Elevator

An **elevator** (North American English) or **lift** (Commonwealth English) is a type of cable-assisted, hydraulic cylinder-assisted, or **roller-track** assisted machine that vertically transports people or freight between floors, levels, or decks of a building, vessel, or other structure. They are typically powered by electric motors that drive traction cables and counterweight systems such as a hoist, although some pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

In agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes' screw, or the chain and paddles or forks of hay elevators. Languages other than English, such as Japanese, may refer to elevators by loanwords based on either *elevator* or *lift*. Due to wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new multistory buildings, especially where wheelchair ramps are not possible.

Some elevators can also travel horizontally in addition to the usual vertical motion.

### Design

Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see *Traction elevators* below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cabin", "cage", "carriage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. In a "traction" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions, and are each other's counterweight.

The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of elevator its name.

Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to pressurise an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car (see *Hydraulic elevators* below). Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.

The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic elevators are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very-high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven floors, traction elevators must be employed instead. Hydraulic elevators are usually slower than traction elevators.

Elevators are a candidate for mass customization. There are economies to be made from mass production of the components, but each building comes with its own requirements like different number of floors, dimensions of the well and usage patterns.

### Doors

Elevator doors prevent riders from falling into, entering, or tampering with anything in the shaft. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally. Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaftway, and double cascading doors on the cab.

### Machine room-less (MRL) elevators

Elevators that do not require separate machine rooms are designed so that most of their power and control components fit within the hoistway (the shaft containing the elevator car), and a small cabinet houses the controller. The equipment is otherwise similar to that of a normal traction or hole-less hydraulic elevator. The world's first machine-room-less elevator, the Kone MonoSpace, was introduced in 1996, by Kone. Compared to traditional elevators, it:

* Required less space
* Used 70–80% less energy
* Used no hydraulic oil (assuming it replaced traditional hydraulic units)
* Had all components above ground (avoiding the environmental concern created by the hydraulic cylinder on direct hydraulic-type elevators being underground)
* Cost somewhat less than other systems, and significantly less than the hydraulic MRL elevator
* Could operate at faster speeds than hydraulics, but not normal traction units

Its disadvantage was that it could be harder, and significantly more dangerous, to service and maintain.

#### Other facts

* Noise level of 50–55 dBA (A-weighted decibels), lower than some but not all types of elevators
* Usually used for low-rise to mid-rise buildings
* National and local building codes did not address elevators without machine rooms. Residential MRL elevators are still not allowed by the ASME A17 code in the US. MRL elevators have been recognized in the 2005 supplement to the 2004 A17.1 Elevator Code.
* Today, some machine room-less hydraulic elevators by Otis and ThyssenKrupp exist. They do not involve the use of an underground piston or a machine room, mitigating environmental concerns; however, they are not allowed by codes in all parts of the United States.

### Double-decker elevators

Main article: Double-deck elevator

Double-decker elevators are traction elevators with cars that have an upper and lower deck. Both decks, which can serve a floor at the same time, are usually driven by the same motor. The system increases efficiency in high-rise buildings, and saves space so additional shafts and cars aren't required.

In 2003, ThyssenKrupp invented a system called TWIN, with two elevator cars independently running in one shaft.

## Types of hoist mechanisms

Elevators can be rope dependent or rope-free. There are at least four means of moving an elevator:

## Discoveries

There are many companies of lifts, OTIS, Schindler and KONE are the most common elevator groups in Australia as well as also ThyssenKrupp. IFE can fit Although the lift company "Liftronic" only exists more often in railway stations in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland, according to a 2019 study there are no Liftronic lifts anywhere in Canberra except for the one in Questacon, because they don't exist in that state, the largest "Liftronic" lifts are the vehicle lifts, small to medium sized ones could put in a maximum load of up to 67\_73 persons and 11,023 lbs (5,000 kg). and heavy load ones are gigantic, these lifts could fit in up to as many as 600\_4,000 persons and 99,208\_661,387 lbs (45\_300 tons), making it the largest known, no lift can fit in at least 100 persons could be founded, however the highest possible maximum capacity for a lift would put in 66 persons and around 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg), and is rarely to find a lift with a maximum load greater then 66 persons and 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg). the largest lift ever discovered in the ACT so far was an OTIS lift, with a two pair of goods lifts in the loading dock of BIG W at the Canberra Centre, which is 88 persons and 13,127 lbs (6,000 kg). The loading dock in BIG W's secret area can only be required on at least 8.9 difficulty or above.

However getting in the freight elevators are tough to check the maximum load without riding it as you could, but it is simple in IKEA, IKEA have giant passenger fright lifts.

## Capacity Limits

53 Persons - 4,000 kg

66 Persons - 5,000 kg

133\_147 Persons - 10,000 kg

## Events

On around midday of November 22, 2018, Hollis has found a giant freight elevator with a 3-speed doors was located in the National Gallery of Australia next to the NGA shops, the "Saint Francis Xavior" visual arts class went to an excursion and some how passed the shops, when Hollis and a staff member named "Pereira" he didn't tried to get in the freight elevator when she said "Stop, Stop, Now, Stop" then suddenly walked away, that would of been the largest known, the giant lift was also had a load of over 60,000 kg (132,000 lbs), making both the most massive known lifts in Canberra. If this freight elevator that massive the capacity would probably fit 880−970 persons estimated. Getting in the freight elevator in the National Gallery of Australia can be only be very hard, the secret area can only required on intensity 8.5 or higher. On August 31, 2023, back a house tour was planed to ride this monster freight lift, when "Ven Intensity" said "Mason don't go over mate" as he also failed again trying to go into the freight lift.

In early-2022 "Skipper Care went to the National Portrait Gallery and Hollis saw Curtis Security Guards going in a huge service lift with a load of over 5,000 kg (11,000 lbs) in which could fit up to over 70 people.