Empire of Brazil

The **Empire of Brazil** is a nation that is east of the People's Republic of Gran-Colombia, the Incan Empire, the Kingdom of Yungas and north of the Empire of Argentina. The Empire of Brazil had been restored as the official regime of Brazil by monarchist revolutionaries who ousted the military government in 1980.

## History

### First Empire

The territory which would become known as Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the discovered land for the Portuguese Empire. As a colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese colonial Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom John VI, fled from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. John VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir-apparent, Pedro, to rule the Kingdom of Brazil as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the independence of Brazil and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country was huge, sparsely populated and ethnically diverse.

The only other monarchy declared after independence in the Americas was the First Mexican Empire. Unlike most of the neighboring Hispanic American republics, Brazil had political stability, vibrant economic growth, constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech, and respect for civil rights of its subjects, albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves, the latter regarded as property and not citizens. The empire's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures. This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government. He faced other obstacles. The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina (later to become Uruguay). In 1826, despite his role in Brazilian independence, he became the king of Portugal; he abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his eldest daughter. Two years later, she was usurped by Pedro I's younger brother Miguel. Unable to deal with both Brazilian and Portuguese affairs, Pedro I abdicated his Brazilian throne on 7 April 1831 and immediately departed for Europe to restore his daughter to the Portuguese throne.

Pedro I's successor in Brazil was his five-year-old son, Pedro II. As the latter was still a minor, a weak regency was created. The power vacuum resulting from the absence of a ruling monarch as the ultimate arbiter in political disputes led to regional civil wars between local factions. Having inherited an empire on the verge of disintegration, Pedro II, once he was declared of age, managed to bring peace and stability to the country, which eventually became an emerging international power. Brazil was victorious in three international conflicts (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War) under Pedro II's rule, and the Empire prevailed in several other international disputes and outbreaks of domestic strife. With prosperity and economic development came an influx of European immigration, including Protestants and Jews, although Brazil remained mostly Catholic. Slavery, which had initially been widespread, was restricted by successive legislation until its final abolition in 1888. Brazilian visual arts, literature and theater developed during this time of progress. Although heavily influenced by European styles that ranged from Neoclassicism to Romanticism, each concept was adapted to create a culture that was uniquely Brazilian.

Even though the last four decades of Pedro II's reign were marked by continuous internal peace and economic prosperity, he had no desire to see the monarchy survive beyond his lifetime and made no effort to maintain support for the institution. The next in line to the throne was his daughter Isabel, but neither Pedro II nor the ruling classes considered a female monarch acceptable. Lacking any viable heir, the Empire's political leaders saw no reason to defend the monarchy. After a 58-year reign, on 15 November 1889 the Emperor was overthrown in a sudden *coup d'état* led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic headed by a dictator, forming the First Brazilian Republic.

### Era of the Unstable Republics

The early republican government was nothing more than a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power. Not until 1894, following an economic crisis and a military one, did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.

If in relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries, only broken by the Acre War (1899–1902) and its involvement in World War I (1914–1918), followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations; Internally, from the crisis of *Encilhamento* and the Armada Revolts, a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian and military.

Little by little, a cycle of general instability sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, supported by most of the military, successfully led the Revolution of 1930. Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.

In the 1930s, three failed attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power occurred. The first was the Constitutionalist Revolution in 1932, led by the Paulista oligarchy. The second was a Communist uprising in November 1935, and the last one a *putsch* attempt by local fascists in May 1938. The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The 1937 *coup d'état* resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the Estado Novo era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.

Foreign policy during the Vargas years was marked by World War II. Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country entered on the allied side, after suffering retaliation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic. In addition to its participation in the battle of the Atlantic, Brazil also sent an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian campaign.

With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier. Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.

Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide. Juscelino Kubitschek became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises. The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably, but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960. Kubitschek's successor, Jânio Quadros, resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office. His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military dictatorship.

The new regime was intended to be transitory but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968. Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society, inside and outside the country through the infamous "Operation Condor". Like other brutal authoritarian regimes, due to an economic boom, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s. Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power that had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas, plus the inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure, made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals Ernesto Geisel and Golbery do Couto e Silva.

### Monarchist Revolution

During World War III, Brazil had become the battlefield of a proxy war fought between the Communists backed by the Soviet Union and the Military government backed by the USA. The Junta was getting weak due to it not being popular with the Brazilians and the soldiers had low morale and this allowed the Communists to take over Brazil. The USA was not able to invade Brazil to free it from the communists as they were fighting a war with China and the Soviet Union in Asia.

