recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
International Space Station Partners

The partners who worked on the construction of the ISS and are also currently developing the Lunar Gateway consist of the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Russian Space Agency ROSCOSMOS, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

## Members

* NASA

* ROSCOSMOS

* ESA

* CSA

* JAXA
Orbital ATK

**Orbital ATK** was formed when Orbital Sciences Corporation and Alliant Techsystems (ATK) merged. They were the original designers and manufacturers of the Cygnus spacecraft. Northrup Grumman bought the company in 2018 and it became Northrup Grumman Innovation Systems. In 2020, Northrup Grumman reorganized it's divisions, NGIS was split, with most of it going into the new Space Systems sector with some parts of other Northrup Grumman companies.
Project Daedalus

**Project Daedalus** was a research project lasting from 1973 through 1978 made by the British Interplanetary Society to create a spacecraft capable of interstellar travel. The spacecraft had to be made with technology either already invented or about to be and had to be able to reach it's destination within a human lifetime. The Project Daedalus spacecraft was estimated to be capable of reached Barnard's Star, 5.9 light years in only 50 years. However it was intended to be a fusion rocket, which relies on technology not yet invented.
Particle and Fields Subsatellite

The **Apollo** **Particle and Fields Subsatellites** **(PFS)** are small satellites deployed into Lunar Orbit from an Apollo CSM during the latter Apollo missions. Their primary mission was to study the magnetic field and plasma and particles from Lunar Orbit, and also map the gravity field of the moon. This would give scientists on Earth a better idea of what it is like orbiting the moon. They also studied mass concentrations on the surface. Apollo 15 Particle and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-1) was deployed on Apollo 15, and Apollo 16 Particle and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-2) was deployed on Apollo 16. No PFS was deployed on Apollo 17.

## Spacecraft List

A list of all spacecraft of this type.

 PFS-2
Horizontal Takeoff, Horizontal Landing

A **horizontal takeoff, horizontal landing (HTHL)** spacecraft is a spacecraft that takes off and lands facing forward, usually as an airplane. Some HTHL spacecraft include Star-raker, SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo.

## See Also:

* Vertical Takeoff, Vertical Landing (VTVL)
* Spaceplane
* Single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO)
B1061

**Falcon 9 Booster 1061** (**B1061**) is a currently active Falcon 9 reusable first stage booster. It flew the Crew-1 mission to the International Space Station on the booster and the capsule's maiden flight on November 15th, 2020. It also flew the Crew-2 mission with Capsule Endeavour. It's most recent and first non-Crew Dragon flight was SiriusXM's eighth satellite mission.

## Missions

 Crew-2 | First operational Crew Dragon flight.
 SXM-8
SS Kalpana Chawla

***S.S. Kalpana Chawla* (NG-14)** is an Enhanced Cygnus spacecraft which flew under the CRS-2 contract to resupply the ISS. It flew on an Antares rocket, built by Northrop Grumman, the same designers of Cygnus. It was scheduled to launch on September 29th, but due to weather was rescheduled to launch on October 1st, 2020. Cygnus spacecraft are one-time use, so they can be filled with waste and other unwanted items to be sent back to earth to de-orbit. They will be destroyed, along with all unwanted materials.

## Cargo

Among basic supplies and fuel the *Kalpana Chawla* carried some experiments and a new space toilet which is 65% smaller and weighs much less.

## Fun Facts

* NG-14 is named after the first Native American in space, who was killed during the space shuttle *Colombia* disaster.
Apollo 11

> "One small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." - Neil Armstrong, after stepping off the Lunar Module onto the Moon's surface for the first time.
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**Apollo 11** was the eleventh mission of the Apollo program and the third manned mission to the Moon. This was the first mission to attempt a landing on the Moon, which resulted in the successful landing in the Sea of Tranquility. Shortly after, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stepped on to the Moon and made history. They then returned to lunar orbit where Micheal Collins was waiting for them.

### Spacecraft

* Lunar Module *Eagle* (LM-5)
* Command/Service Module *Columbia* (CSM-107)

### Rockets

* Saturn V
	+ S-IVB
	+ S-II
	+ S-IC
CRS-23

**CRS-23** or **SpX-23** was the 23rd Commercial Resupply Services mission to the ISS by SpaceX, and the third mission under the Phase 2 contract, and the third flight of Cargo Dragon 2. It launched from Kennedy Space Center LC-39A on August 29th, 2021.

### Spacecraft

* Dragon C208 (Second Flight)
* International Space Station

## Cargo

* GITAI S1 Robotic Arm Tech Demo to be installed in the Nanoracks *Bishop Airlock*

## Fun Facts

* There is apparently a cyptocurrency named after this mission.

## See Also

* CRS-22, the preceding Dragon mission in the CRS program.
* Crew-2, the concurrent Crew Dragon flight.
* CRS-24, the subsequent Dragon mission in the CRS program.
CRS-20

**CRS-20** was the last flight of the Dragon 1 spacecraft. It returned to Earth on April 7th, 2020. However, SpaceX did receive a contract for the Dragon 2 vehicle and it is currently in operation.

## See Also

* **CRS-19**, the preceding Dragon mission in the CRS program.
* CRS-21, the subsequent Dragon mission in the CRS program.
Dragon C208

**Cargo Dragon (C208)** is the first Dragon 2 made as a Cargo Dragon and also the first Cargo Dragon to be reused on the CRS-23 mission. It was also one of three Dragon spacecraft in space along with C206 *Endeavour* (Crew-2) also docked to the ISS and C207 *Resilience* (Inspiration4) in free flight.

