recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Galacticans

The **Galacticans** are the humans from the Battlestar Galactica Universe. Their ancestral homeworld was Kobol. Mankind evolved its understanding of sophisticated robot technology to the point of developing synthetic organic machines. Kobol had 12 tribes and after a war, the Galacticans were the 13th tribe who travelled through space on a Colonial Battlestar called *Galactica* which led a rag-tag fugitive fleet on the intergalactic search for Earth led by Commander Adama.
Gears

Rotating gears, with their intermeshed teeth, have played a crucial role in the history of technology. Not only are gear mechanisms important for increasing the applied twisting force, or torque, but gears are also useful for changing the speed and direction of force.

One of the oldest machines is a potter’s wheel, and primitive gears associated with these kinds of wheels probably existed for thousands of years. In the fourth century B.C., Aristotle wrote about wheels using friction between smooth surfaces to convey motions. Built around 125 B.C., the Antikythera Mechanism employed toothed gears for calculating astronomical positions. One of the earliest written references to toothed gears was made by Hero of Alexandria, c. 50 A.D.

Through time, gears have played a crucial role in mills, clocks, bicycles, cars, washing machines, and drills. Because they are so useful in amplifying forces, early engineers used them for lifting heavy construction loads. The speed-changing properties of gear assemblies were put to use when ancient textile machines were powered by the movement of horses or water. The rotational speed of these power supplies was often insufficient, so a set of wooden gears was used to increase the speed for textile production.

When two gears are intermeshed, the rotational speed ratio is the reciprocal ratio of the number n of teeth on the two gears. Thus, a small gear turns faster than its larger partner. The torque ratio has an opposite relationship. The larger gear experiences greater torque, and the higher torque implies lower velocity. This is useful, for example, for electric screwdrivers, in which the motor can produce a small amount of torque at high speed, but we wish to have a slow output speed with increased torque.

Among the simplest gears are spur gears, with their straight-cut teeth.

Helical gears in which the teeth are set at an angle have the advantage of running more smoothly and quietly and usually being able to handle greater torques.
Mind reading

**Mind reading** or **brain-reading** is the use of neuroimaging techniques to read human minds.

Brain-reading or *thought identification* uses a fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scan which is a machine that uses “echoes” created by radio waves to peer inside living tissue. This allows us to pinpoint the location of the various signals, producing 3d images of inside the brain. A fMRI scan allows scientists to locate the presence of oxygen contained within hemoglobin in the blood. Since oxygenated hemoglobin contains the energy that fuels cell activity, detecting the flow of this oxygen allows one to trace the flow of thoughts in the brain.

Scans can detect the motion of thoughts in the living brain to less than a millimeter, which corresponds to thousands of neurons, thus giving 3d pictures of the energy flow inside the thinking brain. Advancements will probe to the level of single neurons, picking out the neural patterns corresponding to specific thoughts. Eventually, a computer will scan thousands of fMRI patterns that come pouring out of a thinking brain and decipher each one. In this way, one may be able to decode a person’s stream of consciousness.

Recording dreams are possible using fMRI scan to record where the brain stores visual thought. Mental images and dreams are fuzzy and will require advanced computing algorithms and extensive testing to produce fidelity in image or video streams from scans.

Medical tricorders and hand-held devices like the MRI-MOUSE (mobile universal surface explorer) will be used to scan a person's thoughts. There are ethical and privacy issues with this, such as currently experienced with lie-detector devices, and by Type I there will be laws passed on the usage of mind reading or enhancement devices.

Mind reading is also associated with *telepathy* (reading a mind using something other than the five senses), for example the Betazoids from Star Trek, or Professor Xavier from Marvel.
First Ones

The **First Ones** were a group of ancient races in Babylon 5 that achieved sentience billions of years before any of the "Younger Races", such as the Minbari, Humans or Centauri.

The most well known races among the First Ones are the Vorlons and the Shadows, who after most of their contemporaries passed beyond the Rim, into the void between galaxies, opted to stay behind and act as guardians and shepherds for the younger races.

The Hand are a militaristic race that served the invaders from Thirdspace, and sought to emulate them after the war's end. They were banished into the void between galaxies by the First Ones for crimes against their brethren. The Hand Servitors are their servants who appear as black robed beings and control snowflake-shaped vessels that were capable of destroying vessels of other races.
Ice Age

An **ice age** or **Quaternary glaciation** is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.

Individual pulses of cold climate within an ice age are termed "glacial periods" (or, alternatively, "glacials", "glaciations", "glacial stages", "stadials", "stades", or colloquially, "ice ages"), and intermittent warm periods within an ice age are called "interglacials" or "interstadials", with both climatic pulses part of the Quaternary or other periods in Earth's history.

