendo Advance. At Nintendo's press conference in May 1999, Nintendo announced the console as "Project Dolphin," the successor to the Nintendo 64. Subsequently, Nintendo began providing development kits to game developers such as Rare and Retro Studios. Nintendo also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, who created the Dolphin's CPU, named "Gekko."

ATI acquired ArtX in April 2000. After that, they mostly completed the Flipper graphics processor design and were not overly influenced by ATI. In total, ArtX team cofounder Greg Buchner recalled that their portion of the console's hardware design timeline had arced from inception in 1998 to completion in 2000. Of ATI's acquisition of ArtX, an ATI spokesperson said, "ATI now becomes a major supplier to the game console market via Nintendo. The Dolphin platform is reputed to be king of the hill in terms of graphics and video performance with 128-bit architecture."

The console was announced as the GameCube at a press conference in Japan on August 25, 2000, abbreviated as "NGC" in Japan and "GCN" in North America. Nintendo unveiled its software lineup for the sixth-generation console at E3 2001, focusing on fifteen launch games, including *Luigi's Mansion* and *Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader*. Several games initially scheduled to launch with the console were delayed. It is also the first Nintendo console since the Famicom not to accompany a *Super Mario* platform game at launch.

Long before the console's launch, Nintendo had developed and patented an early prototype of motion controls for the GameCube, with which developer Factor 5 had experimented for its launch games. An interview quoted Greg Thomas, Sega of America's VP of Development, as saying, "What does worry me is Dolphin's sensory controllers [which are rumored to include microphones and headphone jacks] because there's an example of someone thinking about something different." These motion control concepts would not be deployed to consumers for several years until the Wii Remote.

Before the GameCube's release, Nintendo focused resources on the Game Boy Advance launch, a handheld game console and successor to the original Game Boy and Game Boy Color. As a result, they postponed several games initially destined for the Nintendo 64 console to become early releases on the GameCube. The last first-party game in 2001 for the Nintendo 64 was released in May, a month before the Game Boy Advance's launch and six months before the GameCube's, emphasizing the company's shift in resources. Concurrently, Nintendo was developing software for the GameCube, which would provide future connectivity between it and the Game Boy Advance. Certain games, such as *The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures* and *Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles*, can use the handheld as a secondary screen and controller when connected to the console link cable.

Nintendo began its marketing campaign with the catchphrase "The Nintendo Difference" at its E3 2001 reveal. The goal was to distinguish itself from the competition as an entertainment company. Later advertisements have the slogan, "Born to Play," and game ads feature a rotating cube animation that morphs into a GameCube logo and ends with a voice whispering, "GameCube." On May 21, 2001, Nintendo announced the console's launch price of US$199, US$100 lower than that of the PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

In September 2020, leaked documents include Nintendo's plans for the GameCube to be portable with a built-in display and dockable to a TV. Other leaks suggest plans for a GameCube successor, codenamed "Tako," with HD graphics and slots for SD and memory cards, apparently resulting from a partnership with ATI (now AMD) and scheduled for release in 2005.

### Release

Nintendo launched the GameCube in Japan on September 14, 2001, and approximately shipped 500,000 units in time to retailers. Nintendo scheduled the console to launch two months later in North America on November 5, 2001, but they pushed the date back to increase the available units. They eventually released the console in North America on November 18, 2001, with over 700,000 units shipped to the region. Other regions followed suit the following year beginning with Europe in the second quarter of 2002.

On April 22, 2002, veteran third party Nintendo console developer Factor 5 announced its 3D audio software development kit, MusyX. In collaboration with Dolby Laboratories, MusyX provides motion-based surround sound encoded as Dolby Pro Logic II.

The Triforce arcade board is a joint development between Nintendo, Namco, and Sega, based on the Gamecube's design. Its games include *Mario Kart Arcade GP* and *F-Zero AX*.

### Discontinuation

In February 2007, Nintendo announced that it had ceased first-party support for the GameCube and discontinued the console, as it was shifting its manufacturing and development efforts towards the Wii and Nintendo DS.

