recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Coiba Island howler

Species of New World monkeyTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of New World monkey

The **Coiba Island howler** (*Alouatta coibensis*) is a type of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Panama. Although the Coiba Island howler has been recognized as a separate species by a number of authorities since a 1987 study of its fingerprints, mitochondrial DNA testing found it does not differ from mantled howler populations in any significant way. A reason given for treating it as a separate species is that the dermal ridges of its hands and feet differ from those of the mantled howler.

*A. c. coibensis* is smaller than other Central American howler monkeys and has duller pelage than the Azuero howler, *Alouatta coibensis trabeata*.

## Subspecies

Two subspecies of this howler have been recognized by those who consider it a separate species:

* *Alouatta coibensis coibensis* Thomas, 1902, found on Coiba Island and Jicaron, off the Pacific coast of Panama
* Azuero howler, *A. c. trabeata* Lawrence, 1933, endemic to the Azuero Peninsula in Panama.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
2. ↑ Cuarón, A. D.; Shedden, A.; Rodríguez-Luna, E.; de Grammont, P. C.; Link, A. (2008). "*Alouatta palliata ssp. coibensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 19 January 2012. old-form url
3. ↑ Rylands; Groves; Mittermeier; Cortes-Ortiz; Hines (2006). "Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. *New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates*. Springer. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
4. ↑ Rowe, N. (1996). *The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates*. East Hampton, N.Y.: Pogonias Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.

## External links

 Data related to Coiba Island Howler at Wikispecies
Striped hog-nosed skunk

Species of carnivoreTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of carnivore

The **striped hog-nosed skunk** (*Conepatus semistriatus*) is a skunk species from Central and South America (from southern Mexico to northern Peru, and in the extreme east of Brazil). This species of skunk is considered a generalist species, because they are able to thrive in, and withstand, disturbed environmental conditions. They can live in a wide range of habitats, including carrasco, arboreal caatinga , mango orchard, and dry forest scrub and occasionally, in rainforest.

## Habitat

The striped hog-nosed skunk inhabits mainly the foothills, and partly timbered or brushy, sections of their general range. They usually avoid hot desert areas and heavy stands of timber. The largest populations occur in rocky, sparsely timbered areas.

## Behaviour and diet

It is a nocturnal solitary animal, feeding mainly on invertebrates, small vertebrates and fruits. When temperature rises during the day, *Conepatus semistriatus* finds shelter in cool burrows and rests to maintain its body temperature and prevent water loss. Although *C. semistriatus* are predominantly nocturnal, studies show there is no significant correlation between brightness and activity.

## Gallery

Striped skunk skeletonSkunk heartTeeth of a striped skunk
## References

1. ↑ Cuarón, A.D.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K. (2008). "*Conepatus semistriatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 27 January 2009. old-form url
2. ↑ Boddaert P. 1785. *Elenchus Animalium*.
3. ↑ Dias, Douglas de Matos. "Spatiotemporal ecology of the striped hog-nosed skunk Conepatus semistriatus (Carnivora, Mephitidae) in a seasonally dry forest of northeastern Brazil". Brill Academic Publishers.
4. ↑ Gitana Nunes Cavalcanti; Luis Diego Alfaro-Alvarado; Rodrigues Guimaraes; Henrique Flavio. "Home range and activity patterns of Conepatus semistriatus (Carnivora, Mephitidae) in Emas National Park, Brazil". Brill Academic Publishers.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Emmons L. H. & Feer F. 1997 *Neotropical Rainforest Mammals, A Field Guide.*

## External links

* Media related to Conepatus semistriatus at Wikimedia Commons

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Velvety free-tailed bat

Species of batTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of bat

The **velvety free-tailed bat** or **Pallas's mastiff bat** (*Molossus molossus*), is a bat species in the family Molossidae.

## Description

*M. molossus* is a medium-sized bat, with a length of 4 inches (100 mm) and with a wingspan of 11–13 inches (280–330 mm). This species is brown in color; however, when seen flying around at dusk, it will appear to be black. The tail of *M. molossus* is long and extends beyond the tail membrane. Its ears are large and round.

## Feeding

*M. molossus* forages in open areas, above tree canopies, around forest edges, and around streams and ponds. Its diet includes moths, beetles, and flying ants. It is commonly seen at dusk, where it will fly solo, catching insects in the air.

## Distribution and habitat

It occurs in the Americas from Argentina north to Cuba and Mexico and also the Florida Keys in the United States. It is very common in the Caribbean.

A *M. molossus* was observed being killed by a giant centipede (*Scolopendra viridicornis*) in the Amazon. The lone bat had been roosting inside a man-made wooden structure in Cristalino State Park before the centipede grabbed it with its legs and injected venom into its neck. This observation is notable due to the rarity of centipede predation on bats.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barquez, R.; Rodriguez, B.; Miller, B.; Diaz, M. (2008). "*Molossus molossus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 7 February 2010. old-form url
2. ↑ "Velvety free-tailed bat". Florida Bat Center. 2005.
3. ↑ Noronha, Janaina da Costa de; et al. (2015). "Predation of bat (*Molossus molossus*: Molossidae) by the centipede *Scolopendra viridicornis* (Scolopendridae) in Southern Amazonia". *Acta Amazonica*. **45** (3): 333–6. doi:10.1590/1809-4392201404083 . The purpose of this study was to report the third record of bat predation by centipedes worldwide, the first record in the Amazon region.