## Missions

 CRS-23 | ISS resupply mission. Delivered Japanese robot arm to service Bishop Airlock.
Beresheet

***Beresheet*** (Hebrew for "In the beginning"), originally called ***Sparrow***, is a technology demonstrator lunar lander for a probe and lander system in development by SpaceIL and Isreal Aerospace Industries. It launched on Falcon 9 B1048 on February 22nd, 2019. It suffered a gyroscope failure resulting in early engine shutoff during descent and it crash landed into the Moon. Its final resting place is 32.5956°N, 19.3496°E. It was the first non-Governmental mission, the first Israeli, and the first ride-share mission to land on the moon.
New Shepard Program

The **New Shepard program** was the first successful attempt undertaken to create a fully reusable launch system. It was privately funded by Jeff Bezos' aerospace company Blue Origin. It consisted of the development of the New Shepard suborbital tourism rocket, made up of the reusable Capsule and Propulsion Module booster. It also took part in the development and testing of Blue Origin's BE-1, BE-2 and BE-3 engines. This project was synchronous with the development of the Falcon 9 rocket, a partially reusable launch vehicle with a New Shepard inspired booster capable of deploying payloads to orbit with an expendable upper stage.

On July 20th, 2021, the first crewed flight of New Shepard was successfully performed.
Apollo Spacecraft

The **Apollo Spacecraft** was the first spacecraft to take humans beyond earth orbit and the first to land them on another body, the moon. It was a part of NASA's Apollo Program. It had three parts, the Command/Service Module, the Lunar Module and the Launch Escape System.

## See Also

* Apollo CSM
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Apollo Program
* Saturn V
Relativity Terran R

A render of Terran R in orbit.

> *This page is about the Terran R upper stage as an autonomous spacecraft. For the entire Terran R rocket see the Terran R (Rocket) page.*
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The Relativity Space **Terran R** is a reusable stagecraft which functions as the second stage of it's launch vehicle Terran R. The Space Shuttle and the SpaceX Starship also have this dual functionality, however they perform is in different designs.

According to Zach Dunn of Relativity Space in an email to IEEE Spectrum*,* the wings on the first and second stages are "aerodynamic surfaces to help stabilize the stages during reentry. For the second stage specifically, they aid in distributing the heat and aero loading over the full side of the stage. This distribution of load coupled with the use of exotic alloys for the second stage will enable reentry and recovery." It will not land on a run way like the Space Shuttle, because this does not generate enough lift for that.

It is unclear how Terran R's first stage will be recovered at this time.

## Gallery

A render from NASASpaceflight.com forum showing the cargo bay door.Terran R during ascent, still attached to the booster.The SpaceX Starship (S20), a comparable vehicle in function, but larger.Terran R recreated in the game Simplerockets 2 (user who built this unknown).
## Sources

* IEEE Spectrum: Wings Explained
* NASA Spaceflight: 3D Renders (see Terran R page)
Lander

**Landers** are special spacecraft meant to land on celestial bodies besides earth. Lunar Landers are landers which land on the moon. Some Lunar Landers include the Apollo LM, Starship HLS, Blue Moon, Integrated Lander Vehicle and the Dynetics ALPACA Lander. Most landers are VTVL spacecraft, since many planets and moons don't have an atmosphere, but some use parachutes as well.
Douglas Hurley

> "People to a degree think it's pretty glamorous to be able to go into space, but it's actually like a messy camping trip." - Doug Hurley
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**Douglas Gerald Hurley** is an American astronaut currently employed by NASA. He is married to fellow NASA Astronaut Karen Nyberg and has one son, Jack Hurley.

## Missions

* STS-127

* STS-135
* Demo-2
K-1 Orbital Vehicle

## K-1 OV

Render of K-1 approaching the International Space Station (cropped from the original in the gallery)

## General Statistics

### Launch Vehicle

Kistler K-1

The **Kistler K-1 Orbital Vehicle** was a planned reusable stagecraft that would fly resupply missions to the International Space Station. It would use 1 vacuum optimized AR26 engine. It would use RCS thrusters to deorbit, then the aerodynamic cover on top would serve as a heat protection system during a prograde reentry. It would then deploy parachutes and air bags to make a soft landing for recovery.

## Gallery

The K-1 OV launching on top the K-1 Launch Assist Platform booster.Computer render showing the ISS with the K-1 OV.
## See Also

K-1, the reusable launch vehicle it would have launched on.
Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway

A 3D rendering of the Lunar Gateway with an Orion spacecraft docking.

The **Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway** **(LOP-G)** or **Lunar Gateway** is a planned space station intended as the base of lunar operations, essentially an International Space Station for the Moon. It is intended to be built by all the International Space Station Partners, JAXA, Roscosmos, ESA and CSA, however it was originally NASA who came up with the idea and has been the primary contributor so far. It will serviced with crewmen ferried by an Orion spacecraft, and robotic spacecraft to deliver cargo.

## Modules

The Lunar Gateway is a modular spacecraft made up out of modules.

### Power and Propulsion Element

The Power and Propulsion Element or PPE will be the propulsion module for Gateway and also server as a space tug.

### Habitation and Logistics Outpost

The Habitation and Logistics Outpost or HALO

### European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications

The European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications or ESPRIT is made up of two parts, the Communications and Refueling modules.

