Indonesian

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**Subject – Verb – Object**

 Note that in Indonesian we don't have articles (a, an, the) and we don't discriminate between the singular form and the plural form of a noun. That's right, the word stays the same whether there is only one of it or there are more than one!

For example:

 Saya mau apel
 Kamu mau jeruk
 Kamu mau jeruk

You’ll find more tips and notes throughout the courses. Selamat belajar!

## Introduction

### Self-Introduction Phrases

Literally meaning "What (your) news" in English, ***Apa kabar*** actually means “How are you” or “How do you do”.

*Siapa* is used instead of *apa* for asking a person’s name in Indonesian. A fuller explanation Click Here (https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/27985133)

### Indonesian Noun Phrase

Generally, the sentence structure of Indonesian and English is similar. But, the structure of noun phrases is opposite to English, the main noun position is before the modifier noun.

For example:

* Nama saya = My name
* Apel merah = Red apple

More info abut the word order in a noun phrase:
https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/31285942

### To be

In spoken Indonesian, You don’t need to translate “to be” (is, am, are). **To be** means ***adalah*** in Indonesian. Even, in written the function of it is just to emphasize the noun, sometimes it is also omitted.

For example: My name **is** Jon = Name saya Jon

### No in Indonesian

Indonesian has some ways to express “no” (*bukan*, *tidak*, *jangan* and *belum*). ***Bukan*** is used to negate nouns and adverbs, ***Tidak*** is used to negate verbs and adjectives, ***Jangan*** is to tell somebody not to do something and ***Belum*** means not yet or event may happen in the future.

For example:

 Kamu **tidak** suka jeruk
 **Jangan** pergi!
 Dia **belum** pergi

More info about negation words "Tidak, bukan, jangan, belum":
https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/31291121

## Basics 2

### Let’s step up the game. Welcome to Basics 2!

You have learned some personal pronouns in Basics 1 (aku, kamu, dia), and you are going to find the rest of them here. There are some highlights that should be put as a reminder:

* Indonesian has formal and informal pronouns which you should pay attention the most when you are going to talk about “you” and “I” (Aww). Use “Anda” (You) and “Saya” (I) only in formal situation.

* Indonesian differentiates between singular “you” and plural “you”. The use of “Kamu”/”Anda” signalizes the person to be only one, whereas “Kalian” means there are multiple people.

* Indonesian has an inclusive and exclusive “we”. For example, if you (A) and your friend (B) are talking to someone (C), and the conversation goes like this:

A: “Kami makan ikan.” (We eat fish).
This means that A and B ate fish, but C might or did not. But if it is like this:
A: “Kita makan ikan.” (We eat fish).
This means that all of them ate fish. The first example uses “Kami” which implies exclusivity, whereas the second example uses “Kita” to include C, which implies inclusiveness.

* Indonesian does not have non-personal subject pronouns, hence use “itu” (that) or “ini” (this) instead.

Here is the table to summarize the rules of pronoun uses:

### Additional info

Please have a look here for more info :
Click here: *"ia" & "dia" , the differences :* https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/28585404

Please have a look here for more info:
*'ini' , 'itu', Tips & Notes, Addendum.* https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/31492712

### Kosakata (Vocabulary) :

aku, kita, menulis, buku, surat, mereka, membaca, menu, koran, ini, anda, kami, kalian, besar, gaun, kaya, ia

## Greetings

### Greetings

Indonesian uses the word *selamat* to greet people. *Selamat* is actually derived from Arabic word *salam* which means peace. You just need to add *selamat* before the time or condition in greeting.

 Selamat siang
 Selamat sore
 Selamat malam
 Selamat tidur
 Selamat tinggal
 Selamat datang

Note that the concept of time of the day in Indonesian is slightly different from that in English, so use the greetings accordingly!

 The sun is right up your head, from around 10am to 3pm
 The sun is going down, from around 3pm to dusk
 The sun is not visible in the sky

Indonesian also uses *Assalamu ’alaikum* to greet someone and responds with *Wa 'alaikumsalam* as Islam majority country.

The word *selamat* is also used to congratulate other people.

 Selamat Idul Fitri
 Selamat tahun baru
 Selamat natal

### Terima kasih

*Terima kasih* means "thank you" is Indonesian phrase to express gratitude. If you want to express greater sense of gratitude, you can say *terima kasih banyak*.

In informal situations, you can just shorten *terima kasih* become *makasih* just like "thanks" in English.

*Sama-sama* or *Terima kasih kembali* is used to respond thanking, “You are welcome” in English.

### Additional info

###

### Kosakata (Vocabulary) :

tidak, ya, terima kasih, maaf, selamat pagi, silakan, sama-sama, sampai jumpa, selamat datang, selamat jalan, assalamualaikum, selamat siang, waalaikumsalam, selamat tinggal, permisi, selamat malam, terima kasih banyak, selamat sore, sampai jumpa lagi, salam, selamat idul fitri