* *Stokes Beginner's Guide to Bats* by Kim Williams, Rob Mies Donald and Lillian Stokes
Brown four-eyed opossum

Species of marsupialTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of marsupial

The **brown four-eyed opossum** (*Metachirus nudicaudatus*) is a pouchless marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It is found in different forested habitats of Central and South America, from Nicaragua to Brazil and northern Argentina, including southeastern Colombia, Paraguay and eastern Peru and Bolivia, at elevations from sea level to 1500 m. It is the only recognized species in the genus ***Metachirus***, but molecular phylogenetics studies suggest that it should probably be split into several species. Population densities are usually low, and it is uncommon in parts of Central America. A density of 25.6/km2 was reported near Manaus, Brazil. Its karyotype has 2n = 14 and FN = 24.

It is a nocturnal, solitary, strongly terrestrial and omnivorous animal, feeding on fruits, small vertebrates and invertebrates.

The brown four-eyed opossum builds nests made of leaves and twigs in tree branches or under rocks and logs. It is seasonally polyestrous and the litter size varies from one to nine.

The white spot over each eye inspired the common name of "four-eyed opossum". Its scaly tail is longer than its body.

The opossum appears to be mostly insectivorous, though also consumes some types of fruit seeds, small vertebrate creatures like birds and reptiles and invertebrates like crayfish and snails. The brown four-eyed opossum is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasite *Gigantorhynchus ortizi*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Brito, D.; Astua de Moraes, D.; Lew, D.; de la Sancha, N. (2011). "*Metachirus nudicaudatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**. Retrieved 18 January 2012. old-form url
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (May 15, 2000). *Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil*. University of Chicago Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394.
4. ↑ Bies, L. (2002). "*Metachirus nudicaudatus*". *Animal Diversity Web*. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
5. ↑ Gardner, Alfred. *Mammals of South America Volume 1*. University of Chicago Press. p. 34.
6. ↑ Nascimento Gomes, Ana Paula; Cesário, Clarice Silva; Olifiers, Natalie; de Cassia Bianchi, Rita; Maldonado, Arnaldo; Vilela, Roberto do Val (December 2019). "New morphological and genetic data of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala) in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". *International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife*. **10**: 281–288. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.008. PMC 6906829  Check `|pmc=` value (help). PMID 31867208.
Tremarctos floridanus

Extinct species of bearTemplate:SHORTDESC:Extinct species of bear

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***Tremarctos floridanus***, occasionally called the **Florida spectacled bear**, **Florida cave bear**, or rarely **Florida short-faced bear**, is an extinct species of bear in the family Ursidae, subfamily Tremarctinae. *T. floridanus* was endemic to North America from the Pliocene to the end of the Pleistocene epoch (4.9 million–12,000 years ago), existing for approximately 4.9 million years.

## Environment

*T. floridanus* was widely distributed south of the continental ice sheet, along the Gulf Coast through Florida, north to Tennessee, and across the southern United States to California.

*Arctodus* (3 million–11,000 years ago) was a contemporary and shared its habitat with *T. floridanus*. The closest living relative of the Florida cave bear is the spectacled bear of South America; they are classified together with the huge short-faced bears in the subfamily Tremarctinae. They became extinct at the end of the last ice age, 10,000 years ago (possibly as late as 8,000 years ago at Devil's Den in Florida), due to some combination of climate change and hunting by newly arrived Paleo-Indians.

## Taxonomy

Originally, Gidley named this animal *Arctodus floridanus* in 1928. It was recombined as *T. floridanus* by Kurten (1963), Lundelius (1972) and Kurten and Anderson (1980).

## Fossil distribution

Sites and specimen ages (not complete):

* Arroyo Seco (CU 45), Palm Spring Formation, San Diego County, California 4.9–1.8 Mya
* Cumberland Cave, Allegany County, Maryland 1.8 million–300,000 years ago
* Cutler Fossil Site, Miami-Dade County, Florida 120,000—12,000 years ago
* Devil's Den Cave, Marion County, Florida about 8,000 years ago
* Lecanto 2A site, Citrus County, Florida paleontological sites, about 300,000–11,000 years ago
* Ladd's Quarry Site, Bartow County, Georgia 1.8 million–11,000 years ago
* Rock Spring Site, Orange County, Florida about 100,000–11,000 years ago

## References

1. ↑ PaleoBiology Database: *Tremarctus*, basic info
2. ↑ Kurtén and Anderson: 56, 178-79
3. ↑ E. L. Lundelius. 1972. Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations 77.
4. ↑ Kurtén and Anderson: 178-80
5. ↑ Carr, Robert S. (2012). *Digging Miami*. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8130-4206-0.