### International Habitation Module

The International Habitation Module or I-HAB

## Gallery

Lunar Gateway Operations and InteriorLunar Gateway Configuration and Functions
## Fun Facts

* It was originally called the Deep Space Gateway (DSG).
Jarvis Hermes

Morris Jarvis with "Sensational Susan"

The **Hermes** is a suborbital spaceplane designed by Morris Jarvis to carry one or more people to space in competition with Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic in the suborbital tourism industry.

## Development

The Hermes’ first flight is planned to be an unmanned, tethered flight at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, during which Morris Jarvis will control the spacecraft from a remote cockpit on the ground.

Landing Tests will start with the craft being pulled behind a trailer, culminating into being dropped from a high-altitude balloon at around 110,000 feet. The balloon would have a 400 foot diameter.

After this, the first spaceflight of Hermes would use a more advanced prototype with a heat-resistant carbon composite skin and an engine attached to the back. The Jarvis has stated the engine will either be a in-house home-built engine, or if funding can be found a leftover XLR99 engine from the X-15 program. Hermes would be launched on a hybrid rocket powered first stage. At 150,000 feet, stage separation would occur and the Hermes would detach and fire it's engine to raise the peak altitude into space.

## Source

* Intel Newsroom Redneck Rocket Scientist
ALPACA Lander

A rendering of ALPACA on the Moon.

The **Dynetics** **Autonomous Logistics Platform for All-Moon Cargo Access (ALPACA)** also known as **Dynetics HLS** is a crewed lunar lander under development by Dynetics and Sierra Nevada for the Artemis Program. It was a proposal for the Artemis HLS Contract, but NASA chose the competitor, Lunar Starship instead on April 16th, 2021. ALPACA was given the highest rating in NASA's original study, but they chose Starship because they thought it would be a faster and cheaper option. ALPACA will still be used to deliver cargo to the moon. NASA has elected to contract a second lander, so ALPACA still has a bid in Artemis.
Orbital Accelerator

The SpinLaunch **Orbital Accelerator** is a planned orbital launch system that uses a rotating carbon composite tether spinning inside a vacuum chamber to accelerate a small rocket to beyond the speed of sound. The rocket will separate it's fairing/aerodynamic shroud and it's engine performs the rough equivalent of the function of a conventional second stage. A Suborbital prototype was constructed at Spaceport America and first tested on October 22nd, 2021.

## Gallery

The suborbital prototype at Spaceport America.
BE-4

The **BE-4** (**Blue Engine 4**) is a methalox rocket engine under development by Blue Origin. Seven will be used on the booster stage of the New Glenn rocket, also in development by Blue Origin. Two will power the first stage of the ULA Vulcan.

Engine number 101 was constructed in Kent, Washington in October 2017. It was the first to be hot fire tested on October 18th, 2018. Subsequently, it has gone through more hotfires, and been disassembled and reassembled multiple times, and is now called SN 103.

## BE-4U

A vacuum optimized variant of the BE-4 was originally planned for the upper stage of New Glenn, but instead the BE-3U was chosen.

## See Also

* BE-3, the hydrolox predecessor to BE-4
* BE-3U, engine used on New Glenn's upper stage.
Axiom Station

**Axiom Station** is a planned modular station in LEO. It will be constructed by adding modules to the International Space Station, then once the ISS is retired the segment will detach and form it's own separate station. Axiom Station modules will use a Methalox propulsion system. Instead of a "Wing" solar array configuration seen on all previous stations, the Axiom Station will be the first station to use the "Power Tower" configuration. This design was originally intended for the ISS, but they went with the design seen today instead.

## Modules

 Axiom Hub Two
 Axiom Lab
 Axiom Power Tower
Dragon 1

SpaceX Dragon approaching the ISS during the C2+ mission

SpaceX's **Dragon 1** spacecraft is the first commercial spacecraft to refuel the ISS. The last Dragon 1 (C112) returned to earth on Tuesday, April 7th, 2020. The Dragon 2 spacecraft will become it's replacement in the future. There were 20 CRS Dragon 1 missions. CRS is the contract given to SpaceX by NASA to help refuel and take cargo to the ISS. Dragon 1 was the first spacecraft constructed by SpaceX and launched aboard their Falcon 9 rocket. The first capsule is hanging in the SpaceX Headquarters building.

The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) by Bigelow Aerospace was delivered to the ISS on a Dragon 1 spacecraft (C110). It is the first time an entirely new module was delivered by a commercial spacecraft.

Dragon 1 had many friends docking to and servicing the ISS, including Cygnus by Northrop Grumman, Progress by ROSCOSMOS, H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) by JAXA and last but not least the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle or ATV for short.

## Designation

The designation C### represents the number and type of Dragon. For example, C110 stand for 'Capsule, Dragon 1, 10th spacecraft'. Dragon 2 spacecraft use a similar designation type, for example 'C206' known as *Capsule Endeavour* was used in the Demo-2 mission. 'Capsule, Dragon 2, 6th spacecraft'.

## Future Improvement

The Dragon 2 is a new version of Dragon 1 with more features to improve the design. It has both a cargo variant and a crewed variant, unlike Dragon 1 which was only for cargo. Dragon 2 has solar panels mounted on the hull instead of solar arrays extending out. It also has a much more streamlined look than Dragon 1. It still has an unpressurized trunk and pressurized capsule similar to that of Dragon 1.

However the Dragon spacecrafts and Falcon 9 rocket are intended to eventually be replaced altogether with the SpaceX Starship and Rocket (also called Starship).

