History of Kazakhstan

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The **History of Kazakhstan** can be traced back to the Paleolithic. Kazakhstan is the largest country entirely within the Eurasian steppe, and has been the crossroads of important roads and the home of various peoples throughout history, who formed many states and empires in this area. From the 18th to the 20th century, it was part of the Russian Empire, and later in the Soviet Union. The Republic of Kazakhstan has existed since 1991.

## History

### Antiquity and the Middle Ages

People have inhabited the territory of Kazakhstan since the early Paleolithic. The cultures of the Bronze Age that were widespread in the area of ​​today's Kazakhstan were: Srubna, Afanasevo, Andronovo. Between 500 AD. n. e. and in 500 AD, Kazakhstan was home to the Saka and Huns, nomadic warriors. At the beginning of the new era, the territories east of the Caspian Sea were inhabited by different peoples, mostly nomads who spoke the Indo-European (Uralic) language: Alani, Aorsi, Budini, Isedone, Vusun, Hungarians, Masageti and Saki. Some of these peoples also formed states in the east. In the following centuries, Kazakhstan was inhabited by a Turkish-speaking population. Under the onslaught of the Huns, many inhabitants of today's Kazakhstan fled to the west, to Europe, or fell into captivity. Both Sabirs and Proto-Bulgarians cross the territory of Kazakhstan. At the beginning of the 6th century, the Ruran Khanate occupied some parts of today's Kazakhstan. The Turkish people of Goturk established power over this area in the middle of the 6th century. In the civil war, the Gotur kaganate was divided into the Western Turkish kaganate , under the Onoguri , and the East Turkish kaganate. under the Goths. In 659, the West Turkish Khaganate fell under the rule of the Tang dynasty . At the end of the 7th century, the two countries were reunited in the Second Turkish Kaganate . It disintegrates after only a few generations.

In the year 766, the state of Oguz Jagbu was founded with its capital in Jankent. It included a large part of today's Kazakhstan. It was founded by Oguzi from the neighboring Turgeški kaganate . The Oguz lost the fight to the Karluks . In the 8th and 9th centuries, parts of southern Kazakhstan were conquered by the Arabs who introduced Islam to this area. The Oguz controlled western Kazakhstan from the 9th to the 11th century. East Kazakhstan was under the control of the Turkish peoples Kimak and Kipchak. The Kumans controlled western Kazakhstan from the 12th century until the 1220s. The Karluks founded the state of Karahanida during the 9th century. The Karahanids convert to Islam. Around the 1130s , their state was conquered by the Mongol Kara-Hitani people. Their rule lasted until the invasion of Genghis Khan (1219-1221). The rule of the Golden Horde (the western branch of the Mongol Empire) followed. The state of Mongolia was divided into khanates, of which the territory of present-day Kazakhstan was divided into Nogai khanate and Kazakhstan khanate.

### Kazakh Khanate

The Kazakh Khanate was founded in 1465 in the Zetis region in southeastern present-day Kazakhstan. During the reign of Qasim Khan (1511-1523), the khan expanded significantly. He also passed the first Kazakh code in 1520. Kazakh nomads are invading Russian territories to obtain slaves. This provoked Russian interventions, until the final conquest in 1731, when the Kazakh Khanate ceased to exist.

### Russian rule (1731-1917)

Russian merchants and soldiers appeared in northwestern Kazakhstan in the 17th century, when the Cossacks founded the first fortresses (today's cities of Oral and Atyrau). The Russians conquer the Kazakh Khaganate using the civil war between the Great and Small Horde. Khan of the Small Horde requested Russian intervention in 1730. Although Khan's intention was to conclude only a temporary alliance with the Russians, the Russian tsar used his invitation to take control of the Small Horde. By 1798, the Russians also conquered the Middle Horde, but the Great Horde remained out of Russian control until the 1820s.

The Russian Empire integrated the Kazakh steppe into its state. Between 1822 and 1848, the three main Kazakh hennas lost all power. The Russians are building many fortresses to control the conquered territories, and Russian immigrants are gaining land. Kazakh nomads are losing territories for grazing herds and are forced into a sedentary lifestyle. During the Russian colonization, there were many revolts and wars (such as Isatai Tainmanuli , Makhambet Utemisuli and Eset Kotibaruli ). In 1906, the Transaral Railway was completedbetween Orenburg and Tashkent. Between 1906 and 1912, more than half a million Russian farms were established by Interior Minister Peter Stolipin. Many Kazakhs rebelled against conscription into the Russian army during World War I, which was ordered by the tsar in July 1916. Thousands of Kazakhs were killed in retaliation, and thousands fled to China and Mongolia. Many Kazakhs and Russians fought together against the communist takeover and resisted their control. That is how the famous Alaska autonomy was created, an unrecognized state that existed in the period from 1917 to 1920, when it surrendered to the Bolshevik authorities.

### Kazakhstan in the Soviet Union (1920-1991)

Kyrgyz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was founded in 1920, and in 1925 it became the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in order to distinguish Kazakhstan from Kyrgyzstan. Part of today's Kazakhstan entered the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. The unification of the Kazakh regions created the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936 , as the second largest in the Soviet Union. Great famine reigned in this area in the period from 1929 to 1934. Many Soviet citizens from the western parts of the USSR moved to Kazakhstan during World War II, when the Axis powers occupied the western parts of the USSR. Many Poles are also moving to this area. However, many more immigrants came during the campaign of Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Fields (1958-1964).

Soviet Kazakhstan played a significant role in the development of industry and agriculture in the USSR, thanks to the large coal deposits discovered during the 20th century. On December 16, 1986, the Soviet Politburo dismissed the long-term general secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Dinmukhamed Konayev . His successor was Gennady Kolbin from Ulyanovsk in Russia, who started demonstrations against the Russians. The protests were suppressed and between 2,000 and 20,000 people lost their lives. In 1989, Kolbin was replaced by Nursultan Nazarbayev . In a coup attempt by a group of Soviet officials and officers in August 1991, Nazarbayev backed Boris Yeltsin. In the presidential election on December 1, 1991, he won by winning 91.5% of the vote.

A referendum held in April 1995 extended his presidential term until 2000. He was elected president in January 1999 and again in December 2005. Nazarbayev is also a candidate in the presidential elections on April 26, 2015. During the pre-election period, he received the support of Vladimir Putin and Alexander Lukashenko, who visited him in Astana in March 2015.