recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Ramaria abietina

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***Ramaria abietina***, commonly known as the **green-staining coral**, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is characterized by the green staining reaction it develops in response to bruising or injury.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794 as *Clavaria abietina*. Lucien Quélet transferred it to the genus *Ramaria* in 1898. It is commonly known as the "green-staining" coral". In the Nahuatl language, it is called *xelhuas del veneno*, meaning "poisonous broom".

It was classified in the subgenus *Asteroramaria* of the genus *Ramaria*. Molecular phylogenetic analysis in the early 2000s (decade) showed that *Ramaria* was polyphyletic.

## Description

Fruit bodies are leathery, and brittle when dry. They are small, measuring Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide, and branch from the central stem up to five times. The slender branches are slightly flattened or spreading, and forked or crested near the top. The color of the fruit body is medium yellow green to light olive, but will bruise a darker olive green to dark olive green. The stem is short, and have a mat of mycelia at its base, which is attached to rhizomorphs that branch into the substrate. The odor of the mushroom tissue ranges from indistinct to earthy, and it tastes initially sweet, then somewhat bitter.

The spores are dark orange-yellow when collected in mass. Spores are pip-shaped to broadly elliptical, with one oblique end; their dimensions are 6–8 by 4–4.5 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are typically four-spored, with the spores attached by sterigmata up to 7 μm long.

### Similar species

Similar in appearance is *Ramara invalii*, but this species does not stain when bruised.

## Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups on the ground in duff of coniferous forests. In North America, it is found in the Pacific Northwest and Mexico. It is also found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Ramaria abietina`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tylutki II 1987`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Montoya 2003`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Humpert 2001`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jordan 2004`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pluteus leoninus

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***Pluteus leoninus***, commonly known as **lion shield**, can occasionally be found growing on dead wood in Europe and North Africa. The underside of the cap is typical of the genus *Pluteus* — the gills are pale, soon becoming pink when the spores ripen. But the upper surface is a bright tawny or olivaceous yellow. The species name *leoninus* (meaning leonine) refers to this cap colour.

## Description

This description is combined from several references.

* The golden to olive-yellow convex cap is 3–7 cm in diameter, is hygrophanous, and usually has a grooved edge. The darker central disc has a slight velvety tomentum.
* The gills are yellowish at first, then salmon pink (the colour of the spore powder).
* The stipe is up to about 7 cm, often striate, being white to cream, and often darker near the base.
* The mushroom grows on stumps and wood debris of broad-leaved trees and sometimes of conifers.
* At the microscopic level, the filamentous cap cuticle is a trichoderm. The gills have scanty bladder-shaped pleurocystidia, and abundant fusiform cheilocystidia. The spores are smooth, almost globular, approximately 7×6 μm.

Many authorities consider *Pluteus fayodii* to be a synonym of *P. leoninus*, but according to Species Fungorum, they are distinct.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Courtecuisse1`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Courtecuisse2`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `EyssartierRoux`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `IF1`

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Phellodon indicus

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***Phellodon indicus*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Himachal Pradesh, India, it was described as new to science in 1978.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Khara 1978`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula solaris

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***Russula solaris*** is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in Europe.

## See also

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* List of *Russula* species

## References

1. ↑ *Russula solaris* Ferde & Winge. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved on January 27, 2014.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Krieglsteiner 2000`

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Russula decolorans

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***Russula decolorans*** is an edible *Russula* mushroom, found in groups in coniferous forests.

## Description

The cap is convex, with a depressed centre when old, often brick-red and slippery when young. The cap grows up to 10 cm. The flesh is white and turns grey when old. It has a mild taste. The spores are pale ochre.

