recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Protanthropus

Tabun C1; "P. tabunensis".

*Protanthropus* is a dubious genus of hominin that lived in Eurasia from the Middle to Late Pleistocene.

## History

*Protanthropus* was used as a hypothetical synonym of *Homo primigenius*, a term regarded an an intermediate form between the "lower" ape-like forms (*Pithecanthropus*) and *Homo sapiens*. Schwalbe regarded two hypothesis given such an idea: that they from *Pithecanthropus*, to *H. primigenius* and then *H. sapiens*; or that the former two were offshoot branches. Schwalbe believed that it was either a true link or had a relict morphology. He defined this species (and thus *Protanthropus*) by using Spy, Neanderthal, Krapina and possibly Gibraltar. Later specimens like Tabun were added to this diagnosis. Gorjanović suggested that Gibraltar, *H. primigenius*, and *Homo aurignacensis* were evidence of human species coexisting.

## Description

Gazelles, hippos, rhinos and cattle were killed by the inhabitants of Tabun with flint or limestone handaxes. As time progresses, they become smaller and more efficiently shaped, with scrapers made from thick flakes chipped from flint cores used to prepare flesh from bone and animal skin processing. The upper strata are Mousterian, with small flint tools of thin flakes being very abundant. They have long points, with scrapers and other denticulate tools used for cutting and sawing. Arthur Jelinek (1967-1972) found ~1900+ partial bifaces, attributable to Late Acheulean and Yabrudian. Tabun C1 (a nearly complete woman's skeleton) and Tabun C2 (a mandible) are known, assigned now to *Homo neanderthalensis*. ~350 kya-old cobble were used for abrasion. Tabun C1 was discovered by the local woman Yusra, and brought to Dorothy A. E. Garrod and her team.

## Synonyms

* *Homo primigenius*
	+ *H. p. galilaeensis* (=Amud)
	+ *H. p. asiaticus* (=Solo)
	+ *H. p.* "alalus"
	+ *H. p. faber*
* *Homo neanderthalensis*
* *Homo soloensis*

## References

* https://books.google.ca/books?id=UbRBAAAAQBAJ&q=Homo+primigenius#v=snippet&q=Homo%20primigenius&f=false
* https://books.google.ca/books?id=a\_ooCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22homo+primigenius%22&source=gbs\_navlinks\_s
* https://books.google.ca/books?id=LyOvT1Kv2uoC&dq=%22homo+primigenius%22&source=gbs\_navlinks\_s
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun\_Cave
* https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/tabun-1
* https://books.google.ca/books?id=WdnPAAAAMAAJ&dq=protanthropus&source=gbs\_navlinks\_s
Sericuloides

Sericuloides is an extinct genus of bowerbird that lived in northern Australia during the Oligo-Miocene.

## History

The species was named after its resemblance to *Sericulus* and after the author's mother, Mary Thị Minh Châu Nguyễn. It is the ninth described passerine from Riversleigh, and only the second formally identified. The holo- and paratypes were deposited in the Queensland Museum palaeontology collection as well as their locality data after being temporarily held in their AR collections of the Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory at the University of New South Wales.

## Description

This taxon is smaller is body size than most extant ptilonorhynchids, being one of the earliest species of this family. Nguyen (2023) notes that, however, the exact placement of *Sericuloides* within the family is pending further material and analysis. The holotype is QM F57971 (AR19718) (proximal right carpometatarsus end) and the paratype is QM F57972 (AR19715) (proximal left tarsometatarsus end). It's robust bone size excludes it from a miriad of possible species, although many passerines are osteologically similar. Such families are Acanthisittidae, Maluridae, Pardalotidae and Acanthizidae.

## Paleoecology

A second bowerbird was detected from the Miocene of northern Australia, larger, suggests that two taxa lived in this area and that they correlate with the estimated divergence date of Climacteridae. *Sericuloides* is reported from the White Hunter Site of the D-Site Plateau, Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Waanyi Country, Queensland, Australia. From here, it is assigned to the Faunal Zone A of the Riversleigh biochronology (estimated to be of the Late Oligocene based on mammal contents, biostratigraphy and multivariate analysis). Radiometric U-Pb dating of this site was attempted but did not yield successful results.

## References

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2023.2180537
Scutellosaurus

Credit: Gabriel Ugueto.

*Scutellosaurus* is an extinct genus of basal thyreophoran that lived in North America during the Early Jurassic.

## Description

Unlike most thyreophorans, which are quadrupedal, *Scutellosaurus* was a biped. *Scutellosaurus* was lightly built, using its unusually long tail as a counterbalance to the hundreds of osteoderms that ran down its body. *Scutellosaurus* is poorly known in the fossil record. However, it is known that the osteoderms started at the neck and stretched back to the tail. Some osteoderms were smooth while others had pit-like depressions in them. They formed rows, having at least five rows for every side. The holotype preserved: a premaxillae with teeth; right with seven and left with five, no dentary on the posterior portion, the left dentary with 18 teeth and the right with 10 and other skull fragments. The postcranial remains include: 21 presacral vertebrae centra, a couple partial neural spines and arches, 5 sacral and 58 caudal vertebrae, the latter with neural arches and chevrons, ribs, both sets of coracoids and scapula, partial ilia, pubic bones and ischia, humeri, distal end of the right radius, proximal and distal ulna ends, fragmented manus, femora, the right tibia, the proximal end of the fibula, right astragalus, left tibia and fibula, pedes, possibly a distal tarsal bone and 300+ osteoderms.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellosaurus
Qarmoutus

Credit: Joschua Knüppe.

*Qarmoutus* is an extinct genus of ariid catfish that lived in Egypt during the Eocene.

## Description

*Qarmoutus* was massive, being 6.5 feet (2 meters) long. *Qarmoutus* looked like modern catfish, having long slender bodies, flat jaws and many whisker-like organs around the mouth.

