recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Acarospora schleicheri

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***Acarospora schleicheri***, the **soil paint lichen**, is a bleached to bright yellow areolate to squamulose lichen that commonly grows to Template:Convert on soil (terricolous) in arid habitats of southern California and Baja California, also in Europe and Africa.Template:Rp It produces rhizocarpic acid as a secondary metabolite, which gives it a yellow coloration and serves to protect it from the sun. Its lower surface is also yellow. It can be greenish when moist. Roundish, angular, or irregularly shaped squamules are 0.5–4 mm in diameter. There are 0–1 (sometimes 2–3) apothecia embedded in the thallus, with 0.4–1.2 mm roundish black to reddish-brown, or dark brown discs, which sometimes fill the areola so as to be lecanorine. It divides vegetatively on the soil. Asci are club shaped (clavate) and have 100 or more spherical to ellipsoid spores. Lichen spot tests are negative, and it is UV+ orange under ultraviolet light.Template:Rp

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Template:ISBN
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 *Acarospora schleicheri*, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3., Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, [1]
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lüttge 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Aspicilia mansourii

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***Aspicilia mansourii*** is a species of lichen in the family Megasporaceae. Found in Asia, it was described as new to science in 2011.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Adustomyces

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***Adustomyces*** is a fungal genus in the family Pterulaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single resupinate species ***Adustomyces lusitanicus*** (originally named *Stereum repandum* var. *lusitanicum* by Camille Torrend in 1913), found in Europe and Africa. *Adustomyces* was described by Swiss mycologist Walter Jülich in 1979.

## See also

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* List of Agaricales genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jülich 1979`

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Agaricus macrosporus

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***Agaricus macrosporus*** is a rare, edible mushroom found from June at wood fringes and in meadows.

## Description

The white cap is hemispherical and white when young, but later flattens out up to 25 cm in diameter and becomes yellowish or tan. Its flesh is very thick. The gills are pinkish grey when young, and become brown with age. The spores measure 12 by 6 μm and are purplish-brown and almond-shaped. The stem is strong and thick, with a broad ring. It may measure 8 to 12 cm in height and up to 3 cm in diameter.

The flesh is white with a mild taste and a smell of aniseed, turning slowly orange when cut.

## Similar species

There is a danger of confusing this mushroom with the deadly poisonous bulbous agaric *Amanita phalloides* and *Amanita pantherina*. *Agaricus excellens* is different by its taller and slimmer stipe which is striped lengthwise. *Agaricus augustus* does not have the pure white cap in young specimens.

## References

* Template:Cite book
* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

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Hebeloma radicosoides

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***Hebeloma radicosoides*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in Japan, it was described as new to science in 2000. The mushroom's long rooting stipe and membranous ring give it an appearance similar to *H. radicosum*. Like that species, it is also an ammonia fungus, growing on soil containing urea.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sagara 2000`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cantharellus minor

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***Cantharellus minor*** is a fungus native to eastern North America. It is one of the smallest of the genus *Cantharellus*, which includes other edible chanterelles. It is suspected of being mycorrhizal, found in association with oaks and moss. Recently, *C. minor* has been reported from semi-evergreen to evergreen forests in the Western Ghats, Kerala, India forming ectomycorrhizal associations with tree species like *Vateria indica*, *Diospyros malabarica*, *Hopea parviflora*, and *Myristica* species. The cap of *C. minor* ranges from Template:Convert wide and is convex and umbonate, often shallowly depressed, becoming funnel-shaped in some. The yellowish gills are decurrent, and fade to yellowish white in maturity. The stipe is less than Template:Convert tall. They fruit in the summer and fall. Although insubstantial, they are edible.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `mexp`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mohanan2011`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `mill06`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `rogers`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Butyriboletus fechtneri

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***Butyriboletus fechtneri*** is a pored mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It was formerly considered a species of *Boletus*, but in 2014 was transferred to the newly created genus *Butyriboletus*. It is considered endangered in the Czech Republic.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mikšik 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Agaricus arvensis

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***Agaricus arvensis***, commonly known as the **horse mushroom**, is a mushroom of the genus *Agaricus*.

## Taxonomy

It was described as *Agaricus arvensis* by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1762, and given numerous binomial descriptions since. Its specific name **arvensis** means 'of the field'.

