Linguicism

### **Language Suppression (Linguicide)**

* “Welcome to the Year of Un-Indigenous Languages” by Gerald Roche http://www.ogmios.org/blog/welcome-to-the-year-of-un-indigenous-languages/ [EN]
* "A Lifesaving Language in Crisis" by Kunbzang Tsering https://aushimalaya.net/2020/10/16/a-lifesaving-language-in-crisis/ [EN]
* “The Amazigh of Libya revive their previously banned language” by Karlos Zurutuza https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/amazigh-libya-revive-their-previously-banned-language [EN]
* "China's “Bilingual Education” Policy in Tibet" https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/03/04/chinas-bilingual-education-policy-tibet/tibetan-medium-schooling-under-threat [EN]
* “Will education reform wipe out Mongolian language and culture?” by Gegentuul Baioud https://www.languageonthemove.com/will-education-reform-wipe-out-mongolian-language-and-culture/ [EN]

* "The Life and Death of Shanghainese" by Andy Boreham https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1286/life-and-death-shanghainese [EN]
* "教育部办公厅关于实施学前儿童普通话教育“童语同音”计划的通知" http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A18/s3129/202108/t20210802\_548318.html (Archive: https://archive.vn/bVJPT) [ZH] (Chinese government, talks about wanting to enforce linguistic assimilation on non-Mandarin speaking peoples)

### **Research Articles**

* “Russian As a Lingua Franca” by Aneta Pavlenko (note: about Soviet-era Russification policies and their consequences) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231747587\_Russian\_as\_a\_lingua\_franca [EN]

* "The Purist Campaign as Metadiscursive Regime in China’s Tibet" by Timothy Thurston https://sci-hub.st/10.1163/22105018-12340107 [PDF, 621kb, EN]
* “Articulating Language Oppression: Colonialism, Coloniality and the Erasure of Tibet’s Minority Languages” by Gerald Roche https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1662074 [PDF, 592 KB, PDF]
* “Tibetan Language Rights and Civil Society in the People’s Republic of China: Challenges *of* and *for* Rights" by Gerald Roche https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/10357823.2020.1758033 [PDF, 1.4 MB, EN]
* “Putonghua vs. minority languages: distribution of language laws, regulations, and documents in mainland China” by Huiyu Zhang and Shimeng Cai https://sci-hub.st/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2020.1828598 [PDF, 2.3 MB, EN]

### **News Articles**

* “Berber culture reborn in Libya revolt” by Peter Graff https://reuters.com/article/idUSTRE76A4PD20110711 [EN]
* “Mongolians protest Beijing attack on language rights” by Roy Landersen https://themilitant.com/2020/09/12/mongolians-protest-beijing-attack-on-language-rights/ [EN] (Trotskyist publication)
* “Recording & Review Pt. 7: Constitutionally Mandated Mandarin-Medium Education” by NPC Observer   https://npcobserver.com/2021/01/20/recording-review-pt-7-constitutionally-mandated-mandarin-medium-education/ [EN]
* “Hokkien Linguist Pushes For Language Revival Over Fears Of It Dying Out” by Anne Dorall https://www.therakyatpost.com/2020/08/04/hokkien-linguist-pushes-for-language-revival-over-fears-of-it-dying-out/ [EN]
* “Meet the Malaysian on a mission to make Hokkien great again, amid Mandarin’s rising popularity in Southeast Asia” by Randy Mulyanto https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3118919/meet-malaysian-mission-make-hokkien-great-again-amid [EN] (owned by Alibaba)
* "Chinese minority languages among those at risk of dying out, with no one left to speak them, study finds" by Alice Yan https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/article/3121562/chinese-minority-languages-among-those-risk-dying-out-no-one (archived: https://archive.vn/Asao1) [EN] (owned by Alibaba)

### **Magazine Articles**

* “A Quiet Death: the Acceptable Loss of Language” by Thomas Batchelor https://newbloommag.net/2020/08/20/linguicide-language-loss/ [EN]

### **Encyclopedia**

* “Guangzhou Television Cantonese controversy” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou\_Television\_Cantonese\_controversy [EN]

* “廣州撐粵語行動” https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E6%92%90%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95 [ZH-YUE]

* "2010年廣州撐粵語行動" https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E6%92%90%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95 [ZH]

### **Books**

* “The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse” by Arienne M. Dwyer http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F06C22130D7A0D39B559FF43D1455383 [PDF, 2MB, EN]

### **Videos**

* "Manchu, Once China’s Official Language, Could Lose Its Voice" uploaded by Sixth Tone https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHr1f5V2hzA [ZH, EN, 03:45]

### **Notes**

* Language suppression and linguicide (forced extinction of languages by government policy) are tools used by states everywhere to suppress minority and marginalized groups.
* Both are inherently tied to nationalism and fascism.
* Replacing a minority or marginalized language with a national language as the language of instruction in schools is sufficient to destroy a language within a few generations, or at least drastically reduce the number of speakers.
* Languages are targeted because languages represent an identity.
* Used by the USSR in the form of Russification policies that replaced local languages with Russian as the language of instruction.
* Students were also taught that Russian was the “language of the proletariat”.
* Similarly used by PRC in enforcement of Mandarin as language of instruction.
* Affects non-Standard Mandarin Sinitic languages (Hokkien, Cantonese, Shanghainese, Teochew, etc), Tibetic languages (Lhasa Tibetan, Khams, Amdo, Ladakhi, etc), Uyghur and other Turkic languages, Mongolian, Zhuang, Manchu (now functionally extinct), and many many others.
* 2010 Guangzhou protests about removal of Cantonese from public TV broadcasting. Chinese government backed down.
* 2020 (ongoing) Southern Mongolia protests about removal of Mongolian as the language of instruction from schools and replacing it with Mandarin.