recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Belarus

**Belarus**, officially the **Republic of Belarus**, was a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.

## History

### Post-Soviet Independence

In March 1990, elections for seats in the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR took place. Though the pro-independence Belarusian Popular Front took only 10% of the seats, the populace was content with the selection of the delegates. Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990 by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991. Stanislav Shushkevich, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in Belavezhskaya Pushcha to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Two-round elections for the presidency on (24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994) catapulted the formerly unknown Alexander Lukashenko into national prominence. He garnered 45% of the vote in the first round and 80% in the second, defeating Vyacheslav Kebich who received 14% of the vote. Lukashenko was re-elected in 2001, in 2006 and again in 2010. Western governments, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch have criticized Lukashenko's authoritarian style of government.
Kofi Annan

**Kofi Annan** was Secretary General of the United Nations in the early 21st century.

Originally from Kenya, **Kofi Annan** advocated international recognition and support for the East African Federation after its creation in 2018.

**Kofi Annan** also supported the creation of the Africa Treaty Organization in 2026 to protect the nations of sub-Saharan Africa from the North African Caliphate.

**Kofi Annan** died in 2031 at age 93 in Nairobi, East African Federation.
Lahore

**Lahore** is the capital of the Punjab region of the United Islamic Republic.

**Lahore** was the third largest city in the UIR with a population of over 22 million by 2030. The Punjabi capital was one of the fastest growing mega cities in the developing world and expected to overtake the UIR capital Tehran in overall population by 2050.
African Treaty Cooperation

**African Treaty Cooperation**

French
Portuguese
 **Member States** | Angola
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo Brazzaville
 DR Congo
 East African Federation
Equatorial Guinea
 Ethiopia
Gabon
Madagascar
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
 Nigeria
 South Africa
Zambia

The African Treaty Cooperation is a military alliance of African nations founded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, East African Federation, Ethiopia, Nigeria and South Africa. The alliance maintains close relations with NATO.
Houthis

The **Houthis** are a group of Shia Arab tribes in Yemen who seized control of the country between 2013 and 2025.

After the annexation of Yemen by the United Islamic Republic during the Third Persian Gulf War in 2025, former Yemen became a series of Houthi dominated provinces within the UIR. The **Houthis** were notorious for ruthlessly oppressing non-Shia Muslims forcing most of the Muslim population of former Yemen to convert to Shia Islam during the late 2020s and 2030s.

The **Houthis** also eradicated Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula during their final takeover of Yemen ruthlessly massacring Sunni Arab populations they accused of supporting AQAP.
2016 U.S. Presidential Election

The **2016 United States Presidential election** was held on Tuesday, 8 November 2016 and was the 58th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. The Democratic nominee former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate Senator Elizabeth Warren, defeating Republican nominee former Governor Jeb Bush and his running mate Governor Mike Pence.
Australian federal election, 2020

The **2020 Australian federal election** was held on 4 September to elect all 210 member of the House of Representatives and 50 of the Senate's 98 seats. The election returned a hung parliament, with neither major party gaining a majority of seats. After a protracted negotiation, Tanya Plibersek managed to form a government in coalition with the Greens, and support of the Centre Democrats. Julie Bishop announced prior the election that she intended to retire at the election and would not seek re-election. Her successor as Liberal leader, Malcolm Turnbull, was defeated in a leadership challenge after the election and was replaced by Scott Morrison. It was proceeded by the 2017 special election and followed by the 2023 general election.
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

**Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula** or **AQAP** was a terrorist organization active in Yemen and other parts of the Arabian Peninsula in the first quarter of the 21st century.

## History

### Demise

After the conquest of the Arabian Peninsula by the United Islamic Republic and Houthi militia allied to Tehran during the Third Persian Gulf War in 2025, the Shia ruthlessly crushed what was left of **AQAP**. The Houthis is particular were notorious for human rights abuses that included massacring entire villages suspected of loyalty to **AQAP** and the forced conversion of Sunni Arabs to Shia Islam.

Some members of **AQAP** escaped to Cairo where they joined the North African Caliphate.
English

**English** is the most common language of international business, politics, finance and aviation and one of the two most widely spoken languages on Earth along with Mandarin.

By the mid-21st century, the majority of native English speakers lived in Africa where it was a common first language as a legacy of the British Empire. English also remained a common language of interethnic communication in South Asia although Farsi and Hindi had overtaken English in that role.
Chile

**Chile**, officially the **Republic of Chile**, is a country occupying a long and narrow strip of land on the western side of the South American continent. It shares land borders with Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.

## History

### Twentieth and Twenty-First Century

A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932. General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship. By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo to office for another six years. Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.

The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. In the 1970 election, Senator Salvador Allende achieved a partial majority in a plurality of votes in a three-way contest. The Chilean Congress conducted a runoff vote and chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35.

