recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Vivia

## Habilidades

**ATAQUE BÁSICO****GIRO DE HALO****GIRO DE HALO DE CADENAS****HALO DE VICTORIA**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige un 100 % de daño físico a un enemigo.
* **Giro de halo:** Inflige un 250 % de daño físico al enemigo con más mejoras. Reduce 6 turnos la duración de dichas mejoras.
* **Giro de halo de cadenas:** Inflige un 120 % de daño (80 % físico, 20 % Sagrado) a todos los enemigos. Reduce 2 turnos la duración de sus mejoras.
* **Halo de victoria:** Ganas un 10 % de resistencia elemental. Otorga una bonificación del 20 % al ataque de todos los aliados.
Héroes

Los **héroes** son los personajes disponibles en *Fantasy League* con los que crearás un equipo de guerreros míticos con los que superarás todas y cada una de las misiones y modos de juego disponibles. Podrás escogerlos de entre un gran número, clasificados por reinos, tipos de héroe y rarezas, y también podrás modificar sus rangos y sus niveles. Además, podrás equiparlos con una gran cantidad de mejoras evolutivas y de runas para alterar sus estadísticas a tu gusto. Crea tus equipos perfectos para cada situación, combina las mejoras colectivas y beneficios que otorgan unos héroes a otros y descubre el verdadero poder de tus criaturas en cada modo de juego.
Crasis

A **crasis** is when two words are merged into one word with the dropping or merging of a vowel in between. The meaning is not changed. This is common in many European languages and even in English where we have "didn't". A coronis (represented by an apostrophe) was placed in the place where the vowel is dropped but this was later replaced by an apostrophe above the remaining vowel, resembling a smooth breathing mark. The most common example is καὶ which merges with many other words. A crasis is distinct from an elision.

## Examples

* καὶ ἐγώ → κἀγώ (and I)
* καὶ ἐμοί → κἀμοί (and to me)
* τὸ αὐτό → ταὐτό (the same, this)
* τὰ αὐτά → ταὐτά (plural ταὐτό, these)
Εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα

**εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα**

forever, into the age, for all time.

* αἰῶνα is the plural accusative form of αἰών, from which we get "aeon"
* Found in many places in the singular e.g. Matthew 21:19, Mark 3:29. Lots of times in John.
* Also found in the plural: **εἰς τοῦς αἰῶνας** Matthew 6:13. Paul's epistles, mainly in the plural.
Romans 1:5

**δἰ οὗ ἐλάβομεν χάριν καὶ ἀποστολὴν εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ**

Through whom we received grace and apostleship to bring about obedience of faith in all the nations for his name

* ἐλάβομεν - Aorist active indicative 1P pl. The ομεν ending is nice and clear.
* Notice Paul is speaking with a kind of "royal we". Apparently common in that era.
* χάριν καὶ ἀποστολὴν - some discussion on the internet that this could be a form of "hendiadys", that is , one single thing said in two ways like "grace and favour" or "nice and warm". In this interpretation, the grace=apostleship. Elsewhere Paul does say that his apostleship is a matter of special grace given to him. Or we can just call it as we see it, and infer that Paul has received two things, grace and then a mission to go and evangelize.
* εἰς - in, into. Where's the verb? Have to go all the way back to ἐλάβομεν? In this case then, all the stuff after ἀποστολὴν is not a another clause, but the elaboration (the full "title") of what Paul's apostleship. E.g. Like Secretary for Defence, Minister for Tourism. So Paul is Apostle for obedience of faith among gentiles.
* ὑπακοὴν πίστεως - NET bible footnote gives a few options being debated about what type of genitive πίστεως this is. Mounce also has a blog article on this. It could be 1) objective genitive: obedience with faith as object, hence obedience to the faith 2) subjective genitive: faith is the subject. Obedience resulting from/produced by faith 3) attributive - a believing kind of obedience 4) genitive of apposition (Mounce I think calls this epexegetical genitive) where the genitive word gives more information about the head word. Thus, obedience (namely, that is) faith.
* Mounce's point is that sometimes grammar doesn't give the answer.
* The NET bible notes also suggests that Paul might be deliberately ambiguous. That's plausible because we also do this in prose and poetry, where we intend that the reader take this at several levels. Paul might be saying, take it various ways. All are right. Obedience and faith are so closely linked they might as well be the same thing. One implies the other. You can't have one without the other. Faith inevitably produces obedience, obedience produces greater faith. So perhaps it doesn't matter.
Πατήρ

**πατήρ** (pater, πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ)

Gloss: father

Strong's 3962

GK 4252

Frequency in New Testament 413

## Notes

* 45th most common word in the NT
* Nothing much spectacular about this word, except that it is third declension.
* Near cognate, with English words like paternal

## Paradigm

Vocative forms: **πάτερ** (sg. common e.g. in the Lord's Prayer) and πατέρες (pl. don't think this occurs)
Matthew 3:16a

**βαπτισθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εὐθὺς ἀνέβη ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος**

And being baptised, Jesus immediately rose up out of the water

* βαπτισθεὶς - nice classic example of a participle. Aorist passive participle nominative sg. masculine.
	+ aorist because the baptism is a done deal, seen as a whole, perfective aspect
	+ passive because the action is done to the subject Jesus
	+ nominative sg. masc. all to agree with the subject Jesus
	+ from βαπτίζω - note how the θ causes the ζ to change to σ.
* δὲ - postpositive
* εὐθὺς - immediately, commonly found in Mark
* ἀνέβη - aorist form, the aorist is default tense for narratives. Perhaps imperfect could work here too? Because this action is setting the scene for what happens next.... as in Jesus was rising out of the water when....
* ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος - out of the water. Notice the ἀπὸ takes a genitive. ὕδατος is genitive sg. of neuter ὕδωρ.
John 3:17

**οὐ γὰρ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἵνα κρίνῃ τὸν κόσμον, ἀλ ἵνα σωθῇ ὁ κόσμος δἰ αὐτοῦ**

For God did not send his son into the word in order to judge the world, but so that the world might be saved through him.

* post-positive γὰρ
* ἀπέστειλεν - aorist active indicative 3P sg. Recognise from ἀποστέλλω. Quite a regular formation. έ is the lenghtened vowel augment after the prepositional prefix. One λ is dropped, quite common, then vowels ει lengthen to compensate. Recognisable εν ending
* ἵνα κρίνῃ - subjunctive after ἵνα.
* ἵνα σωθῇ - another subjuntive after ἵνα, this one is passive.
Μαθητής

**μαθητής** (mathetes μαθητής,, -ου, ὁ)

gloss: noun - disciple, learner, student

Strong's 3101
GK 3412

Frequency 261

* A masculine noun of the 1st declension which has its own peculiar declension, though not so unrecognisable.
* Still uses the regular masculine articles
* Belongs to a type of noun called **nomina agentis** - nouns of agents, denoting people who do things. These typically end with τής and decline according to a 1st declension pattern.
* See verb form μαθητεύω. To make a disciple, or passively, to become a disciple of.

Below is a declension table for μαθητής placed next to a feminine noun

The main thing is to note the differences in the singular nominative (unique) and genitive (like 2nd declension) but the rest is regular.
Windy

## Habilidades

**ATAQUE BÁSICO**
**PASOS DELICADOS**
**AIRE FRESCO**
**ARMADURA DE VIENTO**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige un 100 % de daño (80 % físico, 20 % Agua) a un enemigo.
* **Pasos delicados:** Otorga un 30 % de evasión a todos los aliados durante 3 turnos - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Aire fresco:** Cura a todos los aliados un 8 % de sus PV y les otorga una bonificación del 500 % de DEF - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Armadura de viento:** Todos los aliados ganan un 30 % de DEF, un 5 % de evasión y un 5 % de PV - Habilidad pasiva
1 Cor 15:3-4

**παρέδωκα γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν πρώτοις, ὃ καὶ παρέλαβον, ὅτι Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν κατὰ τὰς γραφὰς 4 καὶ ὅτι ἐτάφη καὶ ὅτι ἐγήγερται τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ κατὰ τὰς γραφὰς**

For I delivered to you all in the first place (foremost, of first importance) what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures and that he was buried and that he rose on the third day according to the scriptures

* note the construction of "the third day" - τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ (the day the third)κατά
* κατὰ τὰς γραφὰς - according to the scriptures. γραφὰς is plural accusative. κατὰ + accusative => according to. See κατά for more.
* Significance of choice of tenses:
	+ ἀπέθανεν (died) aorist active indicative 3sg, and ἐτάφη (was buried) aorist passive indicative 3sg. Aorist is appropriate because these are done deals, we can look at these with perfective aspect, as events as a whole
	+ ἐγήγερται (has been raised) perfect passive indicative 3sg). The perfect tense is appropriate as it refers to a past completed event that has ongoing consequences or implications, or that it continues on.
Bosque arcoíris

El **Bosque arcoíris** es uno de los modos de juego disponibles en *Fantasy League*. En este modo, podrás conseguir los objetos necesarios para poder evolucionar a tus héroes, es decir, mejorar sus estadísticas base con valores adicionales y crecientes, según el rango de objeto especial usado. Como en otros modos de juego similares, tendrás que superar hasta 5 etapas diferentes y de dificultad creciente, en las cuales te enfrentarás a enemigos que no te lo pondrán fácil. En las primeras etapas conseguirás los objetos de menor nivel, mientras que solo los últimos niveles te darán aquellos de mayor nivel necesarios para los últimos desbloqueos de evolución. ¿Podrás evolucionar a tus héroes al completo, y convertirlos en verdaderas leyendas del campo de batalla? ¡Entonces lucha en el Bosque arcoíris y consigue tu premio!
Fylran

## Habilidades

**ATAQUE BÁSICO**
**ESPECTRO FLAMÍGERO****FUEGO DESTRUCTOR DE MUNDOS****PROTECTOR DEL FUEGO**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige un 100 % de daño (50 % físico, 50 % fuego) a 2 enemigos aleatorios.
* **Espectro flamígero:** Inflige un 330 % de daño (50 % físico, 50 % fuego) repartido entre todos los enemigos - Enfriamiento 220 s
* **Fuego destructor de mundos:** Inflige un 110 % de daño (50 % físico, 50 % fuego) a todos los enemigos - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Protector del fuego:** Ganas un 30 % de resistencia (Fuego) y un 30 % de resistencia (Rubí). Tienes una probabilidad de colocar una marca ígnea en los enemigos durante 2 turnos - Habilidad pasiva
John 3:5

**ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς· ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ**

Answered Jesus, truly truly I say to you, unless one is born of water and spirit, he is not able to enter the kingdom of God

* ἀπεκρίθη - a passive form conveying a middle idea
* ἐὰν μή τις - unless one... we will expect a subjunctive to follow
* γεννηθῇ - aorist passive subjunctive 3P sg. be born.
* ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος - note both are genitive.
* οὐ δύναται - not able, expect an infinitive to complete the idea
* εἰσελθεῖν - here's the infinitive. A compound word. εἰσ (into, spatially) and ελθεῖν from ἔρχομαι (to come, go)
* εἰς - into. Not the doubling up of the idea as εἰς is also in the previous word. This is common to most European languages except for English.
* τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ - the kingdom of God.
Θεός

**θεός** (theos, θεός, -οῦ, -ὁ)

Gloss: God

Strong's 2316

GK 2536

Frequency in New Testament 1317

* Usually means the one true God of the New Testament but also sometimes used to refer to other gods such as gods of pagans and other religions. In English the former would have an upper case G but this is not done in Greek, so have to rely on context.
* Nor can you rely on the presence of an article "the" - see Colwell's rule. Sometimes the article is omitted.
* The 14th most common word in the NT. A well-behaved 2nd declension masculine noun, one of the first to learn.

## Paradigm

 vocative | θεέ

θεέ as vocative form is not common but does occur in Matthew 26:46 **θεέ μου θεέ μου, ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπες;** (My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?)
Λέγω

**λέγω** (lego)

Gloss: verb, I say

Principal parts: Principal Parts: λέγω, ἐρῶ, εἶπον/εἶπα, εἴρηκα, εἴρημαι, ἐρρέθην/ἐρρήθην

Strong's 3004

Frequency: 2357

* 9th most common word in the NT
* should be easy but this is actually one of those complicated ones. It is classified as 2nd Aorist, meaning an irregular, or a verb where there is some modification of the root to form the present tense stem. In this case the modification is fairly big: with completely different roots \*λεγ for present and imperfect and then for aorist and the rest a complicated root best remembered as ειπ.
* It's a common word but has lots and lots of form.
* But it's not as scary as all that if one focuses on the most common: present active forms (common in reported speech or historical present), aorist (the default form for a historical narrative) and participles (because Greek loves participles) and in the bible, it is common e.g. to hear a voice from heaven, saying....

## Paradigms

**Present Active Indicative**

 3P | λέγει | λέγουσῐ(ν)

**2nd Aorist Active Indicative**

 3P | εἶπε(ν) | εἶπαν/εἶπον

For the Aorist 3P pl. εἶπον is the "proper" form. εἶπαν is a form where the word has copied over a 1st Aorist ending and it is actually far more common in the NT than the proper form. It is almost as if speakers of English in the second language got tired of the irregular "swam" as the past tense of "swim" and decided to use "swimed" instead.

εἶπαν occurs more than 90 times while εἶπον some 60 times including some which are actually an alternative form of the 1P sg.
John 1:1a

**Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος**

In the beginning was the Word (John 1:1a)

* Ἐν ἀρχῇ - ἀρχῇ is feminine dative singular because the preposition Ἐν takes a dative
* ἀρχῇ - translated as the beginning. Prepositional phrases can imply definiteness with the inclusion of the article. John was alluding to the Septuagint usage in Genesis 1:1 which also does not use the article, mimicking Hebrew syntax.
* ἦν - imperfect form of εἰμί. The Word was pre-existing, ongoing.
* ὁ λόγος - the article tells us this is the subject. Greek philosophical allusions and concepts were being brought into play.
* In the beginning, the Word was-ing
2 Timothy 1:7

**οὐ γὰρ ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ὁ θεὸς πνεῦμα δειλίας ἀλλὰ δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ**

For God gave us not a spirit of fear but of power and love and self control

* Note γάρ in postpositive position. Accent changed because "in composition" (followed by another word in the sentence).
* οὐ in common use to negate a verb - in this case ἔδωκεν.
* δω is a good clue the lexical form is δίδωμι to give.
* ἔδωκεν - 2nd aorist active indicative "he gave" with movable ν. Does it imply that it's a done deal, God gave the spirit once and for all, and it's not an ongoing process? Mounce cautions that we should not read too much theology into the aorist. Aorist means undefined. The author is not concerned to spell out the quality of the action of giving here, he is focussing on the gift.
* ἡμῖν - to you all. 2P pl. 2 Tim is a personal letter by Paul to Timothy but you probably expects others to be reading it.
* A bunch of genitives: δειλίας, δυνάμεως, ἀγάπης, σωφρονισμοῦ.
Καταβαίνω

**καταβαίνω** (katabaino)

Gloss: I descend

Principal parts: καταβαίνω, καταβήσομαι, κατέβην, καταβέβηκα, -, -

Strong's 2597

GK 2849

Frequency in New Testament 81

* A compound word with κατα meaning down. Not common in English, but **kata**batic winds are those that blow downhill.
* As a compound word, expect augments to be inside.
* Hence imperfect is κατέβαινον - note the augment inside.
* It's actually quite common, ranking 211. Not surprising, so many things come down from heaven.

## Paradigms

### Present Active Indicative

The present active paradigm is present for illustration. In the NT, this word is usually aorist or a participle. Doesn't occur in the present except in the 3P sg.

 3P | **καταβαίνει** | καταβαίνουσι(ν)
Veeline

## Habilidades

**Ataque básico****Rechazo a la muerte****Ola de la muerte****Fuerza de esmeralda**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige un 100 % de daño (30 % físico, 70 % no-muerto) a 2 enemigos aleatorios.
* **Rechazo a la muerte:** Lanza un conjuro a todos los aliados, reviviéndolos con un 30 % de PV cuando mueran. El conjuro dura 2 turnos. Elimina y te vuelve inmune a todos los efectos negativos durante 2 turnos - Enfriamiento: 450 s
* **Ola de la muerte:** Inflige un 110 % de daño (No-muerto) a todos los enemigos. Tiene una probabilidad de silenciarlos durante 2 turnos - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Fuerza de esmeralda:** Gana un 30 % de resistencia (Oscuridad). Tus aliados ganan un 30 % de daño no-muerto adicional (excluyéndola a ella) - Habilidad pasiva
Σχίζω

**σχίζω** (schizo)

Gloss: I tear, rip

Principal Parts: σχίζω, σχίσω, ἔσχισα, -, -, ἐσχίσθην

Strong's 4977

GK 5387

Frequency in New Testament 11

## Notes

* Not a frequent word in the NT, only 11 occurrences
* Nonetheless, easy to learn because of the English cognate. Schizo as in schizophrenia.
* In it's various occurrences, usually in the passive like when it refers to the heavens or to veils being torn apart, since someone else is doing the tearing.

## Paradigms

### Present Active Indicative

 3P | **σχίζει** (TR only) | σχίζουσῐ(ν) (LXX)

* TR only occurrence in Luke 5:36

### Future Active Indicative

 3P | **σχίσει** | σχίσουσῐ(ν)

* Critical texts Luke 5:36 have σχίσει.
Ganto

## Habilidades

**ATAQUE BÁSICO****RESILIENCIA****HACHA ARDIENTE****PODER DEL PANTANO**
* **Ataque básico:**Inflige 100 % de daño (80 % físico, 20 % fuego) a un enemigo.
* **Resiliencia:** Transforma el 35 % de los PV en un escudo para todos los aliados de la misma columna durante 3 turnos.
* **Hacha ardiente:** Inflige 120 % de daño (80 % físico, 20 % fuego) a todos los enemigos en la misma fila. Tiene una probabilidad de quemarlos, infligiendo un 100 % de daño (Fuego) por turno durante 2 turnos.
* **Poder del pantano:** Gana un 20 % de resistencia (Fuego). Otorga una bonificación del 25 % al daño a todos los aliados durante 5 turnos.
Ὁ

**ὁ, ἡ, τό** (ho, he, to)

The Greek article glossed as "the", sometimes left untranslated.

Strong's: 3588

GK: 3836

Frequency: >19800

## Notes

* This is the definite article, simply called the article because Greek doesn't have an indefinite article, although by koine times, the need for one was creeping in.
* The article helps indicate what word is the subject in a sentence.
* Can also function as a pronoun or relative pronoun.
* Patterns governing usage of the artice:
	+ Apollonius' Canon

## Paradigm

* By far the most common word in the Greek NT. You might think that learning just one word can account 13% of the New Testament, but wait, the article changes because it has to agree with the gender, number and case of the noun it defines. Still, it is not all that difficult compared with typical European languages, and there are patterns to help memorising them.

* Tips:
	+ Masculine and Neuter Genitive and Dative are always the same
	+ Genitive Plural is the same for all genders
	+ Neuter Nominative and Accusative is always the same
	+ Vocative is always the same "**O** holy night"
	+ Dative always have a ι somewhere, subscripted or otherwise. i = indirect
Mark 1:10

**καὶ εὐθὺς ἀναβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος εἶδεν σχιζομένους τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα ὡς περιστερὰν καταβαῖνον εἰς αὐτόν**

And immediately rising out of the water, he saw the heavens opening and the spirit like a dove descending on him.

* εὐθὺς - immediately. Characteristic of Mark.
* Lots of participles here.
	+ ἀναβαίνων - present active participle masculine sg. nom. to agree with the subject Jesus.
	+ σχιζομένους - present middle/passive participle masculine pl. accusative, to agree with τοὺς οὐρανοὺς. Makes sense to be middle, the heavens are affecting themselves.
	+ καταβαῖνον - present active participle neuter sg. acusative. To agree with πνεῦμα the object of verb εἶδεν, what he saw.
* Preposition εἰς rendered on, in etc. Matthew uses ἔπι.
Matthew 27:37

**Καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπάνω τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ τὴν αἰτίαν αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένην·οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰησοῦς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων**

And they placed above his head his charge written this is Jesus the King of the Jews

* γεγραμμένην - perfect passive participle accusative singular feminine. It modifies τὴν αἰτίαν, gives more information about "the charge". τὴν αἰτίαν is feminine accusative singular, so the participle agrees with it.
Jian

## Habilidades

Jian s0 ic.png**ATAQUE BÁSICO**Jian s1 ic.png**ESPADA DE LA CALMA**Jian s2 ic.png**ESPADA DE LA CONCLUSIÓN**Jian s3 ic.png**ESPADA DE LA VENGANZA**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige 100 % de daño físico a un enemigo
* **Espada de la calma:** Inflige un 300 % de daño físico compartido entre todos los enemigos en su misma fila, haciéndolos sangrar y perder un 5 % de salud cada turno durante 6 turnos. - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Espada de la conclusión:** Inflige 350 % de daño físico compartido entre todos los enemigos de su misma columna en la formación enemiga, haciéndolos sangrar y perder un 5 % de su salud cada turno durante 6 turnos. - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Espada de la venganza:** Se vuelve inmune al daño en área. Otorga una marca de la venganza a todos los aliados de la columna de vanguardia. Cuando son atacados, ganarán el efecto Venganza, que se consumirá en el próximo ataque. Gana un 35 % de resistencia (Oscuridad) - Habilidad pasiva
Ἀπέρχομαι

**ἀπέρχομαι**

Principal Parts: ἀπελύσομαι, ἀπῆλθον, ἀπελήλυθα, -, -

Roots: ερχ, ἐλευθ, ἐλθ

Gloss: I leave, depart, go away

Strong's: 565

GK: 599

Frequency: 117

## Notes

* compound word from έρχομαι
* Mounce classifies if as cv-1b(2) in MBG
* One of those middle-only verbs
* Also one of those whose present tense and other tenses come from different roots.
* ἐλθ is a shortened form of ἐλευθ. It has undergone ablaut and the vowels ευ have shortened and become zero-grade.

## Paradigms

### 2nd Aorist active indicative

 2P
 3P
Ἀποκρίνομαι

**ἀποκρίνομαι** (apokrinomai)

Gloss: I answer

Principal parts: ἀποκρίνομαι, -, ἀπεκρινάμην, -, -, ἀπεκρίθην

Strong's 611

GK 646

Frequency in New Testament 231

* 70th most common word in the NT
* -ομαι lexical form indicates it is one of those middle only verbs
* Passive and middle forms are the same, so use context to determine if the usage is middle or passive.
* More often than not, it conveys a middle, subject-affecting action, rather than a passive.
* Most frequent form is **ἀποκριθεὶς** - aorist passive participle nom. sg. masc. (he, answering...) 94 times!
* Next most frequent form is **ἀπεκρίθη** - aorist passive indicative 3P sg. (he/she answered). 82 times!

## Paradigms

**Aorist Passive Indicative**

**Aorist Passive Participle**
Πορεύομαι

**πορεύομαι** (poreuomai, πορεύω)

Gloss: I come, I go

Principal parts: πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι, -, -, πεπόρευμαι, ἐπορεύθην

Strong's 4198

GK 4513

Frequency in New Testament 153

## Notes

* Ranks as 109th most frequently occurring word in the NT, not surprising, there is a lot of coming and going among the characters in the NT.
* Some lexicons list it under the Present Active Indicative πορεύω but in the NT, it is a middle only verb, not surprising again, because the act of coming or going has a lot of subject affectedness--the subject is affected (undergoes displacement in position) as a result of the action of the verb.
* Very common, especially in the imperative: go!
* Also in the imperfect. A progressive verb, like being on the go somewhere is often used to set the scene for some events.
* And as a participle. Often the focus of attention is on what happens while going or coming, so going/coming wouldn't be the main verb, but a participle that adds information to the main verb.

## Paradigms

### Present Middle Imperative

The 2P imperative forms occur 16 and 7x respectively.
Improper prepositions

**Improper prepositions** are nouns or other words which are used as prepositions. They are called "improper" because they are never prefixed to other words, which is a feature of all the "proper" prepositions. There are, in fact, many more such "improper" prepositions than there are proper ones and they occur frequently in the New Testament.
Δέ

**δέ** (de)

Gloss: particle meaning and, but etc.

Strong's 1161

GK 1254

Frequency in New Testament 2792

* classed as a particle or conjunctive particle rather then a conjunction.
* Sometimes untranslated in English where it appears unnecessary.
* Could imply some contrast (adversative, "but") between the two clauses linked, but sometimes this contrast is not very discernible and it is just a simple "and" linkage.
* It used to mark the resumption of an interrupted discourse--where it can be translated as "now", "back to the original point...."
* 5th most common word in the NT, as conjunction or conjunctive particle, comes after καί which is in 2nd place.
* post-positive!
1 John 4:7

**ὁ μὴ ἀγαπῶν οὐκ ἔγνω τὸν θεόν, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν**

The one who does not love does not know God because God is love

* μὴ ἀγαπῶν - present active participle masculine sg. nominative
* οὐκ ἔγνω - "knew not" is in the aorist. 2nd aorist active indicative 3 sg. It does not imply past time:
	+ could be implying a timeless fact, looking at the action as a whole event, with perfective aspect. So could be translated as "doesn't know".
	+ or could be ingressive aorist - focussing on the inception or beginning of the action i.e. never came to know God. Never started to know God. We are looking at a person e.g. purported a Christian but who is not loving. We diagnose why and infer by looking into his past and postulate that he never came to know God.
* ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν - θεὸς is the subject as indicated by the article. ἀγάπη is the predicate nominative. ἐστίν is the linking verb. Note ἐστίν is not an equal sign. It is not reversible. God is love, but love is not God.
Violet

## Habilidades

**ATAQUE BÁSICO**
**RUGIDO DEL LEÓN**
**PROTECCIÓN DEL REINO**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige 100 % de daño físico a un enemigo.
* **Rugido del león:** Inflige 200 % de daño físico al enemigo con los menores PV.
* **Protección del reino:** Gana un 15 % de resistencia elemental. Transforma un 10 % de sus PV en un escudo físico cada turno.

## Consejos y trucos

* Violet será uno de los primeros personajes de tipo "tanque" que uses de manera frecuente al principio del juego, ya que su capacidad para generar un escudo físico hará que resista mucho en batallas contra enemigos con daño físico como principal arma.
* Su habilidad pasiva deja claro que una de las mejores inversiones que se puede hacer con Violet es usar un conjunto completo de runas de Vida, con los que su salud máxima aumentará considerablemente, mejorando su escudo pasivo hasta valores muy interesantes.
Mark 1:9

**Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις ἦλθεν Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ Ναζαρὲτ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ ἐβαπτίσθη εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου**

And it came to pass that in those days, Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptised in the Jordan by John.

* Most translations do not translate "Καὶ ἐγένετο" (it happened, it came to pass) and simply say "Now in those days". The ἐγένετο phrase is considered a Semitic construction but it is translated in the KJV and sounds very familiar to those who use this version where it often signifies a new "scene" or "act" in the narrative.
* ἐκείναις - is a demonstrative "those" and it agrees in gender and number with "the days".
Godan

## Habilidades

Godan s0 ic.png**ATAQUE BÁSICO**Godan s1 ic.png**JUICIO FINAL**Godan s2 ic.png**PUÑO DE LA DEIDAD**Godan s3 ic.png**CUERPO DE LA DEIDAD**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige un 100 % de daño (50 % físico, 50 % sagrado) a dos enemigos contiguos en fila.
* **Juicio final:** Inflige un 300 % de daño (50 % físico, 50 % sagrado) a un enemigo. Inflige un 100 % de daño adicional si los PV del objetivo son superiores al 50 % - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Puño de la deidad:** Inflige un 120 % de daño (50 % físico, 50 % sagrado) a todos los enemigos. Reduce un 50 % sus bonificaciones elementales durante 2 turnos - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Cuerpo de la deidad:** Ganas un 30 % de resistencia (Topacio). Te vuelves inmune al daño físico durante 2 turnos. Otorga un 20 % de DEF a todos tus aliados.
Εὑρίσκω

**εὑρίσκω** (heurisko)

Gloss: I find

Principal parts: εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὗρον/εὗρα, εὕρηκα, -, εὑρέθην

Strong's 2147

GK 2351

Frequency in New Testament 176

## Notes

* Ranks 89th in the list of most frequently occurring words in the NT, which is not surprising. A lot of forms in the future tense since much of the NT talks about "seek and you will find".
* Cognates: heuristic. And also eureka! As can be seen from the principal parts, it's in the perfect tense (I have found it). Most times, in English, we neglect to include the rough breathing, hence "eu" reka rather than "heu" reka.
Δίδωμι

**δίδωμι** (didomi)

Gloss: I give

Principal parts: δίδωμι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδομαι, ἐδόθην

Strong's 1325

GK 1443

Frequency in New Testament 417

## Notes

* δίδωμι is often used as the canonical example of a -μι verb, also known as athematic verbs. They do not end with the thematic vowel -ω in the first person singular.
* Such verbs have a unique conjugation pattern all their own but the good news is, are only a few such verbs and the unique conjugation usually only occurs in the present tense. However, these -μι verbs tend to be common, so they must be learnt.
* The -μι verb have a few features:
	+ In the present tense and imperfect they involve a reduplication of the first letter with an iota. Note it is an iota. The perfect tense reduplicates with the first letter and an epsilon.
	+ They don't need a connecting vowel because the stem typically ends with a vowel.
	+ This stem vowel could by lengthened, shortened or drop out.
	+ Learn the stem and the root (i.e. stem minus reduplication) otherwise you can't recognise the other tense forms which do not involve reduplication.

## Paradigms

### Present Active Indicative

 3P | δίδωσι(ν) | διδόασι(ν) | Sg. -σι not -ι Pl. -ασι not -νσι

### Imperfect Active Indicative

Note: augment and reduplication

 3P | ἐδίδου | ἐδίδοσαν

### Future Active Indicative

Wonderfully well behaved.

 3P | δώσει | δώσουσι(ν)

### Aorist Active Indicative

As long as you remember augment and -κα formative, otherwise well-behaved.

 3P | ἔδωκε(ν) | ἔδωκαν

### Perfect Active Indicative

Same redup, just used -κα formative

 3P | δέδωκε(ν) | δέδωκαν
Square of stops

The **Square of stops** is an arrangement of a group of nine Greek sounds which are all "stops", that is, made by the momentary stopping of airflow at some place in the mouth. The sounds are arranged according to how they are made: where the stopping of airflow takes and the characteristics of the airflow.

When the letters σ and θ come up against a stop, the pronunciation can be awkward and so the spelling changes a little to make it smoother. The square of stops is a memory aid and a useful device for predicting how such spelling changes take place. This is applied, for example, in forming verbs in the future tense which involve the tense formative σ.

 Velar
 Dental

Explanation of terms:

* Labial - the airflow is stopped with the lips
* Velar - the airflow is stopped at the upper palette with the back of the tongue
* Dental - the airflow is stopped at the teeth with the help of the tongue
* unvoiced - the sound is not made with the vocal cords - place you fingers against the vocal cords when you make the sound and you will not feel them vibrate
* voiced - the sound is made with the vocal cords - you can feel them vibrate
* aspirated - the sound is made with a large puff of air

## Examples

* βλέπω (I see, present tense) -> βλεπσω (insert future tense formative) -> βλε(π + σ = ψ)ω (apply square of stops) -> βλεψω (I will see, future tense)
Βαπτίζω

**βαπτίζω** (baptizo)

Gloss: I baptize

Principal Parts: βαπτίζω, βαπτίσω, ἐβάπτισα, -, βεβάπτισμαι, ἐβαπτίσθην

Strong's 907

GK 966

Frequency in New Testament 77

* A familiar cognate
* Ranks 223 in the Big 300 and exists in many varied forms.
* Important forms are the passive ones, since baptism is something one typically *receives*.
* The LXX has an interesting middle form: ἐβαπτίσατο (aorist middle indicative 3P sg.) in 2 Kings 5:14. Middle because Naaman dipped himself into the river.

## Paradigms

Forms in the NT are in bold.

**Present Active Indicative**

 3P | **βαπτίζει** | βαπτίζουσι(ν)

**Present Passive Indicative**

**Aorist Active Indicative**

 3P | **ἐβάπτισε(ν)** | ἐβάπτισαν

**Aorist Passive Indicative**
Πᾶς

**πᾶς** (pas πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν)

Gloss: each, every, all (adjective)

Strong's 3956

GK 4246

Frequency in New Testament 1243

## Notes

* 16th most frequently occurring word in the NT
* Although an adjective and not a noun, its masculine and neuter forms are particularly good examplars of the Third declension. It is a particularly well-behaved word, with all forms conforming to the datum set of third endings with no deviations.
* It is a 3-1-3 adjective. The feminine form is a member of the 1st declension, and also a particularly well-behaved member.
* Worth memorising. Not only is it a frequent word, but a good entree into the Third declension.
* For the cognate, think "pan-American...."
* Forms from all three genders in all cases occur in the NT.

## Paradigms

### Masculine and Neuter (3rd declension)

Note:

* Neuter genitive and dative are always the same as masculine.
* Neuter nominative and accusative for each number are always the same
* Neuter plural nom. and acc. always end with -α
* There is always an iota somewhere in the dative
* Root is παντ as can be seen in the genitive sg.
* In the nom. masc., -ντ cannot stand before a sigma so drops out. As usual the circumflex indicates something has gone on.
Enclitic

An enclitic word is one which does not normally have an accent but attaches to the previous word for the purposes of applying the accenting rules. Thus, depending on where the accent of the previous word is, the enclitic may or may not affect how the previous word is accented. In lexicons, enclitic words are presented with accents. There are also exceptional circumstances where enclitic words are accented in sentences.

The effect of an enclitic word on accenting is complex and need not preoccupy us if our only aim is to learn to read greek. It's just useful to know so that if we ever notice differences in the accenting of the same word we might have a clue why.

## Example of enclitic effect

* τὸ ὄνομά σου - from Matthew 6:9b, the first line of the Lord's Prayer. σου doesn't have an accent of its own but pushes its accent onto the previous word, or rather it attaches to the previous word for the purpose of applying accenting rules. Since accents can only be placed on the last three syllables of a word-group, the original accent of **ὄ**νομα is too early. So another accent is added, ὄνομ**ά**.
* Note that the enclitic effect does not cause the accent in the previous word's last syllable to drop to a grave. This is part and parcel of being treated as one word-group for accenting rules, so they are not two separate words in composition.

## Exceptions

* ἐστίν or εἰσίν are used to signify the existence of something. In English translation, this is recognisable as those times when ἐστίν or εἰσίν are translated "it is". E.g. **οὕτως γὰρ πρέπον ἐστὶν ἡμῖν πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν...** (Matthew 3:15).
* When ἐστίν or εἰσίν are at the head of a sentence or clause.
* When an enclitic is preceded by the unaccented word οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ. Makes sense, otherwise the sentence will go on for too long without an accent!
Caza del tesoro

La **Caza del tesoro** es uno de los modos de juego disponibles en *Fantasy League*. En este modo de juego, comenzarás una aventura desde cero, con una serie de héroes escogidos al azar y que podrás ir mejorando conforme superes misiones de la campaña, cuya dificultad irá en aumento. Cada misión te dará un premio y monedas para desbloquear más héroes y runas, con los que conseguirás avanzar más rápido hasta etapas más avanzadas, donde los premios serán mayores. ¿Serás capaz de desbloquearlos todos y llegar hasta el final de la caza del tesoro?

## Cómo se juega

En la caza del tesoro, comenzarás con un equipo básico y aleatorio de personajes, y comenzarás a derrotar a equipos enemigos sencillos. Con cada batalla superada, ganarás dinero para desbloquear nuevos héroes y runas, con los que ir mejorando tu equipo y potenciando sus estadísticas. Poco a poco irás desbloqueando a los más poderosos, y podrás competir en las misiones más avanzadas, que recorrerán el mapa de campaña siguiendo un trazado nuevo al que estás acostumbrado.
Ten

## Habilidades

**ATAQUE BÁSICO**
**HOJA SANGRIENTA****SOMBRA SANGRANTE****MIRADA DIRECTA**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige un 100 % de daño físico a un enemigo.
* **Hoja sangrienta:** Inflige un 130 % de daño físico a todos los enemigos en la misma fila. Desangra a los enemigos afectados, que pierden un 10 % de sus PV cada turno durante 5 turnos - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Sombra sangrante:** Inflige un 100 % de daño (50 % físico, 50 % oscuridad) a todos los enemigos. Desangra a los enemigos afectados, que pierden un 8 % de sus PV cada turno durante 3 turnos - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Mirada directa:** Ganas un 100 % de bonificación de daño de ataque al más débil - Habilidad pasiva

## Consejos y trucos

* Usar a Ten contra enemigos con mucha vida puede darte una gran ventaja, ya que algunas de sus habilidades infligen daño por porcentaje de salud máxima, lo que hará que su efecto dañino sea mucho más potente que otros ataques normales de tus héroes más fuertes.
Adjectives

Adjectives are describing words. They give more information about a noun or about another adjective.

## Usage

* When used, adjectives have gender, case and number. The lexical form is the nominative masculine singuler. Which case, forms are chosen depends on the function of the adjective in a sentence.

## Functions of adjective

In Greek, adjectives can have three functions:

* attributive - the adjective directly modifies or adds meaning to a word it is attached to, e.g. "the red dog".
	+ The head term is the word the adjective modifies. In "the red dog", "dog" is the head term.
	+ In attributive usage, the adjective agrees in case, number and gender with the head term.
	+ Attributive positions in a sentence:
		- 1st position: ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος - the natural "English" position.
		- 2nd position: ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθὸς
		- 3rd position: εἰρήνην τὴν ἐμὴν (my peace) - less common but it does exist. Recognisable from translations like "Jerusalem the golden".
* predicative - the adjective asserts something i.e. gives more information about the word in the form of a predicate, usually with the verb "to be". E.g. "the dog is red".
	+ In Greek the verb "to be" may be implied and not supplied.
	+ In this case, like a predicate nominative, the adjective is in the nominative case.
* substantival - the adjective functions like a noun, for example, "I like the good". In translation, sometimes a noun has to be supplied.
	+ In such cases the case is determined by the function of the substantive in the sentence, as though it were a noun
	+ The number and gender is determined by what the substantive stands for.

## Spotting the function of the adjective

The position of the article is usually decisive:
Σῴζω

**σῴζω** (soizo)

Gloss: I save

Principal Parts: σῴζω, σώσω, ἔσωσα, σέσωκα, σέσωμαι, ἐσώθην

Strong's 4982

GK 5392

Frequency 106 or 108?

## Notes

* Mounce classifies this as verb type v-2a(1), meaning roots ending with δ (root σωδ) and the dental δ becomes ζ or σ variously. But it probably doesn't matter from the point of view of a beginner as the conjugations of the principal parts are pretty regular.
* Imperfect is ἔσῳζον
* Note the subscripted iota in the present and imperfects. Various internet resources report that the iota used to be written inline (an adscript?) and so was part of the root but dropped out and in later times was put back in as a subscript, but not consistently. Now it is a matter of convention.
* The most common forms are aorist and future passive. Passive is not surprising as being saved is often something done to one as opposed to something one does.
	+ Aorist does not necessarily connote a past action. Often it is in the context of talking about salvation as a complete item, a done deal. As in "Who then can be saved?"
	+ The future passive exists in most of the forms. Not surprising again as the NT message is very much about being saved in the future. Or in the context of a conditional.... do this and you will be saved.

## Paradigms

Note not all forms are used in the NT. The tables are constructed from various sources. Forms which occur in the NT are in bold.

### Present Active Indicative

The subscripted iota is a very good hint that it is a present or imperfect. Also the ζ.

### Future Active Indicative

 3P | **σώσει** | σώσουσῐ(ν) (LXX)

Note absence of subscripted iota and the very clear σ tense formative.

### Aorist Passive Indicative

This is built on the 6th principal part. Note the augment and very clear **θη** formative

 3P | **ἐσώθη** | ἐσώθησαν (LXX)

### Future Passive Indicative

This is built on the 6th principal part just like the aorist.
Note:

* no augment
* very clear **θη** formative
* well-behaved pattern using middle/passive endings
* 2P sg. exhibits the characteristic intervocalic contraction after adding -σαι
	+ εσαι > εαι > ῃ > ῃ

 3P | **σωθήσεται** | σωθήσονται (LXX)
John 3:3

**ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν, οὐ δύναται ἰδεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ**

Answered Jesus and he said to him, truly truly I say to you, unless someone be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God

* ἀπεκρίθη - aorist passive indicative 3P sg. In this case, refers to Jesus. It's a passive form conveying a middle idea.
* ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ - ἐὰν μή (unless) typically followed by a subjunctive (happens in English too, very subtly). In this case γεννηθῇ (be born).
* ἄνωθεν - can be rendered again or as the NET puts it from above (with again as option in footnote). Adverb of place or time? Is there a wordplay going on? Jesus is saying a man must be spiritually born, i.e. from above, but Nicodemus perceives it in a temporal manner - again? This is going to be a persistent pattern in John - Jesus speaks but people hear him different.
* οὐ δύναται ἰδεῖν - οὐ δύναται (not able to, like dynamo, not powerful to--remember Eternal Father Strong to Save?) Needs a complementary infinitive so ἰδεῖν (from ἴδε, see!)
John 1:5

**καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ φαίνει, καὶ ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ οὐ κατέλαβεν.**

And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it

* ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ - ἐν takes a dative σκοτίᾳ
* φαίνει - shines, in the present tense. Some translate as keeps on shining, shines on etc. Good illustration of the imperfective aspect of the present tense.
* οὐ - Greek is simpler than English in how to negate a verb
* κατέλαβεν - aorist. Why aorist? It tried once, failed, and we are done?
Linking verb

A **linking verb** connects a subject to a predicate adjective or a predicate noun (both are collectively known as subject complements). Unlike other verbs, there is no connotation of action being taken by the subject. Linking verbs are sometimes also called "copula" or "copular verbs".

A common example of a linking verb in English is "is". Hence "He is God" can be thought of as "He = God". Such a verb is also called an equative verb because it behaves like an equal sign.

In Greek, the predicate noun will also be in the nominative case. This is known as the predicate nominative.
Koine Greek Wiki

An online resource for learners of Koine Greek which anyone can edit

**Welcome to the Koine Greek Wiki!**
We're a collaborative community website about Koine Greek for the beginner, the learner, or the simply curious. Anyone, including **you**, can build and expand on the articles. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

Why learn Koine Greek when it is so difficult and unfamiliar?

* It's not, really. Over 300 of the most common words account for over 80% of the New Testament. This rapid progress curve is seldom seen in any other European language where you normally have to learn a thousand words to get anywhere near.
* Speaking of the New Testament: the earliest extant copies of the New Testament are in Koine Greek, which is similar but distinct from the Attic Greek found in ancient Greek literature. Koine Greek allows us not only to read the New Testament in its historical language, but also other early Christian literature and, given additional study to account for linguistic shifts, other ancient Greek literature.
* The rules, declensions, conjugations, and linguistic jargon can be daunting but are not more so than in many European languages.

Why a wiki?

* This wiki is really nothing more than a set of digital notes which learners and beginners can make as they learn new things in Koine Greek.
* The resulting set of notes is searchable, and full of links. It is also incremental in that you can add notes as you go along, a little at a time. It can only get better.
* Writing something up helps to make everything clearer and easier to remember.

## What's here

* Terminology - all kinds of terms encountered while learning koine
* Nouns - notes about nouns
* Verbs - notes about verbs
* Grammar - notes about grammar
* Morphology - notes about morphology, that is, the structure of Greek words
* Texts - bits of the Greek text, mainly from the New Testament, with analytical notes. To promote inductive learning. Click here to read a random piece of Greek text.
* Words - articles on particular Greek words. Not really trying to be a lexicon. Notes on how the words are formed, the various tenses, a convenient place to find paradigms. Click here to read about a Greek word chosen at random.
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Αἰών

**αἰών** (aion, αἰών, -ῶνος, ὁ)

gloss: eternity, age

Strong's 165

GK 172

Frequency 122

* 3rd declension masculine noun. Has a peculiar declension paradigm but not so difficult to memorise.
* most common are αἰῶνα and αἰῶνας, sg. and pl. accusative forms which occur as part of the stock phrase **εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα** ("forever", "for all time" etc)
Mark 1:12

**Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον**

And immediately the spirit cast him into the wilderness

* εὐθὺς - immediately, very common especially in the first few chapters of Mark
* ἐκβάλλει - cast out, throw etc. Is in the historical present.
* τὴν ἔρημον - the wilderness. This is an adjective and here it is feminine. What is the gender agreeing with? Actually in the NT, the adjective wilderness occurs both in masc. and fem. genders, so it is not a matter of convention. Perhaps in this case Mark means the wilderness of Judea (feminine word in Greek). Judea is not mentioned explicitly in Mark but in Matthew it is.
Kappi

## Habilidades

**ATAQUE BÁSICO****GRAN OLA****AGUA REVITALIZANTE**
* **Ataque básico:** Inflige un 100 % de daño (80 % físico, 20 % Agua) a un enemigo.
* **Gran ola:** Inflige un 60 % de daño (20 % físico, 80 % Agua) a todos los enemigos. Reduce su VEL un 40 % durante 2 turnos. - Enfriamiento: 220 s
* **Agua revitalizante:** Gana un 50 % de resistencia (Agua). Al morir, revivirás con un 50 % de tus PVs y ganarás una bonificación del 50 % a tu daño durante 3 turnos. - Habilidad pasiva