Chola Empire

After the series of battles against the Rashtrakuta Empire, the Chola Empire emerged as the primary power in India in 973 CE.

## Chola Empire

### Succeded by

Pandya Empire

The Chola Empire continued expansion, cultural achievements, and diplomatic endeavors. Rajaraja Chola I ascended to the throne in 985, his reign marked a significant period of military expansion, cultural patronage, and architectural marvels.

# Kadaram

Rajaraja I is renowned for constructing the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, a masterpiece of Chola architecture and a symbol of the empire's grandeur.

The son of Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I continued the legacy of military conquests and territorial expansion, extended Chola influence beyond the Indian subcontinent by undertaking successful campaigns in regions such as Southeast Asia, including the famous naval expedition to Kadaram.

Kadaram was known for its wealth, resources, and strategic location, making it a desirable target for the Cholas. The Cholas constructed a formidable fleet that included warships, cargo vessels, and support ships.

Rajendra Chola I led the naval expedition personally, showcasing the importance he attached to the campaign. The Chola fleet sailed across the Bay of Bengal, navigating through the waters of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Chola forces successfully captured Kadaram, the success of the naval expedition to Kadaram not only secured Chola control over the kingdom but also facilitated greater influence in the broader region of Southeast Asia.

The Cholas established diplomatic ties and trade connections with other kingdoms and pirates in the region, contributing to the economic prosperity of the empire.

# Society

The empire was divided into provinces, and local governance was administered through a hierarchical structure. Trade flourished during the Chola period, with the empire having maritime connections with regions such as Southeast Asia and China.

The period saw the flourishing of Tamil literature and poetry. The Cholas contributed significantly to the development of the Tamil language. The construction of temples and the promotion of religious practices were essential aspects of Chola cultural achievements.

# Kulothunga Chola I

Kulothunga Chola I ascended to the Chola throne in 1070 CE, succeeding his father, Rajendra Chola II. At the beginning of Kulothunga Chola I's rule, the Chola Empire faced revolts and conflicts.

Kulothunga restore order and strengthen the administrative apparatus by killing thousands of people ignoring their demands. Kulothunga worked to maintain law and order, streamline tax collection, and force the administrative structure.

Kulothunga engaged in military campaigns to expand the Chola Empire's territories destroying the Chalukya and the Hoysala Kingdoms.

Despite the Chalukya rebelions, Kulothunga was hunted them until his death in 1122.

The Chola army continued the invasion, hunting, and killing of the Chalukyas and Hoysalas forcing them to forge a rebel alliance against the Chola Empire in the form of invasions marked by military campaigns and strategic prowess.

In response to the rebel alliance, the Chola ruler Kō Parakēsari Varman (also known as Vikrama Chola), demonstrated military prowess and strategic acumen. Varman engaged in military campaigns to counter the alliance.

Despite losing territories in Sri Lanka. Varman maintained stability and prosperity. However, under the reign of Varman's grandson Kulothunga III in 1215 the Empire was defeated by Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II in 1215 marked the end of Chola Empire.

Maravarman Sundara opposed and defeated by Kulothunga when his armies burned down the ancient hall in Madurai. The Battle that followed marked the birth of the Pandya Empire.