* Kurtén, Björn; Elaine Anderson (1980). *Pleistocene Mammals of North America*. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03733-3. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Central American red brocket

Species of deerTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of deer

The **Central American red brocket** (*Mazama temama*) is a species of brocket deer ranging from southern Mexico, through Central America, to northwestern Colombia. In 1792 Robert Kerr originally described it as a unique separate species as opposed to a subspecies. It was treated as a subspecies of the red brocket from South America, but its karyotype has 2n = 50, while the latter's was initially described as having 2n = 68–70. However, a more recent description gives the red brocket a variable karyotype with 2n ranging from 48 to 54, suggesting it represents several species. It is sympatric with the Yucatan brown brocket over part of its range. Additionally, it was estimated that *Mazama temama* diverged from other red brocket deer about 2 MYA. This was estimated through analysis of concatenated sequences from the mitochondrial gene ND2, Cytb, and tRNA-Pro-Control region. The species is found in primary and secondary tropical forest at altitudes from sea level to 2800 m. In Mexico, it is regarded as an agricultural pest by bean farmers. It is probably threatened by hunting and deforestation.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Bello, J.; Reyna, R.; Schipper, J. (2016). "*Mazama temama*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T136290A22164644. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
2. ↑ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 657. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
3. ↑ Escobedo-Morales, Luis A.; Mandujano, Salvador; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Marco A.; Maldonado, Jesús E. (May 2016). "First phylogenetic analysis of Mesoamerican brocket deer Mazama pandora and Mazama temama (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) based on mitochondrial sequences: Implications for Neotropical deer evolution". *Mammalian Biology*. **81** (3): 303–313. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2016.02.003.
4. ↑ Duarte, J.M.B.; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "*Mazama americana*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T29619A22154827. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
5. ↑ Escobedo-Morales, L. A., Mandujano, S., et al. (2016). First phylogenetic analysis of Mesoamerican brocket deer Mazama pandora and Mazama temama (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) based on mitochondrial sequences: Implications for Neotropical deer evolution [Abstract]. Mammalian Biology, 81(3), 303-313. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2016.02.003

* Louise Emmons (January 1997). *Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide* (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-20721-6. OCLC 20296862.
Southwestern red squirrel

*T. f. grahamensis*

The **southwestern red squirrel** or **Fremont's squirrel** (*Tamiasciurus fremonti*) is a species of tree squirrel endemic to high-altitude regions of the southwestern United States.

## Taxonomy

It was formerly considered conspecific with the American red squirrel (*T. hudsonicus*), but a 2016 study found sufficient phylogenetic evidence indicating it was a distinct species. The American Society of Mammalogists accepted the results of this study.

The Mount Graham red squirrel (*T. f. grahamensis*) is a notable, endangered subspecies of the southwestern red squirrel. In addition, genetic sampling indicates that squirrels from the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico form a highly divergent clade that dates back to the Last Glacial Maximum, about 130,000 years ago. Squirrels in the San Mateo Mountains also appear to be genetically divergent, although this is only based on a single individual.

## Distribution

It ranges from the Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado into the Sacramento Mountains in New Mexico and the Mogollon Mountains in both New Mexico and Arizona. Its range overlaps with that of *T. hudsonicus* in the southern Rocky Mountains.

## Habitat

They largely inhabit mixed coniferous and spruce-fir forests. Although they occasionally venture down into ponderosa pine forests, they are absent from ranges that do not include the higher-elevation spruce-fir and mixed coniferous forests. Due to the limited range of this habitat, the population of southwestern red squirrels is naturally fragmented and has little gene flow between subpopulations; these populations may have been more widespread during the last glaciation, when these forests were more connected. Fossil remains of this species are known from the Guadalupe Mountains, indicating that they likely once had a suitable climate.

## Conservation

There is little evidence of demographic-driven expansion in populations of this species, and mountain ranges each have their own highly-divergent clades of species, indicating high separation and little gene flow between populations. If this lack of connectivity is compounded with further degradation of their habitats, the population dynamics of this species could eventually be driven by extinction. Thus, this species is thought to be of high conservation concern. One notable subspecies, the Mount Graham red squirrel, is already thought to be endangered.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Revision of widespread red squirrels (genus: Tamiasciurus) highlights the complexity of speciation within North American forests". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **100**: 170–182. 2016-07-01. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.014. ISSN 1055-7903.
2. ↑ "Explore the Database". *www.mammaldiversity.org*. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
3. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". *explorer.natureserve.org*. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
4. ↑ "Tamiasciurus fremonti". *www.utep.edu*. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
Tapirus copei

Extinct species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Extinct species of mammal

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***Tapirus copei***, or **Cope's tapir**, is an extinct species of tapir that inhabited North America during the early to middle Pleistocene Epoch (~2.5–1 Ma). The fossil remains of two juvenile ***Tapirus copei*** were collected in Hillsborough County, Florida on August 31, 1963. It was the second largest North American tapir; the first being *Tapirus merriami*.

## Taxonomy

There are multiple pieces of evidence which indicate most, if not all, of the 5 accepted Pleistocene tapir species found in North America (*T. californicus*, *T. haysii* (*T. copei*), *T. lundeliusi*, *T. merriami*, *T. veroensis*) may actually belong to the same species. *T. californicus* was considered to be a subspecies of *T. haysii* by Merriam, *T. californicus* and *T. veroensis* are nearly impossible to distinguish morphologically and occupy the same time frame, being separated only by location, and *T. haysii*, *T. veroensis*, and *T. lundeliusi* are already considered so closely related that they occupy the same subgenus (*Helicotapirus*). Additionally, few details distinguish *T. haysii* and *T. veroensis* except size, date, and wear of teeth; and the intermediate sizes overlap greatly with many specimens originally assigned to one species, then later switched over to another.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kurtén, Björn. *Pleistocene Mammals of North America*. p. 293. ISBN 0231516967.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hulbert, Richard Jr. (September 30, 2010). "A new early Pleistocene tapir (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a review of Blancan tapirs from the state" (PDF). *Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History*. **49** (3): 67–126.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Tapirus haysii". *Florida Museum of Natural History*. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
4. ↑ http://collections.si.edu/search/record/nmnhpaleobiology\_3447081
5. ↑ "Tapirus haysii californicus". Retrieved 12 March 2017.
6. ↑ Jefferson, George T. (August 14, 1989). "Late Cenozoic Tapirs (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) of Western North America" (PDF). *Contributions in Science* (406).
Ruatan Island agouti

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

The **Ruatan Island agouti** (*Dasyprocta ruatanica*), also called the **Roatán Island agouti**, is a species of agouti in the family Dasyproctidae.

