recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Gliese 581 d

**Gliese 581d** (often shortened to **Gl 581d** or **GJ 581d**) is an extrasolar planet orbiting within the Gliese 581 system, approximately 20.4 light-years away in the Libra constellation. It is the third planet claimed in the system and (assuming a five-planet model) the fifth in order from the star.

Though not confirmed to be a terrestrial planet and significantly more massive than Earth (at 6.98 Earth masses), the Super-Earth is the first exoplanet of terrestrial mass regarded as orbiting within the habitable zone of its parent star.

Assuming its existence, computer climate simulations have confirmed the possibility of the existence of surface water and these factors combine to a relatively high measure of planetary habitability.

## Hello from Earth

As part of the 2009 National Science Week celebrations in Australia, *Cosmos* magazine launched a website called "Hello from Earth" to collect messages for transmission to Gliese 581d. The maximum length of the messages was 160 characters, and they were restricted to the English language. In total, 25,880 messages were collected from 195 countries around the world. The messages were transmitted from the DSS-43 70 m radio telescope at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex at Tidbinbilla, Australia, on 28 August 2009.

## See also

* Gliese 581 (system)
* Exoplanet
* Earth similarity index
* Kepler-186f
* HD 85512 b
2 Pallas

**Pallas** (minor-planet designation: **2 Pallas**) is the second asteroid to have been discovered, after Ceres. It is believed to have a mineral composition similar to chondrite meteorites, like Ceres, though significantly less hydrated than Ceres. It is the third-largest asteroid in the Solar System by both volume and mass, and is a likely remnant protoplanet. It is 78% the mass of Vesta and 22% the mass of Ceres, constituting an estimated 7% of the mass of the asteroid belt. Its estimated diameter is 500 to 515 kilometers (315 to 320 mi) in diameter.

When Pallas was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers on 28 March 1802, it was considered to be a planet, as were other asteroids in the early 19th century. The discovery of many more asteroids after 1845 eventually led to the separate listing of "minor" planets from "major" planets, and the realization in the 1950s that such small bodies did not form in the same way as other planets led to the gradual abandonment of the term "minor planet" in favor of "asteroid" (or, for larger bodies such as Pallas, "planetoid").

With an orbital inclination of 34.8°, Pallas's orbit is unusually highly inclined to the plane of the asteroid belt, making Pallas relatively inaccessible to spacecraft, and its orbital eccentricity is nearly as large as that of Pluto.
White dwarf

A **white dwarf** is an astronomical object which is produced when a low or medium mass star dies. These stars are not heavy enough to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon in nucleosynthesis reactions. After such a star has become a red giant during its helium-burning phase, it will shed its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind an inert core consisting mostly of carbon and oxygen.

This core has no further source of energy, and so will gradually radiate away its energy and cool down. The core, no longer supported against gravitational collapse by fusion reactions, becomes extremely dense, with a typical mass of that of the sun contained in a volume about equal to that of the Earth. The white dwarf is supported only by electron degeneracy pressure. The maximum mass of a white dwarf, beyond which degeneracy pressure can no longer support it, is about 1.4 solar masses. A white dwarf which approaches this limit (known as the Chandrasekhar limit), typically by mass transfer from a companion star, may explode as a Type Ia supernova via a process known as carbon detonation.

Eventually, over hundreds of billions of years, white dwarfs will cool to temperatures at which they are no longer visible. However, over the universe's lifetime to the present (about 13.7 billion years) even the oldest white dwarfs still radiate at temperatures of a few thousand kelvins.

As a class, white dwarfs are fairly common; they comprise roughly 6% of all stars. (RECONS estimate)
Galactic Center

The **Galactic Center** is the rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy. It is located about 8 kiloparsecs (26,000 LY) away from the Earth, in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, where the Milky Way appears brightest.

## Location

Because of cool interstellar dust along the line of sight, the Galactic Center cannot be studied at visible, ultraviolet or soft X-ray wavelengths. The discovery about the Galactic Center comes from observations at gamma ray, hard X-ray, infrared, sub-millimetre and radio wavelengths. The complex radio source Sagittarius A appears to be located almost exactly at the Galactic Center, and contains an intense compact radio source, Sagittarius A\*, which many astronomers believe may coincide with a supermassive black hole at the center of our Galaxy. Accretion of gas onto the black hole, probably involving a disk around it, would release energy to power the radio source, itself much larger than the black hole. The latter is too small to see with present instruments.

## Predictions

Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas density in a 400 light year region around the galactic center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the Sun and near the critical density for star formation. They predict that in approximately 200 million years there will be an episode of starburst in the galactic center, with many stars forming rapidly and undergoing supernovas at a hundred times the current rate. The starburst may also be accompanied by the formation of galactic jets as matter falls into the central black hole. It is thought that the Milky Way undergoes a starburst of this sort every 500 million years.

The coordinates of Galactic Center in the Equatorial coordinate system are: RA 17h45m40.04s, Dec -29º 00' 28.1" (J2000 epoch).