There are multiple of these ages, and the last was an early stage in the evolution of humans.
Humans (Stargate)

The Ancients seeded the Milky Way and Pegasus galaxies with Humans in the Stargate Universe. The Ori later created a new evolution of Humans that served as their worshippers. Humans from Earth are called the Tau'ri. Humans were found to be good hosts for the parasitic Goa'uld who spread humans across the Milky Way galaxy as they traveled. Human life forces are also the means of nourishment for the Wraith.

In other galaxies humans reach "near ascension" with abilities such as telekinesis, telepathy and similar. Some Ancient technology can also give humans these abilities. A person that makes use of 68% of their brain at any one time can make use of these advanced abilities. A human that reaches 90% is even capable of willfully reaching ascension.
Cosmic microwave background

The **cosmic microwave background** (**CMB**) is electromagnetic radiation left over from an early stage of the universe. The farthest we can now observe with electromagnetic sensors is back to a time when the universe was about 300,000 years old, when matter and radiation finally “decoupled”.

The accidental discovery of the CMB in 1965 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson earned them the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics, because it is evidence of the Big Bang origin of the universe.

More precise measurements were made by the COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite, launched in 1989, which determined a temperature of 2.735 K. COBE also allowed researchers to measure small fluctuations in the intensity of the background radiation, which corresponded to the beginning of structures, such as galaxies, in the universe.

The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) was a NASA spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in CMB. WMAP's measurements played a key role in establishing the current Standard Model of Cosmology, that the universe is dominated by dark energy, and the age of the universe at 13.772 billion years. According to *Science* magazine, the WMAP was the *Breakthrough of the Year for 2003*.

We find that there is roughly one proton in the universe today for every 10 billion photons in the CMB. This means that the original excess of protons over antiprotons was only about 1 part in 10 billion! This would have been sufficient to have produced all the observed matter in the universe and how it got to be made of matter and not antimatter.
Celestials (Marvel)

The Celestials are a godlike race from Marvel. They were the first beings created by the first Firmament, the first universe in the Marvel multiverse. Some of them industriously worshipped it, seeking its approval whenever they created life on their own, which prompted the First Firmament to name them "Aspirants". Others, the "multicolored rebels", who were "as many as the stars themselves", wanted their own creations to evolve, for the universe to grow, change and die. That was seen by the First Firmament as madness and sacrilege. A war broke out between the Celestials and the Aspirants for the sake of all of creation. The war greatly diminished both groups, desperate, who resorted to powerful weapons to get rid of their opponents, including the Aspirants' God-killer Armor that they used to win the final battle of the war.

After the final battle of the Celestial War, the Aspirants built their fleets and immediately entered a civil war, which gave the Celestials time to recover and crush their opponents.

The war ended by shattering the First Firmament into pieces. As the rebels detonated their weapons, hundreds of new universes split off from it. The First Firmament fled along with the remaining Aspirants, and the new universes formed a collective entity, the Second Cosmos and First Multiverse.

In opposition to the Celestials' apparent agenda were the Watchers. Having sworn an oath of non-interference in species younger than themselves, the Watchers found the Celestials' genetic engineering of such species to be the antithesis of what they believed. Thus, the Watchers and the Celestials were in pointless (as Watchers do not act) conflict for billions of years.

They created many races in the Marvel Universe including humanity. Through their experiments, their creations gained superpowers, which are now common in the Marvel Universe, thanks to the Celestials.

See also
Celestials
Net zero

**Net zero** refers to a state in which the greenhouse gases going into the atmosphere are balanced by removal out of the atmosphere. This is the state of net-zero carbon dioxide emissions (carbon neutrality) at which global warming stops.

Net zero is the internationally agreed upon goal in a Paris Agreement in 2015, and the IPCC concluded the need for net zero CO2 by 2050. In December 2020, five years after the Paris Agreement, the Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres warned that the commitments made by countries in Paris were not sufficient and were not respected. He has urged all other countries to declare climate emergencies until carbon neutrality is reached.

To achieve absolute zero or zero emissions in the process, a Race to Zero campaign was launched to raise ambition.

The campaign has these aims:

* recognize the global climate emergency
* keeping global heating below the 1.5°Celsius goal of the Paris Agreement
* put inclusive climate action at the center of all urban decision-making
* pledge to reach net-zero in the 2040s or sooner, or by 2050 at the latest, in line with global efforts to limit warming to 1.5°Celsius

Other possible actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are:

* Limiting energy usage and emissions from transportation (walking, using bicycles or public transport, avoiding flying, using low-energy vehicles, carpooling), as well as from green buildings, equipment, animals and processes.
* Obtaining electricity and other forms of energy from zero or low carbon energy sources.
* Electrification: using electrical energy, ideally from non-emitting sources, rather than combustion. For example, in transportation (e.g., electric vehicles and electric trains) and heating (e.g. heat pumps and electric heating).
* Using green hydrogen, produced by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable electricity.
* Zero carbon natural gas, where power plants efficiently and cheaply capture carbon released by burning natural gas, avoiding greenhouse-gas emissions.
* Fuel cells (FCs) were invented in 1839 by using a reverse process to produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel tank. A hydrogen FC resembles a battery, but unlike a battery, it can work indefinitely, as long as it has a supply of fuel in the form of oxygen from the air and hydrogen. There is hope that FCs may one day be used more frequently in vehicles to replace the traditional combustion engine. Benefits of FCs include zero carbon emissions and reduced dependence on oil, and breaking down hydrocarbon-based fuels which reduces greenhouse gases.
Elder Things

The **Elder Things** (also known as the **Old Ones** and **Elder Ones**) are an alien race in the Lovecraft Universe.

