Police brutality

American police are far more likely to kill civilians than other countries

https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/06/09/trump-pattern-or-practice/

Consent decrees decrease police shootings by around 25 percent https://news.vice.com/en\_us/article/xwvv3a/shot-by-cops

In Detroit, police shootings dropped from 47 in the five years before the consent decree to 17 in the five years after. From 2011 to 2019, serious use of force declined 63 percent in Seattle, which entered a consent decree in 2012.

https://www.q13fox.com/news/dramatic-decline-in-spd-use-of-force-since-consent-decree

https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/01/30/why-jeff-sessions-should-police-the-police

https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/922456/download

## Reforms

https://www.joincampaignzero.org/#research

**Pattern or practice investigations** are civil, not criminal, investigations, and they aim at systemic problems, not individual officers. They allow the federal government to sue any law enforcement entity that engages in “a pattern or practice of conduct … that deprives persons of rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States.” The government cannot sue for money, but it can sue for what’s called equitable and declaratory relief, which is an order from a judge that police agencies have to enact specific reforms.

Most cases don’t go to trial. Once the federal government has uncovered specific and multiple constitutional violations, the police department will often begin negotiating rather than defend its practices in court. These usually result in “consent decrees,” where the police departments agree to reform their practices. There is strong evidence that consent decrees work.

* According to one study, departments that went through consent decrees saw an average of 25 percent fewer police shootings in the first year of implementation.
* In Detroit, police shootings dropped from 47 in the five years before the consent decree to 17 in the five years after.
* From 2011 to 2019, serious use of force declined 63 percent in Seattle, which entered a consent decree in 2012.
* Most decrees have data collection and analysis requirements, so the community can see whether force, misconduct and racial disparities are decreasing.

-(WaPo)

**Tired officers** generate more complaints

* A 2017 audit of the Kings County Sheriff’s Department in Washington found that working a single hour of overtime led to a 2.7 percent increase in the odds that the officer would be involved in a use-of-force incident the following week.
* A 2015 study of police officers in Phoenix found that being assigned to a 13-hour rather than 10-hour shift led to increases in fatigue and Professional Standards Bureau complaints.
* A 2018 study found that working back-to-back night shifts increased the odds of public complaints, and that the effect is particularly large when the officers had to make court appearances in the daytime between the night shifts.

## Incentives to not reform the police

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue\_wall\_of\_silence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy\_cop

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified\_immunity