recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Awngi phonology

## Vowels

Vowels

The central vowel /ɨ/ is the default epenthetic vowel of the language and almost totally predictable in its occurrence. Likewise, /æ/, normally an allophone of /a/, is fossilized in some words and might be justified as a separate phoneme.

## Consonants

* Palatal and velar together in Awngi form only one place of articulation, which is called palato-velar.
* Post-stopped fricatives are assumed to be single segments in Awngi for phonotactic reasons.
* /h/ is found word-initially in loanwords, but it can also be left out.
* /r/ does not occur word-initially. It is pronounced as a flap [ɾ] when not geminate.
* Between vowels, /b/ is pronounced as a voiced bilabial fricative [β].
* /d/ is pronounced retracted, with slight retroflexion.
* /ɢ/ and /ɢʷ/ are usually pronounced as voiced uvular fricatives [ʁ] and [ʁʷ].
* Although /d͡z/ and /d͡ʒ/ are phonetically realized as fricatives [z] and [ʒ] in many environments, they are very much the voiced counterparts of the voiceless affricates with respect to phonological rules.
* The labialization contrast in the palato-velar and uvular consonants is found only before the vowels /i, e, a/ and word-finally.

## Tones

Palmer and Hetzron both identified three distinctive tone levels in Awngi: high, mid and low. The low tone, however, only appears in word-final position on the vowel a. A falling tone (high-mid) appears on word-final syllables only. Joswig reanalyzes the system as having only two distinctive tone levels, with the low tone being a phonetic variant of the mid tone.

## Syllable structure

The Awngi syllable in most cases fits the maximum syllable template CVC (C standing for a consonant, V for a vowel). This means there is only one (if any) consonant each in the syllable onset and the rhyme. Exceptions to this happen at word boundaries, where extrametrical consonants may appear.

## Phonological processes

### Gemination

In positions other than word-initial, Awngi contrasts geminate and non-geminate consonants. The contrast between geminate and non-geminate consonants does not show up for the following consonants: /ɢ, ɢʷ, t͡s, t͡ʃ, j, w, ʒ/.

### Vowel harmony

Whenever a suffix containing the [+high] vowel i is added to a stem, a productive vowel harmony process is triggered. Hetzron calls this process regressive vowel height assimilation. The vowel harmony only takes place if the underlying vowel of the last stem syllable is e. This vowel and all preceding instances of e and o will take over the feature [+high], until a different vowel is encountered. Then the vowel harmony is blocked. Hetzron provides the following example: /moleqés-á/ ‘nun’ vs. /muliqís-í/ ‘monk’

## References

1. ↑ Joswig (2006), p. 786
2. ↑ Joswig (2006), p. 792
3. ↑ Hetzron, R. (1969) *The Verbal System of Southern Agaw.* University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
4. ↑ Joswig (2010), p. 2
5. ↑ Joswig (2010), p. 9
6. ↑ Joswig (2010), p. 15
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Hetzron (1997), p. 478-479
8. ↑ see Hetzron (1969), p. 7f
9. ↑ Palmer (1959), p. 273
10. ↑ Hetzron (1969), p. 6
11. ↑ Joswig (2009)
12. ↑ Hetzron (1997), p. 485
Aleut phonology

## Consonants

The consonant phonemes of the various Aleut dialects are represented below. Each cell indicates the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representation of the phoneme; consonants existing only in loanwords are in parentheses. Note that some phonemes are unique to specific dialects of Aleut.

## Vowels

Aleut has a basic three-vowel system including the high front /i/, low /a/, and high back /u/. Aleut vowels contrast with their long counterparts /iː/, /aː/, and /uː/.

Notably, Aleut /u/ is pronounced slightly lower than /i/ in the vowel space.

The long vowel /aː/ is pronounced retracted in the vowel space creating a significant distinction relative to the vowel length of /a/. The two high vowels are pronounced with the same vowel quality regardless of vowel length.

In contact with a uvular, /i/ is lowered to [e], /a/ is backed to [ɑ], and /u/ is lowered to [o]. In contact with a coronal, /a/ is raised to [e] or [ɛ], and /u/ is fronted to [ʉ].

The mid-vowels [ɔ] and [ɛ] occur only in family names like *Nevzorof* and very recently introduced Russian loanwords.
Alutiiq orthography

* a - [ä]
* c - [t͡ʃ]
* e - [ə]
* f - [f]
* g - [x]
* gw - [xʷ]
* hm - [m̥]
* hn - [n̥]
* hng - [ŋ̊]
* i - [i]
* k - [k]
* kw - [kʷ]
* l - [l]
* ll - [ɬ]
* m - [m]
* n - [n]
* ng - [ŋ]
* p - [p]
* q - [q]
* r - [χ]
* s - [s]
* t - [t]
* u - [u]
* w - [w]
* y - [j]

After voiceless consonants, the voiceless nasals are written without h-.

## Other letters

* aa - [aː]
* ai - [ai]
* au - [au]
* ia - [ia]
* ii - [iː]
* iu - [iu]
* ua - [ua]
* ui - [ui]
* uu - [uː]
Amaranth

* Amaranth (color)
* Amaranth (typeface)

Disambiguation page for AmaranthThe following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Avar phonology

There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ː⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis. The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. [tsː] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [tːs] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. t͡ɬː as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence /t͡ɬɬ/ (/tɬɬ/).

Avar has fifteen vowels, /a, æ, ɛ, e, i, ɪ, ʉ, ɑ, ɔ, o, ʊ, u, ɨ, ɒ, ʌ/.

## References

1. ↑ Laver (1994) *Principles of Phonetics* p. 371.
Bukid phonology

Binukid consists of 20 segmental phonemes and 1 suprasegmental phoneme. The syllable is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in Spanish loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.

## Consonants

There are 30 consonants in Binukid. In some instances, there is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords.

The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in the syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial.

## Vowels

There are generally twenty vowels in Binukid.