## Description

 File:A. arvensis showing cogwheel.jpg
The cap is similar to that of *Agaricus campestris* (the field mushroom). The gills are white at first (when this fungus is most often confused with deadly genus *Amanita*). They later pass through grey and brown to become dull chocolate. There is a large spreading ring, white above but sometimes with yellowish scales underneath. Viewed from below, on a closed-cap specimen, the twin-layered ring has a well-developed 'cogwheel' pattern around the stipe. This is the lower part of the double ring. The odor is described as like anise. It belongs to a group of *Agaricus* which tend to stain yellow on bruising.

### Similar species

* *Agaricus osecanus* is rare, and is without the aniseed smell.
* *Agaricus xanthodermus*, the yellow stainer, can cause stomach upsets.
* *Agaricus silvicola*, the wood mushroom, is a touch more arboreal, with a frail and delicate ring, but also edible.
* *Agaricus campestris*, the field mushroom, is generally (but not always) smaller, has pink gills when young, and is also edible.
* *Agaricus bitorquis*, the spring agaric(us); looks similar to arvensis and campestris, which are more common in the summer and autumn
* *Agaricus bisporus* is the more commonly cultivated mushrooms of the genus *Agaricus*.

## Distribution and habitat

It is one of the largest white *Agaricus* species in Britain (where it appears during the months of July–November), West Asia (Iran) and North America.
Frequently found near stables, as well as in meadows, it may form fairy rings. The mushroom is often found growing with nettles (a plant that also likes nutrient-rich soil). It is sometimes found associated with spruce.

## Conservation

This mushroom is considered common and widespread, and is not a conservation concern.

## Edibility

Much prized by farmers for generations, the horse mushroom is regarded as one of the most delicious edible fungi, although the fruitbodies of this and other yellow-staining *Agaricus* species often have a build-up of heavy metals, such as cadmium and copper.

## See also

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* List of *Agaricus* species

## References

1. ↑ Miller, Orson. *Mushrooms of North America*. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1984.
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Lincoff, Gary. *The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms*. Chanticleer Press: New York, 1981.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Plants & Fungi: Agaricus arvensis (horse mushroom) - Species profile from. Kew. Retrieved on May 19, 2013.

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## External links

* Mushroom-collecting.com - *Agaricus arvensis*
* Mushroom Expert - *Agaricus arvensis*
* Mykoweb - *Agaricus avernsis*

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Boletus aureus

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***Boletus aureus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. The species was originally described in 1774 by Jacob Christian Schäffer.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schäffer 1774`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Antrodia cinnamomea

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***Antrodia cinnamomea*** is a fungus species . It causes brown heart rot of aromatic tree *Cinnamomum kanehirai*. It is used in Taiwan medicine as a remedy for cancer, hypertension, and hangover. Annual market is worth over $100 million (US) in Taiwan alone. Recently, the 32.15 Mb genome containing 9,254 genes was sequenced.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## Further reading

* Chang, Tun-Tschu, and Wang, Wu-Rong. "Basidiomatal formation of Antrodia cinnamomea on artificial agar media." Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 46 (2005).
* Template:Cite journal
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* Chang, Tun-Tschu, and Wen-Neng Chou. "Antrodia cinnamomea reconsidered and A. salmonea sp. nov. on Cunninghamia konishii in Taiwan." Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 45 (2004).

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Clitocybe fragrans

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***Clitocybe fragrans*** is a poisonous mushroom. It has a "fragrant" (*fragrans*) odor of aniseed and can be confused with the aniseed toadstool. The cap and stem are white.

## External links

* *Clitocybe fragrans*

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Geoglossum atropurpureum

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***Geoglossum atropurpureum*** is a species of earthtongue fungus. It was originally described by August Batsch as *Clavaria atropurpurea* in 1783. Christian Hendrik Persoon transferred it to the genus *Geoglossum* in 1796. It is considered threatened in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dahlberg 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Chaetonectrioides

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***Chaetonectrioides*** is a fungal genus in the Ascomycota. It is a monotypic genus containing the sole species ***Chaetonectrioides malaysiana***, found in Peninsular Malaysia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Matsushima 1996`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Aleuria aurantia

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The **orange peel fungus** (*Aleuria aurantia*) is a widespread ascomycete fungus in the order Pezizales. The brilliant orange, cup-shaped ascocarps often resemble orange peels strewn on the ground, giving this species its common name.

## Taxonomy

Christiaan Hendrik Persoon described the orange peel as *Peziza aurantia* in 1800. The specific epithet is the Latin word *aurantia* "orange". Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel placed it the genus *Aleuria* in 1870.

