recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
2008 Indian floods

The **2008 Indian Floods** are series of floods in various states of India during 2008 monsoon season. The floods mostly affected the western regions of Maharashtra state and Andra Pradesh. In India, monsoon season generally lasts from June to September. In Andhra Pradesh alone 42 people died in 48 hours because of sudden heavy rains.

## Early monsoon

Earlier during the start of monsoon season, West Bengal and Orissa were hit with heavy rains bringing flood like situation in the two states. Monsoon had killed some 100 people, mostly in the country's east and north-east.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 India monsoon rains kill dozens. BBC (Sunday, 10 August 2008). Retrieved on August 11, 2008.
2. ↑ 42 die in Andhra, Mumbai hit due to rains. NDTV (August 11, 2008). Retrieved on August 11, 2008.
Episode 9

Title card

"A Cherry Blossom Storm" is the ninth episode of the ''Patalliro'' anime, originally airing on June 10, 1982.

## Trivia

* This is technically the first episode to have Patalliro du Malyner VIII say the episode title in the title card. However, he appears in the title card saying the name of the episode, and when the curtains dropped, the title of the episode appears.
Texas 1998 floods

In 1998, Tropical Storm Charley affected the Lower Brazos River watershed. Most of the flooding occurred in the Rio Grande River basin causing 13 deaths and $50 million in damages. A major flood event occurred in Central Texas after 30 inches of rainfall in a few hours. The Little River experienced the fifth largest discharge in its history. Flooding also occurred in the South Fork San Gabriel watershed and the Mill Creek watershed. Property damage of $750 million and 29 deaths were reported primarily in the Colorado and Guadalupe river basins.
January 2022 Melaka floods

Thousands of people have evacuated their homes and moved to emergency accommodation in Malaysia after heavy rain caused further flooding.

The recent bout of heavy rain began on 01 January 2022. Kuantan in Pahang State recorded more than 300 mm of rain in 48 hours to 03 January. Mersing in Johor saw 229.8 mm of rain in 24 hours to 03 January.

As of 03 January the country’s disaster agency NADMA said that 14,459 people were taking shelter at 191 evacuation centres in Johor (3,966 evacuated), Melaka (2,617), Negeri Sembilan (1,975), Pahang (2,289) and Selangor (40) in Peninsular Malaysia. In Eastern Malaysia, floods in Sabah state caused 3,329 people to evacuate.

The hardest hit areas include Segamat in Johor; Alor Gajah and Melaka Tengah in Melaka; Tampin in Negeri Sembilan and Kota Marudu in Sabah.

Wide areas of Peninsular Malaysia have been blighted by floods since heavy rain first started around 17 December 2021. Combining figures for the December and January floods, NADMA reported on 02 January that a total of 125,490 people have been displaced but 117,700 already returned home. Fifty fatalities were reported (25 in Selangor, 21 in Pahang and 4 in Kelantan) and two people were reported missing.
Burchardi flood

The **Burchardi Flood**, (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) was a Storm tide that struck the North Sea coast of Nordfriesland (Germany and Denmark) on the night between 11th and 12th of October 1634. Overrunning dikes it shattered the coastline and many thousands of lives while causing catastrophic material damage. Much of the island of Strand washed away, leaving the islands Nordstrand, Pellworm and several Halligs.

## External links

* Nordstrand and the flood of 1634. Maps of the area (before and after), an eyewitness account of the flood and more.
* Changing coastline of Nordfriesland (Page in German). Shows maps of the coastline as changed during the last 1000 years.
2005 Chennai floods

The **2005 Chennai floods** were some of the worst floods to have hit the city of Chennai, India. The floods occurred during the North-East monsoon season (November-December 2005) as a result of heavy rain. Over 50 people were killed in two incidents of stampede for food and money in relief camps.

## See also

* 2005 December Chennai Stampede
* 2005 November Chennai Stampede
* Disaster Management Act, 2005
* 2015 South Indian floods

## References

* Achuthan, Kannal (4 December 2005). Floods swamp Chennai and suburbs. *The Hindu*.
Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

The **Great Mississippi Flood of 1927** was one of the largest disasters ever to strike the United States.

In the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 the Mississippi River broke out of its levee system in 145 places and flooded 16,570,627 acres. The flood caused over $400,000,000 in damages and killed 246 people in seven states.

The flood affected Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee with Arkansas being hardest hit with 13% of its territory covered by floodwaters.

The flood propelled Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover into the national spotlight and set the stage for his election to the Presidency.
1988 Punjab floods

In 1988, Punjab had its most disastrous floods when all the rivers in Punjab overflowed killing and displacing thousands of people.

In four days from 23 to 26 September, 634 mm rainfall fell in Bhakra area. People lost their crops. Beas Bhakra Management Board was accused and held responsible for triggering off the flood by releasing the waters from dam which burst the banks.

B. N. Kumar, chairman of Bhakra Beas Management Board, was shot dead by militants as a revenge of Beas Bhakra Management Board's]] role in floods.