## Supermassive black hole

The complex astronomical radio source Sagittarius A appears to be located almost exactly at the Galactic Center and contains an intense compact radio source, Sagittarius A\*, which coincides with a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Accretion of gas onto the black hole, probably involving an accretion disk around it, would release energy to power the radio source, itself much larger than the black hole. The latter is too small to see with present instruments.

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany using Chilean telescopes have confirmed the existence of a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center, on the order of 4.3 million solar masses. Later studies have estimated a mass of 3.7 million or 4.1 million solar masses.

On 5 January 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A\*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A\*, according to astronomers.

## See also

* Milky Way
* Sagittarius A\*
Parker Solar Probe

The **Parker Solar Probe** ( previously **Solar Probe**, **Solar Probe Plus** or **Solar Probe+**) is a NASA space probe launched in 2018 with the mission of making observations of the outer corona of the Sun. It will approach to within 9.86 solar radii (6.9 million km or 4.3 million miles) from the center of the Sun, and by 2025 will travel, at closest approach, as fast as 690,000 km/h (430,000 mph).

The project was announced in the fiscal 2009 budget year. The cost of the project is US$1.5 billion. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory designed and built the spacecraft, which was launched on 12 August 2018. It became the first NASA spacecraft named after a living person, honoring nonagenarian physicist Eugene Newman Parker, professor emeritus at the University of Chicago.

On 29 October 2018, at about 18:04 UTC, the spacecraft became the closest ever artificial object to the Sun. The previous record, 42.73 million kilometres (26.55 million miles) from the Sun's surface, was set by the *Helios 2* spacecraft in April 1976. As of its perihelion 21 November 2021, the Parker Solar Probe's closest approach is 8.5 million kilometres (5.3 million miles). This will be surpassed after each of the two remaining flybys of Venus.

## History

In the early 2010s, plans for the *Solar Probe* mission were incorporated into a lower-cost *Solar Probe Plus*. The redesigned mission uses multiple Venus gravity assists for a more direct flight path, which can be powered by solar panels. It also has a higher perihelion, reducing the demands on the thermal protection system. In May 2017, the spacecraft was renamed the Parker Solar Probe in honor of astrophysicist Eugene Newman Parker, who coined the term "solar wind". The solar probe cost NASA US$1.5 billion. The launch rocket bore a dedication in memory of APL engineer Andrew A. Dantzler who had worked on the project.

## Spacecraft

The Parker Solar Probe is the first spacecraft to fly into the low solar corona. It will assess the structure and dynamics of the Sun's coronal plasma and magnetic field, the energy flow that heats the solar corona and impels the solar wind, and the mechanisms that accelerate energetic particles.
Cosmos

The **cosmos** (UK: /ˈkɒzmɒs/, US: /-moʊs/) is another name for the Universe. Using the word *cosmos* implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity.

The cosmos, and our understanding of the reasons for its existence and significance, are studied in cosmology – a broad discipline covering scientific, religious or philosophical aspects of the cosmos and its nature. Religious and philosophical approaches may include the cosmos among spiritual entities or other matters deemed to exist outside our physical universe.

## Further reading

Cosmos refers to the universe and to a world order perceived as harmonious. Cosmology is a science that has its object of inquiry the origins, development, and structure of the universe as an integrated entity, also known as astronomy. In cosmogony, a sub-field of astronomy, scientists believed that they concerned therein with issues such as the origins and development of celestial bodies and the questions according to birth of the Universe. Stonehenge, a circle of standing stones in the south of England, served religious purposes as well as the observation of Sun and the Moon for centuries. The pyramids of Gizeh also exhibited considerable astronomical competence in the alignment of monuments. The ancient Greeks had developed the geocentric worldview, as in perspective, the Sun, the Moon, and the stars orbit around it. Components of this theory such as Pythagoras and Aristole encountered opposition already in their lifetimes. Nicolaus Copernicus established a heliocentric worldview, supported by scientific evidence. Galileo Galilei, who discovered the Galilean moons, and Johannes Kepler bulit theories of Copernicus and developed them further. Giordiano Bruno was the first scientist to argue that the universe is infinite and that the stars are are other "*suns*". Most people suggested that human beings and their planet are not at the centre of the universe.
109 Piscium b

**109 Piscium b** (aka HD 10697 b) is a long-period extrasolar planet discovered in orbit around 109 Piscium. It is at least 6.38 times the mass of Jupiter and is likely to be a gas giant. As typical for long-period planets discovered around other stars, it has an orbital eccentricity greater than that of Jupiter.

The discoverers estimate its effective temperature as 264 K from solar heating, but it could be at least 10 to 20 K warmer because of internal heating.

Preliminary astrometric measurements suggested that the orbital inclination is 170.3°, yielding an object mass of 38 times that of Jupiter, which would make it a brown dwarf. However, subsequent analysis indicates that the precision of the measurements used to derive the astrometric orbit is insufficient to constrain the parameters, so the true inclination and mass remain unknown.