## Description

In Europe, the orange peel may be confused with species of *Otidea* or *Caloscypha* which are poisonous or of unknown edibility.
The North American Audubon Mushroom Field Guide lists orange peel fungi as edible, though not necessarily choice, with no particularly notable continental lookalikes.

## Distribution and habitat

The orange peel fungus grows on bare clay or disturbed soil throughout North America and Europe. It has also been found in the south of Chile. *Aleuria aurantia* fruits mainly in late summer and autumn.

 File:Aleuria aurantia 1.jpg
## References

* Nilsson, S. & Persson, O. 1977. *Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi)*. Penguin Books.
* Yao, Y.-J., and B. M. Spooner. 1995. Notes on British taxa referred to *Aleuria*. Mycological Research 99:1515-1518.
* Seaver, F. J. 1914. North American species of *Aleuria* and *Aleurina*. Mycologia 6:273-278.

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Auriporia aurea

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***Auriporia aurea*** is a species of poroid fungus. It was first described scientifically by Charles Horton Peck in 1890 as *Poria aurea*. Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the new genus *Auriporia*, in which it is the type species.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Peck 1890`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 1973`

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Clavulinopsis laeticolor

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***Clavulinopsis laeticolor*** is a coral mushroom in the family Clavariaceae. It has fruit bodies with slender, bright orange to yellow arms up to Template:Convert tall and 3 mm wide. It fruits singly or in loose groups on the ground, often among mosses. A widely distributed species, it is found in Asia, Europe, North America, and New Zealand.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Davis 2012`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Trudell 2010`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Petersen 1988`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Clitocybe strigosa

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***Clitocybe strigosa*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. Found in northern Europe, it was described as new to science in 1969 by Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Harmaja 1969`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Allopsalliota

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***Allopsalliota*** is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. A monotypic genus, it consists of the single species ***Allopsalliota geesterani***, found in the Netherlands. The specific epithet honors Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. *Allopsalliota* was circumscribed in 1998 to contain what was then known as *Agaricus geesterani*, a species first described in 1986 by Cornelis Bas and Paul Heinemann.

## See also

* List of Agaricales genera
* List of Agaricaceae genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nauta 1998`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bas 1986`

* Template:Portal-inline

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Clitocybe agrestis

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***Clitocybe agrestis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. Widely distributed in Europe (*agrestis* means "of fields") it was described as new to science in 1969 by Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja. Fruitbodies are poisonous as they contain the toxin muscarine.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Harmaja 1969`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bas 1995`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Armillaria jezoensis

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***Armillaria jezoensis*** is a species of mushroom in the Physalacriaceae family. Found in Japan, it was described as new to science in 1994.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cha1994`

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Boletopsis atrata

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***Boletopsis atrata*** is a species of hydnoid fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1982 by Norwegian mycologist Leif Ryvarden. It has a disjunct distribution, found in temperate forests of East Asia and Eastern North America, where it fruits at the base of hardwood trees and stumps, especially oak (*Quercus*) and chestnuts (*Castanea*).

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hjorstam 1982`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Núñez 2001`

## External links

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Acaulospora polonica

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***Acaulospora polonica*** is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscular mycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Found in Poland growing under *Thuja occidentalis*, it was described as a new species in 1988.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Blaszkowski 1988`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Clavomphalia

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***Clavomphalia*** is a genus of fungi in the Tricholomataceae family. It is a monotypic genus, containing only ***Clavomphalia yunnanensis***, a Chinese species first described by German mycologist Egon Horak in 1987.

## See also

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* List of Tricholomataceae genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Armillaria cepistipes

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***Armillaria cepistipes*** is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. This is a weakly plant pathogenic species that is typically found growing at the base of deciduous trees that have previously been stressed by another pathogen. The mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.

