Flag of Belarus

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The national **flag of Belarus** (Belarusian: Сцяг Беларусі, *Sciah Bielarusi*; Russian: Флаг Беларуси, *Flag Belarusi*) is a red and green flag with a white and red ornament pattern placed at the staff (hoist) end. The current design was introduced in 2012 by the State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus, and is adapted from a design approved in a referendum in May 1995. It is a modification of the 1951 flag used while the country was a republic of the Soviet Union. Changes made to the Soviet-era flag were the removal of symbols of communism (the hammer and sickle and the red star) and the reversal of the colors of the ornament pattern, from white-on-red to red-on-white. Since the 1995 referendum, several flags used by Belarusian government officials and agencies have been modeled on this national flag.

This design replaced the historical white-red-white flag used by the Belarusian People's Republic of 1918, before Belarus became a Soviet Republic, and again after it regained its independence in 1991. Opposition groups have continued to use this flag, though its display in Belarus has been restricted by the government of Belarus, which claims it was linked with Nazi collaboration during the Second World War. The white-red-white flag is used in protests against the government and by the Belarusian diaspora.

## Design

 File:Flag of Belarus (2012, Construction).svg
The basic design of the national flag of Belarus was first described in Presidential Decree No.214 of June 7, 1995. The flag is a rectangular cloth consisting of two horizontal stripes: a red upper stripe covering two-thirds of the flag's height, and green lower stripe covering one-third. A vertical red-on-white Belarusian decorative pattern, which occupies one-ninth of the flag's length, is placed against the flagstaff. The flag's ratio of width to length is 1:2.

The flag does not differ significantly from the flag of the Byelorussian SSR, other than the removal of the hammer and sickle and the red star, and the reversal of red and white in the hoist pattern. While there is no official interpretation for the colors of the flag, an explanation given by President Alexander Lukashenko is that red represents freedom and the sacrifice of the nation's forefathers, while green represents life.

In addition to the 1995 decree, "STB 911–2008: National Flag of the Republic of Belarus" was published by the State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus in 2008. It gives the technical specifications of the national flag, such as the details of the colors and the ornament pattern. The red ornament design on the national flag was, until 2012,  1⁄12 the width of the flag, and  1⁄9 with the white margin. As of 2012, the red pattern has occupied the whole of the white margin (which stayed at  1⁄9).

### Colors

The colors of the national flag are regulated in "STB 911–2008: National Flag of the Republic of Belarus" and are listed in the CIE Standard illuminant D65.

Standard Color Sample of the National Flag
 Green

### Hoist ornament pattern

 File:Belarus flag pattern.svg
A decorative pattern, designed in 1917 by Matrena Markevich, is displayed on the hoist of the flag (as it was previously, on the 1951 flag). The pattern, derived from local plants and flowers, is a traditional type commonly used in Belarus. These patterns are sometimes used in woven garments, most importantly in the traditional 'rushnyk' , a woven cloth used for ceremonial events like religious services, funerals, and other more mundane social functions, such as a host offering guests bread and salt served on a rushnyk.

## Flag protocol

 File:Belarusian flag Minsk (cropped).jpg
By law, the Belarusian flag should be flown daily, weather permitting, from the following locations:

* the National Assembly of Belarus
* the Council of Ministers of Belarus
* courts of Belarus, and offices of local executive and administrative bodies
* above buildings in which sessions of local Councils of deputies take place
* military bases or military ships owned by the government
* buildings used by Belarusian diplomats

The Belarusian flag is also officially flown on the sites of special occasions:

* sessions of local executive and administrative bodies
* voting/polling places
* sports arenas during competitions (note that the IOC has its own rules on flag display)

Belarusian diplomats and various government officials (such as the President and the Prime Minister) display the flag on vehicles. The law allows for the flag to be used for special occasions, such as memorial services and family holidays, and it can be used by various groups of people, such as public organizations, companies, and NGOs. The regulations were issued in the same decree that defined the Belarusian flag. May 15 has been declared the Day of the National Emblem and Flag of Belarus (Belarusian: Дзень дзяржаўнага гербу і дзяржаўнага сцягу Рэспублікі Беларусь, Russian: День Государственного герба и Государственного флага Республики Беларусь). The national flag itself has been incorporated into the badge of the guard units in the Belarusian armed forces. The pole should be three times longer than the width of the flag.