A military coup overthrew Allende on 11 September 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace, Allende apparently committed suicide. A military junta, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took control of the country. The first years of the regime were marked by human rights violations. A new Constitution was approved by a controversial plebiscite on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an 8-year term.

In a plebiscite on 5 October 1988, General Pinochet was denied a second 8-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on 14 December 1989. In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party, defeating Sebastián Piñera, of the National Renewal party, extending the Concertación governance for another four years. In January 2010, Chileans elected Sebastián Piñera as the first rightist President in 20 years.
On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 MW earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes.
Nano-Electronics

**Nano-electronics** are electronic components measured on the nano-meter scale such as conductive graphene, conductive carbon nano-tubes and nano-wires.

Manufacturers perfected special 3-D printing techniques to mass produce these components in the late 2010s and 2020s.

These components allowed computer engineers to overcome the physical limitations of the silicon in the late 2010s and early 2020s. In 2022, Intel, IBM, and Samsung released the first nano-processors which powered the next generation of electronic gadgets. Nano-electronic components also revolutionized the solar power industry and other renewable technologies such as wind and tidal power. Korean technology giant Samsung and several Chinese companies secured important patents in this field during this period.

**Nano-electronics** also allowed flexible screens, new types of wearable gadgets and electronic paper.
Alliance of Arabian States

The **Alliance of Arabian States** was political, military and economic union formed by Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait after the Saudi Civil War in 2017. The Alliance of Arabian States ceased to exist after the conquest of the entire Arabian Peninsula by the United Islamic Republic in 2025.
Electromagnetic Propulsion

**Electromagnetic Propulsion** is a technology that accelerates objects through opposing electromagnetic fields.

Maglev Trains make use of this technology to accelerate trains to higher speeds than conventional high speed rail.

Railguns also make use of this technology to launch projectiles for longer distances at higher muzzle velocities than conventional artillery.

By the 2030s, engineers in several nations proposed using electromagnetic propulsion systems for aircraft and other vehicles. Space engineers proposed building magnetic catapult launchers as a revolutionary method for launching rockets into space from bases both on Earth and on Earth's moon.
China Railways

**China Railways**, also known as **CR** for short, is China's state owned rail monopoly responsible for creating the Pan-Asian High Speed Rail System in the 2020s linking the Eurasian landmass via high speed rail.

## History

### 2000-2020

China Railways borrowed ideas and technology from German multinational giant Siemens to become a major player in the construction and operation of high speed railways. China Railways often used German manufactured Valero high speed train cars on its high speed tracks.

By 2020, CR had linked every major city in mainland China through 220+ mph high speed rail. Although many lines would not become profitable for years, China had much of the transportation infrastructure in place to become a developed nation.

### 2021-2030

During the 2020s, CR completed the Pan-Asian High Speed Rail System as part of the New Silk Road Project by constructing HSR lines from People's Republic of China to Korea, South East Asia, India, the Middle East and Europe. The last project involved converting the entire Trans-Siberian Railroad to high speed rail by the early 2020s. This linked all these regions into a Eurasia wide trade network.

By 2030, CR had completed its first intercity maglev line between Beijing and Tianjin providing even faster speeds of 400+ mph between cities.

### 2031-2040

CR initiated a massive expansion of maglev train infrastructure in People's Republic of China in the 2030s. In 2033, CR helped create the Bohai Economic Rim, a single economic area with a population of over 300 million people, by extending the maglev line between Beijing and Tianjin around the rim of the Bohai Sea through the Bohai Tunnel between the cities of Dalian in Liaoning Province and Yantai in Shandong Province. Networks of maglev trains also linked cities within China's two other main economic regions, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, creating a single city effect in areas stretching for hundreds of miles encompassing hundreds of millions of people. The South China Megacity already united most of the large cities in the later region into the largest megacity on Earth with a population of well over 100 million people by the 2030s.

By 2035, China perfected evacuated tube transport before the Germans and Americans who were working on similar technology. This technology accelerated maglev trains to speeds of over 1000 mph via electromagnetic propulsion by sucking the air out of tubes and creating a vacuum in which high speed trains could travel at hypersonic speeds. CR completed an evacuated tube transport line between Beijing and Moscow in 2036, making it possible to travel between the Chinese and Russian capitals in well under a day. Extensions of this system reached Berlin, Paris, London, Shanghai, the South China Megacity, Singapore, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Seoul by 2040, making it possible to travel from one end of Eurasia to another in a day by maglev train.
Mongolia

**Mongolia** was a nation in East Asia. It ceased to exist after the People's Republic of China invaded and annexed like Mongolia in October 2016.