## References

1. ↑ *Armillaria cepistipes*. Natural Resources Canada: Canadian Forest Service (2009). Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved on April 17, 2009.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mihail 2015`

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Cribrospora

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***Cribrospora*** is a genus of fungus in the order Agaricales. It is *incertae sedis* with respect to familial placement within the order. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Cribrospora tulostomoides***, found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pacioni1999`

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Aphroditeola

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***Aphroditeola*** is an agaric fungal genus that produces pink cantharelloid fruit bodies on coniferous forest floors. The lamellae are forked and typically the fruit bodies have a fragrant odor described as candy-like, cinnamony or pink bubble gum-like. In the last century it was classified in *Hygrophoropsis*, a genus in the Boletales. However, *Hygrophoropsis* has dextrinoid basidiospores while *Aphroditeola* lacks these. Phylogenetically *Aphroditeola* is classified in the Agaricales near the Hygrophoraceae. Little is known about its biology except that the type species can be grown in culture from basidiospores and it produces pinkish to reddish-orange mycelium. In other literature and web sites the type species is called by synonymous names *Hygrophoropsis morganii* or *Hygrophoropsis olida* or incorrectly labelled *Hygrophoropsis rufescens*, a misapplied name.

## Etymology

The name *Aphroditeola* is an allusion to Aphrodite Greek goddess because of the combination of pretty pink coloration and perfume-like odor. In some literature it is known as *Hygrophoropsis morganii* based on the earlier classification and the incorrect presumption that the type species was named *Cantharellus morganii* before the name *Cantharellus olidus*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Binder2006`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moncalvo2002`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lodge_et_al2014`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lavorat2015`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries_N_1979`
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead2013`

## External links

* Belgium mushrooms - *Hygrophoropsis olida*
* British Columbian mushrooms - *Hygrophoropsis morganii*
* Sept-Iles mushrooms - *Hygrophoropsis rufescens*
* Lamoureux 2241 (fongarium CMMF) - *Aphroditeola olida*
* Quebec mushrooms - *Aphroditeola olida*

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Cortinarius splendens

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***Cortinarius splendens***, commonly known as the **splendid webcap**, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus *Cortinarius* native to Europe. It has been implicated in poisonings resulting in renal failure, though with milder symptoms than other deadly webcaps.

The species was described in 1939. It has been classed as conspecific with *Cortinarius meinhardii*, although the two species have different tree hosts—the former with the European beech (*Fagus sylvatica*) and the latter with Norway spruce (*Picea abies*).

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `michelot 1990`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `garnica2009`

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Aecidium mori

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***Aecidium mori*** is a species of fungus in the order Pucciniales. It can only be found on flowering plants of the species *Morus*, the mulberries. It is found in Asia.

## Taxonomy

In 1890, British mycologist Arthur Barclay had identified this species of fungus to be a synonym of *Caeoma mori* and changed its name to *Aecidium mori*. The name was changed back to the original a short time later, after *Aecidium mori* was more commonly used. Barclay also believed the *Ficus palmata* species of fungi was identical as well, which was later proven wrong. Another change to the naming was to *Peridiopsora mori* (Barclay) K.V. Prasad et al. 1993, a combination of all three names, but it has not been adopted at all in taxonomy. It was decided later in 1993 that *Aecidium mori* was a different, distinct species, and this taxonomic assignment was kept. All of these differ from the species of *A. mori*.

## Mulberry rust

Mulberry rust is a disease caused by *Aecidium mori*, which only occurs on the *Morus* plant, the familiar *mulberry*. *Morus* is grown for the breeding of *Bombyx mori* (silkworms) as part of the silk industry. The leaves of the *Morus* plant are the only source of food and nutrition for silkworms, as their growth, larval development and its production of cocoons are dependent on the plant. Mulberry rust affects buds, leaves and branches, resulting in a decrease of quality of the leaves and their quantity. It is most common in China.

## Distribution

*Aecidium mori* is only found in Asia, and located on the flowering plant of Morus. The fungus is most common in India.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mordue, J. E. M. 1991. "*Aecidium mori*". *C.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria* 1031:1–2.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Prasad, K., Dayakar Yadav, B. R., and Sullia, S. B. 1993. *Taxonomic status of rust on mulberry in India.* Curr. Sci. 65:424–426.
3. ↑ C.M.I. 1989. *Aecidium mori*. Distrib. Maps Pl. Dis. 602: 1–2.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kaneko, S. 1973. "Life cycle and behavior of nuclei of *Aecidium mori* Barclay, the causal fungus of mulberry rust". *Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan* **1**: 294–301.
5. ↑ Mordue, J.E.M. 1991. *Aecidium mori*. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 1031: 1–2.
6. ↑ Barclay, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 60: 226. 1891.

