Earth

Example

Oxygen 21.5%

Argon 0.9%

N O CH4 NH3 H2O Ne N2 CO

**Earth** is the third planet from Sol, the densest planet in the Solar System, and the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets.

Within its first billion years, life appeared in Earth's oceans, and began to affect the atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from Sol, physical properties, and geological history
 have allowed life to evolve and today thrive. The earliest undisputed
life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. Earlier physical
evidence of life includes biogenic graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland, as well as "remains of biotic life" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. Except when interrupted by mass extinction events, Earth's biodiversity has continually expanded. Although scholars estimate that over 99% of all species of life (over five billion) that ever lived on Earth are today extinct, there are an estimated 10–14 million species still in existence.

Over 12.2 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival. Earth's human population is divided among about 200 sovereign states that interact through diplomacy, conflict, travel, trade, and communication media.

## Physical Characteristics

About 70.8% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a
globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes, oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus and abyssal plains. The remaining 29.2% (148.94 million km2, or 57.51 million sq mi) not covered by water has terrain that varies greatly from place to place and consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other landforms. The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m at the Dead Sea, to a 2005-estimated maximum altitude of 8,848 m at the top of Mount Everest. The mean height of land above sea level is 840 m.

## Physical Characteristics

### Mass

0.012 Earth masses

The Moon is a relatively large, terrestrial, planet-like natural satellite,
 with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in
 the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as "moons", after Earth's.

The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking:
 its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As
 a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon
orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun,
leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.

Due to their tidal interaction,
 the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm/yr. Over
 millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of
Earth's day by about 23 µs/yr—add up to significant changes. During the Devonian period, for example, (approximately 410 mya) there were 400 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.8 hours.

Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle)
 of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about
 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant. This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.

The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the giant impact theory,
 states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet
called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains (among other
 things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements, and the
 fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust.

## Colonization

### Population

12.2 billion (Earth)400,000 (various orbiting stations)