## Uses

It is commonly harvested for food in Finland.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

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Penicillium allii-sativi

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***Penicillium allii-sativi*** is a fungus species of the genus *Penicillium*, section *Chrysogena*. It is one of several *Penicillium* species that can produce penicillin in culture. The fungus has been found in Argentina, Bulgaria, France, Portugal, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. The specific epithet *allii-sativi* refers to the garlic plant, *Allium sativum*, from which the fungus was isolated.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Houbraken 2012`

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Sarcosoma globosum

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***Sarcosoma globosum***, or **witches cauldron**, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. It was first described in 1793 by Casimir Christoph Schmidel. Johann Xaver Robert Caspary transferred it to the genus *Sarcosoma* in 1891.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `IUCN`
2. ↑ Sarcosoma globosum (English). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved on December 17, 2017. “Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; Pezizomycetes; Pezizales; Sarcosomataceae; Sarcosoma”

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Parmelia saxatilis

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***Parmelia saxatilis***, commonly known as the **salted shield lichen** or **crottle**, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.

## Description

It was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus with the name *Lichen saxatilis*. Erik Acharius transferred it to *Parmelia* in 1803. The lichen has a greenish-gray to bluish-gray thallus that can turn brown in exposed locations. It typically grows on rock, although it is sometimes found on bark or wood. *Parmelia saxatilis* is used to make dyes with deep red-brown and rusty-orange colors. Known as "crotal" in Scotland, it was used to dye traditional cloths including Harris tweed. A somewhat similar species with a cosmopolitan distribution is *Parmelia sulcata*, which generally grows on trees.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Brodo 2001`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Parmelia saxatilis`
3. ↑ Fraser, Jean: *Traditional Scottish Dyes*, Canongate, 1983
4. ↑ J.C.T. Uphof, *Dictionary of Economic Plants*, Hafner, New York, p. 210, cited at Bibliographical database of the human uses of lichens retrieved 20 May 2007

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Panaeolus alcis

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***Panaeolus alcis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae. Found in Europe and Canada, it was described as new to science in 1984 by Austrian mycologist Meinhard Michael Moser. The type collection, made in Sweden, was found growing on moose dung. The fungus produces small, brown fruit bodies with bell-shaped to conical caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert high. Gills are dark gray initially, then develop a black mottling when the spores mature. The gray to brownish stipe is Template:Convert long by 0.5–1.5 mm thick, and pruinose (covered with white powdery granules). Spores are smooth, dark brown, and have a pore. They measure 16.3–21 by 8–12 µm when viewed face-on, and 8–10 µm viewed from the side. The fungus has been mostly been found fruiting on the droppings of moose, although it has also been recorded on roe deer and reindeer dung.

Moser originally published the name of this species invalidly in 1983 as *Panaeolus alcidis*; this name is now considered an orthographic variant.

## See also

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* List of *Panaeolus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser 1984`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser 1983`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Panaeolus alcis`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Purpureocillium

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***Purpureocillium*** is a fungal genus in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. The genus now contains at least 5 species with the type species *Purpureocillium lilacinum*, a common saprobic, filamentous fungus. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from Template:Convert for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range Template:Cvt. It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates. *P. lilacinum* has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.

## Species and phylogeny

 File:Nomuraea atypicola 080702.jpg
*Species fungorum* and GBIF currently list:

* *Purpureocillium atypicola* (Yasuda) Spatafora, Hywel-Jones & Luangsa-ard, 2015
* *Purpureocillium lavendulum* Perdomo, Dania García, Gené, Cano & Guarro, 2013
* *Purpureocillium lilacinum* (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson, 2011
* *Purpureocillium sodanum* Papizadeh, Soudi, Wijayaw., Shahz.Faz. & K.D.Hyde, 2016
* *Purpureocillium takamizusanense* (Kobayasi) S.Ban, Azuma & Hirok.Sato, 2015
* a number of unclassified isolates.