They were the first alien species to come to the Earth, colonizing the planet about one billion years ago. Their bodies were incredibly tough, capable of withstanding the pressures of the deepest ocean and the harsh vacuum of space. They were also capable of hibernating for vast epochs of time.

They built huge cities, both underwater and on dry land. They may be responsible for the appearance of the first life-forms on Earth.

It was the gradual cooling of the planet during the last ice age that spelled their doom. Retreating to their undersea cities deep in the ocean, they would thereafter have no further dealings with the outer world.

Quote from the *Necronomicon*:

*"Six feet end to end, three and five-tenths feet central diameter, tapering to one foot at each end. Like a barrel with five bulging ridges in place of staves. Lateral breakages, as of thinnish stalks, are at equator in middle of these ridges. In furrows between ridges are curious growths – combs or wings that fold up and spread out like fans. . . which gives almost seven-foot wing spread. Arrangement reminds one of certain monsters of primal myth, especially fabled Elder Things."*
Nanotube

A **nanotube** is a nanometer-scale hollow tube.

 BN nanotube
 Carbon nanotube (CNT)

Other uses for carbon nanotubes:
* Bullet-proof vests
* Water-resistant clothing
* Light-weight composites for automobiles, planes, and space craft
* Radiation-shield materials
* Next-generation materials for transistors
 DNA nanotube
 GaNNT
 Silicon nanotube
 Inorganic nanotube
 Tunneling nanotube (TNT)
 Titanium nanotube
Disciples of the Light

The **Disciples of the Light** were a highly advanced civilization who, according to The Beast, lived before the universe was created in Doctor Who. The Beast identified himself as Satan, Lucifer, Abaddon, etc. and was in battle with the Disciples for eons until they subdued and buried it on a planet later called Krop Tor, intending to leave it chained there for all eternity. Both the planet and K37 Gem 5, the black hole it orbited, served as a prison for the Beast.
Autobots

The **Autobots** are one of the factions of Cybertronians in the Transformers Universe. They usually find themselves defending both their own race and other species against the Decepticons (in the Great War) and upholding justice and freedom throughout the galaxy.

While the Autobots have usually found themselves outnumbered by the Decepticons, they have always had home-field advantage, having not only the humans' military support, but also having more places on Earth to fall back on, while the Decepticons are entirely unwelcome on Earth. Their leader is Optimum Prime
Gas giant habitat

Also called **Bubble habitats**, these are artificial habitats that float in an atmosphere, usually of a cool gas giant or ice giant planet. The structure is held aloft by an envelope of lifting gas (typically pure hydrogen), the 'bubble'. Shapes vary from gigantic balloons or airships or dirigibles of Type 0 civilizations to solid but lightweight spheres in Type I civilizations.

They would typically have nanobot technology for self-repair and be built near refineries for easy access to gas energy. This would form part of an interplanetary transportation system to get natural gas resources back to industries on planets and moons.
Jaeger

Jaegers are a special type of mobile mechanized robotic weapon in the Pacific Rim Universe. The Jaegers were the most effective first and last line of defense against the Kaiju during their invasion and attempt to eliminate humankind.

As an alternative to nuclear weaponry, Jaegers were designed to generate as much kinetic energy as tactical ordnance. They were built to match the estimated scale of Kaiju, and minimize damage created by conventional weapons. However, given the toxic nature of the Kaiju, Jaegers were required to rely on hand-to-hand combat and close-quarters weapons such as swords or other blade-type weapons. In conjunction with close-quarters combat, they used heat-based weapons such as the Plasmacaster.

Jaegers are handled and maintained by dedicated teams assigned to each mech and are controlled by two pilots stationed inside the Conn-Pod. Pilots are equipped in a type of specialized armor that allows them to simultaneously interface with the machine. The pilots' very minds are connected in a neural bridge that allows them to control the machine's every movement.

The development of the Jaeger program was not cheap. The cost of building the Mark-5 Jaeger Striker Eureka was reported to be over a hundred billion dollars, more than ten times the cost of a nuclear aircraft carrier.
Elon Musk

**Elon Musk** (born 1971) is an engineer, entrepreneur, multi-billionaire and futurist. With his synergistic companies and accelerated advancement of technology, he is the person most likely to be instrumental in propelling mankind towards a Type I civilization.

