recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Kimmerosaurus

Kimmerosaurus is a cryptoclidid plesiosaurian reptile from the Middle Jurassic of the United Kingdom. It was named in 1981 by David S. Brown. It has been very confusing, as people thought its remains were thought to belong to those of a bigger Late Jurassic cryptoclidid, right before it was discovered that they were different enough to keep the genus alive.

## Physiology

Kimmerosaurus was a plesiosaur with a bulky body, 4 flippers, a short tail with a small fin on its end, a moderately long neck, and a small head with a mouth filled with sharp, interlocking teeth. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Kimmerosaurus was a predator, preying on fish and cephalopods. Its sharp teeth were used to get a hold of slippery prey, and its long neck would have helped it snake into schools of fish.

## In popular culture

Kimmerosaurus was featured in the 4th episode of the 2011 documentary *Planet Dinosaur*, where it is said to be 6 meters long (this was due to the thought that its remains were similar to the aforementioned bigger cryptoclidid at the time). In the episode itself, a small squadron of the cryptoclidids peacefully hunt angel sharks before a Pliosaurus shows up to hunt them; the smaller plesiosaurs flee to their nursery and away from the pliosaurid's jaws the first two times, but a lone individual swimming in the open ocean eventually gets caught and killed by the giant aquatic predator.
Steropodon

Steropodon is a steropodontid monotreme mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Australia. It was named in 1985 by Richard Archer, Timothy Fridjof Flannery, Alex Ritchie, and Ralph E. Molnar. It was one of the first monotremes to exist, as well as one of the largest Mesozoic mammalians from Australia.

## Physiology

Not much is known about how Steropodon looked, but based on the remains of many Mesozoic mammals as well as some remains of its own, it can be assumed that it had a relatively standard mammalian body plan, with a somewhat slender, barrel-shaped body, 4 semi-erect legs, a moderately long tail, and a mid-sized head with large jaws. As well as this, based on the presence of a mandibular canal, it is possible that it may had a bill similar to that of a platypus; however, unlike platypuses, Steropodon would have had teeth. Most of its body (excluding its feet and snout) would have been covered in thick fur, while its feet and snout would have been covered in smooth skin.

## Diet

Steropodon was a predator, preying on worms, crustaceans, and insect larvae. Unlike platypuses, which have keratinized ridges inside their mouth for assisting in grinding up food, Steropodon had sturdy, heavily-built teeth, and thus may have been able to feed on tougher prey.

## Ecology

So far, all we know about Steropodon is that it likely would have filled an ecospace similar to that of a platypus, being a possible semi-aquatic predator that dug for prey hiding in the riverbed[1]; however, due to its sturdy teeth, it likely would have fed on tougher prey.[2]

## In popular culture

Steropodon was featured in the 5th episode of the 1999 documentary *Walking with Dinosaurs*, where it is, interestingly enough, live-acted by a South American coati[3]; although it is uncertain whether Steropodon had a beak or not, it is not very likely that it fully resembled a coati, either. In the episode itself, it tries to steal eggs from a Leaellynasaura; however, the dinosaur repels it by kicking dirt at it.

## References

1. Archer, M., Flannery, T. F., Ritchie, A., & Molnar, R. E. (1985, November 28). First Mesozoic mammal from Australia-an early Cretaceous monotreme. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/318363a0.

1. Musser, A. A. (2018, November 24). Steropodon galmani. The Australian Museum. https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/steropodon-galmani/.

1. BBC. (2003, October 3). Dinosaur Fact Files - Steropodon. Walking with Dinosaurs. https://web.archive.org/web/20031003192636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dinosaurs/fact\_files/forest/birds\_mammals/steropodon.shtml.
Shuvosaurus

Shuvosaurus is a shuvosaurid reptile from the Late Triassic of the United States of America. It was named in 1993 by Sankar Chatterjee. It was one of the most unique reptiles to roam Triassic North America, due to its posture and physiology.

## Physiology

Despite being a paracrocodylomorph, Shuvosaurus had a build very similar to the small dinosaurs it was distantly related to, with a slender body, short arms, a long tail, a moderately long neck, and a small head with a beak in front of its mouth. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Shuvosaurus' diet remains unknown, although some may speculate that it was an omnivore, using its beak to crack the hard outer coverings of dinosaur eggs and pine seeds, as well as to feed on small animals and leafy plants alike.

