recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Cortinarius hemitrichus

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***Cortinarius hemitrichus***, also known as the **frosty webcap**, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus *Cortinarius*. Young mushrooms are characterized by their brown cone-shaped caps covered with dense white fibrils.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as *Agaricus hemitrichus* by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801. Elias Magnus Fries transferred to the genus *Cortinarius* in 1838. The name *Hydrocybe hemitricha*, published by M.M. Moser in 1953, reflects a different placement of the species.

The mushroom is commonly known as the "frosty webcap".

## Description

 File:Cortinarius.hemitrichus2.-.lindsey.jpg
The cap is Template:Convert wide, convex, with a flattish or more pointed umbo (occasionally the umbo may be lacking), watery date brown, hygrophanous. In damp weather the cap surface is almost chestnut brown in young specimens, in dry weather grayish-brown to tan brown. The surface is soon silky and the margin almost white from floccose, white fibrils (these are easily washed off by rain), otherwise only very slightly whitish fibrillose, finally even bare. When the tip of the stem is hollow, the cap which is thinly fleshy and quite tough. The gills are distantly spaced, grayish-earthy, then ochraceous ferruginous, later almost cinnamon, broadly emarginate (notched), Template:Convert broad, slightly ventricose, with lightly scalloped edge. The stem is cylindrical, quite slender, usually slightly crooked, Template:Convert long and Template:Convert thick, light brown inside with thin, winding fibers, then eventually hollow. It is white, covered with silky fibrils on the surface, often with an ephemeral white zone in the middle which may be poorly developed, otherwise pale dirty gray, with steel gray to violet tinge at the apex. The flesh is watery brown in damp weather, then much lighter, whitish with brownish tinge. It has a mild taste, and is almost without odor.

The spore dust is rusty-brown. The spores are egg-shaped, obliquely pointed, yellowish rusty brown, with fine warts and dots on the surface, and measure 8–9 by 4.5–5 μm.

## Distribution and habitat

It grows in both deciduous and coniferous forests, often beneath birches, scattered throughout Europe and North America.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon1801`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries1838`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser1953`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Cortinarius hemitrichus`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `EnglishCommonNames`
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pilat1961`

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Geastrum berkeleyi

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***Geastrum berkeleyi***, or **Berkeley's earthstar**, is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus *Geastrum*, or earthstar fungi. Despite being a very uncommon mushroom, it has a wide geographical distribution, having been documented in Northern and Eastern Europe, such as Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Great Britain, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Turkey, and parts of Eastern Asia, such as China and Japan. The species was thought extinct in Poland until it was discovered growing in a reserve near Chęciny. *G. berkeleyi* can be distinguished from other species of *Geastrum* by the flat bipyramidal shape of the calcium oxalate crystals found on its endoperidium.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jaworska 2011`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Krisai 1986`

## External links

* Index Fungorum

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Elsinoë pyri

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***Elsinoë pyri*** is a species of fungus in the family Elsinoaceae. It is a plant pathogen that grows on apple (*Pyrus malus*). First described scientifically by Nikolai Nikolaevich Woronichin in 1914 as a species of *Plectodiscella*, the fungus was transferred to the genus *Elsinoë* by American mycologist Anna Eliza Jenkins in 1932.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Woronichin 1914`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jenkins 1932`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Cortinarius sanguineus

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***Cortinarius sanguineus***, commonly known as the **blood red redcap**, is a species of fungus in the genus *Cortinarius*.

## Taxonomy

Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the species as *Agaricus sanguineus* in 1781, reporting that it appeared in the fir tree forests around Klagenfurt and Ebenthal and in October. He noted that it was very pretty but not edible. The specific epithet is the Latin word *sanguineus*, meaning "bloody". Samuel Frederick Gray established *Cortinarius* as a genus in the first volume of his 1821 work *A Natural Arrangement of British Plants*, recording the species as *Cortinaria sanguinea* "the bloody curtain-stool".

