CHRONOLOGY OF POLL TAX AND OTHER ANTI-CHINESE MEASURES

## 1881

### Chinese Immigrants Act 1881.

Imposed poll tax of £10, tonnage restriction of one Chinese passenger to 10 tons of ship's cargo.

### Gaming & Lotteries Act 1881.

Enacted 19 September 1881: Fan-tan, pakapoo and other Chinese games of chance outlawed, Chinese people keeping house where such games played to be prosecuted. Repealed in 1977.

## 1882

### Aliens Act Amendment Act 1882.

Enacted on 13 September 1882. The fee for naturalisation reduced from one pound to two shillings and sixpence, except in the case of Chinese.

## 1888

### Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act 1888.

Enacted 30 August 1888. Tonnage restriction for Chinese immigrants increased from one Immigrant per 10 tons of cargo, to one immigrant per 100 tons of cargo. Naturalised Chinese exempt from immigration restrictions.

## 1892

### Aliens Act Amendment Act 1892.

Enacted 24 September 1892. The fee for naturalisation of all immigrants was abolished, except for Chinese immigrants.

## 1896

### Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act 1896.

Enacted on 30 September 1896. An Act to further amend the Law regulating the Immigration of Chinese. The tonnage restriction was increased to one Chinese person per 200 tons of cargo. The poll tax was increased to £100.

### Asiatic Restriction Act 1896.

An Act designed to "prevent the influx into New Zealand of Persons of Alien Race who are likely to be hurtful to the Public Welfare (and) to safeguard the race-purity of the people of New Zealand by preventing the influx into the colony of persons of alien race." This was another attempt to abolish Chinese naturalisation, but as it did not receive royal assent from the governor general it did not become law.

## 1898

### Shearers' Accommodation Act 1898.

Enacted on 5 November 1898. Chinese shearers to be housed separately from Europeans.

Section 8 of this Act stated "When any person or persons of the Chinese race is or are employed in or about any shearing-shed, it shall be incumbent upon the employer to provide for such person or persons separate and distinct sleeping-accommodation from that provided for other shearers, if any."

Repealed in 1919.

### Old Age Pension Act 1898.

Enacted 1 November 1898. Section 64 of the Act specified exclusions:

“(1.) Aboriginal natives of New Zealand to whom moneys other than pensions are paid out of the sums appropriated for Native purposes by "The Civil List Act, 1863”, nor to

(2.) Aliens; nor to

(3.) Naturalised subjects, except such as have been naturalised for the period of five years next preceding the date on which they establish their pension-claims; nor to

(4.) Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalised or not.”

This meant that Chinese people whether naturalised or locally born, were not eligible to receive an Old Age Pension.

This Act was repealed on 1 July 1936.

## 1900

Thumbprints required of Chinese leaving New Zealand temporarily. Returning Chinese to deposit poll tax until Identification established.

## 1901

### Opium Prohibition Act 1901.

"It is unlawful for any person to import into the colony opium in any form which, though not suitable for smoking, may yet be made suitable, unless he holds a permit so to do, issued by the Commissioner of Trade and Customs. No permit shall be issued to any person of the Chinese race.

If any constable has reasonable cause to suspect that the smoking of opium is going on or is permitted in any house or premises, he may, under a search warrant, enter and search such house or premises, and seize and carry away any opium, and appliances for the smoking of opium, found therein:

Provided that a search warrant shall not be required in the case of any entry on premises occupied by Chinese."

Enacted on 25 October 1901, and repealed in 1965.

## 1904

### Shops and Offices Act 1904.

Closing hours of shops to be decided by ‘British' New Zealanders only, Enacted 8 November 1904 and repealed in 1955.

## 1907

### Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act 1907.

Passing of a reading test in front of customs officials, of a passage of no less than 100 words in English, for Chinese required.

