recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Humidicutis mavis

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***Humidicutis mavis*** is a gilled fungus of the waxcap family. It is found in Australia, Borneo, and New Zealand where the translucent white fungi grows from the ground to a height of 80 mm and a width of 50 mm.

## Taxonomy

It was initially described as *Hygrophorus mavis* by New Zealand mycologist Greta Stevenson in 1962 and later as *Hygrocybe mavis* by Egon Horak in 1971, before being placed in the genus *Humidicutis* by Australian Tony Young in 1997. The generic name derives from the Latin *humidus* "moist" and *cutis* "skin", referring to its moist cap. The original holotype specimen was collected on 18 June 1949 in New Zealand by T. Levin. It has been compared with collections made by E. J. H. Corner of a *Mycena rimosacuta* variety *alba* in Borneo and found to be the same species. It is closely related to *Humidicutis lewelliniae* and may merely be a white-coloured form of this species.

## Description

*Humidicutis mavis* is a small mushroom with an umbonate cap Template:Convert in diameter, initially conical and later flattening to almost flat. It is smooth and ivory- to pure white in colour with an ivory umbo. The cap is textured with radial fibres, along which it may split, with the gills dividing between the split. The hollow white stipe is Template:Convert high and 0.3–0.6 cm thick and may be swollen at the base. The white gills are adnexed or free, and thick or distant with even margins. The spore print is white and the hyaline spores are more or less oval, measuring around 6–9 x 4.5–6 μm.

## Distribution and habitat

Fruit bodies appear singly or in groups over autumn and winter (April to July) in moss or among leaf litter in wet sclerophyll forest or rainforest in temperate, subtropical or tropical climates. It has been uncommonly recorded from Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, but is common in Tasmania, and is also found in Borneo and New Zealand, where it has been recorded from Gisborne, Wellington, Nelson and Westland provinces.

## References

1. ↑ Species: *Humidicutis mavis*. The Hidden Forest. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved on May 25, 2012.
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Young44`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Young, p. 47.
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Lepiota castanea

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***Lepiota castanea***, commonly known as the **chestnut dapperling**, is a dangerously poisonous, uncommon, gilled mushroom of the genus *Lepiota* in the order Agaricales. It is known to contain amatoxins and consuming this fungus can be a potentially lethal proposition. It was described by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1881.

It has white gills and spores. They typically have rings on the stems, which in larger fungi are detachable and glide up and down the stem.

It can be found in coniferous and deciduous woodlands, mostly singly or in small groups.

## Description

The cap is broadly bell shaped to flat, dark red-brown; soon splitting and scaly, up to 3 cm in diameter.
The spores and flesh are white, with a mild taste. The stem is typically chestnut brown.

## Toxicity

Like several other species of the genus *Lepiota*, it contains amatoxins which can result in severe liver toxicity.

## See also

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* List of deadly fungi
* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

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Lobothallia alphoplaca

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***Lobothallia alphoplaca*** (**variable sunken disk lichen**) is a creamy gray to brown,Template:Rp placoidioid areolate lichen that grows on rock in on rock and sometimes moss. It prefers growing on siliceous rocks. It is found in Europe, central Asia, and North America, where it grows in the southwestern deserts to central California. The center has numerous crowded and deformed apothecia with rims of thallus-like tissue (lecanorine). With dark reddish or grayish brown to black discs. Lichen spot tests on the thallus and apothecia are C-, and KC-, with tests on the cortex K+ red, P+ orange, or K-, P- and on the medulla K+ red, and P+ orange. It produces norstictic acid, constictic acid, or salazinic acid as secondary metabolites.

## References

1. ↑ Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Template:ISBN
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2, Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, [1]

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius fennoscandicus

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***Lactarius vitellinus*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. It is found in Scandinavia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with spruce trees.

## Taxonomy

The species was described as new to science in 1998 by mycologists Annemieke Verbeken and Jan Vesterholt. The type locality was in Siljanfors, Sweden.