* PayPal - internet payment software that was sold and gave him the capital needed for his ventures
* SpaceX - aerospace manufacturer and space transport. Plans to colonize the moon and Mars (with terraforming in mind) with development of a starship.
* Starlink - a system of thousands of satellites for global communications needs.
* Tesla Motors - electrical drivetrain revolution and self-driving cars with a push towards level 5 autonomous. The drivetrain is used in the starship.
* SolarCity - push for usage of global renewable resources with megafactories of solar and electrical power around the globe. Advancement in battery systems. The starship uses solar panels and batteries.
* OpenAI - a nonprofit research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence. Will AI be used for long Mars trips allowing humans to rest?
* Neuralink - a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain–computer interfaces - easier for spaceflight.
* The Boring Company - tunnel construction company, mainly for traffic efficiency for his companies and eventually everyone. Will presumably be used on Mars for living underground initially.
* Hyperloop - high-speed vactrain transportation system.

He has said his main aim is to create a 'backup' of mankind on Mars, and so his companies synergize with that goal in mind.
Phantom energy

**Phantom energy** is an exotic form of dark energy that possesses negative energy, which means that its pressure is negative and its energy density is greater than its critical density. This would imply that the energy density of phantom energy would increase as the universe expands, eventually leading to a Big Rip.

This is exotic energy in which a vacuum is unstable with negative mass particles bursting into existence via averaged null energy conditions (ANEC).

Uses:

* Keeps traversable wormholes open, which use a relatively small amount of ANEC-violating energy, but need to be located in a region of flat space.
* Used for communication wormholes, which use a much larger amount of ANEC-violating energy.
* Reactionless and perpetual motion drives
* Stabilizing the void or warp bubbles used in warp drives
Diamondoid

**Diamondoids** are nanosystems with diamond-like chemical structures based on diamond derivatives and/or stiff carbon bonds. They are used for building and are ideally suited for megastructures as they are strong under tension and flexible, as opposed to pure diamond which is brittle.

Examples of diamondoid:

* pure diamond
* artificial diamond (nanoassembled perfect crystalline diamond)
* adamant: carbon bonds are arranged through nanoscale mechanochemistry to confer greater hardness, toughness, and flexibility than that of standard diamondoid which is relatively brittle.
* graphene
* carbon nanotubes
* aggregated carbon nanorods
* pandifico: a powerful diamondoid composite that is constructed to be elastic and flexible like rubber.
* carbon nitride
Chthonians

Chthonians are massive burrowing worm-like or squid-like creatures from the Lovecraft Universe. They are powerful burrowers, live for more than a thousand years, and are protective of their young.

Millennia ago before the age of humanity, a chthonian called Shudde-M’ell sided with the Great Old Ones in their war against the Elder Gods.
Artificial consciousness

**Artificial consciousness** (AC) is consciousness attained through artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics. This often raises questions about mind, consciousness, and mental states. Androids and some cyborgs have AC. A positronic brain is a popular artificial brain to provide AC to robots and androids.

### Aspects of consciousness

There are various aspects of consciousness generally deemed necessary for a machine to be artificially conscious:

#### Awareness

Awareness activates neurons. There are at least three types of awareness. In agency awareness, you may be aware that you performed a certain action yesterday, but are not now conscious of it. In goal awareness, you may be aware that you must search for a lost object, but are not now conscious of it. In sensorimotor awareness, you may be aware that your hand is resting on an object, but are not now conscious of it.

#### Memory

Conscious events interact with memory systems in learning, rehearsal, and retrieval.

#### Learning

Conscious experience is needed to represent and adapt to novel and significant events.

#### Anticipation

The ability to predict (or anticipate) foreseeable events.

#### Subjective experience

This is *the* hard problem of consciousness especially with computing and obscurities like the uncertainty principle.

### Characters with artificial consciousness

* Agents in The Matrix
* A.L.I.E. from *The 100*
* Robots and hosts in *Westworld* and *Futureworld*
* Androids from *Alien*
* Androids in Isaac Asimov stories.
* Droids in *Star Wars*
* Smart AI from *Halo*
* Cylons from *Battlestar Galactica*
* The Geth, EDI and SAM from *Mass Effect*
* HAL 9000 from *Space Odyssey*
* Lieutenant Commander Data and holograms from *Star Trek*
* The Minds from *Culture*
* Replicants from *Blade Runner*
* Skynet and cyborgs from the *Terminator*
* TARDIS from *Doctor Who*
* Transformers
Laws of Physics

The laws of physics are considered fundamental to an existence in which a civilization lives, and intrinsic to its view of the cosmos. The laws are altered as one discovers higher dimensions or other planes of existence.

This table shows the classical laws up to and including 6d, then the new laws from 7d onwards (where old laws apply as well), and an abstraction into non-reality. Classical mechanics is deterministic, whereas quantum mechanics is probabilistic, and that is why the laws of classical mechanics break down at 7d onwards.