## Suprasegmentals

There is a suprasegmental phoneme of stress which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example *beleng* [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means "surprise" while *beléng* [bɘˈlɘŋ] means "drunk". Long words may have more than one stress: *balángkawítan* [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster". Stress commonly shift when suffixes are added to the word (as in *kahibeléngan* "mysterious") or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.
Advanced and retracted tongue root

In phonetics, **advanced tongue root** (**ATR**) and **retracted tongue root** (**RTR**) are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in Western and Eastern Africa but also in Kazakh and Mongolian. ATR vs RTR used to be suggested to be the basis for the distinction between tense and lax vowels in European languages such as German, but that no longer seems tenable.
Akatek phonology

## Vowels

Akatek has 5 vowels:

Vowel length is distinctive, so one can say that the total number of vowels is 10.

## Consonants

Akatek has 24 consonants, including the glottal stop:

/p/ is realized as [pʰ] word-finally, [p] everywhere else.

Examples: **pom** [pom] *copal*, **xopan** [ʃopan] *hollow*, **sip** [sipʰ] *tick*
/k/ is realized as [kʰ] word-finally, [k] everywhere else.

Examples: **kaapʼ** [kaːɓ̥] *two*, **mooke** [moːke] *tinaja*, **chʼok** [t͡ʃʼokʰ] *zanate*
/t/ is realized as [tʰ] before plosive consonants, [t] everywhere else.

Examples: **teʼ** [teʔ] *tree*, **satkan** [satʰkan] *sky*, **pʼit** [ɓit] *song*
/ɓ/ is realized as [ɓ̥] word-finally, [ɓ] everywhere else.

Examples: **kaapʼ** [kaːɓ̥] *two*, **pʼeyʼpʼal** [ɓejɓal] *the walking (thing)*
/x/ is realized as [h] word-initially, [x] everywhere else.

Examples: **xos** [hos] *egg*, **ajane** [ʔaxane] *foot*
/n/ is realized as [m] before /p/ and /ɓ/, but [ŋ] before alveolar and velar consonants, [n] everywhere else.

Examples: Examples: **inpʼit** [imɓit] *my song*, **ante** [ʔaŋte] *to cure*, **naa** [naː] *house*
Angami phonology

## Consonants

This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.

 m
 kʷʰ
 kʷ
 ɡʷ
 ɻ

Angami syllables may be of the form V, CV, or CɻV. Attested clusters are /pʰɻ/, /pɻ/, /kʰɻ/, /kɻ/.

## References

1. ↑ Blankenship states that [f] is an allophone of /p/. However, in the text only [pf] is found. It is not clear if these are in free variation, or if one is perhaps an allophone of /pʰ/.
2. ↑ In Kohima, but not Khonoma dialect.
Achi phonology

## Consonants

* Voiceless plosives can have aspirated allophones [pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ], either when preceding a consonant or in word-final position.
* A pharyngeal fricative sound [ʕ] can be heard before vowels or in word-initial or intervocalic environments preceding vowels.
* A uvular consonant /χ/ can also be heard as velar [x] in some environments. /n/ when preceding a velar consonant can be heard as a velar nasal [ŋ].
* Sonorants /l r j/ when preceding a voiceless consonant or in word-final position can occur sounding voiceless [l̥ r̥ j̊].
Atayal orthography

The Atayal language is most commonly written in the Latin script; a standard orthography for the language was established by the Taiwanese government in 2005. In writing, ⟨ng⟩ represents the velar nasal /ŋ/, and the apostrophe ⟨'⟩ represents the glottal stop. In some literature, ⟨ḳ⟩ is used to represent /q/ and ⟨č š ž⟩ are used to represent /tʃ ʃ ʒ/.

In some dialects but not all, schwa /ə/ is frequently omitted in writing, resulting in long consonant clusters on the surface (e.g. *pspngun* /pəsəpəŋun/).

The pronunciation of certain letters differs from the IPA conventions. The letter ⟨b⟩ represents /β/, ⟨c⟩ is /ts/, ⟨g⟩ is /ɣ/, ⟨y⟩ is /j/, and ⟨z⟩ is /ʒ/.
Atlantean phonology

## Vowels

Atlantean's phonetic inventory includes a vowel system with five phonemes. Most vowels have two prominent allophonic realizations, depending on whether it occurs in a stressed or unstressed syllable.

Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as [i] or [ɪ] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as [e] or [ɛ], and so on. There are three diphthongs, namely *ay, ey, oy*.

Aside from the stressed-syllable-based vowel system, the only other example of prominent phonological phenomenon seems to be a special kind of sandhi occurring in verbs, when the pronoun is combined with the aspect marker.

When the suffix for the first person singular -*ik* combines with tenses that employ -i, -o (Past and Future tenses), it becomes -*mik*.

bernot-o-**ik** → bernot-o-**mik**
But when combined with suffixes that feature -e (Present tenses), the same suffix becomes -*kik*.

bernot-e-**ik** → bernot-e-**kik**
Ahtna phonology

Athabaskan languages are primarily prefixing. Many prefixes are presented together. There is limited suffixation and often one word has as much meaning as an English language sentence. Verbs are very complex therefore creating many different meanings or analysis of verbs. Some verbs include syntactic principles in addition to and/or replacement of morphological principles when constructing a word.

## Consonants

The consonants in Kari's IPA phonology and practical orthography are shown in the following table*.*

## Vowels

The vowels in Kari's practical orthography and phonology are as follows*.*

There is some variation in pronunciation of words according to dialect.
Alune phonology

## Consonants

* /d/ can be heard as a trill [r] in word-initial and intervocalic positions, and may also fluctuate to an affricate [dʒ] sound.
* /n/ can be heard as a velar nasal [ŋ] when preceding velar stops.

## References

1. ↑ E. Wattimury, Ny. A. Haulussy, and J. Pentury. Struktur Bahasa Alune. 1997. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
Atsugewi phonology

## Consonants

Atsugewi has 32 consonants. Most of these form pairs of plain and glottalized. Plosives and affricates also have a third, aspirated member of the series (except for the single glottal stop).

## Vowels

Atsugewi language has basically only fifteen vowels: /a/, /æ/, /ɐ/, /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/, /ə/, /ø/, /o/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /i/, /y/, and /ɨ/; /e/ is the allophone of /i/ while /o/ is the allophone of /u/. However, it has been supported by Leonard Talmy (1972) that there are instances such as the word *ce* "the eye(s)" where *e* can be analyzed as a proper phoneme.

## References

1. ↑ /ʜ/ lowers high vowels, while /h/ does not. Based on Achumawi, the former is assumed to be epiglottal.
Alutiiq phonology

## Consonants

Consonants may be double and have geminated sounds (e.g. *kk*; [kː]). More consonants /ɾ~r, lʲ, rʲ/ can only be found in loanwords.