## Distribution

It is endemic to the island of Roatán, off the north coast of Honduras.

## Description

Ruatan Island agoutis closely resemble the widespread Central American agoutis, but are noticeably smaller in size, being only around 44 cm (17 in) in head-body length. Their fur is orange brown over their entire bodies, fading to a paler, olivaceous shade on the underparts, and with grizzled black ticking over their backs. There is a white spot on the chin, and a yellowish patch on the belly. Unlike the naked ears of Central American agoutis, those of the Ruatan Island species bear a few dark hairs.

The overall colour is said to be richer than that of Central American agoutis, although the differences are slight, so are less reliable than body size in distinguishing the two species.

## Behaviour

From the few studies conducted on the animal, they appear to be active both day and night, and are not territorial. They are timid, and flee at the sight of humans.

## Habitat

The animals inhabit brushy scrub forest across the island of Roatán, where they feed on almonds, coconuts, hibiscus, and *Pentaclethra* pods.

## Conservation

It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting. As the tourist industry has grown on their native island, hotels and other buildings are encroaching on their native habitat. While some remain in developed areas, living under hotel buildings and feeding off chicken grain and similar resources, most are now found in the hilly interior of the island, away from the coast.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schipper, J.; Emmons, L.; Woodman, N.; Timm, R.; McCarthy, T. (2008). "*Dasyprocta ruatanica*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 5 January 2009. old-form url
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lee, T.E.; et al. (2006). "*Dasyprocta ruatanica*". *Mammalian Species*. **800**: Number 800: pp. 1–3. doi:10.1644/800.1 .
3. ↑ Lee, T.E.; et al. (2000). "The natural history of the Roatán Island agouti (*Dasyprocta ruatanica*): a study of behavior, diet and description of habitat". *Texas Journal of Science*. **52** (2): 159–164.

* Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Velvety fruit-eating bat

Species of batTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of bat

The **velvety fruit-eating bat** (*Enchisthenes hartii*), also known as **Hart's little fruit bat**, is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is monotypic within the genus ***Enchisthenes***. It is found in Central America, Mexico, the United States, and northern South America.

## Taxonomy and etymology

It was described as a new species in 1892 by British zoologist Oldfield Thomas.
Thomas initially placed it in the genus *Artibeus*, with the scientific name *Artibeus hartii*.
The eponym for the species name "*hartii*" is J. H. Hart, who provided the holotype to Thomas.
Hart was the superintendent of the Botanic Gardens in Trinidad, which is the type locality.

The genus *Enchisthenes* was described in 1908 by Danish mammalogist Knud Andersen.
He noted that *Enchisthenes* was closely related to *Artibeus*, and designated *A. hartii* as the type species and the only member of the genus.
Though the opinion of the taxonomic validity of *Enchisthenes* has varied since its description, it has most recently been recognized as a valid monotypic genus.

## Description

Its fur is nearly black in color, and its face has a few faint lines that are paler in color.
It has a forearm length of 36–41 millimetres (1.4–1.6 in).
Individuals weigh 14–18 grams (0.49–0.63 oz).
Its dental formula is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3 for a total of 32 teeth.

## Range and habitat

Its range includes Central and South America.
Countries within its range include Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.
There is a single record from the United States state of Arizona.

## Conservation

As of 2008, it is evaluated as a least-concern species by the IUCN.
It meets the criteria for this designation because it has a wide geographic range; its population is presumably large; and it is unlikely to be experiencing rapid population decline.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Solari, S. (2018). "*Enchisthenes hartii*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T2130A21996891. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2130A21996891.en .
2. ↑ Thomas, O. (1892). "XLVIII.—Description of a new bat of the genus Artibeus from Trinidad". *The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology*. 6. **10** (59): 409.
3. ↑ Andersen, K. (1908). "A monograph of the chiropteran genera Uroderma, Enchisthenes, and Artibeus". *Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London*. **78** (2): 221–224.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cabrales, J. A. (2014). Ceballos, G., ed. *Mammals of Mexico*. JHU Press. pp. 735–736. ISBN 978-1421408439.
Sol Star / Kawa

> ***"The rage built up within me is about to get released..."*** —Jotaro Kujo
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## Info

**Sol Star** / **Kawa** is the version of **Star Platinum** when all of **Jotaro Kujo**'s rage and anger is released.

It's obtained by talking to **Enraged Jotaro** and accepting his quest.

```
**Quest**

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> Kill DIO with **Star Platinum**
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> Take 10,000 Damage
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> Deal 20,000 Damage
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Once the quest is complete go talk to Jotaro and he will reward you with **Sol Star**
Scaled pigeon

Species of birdTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of bird

The **scaled pigeon** (*Patagioenas speciosa*) is a large New World tropical dove. It is a resident breeder from southern Mexico south to western Ecuador, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Trinidad.

The scaled pigeon is fairly common in semi-open forest. It builds a stick platform nest in a tree and lays two white eggs.

Its flight is high, fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the wings which are characteristic of pigeons in general. It is usually very wary, since it is frequently hunted.

The scaled pigeon is 36 cm (14 in) long and weighs normally about 290 g (10 oz). Adult males have mainly purple brown plumage, with a paler scaly appearance to the neck and underparts. The lower underparts are whitish edged with purple. The eyering, legs and bill are red, the latter having a white tip. The female is dull dark brown rather than purplish, and is slightly smaller than the male.

Scaled pigeons feed mainly on forest fruits and seeds. The call is a series of deep cooing *cro ku-k*s that differs markedly from that of its relatives, such as the white-crowned pigeon. This is a solitary bird which does not form flocks.

The scaled pigeon has been recorded as successfully nesting on a fern (*Pteridium aquilinum* at ground level, and in the canopy of the tree fern *Cyathea cyatheoides*). The pearl kite visits nests of this species as a natural predator.

## References

1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "*Patagioenas speciosa*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved 26 November 2013. old-form url
2. ↑ Johnson, Kevin P.; de Kort, Selvino; Dinwoodey, Karen, Mateman, A. C.; ten Cate, Carel; Lessells, C. M. & Clayton, Dale H. (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the dove genera *Streptopelia* and *Columba*. *Auk* **118**(4): 874-887. PDF fulltext
3. ↑ Mahler, Bettina & Tubaro, Pablo L. (2001): Relationship between song characters and morphology in New World pigeons. *Biol. J. Linn. Soc.* **74**(4): 533–539. doi:10.1006/bijl.2001.0596 (HTML abstract)
4. ↑ Aguilar, Héctor F. (1996)- Algunas Notas Sobre la Paloma Leona *Columba* [*speciosa*] *speciosa* Gmelin 1789 (Aves: Columbidae) en Mérida, Venezuela. *Zoocriaderos* **1**(2):25-34

* ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): *A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago* (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
* Hilty, Steven L. (2003): *Birds of Venezuela*. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
* Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): *A guide to the birds of Costa Rica*. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
Central American agouti

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

The **Central American agouti** (*Dasyprocta punctata*) is a species of agouti from the family Dasyproctidae. The main portion of its range is from Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula (southern Mexico), through Central America, to northwestern Ecuador, Colombia and far western Venezuela. A highly disjunct population is found in southeastern Peru, far southwestern Brazil, Bolivia, western Paraguay and far northwestern Argentina. The disjunct population has been treated as a separate species, the brown agouti (*Dasyprocta variegata*), but a major review of the geographic variation is necessary. The Central American agouti has also been introduced to Cuba and the Cayman Islands.

Though some populations are reduced due to hunting and deforestation, large populations remain and it is not considered threatened.

## Appearance

Central American agoutis from the main part of their range weigh 3–4.2 kg (6.6–9.3 lb) and are typically reddish, orange or yellowish grizzled with black. In northern Colombia, western Venezuela, and on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica and Panama the foreparts are brownish or blackish grizzled with tawny or olivaceous, the mid-body is orange, and the rump is black or cream. In western Colombia and Ecuador some have tawny foreparts and yellowish to the rump. Agoutis from the disjunct southern population (Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina) which sometimes are treated as a separate species, *Dasyprocta variegata*, weigh 3–5.2 kg (6.6–11.5 lb) and are grizzled brown, yellowish and black, or grizzled black and orange.

## Behavior

Like other agoutis, Central American agoutis are diurnal and live in monogamous pairs. They mainly feed on fruits and seeds, and are important seed dispersers.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/89497686/78319610
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1558. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Emmons, L. H. (1997). *Neotropical Rainforest Mammals.* Pp. 227-229. 2nd edition. ISBN 0-226-20721-8
4. ↑ Long, J. L. (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Csiro Publishing, Collingwood, Australia. ISBN 9780643099166
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Less, E.; Ojeda, R.; Bidau, C.; Timm, T.; Samudio, R.; Emmons, L. (2008). "*Dasyprocta punctata*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 5 January 2009. old-form url
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Reid, F. A. (1997). *Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico.* Pp. 243-244. ISBN 0-19-506400-3

## External links

* Decker, J. 2000. "Dasyprocta punctata", Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 26, 2008
Season 1 Soundtrack

## Soundtrack (Season 1)

The Season 1 Soundtrack vinyl was set for limited edition pre-order on Qrates at the end of season 1 on April 7, 2021. The vinyls were released on August 26, 2021 and have since sold out. It has a total of 15 tracks. Although the vinyl is sold out you still can listen to it on Youtube and other places.
Season 1

## Discovering 863

Season 1 has a total of 25 episodes with every episode on YouTube. When this season started, the channel was called Matthias. Episode one was released on January 15, 2021 and the finale on April 7, 2021. The tag line for season 1 is "Stay Curious". Down below is the full list of Season 1 sorted by release date of the videos. Click on the video title to go straight to the video on YouTube.
Yucatan brown brocket

Species of deerTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of deer

The **Yucatan brown brocket** (*Odocileus pandora*) is a small species of deer native to the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. While it is found in humid tropical forest like most other brocket deer, the Yucatan brown brocket also ranges across arid, relatively open habitats.

## Taxonomy

It has been treated as a disjunct subspecies of the gray brocket or a subspecies of the red brocket (*Mazama americana*). In 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists placed it in the genus *Odocoileus*.

## Description

Among other features, the Yucatan brown brocket differs from both the red brocket and the gray brocket in the shape and measurements of the skull and antlers. It also differs from the Central American red brocket, which is locally sympatric with the Yucatan brown brocket, in its gray-brown, rather than overall reddish, color.

## References

1. ↑ Weber, M.; de Grammont, P.C.; Cuarón, A.D. (2016). "*Mazama pandora*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T29622A22154219. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
2. ↑ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Medellín, Rodrigo A.; Alfred L. Gardner; J. Marcelo Aranda (April 1998). "The taxonomic status of the Yucatán brown brocket, *Mazama pandora* (Mammalia: Cervidae)" (PDF). *Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington*. **111** (1): 1–14. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
4. ↑ Gutiérrez, E. E., Helgen, K. M., McDonough, M. M., Bauer, F., Hawkins, M. T., Escobedo-Morales, L. A., ... & Maldonado, J. E. (2017). A gene-tree test of the traditional taxonomy of American deer: the importance of voucher specimens, geographic data, and dense sampling. ZooKeys, (697), 87.
Spirit World

The Spirit World is the homeworld for the Demon race and Salamanders. The dimension consists of two other dimensions: the Nether and the End. There are biomes from each, but no End Cities or Ender Dragon will spawn there.

Demon Players gain various buffs when in the Spirit World, such as: Speed I, Strength I, Resistance I, Regeneration I, and Fire Resistance I, as well as Instant Breaking blocks while bare-handed. Blocks broken in this manner are given normal drops equivalent to a non-enchanted tool of the required type. Cannot break indestructible blocks with this, and the offhand must be empty as well.

To exit, the Player should head back to the Spiritual Portal or X:0 ~ Z:0 coordinates, or, if the Player is a Demon, they can hold Shift and press R to create a portal to the Overworld. This consumes magicules and if there is not enough space, the portal will not appear.

* If you leave the Spirit World through a portal (not Spiritual) as a Demon, you will always appear at the world's spawn point and have a certain time limit of being there:

Lesser Demon: 20 minutes
Greater Demon: 40 minutes
Archdemon: 1 hour
Demon Peer: 1 hour 30 minutes
Devil Lord: No time limit
## Accessing the Dimension

The Player has to find a big red portal with a frame made out of stone bricks and lava flowing down inside of the columns. Once the Player enters it, they will appear on a floating island with a hole below it. If they go to the hole and dig down, they will fall inside the Spirit World sooner or later. Be careful, as you may fall in a lava ocean or die from fall damage.

Alternatively, if the Player is a Demon, they can hold Shift and press R to create a portal, linking their current dimension with the Spirit World. Creating a portal consumes magicules and if there is not enough space, the portal will not appear.

## Note

Because Spirit World exists, the Nether is disabled by default. It can be changed with a gamerule.
Crafting

Crafting Table
 Lv.20 ~ 39
 Lv.40 ~ 74
 Lv.75 ~ 104
 Lv.105 ~ 144

* **Mana Powder:** Destroy Necklace Lv.25
* Buy from NPC Isolde @Zakandia / Destroy Moonlight Essence

* **Fairy Dust:** Destroy Necklace Lv.55
* Buy from NPC Meriel @Nera Village

* **Moonlight Crystal:** Destroy Necklace Lv.75 > Destroy Moonlight Essence
* Buy from NPC Meriel @Nera Village

* **Harmel:** Destroy Armor Lv.75
* Buy from NPC Geoffrey @Nera Village

* **Accesswell:** Destroy Necklace Lv.75
* Buy from NPC Meriel @Nera Village

* **Wiesel:** Destroy Weapon Lv.75~95
* Buy from NPC Dexter @Nera Village / Destroy weapon drop from Nera Harbor

Accessories can be found at each NPC on tab 2

You can farm the other materials to crafting armor set Lv.80~95 @Valley of Fairy, The monsters will give you Armor Lv.85 ~ 90 as a drop and you have to destroy it to get the other materials.

If you're looking for material to craft Metal/Weapon Lv.80~95, I suggest you to farm @Nera Harbor instead, since they will giving you more Ingots & Abrasive than VOF does. You can get those mats by destroying Weapon drop from NH

Material that you can farm @Valley of Fairy:

* Dragon Scale Leather / Piece
* Fairy Feather Cloth / Piece