At 6d the Theory of Everything was discovered, that standardized the interactions between all four forces of nature: gravity, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic force.
Dark energy

**Dark energy** was an unknown form of energy to Type 0 civilizations that was thought to affect the universe on the largest scales. The first observational evidence for its existence came from supernovae measurements, which showed that the universe does not expand at a constant rate; rather, the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Prior to these observations, the only forms of matter-energy known to exist were ordinary matter, dark matter, and radiation. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background suggest the universe began in a hot Big Bang, from which general relativity shows there is this mysterious energy that opposes the force of gravity, causing the universe to expand.

About 69 percent of the matter/energy (since matter and energy are interchangeable) in the universe is contained in dark energy. Dark matter makes up about 26 percent, atoms of hydrogen and helium make up about 4.5 percent, and higher elements, which make up the Earth and our own bodies, only make up a tiny 0.5 percent. So dark energy, which is pushing the galaxies away from us, is clearly the dominant force in the universe, much larger than the energy contained in the curvature of spacetime.

Type I civilizations understand it to be related to the vacuum energy field.

Eventually Dark Energy reactors are built by Type II civilizations and beyond. Dark Energy's negative pressure means that the plasma that results from the reactor conversion is a form of exotic high-energy plasma, needing access to at least 7d physics to achieve.

See also:

* Dark matter
* Dark Energy in Half-Life
Metal foam

A **metal foam** is a porous structure consisting of a solid metal (frequently aluminium) with gas-filled pores which can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or interconnected (open-cell foam). Porosity ranges from 5 to 25%. Metal foams retain some physical properties of their base material, for example foam made from non-flammable metal remains non-flammable.

In high speed impact and ballistics, Composite Metal Foam (CMF) is made from a combination of homogeneous hollow metal spheres with a metallic matrix surrounding the spheres. Its resistance to .50 calibre rounds found that CMF could stop such rounds at less than half the weight of rolled homogeneous armor.

Other potential applications include:

* nuclear waste (shielding X-rays, gamma rays and neutron radiation) transfer
* thermal insulation for space vehicle atmospheric re-entry, with many times more the resistance to fire and heat as the plain metals
* absorbs/mitigates shocks, sounds, and vibrations
* can withstand over 1,000,000 high load cycles, outperforming traditional solid metals in each case
Jules Verne

Jules Gabriel Verne (1828 – 1905) was a French writer and futurist. He has sometimes been called the "Father of Science Fiction", a title that has also been given to H. G. Wells. Verne is credited with helping inspire the steampunk genre, a literary and social movement that glamorizes science fiction based on 19th-century technology.

His notable works include:

* *Journey to the Center of the Earth* (1864) - the innovation was the concept of a prehistoric realm still existing in the present-day world. This subterranean fiction inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in his novel *The Lost World*.
* *From the Earth to the Moon* and *Around the Moon* (1865) - predicted the details of the mission that sent astronauts to the moon more than 100 years later in 1969, like the size of the space capsule to within a few percent, the location of the launch site in Florida not far from Cape Canaveral, the number of astronauts on the mission, the length of time the voyage would last, the weightlessness that the astronauts would experience, and the final splashdown in the ocean.
* *Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas* (1870) - its depiction of Captain Nemo's underwater ship, the Nautilus, is regarded as ahead of its time, since it accurately describes many features of today's submarines, which in the 1860s were comparatively primitive vessels.
* *Around the World in Eighty Days* (1872) - at the time, an unheard-of circumnavigation of the world in 80 days
* *Paris in the Twentieth Century* (1994 - found by his great-grandson 130 years later) *-* predicted that Paris in 1960 would have glass skyscrapers, air conditioning, TV, elevators, high-speed trains, gasoline-powered automobiles, fax machines, and even something resembling the Internet.
Furyans

The **Furyans** are one of four elder races in the Riddick Universe. They have developed impressive physical abilities due to their adaptation to Furya, a harsh planet. Furyans are much hardier then their Earth counterparts, having been forced to adapt to the unforgiving climate and rigid landscape of their home world. As such, they have become powerful and spiritual warriors.

A powerful Necromonger commander, Zhylaw, lead an unrelenting genocidal assault on Furya, which nearly extinguished all Furyan life.

Furyans exhibit remarkable feats of strength and endurance even at a young age. Their muscles perform with more power than is usually seen in humans of athletic build, and they can even recover from certain injuries which would cripple most humans.

Riddick is an Alpha Furyan, a primal leader who possesses powers far superior to those of normal Furyans. These include near superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, endurance/stamina, senses, healing, adaptation and durability. They have the ability to survive without oxygen for prolonged time, and dominate any aggressive animal. They know martial arts and have an indomitable willpower to survive any dangerous situation. Riddick has the "Furyan Rage" which stems from the collective anguish, pain, suffering, and anger of the billions of Furyans who didn't escape the Necromonger slaughter.
Humans (Metroid)

In the Metroid Universe, humans have advanced technology such as cybernetic enhancements. They are mentally superior to many other species, and are able to make powerful weapons. They make up most of the Galactic Federation which governs the affairs of the galaxy, such as dealing with threats like the Space Pirates, hiring bounty hunters, and dealing with human traits like political corruption.
Planck units

**Planck units** represent physical constants which are theoretical limits at the quantum level, which is the fabric of reality manipulated by Type Omega-minus. Quantum fluctuations exceeding these limits could break down the fabric of spacetime and reality and create rifts into other realms or dimensions.