*P. lilacinum* was previously considered to be monotypic and was classified with the Fungi Imperfecti or Deuteromycetes, fungi for which perfect (i.e., sexually reproducing) states have rarely been found. "*Paecilomyces lilacinus*" was classified in the section *Isarioidea*, for which perfect states had not been found. Many isolates of *P. lilacinum* have been identified from around the world and it is accepted that variation exists within the species. Phylogenetic analysis of *P. lilacinum* isolates show that it is not related to *Trichoderma*, *Gliocladium* and *Hypocrea* and more related to entomopathogenic genera such as *Hirsutella* and *Ophiocordyceps* in the Hypocreales.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Samson1974`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Anderson1995`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Inglis2006`

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Paxillus filamentosus

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***Paxillus adelphus (Paxillus filamentosus, Paxillus rubicundulus***), commonly known as the **alder roll-rim**, is a basidiomycete fungus which is associated with alder (*Alnus*) in northern Europe and southwestern Greenland, and North America. It closely resembles *Paxillus involutus*, but its fruit bodies are generally smaller.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Knudson2006`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Seura1970`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Michell2006`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Pluteus salicinus

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***Pluteus salicinus*** is a European psychedelic mushroom that grows on wood. It is an edible mushroom after parboiling.

## Taxonomy

The species was originally described by Christian Hendrik Persoon as *Agaricus salicinus* in 1798. Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus *Pluteus* in 1871.

## Description

* **Cap**: 2 — 5(8) cm in diameter, convex becoming broadly convex to plane, silver-gray to brownish-gray, often with blue or greenish tint in age, smooth, with tiny scales near the center, darker at the margin, slightly translucent-striate when moist, unlined cap margin, flesh white with a grayish tinge, thin to moderate. Cap skin fibrous.
* **Gills**: Crowded, broad, free, at first white, becoming pink-flesh colored; ventricose. Edges discoloring or bruising grayish.
* **Stipe**: 3 — 5(10) long, 0.2 — 0.6 cm thick, more or less equal or slightly swollen at the base, flesh white with grayish-green to bluish-green tones, especially near the base. Ring absent. Firm, full or stuffed.
* **Taste**: Unpleasant, indefinite or somewhat raphanoid (like radish).
* **Odor**: Unpleasant, indefinite or somewhat raphanoid.
* **Spores**: pink, smooth, 7 — 8.5 x 5 - 6 µm. Spore print pink-flesh colored to brown-pink.
* **Microscopic features**: Pleurocystidia fusiform with slightly thickened walls 50 — 70 x 11 — 18 µm; with 3 — 5 horn-like projections.

## Habitat and distribution

This mushroom is widely distributed across western Europe and Siberia. It is found on hardwoods - Alnus, Eucalyptus, Fagus, Populus and Quercus.

It is always found growing on wood. Summer-fall, solitary or gregarious on dead wood of hardwoods, in damp forests on flood-plains.

## Common Name

The 'Knackers Crumpet' is a localised, common name referring to *Pluteus salicinus*. Its use is most prominent in the North of England.

## Chemistry

The concentration of psilocybin and psilocin in the dried sample of *P. salicinus* has been reported in the range of 0.21-0.35 and 0.011-0.05%, respectively.

## See also

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* List of *Pluteus* species
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

2011-11-12 Pluteus salicinus (Pers.) P. Kumm 181970.jpg*Pluteus salicinus* microscopic features.
## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Konuk2006`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon 1798`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kummer 1871`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Justo2014`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Christiansen1984`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ohenoja1987`

* Template:Cite book

## External links

* *Pluteus salicinus* photo and description

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Psilocybe medullosa

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***Psilocybe medullosa*** is a species of psychoactive mushroom. It was originally described in 1898 as *Naucoria medullosa* by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola. Czech mycologist Jan Borovička transferred it to *Psilocybe* in 2007. A widespread but rather rare species, it is found in Europe, where it grows as a saprobe on woody debris and detritus. Chemical analysis has been used to confirm the presence of the psychedelic compounds psilocin and psilocybin in the fruit bodies but probably at low levels. *Psilocybe silvatica* is its American sister species; it differs by subtle changes in molecular markers (LSU, ITS rDNA, and others).

## See also

* List of *Psilocybe* species
* List of psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bresadola 1898`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Borovička 2007`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Borovička 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Wynnella auricula

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***Wynnella auricula*** is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae, and the type species of genus *Wynnella*. It was first described in 1763 by German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer as *Peziza auricula*. Jean Louis Émile Boudier transferred it to *Wynnella* in 1885.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boudier 1885`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Rhizomarasmius epidryas

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***Rhizomarasmius epidryas*** (syn. ***Marasmius epidryas*** or ***Mycetinis epidryas***) is one of a group of mushrooms formerly in the genus *Marasmius*. It grows amongst dwarf shrubs of the genus *Dryas* in arctic or high mountain environments.

