USS Kentucky (BB-66)

**USS *Kentucky* (BB-66)** was an uncompleted battleship intended to be the last ship of the *Iowa* class. Hull BB-66 was originally to be the second ship of the *Montana*-class battleships. However, the urgent need for more warships at the outbreak of World War II and the U.S. Navy's experiences in the Pacific theater led it to conclude that rather than battleships larger and more heavily armed than the *Iowa* class, it quickly needed more fast battleships of that class to escort the new *Essex*-class aircraft carriers being built. As a result, hulls BB-65 and BB-66 were reordered and laid down as *Iowa*-class battleships in 1942.

As such, she was intended to be the sixth and final member of the *Iowa*-class constructed. At the time of her construction she was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of Kentucky. Like her sister ship *Illinois*, laid down as one of the last pair of *Iowa*-class ahead of her, *Kentucky* was still under construction at the end of hostilities and became caught up in the post-war draw-down of the armed services. Her construction was suspended twice, during which times she served as a parts hulk. In the 1950s, several proposals were made to complete the ship as a guided missile battleship, abandoned primarily due to cost concerns and the rampant pace of evolving missile technology. *Kentucky* ultimately was sold for scrap in 1958.

## Background

*Kentucky* was conceived in 1935, when the United States Navy initiated design studies for the creation of an extended *South Dakota* class that was not restricted by the Second London Naval Treaty. This resulted in one of the "fast battleship" designs planned in 1938 by the Preliminary Design Branch at the Bureau of Construction and Repair.

The passage of the Second Vinson Act in 1938 had cleared the way for construction of the four *South Dakota*-class battleships and the first two *Iowa*-class fast battleships (those with the hull numbers BB-61 and BB-62). The latter four battleships of the class, those designated with the hull numbers BB-63, BB-64, BB-65, and BB-66 (*Missouri*, *Wisconsin*, *Illinois*, and *Kentucky*, respectively) were not cleared for construction until 12 July 1940. While BB-63 and BB-64 were originally planned as the final ships in the *Iowa*-class, BB-65 and BB-66 were intended to be the first ships of the *Montana* class which was larger and slower while mounting twelve 16 in (406 mm) Mark 7 guns. However, the passage of an emergency war building program on 19 July 1940 resulting in *Illinois* and *Kentucky* being re-ordered as the fifth and sixth ships, respectively, of the *Iowa* class in order to save time on construction, so the first ship of the *Montana*-class would be reassigned as BB-67. The orders for BB-65 and BB-66 were placed on 9 September 1940, and the ships were laid down on 6 December 1942, and 7 March 1942, respectively.

By 1942 the United States Navy shifted its building focus from battleships to aircraft carriers after the successes of carrier combat in both the Battle of the Coral Sea, and to a greater extent, the Battle of Midway. As a result, the construction of the US fleet of *Essex*-class aircraft carriers had been given the highest priority for completion in the US shipyards by the US Navy. The *Essex*-class carriers were proving vital to the war effort by enabling the Allies to gain and maintain air supremacy in the Pacific War, and were rapidly becoming the principal striking arm of the United States Navy in the ongoing effort to defeat the Empire of Japan. Accordingly, the United States accepted shortcomings in the armor of their *Iowa*-class battleships in favor of additional speed, which could steam at a comparable speed with the *Essex*-class and provide the carriers with the maximum amount of anti-aircraft protection. As a result, construction of the *Montana*-class was canceled before their keels could be laid.

## Construction

*Kentucky*'s main battery would have consisted of nine 16 in (406 mm)/50 cal Mark 7 guns, which could hurl 2,700 lb (1,225 kg) armor-piercing shells some 20 mi (32 km). Her secondary battery would have consisted of 20 5 in (127 mm)/38 cal guns arranged in 10 turrets, which could fire at targets up to 10 mi (16 km) away. With the advent of air power and the mandate to gain and maintain air superiority came a need to protect the growing fleet of Allied aircraft carriers. To this end, *Kentucky* was to be fitted with an array of Oerlikon 20 mm and Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns to defend allied carriers from enemy airstrikes.

Like *Iowa*-class ships from *Missouri* (hull number BB-63) onwards, the frontal bulkhead armor was increased from the original 11.3 in (287 mm) to 14.5 in (368 mm) in order to better protect against fire from frontal sectors. Because the *Iowa*-class torpedo defense was virtually the same as the preceding *South Dakota*-class battleships it was proposed that *Illinois*'s and *Kentucky*'s hull be redesigned to provide a greater degree of torpedo protection for the battleship. Under the original construction schematics for the class each side of the ship was protected below the waterline by two tanks mounted outside the belt armor, and separated by a bulkhead. These tanks were initially planned to be empty, but in practice were filled with water or fuel oil. The armored belt tapered to a thickness of 4 inches (100 mm) below the waterline. Behind the armored belt there was a void, and then another bulkhead. The outer hull was intended to detonate a torpedo, with the outer two compartments absorbing the shock and with any splinters or debris being stopped by the armored belt and the empty compartment behind it. In 1939 the Navy discovered that this system was less effective than the earlier torpedo defense system of the *North Carolina*-class due to the excessive rigidity of the lower belt armor causing leakage into adjacent compartments. Subsequently, the design of the torpedo defense system was modified for *Illinois* and *Kentucky*, such as eliminating knuckles along certain holding bulkheads; the intended construction format was estimated to provide up to 20% improvement to the torpedo defense of the battleship while simultaneously reducing flooding in the event of a torpedo strike.

*Kentucky*'s construction was plagued by suspensions. Her keel was laid down at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 7 March 1942. However, work on the ship was suspended in June that year, and *Kentucky*'s bottom structure was launched to make room for LST construction on 10 June. While her construction was suspended, the Bureau of Ships considered an aircraft carrier conversion proposal for *Kentucky* and *Illinois* in the aftermath of the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway. As proposed, the converted *Kentucky* would have had an 864-foot (263 m) long by 108-foot (33 m) wide flight deck, with armament identical to the carriers of the *Essex* class: four twin 5-inch gun mounts and four more 5-inch guns in single mounts, along with six 40 mm quadruple mounts. The idea was abandoned after the Bureau of Ships decided that the converted ships would carry fewer aircraft than the *Essex* class, that more *Essex*-class carriers could be built in the same amount of time, and that the conversion project would be significantly more expensive than new *Essex*es. Instead, *Kentucky* and *Illinois* were to be completed as battleships, but their construction was given very low priority. Work on the ship resumed on 6 December 1944, when the keel structure was moved to Dry Dock 8. Work on the battleship proceeded at a slow pace, and her completion was projected for the third quarter of 1946. In December 1945 it was recommended that *Kentucky* be completed as an anti-aircraft battleship, and work on the ship was suspended in August 1946 while this was considered. Construction resumed again on 17 August 1948 without any decision having been made on her final design. Work on *Kentucky* continued until 20 January 1950, when it was decided to halt work on the ship. Following this, she was floated out of her drydock to clear a space for repairs to sister ship *Missouri*, which had run aground en route from Hampton Roads.

## Guided missile battleship

As early as 1946, missile conversion projects for *Kentucky* (project SCB 19) and the incomplete large cruiser USS *Hawaii* were discussed. In the early 1950s, the advances in guided missile technology led to a proposal to create a large warship armed with both guns and missiles. To this end, the incomplete *Kentucky* was chosen for conversion from an all gun ship into a "guided missile battleship". This proposal would have been relatively conservative, and would have involved the installation of a pair of twin arm launchers for the RIM-2 Terrier surface-to-air missile (SAM) on the aft deckhouse, with a pair of antennas for the associated AN/APG-55 pulse doppler interception radar installed forward of these, and the AN/SPS-2B air search radar on a short mast. Since the battleship was already approximately 73% complete (construction had been halted at the second deck), installation of the missile system and associated electronics would have involved only adding the necessary equipment without any need to rebuild the ship to accommodate the system. Some guided missile concepts included one or two launchers for eight SSM-N-9 Regulus II or SSM-N-2 Triton nuclear cruise missiles. The guided missile battleship project was authorized in 1954, and *Kentucky* was renumbered from BB-66 to BBG-1, with the conversion due to be complete in 1956. However, the project was soon cancelled, with the conversion ideas transferred to a smaller platform that led to the *Boston*-class guided missile cruiser. These partial conversions of two *Baltimore*-class heavy cruisers proved only partially successful in their new role, as the pace of change in cruise missile technology rendered their new weapons systems obsolete, while their remaining heavy guns proved in demand.

Another conversion project in early 1956 called for the installation of two Polaris nuclear ballistic missile launchers with a capacity for sixteen weapons. Also proposed were four RIM-8 Talos SAM launchers with eighty missiles per launcher and twelve RIM-24 Tartar SAM launchers with 504 missiles. A July 1956 estimate projected completing the ship by July 1961, but the cost of the conversion ultimately forced the Navy to abandon the project.

## Fate

out 1950 to 1958. Hurricane Hazel hit the area on 15 October 1954, causing *Kentucky* to break free from her moorings and run aground in the Delaware River. In 1956, *Kentucky*'s bow was removed and used in the repair of *Wisconsin*, which had been damaged in a collision with the destroyer USS *Eaton* on 6 May 1956. Congressman William Huston Natcher attempted to block the sale of the ship by objecting to the bill in August 1957. Nevertheless, *Kentucky* was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 9 June 1958 and her incomplete hulk was sold for scrapping to Boston Metals Company of Baltimore, Maryland on 31 October for $1,176,666. She was towed to their shipyard in Baltimore in February 1959.

*Kentucky*'s four 600 psi (4.1 MPa) boilers and turbine sets were used to power the first two *Sacramento*-class fast combat support ships, *Sacramento* laid down in 1961 and *Camden* in 1964. When the Navy switched to 1,200 psi (8.3 MPa) boilers, sailors who had served aboard *Sacramento* and *Camden* provided the experience to operate the older lower-pressure boilers aboard *New Jersey* during her combat tour in the Vietnam War and aboard all four of the *Iowa*s when they were recalled and modernized in the 1980s as part of the 600-ship Navy plan.

A pair of 150-pound (68 kg) mahogany doors that had been donated by the state of Kentucky while the ship was under construction were removed and used in an officer's club in New York City before eventually being returned to the Kentucky Historical Society in early January 1994.