At Planck scales, the strength of gravity becomes comparable with the other forces, and the fundamental forces are unified. String theory was the early approach to realize the Theory of Everything.

The scale was created by Max Planck in 1906, constructed solely out of the three fundamental constants:
Eternity

**Eternity** is an infinite amount of time that never ends, so is everlasting or eternal.

Sempiternity is the uncountable existence within time but goes infinitely into the future, as opposed to eternity, which is existence outside time.

The outerverse is eternal, where space has no limit and time has no meaning.
Covenant

The **Covenant Empire**, or Covenant, was an Interstellar theocratic hegemony in the Halo Universe. It was made up of multiple alien species that maintained control over a large portion of the Orion Arm in the Milky Way galaxy. The Covenant was a political, military, and religious affiliation, originally a mutual alliance between the San'Shyuum and Sangheili following a brutal conflict between the two warring races. Its expansion to include at least six other races united in the worship of the Forerunners and the Halo Array soon began after the original formation.

After their first contact with the UNSC, the Prophets learned that the humans were actually reclaimers. This revelation would have falsified the covenant religion so the prophets covered the truth and declared a holy war against the human race.
Magmatter

**Magmatter** or **monopolium** is a form of exotic matter which is made up of extremely small atom-like particles, which themselves are made up of magnetic monopoles.

The diameters of normal atoms are in the picometre scale (10−12 m) with a density of 1012 kg/m3. Magmatter atoms are billions of times smaller in the attometre scale (10−18 m) with a density of 1018 kg/m3, even denser than strange matter which is about 1017 kg/m3 and slightly denser than degenerate matter.

Because of the much higher binding energy (about 300 GeV) holding the magatoms together, magmatter is about 1032 times stronger.

Magmatter materials have free breaking lengths of millions to billions of kilometers. This means that it has the tensile strength required to hold a megastructure together.

Magmatter is relatively stable (compared to antimatter) and easy to handle when bound with conventional matter while still maintaining its useful properties of magnetic charge and great density.

Practical uses for the strength of magmatter requires the advanced control and logistics abilities of Type II civilizations. They are used in ultra-fine, hyper-strength cables and braces in megastructural engineering, and near-indestructible coatings for conversion drive rocket nozzles and massive military transports and weapons platforms.

Because of the density of magmatter, this leads to picoscale engineering and picotechnology.
Arachnids

The **Arachnids** (more commonly known as Bugs) are a hostile alien species that have conquered many planets in the Starship Troopers Universe.

They have millions of years of evolution behind them and are, in the case of survival capability, the perfect species. They have the ability to colonize planets "by hurling their spore into space" and possess a social structure which fits their mental capabilities.

They have a caste system, with each subspecies filling a specific role. Brain Bugs and God Bugs have extreme psychic abilities that can be used to control all bugs in the colony, and the Queen's sole function is the production of its members.
Brennan Jones

**Brennan Jones** is a character on ABC's *Once Upon a Time*. He is the father of Liam and Killian Jones and the father of Liam, father-in-law of Emma Swan, grandfather of Hope and step-grandfather of Henry, and step-great-grandfather of Lucy. He abandoned his two elder sons and put under a sleeping curse until his nursemaid (who fell in love with him) broke his curse with True Love's Kiss, married him and had their son. Hook later killed Brennan to prove to the Evil Queen he could kill her mother, Cora.

He is first mentioned in the second season finale "And Straight On 'Til Morning" though debuts in the shows eleventh episode of the fifth season and the winter finale, "Swan Song". He is portrayed by Adam Croasdell.
Realm

A **realm** is a structure that contains planes of existence.

The material or physical realm of reality contains all planes of known existence within the 11 dimensions of our omniverse. Outside of reality it is unbound by dimensions.

A plane is a level or branch of existence, and many planes can exist within a realm (branches divided by instances). Thus a universe is one plane, and a multiverse can contain many planes.

Sometimes realms and planes can mean the same thing, such as in the Forgotten Realms Universe where there are material and other planes. One material plane analogous to ours is called realmspace. The outer planes contains gods and souls; the astral plane is the plane of thought, memory, and psychic energy; the far realm contains cosmic horrors; and so on.

A verse is a cosmological structure that holds everything in existence. This ranges from a universe to the outerverse.

The hyperverse is a hyper-dimensional extension of reality with an infinity of dimensions. This is the truth of reality but *intangible* to those who live in the omniverse.

The difference between the 1st Realm (Reality) and the 2nd Realm is so vast that the 2nd is only beginning to be understood by a Type II civilization and only accessible *beyond* Type VII.

