照明与物联网

**以下内容由115-宋毅楠翻译**

### EDUCATION CREDIT （教育学分）

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for LEU (NCQLP) credit and 80+% to qualify for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of credits. For LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self reported. For AIA /CES, Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIA CES upon successful completion of the exam. NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS This course is registered with NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

在本课程结束时，参与者将能够完成在线考试，通过分数为70%的学生有资格获得LEU（NCQLP）学分，80%以上的成绩符合LU/HSW学时（AIA/CES）。一旦你的成绩及格，你就可以下载每种学分的结业证书。对于信用证认证维护（LEU），信用证自报。对于AIA/CES，照明控制协会将在考试成功完成后向AIA CES报告本课程的学分。本课程在NCQLP和AIA CES注册，用于继续专业教育。因此，它不包括可能被视为或解释为这些组织对任何施工材料或任何处理、使用、分发或处理任何材料或产品的方法或方式的批准或认可的内容。

### COPYRIGHT（版权）

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

本演示文稿受美国和国际版权法保护。未经照明控制协会书面许可，禁止复制、分发、展示和使用演示文稿。

### DISCLAIMER（免责声明）

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and insured professionals.

本课程所包含的资料是从可靠来源取得的。因使用或误用本课程所含数据或信息而导致的错误、遗漏或损坏，照明控制协会、美国电气制造商协会、ZING Communications，Inc.或其员工或成员概不负责。本课程所包含的所有信息都是为专业人士发布的，这些专业人士需要了解其中包含的主题。本课程的目的不是提供设计、工程或咨询等专业服务。如果寻求这些服务，则应由经过适当培训、注册、监管和投保的专业人员提供

### INTRODUCTION （简介）

Driven by microprocessors, low-cost sensors, and wireless communications, the Internet of Things (IoT) offers enormous potential to unlock new value in buildings. Just as the internet connected computing devices for commerce, services, and information, the IoT connects building systems and sensors in an intelligent network. This network may provide automation along with useful sensor-driven data and data-driven services. In turn, this data could be used for business analytics, new services, greater building responsiveness to users, and maintenance. A 2014 McKinsey report estimated the IoT will generate $3.9 to $11.1 trillion in economic activity by 2025, with about 70 percent being in the B2B market. The high end in that range is roughly equivalent to 10 percent of the global economy.

在微处理器、低成本传感器和无线通信的推动下，物联网（IoT）为发掘建筑物的新价值提供了巨大的潜力。正如用于商业、服务和信息的互联网连接计算设备，物联网在智能网络中连接建筑系统和传感器。该网络可以提供自动化以及有用的传感器驱动数据和数据驱动服务。反过来，这些数据可以用于业务分析、新服务、增强对用户的响应能力以及维护。麦肯锡（McKinsey）2014年的一份报告估计，到2025年，物联网将产生3.9至11.1万亿美元的经济活动，其中约70%在B2B市场。这个范围内的高端市场大约相当于全球经济的10%。

### INTRODUCTION （简介）

The lighting industry was quick to envision a role in the IoT. Lighting is used everywhere in the built environment, is always powered, is evenly spaced, and typically doesn’t move or suffer damage. Furthermore, LED lighting is being installed in numerous existing buildings. As such, lighting provides a platform for implementation of additional sensors. Meanwhile, maturing wireless control networking, simpler commissioning and operating software, and growing digitalization of lighting has led the industry to embrace connected lighting technology. With networked control, the industry brings wireless communication, bandwidth, intelligence, and software to the table. Adding sensors is not difficult, with all data collected for analysis by lighting control software or shared with third-party software.

照明行业很快就预见到了物联网的作用。照明在建筑环境中无处不在，总是通电，间距均匀，通常不会移动或受到损坏。此外，LED照明正在许多现有建筑中安装。因此，照明为其他传感器的实现提供了一个平台。与此同时，日益成熟的无线控制网络、更简单的调试和操作软件，以及照明设备的日益数字化，使得该行业开始采用连接照明技术。通过网络控制，工业界将无线通信、带宽、智能和软件带到桌面上。增加传感器并不困难，所有数据都由照明控制软件收集分析或与第三方软件共享。

### INTRODUCTION （简介）

While the IoT is still in its infancy, today’s decision-making may affect tomorrow’s opportunities, requiring both foresight and care. Many connected lighting products are now touted as “IoT enabled,” with manufacturers arguing installing anything else automatically makes it obsolete as the IoT develops. Since the IoT isn’t well defined, however, the idea of “IoT enabled” may mean different things, requiring specifier diligence regarding interoperability, scalability, open versus proprietary standard, and ability to connect to both wired and wireless systems. This course is aimed at educating lighting practitioners about the current state of the IoT and the potential role of networked lighting control.