## Description

The species can be described as follows:

* The cap is brownish yellow and grows to about 1 cm in diameter.
* The gills are white and fairly distant, and broadly attached to the stem. The spore powder is white.
* The stem can grow to 4 cm tall by up to 2 mm in diameter, being broader at the apex. It is brown above and blackish brown at the base, with a velvety covering of hairs.
* The smell and taste are not distinctive.
* The spores are roughly ellipsoid or almond-shaped and measure roughly 8.5-10.5 µm x 5-7 µm.

## Naming and related species

The species epithet is the Ancient Greek prefix "epi-" (ἐπί), meaning "on", followed by Dryas, the genus of plants with which it grows.

This species was originally described as *Marasmius epidryas* by Robert Kühner in 1935 in the annals of the Linnaean Society of Lyon, but the definition was considered invalid due to the lack of a Latin description according to the updated nomenclatural rules. In 2009 Anna Ronikier published a correct description ascribing the name to Kühner (that is, giving credit to him) and so the first valid name with author attribution was "*Marasmius epidryas* Kühner ex A. Ronikier". Then in 2011 Anna & Macheł Ronikier established that the species belongs in the new genus *Rhizomarasmius* and redefined the current name accordingly.

## Ecology and distribution

This mushroom is found exclusively in cushions of *Dryas* plants such as *D. octopetala* (mountain avens) and *D. integrifolia* (entire-leaved avens), growing saprobically on dead leaves and stems. It only occurs in arctic or high mountain environments.

It is reported from arctic regions of Europe and North America, the Rocky and Altai mountains, and various mountain ranges in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Antonín`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `FungaNordica`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `SF`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liddell`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roniker 2011`

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Penicillium koreense

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***Penicillium koreense*** is a fungus species in the family Trichocomaceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in Korean soils. It is classified in the section *Lanata-Divaricata* of the subgenus *Aspergilloides*, which consists largely of soil-inhabiting species. The type strain (KACC 47721) was isolated from a bamboo field in Goryeong County.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `You 2014`

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Mycena crocata

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***Mycena crocata*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. The common name **saffrondrop bonnet** refers to the red or orange latex that it exudes if the stipe is broken. Its habitat is woody debris and leaf litter in deciduous woodland, especially beech.

## References

1. ↑ *Mycena crocata* (Schrad.) P. Kumm. 1871. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved on October 31, 2010.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phruensis

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***Phruensis*** is a fungal genus in the Valsaceae family. It is monotypic, containing the single species ***Phruensis brunneispora***, found on decaying trunks of the palm *Licuala longecalycata* in Thailand. The species was described as new to science in 2004.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pinruan2004`

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Psilocybe keralensis

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***Psilocybe keralensis*** is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It contains the compounds psilocybin and psilocin. *Psilocybe keralensis* is known only from Kerala, India. It is in the *Psilocybe fagicola* complex with *Psilocybe fagicola*, *Psilocybe oaxacana*, *Psilocybe banderillensis*, *Psilocybe columbiana*, *Psilocybe herrerae*, *Psilocybe neoxalapensis*, and *Psilocybe teofiloi*.

## See also

* List of psilocybin mushrooms
* List of *Psilocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Thomas`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Guzman2012`

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Phallus tenuissimus

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***Phallus tenuissimus*** is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. Found in Jingdong Yi Autonomous County in Yunnan, China, it was described as new to science in 2005. Its fruit bodies feature a conical to bell-shaped cap up to Template:Convert high by Template:Convert wide, covered by dark greenish-brown gleba (spore mass). The cap is supported by a slender, cylindrical stipe measuring Template:Convert long and 2–4 mm thick. Its spores are cylindrical, and measure 3.3–4 by 1.1–1.4 µm. The authors place it in the section *Reticulati* of genus *Phallus* on account of its reticulate cap.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Li 2005`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Rubroboletus pulchrotinctus