## Ecology

So far, all we know about Shuvosaurus is that it walked bipedally (like Postosuchus and Poposaurus, and unlike other paracrocodylomorphs), it had big eyes on a head held up by a moderately long neck (so it could see other reptiles over sparse vegetational cover), and it had beaked jaws used for an unknown purpose.
Horseshoe Crabs

Front view of the Atlantic horseshoe crab (credits to ARKive)

The horseshoe crabs are a successful family of widespread merostomate arthropods from the Late Ordovician-Holocene of the entire world. They were named in 1819 by William Elford Leach. They are one of the few animals to be called "living fossils" (due to surviving up until now), and are the closest living relatives of the eurypterids.

## Physiology

Horseshoe crabs are unique arthropods. They have a large, rounded cephalothorax, 4 pairs of walking legs (each leg ending in a claw), 2 small arms, a large abdomen with book gills under it, small eyes, and a long, spear-like telson used for flipping themselves back on their feet. Their bodies are covered in a hard, chitinous exoskeleton.

## Diet

Horseshoe crabs are predators, preying mainly on worms and mollusks, but also snacking on small crustaceans and fish. The claws on their legs are used for catching and crushing prey, as well as passing them into its mouth.

## Ecology

Horseshoe crabs have an interesting lifestyle. Whenever they contract a disease, they coagulate all of the blood in their body, suffocating the disease. As well as this, they are capable of swimming (in an upside down position) using their legs, telson, and book gills, and whenever they find themselves helpless, they use their long telson to flip themselves back into their regular position. However, the most interesting thing about them is that they regularly walk on the seafloor, but during mating season, they crawl out of the sea to mate and lay eggs; often times, this may help scientists understand why ancient arthropods (possibly eurypterids) took their first steps onto land during the Silurian.
Pulmonoscorpius

Pulmonoscorpius is a centromachid scorpion (scorpionid arachnid arthropod) from the Mississippian of the United Kingdom. It was named in 1994 by Andrew J. Jeram. It was one of the biggest scorpions, only barely being beaten in size by the earlier Brontoscorpio.

## Physiology

Pulmonoscorpius resembled modern scorpions, with a rounded cephalothorax, long arms with big claws, 2 small claws near its mouth, 4 pairs of walking legs, and a long tail ending in a venomous stinger. However, instead of having eyes on the exact top of its cephalothorax, it had them near the front; as well as this, it may have had a single pair of large compound eyes near the front corners of the cephalothorax rather than 3 pairs of smaller eyes. Its body would have been covered in a hard, chitinous exoskeleton.

## Diet

Pulmonoscorpius was a predator, preying mainly on insects and smaller arachnids, but also hunting small amphibians. Its large arm claws were used to get a hold of struggling prey while it subdued them with its stinger, while its smaller claws were used to rip off small chunks out of their bodies.

## Ecology

Pulmonoscorpius was quite similar to modern scorpions. However, similarly to some Devonian scorpions (and unlike modern scorpions), it had 2 eyes placed near the front of its cephalothorax rather than near the middle; it is unknown whether or not it would have had a single pair of large compound eyes in place of the 3 pairs of smaller eyes near the front corners of its cephalothorax, but if it did, it likely would have had better eyesight than modern scorpions. In order to hunt, Pulmonoscorpius would chase down prey before grabbing them with its claws and stinging them. It usually fed on arthropods smaller than it; however, its sting would have been able to dispatch small amphibians.

## In popular culture

Pulmonoscorpius was featured in the 5th episode of the 2006 TV series *Prehistoric Park*, where it is featured as being extremely similar to modern scorpions, even glowing under ultraviolet light. As well as this, it is depicted as being armed with a venom not advanced enough to kill mammals; this saves Nigel Marven from dying from its sting.
市場

市場 ( 王國 - 建設 - 003 )
## **市場**

卡牌類型：王國 - 建設牌

卡牌編號：王國 - 建設 - 003

打出時機：征服階段時

卡牌屬性：

　　　正面效果：獲得參數( 對來源王 )

建造費用：
　　　 5 點財富

卡牌效果：

　　　< 立即 >
　　　你可以立即選擇：
　　　<1>獲得 1 點政權
　　　<2>獲得 1 點宗教
　　　<3>獲得 2 點財富。

```
 東市買駿馬，西市買鞍韉，南市買轡頭，北市買長鞭。

    - 南北朝‧佚名《木蘭詩》

```

## **卡牌能力詳解**

* **市場**

　　　建造完「 市場 」後所獲得的參數，算不算是「 經由出牌而獲得的參數 」？

　　　算是；詳細來說是打出「 市場 」並建造「 市場 」，所以符合「 經由出牌而獲得的參數 」這個條件。
Anurognathus

Anurognathus is an anurognathid pterosaurian reptile from the Late Jurassic of Germany. It was named in 1923 by Ludwig Döderlein. It was a very unique primitive pterosaur, as it had a body plan different from that of its relatives.