## See also

* 54 Piscium b – another nearby planet in the constellation of Pisces
* List of exoplanets discovered before 2000
486958 Arrokoth

**486958 Arrokoth** (provisional designation **2014 MU69**) is a trans-Neptunian object located in the Kuiper belt. Arrokoth became the farthest and most primitive object in the Solar System visited by a spacecraft when the NASA space probe *New Horizons* conducted a flyby on 1 January 2019. Arrokoth is a contact binary 36 km (22 mi) long, composed of two planetesimals 21 km (13 mi) and 15 km (9 mi) across, that are joined along their major axes. With an orbital period of about 298 years and a low orbital inclination and eccentricity, Arrokoth is classified as a cold classical Kuiper belt object.

Arrokoth was discovered on 26 June 2014 by astronomer Marc Buie and the New Horizons Search Team using the Hubble Space Telescope as part of a search for a Kuiper belt object for the *New Horizons* mission to target in its first extended mission; it was chosen over two other candidates to become the primary target of the mission.

Before its permanent name was announced, the object had previously been nicknamed **Ultima Thule** and **Snowman**.
Cassini probe

The ***Cassini–Huygens*** space-research mission (/kəˈsiːni ˈhɔɪɡənz/ *kə-SEE-nee HOY-gənz*), commonly called ***Cassini***, involved a collaboration among NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) to send a space probe to study the planet Saturn and its system, including its rings and natural satellites. The Flagship-class robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's *Cassini* space probe and ESA's *Huygens* lander, which landed on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. *Cassini* was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit, where it stayed from 2004 to 2017. The two craft took their names from the astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens.

Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on October 15, 1997, *Cassini* was active in space for nearly 20 years, with 13 years spent orbiting Saturn and studying the planet and its system after entering orbit on July 1, 2004. The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and July 1999), Earth (August 1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000). The mission ended on September 15, 2017, when *Cassini's* trajectory took it into Saturn's upper atmosphere and it burned up in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, which might have offered habitable environments to stowaway terrestrial microbes on the spacecraft. The mission was successful beyond expectations – NASA's Planetary Science Division Director, Jim Green, described *Cassini-Huygens* as a "mission of firsts" that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturn system, including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life might be found in the Solar System.

*Cassini*'s planners originally scheduled a mission of four years, from June 2004 to May 2008. The mission was extended for another two years until September 2010, branded the *Cassini Equinox Mission*. The mission was extended a second and final time with the *Cassini Solstice Mission*, lasting another seven years until September 15, 2017, on which date *Cassini* was de-orbited to burn up in Saturn's upper atmosphere.

The *Huygens* module traveled with *Cassini* until its separation from the probe on December 25, 2004; Huygens landed by parachute on Titan on January 14, 2005. It returned data to Earth for around 90 minutes, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System and the first landing on a moon other than Earth's Moon.

At the end of its mission, the *Cassini* spacecraft executed its "Grand Finale": a number of risky passes through the gaps between Saturn and Saturn's inner rings. This phase aimed to maximize *Cassini*'s scientific outcome before the spacecraft was intentionally destroyed to prevent potential contamination of Saturn's moons if *Cassini* were to unintentionally crash into them when maneuvering the probe was no longer possible due to power loss or other communication issues at the end of its operational lifespan. The atmospheric entry of *Cassini* ended the mission, but analysis of the returned data will continue for many years.
Charon

**Charon**, known as **(134340) Pluto I**, is the largest of the five known natural satellites of the dwarf planet Pluto. It has a mean diameter of 1207 km (736 mi). Charon is the sixth-largest known trans-Neptunian object after Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake and Gonggong. It was discovered in 1978 at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., using photographic plates taken at the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS).

With half the diameter and one eighth the mass of Pluto, Charon is a very large moon in comparison to its parent body. Its gravitational influence is such that the barycenter of the Plutonian system lies outside Pluto.The reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins, organic macromolecules that may be essential ingredients of life. These tholins were produced from methane, nitrogen and related gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred over 19,000 km (12,000 mi) to the orbiting moon. The *New Horizons* spacecraft is the only probe that has visited the Pluto system. It approached Charon to within 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in 2015.
Red dwarf

A **red dwarf** is the smallest and coolest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun, but because of their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot be easily observed. From Earth, not one star that fits the stricter definitions of a red dwarf is visible to the naked eye. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf, as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars. According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way.

The coolest red dwarfs near the Sun have a surface temperature of ~2,000 K and the smallest have radii of ~9% that of the Sun, with masses about ~7.5% that of the Sun. These red dwarfs have spectral classes of L0 to L2. There is some overlap with the properties of brown dwarfs, since the most massive brown dwarfs at lower metallicity can be as hot as 3,600 K and have late M spectral types.