## Etymology

*Qarmoutus* is a stylized version of the Arabic "qarmout", which translates to catfish.

## References

* https://twitter.com/friel/status/1265432802796978176

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmoutus
Proserranus

*Proserranus* is an extinct genus of fish that lived in Europe during the Early Paleocene.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserranus
* http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon\_no=36156
* https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-Articulated-skeleton-of-Scaniadercetis-limnhamnensis-Davis-1890-from-the-Limhamn\_fig3\_313765836
Pseudotoites

This article does not meet the standards set by the Prehistoric wiki Manual of Style. Please edit it.

## Pseudotoites

Fig. 1a-b: P. crassus; Fig. 2a-b: P. argentinus; Fig. 3a-b: P. singularis; Fig. 7: P. evolutus.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Pseudotoites* is an extinct genus of ammonite that lived during the Mid Jurassic.

## Description

*Pseudotoites* is very similar to *Zemistephanus* and *Emileia*, which causes some scientists to think *Pseudotoites* is a synonym to them based on similarity.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotoites
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279715256\_Ammonite\_faunas\_and\_stratigraphy\_of\_the\_Lower\_Bajocian\_of\_Paso\_del\_Espinacito\_Middle\_Jurassic\_San\_Juan\_Province\_Argentina
Prosthennops

*Prosthennops* is an extinct genus of peccary that lived in Mexico, Costa Rica, United States and Honduras from the Miocene to the Early/Middle Pliocene.

## Description

*Prosthennops* are known from the Miocene (Honduras, Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon, Texas, Virginia and Washington), Hemphillian (Costa Rica, Alabama, Kansas, Nebraska, Tennessee and Texas) and Blancan (Mexico). A fossil tooth of *P. serus* had been misidentified as the obsolete ape genus *Hesperopithecus*, which was retracted from the journal Science in 1927. This is due to how weathered the tooth was, which was classified as a hominids, and corrected upon further excavation in 1925 and 1926.

*Prosthennops* is also known from the Gray Fossil Site, northeast Tenessee. It is 4.9-4.5 million years old (Latest Hemphillian or earliest Blancan), being an oak-hickory forest. This represents the first Appalachian *Prosthennops* occurrence. Morphological differences among specimens represents newfound intraspecific variation. This includes morphological and proportional differences in cranial and dental material. *P. serus* has larger dentitions and is more robust, which is similar to *Mylohyus*.

*P. niobrarensis* was named in June 1935 based on a near-complete peccary skull bearing some unusual characters. Later, however, it was reassigned to *Colbertchoerus*.

## Synonyms

* *Hesperopithecus*
* *P. niobrarensis*
* *Platygonus condoni*
* *P. graffhami* (=*P. serus*)
* *Dicotyles serus*
* *Tayassu serus*

## References

1. ↑ https://www.liveauctioneers.com/news/top-news/naturalhistory/fossils-of-prehistoric-pig-like-animals-idd-in-tennessee/
2. ↑ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=42438
3. ↑ https://science.sciencemag.org/content/66/1720/579
4. ↑ https://peerj.com/articles/5926/
5. ↑ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=50911
6. ↑ https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museumbulletin/61/
RBCM.EH2006.019

RBCM.EH2006.019 is an unnamed genus of Pachycephalosaurini that lived in British Colombia during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

The taxon is known from a partial skeleton, including scapula, humerus, ischium, radius, tibia, fibula, astragalus, and pedal digits III and IV as well as several unidentified bones. The tibia is extremely unique, with the anteroposterior bowing on the distal end of the tibia, the only feature similar to this is in the taxon *Zalmoxes*, which is still markedly different. An unidentified element may be a part of the skull roof, but if it is, then it is different from other Pachycephalosaurs in that its skull wasn't rugose. Finally, another unidentified bone, possibly a partial rib was found with the specimen, but it is much larger than the taxon, probably coming from another specimen.

## References

* Reid, Ian J. (2016). "A review of dinosaurian body fossils from British Columbia, Canada". *PeerJ Preprints*. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1369v3
Tyrannomimus

Tyrannomimus fukuiensis genus diagram

Tyrannomimus fukuiensis is a species of Ornithomimosaur theropod dinosaur from the Kitadani Formation of Japan. The theropod has live in the Early Cretaceous period.

## Description

Ornithomimosaurs are a genera of theropod dinosaurs with elongated claws as well as showing Herbivore behavior. This clade is actually considered an early tyrannosaurid at its first discovery because of similiarities within their fossils. This genus of dinosaur was a herbivore that coexisted with several other species of herbivorous dinosaurs within its own habitat and formation.

## Sources

* http://sciencythoughts.blogspot.com/2023/09/tyrannomimus-fukuiensis-new.html
* http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2023/09/tyrannomimus.html
Titanosaurus

Credit: Cisiopurple on DeviantArt.

*Titanosaurus* is a dubious genus of titanosaurs that lived in India during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

The holotype *Titanosaurus* fossils were found in 1828, but only named in 1877. Titanosaurus means "titanic lizard", after the Titans, prominent deities in Greek mythology.

## Description

The genus is often treated as a wastebasket taxon due to the abundance of discarded species, but is now classified as a nomen dubium.

## Species

* *T. rahioliensis* (=indeterminate neosauropod)
* *T. colberti*
* *T. australis*
* *T. nanus* (=non-diagnostic sauropod)
* *T. robustus*
* *T. madagascariensis* (=*Vahiny* and *Rapetosaurus*)
* *T. falloti* (=*Tangvayosaurus* and *Huabeisaurus*?)
* *T. valdensis*
* *T. lydekkeri*
* *T. dacus*
* *T. araukanicus*
* *T. blanfordi* (=non-diagnostic sauropod)
* *T. indicus* (=*Antarctosaurus septentrionalis*, =*Jainosaurus*)
* *T.* sp. (=distinct, needing reevaluation)
* Cf. *T.* sp.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosaurus
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1477201903001044
Trisauropodiscus

The type, T. aviforma.