According to the 1995 presidential decree, the national flag is to be used on a staff that is colored gold (ochre). Other parts of the protocol specify the finial (the metal ornament on a flag pole) as diamond-shaped and colored in a yellow metal. In this diamond there is a five-pointed star (similar to that used in national emblem). The diamond-pattern represents another continuation of Soviet flag-traditions.

## Historical flags

### Soviet flag of 1951

*Main article: Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic*
 File:Flag of Byelorussian SSR.svg
The flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted by decree on December 25, 1951. The flag was slightly modified in 1956 when construction details were added for the red star, and golden hammer and sickle. The final specifications of the flag was set in Article 120 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR and are very similar to the current Belarusian flag. The flag had a length-to-width ratio of one to two (1:2), just like the flag of the Soviet Union (and the other fourteen union republics). The main portion of the flag was red (representing the Revolution), with the rest being green (representing the Belarusian forests). A pattern of white drawn on red decorated the hoist portion of the flag; this design is often used on Belarusian traditional costumes. In the upper corner of the flag, in the red portion, a gold hammer and sickle was added, with a red star outlined in gold above it. The hammer represented the worker, and the sickle the peasant; according to Soviet ideology, these two symbols crossed together symbolized co-operation between the two classes. The red star, a symbol commonly used by Communist parties, was said to stand either for the five social groups (workers, youth, peasants, military, and academics), the five known continents, or the five fingers of the worker's hand. The hammer, sickle and star were sometimes not displayed on the reverse of the flag. The purpose for this design was that the Byelorussian SSR, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR, were admitted to the United Nations in 1945 as founding members and needed distinct flags for each other. The designer of the flag was Milkahil Gusyev.

### Previous flags of the Soviet era

Before 1951, several different flags had been in use since the Revolution. The earliest flag was plain red, and was used in 1919 during the existence of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR. After the formation of the Byelorussian SSR, the lettering ССРБ (SSRB) was added in gold to the top hoist. This design was established with the passage of the first Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR. It was later modified in the 1927 Constitution where the letters were changed to БССР (BSSR) but kept the overall design the same. This design was changed in 1937, when a hammer and sickle and red star were placed above the letters. The flag dimensions were also formally established as 1:2 for the first time. This flag remained in use until the adoption of the 1951 flag, which did away with the letters.

Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg1919.Flag of the Byelorussian SSR (1919).svg1919 to 1927.Flag of the Byelorussian SSR (1927).svg1927 to 1937.Flag of the Byelorussian SSR (1937).svg1937 to 1951.
### White-red-white flag

 File:Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991-1995).svg
 File:Belarusian People's Republic Rada (parliament) building (1918).jpg
The design of the flag used between 19 September 1991 and 5 June 1995 had originally been devised by the Belarusian People's Republic (March to December 1918). The original person behind the design of the flag is believed to have been Klaudzi Duzh-Dusheuski before 1917 and this design is known in Belarusian as the *byel-chyrvona-byely s'tsyah* (Бел-чырвона-белы сьцяг; literally "white-red-white flag"). Red and white have traditionally been used in state heraldry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The colors are also based on those of the coat of arms Pahonia that was a traditional coat of arms of Belarusian lands and had a white horseman on a red background. There are several other theories explaining the flag's origin. One theory speaks of an allusion to the name of the country: White Ruthenia.

Variations of this flag were used during the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918–1919. The white-red-white flag is still used by the Republic's government-in-exile. Lasting from 1919 until 1925, the flag of the BPR retained the white, red, white design, but with the addition of black stripes at the top and bottom of the red stripe.[*Citation needed*] Between 1921 and 1939 the white-red-white flag was used by the Belarusian national movement in West Belarus (part of the Second Polish Republic), both by political organizations like the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union or the Belarusian Christian Democracy, and non-political organizations like the Belarusian Schools Society. The flag was also used by the Belarusian Special Battalion in the army of the Republic of Lithuania. After the invasion of Poland and the annexation of modern-day West Belarus in 1939 the flag was forbidden by the Soviet administration in the newly acquired territories as well.

