recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Hyperion

In Greek mythology, **Hyperion** (/haɪˈpɪəriən/; Greek: Ὑπερίων, translit. *Hyperíōn*, "The High-One") was one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Sky) who, led by Cronus, overthrew their father Uranus and were themselves later overthrown by the Olympians. With his sister, the Titaness Theia, Hyperion fathered Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon) and Eos (Dawn). Keats's abandoned epic poem *Hyperion* is among the literary works that feature the figure.

## Mythology

Hyperion's son Helios was referred to in early mythological writings as *Helios Hyperion* (Ἥλιος Ὑπερίων, "Sun High-one"). In Homer's *Odyssey*, Hesiod's *Theogony*, and the Homeric *Hymn to Demeter*, the Sun is once in each work called *Hyperionides* (Ὑπεριωνίδης, "son of Hyperion"), and Hesiod certainly imagines Hyperion as a separate being in other writings. In later Greek literature, Hyperion is always distinguished from Helios; the former was ascribed the characteristics of the "God of Watchfulness, Wisdom and the Light", while the latter became the physical incarnation of the Sun. Hyperion is an obscure figure in Greek culture and mythology, mainly appearing in lists of the twelve Titans:

> Of Hyperion we are told that he was the first to understand, by diligent attention and observation, the movement of both the sun and the moon and the other stars, and the seasons as well, in that they are caused by these bodies, and to make these facts known to others; and that for this reason he was called the father of these bodies, since he had begotten, so to speak, the speculation about them and their nature.
>
>
> — Diodorus Siculus (5.67.1)

There is little to no reference to Hyperion during the Titanomachy, the epic in which the Olympians battle the ruling Titans.

As the father of Helios, Hyperion was regarded as the "first principle" by Emperor Julian, though his relevance in Julian's notions of theurgy is unknown.
Immersion blender

An **immersion blender**, also known as **stick blender**, **hand blender**, is a kitchen blade grinder used to blend ingredients or purée food in the container in which they are being prepared. The immersion blender was invented in Switzerland by Roger Perrinjaquet, who patented the idea on March 6, 1950. He called the new appliance "bamix", a portmanteau of the French "battre et mixer" (beat and mix). Larger immersion blenders for commercial use are sometimes nicknamed boat motors (popularized by Emeril Lagasse and Alton Brown). Uses include puréeing soups and emulsifying sauces.

A stick blender comprises an electric motor driving rotating cutting blades at the end of a shaft which can be immersed in the food being blended, inside a housing which can be held by hand. Some can be used while a pan is on the stove. Immersion blenders are distinguished from worktop blenders and food processors that require food to be placed in a special vessel for processing. They are distinguished from hand mixers, which mix but do not chop.

Models for home and light commercial use typically have an immersible shaft length of about 16 centimetres (6.3 in), but heavy-duty commercial models are available with a shaft up to 53 centimetres (21 in) or more. Home models are available in corded or cordless versions. Motor power rating ranges from about 120 W to over 600 W for a heavy-duty model. Domestic models may be supplied with a goblet or other accessories. Immersion blenders should be used with caution as not to harm any body parts, such as fingers.
Homo economicus

*The problem isn't that people are making money. The problem is that people are making money **without limit**.*
The term ***homo economicus***, or **economic man**, is the portrayal of humans as agents who are consistently rational, narrowly self-interested, and who pursue their subjectively-defined ends optimally. It is a word play on *homo sapiens*, used in some economic theories and in pedagogy.

In game theory, *homo economicus* is often modelled through the assumption of **perfect rationality**. It assumes that agents always act in a way that maximize utility as a consumer and profit as a producer, and are capable of arbitrarily complex deductions towards that end. They will always be capable of thinking through all possible outcomes and choosing that course of action which will result in the best possible result.

The rationality implied in *homo economicus* does not restrict what sort of preferences are admissible. Only naïve applications of the *homo economicus* model assume that agents know what is best for their long-term physical and mental health. For example, an agent's utility function could be linked to the perceived utility of other agents (such as one's wife or children), making *homo economicus* compatible with other models such as *homo reciprocans,* which emphasizes human cooperation.

As a theory on human conduct, it contrasts to the concepts of behavioral economics, which examines cognitive biases and other irrationalities, and to bounded rationality, which assumes that practical elements such as cognitive and time limitations restrict the rationality of agents.

*Homo economicus* is a term used for an approximation or model of *Homo sapiens* that acts to obtain the highest possible well-being for him or herself given available information about opportunities and other constraints, both natural and institutional, on his ability to achieve his predetermined goals. This approach has been formalized in certain social sciences models, particularly in economics.