Nationalist and Conservative opposition against the Communists was formed by Olavo de Carvalho, Valdemar Costa Neto, Jair Bolsonaro, Antônio Carlos Magalhães Neto and Alfredo Nascimento had created a paramilitia group that would oust the communists and create a new government, the monarchists who were their biggest supporters wanted to restore the Brazilian monarchy in order to prevent any more instability and the opposition decided to do that.

The Opposition militia instigated a coup against the Communists and took control of the government building and they declared the ousting of the communists. The majority of the opposition that consisted of monarchists declared the restoration of the monarchy. Dom Luiz, the pretender of Brazil had ascended the throne of Brazil and he was crowned Emperor of Brazil.

### Uruguay War

The monarchy had worked hard with it's supporters to rebuild Brazil as a country once again and after 12 years, Brazil was rebuilt as a functioning society. The Army had conquered Uruguay to prevent the expansion of Argentina's Military Junta when they were planning to conquer the nation to achieve their desires of gaining control of the Southern Atlantic Ocean after gaining the Falklands with ease due to Britain getting nuked by the Soviets.

Brazil and Argentina were waging war in Uruguay which was already devastated due to being under Military rule from 1972-1980 and a rough transition to democracy due to Communist Militias terrorizing the country. Sadly Rio de Janeiro had suffered major bombardments by the Argentinian Navy. Emperor Luiz and his wife were both killed during the bombardment of Rio de Janeiro.

The death of the Emperor had caused shock and a huge upset as there was a mass funeral. After the funeral, Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza the brother of the Emperor, due to the Emperor and his wife not having children had become Emperor of Brazil. Brazil had continued to fight the war against Argentina and won against Argentina with ease. Argentina lost because it was too busy depleting its forces in their mass conquest of the South Pacific. Brazil after the war started to plan reforms and become a prosperous state and rebuild the economy and civilization it once had before the war with Argentina.

### Inca Empire Crisis

The restoration of the Brazilian Empire had caused trouble with neighboring Peru as monarchists were causing trouble for the Republic as they wanted to restore the Sapa Incas of the Incan Empire. However the monarchist revolution failed due to a Japanese Ethnic Nationalist Politician named Albert Fujimori taking charge of the Republic to quell the revolutionaries. Fujimori had abolished the Republic and declared the establishment of a new monarchy ruled by him as monarch. The Republicans of Peru had gotten severely angry that Alberto abolished the Republic and established a monarchy and the monarchists were mad because Alberto established a monarchy to delegitimize the descendants of Incan Emperors as the rightful rulers of Peru.

Albert Fujimori had declared war on Brazil to keep himself in power as monarch of Peru. Brazil tried to avoid the war until, Peru invaded and conquered the Acre (state) and the Amazonas to gain access to their rubber trees and add tires to the list of stuff they manufacture and make Peru an economic powerhouse in South America. Sadly Peru was massacring and skinning Brazilian natives in the Amazonas alive to use their skin to make rubber tires as it also rapidly chopped down rubber trees. Brazil hearing of the news then repelled the Peruvians out of the Amazonas and Acre state and back into Peru proper. The Peruvians then invaded Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay in which they have successfully conquered them and added them to Fujimori's Empire.

Brazil had conquered Paraguay from Inca which angrily provoked Peru, but Peru was suffering economic and political instability was not able to continue a fight and this resulted in Brazil winning the war against Peru. Bolivia was also conquered by Brazil who annexed the entirety of Bolivia except for the Afro-Bolivian Kingdom and the Yungas Region which resulted in Brazil establishing the Kingdom of Yungas as a Puppet state.

Brazil had also annexed the newly independent Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia as a puppet state in order to prevent Argentina from conquering it and to prevent Argentina from having a coast in the Pacific Ocean and prevent Chile from conquering the territory and this caused turmoil in Chile because General Augusto Pinchonet was ousted by angry socialists and replaced with the daughter of the very man Pinchonet had ousted.

### Gran-Colombian War

Hugo Chavez had taken control of Venezuela after Cuba put him and the Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200 in power in the year 1992 as a way for Cuba to maintain it's foothold on Venezuela and get their oil. Venezuela then decided to conquer the Guianas and the region of the Guianas that Venezuela claimed, but Brazil conquered the Guianas due to Brazil getting paranoid of Venezuela annexing the land between it and the Guianas that belonged to Brazil and to prevent Venezuela from expanding into the Pacific as a Cuban Satellite State.