Friedrich Otto Wünsche described it as *Dermocybe sanguinea* in 1877. Most mycologists retain *Dermocybe* as merely a subgenus of *Cortinarius* as genetically all the species lie within the latter genus.

It is closely related to *Cortinarius puniceus*, which grows under oak and beech from England and France.

## Description

The dark blood-red cap is convex, and later flattens, measuring 2–5 cm (0.8–2 in) across, its surface covered in silky fibres radiating from the centre. The stipe is usually the same colour as the cap or paler. Long, slim, and cylindrical, it is 3–6 cm high by 0.3–0.8 cm wide. The veil (cortina) and its remnants are red. The gills are adnate. They are initially blood-red, but turn brown upon aging as the spores mature. The purple-red flesh has a pleasant smell. The spore print is rust-coloured, while the oval spores themselves measure 7 to 9 µm by 4 to 6 µm, and are rough.

*C. sanguineus* grows in conifer woodlands in autumn. It is not edible. Its pigment can be used as a dye for wool, rendering it shades of pink, purple or red.

## References

1. ↑ *Cortinarius sanguineus* (Wulfen) Gray. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved on November 1, 2015.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jacquin 1781`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nilper 1977`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gray 1821`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Høiland2000`
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Template:Cite book
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora`

## External links

* Template:Commonscat-inline

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Fissurina nigrolabiata

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***Fissurina nigrolabiata*** is a species of lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in the Philippines, it was described as new to science in 2011.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Helvella solitaria

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***Helvella solitaria*** is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae. Originally described as *Peziza solitaria* by Petter Karsten in 1869, he transferred it to the genus *Helvella* in 1871. The fungus has a boreal and temperate distribution.

## Edibility

Consumption of this fungus is not recommended as similar species in the Helvellaceae contain the toxin gyromitrin.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Karsten 1871`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Landeros 2012`

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Craterellus tubaeformis

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***Craterellus tubaeformis*** (formerly *Cantharellus tubaeformis*) is an edible fungus, also known as **Yellowfoot**, **winter mushroom**, or **Funnel Chanterelle**. It is mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with plants, making it very challenging to cultivate. It is smaller than the golden chanterelle (*Cantharellus cibarius*) and has a dark brown cap with paler gills and a hollow yellow stem. *C. tubaeformis* tastes stronger but less fruity than the golden chanterelle. It has a very distinctive smokey, peppery taste when raw. It grows in temperate and cold parts of Northern America and Europe, including Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, and the British Isles, as well as in the Himalayas in Asia, including Assam,Template:Unreliable source? in the central parts of the Indian Subcontinent
, and in Thailand
.

*C. tubaeformis* is a yellowish-brown and trumpet-shaped mushroom found in great numbers late in the mushroom season, thus earning the common name winter mushroom. The cap is convex and sometimes hollow down the middle. The gills are widely separated, and of lighter color than the cap. It grows on moss or rotten wood, and in Northern America it is found mostly in conifer bogs. It is an excellent food mushroom, especially fried or in soups, and is easily dried for preservation.

Molecular phylogenetics has shown that *C. tubaeformis* deserves its reclassification from *Cantharellus* to *Craterellus*. Additionally, it appears that there are two distinct genetic populations that have traditionally been called *tubaeformis*: one in Europe and eastern North America, and another in western North America. If these two groups are defined as separate species, the "eastern" yellowfoot would retain the scientific epithet *tubaeformis* due to the origin of the type specimens in Sweden.

The western North American *C. tubaeformis* has been shown to make ectomycorrhizal relationships with western hemlock (*Tsuga heterophylla*) and Douglas-fir (*Pseudotsuga menziesii*). It is also most common in forests with a large amount of well-rotted coarse woody debris.

## Similar species

*Craterellus lutescens* differs only in colours, but is more rare, and is found only from very wet places. Both mushrooms are edible, have a similar taste, and are usually mixed.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ http://www.mushroomexpert.com/craterellus\_tubaeformis.html retrieved 10 Mar 2015
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `dahl00`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `trappe04`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank
* *Craterellus tubaeformis* MushroomExpert.com

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Genabea

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***Genabea*** is a genus of fungus in the family Pyronemataceae. The genus contains five species, and the type species is ***Genabea fragilis***, a mycorrhizal truffle-like fungus found in Europe and North America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Coprinopsis marcescibilis

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***Coprinopsis marcescibilis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described in 1893 by German mycologist Max Britzelmayr; Rolf Singer moved it to *Psathyrella* in 1951. It was transferred to *Coprinopsis* in 2008, when molecular analysis revealed phylogenetic affinity with that genus. The species is found in Europe and North America.

## See also

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* List of *Coprinopsis* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Britzelmayr 1893`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1949`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Larsson 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Conocybe moseri

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***Conocybe moseri*** is a mushroom species in the family Bolbitiaceae. It was described as new to science in 1980 by mycologist Roy Watling, from collections made in France. The specific epithet *moseri* honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser. The fungus has been reported from the United Kingdom, growing in grassy areas, fields, and edges of woods. In 1995, it was recorded from Switzerland, from Ukraine in 2007, and from Russia in 2007. It was reported from India in 2015, where it was found growing on cattle dung.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Watling 1980`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Watling 1982`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Breitenbach 1995`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Prydiuk 2007a`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hausknecht 2009`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Amandeep 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Geoglossum difforme

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***Geoglossum difforme*** is a species of earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. It is found in Europe and North America. It is listed as *critically endangered* in Denmark and *endangered* in Sweden.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rogers`
2. ↑ Danish Red List. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Swedish RDL`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Fellhanera borbonica

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***Fellhanera borbonica*** is a species of lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae. It was described as new to science in 2011. Found in Réunion, the specific epithet *borbonica* denotes the original name for Réunion, or *Île Bourbon*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Dacryopinax spathularia

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***Dacryopinax spathularia*** (syn. ***Guepinia spathularia***) is an edible jelly fungus. It is orange in color. In Chinese culture, it is called *guìhuā'ěr* (桂花耳; literally "sweet osmanthus ear," referring to its similarity in appearance to that flower). It is sometimes included in a vegetarian dish called Buddha's delight.

The basionym of this species is *Merulius spathularius*.

## Description

The fruit bodies of *Dacryopinax spathularia* are spatula-shaped, usually Template:Convert tall and between 0.5–3 mm wide. The color is orange when fresh, but it darkens to orangish-red when dry. The spore deposit is white. Its spores are ellipsoid, smooth-surfaced, hyaline (translucent), and measure 7–10 by 3–4 μm. It has forked, four-spored basidia that are 25–35 by 3–5 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

A saprobic species, *D. spathularia* grows on rotting wood; it has even been reported to grow on polyester rugs. It is widely distributed in Asia, and also known from Hawaii, Europe, and South America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu1993`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hemmes2002`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boa2004`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Entyloma dahliae

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***Entyloma dahliae*** is a species of smut fungus in the family Entylomataceae. It is the causative agent of Dahlia leaf smut. The species was described in 1912 by Hans Sydow and Paul Sydow.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Horst 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sydow 1912`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Corallofungus

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***Corallofungus*** is a genus of fungi in the Hydnaceae family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Corallofungus hatakeyamanus***, found in Japan.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cruciger lignatilis

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***Cruciger lignatilis*** is an anamorph species of fungus, found growing on rotting wood in Germany. It is the only species in the genus ***Cruciger*** in the class Agaricomycetes. It has not yet been placed in any order or family. The genus name refers to the cruciform (cross-shaped) conidia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirschner 1999`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Connopus

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***Connopus*** is a fungal genus in the family Marasmiaceae. The monotypic genus was circumscribed in 2010 to accommodate the species ***Connopus acervatus***, formerly in the genus *Gymnopus*. It is found in North American and Europe, where it grows in dense clusters on decaying wood.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hughes 2010`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRogers`

* Template:Commons-inline
* Template:Portal-inline

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Dumontinia

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***Dumontinia*** is a fungal genus in the family Sclerotiniaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Dumontinia tuberosa***, found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius cremeiamarescens

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***Cortinarius cremeiamarescens*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Found in southern Europe and western North America, where it grows in coniferous forests, it was described as new to science in 2014. The specific epithet *cremeiamarescens* refers to the fruitbody colour and the bitter-tasting cap cuticle. *Cortinarius gentianeus* is a sister species with which it has been previously confused.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Entoloma myrmecophilum

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***Entoloma myrmecophilum*** is a species of fungus in the Entolomataceae family. It is found across Europe. It was described by Henri Romagnesi in 1978 as *Rhodophyllus myrmecophilus*, before being changed to its current name as the consensus has been to use the genus name *Entoloma* rather than *Rhodophyllus*.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Entoloma decastes

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***Entoloma decastes*** is a species of mushroom in the family Entolomataceae. Found in Italy, it was described as a new species in 2009. The fungus fruits in dense clusters in sandy soil, in coastal grassland. Fruitbodies have thin, dark brown caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter. The thick gills are crowded close together, and initially greyish before turning pinkish brown. Spores measure 11–14 by 9–12 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Contu 2009`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Entoloma cetratum

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**Entoloma cetratum** is a common, inedible mushroom of the genus Entoloma. It is mostly found from May, in coniferous forest, among moss.

## Description

The cap is broadly conical to convex, light amber-brown, ribbed, and grows up to 3 cm in diameter. It is ribbed almost to the centre.
The gills are salmon pink and sinuate. The spores are pink. The stem is light brown, longitudinally fibrous and slender.

 File:Entoloma cetratum 2 - Lindsey.jpg

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank

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Cortinarius myrtilliphilus

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***Cortinarius myrtilliphilus*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Known only from Norway and Finland, the fungus was described as new to science in 2014. The specific epithet *myrtilliphilus* alludes to the association with *Vaccinium myrtillus* plants.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Eriocybe

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***Eriocybe*** is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. Circumscribed by mycologist Else Vellinga in 2011, it is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Eriocybe chionea***, found in northern Thailand. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek words ἔριον, meaning "wool" and κύβη, "head". The specific epithet comes from the Latin translation of the Greek χιόνεος, meaning "snow white".

## See also

* List of Agaricaceae genera
* List of Agaricales genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vellinga 2011`

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Helvella semiobruta

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***Helvella semiobruta*** is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae. Originally found in the country of France, it was described as new to science in 1976. It has also been collected in Greece, and Cyprus, where it grows in maquis shrubland.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Donadini 1975`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kaounas 2014`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Loizides 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Exserohilum longirostratum

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***Exserohilum longirostratum*** is a species of fungus in the family Pleosporaceae. Found in India, it was described as new to science in 1957 as *Helminthosporium longirostratum*, and transferred to the genus *Exserohilum* in 1984.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sivanesan 1984`

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius orellanus

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***Cortinarius orellanus***, commonly known as the **fools webcap**, is a species of deadly fungus in the family Cortinariaceae native to Europe. Within the genus it belongs to a group known as the Orellani, all of which are highly toxic—eating them results in kidney failure, which is often irreversible. The mushroom is generally tan to brown all over.

## Taxonomy

*C. orellanus* was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in his 1838 book *Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum*. It is one of seven highly toxic species that make up the orellani, a subgenus within genus *Cortinarius*.

## Description

*Cortinarius orellanus* has a concave cap of Template:Convert diameter, though rare specimens reach Template:Convert across. The cap flattens with age. In colour, it is an orange-brown, and is covered in fine, fibrous scales but become smooth with age. The cap surface turns black with potassium hydroxide. The thick gills are light ochre-coloured, changing to a rust-brown with age as the spores mature. They have an adnate or sinuate connection to the stipe. The stipe is Template:Convert tall, and Template:Convert thick with a tapering base. It is the same colour or slightly paler than the cap, and is yellowish at the top. There are occasionally fragments of the pale yellow veil (cortina) attached to its lower half. The firm flesh is pale ochre. It smells slightly of radishes when cut and has no strong taste.

## Distribution and habitat

*Cortinarius orellanus* occurs in central and eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia), though is rare in Germany. It is occasionally found in southern Britain. It grows in deciduous forests under beech, hornbeam and oak, often near pine trees.

## Toxicity

The danger of *C. orellanus* was uncovered in 1957, after (in 1952) 102 people fell ill after eating it in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Eleven of the victims died. Since then, cases of poisoning have been recorded in France, Switzerland, and Germany. In 1997, four people suffered renal toxicity after mistaking *C. orellanus* for the edible and prized chanterelle in Austria, where wild mushroom picking is popular.

The relevant toxin is orellanine.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Helvella costifera

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***Helvella costifera*** is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae, Pezizales order. Its ascocarp has conspicuous ribs on its undersurface.

## Distribution

This species has been found in China, Europe (Spain), and North America (including Mexico), where it is widely distributed.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhuang 2004`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Calonge 1990`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vite-Garin 2006`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuo`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius infractiflavus

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***Cortinarius infractiflavus*** is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It was originally described as new to science in 1999 by Meinhard Moser, who named it *Cortinarius infractus* var. *flavus*. It was raised to species status in 2014 when molecular analysis showed it to be genetically distinct from *C. infractus*. The specific epithet *infractiflavus* refers to its relationship to *C. infractus* and its yellow cap. The mushroom is known from North American north of Mexico, Finland, and Bulgaria, where it grows on the ground in boreal and mountainous conifer forests.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser 1999`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gyromitra gigas

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***Gyromitra gigas***, commonly known as the **snow morel**, **snow false morel**, **calf brain**, or **bull nose**, is a fungus and a member of the Ascomycota. *G. gigas* is found in Europe, western North America where it is common in mountainous areas in coniferous forests, and eastern North America where it is found with both conifers and hardwoods. It is referred to as one of the false morels, due to its similar appearance and occurrence in the spring and early summer in similar habitats to true morels (*Morchella* ssp.). It is edible if properly prepared but should be avoided due to variability and similarity to other more toxic species of *Gyromitra*.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by Julius Vincenz von Krombholz as *Helvella gigas*.

These scientific names *G. montana* and *G. korfii* have been made synonymous with *G. gigas* based on an analysis of spore morphology.

## See also

* Gyromitrin, a toxic chemical found in *Gyromitra* fungi

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `arora86`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `volk`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Krombholz1834`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Abbott1997`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `mexp`

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Cortinarius moserianus

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***Cortinarius moserianus*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Cortinarius* found in Europe. It was described as new to science in 1970 by Gábor Bohus, from collections made in Hungary.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bohus 1970`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius cyanites

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***Cortinarius cyanites*** is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus *Cortinarius* native to Europe.

Elias Magnus Fries described this species in his 1838 book *Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum* as *Cortinarius cyanites*. The species name is derived from the Ancient Greek *cyanos* "dark blue" Within the large genus *Cortinarius*, it is classified in the subgenus *Phlegmacium* and section *Cyanites*. Genetic analysis showed in 2014 that two previously-described species—*C. subcyanites* and *C. pseudocyanites*—lay within the concept of *C. cyanites*, but conversely revealed three distinct lineages, with two new species—*C. boreicyanites* and *C. violaceorubens*—described.

The fruitbodies of this fungus have convex caps, with diameters typically in the range Template:Convert, and various shades of violet, brown or grey. They are slimy when young, and later have brown scales. The pale purple stipe is bulbous, Template:Convert in height and Template:Convert in width. The flesh is purple, but turns blood red when bruised or cut. The gills on the cap underside have an adnate attachment to the stipe and purple color; later, the deepens to rusty brown as the spores mature. The smell has been described as pleasant and fruity. The lemon-shaped spores measure 8–11.5 by 5–6.5 µm. *C. boreicyanites* and *C. violaceorubens* have smaller and larger spores respectively. *C. violaceorubens* has a dark purple-brown cap, while that of *C. boreicyanites* is more bluish.

*Cortinarius cyanites* is found in mixed coniferous and deciduous forests in southern Finland, central Sweden southwards into France.

*Cortinarius cyanites* is not edible.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1838`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nilper 1977`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Helvella macropus

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***Helvella macropus*** is a species of fungus in the Helvellaceae family, Pezizales order. Ascocarps can be found in summer and autumn in woodland, usually (though not exclusively) associated with broad-leaved trees. The slender stem, up to 5 centimeters high, supports a cup shaped cap, the whole fruiting body being pale grey or brown, the inner (hymenial) surface of the cup usually being darker.

## Distribution

This species has a wide distribution in the northern hemisphere, having been recorded in Europe, North and Central America and also in China, and Japan.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
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3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
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## External links

* Index Fungorum
* GBIF

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Gliophorus irrigatus

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***Gliophorus irrigatus*** is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of **slimy waxcap** in the UK. The species is widespread in temperate regions, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and elsewhere.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1801 by the South African-born mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as *Agaricus irrigatus*. It was subsequently combined in a number of different genera, before being transferred to *Hygrocybe* in 1976. The specific epithet comes from Latin "irrigatus" (= watered or bedewed), with reference to the viscid coating of the fruit bodies.

Molecular research published in 2011, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, showed that *Hygrocybe irrigata* did not belong in *Hygrocybe* *sensu stricto* and it was moved to the genus *Gliophorus* in 2013.

## Description

Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 100 mm (4 in) tall, the cap convex at first and remaining convex or becoming flat when expanded, up to 50 mm (2 in) across. The cap surface is very viscid when damp, striate at the margin, and pale greyish brown. The lamellae (gills) are whitish to pale cap-coloured and more or less decurrent (widely attached to and running down the stipe). The stipe (stem) is very viscid when damp, smooth, cylindrical or compressed, and grey to cap-coloured. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, about 6.5 to 8.0 by 4.5 to 5.0 μm.

## Distribution and habitat

The slimy waxcap has been recorded in Europe, Central and North America, northern Asia, and Australia. Like other waxcaps, it grows in old, unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns) in Europe, but in woodland elsewhere. Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses.

## Conservation

In Europe, *Gliophorus irrigatus* is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. The slimy waxcap is one of the commoner species, however, only appearing on the red lists of threatened fungi in a few countries, including the Czech Republic, Germany (Bavaria), and Poland.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rea1922`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `MycoBank`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Babos2011`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boertmann`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `GBIF`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Seitzman`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Czechredlist`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bavarianredlist`
10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Polishredlist`

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Exserohilum heteropogonicola

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***Exserohilum heteropogonicola*** is a species of fungus in the family Pleosporaceae. Found in Uttarakhand, where it grows on the leaves of *Heteropogon contortus*, it was described as new to science in 1984. It has conidia that are cylindrical to fusoid (spindle-shaped), and often curved.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sivanesan 1984`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Fayodia bisphaerigera

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***Fayodia bisphaerigera*** is a species of fungi in the Tricholomataceae family, and the type species of the genus *Fayodia*. The species was originally named *Omphalia bisphaerigera* by Jakob Emanuel Lange, and later transferred to *Fayodia* in 1936 by Rolf Singer. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lange1930`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer1936`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius bovinaster

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***Cortinarius bovinaster*** is an agaric fungus in the family *Cortinariaceae*. Described as new to science in 2013, it is found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niskanen 2013`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Gyrodon ripicola

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***Gyrodon ripicola*** is a bolete fungus in the family Paxillaceae. Found in Singapore, the species was first described in 1971 by E.J.H. Corner as a species of *Paxillus*. Pegler and Young transferred it to the genus *Gyrodon* in 1981.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1970`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1981`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hebeloma crustuliniforme

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***Hebeloma crustuliniforme***, commonly known as **poison pie** or **fairy cakes**, is a gilled mushroom of the genus *Hebeloma* found in Europe and North America, and has been introduced into Australia. Its specific name derives from the Latin *crustulum* or little biscuit. It is moderately poisonous.

## Description

The buff to pale tan cap is 4–10 cm in diameter, convex then umbonate with an inrolled cap margin until old. The gills are pale grey-brown and exude droplets in moist conditions. The stipe is 4–7 cm high and bears no ring, while the thick flesh is white. The fungus has a radish-like smell and bitter taste.

## Distribution and habitat

A common mushroom, *Hebeloma crustuliniforme* can be found in open woodland and heathland in summer and autumn, though may extend through winter in places with milder winters such as California.

## Toxicity

This fungus is poisonous, the symptoms being those of a severe gastrointestinal nature, namely vomiting, diarrhea and colicky abdominal pain several hours after consumption. The toxic agents have not been identified.

## References

1. ↑ Nilsson, S. & Persson, O. (1977) *Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill Fungi*. Penguin Books.
Template:Cite book
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6. ↑ Price HW (1927) Mushroom poisoning due to *Hebeloma crustuliniforme* *American Journal of Diseases of Childhood* **34** 441-442

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Coprinellus disseminatus

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***Coprinellus disseminatus*** (formerly ***Coprinus disseminatus***; commonly known as "fairy inkcap" or "trooping crumble cap") is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Unlike most other coprinoid mushrooms, *C. disseminatus* does not dissolve into black ink (*deliquesce*) in maturity. The species was given its current name in 1939 by Jakob Emanuel Lange. The mushroom is edible.

The Coprinellus disseminatus has about 143 sexes(*mating types*).

## See also

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* List of *Coprinellus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRecommended English Names for Fungi - Scottish Fungi`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Harris 2014`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lange 1938`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `MykoWeb`

## External links

* Mushroom Expert

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Farhan Rana Rajpoot

**Farhan Rana Rajpoot** ( Urdu محمد فرحان رانا راجپوت) born 20 April 2000 is a Pakistani Youtuber& Musical/Artist and Producer. He has recorded numerous chart-topping in both Pakistan and India and is known for his vocal belting technique

## Early Life

Farhan Rana Rajpoot Youtube Muhammad Farhan (Urdu محمد فرحان ; born 20 April 2000) is a Pakistani Youtuber& Musical/Artist and Producer

## Personal Life

Farhan Rana Rajpoot is brought into the world on April 20, 2000 in Pakistan.Farhan Rana Rajpoot is the Pakistani Youtuber who is known for his Professional style .He is additionally the Adobe Photoshop , Youtuber, Graphics Designerand have generally excellent video altering abilities as well.He loves to play Cricket. His fantasy bicycle was MY Honda CD 70 , presently he additionally ownr that bicycle.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/Farhanranarajpoott
2. ↑ https://flipboard.com/@issuewire/issuewire-2pimh9ouz/international-official-news-famous-youtuber-farhan-rana-rajpoot/a-TDaY2QybT8GFfVIWWqtAfg%3Aa%3A1456684141-4e56da94b2%2Fissuewire.com
3. ↑ https://flipboard.com/@farhanranar4hen/farhan-rana-rajpoot-bbc-news-2v7712afy
4. ↑ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58634973-farhan-rana-rajpoot-news-bio-biography
5. ↑ https://newsforgeofficialwiki.blogspot.com/
6. ↑ Farhan Rana Rajpoot https://www.youtube.com/farhanranarajpootofficial

# External Links

* Farhan Rana Rajpoot On Youtube
* Farhan Rana Rajpoot On Official FacebooK Page
* Farhan Rana Rajpoot On FAMEPedia
* Farhan Rana Rajpoot On Twitter Official
* [./https://en.gyaanipedia.com/wiki/Farhan\_Rana\_Rajpoot **Farhan Rana Rajpoot On Gyaanipedia**]
* Farhan Rana Rajpoot On Music Diffussion Network
* **Farhan Rana Rajpoot On MEDIUM**
* Farhan Rana Rajpoot On EveryBody Wiki News Article Template:PortalTemplate:Commons

# Professional Logo

Farhan Rana Rajpoot Gyaanipedia.pngFarhan Rana Rajpoot Official logo
Coniolepiota

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***Coniolepiota*** is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing only a single species, ***Coniolepiota spongodes***. It was first described from Thailand, and later also reported from Bangladesh and China.