*Homo economicus* is seen as "rational" in the sense that well-being as defined by the utility function is optimized given perceived opportunities. That is, the individual seeks to attain very specific and predetermined goals to the greatest extent with the least possible cost. Note that this kind of "rationality" does not say that the individual's actual goals are "rational" in some larger ethical, social, or human sense, only that he tries to attain them at minimal cost. Only naïve applications of the *homo economicus* model assume that this hypothetical individual knows what is best for his long-term physical and mental health and can be relied upon to always make the right decision for himself. See rational choice theory and rational expectations for further discussion; the article on rationality widens the discussion.

As in social science, these assumptions are at best approximations. The term is often used derogatorily in academic literature, perhaps most commonly by sociologists, many of whom tend to prefer structural explanations to ones based on rational action by individuals.
Intermediate mathematics

This article is High school level

This article is a continuation of Introductory mathematics

It has been known since the time of Euclidw that all of geometry can be derived from a handful of objects (points, lines...), a few actions on those objects, and a small number of axiomsw. Every field of science likewise can be reduced to a small set of objects, actions, and rules. Math itself is not a single field but rather a constellation of related fields. One way in which new fields are created is by the process of **generalization**.

A generalization is the formulation of general concepts from specific instances by abstracting common properties. Generalization is the process of identifying the parts of a whole, as belonging to the whole.

The purpose of this article is threefold:

* To give a broad general overview of the various fields and subfields of mathematics.
* To show how each field can be derived from first principles.
* To provide links to articles and webpages with more in depth information.

Foreword:

Mathematical notationw can be extremely intimidating. Wikipedia is full of articles with page after page of indecipherable text. At first glance this article might appear to be the same. I want to assure the reader that every effort has been made to simplify everything as much as possible.

The following has been assembled from countless small pieces gathered from throughout the world wide web. I cant guarantee that there are no errors in it. Please report any errors or omissions on this articles talk page.

Sections:

1. Numbers
2. Functions
3. Discrete mathematics
Illegal agreement

An **illegal agreement**, under the common law of contract, is one that the courts will not enforce because the purpose of the agreement is to achieve an illegal end. The illegal end must result from performance of the contract itself. The classic example of such an agreement is a contract for murder.

However, a contract that requires only legal performance on the part of each party, such as the sale of packs of cards to a known gambler, where gambling is illegal, will nonetheless be enforceable. A contract directly linked to the gambling act itself, such as paying off gambling debts (see proximate cause), however, will not meet the legal standards of enforceability. Therefore, an employment contract between a blackjack dealer and a speakeasy manager, is an example of an illegal agreement and the employee has no valid claim to his anticipated wages if gambling is illegal under that jurisdiction.

* In *Bovard v. American Horse Enterprises* (1988), the California Court of Appeal for the Third District refused to enforce a contract for payment of promissory notes used for the purchase of a company that manufactured drug paraphernalia. Although the items sold were not actually illegal, the court refused to enforce the contract for public policy concerns.

* In Canada, one cited case of lack of enforceability based on illegality is *Royal Bank of Canada v. Newell, 147 D.L.R (4th) 268 (N.S.C.A.),* in which a woman forged her husband's signature on 40 cheques, totalling over $58,000. To protect her from prosecution, her husband signed a letter of intent prepared by the bank in which he agreed to assume "all liability and responsibility" for the forged cheques. However, the agreement was unenforceable, and was struck down by the courts, because of its essential goal, which was to "stifle a criminal prosecution". Because of the contract's illegality, and as a result voided status, the bank was forced to return the payments made by the husband.

Contracts in restraint of trade if proved to be reasonable can be enforced. When restraint is placed on an ex-employee, the court will consider the geographical limits, what the employee knows and the extent of the duration. Restraint imposed on a vendor of business must be reasonable and is binding if there is a genuine seal of goodwill.

Under common law, contracts to fix prices are legal.

*Sole supplier* ("solus") agreements are legal if reasonable.

Contracts which contravene public policy are void.
Hypersexual disorder

**Hypersexual disorder** is a pattern of behavior involving intense preoccupation with sexual fantasies, urges and activities, leading to adverse consequences and clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important functions. It was proposed in 2010 for inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

## Criteria

People with hypersexual disorder experience multiple, unsuccessful attempts to control or diminish the amount of time spent engaging in sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors.

For a valid diagnosis of hypersexual disorder to be established, symptoms must persist for a period of at least 6 months and occur independently of mania or a medical condition.

