recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Despotate of Epirus

The **Despotate of Epirus** (Greek: **Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου**) was one of the Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond, its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1225/1227–1242 (during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica). The term "Despotate of Epirus" is, like "Byzantine Empire" itself, a modern historiographic convention and not a name in use at the time.

## **HISTORY**

The Despotate was centred on the region of Epirus, encompassing also Albania and the western portion of Greek Macedonia and also included Thessaly and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos. Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianopolis, and was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire. After that, the Epirote state contracted to its core in Epirus and Thessaly, and was forced into vassalage to other regional powers. It nevertheless managed to retain its autonomy until conquered by the restored PalaiologanByzantine Empire in ca. 1337. In the 1410s, the Count palatine of Cephalonia and ZakynthosCarlo I Tocco managed to reunite the core of the Epirote state, but his successors gradually lost it to the advancing Ottoman Empire, with the last stronghold, Vonitsa, falling to the Ottomans in 1479.
Kingdom of Albania (Medieval)

The **Kingdom of Albania** (Albanian: **Mbretëria e Arbërisë**, Latin: **Regnum Albaniae**) was established by Charles of Anjou in the Albanian territories he conquered from the Byzantine Empire in 1271.

The Kingdom of Albania was declared in late February 1272. The kingdom extended from the region of Durazzo (*Dyrrhachium*, modern Durrës) south along the coast to Butrint. A major attempt to advance further in direction of Constantinople failed at the Siege of Berat (1280–1281).

A Byzantine counter-offensive soon ensued, which drove the Angevins out of the interior by 1281. The Sicilian Vespers further weakened the position of Charles, and the Kingdom was soon reduced by the Byzantines to a small area around Durazzo. The Angevins held out here, however, until 1368, when the city was captured by Karl Thopia. In 1392 Karl Topia’s son surrendered the city and his domains to the Republic of Venice.
A Double Surprise (SH143)

## A Double Suprise

A Federation patrol near the edge of Holdfast space was ambushed by a Romulan patrol. Outgunned, the Federation ships called for help. Both the Romulans and the Federation were surprised again when the Tholians responded quickly.

## Aftermath

HISTORICAL OUTCOME: The *Littorio* was badly damaged at the start of the ambush and, despite the best efforts of the *Gaio Dulio* and the Tholians, was destroyed just before the Romulans withdrew. For their part, the Romulans suffered the loss of the *Harrower* and sustained heavy damage to the *Adversary* and the *Furious*.

## References

1. ↑ Various (1994). *Star Fleet Battles Module S2 – Scenario Book 2*. (Amarillo Design Bureau), pp. 48–9.
Barry class escort frigate

Conceived at the same time as the destroyer escort as a light escort for the strike carrier, this frigate variant served in a variety of
carrier groups.

The ship is a variant of the Burke class frigate.

**Ready Rack:** This shpip has two ready rack and deck crews to support standard fighters from the carrier it is escorting.

*Seeking Weapons:'* The escort frigate can control a number of seeking weapons equal to double its sensor rating and has limited aegis until full aegis becomes available in Y175.

**Refits:** The plus refit was available in Y168, but only rarely installed on these ships. Full aegis and the drone rack refit were installed in Y175, resulting in the Aegis Frigate (FFA).

***Barry*-class escort frigate**, (FFE)

Barry \* Hardy \* Yegorov \* Smirnov \* Seguin \* Bonham \* Davout \* Grouchy \* Allam \* Boyington \* Chenault \* Commodore Edward Preble \* Commodore William Bainbridge \* Admiral Jacob van Heemskerk \* Isaac Hull \* Milius \* Niels Juel \* Richard Bolitho \* Stephen Decatur \* Themistocles \* Ernest E. Evans
Principality of Montenegro

The **Principality of Montenegro** (Serbian: **Књажевина Црнa Горa** was a former realm in Southeastern Europethat existed from 13 March 1852 to 28 August 1910. It was then proclaimed a kingdom by Nikola I, who then became king.

## **HISTORY**

The Principality was formed on 13 March 1852 when Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš, formerly known as Vladika Danilo II, decided to renounce to his ecclesiastical position as prince-bishop and married. With the first Montenegrin constitution being proclaimed in 1855, known as "*Danilo's Code*". After centuries of theocratic rule, this turned Montenegro into a secular principality.

Grand Voivode Mirko Petrović, elder brother of Danilo I, led a strong army of 7,500 and won a crucial battle against the Turks (army of between 7,000 and 13,000) at Grahovac on 1 May 1858. The Turkish forces were routed. This victory forced the Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Turkey, de facto recognizing Montenegro's centuries-long independence. Montenegro gained Grahovo, Rudine, Nikšić, more than half of Drobnjaci, Tušina, Uskoci, Lipovo, Upper Vasojevići, and part of Kuči and Dodoši. The glory of the Montenegrins was soon immortalized in songs and literature of all South Slavs.