## See also

* List of Agaricaceae genera
* List of Agaricales genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vellinga2011`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hosen2013`

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Cortinarius gentilis

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***Cortinarius gentilis*** is a deadly fungus of the genus *Cortinarius*, normally found in North America and Europe.

## Toxicity

In a study in Finland, dried and homogenized *C. gentilis* and *C. orenallus* mushrooms were orally introduced into a rat. Both species caused renal damage only, the changes of which corresponded to tubulo-interstitial nephritis. *C. gentilis* has been found to be nephrotoxic to rats.

## See also

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* List of deadly fungi

## References

1. ↑ Phillips R. *Cortinarius gentilis*. *Rogers Mushrooms*.
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Coprinellus velatopruinatus

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***Coprinellus velatopruinatus*** is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. This rare fungus was found growing in Clumber Park in Nottinghamshire, England after a heavy summer rain in 2008. Formerly in the genus *Coprinus*, it was given its current name in 2001.

## See also

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* List of *Coprinellus* species

## References

1. ↑ Five fungal finds. The National Trust. Retrieved on April 17, 2009.
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Fibriciellum

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***Fibriciellum*** is a fungal genus in the family Hydnodontaceae. The genus is monotypic, and contains one corticioid species, ***Fibriciellum silvae-ryae***, found in Europe. The genus and species were described in 1975.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Eriksson 1975`

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Coprinopsis radiata

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***Coprinopsis radiata*** (formerly *Coprinus radiatus*) is a coprophilous fungus that grows on herbivore dung. It is heterothallic.

## Taxonomy

*Coprinopsis radiata* was originally published in 1788 as *Agaricus radiatus* by English naturalist James Bolton. Samuel Frederick Gray transferred it to *Coprinus* in his 1821 work *A Natural Arrangement of British Plants*. In 2001, the genus *Coprinus* was reorganized and this species was moved to the newly created genus *Coprinopsis*.

## Morphology

After mating and dikaryotic fruiting, the initial fruit body (young) is narrow egg-shaped and white. The mature fruit body is bluish-grey.

## Research

*Coprinopsis radiata* has been used as a model organism to study basidiospore formation.

### Culture conditions

*Coprinopsis radiata* is successfully cultured on horse dung at room temperature; under these conditions (with no control of external everyday light) the fungus can form a mushroom (mature fruit body).

### Basidiospore Activation

*Coprinopsis radiata* produces basidiospores from its fruit body that, under proper conditions, will germinate. Spores are activated by specific chemicals or temperatures that may act synergistically. Chemically, those resembling heterocyclic, unsaturated rings with or without small side groups, such as furfural, activate spores. Salt also causes slight activation. In the study, only low concentrations of chemicals were needed for activation. In nature, it is postulated that the combination of the following can lead to activation of dormant spores: temperature from the animal, dung heat (active organisms produce heat) and furans found on the dung (basis of compounds like furfural).

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead 2001`
2. ↑ Moore, David. Molecular genetic aspects of fungal developmental biology.
3. ↑ Coprinopsis radiata - NatureSpot.
4. ↑ Stevens, Michael Wood & Fred. California Fungi: Coprinopsis radiata.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mills 1973`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* NBN Gateway

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Heliogaster

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***Heliogaster*** is a sequestrate genus of fungi in the Boletaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Heliogaster columellifer***, found in Japan. The genus was first described in 2010, to accommodate the species formerly named *Octaviania columellifera* by Kobayasi in 1937.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Orihara2010`

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