## Hardware

Further information: GameCube technical specifications

Howard Cheng, technical director of Nintendo technology development, said the company's goal was to select a "simple RISC architecture" to help speed the development of games by making it easier for software developers. IGN reported that the system was "designed from the get-go to attract third-party developers by offering more power at a cheaper price. Nintendo's design doc for the console specifies that cost is of utmost importance, followed by space." Hardware partner ArtX's Vice President Greg Buchner stated that their guiding thought on the console's hardware design was to target the developers rather than the players, and to "look into a crystal ball" and discern "what's going to allow the Miyamoto-sans of the world to develop the best games."

> We thought about the developers as our main customers. In particular for GameCube, we spent three years working with Nintendo of America and with all sorts of developers, trying to understand the challenges, needs, and problems they face. First among these is the rising cost of development. The GameCube can see high performance without too much trouble; it isn't a quirky design, but a very clean one. It was important we didn't require jumping through hoops for high performance to be achieved. On top of that, it is rich in features, and we worked to include a dream group of technical features that developers requested.
>
> Greg Buchner, ArtX's Vice President

Initiating the GameCube's design in 1998, Nintendo partnered with ArtX (then acquired by ATI Technologies during development) for the system logic and the GPU and IBM for the CPU. IBM designed a PowerPC-based processor with custom architectural extensions for the next-generation console, known as Gekko, which runs at 485 MHz and features a floating-point unit (FPU) capable of the total throughput of 1.9 GFLOPS and a peak of 10.5 GFLOPS. Described as "an extension of the IBM PowerPC architecture," the Gekko CPU is based on the PowerPC 750CXe with IBM's 0.18 μm CMOS technology, which features copper interconnects. Codenamed "Flipper," the GPU runs at 162 MHz and, in addition to graphics, manages other tasks through its audio and input/output (I/O) processors.

The GameCube introduced a proprietary miniDVD optical disc format as the storage medium for the console, capable of storing up to 1.5 GB of data. The technology was designed by Matsushita Electric Industrial (now Panasonic Corporation), which utilizes a proprietary copy-protection scheme—different from the Content Scramble System (CSS) found in standard DVDs—to prevent unauthorized reproduction. The Famicom Data Recorder, Famicom Disk System, SNES-CD, and 64DD represent explorations of complementary storage technologies, but the GameCube is Nintendo's first console not to use primarily cartridge-based media. The GameCube's 1.5 GB mini-disc has sufficient room for most games, although a few games require an extra disc, higher video compression, or removal of content present in versions on other consoles. By comparison, the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, also sixth-generation consoles, both use CDs and DVDs with sizes of up to 8.5 GB.

Like its predecessor, the Nintendo 64, Nintendo produced GameCube models in several different colour motifs. The system launched in "Indigo," the primary colour shown in advertising and on the logo, and "Jet Black." A year later, Nintendo released a "Platinum" limited edition GameCube, which uses a silver colour scheme for both the console and controller. A "Spice" orange-coloured console was eventually released only in Japan, though the colour scheme is on controllers released in other countries.

Nintendo developed stereoscopic 3D technology for the GameCube, and one launch game, *Luigi's Mansion*, supports it. However, Nintendo never enabled the feature outside of development. 3D televisions were not widespread at the time, and they deemed that compatible displays and crystals for the add-on accessories would be too cost-prohibitive for the consumer. Another unofficial feature is two audio Easter eggs that gamers can invoke when they turn on the console. When they activate the power with the "Z" button on the Player 1 controller held down, a more whimsical startup sound is heard in place of the standard one. With four controllers connected, holding down the "Z" button on all four produces a kabuki-style tune at startup.

### Storage

The GameCube features two memory card ports for saving game data. Nintendo released three official memory card options: Memory Card 59 in gray (512 KB), Memory Card 251 in black (2 MB), and Memory Card 1019 in white (8 MB). These are often advertised in megabits instead: 4 Mb, 16 Mb, and 64 Mb, respectively. A few games have compatibility issues with the Memory Card 1019, and at least two games have to save the problems with any size. Third-party manufacturers released memory cards with larger capacities.