The metaphysical planes beyond reality are contained in outerverses, and these are *inaccessible* and *indescribable* using dimensions. Space and time is boundless here. All existence here is *abstract* to those who live in the omniverse.

All realms together make up everything. The rest is outside and ultimately beyond.
Cole Habitat

Dandridge Cole and Donald Cox showed in 1964 that hollow planetoid cities, similar to the O‘Neill communities, could be constructed.

First is the erection of a lightweight solar mirror several kilometers in diameter. Next, an elongated asteroid is used, about a kilometer in diameter and two kilometers in length with a mass of about 1013 kg. The mirror is then used to bore out a hole down the central axis of the object by melting the body in stages. Water tanks are used to generate super-heated steam, causing immense pressure to blow the asteroid into a giant nickel-iron balloon about 10 km in diameter and 20 km in length.

The giant mirror is used for sunshine to the interior, and water, soil, and biology are moved in. More than 1000 km2 are available for habitation.
Aqualad (Teen Titans)

### Allies

Beast Boy, Robin, Raven, Starfire, Cyborg, Tramm, Bumblebee, Speedy, Más y Menos, Pantha, Jericho, the Herald

### Enemies

Trident, Brother Blood, Brotherhood of Evil, Control Freak, General Immortus

## Other Information

### Interests

Swimming, competing against Beast Boy, his teammates and friends

### Dislike(s)

Anything sea-food related, fighting with Beast Boy, people thinking they are better than another person, Trident

### Powers and abilities

Hydrokinesis
 Aquapathy
 Superhuman strength
 High durability
 Superhuman swimming
 Water transformation
 Underwater breathing & pressure resistance

## Background Information

### Voice

Wil Wheaton

“*I'm Aqualad. Sorry I didn't introduce myself earlier. We Atlanteans try to keep a low profile.*”
―Aqualad to the Teen Titans
**Aqualad** is a young superhero from Atlantis and a character in Teen Titans.. He is a founding member of Titans East and a former rival turned friend of Beast Boy.

## History

Aqualad was born **Garth**, who was adopted by Aquaman after his parents' deaths. He and his mentor used to be close; however, after his adoptive father's actions going againstBlack Manta failed and cost his brother Arthur Curry, Jr. his life and nearly Garth, Aqualad went off on his own.
Gas giant refinery

A gas giant refinery is a series of orbital megastructures that would be suspended in the atmosphere of any gas giant such as Jupiter or Saturn.

Their purpose would be to harvest large amounts of hydrogen / helium or other gases from the planet to prepare the raw elements for transportation elsewhere. The refineries would be floating aerostats and orbital vehicles would collect raw gasses from them to transport to the rest of the solar system to be used as a vital energy source. This process of extracting materials from an unstable planet surface is called planet lifting, whereas extracting materials from a star is called star lifting.

Workers would typically live nearby in habitats and if the operation goes large scale, it can turn into an Industrial Zone typically using a Deep Well for mining. The well could be built around an artificial black hole from a moon that had been stellified. Hydrogen is mined from the atmosphere of the gas giant and directed towards the black hole, forming an accretion disk. Fusion reactions take place within the accretion disk and generate heavy elements which are mined for manufacture into various industrial products, typically controlled by interplanetary corporations. These are used in the place of asteroid and lunar mining operations in regions where elements heavier than helium are scarce. The creation of elements up to iron is exothermic, and produces large amounts of excess energy which can also be collected for use.

Helium-3 and deuterium mined from gas giants would be also used as fuel for spacecraft.

An alternative for mining gas planets would be to turn them into shellworlds. The surface of the shells would extend beyond the gas planets' ferocious winds but still be low enough in their atmospheres to be protected from meteorites. Graphene tethers could be connected to the interior surfaces of those shells worlds and which descend deep down into the atmosphere. We could build vast, kilometers-long mega-skyscrapers called Atlas Towers which are attached to those tethers, also functioning as habitats and refineries. Materials extracted such as methane, ammonia, nitrogen and water could be used to create artificial atmospheres, provide nutrients for plants, and provide water for life, to create cities. These cities could either be built into the tethered Atlas Towers, or dangle from the interior ceiling of the shellworld and be called Chandelier Cities.
Carnot engine

A **Carnot heat engine** is an engine that operates on the Carnot cycle. This is an *ideal* reversible closed thermodynamic cycle in which there are four successive operations involved, which are isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic compression. During these operations, the expansion and compression of a substance like an ideal gas can be done up to the desired point and back to the initial state.

In the process of going through this cycle, the system performs work on its surroundings, thereby acting as a heat engine. It acts by transferring energy from a warm region to a cool region of space and converts some of that energy to mechanical work. The cycle may also be reversed. The system may be worked upon by an external force and then transfer thermal energy from a cooler system to a warmer one, thereby acting as a refrigerator or heat pump rather than a heat engine.

