U.S Ordnance M60

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The **M60**, officially the **United States Machine Gun, Caliber 7.62 mm, M60**, is a family of American general-purpose machine guns firing 7.62×51mm NATO or modified 7.62×54mmR cartridges from a disintegrating belt of M13 links. There are several types of ammunition approved for use in the **M60**, including ball, tracer, and armor-piercingrounds.

Introduced in 1958, it has served with every branch of the U.S. military and still serves with the armed forces of other states. Its manufacture and continued upgrade for military and commercial purchase continues into the 21st century, although it has been replaced or supplemented in most roles by other designs, most notably the M249 machine gun in U.S. service.

## History

The **M60** machine gun began development in the late 1940s as a program for a new, lighter 7.62 mm machine gun. It was partly derived from German guns of World War II (most notably the FG 42 and the MG 42), but it contained American innovations as well. Early prototypes, notably the T52 and T161 bore a close resemblance to both the M1941 Johnson machine gun and the FG 42. The final evaluation version was designated the T161E3. It was intended to replace the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle and M1919A6 Browning machine gun in the squad automatic weapon role, and in the medium machine gun role. One of the weapons tested against it during its procurement process was the FN MAG.

The U.S. Army officially adopted the T161E3 as the M60 in 1957. The decision to adopt the **M60** instead of foreign designs, like modified versions of the proven German MG 42 or the still-unproven FN MAG, was largely due to strict Congressional restrictions requiring preference be given to the designs of United States arms manufacturers (even if a superior design was available from foreign sources) primarily out of desire to avoid paying licensing fees, but also out of a strong bias in favor of domestic products.

The **M60** later served in the Vietnam War as a squad automatic weapon with many United States units. Every soldier in the rifle squad would carry an additional 200 linked rounds of ammunition for the **M60**, a spare barrel, or both. The up-gunned M113 armored personnel carrier ACAV added two **M60** gunners beside the main .50 caliber machine gun, and the Patrol Boat, River had one in addition to two .50 cal mounts.

During the Vietnam War, the **M60** received the nickname "The Pig" due to its bulky size. Vietnam's tropical climate harshly affected weapons, and the **M60** was no exception. Its light weight made the gun damage easily and critical parts like the bolt and op rod wore out quickly. Even so, soldiers appreciated the gun's handling, mechanical simplicity, and effective operation from a variety of firing positions. United States Navy SEALs used **M60**s with shorter barrels and no front sights to reduce weight. Some SEALs had feed chutes from backpacks to have a belt of thousands of rounds ready to fire without needing to reload.

In the 1980s, the **M60** was partially replaced by the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon within Army infantry squads. Their new doctrine with the weapon reduced the general-purpose machine gun role in favor of portability and a greater volume of fire. Soldiers disliked the new strategy, as even though the lighter SAW made movement faster, in firefights the larger 7.62 mm round is preferred. In defensive roles, the **M60** has better accuracy and a longer range to keep the enemy at bay. The **M60** was retained in the vehicle mounted role and the general-purpose role due to its greater power and range, compared to the 5.56 mm M249.[10]

In United States Marine Corps service, concerns about the **M60**'s reliability, weight, and the high round counts of many **M60**s in service prompted the adoption of the **M60**E3 to replace most original **M60**s in infantry units. The **M60**E3 was five pounds lighter than the original **M60**. It included a forward pistol grip and had the bipod mounted to the receiver rather than the barrel. The weapon still was not durable and its performance was reduced.

In the early 1990s, Saco addressed Navy Special Warfare requirements to develop a retrofit parts package for the machine gun. Called the **M60**E4, it was more reliable and durable than the **M60**E3, had a "duckbill" flash suppressor, and a shorter and thicker positive lock gas cylinder extension. NAVSPECWAR units began to receive it in late 1994, when it was designated the Mk 43 Mod 0.

In January 1994, the U.S. Army began the Medium Machine Gun Upgrade Kit program. The only two competitors were **M60** and M240 versions. Saco offered an "enhanced" **M60**E3 with product improved parts and FN offered the M240 variant of its MAG. As such, both weapons were upgrade kits of weapons already in service. Eighteen guns of each were tested until December 1995. There were two main performance areas: mean rounds between stoppages (MRBS-jams) and mean rounds between failures (MRBF-parts breaking). 50,000 rounds were fired through both guns. The M240 had 2,962 MRBS and 6,442 MRBF, compared to the **M60**'s 846 MRBS and 1,669 MRBF. As a result, the M240 was declared the winner and accepted into infantry service. Although the **M60** was lighter, had better balance, was more controllable, and there were many in the inventory, it did not work reliably enough.

Starting with Ranger battalions, the U.S. Army began adopting and modifying M240 variants to replace their remaining **M60**s in the early 1990s. The M240 is several pounds heavier than the **M60**, and has a longer barrel and overall length, but it is more reliable in use and testing. However, the **M60** uses a much simpler gas system that is easier to clean when care is taken during reassembly. This advantage is obviated since the gas tube is wired shut with lockwire to prevent the weapon from disassembling itself from vibration in hard use.

The **M60** continues to be used in the 21st century by U.S. Navy SEALs and as a door gun on U.S. Army helicopters. It was the main 7.62 mm machine gun by some U.S. special operations forces to the late 1990s. As of 2005, it is used by the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, and some reserve units. The **M60** is generally being phased out.

## Variants

### T161

The initial prototype of the **M60** Machine gun.

### **M60**E1

An Improved Variant of the Standard **M60** Machine gun that never made it into production.

### **M60**E2

Used in vehicles as a coaxial machine gun; electrically fired.

### **M60**E3

An updated, lightweight variant adopted in the 1980s.

### **M60**D

A pintle-mounted variant used especially in armament subsystem for helicopters, but also some other roles.

### Mk 43 MOD 0/1

An improved variant of the 1990s that looks similar to the **M60**E3, but has many improvements. It has subvariants of its own, and is also used by the U.S. Navy. The Mk 43 Mod 1 is a specialized variant with additions such as extra rails for mounting accessories.

### **M60**E6

A lightened and improved variant of the Mk 43 MOD 1.

## Aquirement

The **M60** can be unlocked in the Machine Gun Collection in Gun Builder:Elite