After the assassination of Danilo I on 13 August 1860, Nikola I, the nephew of Danilo, became the next ruler of Montenegro. Nikola sent aid to the Serb rebels in the Herzegovina Uprising (1875–78), and then led a war against the Ottomans, the Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78). The advancement of Russian forces toward Turkey forced Turkey to sign a peace treaty on 3 March 1878, recognising the independence of Montenegro, as well as Romania and Serbia, and also increased Montenegro's territory from 4,405 km² to 9,475 km². Montenegro also gained the towns of Nikšić, Kolašin, Spuž, Podgorica, Žabljak, Bar, as well as access to the sea. This was the Great Powers' official demarcation between Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire, de factorecognizing Montenegro's independence; Montenegro was recognized by the Ottoman Empire at the Treaty of Berlin (1878). Under the rule of Nikola I, diplomatic relations were established with the Ottoman Empire. Minor border skirmishes excepted, diplomacy ushered in approximately 30 years of peace between the two states until the deposition of Abdul Hamid II.

The political skills of Abdul Hamid and Nikola I played a major role on the mutually amicable relations. Modernization of the state followed, culminating with the draft of a Constitution in 1905. However, political rifts emerged between the parliamentary People's Party that supported the process of democratization and union with Serbia and those of the True People's Party who were monarchist.
Bosnia Eyalet

Christian Orthodoxy (Minority)

Serbian

Croatian

The **Eyalet of Bosnia** (Turkish: **Eyalet-i Bosn**a, Bosnian: **Bosanski pašaluk**) or **Bosnia Beylerbeylik** (Turkish: Bosna Beylerbeyliği, Bosnian: Bosanski beglerbegluk) was an eyalet(also known as a beylerbeylik) of the Ottoman Empire, mostly based on the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prior to the Great Turkish War, it had also included most of Slavonia, Lika, and Dalmatiain present-day Croatia. Its reported area in the 19th century was 20,281 square miles (52,530 km2).

## **HISTORY**

In 1580, Ferhad Pasha Sokolović became the first governor of the Bosnia Eyalet, as beylerbey (also referred to as (*pasha).*The Bosnia Eyalet (or Pashaluk) included the Sanjak of Bosnia (central province), Sanjak of Herzegovina, Sanjak of Vučitrn, Sanjak of Prizren, Sanjak of Klis, Sanjak of Krka, and Sanjak of Pakrac.

The Great Turkish War that ended in Ottoman defeat in 1699 led to a significant decrease in the territory of the Eyalet, losing all the Slavonian sanjaks ("Požeški sandžak" and "Pakrački sandžak"), the sanjak of Lika and big parts of the Dalmatian coast from the sanjaks of Klisa and Herzegovina. The Eyalet lost three sanjaks and suppressed one (the sanjak of Bihać): after the Treaty of Karlowitz, the province was down to four sanjaks (three of them diminished in size as well) and twelve captaincies. Before the Treaty of Passarowitz, another 28 military captaincies were formed, more than half of them along the frontier. This kind of intensive military administration corresponded to the Austrian Military Frontieron the other side of the same border. In 1703 the seat of the pasha was moved from Sarajevo to Travnik, because Sarajevo had been destroyed by fire in the war; it wouldn't be moved back until 1850.

**BOSNIAN UPRISING**

At the beginning of the 19th century, Bosnia was one of the least developed and more autonomous provinces of the Empire.In 1831, Bosnian kapudan Husein Gradaščević, after meeting in Tuzla with Bosnian aristocrats from 20 January to 5 February for preparations, finally occupied Travnik, demanding autonomy and the end of military reforms in Bosnia.Ultimately, exploiting the rivalries between beys and kapudans, the grand vizier succeeded in detaching the Herzegovinian forces, led by Ali-paša Rizvanbegović, from Gradaščević’s.The revolt was crushed, and in 1833, a new eyalet of Herzegovina was created from the southern part of the eyalet of Bosnia and given to Ali-paša Rizvanbegović as a reward for his contribution in crushing the uprising.This new entity lasted only for a few years: after Rizvanbegović's death, it was reintegrated into the Bosnia eyalet.

It was one of the first Ottoman provinces to become a vilayet after an administrative reform in 1865, and by 1867 it had been reformed into the Bosnia Vilayet.
Herzegovina Eyalet

The **Eyalet of Herzegovina** (Ottoman Turkish: **ایالت هرسك**; **Eyālet-i Hersek‎**) was an Ottoman eyalet from 1833 to 1851. Its last capital was Mostar.

In 1831, Bosnian kapudan Husein Gradaščević occupied Travnik, demanding autonomy and the end of military reforms in Bosnia.Ultimately, exploiting the rivalries between beys and kapudans, the grand vizier succeeded in detaching the Herzegovinian forces, led by Ali-paša Rizvanbegović, from Gradaščević’s.The revolt was crushed, and in 1833, a new eyalet of Herzegovina was created from the southern part of the eyalet of Bosnia and given to Ali Agha Rizvanbegović as a reward for his contribution in crushing the uprising.

This new entity lasted only for 18 years, that is, for the rest of Rizvanbegović's life: he was executed when the Porte discovered he was secretly building an independent power base. After Rizvanbegović's death, it was reintegrated into the Bosnia eyalet.
Serbian Despotate

The **Serbian Despotate** (Serbian: **Српска деспотовина**) was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is generally considered the end of the medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, survived for another 60 years, experiencing a cultural and political renaissance before it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1459. Before its conquest the Despotate nominally had a suzerain status to the Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Hungary.After being fully subjugated to the Ottoman Empire in 1459, it continued to exist in exile in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary until the mid-16th century. Pavle Bakić was the last Despot of Serbia to be recognized by both the Ottoman and the Habsburg Empires.