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Abundisporus sclerosetosus

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***Abundisporus sclerosetosus*** is a species of bracket fungus in the family Polyporaceae that was described as new to science in 2000. It causes white rot on large decaying trunks of *Shorea*. *A. sclerosetosus* is found in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in Singapore. Fruit bodies of the fungus have light brown to dark reddish-brown caps with a cream to yellowish margin. Its spores are usually ellipsoid, markedly thick-walled, and measure 3.0–3.7 by 2.2–2.6 µm. A distinguishing microscopic characteristic of this fungus is the finger- or bristle-like hyphae in the trama of the tubes. The authors characterize the hyphal system as trimitic, but with reservations.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Decock 2000`

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Borofutus

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***Borofutus*** is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. Newly described in 2012, it is monotypic, containing the single species ***Borofutus dhakanus***, found in tropical Asia. The generic name *Borofutus* derives from the Bengali language, and means "large pore", while *dhakanus* refers to the type locality in Gazipur, Dhaka Division, Bhawal National Park, in Bangladesh. Molecular analysis shows *Borofutus* to be closely related to *Spongiforma*.

**Generic concept of *Borofutus***

***Borofutus*** is a monotypic genus in the family Boletaceae and first described from the tropical region of Bangladesh. Basidiomata epigeous, stipitate-pileate with tubular hymenophore. Pileus covered with squamules. Hymenophore subdecurrent, broadly tubular; pores up to 2–6 mm wide, pallid to cream when young, becoming yellowish to golden brown at maturity. Stipe central, covered with squamules but apical part glabrous, upper half ribbed by the subdecurrent lines of the hymenophore or confined to apex; basal mycelium whitish. Context pallid to light yellowish, usually unchanging in color when cut but turning pale reddish to pale reddish purple in some areas over the course of 1–2 h. Basidiospores purple to purplish red in H2O, purplish violet in 5% KOH, boletoid to somewhat amygdaliform, slightly thick-walled; minutely verrucose under light microscope but with regular to irregular shallow pits under SEM. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia lageniform, thick-walled. Pileipellis a trichoderm, becoming a subcutis when mature. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Mycorrhizal association with the monodominant stands of *Shorea robusta* in Bangladesh.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hosen 2012`

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* In Bangla: তরুণ গবেষক ড. ইকবালের সাফল্য ভাওয়াল বনে মিললো বিরল মাশরুম Official website of bahumatrik.com
Cortinarius salor

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***Cortinarius salor*** is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus *Cortinarius* native to Europe and Asia, spreading as far east as Japan and New Guinea.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Horak 1990`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Clitocybe dealbata

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***Clitocybe dealbata***, also known as the **ivory funnel**, is a small white funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the **sweating mushroom**, it derives this name from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Clitocybe dealbata* was initially described by British naturalist James Sowerby in 1799 as *Agaricus dealbatus*, its specific epithet derived from the Late Latin verb *dealbare* 'to whitewash', inexorably calling to mind the Biblical "whited sepulchre", that is outwardly pleasing but inwardly toxic. It gained its current genus name in 1874 when reclassified by French naturalist Claude Casimir Gillet. However, this species is often considered a synonym of *Clitocybe rivulosa* and according to Bon the name *C. dealbata* may be invalid (a nomen dubium) as James Sowerby's definition conflicts with Elias Magnus Fries's.

## Description

A small white or white dusted with buff-coloured mushroom, the 2–4 cm diameter cap is flattened to depressed with adnate to decurrent crowded white gills. The stipe is 2–3.5 cm tall and 0.5–1 cm wide. The spore print is white. There is no distinctive taste or smell.

It is one of a number of similar poisonous species such as the false champignon (*Clitocybe rivulosa*) which can be confused with the edible fairy ring champignon (*Marasmius oreades*), or miller (*Clitopilus prunulus*).

## Distribution and habitat

The ivory funnel is found in grassy habitats in summer and autumn. Often gregarious, it can form fairy rings. Unfortunately, they often occur in grassy areas where they may be encountered by children or toddlers. This may increase risk of accidental consumption.

## Toxicity

The main toxic component of *Clitocybe dealbata* is muscarine, and thus the symptoms are those of nerve agent poisoning, namely greatly increased salivation, sweating (perspiration), and tearflow (lacrimation) within 15–30 minutes of ingestion. With large doses, these symptoms may be followed by abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and labored breathing. Intoxication generally subsides within two hours. Death is rare, but may result from arrhythmia or respiratory failure in severe cases. The specific antidote is atropine.