### Controller

Main articles: GameCube controller and WaveBird Wireless Controller

Nintendo learned from its experiences—both positive and negative—with the Nintendo 64's three-handled controller design and went with a two-handled, "handlebar" design for the GameCube. The shape was made famous by Sony's PlayStation controller released in 1994 and its follow-up DualShock series of gamepads introduced in 1997. In addition to vibration feedback, the DualShock series was well known for having two analog sticks to improve the games' 3D experience. Nintendo and Microsoft designed similar features in the controllers for their sixth-generation consoles, but instead of having the analog sticks parallel to each other, they chose to stagger them by swapping the positions of the directional pad (d-pad) and left analog stick. The GameCube controller features eight buttons, two analog sticks, a d-pad, and an internal rumble motor. The primary analog stick is on the left, with the d-pad located below and closer to the center. On the right are four buttons: a large, green "A" button in the center, a smaller red "B" button to the left, an "X" button to the right, and a "Y" button at the top. Below and to the inside is a yellow "C" analog stick, which often serves various in-game functions, such as controlling the camera angle. The Start/Pause button is in the middle, and the rumble motor is within the controller's center.

On the top of the controller are two "pressure-sensitive" trigger buttons marked "L" and "R." Each essentially provides two functions: one analog and one digital. As the trigger is depressed, it emits an analog signal, which increases the more gamers press it. Once fully depressed, the trigger "clicks," registering a digital password that gamers can use for a separate function within a game. There is also a purple, digital button on the right side marked "Z."

Unique to the GameCube is the controller's prominent size and placement of the A button. Nintendo gave the primary action button in past Nintendo controller designs a larger and more centralized post for the GameCube. In combination with the controller's overall button orientation, Nintendo intended the rubberized analog stick to reduce incidences of "Nintendo thumb" or pain in any part of the hands, wrists, forearms, and shoulders a result of a long-term play.

In 2002, Nintendo introduced the WaveBird Wireless Controller, the first wireless gamepad developed by a first-party console manufacturer. The RF-based wireless controller is similar in design to the standard controller. It communicates with the GameCube through a wireless receiver dongle connected to one of the console's controller ports. Powered by two AA batteries, which are in a compartment on the controller's underside, the WaveBird lacks the vibration functionality of the standard controller. The WaveBird features a channel selection dial on the receiver—and an on/off switch. An orange LED on the face of the controller indicates when it's activated. The controller is available in light grey and platinum colour schemes.

### Compatibility

The GameCube cannot play games from other Nintendo home consoles, but with the Game Boy Player attachment, it can play Game Boy, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance games. The GameCube's successor, the Wii, supports backward compatibility with GameCube controllers, memory cards, and games. However, later revisions of the Wii—including the "Family Edition" released in 2011 and the Wii Mini released in 2012—dropped support for all GameCube hardware.

### Panasonic Q

Main article: Panasonic Q

A hybrid version of the GameCube with a commercial DVD player, called Q, was developed by Panasonic as part of the deal with Nintendo to create the optical drive for the original GameCube hardware. Featuring a completely revised case, the Q overcomes the original GameCube's miniDVD tray's size limitation by adding a commercial DVD-sized tray, among other hardware revisions. Released exclusively in Japan in December 2001, low sales resulted in Panasonic discontinuing the Q in December 2003.

## Games

See also: List of GameCube games
In its lifespan of 2001—2007, more than 600 games were released for the GameCube.

Nintendo is traditionally recognized for releasing innovative first-party games, most notably from the *Super Mario* and *The Legend of Zelda* series. These first-party series continued on the GameCube and bolstered the console's popularity. As a publisher, Nintendo also focused on creating new franchises, such as *Pikmin* and *Animal Crossing*, and renewing some that skipped the Nintendo 64 platform, most notably the *Metroid* series with the release of *Metroid Prime*. The console also saw success with the critically acclaimed *The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker* and *Super Mario Sunshine*, and its best-selling game, *Super Smash Bros. Melee*, at 7 million copies worldwide. Though committed to its software library, however, Nintendo was still criticized for not featuring enough games during the console's launch window—a sentiment compounded by the release of *Luigi's Mansion* instead of a 3D *Mario* game.