## Physiology

Despite being more closely related to primitive pterosaurs such as Rhamphorhynchus, Anurognathus looked less like a reptilian bird and more like a flying frog. It had 4 legs (2 of which served as wings), 4 fingers on each hand (one of which was elongated and supported the wing membrane), a small body, an extremely short tail, and a large, ball-shaped head with large jaws and huge eyes. All of its body (even including its wings) would have been covered in a fur-like covering called pycnofibers.

## Diet

Anurognathus was a predator, preying on insects. Its small yet sharp teeth were used to pierce through prey, and its large maw was used to devour its food whole.

## Ecology

Despite being a rhamphorhynchoid, Anurognathus' tail was incredibly short compared to those of its distant cousins; this may have given it better maneuverability through the air as it hunted insects. Its broad wings were once thought to be long, helping it fly at fast speeds; however, a later study found out that the wings were shorter than presumed, and were also just for making it more mobile. As well as this, Anurognathus sported pycnofibers that extended across the edge of its wings; these would serve to muffle the pterosaur's wingbeats, similar to the softened edges of an owl's flight feathers. A comparison of its sclerotic rings to those of modern reptiles and birds indicates that it was crepuscular; this would have benefitted the animal, as a fellow insect-eating pterosaur, Scaphognathus, was active during daylight hours, and would have competed with (and possibly preyed on) Anurognathus if it weren't for the restriction of the latter's activity to twilight hours.

## In popular culture

Anurognathus was featured in the 2nd episode of the 1999 documentary *Walking with Dinosaurs*, where it was depicted as living an oxpecker-like lifestyle of landing on the backs of Diplodocus and eating insects that sat there as well (as opposed to the real animal's nightjar-like lifestyle of snatching insects out of the air). It appeared again in a science fiction TV series, *Primeval*, where it is depicted as an aerial version of the Compsognathus from *Jurassic Park*; it is incredibly vicious, and it swarms prey (usually humans) in large flocks like piranhas.
Cladoselache

Cladoselache is a cladoselachid symmoriid cartilaginous fish from the Late Devonian-Mississippian of the United States of America. It was named in 1894 by Bashford Dean. It was very shark-like in appearance, boasting both traits of both primitive and advanced sharks.

## Physiology

Cladoselache resembled a shark; it was a cartilaginous fish with a streamlined body, a large, blunt head with big jaws, triangular pectoral and dorsal fins, a crescent-shaped caudal fin, a mid-sized head with a blunt nose and large jaws. However, it had many traits that set it apart from its modern brethren, such as a thin, slender body, head more similar in shape to that of a bony fish, massive pectoral fins, and a large, hook-like spine in front of its dorsal fin. Its body was covered in smooth skin, with a clump of pointed scales situated on the edges of its fins, around its eyes, and on its lips.

## Diet

Cladoselache was a predator, preying on ray-finned bony fish, conodonts (lamprey-like basal chordates), crustaceans, and smaller sharks. Its teeth had smooth edges and multiple points, and were used to get a hold of struggling prey as the shark swallowed them whole.

## Ecology

Cladoselache was one of the most efficient swimmers during the Devonian; its slender, streamlined body allowed it to move through the water with ease, and its large, crescent-shaped tail fin was used to propel itself through the water with powerful, side-to-side movements. Why Cladoselache evolved to be so fast and agile is unknown; some may speculate that it developed this lifestyle to catch fast-moving prey such as bony fish and conodonts, while others may theorize that it evolved this way in order to evade the formidable jaws of the large placoderm Dunkleosteus. In order to hunt, Cladoselache would swim up to a small aquatic animal, grab it with its toothy jaws, and swallow it tail-first. An interesting thing to note is that unlike sharks (as well as other symmmoriids like Stethacanthus), Cladoselache lacked the claspers used for the transferring of sperm during reproduction; some possible theories about how it found a way around this issue include internal fertilization, but these theories are yet to be demonstrated.
Dakosaurus

Dakosaurus is a metriorhynchid reptile from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Poland, Russia, Argentina, and Mexico. It was officially named in 1856 by Friedrich August von Quenstedt. It was another marine crocodylomorph; as well as this, its first remains were thought to belong to Megalosaurus, right before people discovered they belonged to a crocodylomorph.