## History

### Mineral Boom: 2000-2015

Mongolia underwent a economic boom in the first fifteen years of the 21st century due to its copious mineral resources including copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, florspar, uranium, tin and tungsten. Chinese mining companies moved into Mongolia to acquire these minerals to fuel Chinese industry.

### Annexation by China: 2016-2025

Starting to feel the effects of the Great Recession, China was eager to acquire Mongolia's copious mineral resources as well as its vast tracks of mostly empty land for Chinese colonization. China combined former "Outer" Mongolia with its existing Inner Mongolia Semi-Autonmous Region to form the Mongolia Semi-Autonomous Region which covered the entire Gobi Desert and immediately had an overwhelming Han Chinese majority. The region had a total population of over 27 million including 20 million Han Chinese and 7 million Mongols. The capital of the Mongolia Semi-Autonomous Region was Hohhot. China celebrated the "reunification of Mongolia within China."

China encouraged unemployed factories workers from China's coastal cities to move to Mongolia seeking work in the mining industry. The discovery of shale gas in former Inner Mongolia also led to an influx of wealth and Han Chinese in the late 2010s when China began fracking to meet its surging energy demands. Cities across Mongolia such as Hohhot and the former ghost town of Ordos filled up and grew to accommodate the needs to newcomers working in the mining and fracking industry. This also led to the further colonization of Mongolia by the Han and the reduction of the native Mongol population to a smaller minority. Although many Mongols wanted independence or at least more autonomy, there simply were not enough of them to achieve this goal. The Chinese were a majority in their own homeland.

### Solar Industry: 2026-2050

By 2025, Mongolia had one of the highest standards of living of any region in China due to the mining and fracking boom. During the 2020s, China contributed to technological innovations that greatly reduced the costs of solar power while also vastly increasing its efficiency. In the late 2020s and 2030s, China began constructing vast solar farms across the Gobi Desert harnessing the power of the sun to provide affordable clean electricity to China's big cities via HVDC cables stretching across the country. This was part of China's plan to increase electricity generation from clean sources and transition towards a post fossil fuel economy by the mid to late 21st century. This further increased the wealth of the Mongolia region which hosted vast solar infrastructure.
Horn of Africa War

The Horn of Africa War is a conflict between the nations of East Africa and the North African Caliphate that occurred between 2023 and 2024.

## History

### Outbreak

The war began when Muslim Somali separatists in the eastern Ethiopian region of Ogaden tried to break away from Ethiopian rule and Addis Ababa sent the Ethiopian Army to suppress them. The war eventually pitted Ethiopia and the East African Federation against the North African Caliphate and its Somali allies.

### In the Balance

The war raged for months with the NAC generally having the upper hand. The NAC threatened Ethiopia's very existence launching assaults on both the Grand Renaissance Dam, which supplied more than 70% of Ethiopia's electricity, and the western and southern outskirts of the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa. Ethiopia instituted conscription. The EAF fought both both Somalia proper and Muslim insurgents in its own territory. Jihadists launched terrorist attacks on most of the EAF's biggest cities and at one point seized the island of Zanzibar before EAF naval infantry dislodged them.

The EAF and Ethiopia threatened to use the Nile leverage, cutting off the flow of the White Nile and the Blue Nile respectively to Egypt-Sudan if Cajro threatened their independence. Restricting the Nile River would destroy the North African Caliphate economically. However, fear of NAC nuclear weapons prevented the East African nations from using the Nile leverage before the two sides eventually agreed to a ceasefire.

### Conclusion

The Treat of Beijing ended the war. The newly formed Somali Confederation united Somalia and Somaliland and annexed Djibouti, the predominantly Muslim Ethiopian regions of Ogaden and Afar, and an eastern strip of the EAF state of Kenya near the former Somali border. The NAC annexed the Upper Nile region of the EAF state of South Sudan. The NAC gained control over the Grand Renaissance Dam although the electricity was split evenly between Cairo and Addis Ababa. All sides agreed to various demilitarized zones along the new borders.
Magnetic Levitation Trains

**Magnetic Levitation Trains** are high speed trains that use electromagnetic propulsion to propel passenger trains at even higher speeds than conventional high speed rail.

## **History**

### **2000-2020**

German company Siemens constructed the first operational maglev line between Shanghai's downtown Pudong district and its airport in 2003, allowing passengers to make the trip in 7 minutes at speeds of over 350 mph. However, public opposition in Shanghai suburbs prevented plans for an extension of the system to Hangzhou.

### **2021-2040**

During the 2020s, Japan and China began constructing inter-city maglevs lines between their major cities. Japan completed a portion of its Chuo Shinkansen maglev system between Tokyo and Nagoya in 2025. China Railways completed China's first intercity maglev line between its capital Beijing and Tianjin on the Bohai Sea in 2028 reducing express travel time between the centers of the two northern Chinese mega cities to under 15 minutes. An extension of the system linked the center of Beijing to massive new airport south of the Chinese capital completed in 2018.

On October 16th, 2033, Japan officially opened the entire Chuo Shinkansen maglev system between Tokyo and Kobe, providing 400+ mph high speed passenger train service between most of Japan's biggest cities. The new system allows messengers to travel between Tokyo and Osaka in just under an hour by train. The system also had stops in Nagoya and Kyoto.

Japan also announced plans to export its maglev technology offering to help build a maglev train system between Boston and Washington D.C. in the busy northeastern corridor of the United States, providing the region with a world class high speed rail system.

China began developing even faster vacuum maglev trains in the 2030s, planning to connect all its major cities and all of the various regions of the Eurasian landmass by ultra high speed maglevs by 2052.
Laos

**Laos** is a nation in South East Asia.

## Economy

Landlocked **Laos** missed out on much of the explosive economic growth in Asia in the late 20th and early 21st century.

By the 2010s, Laos attracted an increasing amount of Vietnamese and Chinese investment due to its cheap labor force and untapped natural resources.

In the late 2010s and early 2020s, China completed the Kunming-Singapore HSR Line through **Laos**, leading to a surge of investment in Laotian infrastructure, industry and tourism and making the landlocked country a crucial link in the land corridors of New Silk Road Project along the Pan-Asian High Speed Rail System.

**Laos** became one of the "new economic tigers" of the 2020s along with other southern economies such as India, Indonesia, Vietnan, the Philippines, Bangladesh, the East African Federation, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria.
David Cameron

**David Cameron** (9 October 1966 - ) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom between 2010 and 2015, before losing an election to Labour's Ed Miliband. He formed government after the 2010 election in a coalition between his Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats.
Fourth Generation Nuclear Power

**Fourth Generation Nuclear Power** refers to the latest designs for nuclear fission plants developed by many nations in the first three decades of the 21at century. Thorium plants were one type of fourth generation nuclear power plant. Small modular nuclear reactors were another type of fourth generation nuclear power plant.
2015 Cricket World Cup

The **2015 Cricket World Cup** was the 11th Cricket World Cup, jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand from 14 February to 29 March 2015. Fourteen teams played 49 matches in 14 venues, with Australia staging 26 games at grounds in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney while New Zealand hosted 23 games in Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Hamilton, Napier, Nelson and Wellington.

India were the defending champions, having won the tournament in 2011. Tickets for the Pool B match between India and Pakistan, played on 15 February 2015, reportedly sold out within 12 minutes of going on sale.

The final match of the tournament took place at the Melbourne Cricket Ground between India and Australia in front of a crowd of 92,518 while the average attendance throughout the tournament was 20,555. Australia defeated India by 35 runs to win their fifth ICC Cricket World Cup.
Hillary Clinton

**Hillary Clinton** (26 October 1947 - 23 January 2020) was an American politician who served as President of the United States between 2017 until her assassination in 2020. She previously served as Secretary of State between 2009 and 2013 under Barack Obama, as Senator for New York between 2001 and 2009, and First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband Bill Clinton between 1993 and 2001. She was defeated by Donald Trump and his running mate Governor Mike Pence in the 2016 Presidential election
Kurdistan Regional Government

The **Kurdistan Regional Government**, also known as the **KRG**, is a self governing region of the United Islamic Republic primarily inhabited by the Kurdish people.

The capital of the **KRG** is Kirkuk.

## History

### Formation of the **Kurdistan Regional Government**

Iraqi Kurdistan first received limited self government as the Kurdistan Autonomous region comprising the governates of Dohuk, Irbil and Sulaymaniyah in 1970. Iran convertly armed the Kurds of Iraq as part of its regional power struggle with then Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. The Iraqi Kurds suffered terribly during Iraqi reprisals especially during the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s where Saddam's army bombed and gassed Kurdish communities they accused of collaborating with Iran. Saddam's Al-Anfal campaign constituted a systemic genocide against the Iraqi Kurdish population. The single worst atrocity of that campaign was the gassing of the Kurdish town of Halabja.

After the comprehensive defeat of the Iraqi Army during the First Persian Gulf War in 1991, NATO imposed a no-fly zone over Iraqi Kurdistan allowing the region to function as a de facto independent country.

The **Kurdistan Regional Government** generally cooperated with the Americans after the 2003 invasion of Iraq which toppled Saddam Hussein's government and led to the execution of the Iraqi dictator. Iraqi Kurdistan became an oasis of stability as the rest of Iraq descended into more than a decade of civil war and bloody rebellion against the American occupation.

### The War against ISIS

*See Full Article: War against ISIS*

After ISIS seized portions of eastern Syria and northern and western Iraq in 2013 and 2014, the Kurds initially bore the brunt of the war against the Islamic State. Kurdish forces seized Kirkuk after IS seized Mosul in June 2014 preventing the former city from also falling to the terrorist organization. Iranian Revolutionary Guards commander Qassem Soleimani coordinated the ground war against IS between Iraqi regular forces and Shia militia commanded by the government in Baghdad and Kurdish peshmerga forces fighting in the north.

The war against IS ironically placed regional rivals and sworn enemies the United States and Iran on the same side although neither Washington or Tehran would admit it. The U.S. Airforce conducted air strikes against IS in support of the Kurds preventing the fall of Irbil to the terrorist organization in August 2014 and helping the peshmerga slowly retake strategic territory in northern Iraq from the Islamic State. The Kurds suffered terrible atrocities at the hands of IS as they had from Saddam which also increased their resolve to fight. The peshmerga also collaborated with Iraqi Shia militia, Iraqi regular Army and Iranian Revolutionary Guard forces on the ground. This was particularly true in Diyala governate which had a mixed Arab-Kurdish population. However, Tehran was the overall architect of the ground war.

The peshmerga helped the Iranians and Iraqi government forces retake Mosul from IS in August 2016 driving the Islamic State out of Iraq entirely shortly after the recapture of the strategic northern city.
Mahdi

The **Mahdi** is the supreme leader of the United Islamic Republic who holds absolute spiritual authority and also commands both the UIR regular army and militia forces such as the Revolutionary Guards and Hezbollah.

Shia Muslims consider him to be the Caliph.

Although his name and exact origins are a mystery, he is believed to be an Iraqi Shia Arab from Karbala.
Saudi Arabia

**Saudi Arabia**, officially the **Kingdom of Saudi Arabia**, was the largest Arab state in the Middle East, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. In 2025, the country was bordered by Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, United Islamic Republic, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen. It also shared close maritime borders with Bahrain, Egypt and Sudan.

## History

### Post-Unification

The new kingdom was one of the poorest countries in the world, reliant on limited agriculture and pilgrimage revenues. However, in 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf, and full-scale development of the oil fields began in 1941 under the US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company). Oil provided Saudi Arabia with economic prosperity and substantial political leverage internationally. Cultural life rapidly developed, primarily in the Hejaz, which was the center for newspapers and radio.

In 1953, King Saud succeeded to the throne on his father's death. However, an intense rivalry between the King and his half-brother, Prince Faisal emerged, fueled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence. As a consequence, Saud was deposed in favor of Faisal in 1964. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained control of a proportion (20%) of Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil. In 1973, Saudi Arabia led an oil boycott against the Western countries that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria. Oil prices quadrupled. In 1975, Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Prince Faisal bin Musaid and was succeeded by his half-brother King Khalid.

King Khalid died of a heart attack in June 1982, and was succeeded by his brother, King Fahd, who added the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" to his name in 1986 in response to considerable fundamentalist pressure to avoid use of "majesty" in association with anything except God. Fahd continued to develop close relations with the United States and increased the purchase of American and British military equipment. In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia spent $25 billion in support of Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq War. However, Saudi Arabia condemned the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and asked the US to intervene. King Fahd allowed American and coalition troops to be stationed in Saudi Arabia. He invited the Kuwaiti government and many of its citizens to stay in Saudi Arabia, but expelled citizens of Yemen and Jordan because of their governments' support of Iraq. In 1991, Saudi Arabian forces were involved both in bombing raids on Iraq and in the land invasion that helped to liberate Kuwait.

### Demise and Annexation

*See Full Article: Third Persian Gulf War*
Ordos

**Ordos** was a famous ghost city in Mongolia Semi-Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China in the 2010s.

Originally built to house a million people, Ordos was mostly empty in the 2010s. However, Ordos filled up by the early 2020s due to the mining and fracking boom in the region, serving as a model early 21st century planned city and an example of China's rapid urbanization and development.
Second Libyan Civil War

The **Second Libyan Civil War** was a multi-sided conflict the broke out in Libya the aftermath of fall of former Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi. The **Second Libyan Civil War** saw Libya become a failed state divided by different warring factions including the Islamic State and Libya Dawn before Egypt invaded Libya and brought an end to the conflict.
Atlantic Ocean

The **Atlantic Ocean** is an ocean between North America, South America, Europe and Africa.

## History

The nations of NATO considered the Atlantic Ocean, or at least the North Atlantic, to be their MARE NOSTRUM in late 20th and early 21st centuries, despite Soviet and later Russian attempts to challenge NATO militarily in the Atlantic Ocean.
Australian special federal election, 2017

The **2017 Australian special election** was held on 4 February to elect all 210 members of the redistributed House of Representatives, and 24 Senators for the states of New Zealand and Darwin. Julie Bishop retained the Prime Ministership with the Liberal-National coalition, with the Liberals over taking the Labor Party for the most seats. A special election for the Senate and new New Zealand House of Represenative seats was called by the High Court following New Zealand's entry to the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Northern Territory's promotion to the state of Darwin, to elect a slate of 12 Senators for those states. Bishop asked the Governor-General to call to dissolve the entire House of Representatives to meet a new redistribution planned by the Australian Electoral Commission. With support from the Opposition, the election was called in October 2016 for the following February with the AEC confirming the redistribution in December 2016. The election was preceded by the 2016 election and followed by a regular election in 2020
Al-Qaeda

**Al-Qaeda** was a terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden responsible for the September 11th Terrorist Attacks against the United States. The United States invaded Afghanistan to route out the Taliban regime which had sheltered **al-Qaeda** and facilitated the attacks on New York and Washington D.C.

U.S. special forces killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan in May 2011. However, **al-Qaeda** gave rise to several offshoots including Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb which continued to wage war against the United States and her allies. Some **al-Qaeda** also left the organization to join the Islamic State in 2013 and 2014.
List of New Technologies in the 21st Century

List of new technologies in the 21st century:

## Technology

### Bio-Engineering

* Cloning
* Organ Printing
* Retroviral Engineering

### Computers

* Quantum Computers
* Quantum Encryption

### Cybernetics

* Cybernetic Eyes
* Cybernetic Limbs
* Cyborgs
* Unification

### Electronics

* Electronic Paper
* Nano-Electronics

### Energy

* Fourth Generation Nuclear Power
* Geothermal Power
* Green Energy
* HVDC
* Hydraulic Fracking
* Hydrogen Fuel Cells
* Nuclear Fusion
* Nuclear Power
* Small Modular Nuclear Reactors
* Solar Power
* Tidal Power
* Thorium Plant
* Wind Power

### Internet

* Internet of Things
* Smart Devices
* Smart Grids
* Smart Homes

### Military

* Aerial Drones
* Android Soldiers
* Electromagnetic Catapults
* Laser Weapons
* Optical Camouflage
* Railguns
* Nano-Technological Weapons

### Robotics

* Androids
* Artificial Intelligence
* Commercial Drones
* Delivery Drones

### Transportation

* Electromagnetic Propulsion
* Magnetic Levitation Trains
* Self-Driving Cars
* Vacuum Tube Trains
Delivery Drones

**Delivery drones** were robotic drones that delivered packages ordered online to customers in the 21st century.

By the mid-2010s, many e-commerce companies began experimenting with the use of drones to deliver packages. Amazon began using drones to deliver packages ordered online to customers in the late 2010s. During the 2020s, delivery drones became increasingly common. By 2030, drones were a common feature in the skies above cities, suburbs and the countryside in the United States, Canada, Australia, most of Europe and large portions of Asia.  Most nations dedicated certain airspace to robotic delivery drones.
General Dynamics

**General Dynamics Corporation**

**General Dynamics Corporation** is an American aerospace and defense company formed by mergers and divestitures. It is the world's fifth-largest defense contractor based on 2012 revenues. General Dynamics is headquartered in West Falls Church, Fairfax County, Virginia.

The company has changed markedly in the post–Cold War era of defense consolidation. It has four main business segments: Marine Systems; Combat Systems; Information Systems and Technology; and Aerospace. General Dynamics' former Fort Worth Division manufactured one of the Western world's most-produced jet fighters, the General Dynamics F-16 Falcon -- until 1993, when production was sold to Lockheed. In 1999, the company re-entered the airframe business with its purchase of Gulfstream Aerospace.
Iraq

**Iraq** was a nation in the Middle East located in the Fertile Crescent in what is known as the "cradle of civilization.

## History

### Formation of the United Islamic Republic: 2016-2017

Torn apart by nearly 15 years of warfare after the U.S. led invasion in 2003, Iraq ceased to exist after Iran absorbed the country during the formation of the UIR in June 2017.

What once was Iraq was one of the two core areas of the UIR along with the Iranian plateau. It's former capital Baghdad was one of the two capitals of the UIR. The status of Baghdad, one of the former seats of the Caliphate, as capital, reinforced the UIR's claim to be the successor to caliphate of classical Islam.

### 2018-2050

The role of **Iraq** within the UIR was similar to that of Mesopotamia with the ancient Persian Empire which also served as one of the empire's two capital regions. Iraq was the biggest Arabic speaking region in the UIR and Baghdad set the standards for spoken Arabic throughout the vast nation. Most Muslims in the UIR had at least some rudimentary knowledge of Arabic, the language of the Quran.

The population of former Iraq increased rapidly after the formation of the UIR.

Despite its immense oil and gas wealth, Iraq remained relatively poor especially compared to the super wealthy Persian Gulf region to the south. Iraq managed to diversify its economy by building solar farms in its desert areas such as Anbar Province.
Egypt

Egypt is a modern Arab nation based on the ancient civilization of Egypt that became the core of the North African Caliphate after the Egyptian Civil War in 2020. Although Egypt ceased to exist in name, Egyptian culture thrived as the center of a Caliphate stretching across the whole of North Africa.
Academy of Persian Language and Literature

The **Academy of Persian Language of Literature** in Tehran regulates the standards and usage of the Persian language.

After Farsi became one of the two official languages of the UIR, Tehran utilized its control over the conventions of spoken language to help assimilate the vast of diverse populations of the territory it controlled.  First, Tehran declared Farsi, Dari and Tajik, dialects of Persian, to be the same language in 2019.  Then, Tehran encouraged the usage of standard Persian or Farsi throughout the vast territory of the UIR as a language of government, culture, business, education, aviation and inter-ethnic communication bringing the total number of Persian speakers to 235 million by 2030.  This helped Persianize the UIR and create a greater Iranian identify.  Arabic, the language of prayer, remained the dominant language of the western Arab portions of the UIR and coofficial along with Persian.

Tehran continued to use control over language as a weapon to assimilate the vast populations of the UIR.

The **Academy of Persian Language of Literature** declared Urdu to actually be Hindi using Perso-Arabic script, encouraging Punjabis, who inherited some of former Pakistan's disdain for India, to use Farsi instead of Urdu as a language of interethnic communication.
Joseph P. Kennedy

**Joseph P. Kennedy** was an American politician who served as President of the United States between 2025 and 2029, Governor of Massacheusetts from 2019 to 2025 and as Representative from Massacheusetts's 4th district from 2013 to 2018. He narrowly defeated President Paul Ryan at the 2024 election with his running mate Senator Kirsten Gillibrand. Following a series of controversies he announced he would not seek reelection to a second term as President. He was succeeded by Gillibrand who ran for office at the 2028 election. He was noted for isolationism abandoning American allies in the Middle East to the effect that the United Islamic Republic conquered the entire Arabian Peninsula in 2025.
Cloning

**Cloning** refers to the creation of an exact copy of an individual organism from its a DNA.

Bio-engineers in the United Kingdom first cloned a sheep in 1990s. By the early 21st century, the technology existed to clone human beings but the practice of human cloning raised ethical concerns.

In 2029, the People's Republic of China broke this long standing taboo becoming the first nation to clone a human being. Some commentators saw this as an expansion of Beijing's eugenics program and a product of cultural differences between Asian and western nations over the replication and alteration of the human genome with the former favoring the practice more than the latter.
Barack Obama

**Barack Obama** (4 August 1961 - ) was an American politician who served as 44th President of the United States between 2009 and 2017. He previously served as a Senator from Illinois between 2005 and 2008. He was the first African American to be elected President and the first to be born outside the contiguous United States (born in Honolulu, Hawaii). He oversaw the revitalisation of the U.S. economy following the 2007 housing market crash, the withdrawal from Iraq in 2011, signing the 2015 Paris climate agreement, normalised relations with Cuba, and intervened in the Middle East in the War against ISIS. He was succeeded as President by his former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.
Asian Community

The **Asian Community** was a grouping of Asian nations founded in September 2029 to coordinate infrastructure building across the Asian landmass. Some of its first priorities were the expansion of solar power generation in tropical Asia and the construction of hydrogen fueling stations and supporting infrastructure.

China, Korea, Russia, Turkey, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the ten nations of ASEAN were founding members of the organization. Japan joined in 2034 while the United Islamic Republic refused to join due to the commitment of members of the **Asian Community** to end the use of fossil fuels by 2050 or 2060. The UIR was the world's oil and gas superpower.
G-7

The **G-7** also known as the **Group of Seven** is an international organization formed in the late 20th century by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Italy and Japan.

## History

### Late 20th Century: 1970-1999

At the time, the nations were the seven largest and most influential industrial capitalist economies in the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia joined the G-7 forming the G-8.

### The Rise of the Non-Western World: 2000-2050

With the emergence of developing countries as major economies in the early 21st century, the G-8 became less relevant leading to the formation of the G-20 in 2009 which expanded to become the G-30 in 2019 in the wake of the Great Recession. The G-8 kicked Russia out of the organization after Russian President Vladimir Putin's invasion and annexation of Crimea in March 2014. The G-8 reverted back to the original G-7. Although the G-7 still exists, it has become largely irrelevant due to the emergence of the People's Republic of China, which is not a member, as the world's largest economy and an advanced nation as well as the rise of other developing economies that are more influential than some or even most of the G-7. The G-30 became more representative of the dustribution of wealth and power in the 21st century.
BRICS

The **BRICS**, originally the **BRIC** nations, is a grouping of the world's largest developing economies. The acronym stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

Although not a formal alliance, the **BRICS** cooperate on many economic projects and formed the New Development Bank, often nicknamed the BRICS Development Bank, in 2015 to finance these projects.
Delhi

**Delhi** is the capital of India.

**Delhi** grew rapidly in the first few decades of the 21st century becoming the largest city in South Asia.

By 2015, the Indian capital was notorious for having even worse traffic and air population than the biggest Chinese cities. An expansion of the **Delhi** subway system alleviated these problems some what as did the increased use of natural gas over coal. Eventually, air pollution and traffic helped compel India to develop its renewable energy alongside other major industrial economies as part of efforts to gradually transition towards a post-fossil fuel economy by the mid to late 21st century.
United States Armed Forces

The **United States Military** are the federal military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard. As of 2030, there are 1.2 million active duty personnel and 1 million reserve personnel across the US Armed Forces. The budget for the US military in FY2030-2031 was around 4.5% of the US gross domestic product.

The U.S. Armed Forces has significant capabilities in both defense and power projection thanks to its advanced and powerful equipment and its widespread deployment of force around the world.

## Branches of the United States Armed Forces

* United States Air Force
	+ United States Air Force Reserve
	+ United State Air National Guard
* United States Army
	+ United States Army National Guard
	+ United States Army Reserve
* United States Coast Guard
	+ United States Coast Guard Reserve
* United States Navy
	+ United States Marine Corps
		- United States Marine Corps Reserve
	+ United States Naval Aviation
	+ United States Navy Reserve
South China Megacity

Formed from the merger of nine smaller cities in China's Pearl River Delta in 2023, the South China Megacity was the largest urban conglomeration in the world with a population of over 104 million by 2030.

Numerous infrastructure projects linked the water, energy, transportation, cellular communication and hospital infrastructure of the region before the formal merger of the cities. The creation of the **South China Megacity** also settled the status of tens of millions of migrant workers from the country who received urban status and the all the social and economic benefits that came with urban status. Residents could purpose a single metropass to use on trains, subways and buses to traverse the vast megalopolis. The amalgamation of the region lowered living costs substantially for many people and increased the economic competitiveness of the Pearl River Delta.

The **South China Megacity** included many of the tallest buildings and the world including several kilometer tall super skyscrapers. The conurbation had several centers with impressive skylines in their own right. Chinese conglomerate Broad Group completed the 2.1 km tall mixed use Guangdong Tower in a new filler city for former migrant workers between the Guangzhou and Dongguan. The building housed 250,000 people and produced all its own electricity from renewable sources including solar and wind power.

An express train linked the South China Megacity to neighboring Hong Kong.
Kuwait

**Kuwait** was a nation in the Persian Gulf region of the Middle East.

### 2025-2050

The United Islamic Republic conquered Kuwait during the Third Persian Gulf War turning the former nation into the Province of Kuwait within the UIR.

Kuwait Province developed a thriving solar industry in the 2030s after technological breakthroughs revolutionized solar power in the 2020s. By the mid-2030s, Kuwait supplied clean electricity to Europe via HVDC cables stretching through Turkey and under the Mediterranean Sea. Kuwait City, the former national capital and current provincial capital, rebuilt from the devastation of the Third Persian Gulf War as a modern high tech city. Along with Tehran, Dubai and Muscat, it had one of the highest standards of living in the UIR.
Yemen

**Yemen** was a country in the Middle East in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula.

## History

### 2000-2024

Once the poorest country in the Arab world plagued by severe water shortages , Yemen experienced over a decade of civil war in which Shia Houthi rebels took over much of the country in the 2010s.

### 2025-2040

The United Islamic Republic annexed Yemen as a series of provinces dominated by the Houthis after Tehran conquered the Arabian Peninsula during the Third Persian Gulf War. Yemen remained plagued by extreme poverty and water shortages as the population of the region swelled to over 70 million by 2050. China helped complete desalination plants in the late 2020s and 2030s that relieved water shortages. Yemen also became a player in the solar industry by the mid-2030s. However, Yemen remained one of the poorest regions of the UIR.
U.S. Secretary of State

The **Secretary of State** is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.

The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General, are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance in their respective departments.
Google

**Google** is an American Internet search company that became one of the most that branched out beyond its original role as a search provider to became one of largest, most versatile and most valuable technology companies in the world. By 2030, Google produced everything from smartphones to self-driving cars while also dominating Internet search in most of the world with the notable exception of China.