## **HISTORY**

After Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović was killed in the Battle of Kosovo on June 28, 1389, his son Stefan Lazarević succeeded him. Being a minor, his mother Princess Milica ruled as his regent. A wise and diplomatic woman, she managed to balance the Ottoman threat as the Ottoman Empire was in a turmoil after the Battle of Kosovo and the killing of Sultan Murad I. She married her daughter, Olivera, to his successor, Sultan Bayezid I.

After the battle, in 1390 or 1391 depending on source, Serbia became a vassal Ottoman state, and Stefan Lazarević was obliged to participate in battles if ordered by the Ottoman sultan. He did so in the Battle of Rovine in May 1395 against the Wallachian prince Mircea I and the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 against the Hungarian king Sigismund. After that, Sultan Bayezid awarded Stefan with the majority of the Vuk Branković's land on Kosovo, as Branković sided with the Hungarian king at Nicopolis.

When Timur's army entered the Ottoman realm, Stefan Lazarević participated in the Battle of Ankara in 1402, in which the Ottomans were defeated and their leader Bayezid was captured. Returning to Serbia, Stefan visited Constantinople where the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos granted him the title of despot. In previous years, this title would mean that the despot would rule some vassal state; however, as the Byzantine Empire was too weak to assert such a rule and Serbia was not its vassal state, Stefan Lazarević took this title as the personal style of the Serbian monarchs.
Kingdom of Albania

Christian Orthodoxy

The **Kingdom of Albania** (Gheg Albanian: **Mbretnija Shqiptare**, Standard Albanian: **Mbretëria Shqiptare**) was the official name of Albania between 1928 and 1939.

Albania was declared a monarchy by the Constituent Assembly, later President Ahmet Bej Zogu declared himself as King Zog I.
Yugoslavia

### Native Name

Jugoslavija (Bosnian/Croatian/Slovenian/Montenegrin)Југославија (Serbian/Macedonian)

### Religion

Secular Christian Orthodoxy (Majority)

Sunni islam (Minority)

Atheism (State Religion)

### Language

SerbianCroatian

Bosnian

Slovenian

Montenegrin

Macedonian

### Goverment

Socialist Federal Republic

**Yugoslavia** (Serbo-Croatian: **Jugoslavija/Југославија** " Slav Land") was a country in Southeastern and Central Europe for most of the 20th century.

It came into existence after World War I in 1918 under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (it was formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire) with the Kingdom of Serbia, and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state, following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.

Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris.The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929.

## **HISTORY**

Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941. In 1943, a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance. In 1944 King Peter II, then living in exile, recognised it as the legitimate government. The monarchy was subsequently abolished in November 1945. Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. It acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country as president until his death in 1980. In 1963, the country was renamed again, as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(SFRY).

The six constituent republics that made up the SFRY were the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Croatia, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia. Serbia contained two Socialist Autonomous Provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, which after 1974 were largely equal to the other members of the federation.After an economic and political crisis in the 1980s and the rise of nationalism, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics' borders, at first into five countries, leading to the Yugoslav Wars. From 1993 to 2017, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia tried political and military leaders from the former Yugoslavia for war crimes, genocide, and other crimes.

After the breakup, the republics of Montenegroand Serbia formed a reduced federative state, Serbia and Montenegro, known officially until 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). This state aspired to the status of sole legal successor to the SFRY, but those claims were opposed by the other former republics. Eventually, it accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession and in 2003 its official name was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. This state dissolved when Montenegro and Serbia each became independent states in 2006, while Kosovo proclaimed its independence from Serbia in 2008.
Bucharest

**Bucharest** (Rou:**București**) is Romania's capital and the industrial and commercial centre of the country.

Bucharest lies in the southeast of the country on the Dambovita River. With a population of roughly 2.5 million and an urban area of only 226 square kilometres (87 sq mi), Bucharest has the dubious distinction of being the densest city per capita in the EU. Easily the largest city in Romania, Bucharest is actually the 6th largest city in the EU by population.

Romania, as assmued or wish to assume people already know, is a country in Southeastern Europe bordering Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine to the north, the Black Sea to the east and Bulgaria to the south. It is populated primarily with Romanian-speaking Romanians.

Romania first became a nation-state in 1859 with the territorial merger of Wallachia and Moldavia. It's independence was recognised in 1878 and several border changes would ensue over the 20th century. In 1918, following the close of WWI, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia (otherwise known as today's oft-forgotten Republic of Moldova) were incorporated into Romania, however the Moldovan territories were soon stripped away from it when they were occupied by the dastardly USSR after WWII.

