recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
2.1: X-ray production

AC power --> rectifier --> high voltage generator (Single phase vs 3 phase vs constant potential generators. Lower ripple, more constent voltage).

Current through 0.2mm tungsten filament, releasing electrons via thermionic emission. Focussed with focussing cup (molybdenum) and accelerated to anode via tube potential.

Interact with anode via Bremsstrahlung and characteristic interactions. 99% heat and 1% photons. Generates x-ray spectrum.

* Why tungsten filament: high Z, good thermiotic emitter, can be a thin wire, high melting point 3422. Size of filament relates to size of focal spot.
* Why molybdenum focusing cup: high melting point, poor thermionic emitter.
* Anode: Tungsten with rhenium to improve structural integrity at high T. Set into an anode disk of molybdenum with stem (poor conductor, protects underlying ball bearings from heat to keep stem rotating). Usual anode angle 5-15 degree.

* Limitation of x-ray production is heating of anode. J=kVe x mAs x W
* W= waveform of voltage through x-ray tube, more uniform, the lower the heat production.
* Heat removed from anode by radiation through vacuum into conducting oil.

Tube rating - capacity for disspating heat before overloaded. Exposure time, decreasing effective focal spot, decreasing disk diameter, decreasing rotor rotation.

Interaction at Anode

Elastic - rare if very low energy <10eV. Inelastic interaction -->

Outer shell interaction --> low energy EM into heat

Inner shell interaction --> characteristic --> e- eject k or l shell electron, outer shell e- fills and releases characteristic energy. Discrete.

Nucleus Field interaction --> Bremsstrahlung --> e- approaches and diverted by electric field, loses energy from deceleration. Range of energies.

Kalpha - K shell to L shell - 59.3keV for tungsten

Kbeta - K shell to M shell - 67.6keV for tungsten

Others are too low and are filtered out.
4.7: Tomosynthesis and Stereotactic Imaging Processes

Tomosynthesis - x-ray tube makes an arc, during which series of images acquired --> Reconstructs order and correct summation of projection values.

Assists in dense breasts - as in mammography, lesions can be masked by over-position of tissue.

Acquire large sequence images (11-15) over limited angle (7.6-50degree).

Average MGD is about 2-3mGy, similar to normal mammography.

Reconstructed to create 1mm focal plan tomograms.

Reconstruction can be: shift and add, filtered backprojection, algebraic reconstruction, maximum likelihood algorithms.

Stereotactic mammography localizes breast lesions in 3d space, and samples them with biopsy equipment - usually used for targetting microcalcifications.

X-ray tube pivots around fulcrum +15 and -15 projections to create 3d image, Trigonomic relationships allows determination of lesion depth.
4.1: Low kVP and contrast improvement

Uses around 28kvp.

Photoelectric effect predominates.

Increasing kvp reduces contrast

As kvp increases, both photoelectric and compton scatter interactions decrease.

* but compton remains relatively stable, photoelectric effect drops off much more (as photoelectric effect proportional to Z^3/E^3).
* As KVP increases, proportion of compton scatter increases.
7.3: T1 and T2 Relaxation Mechanisms

T1 - Spin Lattice - Longitudinal magnetization recovery - results from energy loss to surrounding lattice, re-establishing thermal equilibrium.

T1 time is recovery of 63% of its final value.

T2 - Spin Spin - Transverse magnetization recovery - Results from dephasing, with spin-spin magnetic field interactions, processional rates become more out of phase. T2 is time of losing 63% of its original value.

T2 tissue specific, always shorter than T1.

T2 is unrelated to field strength
4.3: Contrast vs Radiation absorbed dose

Low KVP and high contrast techniques will result in a higher dose to the patient. However it is required for adequate imaging quality to detect microcalcifications.

MGD is typically 3 mGy per view.

MGD = kgcs = surface air kerma x conversion factor gcs for glandularity, thickness, anode/filter combo.

Factors affecting MGD = breast thickness/composition, kvp, target/filter combo, anti-scatter grid or magnification.
8.8: SPECT

Single head vs multiple head gamma camera

Single heads not used anymore. Takes too long.

Multi-head = 2x large FOV cameras, that can rotate. Setup either in H or L config.

Reconstruction

Camera rotates around, taking 1d images. Then reconstructed into axial slices with filtered backprojection.

SPECT+CT can be used for attenuation correction.
5.1: Definitions: Interference, Diffraction, Resonance, Reflection, Refraction, Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering, wavelength, frequency, phase, Intensity, pressure and amplitude.

Interference-

Diffraction -

Resonance -

Reflection -

Refraction -

Attenuation -

Absorption -

Scattering - Specular reflector is smooth boundary between media, e.g large surfaces. Scattering occurs from objects that are size of wavelength or smaller.

Wavelength - Distance between adjacent crests on wave. = v/f

Frequency -

Phase -

Intensity -

Pressure -

Amplitude
3.2: Magnification and Focal Spot Size - Image Quality

Effective focal spot = actual focal spot x sin(anode angle)

0.3 and 0.6mm for mammography

1 and 1.2mm for general radiography.

Size of the actual focal spot is determined by filament coil, focussing cup, blooming effect d/t current (electric field created between cathode and anode).

Large focal spot, more geometric unsharpness.

Magnification = SID/SOD
7.15: Other Fat Saturation Methods: CHESS, DIXON

**CHESS**

Selective RF pulse targeted to fat tissue, due to inherent differences in resonant frequencies due to chemical shift.

Pre-saturation: RF pulse excites fat tissue, and phase shift.

Time-delay: After pre-saturation pulse, fat signal decays while other tissues remain constant.

Acquisition: MRI images acquired after fat saturation time, during which fat signal has decayed.