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***Rubroboletus pulchrotinctus***, previously known as ***Boletus pulchrotinctus***, is a bolete fungus of the genus *Rubroboletus* native to central and southern Europe, from Spain to the Crimean Peninsula, as well as Israel, where it is found in Mount Carmel National Park and Beit Oren. It grows under the Palestine oak (*Quercus calliprinos*). It was described by Italian mycologist Carlo Luciano Alessio in 1985.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Biketova`

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Polyporus umbellatus

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***Polyporus umbellatus*** is a rare, edible species of mushroom, found growing on roots of old beeches or oak (e.g.). It is also called **lumpy bracket** and **umbrella polypore**.

## Description

The fruit body is composed of numerous (sometimes several hundred) caps. They are 1–4 cm in diameter, deeply umbilicate, light brown, and form the extremities of a strong, many branched stalk. The compound fungus can be up to 40 cm in diameter.
The pores are narrow and white. The stalk is whitish grey, and originates from a strong, tuber-like nodule that is underground. The flesh is white, rather soft when young, although hardens with age.

 File:Polyporus umbellatus01.jpg
## Edibility and cooking

Choice edible. FantasticTemplate:Citation needed fried in butter or olive oil on medium heat. Very savory. GreatTemplate:Citation needed with meats and starches.

## Bioactive compounds

*Polyporus umbellatus* may contain bioactive compounds with immunostimulating, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties.

 File:Umbrella Polypore.jpg
 File:Umbrella Polypore Caps & Pores.jpg
## References

1. ↑ Kunca V., 2011: Ecology and incidence of Polyporus umbellatus in Slovakia. Czech Mycology 63(1): 39-53. [1]
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal
7. ↑ Template:Cite journal
8. ↑ Template:Cite journal
9. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Tricholoma purpureiflavum

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***Tricholoma purpureiflavum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Sabah, Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena manipularis

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***Mycena manipularis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Found in Australasia, Malaysia, and the Pacific islands, the mycelium and fruit bodies of the fungus are bioluminescent.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Desjardin 2008`

## External links

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Diplomitoporus flavescens

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***Diplomitoporus flavescens*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae.

## Taxonomy

It was first described by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1903 as *Trametes flavescens*. Stanislaw Domański made it the type species of his newly created genus *Diplomitoporus* in 1970.

## Habitat and distribution

*Diplomitoporus flavescens* has a circumpolar distribution that extends to eastern Canada. The fungus is rare in Northern Europe, where it is restricted to old-growth forests that are dominated by spruce trees. In this region it tends to prefer host trees that have no or few other fungi growing on it, and that have fallen in a relatively healthy state. The fungus has also been recorded in the polypore-biodiverse Changbaishan region in northeastern China. In 2016, *D. flavescens* was reported for the first time in Turkey, where it was found growing on a branch of black pine.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bresadola 1903`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Domański 1970`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 2014`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Renvall et al. 1991`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dai 2003`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Doğan 2016`

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Peziza praetervisa

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***Peziza praetervisa***, commonly known as the **purple fairy cup** or the **fireplace cup**, is a species of fungus in the genus *Peziza*, family Pezizaceae. Recognized by its flattened, purple, cup-like fruitbodies, this widespread fungus typically grows scattered or in clusters on burnt ground.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described scientifically in 1897 by Giacomo Bresadola.

## Description

Fruitbodies resemble flattened cups with diameters of up to Template:Convert. The inner spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is purple to purple-brown, but lightens to brown in age. The exterior surface is pale purple and scurfy (covered with small flakes or scales that are shed from the underlying surface). This species is sessile, and does not have a stipe. The flesh is thin and mauve-colored.

### Microscopic characteristics

Spores are elliptical, hyaline, with small, fine warts on the surface, and have dimensions of 12–14 x 7–8 µm. They are *biguttulate*, containing two oil droplets at either end of the spore. The asci are 250–300 x 10–12 µm. Like other Pezizales, the asci open at maturity by means of an apical, lid-like flap of tissue termed an operculum. The paraphyses are club-shaped, filled with violet granules, and have bent tips; they are up to 7 µm wide.