## Physiology

Dakosaurus was somewhat similar to its semi-close cousin, Metriorhynchus; it was a crocodylomorph with a sleek, streamlined body, 4 flippers, a long tail with a shark-like fin on its end, and a conical head with a mouth filled with sharp, interlocking teeth. However, it differed from Metriorhynchus in one notable way; whereas Metriorhynchus had a long, thin snout with small, smooth teeth, Dakosaurus had a shorter, deeper snout with large, serrated teeth. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Dakosaurus was a predator, preying on turtles, ichthyosaurs, mid-sized plesiosaurs, smaller thalattosuchians, and even mid-sized Leedsichthys individuals. Its large teeth had knife-like serrations from back to back, and were designed for crushing bone.

## Ecology

Once again, Dakosaurus was a crocodylomorph with anatomical features that allowed it to live life in the water (such as a slender, streamlined body, legs that evolved into flippers, a large tail fin, and a loss of osteoderms), and so, it most likely wouldn't have been able to clamber onto land and lay eggs in a similar manner to a turtle; instead, it was probably fully aquatic and gave birth to live young. As well as this, like its cousin, Metriorhynchus, it had salt glands that would remove excess salt from its blood, allowing it to drink seawater and eat saltwater prey without dehydrating. However, unlike Metriorhynchus, who had long, thin jaws with small, conical teeth adapted for catching fish, Dakosaurus had shorter, deeper jaws adorned with large teeth, which, in turn, were adorned with knife-like serrations used for cutting deep into the flesh of larger marine reptiles such as Kimmerosaurus and Ophthalmosaurus; combined with a powerful bite, this would have made Dakosaurus a ferocious apex predator akin to the giant macropredatory plesiosaurs (such as Liopleurodon and Pliosaurus) which lived with it. When hunting, it would cut deep into its prey's flesh before spinning violently, dismembering its chosen target; this hunting style is perpetuated by its modern cousins, the alligators.
Batrachotomus

Batrachotomus is a reptile from the Middle-Late Triassic of Germany. It was named in 1999 by David J. Gower. It was one of the largest European land reptiles at the time, and was once thought to be closely related to Postosuchus, right before it was discovered to be more closely related to more primitive paracrocodylomorphs.

## Physiology

Batrachotomus was a reptile with a regularly-shaped body, long legs, a long tail, and a big head with big jaws. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin, with crocodile-like scutes running down its back and tail.

## Diet

Batrachotomus was a predator, preying on amphibians and smaller reptiles. Its teeth had knife-like serrations from back to back, and were designed for crushing bone.

## Ecology

Batrachotomus is inferred to have walked quadrupedally, as opposed to Postosuchus, which walked bipedally. Despite this, its forelimbs were slightly shorter than its hindlimbs; this would have been somewhat useful, seeing as most of its prey would have stood at a height that was closer to the ground. Many Batrachotomus specimens have been found near Mastodonsaurus specimens; in fact, one Mastodonsaurus specimen has tooth marks on it that match the shape of Batrachotomus teeth, hence the meaning of the latter's name, "frog slicer". It is not clear whether the paracrocodylomorph actually hunted the temnospondyl or just scavenged it, but what should be remembered is that even though Mastodonsaurus was a large predator comparable in size to Batrachotomus, it was more adapted to eating softer-skinned prey such as fish and smaller amphibians; it is actually unknown whether it was actually able to pierce the armored skin of the reptile.
Dryosaurus

Profile view of Dryosaurus altus

Dryosaurus is a dryosaurid ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of the United States of America. It was officially named in 1894 by Othniel Charles Marsh. It was one of the smaller Jurassic dinosaurs of the Western United States, and it was once thought to be a species of "*Laosaurus*" before being classified as its own genus.

## Physiology

Dryosaurus resembled the generic ornithopod. It was an ornithischian with a bulky body, long legs, a long tail, semi-short arms, a small beak in front of its mouth, and large, eagle-like brows near the top of its eyes. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Physiology

Dryosaurus was an herbivore, feeding on plants low to the ground. Its big beak was used for shredding leaves, while the many cheek teeth in the back of its mouth were used for chewing on plants.

## Ecology

Thanks to its leg proportions, Dryosaurus was able to run at extremely swift speeds. This would have been useful when evading the jaws of predators such as Allosaurus and Torvosaurus, as it had no other defenses. As well as this, due to a small bonebed containing a few individuals grouped together, we can assume that the ornithopods moved in groups. As well as this, it would have mostly eaten vegetation a meter off the ground, although it would have also eaten fallen leaves dropped on the ground by larger herbivores.