*Trisauropodiscus* is an extinct ichnogenus of ornithischian dinosaur that lived in South Africa during the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic.

## Description

The trackmaker was likely an avialan or close-to but non-Avialae dinosaur based on the thin toes and splay of the foot. Resembling Cretaceous bird-like theropod tracks, the prints are 16.5 centimeters long and 23 centimeters wide.

## Species

* *T. moabensis*
* *T. aviforma*
* *T. galliforma*
* *T. levis*
* *T. phasianiforma*
* *T. pompompoi*
* *T. superaviforma*
* *T. superavipes*

## References

* http://projectos.cienciaviva.pt/pw011/jazidas/grandes\_pegadas\_ornitopodes\_jurassico\_inferior\_3.html
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319980811\_Bird-like\_tracks\_from\_the\_Imilchil\_Formation\_Middle\_Jurassic\_Bajocian-Bathonian\_of\_the\_Central\_High\_Atlas\_Morocco\_in\_comparison\_with\_similar\_Mesozoic\_tridactylous\_ichnotaxa
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=81122
Yaxartemys

*Yaxartemys* is an extinct genus of turtles that lived in Kazakhstan during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

i is only known from juvenile specimens, which are very abundant in the Karabastau Formation, of which Yaxartemys is found.

## Classification

*Yaxartemys* was named by Riabinin in 1948.

## References

1. ↑ https://twitter.com/Synapsida/status/1319635959164653570
2. ↑ http://www.paleofile.com/Turtlelist/Yaxartemys.asp
3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabastau\_Formation#Vertebrates
Largirostrornis

Credit: Scott Reid.

*Largirostrornis* is an extinct genus of enantiornithean bird that lived during the Early Cretaceous in China.

## Description

*Largirostrornis* has the largest torso known from any enantiornithean, and has a skull about 32 millimeters long. *Largirostrornis* has long neural spines on its cervical and dorsal vertebrae. *Largirostrornis* is only slightly larger than *Cuspirostrisornis*, and is sometimes considered a junior synonym of *Cathayornis yandica*.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largirostrornis
Protoalligator

*Protoalligator* is an extinct genus of alligator that lived in China during the Paleocene.

## Description

The type species of *Protoalligator* was originally named *"Eoalligator" huiningensis*, renamed as *Protoalligator* in 2016. The phylogeny of *Protoalligator* is needing attention, and is known from a single set of incomplete jaws.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoalligator
* http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/p/protoalligator.html
Xenotarsosaurus

Credit: Cisiopurple on DeviantArt.

*Xenotarsosaurus* is an extinct genus of Abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in Argentina during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Xenotarsosaurus* is similar to *Carnotaurus*, though smaller, and is thus assignable to Abelisauridae. It is known from the Bajo Barreal Formation, discovered in the 1980s and named in 1986.

## References

* https://www.rareresource.com/Xenotarsosaurus-dinosaur.html
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121000768
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350394458\_A\_detailed\_osteological\_description\_of\_Xenotarsosaurus\_bonapartei\_Theropoda\_Abelisauridae\_implications\_for\_abelisauroid\_phylogeny
* https://www.mindat.org/taxon-4966171.html
Turanoceratops

Credit: Nix Illustration.

*Turanoceratops* is an extinct genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in Uzbekistan during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Turanoceratops* was named after the lands of the Turkic peoples, specifically as "Turan horned face". It appears to be a transitionary form between earlier ceratopsians and ceratopsid, but it is not nested inside Ceratopsidae. It was relatively small, as G.S. Paul (2010) estimated a length of 2 meters and a weight of 175 kilograms. Sues (2009) finds a mosaic of archaic (such as secondary ridges developed on the tooth crowns and 2 or 3 teeth in each position) and derived traits.

## References

* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24192700\_Turanoceratops\_tardabilis-the\_first\_ceratopsid\_dinosaur\_from\_Asia
* https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19277598/
* https://www.mindat.org/taxon-4823151.html
* https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-009-0518-9
* https://www.academia.edu/637834/Turanoceratops\_tardabilis\_sister\_taxon\_but\_not\_a\_ceratopsid
* https://dinoanimals.com/dinosaurdatabase/turanoceratops-tardabilis/
* https://a-dinosaur-a-day.com/post/155367194830/turanoceratops
Squalicorax

S. falcatus. Credit: Damouraptor on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Squalicorax*, sometimes known as the "crow shark", is an extinct genus of shark that lived in North America, Europe and North Africa in the Cretaceous period.

## Description

Although average individuals are documented at 2 meters, some rare specimens are documented at a 5 meter length. *Squalicorax* are similar to gray reef sharks and teeth strikingly similar to the *Galeocerdo*. Many teeth have been recovered, being small with a curved crown, serrated and up to 2.5-3 centimeters tall, being the only Mesozoic lamniforme with serrated teeth. It was a coastal predator, with teeth found embedded in the metatarsal of the Talkeetna Mountains hadrosaur, which likely drifted out to see and was scavenged. It fed upon turtles, mosasaurs, ichthyodectids and bony fish. Squalicorax are also known from teeth embedded in *Pteranodon*, but it is unknown if it actively snatched them midair, attacked when they dove underwater or if it were an act of scavenging.