## Vowels

All vowels except for /ə/, are considered as full vowels, distinguished with vowel length. /ə/ does not lengthen, nor occurs into vowel clusters, but may tend to be devoiced as /ə̥/ next to other consonants.
Bambara phonology

## Consonants

Each consonant represents a single sound with some exceptions:

* "W" is pronounced as in English (e.g. wait) except at the end of a word, when is the plural mark and is pronounced as [u].
* "S" is pronounced most often as in the English word "see" but is sometimes pronounced as "sh" [ʃ] as in the word "shoe" or as [z].
* "G" is pronounced most often as in the English word "go" but in the middle of a word, it can be pronounced as in the Spanish word "abogado" ([ɣ]) and sometimes at the beginning of a word as [gw].

## Vowels

 Close-mid | e eː ẽ
 Open-mid | ɛ ɛː ɛ̃
 Open |  | a aː ã
Belait phonology

General references on Belait phonology include Martin (1990) on Metting Belait and Noor Alifah Abdullah (1992) on Labi Belait. This sketch is based on the Metting dialect. Other dialects may vary in their phonology and lexicon.

## Vowels

Metting Belait has twelve monophthong vowels /i, u, e, o, a, ɨ, ɘ, æ, ɔ, ɑ, ɒ, ɜ/. There is two diphthongs /iə, uə/.

The phoneme /e/ is realised as [ə] in non-final syllables, and as [ɛ] and [e] in final syllables.

## Syllable Structure

Lexical roots are disyllabic. Final syllables are typically (C)V((C)C). Non-final are typically ((C)C)V(C).

## References

1. ↑ Martin, Peter W. 1990. *Notes on the Phonology of Belait*. Unpublished MS.
2. ↑ Noor Alifah Abdullah. 1992. Struktur bahasa Belait. Unpublished BA Thesis, Department of Malay Language and Linguistics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Brahui phonology

Brahui vowels show a partial length distinction between long /aː eː iː oː uː/ and diphthongs /aɪ aʊ ɛɪ ɛʊ ɔɪ ɔʊ/ and short /a u i o e/.

Brahui consonants show patterns of retroflexion but lack the aspiration distinctions found in surrounding languages and include several fricative such as the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ], a sound not otherwise found in the region.
Consonants are also very similar to those of Balochi, but Brahui has more fricatives and nasals (Elfenbein 1993).

## Stress

Stress in Brahui follows a quantity-based pattern, occurring either on the first long vowel or diphthong, or on the first syllable if all vowels are short.
Bavarian phonology

## Consonants

Notes:

* The phoneme /h/ is frequently realised as [ç] or [x] word-internally and is realised as [h] word-initially.
* Intervocalic /s/ can be voiced to [z].
* A trill sound /r/ may also be realised as a tap sound [ɾ].
* Intervocalic /v/ or /w/ sound can be realised as [ʋ] or [β, w].
* Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise /k/ as an affricate [k͡x] word-initially and before /m, n, l, r/, which is an extension of the High German consonant shift to velar consonants.

## Vowels

Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain Austro-Bavarian dialects or only appear as allophones or in diphthongs. Nasalization may also be distinguished in some dialects.

Bavarian has an extensive vowel inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness.
Bislama orthography

The Bislama Latin alphabet uses the letters *A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y* and the digraphs *AE*, *AO* and *NG*.

An older Latin orthography, used before 1995, had *É* (now written *E*), *AI* and *AU* (now *AE* and *AO*). For those vowels in hiatus, *AÏ* and *AÜ* were used (now written *AI* and *AU*). Labialized consonants, now written *MW* and *PW*, were then spelled with a macron, following the conventions used for some vernacular Vanuatu languages: *M̄* was used for /mʷ/ and *P̄* for /pʷ/.

On the island of Pentecost, the avoiuli script is sometimes used for Bislama. The shapes of the letters derive from sand-drawing. It has distinct letters for *NG* and *NGG*, but otherwise corresponds closely to the Latin alphabet above, though capitals are seldom used, punctuation differs, there are digits for higher numbers and logograms for commonly traded commodities such as pig tusks.
Bukawa phonology

## Vowels

Bukawa distinguishes the eight vowel qualities:

* /ɔ/ is heard as [o] when occurring in word-final position.
* /ɜ/ is heard as [ɘ] when occurring in word-final position.

## Consonants

Bukawa has the largest consonant inventory among the Austronesian languages of mainland New Guinea.

Glottal stop, written with a *c* as in Yabem, is only distinctive at the end of syllables. The only other consonants that can occur syllable-finally are labials and nasals: *p, b, m, ŋ*. Syllable-structure constraints are most easily explained if labialized and prenasalized consonants are considered unit phonemes rather than clusters. The distinction between voiced and voiceless laterals and approximants is unusual for Huon Gulf languages.

* All voiceless plosives are phonemically written as /p, t, c, k/, however; they always are heard as aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, cʰ, kʰ], with the exception of /p/ being heard as unaspirated [p] in word-final position.
* /l/ is heard as a tap [ɾ] in free variation among different speakers, but is most commonly heard as phonemic [l].

## Tone contrasts

Vowels are further distinguished by high or low pitch. The latter is marked orthographically by a grave accent. These distinctions in tone are thus based on register tone, not contour tone as in Mandarin Chinese. Register tone contrasts are a relatively recent innovation of the North Huon Gulf languages. While tone is somewhat predictable in Yabem, where low tone correlates with voiced obstruents and high tone with voiceless obstruents, Bukawa has lost that correlation. Nor does Bukawa tone correlate predictably with Yabem tone. Compare Yab. low-tone *awê* 'woman' and Buk. high-tone *awhê* 'woman', both presumably from POc \*papine (or \*tapine).

## Contrastive nasalization

Final syllables appear to show distinctive nasal contrasts. Anticipation of final nasal consonants causes final vowels to nasalize, even when the final nasal consonant is elided in actual speech. Anticipation of nonnasal codas on final syllables, on the other hand, has caused systematic stopping (postplosion) of syllable-initial nasals, creating a class of prenasalized voiced obstruents that correspond to simple nasals in Yabem, as in the final seven examples in the following table. (See Bradshaw 2010.)
Bena phonology

## Consonants

Voiceless sounds almost always occur as aspirated stops; [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ].

