recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Purging Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.Body ImageThe following page includes discussions of body image, including starving oneself, binging and purging, exaggerated self-analysis, and body dysphoria. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Purging Disorder (PD)** is an eating disorder that involves purging behaviors to induce weight loss or manipulate body shape. It's categorized as an other specified feeding or eating disorder.

### Purging Disorder vs Bulimia

Bulimia often occurs in cycles of binge-eating behavior followed by a period of purging. While bulimia and purging disorder both share purging behaviors, the main difference is that bulimia involves compulsive binge eating. Purging disorder is related to purging behaviors that are not in response to a binge-eating episode.

## Signs & Symptoms

* Intense fear of gaining weight.
* Self-esteem based on weight or body size.
* Purging.
* Difficulty functioning at work, school, or in ones personal life.
* Frequent trips to the bathroom after meals.
* Drinking excessive amounts of water.
* Excessive use of breath-freshening products.
* Frequently looking in the mirror or measuring the body.

Purging can mean a number of things, including:

* Self-induced vomiting.
* Misuse of laxatives or medications.
* Excessive exercise.
* Fasting.

### Consequences of Purging Disorder

Purging disorder can cause many serious side effects to ones health, including:

* Feeling faint.
* Tooth decay.
* Throat swelling.
* Facial swelling.
* Mood swings.
* Irregular heartbeat and other heart problems.
* Scarred hands.
* Pregnancy complications.
* Kidney failure.
* Digestive issues or constipation.
* Dehydration.
* Nutrient deficiencies.
* Electrolyte or chemical imbalances.

Self-induced vomiting can also lead to severe damage to other areas of the body over time, including ones:

* Teeth.
* Esophagus.
* Digestive system.
* Cardiovascular system.

## References

https://www.healthline.com/health/eating-disorders/purging-disorder

Keel PK. Purging disorder: recent advances and future challenges. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2019 Nov;32(6):518-524. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000541. PMID: 31306252; PMCID: PMC6768735.

https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/purging-disorder
Special interest

> *Not to be confused with hyperfixations.*
>
>

**"Why fit in when you were born to stand out?" -Dr. Seuss**
Neurodiversity Wiki needs more information on this page!
You can remove this template when the page either has **complete information** or exceeds **1000 bytes**.

## Special interest

An illustration of a special interest. Source: Autism Research News.

### Umbrella

Autism spectrum disorder and other neurodiverse disorders

**Special interests** are developed interests which result of an intense focus of a topic.

## References

1. ↑ Chloe Jennifer Jordan; Catherine L Caldwell-Harris (October 2012). Understanding differences in neurotypical and autism spectrum special interests through Internet forums. Retrieved on October 19, 2023.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD/RSBD)**, also called **Dream-Enacting Behavior**, is a sleep disorder in which one physically acts out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep.

## Signs & Symptoms

With REM sleep behavior disorder, instead of experiencing the normal temporary paralysis of the arms and legs (atonia) during REM sleep, one physically acts out their dreams.

The onset can be gradual or sudden, and episodes may occur occasionally or several times a night. The disorder often worsens over time.

Symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder may include:

* Movement, such as kicking, punching, arms flailing or jumping out of bed, in response to action-filled or violent dreams, such as being chased or defending oneself from attack.
* Noises, such as talking, laughing, shouting, emotional outcries or cursing.
* Being able to recall the dream if one awakens during the episode.

### Diagnosis

According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine's International Classification of Sleep Disorders, an individual must meet four criteria to receive a diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder.

* One has repeatedly experienced episodes of acting out their dreams with vocalization or arm and leg movements that correspond to what's taking place in the dream.
* Episodes occur during REM sleep, as confirmed by an in-laboratory sleep study or ones clinical history.
* Episodes include sleep without atonia, as confirmed by polysomnography.
* The episodes are not attributed to something else, like another sleep disorder, other mental health disorders, a side effect of medications, or substance abuse.

## Causes

Nerve pathways in the brain that prevent muscles from moving are active during normal REM or dreaming sleep, resulting in temporary paralysis of the body. In REM sleep behavior disorder, these pathways no longer work and one may physically act out their dreams.