Chavez had recruited the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and they had conquered Colombia with ease due to the fact that Colombia has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict between government forces, leftist guerrilla groups and right wing paramilitaries since 1960 which escalated in 1990. The Leftists and Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200 had exploited all the resources of Colombia and merged the nation into Venezuela. After this Venezuela then invaded the Guianas to get the territory it wants which pissed off Brazil who then invaded Venezuela.

The war was a 3 year long war in which Brazil had won the war due to the fact that Mexico helped Brazil bombard the Colombia-Venezuela Nation as a way to weaken it and to help Brazil gain the Guianas. Cuba tried to intervene but the Kingdom of Miami had bombarded Cuba with Navy raids to stop Cuba and this caused the Boom Boom Bombardment crisis.

### After the Wars

Brazil, after 3 wars and devastating destruction commenced a twelve year operation to repair the nation which was successful. The Nation of Brazil had strengthened its army, economy and perfected living conditions for all of the Brazilian citizens. Brazil desires to become a peaceful and prosperous nation, but that is impossible with three unstable neighbors hungrily looking at the territory they lost to Brazil. Due to this Brazil had expanded into Africa and annexed the kingdoms of Oyo, Benin and Dahomey as puppet states and they annexed the Ashanti Empire as a client state in order to protect them from the Sokoto Caliphate and to prevent Argentina from establishing contact with the racist Kingdom across the Atlantic.

Brazil had also established an alliance with the Central African Empire in order to help them win the war with Egypt over South Sudan whom Central Africa sees as theirs and to make an alliance with the Kingdom of Kongo which was a former ally of Brazil's former colonial overlord Portugal. Brazil and Mexico had made an alliance in order to counter Cuba's communist expansion in Latin America.

## Government

The Emperor is the head of both the moderating and executive branches (being aided by the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, respectively); he has the final say and held ultimate control over the national government. He is tasked with ensuring national independence and stability. The Constitution (Article 101) gives him very few avenues for imposing his will upon the General Assembly. His main recourse is the right to dissolve or extend legislative sessions. In the Senate, an emperor's authority to appoint senators does not necessarily give him added influence since senators hold their offices for life and were thus freed from government pressure once confirmed. On those occasions when the Chamber of Deputies was dissolved, new elections are required to be held immediately and the new Chamber seated. "This power was effective when held in reserve as a threat. It could not be employed repeatedly, nor would its use work to the emperor's advantage."

During the reign of Pedro I the Chamber of Deputies was never dissolved and legislative sessions were never extended or postponed. Under Pedro II, the Chamber of Deputies was only ever dissolved at the request of the President of the Council of Ministers (Prime minister). There were eleven dissolutions during Pedro II's reign and, of these, ten occurred after consultation with the Council of State, which was beyond what was required by the Constitution. A Constitutional balance of power existed between the General Assembly and the executive branch under the Emperor. The legislature could not operate alone and the monarch could not force his will upon the Assembly. The system functioned smoothly only when both Assembly and Emperor acted in a spirit of cooperation for the national good.

A new element was added when the office of "President of the Council of Ministers" was officially created in 1847—although it had existed in practice since 1843. The president of the Council owed his position to both his party and to the Emperor and these could sometimes come into conflict. 19th-century abolitionist leader and historian Joaquim Nabuco said that the "President of the Council in Brazil was no Russian Chancellor, Sovereign's creature, nor a British Prime Minister, made only by the trust of the [House of] Commons: the delegation of the Crown was to him as necessary and important as the delegation of the Chamber, and, to exert with safety his functions, he had to dominate the caprice, the oscillations and ambitions of the Parliament, as well as to preserve always unalterable the favor, the good will of the emperor.

### Cabinet

* **Emperor:** Bertrand I
* **Prime Minister:** Jair Bolsonaro - Prime Minister
* **Foreign Minister:** Ernesto Araújo - Foreign Minister
* **Labor Minister:** Onyx Lorenzoni
* **Minister of Economics:** Paulo Guedes
* **Minister of Health:** Marcelo Queiroga
* **Minister of Education:** Milton Ribeiro
* **Armament Minister:** Marcos Pontes
* **Industry Minister:** Bento Costa Lima
* **Minister of Defense:** Walter Souza Braga Netto
* **Minister of Intelligence:** Anderson Torres
* **Chief of Staff:** General Laerte de Souza Santos
* **Chief of Army:** General Paulo Sérgio Nogueira de Oliveira
* **Chief of Navy:** Admiral Almir Garnier Santos
* **Chief of Air Force:** Air Marshall Carlos de Almeida Baptista Júnior

## Military

Brazil's armed forces are the largest in the Americas, Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere by the level of military equipment, with 334,500 active-duty troops and officers. The Imperial Military Consists of an Army, Navy and Air Force that has fought long and hard wars for many years, especially the 3 recent wars as of late.

### Army

The Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America during the 19th century. In the 20th century, it fought on the Allied side in World War I and World War II. Aligned with the Western Bloc, during the time of military dictatorship in Brazil from 1964 to 1985, it also had active participation in the Cold War, in Latin America and Southern Portuguese Africa, as well as taking part in UN peacekeeping missions worldwide since the late 1950s.

### Navy

The Navy is the naval service branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces, responsible for conducting naval operations. The Imperial Brazilian Navy is the largest navy in South America and in Latin America, and the second largest navy in the Americas, after the United States Navy. Brazil's Navy is notable for the war against Argentina.

### Air Force

The Imperial Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces" in 1941. Both air branches transferred their equipment, installations and personnel to the new force. According to the Flight International (Flightglobal.com) and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Brazilian Air Force has an active strength of 80,937 military personnel and operates around 715 aircraft. The Brazilian Air Force is the largest air force in the Southern Hemisphere and the second largest in the Americas after the United States Air Force.

## Economy

The economy of Brazil is historically the largest in Latin America and Southern Hemisphere. The Brazililian economy is the second largest in the Americas, after only the United States, the largest economy in the world. Brazilian GDP per capita is expected to exceed US$12,000 this decade, and Brazil will be considered a developed country, a significant number of States of Brazil have already reached this level. The country is rich in natural resources which makes Brazil victim to invasions by Communist Gran-Colombia, Inca and Argentina.

Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its energy coming from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; the Itaipu Dam is the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation, and the country has other large plants like Belo Monte and Tucuruí. Recent oil discoveries in the pre-salt layer have opened the door for a large increase in oil production. The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity

Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the Northeast Region, the Pantanal in the Center-West Region, beaches at Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, cultural tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to São Paulo.

Brazil's main competitive advantages are its natural resources, which ranked 1st on this criteria out of all countries considered, and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many World Heritage Sites. The TTCI report notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality of roads ranking in 105th place; and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 114th), due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high prices and high taxation. Safety and security have improved significantly.

The first study into the impact of the creative industries on the Brazilian economy was published by FIRJAN. The creative economy in Latin America was termed the"Orange Economy" in a publication released by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). This 2013 study valued Brazil's Orange Economy at US$66,87 billion providing 5,280,000 jobs and responsible for US$9,414 million in exports, with the value of creative exports being higher than coffee exports over the same period (US$8,016 million).

## Demographics

### Ethnic Groups

Brazilian society is made up of a confluence of people of several different origins, from the original Native Brazilians, with the influence of Portuguese colonists and people of African descent. Other major significant groups include Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Lebanese and Japanese. 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about 83 million) as Pardo (brown), 6.84% (about 13 million) as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as East Asian (officially called *amarela* or *yellow*); and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as Amerindian (officially called *indígena*, Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race. The National Indian Foundation estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.

### Religion

Christianity is the largest religion in Brazil, with Catholics having the most adherents. Brazil possesses a richly spiritual society formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved Africans and indigenous people. This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholicism, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities.

### Languages

The official language of Brazil is Portuguese (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.

Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and more recent immigrants, coming from Northern regions, and in minor degree Portuguese Macaronesia), with a few influences from the Amerindian and African languages, especially West African and Bantu restricted to the vocabulary only. As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.

Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants. In the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Nheengatu (a currently endangered South American creole language – or an 'anti-creole', according to some linguists – with mostly Indigenous Brazilian languages lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that, together with its southern relative língua geral paulista, once was a major lingua franca in Brazil, being replaced by Portuguese only after governmental prohibition led by major political changes), Baniwa and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.

There are significant communities of German (mostly the Brazilian Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language. Talian is officially a historic patrimony of Rio Grande do Sul, and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities. Italian is also recognized as *ethnic language* in the Santa Teresa microregion and Vila Velha (Espirito Santo state), and is taught as mandatory second language at school.

Learning at least one second language (generally English or Spanish) is mandatory for all the 12 grades of the mandatory education system (primary and secondary education, there called *ensino fundamental* and *ensino médio* respectively). Brazil is the first country in South America to offer Esperanto to secondary students.

## Culture

The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.

Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well as Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries. The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.

Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century) to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.