### Factories Act Amendment Act 1907.

Enacted on 25 November 1907, this act included an attempt to prevent Chinese from opening laundries, but the relevant section was deleted by the governor general before he gave the royal assent.

## 1908

### Immigration Restriction Act 1908.

All previous laws relating to Chinese Immigration consolidated:

ENACTMENTS CONSOLIDATED.

1881, No. 47,—” The Chinese immigrants Act, 1881.”

1882, No. 58,—” The Imbecile Passengers Act, 1882.”

1888, No, 31,—” The Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act, 1888.”

1896, No. 19,-“ The Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act, 1896.”

1899, No. 33.—” The Immigration Restriction Act-, 1899.”

1901, No. 3.—” The Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act, 1901.”

1906, No. 65,—” The Immigration Restriction Act Amendment- Act, 1906

1907, No. 79.—” The Chinese In migrants Amendment Act. 1907.”

### Immigration Restriction Act Amendment Act 1908.

Thumbprinting system formalised. Chinese must return to New Zealand from overseas visit within four years. Enacted 6 October 1908.

## 1910

### Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1910.

Chinese not paying poll tax liable for deportation. Enacted 25 October 1910.

### Factories Act Amendment Act 1910.

Enacted on 3 December 1910. Restriction on hours of work in laundries designed to 'reduce the advantages enjoyed by Chinese keepers of laundries in competition with Europeans.' Repealed in 1956.

## 1911

### Widows' Pensions Act 1911.

The Act did not apply to Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalized or not, and whether British subjects by birth or not. Enacted 28 October 1911.

## 1920

### Immigration Restriction Act Amendment Act 1920.

Enacted 9 November 1920. Immigration of non-British by permit only. Thumbprinting and reading test for Chinese abolished.

## 1921

Quota of 100 entry permits to New Zealand a year for Chinese negotiated by Chinese consul.

## 1925

Chinese women excluded from quota of permits for Chinese entry.

## 1926

### Family Allowances Act 1926.

8. (1.) Save with the direction in writing of the Minister, an allowance shall not be payable under this Act in respect of the children of any person who is- (a.) An alien; or

(b.) An Asiatic, whether naturalized or not, or whether a British subject by birth or not.

Enacted on 9 September 1926 and repealed in 1936.

Entry permits for permanent residence replaced by temporary permits of six months to two years residency for Chinese men. This action was taken largely as a result of agitation by the White New Zealand League.

## 1934

September: Payment of the poll tax waived 'in the case of any Chinese entering with a permit for permanent residence.' Since no permits for permanent residence had been issued to Chinese since 1926 the concession meant little in practical terms.

## 1935

Quota of 10 entry permits a year for wives of locally born Chinese men and five permits a year for wives of naturalised Chinese.

## 1939

Wives and dependent children of Chinese men permanently resident in New Zealand allowed to enter New Zealand for two years as refugees from the war in China. A £200 deposit and £500 bond were to be paid. The women and children, including any children born during that time, had to return to China at the end of the two-year period. This concession lasted only one year.

## 1944

### Finance Act 1944.

Abolition of immigration, restrictions on Chinese, formal repeal of poll tax. Enacted 4 April 1944.

