Sukhoi Su-27

The **Sukhoi Su-27** (Russian: Сухой Су-27) (NATO reporting name: **Flanker**) is a twin-engine super maneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large United States fourth-generation fighters such as the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and F-15 Eagle, with 3,530-kilometre (1,910 nmi) range, heavy aircraft ordnance, sophisticated avionics and high maneuverability. The Su-27 was designed for air superiority missions, and subsequent variants are able to perform almost all aerial warfare operations. Complementing the smaller MiG-29, the Su-27 has its closest US counterpart in the F-15 Eagle.

The Su-27 entered service with the Soviet Air Forces in 1985. The primary role was long range air defence against American SAC B-1B and B-52G/H
 bombers, protecting the Soviet coast from aircraft carriers and flying
long range fighter escort for Soviet heavy bombers such as the Tu-95 "Bear", Tu-22M "Backfire" and Tu-160 "Blackjack".

There are several related developments of the Su-27 design. The Su-30 is a two-seat, dual-role fighter for all-weather, air-to-air and air-to-surface deep interdiction missions. The Su-33 'Flanker-D' is a naval fleet defense interceptor for use on aircraft carriers. Further versions include the side-by-side two-seat Su-34 'Fullback' strike/fighter-bomber variant, and the Su-35 'Flanker-E' improved air superiority and multi-role fighter. The Shenyang J-11 is a Chinese license-built version of the Su-27

## Development

In 1969, the Soviet Union learned of the U.S. Air Force's "F-X" program, which resulted in the F-15 Eagle. The Soviet leadership soon realized that the new American fighter would
 represent a serious technological advantage over existing Soviet fighters. What was needed was a better-balanced fighter with both good agility and sophisticated systems. In response, the Soviet General Staff issued a requirement for a *Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel* (*PFI*, literally "Prospective Frontline Fighter", roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter"). Specifications were extremely ambitious, calling for long range, good
short-field performance (including the ability to use austere runways),
excellent agility, Mach 2+ speed, and heavy armament. The aerodynamic
design for the new aircraft was largely carried out by TsAGI in collaboration with the Sukhoi design bureau.

When the specification proved too challenging and costly for a single aircraft in the number needed, the PFI specification was split into two: the *LPFI* (*Lyogkyi PFI*, Lightweight PFI) and the *TPFI* (*Tyazholyi PFI*, Heavy PFI). The LPFI program resulted in the Mikoyan MiG-29, a relatively short-range tactical fighter, while the TPFI program was
assigned to Sukhoi OKB, which eventually produced the Su-27 and its various derivatives.

The Sukhoi design, which was altered progressively to reflect Soviet awareness of the F-15's specifications, emerged as the *T-10* (Sukhoi's 10th design), which first flew on 20 May 1977. The aircraft had a large wing, clipped, with two separate podded engines and a twin tail. The ‘tunnel’ between the two engines, as on the F-14 Tomcat, acts both as an additional lifting surface and hides armament from radar

### Air Force

The T-10 was spotted by Western observers and assigned the NATO reporting name 'Flanker-A'. The development of the T-10 was marked by considerable
problems, leading to a fatal crash of the second prototype, the T-10-2 on 7 July 1978, due to shortcomings in the FBW control system.[4] Extensive redesigns followed (T-10-3 through T-10-15) and a revised version of the T-10-7, now designated the *T-10S*, made its first flight on 20 April 1981. It also crashed due to control problems and was replaced by T-10-12 which became *T-10S-2*. This one also crashed on 23 December 1981 during a high speed test killing the pilot. Eventually the T-10-15 demonstrator, *T-10S-3*, evolved into the definitive Su-27 configuration.

The *T-10S-3* was modified and officially designated the *P-42*, setting a number of world records for time-to-height, beating those set in 1975 by a similarly modified F-15 called "The Streak Eagle". The *P-42*
 "Streak Flanker" was stripped of all armament, radar and operational
equipment. The fin tips, tail-boom and the wingtip launch rails were also removed. The composite radome was replaced by a lighter metal
version. The aircraft was stripped of paint, polished and all
drag-producing gaps and joints were sealed. The engines were modified to deliver an increase in thrust of 2,204 lb (1,000 kg), resulting in a thrust-to-weight ratio of almost 2:1 (for comparison with standard example see Specifications).