REM sleep behavior disorder often coexists with other neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, narcolepsy, or stroke.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352920

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2020.00610/full

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9536585/
Auditory-Visual Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Auditory-Visual Synesthesia** is a type of synesthesia that includes visual perceptions triggered by sound and/or music. The most common visual concurrent is color, this specific form can be called **Chromesthesia** (also called **Sound-Color Synesthesia**, **Music-Color Synesthesia** or **Colored Hearing**). Other visual components include shape, texture, spatial position and movement or direction.

## Types of Auditory-Visual Synesthesia

### Tone-Color

Tone-Color is a type of synesthesia in which hearing each individual musical note or categorical difference in pitch triggers a visual perception of color, or is automatically associated with a particular color.

### Chord-Color

Chord-Color is when listening to or playing music, each chord is automatically associated with a color or a combination of colors.

### Timbre-Color and Timbre-Shape

Timbre-Color and Timbre-Shape is a type of synesthesia when the inducer is a quality of sound made by each particular musical instrument and the possible concurrents are color, shape, texture, size, spatial position and movement.

### Chromesthesia

Chromesthesia is a general name given to any type of synesthesia when the inducer is sound or music and the concurrent is color.

### Song-Color and Music Genre-Color

Song-Color and Music Genre-Color is when someone with auditory-visual synesthesia receives their color impressions from individual sounds, notes/chords or timbre of instruments, but for others it is triggered by a much wider and more general music concept.

### Key Signature-Color

Key Signature-Color is a type of synesthesia is when the key of a song or piece of music determines the color perceived as a synesthesia concurrent.

### General Sounds-Vision

General Sounds-Vision is when a general or ambient sounds can induce visual synesthesia, triggering concurrents such as color, shape, texture, spatial position or movement.

### Voice-Color

Voice-Color is when the sound of others speaking or singing can trigger very specific visual concurrents for some synesthetes.

## Related Forms of Synesthesia

### Phoneme-Color Synesthesia

Phoneme-Color Synesthesia is a form of synesthesia similar to grapheme-color synesthesia, but it is from the sound of the word instead of its written form or symbol.

### Ticker Tape Synesthesia

Ticker Tape Synesthesia consists of automatically visualizing written words in the form of subtitles when hearing others speak. It can also occur with one's own speech and/or internal dialogue.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/02/auditory-visual-synesthesia.html
Mirror-Touch Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Mirror-Touch Synesthesia** is considered a type of synesthesia, even though it does not meet all the requirements for being one. It can be defined as the conscious experience of tactile sensations being triggered by seeing others receive physical contact, when these sensations are perceived in the same part of the body of the individual observed.

It is not idiosyncratic, in synesthesia, the concurrents triggered by the same stimulus differ substantially for each individual, while in mirror touch, everyone has the same reaction.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/mirror-touch-synesthesia.html
Sorcerer’s Tale Wiki

**Welcome to the Sorcerer’s Tale Wiki!**
We're a collaborative community website about Sorcerer’s Tale that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderA page about your topicPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Acute Stress Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)** is an intense reaction beginning shortly after an overwhelming traumatic event and lasting less than a month. Individuals with this disorder may have dissociative symptoms. ASD may develop into PTSD, but not everyone with ASD will get PTSD.

## Signs & Symptoms

Signs of acute stress disorder show up between three days and one month after the upsetting event. The individual might experience:

* Nightmares or memories of the event that don't go away.
* Feeling like the event is happening all over again.
* Anxiety when things remind them of the event.
* Going out of their way to avoid others or places that remind them of the event.
* Getting angry more than usual.
* Problems with sleep.
* Trouble concentrating.
* Frequent sadness or bad mood.
* Seeming dazed or "out of it".

### Diagnosis

The DSM-5 defines acute stress disorder criteria as the following:

* Being exposed to a traumatic event.
* Duration of the symptoms should be between three days and four weeks, cause significant functional impairment and is not related to substance use or other medical conditions.
* Having more than eight of the following symptoms, clustered in five categories:

#### Intrusive Symptoms

* Distressing memories of the traumatic event are recurrent.
* Having repetitive dreams related to the traumatic event.
* Enactment of the traumatic event recurrence.
* Intense or prolonged mental or physicological distress in response of the events or themes reminding the individual of the actual traumatic event.

#### Negative Mood

* Inability to be happy, feel successful or feel love.

#### Dissociative Symptoms

* Having a sense of being detached from self and emotions.
* Dissociative amnesia.