虽然物联网还处于初级阶段，但今天的决策可能会影响到明天的机会，既需要远见，也需要谨慎。许多联网照明产品现在被吹捧为“物联网”，制造商们认为，随着物联网的发展，安装其他任何东西都会自动使其过时。然而，由于物联网没有得到很好的定义，“物联网启用”的概念可能意味着不同的东西，需要在互操作性、可扩展性、开放性与专有性标准以及连接到有线和无线系统的能力等方面作出具体的努力。本课程旨在教育照明从业人员了解物联网的现状和网络照明控制的潜在作用。

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

Define and understand theory of operation for the IoT Advise clients on market-ready and potential IoT capabilities Apply networked lighting control and LED lighting as a building block for the IoT Integrate networked lighting control in an IoT solution

学习目标本课程结束时，您将能够：定义和理解物联网的运作理论，向客户提供市场准备就绪和潜在物联网能力的建议将网络照明控制和LED照明作为物联网的组成部分，在物联网解决方案中集成网络照明控制.

### DEFINITION （定义）

The IoT is a network of everyday objects embedded with microprocessors and sensors, which are connected via the internet. This enables four capabilities: Control: programmable remote control of devices on the network Share: data sharing between devices to trigger automatic response Measure/Monitor: generate data for analytics and monitor status of connected devices Optimize: leverage data to optimize operations Networked lighting control already provides these capabilities, serving as an internet or intranet of lighting. The IoT implements the concept at a global level. Rather than operating as separate islands with redundant controls and sensing, all building systems can be integrated into a single programmable network capable of generating a vast amount of useful analytics.

物联网是一个嵌入微处理器和传感器的日常物品网络，它们通过互联网连接。这就实现了四种功能：控制：网络设备的可编程远程控制共享：设备之间的数据共享以触发自动响应测量/监控：生成用于分析的数据并监控连接设备的状态优化：利用数据优化操作网络照明控制已经提供了这些功能功能，用作照明的互联网或内部网。物联网在全球范围内实施这一概念。所有建筑系统都可以集成到一个单一的可编程网络中，而不是作为具有冗余控制和传感功能的独立孤岛来运行，能够生成大量有用的分析结果。

### NETWORKED LIGHTING CONTROL（网络照明控制）

A networked lighting control system consists of connected luminaires, sensors, and switches. In a centralized system, commands can be issued froma central point of control, and the devices typically can send back information such as energy consumption, occupancy state, incident light, etc.While some systems feature luminaire-group controllers, each device in the system typically has a unique address. These addresses are assigned tostrategies such as scheduling, task tuning, etc., each with tunable variables.The system is typically scalable so that it can control luminaires in single spaces up to floors, entire buildings, and even across multi-buildingenterprises. Network bridges or similar devices may be required based on the size of the load or number of connected devices or zones. Manysystems can interface with other building systems depending on connectivity options. For more detail, see EE302: Intelligent Lighting Control.

网络照明控制系统由连接的灯具、传感器和开关组成。在集中系统中，可以从中心控制点发出命令，并且设备通常可以发回诸如能耗、占用状态、入射光等信息。当一些系统具有灯具组控制器时，系统中的每个设备通常具有唯一的地址。这些地址被分配给诸如调度、任务优化等策略，每个策略都有可调变量。该系统具有典型的可扩展性，因此它可以控制单个空间中的灯具，直至楼层、整个建筑，甚至跨多个建筑企业。根据负载大小或连接的设备或区域的数量，可能需要网桥或类似设备。许多系统可以根据连接选项与其他建筑系统连接。有关详细信息，请参阅EE302：智能照明控制。

### IoT PLATFORM（物联网平台）

An IoT platform can be thought of as an ecosystem in which physical devices communicate bidirectionally and continuously with servers and otherapplications. These devices are often sensors, though they can be other things, such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. The devicesrequire some form of connection to the Cloud, typically using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth for wireless connectivity through gateways, routers, etc.In this diagram, the overarching IoT system is essentially a Cloud-based server that can route raw data from sensors and other devices to softwareand/or third-party services. The networked lighting system sends data about its end-use devices (sensors, switches, luminaire controllers) to a centralserver or the Cloud, where it is passed on to other systems and services.

物联网平台可以看作是一个生态系统，在这个生态系统中，物理设备与服务器和其他应用程序进行双向和连续的通信。这些设备通常是传感器，但也可以是其他东西，例如射频识别（RFID）标签。这些设备需要某种形式的云连接，通常使用Wi-Fi或蓝牙通过网关、路由器等进行无线连接。在本图中，总体物联网系统本质上是一个基于云的服务器，可以将原始数据从传感器和其他设备路由到软件和/或第三方服务。网络化照明系统将有关其终端使用设备（传感器、开关、灯具控制器）的数据发送到中央服务器或云端，并在那里传递给其他系统和服务。

### IoT PLATFORM（物联网平台）

Data is routed to whatever systems and services need it. In some cases, other systems will react to lighting sensors, such as the HVAC systemchanging its setpoints when vacancy is detected. In other cases, luminaires will respond to incoming data, such as all lights turning ON based on asecurity alarm.The lighting and control system shown here is readily achievable today. What happens beyond to create a single smart building that harvests andtranslates data into meaningful action is developing. In some applications, the lighting control system may provide the needed benefits, while inothers, it will serve as a piece of a larger solution.