9,000 of Punjab's 12,989 villages were flooded, of which over 2,500 were completely marooned or simply washed away. This was the biggest flood in Punjab's history as it disrupted the lives of over 34 lakh people. As people were trying to survive and manage, the Union Agriculture Minister Bhajan Lai infamously said that the floods were a blessing in disguise - his logic being that it would increase Punjab's ground water level.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mudgal, Vipul (October 31, 1988). Floods reverse crop prospects in Punjab. India Today.
2. ↑ Mudgal, Vipul (November 30, 1988). Terrorist violence escalates in Punjab. India Today.
3. ↑ India Floods Oct 1988 UNDRO Information Report 1 - India.
2011 Wollongong floods

The **2011 Wollongong floods**, beginning in March 2011, were a series of floods occurring throughout Wollongong and the Illawarra regions of New South Wales, Australia. The floods were the result of a storm cell covering most of the southern regions of the state and torrential rain in suburban Sydney and nearby regional areas.

Sixteen pre-school children and their carers were rescued at Jamberoo by the State Emergency Service. Albion Park received 63 mm of rain in the hour leading up to 1 pm on 21 March 2011. A man, presumed to be in his forties, was found dead 150 km east from a stormwater bridge as torrential rain continued fall across the Illawarra on 21 March. Dozens of people were rescued as highways were shut and trains suspended until the waters subsided.

The Bureau of Meteorology issued flash flood warnings for the South Coast (New South Wales)|South Coast, Riverina, Illawarra, South West Slopes, Snowy Mountains and Southern Tablelands, with heavy rain expected to continue. In the first 48 hours of the flood (20–21 March) 160 mm of rain has fallen in Wollongong. Robertson in the Southern Highlands recorded the state's highest rainfall on 21 March with 83 mm equalling the March record for 2003.

The Princes Highway was closed around Station Street, Albion Park and at Kiama after a tree fell and blocked the road. The Southern Freeway was closed at Berkeley and the Illawarra Highway was also closed.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Heavy rainfalls lash Illawarra and South Coast – ABC Illawarra NSW. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (21 March 2011). Retrieved on March 21, 2011.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Body found after south coast drenching - ABC Illawarra NSW. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (21 March 2011). Retrieved on March 21, 2011.
Knights of Tolsboro

**Knights of Tolsboro** is a mainly conservative foundation or special interest group founded on 15 March 2022 by Chosen, who at the time was a member of the Libertarian Party prior to the civil war. With the policy of this organization being as follows "To be clear, obligations to the SIG understandably may or may not come before one's political or religious affiliations. The Knights of Tolsboro's mission is to make the world safe from what we believe is a wicked and radical social agenda. We will serve our mission through legislation that limits the amount to which teachers may discuss genders, sexes, gender and sex roles, and similar topics to very young children. We will fight against biological men competing in women’s sports and vice-versa and we will work to find solutions to these issues. We will promote education about important mental health and physical health challenges facing the LGBT community, such as the massive rates of sexually transmitted diseases and suicidal outcomes compared to heterosexuals and how it is important to stay safe. The Knights strive to make the world a safe place of normalcy and sanity, desiring the best outcomes for our communities and the people of Mayensland. OUR PLATFORM IS PURELY POLICY-BASED. WE WILL NEVER ATTACK, INSULT, DEFAME, OR HARASS ANYONE PERSONALLY. DOING SO PUTS YOUR KNIGHTHOOD IN JEOPARDY." This group originally struggled to grow, mostly being viewed as "Anti-LGBTQ+" by many. This was until AML KING, a member of the organization was promoted to the position of leader by Chosen on 26 March 2022. AML would begin an immediate revitalization of the group's image. With him going on a massive campaign to recruit new members and clarify the beliefs of the Knights. This would lead to a massive increase in members with the organization reaching new heights at a massive rate, quickly becoming the largest organization in the country, to the dismay of the political left. The group at their height had 82 members, 15% of which identified as LGBTQ+ to the dismay of the Knights' opposition. Those on the left opposed to the organization went on a campaign to demonize and slander the Knights but to no avail with these attempts leading to more members joining the ranks of the Knights, seeing through the lies of this campaign upon further clarification. In the wake of riots across Mayen City and threats of violence from many on the left, the organization created an armed wing known as the Tolsboro Legion that went on to defend the Knights HQ and defend the capital city. Once the civil war had concluded, the group reformed, with AML KING once again at its head. While not as grand as its predecessor, the new organization as aspirations to return to its previous status, but it is as if today, the second largest organization.
Southern California floods - January 1916

During early 1916, heavy rains caused floods throughout Southern California, virtually cutting off San Diego County from the rest of the state for the greater part of a month. Due to the floods 28 people died and about ten million dollars in damages were caused, with the greatest losses occurring in San Diego County, where twenty-two people died mostly in Otay River valley when the Lower Otay Dam failed, releasing the contents of the Lower Otay Reservoir. Another estimate, was that fifty lives were lost in San Diego County. Among the dead was an early Japanese American colony. San Diego residents blamed the floods on Charles Hatfield who was hired by the city of San Diego to create rain.
Patalliro!

Patalliro! is a manga series written by Mineo Maya. The comedy manga was serialized in *Hana to Yume* from 1978 to 1990, before switching to *Bessatsu Hana to Yume* from 1991 where it continues to be published.