## Description

The fruit bodies have caps that are initially convex with a central depression and an inward-curled margin, later becoming more funnel-shaped, reaching a diameter of Template:Convert. The slightly sticky cap surface is marked into circular zones. The colour of the inner zones ranges from brownish with vivacious tones to cinnamon, with the colours lightening moving outwards toward the margin. The crowded gills have a decurrent attachment to the stipe. They are peach to yellowish orange, and turn greyish green where bruised. The stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick and is cylindrical to somewhat club-shaped. The flesh is whitish in the centre and orangish near the surface; it turns blueish-green when injured. It lacks any distinctive odor and has a taste that is initially mild before turning bitter. The sparse, orange milk turns greenish grey when exposed to air.

The spores are somewhat spherical to ellipsoid, and measure 7.5–8.1 by 6.1–6.5 µm. The surface features edges and warts that form an incomplete network. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, cylindrical to somewhat club-shaped, and measure 50–60 µm. The cap cuticle is a 50–100-micrometre thick ixocutis—whereby the hyphae are gelatinous, and lay flat in a horizontal layer.

## Habitat and distribution

*Lactarius fennoscandicus* is known from boreal forest in Finland and Sweden.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Verbeken 1998`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Heilmann-Clausen 2000`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hericium erinaceus

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***Hericium erinaceus*** (also called **lion's mane mushroom**, **monkey head mushroom**, **bearded tooth mushroom**, **satyr's beard**, **bearded hedgehog mushroom**, **pom pom mushroom**, or **bearded tooth fungus**) is an edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to the tooth fungus group. Native to North America, Europe and Asia it can be identified by its long spines (greater than 1 cm length), its appearance on hardwoods and its tendency to grow a single clump of dangling spines. *Hericium erinaceus* can be mistaken for other species of *Hericium*, all popular edibles, which grow across the same range. In the wild, these mushrooms are common during late summer and fall on hardwoods, particularly American beech.

## Chemistry

*Hericium erinaceus* contains a number of polysaccharides, such as B-glucan, heteroglucans, and heteroxylans, as well as several cyathane derivative diterpenoids known as hericenones and erinacines.

## Research

As an extract or as a whole mushroom, *H. erinaceus* is under basic research for its potential biological properties. While clinical research is in its early stages, such as for mild cognitive decline or anxiety, as of 2018, there is no conclusive evidence for health effects from consuming *H. erinaceus*.

## Gallery

Hericium erinaceus.JPGHericium erinaceus 2.JPGIgelstachelbart, Hericium erinaceus.jpgHericium erinaceum on an old tree in Shave Wood, New Forest - geograph.org.uk - 254892.jpg

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Hygrocybe miniata

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***Hygrocybe miniata***, commonly known as the **vermilion waxcap**, is a small, bright red or red-orange mushroom of the waxcap genus *Hygrocybe*. It is a cosmopolitan species, that is found worldwide. In Europe, it is found in fields, on sandy heaths, or grassy commons in the autumn (fall). It is found in rainforest and eucalypt forest as well as heathland in Australia.

## Taxonomy

*Hygrocybe miniata* was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as *Agaricus miniatus* in 1821, before being renamed by the same author in 1838 as *Hygrophorus miniatus*. German mycologist Paul Kummer then assigned it to the genus *Hygrocybe* in 1871. The specific epithet *miniata* comes from ‘miniat’, which means "painted with red lead".

## Description

The cap is convex initially, but later flattens and becomes depressed with a wavy edges. The centre of mature fruiting bodies is noticeably scurfy, or scaly. This is a feature that is best seen on dry specimens, that have not been rained on. The cap colour is scarlet-orange with a yellow striate margin, and is 0.5–3.5 cm in diameter. The bare stem is often long, (up to 3 times the cap diameter) and tapering towards the base, with a tendency to flatten. It is the same colour as the cap, or slightly paler, with a white base. The gills are orange, adnate (with a broad attachment to the stem) or slightly decurrent; widely spaced, and somewhat notched. The flesh is orange, and is devoid of any odour. The spore print is white, and the ellipsoid spores measure 7–9 x 4–5 μm.

A very similar species (only recently described) *H. helobi* (Arnolds) Bon; appears earlier in the season, prefers less acidic soils, and smells of garlic.

## Distribution and habitat

*Hygrocybe miniata* is a cosmopolitan species, having been recorded in most of the temperate zones. It has been collected from Britain, Europe, America, and the equivalent zones in the Southern Hemisphere such as eastern and southern Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

In Britain it appears in autumn (fall), particularly in frost free periods, and prefers sandy heaths, grassy clearings, or unimproved fields. It is often seen in the company of mouse-ear hawkweed (*Hieracium pilosella*).