* /v/ can be realized as [ʋ] intervocalically.
* [ɖ] can occur as an allophone of /d/ before long non high vowels.
* [x] can occur as an allophone of /k/, /h/ in the Maswamu dialect.
* [cç, tʃ] can occur as allophones of /ts/, in the Twangabita dialect.
* [ⁿz] can occur as an allophone of /ⁿs/.
* [ɟ] can occur as an allophone of /j/ in the Maswamu dialect.
* [β, ʋ] can occur as allophones of /w/ among some speakers.
* Prenasalised stops may be devoiced when occurring word-finally (ex. /ᵐb/ ~ [ᵐb̥]).

## Vowels

 High-mid | e eː
 Low-mid | ɛ
 Low | æ æː

* /i, u/ before non-rounded vowels are recognized as glides [j, w].
Bambara orthography

## Latin orthography

### Alphabet

* A - a - [a]
* B - be - [b]
* C - ce - [t͡ʃ]
* D - de - [d]
* E - e - [e]
* Ɛ - ɛ - [ɛ]
* F - ef - [f]
* G - ge - [g]
* H - ha - [h]
* I - i - [i]
* J - je - [d͡ʒ]
* K - ka - [k]
* L - ɛl - [l]
* M - ɛm - [m]
* N - ɛn - [n]
* Ɲ - ɲe - [ɲ]
* Ŋ - ɛŋ - [ŋ]
* O - o - [o]
* Ɔ - ɔ - [ɔ]
* P - pe - [p]
* R - ɛr - [r]
* S - ɛs - [s]
* T - te - [t]
* U - u - [u]
* W - wa - [w]
* Y - ye - [j]
* Z - ze - [z]

### Other letters

* kh - [ɣ] (used for loanwords from other African languages)
* -n - nasalises vowel
* sh - she - [ʃ] (regional variant of s)

## N'ko orthography

### Vowels

* ߊ - a - [a]
* ߋ - e - [e]
* ߌ - i - [i]
* ߍ - ɛ - [ɛ]
* ߎ - u - [u]
* ߏ - o - [o]
* ߐ - ɔ - [ɔ]

### Consonants

* ߓ - ba - [b]
* ߔ - pa - [p]
* ߕ - ta - [t]
* ߖ - ja - [d͡ʒ]
* ߗ - ca - [t͡ʃ]
* ߘ - da - [d]
* ߚ/ߙ - ra - [r]
* ߛ - sa - [s]
* ߜ? - ga - [g/ʀ/ɣ]
* ߜ - gba - [ɡ͡b]
* ߝ - fa - [f]
* ߞ - ka - [k]
* ߟ - la - [l]
* ߡ - ma - [m]
* ߢ - nya/ɲa - [ɲ]
* ? - nga/ŋa - [ŋ]
* ߣ - na - [n]
* ߥ - wa - [w]
* ߦ - ya - [j]
* ߤ - ha - [h]
* ߒ - nasal vowel - [-̃]

### Tones

* ߫ - short high
* ߬ - short low
* ߯ - long high
* ߰ - long low
Bunun phonology

## Consonants

**Orthographic notes**:

* /ɓ ɗ/ are usually represented as ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩.
* /ð/ is represented as ⟨z⟩, /ŋ/ as ⟨ng⟩, /ʔ/ as ⟨'⟩, and /dʒ/ as ⟨j⟩.

**Notes**:

* The glides /j w/ exist, but are derived from the underlying vowels /i u/ to meet the requirements that syllables must have onset consonants. They are therefore not part of the consonant inventory.
* The dental fricative /ð/ is actually interdental (/ð̟/).
* In the Isbukun dialect, /χ/ often occurs in final or post-consonantal position and /h/ in initial and intervocalic position, whereas other dialects have /q/ in both of these positions.
* While Isbukun drops the intervocalic glottal stops (/ʔ/) found in other dialects, /ʔ/ also occurs where /h/ occurs in other dialects. (For example, the Isbukun word [mapais] bitter is [mapaʔis] in other dialects; the Isbukun word [luʔum] 'cloud' is [luhum] in other dialects.)
* The alveolar affricate /dʒ/ occurs in the Taitung variety of Isbukun, usually represented in other dialects as /t/.

## Vowels

**Notes**:

* /e/ does not occur in Isbukun.
Bad Hair Day

**Bad Hair Day** is the fifth episode of the first season of *The Brothers Garcia*. It premiered on 20 August 2000.

The story was written by Luisa Leschin and Jeff Valdez. Directed by Joe Menendez.

## Plot outline

Larry wants his hair cut by someone else than his mother Sonia.

## Cast

* Carlos Lacamara: Ray Garcia
* Ada Maris: Sonia Garcia
* Vaneza Leza Pitynski: Lorena Garcia
* Bobby Gonzalez: George Garcia
* Jeffrey Licon: Carlos Garcia
* Alvin Alvarez: Larry Garcia

* John Leguizamo: Narration
* Dyana Ortelli: Sandy
* Elissa Viramontes: Samantha
* Lou Cutell: Louie
* Demetrius Navarro: Young barber
* Trevor Gruhot: Mario
* Travis Gruhot: Dario

## Plot summary

Although Larry is struggling Ray and Sonia want him to be the man of the household at times that Ray is gone. Samantha and Sandy are over to have their hair cut. At the dinner table Ray tries to serve pig tongue. Larry wants his hair to be cut somewhere else from now on. Carlos spends too much time in the bathroom and even borrows his sister's hair clips without permission.

Sonia and Ray talk about Larry's transfer into adulthood and allow him to get his haircut somewhere else. Larry persuades Sonia to reconsider her hairstyle. At the barbershop the now retired hairdresser Louie scares Larry so much Larry is afraid to let his hair get cut by Louie.

Ray admits he was a little too fanatic in letting his son get his hair cut by the same hairdresser as him. Ray would have been just as scared as him if he heard the same story at the same age. Without permission Larry borrows a dollar to pay Carlos to style Larry's hair.
Bats phonology

## Vowels

Bats has a typical triangular five-vowel system with short–long contrast (except for **u**, which has no long form). Bats also has a number of diphthongs, **ei**, **ui**, **oi**, **ai**, **ou**, and **au**. All vowels and diphthongs have nasalized allophones that are the result of phonetic and morphophonemic processes; this is represented by a superscript **n**, as in **kʼnateⁿ** *boy-GEN*.
Bukiyip phonology

## Syllable structure

Syllabic stress is usually placed on the penultimate syllable, which has a higher pitch.