## Spacecraft

A list of all Dragon 1 spacecraft ever built.
Richard Branson

> "My attitude has always been, if you fall flat on your face, at least you're moving forward. All you have to do is get back up and try again."
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> "If people aren't calling you crazy, you aren't thinking big enough." - Richard Branson
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**Sir Richard Branson** is a billionaire and owner of the Virgin Group, with it's subsidiaries Virgin Galactic and Virgin Orbit. He went to American-defined suborbital space on July 11th onboard VSS Unity during the Unity 22 mission. He beat Jeff Bezos, the other billionaire in the suborbital space tourism industry, on his flight in New Shepard by just 9 days, however he denied any rivalry between him and Bezos, who congratulated him after his flight and said he "can’t wait to join the club!". Branson responded "I hope he has an extraordinary experience as we did."

## Message to Dreamers from Space

During the coast phase of Unity 22, Richard Branson gave the following message to viewers before unlatching his seatbelt and enjoying microgravity:

> "To all you kids down there, I was once a child with a dream looking up to the stars. Now, I'm an adult in a spaceship with lots of other wonderful adults looking down to our beautiful, beautiful earth. To the next generation of dreamers, if we can do this, just imagine what you can do."
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Falcon Heavy demonstration mission

The **Falcon Heavy demonstration mission** (also known as the **Falcon Heavy test flight**) was the first flight of the Falcon Heavy rocket to test the system and demonstrate it's capabilities to potential customers. It launched on February 6th, 2018. It is most famous for launching Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster into an heliocentric orbit with a close flyby of Mars. It is also the only time a Falcon Heavy was flown with two side boosters that previously flew separate solo Falcon 9 missions.

## Impact on Society

This flight remains to be one of SpaceX's most highly remembered and publicized missions, along with Demo-2 and the Starship orbital flight test. The two side boosters successful simultaneous landing was the first time that such a thing was attempted, and happened when seeing rocket booster land was still relatively new, causing the simultaneous landing to receive a lot of attention and arguably one most inspirational and well known footages related to spaceflight of all time.

The Tesla being launched into space has also gotten SpaceX a lot of attention and remains the most memorable part of the mission for most, even more so the the side booster landing. Many memes have come out of this, thanks Elon.
Delta III

The **Delta III** (or **Delta 8930**) was an expendable launch vehicle made by Boeing as the successor to the Delta II and the predecessor to the Delta IV. It could deliver 8,400lbs (3,800kg) of payload to geostationary orbit. It only made three flights with two failures and one partial-failure. However it did prove and demonstrate technology that would be used in the Delta IV.
CRS-21

**SpaceX CRS-21** or **SpX-21** was the first Commercial Resupply Services mission under the Phase 2 contract launched by SpaceX on December 6th, 2020. It was also the first launch of the Cargo Dragon 2 specifically Dragon C208. It overlapped the Crew-1 mission, meaning it was also the first time a Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon were in space at the same time. They were both docked to the international space station, as shown below by a computer generated image made by a Reddit user.

### Spacecraft

* Dragon C208 (First Flight)
* International Space Station

## Record-breaking Mass

   The docking of the Cargo Dragon broke the total post-Shuttle mass record of the ISS, previously held by 1 Progress, 2 Soyuz, 1 ATV and 1 HTV. At the time of Cargo Dragon's docking, there was also 2 Progress, 1 Soyuz, 1 Cygnus (*SS Kampala Chawla*) and 1 Crew Dragon (*Resilience*). The new record was over 980,000 lbs, just short of a million pounds.

## See Also

* CRS-20, the preceding Dragon mission in the CRS program.
* Crew-1, the concurrent Crew Dragon flight.
* CRS-22, the subsequent Dragon mission in the CRS program.
NS-18

**NS-18** is the eighteenth flight of the New Shepard vehicle, the fourth flight of the *RSS First Step* (NS4), and the second crewed flight overall, scheduled for launch October 12th, 2021. It is the second flight with crew on board following NS-16. They had an apogee of 107km.

The first two crew members announced along with the mission's launch date are Chris Boshuizen, a former NASA Engineer and co-founder of Planet Labs, and Glen de Vries, Vice-Chair of Life Sciences and Healthcare at Dassault Systemes and co-founder of Medidata. On October 4th, the final two crewmembers were announced, Audrey Powers, Blue Origin's Vice President of Missions and Flight Operations, and William Shatner, actor, producer and director best known for playing "Captain James T. Kirk" in the Star Trek franchise. At 90 years old, Shatner will beat the brand new record set by Wally Funk, 82, on NS-16 just 2 months earlier as the oldest person to fly to space.

### Crew

 Passenger
 Passenger
Buran-class Shuttle

"Baikal" (2.01) on display circa 2012

**Buran** or ***Buran*-class Shuttles** were spaceplanes designed made by the Soviet Union. They were an almost exact copy of the American Space Shuttle (or *Columbia*-class Shuttle) except for small differences, like using 4 liquid fuel boosters instead of two solid fuel boosters, and no engines on the main orbiter. Unlike the Space Shuttle, the orbiter and rocket were not considered part of the same spacecraft and had different names. The rocket was called Energia, and was capable of launching other payloads besides the Buran orbiter, like the Polyus weapons platform.

## Comparison to US Shuttle

Buran is very similar in design, to the point where the average onlooker couldn't tell the difference between the orbiters. The Buran System differed from the Space Launch System in that the main engines were on the External Tank, and not the Orbiter, which meant that things besides a shuttle (like Polyus) could be launched on the rocket, called Energia. The downside is that, the orbiter didn't have main engines, so it could not have boost space station's orbit as effectively as the Shuttle.