Early in Nintendo's history, the company had achieved considerable success with third-party developer support on the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super NES. Competition from the Sega Genesis and Sony's PlayStation in the 1990s changed the market's landscape, however, and reduced Nintendo's ability to obtain exclusive, third-party support on the Nintendo 64. The console's cartridge-based media was also increasing the cost to manufacture software, as opposed to the cheaper, higher-capacity optical discs used by the PlayStation.

With the GameCube, Nintendo intended to reverse the trend as evidenced by the number of third-party games available at launch. The new optical disc format introduced with the GameCube increased the capacity significantly and reduced production costs. The strategy mostly worked. High-profile exclusives such as *Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader* from Factor 5, *Resident Evil 4* from Capcom, and *Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes* from Konami were successful. Sega, which became a third-party developer after discontinuing its Dreamcast console, ported Dreamcast games such as *Crazy Taxi* and *Sonic Adventure 2*, and developed new franchises, such as *Super Monkey Ball*. Several third-party developers were contracted to work on new games for Nintendo franchises, including *Star Fox Assault* and *Donkey Konga* by Namco and *Wario World* from Treasure.

Some third-party developers, such as Ubisoft, THQ, Disney Interactive Studios, Humongous Entertainment and EA Sports, continued to release GameCube games into 2007.

### Online gaming

Main article: GameCube online functionality

Eight GameCube games support network connectivity, five with Internet support and three with local area network (LAN) support. The only Internet capable games released in western territories are three role-playing games (RPGs) in Sega's *Phantasy Star* series: *Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II*, *Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II Plus*, and *Phantasy Star Online Episode III: C.A.R.D. Revolution*. The official servers were decommissioned in 2007, but players can still connect to fan maintained private servers. Japan received two additional games with Internet capabilities, a cooperative RPG, *Homeland* and a baseball game with downloadable content, *Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 10*. Lastly, three racing games have LAN multiplayer modes: *1080° Avalanche*, *Kirby Air Ride*, and *Mario Kart: Double Dash*. These three games can be forced over the Internet with third-party PC software capable of tunneling the GameCube's network traffic.

To play online, players must install an official broadband or modem adapter in their system since the GameCube does not have out of the box network capabilities. Nintendo never commissioned any servers or Internet services to interface with the console, but allowed other publishers to do so and made them responsible for managing the online experiences for their games.

## Reception

The GameCube received generally positive reviews following its launch. *PC Magazine* praised the overall hardware design and quality of games available at launch. CNET gave an average review rating, noting that while the console lacks a few features offered by its competition, it is relatively inexpensive, has a great controller design, and launched a decent lineup of games. In later reviews, criticism mounted against the console often centering on its overall look and feel, describing it as "toy-ish." In the midst of poor sales figures and the associated financial harm to Nintendo, a *Time International* article called the GameCube an "unmitigated disaster."

Retrospectively, Joystiq compared the GameCube's launch window to its successor, the Wii, noting that the GameCube's "lack of games" resulted in a subpar launch, and the console's limited selection of online games damaged its market share in the long run. *Time International* concluded that the system had low sales figures, because it lacked "technical innovations".

### Sales

In Japan, between 280,000 and 300,000 GameCube consoles were sold during the first three days of its sale, out of an initial shipment of 450,000 units. During its launch weekend, $100 million worth of GameCube products were sold in North America. The console was sold out in several stores, faster than initial sales of both of its competitors, the Xbox and the PlayStation 2. Nintendo reported that the most popular launch game is *Luigi's Mansion*, with more sales at its launch than *Super Mario 64* had. Other popular games include *Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader* and *Wave Race: Blue Storm*. By early December 2001, 600,000 units had been sold in the US.