## References

1. ↑ See File:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 123.png for the plate which is the original definition of this species.
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Gillet CG (1874) *Les Hyménomycètes* 828pp
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite book
7. ↑ Template:Cite book
8. ↑ Template:Cite book
9. ↑ Template:Cite book
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Benjamin DR. (1995). *Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians*. W H Freeman & Co. Template:ISBN

## External links

* Toxicity, Mushrooms - Muscarine

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Cryptomphalina

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***Cryptomphalina*** is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Cryptomphalina sulcata***, discovered in Thailand. French botanist Roger Heim circumscribed *Cryptomphalina* in 1966.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Heim 1966`

## External links

* *Cryptomphalina* at Index Fungorum

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Amylostereum chailletii

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***Amylostereum chailletii*** is a species of crust fungus. It was originally described in 1822 as *Thelephora chailletii* by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1822, and given its current name when it was moved into *Amylostereum* by Jacques Boidin in 1958. It causes a white rot, especially in spruce and fir species.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon1822`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boidin1958`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius anisochrous

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***Cortinarius anisochrous*** is an agaric fungus in the family *Cortinariaceae*. Described as new to science in 2013, it is found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niskanen 2013`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Amanita nivalis

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***Amanita nivalis***, the **snow ringless amanita** or **mountain grisette**, is a species of basidomycote fungus in the genus *Amanita*. It was first described by the Scottish mycologist Robert Kaye Greville in 1826 from specimens found growing at high altitudes in the Scottish Highlands. He gave it the Latin epithet *nivalis* (of the snow) to indicate the alpine type habitat in which he found it growing rather than to describe its white colour.

## Description

 File:Amanita nivalis Greville.jpg
*Amanita nivalis* is a small species of fungus which is usually white when young but which becomes tinged with grey or buff as it ages. It is rather variable in appearance over its wide range. The cap is dry, smooth and shiny and may be any size between Template:Convert. It becomes slightly sticky when wet. It is hemi-spherical when young but flattens out with age and develops a slight umbo. Near the rim there are fine radiating striations and the surface of the cap may have a few pieces of the membranous volva adhering to it. The gills are pale cream, broad, fairly crowded and mostly unconnected to the stem. There are a few irregularly arranged shorter gills with truncated ends. The stem is Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide, hollow and with a smooth surface. There may be a fragile ring but it soon falls off. The base of the stem grows out of a brittle, sac-like volva which is white or pale yellowish-brown. The spores are nearly spherical, being 10.0 to 13.5 µm by 8.8 to 12.0 µm. This species is said to have a nondescript odour and flavour.

## Distribution and habitat

*Amanita nivalis* grows in subarctic and alpine conditions in Europe and also in Greenland. It is often associated with low growing willows (*Salix* spp.) and birches (*Betula* spp.). There have been reports of it occurring at high altitudes in the Rocky Mountains in North America. The fruit bodies appear singly or in small groups in both silicaceous and limestone areas in summer. The edibility of this species is not known but because of its rarity, it is best not to gather it.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 *Amanita nivalis*. Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved on November 30, 2012.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 *Amanita nivalis*, beli lupinar (Slovenian). Gobarsko društvo Lisička Maribor. Retrieved on November 30, 2012.
3. ↑ Boiron, Patrick. *Amanita nivalis* Greville (French). *Clic'amanites*. Retrieved on December 1, 2012.

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Antrodia pulvinascens

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***Antrodia pulvinascens*** is a species of crust fungus in the genus *Antrodia* that is found in Europe. Czech mycologist Albert Pilát originally described the fungus in 1953 as a species of *Poria*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niemelä 1985`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pilát 1953`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Cystolepiota seminuda

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**Cystolepiota seminuda** is an inedible, common mushroom of the genus Cystolepiota. It can be found on humus, often along forest roads.

## Description

The cap is convex to bell shaped; white, evenly grainy, often with a fringed margin and up to 2 cm in diameter. The gills are white and crowded, with white spores.
The stem is white, turning slightly purple when bruised, flaky and grainy.

 File:Cystolepiota.seminuda2.-.lindsey.jpg
## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:Mycobank

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Agaricus dulcidulus

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***Agaricus dulcidulus*** is a small sized mushroom belonging to the Agaricales order, family Agaricaceae, growing in deciduous woodlands of Europe, but also recorded in North America, North Africa and Asia. The English name is **rosy wood mushroom**. Despite the tendency of some sources to synonymize it with *Agaricus semotus*, this is a distinct taxon.