As hinted at above, Romania was led by an communist leader named Nicolae Ceausescu for 25 years, whose style of communism was more similar to North Korea's Kim Jong II than the rest of Eastern Europe. After the most violent overthrow of communism to take place in Europe, Romania wasn't exactly the fastest former communist country out of the gates. A series of slow-developing economic, political and social reforms did eventually lead to its joining the NATO alliance in March 2004, however, thanks to its location and coastline looking like a handsome place for air and naval bases. The country's failure to push ahead quickly enough with reforms left Romania off the list off new EU members that same year - a list which included most of Eastern Europe. However, in April 2005 Bucharest got the blessing to sign the EU accession treaty and managed to sneak into the clubhouse on January 1st, 2007. Romania has the 9th largest territory in the EU, the 7th largest population, and the largest inferiority complex of all member states.
Timiș

**Timiș** is a county (Județ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the *Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa* Euroregion.
Croatia

```

 ### Native Name

 Hrvatska

 ### Language

 Croat

 ### Religion

 Christian Catholicism

 ### Affiliation

 United NationsNATO

European Union

 ### Founded

 1991

 ### Goverment Type

 🇭🇷 Unitary Parliamentary Constitutional Republic 🇭🇷

```

**Croatia,**officially **Republic of Croatia** (Croatian:Hrvatska) is a Balkan country that is in the south of Slovenia, North and West of Bosnia, West of Serbia and has a small border with Montenegro on the south.

## Geography

Croatia is a middleuropean Adriatic country. It lies between Slovenia on the west, Hungary on the north, Serbia and Montenegro, as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina on the east, while the Adriatic sea divides it from its neighbor Italy. The convenient geografical position, as well as the good traffic connections make it easy to reach its numerous destinations and the wunderful beaches of the cristal blue and clear Adriatic sea.

Republic of Croatia covers an area of 56.538 km2 and its territorial waters cover 31.900 km2. The Adriatic sea of Croatia is for many Europeans the closest warm sea and is at the same time one of the most beautiful. The coastline including the islands is 5.700 km long and is one of the most intented coastlines in the Mediterranean. With its 1.185 islands, islets and rocks it really deserves its name 'country of the thousand islands'. The biggest islands are Krk and Cres.

There are two climate zones; a temperate continental climate, locally also a mountainous climate, prevails in the interior, whereas a pleasant Mediterranean climate prevails along the Adriatic coast, with an overwhelming number of sunny days and a sea temperature that does not fall under 20°C. This pleasant climate favours the relax and enjoyment of the treasures of the Adriatic coast. The average temperature: January 0 to 2°C, August 19 to 23°C; average temperature at the seaside: January 6 to 11°C, August 21 to 27 °C; the sea temperature is about 12°C in the winter, and 25°C in the summer. Weather forecast

## POPULATION

According to the last census, Croatia has 4.437.460 inhabitants. The majority of the inhabitants are Croats, while Serbs, Bosnians, Albanians, Slovenians, Hungarians, Italians and Czechs form the most numerous minorities.
PSS Bailiff

## Notable Commanders and Crewmembers

**Bailiff** \* Bobby \* Constabulary \* Deputy \* Dragnet \* Gatekeeper \* Gendarme \* Justice \* Lawman \* Militia \* Mountie \* Pacifier \* Peacekeeper \* Peacemaker \* Peaceofficer \* Posse \* Summons \* Texas Ranger \* Trooper \* Tucker \* Lt Oleg Babak \* Behan \* Callahan\* \* Deckard \* Alejandro Dominguez \* Morgan Earp \* Virgil Earp \* Wyatt Earp \* Doc Holiday \* Holmes \* Kojak \* LeBeau \* Mackie \* Malloy \* Magnum \* Mark Majors \* Masterson \* McKeehan \* Elliot Ness \* John Oliver \* Osterhout \* Darius Quimby \* Texas John Slaughter \* Richard Simms \* Sipowicz \* Sorenson \* John Walsh \* Watson \* White \* Williams \* Willis \* Jimmy Wilson \* Drebin \* Nordberg and about 130 others.
PSS Gendarme

## Notable Commanders and Crewmembers

Bailiff \* Bobby \* Constabulary \* Deputy \* Dragnet \* Gatekeeper \* **Gendarme** \* Justice \* Lawman \* Militia \* Mountie \* Pacifier \* Peacekeeper \* Peacemaker \* Peaceofficer \* Posse \* Summons \* Texas Ranger \* Trooper \* Tucker \* Lt Oleg Babak \* Behan \* Callahan\* \* Deckard \* Alejandro Dominguez \* Morgan Earp \* Virgil Earp \* Wyatt Earp \* Doc Holiday \* Holmes \* Kojak \* LeBeau \* Mackie \* Malloy \* Magnum \* Mark Majors \* Masterson \* McKeehan \* Elliot Ness \* John Oliver \* Osterhout \* Darius Quimby \* Texas John Slaughter \* Richard Simms \* Sipowicz \* Sorenson \* John Walsh \* Watson \* White \* Williams \* Willis \* Jimmy Wilson \* Drebin \* Nordberg and about 130 others.
Ardak Kumerian

NOTES ON THE CAREER OF ARDAK KUMERIAN

* Y155 - Graduated from Deep Space Fleet Academy.
* Y164 - Commander of frigate Vigilance.
* Y166 - Successful battle as frigate captain, promoted.
* Y167 - Commander of D6 Destruction on Tholian border.
* Y168 - Commander of Tholian Border Squadron in D7C Darkslayer.
* Y169 - Gunfight at the Tholian Web.
* Y170 - Demoted to command D6 *Destruction*; replaced by Korath. *Destruction*, transferred to the Federation sector, mutinies.
* Y171 - Command of frigate Insufferable.
* Y177 - Restored to command of D6 *Destruction*.
* Y179 - Promoted to Commodore.
* Y181 - Promoted to Vice Admiral, Deputy CO of Fed Border Fleet.
* Y182 - Promoted to Admiral, Commander of Fed Border Fleet. Missing in action after Operation Cavalry.