## Edibility

The edibility of the Pezizaceae family is largely untested.

## Habitat and distribution

*Peziza praetervisa* is a widespread fungus that grows in scattered clusters on burned soil, and is often found on the remains of old campfires. It is found in Europe and North America.

## Similar species

Other mushrooms resembling *P. praetervisa* include *Peziza violacea*, which may be distinguished from the latter by its dark purple hymenium, and microscopically by its biguttulate warty ascospores. *Pachyella babingtonii* also has a purple brown hymenium, but is smaller, and translucent in appearance.

## References

1. ↑ *P. praetervisa*. Retrieved on February 12, 2009.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bresadola 1897`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tylukti 1979`
4. ↑ Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference. Retrieved on February 12, 2009.
5. ↑ Trial field key to the PEZIZACEAE in the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved on February 12, 2009.
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dennis 1978`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Beug 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Fungi of Poland Several photos

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Russula atropurpurea

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***Russula atropurpurea*** is an edible member of the *Russula* genus, that have the common name of **brittlegills**. It is dark vinaceous (red wine-coloured) or purple, and grows with deciduous, or occasionally coniferous trees. It is commonly called the **blackish purple Russula**, or the **purple brittlegill**.

## Taxonomy

Initially described as *Agaricus atropurpureus* by German naturalist Julius von Krombholz in 1845, and placed in *Russula* by his countryman Max Britzelmayr in 1893, the binomial name of this mushroom *R. atropurpurea* (Krombh.) Britzelm is accepted as being incorrect, and mycologists cannot agree on a suitable replacement.

## Description

The cap is Template:Convert in diameter. It is dark reddish purple, with a dark; sometimes almost black centre. At first it is convex, but later flattens, and often has a shallow depression. It can also be lighter in colour, or mottled yellowish. The stem is firm, white, and turns grey with age. It measures 3–6 cm in length and 1–2 cm in diameter. The closely set and fairly broad gills are adnexed to almost free, and pale cream, giving a spore print of the same colour. The flesh is white; with a fruity smell, similar to apples. It tastes moderately hot.

The species *R. brunneviolacea*, and *R. romellii* are similar, though both have darker spore prints.

## Distribution and habitat

*Russula atropurpurea* appears in late summer and autumn. It is common in the northern temperate zones, Europe, Asia, and Eastern North America, and is mycorrhizal with oak (*Quercus*), with which it prefers to live. Favouring acid soil, it is occasionally found with beech (*Fagus*), or pine (*Pinus*).

## Spores

The spore print is Whitish, and the subglobose to globose spores ornamented with warts and ridges measure 7-9 x 6-7 μm.

 File:Russula Atropurpurea.png
## Edibility

This mushroom is said to be the mildest of the hot-tasting *Russula* species. It is edible if cooked, although not recommended.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phlebia crassisubiculata

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***Phlebia crassisubiculata*** is a species of crust fungus that is found in India. It was described as new to science in 2010. The type specimen was found growing on the underside of a decaying stump of gymnospermous wood in the Dalhousie hills of Himachal Pradesh. The specific epithet *crassisubiculata* refers to the "conspicuously thick subiculum" (a tissue layer that supports and attaches the tubes to substrate) that is characteristic of the species.

The fruit body of *P. crassisubiculata* is in the form of a small, thin crust (up to 350 μm thick) with a creamy yellow colour on the surface of the woody substrate. The surface texture of these spots, when viewed with a hand lens, ranges from smooth to minutely hairy–a feature made possible by the cystidia that project from the hymenophore. The spores of *P. crassisubiculata* are ellipsoid, thin-walled and smooth, measuring 5.1–6.8 by 2.8–4.5 μm.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singh 2010`

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Psathyrella candolleana

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***Psathyrella candolleana*** is mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It is commonly found on lawns or pastures in Europe and North America. In 2014, it was reported from Iraq. The coloring varies between white and golden brown. The cap measures Template:Convert in diameter, and is initially conical, later becoming rounded and finally with upturned margins in maturity. The cap margin is irregular and radially asymmetrical—a defining characteristic of this species. The spore print is purple-brown, while spores are smooth and elliptical, measuring 6.5–8 by 4–5 µm. The specific epithet *candolleana* honors French botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.