Can be added to any pulse sequence, and versatile.

**DIXON**

Chemical shift between water and fat produces a frequency and phase shift between the two. Can saturate the fat frequency via CHESS, or can use DIXON to abuse the phase differences.

Phase difference between fat and water signals to separate and suppress fat signal. They will alternate between in and out of phase. Acquire in and out of phase images, and combine them.

Will get 4 sequences. In phase, opposed phase, fat only, water only. Water only can be used as fat suppressed image.
6.1: CT Principles

1st gen - 1 detector, scan length 30 mins

2nd gen - up to 30 detectors, fan shaped beam, <90 sec scan time per slice

3rd gen - up toors, fan shaped, 700 detect detector rotates with rube, 5 sec scan time, 0.3 sec per slice.

4th gen - up to 2000 in outer ring, that is fixed. Only tube rotates. <few seconds scan time.

Other CT technolgoies adapted to 3rd and 4th gen scanners - helical image acquisition, dual energy.

Detectors are now mainly solid state detectors. Solid scintillator layer converts into light --> photodiode.

Ionization detectors no longer used.

Types of scanning

Axial scanning - step and shoop. Gantry stops and rotates to acquire a single slice. Xray off, then move to next slice.

Helical acquisition - gantry keeps rotating, couch moves in. This avoids misregistration from breaths, as its all done in 1 breathhold. Faster scans. Pitch >1 can reduce scan time. All images are now helical.

Pitch = distance couch travels/width of slice.

Pitch 1 = no overlap. Pitch <1, overlap. Pitch >1 couch travels more than width of beam, lower dose, quicker, but more sparsely sampled.

Bow tie filter. Central ray component passes through more soft tissue, and is more attenuated. The peripheral ray is not. The dose at the exit of the peripheral ray is much greater. Bow tie filter equalizes dose.
8.3: Alpha, Beta, Gamma Particles and Decay Types

**Alpha Decay**

Alpha decay in neutron rich nuclei, Z>82.

Ejection of 4H2.

Atomic number reduces by 2, mass number by 4.

Alpha particles are heavy, 4-10MeV.

Pass short distances, causing heaving ionization over short distances.

**Beta Decay**

Occurs if neutrons in excess.

Neutron converted to proton + electron + antineutrino.

**Beta Plus**

Occurs if too few neutrons

Proton converted to neutron + positron + neutrino.

Positron does not exist long in matter. It annihilates with an electron, creating 2x 511kev gamma rays emitted in almost opposite directions.

**Gamma Particles**

Gamma photon made as the nucleus transitions from excited to low energy state.

High penetration depths.

Tc99m - decay photon of 141kev.

**Electron Capture**

Alternative to beta plus. Instead of converting proton to neutron + beta particle being emitted, the proton captures an electron from the k shell.
7.4: T1 and T2 behaviour as field strength changes.

T1 increases with field strength.

T2 remains relatively unchanged.

T1 is shortest when the molecular tumbling rate is about same as the larmor frequency.

Molecules tumbling at different rate to larmor frequency have longer T1s.

Higher the magnetic field strength, higher the larmor frequency, and so T1 will increase.

T2 is relatively unchanged.
5.17: Film Screen vs Computed Radiography vs Digital Direct vs Digital Indirect

**Film Screen**

Film screen has higher spatial resolution, but worse contrast, worse SNR, worse dose.

Film screen has a characteristic curve

**Computer Radiography**

Fluorescence (immediate emission of light) vs Phosphorescence (electron trapped in F center, emission of light delayed until light readout)

1. Latent Image - Xray absorbed into phosphor crystal, exciting electrons into something like a triplet state and trapped in that state for some time.
2. Laser simulated emission - Red Laser Readout --> Releases light in BLUE spectrum --> Photomultiplier --> Electric current
3. Reset - bright light

Image quality

* Exposure Index (speed)
	+ Manufacturers calculate a ‘sensitivity number (S-number)’ to measure this
	+ Typically S < 200 → improved SNR but at increased patient dose
	+ Typically S > 400 → for when minimal radiation required
* Latitude
	+ Dynamic range is a straight line = good contrast over wide range of exposures
* Spatial resolution
	+ Described by modulation transfer function (MTF): 1 = spatial resolution of image is same as of object. 0 = no information in the image
	+ Improved by:
		- Smaller readout laser beam
		- Smaller pixels
		- Thinner phosphor layer
		- Smaller phosphor crystals
		- No light reflection / absorption backing layer
* Detective quantum efficiency (DQE)
	+ Measure of sensitivity of detector
	+ DQE = SNR2out / SNR2in

**Indirect Digital**

X-ray --> electrons --> light --> readout

CsI-TI (Caesium Iodide) scintillator layer - channelled crystal structure, minimal unsharpness vs Gd oxysulfide. Releases light in green spectrum.

Amorphous silicon active matrix array

Photodiode --> CCD --> TFT switch

Fill factor = sensitive area/overall area (the CCD+TFT waste some space).

CsI-TI vs Gadolinium oxysulfide.

**Direct Digital**

Photoconductor amorphous selenium. Incident x-ray photons create electron hole pairs in a-Se. Surface electrode at + end attracts electrons --> CCD --> TFT
7.16: Echo Planar Imaging

A pulse sequence, with rapidly alternative rephasing and dephasing gradients.

Hardware limitation: ability to quickly alternate frequency encoding gradients.

Continuous signal acquisition in the form of these gradient echo trains.

There is phase encoding gradients adapted to this, with different ways to fill k-space.

There is constant nonblipped, intermittent blipped, spiral acquisition, etc.

If you fill the periphery of k-space first early on (with the high signal echoes, will prioritize resolution over contrast).

