光圈科技

* 光圈开拓者
* 光圈
* 光圈实验室

光圈科技（Aperture Science）是由凯文·约翰逊（Cave Johnson）创立的一家美国科学研究公司。
光圈实验室（Aperture Laboratories）也被光圈科技用作其大多数产品的商品名称，如Aperture Science dba Aperture Laboratories。**光圈科技开拓者**是1970年代之前使用的商品名称。

历史
--

### 1940年代

> 未来就在这里，就在地壳之下
>
> 头版文章庆祝凯文·约翰逊购买密歇根盐矿。

**Aperture Fixtures** 由 Cave Johnson 于 1940 年代后期创立，是一家浴帘制造商 - 选择“Aperture Fixtures”这个名字是为了“让窗帘看起来更卫生” - 到 1943 年，Cave 的公司经常获得年度浴帘推销员奖。凯夫利用他新积累的资金投资房地产，并于 1944 年 1 月在密歇根州购买了一座巨大的退役盐矿。 **Aperture Science Innovators** was incorporated in 1947, receiving the Best New Science Company Award that same year, granted by the Science and Business Institute of America. Its long rivalry with Black Mesa started at the same time: Aperture was #2 on the Top 100 Applied Science Companies ranking for 1949, starting a pattern that would never be broken.

### 1950年代

> They say great science is built on the shoulders of giants. Not here. At Aperture, we do all our science from scratch. No hand holding.
>
> Cave Johnson's pre-recorded message circa 1956

The salt mine served as the foundation for the future Aperture Science facility, from 1952 onwards. Rather than delve into it and build downwards, Johnson elected for an unorthodox approach and began building from the floor up, starting at four kilometers of depth and moving upwards. Nine test shafts were designed, with asbestos enrichment spheres serving as self-contained testing environments. As Aperture was riding high, no expense was spared, with waiting rooms furnished with genuine wooden paneling, wrought iron fittings, with attendants catering to every whim of the test subjects shuttled to the Michigan facility with limousines. Johnson attracted the cream of the crop to Aperture, including astronauts, war heroes, and Olympic athletes, As a prestigious scientific organization at the time, test subjects waived their fees and they were instead donated to charitable organizations. Each subject's background determined the kind of assignment they received and in which test shaft they'd perform the tests.

The first enrichment sphere in test shaft 09 was completed in 1953 and tests focused on the repulsion gel. Aperture's *peculiar* approach to testing existed since the beginning, as the control group for the repulsion gel only received blue paint, leading to brutal injuries among the test subjects. The gel also contained untested elements and compounds, which did not agree with the skeleton system (violently so), and sumbersion in the gel could have catastrophic consequences for health. Johnson was also a wild card, routinely recording messages for test subjects that also violated scientific protocol.

Other tests performed in the fifties included genetic modification (combining human and praying mantis DNA), which were eventually postponed indefinitely and replaced with combat tests against an army of mantis men, reducing human water content from sixty to thirty and even twenty percent by exposure to jet engines, more genetic modification by using nanomachines to pump experimental genes and RNA molecules into test subject tumors (complimentary tumors were provided using machines disguised as folding chairs in the lobby; anything short of lead underpants resulted in irradiation), using lasers to turn test subject blood into gasoline, coffee dosed with fluorescent calcium to monitor neuronal activity (at the risk of vitrifying the frontal lobe of the subject), trace amounts of time travel, and more. The asbestos enrichment spheres turned out to be the *least* dangerous element of testing at Aperture Science.

Despite the horrific nature of Johnson's experiments, Aperture remained popular. In 1956, the Eisenhower administration signed a contract with Aperture to manufacture shower curtains to all branches of the US Military, except the Navy. Aperture also landed numerous defense contracts with the Department of Defense, earning the runner up prizes for Contractor of Defense for 1952, 1953, and 1954, always coming up second behind Black Mesa. It has also earned the Spirit of Idaho award for 1955, awarded by the National Potato Board for promoting "potato science".

The funding allowed Aperture to complete three enrichment spheres in test shaft 09 by 1958 and a repulsion gel pumping station. At its peak, over a thousand tests were performed per day, although it remained a hostile work place to both test subjects and employees. Cave once fired a disabled employee on the spot to save on making access ramps.

### 1960年代

Eventually, the notorious nature of testing caught up with Aperture. The bottom section was sealed off on June 15, 1961, officially due to "cosmic ray spallation elements", and many more test chambers were sealed and vitrified. However, the greatest blow to Aperture Science came with the 1968 Senate Hearings on missing astronauts, resulting in bankruptcy. Johnson also blamed industrial espionage by Black Mesa for his misfortune.

### 1970年代

Johnson somehow managed to keep his company intact and the Michigan facility expanded further in the seventies, with new enrichment spheres installed and a new access level completed by 1971. The financial peril that Aperture landed itself in also resulted in large cutbacks, with the elegant wooden paneling, marble, and carpeting replaced by cheap plastic, linoleum, and imitation wood in the newly erected 70s offices. Tests focused on the Propulsion Gel, newly created by Aperture's experimental units. Despite the hardship, Aperture completed its greatest achievement yet in 1971, building a complete dry dock 3975 m below the surface in its Michigan facility, constructing the infamous Borealis icebreaker that would represent the greatest achievement of Aperture's portal technology. Its disappearance with parts of the drydock would become legendary among experts in the field.

Deprived of access to elite test subjects, Aperture started scraping the bottom of the social barrel to put people into the testing machine: $60 were offered to vagrants and homeless people in return for participation. The unethical enticement served to provide a steady supply of disposable test subjects and as a distraction from the mountain of legal paperwork they had to sign. Johnson's messages reinforced the financial motivation, with barely concealed contempt added into the mix.
 Survivors were immediately removed from the facility, and constantly monitored in case they could soil the facility's interior, provided with a compensation voucher. By 1976, victims of Johnson's predatory practices could earn another $60 for volunteering to be vivisected, fitted with undisclosed "science stuff", and then reassembled. Notably, tumors would be removed at no extra charge.

Aperture was well aware of the multitude of laws it was breaking and focused on maintaining secrecy. Employees were mandated to alert supervisors if they spotted a journalist or government official, including inspectors for Public Works, OSHA, and the Department of Energy, Government Accountability Office accountants, FEMA coordinators, Nuclear Regulatory Commission representatives, police officers (plainclothes and unfiromed), MSHA mine inspectors, and officers from the ATF, FBI, or US Marshals.

### 1980年代

> When life gives you lemons? Don't make lemonade. Make life take the lemons back! Get mad! 'I don't want your damn lemons! What am I supposed to do with these?' Demand to see life's manager! Make life rue the day it thought it could give Cave Johnson lemons! Do you know who I am? I'm the man who's going to burn your house down! With the lemons! I'm going to get my engineers to invent a combustible lemon that burns your house down!
>
> Cave Johnson's demented rant that echoes with PotatOS

File:Aperture Laboratories logo 1980s onwards.png
Testing using vulnerable people snatched up from the street wrapped up around 1978, with Aperture switching to a different approach in 1981: Automatization. Human supervisors were replaced with tireless androids, with the remainder of Aperture's human staff instructed to participate in testing. Participation was mandatory, leading to a sharp increase in test subject quality, but an equally sharp drop off in terms of employee retention. Employees were expected to volunteer for testing, with only exceptions granted for those who had allergies to lunar rocks, starch, fulfilled their monthly quota, or had faith in their work performance. Ever-present corporate propaganda reminded employees that they were expendable and that androids could perform their work far better, all to nudge them towards volunteering for testing. The quality of Aperture robots was uneven: Exceptional processing power was married to zero safeguards, with employees instructed to deal with rogue AIs using paradoxes.

By 1982, the company finalized work on the third and final type of gel, Conversion Gel. Created using ground-up Moon rocks purchased by Johnson at a price of seventy million dollars. Valued at $210 million in 2020 dollars, the purchase was made despite his accountants stating that the company couldn't afford seven bucks worth of rocks. Johnson did what Johnson did best, and was exposed to ground-up moon rocks in the process. Fatally ill, Johnson noted the new gel was an excellent portal conductor and tested whether passing through portals could leech the poison out of his bloodstream. Never particularly coherent in the first place, Johnson's condition suffered due to constant, crippling pain and reliance on painkillers. Before his death that same year, Johnson ordered his engineers to perfect a process of brain mapping and transferring his consciousness into a computer, indirectly starting the development of GLaDOS. Remorseful that he didn't order such research in the fifties and aware of his impending death, he instructed Aperture staff to use Caroline in his stead and have her run Aperture Science.

Hell-bent on achieving his goals, he instructed Aperture scientists to *make* her take the company over and be transferred to a computer.
Caroline did, in fact, take over management of the company after Johnson died of moon rock poisoning, continuing its scientific mission. The old mine shafts and enrichment spheres were sealed off using massive transition seals and used as foundation for a completely new facility, the Enrichment Center, constructed on top of them. Gel research was abandoned in favor of a focus on portals and development of proprietary technologies to make Aperture independent of third party technologies. One such example is the Aperture Image Format created in 1985, and maintained by Doug Rattmann.

Upon realizing that Black Mesa began work on similar teleportation technology, Aperture Science pursued the development of GLaDOS in 1986, intended to supercharge their portal program.

### 1990年代

After a decade spent bringing the Disk Operating System parts of GLaDOS to a state of more or less basic functionality, work begins on the Genetic Lifeform component in 1996. During that time, the Aperture Science Red Phone plan is implemented in case GLaDOS appears to become sentient and godlike, requiring an employee to sit by a red phone on a desk in the GLaDOS chamber's entrance hall.

In **1997**, GLaDOS' version is 3.11.

In **1998**, Aperture releases other testing elements, such as the Excursion Funnel, a tractor beam-like funnel made of liquid asbestos, the Thermal Discouragement Beam, a laser to destroy Sentry Guns and activate buttons, the Aerial Faith Plate, a catapult plate flinging into the air Test Subjects or any other object upon contact, and the Pneumatic Diversity Vent, a variant of the Vital Apparatus Vent used for distributing objects to Test Chambers.

 File:Aperture Science Exit.jpg
In **200-**, the untested AI of GLaDOS is activated for the first time as one of the planned activities on Aperture's first annual bring-your-daughter-to-work day. Upon being activated, she almost instantly becomes self-aware, takes control of the facility, locks everyone inside, floods the Enrichment Center with deadly neurotoxin, but is partially halted when she is quickly fitted with a Morality Core. She then begins a permanent cycle of testing, aimed at beating Black Mesa in the race to develop functioning portal technology. However a few days later, on May 16, the Black Mesa Incident occurs at the Black Mesa Research Facility, allowing aliens to teleport from Xen to Earth, eventually leading to the Combine invasion, stopping GLaDOS' race against Black Mesa.

### GLaDOS的控制

As seen in the hacker message found on ApertureScience.com referring to the lock-down, the remaining employees continue working, as they are said to be working on twenty-year-old equipment. The construction of an Enrichment Center is also mentioned, suggesting that the Aperture Laboratories house several of them. The number of Aperture Science employees also likely diminishes, until there are only a few of them left. The Aperture Science Handheld Portal Device is likely already completed at that time, but it is unknown if it is before or after GLaDOS' activation.

During that period, Portal Storms continue to rage on Earth and spread chaos, eventually leading to the Seven Hour War, resulting in Earth being defeated and subsequently controlled by the Combine. Later, around 20 years after GLaDOS' activation, Gordon Freeman is awakened from his stasis by the G-Man, and arrives in City 17, which greatly disturbs the Combine's grasp on Earth.

### 传送门时代

Sometime after GLaDOS' takeover of Aperture Laboratories and shortly after the Combine invasion of Earth, the Enrichment Center seems to be abandoned, and GLaDOS seems to rule it alone, although other people are apparently still trapped somewhere. The scribblings left by Rattmann also seem rather old, showing that the Enrichment Center has been partially abandoned for some time. A calendar named "The girls of Aperture Science", dated 1983, is also worn-out. Chell is awakened in her Relaxation Vault in the Enrichment Center, and is guided as a Test Subject by GLaDOS, utilizing the completed ASHPD, while the A.I. shows signs of instability. When GLaDOS attempts to murder Chell at the end of her tests, she flees through maintenance areas of the Enrichment Center, and eventually seemingly destroys GLaDOS, before being dragged away inside by the Party Escort Bot.

Before her partial destruction, GLaDOS hints to Chell that things have changed since the last time she left the building, and that what is going on out there will make her wish she were back in here. GLaDOS also says she *was* the only thing standing between them [GLaDOS and Chell] and an undetermined group, most likely the Combine.

### 传送门2时代

*Portal 2* takes place a very long time after the events of *Portal*. Chell wakes up from the Long-Term Relaxation Doug Rattmann put her in during the events of Portal 2: Lab Rat, as it was the only way for her to survive. When she wakes up, the first she hears is: "You have been in suspension for: 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. .[sound of metal structures falling apart].. 9. 9. ...". Then the message is interrupted again, not to continue. During that time, Aperture Science as it originally was likely did not exist anymore, as GLaDOS and the Personality Cores took over the partially destroyed facility, where tests are still performed.

1. ↑ 引用错误：无效`<ref>`标签；未给name属性为`“AS”`的引用提供文字
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fifties' lobby trophy case.
3. ↑ Stencil on the foundations.
4. ↑ Cave Johnson: Now, you already met one another on the limo ride over, so let me introduce myself.
5. ↑ Cave Johnson: Welcome, gentlemen, to Aperture Science. Astronauts, war heroes, Olympians--you're here because we want the best, and you are it. So: Who is ready to make some science?
6. ↑ Cave Johnson: That eager voice you heard is the lovely Caroline, my assistant. Rest assured, she has transferred your honorarium to the charitable organization of your choice. Isn't that right, Caroline?
7. ↑ Cave Johnson: Your test assignment will vary, depending on the manner in which you have bent the world to your will.
8. ↑ Stencil on the enrichment sphere
9. ↑ Cave Johnson: Alright, let's get started. This first test involves something the lab boys call 'repulsion gel.'
10. ↑ Cave Johnson: You're not part of the control group, by the way. You get the gel. Last poor son of a gun got blue paint. Hahaha. All joking aside, that did happen - broke every bone in his legs. Tragic. But informative. Or so I'm told.
11. ↑ Cave Johnson: We haven't entirely nailed down what element it is yet, but I'll tell you this: it's a lively one, and it does NOT like the human skeleton.
12. ↑ Cave Johnson: Oh, in case you got covered in that repulsion gel, here's some advice the lab boys gave me: DO NOT get covered in the repulsion gel.
13. ↑ Cave Johnson: The lab boys just informed me that I should not have mentioned the control group. They're telling me I oughtta stop making these pre-recorded messages. That gave me an idea: make more pre-recorded messages. I pay the bills here, I can talk about the control group all damn day.
14. ↑ Cave Johnson: Those of you who volunteered to be injected with praying mantis DNA, I've got some good news and some bad news.
15. ↑ Cave Johnson: Bad news is we're postponing those tests indefinitely. Good news is we've got a much better test for you: fighting an army of mantis men. Pick up a rifle and follow the yellow line. You'll know when the test starts.
16. ↑ Cave Johnson: The average human male is about sixty percent water. Far as we're concerned, that's a little extravagant. So if you feel a bit dehydrated in this next test, that's normal. We're gonna hit you with some jet engines, and see if we can't get you down to twenty or thirty percent.
17. ↑ Cave Johnson: For this next test, we put nanoparticles in the gel. In layman's terms, that's a billion little gizmos that are gonna travel into your bloodstream and pump experimental genes and RNA molecules and so forth into your tumors.
18. ↑ Cave Johnson: Now, maybe you don't have any tumors. Well, don't worry. If you sat on a folding chair in the lobby and weren't wearing lead underpants, we took care of that too.
19. ↑ Cave Johnson: If you've cut yourself at all in the course of these tests, you might have noticed that your blood is pure gasoline. That's normal. We've been shooting you with an invisible laser that's supposed to turn blood into gasoline, so all that means is, it's working.
20. ↑ Cave Johnson: Just a heads-up: That coffee we gave you earlier had fluorescent calcium in it so we can track the neuronal activity in your brain. There's a slight chance the calcium could harden and vitrify your frontal lobe. Anyway, don't stress yourself thinking about it. I'm serious. Visualizing the scenario while under stress actually triggers the reaction.
21. ↑ Cave Johnson: Alright, this next test may involve trace amounts of time travel. So, word of advice: If you meet yourself on the testing track, don't make eye contact. Lab boys tell me that'll wipe out time. Entirely. Forward and backward! So do both of yourselves a favor and just let that handsome devil go about his business.
22. ↑ Cave Johnson: All these science spheres are made of asbestos, by the way. Keeps out the rats. Let us know if you feel a shortness of breath, a persistent dry cough or your heart stopping. Because that's not part of the test. That's asbestos.
23. ↑ Cave Johnson: Good news is, the lab boys say the symptoms of asbestos poisoning show a median latency of forty-four point six years, so if you're thirty or older, you're laughing. Worst case scenario, you miss out on a few rounds of canasta, plus you forwarded the cause of science by three centuries. I punch those numbers into my calculator, it makes a happy face.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 引用错误：无效`<ref>`标签；未给name属性为`AS`的引用提供文字
25. ↑ Stencils inside the spheres.
26. ↑ Cave Johnson: There's a thousand tests performed every day here in our enrichment spheres. I can't personally oversee every one of them, so these pre-recorded messages'll cover any questions you might have, and respond to any incidents that may occur in the course of your science adventure.
27. ↑ Cave Johnson: Bean counters said I couldn't fire a man just for being in a wheelchair. Did it anyway. Ramps are expensive.
28. ↑ Cave Johnson: Greetings, friend. I'm Cave Johnson, CEO of Aperture Science - you might know us as a vital participant in the 1968 Senate Hearings on missing astronauts. And you've most likely used one of the many products we invented. But that other people have somehow managed to steal from us. Black Mesa can eat my bankrupt--
29. ↑ Seventies stencil.
30. ↑ DECORATING APERTURE: [Laura Dubuk] This chapter gave us a great opportunity for visually telling the backstory of Aperture Science. We accomplished this with signs, props and materials. In this area, we get a glimpse of what Aperture Science must have been like in its heyday. We used rich, warm colors and materials like carpeting and marble to indicate that Aperture had a lot of money at one time. Cave Johnson and his staff were just starting out in their enterprise and everyone was eager to do science. This stands in contrast to the stark, cavernous environment outside and the materials you see in the Aperture Labs from later decades. As the player makes their way through more recent areas of the lab, the materials become cheaper, with an abundance of plastic and linoleum showing that Aperture had fallen on harder times and could no longer build high-quality offices for its workers.
31. ↑ Isaac Kleiner in *Episode Two*.
32. ↑ Cave Johnson: Right. Now, you might be asking yourself, 'Cave, just how difficult are these tests? What was in that phone book of a contract I signed? Am I in danger?'
33. ↑ Cave Johnson: Let me answer those questions with a question: Who wants to make sixty dollars? Cash.
34. ↑ Cave Johnson: You can also feel free to relax for up to 20 minutes in the waiting room, which is a damn sight more comfortable than the park benches most of you were sleeping on when we found you.
35. ↑ Cave Johnson: For many of you, I realize 60 dollars is an unprecedented windfall, so don't go spending it all on... I don't know. Caroline, what do these people buy? Tattered hats? Beard dirt?
36. ↑ Cave Johnson: So. Welcome to Aperture. You're here because we want the best, and you're it. Nope. Couldn't keep a straight face.
37. ↑ Cave Johnson: Anyway, don't smudge up the glass down there. In fact, why don't you just go ahead and not touch anything unless it's test related.
38. ↑ Cave Johnson: Thank you - I can't believe I'm thanking these people - for staggering your way through Aperture Science's propulsion gel testing. You've made some real contributions to society for a change, and for that, humanity is grateful.
39. ↑ Cave Johnson: If you had any belongings, please pick them up now. We don't want old newspapers and sticks cluttering up the building.
40. ↑ Cave Johnson: This on? [thump thump] Hey. Listen up down there. That thing's called an elevator. Not a bathroom.
41. ↑ Cave Johnson: Caroline, are the compensation vouchers ready?
42. ↑ Stencil on the 5th sphere track
43. ↑ Cave Johnson: If you're interested in an additional sixty dollars, flag down a test associate and let 'em know. You could walk out of here with a hundred and twenty weighing down your bindle if you let us take you apart, put some science stuff in you, then put you back together good as new.
44. ↑ Cave Johnson: In case you're interested, there's still some positions available for that bonus opportunity I mentioned earlier. Again: all you gotta do is let us disassemble you. We're not banging rocks together here. We know how to put a man back together.
45. ↑ Cave Johnson: So that's a complete reassembly. New vitals. Spit-shine on the old ones. Plus we're scooping out tumors. Frankly, you oughtta be paying us.
46. ↑ Notice placard in the 70s areas.
47. ↑ Stencil on the surface elevator after spheres four and five.
48. ↑ Stencil
49. ↑ Cave Johnson: Since making test participation mandatory for all employees, the quality of our test subjects has risen dramatically. Employee retention, however, has not.
50. ↑ Safety poster in the 80s area.
51. ↑ Cave Johnson: The bean counters told me we literally could not afford to buy seven dollars worth of moon rocks, much less seventy million. Bought 'em anyway. Ground 'em up, mixed em into a gel.
52. ↑ Cave Johnson: And guess what? Ground up moon rocks are pure poison. I am deathly ill.
53. ↑ Cave Johnson: Still, it turns out they're a great portal conductor. So now we're gonna see if jumping in and out of these new portals can somehow leech the lunar poison out of a man's bloodstream. When life gives you lemons, make lemonade. [coughs] Let's all stay positive and do some science.
54. ↑ Cave Johnson: That said, I would really appreciate it if you could test as fast as possible. Caroline, please bring me more pain pills.
55. ↑ Cave Johnson: The point is: If we can store music on a compact disc, why can't we store a man's intelligence and personality on one? So I have the engineers figuring that out now.
56. ↑ Cave Johnson: Brain Mapping. Artificial Intelligence. We should have been working on it thirty years ago. I will say this - and I'm gonna say it on tape so everybody hears it a hundred times a day: If I die before you people can pour me into a computer, I want Caroline to run this place.
57. ↑ Cave Johnson: Now she'll argue. She'll say she can't. She's modest like that. But you make her.
58. ↑ Cave Johnson: Hell, put her in my computer. I don't care.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 引用错误：无效`<ref>`标签；未给name属性为`ARG`的引用提供文字
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 *Portal* commentary
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Game Informer, April 2010 issue
62. ↑ Portal 2 video playlist on Combine OverWiki's YouTube channel
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Aperture Science: A History on Game Informer
64. ↑ "How Valve Opened Up Portal 2" on Eurogamer.net