数据被路由到任何需要它的系统和服务。在某些情况下，其他系统会对照明传感器做出反应，例如当检测到空置时，HVAC系统会改变其设定值。在其他情况下，灯具将对输入的数据做出响应，例如根据安全警报打开所有灯。这里显示的照明和控制系统在今天是很容易实现的。除了创建一个能收集数据并将其转化为有意义的行动的智能建筑之外，还会发生什么。在某些应用中，照明控制系统可以提供所需的好处，而在其他应用中，它将作为一个更大的解决方案的一部分。

### BENEFITS（好处）

The benefits of the IoT go far beyond energy cost savings to impact each area of the traditional 3/30/300 formula, a rule of thumb cost of operating one square foot of commercial building space. The $3/sq.ft. is energy, the $30/sq.ft. is real estate costs, and the $300/sq.ft. is the salary and benefits cost for workers. While the control aspect of the IoT can result in significant energy cost savings through programmed control and continuous commissioning, this control, coupled with the data aspect of the IoT, can dramatically reduce operating costs while improving workplace satisfaction, comfort, and productivity. The IoT adds $3,000 (or some other figure) to the rule of thumb, which is revenue generated from new services or enhanced sales and marketing. As a result, the IoT’s initial business case is largely based on ROI delivered from energy benefits, though in the future it is expected to become increasingly based on non-energy benefits.

物联网的好处远远超出了能源成本节约，影响了传统的3/30/300公式的每个领域，这是一个经验法则，即运营一平方英尺商业建筑空间的成本。3美元/平方英尺能源，30美元/平方英尺是房地产成本，还有300美元/平方英尺是工人的工资和福利成本。虽然物联网的控制方面可以通过程序控制和连续调试实现显著的能源成本节约，但这种控制以及物联网的数据方面可以显著降低运营成本，同时提高工作场所的满意度、舒适度和生产率。根据经验，物联网增加了3000美元（或其他数字），即新服务或增强销售和营销产生的收入。因此，物联网的初始商业案例主要基于能源效益带来的投资回报，但在未来，预计其将越来越多地基于非能源效益

### ENERGY OPTIMIZATION（能源优化）

A 2017 DesignLights Consortium (DLC) report analyzing performance data from more than 100 installations found that networked lighting controlsproduced an average 47% lighting energy savings. Many networked lighting control systems capture energy information and are capable of reportingit using their software. The latest generation of systems directly measure and report actual energy consumption rather than calculate it. By allowingcontrol of all lighting control aspects from a single workstation, operators can continuously fine-tune control strategies and add sensors to optimizeenergy savings. Additionally, the control system canbeintegrated with other building systems such as building automation. For example, HVACsetpoints can be automatically adjusted based on the status of an occupancy sensor in the lighting control system.

一份2017年设计照明联盟（DLC）的报告分析了100多个装置的性能数据，发现网络化照明控制平均可节省47%的照明能源。许多网络照明控制系统捕捉能源信息，并能够使用其软件进行报告。最新一代的系统直接测量和报告实际的能源消耗，而不是计算它。通过允许从单个工作站控制所有照明控制方面，操作员可以不断微调控制策略并添加传感器以优化节能。此外，该控制系统可与其他楼宇系统（如楼宇自动化）集成。例如，可根据照明控制系统中占用传感器的状态自动调整HVAC设定值。

### SPACE UTILIZATION（空间利用）

Many large property management groups use integrated workplace management systems, which leverage a network of in-place sensing data ordeploy proprietary sensors to better understand building usage. The data takes the guesswork out of how to optimize the use of space.Networked lighting controls put this capability within easy reach of smaller facilities and multisite enterprises. In a centralized networked lightingcontrol system, occupancy sensors send data to a server when a change in occupancy is detected, which can be used to create a historical usageprofile that can be analyzed and acted upon using the control manufacturer’s software.

许多大型物业管理集团使用集成工作场所管理系统，该系统利用就地传感数据网络或部署专有传感器，以更好地了解建筑使用情况。这些数据消除了如何优化空间使用的猜测。网络化照明控制使小型设施和多站点企业能够轻松实现这一功能。在集中式网络照明控制系统中，当检测到占用率变化时，占用传感器将数据发送到服务器，该数据可用于创建历史使用概况，可使用控制制造商的软件对其进行分析和操作。

**以下内容由105-黄昊翻译**

### SPACE UTILIZATION（空间利用率）

Example analytics include:

Space planning: Many organizations plan space layouts but rarely optimize based on usage. Using occupancy data, facility managers can identifyoccupancy rates by space and time, trends, demand for meeting space, number of workstations needed for hot-desking, and what areas of a retailstore receive more traffic than others.Room availability: Facility managers can determine whether meeting rooms are occupied when reserved, and provide staff the ability to view thisinformation remotely. They can also determine whether there is an overall excess or lack of meeting space.Janitorial: Facility managers can optimize cleaning based on actual traffic and schedule it at times that are least likely to disrupt operations.Leasing/Utility management: Facility managers can determine whether a current lease satisfies traffic needs, and optimize HVAC use based onactual occupancy.

示例分析包括：空间规划：许多组织规划空间布局，但很少根据使用情况进行优化。利用入住率数据，设施经理可以通过空间和时间、趋势、会议空间需求、热桌面所需的工作站数量以及零售商店的哪些区域比其他区域接收更多的流量来确定入住率。会议室可用性：设施经理可以确定会议室在预订时是否被占用，并为员工提供远程查看这些信息的能力。他们还可以确定会议空间是否总体过剩或不足。清洁：设施经理可以根据实际流量优化清洁，并将其安排在最不可能干扰运营的时间。租赁/公用设施管理：设施经理可以确定当前租赁是否满足交通需求，并根据实际占用情况优化HVAC使用。

### SPACE UTILIZATION（空间利用）

Image courtesy of Signify.Occupancy sensors are binary, reporting whether a space is occupied or vacant but not counting how many people are occupying it. Various technologies are now available for counting occupants. One example is through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons embedded in luminaires that interact with smart phones and count them, providing an occupancy estimate. This can be used to produce more detailed occupancy information.

图像的象征性。占用传感器是二进制的，报告一个空间是被占用还是空置，但不计算有多少人在占用它。现在有各种技术可用于计算乘客人数。一个例子是通过嵌入灯具中的蓝牙低能量（BLE）信标与智能手机交互并计数，从而提供占用率估计。这可用于生成更详细的占用信息。

### INDOOR POSITIONING（室内定位）

Image courtesy of Bluetooth.In addition to potentially sensing the number of people in a space, BLE can be used for indoor positioning. By analyzing signal strength to different beacons indicating distance, the system can triangulate to determine where a given occupant is. Occupants can use this with an app for wayfinding and locating items, while facility managers gain insight into where and how people use the space as real-time and historical information.

图像由蓝牙提供。除了可以感知空间中的人数外，BLE还可以用于室内定位。通过分析不同信标指示距离的信号强度，系统可以三角测量来确定给定的乘客在哪里。居住者可以将其与应用程序一起使用，以便查找和定位物品，同时设施管理人员可以深入了解人们在何处以及如何使用空间作为实时和历史信息。

### ASSET TRACKING（资产跟踪）

Another potential real-time location services application for BLE is asset tracking. A typical application is healthcare facilities. Using an app, hospital staff can find the correct floor, area, and room to locate people and equipment, such as crashcarts. This is accomplished with radio-frequency ID tags on people or equipment, which periodically transmit a signal that is caught by BLE beacons embedded in luminaires. The frequency of the signal is based on how mobile the asset is expected to be and how close to real-time the location estimate must be.

BLE的另一个潜在的实时定位服务应用是资产跟踪。一个典型的应用是医疗设施。使用一个应用程序，医院工作人员可以找到正确的楼层、面积和房间来定位人员和设备，如crashcarts。这是通过在人或设备上使用射频ID标签来实现的，这些标签会周期性地发送一个信号，该信号被嵌在灯具中的BLE信标捕捉到。信号的频率取决于资产预期的移动程度以及位置估计必须接近实时的程度。

### MAINTEweihNANCE（维护）

Many centralized networked lighting control systems feature the capability to monitor connected luminaires and control devices, with alarms and various types of notifications. This is helpful for maintenance, particularly for complex applications like roadway lighting, where crews must roam their territory looking for “day burners” during the day and nonworking luminaires at night, or await a complaint logged from users. Instead, the control system provides an alarm indicating the luminaire location and fault.Additionally, beacon-based asset tracking can also be used to facilitate maintenance by adding a sensor to the ID device that reports functionality. This method is popular in industrial facilities.

许多集中式网络照明控制系统的特点是能够监控连接的灯具和控制设备，并提供警报和各种类型的通知。这对维护很有帮助，特别是对于复杂的应用，如道路照明，工作人员必须在白天在他们的区域漫游，在晚上寻找不工作的灯具，或者等待用户的投诉。相反，控制系统提供一个警报，指示灯具的位置和故障。此外，基于信标的资产跟踪还可以通过向报告功能的ID设备添加传感器来促进维护。这种方法在工业设备中很流行。

### BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT（业务流程改进）

Aside from the previous basic capabilities, data produced by a networked lighting control system and IoT solution can also be used for a wide variety of business process improvement applications. The below recreational water park example shows the varied types of questions that can be answered when a lot of raw data is analyzed in real time.

除了之前的基本功能外，由网络照明控制系统和物联网解决方案生成的数据也可以用于各种业务流程改进应用。下面的休闲水上公园示例展示了在实时分析大量原始数据时可以回答的各种问题。

### PRODUCT TO SERVICE（产品到服务）

As value in non-energy benefits grows, a significant number of companies are expected to transition from providing products to services. This may mean offering a product as a service or using data produced by the product as a means or providing additional services.

随着非能源效益价值的增长，预计有相当数量的公司将从提供产品过渡到提供服务。这可能意味着将产品作为服务提供，或将产品产生的数据用作手段或提供额外服务。

### LIGHT AS A SERVICE（轻如服务）

With Light as a Service (LaaS), for example, the owner buys new lighting on a subscription basis over a multi-year term rather than a significant one-time capital investment. This allows the lighting upgrade to be accounted as an operating expense and paid for as a monthly fee that in turn is ideally less than the energy cost savings, generating instant positive cash flow. As a result, it addresses two major barriers to installing LED lighting in existing buildings: the initial cost of purchasing a new lighting system and fear that any technology installed today will be eclipsed by future tech.

光照即服务与光照即服务（LaaS），所有者在多年的期限内以订阅的方式购买新的照明设备，而不是一次性的大量资本投资。这使得照明升级可以算作运营费用，并作为每月费用支付，而月费用理想情况下低于能源成本节约，从而产生即时的正现金流。因此，它解决了在现有建筑中安装LED照明的两个主要障碍：购买新照明系统的初始成本，以及担心今天安装的任何技术将被未来的技术所取代。

### LIGHT AS A SERVICE（作为一种服务）

By reducing risk and simplifying financing, having LaaS as an option can facilitate a lighting upgrade that might otherwise be delayed or not gain

approval. It is well suited to adoption of more advanced, premium system options such as intelligent control, connectivity, and data collection. LaaS approaches vary in the market, ranging from simple financing to financing-plus-turnkey services such as audit, design, installation, upgrades, maintenance, and even data collection and location-based services.

通过降低风险和简化融资，将LaaS作为一种选择，可以促进照明升级，否则可能会延迟或无法获得批准。它非常适合采用更高级的系统选项，如智能控制、连接性和数据收集。LaaS的方法在市场上各不相同，从简单的融资到融资加上交钥匙服务，如审计、设计、安装、升级、维护，甚至数据收集和基于位置的服务。

### INTEGRATION（集成）

Many networked lighting control systems are able to interface with other building systems and equipment, such as a building automation system

(BAS). This integration requires the lighting control system to interact with the BAS via a common protocol, such as BACnet, or via a gateway, which may be a device or software built into the lighting system.

许多网络化照明控制系统能够与其他建筑系统和设备（如楼宇自动化系统（BAS））连接。此集成要求照明控制系统通过公共协议（如BACnet）或网关（可能是照明系统内置的设备或软件）与BAS交互。

### CONNECTING TO THE IoT: SOFTWARE（连接到物联网）

In a networked lighting control system, software is used to program control variables and sequences of operation, analyze data, and monitor system operation for faults. The software is designed to primarily talk to luminaires and associated sensors and switches. In a true IoT platform, however, raw, real-time sensor data is routed via a gateway to external people/software for analysis, joining data from other sources.

For a networked lighting control system to pass along data from its equipment to an IoT platform, this data must be in a form usable by the different end-use. This may require application programming interfaces (APIs), which is software, protocols, and tools used for this purpose. An API, might allow real-time and historic sensor data to be extracted and filtered by variables such as luminaire, zone, or room.

网络照明控制系统中的软件，软件用于编程控制变量和操作顺序，分析数据，并监控系统的故障运行。该软件主要用于与灯具、相关传感器和开关进行通信。然而，在真正的物联网平台中，原始的实时传感器数据通过网关路由到外部人员/软件进行分析，将来自其他来源的数据连接起来。为了使网络照明控制系统能够将数据从其设备传送到物联网平台，该数据必须采用不同终端用户可使用的形式。这可能需要应用程序编程接口（API），即用于此目的的软件、协议和工具。API可能允许实时和历史传感器数据被提取和过滤，如灯具、区域或房间。

### CONNECTING TO THE IoT: WIRELESS VERSUS WIRED（连接到物联网）

In a fully realized IoT solution, the lighting continually feeds data from its own and potentially other sensors to a central point for analysis as well as other building systems. The challenge is transporting this data. The main primary contenders are wireless communication and Power over Ethernet (PoE) wired. For more information about wireless control, see EE301: Wireless Controls. On the next page, we’ll talk about PoE.

在一个完全实现的物联网解决方案中，无线和有线的照明设备不断地将数据从其自身和可能的其他传感器传输到中心点进行分析，以及其他建筑系统。挑战在于传输这些数据。主要的竞争对手是无线通信和以太网供电（PoE）有线。有关无线控制的更多信息，请参阅EE301：无线控制。在下一页，我们将讨论。

**以下内容由218-鲍一宁翻译**

### LOW-VOLTAGE POWER（低压电源）

While the majority of lighting installations are distributed high voltage (110-347VAC), the proliferation of low-voltage solid-state lighting (12-38VDC) and low-voltage controls has called into question whether line voltage is the most efficient way of powering lighting. If a low-voltage power source is used, the luminaire does not have to convert high to low voltage, increasing efficiency while potentially simplifying installation. Further, onsite renewable energy is DC. If building power distribution were to be DC, two conversions—from DC to AC at the power source and then AC to DC at the luminaire—would be avoided, increasingly overall efficiency. To promote adoption, the EMerge Alliance formed to standardize low-voltage DC microgrids, founded on distributed 24VDC.

虽然大多数照明装置都是分布式高压(110-347VAC)，但低压固态照明(12-38VDC)和低压控制装置的增多，使人们对线路电压是否是最有效的照明供电方式产生了疑问。如果使用低压电源，灯具不必将高电压转换为低电压，提高效率，同时可能简化安装。再者，现场可再生能源是直流电。如果建筑配电是直流电，则可以避免两次转换--在电源处将直流电转换为交流电，然后在灯具处将交流电转换为直流电，从而提高整体效率。为了推广应用，EMerge联盟成立了标准化低压直流微电网，建立在分布式24VDC的基础上。

### POWER OVER ETHERNET (以太网供电)

Based on IEEE (802.3) or ad-hoc standards, which are evolving toward delivering more power, PoE wiring combines low-voltage power (12-54VDC) with data distribution to create digital ceilings in which devices are both powered and networked using twisted-pair Ethernet CAT6 cabling. Luminaires and controls connect directly to the network or through PoE gateways. The advantage of this approach is simplicity of wiring. Because power and data pass through the network in a standardized manner, software-based control and data retrieval become harmonized similar to the wireless alternative. PoE is suited to applications where the owner wants data network integration and has operating personnel and infrastructure capable of controlling everything in the building and processing analytics.

基于IEEE (802.3)或特设标准，PoE布线将低压电源(12-54VDC)与数据分配结合在一起，以创建数字天花板，其中的设备使用双绞线以太网CAT6布线供电和联网。灯具和控制器直接连接到网络或通过PoE网关。这种方法的优点是布线简单。由于电源和数据以标准化的方式通过网络，基于软件的控制和数据检索变得与无线选择类似。PoE适用于业主希望数据网络集成，并且有操作人员和基础设施能够控制建筑物内的一切并处理分析的应用。

### CONNECTING TO THE IoT: PROTOCOLS（连接到物联网：PROTOCOLS）

Protocols are sets of rules for how devices communicate and behave in a system. Numerous protocols feed the IoT, resulting in the same interoperability issues that challenge integration between lighting and other building systems and even interoperability between different lighting control devices made by different manufacturers.

协议是一套关于设备在系统中如何通信和行为的规则。众多的协议馈赠给物联网，导致同样的互操作性问题，挑战着照明和其他建筑系统之间的集成，甚至是不同制造商生产的不同照明控制设备之间的互操作性。

In the lighting industry, the majority of protocols are proprietary to specific manufacturers, with industry standard protocols also being used such as Zigbee, Bluetooth Mesh, BACnet (and its variations, such as Secure Connect). To connect to other systems, the networked lighting control system must either be built to the same protocol (type and version) or interact via a gateway, which may be software functionality (APIs).

在照明行业，大多数协议都是特定制造商的专有协议，同时也使用行业标准协议，如Zigbee、蓝牙Mesh、BACnet（及其变体，如Secure Connect）。要连接到其他系统，网络化的照明控制系统必须按照相同的协议（类型和版本）构建，或者通过网关进行交互，网关可能是软件功能（API）。

It is not important for users and specifiers to know the specifics of protocols, as manufacturers develop apps and APIs to make everything work together. However, if a networked lighting control system will be deployed as part of a larger IoT platform, it is important to know what protocols are being used, as it can make the difference between simple compatible specification and assuming the cost of a developer writing a project-specific app or API.

对于用户和指定人员来说，了解协议的具体内容并不重要，因为制造商开发的应用程序和API使一切都能一起工作。然而，如果网络照明控制系统将被部署为更大的物联网平台的一部分，那么了解正在使用的协议是很重要的，因为它可以在简单的兼容规范和假设开发人员编写项目特定的成本之间做出区别。

### CYBERSECURITY（网络安全）

Cybersecurity is a major challenge for the IoT as a whole (and corporate information networks beyond that), and lighting is not immune. While connecting building systems can produce extraordinary value, it can also impose data privacy and security risks.

网络安全是整个物联网(以及除此之外的企业信息网络)的一大挑战，照明也不能幸免。虽然连接建筑系统可以产生非凡的价值，但也会带来数据隐私和安全风险。

While the cybersecurity industry has a deep well of expertise and experience dealing with potential threats, it’s a new issue for many building industry, including the lighting industry, which is now working hard to ensure networked lighting systems are a strong link in the IoT. New standards such as BACnet Secure Connect are significant because they provide a building control standard that in turn is based on security standards developed by and accepted among the IT community.

虽然网络安全行业有着深厚的专业知识和应对潜在威胁的经验，但对于许多建筑行业来说，这是一个新的问题，包括照明行业，目前正在努力确保网络照明系统是物联网中的一个强大环节。BACnet安全连接等新标准意义重大，因为它们提供了一个楼宇控制标准，而这个标准又是基于IT界制定并接受的安全标准。

### CYBERSECURITY （网络安全）

Until cybersecurity best practices become well standardized across the lighting industry, specifiers and designers should evaluate connected lighting systems with some basic knowledge of cybersecurity. In terms of security, what constitutes a “good” system for a given application depends on how it’s designed (security features) and configured (how it communicates) as well as the owner’s risk tolerance and level of technical knowledge.

在整个照明行业的网络安全最佳实践成为良好的标准化之前，规范者和设计者应该在评估联网照明系统时具备一些基本的网络安全知识。就安全而言，什么是特定应用的 "好 "系统，取决于系统的设计（安全功能）和配置（通信方式），以及业主的风险承受能力和技术知识水平。

Become conversant in cybersecurity “hygiene.”While lighting professionals need not become cybersecurity experts, they can benefit from education about basic concepts and practices.

·Engage with the client about cybersecurity. It can be beneficial to engage the client about security needs during the project programming phase. The IT department may have questions and requirements that will affect how the project is designed.

·After product selection, it can be beneficial to include security documentation as part of the project documents. For challenging questions, the manufacturer should be able to provide support.

·Ensure good encryption is a feature. Encryption is encoding data between devices to prevent them from being intercepted and manipulated. In a May 2018 bulletin, Cyber Security for Lighting Systems, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommends AES 128-bit encryption.

·Choose an appropriate method of authentication. Authentication is about ensuring only devices that trust each other can share data. The FEMP recommends good authentication, with possibly the most secure authentication method being use of both a public and private key. The device initiating communication does so using a public key, and the responding device answers with a private key.

·熟悉网络安全 "卫生"。虽然照明专业人员不需要成为网络安全专家，但他们可以从基本概念和做法的教育中受益。

·就网络安全问题与客户接触。在项目编程阶段让客户参与讨论安全需求是有益的。信息技术部门可能会有一些问题和要求，这些问题和要求将影响项目的设计方式。

·在产品选型后，将安全文件作为项目文件的一部分是有益的。对于具有挑战性的问题，制造商应该能够提供支持。

·确保良好的加密是一个特点。加密就是对设备之间的数据进行编码，防止数据被拦截和操纵。在2018年5月的公告《照明系统的网络安全》中，美国能源部联邦能源管理计划（FEMP）建议采用AES 128位加密技术。

·选择合适的认证方法。认证是为了确保只有相互信任的设备才能共享数据。FEMP建议采用良好的认证方式，其中最安全的认证方式可能是同时使用公钥和私钥。发起通信的设备使用公钥，而响应的设备则使用私钥。

### CYBERSECURITY（网络安全）

·Safeguard the lighting network. If security is a concern, the network should be protected by a firewall. If the lighting network will touch the corporate network, as an added security measure, FEMP recommends segmenting it using a virtual local area network (VLAN). With a VLAN, a portion of a network is partitioned and run separately as a subnet with its own functionality and security.

·Advise client on their responsibilities. The client should be advised about delineating administrator permissions (who will have access to the network and what powers they will have inside), the importance of installing vendor software updates (which may include important security enhancements) and changing passwords, and so on.

·Secure after commissioning. FEMP recommends that any radios used to commission the control system be turned OFF after use. Or, if the radios are needed for ongoing system operation, they should be secured.

·Scrutinize products. Look for suppliers that use a strong security methodology, are able to explain it, and can support you when needed. Here, education can go a long way in evaluating products with comparable security features but where the manufacturer implements them very differently.

·Rely on your manufacturer. The specifier’s primary resource is the manufacturer, who can explain its products’ security features.

·保障照明网络的安全。如果担心安全问题，应该用防火墙保护网络。如果照明网络会接触到企业网络，作为一种额外的安全措施，FEMP建议使用虚拟局域网(VLAN)对其进行分割。有了VLAN，网络的一部分就被分割开来，作为一个子网单独运行，有自己的功能和安全性。

·告知客户他们的责任。应告知客户如何划分管理员权限（谁能进入网络以及他们在网络中拥有什么权力），安装供应商软件更新（可能包括重要的安全增强功能）和更改密码的重要性，等等。

·调试结束后要保证安全。FEMP建议在使用后关闭用于调试控制系统的任何无线电设备。或者，如果系统持续运行需要无线电，则应将其妥善保管。

·仔细检查产品。寻找使用强大安全方法论的供应商，能够对其进行解释，并在需要时为您提供支持。在此，在评估具有类似安全功能的产品时，教育可以起到很大的作用，但制造商在实施这些功能时却大相径庭。

·依靠您的制造商。制造商是规范者的主要资源，他们可以解释其产品的安全功能。

### TALKING TO IT DEPARTMENTS（与IT部门交谈）

Even if a networked lighting control system connects to the network switch and runs as a parallel network with a firewall, the IT department may be concerned about security and be in charge, as a new network will be touching the corporate network. And even if the connected lighting is a standalone roombased system, IT may be concerned about any cabling going into the ceiling, as all above-the-ceiling cabling may be color coded. If the specifier and facilities department did not involve IT in the planning, problems can occur that can be disruptive to the project.

即使网络化的照明控制系统连接到网络交换机，并作为一个带有防火墙的平行网络运行，IT部门也可能会担心安全问题并负责，因为一个新的网络将触及企业网络。即使连接的照明是一个独立的基于房间的系统，IT部门也可能会担心任何进入天花板的电缆，因为所有天花板上的电缆可能是彩色编码的。如果指定人员和设施部门没有让IT部门参与规划，那么就会出现问题，对项目造成干扰。

The IT department may have various requirements and restrictions as to what can be connected, which may affect how systems are installed and configured and may outright disqualify some solutions. For example, a given IT department may require the connected lighting be wired instead of wireless given concerns about risks of interference with existing wireless networks. It’s best to know these requirements as early as possible.

IT部门可能对可以连接的内容有各种要求和限制，这可能会影响系统的安装和配置方式，并可能直接取消一些解决方案的资格。例如，考虑到对现有无线网络的干扰风险，某个IT部门可能会要求连接的照明设备是有线的而不是无线的。最好尽早了解这些要求。

### TALKING TO IT DEPARTMENTS（与IT部门交谈）

·Find out who to talk to, as IT departments vary in terms of specialization and authority.

· Be aware that the IT department will likely not know much about lighting and controls but will instead care very much about the IT aspect.

·Come with manufacturer IT-related documentation for the given control system, such as hardware and software specifications, server topology, ports,

protocols, addressing, and, most important of all, security.

·Be conversant about IT networking but otherwise don’t fake it.

·Treat the meeting as a chance to build a relationship, provide information, and gain buy-in. It’s also an opportunity to receive valuable information

about installation, as networked lighting controls connect in different ways, and the IT department again may have specific requirements about how this should be done.

·Be prepared for the possibility of having several meetings throughout the project.

·Stay focused and avoid conflict.

·If the IT department proves extraordinarily difficult, there may be a lack of understanding. Consider bringing in an IT expert who understands the networked lighting control system and can make it work. This will likely be the manufacturer.

·找出该找谁谈，因为信息技术部门的专业性和权威性不同。

·要知道，IT部门很可能对照明和控制不甚了解，反而会非常关心IT方面的问题。

·附带厂家给定控制系统的IT相关文档，如软硬件规格、服务器拓扑、端口、协议、寻址，以及最重要的安全性。

·要对IT网络有所了解，但除此之外，不要弄虚作假。

·把会议当作建立关系、提供信息和获得支持的机会。这也是一个获得有价值的安装信息的机会，因为网络照明控制以不同的方式连接，IT部门可能又会有关于如何做的具体要求。

·为在整个项目中可能召开几次会议做好准备。

·保持专注，避免冲突。

·如果IT部门证明异常困难，可能是缺乏了解。考虑请一位了解网络照明控制系统并能使其发挥作用的IT专家。这将可能是制造商。

### YOU’RE FINISHED（你完成了）

Congratulations! You have completed EE304: Lighting and the Internet of Things.

Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course. You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for credit towards your education goals.

恭喜你！你已经完成了EE304：照明与物联网。你已经完成了EE304：照明与物联网。

请花点时间提供关于您对本课程的经验反馈。您也可以参加理解测试，以测试您的学习情况，并有资格获得您的教育目标的学分。

EE304: Lighting Control and the Internet of Things

EE304：照明控制与物联网。