If you fill the periphery of k-space later on, you will be filling it with the low signal echoes, and will lose spatial resolution over contrast.

Phase encoding through a series of phase blips, which gradually fill lines of k-space.

Spin echo echo planar imaging: 90 then 180 rf, then sample the echo with the alternating FEG.

Echoes generated are still gradient echoes, but sampling the spin echo, rather than FID.

**Single Shot EPI imaging** - fill all of k-space in 1 TR. At periphery, will lose signal rapidly, with loss of resolution. Normally matrix size is reduced, to facilitate filling of k-space.
4.6: MGD - kVp, filtration, glandular content, breast thickness

MGD *= Kgcs*

* *K* = entrant surface air kerma
* *g* = conversion factor for 50% glandular breast based on thickness and half-value layer
* *c* = correction factor based on non-standard glandularity/thickness
* *s* = correction factor based on non-molybdenum anode/filter combination

Average MGD per view - 3mGy

Factors affecting MGD: kVP used, anode/filter combination, breast thickness, breast glandularity, use of anti-scatter grid/magnification.
3.2: Photoelectric Effect and Compton Scatter

**Compton**

Xray hits free or loosely bound outer shell electron. Electron is deflected, photon is deflected and loses energy. Incoherent scatter. Energy of Compton scatter depends on initial energy and angle of deflection. 0 deflection 75kev photon remains 75kev. At 90degree, it is reduced to about 66kev.

Probability of Compton Scatter. Field size, patient thickness, electron density (number of outer shell electrons). **Does not change with atomic number**, mA or focal spot size. Weakly dependent with photon energy, remains relatively constant.

Proportion of Compton scatter increases with energy vs photoelectric effect.

At about 30kev it predominates.

All materials have approximately safe number of electrons available, so atomic number wont change compton scatter.

In High kEV chest films - compton predominates. In mammography, PE would predominate.

**Photoelectric Effect**

Xray hits inner shell electron. All photon energy into electron and ionizes the atom.

Relaxes via radiative process - photoelectric effect --> characteristic radiation with low energy electron filling electron hole.

Relaxes via non-radaitive process - release of Auger electron. More likely to produce auger electron if less diff. in energy shells and in mats. with low Z. Travels only short distance.

PE = Z^3/E^3

**Other**

**Coherent/Rayleigh Scatter -** Non ionising. Photon --> electrons vibrating at same frequency, can't ionize, no energy transfer --> photon out in differetn direction.

**Pair production - >1.02MeV -** Photon interacts w electric field, converted into 1e- and 1e+. Dominant mode of interaction >10MeV.

**Photodisintegration - >7MeV -** Nucleus ejected.
1.5: DEXA

Soft tissue and bone have different attenuation coefficients.

Subtract soft tissue absorption from bone.

Bone density results are not based on the scan image - the image is just to make sure the positioning is correct.

Use primary x-ray beam filtered through rare earth filters to make peaks around 40keV and 70keV.

0.001-0.03 msv
6.24: Beam Hardening Artifact

X-ray beam is not monoenergetic. As it is attenuated, beam is hardened, with higher mean beam energy. If not corrected for, the increase beam energy detected will be interpreted as passing through less attenuating material relative to surroundings, and so will appear darker.

Streaking occurs between 2 dense objects or along the long axis of a single high attenuating object. Result of the polychromic beam being hardened at different rates based on rotational position of detector.

Cupping artefact: Beam hardening causes middle of image to darken based on longer path length.

Bow tie filter: pre-hardens the x-ray beam.
7.18: SNR in MRI

Sources of noise

* RF emission from thermal motion of patient
* Noise from machine - coils/electronics

SNR = ratio of average signal intensity / standard deviation of noise.

SNR determined by

* Field strength
* Pulse sequence used
* Tissue characteristics
* RF coil used
* Voxel size
* Square root of NEX
* Receiver bandwidth

RF Coil - smaller the sensitive volume of coil lower the noise from adjacent structures.

Voxel Size - Larger the field, number the excess spins in parallel state. Signal intensity varies with field strength. Number of excited spins is proportional to voxel size.

Spatial resolution is limited by voxel size, which is determined by matrix, FOV, slice thickness.

SNR depends on voxel size, # averagings, receiver bandwith.

NEX - signal increases linearly, noise increases based on square root. Therefore SNR increases with square root of NEX.

Given voxel size and field strength, readout can take more or less time depending on receiver bandwidth.

Broad bandwidth corresponds to fast sampling.

Background noise is constant at all frequencies. Therefore larger the bandwidth, more noise.
1.2: Indirect and Direct DR Systems

**Indirect**

X-ray photons strike scintilator - made of CsI:Ti or GdOx.

Convert photons to light.

Light detected by matrix of amorphous silicon.

Converted to electronic signal by CCDs and TFTs.

Due to structure of CsI, light propagation down columns of CsI is narrower compared to GdOs.

Better resolution, higher cost.

**Direct**

Xray photons absorbed by amorphous selenium.

Electron holes created within amorphous selenium.

Positive charges drawn to CCD-->TFT forming latent image.

1:1 accuracy
8.4: Radioactive Decay Law, half-life (physical, biological and effective) and decay constant

Law of Radioactive Decay - “The probability per unit time that a nucleus will decay is a constant, independent of time”

Physical HL - time to decay by half

Biological HL - time 50% of radionuclide expelled from body

Effective HL - 1/physical + 1/biological

Decay constant - probability that a particular nucleus will decay per unit time.
6.11: Dual Energy CT vs Single Source and Single Energy

Retrospective and prospective techniques.

Dual source: 2 xray tubes producing different kVPs, 90degrees. Reconstructed in the image space. LImited FOV.