In 1941 the flag was allowed for usage by the Nazi occupation administration, and it appeared on arm patches of Belarusian volunteers in the German Army and Waffen SS and was used by the Belarusian Central Rada, the pro-German government of Belarus in 1943–1944. After the end of World War II the flag was used by Belarusian diaspora in the West and by small groups of anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus itself. In late 1980s the flag was again used as a symbol of national revival and democratic changes in Belarus. By proposal of the Belarusian Popular Front the flag became state symbol of Belarus upon its regaining of independence in 1991.

After 1995 the white-red-white flag is used as a symbol of the opposition to the regime of Alexander Lukashenko, most notably at the protests after the 2006 and 2010 presidential elections and at mass rallies on Freedom Day celebrations as well as Dziady memorial marches. The flag is not officially banned from public usage, but is treated by the authorities as an *unregistered symbol* which means that demonstration of it by political activists or sports fans can lead to arrests and confiscation of the flags. In early 2010, the political activist Siarhei Kavalenka was arrested for placing the white-red-white flag atop a Christmas tree on the central square of Vitsebsk. The court gave Kavalenka three years of suspended sentence which was followed by a second arrest and Kavalenka's several weeks long hunger strike. The hunger strike was interrupted by force-feeding on 16 January 2012.

#### 1995 referendum

 File:Flag of Belarus (1995-2012).svg
*Main article: Belarusian referendum, 1995*
The referendum that was held to adopt the state symbols took place on May 14, 1995. With a voter turnout of 64.7%, the new flag was approved by a majority in the ratio of three to one (75.1% to 24.9%). The other three questions were also passed by the voters. The way of carrying out the referendum as well as the legality of questioning the national symbols on a referendum was heavily criticized by the opposition. Opposition parties claimed that only 48.7% of the entire voting population (75.1% of the 64.7% who showed at the polling stations) supported the adoption of the new flag, but Belarusian law (as in many other countries) states that only a majority of voters is needed to decide on a referendum issue. Upon the results going in favor of President Lukashenko, he proclaimed that the return of the Soviet-style flag brought a sense of youth and pleasant memories to the nation.

Lukashenko had tried to hold a similar referendum before, in 1993, but failed to get parliamentary support. Two months before the May 1995 referendum, Lukashenko proposed a flag design that consisted of two small bars of green and one wide bar of red. While it is not known what became of this suggestion, new designs (called "projects" in Belarus) were suggested a few days later, which were then put up to vote in the 1995 referendum.

## Other related flags

 File:Presidential Standard of Belarus.svg
Since the introduction of the 1995 flag, several other flags adopted by government agencies or bodies have been modeled on it.

The presidential standard, which has been in use since 1997, was adopted by a decree called "Concerning the Standard of the President of Republic of Belarus". The standard's design is an exact copy of the national flag, with the addition of the Belarusian national emblem in gold and red. The standard's ratio of 5:6 differs from that of the national flag, making the standard almost square. It is used at buildings and on vehicles to denote the presence of the president.