## See also

Template:Commonscat

* List of *Psathyrella* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Al-Habib 2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Huffman 2008`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Evenson 1997`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae

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***Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae*** is a species of fungus in the Phragmidiaceae family. A plant pathogen, it causes a rust on the stem, leaves, petioles and fruits of burnet rose and related hybrids. The fungus is found in Europe and North America.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

Template:Basidiomycota-stub
Phylloporus leucomycelinus

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***Phylloporus leucomycelinus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. First described in 1978, it is found in eastern North America and the Philippines.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1978.

Molecular analysis of the genus *Phylloporus* shows that *P. leucomycelinus* and a group of phylogenetically related species (*P. bellus*, *P. rhodoxanthus*, *P. dimorphus*, and *P. castanopsidis*) form a well-supported clade. In a separate study, *P. leucomycelinus* was shown to be closely related to the Panamanian species *P. caballeroi*.

## Description

The cap is initially convex before flattening out in maturity, sometimes developing a shallow depression; it reaches a diameter of Template:Convert. The cap surface is dry, with a somewhat felt-like texture, and it often develops cracks in maturity. Its color is dark red to reddish chestnut, usually with a paler central portion in mature individuals. The flesh is whitish to pale yellow, and lacks any distinctive taste or odor. The pores on the underside of the cap are quite gill-like, and decurrent (running down the length of the stem). They are yellow in color, sometimes forked, and have cross-veins in the intervening spaces. The stem measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and is nearly equal in width throughout or thicker near the base. It often has ribs near the top, and the surface has small brown dots and points. The overall stem color is yellow with reddish tinges. There is white mycelium at the stem base.

*Phylloporus leucomycelinus* produces a yellowish spore print. Spores are roughly elliptical to spindle-shaped, smooth, and measure 8–14 by 3–5 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are ventricose (swollen in the middle), four-spored, and measure 20–25 by 6–7 μm.

The mushrooms are edible. Fruit bodies can be used in mushroom dyeing to produce beige, gold, or greenish-beige colors, depending on the mordant used.

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Phylloporus leucomycelinus* grow scattered or in groups on the ground in deciduous forests, usually near beech and oak trees. Found in North America, its range includes eastern Canada south to Florida, and west to Michigan. The bolete was reported from a Mexican beech (*Fagus mexicana*) forest in Hidalgo, Mexico in 2010. It has also been collected in the Philippines.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1978`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Neves 2012`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zheng 2012`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2000`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2001`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rodríguez-Ramírez 2010`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sims 1997`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula integra

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***Russula integra***, commonly known as the **entire russula**, is a species of mushroom. One of the huge genus of *Russula*, it is found in conifer forests across Europe and North America. Mildly flavoured, it is edible and consumed in Central Europe.

## Description

The cap is almost shaped like a sphere at first, and soon becomes flattened or depressed. The cuticle is shiny, varies in color, but is usually brown and tinged with violet, purple, yellow, or green. The gills are thick, widely spaced, easily crumbled into small pieces, white at first and then turns bright yellow eventually. The stipe is thick and white, but stains yellow or russet with age. The flesh is white, very firm, and has a mild flavor. The spore print is yellow-ochre, broadly elliptical, and has amyloid warts. The cap is 3 to 5 inches broad and the stipe is 1.5 to 2.5 inches long.

### Edibility

The authors of *The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms* said that the species has a crunchy texture and tastes nutty. It is popular to eat in Northern and Central Europe. In Romanian, the mushroom is called *pâinişoară* ("little bread") due to its edibility and perceived taste and texture. David Arora said that the species is good when it is young. There are species with unknown edibility that look similar to this species. According to an 1878 study, poisoning from this species used to be frequent, but is now rare. The study concluded that long cooking gets rid of its poisonous properties, but that rapid culinary processes does not such as roasting. In an 1871 handbook, British mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke said that the flavor of the species is mild.

## Habitat

David Arora said that species is widely distributed and can commonly be found scattered under conifers. and the authors of *The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms* said that the species can commonly be found in spruce forests or fir forests in the mountains. The species is rare in New York and can be found there in August.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ DEX Online
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

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Taphrina maculans

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***Taphrina maculans*** is a fungal plant pathogen that is the causative agent of leaf blotch of turmeric plants. It has been reported from Bangladesh and India. The fungus was first described scientifically by Irish mycologist Edwin John Butler in 1911.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ravindran 2007`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Butler 1911`

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Tricholoma primulibrunneum

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***Tricholoma primulibrunneum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Sabah, Malaysia, where it grows on humus in *Agathis* forest, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Skeletocutis carneogrisea

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***Skeletocutis carneogrisea*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science by Alix David in 1982. It is found in Europe, South America, and China.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `David 1982`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Li 2010`

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Russula illota

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***Russula illota*** is an inedible species of mushroom in the genus *Russula*. It is commonly found in deciduous and coniferous forests on chalk.

## Description

The cap is spherical when young, later broadly convex and can be flat when old. It is dull ochre and covered in a grey slime, up to 15 cm in diameter. The gills are pale cream and close together, giving of a scent of bitter almonds when rubbed. The spores are also pale cream. The stem is white and becomes blotchy with age.

## Similar species

*Russula laurocerasi* is not yet technically distinguished from this species.

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

Template:IndexFungorum

Template:MycoBank
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Peniophora cinerea

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***Peniophora cinerea*** is a species of fungus in the family Peniophoraceae. It is a plant pathogen infecting black walnut (*Juglans nigra*).

It was first described as a species of *Corticium* by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797. Mordecai Cubitt Cooke transferred it to *Peniophora* in 1879.

It is found in Asia and North America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Peniophora cinerea`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bi 1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula cyanoxantha

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***Russula cyanoxantha***, synonymous with **R. xyanoxantha**, commonly known as the **charcoal burner**, is a basidiomycete mushroom, distinguished from most other members of the *Russula* genus by the fact that its gills do not split, but are soft and flexible. It is one of the most common species of *Russula* in Europe.

It is an edible mushroom. It was designated "Mushroom of the Year" in 1997 by the German Association of Mycology.

## Description

The most salient characteristic is the weak gills, which feel greasy to the touch, are flexible and do not break. The cap is 4–15 cm (1.5–6 in) wide, convex at first and later flattened, and greenish to bright brown (they vary considerably in color). The stipe is pure white, slightly convex underneath, up to 10 cm in height and 1.5–2.5 cm (0.5–1 in) in diameter. The spores are pure white. The stipe will give a green reaction when rubbed with iron salts (Ferrous Sulphate). Most other (but not all) russula species give a salmon reaction. Coupled with the gill flexibility this is a good diagnostic clue to species level.

## Distribution and habitat

*Russula cyanoxantha* grows in slightly acidic, but nutrient-rich soil. Like all *Russulas*, it is a mycorrhizal fungus. It is found most commonly in beech forests, and often in deciduous or mixed forests, appearing from May to November, with the highest concentration in July to September.

## Use

Suitable for many kinds of preparation; the flesh is not as hard as that of many other edible Russulas. It has a mild, nutty taste.

## Similar species

The cap of the grey-green Russula Russula grisea is more blue-grey but has violet or green hues with light cream gills. This fungus also grows in mixed forests, particularly under beech, and more rarely in coniferous forests.

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

Template:Wikispecies
Template:Commons

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Russulales News page on *Russula cyanoxantha*
* “*Russula cyanoxantha*” *Healing-Mushrooms.net*, April, 2008.

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Tricholoma microcarpoides

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***Tricholoma microcarpoides*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Singapore, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma imbricatum

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***Tricholoma imbricatum*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. Commonly known as the **matt knight**, it is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on the ground in coniferous forests. Fruit bodies have a brown to reddish-brown cap up to Template:Convert in diameter, and a stipe that is Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick. The gills are initially whitish in color before developing reddish-brown spots.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlBMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRogers`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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