Appearances:

* Y166 - The Cutlass Episode (SH10)
* Y167 - The Tholian Pinwheel (SL3)
* Y169 - Gunfight at the Tholian Web (SL64), Marching Through Sherman’s Planet (SH179)
* Y182 - Cavalry Charge (SH11), Admiral Kumerian's Last Battle (SL2)
Iași

**Iași** is the second largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.
Dacian Kingdom

Latin (Minority)

**Dacia** or officially **Dacian Kingdom** (Romanian: **Regele Daciei),** was bounded in the south approximately by the Danubius river (Danube), in Greek sources the Istros, or at its greatest extent, by the Haemus Mons. Moesia (Dobruja), a region south-east of the Danube, was a core area where the Getae lived and interacted with the Ancient Greeks. In the east it was bounded by the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) and the river Danastris (Dniester), in Greek sources the Tyras. But several Dacian settlements are recorded between the rivers Dniester and Hypanis (Southern Bug), and the Tisia (Tisza) to the west.

At times Dacia included areas between the Tisa and the Middle Danube. The Carpathian Mountains are located in the middle of Dacia. It thus corresponds to the present-day countries of Romania and Moldova, as well as smaller parts of Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine.

A Dacian Kingdom of variable size existed between 82 BC until the Roman conquest in AD 106. The capital of Dacia, Sarmizegetusa, located in modern Romania, was destroyed by the Romans, but its name was added to that of the new city (Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa) built by the latter to serve as the capital of the Roman province of Dacia.

## Dacia After Romans

Victohali, Taifals and Thervingians are tribes mentioned for inhabiting Dacia in 350, after the Romans left. Archeological evidence suggests that Gepids were disputing Transylvania with Taifals and Tervingians. Taifals, once independent from Gothia became federati of the Romans, from whom they obtained the right to settle Oltenia.

In 376 the region was conquered by Huns, who kept it until the death of Attila in 453. The Gepid tribe, ruled by Ardaric, used it as their base, until in 566 it was destroyed by Lombards. Lombards abandoned the country and the Avars (second half of the 6th century) dominated the region for 230 years, until their kingdom was destroyed by Charlemagne in 791. At the same time Slavic people arrived.
Agri

**Ağrı**, situated on the eastern border of Turkey, has in history acted as a passage, as well as a stopping point for migrations from **Asia** to **Anatolia**. Today as well, the road passing through **Dogubeyazit** continues on through the border post at Gurbulak and into Iran. This region, which has come respectively under the **Hurri**, **Urartu**, **Armenian**, **Persian**, **Arabian**, **Byzantine**, **Seljukian** and **Ottoman** sovereignties, is the highest place in Turkey. Its name comes from the world famous **Mount Ararat**, called **Agri Dagi** in Turkish.

**Agri Dagi** is Turkey's highest mountain. It is 30 km diameter on the ground offers magnificent views. It is a volcanic mountain; the summit is covered with sulphur. Consequently, it maintains a constant heat, and snow is unable to settle there. However, the section starting just below the summit and about 1,000 m lower down, is always covered with snow. Turkey's biggest glacier is found here as well. To the south-east of **Agri Dagi** is **Kucuk (Small) Agri Dagi** with a height of 3,896 m; it rises from a base adjacent to **Agri Dagi.** The summit of **Agri Dagi** was first reached by Frederic Parrot in 1829.

Its name means *pain*.
Cluj-Napoca

**Cluj-Napoca** is the fourth largest city in Romania, and is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania.

The city lies in the centre of the Transylvania region and is as old as AD 106, when the Roman Empire conquered Dacia and established the settlement Napoca. However, the first written mention of the name Cluj was in 1213 under the Latin name Castrum Clus. In 1956, the Hungarian Revolution led to the Romanian authorities "unifying" the local Babes (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities. Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s, when Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians, due to the influx of population that was a consequence of the policy of forced industrialisation of the city.

On October 16, 1974, the city celebrated 1850 years from its first mention as Napoca, and the government changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it.
Bursa

**Bursa** is the 4th largest city of Turkey locates in the northwest of the country.Standing alongside Turkey's 'Great Mountain' (Mount Uludag), the city of **Bursa** may offer a rather modern appearance, but was actually the 14th-century capital of the historic Ottoman Empire.

Therefore, for many locals, Bursa really does serve as the origin of Turkish culture and remains a city with an extremely important past, which dates back more than 2,200 years.

Bursa is currently Turkey's fourth-biggest city, after Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, and now very much revolves around its central Republic Square (Cumhuriey Alani or Heykel). Close by, the tourist information stands just beneath the Ataturk Caddesi and is a good point of tourism advice, being close to the Orhan Gazi Alt Gecidi and numerous shops.
Second Bulgarian Empire

Nikopol

Proto-Romanian

The **Second Bulgarian Empire** (Bulgarian: **Второ българско царство, Vtorо Bălgarskо Tsarstvo**) was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and 1396.A successor to the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually being conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. It was succeeded by the Principalityand later Kingdom of Bulgaria in 1878.