1. ↑ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga & Manying Ip. (2015, March 1). Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Anti-Chinese legislation [Web page]. Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/2173/anti-chinese-legislation
2. ↑ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga & Manying Ip. (2015, March 1). Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand: 20th-century anti-Chinese legislation – Chinese. Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. https://teara.govt.nz/en/diagram/4204/20th-century-anti-chinese-legislation
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Immigration chronology: Selected events 1840- 2018. (2018, December 4). https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/library-research-papers/research-papers/immigration-chronology-selected-events-1840-2018/
4. ↑ Chinese Immigrants Act 1881 (45 VICT 1881 No 47), 45 VICT 1881 No 47 (1881). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/cia188145v1881n47267/
5. ↑ Gaming and Lotteries Act 1881 (45 VICT 1881 No 10), (1881). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/gala188145v1881n10273/
6. ↑ Aliens Act Amendment Act 1882 (46 VICT 1882 No 17), (1882). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/aaaa188246v1882n17253/
7. ↑ Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act 1888 (52 VICT 1888 No 34), 52 VICT 1888 No 34 (1888). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/ciaaa188852v1888n34368/
8. ↑ Aliens Act Amendment Act 1892 (56 VICT 1892 No 19), 56 VICT 1892 No 19 (1892). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/aaaa189256v1892n19253/
9. ↑ Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act 1896 (60 Victoriae 1896 No 19), 60 Victoriae 1896 No 19. Retrieved 6 July 2021, from http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/ciaaa189660v1896n19411/
10. ↑ Asiatic Restriction Act 1896 (60 Victoriae 1896 No 64), 60 Victoriae 1896 No 64 (1896). http://nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/ara189660v1896n64335/
11. ↑ Shearers’ Accommodation Act 1898 (62 VICT 1898 No 15), 62 VICT 1898 No 15 (1898). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/saa189862v1898n15296/
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Old-age Pensions Act 1898 (62 VICT 1898 No 14), 62 VICT 1898 No 14 (1898). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/opa189862v1898n14239/
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 National Library of New Zealand. (nd). *NZ Superannuation since 1898*. DigitalNZ. https://digitalnz.org/stories/5b7800108d2a4e5bfe6ff6a6
14. ↑ Pensions Amendment Act 1936 (1 EDW VIII 1936 No 26), 1 EDW VIII 1936 No 26 (1936). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/paa19361ev1936n26305/
15. ↑ Opium Prohibition Act 1901 (1 EDW VII 1901 No 26), 1 EDW VII 1901 No 26 (1901). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/opa19011ev1901n26307/
16. ↑ Shops and Offices Act 1904 (4 EDW VII 1904 No 52), 4 EDW VII 1904 No 52 (1904). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/saoa19044ev1904n52258/
17. ↑ Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act 1907 (7 EDW VII 1907 No 79), 7 EDW VII 1907 No 79 (1907). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/ciaa19077ev1907n79363/
18. ↑ Taonga, N. Z. M. for C. and H. T. M. (n.d.). 1881–1914: Restrictions on Chinese and others [Web page]. Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Retrieved 16 July 2021, from https://teara.govt.nz/en/immigration-regulation/page-2
19. ↑ Factories Act Amendment Act 1907 (7 EDW VII 1907 No 73), 7 EDW VII 1907 No 73 (1907). http://nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/faaa19077ev1907n73302/
20. ↑ Immigration Restriction Act, 1908, No. 78. Retrieved 16 July 2021, from http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act\_1908/ira1908277/
21. ↑ Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1908 (8 EDW VII 1908 No 230), 8 EDW VII 1908 No 230 (1908). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/iraa19088ev1908n230450/
22. ↑ Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1910 (1 GEO V 1910 No 16), 1 GEO V 1910 No 16 (1910). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/iraa19101gv1910n16429/
23. ↑ Factories Amendment Act 1910 (1 GEO V 1910 No 67), 1 GEO V 1910 No 67 (1910). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/faa19101gv1910n67260/
24. ↑ Widows’ Pensions Act 1911 (2 GEO V 1911 No 16), 2 GEO V 1911 No 16 (1911). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/wpa19112gv1911n16283/
25. ↑ Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920 (11 GEO V 1920 No 23), 11 GEO V 1920 No 23 (1920). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/iraa192011gv1920n23429/
26. ↑ Family Allowances Act 1926 (17 GEO V 1926 No 30), 17 GEO V 1926 No 30 (1926). http://nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/faa192617gv1926n30248/
27. ↑ Finance Act 1944 (8 GEO VI 1944 No 3), 8 GEO VI 1944 No 3 (1944). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist\_act/fa19448gv1944n3146/

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## Map

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