The production *Su-27* (sometimes *Su-27S*, NATO designation 'Flanker-B') began to enter VVS operational service in 1985, although manufacturing difficulties kept it from appearing in strength until 1990.[11] The Su-27 served with both the V-PVO and Frontal Aviation. Operational conversion of units to the type occurred using the *Su-27UB* (Russian for "**U**chebno **B**oevoy" - "Combat Trainer", NATO designation 'Flanker-C') twin-seat trainer, with the pilots seated in tandem.

When the naval Flanker trainer was being conceived the Soviet Air Force was evaluating a replacement for the Su-24 "Fencer" strike aircraft, and it became evident to Soviet planners at the time
that a replacement for the Su-24 would need to be capable of surviving
engagements with the new American F-15 and F-16. The Sukhoi bureau
concentrated on adaptations of the standard *Su-27UB* tandem seat
trainer. However the Soviet Air Force favoured the crew station
(side-by-side seating) approach used in the Su-24 as it worked better
for the high workload and potentially long endurance strike roles.
Therefore, the conceptual naval side-by-side seated trainer was used as the basis for development of the *Su-27IB* (Russian for "**I**strebityel **B**ombardirovshchik"
 - "Fighter Bomber") as an Su-24 replacement in 1983. The first
production airframe was flown in early 1994 and renamed the *Su-34* (NATO reporting name 'Fullback').

### Navy

Development of a version for the Soviet Navy called the *Su-27K* (Russian for "**K**orabyelny"
 - "Shipborne", NATO designation 'Flanker-D') commenced not long after
the development of the main land based type. Some of the T10
demonstrators were modified to test features of navalized variants for
carrier operations. These modified demonstrators led to specific prototypes for the Soviet Navy, designated "*T10K*" (**K**orabyelny). The *T10K*s had canards, an arresting hook
 and carrier landing avionics as well as a retractable inflight re-fueling probe. They did not have the landing gear required for
carrier landings or folding wings. The first *T10K* flew in August 1987 flown by the famous Soviet test pilot Viktor Pugachev (who first demonstrated the cobra maneuver using an Su-27 in 1989), performing test take-offs from a land-based ski-jump carrier deck on the Black Sea coast at Saky in the Ukrainian SSR. The aircraft was lost in an accident in 1988.

At the time the naval Flanker was being developed the Soviets were
building their first generation of aircraft carriers and had no experience with steam catapults
 and did not want to delay the introduction of the carriers. Thus it was decided to use a take-off method that did not require catapults by building up full thrust against a blast deflector until the aircraft
sheared restraints holding it down to the deck. The fighter would then
accelerate up the deck onto a ski jump and become airborne.

The production *Su-27K* featured the required strengthened landing gear with a two-wheel nose gear assembly, folding stabilators and wings, outer ailerons that extended further with inner double slotted flaps and enlarged leading-edge slats for low-speed carrier approaches, modified LERX (**L**eading **E**dge **R**oot e**X**tension) with canards, a modified ejection seat angle, upgraded FBW, upgraded hydraulics, an arresting hook and retractable in-flight refuelling probe with a pair of deployable floodlights in the nose to illuminate the tanker at night. The *Su-27K* began carrier trials in November 1989, again with Pugachev at the
controls, on board the first Soviet aircraft carrier, called "Tbilisi" at the time and formal carrier operations commenced in September 1991.