Definitions and usage of the term "red dwarf" vary on how inclusive they are on the hotter and more massive end. One definition is synonymous with stellar **M dwarfs** (**M-type main sequence stars**), yielding a maximum temperature of 3,900 K and 0.6 M☉. One includes all stellar M-type main-sequence and all K-type main-sequence stars (**K dwarf**), yielding a maximum temperature of 5,200 K and 0.8 M☉. Some definitions include any stellar M dwarf and part of the K dwarf classification. Other definitions are also in use (see definition). Many of the coolest, lowest mass M dwarfs are expected to be brown dwarfs, not true stars, and so those would be excluded from any definition of red dwarf.

## Spectral standard stars

The spectral standards for M type stars have changed slightly over the years, but settled down somewhat since the early 1990s. Part of this is due to the fact that even the nearest red dwarfs are fairly faint, and their colors do not register well on photographic emulsions used in the early to mid 20th century. The study of mid- to late-M dwarfs has significantly advanced only in the past few decades, primarily due to development of new astrographic and spectroscopic techniques, dispensing with photographic plates and progressing to charged-couple devices (CCDs) and infrared-sensitive arrays.

The M dwarf primary spectral standards are: GJ 270 (M0V), GJ 229A (M1V), Lalande 21185 (M2V), Gliese 581 (M3V), Gliese 402 (M4V), GJ 51 (M5V), Wolf 359 (M6V), van Biesbroeck 8 (M7V), VB 10 (M8V), LHS 2924 (M9V).
Kepler-390c

Concept

**Kepler-390 c** is a terrestrial exoplanet that orbits a K-type star Kepler-390. Its mass is 0.418 Earths, it takes 13.1 days to complete one orbit of its star, and is 0.101 AU from its star. Its discovery was announced in 2014.

The exoplanet was discovered through transit method, where a planet crosses (transits) in front of its parent star's disk.
Ceres

Ceres, formal designation 1 Ceres, is the smallest identified dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the asteroid belt. It was discovered on January 1, 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres, the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and motherly love. It was the first dwarf planet discovered.

With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive body in the asteroid belt, and contains about a third of the belt's total mass. Recent observations have revealed that it is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. The surface of Ceres is probably made of a mixture of water ice and various hydrated minerals like carbonates and clays. Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and ice mantle. It may harbor an ocean of liquid water underneath its surface, which makes it a potential target in the search for extraterrestrial life.

Ceres' apparent magnitude ranges from 6.7 to 9.3, and even at its brightest is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye, although it is observable with a telescope. On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Vesta (2011–2012) and Ceres in (2015).
List of Solar System objects

*List of solar system objects:* **By type***—By mass—By orbit—By size—By name*
This is a list of named solar system objects, including planets, moons, dwarf planets, and trans-Neptunian objects. To see a alphabetical order version of this list see List of Solar System Objects by Name.

This list contains 55 separable solar system objects.
GQ Lupi b

GQ Lupi b, or GQ Lupi B, is a possible extrasolar planet, brown dwarf or sub-brown dwarf orbiting the star GQ Lupi. Its discovery was announced in April 2005. Along with 2M1207b, this was one of the first extrasolar planet candidates to be directly imaged. The image was made with the European Southern Observatory's VLT telescope at the Paranal Observatory, Chile on June 25, 2004.

VLT NACO image, taken in the Ks-band, of GQ Lupi. The feeble point of light to the right of the star is the newly found cold companion. It is 250 times fainter than the star itself and it located 0.73 arc second west. At the distance of GQ Lupi, this corresponds to a distance of roughly 100 AU. North is up and East is to the left.

GQ Lupi b has a spectral type between M6 and L0, corresponding to a temperature between 2,050 and 2,650 kelvins. Some scientists believe that GQ Lupi b may be a brown dwarf (failed star) but most scientists refer to it as a gas giant.
Sol Invictus

**Sol Invictus** is an ostrich owned by Strawberry eggo aka Eggo.

## Biography

He is the little brother of Saucetrich. He was born on July 13, 2021. He currently resides on the EggoX spaceship with Eggo and Saucetrich, as keeping him in the same camp as Icarus would not be good for obvious reasons.

## Etymology

Sol Invictus means "undeafeated sun" in Latin. It is also the name of the Roman sun god. The ostrich was named because he is very majestic.
X Carinae

**V382 Carinae**, also known as **x Carinae** (x Car), is a yellow hypergiant in the constellation Carina. It is a G-type star with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.93, and a variable star of low amplitude. x Carinae is also one of the rarest, with just 18 known in the Milky Way and six of those in just a single cluster.

X Carinae is the brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky, easily visible to the naked eye and brighter than Rho Cassiopeiae although not visible from much of the northern hemisphere. It is 6,200 light years from Earth and around 500 times the radius of the Sun. The large size means that V382 Car is over 200,000 times as luminous as the sun. The low infrared excess suggest that V382 Carinae may be cooling towards a red supergiant phase, less common than yellow hypergiants evolving towards hotter temperatures.
Deimos

Deimos is the smaller of Mars' two moons. Being only 9 by 7 by 6.8 miles in size (15 by 12 by 11 kilometers), Deimos whirls around Mars every 30 hours.

Like Phobos, Deimos is a small and lumpy, heavily cratered object. Its craters are generally smaller than 1.6 miles (2.5 kilometers) in diameter, however, and it lacks the grooves and ridges seen on Phobos. Typically when a meteorite hits a surface, surface material is thrown up and out of the resulting crater. The material usually falls back to the surface surrounding the crater. However, these ejecta deposits are not seen on Deimos, perhaps because the moon's gravity is so low that the ejecta escaped to space. Material does appear to have moved down slopes. Deimos also has a thick regolith, perhaps as deep as 328 feet (100 meters), formed as meteorites pulverized the surface.

Deimos is a dark body that appears to be composed of C-type surface materials, similar to that of asteroids found in the outer asteroid belt.
Kepler-10c

**Kepler-10c** is an Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting the G-type star Kepler-10, located around 608 light-years away in Draco. Its discovery was announced by Kepler in May 2011, although it had been seen as a planetary candidate since January 2011, when Kepler-10b was discovered. The team confirmed the observation using data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and a technique called BLENDER that ruled out most false positives.

Kepler-10c orbits its host star every forty-five days at a quarter of the average distance between the Sun and Earth. Initial observations showed that it has a radius more than double that of Earth, and suggested a higher density, suggesting a mainly rocky composition with around 5–20% ices by mass. For comparison, the Earth's oceans represent only 0.02% of our planet's mass, with an additional amount potentially a few times this stored in the mantle. However, in 2017, more careful analysis using both HARPS and HIRES data revealed that Kepler-10c is not really a large terrestrial planet, but instead a typical volatile-rich planet of about seven Earth masses.
Universe

The **universe** is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other space objects in forms of matter and energy. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the universe. According to estimation of this theory, space and time emerged together 13.8 billion years ago, and the universe has been expanding ever since. While the spatial size of the entire universe is unknown it is possible to measure the size of the observable universe, which is approximately 93 billion light-years in diameter at the present day. The most familiar galaxy is the Milky Way which includes the Solar System; The Solar System consists of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

The earliest cosmological models of the universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus's work as well as Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and observations by Tycho Brahe.

Of known laws of physics presumably broken, it is owned by the law of gravity.  Thus, dense particles tend to collapse in on themselves at some point to create black holes. After some unknown force caused the expansion the force of gravity is thought to have overcome the force of expansion in local pockets to form all the particular bodies and objects seen today. Meanwhile, the laws of physics also indicate that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate, leading to an assumption of a size far greater than that which has been detected with the most powerful telescopes in existence. Once having determined that the earth orbits the sun, the distance to the local star was determined to be about 93 million miles. In an orbit among relatively stationary local stars, geometry has been used to determine vast distances between stars and galaxies. Based on assumptions hammered out among scientists over the years, the observable universe is a sphere, from the viewers perspective. However, this is is based on measurements of expansion of visible things. Theoretically, the size is thought to be infinite.

Within this observable universe, there are an estimated 100 billion galaxies with an average of around 30 billion stars each. Around many of these stars there revolve planets such as those in the planetary system or star system. These planets often are accompanied with moons. Interspersed in the local system, at least, are smaller bodies known as asteroids and comets. Smaller bits of material, which are mostly debris from deteriorating comets, often enter the atmospheres of the planets, mostly burning up before impact with the surfaces. Impacts do occur, as is readily visible upon the earth's moon.

## See also

* Astronomical unit
* Astronomical object
* Big Bang
* Cosmos
* Hubble Space Telescope
Albireo

Concept

**Albireo** /ælˈbɪrioʊ/ is a double star designated **Beta Cygni** (**β Cygni**, abbreviated **Beta Cyg**, **β Cyg**). The International Astronomical Union uses the name "Albireo" specifically for the brightest star in the system. Although designated 'beta', it is fainter than Gamma Cygni, Delta Cygni, and Epsilon Cygni and is the fifth-brightest point of light in the constellation of Cygnus. Appearing to the naked eye to be a single star of magnitude 3, viewing through even a low-magnification telescope resolves it into its two components. The brighter yellow star, itself a very close binary system, makes a striking colour contrast with its fainter blue companion.
Phoebe

**Phoebe** is an irregular satellite of Saturn with a mean diameter of 213 km (132 mi). It was discovered by William Henry Pickering on March 18, 1899 from photographic plates that had been taken starting on 16 August 1898 at the Boyden Station of the Carmen Alto Observatory near Arequipa, Peru, by DeLisle Stewart. It was the first satellite to be discovered photographically.

Phoebe was the first target encountered upon the arrival of the *Cassini* spacecraft in the Saturn system in 2004, and is thus unusually well-studied for an irregular satellite of its size. *Cassini'*s trajectory to Saturn and time of arrival were specifically chosen to permit this flyby. After the encounter and its insertion into orbit, *Cassini* did not go much beyond the orbit of Iapetus.

Phoebe is roughly spherical and has a differentiated interior. It was spherical and hot early in its history and was battered out of roundness by repeated impacts. It is believed to be a captured centaur that originated in the Kuiper belt. Phoebe is the second largest retrograde satellite in the solar system after Triton.

## Phoebe ring

The Phoebe ring is one of the rings of Saturn. This ring is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's equatorial plane (and the other rings). It extends from at least 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn; Phoebe orbits the planet at an average distance of 215 Saturn radii. The ring is about 40 times as thick as the diameter of the planet. Because the ring's particles are presumed to have originated from micrometeoroid impacts on Phoebe, they should share its retrograde orbit, which is opposite to the orbital motion of the next inner moon, Iapetus. Inwardly migrating ring material would thus strike Iapetus's leading hemisphere, contributing to its two-tone coloration. Although very large, the ring is virtually invisible—it was discovered using NASA's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope.

Material displaced from Phoebe's surface by microscopic meteor impacts may be responsible for the dark areas on the surface of Hyperion. Debris from the biggest impacts may be the origin of the other moons of Phoebe's group (the Norse group)—all of which are less than 10 km in diameter.
Makemake

**Makemake** (minor-planet designation **136472 Makemake**) is a dwarf planet and perhaps the second-largest Kuiper belt object in the classical population, with a diameter approximately two-thirds that of Pluto. It has one known satellite. Its extremely low average temperature, about 40 K (−230 °C), means its surface is covered with methane, ethane, and possibly nitrogen ices.

Makemake was discovered on March 31, 2005 by a team led by Michael E. Brown, and announced on July 29, 2005. It was initially known as **2005 FY9** and later given the minor-planet number 136472. In July 2008, it was named after Makemake, a creator god in the Rapa Nui mythology of Easter Island, under the expectation by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) that it would prove to be a dwarf planet.

The provisional designation 2005 FY9 was given to Makemake when the discovery was made public. Before that, the discovery team used the codename "Easterbunny" for the object, because of its discovery shortly after Easter. In July 2008, in accordance with IAU rules for classical Kuiper belt objects, 2005 FY9 was given the name of a creator deity. The name of Makemake, the creator of humanity and god of fertility in the myths of the Rapa Nui, the native people of Easter Island, was chosen in part to preserve the object's connection with Easter.

A symbol inspired by the prominent eyes and nose in petroglyphs of Makemake, , was devised by Denis Moskowitz. It is used primarily by astrologers but has also been used by NASA. It is in the pipeline for Unicode 15.0 at U+1F77C.
Pixel Pumkin

It is now up for adoption. If you claim it, please remove this template.
This article was last edited by Yindeenia01 Template:Time ago

**Pixel Pumkin** is a character in Pumkin World, who likes memes. It is believed he is related to Hungry Pumkin, however this is **NOT** true.

He Appears in the background of some minigames, like the fruit game. Pixel Pumkin also has his own minigame, called Melon Panic, where the player shoots flying melons using the Meme Blaster.
Void

**Voids** are a large region outside the filaments, the largest-scale structures in the Universe that contain very few, or no, galaxies. Voids typically have a diameter of 11 to 150 Mpc; particularly large voids, defined by the absence of rich superclusters, are sometimes called **supervoids**. The cosmological evolution of the void regions differs drastically from the evolution of the Universe as a whole: there is a long stage when the curvature term dominates, which prevents the formation of galaxy clusters and massive galaxies.

Voids are believed to have been formed by baryon acoustic oscillations in the Big Bang, collapses of mass followed by implosions of the compressed baryonic matter. Starting from initially small anisotropies from quantum fluctuations in the early universe, the anisotropies grew larger in scale over time. Regions of higher density collapsed more rapidly under gravity, eventually resulting in the large-scale, foam-like structure or "cosmic web" of voids and galaxy filaments seen today. Voids located in high-density environments are smaller than voids situated in low-density spaces of the universe.

Voids appear to correlate with the observed temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) because of the Sachs–Wolfe effect. Colder regions correlate with voids and hotter regions correlate with filaments because of gravitational redshifting. As the Sachs–Wolfe effect is only significant if the universe is dominated by radiation or dark energy, the existence of voids is significant in providing physical evidence for dark energy.

## Large-scale structure

The structure of the Universe can be broken down into components that can help describe the characteristics of individual regions of the cosmos. These are the main structural components of the cosmic web:

* Voids – vast, largely spherical regions with very low cosmic mean densities, up to 100 megaparsecs (Mpc) in diameter.
* Walls – the regions that contain the typical cosmic mean density of matter abundance. Walls can be further broken down into two smaller structural features:
	+ Clusters – highly concentrated zones where walls meet and intersect, adding to the effective size of the local wall.
	+ Filaments – the branching arms of walls that can stretch for tens of megaparsecs.

Voids have a mean density less than a tenth of the average density of the universe. This serves as a working definition even though there is no single agreed-upon definition of what constitutes a void. The matter density value used for describing the cosmic mean density is usually based on a ratio of the number of galaxies per unit volume rather than the total mass of the matter contained in a unit volume.
List of largest stars

Below are **lists of the largest stars** currently known, ordered by radius and separated into categories by galaxy. The unit of measurement used is the diameter of the Sun (approximately 1,390,700 km; 864,000 mi).

All the sizes stated in these lists have inaccuracies and may be disputed. The lists are still a work in progress and parameters are prone to change.

Needs to add:

* Proxima Centauri (ref)
* Jupiter
* Earth
* BPM 7093
* PSR J0348+0432
Io

**Io** or **Jupiter I**, is the innermost and third-largest of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter. Slightly larger than the Moon, Io is the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System, has the highest density of all of them, and has the lowest amount of water (by atomic ratio) of any known astronomical object in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and was named after the mythological character Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of Zeus's lovers.

With over 400 active volcanoes, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. This extreme geologic activity is the result of tidal heating from friction generated within Io's interior as it is pulled between Jupiter and the other Galilean moons—Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. Several volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide that climb as high as 500 km (300 mi) above the surface. Io's surface is also dotted with more than 100 mountains that have been uplifted by extensive compression at the base of Io's silicate crust. Some of these peaks are taller than Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth's surface. Unlike most moons in the outer Solar System, which are mostly composed of water ice, Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core. Most of Io's surface is composed of extensive plains with a frosty coating of sulfur and sulfur dioxide.

Io's volcanism is responsible for many of its unique features. Its volcanic plumes and lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various subtle shades of yellow, red, white, black, and green, largely due to compounds of sulfur. Numerous extensive lava flows, several more than 500 km (300 mi) in length, also mark the surface. The materials produced by this volcanism make up Io's thin, patchy atmosphere and Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere. Io's volcanic ejecta also produce a large plasma torus around Jupiter.

Io orbits Jupiter at a distance of 421,700 km (262,000 mi) orbiting Jupiter and 350,000 km (217,000 mi) from its cloudtops. It is the innermost of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, its orbit lying between those of Thebe and Europa. Including Jupiter's inner satellites, Io is the fifth moon out from Jupiter. It takes Io about 42.5 hours to complete one orbit around Jupiter (fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation). Its diameter is 3,641 kilometres, somewhat similar to the Moon and Europa. The mass of Io is 8.834x10^22 kg, and finally its gravity is 2.517 G, twice than the Earth.
Trojan asteroid

The **Trojan asteroids** are a large group of objects that share the orbit of the planet Jupiter around the Sun. Viewed from a coordinate system that is fixed on Jupiter, they appear to orbit one of the two Lagrangian points of stability, *L4* and *L5*, that lie 60° ahead of and behind Jupiter in its orbit.

As originally defined, Trojan asteroids have a semi-major axis between 5.05 AU and 5.40 AU, and lie in elongated, curved regions around the two Lagrangian points. The term is sometimes used to refer to minor bodies with similar relationships to other major bodies, in which case the name of the major body is included, e.g. *the Neptunian Trojan 2001 QR322.*

A team from the Keck Observatory in Hawaii announced in 2006 that they had measured the density of the binary Trojan asteroid 617 Patroclus as being less than that of water ice, suggesting that the pair, and possibly all the Trojan objects, more closely resemble comets or Kuiper Belt objects in size and composition—water ice with a layer of dust—than they do the main belt asteroids.
2012 VP113

**2012 VP113**, also known by its nickname "**Biden**", is a trans-Neptunian object of the sednoid population, located in the outermost reaches of the Solar System. It was first observed on 5 November 2012 by American astronomers Scott Sheppard and Chad Trujillo at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. The discovery was announced on 26 March 2014. The object probably measures somewhere between 300 and 1000 km in diameter, possibly large enough to be a dwarf planet. 2012 VP113 has the largest perihelion distance of any known object in the Solar System. Its last perihelion was around 1979, at a distance of 80 AU; it is currently 84 AU from the Sun.

It is currently unknown how 2012 VP113 acquired a perihelion distance beyond the Kuiper belt. The characteristics of its orbit, like those of Sedna's, have been explained as possibly created by a passing star or a trans-Neptunian planet of several Earth masses hundreds of astronomical units from the Sun. The orbital architecture of the trans-Plutonian region may signal the presence of more than one planet. 2012 VP113 could even be captured from another planetary system. However, it is considered more likely that the perihelion of 2012 VP113 was raised by multiple interactions within the crowded confines of the open star cluster in which the Sun formed.

## See also

* Sedna
* 2015 TG387
* Trans-Neptunian object
Hyades Cluster

The **Hyades** (/ˈhaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek Ὑάδες, also known as **Caldwell 41**, **Collinder 50**, or **Melotte 25**) is the nearest open cluster and one of the best-studied star clusters. Located about 153 light-years (47 parsecs) away from the Sun, it consists of a roughly spherical group of hundreds of stars sharing the same age, place of origin, physical characteristics, and motion through space. From the perspective of observers on Earth, the Hyades Cluster appears in the constellation Taurus, where its brightest stars form a "V" shape along with the still-brighter Aldebaran. It is not part of the Hyades star cluster, as it is located much closer to Earth and merely happens to lie along the same line of sight.

## Background

The five brightest member stars of the Hyades have consumed the hydrogen fuel at their cores and are now evolving into giant stars. Four of these stars, with Bayer designations Gamma, Delta 1, Epsilon, and Theta Tauri, form an asterism that is traditionally identified as the head of Taurus the Bull. The fifth of these stars is Theta1 Tauri, a tight naked-eye companion to the brighter Theta2 Tauri. Epsilon Tauri, known as *Ain* (the "Bull's Eye"), has a gas giant exoplanet candidate, the first planet to be found in any open cluster.

The age of the Hyades is estimated to be about 625 million years. The core of the cluster, where stars are the most densely packed, has a radius of 8.8 light-years (2.7 parsecs), and the cluster's tidal radius – where the stars become more strongly influenced by the gravity of the surrounding Milky Way galaxy – is 33 light-years (10 parsecs). However, about one-third of confirmed member stars have been observed well outside the latter boundary, in the cluster's extended halo; these stars are probably in the process of escaping from its gravitational influence.

## History

Together with the other eye-catching open star cluster of the Pleiades the Hyades form the Golden Gate of the Ecliptic, which has been known for several thousand years.

In Greek mythology, the Hyades were the five daughters of Atlas and half-sisters to the Pleiades. After the death of their brother, Hyas, the weeping sisters were transformed into a cluster of stars that was afterwards associated with rain. As a naked-eye object, the Hyades cluster has been known since prehistoric times. It is mentioned by numerous Classical authors from Homer to Ovid. In Book 18 of the *Iliad* the stars of the Hyades appear along with the Pleiades, Ursa Major, and Orion on the shield that the god Hephaistos made for Achilles.

## See also

* Star cluster
* Pleiades Cluster
Angela Anaconda (reboot)

Angela Anaconda is a reboot of the 1999 Canadian-American show of the same name.

## Cast

* Kristen Schaal as Angela Anaconda, the titular character. She is a very cheery and optimistic person.
* Eva Almos as Nanette Manoir, Angela's archenemy. She is a snotty, narcissistic, rich girl.
* Weird Al Yankovic as Johnny Abatti. Nanette's crush and later Angela's boyfriend.
* Amazzonkane and Dan Anderson as Mr. and Mrs. Anaconda, Angela's parents.
* Kevin Michael Richardson as Coach Rhinehart.
* Lily Tomlin as Mrs. Brinks, Angela's 3rd grade teacher.
* Yindeenia01 as Alexander Labs, a new character exclusive to the reboot. He loves to break the 4th wall. He is also a wild card.
	+ Yindeenia01 also voices Martin Labs, Alexander's son. He too loves 4th wall breaking.
* Jenny Slate as Gina Lash, one of Angela's closest friends. She is known for her intelligence and humongous appetite. Sadly, she is often bullied for her appearance.
* Oliver Kalkofe as Gordy Rhinehart, Coach Rhinehart's son.
* Neil DeGrasse Tyson as Astronaut Bob.
* Howell and Bunny Manoir, Nanette's parents.
* Tom Hanks as Nicky Abatti, Johnny's father.
* Estelle Harris as Carmella "Nonna" Abatti, Johnny's grandma and founder of Abatti's pizza.
* Wallace Shawn as Mr. Brinks.
* Ryan Whitney as Candy May, an incredibly dim child
* Jamie E Blair As Zelda Minton, an Very Girly Friendy Tomboy Female Kid, She Befriends Gordy, She is Has One Appearance
* Keegan Michael Key and Jordan Peele as Ke'y Carrey and Locke Williams, exclusive to the reboot. They are the comic relief characters.
* Tom Holland as Mark Anaconda, one of Angela's older brothers and Derek's twin.
* Rob Tinkler as Derek Anaconda, one of Angela's older brothers and Mark's twin.
* Jesse Vinet as Lulu Anaconda, Angela's younger sister.
* Cara Pifko as Josephine Praline, a devout Catholic who acts as a moral rudder for her classmates. Josephine comes from a large family of at least nineteen brothers and sisters.

## Broadcast

Angela Anaconda will air on Teletoon in Canada, Channel 4 in the UK, and on Nickelodeon everywhere else.

## Differences from the original show

Many changes to the original show have been made and all of them are for the better.

* The animation is now in full color to suit a modern audience
* The cast (as seen above)
* No more high-pitched voices

## Trivia

* Ke'y Carrey and Locke Williams are based on comedians Jim Carrey and Robin Williams
* Alexander Labs is based on Alan-a-Dale, Johnny Depp, and Mr Krabs.