In Australia, it can be found in temperate to subtropical rainforest and eucalypt forest as well as heathland. Fruiting bodies may appear in groups among the leaf litter from January to June.

## See also

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* List of *Hygrocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite book

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Lactarius pinguis

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***Lactarius pinguis*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. Found in northern Thailand, it was described as new to science in 2010.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `VandePutte2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hygrocybe nigrescens

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***Hygrocybe nigrescens***, commonly known as the **blackening wax-cap**, is a mushroom of the waxcap genus *Hygrocybe*. It is found in Europe and Africa.

## See also

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* List of *Hygrocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Rogers Mushrooms - Hygrocybe nigrescens Mushroom. Rogersmushrooms.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved on November 2, 2015.
2. ↑ Blackening Wax Cap - WhatSpecies. Whatspecies.com. Retrieved on November 2, 2015.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Macrocystidia cucumis

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***Macrocystidia cucumis*** is a common, inedible mushroom of the genus *Macrocystidia*, often found in large numbers on needle litter or moist soil.

## Description

The cap is convex to flat, dark red to blackish brown, very much paler when dry and grows up to Template:Convert in diameter.
The gills are white, later reddish and quite crowded. The spores are variable in colour, white, pink, brown have all been observed. The stipe is a similar colour to the cap, thin, and velvety at the base.
The flesh is white and has a smell of freshly cut cucumbers.

## Distribution and habitat

*Macrocystidia cucumis* was originally described in Europe where it is most common, and it is also known from North America, Australia and New Zealand. It can be found in forests, disturbed grounds and gardens and its preferred substrate is wood debris.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Garnweidner`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuo`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `GBIF`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
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Lactarius distantifolius

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***Lactarius distantifolius*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. Found in Chiang Mai Province (northern Thailand), it was described as new to science in 2010. The fruit bodies of the fungus were found growing in a teak plantation (elevation Template:Convert) with *Dipterocarpus obtusifolius* and other *Dipterocarpus* species, *Pterocarpus macrocarpus*, and *Shorea* species.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `VandePutte2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hydropus moserianus

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***Hydropus moserianus*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. Found in the Netherlands, it was described as new to science in 1983 by Dutch mycologist Cornelis Bas. The specific epithet honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Michael Moser. Fruit bodies of the fungus have reddish-brown to dark greyish-brown caps measuring Template:Convert. The gills are distantly spaced, numbering 12 to 16, and have a decurrent attachment to the stipe. Its spores are amyloid, and measure 8.2–11.1 by 4.2–5.7 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bas 1983`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Macrolepiota phaeodisca

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***Macrolepiota phaeodisca*** is a species of mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. Found in southern Europe, it was described as new to science in 1984 by Italian naturalist Francisco Bellù. It is found in dune slacks, sandy pine plantations, and sometimes meadows. The specific epithet *phaeodisca* ("with a dusky disc"), refers to the dark central area of the cap.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bellù 1984`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lasiochlaena

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***Lasiochlaena*** is a fungal genus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Lasiochlaena anisea***, found in Europe. The genus was circumscribed by Czech mycologist Zdenek Pouzar in 1990.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pouzar 1990`

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Morchella castaneae

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***Morchella casteneae*** is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez and appears to be confined to the Iberian peninsula. A subsequent phylogenetic and nomenclatural study by Richard and colleagues has confirmed *M. castaneae* as a distinct species and showed the taxa *Morchella brunneorosea* and *Morchella brunneorosea* var. *sordida* to be synonymous.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Clowez 2012`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Richard 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lepiota brunneolilacea

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***Lepiota brunneolilacea***, also known as the **star dapperling**, is a gilled mushroom of the genus *Lepiota* in the order Agaricales. It is known to contain deadly amounts of alpha-Amanitin, and was responsible for a fatal poisoning.