An anime adaptation, *Boku Patalliro!* (ぼくパタリロ!), produced by Toei Animation, originally aired from April 8, 1982 to May 13, 1983 on Fuji TV, and was the first to present *shōnen-ai* themes on television.[1] As of 2006, the manga had 22 million copies in circulation.[2]

Two spin-off mangas, *Patalliro Saiyuki!* and *Patalliro Genji Monogatari!*, were originally serialized from 2003 to 2005 and 2004 to 2008 respectively, with *Patalliro Saiyuki!* getting an anime adaptation produced by Magic Bus and airing on Kids Station from June 5 to November 9, 2005.
St. Elizabeth's flood (1404)

The **St. Elizabeth's flood** (**Sint Elisabethsvloed**) of 1404 occurred on or around 19 November 1404, the namesake day of St. Elizabeth. The floods were especially catastrophic in Flanders, Zeeland and Holland. The area in Zeeland and Flanders had been flooded 29 years earlier, on 8 October 1375. As a result of the floods, the Braakman was created or enlarged. In this new area, new parishes and villages started to appear. The flood in 1404 destroyed the area again, just as it had done in 1375. Other areas previously untouched such as the small towns of IJzendijke and Hugevliet were engulfed and destroyed during the flood.
When the flood occurred many were killed and homes destroyed due to the poor warnings.

On 19 November 1404, large areas of Flanders, Zeeland, and Holland, were flooded. The storm tide responsible became known as the First Saint Elizabeth's flood. The damage was catastrophic. The area of Zeeland-Flanders had already been flooded 29 years earlier, in 1375. Through this, the Zuiderzee was created. Around the Zuiderzee, polders were diked, and within these polders, new parishes arose. Unfortunately, in 1404, everything was destroyed again. This time, a complete spit that was home to a number of small towns such as Ijzendijke and Hugevliet, which were spared in 1375, was engulfed during the flood. In the county of Flanders all the coast islands in the mouth of the Westerschelde were washed away. After this calamity John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (*Jan zonder Vrees*) gave the command to link all the dikes already existing into one large dike which ran from the north of the county to the south. This explains why the Belgian coast line is so straight. Since Jan zonder Vrees was also count of Flanders, this dike is still named Graaf Jansdijk.

## See also

* St. Elizabeth's flood (1421), a flood that occurred on the same day 17 years later.
* Floods in the Netherlands

## References

1. ↑ St. Elizabeth floods. Deltawerken. Retrieved on January 29, 2006.
2. ↑ Nethlands Timeline. worldatlas. Retrieved on August 10, 2011.
3. ↑ Humlum, Ole. 1404: First St. Elizabeth flood in northwest Europe. Climate4you.com. Retrieved on August 10, 2011.
September 2021 Sabah floods

The **September 2021 Sabah floods** is an event when Sabah were flooded between 15 September and 17 September 2021.

## Cause of flooding

Severe flooding swept through parts of Sabah State in Malaysia after heavy rain on 15 September. The rain is also thought to have been the cause of a landslide where 3 people died.

Meanwhile the heavy rain is thought to have been the cause of a landslide in Penampang District which destroyed at least 1 building. A mother and 2 young children tragically lost their lives in the incident. Three other victims including two children survived.

## Closure of the 5 main roads

The statement also said the roads affected are Jalan Datuk Panglima Banting, Jalan Kolopis, Jalan Penampang-Papar Lama Nambazan, Jalan Inobong, and Jalan Pekan Donggongon.

## References

1. ↑ Malaysia – Heavy Rain Causes Severe Floods and Landslides in Sabah – FloodList. FloodList (16 September 2021). Retrieved on December 20, 2021.
April 2021 Cochabamba floods

The **April 2021 Cochabamba floods** is an event when Migori County were flooded between 23 April 2021 and 27 April 2021.

## Cause of flooding

Overflowing rivers have caused flooding in several areas of Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia over the last few days.

Civil Defence and the Bolivian Navy evacuated families in the municipality of Ivirgarzama and surrounding areas after flooding began from late 23 April 2021.

Flooding also blocked parts of the Cochabamba – Santa Cruz highway (National Route 4) at the Chimoré-Ivirgarzama sector, causing major transport disruptions. A bus and several other vehicles were trapped in the waters and than 50 passengers and motorists had to be rescued.

Other municipalities in the department have also been affected according to the regional government. Around 1,000 families were affected in the municipality of Omereque and 500 families in Raqaypampa municipality. Over 900 hectares of crops were also damaged in the two municipalities. Parts of Aiquile municipality were also flooded.

Civil Defence reported on 24 April that the Ichilo River in Puerto Villarroel Municipality broke its banks on 24 April 2021.

Flooding had earlier affected areas of the municipality of Chimoré, Cochabamba, where Civil Defence delivered relief supplies to 2,371 affected families on 22 April.

Bolivia’s meteorological agency Servicio Nacional de Meteorología E Hidrología (SENAMHI) issued Orange level alerts for the Ichilo, Ivirgarzama, Chimoré, Ichadoa and Eterazama rivers in the department lasting until at least 27 April 2021. Alerts were also issued for rivers in the neighbouring department of Santa Cruz for the Ichilo and Víbora rivers.

## References

1. ↑ Bolivia – Dozens Rescued After Rivers Overflow in Cochabamba – FloodList. FloodList (25 April 2021). Retrieved on December 23, 2021.
2018 Ohio River floods

In February 2018, heavy rains caused the Ohio River to crest over eight feet above flood stage, its highest crest since the Ohio River flood of 1937; flooding resulted in millions of dollars in damage in Louisville, Kentucky. In September 2018, record rainfalls caused extensive flash flooding, with one casualty reported.
Storofsen flood

**Storofsen** was a flood disaster which struck eastern Norway in July 1789. 63 people vanished, thousands of houses were totalled, and thousands of livestock destroyed. The rivers Glomma and Gudbrandsdalslågen overflooded, and the water level of Mjøsa rose to ten meters above its normal level.

The Kvikne Copper Works were largely damaged by the flood, and this virtually ended the operation of the mines.

## References

1. ↑ Mardal, Marius A. Storofsen (Norwegian). Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved on September 20, 2012.
2002 Jakarta flood

The Jakarta floods in 2002 occurred in all corners of the city and became a national tragedy that became the center of attention. Rainfall that occurred was quite high in 1996 which was recorded up to 300 mm/day. In 1996 and 2007, floods hit Jakarta and its surroundings again with a wider and more severe impact.
Patalliro! Wiki

**Welcome to the Patalliro! Wiki!**

This wiki is in early devolpment as of now. Users (especially you) can construct it more to turn it into an actual good wiki in the future. Please don't vandalise it.

We're a collaborative community website about Patalliro! that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderA page about your topicPlaceholderA Main CharacterEpisode 1PlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key Event

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
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You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Leandro

**Leandro** (Gaveroy, 24th of April 2000) is a Mayen politician of GreenLeft Movement. He a member of the National Assembly since January 2022. **Leandro** is the leader of GreenLeft Movement since March 2022.

## Life

**Leandro** grew up in the Netherlands and both his parents are Dutch. He studied to become a geography teacher, and after his study he moved to Mayensland.

In the Netherlands, **Leandro** was a member of GreenLeft and DWARS (the youth section of the party). **Leandro** was known in the Netherlands for voicing critique on GroenLinks for being too capitalist and centre-left. **Leandro** it self was part of the left wing side of GroenLinks and he tried multiple times to move the party into the direction of anti-capitalism. He viewed the anti-capitalist Dutch party BIJ1 as their biggest friends. Over the years GroenLinks leader Jesse Klaver became more left wing and moved closer to BIJ1, pushing their partner PvdA to the same direction. **Leandro** was still very critical about GroenLinks, but after the end of the dictatorship in Mayensland, he moved out of the Netherlands.

## GreenLeft Movement

**Leandro** joined the GreenLeft Movement in Mayensland immediately. After time he became an MP for the party and he stayed an MP since January 2022. He also ran in multiple governor elections, but never succeeded. In March 2022 **Leandro** was elected leader of the GreenLeft Movement. **Leandro** succeeded Dylan Lewis-Creser as leader. Journey stepped down as Deputy Leader after the forming of the Olive Tree Coalition, Dylan Lewis-Creser won the elections and became Deputy Leader.

## Minister of European Integration

**Leandro** is the current Minister of European Integration and under his leadership Mayensland has signed an Association Agreement with the EU. This was the first official step towards EU accession. **Leandro** has introduced several bills to help Mayensland join the EU. **Leandro** became the Minister of European Integration in the Olive Tree Coalition (LIB, SDU, CU, GLM + C&S from NUP and FS) and also is the Minister of EU Integration in the Capybara Coalition (SDU, CU, WPM, GLM, Reform, DEM, and FS).
1948 Berwickshire flood

The 1948 Berwickshire flood occurred on 12 August, when extremely heavy rain for the preceding six days caused the rivers Tweed, Blackadder, Whiteadder, Till and Eye Water in southern Scotland to rise more than 10 feet and wash away 20 bridges. Railway service was interrupted for months.

## References

1. ↑ Rinaldi, Giancarlo. "A flood which swept away bridges", 12 August 2008.
September 2021 Chad floods

The **September 2021 Chad floods** is an event when Chad were flooded 3 months.

## Cause of flooding

Ongoing flooding in the country of Chad in north-central Africa has affected almost 250,000 people, according to a UN report.

Flooding first struck parts of the country in late June and the start of the rainy season. Five people died in south-western Tandjilé Region on 26 June. By late July flooding had affected thousands of people across the regions of Tandjilé, Mandoul, Ennedi-Ouest, N’Djamena and Batha.

In a recent report, the The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said flooding has affected 246,851 people from 41,267 families across 400 villages. Fifteen people have lost their lives and 17 are reported missing. A total of 329 people have been injured.

Tandjilé Region continues to be the worst affected. Quoting local officials, OCHA said 32,181 houses have been damaged or destroyed, leaving 160,000 people homeless. Over 30,000 people have been affected in the Region of Mandoul where 172 villages have been flooded. In Moyen-Chari Region, 27,000 people are believed to be affected by flooding in 200 villages, while 18,534 people (or 3,089 households) were affected by the flood in the Region of Logone Oriental.

Flooding has had a devastating impact on farming and livelihoods. Thousands of livestock have been lost and almost 70,000 hectares of crops damaged or destroyed, in particular sorghum, maize, peanuts, sesame, pearl millet and cotton.

## References

1. ↑ Chad – Floods Affect 250,000 Across 400 Villages – FloodList. FloodList (20 September 2021). Retrieved on December 22, 2021.
December 2021 Bahia floods

The **December 2021 Bahia floods** is an event when State of Bahia were flooded 1 month.

## Cause of flooding

Flooding in Bahia worsened from 09 December. The federal government recognized a state of emergency in 24 municipalities in Bahia, as of 13 December. State news agency Agência Brasil reported 10 fatalities, 21,570 displaced and at least 220,000 affected.
Itaberaba municipality in Bahia has suffered some of the worst of the damage. Authorities declared a local state of emergency on 10 November. In a 48 hour period Itaberaba recorded more than 300 mm of rain, which is the equivalent normally seen during the whole of a typical November.

Further flooding caused severe damage on 27 November 2021. Dozens of homes were damaged and 2 people died. Local authorities reported 44 homeless families and a further 103 people affected.
More recently, southern parts of the state have experienced heavy rain, in particular Itamaraju municipality where 3 people from the same family died and at least six houses collapsed after a landslide 08 December. Access to the site was difficult hindering rescue operations. Civil Defence said 2,152 people in 538 homes were exposed to landslide risk in the area.

Flooding struck in the city of Jucuruçu on 07 December, after the Gado Bravo and Jucuruçu rivers broke their banks. Hundreds of homes were inundated and residents evacuated due to flood damage and threat of landslides.

Buildings collapsed after heavy rain from late 07 December in Teixeira de Freitas and Porto Seguro municipalities. No injuries were reported. However one person was injured after part of a building collapsed in Eunápolis. Meanwhile in Prado municipality, roads were cut by floods in coastal areas, leaving around 5,000 residents of Cumuruxatiba isolated.

Authorities in Itamaraju and Porto Seguro have declared a local state of emergency. State Governor Rui Costa has promised aid and relief to the victims and has deployed teams from fire service, civil defence and military to affected areas.

## References

1. ↑ Brazil – Deadly Floods and Landslides in Bahia After Heavy Rain – FloodList. FloodList (9 December 2021). Retrieved on December 21, 2021.
Coastal flooding

**Coastal flooding** normally occurs when dry and low-lying land is submerged by seawater. The range of a coastal flooding is a result of the elevation of floodwater that penetrates the inland which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding. Flood damage modelling was limited to local, regional or national scales. However, with the presence of climate change and an increase in the population rates, flood events have intensified and called for a global interest in finding out different methods with both spatial and temporal dynamics.

The seawater can flood the land via several different paths: direct flooding, overtopping of a barrier, breaching of a barrier.

Coastal flooding is largely a natural event, however human influence on the coastal environment can exacerbate coastal flooding. Extraction of water from groundwater reservoirs in the coastal zone can instigate subsidence of the land, thus increasing the risk of flooding.Engineered protection structures along the coast such as sea walls alter the natural processes of the beach, often leading to erosion on adjacent stretches of the coast which also increases the risk of flooding. Moreover, sea level rise and extreme weather caused by climate change will increase the intensity and amount of coastal flooding affecting hundreds of millions of people.

## Types

The seawater can flood the land via several different paths:

* Direct flooding — where the sea height exceeds the elevation of the land, often where waves have not built up a natural barrier such as a dune
* Overtopping of a barrier — the barrier may be natural or human-engineered and overtopping occurs due to swelling conditions during storms or high tides often on open stretches of the coast.[5] The height of the waves exceeds the height of the barrier and water flows over the top of the barrier to flood the land behind it. Overtopping can result in high velocity flows that can erode significant amounts of the land surface which can undermine defense structures.[11]
* Breaching of a barrier — again the barrier may be natural (sand dune) or human-engineered (sea wall), and breaching occurs on open coasts exposed to large waves. Breaching occurs when the barrier is broken down or destroyed by waves allowing the seawater to extend inland and flood the areas

## Future research

There is a need for future research into:

* Management strategies for dealing with the forced abandonment of coastal settlements
* Quantifying the effectiveness of natural buffering systems, such as mangroves, against coastal flooding
* Better engineering design and practices or alternative mitigation strategies to engineering
August 2021 Hubei floods

The **August 2021 Hubei floods** is an event when Hubei were flooded between 11 August 2021 and 12 August 2021.

## Cause of flooding

Disaster authorities report that 21 people have lost their lives and 4 are still missing after severe flooding in areas of Hubei Province in Central China.

Hubei’s Emergency Management Department said that between 11 and 12 August a total of 16 meteorological monitoring stations in Yicheng, Xiangcheng, Nanzhang, Zaoyang and Suixian of Suizhou detected extremely heavy rain.

The department said severe flooding has affected a total of 7 cities (prefectures) and 22 counties (cities, districts) in Shiyan City, Xiangyang City, Jingmen City, Xiaogan City, Huanggang City, Suizhou City and Enshi. As of 13 August a total of 384,800 people were affected and 11,000 people were transferred to temporary accommodation after over 3,600 homes were damaged.

The 21 fatalities were recorded in the township of Liulin, part of the city of Suizhou in the north of the province where flood waters were almost 2.5 metres deep. More than 500 people were rescued by emergency services. The Provincial Emergency Management Department urgently distributed relief supplies including tents and folding beds to flood victims in Suizhou City.

The National Meteorological Center said a storm was “stationed” in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and warned of further heavy rainfall in East and Central China until 14 August as a result.

## References

1. ↑ China – 21 Dead, 4 Missing After Floods in Hubei – FloodList. FloodList (13 August 2021). Retrieved on December 22, 2021.
2016 Louisiana floods

The **2016 Louisiana floods** are a natural disaster in the United States in which inundations are occurring. The Amite and Comite rivers are both expected to reach record levels. John Bel Edwards has declared a state of emergency.

## References

1. ↑ https://weather.com/news/weather/news/gulf-coast-flooding-latest-news
2. ↑ http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/heavy-rain-street-flooding-rescues-school-closings-41329354
2021

* 2021 Evros floods
* 2021 Uttarakhand floods
* 2021 Eastern Australia floods
* 2021 New Zealand floods
* 2021 European floods
* 2021 Henan floods
* 2021 Oman floods
* 2021 Yalta floods
* 2021 Arizona floods
* 2021 Mumbai floods
* 2021 Lagos floods
* 2021 Maharashtra floods
* 2021 China floods
* 2021 Turkey floods
* 2021 August Japan floods
* 2021 Nuristan floods
* 2021 Afghanistan flood
* 2021 Tennessee floods
* 2021 Niger floods
* 2021 floods in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* November 2021 Pacific Northwest floods
1959 Uruguayan flood

In **April 1959, Uruguay suffered floods** (Spanish: Inundaciones de abril de 1959 en Uruguay) that were the most severe in the modern history of Uruguay.

Rainfall lasted from March 24 till April 23 and as a consequence the Río Negro suffered an overtopping. Waters passed over the Dam of Rincón del Bonete.

## External links

* PILOTOVIEJO.COM Las inundaciones del 59. Las operaciones aéreas.
* Aéro Club del Uruguay, NOTAS Y EVENTOS / Las inundaciones del '59
* EL BATALLON de INGENIEROS de COMBATE No. 3, Paso de los Toros, Uruguay
* Testimonio de la Operación Terraplen
2016 Maryland flood

The **2016 Maryland flood** was a natural disaster in the United States that took place on 31 July 2016. The incident, which occurred in Ellicott City, Maryland, caused significant damage to the historic downtown area of the municipality.

## References

1. ↑ https://weather.com/news/weather/news/ellicott-city-maryland-flooding-saturday
2. ↑ http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2016/07/31/floods-leave-ellicott-city-md-severely-damaged/87882130/
Maraich Juschenfe

Maraich Juschenfe is a main character in the Patalliro! series. He is a 18-year-old former assassin from the Diamond Syndicate. His former lover Count Larken told him not to return until he could kill Bancoran, but ended up reforming and becoming Bancoran's lover. He has a ferocious temper and seethes with jealousy whenever a bishōnen is in Bancoran's vicinity. He beats up Bancoran on a regular basis, regardless of whether or not he cheats, and somehow got pregnant twice, despite being completely male.
His pregnancy is cut out of the anime. In the manga he first gets pregnant in volume 10, and a second time in volume 46. He is an expert knife user, and his looks and body allow him to easily pass for a woman with only Patalliro and Bancoran being able to see through his disguise.
Flash flood

**Flash flooding** is rapid flooding of low-lying areas, rivers and creeks that is caused by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm, or multiple training thunderstorms. Flash flooding occurs when the ground under a storm becomes saturated with water so quickly that it cannot be absorbed. The runoff collects in low lying areas and flows rapidly downhill. As a result, anything in its path is suddenly in rising water. These most often occur in dry areas that have recently received precipitation, but the flash flood can flow for a long distance as long as there is a path downhill.

Flash floods can also be caused by other influences. Ice jams can block the normal course of a river, leading to flooding. In addition, dam breaks have been known to cause flash flood conditions. The Johnstown, Pennsylvania dam break of 1889 is an example of a devastating flash flood.

Flash floods are extremely dangerous because of their sudden nature; more than half of the fatalities attributed to flash floods are of people swept away in vehicles when trying to cross flooded intersections [1]. More people die yearly in floods (127 on average) than by lightning (73), tornadoes (65), or hurricanes (16).

## See also

* Turn Around Don't Drown - A Public Education Safety Initiative for Flash Flooding -- http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/tadd/
2015 Utah floods

The **2015 Utah floods** occurred in the southern portion of the state of Utah in the United States on September 14, 2015. Sixteen people were confirmed dead, with four still missing as of September 16, 2015.

## Cause

An estimated 0.63 inches of rain fell in about 1 hour over Zion National Park, and between 1 and 2 inches of rain fell in the mountains above Hildale. Meteorologists attributed the rain, unusually heavy for the desert region, to the remnants of Hurricane Linda]]. This amount of rain quickly overfilled the area streams, which are not well developed compared to streams in wetter areas.

## Aftermath

A flash flood trapped a party of seven who were canyoneering Keyhole Canyon, a slot canyon in Zion National Park. They had been warned of probable flooding conditions when they picked up their permit, but a flash flood warning was only issued after they began their hike. At least four members of the party were killed in the flood, with the other three still missing as of September 16.

In a separate but related flooding event, 12 people were killed while waiting for a low water crossing to clear at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. This was believed to be largest number of people killed in a single flood in the region. Two vehicles, a van and a sport-utility vehicle were swept away by a wall of water emerging from the canyon. A witness estimated that the creek, usually 5 to 6 feet wide, swelled to about 40 feet wide. One person remained missing as of September 16, 2015. Electric power and water service were interrupted to residents in Hildale and nearby Colorado City, Arizona.

## References

1. ↑ DeMille, David (15 September 2015). Hildale tragedy adds to So. Utah's sad history with floods. *The (St. George, UT) Spectrum*. Retrieved on September 16, 2015.
1988 Sudan floods

In early August 1988, severe floods struck Khartoum, the capital of the Sudan. On August 4, the Khartoum area received 8.4 inches (210 mm) of rain in 24 hours, more than twice the usual annual rainfall. Heavy rains also fell on August 11 and 13. The rains and subsequent ground flooding destroyed an estimated 127,000 dwellings that had housed approximately 750,000 inhabitants (most of whom had previously been displaced from elsewhere in Sudan). In addition, food and water supplies, sanitation, transportation, and communications were seriously disrupted. Eighty people died in the flooding.
2007 Jakarta flood

The Jakarta floods in 2007 occurred in all corners of the city and became a national tragedy that became the center of attention. Rainfall that occurred was quite high in 2007 which was recorded up to 300 mm/day. In 1996 and 2002, floods hit Jakarta and its surroundings again with a wider and more severe impact.
1982–83 Paraguay floods

The **1982–83 Paraguay floods** refers to major flood that primarily affected the Paraná River basin in the La Plata Basin of Paraguay in the fall of 1982 and beginning of 1983. The flooding was caused by El Niño and also affected parts of Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. Although only 170 were killed as a direct result of the floods, 600,000 people were evacuated from their homes and in the end the damage rose to around $3 billion. Affecting an estimate of 85,000 people solely in Paraguay, the flood waters had risen from an average of 2.6 meters to above 9 meters. This resulted in several national along with international voluntary agencies donating over $70,000.

The floods caused a great deal of damage to housing, prompting a structural redesign in building in Paraguay in the aftermath. Houses were constructed, designed to provide safe shelter, even if the floods submerged single story houses.

## References

1. ↑ Blue Planet. The General Impacts of El Niño.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 PARAGUAY-Floods.
3. ↑ Timber houses for flood areas. Human Development Library. Retrieved on February 7, 2009.
100-year flood

A **one-hundred year flood** is calculated to be the maximum level of flood water to be expected in an average one hundred-year period. Sometimes, a 500-year flood is also calculated. Based on the expected water level, an expected area of inundation may be mapped out according to elevation above sea level. This area figures very importantly in building permits, environmental regulations, and flood insurance.
2016 Niger flood

Flooding in Niger kills at least 38 people and leaves more than 92,000 people displaced.

## References

1. ↑ http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/38-dead-over-92000-left-homeless-by-Niger-floods/2016/09/08/article3616205.ece
2. ↑ http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2016/09/08/483720/Niger-heavy-floods-OCHA
3. ↑ https://www.yahoo.com/news/38-dead-92-000-left-homeless-niger-floods-214808346.html?ref=gs
4. ↑ http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/
2016 Ethiopia flood

Deadly floods hit Ethiopia, leaving at least 28 people dead as seasonal rains come early to the country. The majority of these deaths occurred in the city of Jijiga while elsewhere, heavy downpours of rain were reported with more floods expected in the next few days.

## References

1. ↑ Flood killed 28 people in Ehiopia. Al Jazeera (6 April 2016). Retrieved on April 3, 2016.
Michigan flood – March 1908

In February, snowstorms had deposited a significant snowpack across the region. Then, in early March, heavy rains and warmer conditions set in, setting the stage for a flood. The Kalamazoo River flooded Albion when the Homer Dam broke around 3 p.m. on March 7. By midnight, the bridges surrounding town were underwater. Six buildings in Albion collapsed, which caused over US$125,000 in damage (1908 dollars).

## References

1. ↑ Willard Library. Photographs from Battle Creek History. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
2. ↑ Frank Passic. The Great Flood of 1908. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
Rashanu

Rashanu is a character in the Patalliro! series. He is a bisexual prince from India who's even more aggravating than Patalliro and immune to Bancoran's stare. He tried to have a relationship with his uncle, but both of them seem to have difficulty with commitment. He has terrible luck in love but does manage to get a wife and a son named Bishone.
Los Angeles flood of 1938

The **Los Angeles Flood of 1938** began on February 27, 1938, when an abnormally large amount of rain fell in the Los Angeles area due to a storm from the Pacific Ocean. Heavy rainfall lasting three days caused the Los Angeles River to spill over its banks, killing approximately 115 people and destroying 5601 homes. Damage from this flood prompted the passing of the Flood Control Act of 1941, which called for the construction of storm drains and flood control channels in the Los Angeles area to prevent future floods.
December 2021 Erbil, Kurdistan floods

The **December 2021 Erbil, Kurdistan floods** is an event when Erbil, Kurdistan were flooded 6 weeks.

## Cause of flooding

Authorities said heavy rain began to fall late on 16 December 2021, causing floods in the city of Erbil and surrounding areas of Erbil governorate early the following day. Cars, buses and trucks were swept along streets in a repeat of the flash floods that struck in Erbil in late October this year.

As of 17 December, 8 fatalities were reported, including 7 people who drowned in flood water and one person who died from a lightning strike. More are feared missing and search and rescue operations are ongoing. Officials urged residents to stay off the roads and avoid flooded areas. As of late 17 December the flood waters had receded and authorities had started to clear flood debris in affected areas.