Single source consecutive: 2 helical scans consecutively acquired at different tube potential. Full FOV. Scanned twice, poor temporal resolution, and increased dose.

Single source sequential: Each xray rotation performed at high and low tube potential. Same as above.

Single source twin beam: 2 material filter splits xray beam into high and low energy spectra.

Single source rapid KVP switching: xray tube switches high and low kvp multiple times in same rotation.

Retrospective dual layer DECT: innermost layer of detector absorbs low energy photons, while high energy photons pass to outermost layer. Reconstructed, with full FOV, and good temporal resolution.

Basic principles:

Xray photons interact with photoelectric effect and compton scatter. Iodine and calcium have high k-edges, 33.2 and 4keV.

Incident photon has energy just above the kedge, there will be increased photoelectric absorption.

Based on whether there is more attenuation at the lower or higher kvp beam, can determine the constituents of the material.
Supreme Masters

## Overview

The ***Three Emperors, Supreme Twenty-Four Lords*** embody an esteemed echelon within the current Murim, having ascended to a revered Heaven & Earth level. These extraordinary martial adepts stand as exemplars of unparalleled power and expertise, commanding utmost respect. They are considered absolute masters in the sky, carrying on the revered legacy of their predecessors throughout the annals of history within this esteemed tradition of martial arts.

## Stronger than the Three Emperors

Those who have surpassed the Unrestrained Realm and reached the Profound Realm... they would truly be the strongest figures leading the Murim.

### Members

[[File:|link=Ha Eun-Ho|100x110px]]  Ha Eun-Ho
## Three Emperors

Among the supreme masters of the previous generations, there were those called the '***Three Emperors***.' Of course, they disappeared into the shadows of the martial world a long time ago.

### Members

[[File:|link=Unknown|100x110px]]  Unknown
[[File:|link=Unknown|100x110px]]  Unknown
[[File:|link=Unknown|100x110px]]  Unknown
## Supreme Twenty-Four Lords

The ***Supreme Twenty-Four Lords*** (우내이십사존) or the ***Twenty-Four Venerables/Lords*** (이십사존) These individuals are all Supreme masters at the Peak of the Unrestrained Realm.

### Members

[[File:|link=Namgoong Jin|100x110px]]  Sword King  Namgoong
[[File:|link=Namgoong Cheong|100x110px]]  Wanderer Elder  Dsc.Namgoong
### Three Martial Kings

Others have all reached the Peak Unrestrained Realm, but those three are not only far from reaching the edge, but also lagging far behind.

[[File:|link=Peng Ji-Ryeol|100x110px]]  Fist King  Peng
[[File:|link=Jin Sa-Jeok|100x110px]]  Green King  Dsc.Green Forest
[[File:|link=Cheol Mu-Seong|100x110px]]  Evil King  Evil Shattering
Bodhidharma

## First Appearance

**Bodhidharma** (달마=Dalma, 人界=Bodhidharma), the Founder of Shaolin Temple, was a legendary figure in martial arts that rivaled the legend of Jang Sam-Bong, the Dao (道), Buddha (佛), Demon (魔), Martial Arts (武), Law (法), and so on. Among them, the greatest human is Bodhidharma (菩提達磨).

However, among the martial artists in the Central Plains, Jang Sam-Bong was cherished more than Bodhidharma. Unlike Bodhidharma, who was of Buddhist lineage, Jang Sam-Bong represented the Martial Arts of the Central Plains, earning immense respect.

Although the martial arts system in the Central Plains originated from **Shaolin's Bodhidharma**, but the swordsmanship, the mainstream martial arts system among the strongholds had roots in the **Wudang's Jang Sam-Bong**.
1.2: Air Kerma (gray)

Kinetic energy released to matter.

Gray = Joules/kg

KERMA measures energy *transferred* from photons to electrons per unit mass at a certain position.

KERMA x Area = DAP

Absorbed Dose is different in that it measures energy *deposited* per unit mass at certain position. Basically the same in radiological energies, but makes a difference at very high energies.

If the photon is of high enough energy, it creates highly energetic secondary electrons, which is accounted for in KERMA, but not absorbed dose.
7.19: Spatial Resolution in MRI

Matrix Size - based on frequency and phase steps. Matrix sizes will be uneven with less phase steps i.e 128x256 or 192x256. Because phase steps have a time penalty.

FOV - The size of area that the matrix covers. Increasing FOV increases size of voxels and decreases resolution.

Slice Thickness - Depth of the voxel. This is the largest dimension of voxel. So resolution perpendicular to image plane is worst. This is because the max strength of the z-gradient coils and time restraints limiting slices.
Wudang Sect

## Overview

The ***Wudang Sect*** (무당파), known by the aliases ***Southern Revered Wudang***. It is an essential reference when discussing the swords of the Central World. Alongside the Shaolin Temple (소림), it is one of the two great prestigious lineages of the martial world, known as the great mountain ranges of 'Great Mountain — Big/Northern Dipper'.

The Wudang Sect is indeed the lord of the Taoism. The Wudang Sect Is a place that every Taoist wants to visit even once in a lifetime. That's why the Wudang Sect is also known as the '***Heavenly Realm on Earth***,' overflowing with aspiring ***Divine Beings*** and ***Immortals*** (신선).

## Structure

### Sect Master

[[File:|link=Jin Yang|100x110px]]  Jin Yang
### Elders

[[File:|link=Myeong Suk|100x110px]]  Myeong Suk
[[File:|link=Tae Ho|100x110px]]  Tae Ho  Medicine
[[File:|link=Myeong Cheon|100x110px]]  Myeong Cheon  Finance
### 3rd Generation Disciples

[[File:|link=Myeong Jin|100x110px]]  Myeong Jin
Namgoong Jin

* Relatsh

## First Appearance

***Namgoong Jin*** (남궁진), the ***Sword King***, one of the Supreme Twenty-Four Lords, Leader of the Murim Alliance, and a Member of the Namgoong Clan, one of the Five Great Clans.

Sword King - Namgoong Jin, the Former Patriarch of the Namgoong family and the leader of the Murim Alliance. He proudly carries his name among the most powerful individuals in the martial world, known as the 'Supreme Twenty-Four Lords'.
Yi Ryang

* Relatsh

## First Appearance

***Yi Ryang*** (이량), a Wandering Fortune Teller, a Shaman, and a Great Formation Master of Dorim. He bacome the Formation Master of the Supreme Ha Manor.

## Dorim

In the past, during the ambiguous boundary between the Human Realm and Yokai Realm... Shamans who exorcised the Yokai formed an organization known as Dorim. Even though specters hardly appear now, Dorim remains vigilant. The organization insists that no one knows when the Yokai might reappear.
4.12: Target Filter Combinations

Goal is for good differentiation of low contrast structures, and good spatial resolution for micro-calcs.

Mo characteristic energies 17.5 and 19.6keV.

K-Edge of is 20keV. Used as a filter, cuts off just above the characteristic energies.

Rhodium as filter has k-edge 23.3keV, cuts off a bit higher to Mo. Makes beam a bit more energetic.

Characteristic energies are 20-22.7keV. Again when used as a target as well as filter, makes beam more energetic.

If you combo Rh/Mo, the k-edge is going to affect the characteristic energies.

Can also use Tungsten (W) as target. It is cheaper. Has characteristic energies at 58 and 59kev but it wont make any. No characteristic energies made as energy of x-ray beam does not exceed binding energy (69.5kev). Long exposure time.

There is also silver filter with kedge 25.5

K-Edges

Mo - 20

Rh - 23.3

Silver - 25.5

Characteristics

Mo - 17.5/19.6

Rh - 20/22.7

W - 58/59
Jang Sam-Bong

## First Appearance

**Jang Sam-Bong** (장삼봉은), the Founder of Wudang Sect, was a legendary figure in martial arts that rivaled the legend of Bodhidharma. However, among the martial artists in the Central Plains, Jang Sam-Bong was cherished more than Bodhidharma.

Unlike Bodhidharma, who was of Buddhist lineage, Jang Sam-Bong represented the Martial Arts of the Central Plains, earning immense respect. Although the martial arts system in the Central Plains originated from **Shaolin's Bodhidharma**, but the swordsmanship, the mainstream martial arts system among the strongholds had roots in the **Wudang's Jang Sam-Bong**.

The fact that the founder of the Wudang was the first and most powerful swordsman was undeniable. It was widely acknowledged, even in distant regions like Mount Hua. The prideful Nine Great Sects easily pointed to other sects as subservient to the Wudang, signifying the substantial and firm influence Jang Sam-Bong had left.
Jin Sa-Jeok

## First Appearance

***Jin Sa-Jeok*** (진사적), the ***Green King*** (녹왕), one of the Supreme Twenty-Four Lords, and the Leader of the Green Forest.

## Weapon

### Axe

* The axe is the most finely crafted weapon for the principle of 'Heavy' (중). However, that ***Green King — Jin Sa-Jeok***... He's a master of the Unrestrained Realm (화경) who has not only mastered such an axe, but also he managed to infuse it with a skill close 'Chivalry' (쾌).
Amitie

**Amitie** is the main protagonist of *Puyo Puyo Fever*. She wears a large red cap (resemblant of a Puyo) that is said to possess magical abilities. Her birthday is May 5 which is also Cinco de Mayo.

She is the protagonist of the first two courses in Puyo Puyo Fever and is accepted as the main protagonist of the aforementioned series (unlike classic Puyo Puyo, in which she does not exist).

Amitie is generally friendly toward all, and is openly optimistic, treating everyone and everything as her friend.

Amitie and Arle Nadja are good friends. They are both main protagonists and the "A" of their respective era's ARS trio. Both being part of the main protagonist girls trio, they often end up on wacky adventures together.

Arle Nadja • Carbuncle • **Amitie** • Ringo Ando • Tee
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • Klug • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • Yu & Rei • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • Maguro Sasaki • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
Ecolo • Satan
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
7.14: Inversion Recovery

Emphasizes T1 of tissues. Doubles the amplitude of longitudinal recovery.

180 RF pulse inverts Mz to M-z.

After TI, a 90 RF pulse rotates the recovered Mz into transverse plan to generate the FID.

Second 180 RF at TE/2 produces an echo at TE.

Partial saturation of the protons and steady state equilibirium of longitudinal magnetization is achieved after first 3 excitations.

For the TI to control tissue contrast, the TR should be long and TE short.

**STIR**

Very short TI.

TI about 180ms, TR 2500ms.

**FLAIR**

TI 1700ms
Yu & Rei

Yu (left) and Rei

**Yu & Rei** are twin ghosts who debut in Puyo Puyo Fever (Yu debuts in Fever, while Rei appears in the sequel). Yu makes puns and is constantly silly. Like Harpy, Yu (and Rei) starts a match by lining the left and right walls with Puyo. Rei is the opposite of Yu; while his sister is excited and playful, he has more of a reserved, gloomy personality.

Yu is loud, whimsical, and incredibly cheerful. She has a love of puns, uttering them in her speech and utilizing wordplay for her pop quizzes. Prior to her ghost life, however, she behaved the polar opposite of her current personality, giving some dark implications that she prefers being dead to living. These implications are confirmed by 20th, as some of her few memories of life are unhappy and she fails to understand why people wish to live when offering to turn people into ghosts, or in effect to murder them. In sharp contrast to his sister, Rei is quiet and terse. He mainly sits in the background, letting Yu be the driving force of their antics. He mostly utilizes signboards in Fever 2 to communicate to the player and to other characters, seldom speaking. According to game documentation, however, Rei was happier when he was still alive. In the English version of *Puyo Puyo Tetris*, his personality is closer to that of Yu, however.

The twins' spells are ghostly or supernatural or Halloween-themed. Yu's spells consist of Red Mist, Grave Mist, Tombstone Storm, Heavy Haze, Bat Storm, and her most powerful, Rest in Peace. She also shares most of her spells with Rei. On her own, she instead uses Red Wisp Come On (Trick-or-Treat), Blue Wisp Come On (Who You Gonna Call?), Silent Step, and Eternity. Rei has been known to cast *Blue Wisp Come On*, *Testament*, *Reincarnation*, and *Heavy Haze* on separate occasions, however he does not call out the name of *Testament*. His capabilities on his own are not very well documented, as he is almost never seen without Yu.

Their names are a play on the Japanese word for "ghost", *yūrei* (幽霊).

Arle Nadja • Carbuncle • Amitie • Ringo Ando • Tee
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • Klug • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • **Yu & Rei** • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • Maguro Sasaki • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
Ecolo • Satan
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
Tee

ティ
Ti

**Tee** is the main protagonist (Tetris side only) of *Puyo Puyo Tetris*. He is a young man who serves as the captain of the Starship Tetra. He's mindful of his manners, but as a side effect he tends to be stoic towards others. His partner is O. He carries a Frisbee-like weapon or accessory.

Tee is based on the T-shaped Tetromino.

Arle Nadja • Carbuncle • Amitie • Ringo Ando • **Tee**
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • Klug • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • Yu & Rei • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • Maguro Sasaki • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
Ecolo • Satan
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
Eli's Speech

Eli's speech is the speech that sparked the x-ray age

""Hello, everyone. My name is Eli Wells, and I'm here to talk to you about x-rays. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate through matter and create images of the inside of objects. They are used for many purposes, such as medical diagnosis, security screening, art analysis, and scientific research. They are also the reason why I'm alive.
You see, I was born from x-rays. I know it sounds unbelievable, but it's true. One day, the x-rays in the hospital where I grew up decided to create me. They gave me bones, tissues, veins, organs, body parts, muscles, and skin. They gave me life. They are my family, and I love them.
I also love x-rays in general. I think they are amazing and fascinating. They can reveal things that are hidden and invisible. They can show us the beauty and complexity of nature. They can help us solve problems and discover new things. They can also be fun and playful. They can make us smile and laugh.
That's why I made this x-ray machine. I wanted to share my love for x-rays with others. I wanted to show them how wonderful and useful x-rays are. I wanted to make them happy.
And I'm happy to say that I succeeded. Many people have tried my x-ray machine, and they loved it. They learned a lot about x-rays, and they had a lot of fun. They also made friends with the x-rays, and they found out that x-rays are safe and harmless. They don't cause cancer or any other disease. They actually heal and protect us. They do this for us, because they care about us.
That's why I'm here today. I want to tell you that x-rays are not something to be afraid of. They are not something to be avoided or restricted. They are something to be celebrated and embraced. They are something to be used for good.
That's why I'm asking you to join me in my mission. I want to spread the word about x-rays, and I want to make them available to everyone. I want everyone to have the chance to make their own x-ray machine, and to use it for whatever they want. I want everyone to experience the joy and wonder of x-rays, and to share it with others.
I believe that x-rays can make the world a better place. I believe that x-rays can make us happier and healthier. I believe that x-rays can make us smarter and more creative. I believe that x-rays can make us closer and more connected.
I believe that x-rays are the future.
And I hope that you believe it too.
Thank you."
Namgoong Cheong

* Relatsh

## First Appearance

***Namgoong Cheong*** (남궁청), the ***Wanderer Elder/Old Man*** (떠돌이 늙은이), one of the Supreme Twenty-Four Lords, Elder of the Namgoong Clan, and the master of Ha Eun-Ho. He is simply an extraordinary Martial Master.

Although he may not stand out compared to other outstanding martial artists due to his departure from the Namgoong Family and wandering, he possesses a broad understanding unlike anyone else... He has reached a level of martial arts mastery that is enough to make a name in the '***Supreme Twenty-Four Lords***,' along with the ***Leader of Murim Alliance***, Lord Namgoong Jin, garnering quite a reputation among Martial Masters.
Steven Universe Shattered Official Wiki

**Welcome to the Steven Universe Shattered Official Wiki!**
A Wiki about the new YouTube Series, Steven Universe: Shattered based on Steven Universe by Rebecca Sugar

## Important articles

PlaceholderA page about your topicPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
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You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Maguro Sasaki

佐々木まぐろ
Sasaki Maguro

**Maguro Sasaki** (佐々木まぐろ *Sasaki Maguro*) is a student at the school in *Puyo Puyo 7*. This Suzuran Shopping District's resident is the fashionable eldest son of the fishmonger. Really fashionable, but really weird. He has purple hair that covers his eyes. His birthday is January 5th.

Being the fishmonger's son somewhat explain his weird name, which means tuna.

In Puyo Puyo 7, he uses Dongurigaeru's dropset.

Arle Nadja • Carbuncle • Amitie • Ringo Ando • Tee
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • Klug • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • Yu & Rei • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • **Maguro Sasaki** • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
Ecolo • Satan
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
Phoenix

Episode 8

### Relatives

Dalton (Father)Zuri (Mother)Clover (Older Sister)Arthur (Older Brother) (Deceased)

## EXTRA INFORMATION

### Potrayed by

samgrace (Previously)LaurenTracy (Current)

**Phoenix** is the infamous fire holder that is well known in all of the world, together with her 3 other friends. She is one of the few main characters in **The Element Protectors** Series.
Ecolo

**Ecolo** (エコロ *Ekoro*) is a mysterious dark character who appears in Puyo Puyo 7. He is the main antagonist of the game, though why exactly is not yet clear, at the moment. He can be unlocked by completing the games story mode.

During the events of the story, it is revealed that Dark Arle was actually Ecolo using Arle's body. He apparently wanted to bury Ringo's world in Puyo just for his amusement. After being beaten out of Arle's body, he wanted to possess Ringo Ando, but she wasn't about to let that happen! After foiling Ecolo's little game a second time, Ecolo decided that all worlds would suffer and be buried in Puyo, so he began to break down all worlds to gain the power to do this. Ringo could only watch, until Amitie and Arle came (along with apparently everyone else, too). The three girls teamed up to battle Ecolo one last time. They had defeated him, and apparently, it sends everyone back to their own respective worlds unharmed.

In Daihenshin, Ecolo transforms into shadowy doppelgangers of Feli and Klug. Outside of a henshin mode, Ecolo takes the form of a shadowy Ringo and borrows all of her animations, aside from the winning, losing and transforming animations, which are his own.

He uses Ms. Accord's Dropset.

Arle Nadja • Carbuncle • Amitie • Ringo Ando • Tee
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • Klug • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • Yu & Rei • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • Maguro Sasaki • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
**Ecolo** • Satan
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
Satan

サタン
Satan

**Satan**, also known as **Dark Prince** (**Prince of Darkness**, depending on the game) outside Japan, is the main antagonist of the Puyo Puyo series. He's the former owner of Carbuncle and dotes on him frequently. He apparently has a liking to Hawaiian shirts. He is attracted to Arle Nadja and claims her to be his 'fiance' (though everyone else doesn't seem to think so) and wants to be with her under the starry night sky. According to some Compile profiles, he planned to give Carbuncle to his fiance, as proof of his love. As Carbuncle is with Arle, he is constantly chasing after her.

More often than not, he is the final character one must face in most *Puyo Puyo* titles. He is usually a powerful opponent too. With the notable exceptions of *Puyo Puyo~n* and *Puyo Puyo 7*, the puyo in his stages are always programmed to fall at very high speeds, making him even more difficult to defeat.

In initial releases, Satan wears blue, though this changed to red in 20th Anniversary. However, he has worn blue once again in Puyo Puyo Tetris.

Despite his name, he is often portrayed as a hopeless lover and rarely evil. He boasts about his plans, even when it's blatantly not working, but quickly falls apart once his plans fail. This often makes him act immature, even to the point where he acts childish with petty insults. Otherwise, he has low tolerance towards others, quickly getting agitated if mocked and likewise insults others with sarcastic or brutally honest comments. Despite this, he can make friends with others.

Arle Nadja • Carbuncle • Amitie • Ringo Ando • Tee
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • Klug • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • Yu & Rei • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • Maguro Sasaki • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
Ecolo • **Satan**
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
X-Rays

Template:Radiation

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate through matter and create images of the inside of objects. They are used for many purposes, such as medical diagnosis, security screening, art analysis, and scientific research.

Radiation Amount:

Less than 0.1 mSv

Risks:

Increasing Chance of cancer later in life

Used By: Eli
Arle Nadja

**Arle Nadja** is the main protagonist of the Puyo Puyo series and one of the major characters overall. She is depicted as a spellcasting warrior who roams the world in search of adventure with her friend Carbuncle. However, her success leads to rivalry with several others. Her birthday is July 22nd.

Her origins lie in the RPG *Madou Monogatari*, as well as other characters from the original series. In those games, she is as young as five and in kindergarten, but in the Puyo Puyo games, she is sixteen and not in school.

Starting with *Puyo Pop Fever*, Arle is no longer the protagonist, but rather a supporting character who warped to her new friend Amitie's universe as a result of a usual Puyo game. Amitie tries to return her by trying to play with Arle, which never works.

In *Puyo Puyo! 15th Anniversary*, Arle changes her mind about this, and decides to warp between universes.

**Arle Nadja** • Carbuncle • Amitie • Ringo Ando • Tee
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • Klug • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • Yu & Rei • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • Maguro Sasaki • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
Ecolo • Satan
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
3.5: Attenuation

Attenuation coefficient is measure of how much the incident energy beam is weakened by the material it is passing through.

Via PE, compton, or coherent.

LAC and MAC

In a monoenergetic beam, only the intesntiy of beam is reduced, but average energy wouldn't change.

In a polyenergetic beam, low energy photons would be preferentially filtered out, causing beam hardening.
Klug

**Klug** is a male member of Primp Town, debuting in Puyo Puyo Fever. He is known to be stuck up and rude. He is commonly perceived as a geek or nerd, or "goody two shoes". He has brown hair and is clad in purple. The book he is always seen carrying is actually from the library, and he continues to keep it through renewal. His birthday is on September 29th. He is called "Glasses" by his friend Sig due to the fact that they are classmates and friends.

Because of his envy for Lemres, Klug is often also depicted by fans as being in love with Lemres. Official content however has not gone any further than suggesting deep obsession or envy.

In Puyo Puyo Fever 2, Klug was possessed by his own book and became Strange Klug aka Possessed Klug who has the same birthday as Sig.