**HISTORY**

Until 1256, the Second Bulgarian Empire was the dominant power in the Balkans, defeating the Byzantine Empire in several major battles. In 1205 Emperor Kaloyan defeated the newly established Latin Empire in the Battle of Adrianople. His nephew Ivan Asen II defeated the Despotate of Epiros and made Bulgaria a regional power again. During his reign, Bulgaria spread from the Adriatic to the Black Sea and the economy flourished. In the late 13th century, however, the Empire declined under constant invasions by Mongols, Byzantines, Hungarians, and Serbs, as well as internal unrest and revolts. The 14th century saw a temporary recovery and stability, but also the peak of Balkan feudalism as central authorities gradually lost power in many regions. Bulgaria was divided into three parts on the eve of the Ottoman invasion.

Despite strong Byzantine influence, Bulgarian artists and architects created their own distinctive style. In the 14th century, during the period known as the Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture, literature, art and architecture flourished.The capital city Tarnovo, which was considered a "New Constantinople", became the country's main cultural hub and the centre of the Eastern Orthodox world for contemporary Bulgarians.[6] After the Ottoman conquest, many Bulgarian clerics and scholars emigrated to Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Russian principalities, where they introduced Bulgarian culture, books, and hesychastic ideas.

**Nomenclature**

The name most frequently used for the empire by contemporaries was *Bulgaria*, as the state called itself. During Kaloyan's reign, the state was sometimes known as being of both Bulgarians and Vlachs. Pope Innocent III and other foreigners such as the Latin Emperor Henry mentioned the state as *Bulgaria* and the *Bulgarian Empire* in official letters.

In modern historiography, the state is called the *Second Bulgarian Empire*, *Second Bulgarian Tsardom*, or the *Second Bulgarian Kingdom* to distinguish it from the First Bulgarian Empire. An alternative name used in connection with the pre-mid 13th century period is the *Empire of Vlachs and Bulgars*; variant names include the *Vlach–Bulgarian Empire*, the *Bulgarian–Wallachian Empire*, or the *Romanian–Bulgarian Empire*; the latter name was used exclusively in Romanian historiography.

However, Arabic chronicles from the 13th century had used only the name of Wallachia instead of Bulgaria and gave the Arabic coordinates of Wallachia and specified that Walachia was named "al-Awalak" and the dwellers "ulaqut" or "ulagh"
At The Wire (T6S6)

Map of the route taken

## Pit-StopPart of The Red WYN Express (T6)

Red Fur, cursing the Kzintis (not an unusual activity for Lyrans or pirates), slipped into Lyran territory and turned once more for the WYN Star Cluster. This was his last chance. Low on fuel and cut off from any pirate bases, he had no choice but to make one last, gallant charge for the finish line.

In an extremely rare incident, a small group of WYN ships exited the cluster (remaining within the Lyran minefields) to assist the convoy.

## References

1. ↑ Various (2015). *Star Fleet Battles Module C1 - New Worlds I*. (Amarillo Design Bureau), pp. 42–3.
2. ↑ Various (2015). *Star Fleet Battles Module C1 - New Worlds I*. (Amarillo Design Bureau), pp. 42–3.
Kingdom of Montenegro

**Kingdom of Montenegro** (Serbian: **Краљевина Црнa Горa**) was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous years on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Legally it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutistin practice. On 28 November 1918, following the end of World War I, with the Montenegrin government still in exile, the Podgorica Assembly proclaimed unification with the Kingdom of Serbia which itself was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes three days later, on 1 December 1918.

## **HISTORY**

Prince Nicholas of Montenegro proclaimed the Kingdom of Montenegro in Cetinje on 28 August 1910, elevating the country from the rank of Principality. King Nicholas I had ruled the country as Prince since 1860, and had initiated several modernising reforms at the beginning of the 20th century, such as introducing a constitution and a new currency, the Montenegrin perper.

Montenegro joined the First Balkan War in 1912, hoping to win a share in the last Ottoman-controlled areas of Rumelia. Montenegro did make further territorial gains by splitting Sandžak with Serbia on 30 May 1913. But the Montenegrins had to abandon the newly captured city of İşkodra (Skadar in Serbian, modern-day Shkodër) to the new state of Albania in May 1913, at the insistence of the Great Powers, despite the Montenegrins having invested 10,000 lives into the capture of the town (April 1913) from the Ottoman-Albanian forces of Esad Pasha. Essad Pasha made a deal to surrender the town to the Montenegrins in exchange for Montenegro supporting his claims in Central Albania. However, as Shkodër and the surroundings had a large ethnic Albanian majority, the area went to the state of Albania instead.

When the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913, Serbia fought against Bulgaria, and King Nicholas sided with Serbia.

During World War I (1914–1918) Montenegroallied itself with the Triple Entente, in line with King Nicholas' pro-Serbian policy. Accordingly, Austria-Hungary occupied Montenegro from 15 January 1916 to October 1918.