## History

Buran was created by the USSR because they saw the Space Shuttle as a military threat and wanted to be on even playing grounds. Buran only made one flight before it was canceled due to the USSR's funds falling right before it collapsed. If history had turned out a little different, we might have seen Soviet and American Space Shuttles competing against each other for dominance in space, and then Buran could have had the chance to prove itself as the better shuttle.

## Missions

Only one fully functional orbiter was finished, *Buran*. The rest were not finished before the program was canceled. It made only one successful, uncrewed automated launch. The orbiter *Buran* and a mock-up Energia rocket was destroyed when the warehouse it was stored in collapsed in 2002 due to poor maintenance. Eight workers were killed during the accident.

## Spacecraft

A list of all *Buran*-class Shuttles constructed.

## Gallery

The back end of Buran, notice the differences to the Space Shuttle.A photoshopped image showing Buran and STS launching side-by-side (not to scale) for comparison.The Buran-Energia System compared to the Space Shuttle, Ariane V and Proton rockets.Buran riding an airplane similar to the US Shuttle*Buran* (OK-1.01) at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2000.
## Sources

* ARS Technica: Deal to trade Burya for Skull
	+ Explains history ownership of *Burya (Ptichka)*
Donald Trump

> "If your going to be thinking, you may as well think big" -Donald Trump
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**President Donald J. Trump** was the 45th President of the United States. He has made notable contributions to human spaceflight, especially American spaceflight. Most notably creating the new branch of the US Military, the United States Space Force and directing NASA to start the Artemis Program giving them the goal to return to the moon by 2024.
Delta II

The **Delta II** is an expendable launch system and member of the Delta family of rockets. It made 155 flights with a streak of 100 successful flights in a row. It was originally designed and built by McDonnell Douglas. It was placed in the rocket garden in Kennedy Space Center in 2021 to commemorate it's achievements.
Dream Chaser

Eagle being prepared before drop

The **Dream Chaser** is an american built reusable spaceplane that is currently in planning. It is currently being developed by Sierra-Nevada Corporations Space Systems. It is very similar to the Space Shuttle, except is is much smaller and launches on top of the rocket instead of on the side. Similar to Dragon 2, it will have two variants, a Cargo and Crew variant. The Cargo variant is called Dream Chaser Cargo System and the Crewed variant is known as Dream Chaser Space System.

Sierra Nevada Corporation uses the marketing slogan "America's Spaceplane" for Dream Chaser, since the Space Shuttle is retired.

## Variations

### Dream Chaser Cargo System

The Cargo variant is still in construction. The United Nations has chosen Dream Chaser to be used in it's first space flight mission. The mission, scheduled for 2024 will give access to space to UN members without their own space programs. The European Space Agency has also purposed a 'Dream Chaser for European Utilization'.

### Dream Chaser Space System

The Crewed variant is not in construction anymore, despite being the original proposal. After losing the Crewed Contract to Boeing and SpaceX, the Crewed Dream Chaser has not been directly worked on. However, the two variants are only about 20% different, and Sierra Nevada says it would be easy to go back to a crewed variant. It is selected by the Gateway Foundation for use as emergency escape vehicles in their proposed Von Braun Class station. The station would use 24 Dream Chasers in total.

### Dream Chaser for European Utilization

The ESA has proposed a variant of Dream Chaser for their use that would launch on Ariane 6.

## Spacecraft

Dream Chaser prototypes
 *Ascension* | Engineering Test Article (ETA)

Dream Chaser Cargo System

## Gallery

Artist's rendering of Dream Chaser docked to the ISS.Artist's rendering of Dream Chaser on top of Atlas 5 before launch.
CST-100 Starliner

3D rendering of a Starliner spacecraft

**CST-100 Starliner** or simply **Starliner** is a spacecraft currently under development by Boeing. Boeing won one of two contracts to design and manufacture a new spacecraft capable of taking crew members to the ISS from NASA. SpaceX won the other contract, and designed their Dragon 2 spacecraft, while Boeing designed the Starliner, which is currently still in testing phases. Starliner will not splashdown in the ocean, it will touchdown on land using a new airbag landing technology.

## Development

Testing for Starliner has been going on since 2011. Ground drop tests were made for the airbag landing technology.

During OFT-1, Spacecraft 3 *Calypso* was supposed to make an uncrewed docking with the ISS, similar to Demo-1 for Crew Dragon. However, unlike Demo-1 which went well, a software malfunction caused the spacecraft to keep time wrong and make a late orbital insertion burn using more fuel than necessary. Because of this, a second Orbital Flight Test (OFT) mission, OFT-2 was created to repeat the test. This resulted in Dragon 2 coming online a lot earlier than Starliner.

Following OFT-1, Boeing has implemented some new upgrades to the docking port on Starliner. This includes software updates and a reentry cover similar to Dragon 2's. Spacecraft 2 has also been fitted with propellant heater, thermal protection tiles and airbags in preparation for OFT-2.

## Spacecraft

A list of all CST-100 Starliner spacecraft in existence.

 *Calypso* | Spacecraft 3

## Fun Facts

* CST stands for Crew Space Transportation.
Mercury Program

The **Mercury Program** was the United State's (NASA) first manned spaceflight program with the Mercury capsule. It was intended to beat the Soviets to put a man into space, but was too far behind and lost to the Soviets by a month.

## The Mercury Seven

Seven astronauts were chosen to fly the Mercury capsule.

**Malcolm Scott Carpenter** made the second orbital Mercury flight onboard *Aurora 7*. He is the only Mercury astronaut to to only fly on his Mercury mission and never again.

**Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper Jr.** was the last Mercury astronaut to fly and the last person to fly into space alone aboard *Faith 7*. He made 22 orbits, the longest flight ever at the time.

**John Herschel Glenn Jr.** became the first American in orbit onboard *Friendship 7*. He was also the most popular among the public and was considered the best speaker of the seven. He became a US Senator and he became the first and only actively serving politician to fly into space on the Space Shuttle. He was also holds the record for oldest person to fly into space and the only Mercury Seven astronaut to fly on a space shuttle.

**Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom** was the second mercury astronaut to fly onboard *Liberty Bell 7*, which sank after splashdown and was not recovered until years later. He died during when a fire broke out in a test for Apollo 1. He was the only of the seven not to survive to retirement.

**Walter Marty Schirra Jr.** flew the third orbital flight of the Mercury program onboard *Sigma 7*. He later flew on Gemini 6A and made the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7. He also commanded Apollo 7, the first crewed Apollo mission. He is the only astronaut to fly in all three programs.

**Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr.** became the first American in space onboard *Freedom 7*. He also became the only Mercury astronaut to walk on the moon. He was the Commander of Apollo 14 and the fifth person to walk on the moon.

**Donald "Deke" Kent Slayton** never got to fly his Mercury capsule due to heart issues. Had this not happened, he most likely would have flown on one of the back up spacecraft, which would have been named *Delta 7*. Instead he became the Chief Astronaut and was in charge of spaceflight crew assignments. After the close of the Apollo Program, he began training to fly on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, which he did. Two Cygnus spacecraft were named after him after his retirement and death.
Bigelow Aerospace

**Bigelow Aerospace** is an american based company that is mostly developing expandable spacecraft and modules. They're demonstration module, BEAM (Bigelow Expandable Activity Module), is currently berthed to the ISS. They also launched the *Genesis I* spacecraft, a test article similar in purpose to BEAM, but more directly aimed at developing their planned commercial space station in Low Earth Orbit or LEO. They also want to use their B330 module to create a Lunar Depot station in Low Lunar Orbit.
Capsule Spacecraft

**Capsule Spacecraft** or **Space Capsules** are the most common type of spacecraft design. They are designed with a blunt back end to generate drag and slow the craft down during reentry and an aerodynamic cone on top to aide in ascent. They land using parachutes or thrusters for a splashdown or ground landing. The capsule usually consists of simply an aerodynamics pressurized cockpit with a heat shield on the bottom side for reentry and a docking port and or parachute on top. Configurations vary greatly.
Genesis Pathfinder

An Artist's rendering of Genesis I

The **Genesis Pathfinder** spacecraft is a class (type) of spacecraft built by Bigelow Aerospace. It has two spacecraft, both still in orbit as of September 2020. They are one third the size of a B330, their successor.

## Spacecraft

A list of all Genesis Pathfinders.

 *Genesis II* |  |  | Active
Functional Cargo Block

The **Functional Cargo Block** or **Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok** **(FGB)** spacecraft is a type of pressurized spacecraft designed and operated by the Soviet Union until it's collapse, then the Russian Federation's space agency ROSCOSMOS took over as operator. It was designed to service the Almaz space stations as a part of the TKS spacecraft along with the VA spacecraft. The FGB functioned almost like a service module for the VA, except it was pressurized, could support a crew, had the docking port of the TKS system and could function autonomously from the VA with or without crew so it is also like the VA was the service module for the FGB. FGB modules were also used for the Polyus weapons platform and *Mir* and ISS modules.
Constellation Program

The **Constellation Program** was NASA's crewed spaceflight program following the retirement of the Space Shuttles. It involved the Ares I and Ares V rockets, the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle capsule and the Altair lander, all named after Constellations. However the program was canceled by the Augustine Committee appointed by US President Barrack Obama. The committee decided to cancel the Constellation Program due it being "non-viable". President Obama then direct NASA to develop a new heavy-lift rocket and to land on Mars by 2030. This was the creation of SLS, which shares heritage with the Ares V and STS. The Orion CEV which was the only part of Constellation not canceled was modified and renamed the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (Orion MPCV). In 2016, President Donald Trump direct NASA to start the Artemis Program, which used the in-development SLS and Orion and a commercially developed lunar lander.
Oblique Detonation Wave Engine

An **Oblique Detonation Wave Engine**, also known as a **Shcramjet** (**Shock-Induced Combustion Ramjet**) or **Shock-Ramjet Engine** is an advanced propulsion method that had been proven scientifically feasible, but requires engineering work to make it applicable as a possible propulsion method. It is similar to a scramjet, but uses a detonation instead of an explosion to ignite the fuels, resulting in higher efficiency and thrust. It is considered a possibility for SSTO spacecraft and hypersonic passenger transport.

A University of Central Florida (UCF) research team managed to maintain a stable oblique detonation for 3 seconds, which doesn't seem impressive until you know that all previous attempts lasted only a few milliseconds. This proves the theory is sound and that it is possible, it is just a matter of refining the ramp angle, air-speed, fuel mix and other engineering challenges. See sources.

## Sources

* Wikipedia
* SJSU Research Report PDF
* LiveScience Article
	+ Daniel Rosado image
* NASA Experimental Vehicle Report (Wayback Machine)
* UCF Research Article (EurekAlert!)
Kerbal Space Program

**Kerbal Space Program** or **KSP** is an rocket simulator videogame that teaches rocket science, orbital mechanics, astronomy, aerospace engineering techniques and other spaceflight related lessons through a realistic rocket and outer space simulation where the player helps the "Kerbal" aliens explore their solar system. It is extremely popular among space enthusiasts and is arguably has the highest fun per educational aspect of any game of all time.
List of Falcon 9 Boosters

This page contains a list of all Falcon 9 first stage boosters. Please note that not all missions the booster has flown are shown, only some.

