Transgender

**Transgender**, often shortened to **trans**, is an umbrella term that describes an individual whose gender identity differs from their assigned gender at birth (AGAB). Infants are assigned a sex that is recorded on their birth certificate, which is usually based only on the appearance of external genitalia. The birth assignment—generally defaulting to assigned male at birth (AMAB) or assigned female at birth (AFAB)—assumes that the individual's gender identity will correspond to their assigned sex. A person's gender identity—their sense of gender—usually develops when they are very young. The realization that their gender is different from what they were assigned can occur as early as three years old or in childhood prior to the onset of puberty. It may also happen later in life.

Transgender people can be binary or non-binary. Some transgender individuals may experience at least one form of gender dysphoria during their life, usually manifesting as an intense distress with their assigned gender. However, not all transgender people experience gender dysphoria. Conversely, some transgender individuals may experience what is known as gender euphoria, a term used to describe a "positive and exciting feeling of one's gendered self". Transgender people might transition socially and/or physically from their assigned gender to their actual gender identity.

## Etymology

The term transgender was first mentioned in 1965 as a synonym for **transsexual** in *Sexual Hygiene and Pathology* to make a distinction between sexuality and gender identity. It became an umbrella term during 1971. Transgender is a combination of the prefix *trans*—meaning "across, beyond, through, to change"—and the noun *gender,* creating an adjective that highlights the journey and/or change with one's gender identity. The use of "transgender" rather than previous terminology increased in the early 1990s to emphasize gender rather than sex and to reject describing all trans people based on medical and psychological criteria.

The terms **transmasculine** (often shortened to **transmasc**), **transfeminine** (often shortened to **transfem** or **transfemme**), and **transneutral** were in use as early as 2000. These terms do not correspond with any particular identity except for transgender.

## Community

### History

Gender is perceived and expressed differently depending on culture, so experiences with gender similar to being transgender exist under many different names. Even though the use of the term transgender is recent, there have always been individuals expressing their gender differently from their sex.

Mary Jones is one of the first recorded transfeminine people in the United States. She was a sex worker who was charged with grand larceny in 1836. When she was subjected to a strip search, it was discovered she was assigned male at birth. She arrived at court wearing feminine attire and a wig, boldly explaining before a courtroom—which vilified her for her skin color and gender presentation—that she always presented that way and would not change.

We'wha was a Lhamana individual who lived from 1849 to 1896. In Zuni culture, Lhamana individuals were assigned male at birth but often presented femininely and took on the same responsibilities as women. We'wha studied crafts associated with women, such as pottery for ceremonial purposes and skills associated with men, such as weaving. Their skills as a craftsperson were renowned and they became a Cultural Ambassador for the Zuni people.

Hijra individuals are recognized as a third gender in Hindu society and were recorded in the holy texts of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which date back to as early as 4th and 5th century. Hijra individuals are assigned either male or intersex at birth and dress traditionally feminine. They leave home young to join a Hijra community to learn how to perform blessings for births and weddings. Before British colonization, Hijra individuals held powerful political positions in Sultanate and Mughal courts with responsibilities such as collecting taxes.

### Flag

Monica Helms designed the transgender pride flag in August 1999, and debuted it in 2000 at a Phoenix, Arizona, USA Pride parade. It consists of five horizontal stripes: two stripes are blue with each at the top and bottom, two pink stripes directly follow the blue, and there is one white stripe in the center. The stripes are ordered this way so that the flag can be flown correctly in any direction, metaphoric for trans individuals finding correctness in themselves. The colors encompass the spectrum of trans experiences, as the blue represents masculinity, the pink represents femininity, and the white represents those who are transitioning, gender neutral, gender non-conforming, or non-binary.

### Distinction

#### Non-binary

Main article: Non-binary
Non-binary identities are included under the transgender umbrella as they are people whose gender differs from what they were assigned at birth. However, the two identities are distinct, and individuals do not need to identify as one term to be another. A binary transgender person differs from their birth assignment by identifying as a man or a woman rather than female or male. A non-binary individual might never identify with either binary term, or they might partially identify with either or both terms, which may or may not include their birth assignment. A trans non-binary individual is an individual who does not identify with their birth assignment (trans) and has a gender identity that is neither exclusively within the gender binary (non-binary). As stated before, one does not need to identify as one of the term to be the other one.