* Perium Ingot
* Harmel
* Fairy's Thread Skein
* Fairy's Shining Dew
* Fairy's Abrasive
* Mold Armor & Weapon
* Rough Diamonds

Best spot to farm Leather & Robe mats:
Talamancan small-eared shrew

Species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of mammal

The **Talamancan small-eared shrew** (*Cryptotis gracilis*) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

## References

1. ↑ Matson, J. (2020). "*Cryptotis gracilis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T5764A22285369.
Fishing

Fishing is an original feature from Luna Online,which u can get fishes from Fishing feature. Fish can be exchanged into multiple items in Fishercat NPC at Alker Farm Region, Zakandia and Nera Farm Region. To start Fishing, you must have Fishing Tools and Bait which you can buy from Fishercat NPC at Farm map.

If you trade Dace, Minnow, Carp to Fishercat NPC, it will become Fish Points

Fish Points
 Minnow
 Carp

You can also get Costumes from Golden Carp, Terrapin, and Shining Garbage

Costume from Fishing
 (VIP) Captain's Uniform ( Body )
 (VIP) Marine Guy’s Glove ( Glove )
 (VIP) Marine's Guy Long Boots ( Boots )
Season 2 Soundtrack

## Soundtrack (Season 2)

The Season 2 Soundtrack vinyl was set for limited edition pre-order on Qrates at the end of season 2 on September 29, 2021. The vinyls were released on January 27, 2022 and have since sold out. It has a total of 18 tracks, 2 of which are vinyl exclusives. If you do not have the vinyl but still want to listen to the available 16 tracks, you can on Youtube and other places.
Season 4

## Debs Murder

Season 4, the final season in video format, has a total of 21 episodes with every episode on Youtube. When this season started the channel name was called Matthias. Every episode is on the Matthias channel. Episode one was released on April 4, 2022 and the finale on June 30, 2022. The tag line for this season is "We Own the Future". Down below is the full list of season 4 videos sorted by release date. Click on the video title to go straight to the video on Youtube.
Salamander

## Minecraft Info

### Drops

* Blaze Powder
* Blaze Rod
* Nether Wart

## Series Info

### Manga

Salamanders are Fire-Type monsters, summoned by the Ifrit.

## **Spawning**

Salamanders are summoned by Ifrit and have a short period of life.

## **Drops**

* Blaze Powder
* Blaze Rod
* Nether Wart

## **Behavior**

Salamander is an aggressive creature and will attack the Player on sight.

### *Immunity and Resistance*

Salamander is immune to Fall and Fire damage.

### *Attacks*

Salamander will burn every creature that will touch it.
Season 3 Soundtrack

## Soundtrack (Season 3)

The Season 3 Soundtrack vinyl was set for limited edition pre-order on Qrates at the end of season 3 on March 22, 2022. The vinyls were released on August 9,2022 and have since sold out. It has a total of 22 tracks 3 of which are vinyl exclusives. If you do not have the vinyl but still want to listen to the available 19 tracks, you can on Youtube and other places.
Season 2

## The Search for the Serum

Season 2 has a total of 48 episodes with every episode on YouTube. When this season started, they renamed the main channel from Matthias to Project: 863. There are 22 episodes on Project: 863, and 26 episodes on the new channel they started this season called We Are 863. Episode one was released on June 30, 2021 on Project: 863 , and the finale was released on September 29, 2021 on We Are 863. The tag line for season 2 is "Remember to Breathe". This season they also launched an app called Spellbound+. Down below is the full list of season 2 sorted by release date of the videos. Click on the video title to go straight to the video on YouTube.
Uniform crake

Species of birdTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of bird

The **uniform crake** (*Amaurolimnas concolor*) is a species of bird in the family Rallidae, the only member of the genus ***Amaurolimnas***.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found widely, but locally, in swampy forests and wetlands of southern Mexico, and Central and South America. A Jamaican subspecies, the Jamaican wood rail, is now extinct.

## Behaviour

This relatively small, rufous bird is highly cryptic in its behavior and rarely seen.

## References

1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "*Amaurolimnas concolor*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved 26 November 2013. old-form url
Season 3

## The Spire

Season 3 has a total 29 episodes with every episode on YouTube. When this season started, they changed the name from Project: 863 back to Matthias. There are 28 episodes on the Matthias channel, and 1 episode on We Are 863. Episode one was released on October 5, 2021 and the finale on March 25, 2022. The tag line for this season is "Look Closer". Down below is the full list of Season 3 videos sorted by release date. Click on the video title to go straight to the video on YouTube.
Season 4 Soundtrack

## Soundtrack (Season 4)

The Season 4 Soundtrack vinyl was set for limited edition pre-order on Qrates at the end of season 4 on June 30, 2022. The vinyls were released on November 20, 2022 and have since sold out. It has a total of 18 tracks. Although the vinyl is sold out you still can listen to it on Youtube and other places.
The Labyrinth

### Entering The Labyrinth

As of the 1.2.2, the Portal Tree has become a way for The Player to enter The Labyrinth without the use of game mode or commands. It appears as a huge tree-like building towering over the other tree in forests.

At the bottom of its trunk lays a mythical portal leading to the pocket dimension , what will The Player find there?

### Inside The Labyrinth

The Player will have to enter this long corridor (if they spawn outside) and walk forward until they get teleported into the Boss Room.

There they will encounter The Spirit Protector Colossus.