## Legend

### Type

* **FHc** means it is a Falcon Heavy core stage.
* **FHs** means it is a Falcon Heavy side booster.
* **F9** means it is a Falcon 9 Block 5 booster.
* **FT4** means it is a Falcon 9 Full Thrust Block 4 booster.
* **FHt** means it is a Falcon Heavy test article.
* **FT** means it is a Falcon 9 Full Thrust booster.
* Boosters converted to different types use a ">" to show the transition
	+ Example: Full Thrust to Falcon Heavy core = FT>FHc

### Missions

* All missions flown and scheduled for that booster are shown in chronological order.

## Sources

* B1052 converted from FH side booster to F9 booster
Endeavour (Reference Page)

Endeavour could refer to multiple pages. If you were directed here from a link, you can click "EDIT" above that page to change the link to go to the specific age if necessary.

### Spacecraft:

* Space Shuttle *Endeavour* (OV-105), one of the US Space Shuttles.
* Capsule *Endeavour* (C206), a Dragon 2 capsule used for the historic Demo-2 mission.
* Command/Service Module *Endeavour*, Apollo CSM used for Apollo 15.
Cygnus

Cygnus approaching the ISS

The **Cygnus** spacecraft was originally designed by Orbital Sciences Corporation, now Orbital ATK, now a part of Northrop Grumman who now designs all upgrades and operates their launches under the CRS-1 and CRS-2 contracts from NASA. It's counter part, Dragon 1 and now Cargo Dragon are reusable, unlike Cygnus. It functions more like a Progress. Since every Cygnus is deorbited at the end of it's mission, they are usually packed with waste and unwanted materials before undocked from the ISS. After an accident resulting in the destruction of a Cygnus, the design was 'enhanced' to solved the problems, creating the newer edition now used, called Enhanced Cygnus.

## Spacecraft

This is a list of all Cygnus spacecraft. Instead of status being 'retired, active or destroyed' it instead shows the status of the mission, since all Cygnus are intended to be destroyed after their first mission, as they have no reentry and landing capabilities.

* **'Success**' mean the mission went as planned, and the spacecraft was successfully orbited and destroyed.
* **'Failure'** means something went wrong with the mission, usually the spacecraft was destroyed prematurely during an accident.
* **'Test'** is for the boilerplate Cygnus used during testing, which never had a true mission besides aiding in the development of Cygnus.
RocketLab

**RocketLab** is an aerospace company founded by engineer Peter Beck and headquartered in California, but which primarily launches from New Zealand. They currently operate the Electron rocket and it's ongoing development as it nears it's goal of becoming a proven partially-reusable launch vehicle, similar to the Falcon 9. They also are developing the Neutron rocket.
Orion

3D rendering of Orion

**Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle** or **Orion MPCV** but more commonly **Orion** is a type of spacecraft currently under development by NASA to explore the moon and Mars.

Orion was originally designed as part of the Constellation Program in the early 2000s as a follow up to the Shuttle Program. It was then called the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle and has circular solar panels similar to the look of a Cygnus spacecraft. The program was canceled when it was not included in the 2009 US Budget by the Obama Administration. Under the Trump Administration, the Artemis Program has dusted off Orion and put it back into active development along with it's rocket, SLS.

## Configuration

The Crew Module is being developed by Lockheed Martin and will hold the crew. The European Service Module (ESM) will provide power and propulsion. It is being built by Airbus Defense and Space with help from ESA, being based off of the ATV robotic cargo vessel. The 4 solar panels are the most obvious similarity, and differ from those of the CEV variation.

## Sources

* NASA spaceflight: Progress on Orion's construction
Capsule Endeavour

> "We would like to welcome you aboard Capsule *Endeavour*" - Douglas Hurley
>
>

**Capsule *Endeavour* (C206)** is the seventh Dragon 2 capsule flown to space and the first Dragon 2 to fly to space with a crew on the historic during the Demo-2 mission. It was the first American spacecraft to carry NASA Astronauts to space in 9 years (STS-135) and the first American capsule spacecraft to fly humans since Apollo 17. Dragon 2 is a class of reusable orbital space capsules that are designed, constructed and operated by SpaceX.

## Missions

 Crew-2 | Second operational NASA Commercial Crew mission for Dragon.

## Gallery

Endeavour approaching the ISS during Demo-2.
## Fun Facts

* C206 was named after Space Shuttle *Endeavour* by the Demo-2 crew and also shares its name with Apollo CSM *Endeavour*, making this the most popular spacecraft name (3) as of April 2021, beating Enterprise, Challenger, Columbia and Eagle, which all have two.
* Endeavour has not flown a mission that did not have a "2" in it.
Apollo Lunar Module

The **Apollo Lunar Module** or **Lunar Excursion Module**, more commonly referred to as simply **LEM** or **LM**, is the lander spacecraft used to land on the moon for the Apollo Moon missions. It is to date the only spacecraft to have taken humans to the surface of another celestial body besides Earth. It was developed by Grumman under contract by NASA. It was accompanied by an Apollo CSM for each lunar mission.