On 20 July 1917, the signing of the Corfu Declaration foreshadowed the unification of Montenegro with Serbia. On 26 November 1918, Podgorica Assembly, an elected body claiming to represent Montenegrin people, unanimously adopted a resolution deposing king Nicholas I (who was still in exile) and unifying Montenegro with Serbia. Upon this event Nicholas I, who had previously supported unification with Serbia into a greater state with his dynasty playing the pivotal role, switched to promoting Montenegrin nationalism and opposing the union with Serbia, a position he maintained until his death in France in 1921.

On 1 December 1918, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was created, where both Serbia and Montenegro were parts.

During World War II, the occupying forces in Yugoslavia considered turning the Italian governorate of Montenegro into a puppet kingdom, but nothing came of these plans.
Ottoman-Hungarian Wars

Hungarian soldiers defending Belgrade.

Moldavia

Despotate of Serbia

Kingdom of Bosnia

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Kingdom of Austria

Crown of Bohemia

The **Ottoman–Hungarian Wars** were a series of battles between the Ottoman Empire and the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Following the Byzantine Civil War, the Ottoman capture of Gallipoli, and the decisive Battle of Kosovo, the Ottoman Empire was poised to conquer the entirety of the Balkans and also sought and expressed desire to expand further north into Central Europe beginning with the Hungarian lands.

Initial Hungarian success culminated in the Crusade of Varna, though without significant outside support the Hungarians were defeated. Nonetheless the Ottomans suffered more defeats at Belgrade, even after the conquest of Constantinople. In particular, the notorious Vlad the Impaler, with limited Hungarian help, resisted Ottoman rule until the Ottomans placed his brother, a man less feared and less hated by the populace, on the throne of Wallachia. Ottoman success was once again halted at Moldavia due to Hungarian intervention, but the Turks finally succeeded when Moldavia and then Belgrade fell to Bayezid II and Suleiman the Magnificent, respectively. In 1526 the Ottomans crushed the Hungarian army at Mohács with King Louis II of Hungary perishing along with 50,000 of his armored knights.Following this defeat, the eastern region of the Kingdom of Hungary (mainly Transylvania) became an Ottoman tributary state, constantly engaged in civil warwith Royal Hungary. The war continued with the Habsburgs now asserting primacy in the conflict with Suleiman and his successors. The northern and most of the central parts of Hungary managed to remain free from Ottoman rule, but the Kingdom of Hungary, the most powerful state east of Vienna under Matthias II, was now divided and constantly threatened by Ottoman ambitions in the region.
Invasion of Yugoslavia

Romania

Bulgaria

Hungary

The **invasion of Yugoslavia**, also known as the **April War** was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following the Yugoslav coup d'état.

## **BATTLE**

The invasion commenced with an overwhelming air attack on Belgrade and facilities of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force (VVKJ) by the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and attacks by German land forces from southwestern Bulgaria. These attacks were followed by German thrusts from Romania, Hungary and the Ostmark. Italian forces were limited to air and artillery attacks until 11 April, when the Italian army attacked towards Ljubljana (in modern-day Slovenia) and through Istria and Lika and down the Dalmatian coast. On the same day, Hungarian forces entered Yugoslav Bačka and Baranya, but like the Italians they faced practically no resistance. A Yugoslav attack into the northern parts of the Italian protectorate of Albania met with initial success, but was inconsequential due to the collapse of the rest of the Yugoslav forces.

Scholars have proposed several theories for the Royal Yugoslav Army's sudden collapse, including poor training and equipment, generals eager to secure a quick cessation of hostilities, and a sizeable Croatian nationalistfifth column. The invasion ended when an armistice was signed on 17 April 1941, based on the unconditional surrender of the Yugoslav army, which came into effect at noon on 18 April. Yugoslavia was then occupied and partitioned by the Axis powers. Some areas of Yugoslavia were annexed by neighboring Axis countries, some areas remained occupied, and in other areas Axis puppet states such as the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: **Nezavisna Država Hrvatska**) were created during the invasion on 10 April. Along with Italy's stalled invasion of Greece on 28 October 1940, and the German Invasion of Greece.
Battle of Greece

**The Battle of Greece** (also known as **Operation Marita**) is the common name for the invasion of Allied Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in April 1941 during World War II. The Italian invasion in October 1940, which is usually known as the Greco-Italian War, was followed by the German invasion in April 1941. German landings on the island of Crete (May 1941) came after Allied forces had been defeated in mainland Greece. These battles were part of the greater Balkans Campaign of the Axis powers.

## **BATTLE**

Following the Italian invasion on 28 October 1940, Greece repelled the initial Italian attack and a counter-attack in March 1941. When the German invasion, known as Operation Marita, began on 6 April, the bulk of the Greek Army was on the Greek border with Albania, then a vassal of Italy, from which the Italian troops had attacked. German troops invaded from Bulgaria, creating a second front.

Greece received a small reinforcement from British, Australian and New Zealand forces in anticipation of the German attack. The Greek army found itself outnumbered in its effort to defend against both Italian and German troops. As a result, the Metaxas defensive line did not receive adequate troop reinforcements and was quickly overrun by the Germans, who then outflanked the Greek forces at the Albanian border, forcing their surrender. British, Australian and New Zealand forces were overwhelmed and forced to retreat, with the ultimate goal of evacuation.

For several days, Allied troops played an important part in containing the German advance on the Thermopylae position, allowing ships to be prepared to evacuate the units defending Greece. The German Army reached the capital of Greece, Athens, on 27 April and Greece's southern shore on 30 April, capturing 7,000 British, Australian and New Zealand personnel and ending the battle with a decisive victory. The conquest of Greece was completed with the capture of Crete a month later. Following its fall, Greece was occupied by the military forces of Germany, Italy and Bulgaria.

Hitler later blamed the failure of his invasion of the Soviet Union, which had to be delayed, on Mussolini's failed conquest of Greece. The theory that the Battle of Greece delayed the invasion of the Soviet Union has been either refuted or downplayed by the majority of historians, who have accused Hitler of trying to deflect blame from himself to his ally, Italy. It nevertheless had serious consequences for the Axis war effort in the North African theatre. Enno von Rintelen, who was the military attaché in Rome, emphasises, from the German point of view, the strategic mistake of not taking Malta.
Adana

Kilikya (Old Turkish)

Cilicia (Armenian)

**Adana**, Turkey's fourth largest city, is the centre of the **Cukurova** region, which steadily progresses in the agricultural and industrial sectors. The history of **Adana** goes back more than 3,000 years; archaeological finds in the region have revealed human settlements dating from the Paleolithic Age.

**Tepebağ Tumulus**, where archaeologists found a stone wall and a city center, was built in the Neolithic Age; it is considered to be the oldest city of the **Cukurova**region. The City of **Adana** consists of the municipal sections of the 5 metropolitan districts; **Seyhan**, **Yuregir**, **Cukurova**, **Saricam** and **Karaisali**.

**Seyhan** district is fully within the city limits whereas **Yuregir**, **Cukurova**, **Saricam** and **Karaisali** districts have rural areas outside the city. **Adana** is one of the first industrialized cities, as well as one of the most economically developed cities of Turkey. With the construction of **Seyhan** Dam and improvements in agricultural techniques, there was an explosive growth in agricultural production during 1950s. Large-scale industries were built along D-400 state road and **Karatas road**. Service industry, especially banking, also developed during this period.

**Adana** is the marketing and distribution center for **Cukurova** agricultural region, where cotton, wheat, corn, soy bean, barley, grapes and citrus fruits are produced in great quantities. Farmers of Adana produce half of the corn and soy bean in Turkey. 34% of Turkey's peanut and 29% of Turkey's orange is harvested in **Adana**. Most of the farming and agricultural-based companies of the region have their offices in **Adana**.

**Adana Archaeological Museum** was opened in 1924 as one of the oldest ten museums in Turkey. It moved to its current location at the west corner of **Seyhan Bridge** in 1972. The museum exhibits archeological works from all over **Cukurova**. Notable works are the two Augustus statues from Hittites, Achilles Sarcophagus depicting Trojan War and statues from Magarsus and Augusta ancient cities.
Amasya

The Citadel is situated on the steep rocks of the Harsane mountain north of the city and **Yesilirmak river.** While some say that it was built by the Pontus King Mithridates, it is also said that this citadel goes back to Hittite era. It was repaired during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods.

**Amasya** was a fortified city high on the cliffs above the river. It has a long history as provincial capital, a wealthy city producing kings and princes, artists, scientists, poets and thinkers, from the kings of Pontus, through Strabo the geographer, to many generations of the Ottoman imperial dynasty, and up to being the location of an important moment in the life of **Ataturk**. With its Ottoman-period wooden houses and the tombs of the Pontus kings carved into the cliffs overhead, **Amasya** is attractive to visitors. In recent years, investments in tourism started to increase and provided that city started to attract more foreign and domestic tourists.
Klingons Make Lousy Farmers (SH186)

## Klingons Make Lousy FarmersPart of Operations on the Klingon Front

During the General War, the Klingon Empire faced an influx of Alliance POWs with wildly different nutritional requirements and which used up manpower to guard. The High Command decided to kill two gr’lg with one stone: put Alliance prisoners on Kr’Nath IV (an underdeveloped world), give them the agricultural tools and equipment they needed, and let the POWs feed themselves. Meanwhile, Klingon scientists would take notes on their agricultural methods.

The Empire also dumped some of its own prisoners there. As the Klingon prisoners had no value to the Empire, perhaps they would make good farmers.

WHISKERS, the Kzinti Intelligence Service, learned of the POW colony and made plans. These were put into operation when an Alliance breakthrough in the sector allowed a small force to make a raid on Kr’Nath.

## Aftermath

The Operation was considered a success with more than 80% of the prisoners on the planet being rescued. The SAMS was captured and its computer core ransacked for information, although little of value to the Alliance was learned. Similar raids on other prison planets would be made in future, but the Klingons were discovered to have evacuated the other prison planets, moving their prisoners to more secure areas, after this incident. The *Fighter* was destroyed; the other two G2s suffered damage but were able to avoid destruction.

## References

1. ↑ Various (2007). *Star Fleet Battles Module M – Star Fleet Marines*. (Amarillo Design Bureau), pp. 39–40.
Sarajevo

Christian Catholicsm

Croatian

**Sarajevo** is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo Canton, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities, is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans.