Academy Awards

Annual awards for cinematic achievementsTemplate:SHORTDESC:Annual awards for cinematic achievements

The **Academy Awards**, popularly known as **the Oscars**, are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. They are regarded by many as the most prestigious and significant awards in the entertainment industry worldwide. Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette as a trophy, officially called the "Academy Award of Merit", although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the "Oscar". The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style.

The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons. AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards. The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide. It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards; its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards. A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its inception in 1929. They are widely cited as the most prestigious and renowned competitive awards in the field of entertainment.

## History

The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.

The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel. The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($**Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".** at 2020 prices). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.

For this first ceremony, winners were announced to the media three months earlier. For the second ceremony in 1930, and the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards. In 1940, the *Los Angeles Times* announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the following year the Academy started using a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.

### Milestones

The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in *The Last Command* and *The Way of All Flesh*. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years.

At the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.

Perhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused host David Niven quipped, "Isn't it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?" Later, evidence arose suggesting that Opel's appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show's producer Jack Haley Jr. Robert Metzler, the show's business manager, believed that the incident had been planned in some way; during the dress rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler's wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the famous line, which was thus not the ad-lib it appeared to be.

The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.

From 1973 to 2020, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 2021, this tradition was broken as the ceremony ended with the Academy Award for Best Actor.

Traditionally, the previous year's winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year's winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.

On February 9, 2020, *Parasite* became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the award ceremony of 92nd Academy Awards.

Tom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020. The museum development started in 2017 under Kerry Brougher, but is now led by Bill Kramer. The industry curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of motion picture, the art & science of film making, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film-makers, sound editors and more, and will house famous artifacts from acclaimed movies like Dorothy's Ruby Red Slippers.

The 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema. As with two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California for the 19th consecutive year, along with satellite location taking place at the Union Station also in Los Angeles. Because of the virus impact on films and TV industries, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some point the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return.

## Oscar statuette

### Academy Award of Merit

The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.

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Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold. Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones. The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award's statuettes. From 1983 to 2015, approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company. It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes. In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry. While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months. R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.

### Naming

The Academy officially adopted the name "Oscar" for the trophies in 1939. However, the origin of the nickname is disputed.

One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executive director, who, when she first saw the award in 1931, said the statuette reminded her of "Uncle Oscar", a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce.

Columnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick's naming in 1931, wrote that "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette 'Oscar'." The Academy credits Skolsky with "the first confirmed newspaper reference" to *Oscar* in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year's 6th Academy Awards. The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of *Oscar*: a *Time* magazine story. In the ceremonies that year, Walt Disney was the first to thank the Academy for his "Oscar" during his acceptance speech.

### Engraving

To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.

### Ownership of Oscar statuettes

Prior to 1950, Oscar statuettes were (and remain) the property of the recipient. Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.

In 1989, Michael Todd's grandson tried to sell Todd's Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of *Around the World in 80 Days* to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.

In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for *The Best Years of Our Lives* to auction to raise money for his wife's medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($**Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".** today). Russell defended his action, saying, "I don't know why anybody would be critical. My wife's health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn't."

In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for *Citizen Kane* (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy. On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542 ($**Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".** today).

Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.

### Other awards presented by the Academy

In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):

* Governors Awards:
	+ The Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette);
	+ The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);
	+ The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
* The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards:
	+ Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
	+ Scientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);
	+ Technical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);
	+ The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);
	+ The Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and
* The Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).

The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.

## Nomination

From 2004 to 2020, the Academy Award nomination results were announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees were announced in March. In 2022, the nominees were announced in early February for the first time since 2003.

### Voters

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 as of 2018[update].

Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.

All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.

New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.

In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the *Los Angeles Times* were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).

In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.

### Rules

According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories). Additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6 pm and 10 pm local time.

For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, *The Hurt Locker*, was originally first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.

Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels. Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of *O.J.: Made in America*, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy's announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.

The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country's official selection.

The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or submission in the International Feature Film category as its country's official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. Additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from *The New York Times*, *Time Out New York*, the *Los Angeles Times*, or *LA Weekly*.

Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.

Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead of covering one year starting on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in *either* Los Angeles County *or* New York City during the eligibility period. Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution. Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10 pm local time; for other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.
In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially. In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.

In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members. Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting. Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.

Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders. For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee *The Hurt Locker* was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (*The Hurt Locker* eventually won).

### Academy Screening Room

The Academy Screening Room or Academy Digital Screening Room is a secure streaming platform which allows voting members of the Academy to view all eligible films (except, initially, those in the International category) in one place. It was introduced in 2019, for the 2020 Oscars, though DVD screeners and Academy in-person screenings were still provided. For films to be included on the platform, the North American distributor must pay $12,500, including a watermarking fee, and a digital copy of the film to be prepared for streaming by the Academy. The platform can be accessed via Apple TV and Roku players. The watermarking process involved several video security firms, creating a forensic watermark and restricting the ability to take screenshots or screen recordings.

In 2021, for the 2022 Oscars, the Academy banned all physical screeners and in-person screenings, restricting official membership viewing to the Academy Screening Room. Films eligible in the Documentary and International categories were made available in different sections of the platform. Distributors can also pay an extra fee to add video featurettes to promote their films on the platform. The in-person screenings were said to be cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligible films do not have to be added to the platform, but the Academy advertises them to voting members when they are.

## Awards ceremonies

### Telecast

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The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.)

The Academy Awards is the world's longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all-time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world. The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years (1971–75), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028. The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.

The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC's NCAA title game.) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public. Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award's own launch in 1949.

After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 pm ET/5:30 pm PT. The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier. For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office. In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games. In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.

Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.

In 1993, an *In Memoriam* segment was introduced, honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members. This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a "popularity contest" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject's cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.

In terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes. In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show" – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion. In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners' dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker. During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for *Phantom Thread*). *The Wall Street Journal* analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.

Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, *Variety* reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions. In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.

### TV ratings

Historically, the telecast's viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of *Titanic*, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of US$600.8 million in the US, a box office record that would remain unsurpassed for years. The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture, drew 43.56 million viewers. The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture *Midnight Cowboy*) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.

By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical acclaim those films have received. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget independent film *Crash* (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%. In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards. The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (*No Country for Old Men*).

Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers, the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million. That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.

### Archive

The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held in a variety of film, video, and digital formats.

## Venues

In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.

Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.

From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine.

In 2002, Hollywood's Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation's current venue.

## Awards of Merit categories

### Current categories

* Best Picture: since 1927/28
* Best Director: since 1927/28
* Best Actor: since 1927/28
* Best Actress: since 1927/28
* Best Supporting Actor: since 1936
* Best Supporting Actress: since 1936
* Best Animated Feature Film: since 2001
* Best Animated Short Film: since 1930/31
* Best Cinematography: since 1927/28
* Best Costume Design: since 1948
* Best Documentary Feature: since 1943
* Best Documentary Short Subject: since 1941
* Best Film Editing: since 1934
* Best International Feature Film: since 1947
* Best Live Action Short Film: since 1931/32
* Best Makeup and Hairstyling: since 1981
* Best Original Score: since 1934
* Best Original Song: since 1934
* Best Production Design: since 1927/28
* Best Sound: since 1929/30
* Best Visual Effects: since 1939
* Best Adapted Screenplay: since 1927/28
* Best Original Screenplay: since 1940

In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.

In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.
Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed several proposals (among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.

### Discontinued categories

* Best Assistant Director: 1932/33 to 1937
* Best Director, Comedy Picture: 1927/28
* Best Director, Dramatic Picture: 1927/28
* Best Dance Direction: 1935 to 1937
* Best Original Musical or Comedy Score: 1995 to 1998
* Best Original Story: 1927/28 to 1956
* Best Short Subject – 1 Reel: 1936 to 1956
* Best Short Subject – 2 Reel: 1936 to 1956
* Best Short Subject – Color: 1936 to 1937
* Best Short Subject – Comedy: 1931/32 to 1935
* Best Short Subject – Novelty: 1931/32 to 1935
* Best Sound Editing: 1963 to 2019
* Best Title Writing: 1927/28
* Best Unique and Artistic Production: 1927/28

### Proposed categories

The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following categories have been proposed:

* Best Casting: rejected in 1999
* Best Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest (yet to be implemented)
* Best Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012
* Best Title Design: rejected in 1999

## Special categories

The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.

### Current special categories

* Academy Honorary Award: since 1929
* Academy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931
* Gordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981
* Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957
* Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938
* Academy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017

### Accusations of commercialism

Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as "the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself".

Tim Dirks, editor of AMC's filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards:

> Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking "formula-made" blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.
>
>

A recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against *Zero Dark Thirty* suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that *Lincoln* distorts history.

### Accusations of bias

Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. The term "Oscar bait" was coined to describe such movies. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring "Oscar bait" over audience favorites or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.

### Allegations of a lack of diversity

The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees. This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing. Due to a variety of reasons, including marketability and historical bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to yellowface portrayals, as well as performances of Asian characters rewritten for white characters. The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on activists' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias.In response, the Academy initiated "historic" changes in membership by 2020.

### Symbolism or sentimentalization

Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity, to make up for a "snub" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one awarded, or presented as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work.

### Recognition of streaming media film

Following the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film *Roma* had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio could spend much more than typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar. The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy. Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they enjoy limited theatrical runs.

### 2022 Will Smith and Chris Rock slapping incident

During the 94th Academy Awards on March 27, 2022, Chris Rock joked about Jada Pinkett Smith's shaved head, with a *G.I. Jane* reference. Will Smith walked onstage and slapped Rock across the face, then returned to his seat and told Rock, twice, to "Keep my wife's name out [of] your fucking mouth!" While later accepting the Best Actor award for *King Richard*, Smith apologized to the Academy and the other nominees, but not to Rock. Rock decided not to press charges against Smith.Template:Relevance-inline On April 8, 2022, the Academy made an announcement on a letter sent by president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson informing the public that Will Smith is banned from the Oscars for 10 years in result from the slap.

### Refusals of the award

Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for *The Informer*). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild. Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.

George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for *Patton*) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a "meat parade", saying, "I don't want any part of it."

The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's *The Godfather*), citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando asked actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech in his place, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience.

### Disqualifications

Six films have had nominations revoked before the official award ceremony:

* *The Circus* (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.
* *Hondo* (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.
* *High Society* (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title.
* *The Godfather* (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score's composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.
* *A Place in the World* (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.
* *Alone Yet Not Alone* (2014) – The film's title song, "Alone Yet Not Alone", was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy's musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.

One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:

* *Young Americans* (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.

One film had its nomination revoked after the award ceremony when it had not won the Oscar:

* *Tuba Atlantic* (2011) – Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.

### Gender segregation

Some advocates of gender equality and non-binary people have criticized the separation of male and female acting categories in the Academy Awards, Emmy Awards and Tony Awards. Though some commentators worry that gender discrimination would cause men to dominate unsegregated categories, other categories are unsegregated.Template:Citation needed The Grammy Awards went gender-neutral in 2012, while the Daytime Emmy Awards introduced a single Outstanding Younger Performer in a Drama Series category in 2019 to replace their two gender-specific younger actor and actress categories.

## Associated events

Template:Unreferenced section

The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:

* BAFTA Awards
* César Awards
* David di Donatello Awards
* Goya Awards
* Nominees luncheon
* Governors Awards
* The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live
* The annual "Night Before", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as *the* party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley
* Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center
* The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue
* The *Vanity Fair* after-party, historically at the former Morton's restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009
* Ariel Award in Mexico

## Presenter and performer gifts

It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners. The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000. The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.
Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich. Some of the gifts have even had a "risque" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite". Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O'Heir, and John Salley.

## Television ratings and advertisement prices

From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.

## Trademark

The term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.

## See also

* List of film awards
* List of Academy Award records
* List of actors with Academy Award nominations
* List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees

## Footnotes

1. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"AMPAS Drops '85th Academy Awards' – Now It's Just 'The Oscars'". *TheWrap*. February 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
2. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Rao, Sonia (April 16, 2021). "Why do the Oscars matter?". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
3. ↑ Vega, Nicolas (March 26, 2022). The Oscar statuette is the most prestigious prize in Hollywood—here's why it's only worth $1.
4. ↑ What are the Oscars and Baftas and what's the difference? (February 26, 2017).
5. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Nichols, Chris (February 25, 2016). "Meet George Stanley, Sculptor of the Academy Award". *Los Angeles Magazine*. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
6. ↑ About the Academy Awards. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
7. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Essex, Andrew (May 14, 1999). "The Birth of Oscar". *Entertainment Weekly*. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 History of the Academy Awards. *Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences*.
9. ↑ Monush, Barry (February 9, 2012). The Lure of Oscar: A Look at the Mightiest of All Award Shows, the Academy Awards.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Oscar Statuette. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (July 25, 2014).
11. ↑ The 1st Academy Awards | 1929.
12. ↑ The Dunhill Hotel.
13. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Harvey, Steve (March 29, 1993). "What You Won't See at Oscars On Cue: Behind Those Cameras on Oscar Night". *Los Angeles Times*. p. F1. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
14. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Disney hoping to win first Oscar for Best Animated Feature". *New York Post*. February 28, 2014. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
15. ↑ Farhi, Paul (February 10, 2020). "'Parasite' Makes Oscars History as the First Foreign-Language Film to Win Best Picture." Template:Webarchive *The Washington Post*. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
16. ↑ Barnes, Brooks (February 19, 2020). "Motion Picture Academy Museum Will Open in December." Template:Webarchive *The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2020.*
17. ↑ Thompson, Anne (October 3, 2019)."The Academy Museum Finally Finds Its White Knight, and Could Have Had Him All Along." Template:Webarchive *IndieWire*. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
18. ↑ The Academy and ABC Set April 25, 2021 as New Show Date for 93rd Oscars® (June 15, 2020).
19. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Madani, Doha (April 28, 2020). "Streaming films will be considered for Oscars for the first time". *NBC*. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
20. ↑ Oscar Statuette: Legacy. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
21. ↑ Oscar Statuette: Manufacturing, Shipping and Repairs. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
22. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Eladio Gonzalez sands and buffs Oscar #3453". *Boston Globe*. February 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
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24. ↑ Alvarez, Alex (February 22, 2013). Meet the Mexican Model Behind the Oscar Statue. *ABC News*.
25. ↑ Kojen, Natalie (February 16, 2016). The Academy and Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry Revive the Art of Oscar Statuettes. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
26. ↑ Loviza, Amanda. Foundry seeks tax breaks in move to Walden.
27. ↑ Kilday, Gregg (February 16, 2016). Oscar Statuette Gets a Face-Lift – This year's statuettes will be produced by Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry and will be hand-cast in bronze before receiving their 24-karat gold finish.. *The Hollywood Reporter*.
28. ↑ Di Nunzio, Miriam (February 16, 2016). Oscar statuettes, longtime creation of Chicago-based company, will now be made in New York. *Chicago Sun-Times*.
29. ↑ Why Are the Academy Awards Statuettes Called Oscars? (February 22, 2019).
30. ↑ Oscars: Who Came Up With the Name "Oscar" and More About the Statuette's History (Video) (February 18, 2015).
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Levy, Emanuel (2003). *All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards*. Burns & Oates. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6.
32. ↑ The 6th Academy Awards Memorable Moments. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (August 27, 2014).
33. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Cinema: Oscars". *Time*. March 26, 1934. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013.(subscription required)
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38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 How Much Is an Oscar Statue Worth? Here Are 3 Estimates.
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47. ↑ Academy Invites 115 to Become Members. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
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50. ↑ Rule Two: Eligibility. *92nd Academy Awards of Merit: Rules*. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
51. ↑ Oscars Submission FAQ.
52. ↑ The Academy and its Oscar Awards – Reminder List of Eligible Releases.
53. ↑ Academy Award Rules.
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57. ↑ Rule Nineteen: Special Rules for the Short Film Awards. *92nd Academy Awards of Merit: Rules*. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Pond, Steve (January 7, 2006). "Eight things every voter (and fan) should know about Oscar's decidedly unique nomination process". *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
59. ↑ Young, John (January 27, 2011). Oscars: The wacky way the Academy counts votes, and the results of our 'If You Were an Oscar Voter' poll. *Entertainment Weekly*.
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62. ↑ 89TH ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS OF MERIT (2016). "Five productions shall be selected using reweighted range voting to become the nominations for final voting for the Visual Effects award."
63. ↑ RangeVoting.org – Reweighted Range Voting – a PR voting method that feels like range voting.
64. ↑ Marich, Robert (2013). *Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies and Tactics* (3rd ed.). Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 235–48.
65. ↑ Thompson, Anne (2019-10-31). Academy Opens Online 'Screening Room' for Oscar Contenders.
66. ↑ How the Academy's Screening Room Helps Films Find a Global Audience Among Oscar Voters (en-US) (2022-03-17).
67. ↑ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: How the Academy Awards Shared Films With Oscar® Voters With Complete Security.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Hammond, Pete (2021-08-27). Oscars: Academy Digital Screening Room Opens With Amazon And Netflix Contenders First To Vie For Voter Attention; DVDs Now Banned.
69. ↑ Welk, Brian (2021-08-27). Oscars Academy Postpones All In-Person Events and Screenings Until 2022.
70. ↑ What was the longest Oscars telecast ever?.
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115. ↑ Oscars diversity debate must include learning disability. *The Guardian* (February 24, 2017).
116. ↑ Oscars 2016: Lack of Diversity Has Historically Been a Problem.
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123. ↑ What's the worst Best Actor choice of all time?.
124. ↑ Thompson, Anna (February 28, 2019). The Spielberg vs. Netflix Battle Could Mean Collateral Damage for Indies at the Oscars. *IndieWire*.
125. ↑ Johnson, Ted (April 2, 2019). Justice Department Warns Academy Over Potential Oscar Rule Changes Threatening Netflix. *Variety*.
126. ↑ Respers France, Lisa (April 24, 2019). Academy doesn't change streaming eligibility for Oscars. CNN.
127. ↑ Bellamy, Claretta (January 7, 2022). How Jada Pinkett Smith is uplifting Black women with alopecia. Retrieved on March 28, 2022.
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## Further reading

* Brokaw, Lauren (2010). "Wanna see an Academy Awards invite? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars". Los Angeles: *The Daily Truffle*.
* Cotte, Oliver (2007). *Secrets of Oscar-winning animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations*. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-52070-4.
* Fischer, Erika J (1988) (in English). *The inauguration of "Oscar": sketches and documents from the early years of the Hollywood Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy Awards, 1927–1930*. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-10753-5. OCLC 925086635.
* Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002). *The Academy Awards: The Complete History of Oscar*. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-240-9.
* Levy, Emanuel (2003). *All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards*. Burns & Oates. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6.
* Wright, Jon (2007). *The Lunacy of Oscar: The Problems with Hollywood's Biggest Night*. Thomas Publishing, Inc.

## External links

* **Lua error in Module:Official\_website at line 90: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).** of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
* Template:IMDb event
* Official Academy Awards Database (searchable)

Template:National Cinema Awards
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