## Description

Cap 2 to 7 cm, convex-rounded often with inflexed margins at first, then flattens when aging, covered in purple-brown to pinkish dense fibriles that fade in colours towards light grayish-pink from the centre towards margins.

The gills are free from attachment to the stipe, dense, starting pale gray-brownish when young, then turning dark purple-brown with age, with a lighter crenulated edge. The stipe is cylindrical, 2–5 cm long and 0.4–0.8 cm broad, bulbous or clavated at the base, withish, slightly darkening toward the base in yellow-brownish tints. The ring, remnant of the veil present in young fructifications, is whitish, descendent, thin and fragile. The odor and taste resembles almonds.

The spore print is dark brownish. The spores are 4.5–6.0 x 3.5–4.0 µm on average, nonamyloid, and elliptical. The flesh turns slightly in yellow when cut or bruised, sometime with orange tints in stipe.

Macrochemical reactions: flesh turns orange and pileus turns yellow in contact with 10% KOH.

## Other taxonomic considerations

Several characteristics like flesh yellowing on contact or in air, orange reaction with KOH, overall size, puts this species within *Minores* section of the genus *Agaricus*, along with *Agaricus comtulus*, *Agaricus xantholepis*, *Agaricus porphyrizon* and *Agaricus luteomaculatus*.

## Habitat

***Agaricus dulcidulus*** is a mycorrhizal species in close relation with different oak species. The fungus prefers humid soil with rich decomposed leaves as a substrate. The basidiocarps appear, depending on microclimatic conditions, in late July to early October.

## Edibility

Although considered to be edible, the small size and usually the sporadic presence prevents it from being widely eaten.

## See also

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* List of *Agaricus* species

## References

1. ↑ *Agaricus dulcidulus* page at Index Fungorum
2. ↑ Saccardo, P.A.(1887) *Sylloge Fungorum V*: 1007; XIX: 32; XII: 90
3. ↑ LENTI, István. *MUSHROOMS LIVING AMONG US: MUSHROOMS–WORLD OF BÁTORLIGET* at 7th INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE Baia Mare, Romania, May 17–18, 2007, p. 409

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Butyriboletus fuscoroseus

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***Butyriboletus fuscoroseus*** is a pored mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It was formerly considered a species of *Boletus*, but in 2014 was transferred to the newly created genus *Butyriboletus*. *Boletus pseudoregius*, a European taxon originally described as a subspecies of *Boletus appendiculatus* in 1927, is a synonym. *B. fuscoroseus* is considered critically endangered in the Czech Republic.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 2014`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Assyov 2012`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mikšik 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Chrysomyxa himalensis

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***Chrysomyxa himalensis***, (also called **spruce needle rust**) is a species of rust fungi in the Coleosporiaceae family that can be found on Rhododendron and Picea species in the Himalayan region of southern Asia and was introduced in the United States.

## References

1. ↑ Spruce needle rust. Retrieved on December 6, 2014.
2. ↑ *Chrysomyxa himalensis*. Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on June 18, 2013.

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Amanita molliuscula

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***Amanita molliuscula*** is a mushroom of the large genus *Amanita*, which occurs under beech in Shaanxi Province in China. It is closely related to *A. griseorosea*.

## See also

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* List of *Amanita* species
* List of deadly fungi

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Dicranophora fulva

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***Dicranophora fulva*** is a mold of the family Mucoraceae. The species was described as new to science in 1886 by German mycologist Joseph Schröter, who first discovered it near Baden in 1877. Its species name is derived from the Latin *fulvus* "brown". The yellow mold has been reported from Europe and the United States. Although it is wide-ranging, it is not common. It grows exclusively on the decaying fruit bodies of boletales. Known hosts include *Suillus bovinus*, *S. cavipes*, *S. grevillei*, *Paxillus involutus*, *Chroogomphus rutilus*, and *Leccinum scabrum*. It was not recorded after 1935 until Hermann Voglmayr and Irmgard Krisei-Greilhuber encountered it on a fungal field trip in southeastern Styria in 1994. Initially unable to identify it, they solved the mystery after checking older literature.

*Dicranophora fulva* was illustrated by botanist Charles Geoffrey Dobbs in 1938. The mold produces two types of sporangia: one type is tree-like in shape, with mostly single-spored sporangiola; the other type has a morphology more typical of the Mucorales. Zygospores produced by the fungus have irregular surface crevices. It appears to require high humidity and ample moisture, cool temperatures and abundant bolete mushrooms to flourish, a set of conditions more likely to occur in montane regions, which might explain the lack of records for this species. The mold becomes dormant in the autumn, but the circumstances that induce it to germinate are unknown.