There are four contrastive intonation contours.

1. Final Intonation - falling pitch on the last syllable, followed by a pause
2. Non-final Intonation - level mid pitch on the last syllable, followed by a pause
3. Interrogative Intonation - level mid/high pitch on the last word
4. Imperative Intonation - high pitch and heavy stress throughout clause with a rapid pitch drop on the last syllable

## Consonants

written as: p, t, k, b, d, g, s, ch, j, h, m, n, ny, l, r, w, y

## Vowels

Initial vowels clusters: ou, au, ai, ia

Medial vowel clusters: e (a,o,i,u), a (u,e,i), i (é,a,e), o (u,i), uu, úo

Final vowel clusters: eo, ou, uu

written as: i, e, a, o, u, æ, é, ú

## Morphophonemics

Bukiyip has 18 basic rules for morphophonemic shifts (rules 8-18 primarily apply to the Chamaun-Yabonuh and Buki dialects).

1. VcCalv → VfCalv (e.g. p-a-chuh → pechuh)
2. w + ú → u, ú + w → uw, i + ú → i (e.g. i-ú-nak → inak)
3. ny + u → nyú (e.g. bolany+umu → bolanyumu)
4. ú + CrVr → uCrVr, eCrVr → oCrVr (e.g. p-ú-hok → puhok)
5. a + CVc → éCVc (e.g. n-a-bah →nébah)
6. Vc + C + w → VrCw, where Vc is not a, (e.g. ny-ú-hwech → nyuhwech)
7. Cw + Vr → CVr (e.g. éhwahw → ohohw)
8. i# + i → i (e.g. i-ú-tak → itak)
9. #w + é → #wo (e.g. kw-é-nak → konak)
10. m# + ú → mu (e.g. m-ú-bo → mubo)
11. #Vc +tVr → otVr (e.g. atúwe → otuwe)
12. e# + úk → eik (e.g. napewe+-úk → napweik)
13. C# + CVc → CVcCVc (e.g. chagas + búk → chagasúbúk)
14. ú + C# + u → uCu (e.g. u-túl-úgún+-u → utulugunu)
15. ú# + C + u# → oCu# (e.g. natalú → natalogu)
16. VrCr# + ú → VrCru (e.g. chaklipom+-úk →chaklipomuk)
17. u# + ú → uwu (e.g. natu + -uk → natuwuk)
18. ú# + u → o (e.g. yekinú+umu → yekinomu)

The above rules use the following abbreviations:

Vr - rounded vowels

Vc - central unrounded vowels

Vu - unrounded vowels

Vf - front vowels

C - consonant

Calv - alveopalatal consonants

Cr - rounded consonants
But Football is a Religion

**But Football is a Religion** is the seventh episode of the second season of *The Brothers Garcia* and the 14th overall episode. It premiered on 9 June 2001.

The story was written by Abraham Alfonso Brown. Directed by Joe Menendez.

## Plot outline

Lorena hides a stray dog from Ray and Sonia.

## Cast

* Carlos Lacamara: Ray Garcia
* Ada Maris: Sonia Garcia
* Vaneza Leza Pitynski: Lorena Garcia
* Bobby Gonzalez: George Garcia
* Jeffrey Licon: Carlos Garcia
* Alvin Alvarez: Larry Garcia

* John Leguizamo: Narration
* Dyana Ortelli: Sandy
* Mike Gomez: Father James
* Norma Maldonado: Mrs. Vaszquez

## Plot summary

The Garcias are preparing to go to church. Ray and the boys collect snacks to watch a football game on television. Lorena is caught cleaning the hair salon unasked. Sandy arrives at the Garcia residence. Sonia is ready to give Sandy a haircut.

Lorena found a dog at the park. Sonia is nominated for a volunteers award. Ray manages to track the owner of the found dog. At the animal shop Lorena not only buys dog food but also a hamster. When Larry almost sees Lorena's hamster the hamster escapes.

Ray finds the hamster but Sonia announces Lorena can keep the hamster. In the church Father James gives Sonia the volunteers award. While Ray almost misses the football game on television because he forgot to set the video recorder Father James announces there is a television set up in the yard so everyone can watch the game.
Biloxi phonology

Multiple possible inventories have been suggested. This article follows that of Einaudi (1976).

## Vowels

Along with contrastive nasalization, Biloxi also has phonemic vowel length.

**Biloxi vowels**

Notes:

1. May be either open-mid or close-mid.
2. Biloxi may have a phonetic schwa, but Dorsey-Swanton (1912) and Haas (1968) are consistent in marking it.

Dorsey & Swanton (1912) postulated phonemic vowel length, which was verified by Haas and Swadesh in speaking with Emma Jackson in 1934. Their findings appeared in Haas (1968).

Also, there may still be some uncertainty as to whether certain words contain /ą/ or /an/.

## Consonants

**Biloxi consonants**

Notes:

1. Has a marginal status

Biloxi may also have a phonemic aspiration distinction for some segments.

Marginal phonemes

## Phonotactics

Syllable structure is (C)(C)(C)V(C) or (C)V(C)(C). However, clusters of three consonants are rare.

Most words end in a vowel. The others usually end in /k/ or /x/ as a result of deletion: *tox* from *toho* "he fell."

Few consonant clusters end syllables. Most exceptions are caused by vowel deletion: *tohoxk* from *tohoxka* "horse."

The following consonant clusters are observed:

Geminates do not occur. /n/ sonorants and probably /d/ occur only as the second elements of clusters. /h/ and /m/ are never the second element. Fricatives do not co-occur.

