Bolliger & Mabillard

Swiss roller coaster manufacturer, known for high-profile thrill ridesTemplate:SHORTDESC:Swiss roller coaster manufacturer, known for high-profile thrill rides

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</noinclude> | * Walter Bolliger
 Products | * Stand-Up Coaster
* Inverted Coaster
* Sitting Coaster
* Dive Coaster
* Hyper Coaster
* Floorless Coaster
* Flying Coaster
* Wing Coaster
 Number of employees This template is from Wikipedia

**Bolliger & Mabillard**, officially **Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers, Inc.** and often abbreviated as **B&M**, is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, both of whom had worked for Giovanola, who supplied rides for Intamin.

B&M has pioneered several new ride technologies, most notably the inverted coaster and the box-section track. In 2016, the company completed its 100th roller coaster. B&M produces nine types of coaster models: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster,  Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster,  Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster and Family Coaster.

## History

### Roots

Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard started working for Giovanola, a manufacturing company who supplied rides to Intamin, in the 1970s. During their time at Giovanola, they helped design the company's first stand-up roller coaster, *Shockwave* at Six Flags Magic Mountain. They also worked on other projects, such as *Z-Force* at Six Flags Great America. Bolliger & Mabillard left Giovanola, but the company continued to use their track design, so the company's roller coasters, *Goliath* at Six Flags Magic Mountain and *Titan* at Six Flags Over Texas, use a track style very similar to B&M's.

 File:Batman The Ride SFGA.jpg
### Launch

In 1987, Giovanola underwent a change of management; Bolliger & Mabillard decided to leave and founded their own company. At the time, B&M employed four people, including two draftsmen: Bolliger and Mabillard. When B&M was created, the pair had agreed not to make any more amusement attractions. However, Robert Mampe, Six Flags Great America's staff engineer, who had worked with both men during the construction of Z-Force, contacted the new company and asked it to reconfigure the cars for its Giovanola-built, Intamin bobsled coaster that was to be relocated from Six Flags Great Adventure.

Following that project Mampe asked the new company to design and build a stand-up roller coaster for Six Flags Great America, similar to Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain. B&M accepted the offer and hired two more draftsmen. But B&M had a problem regarding how and where to manufacture the track pieces for the roller coaster. With the impression of the work done by Clermont Steel Fabricators on *Vortex* at Kings Island and *Shockwave* Six Flags Great America, Walter Bolliger went to the steel plant and asked if they would be interested in manufacturing the track. Clermont Steel Fabricators accepted and currently manufactures all Bolliger and Mabillard roller coaster track pieces for all of North America. Now with a company to manufacture the track, B&M built its first roller coaster, a stand-up roller coaster, *Iron Wolf*, which opened in 1990 at Six Flags Great America. Two years later, Bolliger & Mabillard built another project for Six Flags Great America, *Batman: The Ride*, the world's first Inverted Coaster, which brought them to prominence in the industry.

### Development

Bolliger & Mabillard also invented the  Floorless Coaster and the Dive Coaster. The company also built its first launched roller coaster, the *Incredible Hulk*, which is at Islands of Adventure. In 2010, B&M unveiled its new Wing Coaster and premiered the prototype model, named *Raptor*, at Gardaland in 2011. It has two seats on each side on the car that hang riders over the sides of the track. As of 2019[update] there are fifteen in operation. In 2015, B&M constructed *Thunderbird* at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari, its first in-house launched coaster.

By 2010, B&M employed twelve engineers, twelve draftsmen and two draftswomen. The company has made other contributions to the roller coaster industry. The company built the trains for the *Psyclone*, a now-demolished wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. The trains were later used on the park's *Colossus* wooden roller coaster (until it was refurbished by Rocky Mountain Construction), but were only used during October each year. The trains faced backward and usually raced against trains on the second track, which ran forward.

In 2013, the company launched the construction of Banshee, the world's longest inverted roller coaster. B&M supplied new trains for Steel Dragon 2000, built by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing in 2000. As of 2012, Bolliger & Mabillard has 85 operating roller coasters worldwide. Of these, twenty-two were listed among that year's *Amusement Today* Golden Ticket Awards Top 50 Steel Coasters List for 2012 and five were in the top 10.

By 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard had completed their 100th coaster, and had built more roller coasters than any other manufacturer on the Golden Ticket Awards Steel Coasters list.

## Features

 File:Raptor 05.JPG
Bolliger & Mabillard currently manufactures nine different roller coaster styles: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster,  Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster and Family Coaster. Bolliger & Mabillard has been involved in developing new technologies and concepts in roller coasters almost since its inception. It has often worked with engineer Werner Stengel and with designers and management of client theme parks.