The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat engine cycle allowed by physical laws. When the second law of thermodynamics states that not all the supplied heat in a heat engine can be used to do work, the Carnot efficiency sets the limiting value on the fraction of the heat which can be so used. In order to approach the Carnot efficiency, the processes involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and involve no change in entropy. This means that the Carnot cycle only works with the new laws of physics, since no real engine processes are reversible and all involve some increase in entropy with the old laws of physics.

### History

Sadi Carnot is sometimes considered the “father” of thermodynamics, working tirelessly to understand heat flow in machines. Carnot imagined an ideal engine that would theoretically have a work output equal to that of its heat input and not lose even a small amount of energy during the conversion. After experiments, Carnot realized that no device could perform in this ideal matter, as some energy had to be lost to the environment. Energy in the form of heat could not be converted completely into mechanical energy. However, Carnot did help engine designers improve their engines so that the engines could work close to their peak efficiencies. Carnot was interested in “cyclical devices” in which, at various parts of their cycles, the device absorbs or rejects heat; it is impossible to make such an engine that is 100 percent efficient.
Chaos theory

**Chaos theory** is cosmic mathematics focusing on *chaos* — stating that, within the apparent randomness of chaotic complex systems, there are underlying patterns, interconnectedness, constant feedback loops, repetition, self-similarity, fractals, and self-organization. The *butterfly effect* describes how a small change in one state of a deterministic system can result in large differences in a later state. A metaphor for this behavior is that a butterfly flapping its wings somewhere can cause a hurricane somewhere else in the world.

The deterministic nature of these systems did not make them predictable and was known as *deterministic chaos*. Eventually advancements in mathematics unraveled the mysteries of the chaos in many systems and greatly advanced their predictability.

Chaotic behavior exists in many natural systems, including fluid flow, heartbeat irregularities, weather, climate, and population and migration models of wildlife.

It also occurs in artificially created systems like economics, the stock market and road traffic where input factors, parameters and variables are too complex and ever-changing to predict.

Applications are diverse, ranging from cryptography and robotics, to predicting gas expansion, psychological traits, traffic and weather forecasting, interactions of particles and forces with an environment, and so on.

A goal for some is to create *order* out of the apparent chaos. Higher level civilizations eventually figure out whether there is order in highly complex systems like entire universes, or whether there is eternal chaos.

In non-reality there is an eternal battle between Order and Chaos.
Leviathans

The **Leviathans** are an ancient aquatic race in the Mass Effect Universe that dominated the galaxy in the time before the Reapers. They regard themselves as the galaxy's first and only apex race, and think of other races as mere tools meant to serve them. With the advent of the Reapers, the Leviathans were forced into hiding to preserve themselves, and were content to observe the Reapers' harvests while surreptitiously erasing any evidence of their existence over the course of hundreds of millions of years.

Technologically, the Leviathans claim and are believed to be extremely advanced, even more so than the Reapers. They have the capacity to direct faster-than-light communication pulses via a method unknown to modern science and created many organic, opalescent "artifacts" through which they can communicate, and observe the galaxy.
Eternal Ones

The **Eternal Ones** are a race of god-like, extra-dimensional beings who consume all sentient life in the Star Control Universe.

They evolved from sentient organic beings until they lost their material bodies and became pure energy. They were afraid of evolution from physical to energy and tried to stop it, which required vast sentient energy. To harvest sentience in great quantity they planted "seeds" throughout the universe that created all the other races.

The Precursors became aware of this and devolved themselves to non-sentient animals and created semi-sentient machines called Daktaklakpak to re-evolve themselves when the harvest was over. The Daktaklakpak forgot their main objective and started to wander the galaxy collecting and protecting all Precursor technologies.
My02cent Civilization Scale

Type 0.0 to 0.0001 Infinitesimal Extent

Type 0.10 to 0.19 Quantize Extent

Type 0.20 to 0.29 Planck Extent

Type 0.30 to 0.39 Fundamental Extent

Type 0.40 to 0.49 Subatomic Extent

Type 0.50 to 0.59 Atomic Extent

Type 0.60 to 0.69 Valance Extent

Type 0.70 to 0.79 Micro Extent

Type 0.80 to 0.89 Macro Extent

Type 0.90 to 0.99  Mundane Extent

Type 1.0 to 1.99   Tectonic Extent

Type 2.0 to 2.99  Celestial Extent

Type 3.0 to 3.99  Stellar Extent

Type 4.0 to 4.99  Galactic Extent

Type 5.0 to 5.99  Versal Extent

Type 6.0 to 6.99  Universal Extent

Type 7.0 to 7.99 Existential Extent

Type 8.0 to 8.99 Multiverse Extent

Type 9.0 to 9.99  Omniverse Extent

Type 10.0 to 10.99 Omni-Existential Extent

Type 11.0 to 11. 99 Infinite Indefinity Extent

This is the complete hierarchy of the my02cent Civilization scale.