There are a few three-consonant clusters, all of the form C+s+stop or C+x+glide and some with alternate forms:

pst
*pstuki*~*pastuki* 'she sews'
psd
*psdehi*~*psudehi* 'knife' (also *spdehi*)
tsp
*atspąhi* 'it adheres' (*hadespapahi*?)
tsk
*kutska*~*kudeska* 'fly'
*ątska* 'infant'
kst
*aksteke* 'he is stingy'
nsk
*apadenska* 'butterfly'
pxw
*pxwe*~*pxe* 'he punches'
txy
*akutxyi* 'letter'
kxw
*xoxo kxwehe* 'he sits on a swing'
*įkxwe* 'always'
kxy
*pukxyi* 'loop'
## References

1. ↑ Ameka 2006, pp. 537–540.
2. ↑ Einaudi 1976, p.136
3. ↑ Einaudi 1976, p.136
4. ↑ Einaudi 1976, p.25
Balochi phonology

## Vowels

The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short. These are /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, /uː/, /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/ and /u/. The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ĩː/, /ũː/, /ẽː/, /õː/, /ɛ̃ː/, /ɔ̃ː/ and /ãː/.

## Consonants

The following table shows consonants which are common to both Northern and Southern Balochi. The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects.

Notes
1. ↑ Words with /ʒ/ are uncommon.
2. ↑ Word-initial /h/ is dropped in Balochi as spoken in Karachi.
3. ↑ The retroflex tap has a very limited distribution.

In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.

In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ]. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ]. /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪].
Buwal phonology

The labiodental flap /ⱱ/ is marginal, only occurring in two native Buwal words. The labial-velar plosives are also marginal; in particular, /kp/ only occurs in one word, the ideophone kpaŋ.

Buwal has the vowels /ə ɨ y ɯ ø ɤ ɞ ʌ æ a ɑ ɒ/, which can occur in high, middle, or low tone. Each vowel has a variety of phonetic realizations. /ə/ can occur as [i u ɪ ʏ ʊ], and /a/ can occur as [e o ɛ œ ɐ ɔ]. The schwa can be analyzed as a solely epenthetic vowel. These vowels occur as rounded allophones when adjacent to a labialized consonant, and as front vowels when the word is palatalized.
Barman phonology

The Barman Thar phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, nine diphthongs, and twenty consonants (including two semivowels).

## Consonants

In Barman Thar, there are twenty consonants.

It is to be noted that *pʰ* and *z* have idiolectal variations. They are, by some people, sometimes pronounced as *ɸ* and *d͡z* respectively. For example, the word *pʰa* (meaning “father”) is sometimes pronounced as *ɸa* and *nɐmza* (meaning “bad”) is sometimes pronounced as *nɐmd͡za*.

Gemination

Gemination, which is the twinning of two consonants, is also found in the Barman language.

Consonant Clusters

In the study of Barman Thar, carried out by the students of Tezpur University, they found only one word, i.e. *bɾui*, with a consonant cluster. It is a cluster of two consonants, *b* and *ɾ*. And they found no final cluster in any word.

## Vowels

In Barman Thar, there are eight vowels and nine diphthongs.

Monopthongs

Diphthongs

 o
 a
Bemba phonology

The orthographical system in common use, originally introduced by Edward Steere, is quite phonetic. Its letters, with their approximate phonetic values, are given below.

It has become increasingly common to use 'c' in place of 'ch'. In common with other Bantu languages, as affixes are added, combinations of vowels may contract and consonants may change. For example, 'aa' changes to a long 'a', 'ae' and 'ai' change to 'e', and 'ao' and 'au' change to 'o (in other cases, a 'y' is often used to separate other combinations of vowels). The nasal 'n' changes to 'm' before 'b' or 'p', and is pronounced ŋ before 'k' or 'g'; after 'n', 'l' changes to 'd'. These rules will all be implicit in the tables given below.

Like many Bantu languages, Bemba is tonal, with two tones; however, tone has limited effect on meaning as the number of words that would otherwise be confused is small. Stress tends to fall on the prefix, when it exists, and can lead to subtle differences of meaning (see the verb forms below).
Breathy voice

**Breathy voice** (also called **murmured voice**, **whispery voice**, **soughing** and **susurration**) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound. A simple breathy phonation, [ɦ] (not actually a fricative consonant, as a literal reading of the IPA chart would suggest), can sometimes be heard as an allophone of English /h/ between vowels, such as in the word *behind*, for some speakers.
Balanced ternary

## Irrational numbers

As in any other integer base, algebraic irrationals and transcendental numbers do not terminate or repeat. For example:

2

=
1.4142135623731
…

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}=1.4142135623731\ldots }

1
T

=

1.11
T
1
T
T
00
T
00
T
01
T
0
T
00
T
00
T
01
T
T
…

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mathrm {1T} }}=\mathrm {1.11T1TT00T00T01T0T00T00T01TT\ldots } }

3

=
1.7320508075689
…

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}=1.7320508075689\ldots }

10

=

1
T
.
T
1
T
T
10
T
0000
T
T
1100
T
0
T
T
T
011
T
0
…

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mathrm {10} }}=\mathrm {1T.T1TT10T0000TT1100T0TTT011T0\ldots } }

5

=
2.2360679774998
…

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {5}}=2.2360679774998\ldots }

1
T
T

=

1
T
.1
T
0101010
T
T
T
1
T
T
11010
T
T
T
01
T
1
…

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mathrm {1TT} }}=\mathrm {1T.1T0101010TTT1TT11010TTT01T1\ldots } }

# φ

1

5

2

=
1.6180339887499
…

{\textstyle \varphi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}=1.6180339887499\ldots }

# φ

1

1
T
T

1
T

=

1
T
.
T
0
T
T
01
T
T
0
T
10
T
T
11
T
0011
T
10011
…

{\textstyle \varphi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {\mathrm {1TT} }}}{\mathrm {1T} }}=\mathrm {1T.T0TT01TT0T10TT11T0011T10011\ldots } }

# τ
6.28318530717959
…

{\displaystyle \tau =6.28318530717959\ldots }

# τ

1
T
0.10
T
T
0
T
1100
T
110
T
T
0
T
1
T
T
000001

…

{\displaystyle \tau =\mathrm {1T0.10TT0T1100T110TT0T1TT000001} \ldots }

# π
3.14159265358979
…

{\displaystyle \pi =3.14159265358979\ldots }

# π

10.011
T
111
T
000
T
011
T
1101
T
111111

…

{\displaystyle \pi =\mathrm {10.011T111T000T011T1101T111111} \ldots }

# e
2.71828182845905
…

{\displaystyle e=2.71828182845905\ldots }

# e

T
0111
T
T
0
T
0
T
111
T
0111
T
000
T
11
T

…

{\displaystyle e=\mathrm {10.T0111TT0T0T111T0111T000T11T} \ldots }
Awa Pit phonology

The Awa Pit inventory is as follows:

## Consonants

* Some dialects can also have phonemic retroflex sounds /ʂ/, /tʂ/
* Geminated consonants are noted as [pː, t̪ː, kː].
* [ɲ] is the main sound of the consonant sequence /nj/
* In word-final positions, there are two realizations for each stop consonant; unreleased [p̚, t̪̚, k̚], or post nasal [pᵐ, t̪ⁿ̪, kᵑ].

## Vowels

Vowel phonemes

Voiceless vowels
Bininj Gun-Wok phonology

Kunwinjku is typical of the languages of central Arnhem Land (and contrasts with most other Australian languages) in having a phonemic glottal stop, two stop series (short and long), five vowels without a length contrast, relatively complex consonant clusters in codas (though only single-consonant onsets) and no essential distinction between word and syllable phonotactics.
Bontoc phonology

* The archiphoneme /r/ has [l], [ɻ], and [ɺ] as its allophones. The allophone [l] occurs word-initially, adjacent to /i/, as the second member of a consonant cluster consisting of a coronal consonant and /r/, and as the second member of any consonant cluster preceded by /i/. [ɻ] occurs in free variation with [l] word-initially, but otherwise occurs in complementary distribution with it. [ɺ] occurs in free variation with [l] and [ɻ] word-initially, and with [ɻ] elsewhere.
* The plosives /t/, /ɡ/, /b/, and /d/ have, respectively, [t̪] (representing an interdental consonant), [kʰ], [f], and [t͡s] as their syllable-initial allophones.
* The voiced stop /b/ also has [b̪] and [v] as its allophones. Both of these allophones occur as the first member of a geminate cluster. They are in free variation.
* The approximant /j/ has one allophone: [ɥ]. [ɥ] occurs after /o/.

Vowel phonemes

/e/ becomes a slightly centralized [e̞] when in a syllable whose coda is /k/. When in the nucleus, /a/ and /o/ are slightly raised and /i/ is lowered.

There are two degrees of stress in Bontoc: primary and secondary. Primary stress is phonemic and secondary stress is predictable. Both types are right-oriented and occur on one of the last three syllables. Stress's effects include higher pitch, louder volume, and lengthening of the syllable nucleus, though these are all subject to certain rules pertaining to word prosody.
Biak phonology

Biak has a phoneme inventory consisting of 13 consonants and 5 vowels, in which vowel length is phonemic. In the orthography long vowels are written with an acute accent. The phoneme /t/ is very infrequent in its use and some older speakers still realise it as [s] in loanwords.

Vowels

The vowel /u/ is the only rounded vowel in Biak; the other four are unrounded.
Blaan phonology

Blaan has fifteen consonant and seven vowel phonemes. Unlike most other Philippine languages and Austronesian languages in general, Blaan (as its related language Tboli, permits a variety of consonant clusters at the onset of a syllable. This is evident in the name of the language, /bla'an/. This contraction of the original schwa sound exists in other Austronesian languages (such as Javanese, a major language of Java in Indonesia), but is rarely seen outside of the Bilic group within the Philippines.
Barngarla phonology

## Consonants

Barngarla has the following consonant phonemes:

The phonemes /d̟/ and /n̟/ are interdental, they are pronounced with the tongue in between the teeth. The phoneme /ɾ~r/ is usually realised as [ɾ], but it is realised as [r] in careful speech or for emphasis. The plosive /ɟ/ is usually realised as an affricate [ɟʝ] or as a plosive with approximant release [ɟj] when followed by a vowel.

## Vowels

Barngarla has the following vowel phonemes:

## Stress

The stress always falls on the first syllable of each word.
Nicole

**Nicole** is a friend of Carlos. She is a fictional character from the television series *"The Brothers Garcia"* and is portrayed by actress Tanya Katz.

## Biography

She is an exchange student from France that temporarily moved to San Antonio in 2000. She speaks French, Spanish and English. In her homecountry she used to watch a Spanish television series dubbed in the French language.

## Appearances

Nicole appeared in a total of two episodes spread over one season.
Bilen phonology

It is not clear if Bilen has tone. It may have pitch accent (Fallon 2004) as prominent syllables always have a high tone, but not all words have such a syllable.

## Consonants

Note: /tʃ/ is found in loans, and the status of /ʔ/ as a phoneme is uncertain.

/r/ is typically realised as a tap when it is medial and a trill when it is in final position.

Fallon (2001, 2004) notes intervocalic lenition, such as /b/ → [β]; syncope, as in the name of the language, /bɨlín/ → [blín]; debuccalization with secondary articulation preserved, as in /dérekʷʼa/ → [dɛ́rɛʔʷa] 'mud for bricks'. Intriguingly, the ejectives have voiced allophones, which according to Fallon (2004) "provides an important empirical precedent" for one of the more criticized aspects of the glottalic theory of Indo-European. For example,

 /kʷʼakʷʼito/ | [ɡʷaʔʷito] | 'he was afraid'
Caac phonology

Caac has 27 consonant phonemes. Stops may be plain voiceless, aspirated, or prenasalized. The table contains both the IPA notation and the graphemes that correspond to the Caac orthography promoted by the Association Vaalija in Pouebo.

Caac has a series of five vowels that contrast based on nasalization and length. Nasalized vowels occur more-rarely than oral vowels. Oral vowels phonetically nasalize in one of two instances: 1) when preceded by a labio-velar consonant and 2) when followed by a nasal or prenasal consonant. There are also two central oral vowels that are restricted in their occurrence.

Caac Nasal Vowels
Bribri phonology

## Consonants

* /b/ can have allophones of [β, m].
* /d/ can have an allophone of [ɽ], as well as nasal allophones of [ɽ̃, n].
* /ɟ͡ʝ/ can have an allophone of [ɲ].
* /ɾ/ can have an allophone of [r].
* /w, j/ can have nasalised allophones of [w̃, j̃].

## Vowels

I, u and a are pronounced in the same manner as they would be in Spanish. E and o are more open than in Spanish. The sound of ë is between i and e, in the same manner as ö is between u and o. The nasal vowels are pronounced similarly to the corresponding orals, with the addition of some air exiting through the nose.