## Species

* *S. acutus*
* *S. arnaudi*
* *S. baharijensis*
* *S. bazzii*
* *S. benguerirensis*
* *S. bernardezi*
* *S. coquandi*
* *S. curvatus*
* *S. dalinkevichiusi*
* *S. deckeri*
* *S. falcatus*
* *S. intermedius*
* *S. kaupi*
* *S. lalunaensis*
* *S. lindstromi*
* *S. microserratus*
* *S. moodyi*
* *S. mutabilis*
* *S. parallelus*
* *S. pawpawensis*
* *S. primaevus*
* *S. primigenius*
* *S. primulus*
* *S. priscoserratus*
* *S. pristodontus*
* *S. trapezoidalis*
* *S. yangaensis*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalicorax
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=34633
* https://twitter.com/CofCNatHistory/status/1531678394483613699
Tricentes

A jaw once assigned to Mimotricentes.

*Tricentes* is a dubious genus of arctocyonid 'condylarth' that lived in Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming during the Paleocene.

## Classification

This genus has a complicated taxonomic history. Many arctocyonids were once merged into *Tricentes*. However, *Tricentes* is now seen as a subjective synonym of *Chriacus*. However, *T. subtrigonus* was found to be the only valid species until the merge. *T. elassus*, *latidens* and *bucculentus* were made subjective synonyms of *T. subtrigonus*. Additionally, *T. provocator* and *crassicollidens* were made subjective synonyms of *Chriacus baldwini*. *T. inequidens*, *fremontensis* and *punitor* were all made into subjective synonyms of *Ellipsodon*, *Mimotricentes* and *Chriacus*, respectively, with their specific epithets transferred.

## Description

*T. latidens* (a synonymous species) was named from two good specimens from Gidley Quarry, USNM 9269 (a left mandible with a canine and P2-M3s collected by J.W. Gidley) and USNM 9276 (the right mandible with P2-M2s preserved, the Ms broken. The first is the type and the other was additionally assigned. 9276 is smaller and less robust than the type. The M1 paraconid is distinct in this specimen, but this chalked up to a species variant. M2-3s are the only known upper teeth from Loc. 81. The molars were noted as similar to *Tricentes*, with the internal cingulum not circling the protocone and the M1 having external cingulum not crossing the paracone being a possible differentiators. The M2 is of equal width or slightly wider than the trigonid. Later, these specimens would be sunk into T. subtrigonus as a subjective synonym.

## Synonyms

* *Chriacus*
* *Mimotricentes subtrigonus*
* *Mimotricentes latidens*
* *Mioclaenus subtrigonus*
* *T. elassus*
* *T. latidens*
* *T. bucculentus*
* *T. provocator*
* *T. crassicollidens*
* *T. inequidens*
* *T. fremontensis*
* *T. punitor*

## References

1. ↑ Paleobiology Database
2. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=cj3Psq1hXT4C
Udabnopithecus

*Udabnopithecus* is an extinct genus of hominid that lived in Georgia during the Miocene.

## Classification

*Udabnopithecus* was named by Burchak-Abramovich and Gabashvili in 1945, and placed in Dryopithecinae by Gabunia et al. in 2001. *Udabnopithecus* is sister to Afropithecini, Kenyapithecini and *Limnopithecus*. It is considered a placental scansorial insectivore that lived 8.7-7.75 million years ago in the Miocene of Udabno, Georgia. Additional studies were conducted by Belyaeva in 1948.

## References

http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon\_no=108484
UFSM 11611

Credit: Garcia et al. 2019.

UFSM 11611 is an unnamed genus of lagerpetid that lived in Brazil during the Triassic.

## Description

A partial left femur, UFSM 11611 represents a basal lagerpetid from the Upper Santa Maria Formation of the Alemoa Member and Candelária Sequence, *Hyperodapedon* Assemblage Zone and *Hyperodapedon* Acme Zone.

## References

* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S089598111830525X?via%3Dihub
Theriodictis

Credit: Eoscorpiidae on DeviantArt.

*Theriodictis* is an extinct genus of fox-like canids that lived in Pleistocene South America from 1.2 Ma- 500,000 years ago.

## Paleoecology

*Theriodictis* hunted medium sized prey such as *Epieurycerus*, *Antifer*, *Hippidion*, *Neochoerus*, *Mesotherium*, *Eutatus*, *Propraopus* and *Pampatherium*.

## Classification

*Theriodictis tarijense* was moved and is now synonymous with *Protocyon tarijense*.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriodictis
Wasaibpanchi

"W. damani" teeth (GSP/MSM-1111-19, GSP/MSM-1112-19; bottom) embedded in their block.

## Statistics

### Location

Asia

"Wasaibpanchi" is a naked genus of enantiornithean bird that lived in Pakistan during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

"Wasaibpanchi" is known exclusively from teeth, which appear to be part of the tooth row of a single individual. Its teeth greatly vary in size. The block in which "Wasaibpanchi" was found also includes the remains of the mesoeucrocodilian "Induszalim", teeth of the theropod "Vitakridrinda", and the partial remains of the snake "Wadanaang". Malkani named it after it's discovery in Saraiki territory, and it's specific epithet after the Daman area, which is a belt around the Koh Sulaiman mountain Range that houses the Balochi and Saraiki peoples. The holotypes are teeth (GSP/MSM-1111-19, GSP/MSM-1112-19, GSP/MSM-1113-19, GSP/MSM-1114-19, GSP/MSM-1115-19, GSP/MSM-1116-19 and GSP/MSM 1117-19), which he thinks may be of a single individual that is preserved in in a partial block (GSP/MSM-61-19) and tooth morphology. They are deposited within the Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta museum. Malkani diagnoses it as having light teeth, with very thin enamel around the cavity (shared with enantiornithes), being sharp and trigonal, having a low crown, having a triconvex cross-section and increasing enamel thickness towards the mesial and distal extremities. He coined the family "Wasaibpanchidae" for this intended type.