## History

Hypersexual disorder was recommended for inclusion in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) by the Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Workgroup (Emerging Measures and Models, Conditions for Further Study). It was ultimately not approved. The term *hypersexual disorder* was reportedly chosen because it did not imply any specific theory for the causes of hypersexuality, which remain unknown. A proposal to add sexual addiction to the DSM system had been previously rejected by the APA, as not enough evidence suggested to them that the condition is analogous to substance addictions, as that name would imply.

Rory Reid, a research psychologist in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), led a team of researchers to investigate the proposed criteria for Hypersexual Disorder. Their findings were published in the *Journal of Sexual Medicine* where they concluded that the given criteria is valid and the disorder could be reliably diagnosed.

The DSM-IV-TR, published in 2000, includes an entry called "Sexual Disorder—Not Otherwise Specified" (Sexual Disorder NOS), for disorders that are clinically significant but do not have code. The DSM-IV-TR notes that Sexual Disorder NOS would apply to, among other conditions, "distress about a pattern of repeated sexual relationships involving a succession of lovers who are experienced by the individual only as things to be used".
Greenhouse gases

Monatomic gases can translate. Diatomic gases can also rotate and vibrate. Molecules with 3 or more atoms can also bend. The first 2 are totally transparent to infrared radiation. Only molecules with 3 or more atoms like water and carbon dioxide emit and absorb infrared radiation. Also methane, nitrous oxide and Ozone.

## Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide

Earths atmosphere is currently 410 ppm carbon dioxide. In the distant past is was much higher.

### Mass of Atmosphere

If Earth's atmosphere were only slightly more massive then the air would be warmer and the amount of water vapor in the air would be much greater and lightning would therefore be much more common. The lightning would break apart the air molecules into highly reactive radicals which would bond to dust in the air and get washed down into the sea where they would end up getting subducted into the Earth. In this way the Earth's average air pressure is maintained at its current level.

During most of it's history Earth only had one atmospheric cell that extended from the pole to the equator and as a result Earth was very much warmer.

1. Hadley cell

During an ice\_age the Earth only has two cells. Ice ages are probably caused by deforestation caused by megafauna (and triggered by intense volcanic eruptions in the tropics).

1. Polar cell
2. Ferrel cell﻿

The Earth's atmosphere currently has 3 cells.

1. Polar\_cell
2. Ferrel\_cell
3. Hadley\_cell﻿
Hangnails

A **hangnail** is a small, torn piece of skin, more specifically eponychium or paronychium, next to a fingernail or toenail.

## Complications

Main articles: Paronychia
Hangnails can become infected and cause paronychia, a type of skin infection that occurs around the nails. Treatments for paronychia vary with severity, but may include soaking in hot salty water, the use of oral antibiotic medication, or clinical lancing. Paronychia itself rarely results in further complications but can lead to abscess, permanent changes to the shape of the nail, or the spread of infection.

## Prevention

Daily use of hand lotion or hand cream may help prevent the formation of hangnails.

## Treatment

For home treatment, the American Academy of Dermatology recommends washing the hands, clipping the loose piece of skin with a clean nail clipper or nail scissors, and applying over-the-counter antibiotic ointment if the area appears inflamed. Persistent hangnails should be evaluated by a physician.
Hindbrain

The **hindbrain** or **rhombencephalon** is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes.

The hindbrain can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh8-Rh1. Rostrally, the isthmus demarcates the boundary with the midbrain.

The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.

## Metencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon.

The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains:

* a portion of the fourth(IV) ventricle,
* the trigeminal nerve (CN V),
* abducens nerve (CN VI),
* facial nerve (CN VII),
* and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

## Myelencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.

The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:

* a portion of the fourth ventricle,
* the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX),
* vagus nerve (CN X),
* accessory nerve (CN XI),
* hypoglossal nerve (CN XII),
* and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

## Evolution

The hindbrain is homologous to a part of the arthropod brain known as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord. On this basis, it has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in the Urbilaterian—the last common ancestor of chordates and arthropods—between 570 and 555 million years ago.

## Hindbrain diseases

A rare brain malformation of the cerebellum is rhombencephalosynapsis characterized by an absent or partially formed vermis. Symptoms can include truncal ataxia. The disorder is a main feature of Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome.

## Additional images

Chicken embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. X 30.Human embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.Hindbrain of human embryo
Karma

**Karma** means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect). Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and happier rebirths, while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and bad rebirths.

The philosophy of karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in many schools of Indian religions (particularly Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism) as well as Taoism. In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life, as well as the nature and quality of future lives - one's *saṃsāra*.

## Two worlds

There are two worlds:

* Your internal subjective world
* The external world (reality)

There are two schools of thought:

* Your internal world must bend to and submit to external reality (i.e. "the world does not revolve around your ego")
* External reality must bend to and submit to the internal subjective world

The law of karma belongs to the second school of thought.