#### Intersex

Main article: Intersex
Intersex is an umbrella term for various people who are born with or develop sex characteristics that differ from binary notions of a "male" or "female" body. These differences are called variations, and may involve one's hormones, chromosomes, external and internal reproductive organs, or secondary sex characteristics.

Intersex people are not inherently transgender, as they may identify with their assigned gender just as non-intersex people might. However, a person who is intersex may identify as transgender alongside intersex if they identify differently from what they have been assigned. One cannot "transition" to being intersex as intersex traits come from a variation that already exists within the individual.

### Controversy

*If there has been a specific variety of this identity-phobic discourse that has led to discrediting it, please detail that here. If there have been similar -phobic discourses around popular flags, it can also be documented in this section.*

#### Puberty blockers

*The LGBTQIA+ wiki documents information. It is not to be used as a source of medical information. Always consult a healthcare professional before making any decisions regarding your medical choices.*
Puberty blockers, also known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, are used to temporarily suppress puberty in transgender and gender diverse children. This drug is most effective in prepubescent (ages 10-11) and early adolescent children (12-13). Puberty blockers affect primary and secondary sex characteristics, which includes but is not limited to breast development and growth of facial hair. GnRH is typically given as injections at oversight of a pediatric endocrinologist.

Suppressing puberty in children with gender dysphoria can ease symptoms, improve mental well-being, reduce anxiety or depression, and eliminate the need for future surgeries in certain cases. In order for a child to use pubertal blockers, they must meet a list of criteria.

* Show a long-lasting and intense pattern of gender nonconformity or gender dysphoria.
* Have gender dysphoria that began or worsened at the start of puberty
* Address any psychological, medical or social problems that could interfere with treatment.
* Have entered the early stage of puberty.
* Provide informed consent. If a child hasn't reached the age of medical consent, parents or other caretakers must consent and support the patient through the treatment process.

The short term effects of GnRH are those typically associated with injections, including site swelling, weight gain, hot flashes, and headache. The long-term effects are still being investigate, but are known to affect growth spurts, bone growth and density, and future fertility depending on when the blockers began. The delayed of sex characteristics can also impact gender affirming surgical procedures later in life. By delaying puberty beyond one's peers, a child can experience insecurities and lower self-esteem. After a period of adjustment, adolescents can work with their care team to add cross-hormone treatment to develop masculine or feminine secondary sex characteristics, helping the mind and body look and act like the gender in which the patient identifies. Many of these changes are irreversible and will require surgery to reverse.

Studies were developed in Finland and Sweden to look into the long-term effects of Lupron, a hormonal therapy known broadly as "puberty blockers". Lupron was discovered in the 1980s and was used, among others in its class of GnRH agonists, by pediatric endocrinologists. Lupron specifically was given to cancer patients as an injectable chemotherapy drug, but became used in an off-label setting for hormonal therapy in prepubescent children who entered puberty too soon. It was used to stop toddler, preschool, and kindergarten-age girls from entering precocious (early) puberty by shutting down estrogen flow in the brain to halt the body's progression toward puberty. Once the injections cease, the process of puberty resumes. The drug and its class of drugs have dozens of off-label uses.

In 2017, more than 10,000 young women in the US who took Lupron as children either to stop puberty or to grow taller, whether related to gender identity or not, reported adverse events later in life. They were diagnosed with brittle bones, bone disorders, chronic pain, degenerative disks' and spines, and other conditions that typically begin in late adulthood. The FDA began a specific review of nervous system and psychiatric events in association with the class of drugs in which Lupron falls into, GnRH agonists. The review focused entirely on pediatric patients. While there are several similar drugs to Lupron, it is a leader in the market, despite thousands of women's claims of its harmful long-term side effects. The spokesman for the company claimed that anything beyond the drug's label, including delaying sex characteristics, are considered unapproved uses. The long term side effects of drugs in Lupron's classification were put under scrutiny, due to the confirmation that the drug does cause bone disorders and disease-caused fractures. The impact of the class of drugs on children's bones is an unanswered question.

Further research was conducted by Sweden and Finland not only to research the effects of Lupron in transgender people, but also the effects of the drug as a whole. They found that the effects of the drug outweighed the potential benefits and banned the dispersal, an act that is also prevalent in many European countries.

Sweden's Health and Technology Assessment (SBU) conducted an evidence review in 2019 of puberty blockers such as Lupron and others in its classification. They found a lack of evidence for medical treatments, and a lack of explanation for the sharp increase in the numbers of adolescents presenting with gender dysphoria in recent years. They found the risk/benefits analysis of hormonal intervention such as Lupron to be uncertain.

Sweden effectively banned the use of Lupron on children under the age of 18, and those who wanted to use the drug after turning 18 were only allowed to do so in a research setting. The policy states that careful assessment of the patient's maturity level must be conducted to determine if the patient is capable of providing meaningful informed consent. There is also an added clause that both patients and guardians must be informed of the potential risks and permeances of the drug.

In December 2020, Bell v. Tavistock was presented in the High Court of Justice for England and Wales, where they found it "highly unlikely" that children under the age of 12 could give full informed consent to receiving puberty blockers. They were also "doubtful" that children ages 14 and 15 could give full consent or understand the ramifications of their decisions. The 2020 UK judicial review highlighted ethical dilemmas surrounding the medical "affirmation" of minors. The High Court judgement also allowed the NHS to suspend the initiation of hormonal interventions, including puberty blockers known to cause bone diseases, to minors under 16. However, children between the ages of 16 and 18 were allowed to take part in hormonal interventions in clinical trial settings approved by an institutional review board.

Several European countries found the evidence base to be insufficient in justifying routine early medical interventions for gender-dysphoric minors. They revised its treatment guidelines in 2020, prioritizing psychological interventions over medical interventions, particularly for minors.

On November 28, 2022, Australian courts settled a family court trial in which the parents could not agree on whether their child should or should not undergo a medical transition. Several experts were called in to testify and gave affidavits on the case. These experts focused on developments in Sweden, Finland, and England, where systematic reviews of puberty blockers revealed a weak base for treatments in minors. The court case cited both Sweden and Finland's decision to move away from pediatric medical transitioning to focus more on psychotherapeutic approaches. A gender clinic gave a recommendation for puberty blockers, only to later reverse this recommendation. The court case is noted for being the first of its kind in which a courtroom has heard a balanced argument both for and against medical transitions in minors. Previous court cases did not have a balanced arguments from experts *against* puberty blockers, hormones, and bilateral mastectomies in minors still developing an identity. However, because the individual involved is a minor, the courts sealed all documents, prohibiting all evidence from being fully viewed or read. The ramifications of the case may have lasting effects on others of its kind.

In North America, the debate around the drug Lupron and its class of drugs is highly politicized. Several US states used laws to ban the use of hormonal interventions in dysphoric minors, while other states introduced a wide range of gender-"affirming" medical and surgical interventions for "gender incongruence", regardless of the patient's age or mental health status. The Canadian bill "Bill C-6" seeks to criminalize psychological treatments of gender dysphoric minors. While this effort criminalizes conversion therapies, it also removes the non-invasive medical options such as intensive therapy.

Only one type of Lupron is no longer distributed in America due to a national shortage caused by a routine manufacturing compliance review. Six other types are still on the market, despite the known risks of bone diseases and other long-term effects.

#### Transwomen and periods

*Beginning in the late 2010s and early 2020s, social media users discussed transgender women who were assigned male at birth experiencing menstrual cycles similar to cisgender women. The LGBTQIA+ Wiki documents reliable medical information as it pertains to certain topics. Always consult your physician about changes, symptoms, or questions you may have.*

The medical certainty of transgender woman assigned male at birth having menstrual periods is unproven, as researches have not conducted studies based on transgender health. There are anecdotal claims of support for the theory made by select members of the transgender community. Transgender women who were assigned male at birth and have undergone hormonal replacement therapy cannot have a menstrual period or cycle because they do not have a uterus or uterine lining to shed. People who do not have a uterus or a uterine lining can not experience menstrual periods. Some transwomen who are on hormonal therapies may experience hormonal fluctuations similar to that of a cisgender woman. Transwomen might experience PMS (premenstrual syndrome) or PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder) type symptoms as a side effect of medications like estrogen or progesterone. As with any medication, some individuals may be more sensitive in experiencing the side effects. Both oral Progesterone medications an Estrogen injections can cause several side effects that mirror those of menstruating individuals.