It is unclear whether *Dicranophora fulva* is a mycoparasite (living off living material) or saprotrophite (living off dead or decaying material). It was initially thought to be the former, as are many Mucorales. However it is readily cultivated on a wide variety of substrates such as bread and is hence suspected of being saprotrophic.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schröter 1886`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Volgmayr 1996`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dobbs 1938`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Boletus kermesinus

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***Boletus kermesinus*** is a species of bolete fungus. The fruit bodies are dark red with a sticky cap, and have a reticulate stem. Newly described in 2011, the fungus is known only from central Honshu, Japan, where it grows in subalpine coniferous forests.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Takahashi2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Fusicoccum quercus

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***Fusicoccum quercus*** is a species of anamorphic fungus in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. It causes a bark canker that occurs on oak trees (*Quercus*). It is an aggressive, widespread bark parasite on saplings, young trees and on branches of older trees of many oaks. The symptoms are a 0.5–3 mm-long elliptic coloured spot that appears at the base of the branches, followed by necrosis that grows around the branch at this spot, causing the branch and shoots to die.

The disease is only spread by big alpha or small beta conidia that grow from the phomopsis type (pycnidia) in the summer, and from the fusicoccum type winterhidings in September. It occurs mainly in dry (arid) habitats.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith 2009`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Conocybe rickenii

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***Conocybe rickenii*** is a mushroom from the genus *Conocybe*. Its edibility is disputed, and it has the appearance of a typical little brown mushroom with a small, conical cap, and long, thin stem. In colour, it is generally a cream-brown, lighter on the stem, and it has a thin layer of flesh with no distinct smell or taste. It is a coprophilous fungus, feeding off dung and it is most common on very rich soil or growing directly from dung. It can be found in Europe, Australia and Pacific islands.

## Taxonomy

*Conocybe rickenii* was first described in 1930 by German mycologist Julius Schäffer and named *Galera rickenii*. It was reclassified by Robert Kühner, who placed it in the genus *Conocybe*.

## Description

 File:Conocybe rickenii spore print.JPG
*C. rickenii* has a conical cap of Template:Convert across, which is an ochre-brown, sometimes becoming a little more grey at the centre. The stem is typically Template:Convert in height, by Template:Convert in thickness, and is whitish cream, darkening to a dirty brown with age. The thin layer of flesh is grey-brown in the cap, while lighter in the stem. It has ochre-cream (later darkening to rusty-ochre) gills, which are adnate, leaving a brown spore print. The spores themselves are elliptic to oval, measuring between 10–20 µm by 6–12 µm. It has two-spored basidia, and a cellular cap cuticle.

It is generally a little larger than the slightly more common coprophilious *C. pubescens*, while it can be differentiated from other dung-loving *Conocybe* by its two-spored basidia, large spores and the fact it does not have lecythiform (flask-shaped) caulocystidia.

## Edibility

British mycologist Roger Phillips lists the edibility as unknown, while David Pegler considers it inedible. The flesh has no distinct smell or taste.

## Distribution and habitat

 File:Conocybe rickenii, on dung.JPG
*Conocybe rickenii* grows on extremely rich soil, especially on dung and compost heaps. It can be found in very large numbers in gardens where horse manure has been used to enrich the soil. It can be found in Europe, Australia, and Pacific islands and the United States.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Pegler, 162
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Occurrence search: *Conocybe rickenii*. *Atlas of Living Australia*. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Retrieved on January 21, 2014.

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Coprinellus niveus

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***Coprinellus niveus*** (***Coprinus nivea***) or **"snowy ink cap"** is a species of fungus from the family Psathyrellaceae.

## Distribution

Members of this species are found around the world: in North and Central America, Europe.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite news
4. ↑ Template:Cite news
5. ↑ Template:Cite news

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Agaricus bresadolanus

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***Agaricus bresadolanus*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Agaricus*. It was described by Hungarian mycologist Gábor Bohus in 1969. A rare species, it has been recorded in Asia and southern Europe, where it fruits singly or in groups along paths and in grassy area of deciduous woodland. It spores are ellipsoid and lack a germ pore, with dimensions of 5.5–7.5 by 4.0–5.0 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bohus 1969`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Noordeloos 2001`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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