The law of karma can be summed up as "in this life your external world reflects your internal world and every deed and thought in this life will have consequences in the next life".

Whether the law of karma applies everywhere throughout this universe or just on earth I dont know.
High-protein diet

<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>

A **high-protein diet** is a diet in which 20% or more of the total daily calories comes from protein. For a 2000 calorie diet thats 100 grams of protein. Most high protein diets are high in saturated fat and severely restrict intake of carbohydrates.

Example foods in a high-protein diet include lean beef, chicken or poultry, pork, salmon and tuna, eggs, and soy.

A multivitamin is highly recommended.

## Health effects

High-protein diets can cause a build-up of ketones in the blood (ketosis) which can cause the body to produce high levels of uric acid, a risk factor
for gout and kidney stones.

High-protein diets may strain the kidney. An increased load on the kidney is a result of an increase in reabsorption of NaCl. This causes a decrease in the sensitivity of tubuloglomerular feedback, which, in turn, results to an increased glomerular filtration rate. This increases pressure in glomerular capillaries. When added to any additional renal disease, it may cause permanent kidney damage.

High protein diets that lack fiber, minerals and vitamins increase the risk of coronary artery disease, cancer and osteoporosis.

All of these negative health effects is probably why the body has evolved to makes you feel full after eating large amounts of protein (which is what makes a high-protein diet work in the first place). Eating protein makes you feel full so high-protein diets are an excellent way to lose weight but once the weight is lost the diet should be discontinued immediately.

It is speculated that high protein intake on the order of 200 g per day, coupled with inadequate intake of other calorie sources (fat or carbohydrates), can cause a form of metabolic disturbance and death commonly known as Protein poisoning. Even when consuming other calorie sources, consuming more than 285 g of protein per day (for an 80 kg person) may be unsafe.
Because you eat so much less on a high protein diet you may notice your weight dropping astonishingly fast for the first week. But that is just your bowels evacuating.

## Notable high-protein diets

* Atkins diet
* Dukan Diet
* Montignac diet
* Protein Power
* Scarsdale diet
* Stillman diet
* Sugar Busters!
* Zone diet

## References

1. ↑ Optimum Nutrition Oats & Whey Protein powder drink
Numba

Numba is an open-source JIT compiler that translates a subset of Python and NumPy into fast machine code using LLVM, via the llvmlite Python package. It offers a range of options for parallelising Python code for CPUs and GPUs, often with only minor code changes.

Numba was started by Travis Oliphant in 2012 and has since been under active development at https://github.com/numba/numba with frequent releases. The project is driven by developers at Anaconda, Inc., with support by DARPA, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Intel, nvidia and AMD, and a community of contributors on Github.

## Example

Numba can be used by simply applying the `numba.jit` decorator to a Python function that does numerical computations:

```
import numba
import random

@numba.jit
def monte\_carlo\_pi(nsamples):
    acc = 0
    for i in range(nsamples):
        x = random.random()
        y = random.random()
        if (x\*\*2 + y\*\*2) < 1.0:
            acc += 1
    return 4.0 \* acc / nsamples

```

The Just-in-time compilation happens transparently when the function is called:

```
monte\_carlo\_pi(1000000)
3.14

```

The Numba website at https://numba.pydata.org contains many more examples,
as well as information how to get good performance from Numba.

## GPU Support

Numba can compile Python functions to GPU code. Currently two backends are available:

* NVIDIA CUDA, see numba.pydata.org/numba-doc/dev/cuda
* AMD ROCm HSA, see numba.pydata.org/numba-doc/dev/roc

## Alternative approaches

Numba is one approach to make Python fast, by compiling specific functions that contain
Python and Numpy code. Many alternative approaches for fast numeric computing from Python exist, e.g. Cython, TensorFlow, PyTorch, Chainer, Pythran, PyPy, ...
Law of cosines

Main articles: Law of cosines
Given two vectors **a** and **b** separated by angle *θ* (see image right), they form a triangle with a third side **c** = **a** − **b**. The dot product of this with itself is:

c

⋅

c

=
(

a

−

b

)
⋅
(

a

−

b

)

=

a

⋅

a

−

a

⋅

b

−

b

⋅

a

b

⋅

b

=

a

2

−

a

⋅

b

−

a

⋅

b

b

2

=

a

2

−
2

a

⋅

b

b

2

c

2

=

a

2

b

2

−
2

a

b

cos
⁡

θ

{\displaystyle
\begin{align}
\mathbf{\color{gold}c} \cdot \mathbf{\color{gold}c} & = ( \mathbf{\color{red}a} - \mathbf{\color{blue}b}) \cdot ( \mathbf{\color{red}a} - \mathbf{\color{blue}b} ) \\
 & = \mathbf{\color{red}a} \cdot \mathbf{\color{red}a} - \mathbf{\color{red}a} \cdot \mathbf{\color{blue}b} - \mathbf{\color{blue}b} \cdot \mathbf{\color{red}a} + \mathbf{\color{blue}b} \cdot \mathbf{\color{blue}b} \\
 & = {\color{red}a}^2 - \mathbf{\color{red}a} \cdot \mathbf{\color{blue}b} - \mathbf{\color{red}a} \cdot \mathbf{\color{blue}b} + {\color{blue}b}^2 \\
 & = {\color{red}a}^2 - 2 \mathbf{\color{red}a} \cdot \mathbf{\color{blue}b} + {\color{blue}b}^2 \\
 {\color{gold}c}^2 & = {\color{red}a}^2 + {\color{blue}b}^2 - 2 {\color{red}a} {\color{blue}b} \cos {\color{purple}\theta} \\
\end{align}
}

which is the law of cosines.
Largest volcanic eruptions

The two largest volcanic eruptions that have occurred since man has been on earth produced the Ivory coast strewnfield (1.07 Mya) and the Australasian strewnfield (0.79 Mya). See Tektites

## References

1. ↑ "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819". Sciencedaily.com. 2009-12-07. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091205105844.htm. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
2. ↑ Briffa, K. R.; Jones, P. D.; Schweingruber, F. H.; Osborn, T. J. (1998-06-04). "Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years". *Nature* **393** (6684): 450–455. . . .
3. ↑ Space (2013-09-30). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A.D. 'Missing' Eruption". *Wired*. https://www.wired.com/2013/09/samalas-in-indonesia-identified-source-of-the-1258-a-d-missing-eruption/. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
4. ↑ Antoniades (2018-11-22). "The timing and widespread effects of the largest Holocene volcanic eruption in Antarctica". *Scientific Reports* **8** (1): 17279. . . . //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6250685/.
Jesus didnt kill himself

Luke 22:

And he was withdrawn from them about a stone's cast, and kneeled down, and prayed,

Saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done.

It was not Jesus will that he die on the cross. He was forced to do so by the Father.

The Father sacrificed the Son. The Son did not sacrifice himself.
Intermediate mathematics/Footer

# See also

* Introductory mathematics
* Advanced mathematics
* Impostor syndrome
* List of free mathematics books

# External links

* MIT open courseware
* Cheat sheets
* http://mathinsight.org
* https://math.stackexchange.com
* https://www.eng.famu.fsu.edu/~dommelen/quantum/style\_a/IV.\_Supplementary\_Informati.html
* http://www.sosmath.com
* https://webhome.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/Class/intro\_math\_review/intro\_math\_review/node1.html
* Wikiversity:Mathematics
* w:c:4chan-science:Mathematics
Nitrogen

Nitrogen is the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. The name comes from the Greek πνίγειν "to choke", directly referencing nitrogen's asphyxiating properties. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dinitrogen, a colourless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula N2. Dinitrogen forms about 78% of Earth's atmosphere.

Although nitrogen is non-toxic, when released into an enclosed space it can displace oxygen, and therefore presents an asphyxiation hazard. This may happen with few warning symptoms, since the human carotid body is a relatively poor and slow low-oxygen (hypoxia) sensing system. An example occurred shortly before the launch of the first Space Shuttle mission in 1981, when two technicians died from asphyxiation after they walked into a space located in the Shuttle's Mobile Launcher Platform that was pressurised with pure nitrogen as a precaution against fire.

When inhaled at high partial pressures (more than about 4 bar, encountered at depths below about 30 m in scuba diving), nitrogen is an anesthetic agent, causing nitrogen narcosis, a temporary state of mental impairment similar to nitrous oxide intoxication.

Nitrogen dissolves in the blood and body fats. Rapid decompression (as when divers ascend too quickly or astronauts decompress too quickly from cabin pressure to spacesuit pressure) can lead to a potentially fatal condition called decompression sickness (formerly known as caisson sickness or *the bends*), when nitrogen bubbles form in the bloodstream, nerves, joints, and other sensitive or vital areas. Bubbles from other "inert" gases (gases other than carbon dioxide and oxygen) cause the same effects, so replacement of nitrogen in breathing gases may prevent nitrogen narcosis, but does not prevent decompression sickness.
Micro-operation cache

A **micro-operation cache** (**μop cache**, **uop cache** or **UC**) is a specialized cache that stores micro-operations of decoded instructions, as received directly from the instruction decoders or from the instruction cache. When an instruction needs to be decoded, the μop cache is checked for its decoded form which is re-used if cached; if it is not available, the instruction is decoded and then cached.