### Perceptions and discrimination

Many transgender people medically transition through hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and/or surgeries to bring their bodies into alignment with their gender identity. However, not all people wish to, choose to, or have access to resources to be able to medically transition. Medical transitioning is often emphasized by cisgender people, and is a core belief of transmedicalism, but a trans person's identity is self-determined and not dependent upon procedures or appearance. In a 2018 survey, 52% of transgender people sought HRT or other medical care to help transition to their correct gender.

For some, the desire to transition stems from gender dysphoria, referring to the experience of intense distress with the lack of alignment between assigned gender at birth and gender identity. Dysphoria is not experienced by every trans person, and it is not necessary to be trans. However, because medical transitioning involves medical professionals, it often requires a diagnosis of gender dysphoria. Dysphoria often begins in childhood, but some people first experience it after puberty.

In the 21st century, being transgender has been incorrectly viewed as a trend or a fad that will pass. However, transgender people have always existed. This belief sometimes has been attributed to Western colonialism. Western colonialism began around the 15th century at a time when European countries sought to increase their power through conquering and exploiting other nations and indigenous peoples. One of the many tactics of colonialism is enforcing a place's culture and language onto another place. Western colonialism was so widespread that by 1914, most nations in the world had been colonized by European forces at some point. Western colonialism impacted other cultures' abilities to define genders in culturally specific ways through enforced assimilation versus annihilation, which caused the erasure of transgender people in history. Transgender people have had many different names and histories in various cultures around the world, some of which have involved sacred and/or important positions in their societies. (See History for more)

Gender essentialist beliefs and the gender binary impact the way transgender individuals are stigmatized as defiant or deviant. The stigma denies equal opportunity to prosperity as it impacts every aspect of life, such as economic and housing aspects, familial or social support systems, and mental health.

## Media

*This section should be used to elaborate on the portrayal and representation of this identity in various forms of media, which can include a listing or links to various artists or movies, series, etc.*

### Movies

###### Films and documentaries that feature transgender staff, directors, characters, actors, themes, or undertones.

* *Disclosure (2020)* — Documentary, Sam Feder | ft. Laverne Cox, Bianca Leigh, Jen Richards
* *Paris Is Burning (1990)* — Jennie Livingston
* *Ma Vie en Rose (1997)* — Alaine Berliner, Carole Scotta, Chris Vander Stappen)
* *The Danish Girl (2015)* — Biography following Lili Elbe | Tom Hopper, Gail Mutrux
* *Boys Don't Cry (1999)*— Kimberly Pierce, John Hart, Caroline Kaplan
* *Women in Revolt (1971)* — Paul Morrisey, Andy Warhol, Candy Darling, John Cale
* *Beautiful Darling (2010)* — Documentary following Candy Darling | James Rasin, Elisabeth Bentley, Gill Holland, Louis Durra
* *The Velvet Underground (2021)* — Documentary following The Velvet Underground, Lou Reed, and Andy Warhol’s Social Circle
* *The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976)* — Nicolas Roeg, Michael Deely, David Bowie, Candy Clark, Rip Torn)
* *The Matrix series (1999, 2003, 2021)* — Lana Wachowski, Lilly Wachowski
* *Deidra & Laney Rob a Train (2017)* — Susan Carstonis, Nick Moceri, Ian Bricke
* *Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton’s Cafeteria (2005)* — Documentary, Victor Silverman, Susan Stryker
* *The True Adventures of Wolfboy (2019)* — Martin Krejcí, Declan Baldwin, Lauren Beck, Olivia Dufalt

### Literature

* *Melissa* by Alex Gino
* *Light from Uncommon Stars* by Ryka Aoki
* *The Passing Playbook* by Isaac Fitzsimons
* *Rick* by Alex Gino
* *Magical Boy* by The Kao
* *I Am J* by Cris Beam
* *Felix Ever After* by Kacen Callender
* *Skate for Your Life* by Leo Baker
* *Cemetery Boys* by Thomas Aiden
* *Heartstopper* by Alice Oseman
* *I Was Born for This* by Alice Oseman
* *Tomorrow Will Be Different: Love, Loss, and the Fight for Trans Equality* by Sarah McBride
* *The Passing Playbook* by Isaac Fitzsimmons
* *Rethinking Normal* by Katie Rain Hill
* *Becoming a Visible Man* by Jamison Green
* *Meet Cute Diary* by Emery Lee
* *The [Un]popular Vote* by Jasper Sanchez
* *Sorted: Growing Up, Coming Out, and Finding My Place* by Jackson Bird
* *Real Queer America: LGBT Stories from Red States* by Samantha Allen
* *Being Jazz: My Life as a (Transgender) Teen* by Jazz Jennings
* *Growing Up Trans: In Our Own Words* by Lindsay Herriot
* *Continuum* by Chella Man
* *Obie is Man Enough* by Schuyler Bailar
* *Zenobia July* by Lisa Bunker
* *The Other Boy by M.G. Hennessy*
* *Star Wars: Queen's Hope* and *Star Wars: Brotherhood* by E.K. Johnston and Mike Chen, respectively - "Sister"
* *I Am Jazz* by Jazz Jennings

### Comics

* Elle Argent from *Heartstopper*
* Bia (Amazon) from *Nubia and the Amazons Vol 1 1*
* Kate Godwin from *DC Pride 2022 Vol 1 1*
* Alysia Yeoh from *Batgirl Vol 4 1*
* Sera from *Angela: Asgard's Assassin Vol 1 1*
* Tong from from *Fantastic Four* (Various)
* Ken Shiga (Koi Boi) from *Unbeatable Squirrel Girl Vol 1 2*
* Shela Sexton (Escapade) from *Marvel Voices: Pride Vol 2 1*
* Leonara Eng from *New Mutants Vol 4 16*
* Morgan Red from *Marvel Voices: Pride Vol 2 1*

### Television

* *Pose* - Multiple characters
	+ Blanca Rodriguez-Evangelista
	+ Angel Evangelista
	+ Elektra Evangelista
	+ Lulu Evangelista
	+ Candy Ferocity
* Unique Adams from *Glee*
* Sheldon Beiste from *Glee*
* Nia Nal (Dreamer) from *Supergirl*
* Jerrie Kennedy in *Big Sky*
* Theo Putnam from *Chilling Adventures of Sabrina*
* Isaac Vega from *Tom Swift*
* Ryo Watari from Boys Run the Riot
* Natalie El-Khoury from Big Mouth
* Barney Guttman from Dead End : Paranormal Park
* Viktor Hargreeves from *Umbrella Academy*

### Manga and Anime

* Cordelia from *Vinland Saga*[*source?*]
* Kenji Hikiishi from *My Hero Academia*[*source?*]
* Grelle Sutcliff from *Kuroshitsuji* (Black Butler)[*source?*]
* Alluka Zoldyck from *Hunter X Hunter*[*source?*]
* Kaoru Kurita from *Wonder Egg Priority*[*source?*]

### Video games

* Lev from *The Last of Us Part II*[*source?*]
* Tyler Ronan from *Tell Me Why*[*source?*]
* Madeline from Celeste

### Public figures

* Alan L. Hart[*source?*]
* Abigail Thorn[*source?*]
* Alexandra Billings[*source?*]
* Arca[*source?*]
* Bex Taylor-Klaus[*source?*]
* Brian Michael Smith[*source?*]
* Candy Darling[*source?*]
* Carmen Rupe[*source?*]
* Caitlyn Jenner[*source?*]
* Chaz Bono[*source?*]
* Chella Man[*source?*]
* Christine Jorgensen[*source?*]
* Chelsea Manning[*source?*]
* Daniela Sea[*source?*]
* Elliot Fletcher[*source?*]
* Elliot Page[*source?*]
* Ezra Furman[*source?*]
* Georgina Beyer[*source?*]
* Gia Gunn[*source?*]
* Gigi Goode[*source?*]
* Ian Harvie[*source?*]
* Jamie Clayton[*source?*]
* Jaime Raines[*source?*]
* Janet Mock[*source?*]
* Jazz Jennings[*source?*]
* Jen Richards[*source?*]
* Kade Gottlieb[*source?*]
* Kim Petras[*source?*]
* Kris Tyson (on-screen MrBeast member)
* Kye Allums[*source?*]
* Kylie Sonique Love[*source?*]
* Laganja Estranja[*source?*]
* Laurel Hubbard[*source?*]
* Laverne Cox
* Lili Elbe[*source?*]
* Marsha P. Johnson[*source?*]
* MJ Rodriguez[*source?*]
* Natalie Wynn[*source?*]
* Nicole Maines[*source?*]
* Nikkie de Jagar[*source?*]
* Rachel Levine
* Robin Daniel Skinner[*source?*]
* Rhys Ernst[*source?*]
* Sarah McBride[*source?*]
* Silas Howard[*source?*]
* Tommy Dorfman[*source?*]
* Trace Lysette[*source?*]

## Notes

1. ↑ "Binary gender" refers to "man" or "woman".
2. ↑ Non-binary is an umbrella term for genders that are not exclusively man or woman.
3. ↑ This book was originally published with the title *George*, however the author and publisher agreed in 2021 to change the name, and that they "made a mistake in titling it with a name 'the main character does not like or want to use for herself'."

## Resources

* The Trans Language Primer—Online information resource for the community, its cohorts, and service providers
* Trans Lifeline—Peer support by trans people, for trans people (US and Canada)
* National Center for Transgender Equality—Know Your Rights guides to legal rights in various situations, other self-help guides, information about various topics

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 GLAAD: "Glossary of Terms - Transgender". *GLAAD Media Reference Guide - 10th Edition*. (Archived on October 22, 2021).
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Trans Language Primer: "Birth Assignment". *The Trans Language Primer*. (Archived on November 1, 2021).
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 McNabb, Charlie. *Nonbinary Gender Identities: History, Culture, Resources*. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
4. ↑ "Dysphoria = Trans Hub" (2021). transhub.org.au. Trans Hub.
5. ↑ Oliven, John F.. *Sexual Hygiene and Pathology: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions*. J. B. Lippincott Company, 1965. (web archive)
6. ↑ The Guardian, Professor Stephen Whittle: "Brief History of Transgender Issues". theguardian.com.
7. ↑ "transgender | Etymology, origin and meaning of transgender by etymonline" (2022). etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary.
8. ↑ Milrod, Christine: "Issues of Coutnertransference in Therapy with Transgender Clients" (2021-02-01). transgendercounseling.com. Southern California Transgender Counseling.
9. ↑ Agarwal, Kritika: "What is Trans History?" (2018-05-01). historians.org.
10. ↑ "Mary Jones, 1836" (2014-11-08). transascity.org. Transas City.
11. ↑ Brandman, Mariana: "We'wha". *National Women's History Museum*.
12. ↑ Rhude, Kristofer: "The third gender and Hijras". *Harvard Divinity School*.
13. ↑ Hunter, Sophie: "Hijras and the legacy of British colonial rule in India" (2019-06-17). *Engenderings*. London School of Economics: Department of Gender Studies.
14. ↑ T-Girl Publishing: "History of the Pride Flag" (2015). web.archive.org.
15. ↑ Twersky, Carolyn: "Here's the Meaning Behind the Colors of the Trans Flag" (June 3, 2021). seventeen.com.
16. ↑ Planned Parenthood: "What's intersex?". *https://www.plannedparenthood.org*. (Archived on January 20, 2022).
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 InterAct Advocates: "Understanding Intersex and Transgender Communities". interactadvocates.org. (Archived on December 28, 2021).
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Mayo Clinic Staff: "Pubertal blockers for transgender and gender-diverse youth" (June 18, 2022). mayoclinic.org.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Women Fear Drug They Used To Halt Puberty Led To Health Problems" (February 2, 2017). khn.org.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Aimone Mahfouda, Julia K. Moore, Aris Siafarikas, Florian D Zepf, Ashleigh Lin: "Puberty suppression in transgender children and adolescents" (May 22, 2017). thelancet.com.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Karolinska Policy Change and Guidelines: "Sweden’s Karolinska Ends All Use of Puberty Blockers and Cross-Sex Hormones for Minors Outside of Clinical Studies" (May 5, 2021, updated February, 2022). segm.org.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Swedish Hospital Praised for Halting Gender Transition for Children Under 16". angelusnews.com.