### Lift hills

 File:Pre-drop.jpg
Many Bolliger & Mabillard coasters feature an element known as a "pre-drop", a short drop after the top of the lift hill and before the start of the first drop, designed to reduce stress on the lift chain and prevent the trains from motion during a ride evacuation. The flat section between the pre-drop and the first drop serves as a shelf to support the weight of the train, reducing related stresses on the chain. On most coasters without a pre-drop, the weight of the train tends to pull on the lift chain as it begins its descent because the latter half of the train is still being lifted by the chain. Pre-drops have not been used on the company's Dive or Flying coasters, or on hyper coasters built after 1999. *OzIris* at Parc Astérix was the first B&M inverted roller coaster that does not feature a pre-drop. Ever since, no coaster built by B&M has featured a pre-drop because the chain accelerates on newer coasters of B&M after the train passes the crest to acquire the same speed as the train when it is being taken over by gravity, and B&M have come up with new methods of evacuating riders safely from the ride.

### Trains

Most of Bolliger & Mabillard's roller coaster trains use four-abreast seating. Each car has one row of four seats, while the train length can vary between coasters. All of the company's coaster models, except the Dive Coaster and Wing Coaster use this configuration. The Dive Coaster uses six, eight or ten-abreast seating, with two or three rows of seats. For example, *Griffon* at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, uses ten seats in three rows, while *Krake* at Heide Park uses six-across seating in three rows. On recent hyper coaster projects, B&M has used a new car design that has two rows of two seats; the two seats in the rear of the car pushed out from the centerline so that the four seats resemble a V formation. This formation has only been used on *Behemoth* at Canada's Wonderland, *Diamondback* at Kings Island, *Intimidator* at Carowinds and *Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya* at PortAventura Park, in the resort PortAventura World. In 2013, B&M introduced a new car design that has two rows of two seats, however, they are not in a V formation.

All B&M hyper coasters use a type of restraint called a "T-bar" or "Clamshell" restraint, which consists of bar with a cushioned lap bar with two handles for riders to hold on to. This type of restraint generally does not use a seat belt, however seat belts have been added to many B&M coasters located at Cedar Fair parks, including *Behemoth* and *Leviathan* at Canada's Wonderland, *Diamondback* and *Orion* at Kings Island, and *Intimidator* and *Fury 325* at Carowinds, all of which have the stadium style seating, excluding Orion, Fury 325 and Leviathan. Bolliger & Mabillard also uses over-the-shoulder restraints, in that the restraint is placed over the riders' shoulders and sits and extends to the riders' laps. This type of restraint is used on Dive, Inverted, Sitting, Flying, Floorless, Stand-up and Wing Coasters. Bolliger & Mabillard has recently begun using a vest like over the shoulder restraint, which reduces headbanging found on the older, more common padded over the shoulder restraints. These have been met with some criticism from the coaster community, due to the nature in which they tighten during the ride; stapling riders to their seats, resulting in less airtime (negative g-forces) being felt.

 File:BandMTrack.jpg
### Track

A notable feature of Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters is the box-section track. The running rails are connected to a box-section spine, instead of the circular spine used by other manufacturers. When a train travels around a box-section track, it creates a distinctive roaring sound, which is unique to this style of track. However, on some Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters, such as *Talon* at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, GateKeeper at Cedar Point and Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, the track is filled with a proprietary sound dampening material to reduce this noise.

Also, depending on the model of the roller coaster, the track size can vary. Models such as the Flying, Wing and Dive Coaster have heavier trains which require a larger track size while models with lighter trains, such as the Stand-Up and Hyper Coaster, do not and use a smaller sized track.

### Brakes

As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking systems: friction, magnetic, and water.

#### Friction brakes

When B&M was first founded, the linear magnetic eddy brake had yet to be developed, so it used friction brakes as its main braking system. On the train, pads are fitted beneath the seating areas. On the brakes, similar pads are connected to steel supports. When the pads on the train come into contact with the brakes, friction is created which slows the train. A great example of this is SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, on its mid-course brake run (see below for final brake run). Beginning with Kumba in 1993, friction brakes have also been used as trim brakes that regulate the speed of the train while it is still navigating the course.

 File:SheiKra (Busch Gardens Africa) 03.jpg
#### Magnetic brakes

Magnetic brakes were first used on *Nitro* at Six Flags Great Adventure in 2001. Magnetic brakes slow down trains much faster than friction brakes; most B&M roller coasters built in or after 2001 have at least one set of magnetic brakes. Magnetic brakes do not make contact with the train. Fins that run parallel to the train are fitted beneath the seats. As the fins pass through the brakes, the magnetic field created by the brakes slows the train. Magnetic brakes have also been used as an alternate type of trim brake on B&M roller coasters such as Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland.

#### Water brakes

Water brakes were first introduced on *SheiKra* at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 2005. Water brakes can only be used when a splashdown element, in which a body of water surrounds a section of track, is present within the layout of the roller coaster. When scoops on the last car of each train come in contact with the surrounding water, the train slows down and the water is sprayed several feet into the air behind it.

## List of roller coasters

See also: Category:Roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard
 File:Vortex (Carowinds) 02.JPG
 File:Leviathan Hammerhead Turn.jpg
 File:Batman (Corkscrew) - Six Flags Great Adventure.JPG
 File:Rollercoaster dragon khan universal port aventura spain.jpg
 File:AltonTowers-Oblivion.JPG
 File:Hydra (Jo-Jo Roll).JPG
 File:Behemoth's first drop.jpg
 File:SeaWorld Manta 1.JPG
 File:Raptor Gardaland 2011.jpg
In North America, B&M coaster designs have been manufactured by Ohio company Clermont Steel Fabricators since 1990.
As of 2019, Bolliger & Mabillard has built 118 roller coasters around the world..Some have either been relocated, renamed or closed.

## References

1. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard". RCDB. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Bolliger & Mabillard". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
3. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard – Inverted Coaster". Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Scott & Carol Present: Getting On Track With B&M". NewsPlusNotes. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The Significance of Bolliger & Mabillard". Coaster-net.com. February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
6. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Titan  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
7. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 PointBuzz (June 7, 2010). "Cedar Point Video – Walter Bolliger at CoasterMania! 2010 (Part 1 / 2)". YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 PointBuzz (June 7, 2010). "Cedar Point Video – Walter Bolliger at CoasterMania! 2010 (Part 2 / 2)". YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Davidson, Mark (2005). "A Revolution on Rails: The Bolliger & Mabillard Story (Part I)". *RollerCoaster!*. Vol. 27 no. 1. Minneapolis, Minnesota: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 31–46. ISSN 0896-7261.
11. ↑ US patent 5272984, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Amusement ride of the roller coaster type", issued December 28, 1993, assigned to Le, Mark T.
12. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
13. ↑ US patent 6352034, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Installation for amusement park, installation referred to as roller coaster", issued March 5, 2002, assigned to Morano, Joseph
14. ↑ "Yes, Bolliger & Mabillard is Building the New Hulk Coaster at Universal Orlando". *Theme Park Insider*. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 MacDonald, Brady (April 11, 2012). "X-Flight wing coaster premieres at Six Flags Great America in May". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
16. ↑ McCleery, Bill (July 24, 2014). "Holiday World takes flight with $22M Thunderbird wing coaster". *Indianapolis Star*. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
17. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Psyclone  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
18. ↑ "NewsParcs - Bolliger & Mabillard to supply world's longest inverted roller coaster at Kings Island in 2014". *NewsParcs*. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 ""Steel Dragon 2000 new" is finally here! Debut on March 15, 2013 (Friday)!". Nagashima Spa Land. March 13, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Steel Dragon 2000 Adds B&M Trains". VHCoasters.com. March 17, 2013. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
21. ↑ "Amusement Today — Golden Ticket Winners 2012" (PDF). *Amusement Today*. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
22. ↑ "Family Coaster". Bolliger & Mabillard. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
23. ↑ 2012 B&M product catalog.
24. ↑ "Ing.-Büro Stengel GmbH". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
25. ↑ Alvey, Robb (November 16, 2011). "IAAPA 2011 Trade Show Part 4 Theme Park Review Fishpipe Water Ride B&M Zamperla". *Theme Park Review*. YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
26. ↑ "Dive Machine". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
27. ↑ "Flying Coaster". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
28. ↑ "OzIris". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
29. ↑ "Nitro - Adlabs Imagica". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
30. ↑ "Banshee - Kings Island". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
31. ↑ "Why no pre-drops on B&M's anymore?". Themeparkreview Forum. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
32. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard 2011". Parkthoughts.com. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
33. ↑ US patent 6287211, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Installation for amusement park", issued September 11, 2001, assigned to Nguyen, Kien T.
34. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard Products". Bolliger & Mabillard. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
35. ↑ Baldwin, Tim (June 2013). "Cedar Point's new GateKeeper gives entrance a complete makeover" (PDF). *Amusement Today*. **17** (3): 16. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
36. ↑ "Batman – The Dark Knight". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
37. ↑ "Behemoth". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
38. ↑ "Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure". Great Adventure History. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
39. ↑ "Leviathan Construction Tour 2012-01-23 (Part 2)". cwcoasterboy (YouTube). January 23, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
40. ↑ "Splashdown". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
41. ↑ US patent 7430966, Mabillard, Claude & Bolliger, Walter, "Brake, vehicle and roller coaster circuit", issued October 7, 2008, assigned to Morano, Joseph
42. ↑ "Typical Clermont Steel Fabrications". Clermont Steel Fabrications. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
43. ↑ "Diamondback built in Clermont". *Loveland Magazine*. March 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
44. ↑ Bolliger & Mabillard - rcdb.com
45. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
46. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vortex  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
47. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
48. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flight Deck  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
49. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Kumba  (Bush Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
50. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
51. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diavlo  (Himeji Central Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
52. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nemesis  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
53. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
54. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
55. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon Khan  (PortAventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
56. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Montu  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
57. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Alpengeist  (Bush Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
58. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
59. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Pyrenees  (Parque Espana)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
60. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Great White  (SeaWorld San Antonio)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
61. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Oblivion  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
62. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Great Bear  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
63. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Riddler's Revenge  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
64. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Afterburn  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
65. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Bizarro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
66. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Incredible Hulk  (Universal Studios Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
67. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon Challenge  (Universal Studios Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
68. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
69. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raging Bull  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
70. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Georgia Scorcher  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
71. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
72. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Kraken Unleashed  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
73. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Medusa  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
74. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Katun  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
75. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Krypton Coaster  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
76. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diving Machine G5  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
77. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Insane Speed  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
78. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
79. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Talon  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
80. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wildfire  (Silver Dollar City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
81. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Air  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
82. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman – The Dark Knight  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
83. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: Arkham Asylum  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
84. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Silver Star  (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
85. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: La Atracción de Acero  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
86. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
87. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
88. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nemesis Inferno  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
89. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Scream  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
90. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
91. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman:Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
92. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dæmonen  (Tivoli Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
93. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Lightning  (Kuwait Entertainment City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
94. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Silver Bullet  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
95. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hydra the Revenge  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
96. ↑ Marden, Duane. "SheiKra  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
97. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Black Mamba  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
98. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Crystal Wing  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
99. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
100. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
101. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
102. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Tatsu  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
103. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Griffon  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
104. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hollywood Dream: The Ride  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
105. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Phaethon  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
106. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Behemoth  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
107. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dive Coaster  (Chimelong Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
108. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
109. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
110. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
111. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags New Orleans)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
112. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Gambit  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
113. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diamondback  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
114. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (Happy Valley Shanghai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
115. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Manta  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
116. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Monster  (Walygator Parc)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
117. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Orochi  (Expoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
118. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Intimidator  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
119. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Green Lantern  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
120. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Chang  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
121. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hair Raiser  (Ocean Park Hong Kong)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
122. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Krake  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
123. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
124. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Starry Sky Ripper  (Joyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
125. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
126. ↑ Marden, Duane. "OzIris  (Parc Astérix)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
127. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Shambhala  (PortAdventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
128. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Swarm  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
129. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle  (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
130. ↑ Marden, Duane. "X-Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
131. ↑ Marden, Duane. "GateKeeper  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
132. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Adlabs Imagica)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
133. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Banshee  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
134. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Parrot Coaster  (Ocean Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
135. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flug der Dämonen  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
136. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
137. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Harpy  (Xishuangbanna Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
138. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Rougarou  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
139. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Acrobat  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
140. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Thunderbird  (Holiday World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
141. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Oblivion The Black Hole  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
142. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Baron 1898  (Efteling)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
143. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
144. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
145. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Flying Dinosaur  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
146. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Valravn  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
147. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon's Run  (Dragon Park Ha Long)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
148. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Time Machine  (Freestyle Music Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
149. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
150. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flying Wing Coaster  (Happy Valley Chongqing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
151. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Draken  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
152. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Western Regions Heaven  (Happy Valley Chengdu)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
153. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Valkyria  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
154. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
155. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wing Coaster  (Colourful Yunnan Happy World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
156. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Fēnix  (Toverland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
157. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Heaven's Wing  (HB World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
158. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Yukon Striker  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
159. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Firebird  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
160. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Iron Wolf  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
161. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
162. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
163. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flight of the Himalayan Eagle Music Roller Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
164. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Falcon  (Wuxi Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
165. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Happy Valley Nanjing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
166. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Candymonium  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
167. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Orion  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
168. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld San Diego)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
169. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Blue Harvest  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
170. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Universal Studios Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
171. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantasy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.

## External links

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* Official website
* Listing of B&M rides at the Roller Coaster DataBase