## Standard Apollo Mission Summary

   Launched aboard a Saturn V from Cape Canaveral, along with a Command and Service Modules the LM would travel to Earth Orbit. From there the CSM was used for traveling between the Earth and the Moon, and it would 'push' the LM along with it to Lunar Orbit. After this, the lander would undock and descend to the surface, using thrusters to land. The lander was capable of carrying external payloads, the most notable being the Boeing Lunar Rover, which was manually operated by a driver and one passenger. After all on the surface was completed, the LM would separate, the ascent stage with the two astronauts using the descent stage as a launch platform to rocket back into space. Once in orbit the spacecraft would rendezvous with the CSM and transfer the astronauts there, then be detached and deorbited.
Fairing

A **fairing** is a covering placed around the payload of a rocket primarily to protect it from the aerodynamic forces of launch. Some payloads that are already designed to withstand aerodynamic forces will not use a fairings, such as the Apollo CSM, Dream Chaser and Dragon.

## Gallery

Stoke Space reusable second stage capsule mockup.jpgThe stoke space capsule mockup with one of it's fairing halves removed.
NS-17

**NS-17** (**New Shepard flight 17**) is the seventeenth flight of the New Shepard vehicle and the eighth flight of the *RSS H. G. Wells*. It was the first mission after the first crewed flight, NS-16, which established the *RSS First Step* as the crewed flight vehicle and the *H. G. Wells* as the research payload vehicle. This was the first mission flown by a New Shepard vehicle when it was not the newest vehicle active. It carried multiple experiments onboard, including NASA's Deorbit, Descent, and Landing (DDL) Sensor Demonstration on the booster and artwork by Amoako Boafo on the capsule's parachute covers. It also had thousands of postcards from Club for the Future, Blue Origin’s foundation.

## Mission Stats

* Crew Capsule
	+ Apogee Above Ground Level (AGL): 343,787ft (104.8km)
	+ Apogee above Mean Sea Level (MSL): 347,434ft (105.9km)
* Booster
	+ Apogee Above Ground Level (AGL): 343,385ft (104.7km)
	+ Apogee above Mean Sea Level (MSL): 347,032ft (105.8km)
* Mission Elapsed Time (MET): 10 min, 15 sec
* Maximum Ascent Velocity: 2,232 mph (3,592 km/h)
Capsule Resilience

**Capsule *Resilience* (C207)** is the seventh Dragon 2 capsule created and is the third operational article. It is a Crew Dragon, which is a class of reusable orbital spacecraft manufactured by SpaceX. *Resilience* was used for the Crew-1 and Inspiration 4 missions. It originally was outfitted with an NDS docking port, but is now refitted with a glass dome, called the cupola, in it's place for the Inspiration 4 mission which will not dock and will be completely crewed by civilians and operated remotely.

## Missions

 Inspiration4 | First ever all civilian mission. First mission with cupola.
 AX-1
NS-16

**New Shepard 16** or **NS-16** is Blue Origin's first crewed flight of the New Shepard launch vehicle and the third flight of the *RSS First Step*. It launched Jul 20th, 2021 with the CEO of Blue Origin, Jeff Bezos, into space, who became the richest man to fly to space, and the second person to fly on his own spacecraft (after Richard Branson). The second seat was taken by his brother, Mark Bezos, and the third seat was originally going to be given to the anonymous winner of an auction who paid $28 million dollars. The winner will instead fly on a future flight due to scheduling issues and his seat will instead be taken by Oliver Daemen, who will become Blue Origin's first paying customer to fly to space. He will also be the youngest person to fly to space at 18 years old. The fourth and final seat was personally given by Jeff Bezos to Mercury 13 aviator Wally Funk, who will be the oldest person to fly to space at 82 years old, beating then 77 year old John Glenn's record set during his Space Shuttle mission in October 1998.

### Crew

 Passenger
 Passenger
Relativity Space

**Relativity Space** is a private US space company who is competing in the reusable rocket industry. They are revolutionizing the space industry with 3D printing rocket parts. They are currently about to launch their first rocket the Terran 1 on it's maiden voyage, and just announced the Terran R, which when launched will become the second fully reusable launch system.
Nautilus-X

A 3D rendering of Nautilus-X

The **Nautilus-X** (**N**on-**A**tmospheric **U**niversal **T**ransport **I**ntended for **L**engthy **U**nited **S**tates E**X**ploration) spacecraft is a planned modular spacecraft developed by NASA Engineers in January 2011. It contains a gravity ring centrifuge to create artificial gravity to allow longer missions by crewmen. No gravity ring space station has ever been made before.

As of 2020, Nautilus-X is not currently under development and never got past the concept stage in 2011.

## Variations

The Nautilus-X is a modular spaceship and is therefore highly customizable and has multiple configurations, but below are the two many variants, however each can also be further configured.

* Standard

* Extended Duration Explorer

## Standard Variation

The standard Nautilus-X was not equipped with landing vehicle hangers or extra storage modules. It is pictured in the info box.

## Extended Duration Explorer

The Extended Duration Explorer variation would allow Nautilus-X to go deeper in to space and still be self sustaining. The most noticeable difference is the added storage and logistics modules. It also had hangars where lander vehicles and EVA pods could dock. The propulsion module, command and observation deck, centrifuge, solar arrays, main communications dish and central module would remain mostly unchanged.

## Development

There is a Nautilus-X ISS test module which was also proposed that might be sent up to demonstrate the idea. This would have been the first demonstration of artificial gravity, and the first attempt to produce artificial gravity since Gemini 11.

## Sources

* Wikipedia Article
* NASA Proposal

* YouTube Video Pt1

* YouTube Video Pt2