Kingdom of Egypt

The Kingdom of Egypt is a Puppet State of the Italian Empire located west of the Gaza Colony, North of the Ethiopian Empire and West of the Emirate of Cyrenaica. The Kingdom was once a Princely State of the Ottoman Empire ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty as Khedives until the British made the Ottoman Princely State into a Protectorate in 1882.

After World War I, Egypt became a Puppet State of the Italian Empire and was renamed the from the Sultanate of Egypt to the Kingdom of Egypt.

## History

### Origin

Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1517, after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions. The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders took over their trade. Between 1687 and 1731, Egypt experienced six famines. The 1784 famine cost it roughly one-sixth of its population.

Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control, due in part to the continuing power and influence of the Mamluks, the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries.

Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until it was invaded by the French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 (see French campaign in Egypt and Syria). After the French were defeated by the British, a power vacuum was created in Egypt, and a three-way power struggle ensued between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans.

After the French were expelled, power was seized in 1805 by Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt. While he carried the title of viceroy of Egypt, his subordination to the Ottoman porte was merely nominal.

The introduction in 1820 of long-staple cotton transformed its agriculture into a cash-crop monoculture before the end of the century, concentrating land ownership and shifting production towards international markets.

Muhammad Ali annexed Northern Sudan (1820–1824), Syria (1833), and parts of Arabia and Anatolia; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself, forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans. His military ambition required him to modernise the country: he built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the civil service.

He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire in a way showing various similarities to the Soviet strategies (without communism) conducted in the 20th century.

Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers became mandatory; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

The policy that Mohammad Ali Pasha followed during his reign explains partly why the numeracy in Egypt compared to other North-African and Middle-Eastern countries increased only at a remarkably small rate, as investment in further education only took place in the military and industrial sector.

Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim (in September 1848), then by a grandson Abbas I (in November 1848), then by Said (in 1854), and Isma'il (in 1863) who encouraged science and agriculture and banned slavery in Egypt.

Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province. It was granted the status of an autonomous vassal state or *Khedivate* in 1867, a legal status which was to remain in place until 1914 although the Ottomans had no power or presence.

The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction was financed by European banks. Large sums also went to patronage and corruption. New taxes caused popular discontent. In 1875 Isma'il avoided bankruptcy by selling all Egypt's shares in the canal to the British government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

Other circumstances like epidemic diseases (cattle disease in the 1880s), floods and wars drove the economic downturn and increased Egypt's dependency on foreign debt even further.

Local dissatisfaction with the Khedive and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879, with Ahmed ʻUrabi a prominent figure. After increasing tensions and nationalist revolts, the United Kingdom invaded Egypt in 1882, crushing the Egyptian army at the Battle of Tell El Kebir and militarily occupying the country. Following this, the Khedivate became a *de facto* British protectorate under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.

In 1899 the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement was signed: the Agreement stated that Sudan would be jointly governed by the Khedivate of Egypt and the United Kingdom. However, actual control of Sudan was in British hands only.

In 1906, the Denshawai incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement.

### World War I

Egypt let themselves be submitted by the Italians as a Puppet State as a way to kick the British out because the British forced the Khedive to give up Sudan to the British under "joint control" and many Egyptians were not able to represent themselves in the Government of the Khedive. Egyptians fought on the side of the Italians and helped with the rebellions in the Arabian peninsula.

### After the War

After the War, Victor Emmanuel III appointed Adly Yakan Pasha as Praetor of the Kingdom as the Egyptians loved being a Puppet State of the Italians as they were better than the "evil British boons" who ruined their country. Egypt then became a Kingdom with Fuad, the son of the current ruler Egypt became the King of the Kingdom of Egypt.

## Government

The Government of Egypt is a Constitutional Monarchy under a Provincial Senate in which the King rules as a ceremonial figurehead with a Praetor appointed by the Italian King to have domination over the Government. The Praetor appoints all members of the Senate who are elected by the Chamber of Deputies who are elected into power by the People of Egypt. The Senate then elects the Prime Minister who is appointed by the King and Praetor both as the Prime Minister elects members of the cabinet. Most of Egypt's Prime Ministers are Nationalist Politicians.

#### **Administration Cabinet of Egypt**

* **Praetor:** Adly Yakan Pasha
* **Prime Minister:** Mohamed Naguib
* **Foreign Minister:** Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha
* **Armament Minister:** Mohammed al Fransawi
* **Minister of Defense:** Mohammed Hilmi Issa
* **Minister of Intelligence:** Aga I Khan
* **Chief of Staff:** Hassan Sabry Pasha
* **Chief of Army:** Hassan Sirry Pasha
* **Chief of Navy:** Abdallah Ziwar Pasha
* **Chief of Air Force:** Aly Chamsy Pasha
* **Chief of Military Police:** Yusuf Rashad

## Military

### Army

The Egyptian army is still training to become the military force it dreams itself to be. Centuries of being under the thumb of the Ottomans and the Decades under the British prevented the Egyptian Army from becoming a modern military force upon independence. Now as an Italian Puppet State they now have an horde of Infantry Divisions trained by the Italians.

### Navy

Egypt has 3 Battleships and 6 Destroyers used to defend the country from Invaders, forming a Navy is a waste of time since Egypt is surrounded by fellow Puppet States of Italy, Ethiopia and Puppet States of Italy's ally Germany.

### Air Force

The Air Force consists of 100 Warplanes piloted by 100 Pilots trained by pro Pilots of the Italian Air Force.

## Foreign Relations

* Colonial Relations with the Italian Empire
* Great Relations with the Emirate of Cyrenaica.
* Bad Relations with the Kingdom of Libya, Ethiopian Empire and the Sultanate of Syria.