## See also

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* List of deadly fungi
* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bresinsky1989`
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Limacella delicata

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***Limacella delicata*** is a mushroom species in the genus *Limacella*. It is also sometimes known under the synonym ***Limacella glioderma*** (Fr.) Maire.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fungorum`

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Inocybe hystrix

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***Inocybe hystrix*** is an agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It forms mycorrhiza with surrounding deciduous trees. Fruit bodies are usually found growing alone or in small groups on leaf litter during autumn months. Unlike many *Inocybe* species, *Inocybe hystrix* is densely covered in brown scales, a characteristic that aids in identification. The mushroom also has a spermatic odour that is especially noticeable when the mushroom is damaged or crushed.

Like many other *Inocybe* mushrooms, *Inocybe hystrix* contains dangerous amounts of muscarine and should not be consumed.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1838 by Elias Fries under the name *Agaricus hystrix*. Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten later (1879) transferred it to *Inocybe*.

## Description

Fruit bodies have convex to plano-convex caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter. The caps are dry with scales that can be either erect or flat on the surface. The colour is brown in the centre, becoming paler towards the edges. The flesh is white, and has a spermatic odour and mild taste. The gills are closely spaced, white to dull brown, and have fringed edges. The stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and is roughly the same width throughout its length; like the cap, it is scaly.

The spore print is cinnamon brown. spores are roughly almond-shaped, smooth, inamyloid, and measure 8–12.5 by 5–6.5 µm. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.

## Habitat and distribution

In North America and Europe, *Inocybe hystrix* grows in deciduous forest, especially beech. In Costa Rica, it is found in the Cordillera Talamanca, where it associates with *Quercus costaricensis* at elevations around Template:Convert.

## See also

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* List of *Inocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1838`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Karsten 1879`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Halling 2005`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRogers`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Licrostroma

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***Licrostroma*** is a genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Licrostroma subgiganteum*** found in North America and Japan. It is an anamorphic form of *Michenera*.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lepiota erminea

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***Lepiota erminea***, commonly known as the **dune dapperling**, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is found in Europe and North America.

## See also

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* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius rufus

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***Lactarius rufus*** is a common, medium-sized member of the mushroom genus *Lactarius*, whose many members are commonly known as milkcaps. Known by the common name of the **rufous milkcap**, or the **red hot milk cap** in North America. It is dark brick red in color, edible, and grows with pine or birch trees.

## Taxonomy

Described originally by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, and later by the Swedish father of modern mycology Elias Magnus Fries. The specific epithet *rufus* is a reference to its colour.

## Description

The cap is up to Template:Convert in diameter. It is dark brick, bay, or red-brown. At first it is convex, and often has a small central boss (umbo), but later flattens, eventually acquiring a shallow central depression. The surface is dry and matt. The concolorous, but paler stem often becomes hollow with age. The gills are slightly decurrent, cream, becoming coloured as the cap later, only paler. The spore print is creamy white, with a slight salmon tinge. The flesh is white, as is the milk, which tastes mild initially, gradually becoming very hot, and acrid after a minute or so.

## Distribution and habitat

*Lactarius rufus* appears from late spring to late autumn. It is frequent in the northern temperate zones in Europe and North America. It is most commonly found with pine trees, but can also appear with birch, or spruce. It is common in northern California, and the Pacific Northwest from late summer to early winter.

## Edibility

*Lactarius rufus* is generally not recommended for consumption. However, it is used in some places as a condiment after special treatment, and mycologist David Arora notes that it is eaten in Scandinavian countries after canning, and also mentions that there may be edibility differences in North American and European versions of the mushroom. It is one of the most common wild mushrooms harvested for food in Finland.

In order to eat these mushrooms, you will have to cook them approximately 10 minutes in plenty of water. After this, you can either preserve them in vinegar or salt water or freeze them lightly salted. These mushrooms make a great salad, with mayonnaise, cream and onions.