Development of the naval trainer, called the *Su-27KUB* (Russian for "**K**orabyelny **U**chebno-**B**oyevoy" - "Shipborne Trainer-Combat"), began in 1989. The aim was to produce an
 airframe with dual roles for the Navy and Air Force suitable for a range of other missions such as reconnaissance, aerial refuelling, maritime strike and jamming. This concept then evolved into the *Su-27IB* (Su-34 "Fullback") for the Soviet Air Force. The naval trainer had a revised forward fuselage to accommodate a side-by-side cockpit seating arrangement with crew access via a ladder in the nose-wheel under carriage and enlarged
canards, stabilisers, fins and rudders. The wings had extra ordnance
hard-points and the fold position was also moved further outboard. The inlets were fixed and did not feature FOD suppression hardware. The central fuselage was strengthened to
accommodate 45 tonnes (99,000 pounds) maximum gross weight and internal
volume was increased by 30%. This first prototype, the *T-10V-1*, flew in April 1990 conducting aerial refuelling trials and simulated
carrier landing approaches on the Tbilisi. The second prototype, the *T-10V-2* was built in 1993 and had enlarged internal fuel tanks, enlarged spine,
 lengthened tail and tandem dual wheel main undercarriage.

### Export and post-Soviet development

In 1991, the production facilities at Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Irkutsk developed export variants of the Su-27: the *Su-27SK* single seat fighter and *Su-27UBK* twin-seat trainer, (the *K* in both variants is Russian for "**K**ommercheskiy" - literally "Commercial") which have been exported to China, Vietnam, Ethiopia and Indonesia.

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russia, the successor state, started development of advanced variants of the Su-27 including the Su-30, Su-33, Su-34, Su-35, and Su-37.

Since 1998 the export *Su-27SK* has been produced as the Shenyang J-11 in China under licence. The first licensed-production plane, assembled in Shenyang
 from Russian supplied kits, was flight tested on 16 December 1998. These licence-built versions, which numbered 100, were designated J-11A. The next model, the J-11B made extensive use of Chinese developed systems within the *Su-27SK* airframe.

Starting in 2004, the Russian Air Force began a major update of the
original Soviet Su-27 ('Flanker-B') fleet. The upgraded variants were designated *Su-27SM* (Russian for "**S**eriyniy **M**odernizovanniy" - literally "**S**erial **M**odernized"). This included upgrades in air-to-air capability with the RVV-AE missile with an active radar homing head. The modernized Su-27SM fighters belong to the 4+ generation. The strike capability was enhanced with the addition of the Kh-29T/TE/L and Kh-31P/Kh-31A ASM and KAB-500KR/KAB-1500KR smart bombs. The avionics were also upgraded.

The Su-30 is a two-seat multi-role version developed from the *Su-27UBK* and was designed for export and evolved into two main variants. The export variant for China, the *SU-30MKK* ('Flanker-G') which first flew in 1999. The other variant developed as the export version for India, the *Su-30MKI* ('Flanker-H') was delivered in 2002 and has at least five other configurations.

The Su-33 is the Russian Navy version of the Soviet *Su-27K* which was re-designated by the Sukhoi Design Bureau after 1991. (Both have the NATO designation 'Flanker-D')

The Su-34 is the Russian derivative of the Soviet-era *Su-27IB*, which evolved from the Soviet Navy *Su-27KUB* operational conversion trainer. It was previously referred to as the *Su-32MF*.

The newest and most advanced version of the Su-27 is the Su-35S ("**S**erial"). The Su-35 was previously referred to as the *Su-27M*, *Su-27SM2*, and *Su-35BM*.
The Su-37 is an advanced technology demonstrator derived from Su-35 prototypes, featuring thrust vectoring nozzles made of titanium rather than steel and an updated airframe containing a high proportion of carbon-fibre and Al-Li alloy. Only two examples were built and in 2002 one crashed, effectively
ending the program. The Su-37 improvements did however make it into new Flanker variants such as the *Su-35S* and the *Su-30MKI*.

 Role
 National origin
 Manufacturer
 First flight
 Introduction
 Status
 Primary users
People's Liberation Army Air Force
Ukrainian Air Force
 Produced
 Number built
 Unit cost
 Variants
Sukhoi Su-33
Sukhoi Su-34
Sukhoi Su-35
Sukhoi Su-37
Shenyang J-11