## Paleobiology

These teeth suggest a large bird in the Vitakri Formation during the latest Maastrichtian. Varying tooth size is said to match with Pelagornis, which Malkani hypothesizes is a descendant due to this commonality. The presence of snakes, eggs, titanosaurs, crocodilians and theropods in the same block may suggest ecological interconnectiveness. He suggests that the snake was preying on titanosaur eggs, suggesting dinosaurian parental care and predation. The theropod and mesoeucrocodile are thought to have either been preying on the titanosaurs, or having died in their vicinity (possibly by collision).

## References

* Malkani, M. Sadiq. (2021). Formal description of poripuchian titanosaurs, theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaur, snake and bird from the latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology. 11. 275-318.
* https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=111096
Yuxisaurus

Credit: Yao et al. (2020).

*Yuxisaurus* is an extinct genus of thyreophoran dinosaurs that lived in China during the Early Jurassic.

## History

*Yuxisaurus* means "Yuxi Prefecture lizard", with the specific name after Dr. John J. Kopchick, recognizing his achievements in the IUP science building.

## Description

*Yuxisaurus* is the first described thyreophoran from the Early Jurassic of Asia. This species confirms a rapid geographic spread and diversification of thyreophorans after the Hettangian. It is heavily-built, with distinct armour that morphologically separate from others. It is medium sized and distinguished through the following autapomorphies: deep, triangular and dorsoventrally-elongate depression on both sides of the nuchal crest, a V-shaped notch at the dorsal margin of the paroccipital process and basal tubera that are ventrally-offset compared to the occipital condyle, which makes them clear to view in the posterior.

## References

* https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469951v1.full
* https://elifesciences.org/articles/75248
Trinisaura

Credit: Levi bernardo on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Trinisaura* is an extinct genus of elasmarian ornithopod dinosaur that lived in Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

It is known from the Snow Hill Island Formation of Antarctica. The holotype is MLP-III-1-1, a partial skeleton of a subadult 1.5 meters long lacking a skull. It is unknown if it bore any feathering, but it lived in a colder climate, which has led some to presume it did.

## References

* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667112001784?via%3Dihub
* https://www.mindat.org/taxon-8601046.html
Varanus priscus

This article does not meet the standards set by the Prehistoric wiki Manual of Style. Please edit it.

## Statistics

### Synonyms

*Megalania prisca
Notiosaurus
Varanus dirus
Varanus warburtonensis*

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Varanus priscus*, known by the nickname/former genus name *Megalania*, is an extinct species of monitor lizard that lived in Australia during the Pleistocene.

## Description

Megalania had venom glands that produced hemotoxin. The venom would lower the preys blood pressure and cause them to go into systemic shock. When humans started to inhabited Australia, the population of Megalania may have lowered. The change in biology in Megalania's habitat and climate change also might have contributed to the species falling into extinction. Megalania resembles large monitor lizards, four clawed paws, a long tail, and sharp teeth.

## Paleoecology

Megalania lived in the open, arid plains of Australia during the Pleistocene.

### Venom

Megalania would have been an apex predator, biting down on the jugular of prey, administering its venom. They preys blood pressure would lower at alarming rates, and fall into a state of shock, to which the prey was easy to kill and eat.

### Diet

Judging by its size, Megalania ate large to medium sized animals. Smaller animals may have occasionally been part of their diet. Giant mammals like *Diprotodon* were frequent prey for Megalania.
Tamarro

*Tamarro* is an extinct genus of troodontid dinosaur that lived in Spain during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Tamarro* lived during the Latest Cretaceous, within a 200,000 year span of the infamous K-PG impactor. This genus was erected from a metatarsal II, possibly representing a jinfengopterygine troodontid subject to insular dwarfism. The genus is differentiated from an autapomorphic foramen, with bone histology stating that the individual was a rapidly-growing subadult, with the genus attaining a quick growth-rate into the subadult stage, still actively growing. When described, authors hypothesized a population of troodontids migrated from Asia to the Ibero-American island no later than by the Cenomanian or the Maastrichtian dispersals.

## References

* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83745-5

* https://twitter.com/TetZoo/status/1366442029962711048
Titanoceratops

Credit: Jack Wood.

*Titanoceratops* is a controversial and potentially dubious genus of ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in New Mexico during the Late Cretaceous..

## Description

   It was one of the largest ceratopsid dinosaurs, named by Longrich (2011) from a specimen, OMNH 10165, that was once referred to *Pentaceratops* by Lehman. It was recovered as a triceratopsinin, a new tribe named by Longrich, and a valid genus, but others think it is just an older, large *Pentaceratops*. The incomplete skull was reconstructed to be 2.65 meters long, being a candidate for the largest skull of terrestrial animals. It is comparable with the largest ceratopsians in size, and was probably one of the largest in it's ecosystem, or even Late Cretaceous North America. Tomas Holtz Jr. (2012) noted similarity with *Eotriceratops* and *Ojoceratops*, of which it is contemporaneous, which has led to synonymy allegations.

## References

* https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00114-013-1063-0
* https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/gigantic-skull-and-skeleton-of-the-horned-dinosaur-pentaceratops-sternbergi-from-new-mexico/E223195087EBC17E96AB0C3C5D19D18E
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667110001205?via%3Dihub
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278894/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110929031639/http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/164.\_Jasinski\_and\_Sullivan\_\_Stegoceras\_\_COLOR.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090105170104/http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/119\_Sullivan\_and\_Lucas\_\_2006\_\_-Kirtlandian.pdf
* https://www.wired.com/2011/01/titanoceratops-dinosaur/
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229123971\_Titanoceratops\_ouranos\_a\_giant\_horned\_dinosaur\_from\_the\_late\_Campanian\_of\_New\_Mexico
* https://www.nicklongrich.com/blog/the-discovery-of-titanoceratops
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667110001205
* https://www.mindat.org/taxon-P179222.html
* https://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/blog/\_archives/2011/02/01/4740410.html
* https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-d5065961-e14c-3dab-be1e-56f26ebb1fc7
* https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41371207
* https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/110203-new-dinosaur-triceratops-father-science-titanoceratops
* https://novataxa.blogspot.com/2011/09/2011-titanoceratops-from-newmexico.html?m=1
Tamisiocaris

*Tamisiocaris* is an extinct genus of Anomalocaridid that lived in Greenland during the Early/Middle Cambrian.