In 2001, President Lukashenko issued a decree granting a flag to the Armed Forces of Belarus. The flag, which has a ratio of 1:1.7, has the national ornamental pattern along the length of the hoist side of the flag. On the front of the flag is the Belarusian coat of arms, with the wording УЗБРОЕНЫЯ СІЛЫ ("Armed Forces") arched over it, and РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ ("of Republic of Belarus") written below; the text of both is in gold. On the reverse of the flag, the center contains the symbol of the armed forces, which is a red star surrounded by a wreath of oak and laurel. Above the symbol is the phrase ЗА НАШУ РАДЗІМУ ("For our Motherland"), while below is the full name of the military unit.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 STB 911–2008: National Flag of the Republic of Belarus. Technical Specifications. (Russian). State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus (2008). Retrieved on 2010-08-05.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Указ Президента Республики Беларусь Об утверждении Положения о Государственном флаге Республики Беларусь | Геральдика.ру. Geraldika.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-15.
3. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/belarus-activists-arrested-before-planned-protest/2017/03/25/98e3f6da-114e-11e7-aa57-2ca1b05c41b8\_story.html
4. ↑ "National Symbols" page on the official website of the President of Belarus
5. ↑ The official internet-portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus/2010. President.gov.by (1998-05-11). Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved on 2012-08-26.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Басаў А. Н., Куркоў І. М. Флагі Беларусі ўчора і сёння / Пер. А. Н. Найдовіч. — Мн.: Полымя, 1994. С. 24.
7. ↑ "Belarusian Textiles" and "Belarusian Ruchnik" pages on the Virtual Guide to Belarus website
8. ↑ *Flag Manual*. Beijing, China: Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad – Protocol Division; 2008. p. 4.
9. ↑ (in Russian) BelTA's page about the national flag day Archived 2006-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.
10. ↑ (in Russian) Badges of the Armed Forces of Belarus *Note: Works in Internet Explorer only*
11. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters **url** and **title** must be specified (Russian). Национальный центр правовой информации Республики Беларусь. Retrieved on 2010-04-30.
12. ↑ Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Korea — Republic of Belarus — National Symbols. Korea.mfa.gov.by (2008-12-20). Archived from the original on 2012-11-29. Retrieved on 2012-08-15.
ГОРДО РЕЮТ БОЕВЫЕ СТЯГИ!. РВО, № 9 (44) сентябрь 2007. Grinchevskiy.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-15.
14. ↑ File:Wikisource-logo.svg Указ Президиума ВС БССР от 25.12.1951 О государственном флаге Белорусской ССР (in Russian) on the *Russian Wikisource* ("The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Belorussian 25.12.1951 on the state flag of the Byelorussian SSR")
15. ↑ File:Wikisource-logo.svg Указ Президиума ВС БССР от 8.05.1956 об утверждении Положения о Государственном флаге Белорусской ССР (in Russian) on the *Russian Wikisource* ("The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Belorussian 05.08.1956 approving the Regulation on the State Flag of the Byelorussian SSR")
16. ↑ Article 32, КОНСТИТУЦИЯ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СОВЕТСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛОРУССИИ (1919) Archived 2010-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.. Pravo.by. Retrieved on 2011-05-27.
17. ↑ Article 75, Конституции (Основного Закона) Белорусской Социалистической Советской Республики (1927) Archived 2010-11-29 at the Wayback Machine.. Pravo.by. Retrieved on 2011-05-27.
18. ↑ Конституции Беларуси – Национальный правовой портал Республики Беларусь Archived 2010-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.. Pravo.by. Retrieved on 2011-05-27.
19. ↑ *Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark — Grigoriĭ Viktorovich Ioffe — Google Books*. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
20. ↑ Наша Ніва. Nn.by. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved on 2012-08-26.
21. ↑ *Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship — Andrew Wilson — Google Books*. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Пытаньне дзяржаўнай сымболікі ў Беларусі: гісторыя і сучасны стан. Pahonia-plakat.narod.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-26.
23. ↑ (in Belarusian)Андрэй Вашкевіч. Нашы сьцягі над Заходняй // Arche, №4 (55) – 2007 Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine.
24. ↑ Polskie Radio Esperanto — Затрыманьні на рыцарскім фэсьце. .polskieradio.pl. Retrieved on 2012-06-28.
25. ↑ *Congressional Record — Google Books*. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
26. ↑ *World Report 2011 - Human Rights Watch — Google Books*. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
27. ↑ Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Web.archive.org (2011-07-20). Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved on 2012-08-15.
28. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Refworld | Chronology for Poles in Belarus. UNHCR. Retrieved on 2012-08-15.
29. ↑ *One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups — James Minahan — Google Books*. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
30. ↑ *Belarus: A Denationalized Nation — David Marples — Google Books*. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
31. ↑ Electoral Code Of The Republic Of Belarus\*. Ncpi.gov.by. Retrieved on 2012-08-15.
32. ↑ *Nationalisms Today — Tomasz Kamusella, Krzysztof Jaskułowski — Google Books*. Books.google.com. 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
33. ↑ (in Russian) Vexillographia page "Государственный флаг Республики Беларусь"
34. ↑ (in Russian) Decree dated March 27, 1997, creating the presidential standard
35. ↑ Flags of the World page "Belarus – Military Flags" Archived 2005-11-22 at the Wayback Machine., and (in Russian) Vexillographia page "Флаги армии Беларуси"

## External links

* Belarus at Flags of the World
* Vexillographia – Flags of Belarus (in Russian)
* Official site of the President of the Republic of Belarus – Official description of the National Symbols