## References

1. ↑ Iraq – Deadly Flash Floods in Erbil, Kurdistan – FloodList. FloodList (17 December 2021). Retrieved on December 20, 2021.
Michigan flood – April 1947

Snow fell the previous month across Michigan. A pair of frontal zones brought heavy rains to the lower peninsula of Michigan during the first several days of the month. Rainfall amounts of 126 mm (5.0 in) were measured at Jackson with a larger area of 75 mm (3.0 in) falling between Benton Harbor and Detroit. The heavy rain melting the existent snowpack increased runoff, and frozen ground across the region did not help matters. flooding was witnessed from April 4 to April 11 and it was considered the worst flood since 1904 for the region. The Kalamazoo, Grand, Saginaw, St. Clair, Clinton, and River Rouge river basins were impacted by this inundation, which was generally considered a once in 50 year event. Damage totaled US$4 million (1947 dollars).
1996 Jakarta flood

The Jakarta floods in 1996 occurred in all corners of the city and became a national tragedy that became the center of attention. Rainfall that occurred was quite high in 1996 which was recorded up to 300 mm/day. In 2002 and 2007, floods hit Jakarta and its surroundings again with a wider and more severe impact.
1971 Kuala Lumpur floods

The **1971 Kuala Lumpur floods** was a major flash flood disaster in Malaysia occurred in January 1971.

The floods were the worst in the country since 1926. As a result of the flooding, the Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Programme was set up.

## References

1. ↑ Floods wreak havoc, but Man's to blame. *New Straits Times* (13 September 1988). Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
2016 Egypt flood

The **2016 Egypt flood** was a flood affecting the Asyut Governorate|Assuit, Red Sea, Sohag, South Sinai and Qena governorates of Egypt in late October and early November.

## See also

* Geography of Egypt
* Red Sea

## References

1. ↑ Egypt: Floods – Oct 2016 (en). ReliefWeb. Retrieved on February 8, 2017.

## External links

* http://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2016-000114-egy
* http://floodlist.com/africa/egypt-deadly-flash-floods-hit-sohag-red-sea[1]
2019

* 2019 Iran floods
	+ March 2019 north Iran floods
* 2019 Midwestern U.S. floods
* 2019 South Sulawesi floods
* 2019 Townsville flood
* 2019 Pakistan floods and storms
* May 2019 Houston Flash Flooding
* June 2019 Southern and Southeastern U.S. flooding
* 2019 Indian floods
* Venice floods
* 2019 Israeli flash flood
* 2019 Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand flood
* 2019 England floods
* 2019 Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick floods
* 2019–2020 Congo River floods
Texas flood – 1913

The Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers left their banks, and the Brazos River and the Colorado River joined to flood more than 3,000 square miles of land and cause the deaths of at least 177 people and massive property damage ($3,436,144 in the Brazos Valley alone). The flood caused the Brazos river to change course. It now entered the Gulf of Mexico at Freeport, Texas. Major flooding brought death and destruction of greater magnitude than previously experienced. The floods of 1913 and again in 1921 were the catalyst that would cause the state of Texas to attempt to tame the Brazos River.
November 2019 Terengganu floods

Flooding in Terengganu State in eastern Peninsular Malaysia has displaced over 2,000 people according to disaster agencies.

Floods hit the area after heavy rainfall from 27 November. Parts of Besut District recorded as much as 400mm of rain in 24 hours on 29 November. The Besut river in the district exceeded danger levels on 29 November, standing at 35.20 metres (danger mark is 35m) near Keruak. The Dungun in Kuala Jengal was also above the danger mark (21 metres), standing at 22.45 metres as of 30 November, 2019.

A total of 2,296 people from 648 families have been evacuated to relief centres in the districts of Besut (1,148 people), Setiu (553), Hulu Terengganu (112) and Dungun (483).

They are being given temporary shelter at 40 flood relief centres which have been opened in four districts, with 21 of the centres in Besut.
1978 Singapore flood

The **1978 Singapore flood** was one of the worst floods in Singapore's history. As much as 512 millimetres (20.2 in) of rain fell in just 24 hours from 2 to 3 December, 1978. Seven people were killed and more than a thousand residents were evacuated from their homes by the army and police boats from five affected areas. Total damage reached S$10 million, the worst flood since the Hari Raya floods that hit the island in December 1969.

## References

1. ↑ Thought Monday's floods were bad? Back in 1978, a flood caused landslides & claimed 7 lives – Mothership.SG.

* National Library Board, Singapore's worst floods, 1999.
* MINDEF, The Flood of 1978, 7 December 1998.
Flood alert

**Flood alerts** are issued by weather agencies to alert residents that flood conditions are a possibility.

## Types of flood alerts in the United States

In the United States, a flash flood watch is issued by the [National Weather Service] (NWS) when weather conditions are favorable for very heavy rain that could cause flooding or flash flooding. A watch does not mean that flooding is occurring, only that weather conditions have created or will create a significant risk for it. If flooding occurs, a flood warning or flash flood warning would be issued and immediate action should be taken. A flood warning or flash flood warning is issued when flooding is imminent or already occurring. When flood warnings are issued, it means that area waterways will likely soon be in flood. Not all flood watches suggest that large-scale flooding, such as during landfalling tropical cyclones, is possible.

## Flood alerts in other countries

In Canada, a heavy rainfall warning, which indicates rainfall amounts that *could* produce flooding are expected, has basically the same meaning as a flood watch.

In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology issues a flood watch that covers similar conditions to Flood Watches in the United States. However, they are known by slightly different names in some areas.

In Europe, there is the European Flood Alert System.

## References

1. ↑ Flash Flood Watch definition (16 August 2019).