#### Avoidance Symptoms

* Avoidance of thoughts, memories, and feelings about the traumatic event.
* Avoidance of external reminders of the traumatic event.

#### Arousal Symptoms

* Sleep problems.
* Irritability and rage attacks with minimum to no provocation.
* Highly and abnormally alert to surroundings.
* Distractability.
* Unusually strong reflective reactive to a sudden event in the environment.

## Causes

The biggest risk factor for developing acute stress disorder is experiencing previous trauma. Individuals who have been through very stressful experiences in the past are at a higher risk of acute stress disorder.

## References

https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/anxiety-and-stress-related-disorders/acute-stress-disorder

Fanai M, Khan MAB. Acute Stress Disorder. [Updated 2022 Jul 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560815/

https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/related/acute\_stress.asp

https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-acute-stress-disorder/
Color Personification

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Color Personification** consists of automatically associated each color with human characteristics, such as gender, personality, physical appearance, feelings and interpersonal relationships. These associations are formed during childhood and are consistent throughout the individual's lifetime.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/02/colour-personification.html
Intermittent Explosive Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AbuseThe following page includes discussions of abuse, including verbal, physical, neglect, sexual (**SA also has its own warning**), etc. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)**, sometimes called **Rage Disorder**, involves repeated, sudden episodes of impulsive, aggressive, violent behavior or angry verbal outbursts in which one reacts out of proportion to the situation.

## Signs & Symptoms

Explosive eruptions occur suddenly, with little or no warning, and usually last less than 30 minutes.

Aggressive episodes may be preceded or accompanied by:

* Rage.
* Irritability.
* Increased energy.
* Racing thoughts.
* Tingling.
* Tremors.
* Palpitations.
* Chest Tightness.

The explosive verbal and behavioral outbursts can include:

* Temper tantrums.
* Tirades.
* Heated arguments.
* Shouting.
* Slapping, shoving or pushing.
* Physical fights.
* Property damage.
* Threatening or assaulting individuals or animals.

One may feel a sense of relief and tiredness after the episode, followed by remorse, regret and embarrassment.

## Causes

IED can be linked to the individual's surroundings or something in their body. Some individuals are more likely to show explosive behavior because of an abnormality in the area of the brain that controls behavior. Others may develop IED as a result of harsh punishments from their parents or observing others around them acting out in explosively violent ways.

## Co-Morbid Disorders

IED often occurs with other forms of neurodivergence. Commonly associated disorders include:

* Depression or anxiety.
* Substance Use Disorder.
* Bipolar Disorder.
* Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
* Antisocial Personality Disorder.
* Borderline Personality Disorder.
* Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

When IED is co-morbid, the symptoms of IED often begin before the signs of other disorders.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373921

https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/i/intermittent-explosive-disorder

https://www.sparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder

https://unitedbrainassociation.org/brain-resources/intermittent-explosive-disorder/
Sleep Terrors

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Sleep Terrors**, also known as **Night Terrors**, are episodes of screaming, intense fear and failing while still asleep. This is often paired with sleep walking. A sleep terror episode usually lasts from seconds to a few minutes, but episodes may last longer.

## Signs & Symptoms

Sleep terrors differ from nightmares. The dreamer of a nightmare wakes up from the dream and may remember details, but an individual who has a sleep terror episode remains asleep and usually doesn't remember anything about their sleep terrors in the morning. Adults may recall a dream fragment they had during the sleep terror.

Sleep terrors generally occur in the first three to four hours of the night, and rarely during naps. A sleep terror may lead to sleep walking.

During a sleep terror episode, an individual may:

* Being with a frightening scream or shout.
* Sit up in bed and appear frightened.
* Stare wide-eyed.
* Sweat, breathe heavily, and have a racing pulse, flushed face and dilated pupils.
* Kick and thrash.
* Be hard to awaken, and be confused in awakened.
* Be inconsolable.
* Have no or little memory of the event the next morning.
* Possibly, get out of bed and run around or have aggressive behavior if blocked or restrained.

## Causes

Sleep terrors are a disorder of arousal, meaning they occur during N3 sleep, the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Various factors can contribute to sleep terrors, such as:

* Sleep deprivation and extreme tiredness.
* Stress.
* Sleep schedule disruptions, travel or sleep interruptions.
* Fever.
* Periods of emotional distress or conflict.
* Premenstruation.
* Sleeping in unfamiliar environments.
* Noise or light.

Sleep terrors sometimes can be triggered by underlying conditions that interfere with sleep, such as:

* Sleep-disordered breathing, a group of disorders that include abnormal breathing patterns during sleep.
* Restless leg syndrome.
* Some medications.
* Alcohol use.
* Migraine or headaches.
* Head injury.
* Separation anxiety.
* Hyperthyroidism.
* Encephalitis.
* Stroke.
* Bipolar disorder.
* Other mood disorders.
* Other anxiety disorders.

Sleep terrors are more common if family members have a history of sleep terrors or sleep walking.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-terrors/symptoms-causes/syc-20353524

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/night-terrors

https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/sleep-terrors/
Grapheme-Color Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Grapheme-Color Synesthesia**, also known as **Color-Graphemic Synesthesia**, is a form of synesthesia in which the individual involuntarily associates certain colors with numbers, letters and other written symbols like punctuation marks or characters in languages with non-alphabetic writing systems.

## Related Forms of Synesthesia

### Phoneme-Color

Phoneme-Color refers to spoken words. Grapheme-Color and phoneme-color are similar, but in phoneme-color, the color experience on seeing the letters is instead related to how they sound.

### Lexeme-Color and Morpheme-Color

Lexeme-Color and Morpheme-Color is in which the individual has color associations for the different parts of the word.

### Grapheme-Shape/Color/Texture/Image

Grapheme-Shape/Color/Texture/Image is when letters, words, or numbers have not only a color but also a texture and other features, or they can automatically evoke a complete image.

### Mathematical Synesthesia

For some individuals, grapheme-color synesthesia can cause numbers to have color associations; however, there are other types of synesthesia relating to numbers. This is known as mathematical synesthesia.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/02/grapheme-colour-synesthesia.html
Confusional Arousals

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Confusional Arousals**, also known as **Elpenor Syndrome**, are when a sleeping individual appears to wake up but their behavior is unusual or strange. The individual may be disoriented, unresponsive, have slow speech or confused thinking. Overall, confusional arousals are fairly harmless.

## Signs & Symptoms

Confusional arousals typically occur in the first two hours of falling asleep. The episode may last only a few minutes or continue for a longer period of time. There is usually little or not recall of the arousal or any event that may have occurred during the episode the next morning. They rarely happen during short naps.

The symptoms of a confusional arousal include:

* Arousing suddenly, but not being fully awake.
* Feeling confusion and disorientation.
* Glassy stare.
* Inappropriate response or lack of response to others.
* Mumbling, vocalizations, and sometimes coherent speech.
* No memory of the events that occurred.

Confusional arousals have little to no connection with dreams.

## Causes

It is believed that confusional arousals result from different parts of the brain failing to fully communicate with each other, leading some to stay awake while others sleep. Confusional arousals may also be triggered by a number of other conditions that rouse the individual from deep sleep:

* Obstructive sleep apnea.
* Narcolepsy.
* Periodic limb movement disorder.
* Circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
* Excessive sleep greater than nine hours nightly.
* An event, such as bright lights, a phone ringing during sleep, or the need to go to the bathroom.

Mental health conditions, including bipolar disorder and panic disorder, can also cause confusional arousals. Additionally, the use of antidepressant medications can impact confusional arousals.

## References

https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sleep/nighttime-sleep-behaviors/confusional-arousals.html

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias/confusional-arousal

https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/confusional-arousals/
Dyslexia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Dyslexia** is a learning difficulty that mainly causes problems with reading, writing and spelling. It most commonly due to a difficulty in phonological processing, which affects the ability to speak, read, spell and learn a second language. It is not a visual disorder.

Dyslexia is oftentimes referred to as the opposed version to hyperlexia, which is a learning syndrome categorized by natural excellence and success in writing, reading or mathematics.

## Signs of Dyslexia

Signs of dyslexia usually become apparent when a child starts school and begins to focus more on learning how to read and write.

It is a myth that individual with dyslexia "read backwards,' although spelling can look quite jumbled at times.

An individual with dyslexia may:

* Read and write very slowly.
* Confuse the order of letters in words.
* Be confused by letters that look similar and write letters the wrong way around.
* Have poor or inconsistent spelling.
* Understand information when told verbally, but have difficulty with information that's written down.
* Find it hard to carry out a sequence of directions.
* Struggle with planning and organizing.
* Having a better understanding of verbal education than rather visual or literal.

## Causes

The exact cause of dyslexia is still not completely clear, but anatomical and brain imagery studies show differences in the way the brain of an individual with dyslexia develops and functions.

## References

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dyslexia/

https://dyslexiaida.org/dyslexia-basics/
Voice-to-Taste Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Voice-to-Taste Synesthesia** is a subtype of auditory-gustatory synesthesia in which the sound of the human voice triggers a taste sensation. Each voice, or each type of voice, has its own taste. This can be because of its timbre, volume, tone, accent, gender, nature, the individual speaking or other factors.

## Related Forms of Synesthesia

### Voice-Color and Voice-Shape Synesthesia

Voice-Color and Voice-Shape Synesthesia is a type of synesthesia where the sound of individuals speaking or singing triggers a specific visual concurrent.

### Auditory-Olfactory Synesthesia

Auditory-Olfactory Synesthesia is a type of synesthesia in which certain sounds evoke smells.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/voice-to-taste-synesthesia.html
Spectrum (graph)

**"Why fit in when you were born to stand out?" -Dr. Seuss**
Neurodiversity Wiki needs more information on this page!
You can remove this template when the page either has **complete information** or exceeds **1000 bytes**.

## Spectrum

An illustration explaining the incorrect and correct portrayals of the spectrum.

### Source

https://getgoally.com/blog/autism-spectrum-wheel/

**The spectrum** is a graph based around different social-emotional experiences in an autistic individual.

## Linear V.S. Circular (Pie) Graph

The linear graph, which demonstrates the false and offensive terms "high-functioning," "medium-functioning" and "low-functioning" is not used. It is disrespectful and captures the aspect that autism is simply just different levels or "amounts." However, the circular graph is more preferred due to the captivation of valid, important details in an autist's social interpretations.

Circular spectrum graphs usually include:

* Social differences
* Interests
* Repetitions
* Sensory sensitivities
* Emotional regulation
* Perception
* Executive functioning
* Other
Nightmare Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Nightmare Disorder** is when nightmares happen often, cause distress, disrupt sleep, cause problems with daytime functioning or create fear of going to sleep. A nightmare is a disturbing dream with negative feelings, such as anxiety or fear, that awakens one from sleep.

## Signs & Symptoms

One is more likely to have a nightmare in the second half of the night. Episodes are generally brief, but they cause one to wake up, and returning to sleep can be difficult.

A nightmare may involve these features:

* The dream seems vivid and real and is very upsetting, often becoming more disturbing as the dream unfolds.
* The dream storyline is usually related to threats of safety and survival, but it can have other disturbing themes.
* The dream awakens one from sleep.
* One feels scared, anxious, angry, sad or disgusted as a result of the dream.
* One feels sweaty or has a pounding heartbeat while in bed.
* One can think clearly upon awakening and can recall details of the dream.
* The dream causes distress that keeps one from falling back to sleep easily.

Nightmares are only considered a disorder if one experiences:

* Frequent occurrences.
* Major distress or impairment during the day, such as anxiety or persistent fear, or bedtime anxiety about having another nightmare.
* Problems with concentration and memory, or one can't stop thinking about images from their dreams.
* Daytime sleepiness, fatigue, or low energy.
* Problems functioning in social situations.
* Behavior problems related to bedtime or fear of the dark.

## Causes

Traumatic events, waking psychological distress, or sleep disturbances may contribute to the onset and maintenance of nightmares.

* Usually, there is no underlying pathology.
* It is thought that PTSD, sleep disturbances and psychological distress may contribute.
* Nightmares may be a symptom of a more serious psychiatric disorder, such as borderline personality disorder, but this is rare.
* Twin studies suggest that genetic factors may be involved.
* A link with suicidality has been suggested.
* Many medications are reported to increase nightmares:
	+ Antihypertensives:
		- Beta blockers, water-soluble beta-blockers, such as atenolol, are less likely to cause nightmares.
		- Centrally acting antihypertensives.
	+ Antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricylic antidepressants, and monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
	+ Anti-Parkinsonion agents: levodopa, selegiline.
	+ Sedatives:
		- Ketamine.
		- Short-acting barbiturates.
	+ Miscellaneous:
		- Rauwolfia alkaloids.
		- Alpha-agonists.
		- Flutemide.
		- Procarbazine.
	+ Medication withdrawal can lead to rebound of REM sleep, which may increase nightmares.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nightmare-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353515

https://patient.info/doctor/nightmare-disorder
Dermatophagia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Dermatophagia**, also called **Dermatodaxia**, is a body-focused repetitive behavior in which an individual bites their own skin. The compulsion most often affects the hands, such as the cuticles or fingers; however, it may also occur on other parts of the body. One may eat the skin they bite, but not all individuals with dermatophagia ingest their own skin.

## Signs & Symptoms

Signs of dermatophagia include:

* Frequently and repeatedly gnawing on and eating one's own skin, usually the hands
* Red, raw skin in the affected area
* Bleeding in the affected area
* Skin damage, such as scarring, calluses or discoloration
* Significant distress by the behavior or interference with everyday life

Some areas one may bite include:

* Fingers
* Nail folds
* Hangnails
* Knuckles
* Cuticles
* Hands
* Forearms

The most significant physical complication of dermatophagia is infection. One should cover any sores or wounds to decrease the chances of infection.

## Causes

It is not clear what causes the development of dermatophagia, but it is said that both genetic and social factors may play a role.

## References

Cohen PR. Skin Biter: Dermatodaxia Revisited. Cureus. 2022 Feb 16;14(2):e22289. doi: 10.7759/cureus.22289. PMID: 35350511; PMCID: PMC8932596.

https://www.healthline.com/health/dermatophagia

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325111

https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-behavior/dermatophagia
Communication Disorders

**Communication Disorders** are conditions in which one experiences difficulty in language and/or speech. These disorders are often caused by genetic differences and/or issues with brain development.

## Types of Communication Disorders

### Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder is a condition in which a young individual struggles with words/speech in a way that is unexpected for their age. This includes stuttering, tics, prolonged vocalization, and an avoidance of long or difficult words.

### Language Disorder

Language Disorder is a condition in which an individual struggles with language to a point of limiting their abilities, especially in social spaces.

### Social Pragmatic Communications Disorder (SPCD)/Social Communication Disorder (SCD)

SPCD/SCD is a condition in which an individual struggles with social communication. They often struggle understanding implications, struggle to understand different physical cues, have difficulty differentiating how to speak to different individuals, and similar struggles.

### Speech Sound Disorder (SSD)

SSD is a condition in which a young individual struggles with pronunciation and speech to an extent that is unexpected for their age. They often struggle to say words correctly and it can be difficult to identify what they are attempting to say.

### Unspecified Communication Disorder

An unspecified communication disorder is when an individual shows signs of a communication disorder, but does not fit the criteria for any specific form of it.

## References

1. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder
2. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/language-disorder
3. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-social-communication-disorder
4. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/speech-sound-disorder
5. https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/unspecified-communication-disorder-dsm--5-307.9-(f80.9)
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AbuseThe following page includes discussions of abuse, including verbal, physical, neglect, sexual (**SA also has its own warning**), etc. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)** is a childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger and frequent, intense temper outbursts. DMDD symptoms go beyond being a "moody" child. DMDD is a fairly new diagnosis, appearing for the first time in the DSM-5, published in 2013.

## Signs & Symptoms

* Major temper tantrums that happen three or more times a week on average.
* Angry or irritable mood between tantrums.
* Being unable to control extreme emotions.
* Severe, chronic irritability.
* Reactions out of proportion to the situation.
* Difficulty functioning because of outbursts or tantrums.
* Aggressive behaviors.
* Frequently breaking rules.

### Diagnosis

Diagnosis is not given to children under the age of 6 or anyone over the age of 18.

## Causes

There is no clear cause of DMDD, but environmental influences are risk factors and may play a more significant role in predicting if a child will be diagnosed with DMDD. Factors like childhood abuse and a history of family psychiatric illness might also contribute as well.

## References

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-dmdd/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder

https://childmind.org/guide/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-a-quick-guide/

https://psychcentral.com/disorders/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder#causes
Unspecified Feeding/Eating Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AddictionThe following page includes discussions of addiction, including substance abuse. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.Body ImageThe following page includes discussions of body image, including starving oneself, binging and purging, exaggerated self-analysis, and body dysphoria. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder (UFED)** is in which someone shows symptoms characteristic of an eating disorder that causes clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning, but do not meet the full criteria for any specific eating disorder.

The unspecified feeding and eating disorder category is used in situations in which the clinician chooses not to specify the reason that the criteria are not met for a specific eating disorder.

## Types of UFED

### Orthorexia Nervosa

Orthorexia Nervosa is an unhealthy obsession with "clean eating" and health. This kind of food restriction can be a precursor to anorexia.

### Bigorexia

Bigorexia is a disorder that causes an individual to constantly obsess and/or worry about being too small, underdeveloped, and/or underweight.

### Drunkorexia

Drunkorexia is a combination of substance abuse and an eating disorder. It includes behaviors such as replacing food consumption with excessive alcohol consumption or consuming food along with sufficient amounts of alcohol to induce vomiting as a method of purging and numbing feelings.

### Diabulimia

Diabulimia is when an individual with type 1 diabetes omits and misuses insulin in order to purge calories.

## References

https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/unspecified-feeding-or-eating-disorder

https://www.myedin.org/types-of-eating-disorders
Speech Disorders

**Speech Disorders** are conditions that affect ones speech in some way, typically causing difficulty for the one speaking and possibly for those listening as well. Speech disorders are not always neurodivergent and are sometimes related to physical factors.

## Types of Speech Disorders

### Aphasia

Aphasia is a condition in which one loses their ability to properly verbally communicate due to brain damage. This could be due to a stroke, head injury, tumor, and/or disease.

### Apraxia Of Speech/Speech Apraxia

Speech Apraxia is a condition in which one struggles in speech due to ones brain being unable to properly plan and sequence the required speech movements. The individual's brain knows what it would like to say, but is incapable of properly doing so.

### Neurogenic Stuttering

Neurogenic Stuttering is a condition in which one consistently struggles with stuttering and has a tendency to stutter a lot. This could be due to stroke, head injury, brain tumors/cysts, disease, genetic syndromes, drugs/medications, or similar.

### Palilalia

Palilalia is a condition in which one compulsively repeats words/syllables/phrases. This could be repeating ones own words/syllables/phrases or it could be repeating others' words/syllables/phrases. Those with this condition are typically unaware of their repetitive vocalizations; however, they may be aware in some cases but still are unable to stop it regardless. This disorder usually affects children; however, it can be found occasionally in adults.

## Non-ND Speech Disorders

Dysarthria is another speech disorder; however, it is related to physical conditions rather than psychological/mental ones.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aphasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369518

https://www.stutteringhelp.org/neurogenic-stuttering

https://virtualpsychcentre.com/palilalia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysarthria/symptoms-causes/syc-20371994
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AWS/AIWS)**, also known as **Todd's Syndrome** or **Lilliputian Hallucinations**, is a condition that causes temporary episodes of distorted perception and disorientation. One may feel larger or smaller than they actually are. One may also find that the room they're in, or the surrounding furniture, seems to shift and feel further away or closer than it really is.

AIWS does not feature in major classifications such as the ICD-10 and the DSM-5.

### Coining of the Name

Similar to what Alice experienced when she ate the mushrooms in Lewis Carroll's book *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*, when they altered the size of her body, founder of the condition, John Todd, named the syndrome based around Alice in Wonderland.

## Signs & Symptoms

There are several symptoms of AWS, but none of them occur simultaneously. Each symptom is separate and will only occur for five to 20 minutes.

* Micropsia, objects appearing smaller than normal.
* Teleopsia, objects appearing further away than they actually are.
* Macropsia, objects appearing larger than normal.
* Metamorphopsia, lines appearing wavy, warped, or blank.
* Pelopsia, objects appearing nearer than they actually are.

Some believe that hallucinations, time loss, and seizures are also part of AWS.

While the syndrome has been linked to migraines, epilepsy, strokes, head trauma, infections, drugs and stress, it's not known to be dangerous.

## Causes

The causes of AIWS are not clear, but individuals who have migraines or epilepsy are more likely to experience the syndrome.

## Treatment

Although those with the syndrome are advised to see a specialist, because it can result in migraines or seizures, there is no treatment necessary.

It is common for the symptoms to decrease naturally as one gets older.

## References

https://www.healthline.com/health/alice-in-wonderland-syndrome

https://cp.neurology.org/content/6/3/259

https://www.thebraincharity.org.uk/condition/alice-in-wonderland-syndrome/

https://share.upmc.com/2016/10/alice-in-wonderland-syndrome/

https://www.insider.com/i-have-alice-in-wonderland-syndrome-heres-what-its-like
Grapheme-Taste and Grapheme-Smell Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Grapheme-Taste and Grapheme-Smell Synesthesia** are types of synesthesia in which letters and/or numbers trigger a certain taste or smell for individuals. It includes four different types of synesthesia.

This form of synesthesia is very rare and it usually coincides with other forms of synesthesia.

## Letter-Taste

**Letter-Taste** is when one perceives specific and consistent tastes in their mouth when looking at or thinking about a certain letter.

## Letter-Smell

**Letter-Smell** is when one perceives specific and consistent smells when looking at or thinking about a certain letter.

## Number-Taste

**Number-Taste** is when one perceives specific and consistent tastes in their mouth when looking at or thinking about a certain number.

## Number-Smell

**Number-Smell** is when one perceives specific and consistent smells when looking at or thinking about a certain number.

## Related Forms of Synesthesia

### Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia

Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia is when certain words trigger a concurrent flavor.

### Lexical-Olfactory Synesthesia

Lexical-Olfactory Synesthesia is when certain words trigger a concurrent smell.

### Grapheme-Color Synesthesia

Grapheme-Color Synesthesia is when one associates certain colors with written letters, numbers and other symbols.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/grapheme-taste-and-grapheme-smell.html
Truman Syndrome

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.UnrealityThe following page includes discussions of unreality, including delusions, hallucinations, derealization, and depersonalization. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Truman Show Delusion**, also known as **Truman Syndrome**, is a firmly held belief that one is the star of a reality television show, more specifically that others are actors and their activities are continuously being broadcast to a worldwide audience. One may think that everyone is picking them apart and everyone is watching every single facet of their lives on television, like they have no privacy.

### The Truman Show

The name of this syndrome was coined from *The Truman Show*, the name of a 1998 film in which the protagonist, Truman Burbank, discovers that his entire life has been fabricated by the media and he is the unwitting center of a television show.

## Causes

It is speculated that certain features of modern culture, such as the warrantless wiretapping and video surveillance like the one in London, may crease a plausible backdrop for those with a tendency to suspect that others are watching them. In addition, widely accessible technology and media that foster the notion of instant fame or put one at the center of attention, like reality TV or social media, square with the Truman Show's basic premise and with psychotic delusions may also play a role.

## References

https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/truman-show-delusion-how-mental-illness-reflects-our-reality

https://dictionary.apa.org/truman-show-delusion

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/06/delusion.html
Ordinal Linguistic Personification

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Ordinal Linguistic Personification (OLP)**, also called **Sequence-Personality** and **Social Synesthesia**, can also be called **Grapheme Personification** if it involves letter personification and number personification, is when one attributes human characteristics and qualities to inanimate objects or concepts; gender, personality, human appearance, clothes and accessories, likes and dislikes, feelings and relationships with other objects or concepts in their group.

When these associations are considered a type of synesthesia, they are usually formed during childhood and are stable, tending to show no variation over the synesthete's lifetime.

## Types of OLP

### Grapheme Personification

#### Number Personification

Number Personification is when an individual sees and thinks of different numbers as having human characteristics.

#### Letter Personification

Letter Personification is when one attributes each letter in the alphabet with human characteristics.

### Personification of Musical Sequences

#### Sound Personification

Sound Personification is when one attributes human characteristics to musical sounds, such as notes on a musical scale.

### Personification of Other Sequences

#### Personification of Days and Months

Personification of Days and Months is when one attributes human characteristics to each day of the week or month of the year.

#### Color Personification

Color Personification is when one automatically associates each color with human characteristics.

#### Object Personification

Object Personification consists of attributing human characteristics, qualities and relationships to sequences of objects.

#### Cutlery Personification

Cutlery Personification is when one attributes personality and human characteristics to cutlery items.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/ordinal-linguistic-personification-and.html