Be careful when tasting for identification purposes, and only take a tiny piece. The delayed action effect masks an extremely hot (maybe **the** hottest) mushroom.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book Google Books
3. ↑ Template:Cite book Google Books
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

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Lecanora stenotropa

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***Lecanora stenotropa*** is a species of lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. It was described as new to science in 1872 by Finnish botanist William Nylander.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nylander 1872`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Inonotus tamaricis

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***Inonotus tamaricis*** is a species of fungus in the Hymenochaetaceae family. A plant pathogen, it grows on dead and living *Tamarix* species, and is found in Southern Europe, North Africa, Syria and Senegal, Southern Asia and east to China.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lathraeodiscus

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***Lathraeodiscus*** is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species ***Lathraeodiscus arcticus***. This species has been found in the lowland high-arctic areas in Greenland and Svalbard, Norway.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dissing1988`

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Inonotus nothofagi

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***Inonotus nothofagi*** is a species of fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae. It is parasitic, and causes a white rot in the wood it infects. First described scientifically by mycologist George Herriot Cunningham, it is found in Australia and New Zealand where it infects *Nothofagus cunninghamii*, and India, where it grows on oak.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cunningham 1948`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bagchee 1954`

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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sv:Inonotus munzii
Hygrophoropsis macrospora

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***Hygrophoropsis macrospora*** is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found in Europe and North America.

## Taxonomy

Formally described by Derek Reid in 1972 as a variety of *Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca*, it was raised to distinct species status by Thomas Kuyper in 1996. *Hygrophoropsis pallida* (Peck) Kreisel is a synonym that was never formally published. It is based on Charles Horton Peck's taxon *Cantharellus aurantiatus* var. *pallidus*, which he published in 1896.

## Description

Fruit bodies of *Hygrophoropsis macrospora* have a cream- to tan-coloured cap with a felt-like surface texture. The gills are forked and yellowish, with a decurrent attachment to the stipe.

*Hygrophoropsis macrospora* differs from *H. aurantiaca* mainly by its larger spore size, measuring 8.0–11.0 (sometimes up to 13.0) by 3.0–4.5 (5.0) μm. In comparison, the spores of *H. aurantiaca* have a shorter length, usually 5–8 μm, and a similar width.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Reid 1972`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boekhout 1996`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kibby 2012`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Holec 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lentinus roseus

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***Lentinus roseus*** is a species of edible mushroom in the family Polyporaceae, first found in northern Thailand.

## Further reading

* Klomklung, Namphung, et al. "Optimal conditions of mycelial growth of three wild edible mushrooms from northern thailand." Acta Biologica Szegediensis58.1 (2014): 39-43.
* Quél, C. E. R. I. O. P. O. R. U. S. "Zmitrovich IV, Kovalenko AE Lentinoid and polyporoid fungi, two generic conglomerates containing important medicinal mushrooms in molecular perspective International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms." International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms (2015).
* Njouonkou, André-Ledoux, Roy Watling, and Jérôme Degreef. "Lentinus cystidiatus sp. nov.(Polyporaceae): an African lentinoid fungus with an unusual combination of both skeleto-ligative hyphae and pleurocystidia." Plant Ecology and Evolution 146.2 (2013): 240-245.

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Leccinum arctoi

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***Leccinum arctoi*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in the Russian Far East, it was described as new to science in 1978.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vassilkov 1978`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leccinum versipelle

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***Leccinum versipelle***, also known as *Boletus testaceoscaber* or the **orange birch bolete**, is a common edible mushroom (given the right preparation) in the genus *Leccinum*. It is found below birches from July through to November, and turns black when cooked.

## Description

 File:Spinus-orange-birch-bolete-2014-10-n014756-w.jpg
The cap is broadly convex, bright red-brown or brick red. It is felty and grows up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The flesh is white to pink, turning green-blue when cut, particularly in the stipe. The spores are brown. The stipe is firm, long and slender, white and covered with small black scales.

## Edibility

*Leccinum versipelle* is mildly toxic (causing nausea and vomiting) unless given proper heat treatment: frying or boiling for 15–20 minutes is considered necessary. As mentioned, the mushroom turns black when heated.

It is commonly harvested for food in Finland.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

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Hyphodontia sambuci

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***Hyphodontia sambuci***, or **elder whitewash**, is a basidiomycete fungal pathogen on deadwood, especially elder.

It is resupinate, forming a very thin structure which is white, pruinose (flour-like dusting) or chalky in appearance. It is inedible. It also grows on dead but still hanging branches of *Fraxinus*, Berberis, *Nothofagus*, *Ulmus*, *Populus*, *Hedera*, *Ribes*, *Symphoricarpos* and rarely on conifers such as *Cryptomeria*.