**Oral Vowels**

 Mid-low | ɛ

**Nasal Vowels**

 Mid-low | ɛ̃
 Low |  | ã

Spanish examples of oral vowels:
¿quién?
 yë
padre, papá
 ye'
yo
médico

Spanish examples of nasal vowels:
madre, mamá
eso, ese
en; para
Bolinao phonology

Bolinao has 21 phonemes: 16 consonants and five vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

## Vowels

Bolinao has five vowels. They are:

* /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English *f**a**ther*
* /ə/ (written as ⟨e⟩) a mid central vowel pronounced as in English *tel**e**phone*
* /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English *mach**i**ne*
* /o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English *f**o**rty*
* /u/ a close back rounded vowel similar to English *fl**u**te*

There are six main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /əɪ/, /oɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, and /iʊ/.

## Consonants

Below is a chart of Bolinao consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.
Belizean Creole orthography

Unlike most creoles, Kriol has a standardized orthography.

Consonants: b, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, t, v, w, y, z, zh

The symbol choices for lengthened vowels come from ways those vowels are spelled in English, not the International Phonetic Alphabet.
There is a dictionary for Kriol with over 5000 entries, including sample sentences for each word.
Bolyu phonology

Bolyu is a monosyllabic tonal language like the surrounding Tai–Kadai, Hmong-Mien and even Vietic languages. Unlike Bugan, Bolyu does not have a tense–lax voice quality distinction.

## Tones

Bolyu has a total of six tones.

Bolyu Tones
 6 | ˩˧

There are seven vowels in Bolyu: /a, e, ə, i, o, ɔ, u/.

Bolyu allows for a large variety of consonant clusters, and has eight possible consonantal finals: -p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ, -w, -j.
Bassa orthography

## Letters

* A - a - [a]
* B - be - [b]
* Ɓ - ɓe - [ɓ/ⁿb]
* C - ce - [c]
* D - de - [d]
* Đ - ɖe - [ɖ/ɺ]
* Dy - dye - [dʲ/ɲ]
* Ɛ - ɛ - [ɛ]
* E - e - [e]
* F - ef - [f]
* G - ge - [g]
* Gb - gbe - [ɡ͡b/ŋ͡m]
* Gm - gme - [g͡m]
* H - ha - [h]
* Hw - hwa - [hʷ]
* I - i - [i]
* J - je - [ɟ]
* K - ka - [k]
* Kp - kpe - [k͡p]
* M - em - [m]
* N - en - [n]
* Ny - eny - [ŋ]
* Ɔ - ɔ - [ɔ]
* O - o - [o]
* P - pe - [p]
* S - es - [s]
* T - te - [t]
* U - u - [u]
* V - ve - [v]
* W - we - [w]
* Xw - xwa - [xʷ]
* Z - ze - [z]

## Other letters

* ã - [ã]
* ẽ - [ẽ]
* ĩ - [ĩ]
* ɔ̃ - [ɔ̃]
* ũ - [ũ]

Some Bassa speakers write nasalised vowels as an, en, in, ɔn, and un.

## Tones

* á - [a˥]
* à - [a˨]
* a - [a˧]
* ă - [a˨˧]
* â - [a˥˩]
Beja phonology

Nasals other than /m/ and /n/ are positional variants of /n/. The consonants /χ/ and /ɣ/ only appear in Arabic loanwords in some speakers' speech; in others', they are replaced by /k/ or /h/ and /g/. Some speakers replace /z/ in Arabic loanwords with /d/.

Beja has the five vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. /e/ and /o/ only appear long, while /a/, /i/, and /u/ have long and short variants.

Beja has pitch accent.
Burushaski phonology

Burushaski primarily has five vowels, /i e a o u/. Various contractions result in long vowels; stressed vowels (marked with acute accents in Berger's transcription) tend to be longer and less "open" than unstressed ones ([i e a o u] as opposed to [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ]). Long vowels also occur in loans and in a few onomatopoeic words (Grune 1998). All vowels have nasal counterparts in Hunza (in some expressive words) and in Nager (also in proper names and a few other words).
Bola phonology

Phonology of the Bola language:

Consonant sounds
 Nasal | m
 Trill | ʙ
 Lateral |  |  | l

/t/ is realized as sounds /s, ʃ/ when only occurring in front of /i/. The voiced stops /b d ɡ/ can often sound prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] among various speakers. /ɣ/ can be pronounced as a glottal fricative [h] among younger speakers.

**Vowel sounds**

/i/ before vowel sounds /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/ is pronounced as a glide sound [j].
Barasana-Eduria phonology

It has 23 phonemes, containing 11 consonants and twelve vowels. There are various symbols that are used in the language that represent the various phonemic orthography of the language of Barasano itself. A phonological word in Barasano can consist of either one, or even up to nine syllables. Another important aspect of the language is stress and pitch. Many words in the language itself can be considered either high or low pitch. The Barasano language expresses this importance by way of the phonemics on the word level.

## Examples

**Consonants:**

* */ta/ --> Grass*
* /kahi/ --> Coca
* */rase/ --> Toucan*

**Vowels:**

* */wa/ --> to go*
* */oha/ --> to enter woods*

## Vowels

Barí has fifteen vowels: /a, ɑ, e, ɛ, i, ɨ, o, ɔ, u, ʉ, æ, ɒ, ʌ, ɜ, ə/.

## Consonants

/p/ occurs in loanwords from Spanish and other indigenous languages.
Bemba phonology and orthography

The orthographical system in common use, originally introduced by Edward Steere, is quite phonetic. Its letters, with their approximate phonetic values, are given below.

It has become increasingly common to use 'c' in place of 'ch'. In common with other Bantu languages, as affixes are added, combinations of vowels may contract and consonants may change. For example, 'aa' changes to a long 'a', 'ae' and 'ai' change to 'e', and 'ao' and 'au' change to 'o' (in other cases, a 'y' is often used to separate other combinations of vowels). The nasal 'n' changes to 'm' before 'b' or 'p', and is pronounced ŋ before 'k' or 'g'; after 'n', 'l' changes to 'd'. These rules will all be implicit in the tables given below.

Like many Bantu languages, Bemba is tonal, with two tones; however, tone has limited effect on meaning as the number of words that would otherwise be confused is small. Stress tends to fall on the prefix, when it exists, and can lead to subtle differences of meaning (see the verb forms below).