One of the early works describing μop cache as an alternative frontend for the Intel P6 processor family is the 2001 paper *"Micro-Operation Cache: A Power Aware Frontend for Variable Instruction Length ISA"*. Later, Intel included μop caches in its Sandy Bridge processors and in successive microarchitectures like Ivy Bridge and Haswell. AMD implemented a μop cache in their Zen microarchitecture.

Fetching complete pre-decoded instructions eliminates the need to repeatedly decode variable length complex instructions into simpler fixed-length micro-operations, and simplifies the process of predicting, fetching, rotating and aligning fetched instructions. A μop cache effectively offloads the fetch and decode hardware, thus decreasing power consumption and improving the frontend supply of decoded micro-operations. The μop cache also increases performance by more consistently delivering decoded micro-operations to the backend and eliminating various bottlenecks in the CPU's fetch and decode logic.

A μop cache has many similarities with a trace cache, although a μop cache is much simpler thus providing better power efficiency; this makes it better suited for implementations on battery-powered devices. The main disadvantage of the trace cache, leading to its power inefficiency, is the hardware complexity required for its heuristic deciding on caching and reusing dynamically created instruction traces.
Groupings of objects

There are two types of groupings.

1. Artificial
2. Natural

The group of all people wearing red shirts would be an artificial grouping because all those people have nothing in common except that they happen to be wearing red shirts

The group of all birds is a natural grouping. Birds all arose from a common underlying mechanism and therefore share many common attributes. This is what makes it so useful to have a single name for the entire group.

Artificial groupings are generally not given names because there is no reason to do so. We dont give names to the group of all people that dont believe in bigfoot or the group of all people that dont believe in the Loch Ness Monster.

Giving a grouping a name therefore generally implies that it is a natural grouping and that the members of that group arose from some common mechanism and share those attributes that follow naturally from that mechanism.

In some peoples minds all groupings seem artificial.

Objects are frequently named for:

* What action happened to it that caused it to exist
	+ Sedimentary rocks: rocks created by an act of sedimentation
* What action it does, or makes other things do, that makes it useful (and which is usually what caused someone to create it)
	+ Screwdriver: tool created by a need to drive screws
Hearsay

Hearsay evidence is "an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein." In certain courts, hearsay evidence is inadmissible (the "Hearsay Evidence Rule") unless an exception to the Hearsay Rule applies.

For example, to prove that Tom was in town, the attorney asks a witness, "What did Susan tell you about Tom being in town?" Since the witness's answer will rely on an out-of-court statement that Susan made, if Susan is unavailable for cross-examination, the answer is hearsay. A justification for the objection is that the person who made the statement is not in court and thus is insulated from cross-examination.

Note, however, that if the attorney asking the same question is not trying to prove the truth of the assertion about Tom being in town but the fact that Susan said the specific words, it may be acceptable. For example, it would be acceptable to ask a witness what Susan told them about Tom in a defamation case against Susan because now the witness is asked about the opposing party's statement that constitutes a verbal act
Great Leap Forward

The **Great Leap Forward** of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962. The campaign was led by Chairman Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. These policies led to social and economic disaster, but these failures were hidden by widespread exaggeration and deceitful reports. In short order, large internal resources were diverted to use on expensive new industrial operations, which, in turn, failed to produce much, and deprived the agricultural sector of urgently needed resources. A significant result was a drastic decline in food output, which caused millions of deaths in the Great Chinese Famine.

Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the incremental introduction of mandatory agricultural collectivization. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were persecuted and labeled counter-revolutionaries. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions and social pressure, although people also experienced forced labor. Rural industrialization, officially a priority of the campaign, saw "its development ... aborted by the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward."

It is widely regarded by historians that The Great Leap resulted in tens of millions of deaths. A lower-end estimate is 18 million, while extensive research by Chinese historian Yu Xiguang suggests the death toll from the movement is closer to 56 million. Historian Frank Dikötter asserts that "coercion, terror, and systematic violence were the foundation of the Great Leap Forward" and it "motivated one of the most deadly mass killings of human history".

The years of the Great Leap Forward saw economic regression, with 1958 through 1962 being one of two periods between 1953 and 1976 in which China's economy shrank. Political economist Dwight Perkins argues, "enormous amounts of investment produced only modest increases in production or none at all. ... In short, the Great Leap was a very expensive disaster."

In subsequent conferences in March 1960 and May 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao Zedong was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like President Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Chairman Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966 in order to re-consolidate his power.
Know your rights

4th Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.<

In other words: You have a right to refuse search & seizure within your home and/or on your person if the arresting officer does not have probable cause to believe that a crime is being committed.

5th Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

In other words: During police encounters, you have a right to remain silent and to refuse to respond to unreasonable questioniong.

6th Amendment: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

In other words: You have a right to an attorney.

## Additional Resources

10 Rules for Dealling With Police (short film)

ACLU Guide for Handling Encounters with Police Officers and More
Magna Charta Universitatum

The **Magna Charta Universitatum** (Great Charter of Universities) is a document to celebrate university traditions and encourage bonds among European universities, but is also intended to serve as a universal inspiration and is open to universities throughout the world. It defines the key philosophical concepts of a university: academic freedom and institutional autonomy.

The charter was established by the University of Bologna and the European Rectors' Conference (now EUA) in 1988, to mark the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna, with 388 original signatories As of 2018[update] it has been signed by 889 universities from 88 countries.

## History

The *Magna Charta Universitatum Europaeum* was formally signed by 388 university rectors on 18 September 18 1988 at Piazza Maggiore in Bologna, to commemorate the 900th anniversary of the founding of the University of Bologna. The final text of the document was drafted in January 1988 in Barcelona.

The *Observatory Magna Charta Universitatum* was established in 1998 and incorporated in 2000. It organised is first convention in 2001. 73 universities signed the charter at the annual convention on 18 September 2018, bringing the total to 889, with 13 more having been accepted to sign in 2019.
Jock itch

*Do NOT use athletes foot ointment to treat jock itch*
**Tinea cruris** is a dermatophyte, a type of fungal infection of the groin region in either sex, though more often seen in males.

## Signs and symptoms

This condition is most clearly identified by the ring like rash which forms. It is typically a red or brown irritated patch of skin with clear rings.
The infection causes itching or a burning sensation in the area which is affected. Most likely originating from the groin, thigh skin folds or anus. Infection may involve the inner thighs and genital areas, as well as extending back to the perineum and perianal areas, and the rash can spread to any part of the body and is considered highly contagious.

Affected areas may appear reddish, tan, or brown, with flaking, rippling, peeling, iridescence, or cracking skin.

The acute infection begins with an area in the groin fold about a half-inch across, usually on both sides. The area may enlarge, and other sores may develop. The rash has sharply defined borders that may blister and ooze.

Tinea cruris has similar symptoms to inverse psoriasis.

## Causes

Opportunistic infections (infections that are caused by a diminished immune system) are frequent. Fungus from an athlete's foot infection can spread to the groin through clothing. Tight, restrictive clothing, such as jockstraps, traps heat and moisture, providing an ideal environment for the fungus.

The type of fungus involved is usually *Trichophyton rubrum*. Some other contributing fungi are *Trichophyton mentagrophytes* and *Epidermophyton floccosum*.

## Diagnosis

Tinea cruris is similar to candidal intertrigo, which is an infection of the skin by *Candida albicans*. The latter is more specifically located between intertriginous folds of adjacent skin, which can be present in the groin or scrotum, and be indistinguishable from fungal infections caused by *tinea*. However, candidal infections tend to both appear, and with treatment, disappear more quickly.

## Prevention

Medical professionals recommend a preventative based approach of stopping fungus before it occurs. Prevention is preferable over a reactive treatment approach. The preventative based approach involves removing heat and moisture from the groin area.

## Treatment

Tinea cruris is best treated with topical antifungal medications of the allylamine or azole type. Studies suggest that allylamines (naftifine and terbinafine) are a quicker but more expensive form of treatment compared to azoles (clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, oxiconazole, miconazole, sulconazole).

The benefits of the use of topical steroids in addition to an antifungal is unclear. There might be a greater cure rate but no guidelines currently recommend its addition. The effect of Whitfield's ointment is also unclear.
Long (finance)

In finance, a **long** position in a financial instrument means the holder of the position owns a positive amount of the instrument. The holder of the position has the expectation that the financial instrument will increase in value. This is known as a bullish position.

## Security

In terms of a security, such as a stock or a bond, or equivalently *to be long* in a security, means the holder of the position owns the security, on the expectation that the security will increase in value, and will profit if the price of the security goes up. *Going long* a security is the more conventional practice of investing.

## Future

Going long in a future means the holder of the position is obliged to buy the underlying instrument at the contract price at expiry. The holder of the position will profit if the price of the underlying instrument goes up, as the price he will pay will be less than the market price.