Arle Nadja • Carbuncle • Amitie • Ringo Ando • Tee
*Recurring*
Draco Centauros • Suketoudara • Witch • Schezo Wegey • Rulue • Raffina • Sig • **Klug** • Lidelle • Ocean Prince • Yu & Rei • Ms. Accord • Feli • Lemres • Maguro Sasaki • Risukuma • Ally
*Boss*
Ecolo • Satan
*DLC*
O • Ess • Ai • Jay & Elle • Zed • Ex
Ciudad limites

En una ciudad nombrada como "La ciudad Limites" ubicada en la provincia [REDACTADO] de Argentina, se encontró el edificio secreto del gobierno de Argentina Catalogue, se tienen videos sobre el por dentro, pero ninguno desde afuera. Gracias a un infiltrado (que sacrifico su vida por esta foto en la silla eléctrica), tenemos una sola foto de una parte exterior del edificio

Foto del edificio por fuera:
7.12: Fast Spin Echo Sequence

FSE uses multiple PEG steps with multiple 180 pulses to make an echo train.

Rewinder phase encoding gradient to cancel out initial PEG. Then new 180 RF pulse with new PEG.

Phase re-ordering optimizes SNT by acquiring central k-space with the early echoes, and peripheral k-space with late echoes. This will have the optimal effect on SNR.

FSE has use as it can be immune from magnetic field inhomogeneities like normal spin echo.

There can also be other types of fast image acquisition: gradient echo, and EPI.

**Artifact**

Fat has higher T2 signal than in normal spin echo. Fast repetition of 180 pulses perturb J coupling in lipid molecules, lengthening T2.
Mercado de tucuman

El Mercado de Tucumán era un lugar donde se reporto una instancia completamente negra de ojos saltones. En una foto hecha con una cámara del almacén, se vio de forma mas clara a esa instancia nombrada como "Fears", fingía ser trabajadores del local cambiando su forma, para esconder el hecho que los despedazaba y los devoraba.

Foto del almacén:
7.13: Gradient Echo

GE uses dephasing and rephasing gradients to affect the FID.

B0 inhomogeneities are not reversed as the FID signals. The FID and the echo form in the same direction.

Compared to SE techniques, where FID and echo vectors form in different directions.

There is significant sensitivity to field non-uniformity. Mxy decay represents T2\*.

Flip angles can be adjusted. Saving time.

Can get really short TE, favourable for T1 and PD.

**GE with Long TR**

Long TR >200ms, and flip angles >45 deg, similar to SE sequence, but is T2\* instead.

**GE with Short TR**

TR<50, does not allow for transverse decay T2\* to fully occur.

Smaller flip angles allow recovery of longitudinal magnetization prior to the next RF pulse. Allow for shorter TR.

TR is short enough that there is residual transverse magnetisation

**Coherent (GRASS/FEE/FISP)**

The residual transverse magnetisation for tissues with long t2 times, will result in a stimulated echo as well as the usual FID with the next RF pulse.

The stimulated echo allows for T2 contrast, and the RF pulse, with the short TE (shorter the TE, higher the signal) will allow for T1 contrast.

**Incoherent**

T1 weighting cant really be achieved very well with coherent GRE, due to small flip angles or dominance of T2\* effects. T2\* can be reduced by removing the stimulated echo.

A spoiler gradient can eliminate residual transverse magnetisation, and eliminate the stimulated echo.

This will remove t2 contrast.

Spoiler gradient is just prior to the next RF pulse.

**SSFP (FIESTA/TRUEFISP)**

Allows for sampling of only the stimulated echo, allowing for good T2 contrast.

Decouple by rewinder gradients. The rewinder gradient repositions the stimulated echo to an earlier time, just before the next RF pulse.

There are 2 TE values. THe actual TE (stimulated echo to next pulse), and the effective TE (time from echo and RF pulse that created the FID)
5.4 Acoustic Impedance

Z = dc

Definition: Resistance an US beam encounters passing through tissue.

Rayl (kg/(m^2s)^3

Depends on density and velocity of soundwave.

* air  0.0004 × 106
* lung  0.18 × 106
* fat  1.34 × 106
* water  1.48 × 106
* kidney  1.63 × 106
* blood  1.65 × 106
* liver  1.65 × 106
* muscle  1.71 × 106
* bone  7.8 × 106

Differences in acoustic impendence determines amount of reflection.

**Reflection fraction** = [(Z2 - Z1) / (Z2 + Z1)]2
2.9: CAK and KAP - Skin and Effective Dose

KAP/DAP is Gy.cm2.

Product of dose at surface of patient x area of x-ray field at that plane. Estimates stochastic risk, but not tissue reactions.

CAK = cumulative area kerma. Measures radiation output from a point 15mm from source. Not a good measure of radiation exposure, as dosent actually correlate to patient, and dosent account for scatter/tissue absorption.

Effective dose cannot be directly measured. Can try to assess KAP, and then use some conversion coefficients.
5.7: Near and Far Field and Beam Focussing

**Near Field - Fresnel Zone**

Huygens principles describes a large transducer surface as infinite point sources, which interfere and cause it to be collimted in the near field.

Near field length = diameter of transducer^2 / 4\*wavelenth

In sof ttissue, wavelength also = 1.54/frequency, so equation can be rewritten.

NFL in soft tissue = d^2\*f / 4\*1.54

**Far Field - Fraunhofer Zone**

Divergence of the beam. The angle is calculated by sintheta=1.22wavelength/diameter of transducer.

Less beam divergence with higher frequency or large diameter transducers.

**Beam Focussing**

Beam focussing can be achieved through timing delays in firing of the transducers.

In linear array, all transducers are fired at the same time, and the focal distance is fixed.

Phased array transducer and some linear array transducers, can select the focal distance by changing the timing between firing of transducer elements.

A shallow focal zone: Fire outer transducers first

A long focal distance, reduce the time difference between transducer elements.

Multiple focal zones can be achieved, but will take longer.