## Description

Initially, *Tamisiocaris* was only known from a pair of frontal appendages. More complete specimens show that the appendages were segmented, and covered in dense rows of auxiliary spines. Scientists proposed that the spines were used in suspension feeding, a type of filter feeding seen in baleen whales. The appendages would have raked through water in a contiguous a manner. One limb would swing forward and the second would swing backwards. They would alternate limbs[*citation needed*].

The comb-like limbs were evolved to scoop small plankton and invertebrates into the appendages, and the limb would swing backwards to feed the organisms to the mouth. Like most anomalocaridids, the mouth was built to suck in food.

## Discovery

*Tamisiocaris* was originally discovered in 2010, thought to have been a possible Anomalocaridid. Only in 2014 alongside the discovery of additional specimens was *Tamisiocaris* confirmed as an Anomalocaridid-like radiodont in a new group called Tamisiocarididae. Interestingly, the idea of a filter-feeding anomalocaridid was predicted by an artist for a speculative extinct organism contest, All Your Yesterdays.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamisiocaris
* https://youtu.be/pOs6Xy9I8SA?t=82
Wolverine shark

## Hemipristis serra

Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.

The wolverine shark (*Hemipristis serra*) is an extinct species of weasel shark that lived in the Americas from the Oligocene to the Miocene.

## History

* Skeleton in private collection prior to excavation.
* Skeleton in private collection prior to preparation.
* Skeleton in private collection after preparation.
1/3
A partial skeleton of this taxon was once discovered by Donald Dixon in October of 2014 during excavation for a house addition in the Calvert Formation, Calvert County. His brother, realizing the significance of the find, contacted Steven Godfrey of the Calvert Marine Museum, who quickly finished excavation of the specimen. Further analysis revealed the preservation of over 80 vertebrae, jaws, upper and lower tooth rows and cranial cartilage belonging to an individual ~8-10 feet long. Together, the discovery was unique. However, since preparation, it was acquired into a private collection.

## Description

The wolverine shark reached 6 meters (20 feet) long, and maybe larger. This species was likely highly specialized to eating sirenians, as seen with bite marks on fossils from *Metaxytherium*. This shark's teeth are highly prized as collector's items as they are found in Floridian sediments that preserve colour and large serrations make for a good fossil. *H. serra* likely lived offshore in the Atlantic ocean. As juvenile megalodon were born in the shallows, *H. serra* was a likely predator of them. This species lived alongside the massive otodontid and the great hammerhead in the Gatun Formation. It's teeth were a lot like modern representatives, but are notable in size differences especially. Remains were named by Louis Agassiz in 1843.

## Paleoecology

Occurrences from the Late Cretaceous Severn Formation were once reported, but this was amended by Kent (1994). It is known only from the Choptank, St. Mary's and Calvert Formations. Others estimate that it could have hunted in Estuarines around Peru, and much of Northern South America[*citation needed*].

## Gallery

*H. serra* and *Carcharodon*.
**Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.****Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.***H. serra* hunting juvenile megalodon.
**Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.****Credit: Teratophoneus on DeviantArt.**Two *H. serra* pursue a juvenile megalodon.
**Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.***H. serra* eating a sirenian.
**Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.**
## References

1. ↑ https://www.fossilguy.com/gallery/vert/fish-shark/hemipristis/hemipristis.htm
2. ↑ https://smithsonian.figshare.com/articles/book/The\_Geology\_and\_Vertebrate\_Paleontology\_of\_Calvert\_Cliffs\_Maryland\_USA/9761762
3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipristis\_serra
4. ↑ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0010552
Waterstonella

Credit: Briggs and Clarkson, 1983.

*Waterstonella* is an extinct genus of crustacean that lived in Scotland during the Early Cretaceous.

## History

*Waterstonella* is named after Charles Waterstone, and the epithet after the Granton Shrimp Beds in Scotland.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstonella
* https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1985.tb00277.x
Wunyelfia

Credit: Galaxoica on DeviantArt.

*Wunyelfia* is an extinct genus of elasmosaurid that lived in Chile during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

The specimen was first recovered by a private collector excavation in the 1990s, where it was recovered by a museum in the 2010s.

## Description

   *Wunyelfia* is known from a near-adult postcranial skeleton. It includes: an axis-atlas, five cervical vertebrae, neural spines, several cervical and trunk centra, ribs, gastralia, causal centra and part of the pelvic girdle. The cervical central have the same vertebral lengths as adult aristonectinae. Their neural spines are recurved at the rostrum, and constricted at their bases. The axis-atlas preserved in other aristonectines is consistent with *Wunyelfia*, especially elasmosaurs of the genus *Aristonectes* and the genus *Alexandronectes*. The specimen possesses anterior cervical vertebrae that differ from *Kaiwekea*.

## Classification

*Wunyelfia* is the second known member of the clade Aristonectinae. Phylogenetic positioning place *Wunyelfia* as the basalmost member of the group, which is consistent with the genus' unique morphology.

## References

* Otero, Rodrigo A., and Sergio Soto-Acuña. “Wunyelfia Maulensis Gen. Et Sp. Nov., a New Basal Aristonectine (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Chile.” *Cretaceous Research*, Academic Press, 29 Sept. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667120303372?via=ihub.
Tapejara

Credit: Chris Masnaghetti.

*Tapejara* is an extinct genus of tapejarid dinosaur that lived in Brazil during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

It bears a semicircular crest and notch on its skull that supported a fan-like crest in life. It may have been cathemeral based on its sclerotic rings. AMNH FR 24440 is one of the most well-preserved *T. wellnhoferi* skull, being illegally exported from Brazil to the American Museum of Natural History.

## Classification

*T. wellnhoferi* honours Peter Wellnhofer, with *T. imperator* and *T. navigans* referred to the genus *Tupandactylus* due to great difference; *T. navigans* was originally classified in the genus *Ingridia*, but was synonymized later with *Tupandactylus*. It was first suggested *Tupandactylus navigans* was synonymous with *Tupandactylus imperator*, with the former not established until 2011. Kellner et al. (2019) find:

In 2021 it was found:

## Paleobiology

Sankar Chatterjee, Rick Lind, Andy Gedeon and Brian Roberts built a drone modelled after Tapejara to test flight. They found the crest functioned like a sensory organ similar to a flight computer and aided in turning agility:

—Chatterjee
However, this has been questioned, since the wings were too long, with their actual wings capable of the soaring seen in galliformes. No aerodynamic function for the crest have been observed, but Chatterjee ignores recent aerodynamic studies.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejara\_wellnhoferi
* http://www.banderasnews.com/0810/nt-petrodactyl.htm
* https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254789
* https://twitter.com/Philoceratops/status/1437580352894095362
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233775714\_An\_Unusual\_Pterosaur\_Specimen\_Pterodactyloidea\_Azhdarchoidea\_from\_the\_Early\_Cretaceous\_Romualdo\_Formation\_of\_Brazil\_and\_the\_Evolution\_of\_the\_Pterodactyloid\_Palate
Tacuadactylus

*Tacuadactylus* is a genus of ctenochasmatoid pterosaur that lived in Uruguay during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

*Tacuadactylus* is known exclusively from the holotype, FC-DPV-2869, which consists of fragments of the rostrum and dentary. Six loose teeth are also known. The snout was initially reported as belonging to a sawfish, which would make it the oldest known member of the Pristidae. A subsequent CAT-scan revealed that the presumed teeth of the fossil were actually sediment fillings of the tooth sockets, which pointed forwards as in pterosaurs. In 2021, the genus was finally named. It is considered a member of the Gnathosaurinae, closely related to *Gnathosaurus*.

atías Soto, Felipe Montenegro, Pablo Toriño, Valeria Mesa and Daniel Perea named it "Lucia Soto's Tacuarembó finger", Lucia Soto being the daughter of the lead author. FC-DPV-2869 is from the Batoví Member, lower Tacuarembó Formation. 6 loose teeth (FC-DPV 3090) found in the Bidegain of the same formation are referred.

## References

* Perea, D;, Soto, M; Toriño, P; Maisey, J; 2016 "A new sawfish from the late Jurassic of Uruguay: the oldest known pristid?" *Ameghiniana*. **53** (6): 32.
* Perea, D; Soto, M; Toriño, P; Mesa, V: Maisey, JG; 2018, "A Late Jurassic-?earliest Cretaceous ctenochasmatid (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea): The first report of pterosaurs from Uruguay." *Journal of South American Earth Sciences*. **85**: 298-306.
* Soto, M; Montenegro, F; Mesa, V; Perea, D; 2021 "A new ctenochasmatid (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the late Jurassic of Uruguay." *Journal of South American Earth Sciences*.
Tokarahia

*Tokarahia* is an extinct genus of Eomysticetid baleen whale that lived in what is now New Zealand during the Oligocene stage of the Late Paleogene.

## Description

*Tokarahia,* like its earlier cousins, *Basilosaurus* and *Llanocetus*, shows the evolution of the Mysticete-Odontocete whale lineage, from terrestrial Archaeocetes like *Ambulocetus*, to planktivorous-toothed feeders. The size of a Dwarf Minke Whale, at about 6 meters in length, *Tokarahia* is unusually tapered at its thin jaws, and its flat tail. Tokarahia itself, though being in the baleen whale lineage, was toothless, but still planktivorous. Based on the enlarged temporal fossae and enlarged mandibular canal, *Tokarahia* was probably incapable of lunge-feeding, although it remains unclear whether it could skim-feed or filter prey in the benthic zone. However, it differs from its cousins, Waharoa(5-6m), Eomysticetus(7m) & *Tohoraata(8.1m) not only in size but also* in the structure of the earbone. The two species of *Tokarahia* are distinguished by the structure of the earbone as well as the degree of cranial telescoping.

## Notable Specimens

* OU 22235: The holotype of *Tokarahia*.
* OM GL 412: The speciemen that erected *T. lophocephalus* as a species. This specimen was originally classified as *Mauicetus*, but later became a synonym with *Tokarahia*.
* OM GL 443: The referred specimen to OM.GL 412.

## References

* http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2015/09/tokarahia-kauaeroa.html
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokarahia
* https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/valley-of-the-whales/
* https://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/research/paleontology/tokarahia.html
Tianchiasaurus

Credit: CisioPurple on DeviantArt.

*Tianchiasaurus*, also spelt Tianchisaurus, is an extinct genus of ankylosauria that lived in China during the Middle Jurassic.

## Notable Specimens

* IVPP V. 10614: The holotype of *Tianchiasaurus*, consisting of skull fragments, five cervical, six dorsal, seven sacral, three caudal, fragmented limbs, osteoderms and unidentified bone fragments.

## Etymology

The species epithet, *nedegoapeferima* is a combination of the first two letters from the surnames of five major actors from *Jurassic Park* (1993). The list goes as follows in order, with roles listed: Sam Neil (Dr. Alan Grant), Laura Dern (Dr. Ellie Sattler), Jeff Goldblum (Ian Malcolm), Richard Attenborough (John Hammond), Bob Peck (Robert Muldoon), Martin Ferrero (Donald Gennaro), Ariana Richards (Lex Murphy) and Joseph Mazzello (Tim Murphy). The nomen nudum for this genus considered was "Jurassosaurus", a further reference to Jurassic Park (1993).

The description paper uses *Tianchisaurus* and *Tianchiasaurus* interchangeably, but the latter is used when listing the creation of a new genus, so it should be considered valid.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianchisaurus
Teratosaurus

Credit: Nobu Tamura.

*Teratosaurus* is an extinct genus of rauisuchid pseudosuchian that lived in Germany during the Late Triassic.

## History

Sixt Friedrich Jakob von Kapff discovered a large upper jaw near Stuttgart in 1860, which was named by Hermann von Meyer as a new genus. The genus means "[ominous birth of a] monster lizard", with the epithet after Suevia. The holotype was catalogued as BMNH 38646, found in the Mittlerer Stubensandstein; it is a right maxilla, 245 millimeters long with six preserved teeth that reach up to five centimeters in length. It was initially interpreted as a left maxilla. Later, Kapff, von Huene, Osborn and Colbert, falsely, assigned *Efraasia* postcrania to the holotype, thinking it was a carnivorous prosauropod or early theropod. Many depictions from this time depicted the teratosaurs in this manner, which persisted until correction by Galton and Benton (1985-86), who proved a rauisuchid identification as well as a quadrupedal gait (rather than the presumed bipedal gait). As well, teeth from several carnivorous archosaurs were assigned to *Teratosaurus*.

## Species

* *T. suevicus*
* *T. lloydi*?
* *T. schuetzii*?
* *T, bengalensis*?

### Reassigned Species

* *T. minor*
* *T. trossingensis*
* *T. silesiacus*

## Synonyms

* *Cladeiodon*
* *Claderodon* (lapsus)
* *Cladyodon* (lapsus)
* *Kladeisteriodon* (lapsus)
* *Kladyodon* (lapsus)

## References

* http://www.paleofile.com/demo/Taxa/Teratosaurus.htm
* http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon\_no=38265
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratosaurus
Taphramites

A specimen listed on an amber shopping website, listed as a probable Taphramites specimen.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Taphramites* is an extinct genus of bark beetle that lived in Europe during the Eocene.

## Description

*T. ravnoensis* is distinguished from other species via thin hairs on its elytra.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225929036\_New\_species\_of\_bark\_beetles\_from\_the\_Rovno\_amber\_Insecta\_Coleoptera\_Scolytidae
Tika

*Tika* is an extinct genus of sphenodont reptile that lived in Argentina during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

Well preserved crania and postcrania are known from the Cenomanian of the Konservat-Lagerstätte of ‘La Buitrera Paleontological Area'. It was found to be close in relation to *Sphenodon* as well as Laurasian and Patagonian taxa.

## Paleoecology

*Tika* is the oldest sphenodontine from Gondwana, suggesting particular tetrapod terrestrial ectotherms obtained a circumantarctic K-PG distribution. It likely fed upon small vertebrates since it was ecologically distinct from larger, herbivorous sphenodonts from La Buitrera. However, its diet may have varied. Despite the declined or extinct Laurasian sphenodoonts, *Tika* demonstrates that some diversity was still present on Gondwana.

## References

https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/3442
Vayuraptor

Phuwiangvenator (top) and Vayuraptor (bottom).

*Vayuraptor* is an extinct genus of megaraptoran dinosaur that lived in Thailand during the Early Cretaceous.

## Classification

The exact phylogeny of *Vayuraptor* is unclear, though it is thought to be a basalmost megaraptoran. *Vayuraptor* is recovered sister taxa to *Aoniraptor*, *Phuwiangvenator*, *Siats* and Megaraptoridae.=

## Notable Specimens

* SM-NB A1-2: Consisting of a tibia.
* SMNB A1-2: Parts of the ankle.
* SMNB A1-2: Parts of the ankle.

## Paleoecology

*Vayuraptor* lived in the Sao Khua Formation, during the Early Cretaceous in Thailand, stalking the undergrowth in search of food. *Vayuraptor* lived alongside *Phuwiangvenator*, a slightly larger megaraptoran dinosaur.

## References

* http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app64-Samathi\_etal\_SOM.pdf
* https://www.mindat.org/taxon-P387581.html
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=387581
* https://thaiembdc.org/2019/11/19/fossils-of-another-species-of-dinosaur-found-in-thailand/
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333255346\_Two\_new\_basal\_coelurosaurian\_theropod\_dinosaurs\_from\_the\_Early\_Cretaceous\_Sao\_Khua\_Formation\_of\_Thailand
* https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/taylandda-iki-yeni-dinozor-turu-kesfedildi,kyTya8WatU-zxvielvVCxg
* https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app005402018.html
Tatankaceratops

*Tatankaceratops* is an extinct, doubted genus of ceratopsian dinosaur that is known from Late Cretaceous South Dakota.

## Description

*Tatankaceratops* was first described in 2011. In the paper, briefly described the mix of traits between adult and juvenile *Triceratops* specimens. The scientists proposed that *Tatankaceratops* underwent some sort of growth malfunction, or represented a dwarf juvenile. The theory proposing the developmental disorder was met with heavy criticism. Other scientists "strongly suspect" *Tatankaceratops* is a dubious taxon.

## Disputed Validity

In 2011, Jack Horner cut open the skulls of *Tatankaceratops* (and many other ceratopsians) to determine if they were dubious genera. The study concluded that *Tatankaceratops* was a growth stage of *Triceratops*.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatankaceratops