Frozen

***Frozen*** is a 2013 American 3D CGI-animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film, created and produced at Walt Disney Animation Studios, released by Walt Disney Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film uses the same style as *Tangled*. It is loosely inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale *The Snow Queen*. It is the 53rd animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It also features the 12th and 13th members of the Disney Princess line-up, Anna and Elsa. It is the fifth film in, what is generally considered, the Disney Revival Era.

*Frozen* underwent several story treatments for several years, before being commissioned in 2011, with a screenplay written by Jennifer Lee, and both Chris Buck and Lee serving as directors. The film features the voices of Kristen Bell as Anna and Idina Menzel as her older sister Elsa the Snow Queen, in both speaking and singing roles, along with Jonathan Groff playing the role of mountain man Kristoff, Josh Gad as Olaf the Snowman and Santino Fontana as Prince Hans of the Southern Isles. Christophe Beck, who had worked on Walt Disney Animation Studios' award-winning short *Paperman*, was hired to compose the film's orchestral score, while husband-and-wife songwriting team Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote the original songs.

*Frozen* premiered at the El Capitan Theater on November 19, 2013, and went into general theatrical release on November 27 in the United States, Canada and the Philippines. It was met with widespread acclaim from critics and audiences, and some film critics considered *Frozen* to be the best Disney animated feature film and musical since the studio's renaissance era. The film was also a massive commercial success; it accumulated over $1.2 billion in worldwide box office revenue, $400 million of which was earned in the United States and Canada and $247 million of which was earned in Japan. It ranks as the highest-grossing animated film of all time, the fifth highest-grossing film of all time, the highest-grossing film of 2013, and the third highest-grossing film in Japan. It is also the second highest grossing Walt Disney Studios film, after *The Avengers*. The film won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go"), the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film, five Annie Awards (including Best Animated Feature), and two Critics' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go").

This is also WDAS's second Andersen-inspired full-length feature, with the first being *The Little Mermaid* (not counting "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" from *Fantasia 2000* and "The Little Matchgirl").

## Plot

Elsa, princess of Arendelle, is known to have powers that create ice and snow. One night, she accidentally injures her sister Anna while they were playing in the throne room of the castle by using her powers. Their parents, King Agnarr and Queen Iduna of Arendelle, seek help from a group of trolls living in the Valley of the Living Rock, which their leader Pabbie tells them that it would have been worse if Elsa's powers had hit Anna's heart, as it actually hit her head. To try and keep both sisters together, Pabbie removes Anna's memories of Elsa's magic, but the king and queen still want to keep Elsa away from Anna by having her stay in her room most of the time until she learns how to control her powers. However, Anna is saddened with being shut out by Elsa when she tries to reconnect. Ten years later, the king and queen go on vacation, but drown when a storm causes their ship to sink.

Elsa still has not learnt how to control her abilities when three more years has passed, and the citizens are preparing for her coronation. Anna is more excited, because the castle gates would be opened. While she spends time outside of the castle, she runs into Hans, who is a prince of the Southern Isles. Elsa is crowned as queen of Arendelle, managing to prevent revealing her powers to everyone attending. A ball is held in the castle, to which Anna and Elsa are able to finally make a conversation after so many years. Dignitaries from around Europe have also arrived, along with the Duke of Weselton, whose kingdom trades goods with Arendelle. Anna comes across Hans once again, and they share each other's information about their life, which Hans states that three of his twelve brothers pretended that he did not exist. He later proposes to Anna, to which she accepts.

However, when they ask Elsa for her blessing, she refuses on the fact that Anna would get engaged to someone that she met on the same day. To make matters worse, Anna is shocked when Elsa orders the guards to end the ball and close the gates, and pushes Elsa to the point where she accidentally reveals her powers to everyone in the room. Shocked at this, Elsa flees Arendelle, not knowing that she had started a winter. Feeling that it is her own fault, Anna goes on a quest to find her sister, while Hans is left in charge of Arendelle. During the journey, she finds a shop owned by Oaken, who has one winter outfit left in stock. Just as Anna is about to buy the outfit, a ice harvester named Kristoff arrives, coming to get some items from the store, although he cannot afford it all. He later gets kicked out of the store by Oaken for calling him a crook.

Having heard that Kristoff had traveled to the store from the North Mountain, Anna believes that Elsa must have ran off to the same place, and also gets Kristoff's supplies so to convince him to take her to the North Mountain on his sled run by his reindeer Sven. However, they get attacked by wolves, and lose the sled in the process, having to continue by foot. Along the way, they meet a talking snowman named Olaf, who was originally made by Anna and Elsa in their childhood years. He was later made by Elsa while she was at the North Mountain, which she is unaware that she had brought him to life. Olaf agrees to guide Anna, Kristoff and Sven to Elsa, finding an ice palace built on the North Mountain. Anna is able to meet up with Elsa, who is happy to see her, but tries to get Anna to leave. Figuring out that Elsa does not know about the winter being set off, she manages to tell her, and tries to get her to come back to Arendelle and bring back summer. However, Elsa refuses when she tries to keep away and not hurt Anna, and loses control of her powers, which hit Anna in the heart. Still trying to get Anna to leave, Elsa creates a giant snow-monster, referred to by Olaf as Marshmallow, and gets him to chase Anna, Kristoff, Olaf and Sven away from the palace.

Noticing that Anna's hair is turning white due to being struck by Elsa, Kristoff decides to take the gang to the Valley of the Living Rock to find the trolls, who had adopted him and Sven back in their childhood. Along the way, Anna and Kristoff begin to develop feelings for each other. The trolls are happy to see Kristoff back, and get interested when they see Anna, thinking that she is perfect for Kristoff, but the two try to convince them that there is not any romance between them, especially that Anna is already engaged to someone else. As the trolls arrange a wedding for the two, Anna becomes more affected by the curse, which is the moment when Pabbie arrives, having sensed something strange, and informs them that Anna's heart has ice in it, and can only be cured if she does an act of true love. Believing that true love's kiss may count, the gang head back to Arendelle to take Anna to Hans.

Meanwhile, Hans has arrived at Elsa's palace with some of the castle guards and the Duke's bodyguards after thinking that Anna is in danger. While Hans and the castle guards fight against Marshmallow, the Duke's bodyguards head into the palace to chase Elsa, who then uses her powers to try and kill them. As soon as Hans and the castle guards arrive after they won the fight with Marshmallow, Elsa stops when Hans tells her to not become a monster that the Duke believes she is. When one of the bodyguards prepares to shoot an arrow at Elsa, Hans turns it toward the chandelier, to which Elsa manages to run out of the spot where it smashes, but becomes unconscious and gets taken to Arendelle's dungeon.

Kristoff later arrives in Arendelle with Anna, who then gets taken into the castle to Hans by the servants. Feeling saddened now that he has feelings for Anna, Kristoff leaves with Sven. Anna is able to be taken to Hans, and explains to him that he needs to kiss her, but he instead reveals that he had been planning to marry Anna so that he could rule Arendelle, when he was unable to wait to be crowned in his own kingdom as being the youngest of his family. The next part of his plan is to kill Elsa and get summer back, to which he leaves Anna locked in the library, and lies to the Duke and dignitaries, who went to a different room, that Anna is already dead. He also mentions that they got married just before Anna's supposed death, which would make him ruler of Arendelle. However, when he gives an order to sentence Elsa to death, Elsa manages to escape onto the fjord just as the guards arrive.

Olaf, who went a different way through Arendelle, comes into the library, and notices that Anna is still unwell. To make her warm, Olaf lights a fire in the fireplace, to which Anna gets concerned about Olaf melting from the heat. Thinking that she now does not know what love is, Olaf is able to explain to her about love, and uses Kristoff as a example of taking her back to Hans and then leaving, which reveals to Anna about Kristoff's feelings for her. Olaf then notices outside the window that Kristoff and Sven are coming back, having noticed that a blizzard is forming around Arendelle. Knowing that Kristoff could be the solution, Anna and Olaf head out onto the fjord to get to him. Meanwhile, Hans manages to get to Elsa, telling her that she will not be able to get away. At the moment that Elsa mentions her sister, Hans tells her about what happened to Anna, leaving Elsa upset when he tells her that she killed Anna. This causes Elsa to collapse and mourn her sister's death, also stopping the blizzard.

With the air looking clear, Anna and Kristoff quickly begin to come toward each other, but Anna then sees Hans about to kill Elsa, and runs toward them to try and save her sister's life. She appears in front of Hans just as he starts to swing his sword, putting her hand out before she then freezes into a statue, causing the sword to break and knock Hans unconscious. Elsa then notices what has happened, she mourns on the loss of her sister and starts crying. However, Anna is brought back to life, as saving Elsa is an act of true love. Learning that love would thaw, Elsa is able to thaw the snow and ice around Arendelle, having summer restored. In addition, she gives Olaf a flurry so that he does not melt, as he has been wanting to spend time in summer. To pay Hans back for his behavior, Anna punches him off the ship, before hugging Elsa, as well as returning Kristoff's feelings.

The French dignitary plans to send Hans back to the Southern Isles so to be punished by his brothers, while Elsa cuts off trades with Weselton. Kristoff is also given a new sled by Anna, as Elsa has titled him "Official Arendelle Ice Master and Deliverer". Saying that he loves the sled, Kristoff then mentions that he could kiss Anna, which causes him to get embarrassed and ask if they shall. In response to this, Anna kisses him on the cheek and agrees, to which they then kiss on the lips. Olaf is also enjoying summer, and is pleased to have Sven around. Elsa then creates an ice-skating rink in the castle for everyone to skate on, with Anna happy that the gates are open, to which Elsa plans to not close them again.

In a post-credits scene, Marshmallow is shown to have survived his fall during his battle with Hans and the castle guards, and comes across Elsa's crown in the palace. Putting it on, he feels glad to become ruler of the palace.

## Voice Cast

For non-English voice cast, click Frozen international voice cast.

## Development

### Origins

 File:Disney's "The Snow Queen".jpg  Walt Disney Productions first began exploring a possible live action/animation biography film of author and poet Hans Christian Andersen sometime in late 1937 before the December premiere of its film *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs*, the first feature-length hand-drawn animated film ever made. In March 1940, Walt Disney suggested a co-production to film producer Samuel Goldwyn, where Goldwyn's studio would shoot the live-action sequences of Andersen's life and Disney's studio would animate Andersen's fairy tales. The animated sequences would be based on some of Andersen's best known works, such as *The Little Mermaid*, *The Little Match Girl*, *The Steadfast Tin Soldier*, *The Snow Queen*, *Thumbelina*, *The Ugly Duckling*, *The Red Shoes* and *The Emperor's New Clothes*. However, the studio encountered difficulty with *The Snow Queen*, as it could not find a way to adapt and relate the Snow Queen character to modern audiences. Even as far back as the 1930s and 1940s, it was clear that the source material contained great cinematic possibilities, but the Snow Queen character proved to be too problematic. After the United States entered World War II, the studio began to focus on making wartime propaganda, which caused development on the Disney-Goldwyn project to grind to a halt in 1942. Goldwyn went on to produce his own live-action film version in 1952, entitled *Hans Christian Andersen*, with Danny Kaye as Andersen, Charles Vidor directing, Moss Hart writing, and Frank Loesser penning the songs. All of Andersen's fairy tales were, instead, told in song and ballet in live-action, like the rest of the film. It went on to receive six Academy Award nominations the following year. Back at Disney, *The Snow Queen*, along with other Andersen fairy tales (including *The Little Mermaid*), were shelved.

### Later efforts

In the late 1990s, Walt Disney Feature Animation started developing a new adaptation of *The Snow Queen* after the tremendous success of their recent films during the Disney Renaissance era, but the project was scrapped completely in late 2002, when Glen Keane reportedly quit the project and went on to work on another project which became *Tangled* (2010). Even before then, Harvey Fierstein pitched his version of the story to the Disney executives, but was turned down. Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi, Dick Zondag and Dave Goetz reportedly all had their try on it, but failed. After a number of unsuccessful attempts from 2000 to 2002, Disney shelved the project again. During one of those attempts, Michael Eisner, then-chairman and chief executive officer of The Walt Disney Company, offered his support to the project and suggested doing it with Oscar-winning director John Lasseter at Pixar Animation Studios after the then-expected renewal of Pixar's contract with Disney. But negotiations between Pixar and Disney collapsed in January 2004 and that contract was never renewed. Instead, Eisner's successor Bob Iger negotiated Disney's purchase of Pixar in January 2006 for $7.4 billion, and Lasseter was promoted to chief creative officer of both Pixar and Disney Animation.

The next attempt started in 2008 when Lasseter was able to convince Chris Buck (who had co-directed *Tarzan* (1999) for the studio) to return to Disney Animation from Sony Pictures Animation (where he had recently co-directed the Oscar-nominated *Surf's Up*), and that September, Buck pitched several ideas to Lasseter, one of which was *The Snow Queen*, after Chris Buck pitched several ideas to Lasseter (who by then had also become Chief Creative Officer of Disney Animation), one of which was *The Snow Queen*. Buck later revealed that his initial inspiration for *The Snow Queen* was not the Andersen fairy tale itself, but that he wanted "to do something different on the definition of true love." "Disney had already done the 'kissed by a prince' thing, so [I] thought it was time for something new," he recalled. It turned out Lasseter had been interested in *The Snow Queen* for a long time; back when Pixar was working with Disney on *Toy Story* in the 1990s, he saw and was "blown away" by some of the preproduction art from Disney's prior attempts. Development began under the title *Anna and the Snow Queen*, which was planned to be traditionally animated. According to Josh Gad, he first became involved with the film at that early stage, when the plot was still relatively close to the original Andersen fairy tale and Megan Mullally was going to play Elsa. By early 2010, the project entered development hell once again, when the studio failed to find a way to make the story and the Snow Queen character work.

### Revitalization

On December 22, 2011, following the success of *Tangled*, Disney announced a new title for the film, *Frozen*, and a release date of November 27, 2013. A month later, it was confirmed that the film would be a computer-animated feature in stereoscopic 3D, instead of the originally intended hand-drawn animation. Anderson-Lopez and Lopez joined the project and started writing songs for *Frozen* in January 2012.

On March 5, 2012, it was announced that Buck would be directing, with Lasseter and Peter Del Vecho producing.

After Disney decided to advance *The Snow Queen* into development again, one of the main challenges Buck and Del Vecho faced was the character of the Snow Queen, who was then a villain in their drafts. The studio has a tradition of screening animated films in development every twelve weeks, then holding lengthy "notes sessions" in which its directors and screenwriters from different projects provide extensive "notes" on each other's work.

Buck and Del Vecho presented their storyboards to Lasseter, and the entire production team adjourned to a conference to hear Lasseter's thoughts on the project. Art director Michael Giaimo later acknowledged Lasseter as the "game changer" of the film: "I remember John saying that the latest version of *The Snow Queen* story that Chris Buck and his team had come up with was fun, very light-hearted. But the characters didn't resonate. They aren't multi-faceted. Which is why John felt that audiences wouldn't really be able to connect with them."

The production team then addressed the film's problems, drafting several different variations on *The Snow Queen* story until the characters and story felt relevant. At that stage, the first major breakthrough was the decision to rewrite the film's protagonist Anna (who was based on the Gerda character from *The Snow Queen*), as the younger sibling of Elsa, thereby effectively establishing a family dynamic between the characters. This was unusual in that relationships between sisters are rarely used as a major plot element in American animated films, with the notable exception of Disney's *Lilo & Stitch* (2002). To fully explore the unique dynamics of the kind of relationships, Disney Animation convened a "Sister Summit," at which women from all over Disney Animation who grew up with sisters were asked to discuss their relationships with their sisters.

### Writing

In March 2012, Jennifer Lee, one of two screenplay writers of *Wreck-It Ralph*, was brought in as one of the film's writers. Lee later explained that as *Wreck-It Ralph* was wrapping up, she was giving notes on other projects, and "we kind of really connected with what we were thinking."

According to Lee, several core concepts were already in place from Buck and Del Vecho's early work, such as the film's "frozen heart" hook: "That was a concept and the phrase ... an act of true love will thaw a frozen heart." They already knew the ending involved true love in the sense of the emotional bond between siblings, not romance, in that "Anna was going to save Elsa. We didn’t know how or why." Lee said Edwin Catmull, president of Disney Animation, told her early on about the film's ending: "First and foremost, no matter what you have to do to the story, do it. But you have to earn that ending. If you do[,] it will be great. If you don't, it will suck."

Before Lee was brought on board, another screenwriter had made a first pass at a script, and Anderson-Lopez and Lopez tried to write songs for that script but none worked and all were cut. Then "the whole script imploded," which gave the songwriters the opportunity "to put a lot of [their] DNA" into the new script that Lee was writing. The production team "essentially started over and ... had 17 months," which resulted in a very "intense schedule" and implied "a lot of choices had to be made fast."

The earlier versions differed sharply from the final version. In the original script the songwriters first saw, Elsa was evil from the start; she kidnapped Anna from her own wedding to intentionally freeze her heart, then later descended upon the town with an army of snowmen with the objective of recapturing Anna to freeze her heart properly. By the time Lee came in, the first act included Elsa deliberately striking Anna in the heart with her freezing powers; then "the whole second act was about Anna trying to get to Hans and to kiss him and then Elsa trying to stop her." Buck revealed that the original plot attempted to make Anna sympathetic by focusing on her frustration as being perceived as the "spare" in relation to the "heir," Elsa. The original plot also had different pacing, in that it was "much more of an action adventure" than a musical or a comedy.

One major breakthrough was the composition of the song "Let It Go" by songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, which forced the production team to reconceptualize and rewrite Elsa as a far more complex, vulnerable, and sympathetic character. In *The Daily Telegraph*'s words, instead of the villain envisioned by the producers, the songwriters saw Elsa as "a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift." Lee recalled: "Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like [to be Elsa]. Forget villain. Just what it would feel like. And this concept of letting out who she is[,] that she's kept to herself for so long[,] and she's alone and free, but then the [*sic*] sadness of the fact that the last moment is she's alone. It’s not a perfect thing, but it's powerful." Del Vecho explained that "Let It Go" changed Elsa into a person "ruled by fear and Anna was ruled by her own love of other people and her own drive," which in turn caused Lee to "rewrite the first act and then that rippled through the entire movie. So that was when we really found the movie and who these characters were."

Another major breakthrough was developing the plot twist that Prince Hans would be revealed as the film's true villain only near the end. Hans was not even in the earliest drafts, then at first was not a villain, and after becoming one, was revealed to be evil much earlier in the plot. Del Vecho said, "We realized [what] was most important [was] if we were going to make the ending so surprising[,] you had to believe at one point that Hans was the answer ... [when] he's not the answer, it's Kristoff .... [I]f you can get the audience to leap ahead and think they have figured it out[,] you can surprise them by turning it the other way." Lee acknowledged that Hans was written as "sociopathic" and "twisted" throughout the final version. For example, Hans mirrors the behavior of the other characters: "He mirrors [Anna] and he's goofy with her ... [T]he Duke [of Weselton] is a jerk, so he's a jerk back. And with Elsa he's a hero." It was difficult to lay the foundation for Anna's belated turn to Kristoff without also making Hans' betrayal of Anna too predictable, in that the audience had to "feel ... her feeling something but not quite understanding it ... Because the minute it is [understood,] it deflated." At one point, Anna openly flirted with Kristoff upon first meeting him, but that was changed after studio chairman Alan F. Horn pointed out that it would confuse and annoy viewers since Anna was already engaged to Hans.

Lee had to work through the issue of how to write Anna's personality, in that some of her colleagues felt Anna should be more dysfunctional and co-dependent, like Vanellope von Schweetz in *Wreck-It Ralph*. Lee disagreed with that position, but it took her almost a year to figure out how to convincingly articulate "this is what Anna’s journey is. No more than that. No less than that." In the end, Lee successfully argued Anna's journey should be presented as a simple coming-of-age story, "where she goes from having a naive view of life and love—because she’s lonely—to the most sophisticated and mature view of love, where she’s capable of the ultimate love, which is sacrifice." Lee also had to let go of some ideas that she liked, such as a scene portraying Anna and Elsa's relationship as teenagers, which did not work because they needed to maintain the separation between Anna and Elsa.

To construct Anna and Elsa's relationship as sisters, Lee found inspiration in her own relationship with her older sister. Lee said her older sister was "a big inspiration for Elsa", called her "my Elsa" in an op-ed in the *Los Angeles Times*, and walked the red carpet with her at the 86th Academy Awards. Lee explained, "[h]aving to ... lose each other and then rediscover each other as adults, that was a big part of my life."

The production team also turned Olaf from Elsa's obnoxious sidekick into Anna's comically innocent sidekick. Lee's initial response to the original "mean" version of Olaf had been, "Kill the f-ing snowman", and she found Olaf by far "the hardest character to deal with."

The problem of *how* exactly Anna would save Elsa at the film's climax was solved by story artist John Ripa. At the story meeting where Ripa pitched his take on the story, the response was silence until Lasseter said, "I've never seen anything like that before," which was followed by a standing ovation.

Along the way, the production team went through drafts where the first act included far more detail than what ended up in the final version, such as a troll with a Brooklyn accent who would have explained the backstory behind Elsa's magical powers, and a regent for whom Lee was hoping to cast comedian Louis C.K. After all those details were thoroughly "over-analyzed", they were excised because they amounted to a "much more complex story than really we felt like we could fit in this 90-minute film." As Del Vecho put it, "the more we tried to explain things at the beginning, the more complicated it got."

## Production

Actress Kristen Bell was cast as the voice of Anna on March 5, 2012. Lee admitted that Bell's casting selection was influenced after the filmmakers listened to a series of vocal tracks Bell had recorded when she was young, where the actress performed several songs from *The Little Mermaid*, including "Part of Your World". Bell completed her recording sessions while she was pregnant, and subsequently re-recorded some of her character's lines after her pregnancy, as her voice had deepened. Bell was called in to re-record dialogue for the film "probably 20 times," which is normal for lead roles in Disney animated films whose scripts are still evolving. As for her approach to the role of Anna, Bell enthused that she had "dreamed of being in a Disney animated film" since she was four years old, saying, "I always loved Disney animation, but there was something about the females that was unattainable to me. Their posture was too good and they were too well-spoken, and I feel like I really made this girl much more relatable and weirder and scrappier and more excitable and awkward. I'm really proud of that."

On June 23, 2012, Idina Menzel, a Broadway veteran, was cast as Elsa. Menzel had formerly auditioned for *Tangled*, but didn't get the part. However, *Tangled*'s casting director Jamie Sparer Robert preserved a recording of Menzel's performance on her iPhone, and on the basis of that, asked her to audition along with Bell for *Frozen*. Before they were officially cast, Menzel and Bell deeply impressed the directors at an early table read; after reading the entire script out loud, they sang "Wind Beneath My Wings" together as a duet, since no music had been composed yet. Bell had suggested that idea when she visited Menzel at her California home to prepare together for the table read. The songwriters were also present for the table read; Anderson-Lopez said "Lasseter was in heaven" upon hearing Menzel and Bell sing in harmony, and from that moment forward, he insisted, "Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel have to be in the movie!" Lee later said, "They sung it like sisters and what you mean to me[,] [a]nd there wasn't a dry eye in the house after they sang." Between December 2012 and June 2013, the casting of additional roles was announced, including Jonathan Groff as Kristoff, Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton, Santino Fontana as Prince Hans, and Josh Gad as Olaf.

Following Lee's extensive involvement in *Frozen*'s development process and her close work with director Buck and songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, studio heads Lasseter and Catmull promoted her to co-director of the film alongside Buck in August 2012. Her promotion was officially announced on November 29, 2012, making Lee the first woman to direct a full-length animated motion picture produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. She primarily worked on story while Buck focused on animation. Lee later stated that she was "really moved by a lot of what Chris had done" and that they "shared a vision" of the story, having "very similar sensibilities".

By November 2012, the production team thought they had finally "cracked" the puzzle of how to make the film's story work, but according to Del Vecho, in late February 2013, it became clear that the film still "wasn't working", which necessitated further rewriting of scenes and songs from February through June 2013. He explained, "we rewrote songs, we took out characters and changed everything, and suddenly the movie gelled. But that was close. In hindsight, piece of cake, but during, it was a big struggle." Looking back, Anderson-Lopez joked she and Lopez thought at the time they could end up working as "birthday party clown[s]" if the final product "pull[ed] ... down" their careers and recalled that "we were really writing up until the last minute." In June (five months before the already-announced release date), the songwriters finally got the film working when they composed the song "For the First Time in Forever", which, in Lopez's words, "became the linchpin of the whole movie."

That month, Disney conducted test screenings of the half-completed film with two audiences (one made up of families and the other made up of adults) in Phoenix, Arizona, at which Lasseter and Catmull were personally present. Lee recalled that it was the moment when they realized they "had something, because the reaction was huge." Catmull, who had instructed Lee at the outset to "earn the ending," told her afterwards, "you did it".

### Animation

 File:Elsa-magic.jpg  Similar to *Tangled*, *Frozen* employed a unique artistic style by blending features of both computer-generated imagery (CGI) and traditional hand-drawn animation together. From the beginning, Buck knew Giaimo was the best candidate to develop the style he had in mind, which would draw from the best Disney hand-drawn classics of the 1950s, the Disney Little Golden Books and mid-century modern design—and persuaded him to come back to Disney to serve as the art director for *Frozen*. Buck, Lasseter and Giaimo were all old friends who had first met at CalArts, and Giaimo had previously served as the art director for Disney's *Pocahontas* (1995), which Buck had worked on as a supervising animator.

To create the look of *Frozen*, Giaimo began pre-production research by reading extensively about the entire region of Scandinavia and visiting the Danish-themed city of Solvang near Los Angeles, but eventually zeroed in on Norway in particular because "80 percent" of the visuals that appealed to him were from Norway. Disney eventually sponsored three research field trips. Animators and special effects specialists were dispatched to Jackson Hole, Wyoming to experience walking, running, and falling in deep snow in a variety of types of attire, including long skirts (which both female and male personnel tried on); while lighting and arts teams visited an Ice Hotel in Quebec City, Quebec to study how light reflects and refracts on snow and ice. Finally, Giaimo and several artists traveled to Norway to draw inspiration from its mountains, fjords, architecture, and culture. "We had a very short time schedule for this film, so our main focus was really to get the story right but we knew that John Lasseter is keen on truth in the material and creating a believable world, and again that doesn't mean it's a realistic world – but a believable one. It was important to see the scope and scale of Norway, and important for our animators to know what it's like," Del Vecho said. "There is a real feeling of *Lawrence of Arabia* scope and scale to this," he finished.

During 2012, while Giaimo and the animators and artists conducted preparatory research and developed the film's overall look, the production team was still struggling to develop a compelling script, as explained above. That problem was not adequately solved until November 2012, and the script would later require even more significant revisions after that point. As a result, the single "most daunting" challenge facing the animation team was a short schedule of less than 12 months to turn Lee's still-evolving shooting script into an actual film. Of course, other films like *Toy Story 2* had been successfully completed on even shorter schedules, but a short schedule necessarily meant "late nights, overtime, and stress." Lee estimated the total size of the entire team on *Frozen* to be around 600 to 650 people, "including around 70 lighting people[,] 70-plus animators," and 15 to 20 storyboard artists.

Del Vecho explained how the film's animation team was organized: "On this movie we do have character leads, supervising animators on specific characters. The animators themselves may work on multiple characters but it's always under one lead. I think it was different on *Tangled*, for example, but we chose to do it this way as we wanted one person to fully understand and develop their own character and then be able to impart that to the crew. Hyrum Osmond, the animator on Olaf, is quiet but he has a funny, wacky personality so we knew he'd bring a lot of comedy to it; Anna's animator, Becky Bresee, it's her first time leading a character and we wanted her to lead Anna." Acting coach Warner Loughlin was brought in to help the film's animators understand the characters they were creating. In order to get the general feeling of each scene, some animators did their own acting. "I actually film myself acting the scene out, which I find very helpful," said animation supervisor Rebecca Wilson Bresee. This helped her discover elements that made the scene feel real and believable. Elsa's supervising animator was Wayne Unten, who asked for that role because he was fascinated by the complexity of the character. Unten carefully developed Elsa's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna's fearlessness. He also studied video from Menzel's recording sessions and animated Elsa's breathing to match Menzel's breathing.

Regarding the look and nature of the film's cinematograph, Giaimo was greatly influenced by Jack Cardiff's work in *Black Narcissus*. According to him, it lent a hyper-reality to the film: "Because this is a movie with such scale and we have the Norwegian fjords to draw from, I really wanted to explore the depth. From a design perspective, since I was stressing the horizontal and vertical aspects, and what the fjords provide, it was perfect. We encased the sibling story in scale." Ted D. McCord's work in *The Sound of Music* was another major influence for Giaimo. It was also Giaimo's idea that *Frozen* should be filmed in the CinemaScope aspect ratio, which was approved by Lasseter. Giaimo also wanted to ensure that Norway's fjords, architecture and rosemaling folk art, were critical factors in designing the environment of Arendelle. Giaimo, whose background is in traditional animation, said that the art design environment represents a unity of character and environment and that he originally wanted to incorporate saturated colors, which is typically ill-advised in computer animation. For further authenticity, a live reindeer was brought into the studio for animators to study its movements and mannerisms for the character Sven.

Another important issue Giaimo insisted on addressing was costumes, in that he "knew from the start" it would be a "costume film." To realize that vision, he brought in character designer Jean Gillmore to act as a dedicated "costume designer". While traditional animation simply integrates costume design with character design and treats clothing as merely part of the characters, computer-generated animation regards costume as almost a separate entity with its own properties and behaviors—and *Frozen* required a level of as-yet untried detail, down to minutia like fabrics, buttons, trim, and stitching. Gillmore explained that her "general approach was to meld the historic silhouettes of 1840 Western Europe (give or take), with the shapes and garment relationships and details of folk costume in early Norway, circa 19th century." This meant using primarily wool fabric with accents of velvet, linen and silk. During production, Giaimo and Gillmore "ran around" supplying various departments with real-world samples to use as references; they were able to draw upon both the studio's own in-house library of fabric samples as well as the resources of Disney Parks' costume division in Fullerton, California. The film's "look development artists" (the Disney job title for texture artists) created the digitally painted simulation of the appearance of surfaces, while other departments dealt with movement, rigging and weight, thickness and lighting of textile animation.

During production, the film's English title was changed from *The Snow Queen* to *Frozen*, a decision that drew comparisons to another Disney film, *Tangled*. Peter Del Vecho explained that "the title *Frozen* came up independently of the title *Tangled*. It's because, to us, it represents the movie. *Frozen* plays on the level of ice and snow but also the frozen relationship, the frozen heart that has to be thawed. We don't think of comparisons between *Tangled* and *Frozen*, though." He also mentioned that the film will still retain its original title, *The Snow Queen*, in some countries: "because that just resonated stronger in some countries than *Frozen*. Maybe there's a richness to *The Snow Queen* in the country's heritage and they just wanted to emphasize that."

#### Technology development

 File:Snow Simulation (Frozen 2013 film).jpg  The studio also developed several new tools to generate realistic and believable shots, particularly the heavy and deep snow and its interactions with the characters. Disney wanted an "all-encompassing" and organic tool to provide snow effects but not require switching between different methods. As noted above, several Disney artists and special effects personnel traveled to Wyoming to experience walking through deep snow. Dr. Kenneth Libbrecht, a professor from the California Institute of Technology, was invited to give lectures to the effects group on how snow and ice form, and why snowflakes are unique. Using this knowledge, the effects group created a snowflake generator that allowed them to randomly create 2,000 unique snowflake shapes for the film.

Another challenge that the studio had to face was to deliver shots of heavy and deep snow that both interacted believably with characters and had a realistic sticky quality. According to principal software engineer Andrew Selle, "[Snow]'s not really a fluid. It’s not really a solid. It breaks apart. It can be compressed into snowballs. All of these different effects are very difficult to capture simultaneously." In order to achieve this, software engineers used advanced mathematics (the Material Point Method) and physics, with assistance from mathematics researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles to create a snow simulator software application called *Matterhorn*. The tool was capable of depicting realistic snow in a virtual environment and was used in at least 43 scenes in the film, including several key sequences. Software engineer Alexey Stomakhin referred to snow as "an important character in the film," therefore it attracted special attention from the filmmakers. "When you stretch it, snow will break into chunks. Since snow doesn't have any connections, it doesn't have a mesh, it can break very easily. So that was an important property we took advantage of," explained Selle. "There you see [Kristoff] walking through and see his footprints breaking the snow into little pieces and chunk up and you see [Anna] being pulled out and the snow having packed together and broken into pieces. It's very organic how that happens. You don't see that they're pieces already – you see the snow as one thing and then breaking up." The tool also proved to be particularly useful in scenes involving characters walking through deep snow, as it ensured that the snow reacted naturally to each step.

Other tools designed to help artists complete complicated effects included *Spaces*, which allowed Olaf's deconstructible parts to be moved around and rebuilt, *Flourish*, which aided extra movement such as leaves and twigs to be art-directed; *Snow Batcher*, which helped preview the final look of the snow, especially when characters were interacting with an area of snow by walking through a volume, and *Tonic*, which enabled artists to sculpt their characters' hair as procedural volumes. *Tonic* also aided in animating fur and hair elements such as Elsa's hair, which contains 420,000 computer-generated threads, while the average number for a real human being is only 100,000. The number of character rigs in *Frozen* is 312 and the number of simulated costumes also reached 245 cloth rigs, which were far beyond all other Disney films to date. Fifty effects artists and lighting artists worked together on the technology to create "one single shot" in which Elsa builds her ice palace. Its complexity required 30 hours to render each frame, with 4,000 computers rendering one frame at a time.

Besides 3D effects, the filmmakers also used 2D artworks and drawings for specific elements and sequences in the film, including Elsa's magic and snow sculptures, as well as freezing fountains and floors. The effects group created a "capture stage" where the entire world of *Frozen* gets displayed on monitors, which can be "filmed" on special cameras to operate a three-dimensional scene. "We can take this virtual set that's mimicking all of my actions and put it into any one of our scenes in the film," said technology manager Evan Goldberg.

#### Scandinavian and Sámi inspiration

The setting was principally based on Norway, and the cultural influences in the film come from Scandinavian culture. Several landmarks in Norway appear in the film, including the Akershus Fortress in Oslo, the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, and Bryggen in Bergen. Numerous other typical cultural Scandinavian elements are also included in the film, such as stave churches, trolls, Viking ships, Fjord horses, clothes, and food such as lutefisk. A maypole is also present in the film, as well as the brief appearance of runes in a book that the King opens to figure out where the trolls live. The perennial Norwegian debate over how to stack firewood properly (bark up or bark down) is briefly shown in the film. The film also contains several elements specifically drawn from the Sámi culture, such as the usage of reindeer for transportation and the equipment used to control these, clothing styles (the outfits of the ice cutters), and parts of the musical score. Decorations, such as those on the castle pillars and Kristoff's sled, are also in styles inspired by Sámi duodji decorations. During their field work in Norway, Disney's team, for inspiration, visited Rørosrein, a Sámi family-owned company in the village Plassje that produces reindeer meat and arranges tourist events. Arendelle was inspired by Nærøyfjord, a branch of Norway's longest fjord Sognefjorden, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site; while a castle in Oslo with beautiful hand-painted patterns on all four walls served as the inspiration for the kingdom's royal castle interior.

The filmmakers' trip to Norway provided essential knowledge for the animators to come up with the design aesthetic for the film in terms of color, light, and atmosphere. According to Giaimo, there were three important factors that they had acquired from this research trip: the fjords, which are the massive vertical rock formations, and serve as the setting for the secluded kingdom of Arendelle; the medieval stave churches, whose rustic triangular rooflines and shingles inspired the castle compound; and the rosemaling folk art, whose distinctive paneling and grid patterns informed the architecture, decor, and costumes.

### Music and sound effects

Main article: Frozen (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
 File:Master class with Christophe Beck (by Canadian File Centre).jpg
The songs for *Frozen* were written and composed by the husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, both of whom had previously worked with Disney Animation on *Winnie the Pooh* (2011) (also produced by Del Vecho, who then hired them for *Frozen*) and before that, with Disney Parks on *Finding Nemo: The Musical* (2007). About 23 minutes of the film are dedicated to their musical numbers. Because they live in New York City, collaborating closely with the production team in Burbank required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months. For each song they composed, they recorded a demo in their home studio (with both of them singing the lyrics and Lopez accompanying on piano), then emailed it to Burbank for discussion at the next videoconference. Lopez and Anderson-Lopez were aware of the fact that their work would be compared to that of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman from the Disney Renaissance era, and whenever they felt lost, they asked "What would Ashman do?" In the end, they wrote 25 songs for the film, of which eight made it into the final version. One song ("For the First Time in Forever") had a reprise and the other ("Let It Go") was covered by Demi Lovato over the final credits, for a total of ten songs. Seven of the 17 that did not make it were later released on the deluxe edition soundtrack.

In February 2013, Christophe Beck was hired to score the film, following his work on *Paperman*, a Disney animated short film released the year prior to *Frozen*. It was revealed on September 14, 2013, that Sámi musician Frode Fjellheim's *Eatnemen Vuelie* would be the film's opening song, as it contains elements of the traditional Sámi singing style joik. The music producers recruited a Norwegian linguist to assist with the lyrics for an Old Norse song written for Elsa's coronation, and also traveled to Trondheim, Norway to record the all-female choir Cantus, for a piece inspired by traditional Sámi music.

Under the supervision of sound engineer David Boucher, the lead cast members began recording the film's vocal tracks in October 2012 at the Sunset Sound recording studio in Hollywood *before* the songs had been orchestrated, meaning they heard only Lopez's demo piano track in their headphones as they sang. Most of the dialogue was recorded at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank under the supervision of original dialogue mixer Gabriel Guy, who also mixed the film's sound effects. Some dialogue was recorded after recording songs at both Sunset Sound and Capitol Studios; for scenes involving Anna and Elsa, both studios offered vocal isolation booths where Menzel and Bell could read dialogue with line-of-sight with one another, while avoiding "bleedthrough" between their respective tracks. Additional dialogue was recorded at an ADR facility on the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank (across the street from the Disney Animation building) and at the Soundtrack Group's New York studio, since the production team had to work around the busy schedules of the film's New York-based cast members like Fontana.

Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's piano-vocal scores for the songs along with the vocal tracks were sent to Salem, Oregon-based Dave Metzger for arrangement and orchestration; Metzger also orchestrated a significant portion of Beck's score.

For the orchestral film score, Beck paid homage to the Norway- and Sápmi-inspired setting by employing regional instruments, such as the bukkehorn, and traditional vocal techniques, such as kulning. Beck worked with Lopez and Anderson-Lopez on incorporating their songs into arrangements in the score. The trio's goal "was to create a cohesive musical journey from beginning to end." Similarly, Beck's scoring mixer Casey Stone (who also supervised the recording of the score) worked with Boucher to align their microphone setups to ensure the transitions between the songs and score were seamless, even though they were separately recorded on different dates. The final orchestrations of both the songs and score were all recorded at the Eastwood Scoring Stage on the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank by an 80-piece orchestra, featuring 32 vocalists, including native Norwegian Christine Hals. Boucher supervised the recording of Anderson-Lopez and Lopez's songs from July 22 to 24, 2013, then Stone supervised the recording of Beck's score from September 3 to 6 and 9 to 10. Boucher mixed the songs at the Eastwood stage, while Stone mixed the score at Beck's personal studio in Santa Monica, California.

Regarding the sound of *Frozen*, director Jennifer Lee stated that sound played a huge part in making the film "visceral" and "transported"; she explained, "[i]n letting it tell the story emotionally, the sound of the ice when it's at its most dangerous just makes you shudder." The complete silence at the climax of the film right after Anna freezes was Lasseter's idea, one he "really wanted". In that scene, even the ambient sound that would normally be there was taken out in order to make it feel unusual. Lee explained "that was a moment where we wanted everything to feel suspended."

To obtain certain snow and ice sound effects, sound designer Odin Benitez traveled to Mammoth Mountain, California to record them at a frozen lake. However, the foley work for the film was recorded on the foley stage on the Warner Bros. lot by a Warner Bros. crew. The foley artists received daily deliveries of 50 pounds (22.6 kg) of snow ice while working, to help them record all the necessary snow and ice sounds for the film. For nearly every single footstep on snow in the film, five versions were recorded (corresponding to five different types of snow), then one was later selected to match the snow as rendered in the final version of each scene. One issue that the production team was "particular" about was the sound of Elsa's footsteps in the ice palace, which required eight attempts, including wine glasses on ice and metal knives on ice; they ended up using a mix of three sounds.

Although the vocals, music, sound effects and almost all the dialogue were all recorded elsewhere, the final re-recording mix to Dolby Atmos format was performed at the Disney lot by Casey E. Fluhr of Disney Digital Studio Services.

### Localization

Like other Disney media products which are often localized through Disney Character Voices International, *Frozen* was translated and dubbed into 41 languages (compared with only 15 for *The Lion King*). A major challenge was to find sopranos capable of matching Menzel's warm vocal tone and three-octave vocal range in their native languages. Rick Dempsey, the unit's senior executive, regarded the process of translating the film as "exceptionally challenging"; he explained, "It's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music. And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync! [It]...requires a lot of patience and precision." Lopez explained that they were told by Disney to remove complex wordplay and puns from their songs, to ensure the film was easily translatable and had globally appealing lyrics. For the casting of dubbed versions, Disney required native speakers in order to "ensure that the film feels 'local'." They used Bell and Menzel's voices as their "blueprint" in casting, and tried to match the voices "as much as possible", meaning that they auditioned approximately 200 singers to fill the 41 slots for Elsa alone. For nearly 15 dubbed versions, they cast Elsa's singing and speaking parts separately, since not all vocalists could act the part they were singing. After casting all the other roles for all 41 languages, the international cast ended up including more than 900 people, who voiced their roles through approximately 1,300 recording sessions.

## Release

 File:Frozen premier.jpg  *Frozen* was released theatrically in the United States on November 27, 2013, and it was accompanied by the new Mickey Mouse animated short film *Get a Horse!* The film's premiere was at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California on November 19, 2013, and had a five-day limited release there, starting from November 22, before going into wide release.

Prior to the film's release, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's "Let It Go" and "In Summer" were previewed at the 2013 D23 Expo; Idina Menzel performed the former. A teaser trailer had been released on June 18, 2013, followed by the release of the official trailer on September 26, 2013. *Frozen* was also promoted heavily at several Disney theme parks including Disneyland's Fantasyland, Disney California Adventure's *World of Color*, Epcot's Norway pavilion, and Disneyland Paris' *Disney Dreams!* show; Disneyland and Epcot both offered meet-and-greet sessions involving the film's two main characters Anna and Elsa. On November 6, 2013, Disney Consumer Products began releasing a line of toys and other merchandise relating to the film in Disney Store and other retailers.

On January 31, 2014, a sing-along issue of *Frozen* was released in 2,057 theaters in the United States. This version featured on-screen lyrics, and viewers were invited to follow the bouncing snowflake and sing along with the songs from the film. After its wide release in Japan on March 14, 2014, a similar sing-along version of *Frozen* was released in the country in select theaters on April 26. In Japanese-dubbed versions, Japanese lyrics of the songs appeared on screen for audiences to sing along with the characters.

### Home media

*Frozen* was released for digital download on February 25, 2014, on Google Play, iTunes and Amazon. It was subsequently released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on March 18, 2014. Bonus features for the Blu-ray release include "The Making of Frozen", a three-minute musical production about how the film was made, "D'frosted", an inside look at how Disney tried to adapt the original fairy tale into an animated feature, four deleted scenes with introduction by the directors, the original theatrical short *Get a Horse!*, the film's teaser trailer, and "Let It Go" (End Credit Version) music videos by Demi Lovato, Martina Stoessel and Marsha Milan Londoh; while the DVD release only includes *Get a Horse!*, "Let It Go" musical videos and the film's teaser trailer. This is one of the three Disney releases on that day to be encoded. Beginning with *The Pirate Fairy*, the 32-year-old encoding deal has ended (from 1982-2014).

On its first day of release on Blu-ray and DVD, *Frozen* sold 3.2 million units, becoming one of the biggest home video sellers in the last decade, as well as Amazon's best-selling children's disc of all time. The digital download release of the film also set a record as the fastest-selling digital release of all time. *Frozen* finished its first week at No. 1 in unit sales in the United States, selling more than three times as many units as other 19 titles in the charts combined, according to the Nielsen's sales chart. The film sold 3,969,270 Blu-ray units (the equivalent of $79,266,322) during its first week, which accounted for 50 percent of its opening home media sales. It topped the U.S. home video sales charts for six non-consecutive weeks out of seven weeks of release, as of May 4, 2014. In the United Kingdom, *Frozen* debuted at No. 1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales on the Official Video Chart. According to Official Charts Company, more than 500,000 copies of the film were sold in its two-day opening (March 31 – April 1, 2014). During its three first weeks of release in the United Kingdom, *Frozen* sold more than 1.45 million units, becoming the biggest selling video title of 2014 so far in the country. *Frozen* has sold 2,025,000 Blu-ray Disc/DVD combo sets in Japan in 4 weeks, becoming the fastest-selling home video to sell 2 million copies, beating the previous record of 11 weeks by *Spirited Away*. *Frozen* also holds the records for highest number of home video units sold on the first official day of sales and in the first official week of sales in Japan.

A sing-along edition of the film was released on DVD and Digital HD on November 18, 2014. It was the first Walt Disney Animation Studios feature to not to be encoded.

### Video games

A video game titled *Frozen: Olaf's Quest* was released on November 19, 2013, for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS. Developed by 1st Playable Productions and published by GameMill Entertainment, it takes place after the events of the film. In the game, Olaf must use his unique snowman abilities to try and stay in one piece throughout 60 levels. Anna and Elsa were released as figurines in the *Frozen* toy box pack for the toy-based video game *Disney Infinity* on November 26, 2013, and both figures were released separately on March 11, 2014. Additionally, Disney Mobile released a match-three game titled *Frozen: Free Fall* for iOS, Android and Windows Phone platforms. It takes place in the kingdom of Arendelle and closely follows the original story of the film, in which players can team up with Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, Hans, Olaf, Pabbie and Sven to match puzzles with the help of each character's special power-ups. Six mini-games can be played on the Disney website. Sony released a limited-edition *Frozen*-themed PlayStation 4 console in Japan at the time the film was released into the Japanese home video market. Demi Lovato's cover of "Let It Go" appears as a purchasable song in *Fantasia: Music Evolved*.

### Trademark infringement lawsuit

In late December 2013, The Walt Disney Company filed a trademark infringement lawsuit in California federal court seeking an injunc­tion against the continued distribution of the French film *The Legend of Sarila* produced by 10th Ave Productions and CarpeDiem Film & TV and distributed by Phase 4 Films, which had been retitled *Frozen Land*. Disney alleged that less than three weeks prior to the release of *Frozen*, Phase 4 theatrically released *The Legend of Sarila*, which garnered "minimal box office revenues and received no significant attention"; and to trade off the success of the Disney's animated film, Phase 4 had "redesigned the artwork, packaging, logo, and other promotional materials for its newly (and intentionally misleadingly) retitled film to mimic those used by [Disney] for *Frozen* and related merchandise". While film titles cannot be trademarked by law, Disney had cited a number of similarities between the new Phase 4's *Frozen* logo and Disney's original one. By late January 2014, the two companies had settled the case; the settlement stated that the distribution and promotion of *The Legend of Sarila* and related merchandise must use its original title, and Phase 4 must not use trademarks, logos or other designs confusingly similar to Disney's animated release. Phase 4 was also required to pay Disney $100,000 before January 27, 2014 and make "all practicable efforts" to remove copies of *Frozen Land* from stores and online distributors before March 3, 2014.

### International releases

* November 20, 2013 (Armenia, France, Georgia)
* November 27, 2013 (Canada, Philippines)
* November 28, 2013 (Germany, Macedonia, Israel, Croatia, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore)
* November 29, 2013 (Bulgaria, Spain, Indonesia, Poland, India)
* December 4, 2013 (France, Belgium)
* December 5, 2013 (Hungary, Cambodia, Slovenia, Thailand)
* December 6, 2013 (UK, Ireland)
* December 7, 2013 (UAE)
* December 11, 2013 (Netherlands)
* December 12, 2013 (Russia)
* December 13, 2013 (Iceland, Vietnam)
* December 18, 2013 (Egypt)
* December 19, 2013 (Greece, Hong Kong SAR, Italy, Kuwait, Mexico, Ukraine)
* December 20, 2013 (Finland, Pakistan, South Africa)
* December 25, 2013 (Denmark, Norway)
* December 26, 2013 (Australia, New Zealand, Serbia)
* December 27, 2013 (Romania, Taiwan)
* January 2, 2014 (Argentina, Chile)
* January 3, 2014 (Brazil, Lithuania)
* January 16, 2014 (Spain, South Korea)
* January 17, 2014 (Estonia, Turkey)
* February 5, 2014 (China)
* February 14, 2014 (Bangladesh)
* March 14, 2014 (Japan)
* May 26, 2014 (Albania)

## Reception

### Box office

*Frozen* earned $400,738,009 in North America, and an estimated $873,481,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $1,274,219,009. It is the fifth highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing animated film, the highest-grossing 2013 film, the highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release, and the second highest-grossing film distributed by Disney. The film earned $110.6 million worldwide in its opening weekend. On March 2, 2014, its 101st day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark, becoming the eighteenth film in cinematic history, the seventh Disney-distributed film, the fifth non-sequel film, the second Disney-distributed film in 2013 (after *Iron Man 3*), and the second animated film (after *Toy Story 3*) to do so.

*Bloomberg Businessweek* magazine reported in March 2014 that outside analysts had projected the film's total cost at somewhere around $323 million to $350 million for production, marketing, and distribution, and had also projected that the film would generate $1.3 billion in revenue from box office ticket sales, digital downloads, discs and television rights.

#### North America

*Frozen* became Fandango's top advance ticket seller among original animated films, ahead of previous record-holder *Brave*, and became the top-selling animated film in the company's history in late January 2014. The sing-along version of the film later topped the best-selling list of the movie ticketing service again for three days. *Frozen* opened on Friday, November 22, 2013, exclusively at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood for a five-day limited release and earned $342,839 before its wide opening on Wednesday, November 27, 2013. During the three-day weekend it earned $243,390, scoring the seventh largest per-theater average. On the opening day of its wide release, the film earned $15.2 million, including $1.2 million from Tuesday late-night shows, and set a record for the highest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday opening, ahead of *Tangled* ($11.9 million). It was also the second largest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday among all films, behind *Catching Fire* ($20.8 million). The film finished in second place over the traditional three-day weekend (Friday-to-Sunday) with $67.4 million, setting an opening weekend record among Walt Disney Animation Studios films. It also scored the second largest opening weekend among films that did not debut at #1. Female audiences accounted for 57% of *Frozen'*s total audiences on the first weekend, while family audiences held a proportion of 81%. Among films that opened during Thanksgiving, it set new records; three-day ($67.4 million from Friday to Sunday) and five-day ($93.6 million from Wednesday to Sunday). It also achieved the second largest three-day and five-day Thanksgiving gross among all films, behind *Catching Fire*.

During its second weekend of wide release, *Frozen* declined 53% to $31.6 million, but jumped to first place, setting a record for the largest post-Thanksgiving weekend, ahead of *Toy Story 2* ($27.8 million). *Frozen* became the first film since *Avatar* to reach first place in its sixth weekend of wide release. It remained in the top 10 at the box office for sixteen consecutive weekends (the longest run by any film since 2002) and achieved large weekend grosses from its fifth to its twelfth weekend (of wide release), compared to other films in their respective weekends. On April 25, 2014, *Frozen* became the nineteenth movie to gross $400 million in North America and the fifteenth to do so without a major re-release.

In North America, *Frozen* is the nineteenth highest-grossing film, the third highest-grossing 2013 film, the fourth highest-grossing animated film, the highest-grossing 2013 animated film, the fifth highest-grossing 3-D film, and the second highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film. Excluding re-releases, it has the highest-grossing initial run among non-sequel animated films (a record previously held by *Finding Nemo*) and among Walt Disney Animation Studios films (a record previously held by *The Lion King*).

#### Outside North America

*Frozen* is the fifth highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing animated film, and the highest-grossing 2013 film. It is the highest-grossing animated film in South Korea, Denmark and Venezuela. It is also the highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film in more than 45 territories, including the Latin America region (specifically in Mexico and Brazil), the UK, Ireland, and Malta, Russia and the CIS, Ukraine, Norway, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and China.

The film made its debut outside North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned $16.7 million from sixteen markets. It topped the box office outside North America for two weekends in 2014; January 10–12 ($27.8 million) and February 7–9 ($24 million). Overall, its largest opening weekends occurred in China (five-day opening of $14.3 million), Russia and the CIS ($11.9 million, including previews from previous weekend), where the film set an opening weekend record among Disney animated films (ahead of *Tangled*), and Japan (three-day opening of $9.73 million). It set an opening weekend record among animated films in Sweden. In total earnings, the film's top market after North America is Japan ($247.6 million), followed by South Korea ($76.6 million), and the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($65.7 million). In South Korea, *Frozen* is the second largest foreign film both in terms of attendance and gross, the largest Disney release and the first animated film to earn more than ten million admissions. In Japan, it is the third highest-grossing film of all time, the second highest grossing imported film (behind *Titanic*) and the highest-grossing Disney film. It topped the country's box office for sixteen consecutive weekends until being surpassed by another Disney release, *Maleficent*.

#### Commercial analysis

Ray Subers, writing for *Box Office Mojo*, compared *Frozen* with Disney's 2010 animated feature *Tangled*, saying that its story wasn't as "immediately interesting" and its marketing also aimed at boys, similar to that of *Tangled*. Noting that the 2013 holiday season (Thanksgiving and Christmas) lacked compelling content for families, Subers predicted that the film would "play well all the way through Christmas" and end up grossing $185 million in North America (similar to *Wreck-It Ralph*). Boxoffice.com noted the success of previous Disney's animated films released during the holiday season (*Tangled* and *Wreck-It Ralph*), but argued that the cast might not attract audiences due to the lack of major stars. They issued a $170,000,000 North America box office forecast for the film. Chris Agar from *ScreenRant* shared the same opinion, citing a string of recent box office successes of the studio, and added that *Frozen* would fill a void of kid-friendly films in the marketplace, but did not expect it to surpass *Catching Fire* in terms of box office gross.

Clayton Dillard of *Slant Magazine* commented that while trailers made the film seem "pallid", positive critical reviews could attract interest from both "core demographics" and adult audiences, and that *Frozen* stood good chances of surpassing *Tangled*'s Thanksgiving three-day opening record. Brad Brevet of *Ropeofsilicon.com* described the film's marketing as a "severely hit and miss" campaign, which could affect its box office performance. After *Frozen* finished its first weekend with a record $93.6 million during Thanksgiving, most box-office watchers predicted that it would end up grossing between $250 and $300 million in North America. Breitbart.com suggested that with "strong buzz" and "huge family audience support", *Frozen* would "easily break the $130 million" mark in North America. *Box Office Mojo* reissued a $250-million box office prediction in North America for the film, citing that it would be "the exclusive choice for family audiences" and attributed its successful opening to strong word-of-mouth, the studio's marketing, which highlighted the connection between *Frozen* and Disney's previous successful releases like *Tangled* and *Wreck-It Ralph*, as well as the elements of humor. In an interview conducted in early December 2013, Dave Hollis, Disney's distribution executive, praised the efforts of the filmmakers and the studio's marketing team: "For a company whose foundation is built on animation, an opening like this is really great." He further commented that audiences could be "very targeted with a message", and that *Frozen* aimed at general audience instead of any one particular audience segment.

When *Frozen* became a tremendous and unexpected success, Bilge Ebiri of *Vulture* analyzed the film's elements and pointed out eight factors that led to its success. He explained that *Frozen* managed to capture the classic Disney spirit of the Disney Renaissance's films and even early classics like *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs* or *Cinderella*. He also wrote that the film has Olaf, a "wisecracking, irreverent" sidekick with mild humor which is "a requirement of modern animated kids' movies", and its "witty, catchy" songs were "pretty good." Furthermore, Ebiri noted that *Frozen* was a "revisionist" film that didn't "have a typical villain"; Elsa, the person who should be the villain didn't turn out to be a villain, but "a girl who's having trouble". She was the one who "[created] most of the challenges [for] the film's more typical heroes — Princess Anna". The story of two sisters who went separated when they grew up were real-life overtones with many audiences who had siblings, and the struggle of Elsa to overcome the shame and fear of her powers was also relatable. Finally, he commented that the fact that *Frozen* had two strong female characters and a twist to usual romantic subplot, when the traditional "Prince Charming" — Prince Hans — turned out to be a gold-digging villain, and "an act of true love" that Anna needed turned out to come from her sister Elsa, were among factors which attracted female audiences. Scott Davis of *Forbes* commented that the film's marketing aiming at both sexes and the success of its soundtrack drove *Frozen* ahead in terms of commercial achievements.

The commercial success of *Frozen* in Japan was considered as a "phenomenon" and was reported by a number of media outlets. Released in the market as *Anna and the Snow Queen*, the film had increased its gross each week in three first weeks of release, and only started to drop in the fourth; while other films usually peak in the opening week and decline in the latter ones. *Frozen* has received over 7 million admissions in Japan as of April 16, and nearly 18.7 million admissions as of June 23. Many cinemagoers were reported to have watched both the original and the Japanese-dubbed version. *Japan Today* also reported that the local dubbed version was "particularly popular" in the country. Gavin J. Blair of *The Hollywood Reporter* commented on the film's earnings in Japan that "Even after its $9.6 million (￥986.4 million) three-day opening, a record bow for a Disney animation in Japan, few would have predicted the kind of numbers *Frozen* has now racked up." Disney's head of distribution Dave Hollis said in an interview that "It's become very clear that the themes and emotions of ‘Frozen’ transcend geography, but what's going on in Japan is extraordinary."

"*Frozen'*s success doesn't benefit from a general appetite for American films in Japan" (as reported by *International Business Times*), but according Akira Lippit of *USC School of Cinematic Arts*, there were several factors that constituted this phenomenon: besides the fact that animated films "are held in great regard in Japan, and the Disney brand name with all of its heritage is extremely valuable", "the biggest reason is the primary audience for the 'Frozen' — 13- to 17-year-old teenage girls." He further explained that audiences of this age range had a vital role in shaping Japanese pop culture and "'Frozen' has so many elements that appeal to them, with its story of a young girl with power and mystique, who finds her own sort of good in herself." He compared the current situation of the film with a similar phenomenon with *Titanic* in 1997, "when millions of Japanese teen girls turned out to watch Leonard DiCaprio go under — several times", and that *Frozen* would repeat the same business. Another reason that contributed to the film's success in the market was that Disney took great care in choosing "high quality" voice actors for the Japanese-dubbed version, since Japan's pop music scene had an important role particularly with teenage audiences. Orika Hiromura, marketing project leader for *Frozen* of Disney Japan, said in an interview with the Wall Street Journal that "We really put effort into finding actors who could not only play the role but also belt out the tunes as well. We found the perfect match in Takako Matsu and Sayaka Kanda, and they really added a whole new dimension to the storytelling."

When asked about the phenomenal success of *Frozen*, director Chris Buck stated: "We never expected anything like this. We just hoped to make a movie that did as well as *Tangled*! I hoped the audience would embrace it and respond to it, but there's no way we could have predicted this." He named a number of reasons that lead to the film's popularity: "There are characters that people relate to; the songs are so strong and memorable. We also have some flawed characters, which is what Jen[nifer Lee] and I like to do -- we essentially create two imperfect princesses." He also said that what people could infer from the film had "blow[n] me away." As *Frozen* approached the first anniversary of its release, Menzel mentioned the film's continuing popularity in an October 2014 interview: "It's just a remarkable thing. Usually you do a project and it has its moment. This just feels like it keeps going."

### Critical response

*Frozen* opened to strong early reviews, with several critics comparing the film favorably to the films of the Disney Renaissance, particularly *The Little Mermaid*, *Beauty and the Beast*, *Aladdin* and *The Lion King*. Indeed, some journalists thought the film's success marked a *second* Disney Renaissance. The film was praised for its visuals, themes, musical numbers, screenplay, and voice acting, especially of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel and Josh Gad. The "Let It Go" musical sequence was repeatedly singled out for praise; some critics called it one of the best film sequences of the year. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 189 reviews, with an average score of 7.7/10, making it the highest-rated family film in 2013. The site's consensus reads: "Beautifully animated, smartly written, and stocked with singalong songs, *Frozen* adds another worthy entry to the Disney canon." Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 43 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews." CinemaScore gave *Frozen* an "A+" on an A+ to F scale, based on polls conducted during the opening weekend. Surveys conducted by *Fandango* among 1,000 ticket buyers showed that 75% of purchasers had seen the film at least once, and 52% had seen it twice. It was also pointed out that 55% of audiences identified "Let It Go" as their favorite song, while "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" and "For the First Time in Forever" held proportions of 21% and 9%, respectively. *Frozen* was named the seventh best film of 2013 by Richard Corliss of *Time* and Kyle Smith of the *New York Post*.

Alonso Duralde of The Wrap wrote that the film is "the best animated musical to come out of Disney since the tragic death of lyricist Howard Ashman, whose work on *The Little Mermaid* and *Beauty and the Beast* helped build the studio's modern animated division into what it is today." He also said that "while it lags the tiniest bit on its way to the conclusion, the script... really delivers; it offers characters to care about, along with some nifty twists and surprises along the way." Todd McCarthy of *The Hollywood Reporter* observed *Frozen* as a true musical and wrote, "You can practically see the Broadway musical *Frozen* is destined to become while watching Disney's 3D animated princess tale." McCarthy described the film as "energetic, humorous and not too cloying, as well as the first Hollywood film in many years to warn of global cooling rather than warming, this tuneful toon upgrades what has been a lackluster year for big studio animated fare and, beginning with its Thanksgiving opening, should live up to box office expectations as one of the studio's hoped-for holiday-spanning blockbusters." Kyle Smith of the *New York Post* awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and praised the film as "a great big snowy pleasure with an emotionally gripping core, brilliant Broadway-style songs and a crafty plot. Its first and third acts are better than the jokey middle, but this is the rare example of a Walt Disney Animation Studios effort that reaches as deep as a Pixar film." Scott Mendelson of *Forbes* wrote, "*Frozen* is both a declaration of Disney's renewed cultural relevance and a reaffirmation of Disney coming to terms with its own legacy and its own identity. It's also a just plain terrific bit of family entertainment."

The *Los Angeles Times* extolled the film's ensemble voice talent and elaborate musical sequences, and declared *Frozen* as "a welcome return to greatness for Walt Disney Animation Studios." *Entertainment Weekly*'s Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B+" grade and labeled it as a "squarely enchanting fairy tale that shows you how the definition of what's fresh in animation can shift." Richard Corliss of *Time* stated that, "It's great to see Disney returning to its roots and blooming anew: creating superior musical entertainment that draws on the Walt tradition of animation splendor and the verve of Broadway present." Richard Roeper wrote that the film was an "absolute delight from start to finish." Both Michael Phillips of *Chicago Tribune* and Stephen Holden of *The New York Times* praised the film's characters and musical sequences, which also drew comparisons to the theatrics found in *Wicked*. Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy awarded the film five out of five stars and called the film "a new Disney classic" and "an exhilarating, joyous, human story that's as frequently laugh-out-loud funny as it is startling and daring and poignant. Hot on the heels of the 90th anniversary, it's impossible to imagine a more perfect celebration of everything Disney is at its best." *Frozen* was also praised in Norwegian Sámi media as showcasing Sámi culture (which historically has faced attempted eradication by the Norwegian state) to a broad audience in a good way. Composer Frode Fjellheim was lauded by Norwegian Sámi President Aili Keskitalo for his contributions to the film, during the President's 2014 New Year's speech.

Scott Foundas of *Variety*, was less impressed with the film, but nevertheless commended its voice acting and technical artistry: "The tactile, snow-capped Arendelle landscape, including Elsa's ice-castle retreat is *Frozen*'s other true marvel, enhanced by 3D and the decision to shoot in widescreen – a nod to the CinemaScope richness of *Sleeping Beauty* and *Lady and the Tramp*." *The Seattle Times* gave the film two out of four stars, stating that "While it is an often gorgeous film with computer-generated fjords and ice sculptures and castle interiors, the important thing that glues all this stuff together – story – is sadly lacking." Joe Williams of the *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* also criticized the story as the film's weakest point. Writing on Roger Ebert's website, Christy Lemire gave a mixed review in which she awarded two-and-a-half stars out of four. Lemire praised the visuals and the performance of "Let It Go", as well as the positive messages *Frozen* sends. However, she referred to the film as "cynical" and criticized it as an "attempt to shake things up without shaking them up too much." She also noted the similarity between Elsa and another well-known fictional female who unleashes paranormal powers when agitated, Carrie.

In contrast to those lukewarm reviews, actress Mayim Bialik published a blunt critique of the film on her parenting blog on September 17, 2014. She contended that the film is essentially about male-bashing, but is actually not truly feminist because it is still driven by a woman's search for a man, while the female characters look like Bratz dolls and do not even "look like the same species as the male characters". The next day on U.S. daytime talk show *The View* (broadcast nationwide on Disney-owned TV network ABC), an indignant Rosie O'Donnell responded to Bialik by defending the film as "the best Disney movie ever made."

### Portrayal of emotions and perceived LGBT parallels

Allegations of sexism occurred following a statement by Lino DiSalvo, the film's head of animation, who said to Fan Voice's Jenna Busch: "Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty." However, a Disney spokesperson later told *Time* that DiSalvo's quote was widely misinterpreted stating that he was "describing some technical aspects of CG animation and not making a general comment on animating females versus males or other characters." Director Jennifer Lee also said that his words were recklessly taken out of context, and that he was talking in very technical terms about CG animation. "It is hard no matter what the gender is. I felt horrible for him," she said. In an August 2014 interview, DiSalvo explained what he had been trying to explain all along when his statements were taken out of context—the difficulty with turning *any* kind of animated character from a series of sketches on a 2D emotion model sheet into a properly rigged 3D character model: "Translating that emotional range onto a CG character is one of the most difficult parts of the process. Male. Female. Snowman. Animal." He added, "The really sad thing is people took that ... catchy headline and they just repopulated it everywhere. People didn't get back to me for comments and the sad thing is that's the way the internet works. They don't want the truth."

Several viewers outside the film industry, such as evangelical pastors and commentators, argued that *Frozen* promotes normalization of homosexuality, while others believed that the main character Elsa represents a positive image of LGBT youth, viewing the film and the song "Let It Go" as a metaphor for coming out. These claims were met with mixed reactions from both audiences and the LGBT community. When asked about perceptions of a homosexual undertone in the film, director Jennifer Lee said, "We know what we made. But at the same time I feel like once we hand the film over, it belongs to the world, so I don't like to say anything, and let the fans talk. I think it's up to them." She also mentioned that Disney films were made in different eras and were all celebrated for different reasons, but a 2013 film would have a "2013 point of view."

### Accolades

 File:41st Annie Awards, Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee, Peter Del Vecho-crop.jpg  *Frozen* was nominated for various awards and won a number of them, including several for Best Animated Feature. The song "Let It Go" was particularly praised. The film was nominated for two Golden Globes at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and won for Best Animated Feature, becoming the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film to win in this category. It also won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go"), the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA), five Annie Awards (including Best Animated Feature), and two Critics' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go"). It received other similar nominations at the Satellite Awards, and various critics' groups and circles.

## Cultural impact

During spring and summer 2014, several journalists observed that *Frozen* was unusually catchy in comparison to the vast majority of films, in that many children in both the U.S. and the UK were watching *Frozen* so many times that they now knew all the songs by heart and kept singing them again and again at every opportunity to the distress of their hapless parents, teachers and classmates. Columnist Joel Stein of *Time* magazine wrote about his young son Laszlo's frustration with the inescapable "cultural assault" of *Frozen* at preschool and all social and extracurricular activities, and how he had arranged for a Skype call with lead actress Bell after Laszlo began asking why the film was made. When Laszlo asked whether Bell knew when she made *Frozen* that it would take over kids' lives, she replied: "I did not know that people would not let it go. No pun intended." When Terry Gross raised a similar point with songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez in an April interview on NPR, they explained there was simply no way they could have known how popular their work on *Frozen* would become. They were just trying to "tell a story that resonated" and "that didn't suck."

In a 2014 mid-year report of the top 100 commonly-used baby names conducted by Babycentre.co.uk, Elsa was ranked 88, the first time ever of a certain girl's name to enter this chart. Sarah Barrett, managing director of the site, explained that while the film's popular heroine is called Anna, "Elsa offers a more unique name and is also a strong female role model." Many parents revealed that their choices of name were "heavily influenced" by the siblings. Vice president of Disney UK Anna Hill later commented that "We're delighted that Elsa is a popular name for babies and it's lovely to hear that for many families, it is actually their siblings who have chosen it," and that "Elsa's fight to overcome her fears and the powerful strength of the family bond" were relatable to many families.

## Franchise

### Musical adaptation

In January 2014, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Disney Theatrical Productions is in early development of a Broadway stage musical adaptation of *Frozen*. No specific date has yet been set for this adaptation. "We're not demanding speed," Iger said. "We're demanding excellence." A microsite for the stage adaptation has been launched by Disney, where users can sign up to receive email updates on the musical.

During The Walt Disney Company 2014 first-quarter earnings conference call on February 5, 2014, Iger congratulated "all those involved with *Frozen*" and reiterated that it would "be going to Broadway." He also noted that *Frozen* "has real franchise potential" and predicted that "You will see *Frozen* in more places than you've certainly seen today."

At the end of March 2014, Del Vecho confirmed that there had been "discussions on how we can support the [film's] characters at other locations [and] [w]e are also discussing making a theatrical [musical] version of *Frozen*, but these things take time." In late June, Anderson-Lopez and Lopez said there will be a musical based on *Frozen* within "a few years".

In an October 2014 interview, Thomas Schumacher, the president of Disney Theatrical Group, disclosed that discussions about a musical had begun even before the film was released almost a year earlier. After watching *Frozen* at a pre-release midnight screening, he texted Lasseter at 1:30 a.m. with "When can we start?" and got a call back from Lasseter within 60 seconds. Schumacher explained: "My job is to corral the writers of the movie. I'm already talking to directors, and I have a design concept, and we have to begin to fashion this idea. It doesn't need to be fast. It needs to be great."

### Merchandise

In the February earnings call, Iger alluded to "high demand for *Frozen* merchandise," which was expanded upon by Disney senior executive vice president and chief financial officer Jay Rasulo: "Over the most recent quarter...if I had to pick out a single item, I would say *Frozen* items were the single most demanded items at Disney Stores." In March 2014, *Bloomberg Businessweek* reported that Disney had sold almost 500,000 Anna and Elsa dolls, with a 5,000 limited-edition run selling out online in only 45 minutes in January. Demand only increased further after the mid-March home video release; toy industry expert Jim Silver explained home video enabled children to "watch it over and over again" and "fall in love" with the film's characters. Chris Buck mentioned in an April 2014 interview that the directors had not bought anything for themselves "thinking it wouldn't be a problem, and now everything's sold out!"

By mid-April, U.S. consumer demand for *Frozen* merchandise was so high that resale prices for higher-quality limited-edition *Frozen* dolls and costumes had skyrocketed past $1,000 on eBay, both Disney and its licensees had arranged for air freight to rush fresh inventory to retailers besieged by desperate parents, and some of those parents had begun publicly venting their frustration through social media outlets such as the Disney Store's Facebook page. Needham & Co. analyst Sean McGowan compared the situation to the 1980s Cabbage Patch Kids craze, where "the demand is ... driven by the scarcity because of the social status attached to being able to find it". Fed up with the shortage, some parents took a "do it yourself" approach, and others went for custom-made replicas on crafts sites like Etsy. Similar shortages of *Frozen* merchandise were reported during spring 2014 in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France and Singapore.

In a mid-April interview, Disney Store Vice President Jonathan Storey admitted that although Disney had high expectations for the film, "demand went even higher than they thought it ever would." He also promised that more *Frozen* merchandise would be delivered to Disney Store locations immediately through regular shipments, and that new products were being developed for release throughout the year. By the end of April, Disney Parks had imposed a five-item limit at its stores, while Disney Store had imposed a two-item limit, restricted the release of the most popular items to store opening on Saturday mornings, and required guests to enter into a lottery on those mornings just for the chance to purchase the very popular Elsa costumes.

During the Walt Disney Company's 2014 second-quarter earnings call on May 6, 2014, Iger said *Frozen* "is definitely up there in terms of, probably, our top five franchises", and that the company will "take full advantage of that over the next at least five years." He also explained Disney was still working on the musical, as well as publishing, interactive, and theme park projects. Rasulo disclosed that nine of the ten best-selling items at Disney Store in the second quarter were *Frozen*-related.

In response to demand from private art collectors for official *Frozen*-inspired fine art, the first batch of 10 artworks approved by Disney Fine Art went on sale on May 8, 2014 at an art gallery in Sacramento, California.

A few days earlier, on May 1, 2014, it had been reported that Disney Consumer Products was developing a comprehensive program of new *Frozen* merchandise for 2014 and 2015, which would include additional role play and plush items as well as "home décor, bath, textile, footwear," sporting goods, consumer electronics, and pool and summer toys (the last two to come in summer 2015). On June 25, 2014, DCP presented a "holiday fair" to journalists in New York City for the 2014 Christmas and holiday season, which included numerous *Frozen*-related items. MTV News warned parents to prepare to "'[l]et it go,' and by 'it' we mean 'your money.'" In early August, *Fortune* reported that *Frozen* could hit $1 billion in merchandise sales alone (that is, excluding sales of the actual film itself) by the end of 2014, with about half of that amount coming from toys. *Advertising Age* reported at the start of September that the *Frozen* brand would be expanding soon to even more kinds of products, such as backpacks, fruit, juice, yogurt, bandages, and oral care.

In late September, film reviewer Kyle Smith of the *New York Post* wrote about how Disney had sent him an early DVD copy of *Frozen* almost a year earlier for him to review, and as a result had cost him approximately $900 in merchandise. He explained, "*Frozen* has turned my sweet daughters into mad merch-munching dragons who get all the hungrier the more we feed them."

On October 9, 2014, Iger acknowledged at a conference on new media in San Francisco that demand for *Frozen* costumes "has been crazy since the movie came out, crazier than we ever anticipated, because, who knew?" He added that Disney was now "definitely prepared" to meet consumer demand. Around the same time, the National Retail Federation published a survey projecting that *Frozen* costumes would be the fourth most popular category of children's costumes for Halloween 2014, in that about 2.6 million American children were expected to dress up as *Frozen* characters. *The Fresno Bee* estimated that with all the accessories released for Halloween 2014, it would cost about $94 to fully costume a girl as Elsa.

At the start of November, it was reported that the shortage of *Frozen* merchandise was finally over, and Disney and its licensees had "adapted to a new reality where demand for *Frozen* merchandise seems unquenchable." Disney announced that it had sold over three million *Frozen* costumes in North America alone, of which Elsa was the no. 1 best-selling Disney costume of all time, followed by Anna at no. 2. Walmart was ready for the 2014 Christmas and holiday season with about 700 distinct *Frozen*-related items of merchandise in stock. The "*Frozen* juggernaut" was cited as a major reason for a significant decline during 2014 in sales figures for other toy brands, including Hello Kitty and Barbie. The Holiday Top Toys Survey conducted by United States' National Retail Federation pointed out that 20 percent of parents asked planned to buy *Frozen*-related merchandise for their girls, comparing to 16.8 percent of Barbie, making *Frozen* toys the no. 1 "holiday wish lists of girls", a position which Barbie had held for 11 years. *New York Times* reporter Binyamin Appelbaum compared Disney's spectacular success with the *Frozen* merchandise brand to the pharmaceutical industry, in the sense that the actual consumer of the product is usually not the person who is stuck with the bill: "After all, who wants to say no to their princess?"

### Theme parks

The meet-and-greets with Anna and Elsa at Disneyland and Epcot had been initially sponsored by The Walt Disney Studios as short-term temporary attractions starting from November 2013 to promote the film, but in February 2014, Disney Parks decided to extend them indefinitely in response to unprecedented demand. By the beginning of March, wait time was reportedly as long as four or five hours to see Anna and Elsa, which fueled outside speculation about whether Disney Parks would respond with additional *Frozen*-specific attractions. After wait times at Norway Pavilion in Walt Disney World's Epcot reportedly reached six hours, in mid-April, the Anna and Elsa meet-and-greets were finally moved to Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom Park, where park guests could use the new FastPass+ reservation system (part of Disney's MyMagic+ project) to bypass the lengthy wait time. To date, Disney's Fastpass has not been made available for the Disneyland meet-and-greets, meaning that a journalist who tried standing in line on April 23, 2014 (a non-holiday mid-week morning five months after the film's premiere) had to wait three hours. Jezebel.com commented on the phenomenon, "Word has it that those characters are like the Beatles now, attracting large crowds of screaming females." However, as of April 2014, there have not been any plans for Anna and Elsa to join the Disney Princess line-up, though Disney Store confirmed that it was still possible the characters would be added to that franchise in the future. With a Lego set featuring Elsa for a 2015 release in the Disney Princess line, this may mean they will be princesses in early 2015 at the latest. In September 2014, a FastPass system was added to the Anna and Elsa meet-and-greet at Disneyland.

On July 5, 2014, Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World launched a "Frozen Summer Fun" program to run through September 1, which included a daily parade, sing-along show, dance party and fireworks show; an indoor ice skating rink and a merchandise shop; and *Frozen* décor throughout the theme park. In response to strong demand, Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that *Frozen Summer Fun* would be extended to September 28.

On August 19, 2014, it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna's Boutique (replacing Studio Disney 365) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort. The opening date was later changed to October 6, 2014, and the store name was changed to "Anna & Elsa's Boutique". The location includes products inspired by Anna, Elsa and Olaf. Anna & Elsa's Boutique promptly drew a line of curious consumers on its first day of operation, although Disney management was reportedly attempting to gauge consumer response before considering similar stores at other Disney locations.

On September 12, 2014, Walt Disney World announced that a *Frozen* attraction is scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion, replacing the park's Maelstrom ride. The attraction will feature the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film, as well as meet-and-greets with Anna and Elsa.

### Sequel and short film

When asked about future sequels, Del Vecho explained in March that Buck, Lee and him "work very, very well together, so I believe we will be developing a new project. But I don't know what that is right now." In late April, Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn said that "we haven't really talked about a sequel" because the studio's current priority is the planned Broadway musical, which will require "four or five" additional songs to be written by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez. When asked in May about a sequel, Iger said that Disney would not "mandate a sequel" or "force storytelling", because to do that would risk creating something not as good as the first film. In June, Lee confirmed that Lasseter had expressly given her and Buck the freedom to explore whatever they were "passionate about": "We don't know what it is yet ... We're actually going to start from scratch. It'll be something completely brand new."

On August 5, 2014, *Variety* reported that Lee had selected her next project: a screenplay adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's 1962 novel *A Wrinkle in Time*, for which Disney already holds the film adaptation rights. On November 28, 2014, Idina Menzel said that a sequel is in the works, but later said in December that she was not sure they are making it. The sequel was officially confirmed by Disney on March 12, 2015. While spending time in Australia, Buck said that they already figured out an idea for the ending, still trying to find a good idea for the rest of the sequel.

On September 2, 2014, during the ABC airing of "*The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic*", Lasseter announced that a *Frozen* short film with a new song will be released in the future. On the same day, *Variety* announced that the short would be released in Spring 2015 under the title *Frozen Fever*, with Lee and Buck returning as directors, Del Vecho producing and a new song by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez. The summary of the short is as follows: "...it's Anna's birthday and Elsa and Kristoff are determined to give her the best celebration ever, but Elsa's icy powers may put more than just the party at risk." Olaf, the snowman, also made an appearance in the toon. In a mid-October interview, Idina Menzel revealed that the cast had already recorded their vocal tracks: "We just worked on a short for *Frozen*." It was released on March 13, 2015 with Disney's live-action *Cinderella* film.

### Television

The film also played a factor in the fourth season of a television series produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios, *Once Upon a Time*. On May 11, 2014, the conclusion of the show's third season finale revealed a new storyline that will incorporate elements from *Frozen*, centering around the arrival of Elsa, the Snow Queen, after her urn was accidentally thrust into the time-traveling portal from the Enchanted Forest back to present-day Storybrooke. The show's executive producers later explained that Disney had not asked them to do a crossover. Rather, they fell in love with *Frozen* when it premiered in November, saw it three more times, then developed a story idea in February and successfully pitched it to ABC Studios, the ABC network, and then Disney brand management. The producers shared that "their writers' room was "basically a 'Frozen' appreciation room" and they would be "completely honored" if the original movie stars wanted to reprise their roles. Producer Adam Horowitz also said that the producers were not going to "redo" the film, stating that "We're very aware of what we think makes this character from 'Frozen' so special and we want to honor that and make sure that what we do is in the universe of [what] everyone fell in love with this past year."

On June 7, 2014, TVLine reported that Anna and Kristoff would also appear in the show alongside Elsa, casting had begun for all three characters, and that Elsa would appear in approximately nine episodes By the first week of July, it had been confirmed that the show's producers had cast Georgina Haig as Elsa, Elizabeth Lail as Anna, and Scott Michael Foster as Kristoff. Later on July 22, TVLine announced the appearance of Hans in the third episode of this series' Season 4, and on July 28, actor Tyler Jacob Moore was announced to have been cast in this role. On the same day, John Rhys-Davies was cast as the voice of rock troll Pabbie. A first look at a *Frozen* scene from the show was screened at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International, which depicted a story line taking place after the animated film's events.

On August 13, 2014, it was announced that a one-hour special titled "*The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic*" would air September 2, 2014 on ABC. It featured with some of the cast and the creative team of the film, footage from Norway that inspired the look of *Frozen*, announcements of what is next for the film, and a preview of Anna, Elsa and Kristoff's appearance in *Once Upon a Time*. The special also included a sneak peek of Disney Animation's upcoming film *Big Hero 6*.

On February 9, 2016, Disney confirmed a Christmas special to aired in 2017 on ABC, and on December 12, ABC's documentary *The Making of Frozen: A Return to Arendelle* revealed the title to be *Olaf's Frozen Adventure*.

### Books

Publishing giant Random House initially released five *Frozen*-related titles for English-speaking markets in conjunction with the film's release. By June 29, 2014, all five ranked among the Nielsen Top 20 bestselling books of 2014 in the U.S. market. By August, those five titles had collectively spent 148 weeks on *USA Today*'s list of the top 150 bestselling books in the United States, and Random House had sold over 8 million *Frozen*-related books. That month, Random House announced a new series of four books by Erica David to be released in 2015; its two first installments, *Anna & Elsa #1: All Hail the Queen* and *Anna & Elsa #2: Memory and Magic*, which extends the plot beyond the events shown in the film as the sisters get to know each other, will be released on January 6, 2015. They further plan to release three or four *Frozen* books a year in the future.

### Ice skating show

On May 20, 2014, it was reported that Feld Entertainment's Disney on Ice was planning an ice skating show based on *Frozen* with assistance from the film's producers and directors, and that the show would start touring in September 2014 starting in Orlando, Florida with a cast of 39. The show's world premiere was presented on September 4, 2014 at Orlando's Amway Center. Feld Entertainment disclosed in November that they had sold 250,000 tickets on the day they first became available and expected that over one million people would have seen the *Frozen* show by the end of 2014.

### Norway tourism

By June 2014, the film's reliance on Norway for visual inspiration had resulted in a significant increase in tourism in that country, with a 37% increase in tourists from the United States in the first quarter of 2014 (in comparison to the previous year's first quarter). Tour operators (including Adventures by Disney) responded by adding more Norway tours.

## Trivia

* *Frozen* features several nods to Walt Disney Feature Animation's *The Little Mermaid*, sometimes for the purpose of altering its elements rather starkly:
	+ While *The Little Mermaid* begins with a view from the sky and later descends into the water, *Frozen* begins with a view from underwater and later ascends into the sky.
	+ Both films begin with a pinch of backstory/foreshadowing delivered by men at work. In *The Little Mermaid*, sailors sing of Triton and Ursula in "Fathoms Below". In *Frozen*, ice harvesters give more vague foreshadowing in "Frozen Heart", but this time Elsa is not the villain like Ursula was.
	+ While fantasizing about Prince Eric, Ariel speaks to and caresses the face of his statue. Anna does this also, yet in her case her affections are given to the handsome bust of an unknown dream prince...which ends up on top of a wedding-like cake.
	+ The appearance and mannerisms of the Duke of Weselton invite comparison to those of Grimsby from *The Little Mermaid*. However, only one of them can be trusted.
	+ Both Ariel and Anna fall in love at first sight (though Anna only thinks she does) with a handsome prince whom they have never met before. However, only Ariel can hope to gain with them a "happily ever after" with that specific prince.
	+ Both Ariel and Elsa are forced to keep deep secrets locked away even from their own siblings. Once these secrets are revealed, both are greeted with destructive rejection, run away from their homes, and do something reckless involving dangerous magic. In both cases, the character can at this point be redeemed only by love (as it turns out, the self-sacrifice of the family member from whom their secret was kept), yet in Elsa's case the magic comes from within.
	+ Both Ariel and Anna enjoy the companionship of a silly sidekick who has little understanding of the world. Scuttle is a natural creature, while Olaf is a magical one, but both give their heroine hope of survival in the eleventh hour.
	+ The musical number "Kiss the Girl" in *The Little Mermaid* is a little like "Fixer Upper" in *Frozen* in contextual terms. In both cases, the creatures that sing (in *The Little Mermaid*, native animals; in *Frozen*, the trolls) try to approximate the romantic pair (Ariel and Eric; Anna and Kristoff). At the end of the two numbers, the "climate" is cut off for some reason (Ariel and Eric fall off their boat; Anna relapses of freezing).
	+ Both Ariel and Anna have a deadline to break a spell through true love. While Ariel needs to get a true love kiss from Prince Eric to become human forever, Anna seeks Hans to cure the freezing of her heart accidentally caused by Elsa. In both cases, the spell has serious consequences, and is not broken in the way the heroines imagined.
	+ Both films are set in kingdoms surrounded by the sea.
* *Frozen* also features similarities with Walt Disney Feature Animation's *The Lion King*: both Elsa and Simba are the heirs to the throne of their kingdoms after losing their parents (Elsa's parents died in an accident and Simba's father was killed by his uncle); both also have someone close to them that encourages them to return home (in *The Lion King*, Nala; in *Frozen*, Anna). Both characters then finally return back to their respective kingdoms.
* Elsa and Anna's differing hair colors may be a nod to the Brothers Grimm's fairy tale *Snow-White and Rose-Red* (also about sisters). This also influences their personalities, as the tale of Grimm Rose-Red is described as an outgoing girl who loved to run through the fields and have fun, while Snow-White was more passive, and rather stays at home helping her mother with household chores, just like Anna and Elsa respectively. Elsa also has the coincidence factor "Snow" with Snow-White.
* The film probably takes place in the hottest time of July, according to Oaken's comment "A real howler in July, yes?"
* Although some Disney Princess characters appear in films outside their franchise, such as in a non-related film (i.e., Belle's cameo in *The Hunchback of Notre Dame*) or as a storybook/painting (such as the reference to *Cinderella* and *Sleeping Beauty* in *Beauty and the Beast* as well as Aurora's painting in *The Little Mermaid*), *Frozen* is the first film within the Disney Princess franchise to have two separate representatives in the Disney Princess series directly appear alongside each other (Rapunzel appears as a cameo during Elsa's coronation in the beginning of the film, as one of the attendees).
* *Frozen*'s love story is similar to that of *Enchanted*: The main heroine falls in love with the prince, and after a disaster, has to spend time with someone else, and finds out at the end that her true love is actually not the prince, but the person whom she spent more time with. Both heroines also have a duet with the prince, and want to marry as soon as possible.
* The names of four of the main characters were inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's name; Hans, Kristoff, Anna and Sven.
	+ Hans from **Hans**, Kristoff from **Christ**ian, Anna from **An**derson and Sven from Ander**son**. Anna, though, may have actually been a tribute to Hans' mother Anne, whose husband and Hans' father was also named Hans.
	+ The name Hans is also commonly used in Norway, Sweden and Denmark; these are the same places that Hans' home might be located in.
	+ Because of the possibility that Hans' home is inspired from Denmark, he will be the only main character in *Frozen* not to be of Norwegian descent.
	+ In some part of the film, Kristoff asks Anna what the name of Hans' best friend is, and Anna answers "Probably John." It turns out that Hans is nothing less than a Danish equivalent of the English name John.
* In the original fairy tale, The Snow Queen promised Kai a pair of skates if he solved a puzzle for her. As a reference to this, Elsa gives Anna a pair of skates at the end.
* Gloves are used as major symbolism throughout the movie, but most noticeably with the characters, Elsa and Hans; both characters wear gloves when attempting to conceal their true selves, and their true identities are revealed when the characters remove their gloves (and Hans goes back into hiding his true self when he puts his gloves back on).
* The only time Anna speaks with authority in a *serious* manner is when she says: "Bring me my horse, please" and "I leave Prince Hans in charge" and "We leave now. Right now."
	+ Curiously, at the time when Anna sends "Bring me my horse, please," the horse that is brought is identical to Sitron, the one that Hans was riding when he met Anna.
* The phrase "Hang in there" is used at multiple points in the movie. As seen in the trailer, it is used by Olaf as he is falling to his possible-doom off of a cliff outside Elsa's ice castle, and it is also used inside Arendelle's castle, where it is offered as encouragement by 9-year-old Anna to (a painting of) Joan of Arc. Kristoff says "Hang in there" to Anna while they're riding on Sven back to the castle. Elsa also offers similar encouragement to an imperiled Olaf.
* *Frozen* is the second film based on a fairy tale to not be named after the original title. *Tangled* was the first.
	+ Besides the fact that both take adjectives in their titles, the first posters of *Tangled* and *Frozen* are somewhat similar. In *Tangled*'s poster, Rapunzel and Flynn literally get tangled in the hair of the princess. In *Frozen*'s poster, the characters are covered with snow. In both cases, we only see the visible faces of the main characters.
	+ The relationship of Olaf and Sven in the teaser trailer of *Frozen* is somewhat similar to the relationship of Maximus and Pascal in *Tangled Ever After*. In both cases, the characters do not express lines, and get themselves into more trouble.
* *Frozen* is the second film based on a fairy tale to not be named after the original title, *Tangled* was the first.
* There were many changes in the script StitchKingdom gave on their website in October 2013 before the final one. One example is Kristoff's line, featured in the the first trailer: "You wanna talk about a problem? I sell ice for a living." In the film, he says: "You **want to** talk about a **supply and demand** problem? I sell ice for a living."
* The words "anymore" and "door" are used as a rhyme in five original songs in the chronologically order:
	+ In "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?", 5-year old Anna sings: "I never see you **anymore**, come out the **door**, it's like you've gone away."
	+ In "For the First Time in Forever", Anna sings: "The window is open, so's that **door**. I didn't know they did that **anymore**."
	+ In "Love Is an Open Door", Hans and Anna sing: "Say goodbye (say goodbye) to the pain of the past. We don't have to feel it **anymore**. Love is an open **door**."
	+ In "Let It Go", Elsa sings: "Let it go, let it go. Can't hold it back **anymore**. Let it go, let it go. Turn away and slam the **door**."
	+ In "For the First Time in Forever (Reprise)", Anna sings: "Please don't slam the **door**, you don't have to keep your distance **anymore**."
* In "For the First Time in Forever (Reprise)", Elsa's line "What do I not know?" sounds very much like the line Cinderella sings in Rodgers and Hammerstein's production: "**I do not know** that this is so." Santino Fontana, who voices Hans, also plays Prince Topher in the Broadway version.
* *Frozen* marks the third use of ultra widescreen (Super Technirama 70) in a Disney animated film since and *Sleeping Beauty* and *The Black Cauldron*.
* When Elsa is holding the scepter and orb, the bishop proclaims: **"Sem hón heldr inum helgum eignum ok krýnd í þessum helga stað ek té fram fyrir yðr..."** In English, this means: **"As she holds the holy properties, and is crowned in this holy place, I present to you... Queen Elsa of Arendelle"**.
	+ In the script, it reads: **"Sehm hon HELL-drr IN-um HELL-gum AYG-num ok krund ee THES-um HELL- gah STAHTH, ehk teh frahm FUR-ear U- thear..."**
* *Frozen* is the seventh animated film to reach $300 million, and the third original animated film to reach that milestone.
* *Frozen* is the first animated film from the Walt Disney Animation Studios canon to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
* *Frozen* became the second animated film to reach $1 billion at the worldwide box office, the first being Disney/Pixar's *Toy Story 3*.
* To celebrate, the movie which came to Digital HD in February 25, 2014 and Blu-Ray Combo Pack at March 16, 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios organize "Winter Sweepstakes" to win prizes of *Frozen* merchandise with upload the Winter-Themed photo into a *Frozen* frame, that can be joined here.
* During Olaf's song, his dance with four seagulls is a nod to Bert's dance with four penguins from *Mary Poppins* (1964).
* There is a plush Mickey Mouse on one of the shelves in Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna.
* When the King pulls the book off the shelf to figure out where to find the trolls, the book is written in Nordic runes, originating from Scandinavia where the film crew drew much inspiration. These runes were the basis for the dwarf-runes used in Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*. A map that falls out of the book resembles the map of the Lonely Mountain seen in *The Hobbit*.
* Over 24 minutes of the film is dedicated to musical sequences.
* Olaf's name is a clue to his character's purpose in providing comic relief. It can be interpreted to mean "oh laugh."
* There are three wood-carved bear figurines on Oaken's Table.
* Anna danced with Hans (in the musical sequence "Love Is an Open Door") at 10:15 PM (22:15), according to the setting clock.
* Anna arrives at Oaken's trading post at 10:30 PM (22:30), according to the setting clock.
* Arendelle remained covered with snow for about three days (three nights and half a day), when analyzing the movie time.
* One of the paintings in the gallery is based on the painting "The Swing", by the French Rococo artist Jean-Honoré Fragonard, which was used as inspiration for the visual style of *Tangled*.
* Each of the snowflakes of *Frozen* are different.
* *Frozen* will be a sponsored party for *Club Penguin* in August 2014.
* This is the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film not to be scored by Henry Jackman since 2010's *Tangled* (which was composed by Alan Menken), as it is instead scored by Christophe Beck.

## Goofs

* When Marshmallow is chasing Kristoff and Anna, he caught them and said "Don't come back!" Anna then said "We won't," and cuts the part of the rope that Marshmallow is holding, causing her and Kristoff to fall down the mountain while they are still tied together. However, in the next scene, the rope is nowhere to be found, and they are not tied together.
* In the Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna scene, there is no big storms. However when she opens the door there is a big storm that slams the door.
* After the guard is subdued by icicles his crossbow has no arrows to shoot.
* During the opening song "Frozen Heart" the ice cutters begin by ramming saws through the ice. Any ice thick enough to support a person, let alone the block thickness seen, would require a hole drilled for the saw to start, the saw would just bend instead.
* Back before the thawing started, there was no ship. When Elsa thaws the winter, they are seen on a ship. However, it could have been under the ice.
* When Anna and Kristoff are thrown down the stairs by Marshmallow, Anna's cap is missing. Her cap is back on her head in the next shot.
* When Anna and Hans are singing "Love Is an Open Door", their shadows are seen, but the shadow of what they are dancing on is not seen on the boat.
* In the climactic scene where Prince Hans confronts Elsa, he is not wearing his sword. The sound of his sword being drawn is heard while Anna is on-screen. When Hans reappears, he has his sword in hand, but still no scabbard (contrast this to the assault on the ice castle where his sword and scabbard are clearly visible). One might say that they were concealed under his jacket.
* When Anna and Kristoff are being chased by wolves on the sled, Anna uses a fire-torch to set a blanket on fire, she then drops the torch and it vanishes.
* After Olaf's song ("In Summer"), Hans hands a bunch of cloaks and warm clothes to a guard back in Arendelle to be given away. After he threatens the Duke of Weselton, Anna's horse returns to the castle and startles the same guard who drops the clothes. The camera then moves to a medium shot of Hans calming down the horse, and then returns to a full shot of Hans, the Duke and some villagers, and the clothes the guard dropped disappear for the remainder of the scene.
* At the end of the movie, while Olaf is ice skating, his "own personal snow flurry" is gone, most likely done to not ruin the shot.
* Following "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?", the camera follows random guests as the audience is enlightened on the events that are about to take place. Right before Kristoff and Sven's appearance, the bridge to the castle is seen with a few people venturing to it. When the Duke of Weselton makes his first cameo, the bridge is now populated with numerous guests. In particular, a man wearing a dark blue jacket can be seen at the screen's edge, walking behind another female guest in a cyan dress. As the camera pans towards the Duke and his bodyguards more closely, the shadows of the nearest guests crossing the bridge disappear. When the foreign dignitaries begin conversing with one another, the aforementioned man and company are supplanted with another completely new set of eager guests: the aforementioned couple is now a man in a black suit in front of a young woman in a purple dress.
* When Anna is shown sleeping in a comical manner, drool is visible down the right side of her mouth. As someone calls her name, she pulls herself into a sitting posture. She visibly does not wipe her face at all; however, after turning her head for a brief moment, her drool vanishes.
* Right before Elsa unleashes her ice powers in front of everyone, a woman in a purple dress in the foreground behind Anna is seen with hands down and close to each other. In the next scene where Anna exclaims "What are you so afraid of?!", the same woman from before now has her hands up in a defensive position.
* Before Elsa freezes the fountain after her powers are revealed, a tall slender man bows to her when she comes within range. He is clearly standing in front of the fountain. After a woman asks Elsa whether she is alright, the man is now revealed to be behind the fountain.
* After the aforementioned events, Elsa looks at two clusters of people before running away from Arendelle. The last cluster consists of a family with a father, a mother and three daughters of varying ages. The scene immediately after reveals Elsa to be looking in the same direction as before, which is towards the family, but now the family is gone and replaced with other people.
* While Anna sees Hans in Elsa's coronation, the green ribbons on her hair were gone. But after Elsa was already crowned and puts her gloves back on, we can see that Anna's ribbons are back.
* One of the most contradictory factors in the film is the journey time to the North Mountain. Elsa took only one night to reach the North Mountain, but the measure of Anna's journey was two days. Elsa probably used her powers to ease her way, but the continuity remains improbable, since Anna was riding on her horse and then sledding on Kristoff's sled, while Elsa walked on foot. In another scene, Hans and the guards took less than a day to reach the North Mountain by horse. Then they made it back to Arendelle the same day even before the arrival of Anna, Kristoff, Sven and Olaf. However, it could be that Hans and the guards' arrival at the North Mountain took place while Anna, Kristoff, Sven and Olaf arrive at the Valley of the Living Rock.
* When Hans is knocked backwards by Anna when he was going to kill Elsa, he falls behind a block of ice. However, when the camera zooms out, Hans and the block of ice both vanished.

## External Links

* Frozen Disney | Official Site
* Frozen User Reviews on Votable
* FROZEN on Stage
* Frozen on Wikipedia
* Frozen on IMDb
* Frozen on Rotten Tomatoes
* Disney Frozen's Official Facebook
* Disney Frozen's Official Google+
* Disney Frozen's on Pinterest

## References

1. ↑ Box office preview: "Frozen" ready to storm the chart, but it won't beat "Catching Fire"
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Frozen (2013)
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Disneyland Resort Debuts "World of Color - Winter Dreams," a Merry New Spectacular for 2013 Holiday Season
4. ↑ Disney's "Frozen" Premiere Turns L.A. Into a Winter Wonderland
5. ↑ Boys Don’t Run Away From These Princesses
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Is "Frozen" a New, Bona Fide Disney Classic?
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Golden Globes 2014: And the winners are... Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "goldenglobe" defined multiple times with different content
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Film in 2014
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Annie Awards 2014: Complete list of winners and nominees
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Critics' Choice Awards: The Winners
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Disney In Depth: The Future Of Disney Animation (Frozen, Paperman, & Wreck-It Ralph) – A Recap Of D23's Destination D Event. Geeks of Doom (August 16, 2012).
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Disney's "Frozen": Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel to voice animated tale. Entertainment.com (June 11, 2012).
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Frozen" defrosts Kristen Bell's Disney dreams. USA today (June 17, 2013).
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jonathan Groff joins Disney's Frozen Voice Cast. Coming Soon (December 19, 2012).
16. ↑ Oscar® Tour SoCal Day 2 Continues at Disney Feature Animation. Animation World Network (February 21, 2013).
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Santino Fontana and Josh Gad Join Disney's Frozen, Starring Jonathan Groff & Idina Menzel. Broadway Buzz (June 18, 2013).
18. ↑ Paul Briggs (November 30, 2013). @kimallyn - supporting voice in Horse. Marshmallow, one of the guys arguing bark up/bark down & maybe a troll that passed a kidney stone.. Twitter.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Frozen" Review: Disney's Best Animated Musical Since "Beauty and the Beast". The Wrap (November 3, 2013).
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 *Frozen*'s Final Shooting Draft. Walt Disney Studios Awards. Archived on April 1, 2014. Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "script" defined multiple times with different content
21. ↑ Local Girl stars in Disney's "Frozen". Local News (December 10, 2013). Archived from the original on December 19, 2013.
22. ↑ Frozen: Songwriters Kristen Anderson-Lopez & Robert Lopez Official Movie Interview. Youtube (October 31, 2013).
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 With Frozen, Director Jennifer Lee Breaks the Ice for Women Directors. Indiewire (November 26, 2013). Archived from the original on February 8, 2014.
24. ↑ MOVIE REVIEW: Disney's animated 'Frozen' is pretty chill. The Gazette (November 29, 2013).
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Frozen (2013) – Cast & Crew. Yahoo Movies. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013.
26. ↑ Frozen (2013) & dash; Full Cast & Crew. IMDb.
27. ↑ "Frozen" Movie Stills & dash; Oaken (voiced by Chris Williams). Yahoo Movies (July 10, 2013).
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Frozen. BFI.
29. ↑ How Well Do You Know... Frozen?. Disney Blogs (April 29, 2014).
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Disney's "Frozen", Formerly "The Snow Queen", Will Be CG Rather Than Hand-Drawn. Slash Film (January 11, 2012).
31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 31.14 31.15 31.16 31.17 Solomon, Charles (2013). *The Art of Frozen*. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-4521-1716-4.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the "Snow Queen"'s decades-long story problems. Jimhillmedia.com (October 18, 2013).
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Inside The Research, Design, And Animation Of Walt Disney's Frozen With Producer Peter Del Vecho. Bleeding Cool (September 25, 2013).
34. ↑ Issacson, Walter (2011). *Steve Jobs* (1st paperback ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 435–436. ISBN 9781451648546.
35. ↑ Catmull, Ed; Amy Wallace (2014). *Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration*. New York: Random House. pp. 248–252. ISBN 978-0812993011.
36. ↑ Price, David (2009). *The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company*. Random House. pp. 252–254. ISBN 9780307278296.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Chris Buck reveals true inspiration behind Disney's Frozen (exclusive). Yahoo Movies (April 8, 2014). Archived from the original on July 15, 2014.
38. ↑ Josh Gad Talks FROZEN, His History with the Project, the Songs, the Status of TRIPLETS, Playing Sam Kinison, and More. Collider (November 25, 2013).
39. ↑ Interview: Frozen's Josh Gad. Canda msn Entertainment (November 27, 2013). Archived from the original on January 7, 2014.
40. ↑ Disney restyles "Rapunzel" to appeal to boys. LA times (March 9, 2010).
41. ↑ Exclusive: The Lion King To Go 3D. Empire Online (June 22, 2010). Archived from the original on October 21, 2013.
42. ↑ Walt Disney Animation Gives "The Snow Queen" New Life, Retitled "Frozen" – But Will It Be Hand Drawn?. Slash Film (December 22, 2011).
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 Exploring the Songs of "Frozen" with Kristen Anderson-Lopez '94. Youtube (June 30, 2014).
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Kristen Bell Set to Star in Stage Adaptation "Some Girls", Animated Feature "Frozen" (Exclusive). Hollywood Reporter (March 5, 2012).
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee Talk 'Frozen'. Animation World Network (November 7, 2013).
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Oscars 2014: 'Frozen's' Jennifer Lee on being a female director. LA times (March 1, 2014).
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 Michael, Peter, Chris and Jennifer Talk Frozen and It's Success. Kidz World (March 17, 2014).
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 Unfreezing "Frozen": The making of the newest fairy tale in 3D by Disney. Pasadena-Star News (November 19, 2013).
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 How "Frozen" Director Jennifer Lee Reinvented The Story Of The Snow Queen. Fast Company (February 28, 2014).
50. ↑ 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 50.12 50.13 50.14 50.15 50.16 50.17 50.18 Scriptnotes, Ep 128: Frozen with Jennifer Lee — Transcript. John August (February 1, 2014).
51. ↑ A spoiler-y, slightly nerdy interview about Disney's Frozen. Den of Geek! (December 12, 2013).
52. ↑ Frozen: inside Disney's billion-dollar social media hit. The Telegraph (March 31, 2014).
53. ↑ Disney Film Boss Ousted by Warner Finds Vindication in Success. New York Times (November 9, 2014).
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Is it her time to shine?. Newport Entertainment (February 17, 2014).
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 The Real-Life Ice Hotel That Inspired Disney’s ‘Frozen’. Cave Online (March 18, 2014). Archived from the original on April 7, 2014.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Kristen Bell: "Frozen" character is "awkward", "Veronica Mars" footage "looks radical"
57. ↑ Low-key bride Kristen Bell
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 58.7 58.8 Cinema Audio Society Awards Brings Us Together Again: Motion Picture — Animated, Frozen
59. ↑ Kristen Bell: "Frozen" Is "The Kind Of Movie I Wanted To See As A Kid"
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Tangled - Secret Phone Recording Helped Idina Menzel Land New Disney Role
61. ↑ Mania Interview: Idina Menzel
62. ↑ Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee interview: on making Frozen
63. ↑ Jennifer Lee to co-direct Disney Animated Film "Frozen"
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Frozen Producer Heads to the Oscars
65. ↑ Disney is reanimated with 'Frozen,' 'Big Hero 6'
66. ↑ Frozen Composers Assess 6 Fan-Created Homages to Their Songs
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 On the Job With Jennifer Lee, Director of Frozen
68. ↑ "Frozen" Review
69. ↑ Grant, John (1998). *Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters* (3rd ed.). Hyperion Books. p. 400. ISBN 9780786863365
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.7 70.8 Frozen: Setting and Visual Look
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 The story behind the story of Frozen
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Oscar Week: Frozen’s Art of Animation
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Disney Present Footage from Their Forthcoming Picture Frozen – Report
75. ↑ UNH degree played a part in Oscar-winning movie
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 Immersed in Movies: First Look: Designing the Winter Wonderland of "Frozen"
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 21 "Frozen" Facts That Make Us Ready for Winter
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Animators bask in glow of 'Frozen's' box-office and Oscar success
79. ↑ Jennifer Lee: Disney's New Animation Queen
80. ↑ The Animation of Disney's 'Frozen': Striving to Capture the Performance
81. ↑ Disney’s FROZEN Press Day at Walt Disney Animation Studios #DisneyFrozen #DisneyFrozenEvent
82. ↑ 7 Things You Didn't Know About 'Frozen'
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 Costume Design in Animation - Disney's Frozen
84. ↑ Hahn, Don (2008). *The Alchemy of Animation: Making an Animated Film in the Modern Age*. New York: Disney Editions. ISBN 9781423104766
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 The tech of Disney's Frozen and Get a Horse!
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 UCLA's mathematicians bring snow to life for Disney's "Frozen"
87. ↑ A material point method for snow simulation
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Making of Disney's Frozen: A Material Point Method For Snow Simulation
89. ↑ Disney's "Frozen" to Warm Hearts This Week
90. ↑ Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : The flaky design idea behind the look of Elsa's ice palace
91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 6 surprises I learned about "Frozen" fresh from filmmakers at Walt Disney Animation Studios preview event
92. ↑ Disney's Frozen Movie and Sitron the Fjord Horse
93. ↑ Female Directors are Changing the Story in Disney Animation
94. ↑ Bark Up or Down? Firewood Splits Norwegians
95. ↑ Nidarosdomen i ny Disney-film (in Norwegian)
96. ↑ Vi ligner mest med lua på (in Norwegian)
97. ↑ Se, en samisk Disney-helt! (in Norwegian)
98. ↑ Disney's Frozen: Inspired by Norway's beauty
99. ↑ Evil Elsa, shy Kristoff? 10 "Frozen" facts you probably didn't know
100. ↑ Husband-wife songwriting team's emotions flow in "Frozen"
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez
102. ↑ The Scrambled Sexuality of 'Frozen's "Let It Go"
103. ↑ Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature
104. ↑ Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters
105. ↑ Awards Spotlight: Robert Lopez & Kristen Anderson-Lopez Make Beautiful Music Together for Disney’s ‘Frozen’
106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 ‘Frozen’ Aims for Watermark notched by ‘Mermaid,’ ‘Beauty & Beast’
107. ↑ Christophe Beck to Score Disney's "Frozen"
108. ↑ Trøndersk yoiking opens Disney movie
109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 109.4 Walt Disney Animation Studios' "Frozen" Lets Go With Dynamic Soundtrack
110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 110.4 Inside Track: Disney's Frozen
111. ↑ Cinderella Star Santino Fontana Gets Frozen for Disney — and His Own Action Figure
112. ↑ Disney's 'Frozen': A behind-the-scenes look at the movie's music that gets its magic from an Oregon man
113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 CAS Launches 'Gravity' into Oscar's Orbit
114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.4 Jennifer Lee & Chris Buck interview: Frozen, Statham, Frozen 2
115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 'Frozen': Finding a diva in 41 languages
116. ↑ 'Let It Go': A Global Hit In Any Language
117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 How These Singers Around the Globe Pushed 'Frozen' Over the Top
118. ↑ 'Frozen' Composer Robert Lopez on the Perils of Translating 'Let It Go'
119. ↑ Disney’s global success with ‘Frozen’ took lots of translation, investment
120. ↑ D23 Expo: Mickey Mouse Short "Get A Horse" Debuts; Will Open With "Frozen"
121. ↑ Disney's "Frozen" Premiere Warms Up Audience in Hollywood
122. ↑ Disney's Frozen to Open Five Days Early at the El Capitan Theatre
123. ↑ Disney's "Frozen" Glides Into El Capitan for Exclusive Early Release
124. ↑ D23 Expo: Disney Fanfest Starts Off Strong with Animation Lineup
125. ↑ "Frozen" teaser trailer: Disney releases first look at new animated film
126. ↑ The Teaser Trailer for Disney's Frozen
127. ↑ Disney's Frozen Official Trailer
128. ↑ Walt Disney's Frozen – Official Trailer
129. ↑ Disney's Frozen Official Trailer
130. ↑ "Frozen" characters set to visit Epcot's Norway, be seen in Magic Kingdom show
131. ↑ Anna and Elsa joined by animated Olaf for "Frozen" character meet-and-greet in Royal Reception at Disneyland
132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 "Frozen" characters draw unprecedented lines at Disneyland
133. ↑ Press release: Disney Celebrates Family Bonds and Epic Storytelling in New Frozen Product Collection Available at Retail Now
134. ↑ Sing-along "Frozen" coming to theaters
135. ↑ Cinemark – Frozen Sing-a-long
136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 136.3 Box Office: "Frozen" Sing-Along Hits High Note in Friday Matinee Sales
137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 Q&A: Disney Executive Tells of ‘Frozen’ Success in Japan
138. ↑ "Frozen" now available for digital download – win a copy!
139. ↑ New releases: Disney's Oscar-winning heartwarmer 'Frozen'
140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD | Frozen | Disney Movies
141. ↑ 'Frozen' DVD/Blu-ray release date, special features announced
142. ↑ Kristen Bell, Jonathan Groff, and Josh Gad sing about the making of 'Frozen' in epic new song
143. ↑ Frozen Blu-ray
144. ↑ Frozen (Two-Disc Blu-ray / DVD + Digital Copy) (2013)
145. ↑ ‘Frozen’ Sells Massive 3.2 Million Discs in One Day
146. ↑ 'Frozen' Sells 3.2 Million Blu-ray, DVD Units in First Day
147. ↑ 'Frozen' Makes Huge Debut on Disc
148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 'Frozen' Easily Tops Home Video Sales Charts
149. ↑ Blu-ray Weekly Sales Chart - The Numbers
150. ↑ 'Frozen' Barely Beats 'Legend of Hercules' to Stay on Top of Home Video Sales Charts
151. ↑ The Desolation Of Smaug knocks Frozen off Number 1
152. ↑ Disney's Frozen smashes though half-a-million DVD and Blu-ray sales
153. ↑ Frozen reclaims Official Video Chart top spot
154. ↑ Frozen Home Video Tops Spirited Away as Fastest to Sell 2 Million Copies in Japan
155. ↑ Disney’s ‘Frozen: Sing-Along’ Edition on DVD in November with All New Bonus Feature
156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 GameMill Publishing's "Disney Frozen: Olaf's Quest" is Available Today for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS
157. ↑ GameMill Publishing Announces Video Game Companion to Walt Disney Animation Studios Film "Frozen" For Nintendo 3DS™ and Nintendo DS™
158. ↑ Disney Infinity to add Wreck-It Ralph, Tangled, Frozen characters
159. ↑ Frozen, Rapunzel, Wreck-It Ralph hit Disney Infinity this holiday
160. ↑ Disney Infinity Figure (Elsa) – PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, 3DS
161. ↑ Disney Infinity Figure (Anna) – PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, 3DS
162. ↑ Frozen Free Fall – Disney Games
163. ↑ Frozen Free Fall Walkthrough, Cheats and Strategy Guide
164. ↑ Frozen (2013): Games & Apps
165. ↑ 'Frozen'-themed PlayStation 4 hits next week...in Japan
166. ↑ Fantasia: Music Evolved for Xbox One and 360 will 'Let it Go' to those who preorder
167. ↑ Disney Fantasia: Music Evolved gets three pre-order bonus tracks
168. ↑ Disney Files Trademark Lawsuit Over “Frozen Land”
169. ↑ Disney Files Trademark Lawsuit Over 'Frozen Land' Film
170. ↑ Disney Acts To Freeze Out Competition
171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 171.2 Walt Disney Settles Trademark Lawsuit over “Frozen”
172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 Disney Lawsuit Ices 'Frozen Land' Movie
173. ↑ Phase 4 Films settles Frozen Land lawsuit with Disney
174. ↑ All Time Worldwide Box Office Results
175. ↑ Box Office Milestone: 'Frozen' Becomes No. 1 Animated Film of All Time
176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 176.2 GLOBAL: 'Captain America' Takes $75.2M Debut Ahead of North American Release; 'Noah' on the Verge of Hitting $100M; 'Frozen' is the Top Animated Film of All Time; 'Rio 2' Takes Record Breaking Brazilian Debut to Climb to $29.7M
177. ↑ 2013 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo
178. ↑ "Frozen" hits $1 billion mark at worldwide box office
179. ↑ All Time Worldwide Opening Records
180. ↑ Weekend Report: Neeson Beats Jesus, "Frozen" Hits $1 Billion
181. ↑ Box Office Milestone: "Frozen" Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide
182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 Disney’s ‘Frozen’ Passing $1 Billion Cements Rebound
183. ↑ "Catching Fire" and "Frozen" Heat Up Fandango's Fanticipation with Brisk Advance Ticket Sales for Thanksgiving Weekend
184. ↑ Weekend Report: "Catching Fire" Burns Bright, Sets November Record
185. ↑ TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES
186. ↑ Frozen (2013) – Daily Box Office Results
187. ↑ Box Office: 'Interstellar,' 'Big Hero 6' Blast Off to Big Thursday Night Numbers
188. ↑ "Catching Fire", "Frozen" Chase Thanksgiving Box Office Records
189. ↑ "Frozen" Smashes Disney Animation Opening Weekend Records
190. ↑ Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at #1.
191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 191.2 191.3 Weekend Report: "Catching Fire", "Frozen" Set Thanksgiving Records
192. ↑ 192.0 192.1 192.2 192.3 Thanksgiving Box Office: "Catching Fire," "Frozen" Serve Up Holiday Records
193. ↑ Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office
194. ↑ Biggest 5-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office
195. ↑ Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office
196. ↑ Biggest 5-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office
197. ↑ NORTH AMERICA: Studio Weekend Estimates: "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire" Sets New Five-Day Thanksgiving Weekend Record With $110.2M; "Frozen" Ices Expectations With $93.0M Five-Day Start
198. ↑ Weekend Report: "Frozen" Beats "Fire," "Furnace" Melts
199. ↑ Weekend Report: "Frozen" Chills "Paranormal" Spin-Off This Weekend
200. ↑ Disney's 'Frozen' and Marvel's 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier' Heat Up Box Offices Around the World
201. ↑ Frozen (2013) – Weekend Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo
202. ↑ Weekend Report: "Hobbit," "Frozen" Top "Wolf," "Mitty" on Final Weekend of 2013
203. ↑ Top Grossing Movies in their 5th to 12th Weekends at the Box Office:

	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 5th Weekend at the Box Office
	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 6th Weekend at the Box Office
	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 7th Weekend at the Box Office
	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 8th Weekend at the Box Office
	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 9th Weekend at the Box Office
	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 10th Weekend at the Box Office
	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 11th Weekend at the Box Office
	* Top Grossing Movies in Their 12th Weekend at the Box Office
204. ↑ Friday Report: 'Other Woman' On Pace for $25 Million Debut
205. ↑ All Time Domestic Box Office Results
206. ↑ 2013 Domestic Grosses, 2013 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo
207. ↑ Animation Movies at the Box Office
208. ↑ 3D Movies at the Box Office
209. ↑ Walt Disney Animation Studios Movies at the Box Office
210. ↑ Weekend Report: "Ride Along" Runs Over "I, Frankenstein"
211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 Frozen leads int'l BO on $24m
212. ↑ A Charmed Life for Disney's 'Frozen'
213. ↑ 213.0 213.1 All Time Worldwide Box Office Results (Sorted by overseas grosses)
214. ↑ Box Office: 'Heaven Is for Real' Crushes Johnny Depp's Latest Bomb 'Transcendence'
215. ↑ 2013 Yearly Box Office Results
216. ↑ "Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records
217. ↑ Weekend Report: "Ride Along" Avoids "Awkward Moment," Three-peats Over Super Bowl Weekend
218. ↑ 2013 Venezuela Yearly Box Office
219. ↑ Hobbit 2 soars past $500m int'l
220. ↑ 12, 2014 UPDATED GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks "Hobbit" Streak, Crosses $700M; Big China Debut For "Despicable Me 2"; "12 Years A Slave" #1 In The UK
221. ↑ GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks $800M; "I, Frankenstein" Opens Strong In Russia
222. ↑ Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie"
223. ↑ Weekend Report: Audiences Flock to "Lone Survivor," Avoid "Hercules," "Her"
224. ↑ Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie"
225. ↑ Weekly box office
226. ↑ RUSSIA: "Frozen" Off To A Hot Start
227. ↑ 'Frozen' Sets Disney Opening Weekend Record in Japan
228. ↑ Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results
229. ↑ GLOBAL: "Frozen" Continues To Dominate, Passes $500M Overseas
230. ↑ 230.0 230.1 Japanese Box Office Reports:

	* GLOBAL: 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' Swings to $369M After North American Debut; 'Rio 2' Closes in on $400M; 'Divergent' Reaches $250M Mark
	* Intl Box Office: 'Amazing Spider-Man 2' Snares $54M In 1st China Week; 'Neighbors' Parties With $33.7M Open; 'Rio 2' Flies Past $300M; Auds Faithful To 'The Other Woman'; 'Spanish Affairs' Sets New Record; More
	* 'Frozen' Tops Japanese Box Office for 10th Consecutive Weekend
	* GLOBAL: 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' Breaks 'Avatar' Record as Fox International's Biggest Overseas Debut of All Time
	* GLOBAL: 'Maleficent' Edges Out X-Men for Box Office Crown with $100.6M Day-and-Date Debut Overseas
	* GLOBAL: 'Edge of Tomorrow' Leads the Overseas Box Office, Reaches $140.1M Global Cume Following North American Release
	* GLOBAL: 'Godzilla' Takes Over China, Crosses $400M Worldwide
	* GLOBAL: Strong Brazil Bow Sends 'How to Train Your Dragon 2' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend; 'Maleficent' Takes $20.3 Million in China
	* 'Transformers: Age of Extinction' Crushes the Competition with $301.3M Global Bow
231. ↑ Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results
232. ↑ South Korea Box Office: "Frozen" Becomes Second Most Watched Foreign Film
233. ↑ "Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records
234. ↑ ‘Frozen’ Riding ‘Perfect Storm’ to $200 Million at Japan Box Office
235. ↑ ‘Frozen’ Gives Up Top Spot in Japan to 'Maleficent' After 16 Consecutive Frames
236. ↑ Holiday 2013 Forecast
237. ↑ Long Range Forecast: 'Black Nativity', 'Frozen', 'Homefront', & 'Oldboy'
238. ↑ Box Office Prediction: ‘Frozen’ vs. ‘The Hunger Games: Catching Fire’
239. ↑ Box Office Rap: Frozen and the Frost-y Showdown
240. ↑ Box Office Predictions: 'Hunger Games: Catching Fire' to Top 'Frozen' for Second Weekend Win
241. ↑ 241.0 241.1 241.2 241.3 241.4 241.5 The Eight Reasons Frozen Is Unstoppable
242. ↑ Box Office Predictions: 'Frozen,' 'Hunger Games' Re-Team for Blockbuster Tix Sales
243. ↑ What Marketers Should Learn From Disney's 'Frozen'
244. ↑ 244.0 244.1 244.2 'Frozen' tops box office in Japan for 5th consecutive week
245. ↑ 245.0 245.1 Japan Box Office: 'Frozen' Edges Toward $200 Million, Enters All-Time Top 5
246. ↑ Frozen Remains Top Of Japanese Box Office
247. ↑ 247.0 247.1 Japan Box Office: 'Frozen' Tops For 15th Week, '300' Bows in 5th
248. ↑ 248.0 248.1 248.2 248.3 248.4 ‘Frozen’ Riding ‘Perfect Storm’ to $200 Million at Japan Box Office
249. ↑ ‘Frozen’ Riding ‘Perfect Storm’ to $200 Million at Japan Box Office
250. ↑ 250.0 250.1 'Frozen' On Track To Become Japan's Second Biggest Movie Ever Next Week
251. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Menzel Christmas Album`
252. ↑ 252.0 252.1 Review: "Frozen" an icy blast of fun from the first snowflake
253. ↑ 253.0 253.1 Movie Review : Frozen (2013)
254. ↑ "Frozen" is the Best Disney Film Since "The Lion King"
255. ↑ ‘Frozen’ makes history two times over on Oscar weekend
256. ↑ A Charmed Life for Disney's 'Frozen'
257. ↑ Splendid Sights, Musical Might Melt "Frozen"
258. ↑ "Frozen" mixes music and animation to create a soaring holiday delight
259. ↑ 17 Best Movie Moments Of 2013
260. ↑ Best Movie Moments of 2013 Included Scenes from Iron Man 3, Gravity, Fast & Furious 6, and More
261. ↑ Frozen (2013)
262. ↑ Frozen
263. ↑ Box Office: "Frozen" Opens to Stellar $15.2 Million Wednesday; "Catching Fire" Still No. 1
264. ↑ Top 10 Best Movies
265. ↑ Kyle Smith and Lou Lumenick's Top 10 lists
266. ↑ Frozen: Film Review
267. ↑ Disney's "Frozen" will melt your heart
268. ↑ "Frozen" Is Disney's Triumphant Reaffirmation Of Its Cultural Legacy
269. ↑ Frozen: This Disney Princess Movie Is Thaw-some
270. ↑ Richard Roeper & the Movies: "Frozen" Review
271. ↑ 'Frozen': Defying meteorology
272. ↑ From the Heat of Royal Passion, Poof! It's Permafrost
273. ↑ "Frozen" review: Heartfelt fairytale musical is a new Disney classic
274. ↑ Sámi thing: President's New Year speech (in Norwegian)
275. ↑ Frode pushed down Beyoncé (in Norwegian)
276. ↑ Film Review: "Frozen"
277. ↑ "Frozen": Visuals are solid, but narrative is on thin ice
278. ↑ "Frozen" is pretty but pointless
279. ↑ 279.0 279.1 279.2 279.3 "Frozen"
280. ↑ 280.0 280.1 Mayim Bialik reveals why she hates Disney's "Frozen"
281. ↑ Rosie O'Donnell Blasts Mayim Bialik's Frozen Criticism, References Elisabeth Hasselbeck Feud
282. ↑ 282.0 282.1 Do Animated Female Characters Need to Be 'Pretty'?
283. ↑ 'Frozen' Head of Animation Says Animating Women is 'Really, Really Difficult'
284. ↑ 284.0 284.1 Disney's 'Frozen' Animator Draws Heat for Female Character Comments
285. ↑ With Frozen, Director Jennifer Lee Breaks the Ice for Women Directors
286. ↑ 286.0 286.1 Q&A: For this animator, working on Frozen created a tricky career legacy
287. ↑ Frozen lambasted as pro-gay propaganda by Christian pastor
288. ↑ Pastor Claims Frozen Will Turn Your Children Gay
289. ↑ Disney's Frozen is 'very evil' gay propaganda, says Christian pastor
290. ↑ Disney's 'Frozen' Slammed By Mormon Grandmother For 'Gay Agenda To Normalize Homosexuality'
291. ↑ 291.0 291.1 Disney's Frozen and the 'gay agenda'
292. ↑ 292.0 292.1 Conservative radio hosts: 'Frozen' promotes gay agenda, bestiality
293. ↑ Frozen creator responds to ‘gay agenda’ claims
294. ↑ Frozen: Disney's icebreaker
295. ↑ 295.0 295.1 "Frozen" wins Annie Award for best animated film, several others
296. ↑ The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards™
297. ↑ Oscars 2014: The complete list of nominees and winners
298. ↑ 86th Academy Awards Nominations: Complete List and Scorecard
299. ↑ African American film critics name '12 Years a Slave' best film
300. ↑ 2013 EDA Award Nominees
301. ↑ 2013 EDA Award Winners
302. ↑ Film Editors Unveil ACE Eddie Award Nominations
303. ↑ 64th Annual ACE Eddie Awards: ‘Captain Phillips’ Wins Drama Feature Prize; ‘American Hustle’ Top Comedy; ‘Frozen’ Wins Animation Trophy; ‘Breaking Bad’ & ‘The Office’ Take Top TV Prizes
304. ↑ 2013 Awards
305. ↑ 2013 Boston Online Film Critics Association winners
306. ↑ 2013 Boston Society of Film Critics winners
307. ↑ Bafta Film Awards 2014: Full list of winners
308. ↑ 2013 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominations
309. ↑ Cinema Audio Society Awards: 'Gravity', 'Frozen' Take Film Honors
310. ↑ Critics' Choice Awards: The Winners
311. ↑ 2013 Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association winners
312. ↑ 2013 Denver Film Critics Society Nominations
313. ↑ 2013 Denver Film Critics Society winners
314. ↑ GALECA 2013 nominees
315. ↑ DIFF's Landmark Tenth Edition Honors Industry's Best at Awards Ceremony
316. ↑ 2013 FFCC Award Winners
317. ↑ 2013 Georgia Film Critics Association Nominations
318. ↑ 2013 Georgia Film Critics Association Awards: '12 Years a Slave' takes a trio of acting awards
319. ↑ Golden Globes Nominations: The Full List
320. ↑ Golden Globe Awards Winners
321. ↑ Golden Tomatoes Awards 2013
322. ↑ 2013 Houston Film Critics Society nominations
323. ↑ 2013 Houston Film Critics Society winners
324. ↑ 2014 Hugo Awards
325. ↑ Ann Leckie's debut novel wins Hugo science fiction award
326. ↑ 2013 Indiana Film Critics Association
327. ↑ ‘Gravity,’ ‘Frozen’ Win Big at Intl. 3D Society Awards
328. ↑ 2013 Iowa Film Critics Association winners
329. ↑ 2013 Kansas Film Critics winners
330. ↑ Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards: The Winners
331. ↑ 2013 Las Vegas Film Critics' Society Award winners
332. ↑ 'Her,' 'Croods,' 'Frozen' to be Honored With Made-in-Hollywood Awards
333. ↑ Sound Editors Unveil Film Nominees For Golden Reel Awards
334. ↑ 2014 MPSE Golden Reel Awards winners
335. ↑ '12 Years a Slave' came this close to winning New York Film Critics Circle
336. ↑ North Texas Film Critics declare Gravity best film of 2013
337. ↑ Oklahoma Film Critics Circle names "Her" best film of the year
338. ↑ The Online Film Critics Society Announces 17th Annual Awards
339. ↑ People's Choice Awards 2014 Nominees
340. ↑ Phoenix Film Critics Society 2013 Awards
341. ↑ 25th Annual PGA Awards: First-Ever Tie For Best Motion Picture — ‘Gravity’ And ‘12 Years A Slave’; ‘Breaking Bad’ & ‘Modern Family’ Take Top TV Awards; Winners List
342. ↑ 2013 San Diego Film Critics Society winners
343. ↑ 2013 San Francisco Film Critics Circle winners
344. ↑ Satellite Awards: '12 Years a Slave' Leads Film Nominees
345. ↑ ‘Gravity,’ ‘The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug’ Lead Saturn Awards Noms
346. ↑ 'Gravity,' 'Iron Man 3,' 'Breaking Bad' and 'The Walking Dead' lead 2014 Saturn Award winners
347. ↑ 2013 Southeastern Film Critics Association winners
348. ↑ 2013 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association winners
349. ↑ Toronto film critics name Coen brothers movie the best of 2013
350. ↑ '12 Years a Slave' tops UK Regional Critics' vote
351. ↑ Slave, Gravity win at Regional Critics Awards
352. ↑ 2013 Utah Film Critics Association winners
353. ↑ VES Awards: ‘Gravity’ Wins 6 Including Top Prize; ‘Frozen’ Goes 4-For-4; 3 Nods For ‘Game Of Thrones’
354. ↑ 2013 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association nominations
355. ↑ 2013 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association winners
356. ↑ 2013 Women Film Critics Circle winners
357. ↑ Why 'Let It Go' From Disney's 'Frozen' Needs an Oscar
358. ↑ What to do about 'Frozen' fatigue
359. ↑ 'Frozen' fatigue: Coping with kids songs on repeat
360. ↑ Kids Are Icebound by ‘Frozen’ Fervor: Disney’s Animated Film ‘Frozen’ Has Some Children Obsessed
361. ↑ Let Me Go. Please
362. ↑ 'Let it go' from 'Frozen' has grabbed our brains and still won't let go
363. ↑ Frozen: How Disney's animated fairytale is conquering the world
364. ↑ Frozen-mania: how Elsa, Anna and Olaf conquered the world
365. ↑ The Disney film that's stolen my children's brains
366. ↑ Will you Let It Go! My kids singing Frozen song gives me chills
367. ↑ 367.0 367.1 Ice, Ice, Laszlo: How my son—traumatized by the Frozen soundtrack—learned to let it go
368. ↑ 368.0 368.1 Transcript: Songwriters Behind 'Frozen' Let Go Of The Princess Mythology
369. ↑ People Are Naming Their Babies After *Frozen* Characters Now
370. ↑ 370.0 370.1 Mid Year Results: BabyCentre Top 20 Boys' and Girls' Names of 2014; Emily and Oliver top the chart
371. ↑ Disney Considering "Frozen" for Broadway, Obviously
372. ↑ Ice, Ice, Baby: *Frozen* inspires a totally chilled-out cult following, (Time, volume 183, issue 7, pages 48–59)
373. ↑ Disney CEO Iger: Frozen has restored our mojo
374. ↑ Disney Frozen To Great White Way
375. ↑ 'Frozen' Musical Is Headed to Broadway
376. ↑ Frozen on Stage
377. ↑ 377.0 377.1 377.2 Transcript of the Walt Disney Company Q1 FY14 Earnings Conference Call
378. ↑ 378.0 378.1 Lee, Hyo-Won (March 31, 2014). "'Frozen' Producer Talks Franchise Rumors, Disney Strategy, Bizarre Popularity in South Korea (Q&A)". Retrieved on May 1, 2014.
379. ↑ 379.0 379.1 379.2 Disney's Top Theater Exec on 'Frozen' Musical Plans: "I'm Talking to Directors
380. ↑ 380.0 380.1 A 'Frozen' retail supply angers parents, saddens kids
381. ↑ 381.0 381.1 Want to buy "Frozen" merchandise? Be prepared to wait or pay up
382. ↑ 382.0 382.1 Most-wanted dress in the U.S.: 'Frozen's' Elsa frock
383. ↑ 'Frozen' Elsa dress selling for $1,000 on eBay
384. ↑ 384.0 384.1 Elsa's Frozen Dress: The Hottest Gown in Town
385. ↑ ‘Frozen’ merch is making parents do crazy things
386. ↑ Frozen merchandise shortage spells trouble for parents
387. ↑ Frozen: parental panic as unexpected Disney hit leads to merchandise sellout
388. ↑ Frozen-out in the toy aisle: Why merch for Disney’s hit film is in short supply
389. ↑ Australian supplies of Frozen dolls have dried up
390. ↑ S'no joke for parents as stocks of Frozen movie merchandise sell out
391. ↑ Do you want to buy a snowman?
392. ↑ La Reine des Neiges : un succès qui rend fou (in French)
393. ↑ 'Frozen' dress sold out in Singapore
394. ↑ 394.0 394.1 394.2 Disney Store promises more "Frozen" merchandise, mall experience to continue kid focus sending adults online
395. ↑ 'Frozen' frenzy creates shortage for Elsa, Anna merchandise
396. ↑ America's ‘Frozen’ Obsession Continues, Leading to Disney Store Lotteries and Disneyland Craziness
397. ↑ 397.0 397.1 397.2 Disney's Film Business Gets Big Boost From 'Frozen': Operating Income at Film Unit More Than Quadruples; Musical in the Works
398. ↑ Disney plans to milk 'Frozen' success
399. ↑ Sacramento store to debut art inspired by ‘Frozen’
400. ↑ Frozen Warms Up Audiences, Consumers and Retailers
401. ↑ 401.0 401.1 Here’s Every ‘Frozen’ Gift You’re Going To Be Forced To Buy This Christmas
402. ↑ What’ll be hot for the holiday toy season? Disney’s Frozen
403. ↑ How Disney Has Managed to Keep 'Frozen' Red Hot
404. ↑ 404.0 404.1 How Disney’s ‘Frozen’ ruined my life
405. ↑ 405.0 405.1 Disney CEO Says Shanghai Park to Fare Better Than Paris
406. ↑ 406.0 406.1 Retail Therapy: Time for Halloween make-believe
407. ↑ Chillax parents, the great 'Frozen' toy shortage has thawed
408. ↑ 408.0 408.1 Elsa Dominates Anna in ‘Frozen’ Merchandise Sales
409. ↑ Hello Kitty, a Victim of Disney's Frozen Juggernaut
410. ↑ Mattel’s Barbie out of fashion with today’s girls
411. ↑ Elsa Dethrones Barbie As 'Frozen' Everything Takes The Top Holiday Toy Spot
412. ↑ How Disney Turned ‘Frozen’ Into a Cash Cow
413. ↑ Could Disney's 'Frozen' play bigger role in theme parks?
414. ↑ 414.0 414.1 Frozen Out: One Reporter's Tortured Quest to Meet Disneyland's Anna and Elsa
415. ↑ "Frozen" characters find new home at Walt Disney World as FastPass+ cuts wait to meet Anna and Elsa – when it works
416. ↑ 'Frozen' Anna & Elsa Arrive at Princess Fairytale Hall Today
417. ↑ 41062-1: Elsa's Sparkling Ice Palace | Brickset: LEGO set guide and database
418. ↑ LEGO Disney Princess Elsas Sparkling Ice Castle 41062 | Kollectobil
419. ↑ Disneyland Frozen Meet and Greet Adds FastPass Reduces Line to 10 Minutes
420. ↑ Frozen Summer Fun event debuts at Walt Disney World as Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, and Olaf appear in delightful new shows
421. ↑ 'Frozen' still hot at Disney theme park, celebration extended
422. ↑ Elsa & Anna’s Boutique and More Thrilling Transformations Coming to the Disneyland Resort
423. ↑ Studio Disney 365 to Transform into Elsa and Anna’s Boutique
424. ↑ Update: Anna & Elsa’s Boutique in the Downtown Disney District at the Disneyland Resort
425. ↑ Anna & Elsa’s Boutique to Open October 6
426. ↑ New store unleashes a 'Frozen' frenzy
427. ↑ ‘Frozen’ Attraction Coming to Epcot
428. ↑ Disney replacing Epcot's Maelstrom with Frozen ride
429. ↑ “Frozen” ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot, “Frozen” Christmas also revealed
430. ↑ Erlichman, Jon (April 22, 2014). "Frozen Is a 'Gigantic' Success" (Video), *Bloomberg Television* (00:55), Bloomberg. Retrieved on May 1, 2014.
431. ↑ Rosen, Christopher (April 23, 2014). "'Frozen' Sequel Not In Development Just Yet". Retrieved on June 9, 2014.
432. ↑ Faber, David (May 7, 2014). CNBC Exclusive: CNBC Transcript: Disney Chairman & CEO Bob Iger Speaks with CNBC's David Faber on "Squawk on the Street" Today. *Squawk on the Street*. CNBC. Retrieved on June 16, 2014.
433. ↑ "'Frozen's' Jennifer Lee Melts Glass Ceilings", *Variety*, Variety Media LLC (June 10, 2014). Retrieved on June 16, 2014.
434. ↑ "'Frozen' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt 'A Wrinkle in Time' for Disney", *Variety* (August 5, 2014). Retrieved on August 11, 2014.
435. ↑ Idina Menzel interviews with The Daily Telegraph:

	* "The actress who is Frozen's Elsa", *The Daily Telegraph*, Telegraph Media Group Limited (November 28, 2014). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
	* "Frozen 2: the sequel is happening, says Idina Menzel", *The Daily Telegraph*, Telegraph Media Group Limited (November 28, 2014). Retrieved on November 30, 2014.
436. ↑ "Idina Menzel: 'Frozen' Sequel Is Being Developed", *The Hollywood Reporter* (November 30, 2014). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
437. ↑ "'Frozen' Sequel "In The Works," Says Idina Menzel", *Deadline.com*, Penske Business Media, LLC. (November 30, 2014). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
438. ↑ "Idina Menzel talks 'Frozen' sequel: 'I just assume' it's on the way", *Today* (December 1, 2014). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
439. ↑ "There May Not Be a Frozen Sequel After All", *Time* (December 1, 2014). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
440. ↑ "Idina Menzel backtracks on 'Frozen' sequel comments", *Los Angeles Times* (December 1, 2014). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
441. ↑ Disney Announces 'Frozen 2'. *Variety* (March 12, 2015). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
442. ↑ "2015 Meeting of Shareholders" (Transcript), Walt Disney Company (March 12, 2015), p. 12. Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
443. ↑ "Disney announces big-screen 'Frozen 2'", *Los Angeles Times*, Tribune Publishing Company (March 13, 2015). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
444. ↑ "Frozen sequel: co-director Chris Buck chilled about audience expectations", *Sydney Morning Herald*, Fairfax Media (April 26, 2015). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
445. ↑ "Creator of Frozen, animation director Chris Buck, admits working on sequel to the blockbuster is daunting", *ABC News (Australia)*, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (April 30, 2015). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
446. ↑ "'Frozen' characters to return for a new short film, says Disney", *United Press International*, United Press International, Inc (September 2, 2014). Retrieved on September 3, 2014.
447. ↑ "'Frozen' Characters to Return in 'Frozen Fever' Animated Short", *Variety*, Variety Media, LLC (September 2, 2014). Retrieved on September 3, 2014.
448. ↑ "Disney's New 'Frozen' Short Film Will Premiere in Spring 2015", *The Wrap*, The Wrap News Inc. (September 2, 2014). Retrieved on September 3, 2014.
449. ↑ "'Frozen Fever': Disney to bring back Elsa and Anna for animated short", *Entertainment Weekly*, Entertainment Weekly and Time Inc. (September 2, 2014). Retrieved on September 3, 2014.
450. ↑ "Idina Menzel Doesn't Understand Why Her Christmas Album Is Out in October", *Time*, Time Inc. (October 14, 2014). Retrieved on October 23, 2014.
451. ↑ "'Frozen Fever' Short to Debut in Front of Disney's 'Cinderella'", *Variety*, Variety Media, LLC (September 2, 2014). Retrieved on March 13, 2015.
452. ↑ Ford, Rebecca (December 3, 2014). "'Frozen' Short Film to Screen in Front of Disney's 'Cinderella'", *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved on March 13, 2015.
453. ↑ 453.0 453.1 Ng, Philiana (May 12, 2014). "'Once Upon a Time' Bosses on 'Frozen' Reveal: We Want to Do It Justice (Q&A)". Retrieved on May 14, 2014.
454. ↑ 454.0 454.1 Rothman, Lily (May 12, 2014). "Was That Elsa from Frozen on Once Upon a Time?". Retrieved on May 14, 2014.
455. ↑ "How the Producers of Once Upon a Time Kept That Frozen Shocker a Secret", *Time* (May 12, 2014). Retrieved on June 9, 2014.
456. ↑ 456.0 456.1 "Anna and Kristoff from 'Frozen' will join Elsa on 'Once Upon a Time' TV series", *Today.com*, NBC News (June 9, 2014). Retrieved on June 14, 2014.
457. ↑ "Kristen Bell to Guest Star on Once Upon a Time?! Plus, Kristin Chenoweth Is on Board for Pushing Daisies Musical!", *E! Online*, E! Entertainment Television, LLC, NBC Universal (April 17, 2014). Retrieved on June 14, 2014.
458. ↑ "Once Upon a Time Scoop: Which Other Frozen Characters Are Being Cast?", *TVLine*, TVLine Media, LLC. (June 7, 2014). Retrieved on June 14, 2014.
459. ↑ "Anna From Frozen Joining Elsa on Once Upon a Time", *IGN*, IGN Entertainment, Inc. (June 8, 2014). Retrieved on June 14, 2014.
460. ↑ "'Once Upon a Time' scoop: Elsa from 'Frozen' cast", *Entertainment Weekly*, Entertainment Weekly Inc. (July 3, 2014). Retrieved on June 21, 2015.
461. ↑ "Once Upon A Time to star Australian Georgina Haig as Frozen's Elsa", *Sydney Morning Herald*, Fairfax Media (July 4, 2014). Retrieved on July 11, 2014.
462. ↑ "Once Upon a Time Casting Another Frozen Role – Who Should Fill It?", *TVLine*, TVLine Media, LLC. (July 22, 2014). Retrieved on July 23, 2014.
463. ↑ "'Once Upon a Time' Finds 'Frozen's' Prince Hans", *The Hollywood Reporter* (July 28, 2014). Retrieved on July 29, 2014.
464. ↑ "John Rhys-Davies, Tyler Jacob Moore Join 'Once Upon a Time' for 'Frozen' Roles", *Variety* (July 28, 2014). Retrieved on July 29, 2014.
465. ↑ "Comic-Con: 'Once Upon a Time' Reveals First 'Frozen' Clip", *The Hollywood Reporter* (July 26, 2014). Retrieved on July 29, 2014.
466. ↑ Learn the Story of Frozen and Find Out What's Next for Anna and Elsa (August 13, 2014). Retrieved on August 14, 2014.
467. ↑ "ABC to show how Disney made 'Frozen'", *Entertainment Weekly* (August 13, 2014). Retrieved on August 15, 2014.
468. ↑ "ABC to Air 'The Story of Frozen' Behind-the-Scenes Special", *Variety* (August 13, 2014). Retrieved on August 15, 2014.
469. ↑ ABC to Air FROZEN Holiday Special in 2017; Idina Menzel, Kristen Bell & Josh Gad to Return!. Broadway world (February 9, 2016). Retrieved on December 14, 2016.
470. ↑ *The Making of Frozen: A Return to Arendelle*
471. ↑ The Bestselling Books of 2014 (So Far)
472. ↑ Book Buzz exclusive: Excerpt from new 'Frozen' series
473. ↑ Anna And Elsa Of ‘Frozen’ Are Coming To A Bookstore Near You
474. ↑ Book Buzz exclusive: Excerpt from new 'Frozen' series
475. ↑ ‘Frozen’ Is Getting New Life as a Book Series
476. ↑ Frozen sequel to come in the form of book series
477. ↑ Disney's Frozen to get sequel as book series
478. ↑ 'Frozen' Will Be a Disney on Ice Show, Too, Riding a Blockbuster’s Wave
479. ↑ "Frozen" Disney On Ice touring show announced, will debut in Orlando in September featuring Anna, Elsa, other favorites
480. ↑ 'Disney on Ice presents Frozen' has world premiere in Orlando
481. ↑ Review: 'Disney on Ice presents Frozen' from Feld Entertainment
482. ↑ Disney’s ‘Frozen’ Breaks Ticket Sale Record in Ice Show
483. ↑ 483.0 483.1 Disney’s ‘Frozen’ is sending tourists packing for Norway
484. ↑ Disney’s ‘Frozen’ fires up Norway’s tourism
485. ↑ August 2014 Party Announcement! | Club Penguin

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