Deportations and purges of nationalities

* “Stalin’s persecution of German communists” by Alexander Boulerian https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2002/03/book-m16.html [EN] (Trotskyist publication, WARNING!- WSWS was identified as fascist entryism enabler by French communists and European Marxists)

### **Related Pages**

* Chechnya
* Crimea

### **Blog Posts**

* “Russian-Germans in anti-Nazi Partisan Units” http://jpohl.blogspot.com/2012/10/russian-germans-in-anti-nazi-partisan.html [EN]

### **Encyclopedia**

#### **Events**

* "Population transfer in the Soviet Union" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population\_transfer\_in\_the\_Soviet\_Union [EN]
* "Forced settlements in the Soviet Union" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced\_settlements\_in\_the\_Soviet\_Union [EN]
* "Mass operations of the NKVD" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass\_operations\_of\_the\_NKVD [EN]
* "Deportation of the Balkars" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_the\_Balkars [EN]
* "Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_the\_Chechens\_and\_Ingush [EN]
* "Deportation of Chinese in the Soviet Union" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_Chinese\_in\_the\_Soviet\_Union [EN]
* "Deportation of the Crimean Tatars" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_the\_Crimean\_Tatars [EN]
* "Deportation of the Ingrian Finns" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportations\_of\_the\_Ingrian\_Finns [EN]
* "Deportation of the Kalmyks" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_the\_Kalmyks [EN]
* "Deportation of the Karachays" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_the\_Karachays [EN]
* "Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_Koreans\_in\_the\_Soviet\_Union [EN]
* "Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_the\_Meskhetian\_Turks [EN]
* “Deportation of the Soviet Greeks” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation\_of\_the\_Soviet\_Greeks [EN]
* "Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet\_deportations\_from\_Bessarabia\_and\_Northern\_Bukovina [EN]
* "Soviet deportations from Estonia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet\_deportations\_from\_Estonia [EN]
* "Soviet deportations from Latvia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet\_deportations\_from\_Latvia [EN]
* "Soviet deportations from Lithuania" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet\_deportations\_from\_Lithuania [EN]
* "Hotel Lux" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel\_Lux [EN]

#### **Finnish individuals**

* "Toivo Antikainen" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toivo\_Antikainen [EN]
* "Eero Haapalainen" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero\_Haapalainen [EN]
* "Kullervo Manner" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullervo\_Manner [EN]
* "Otto Wille Kuusinen" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto\_Wille\_Kuusinen [EN]
* "Arvo Tuominen" 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo\_Tuominen [EN]
* "Reino Drockila" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino\_Drockila [E]
* "Elvira Willman" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira\_Willman [EN]
* "Kustaa Kovio" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustaa\_Rovio [EN]
* "Asser Salo" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asser\_Salo [EN]
* "Juho Perälä" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juho\_Per%C3%A4l%C3%A4 [EN]
* "Tyyne Salomaa" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyyne\_Salomaa [EN]
* "Alexander Shotman" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander\_Shotman [EN]
* "Frans Myyryläinen" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans\_Myyryl%C3%A4inen [EN]
* "Hanna Kohonen" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna\_Kohonen [EN]
* "Ivar Lassy"' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar\_Lassy [EN]
* "Leo Kauppi" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo\_Kauppi [EN]
* "Hannes Kärkkäinen" https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes\_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen [FI]
* "Verner Lehtimäki" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner\_Lehtim%C3%A4ki [EN]
* "Hanna Karhinen" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna\_Karhinen [EN]
* "Väinö Kallio" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6\_Kallio [EN]
* "Oskari Ikonen"' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskari\_Ikonen [EN]
* "Herman Hurmevaara" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman\_Hurmevaara [EN]
* "Edward Gylling" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard\_Gylling [EN]
* "Aino Forsten" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino\_Forsten [EN]
* "Toivo Alavirta" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toivo\_Alavirta [EN]
* "Matti Airola" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti\_Airola [EN]
* "Jukka Ahti" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukka\_Ahti [EN]
* "Feliks Kellosalmi"' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliks\_Kellosalmi [EN]
* "Toivo Vähä" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toivo\_V%C3%A4h%C3%A4 [EN]
* "Aino Kuusinen" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino\_Kuusinen [EN]

### **Books**

* “Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin” by Timonthy Snyder http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=6E167F1CEC97E0D9064D934219EC61B1 [EPUB, 2MB, EN] http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=55C7DC1E7393F58097915E7AA702B297 [PDF, 9MB, EN] http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=71095571938634447460DE9CE7A5D8D6 [MOBI, 3MB, EN] (criticized for dovetailing)
* "Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR" by P. M. Polian http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=217881ED601C1C6E158708ECDB37D18E [PDF, 2MB, EN]

### **Podcast Episodes**

* “Suomalaiset emigrantit Neuvostoliitossa” https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/suomalaiset-emigrantit-neuvostoliitossa [29:23, FI] (Finnish state-owned media)

### **Notes**

* Red Army soldiers of German descent were purged even if they were found out to have Russified their names in order to keep fighting
* Many of the people targeted for their nationality or ethnicity prior to Operation Barbarossa were genuine communists and socialists, or at the very least honest peasants and workers who wanted a better future. Accusing someone of Trotskyism, anarchism or being ultra-left for merely speaking a language other than Russian was commonplace.
* Thousands of Finnish Reds moved to the Soviet Union after being defeated during the Civil War or exiled from the USA to build socialism. But due to being a tight-knit group because of shared language and culture, many were deemed counter-revolutionaries based on guilt of association. The few individuals who survived the purges untouched were deeply unpopular amongst communists and the working class at home. The mistreatment of Finnish Reds during the Great Purges with very few surviving was one of the reasons many Finnish communists wound up fighting against the USSR in the Winter War. However desertion of the Finnish Army amongst the Reds was high during Operation Barbarossa and Continuation War when Finland aligned with Nazi Germany.