## Option

An options investor goes long in an underlying investment (in technical jargon, the preposition "in" is omitted) by buying call options or selling put options on it. This is different from going long by buying the underlying or trading in futures, because a long position in an option does not necessarily mean that the holder will profit if the price of the underlying instrument goes up. Going long in an option gives the right (but not obligation) for the holder to exercise it. If the price rises to above the strike price, the owner of a call option will probably exercise the option to buy the instrument and (at least on paper) will gain if the difference between the price at that time and the strike price is greater than the premium which he paid. With a put option on the other hand, the seller of the option will profit (on paper) if the price of the instrument goes up (so that the option is not exercised by the buyer), or falls by less than what he received as a premium.

## See also

* Short (finance)
* Position (finance)
Nena

Not to be confused with  Nuna (supercontinent).
**Nena**, an acronym for Northern Europe–North America, was the Early Proterozoic amalgamation of Baltica and Laurentia into a single "cratonic landmass", a name first proposed in 1990. Since then several similar Proterozoic supercontinents have been proposed, including Nuna and Arctica, that include other Archaean cratons, such as Siberia and East Antarctica.

In the original concept Nena formed c. 1,900 million years ago in the Penokean, Makkovikan, Ketilidian, and Svecofennian orogenies. However, because Nena excludes several known Archaean cratons, including those in India and Australia, it is strictly speaking not a supercontinent. Nena, or Nuna, can, nevertheless be thought of as the core of Columbia, another supercontinent concept with several proposed configurations.

Nena as a continent has been associated with the Sudbury Basin Impact.
Major basic protein

**Eosinophil major basic protein**, often shortened to major basic protein (MBP; also called Proteoglycan 2 (PRG2)) is encoded in humans by the *PRG2* gene.

## Function

The protein encoded by this gene is the predominant constituent of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. High levels of the proform of this protein are also present in placenta and pregnancy serum, where it exists as a complex with several other proteins including pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), angiotensinogen (AGT), and C3dg. This protein may be involved in antiparasitic defense mechanisms as a cytotoxin and helmintho-toxin, and in immune hypersensitivity reactions. It is directly implicated in epithelial cell damage, exfoliation, and bronchospasm in allergic diseases.

PRG2 is a 117-residue protein that predominates in eosinophil granules. It is a potent enzyme against helminths and is toxic towards bacteria and mammalian cells *in vitro*. The eosinophil major basic protein also causes the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, and activates neutrophils and alveolar macrophages.

## Structure

Structurally the major basic protein (MBP) is similar to lectins (sugar-binding proteins), and has a fold similar to that seen in C-type lectins. However, unlike other C-type lectins (those that bind various carbohydrates in the presence of calcium), MBP does not bind either calcium or any of the other carbohydrates that this family recognize.

Instead, MBP recognises heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Two crystallographic structures of MBP have been determined.

## Interactions

Major basic protein has been shown to interact with Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A.
OneSimCard

**OneSimCard** is a pay-as-you-go international cell phone service provider offering a single GSM international SIM card granting service in nearly every country in the world.

## History

OneSimCard was introduced in 2007 by parent company Belmont Telecom Inc. a licensed U.S. interexchange carrier providing telecommunications services since 2004. OneSimCard is distributed by retail stores throughout North America, including Fry's Electronics. OneSimCard is sold inflight on Virgin Atlantic and Malaysia Airlines. Service can also be purchased online at OneSimCard.com where you can buy international SIM cards as well as purchase and rent international cell phones.

## Services and Products

OneSimCard's proprietary global travel SIM card allows customers to call from anywhere in the world without incurring additional roaming charges. OneSimCard offers free incoming calls in over 160 countries, outgoing calls from 25 cents per minute and data service from 10 cents/MB.

The SIM card is compatible with unlocked GSM phones and the main phone number, once the SIM card is inserted, is based in the EU. Customers can add phone numbers in the U.S. and many other countries for an additional cost. OneSimCard has an unusually rich range of calling options, including a special Mobile app for both Android and iPhones, OneSim VOIP, which makes calls at very low rates when connected to a Wi-Fi network. There are no contracts or monthly fees to use OneSimCard service and additional features are available for businesses to manage any number of traveling employees via a flexible web-based account management system. OneSimCard offers American-based customer service.

OneSimCard also offers services to Machine to Machine (M2M) / Internet of Things (IoT) devices users, supporting both businesses (B2B) and individual customers (B2C). OneSimCard M2M / IoT services are available in over 160 countries allowing users extensive international roaming and tracking capabilities. M2M / IoT services offered to B2B and individual customers have 1kb billing increments and provide low cost use on M2M devices in multiple countries.