Nintendo sold 22 million GameCube units worldwide during its lifespan, placing it slightly behind the Xbox's 24 million, and well behind the PlayStation 2's 155 million. The GameCube's predecessor, the Nintendo 64, outperformed it as well, selling nearly 33 million units. The console was able to outsell the short-lived Dreamcast, however, which yielded 9.13 million unit sales. In September 2009, IGN ranked the GameCube 16th in its list of best gaming consoles of all time, placing it behind all three of its sixth-generation competitors: the PlayStation 2 (3rd), the Dreamcast (8th), and the Xbox (11th). As of March 31, 2003, 9.55 million GameCube units had been sold worldwide, falling short of Nintendo's initial goal of 10 million consoles.

Many of Nintendo's own first-party games, such as *Super Smash Bros. Melee* and *Mario Kart: Double Dash,* saw strong sales, though this did not typically benefit third-party developers or directly drive sales of their games. Many cross-platform games—such as sports franchises released by Electronic Arts—were sold in numbers far below their PlayStation 2 and Xbox counterparts, eventually prompting some developers to scale back or completely cease support for the GameCube. Exceptions include Sega's family friendly *Sonic Adventure 2* and *Super Monkey Ball*, which reportedly yielded more sales on GameCube than most of the company's games on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. After several years of losing money from developing for Nintendo's console, Eidos Interactive announced in September 2003 that it would end support for the GameCube, canceling several games that were in development. Later, however, Eidos resumed development of GameCube games, releasing hit games such as *Lego Star Wars: The Video Game* and *Tomb Raider: Legend*. In addition, several third-party games originally intended to be GameCube exclusives—most notably *Resident Evil 4*—were eventually ported to other systems in an attempt to maximize profits following lackluster sales of the original GameCube versions.

In March 2003, now-defunct UK retailer Dixons removed all GameCube consoles, accessories and games from its stores. That same month, another UK retailer Argos, cut the price of the GameCube in their stores to £78.99, which was more than £50 cheaper than Nintendo's SRP for the console at the time.

With sales sagging and millions of unsold consoles in stock, Nintendo halted GameCube production for the first nine months of 2003 to reduce surplus units. Sales rebounded slightly after a price drop to US$99.99 on September 24, 2003 and the release of *The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition* bundle. A demo disc, the *GameCube Preview Disc*, was also released in a bundle in 2003. Beginning with this period, GameCube sales continued to be steady, particularly in Japan, but the GameCube remained in third place in worldwide sales during the sixth-generation era because of weaker sales performance elsewhere.

Iwata forecasted to investors that the company would sell 50 million GameCube units worldwide by March 2005, but by the end of 2006, it had only sold 21.7 million—fewer than half.

### Market share

With the GameCube, Nintendo failed to reclaim the market share lost by its predecessor, the Nintendo 64. Throughout the lifespan of its console generation, GameCube hardware sales remained far behind its direct competitor the PlayStation 2, and slightly behind the Xbox. The console's "family-friendly" appeal and lack of support from certain third-party developers skewed the GameCube toward a younger market, which was a minority demographic of the gaming population during the sixth generation. Many third-party games popular with teenagers or adults, such as the blockbuster *Grand Theft Auto* series and several key first-person shooters, skipped the GameCube entirely in favor of the PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

As of June 2003, the GameCube had a 13% market share, tying with the Xbox in sales but far below the 60% of the PlayStation 2.

### Legacy

Many games that debuted on the GameCube, including *Pikmin*, *Chibi-Robo!*, *Metroid Prime*, and *Luigi's Mansion* became popular Nintendo franchises or subseries.

GameCube controllers have limited support on Wii U and Nintendo Switch, to play *Super Smash Bros. for Wii U*, and *Super Smash Bros. Ultimate* respectively, via a USB adapter.

## See also

* Dolphin (emulator)
* GameCube accessories

## Notes

1. ↑ Requires the use of the Digital AV port, which was removed from later models
2. ↑ Japanese: ニンテンドー ゲームキューブ Hepburn: *Nintendō Gēmukyūbu*
3. ↑ Abbreviated **NGC** in Japan and **GCN** in Europe and North America