## Ecology

As stated, *H. sambuci* occurs in North Europe mostly on *Sambucus nigra*, but there is a much bigger spectrum of substrates in warmer regions in southern areas. The variability of micromorphology increases in the tropics, but the macromorphological characteristics however always stay the same: the basidiocarp with chalky white color and often growing as aerophyte on dead branches of trees and bushes, that are still attached to the tree. *H. sambuci* consists of a complex of species. Similar species with capitate cystidia ; thin-walled hyphae and exactly the same chalky white fruit body are *H. griselinae* and *H. fimbriata*. They can be differentiated by their spores and morphology of their basidiocarp.

## External links

* The Virtual Field Guide.
* Index Fungorum.
* USDA ARS Fungal Database.
* The National Biodiversity Network Gateway.
* World Wide distribution details

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan, Template:ISBN. P. 322.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Whitewash Elder.

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Leccinum leucophaeum

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***Leccinum leucophaeum*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was originally described as new to science in 1825 by Christian Hendrik Persoon, and transferred to *Leccinum* by French mycologist Marcel Bon in 1981.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon 1981`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Chlorophyllum hortense

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***Chlorophyllum hortense*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Originally named as a species of *Lepiota* by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1917, it was transferred to *Chlorophyllum* by Else Vellinga in 2002. The fungus is found in Australia and North America. In 2006, it was reported from China.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vellinga 2002`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ge 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Inocybe erubescens

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***Inocybe erubescens***, also known as ***I. patouillardii***, commonly known as the **deadly fibrecap**, **brick-red tear mushroom** or **red-staining Inocybe**, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus *Inocybe* and one of the few known to have caused death. It is found growing in small groups on leaf litters in association with beech. All mushroom guidebooks as well as the mushroomers advise that the entire genus should be avoided. The fruit bodies (*i.e.*, the mushrooms) appear in spring and summer; the bell-shaped caps are generally pale pinkish in colour with red stains, with a reddish-pink stipe and gills.

## Taxonomy and naming

The red-staining inocybe was first described by Norwegian naturalist Axel Gudbrand Blytt in 1904 as *Inocybe erubescens*. However, it was widely known for many years as *I. patouillardii*, as named by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1905 in honour of the French botanist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard. However, the former name takes priority due to age.

## Description

The cap is hemispherical before flattening out and can reach 8 cm (3.4 in) in diameter. It is variable in colour, initially white though becoming yellow or brownish with age, and stained with pink-white and red marks or lines. The edge of the cap is often irregular with split edges and rough texture. The adnexed gills are reddish-pink. The stipe, dark red-pink, is thin with no ring. The flesh is initially yellowish, later dark pink. The colour tends to fade in direct sunlight. It may be mistaken for *Calocybe gambosa*, though the latter does not stain red, *Agaricus* species or *Cortinarius caperatus*.

## Distribution and habitat

It is commonest in beech woods and chalky soils, but grows in other broad-leaved woodland as well. It mainly grows on leaf litter usually during the spring and summer seasons. It is found in southern Europe and has been recorded from eastern Anatolia in Turkey. In Israel, *I. erubescens* grows under Palestine oak (*Quercus calliprinos*) and pines, with mushrooms still appearing in periods of little or no rain as they are mycorrhizal.

## Toxicity

*Inocybe erubescens* contains the toxin muscarine, in much higher doses than *Amanita muscaria*, and has been known to cause death, unlike the latter mushroom. One fatality was recorded in Surrey in southern England in 1937. In Israel, it is confused with edible mushrooms of the genus *Tricholoma*, particularly *Tricholoma terreum*, and *Suillus granulatus*, all of which grow in similar habitat.

## See also

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* List of *Inocybe* species
* List of deadly fungi

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Benjamin DR. (1995). *Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians*. W H Freeman & Co. Template:ISBN
5. ↑ Template:Cite book

* Template:Cite book
* Toxicity, Mushrooms - Muscarine

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Melampsora amygdalinae

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***Melampsora amygdalinae*** is a fungal pathogen which causes galls on willows (*Salix* species). Also known as a rust fungus, it was first described by Heinrich Klebahn in 1909.

## Description

*M. amygdalinae* distorts the blades and veins of willow, causing irregular spots, bearing the orange yellow uredinia. The rust has been found on almond willow (*S. triandra*) and rarely on bay willow (*S. pentandra*).