23. ↑ Mia Ashton: "Australian gender clinic reverses course on puberty blockers for minors" (November 27, 2022). thepostmillennial.com.
24. ↑ "ASHP Lupron Drug Shortage". ashp.org.
25. ↑ Medically reviewed by E. Mimi Arquilla, DO - article by Veronica Zambon: "Can transgender women have a period?" (November 28, 2023). medicalnewstoday.com.
26. ↑ Jacobsen, Kai; Devor, Aaron; & Hodge, Edwin. *Who Counts as Trans? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Trans Tumblr Posts*. vol. 46, no. 1. (web archive)
27. ↑ Zawn Villenes, Good Therapy: "Can Non-Binary People Expierence Gender Dysphoria?". goodtherapy.org.
28. ↑ Psychiatry.org: "What Is Gender Dysphoria?". psychiatry.org.
29. ↑ Martens, Avery: "Transgender People Have Always Existed" (2016-06-10). acluohio.org.
30. ↑ Blakemore, Erin: "Colonialism Facts and Information" (2019-02-19). *National Geographic*.
31. ↑ Omowale, Jendayi: "Colonialism Still Affects How Black and Indigenous People See Gender" (2021-08-18). them.us.
32. ↑ Human Rights Campaign Foundation: "Dismantling a Culture of Violence". *Human Rights Campaign Foundation*.
33. ↑ Flood, Alison: "Alex Gino's children's novel George retitled Melissa 'to respect trans heroine'" (2021-11-03). theguardian.com. The Guardian.
34. ↑ K-Ci Williams: "Yasmin Finney, Who Plays Elle in “Heartstopper,” Talks Black Trans Icons, Vibes, and More" (May 2, 2022). teenvogue.com.
35. ↑ Trudy Ring: "First trans Amazon introduced in ‘Wonder Woman’ series by DC Comics" (October 24, 2021). qvoicenews.com.
36. ↑ Brian Cronin: "The Triumphant Return of a Forgotten Doom Patrol LGBTQ Superhero Pioneer" (June 20, 2022). cbr.com.
37. ↑ Samantha Riedel: "Meet the First Trans Character in a DC Comics Film" (January 27, 2022). them.us.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Melody Macready: "Every Trans Character In Marvel (& How Likely They Are To Join The MCU)" (May 1, 2022). screenrant.com.
39. ↑ M.N. Negus: "Marvel Introduces Trans Mutant Hero, Escapade" (May 16, 2022). cbr.com.
40. ↑ Rebecca Oliver Kaplan: "Escapade, Morgan Red, and Hibbert return in NEW MUTANTS #31" (July 8, 2022). comicsbeat.com.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 Allie Fasanella: ""Pose" Is Making Television History With These 5 Transgender Actors" (June 10, 2018). teenvogue.com.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Mey: "A Tale of Two Trans Characters: Glee’s Trans Representation Problem" (January 17, 2015). autostraddle.com.
43. ↑ Audrey Cleo Yap: "How ‘Supergirl’ Actor Nicole Maines Is Fighting for Trans Visibility On- and Off-Screen" (March 17, 2020). variety.com.
44. ↑ Sara Casaus: "Theo Putnam: Battling demons and gender norms" (December 27, 2020). youngentertainmentmag.com.
45. ↑ Kayla Thompson: "GLAAD x Tom Swift: A Conversation with Tian Richards and Marquise Vilson" (July 26, 2022). glaad.org.
46. ↑ Keito Gaku: "Boys Run the Riot". kodansha.us.
47. ↑ Samantha Allen: "How Josie Totah Brought Big Mouth’s First Trans Character to Life" (December 8, 2020). them.us.
48. ↑ https://umbrellaacademy.fandom.com/wiki/World%27s\_Biggest\_Ball\_of\_Twine
49. ↑ "‘Celeste’ protagonist confirmed as transgender by the game’s creator" (2020-11-07). nme.com. NME. (Archived on November 26, 2022).
50. ↑ https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/youtuber-kris-tyson-who-came-out-as-transgender-shares-transformation-pictures-610854.html
51. ↑ Cox, Laverne: "About + Bio \* Laverne Cox" (2022). lavernecox.com.
52. ↑ Zezima, Kate: "Meet Rachel Levine, one of the very few transgender public officials in America" (2016-06-01). washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. (Archived version). (Archived on March 29, 2020).