A personal bodyguard of the Demon Lord Ramiris, The Colossus has 200HP or 100❤️ and leaps to their enemies dealing leap-damage to everyone in the close proximity.

On death it will drop a block of Magic Steel and a portal to the spirit room will open where the Player will have a chance to summon an elemental spirit.

### Summoning a Spirit

After going through the Portal on the floor, the Player will be transported to another room, this one being the last, most important one.

 File:Screenshot 342.png
The Player should go up the pathway until they reach a small platform, there will also be an opened portal nearby if they're not interested in Spirits.

For those interested, they should stand in the middle of the platform, hold crouch *(default [Shift])* and look up. It's important to note that the Player shouldn't let go of the crouch button for at least 20 second, which is the usual time for being chosen by a Spirit.

Choosing the [Human] race improves your Spirit affinity and increases your chances of being chosen by a Great Spirit.

If The Player is having trouble with being chosen, they should try using this command:

/spirit choose [fire/water/wind/earth/sky/light] [true/false]

The Player should then choose which Spirit they want. Most Spirits increase their respective elements' damage as well as give an ability.

The [Light] Spirit will allow The Player to have a chance at becoming a Hero.

* More about Spirit

#### **The Hero**

The Hero is the True Demon Lord equivalent with the power of good and justice on their side.

They are loved by masses and feared by Evil.
Races/Orc

Orcs are a warrior race, having higher stats than humans, and due to their affinity towards axes, they deal 1.5x more damage when wielding an axe instead of a sword. Typically a race that won't attack those stronger than themselves.

* Orc
* High Orc
* Divine Boar
* Orc Lord
* Orc Disaster

## Racial Traits

* Positive
	+ Has a 5% chance to obtain Intrinsic Skill Self-Regeneration when reincarnating.
	+ Axe damage is multiplied by 1.5x.
	+ When evolving, if the player has 0 hunger, can obtain Unique Skill Starved.
* Neutral
	+ Has two evolution paths.
* Negative
	+ Cannot use Tools and Armor from the DIAMOND level or above.

## Stats

* Health Points: 30 HP (15 Hearts)
* Attack Damage: 2.5
* Attack Speed: 3.5
* Movement Speed: 0.8
* Knockback Resistance: 0.7
* Max Magicule: 25,000~50,000
* Unable to use Tools and Armor from the DIAMOND level or above.
* When evolving, if the Player has 0 hunger, can obtain Unique Skill *Starved*.

File:Orc Stats.png

## Evolution to High Orc Requirements

* 2+ named subordinates.
* 50/40/30/20 levels of experience. (Based on difficulty. Hard is the most expensive at 50 levels and decreases by 10 for every difficulty drop)
* Unique Skill Berserker or Starved.

## Evolution to Orc Lord Requirements

* Survive one minute with no hunger before evolving into a High Orc.
* Reincarnate with Intrinsic Skill *Self-Regeneration*.

## Racial Traits

* Positive
	+ Axe damage is multiplied by 1.5x.
* Neutral
	+ Has two evolution paths.

## Stats

* Health Points: 40 HP (20 Hearts)
* Attack Damage: 4
* Attack Speed: 3.7
* Movement Speed: 0.09
* Knockback Resistance: 1
* Max Magicule: 200,000

## Evolution to Divine Boar Requirements

* *Only by doing the True Demon Lord evolution*.

## Racial Traits

* Positive
	+ Axe damage is multiplied by 1.5x.
* Neutral
	+ Has two evolution paths.

## Stats

* Health Points: 80 HP (40 Hearts)
* Attack Damage: 8
* Attack Speed: 4
* Movement Speed: 0.1
* Knockback Resistance: 1
* Max Magicule: 10,000,000 (Default max for True Hero / True Demon Lord races)

## Racial Traits

* Positive
	+ Axe damage is multiplied by 1.5x.
	+ Magicule x3 instead of x2 like High Orc.
	+ Unique Skill *Starved*.

## Stats

* Health Points: 60 HP (30 Hearts)
* Attack Damage: 5
* Attack Speed: 3.5
* Movement Speed: 0.095
* Knockback Resistance: 1
* Max Magicule: 300,000
* Magicule x3 instead of x2 like High Orc.
* *Unique Skill Starved*

## Evolution to Orc Disaster Requirements

* *Only by doing the True Demon Lord evolution*.

## Racial Traits

* Positive
	+ Axe damage is multiplied by 1.5x.
	+ Unique Skill *Starved*.
	+ Intrinsic Skill *Ultraspeed Regeneration*.
* Race Ability (default keybind: R) - activate Chaos Eater Mode. (More in Gourmet)

## Stats

* Health Points: 80 HP (40 Hearts)
* Attack Damage: 8
* Attack Speed: 4
* Movement Speed: 0.1
* Knockback Resistance: 1
* Max Magicule: 10,000,000 (Default max for True Hero / True Demon Lord races)
* Intrinsic Skill *Ultraspeed Regeneration*
* Race Key to activate Chaos Eater mode. (More in Gourmet)
Spirit Protector Colossus

The Spirit Protector, Colossus, is a Golem made of magic steel, with a height of 3 meters. It is a very powerful Golem, that, reaffirming its title, protects the Spirits in the Labyrinth Tree, and is a personal bodyguard of Demon Lord Ramiris.

On death it will drop a block of Demon Steel and a portal to the spirit room will open where the Player will have a chance to summon an elemental spirit.

## **Spawning**

Spirit Protector Colossus is found in the Boss Room, inside of the Labyrinth Tree.

* It can be fought only once per player. If the player has fought it before, they will be teleported to the Praying Room, instead of the Boss Room.

## **Behavior**

As a Boss and the Spirit Protector, Colossus will try to kill the player in the same moment as they will enter the Boss Room.

* Leap: Spirit Protector Colossus will leap from time to time, dealing 40 damage to anyone in its way.

### Immunity

Spirit Protector Colossus is immune to Arrow, Fall, Suffocation, Drowning, Fire and Cactus damage.

## **Spirit or Magic Moves**

Black Lightning - With this Extra Skill, Spirit Protector Colossus will summon a huge amount of lightnings at the player's position.

## **Note**

After it has been defeated and killed, a portal will appear in the middle of the room. It will teleport the player to the Praying Room.

* More in Labyrinth Tree and Spirit.