## Distribution

Has been recorded from western Europe including Great Britain (where it is rare) and from Scandinavia.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ *Melampsora amygdalinae* Klebahn, 1909. Retrieved on January 1, 2018.
3. ↑ Discover Life: Point Map of *Melampsora amygdalinae*. Retrieved on January 1, 2018.

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Hydnum rufescens

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***Hydnum rufescens***, commonly known as the **terracotta hedgehog**, is an edible basidiomycete of the family Hydnaceae. It belongs to the small group of mushrooms often referred to as the tooth fungi, which produce fruit bodies whose cap undersurfaces are covered by hymenophores resembling spines or teeth, and not pores or gills.

It is very similar to the commoner hedgehog fungus (*Hydnum repandum*), and was previously sometimes considered a variety of that species. However, the following differences have been noted:

* the cap of *H. rufescens* is russet rather than beige,
* the overall dimensions are smaller and more regular in shape, with a central stipe,
* the spines are not decurrent, and
* the spores are slightly larger.

Both species are found in European coniferous and deciduous forests growing on soil. It is reportedly ectomycorrhizal with *Picea abies*, *Pinus sylvestris*, *Fagus sylvatica* and *Quercus robur*.

## References

1. ↑ Roger Phillips: *Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain & Europe* (1981), Pan Books Ltd, London.
2. ↑ Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1994) "Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe" Delachaux et Niestlé Template:ISBN, also available in English.
3. ↑ *Hydnum rufescens*. The Ecology of Commanster. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.

* *Hydnum rufescens* at Northern Ireland Fungus Group URL accessed 11 June 2007

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Lignosus cameronensis

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***Lignosus cameronensis*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Its fruit bodies have a roughly circular brown cap measuring up to Template:Convert in diameter, supported by a muddy brown stipe up to Template:Convert long and Template:Convert thick. The pores on the cap underside are tiny, numbering 2–4 per millimetre.

Described as a new species in 2013, it is found in the tropical forests of Pahang, Malaysia. The specific epithet *cameronensis* refers to the type locality, the Cameron Highlands. The fungus fruit bodies are similar in appearance to those of *Lignosus ekombitii*, but differs in having smaller spores that typically measure 2.4–4.8 by 1.9–3.2 μm.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tan 2013`

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Hydnellum concrescens

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***Hydnellum concrescens*** is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the zoned hydnellum or zoned tooth fungus. As with other tooth fungi, the spores are produced on spines on the underside of the cap, rather than gills. It has a funnel-shaped cap, typically between 2 and 7 cm (0.8–2.8 in) in diameter, which has characteristic concentric zones of color. The cap may also have radial ridges extending from the center to the margins. The spines are pink in young specimens, but turn brown with age.

This species is very similar in appearance to *Hydnellum scrobiculatum*, and traditionally, largely unreliable microscopic characteristics such as spore size and ornamentation have been used to distinguish between the two. Recent research has demonstrated a way to discriminate the two species using DNA sequencing of the ITS regions.

## External links

* Index Fungorum synonyms
* Roger's Mushrooms picture and description
* healing-mushrooms.net description, bioactive compounds and medicinal properties

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Lepiota subincarnata

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***Lepiota subincarnata*** is a gilled mushroom of the genus *Lepiota* in the order Agaricales. It is known to contain amatoxins and consuming this fungus can be potentially lethal. First described scientifically by the Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1940, the species is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

Bon and Boiffard described *Lepiota josserandii* in 1974, which turned out to be the same species.

## See also

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* List of deadly fungi
* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hall2003`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lange1940`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Razaq 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hydnum magnorufescens

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***Hydnum magnorufescens*** is a species of fungus in the family Hydnaceae native to the southern Europe, Sichuan Province in China and Russia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `feng16`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `vizzini12`

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Hydnellum auratile

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***Hydnellum auratile*** is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Fruit bodies of the fungus consist of closely grouped, funnel-shaped caps up to Template:Convert in diameter. The caps are initially bright orange with a white rim, and have a felt-like surface. On the cap underside, the hymenium has hanging orange spines with whitish tips. These spines extend a ways down the length of the short stipe. The flesh is orange in both the cap and stipe. In mass, the spores are brown. Microscopically, they measure 4–5 by 3.5–4.5 µm and have short, rounded tubercles on the surface. The widespread *Hydnellum aurantiacum* is a close lookalike, but can be distinguished by having a white to buff cap, dull orange to brown flesh, and white spines.

*Hydnellum auratile* was first described as a species of *Hydnum* by German mycologist Max Britzelmayr in 1891. Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus transferred it to *Hydnellum* in 1959. The fungus is widely spread in Europe, and has also been reported from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is considered endangered in Switzerland.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dickson 2004`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Britzelmayr 1892`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ammirati 2009`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Senn-Irlet 2007`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius longipilus

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***Lactarius longipilus*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. Found in Chiang Mai Province (northern Thailand), it was described as new to science in 2010. The mushrooms were found at an elevation of Template:Convert growing in a forest dominated by *Castanopsis* spp., *Lithocarpus* sp., and *Pinus kesiya*.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `VandePutte2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lepiota ananya

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***Lepiota ananya*** is a gilled mushroom of the genus *Lepiota* in the order Agaricales. Known only to come from Kerala State, India, it was described as new to science in 2009.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in a 2009 issue of the journal *Mycotaxon*. The type collection was made in July 2005, in Palode, a village in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala State, India. The specific epithet *ananya* is derived from the Sanskrit word for "unique".

## Description

Fruit bodies have caps that are initially convex, becoming broadly convex and finally flattened with an umbo; the cap attains a diameter of Template:Convert. The cap surface is whitish, sometimes with a yellowish tinge, and has dark brown, pressed-down fibrillose scales that are more concentrated in the center of the cap. The cap margin, initially curved inward before straightening in age, has fine grooves and a scalloped edge. The gills are free from attachment to the stem, and colored light yellow. They are crowded together closely, and interspersed with 3–4 tiers of lamellulae (short gills). The edges of the gills are finely fringed. The hollow, cylindrical stem measures Template:Convert by Template:Convert thick, with a thicker base. The stem surface is whitish and fibrillose; the stem base arises from a white mycelium. The stem bears a membranous, whitish ring on its upper portion. The flesh is up to 2 mm thick, whitish to pale yellow, and has no distinct odor.

Spores are amygdaliform (almond-shaped) with walls up to 1 µm thick, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and measure 5.5–8 by 3.5–4.5 µm. The spores contain refractive oil droplets. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, hyaline, contain oil droplets, and have dimensions of 13–21 by 8–10 µm. They are four-spored with sterigmata up to 5 µm long. Cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are abundant, and have a shape ranging from cylindrical to club-shaped to utriform (like a leather bottle). They are thin-walled, hyaline or pale yellowish, and measure 15–37 by 7.5–10 µm; there are no cystidia on the gill faces (pleurocystidia). Clamp connections are rare in the hyphae.

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Lepiota ananya* grow single or scattered on the ground among decaying litterfall. The species is known only from its type locality.

## See also

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* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kumar2009`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Hydnellum staurastrum

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***Hydnellum staurastrum*** is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1971 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1971`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hydnellum gracilipes

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***Hydnellum gracilipes*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was first described scientifically in 1886 by Petter Karsten, who called it *Hydnum gracilipes*. He transferred it to the genus *Hydnellum* in 1879. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a pinkish to reddish-brown colour, a delicate texture described as "felty or papery", and flimsy stipes. Its spores are roughly spherical with a diameter of no more than 5 µm. *H. gracilipes* is found in northern Europe, where it is mycorrhizal with pine. Collections made in Scotland have been found by lifting the dense ground cover of common heather (*Calluna vulgaris*), which the fungus seems to use to as support to compensate for its flimsy stipe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Karsten 1879`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ainsworth 2011`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kõljalg 2000`

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Leucocoprinus cretaceus

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***Leucocoprinus cretaceus*** is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is widespread in tropical areas, and has a scattered distribution in Europe. Fruit bodies of the saprobic fungus grow in bundles or in groups on woodchips, sawdust, and compost heaps, and are found in greenhouses as well as outdoors.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Noordeloos 2001`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leccinum schistophilum

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***Leccinum schistophilum*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in Europe, where it grows in association with beech, it was described as new to science in 1981 by French mycologist Marcel Bon.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon 1981`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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