## In popular culture

Dryosaurus was featured in the 2nd episode of the 1999 documentary *Walking with Dinosaurs*. There, it was just featured as a background animal.
Hallucigenia

Hallucigenia is a hallucigeniid scleronychophoran xenusiid arthropod from the Cambrian Series 2-3 of Canada and China. It was named in 1977 by Simon Conway Morris. From the moment it was discovered, it has had a long history of confusing paleontologists, and it is commonly thought to be a onychophoran worm, although some people may say that it is an arthropod.

## Physiology

Hallucigenia was a unique invertebrate. It had a long, slender body, 7 pairs of walking legs (with each leg ending in a claw-like structure), a worm-like head with big black eyes and a semi-circular mouth internally surrounded by small teeth, and a series of protective spines running down its back. Its body would have been covered in smooth skin.

## Diet

Hallucigenia was a detritivore, sucking up organic matter. Its circular mouth and small teeth would be used to pick up small pieces of detritus of the floor, right before proceeding to grind them up with the teeth in its throat and pass them down to its gut.

## Ecology

Hallucigenia has had a very long and strange history. When it was discovered, people had thought that the spines on its back were used for walking and the legs were just tentacles on it back. However, another discovery had proposed that the spines were actually on its back, and the supposed tentacles were the actual walking legs. As well as this, it was once thought to have an eyeless, blob-like head; however, the most recent study (involving the most recent fossil and an electron microscope) revealed that it had a worm-like head with big black eyes and a semi-circular mouth (which was described as cleverly grinning at the paleontologists at all the secrets it had been hiding).
Quetzalcoatlus

Quetzalcoatlus is an azhdarchid pterosaurian reptile from the Late Cretaceous of the United States of America. It was named in 1975 by Douglas A. Lawson. It was one of the biggest pterosaurs, and was originally thought to have a 15 meter wingspan; however, scientists now agree that its wingspan was 4.5 meters shorter.

## Physiology

Quetzalcoatlus was a unique pterosaur. Like most pterosaurs, it had 4 legs (2 of which served as wings) and a small body, as well as 4 fingers on each hand (one of which was elongated and supported the wing membrane); however, it also had long legs, a long, stiffened neck, a short crest, a short tail, and a long, toothless beak. Most of its body (excluding its beak, crest, and wings) would have been covered in a fur-like covering called pycnofibers.

## Diet

Quetzalcoatlus was a predator, preying on fish, amphibians, lizards, small mammals, and small dinosaurs. Its long neck and long, toothless beak were similar to that of a stork, and so, it is presumed that it ate in a similar manner to the modern bird, striding up to prey before snatching them up with its beak.

## Ecology

Quetzalcoatlus was once thought to be a vulture-like scavenger that fed on carrion, before being hypothesized as an obligate piscivore, skimming through the water to catch fish in its long beak. However, these 2 hypotheses have now been disproved; Quetzalcoatlus was found far from the seashore, and its neck and beak were different from that of any skimming animal, so it was confirmed to be a terrestrial stalker, often strutting up to unsuspecting vertebrates before lunging down headfirst, grabbing its prey in its beak, and swallowing it whole. As well as this, it was considered to be capable of flapping/soaring flight (often flying at undescribed speeds), before being thought to be flightless. Once again, this hypothesis has been disproved, as computer studies concluded that it was capable of flying at the speed of a (horizontally-flying) golden eagle, and would have taken to the air with a series of flaps before transitioning to soaring.

## In popular culture

Due to documentaries like *Walking with Dinosaurs*, *March of the Dinosaurs*, and *Clash of the Dinosaurs*, Quetzalcoatlus has soared to a great height among popular pterosaurs, only being overshadowed by Rhamphorhynchus and Pteranodon. In popular pieces of media like these, it is either shown as a coastal piscivore, a vulture-esque scavenger, or an eagle-esque aerial predator (in this case, none of these depictions are accurate).
Ouranosaurus

Ouranosaurus is an ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. It was named in 1976 by Philippe Taquet. It was one of the many iguanodontians (advanced ornithopod dinosaurs) that roamed Africa, as well as one that had a few unique traits.

## Physiology

Ouranosaurus was a bipedal ornithopod with a bulky body, long forelimbs, long, muscular hindlimbs, a moderately long tail, and a large head with a beak in front of its mouth. However, its snout was longer than that of other iguanodontians, two small, rounded, horn-like crests sat atop its head, and a large, ridged hump ran down its back. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Ouranosaurus was an herbivore, feeding on leaves, ferns, horsetails, and reeds. Its round beak was used to strip leaves off branches, while the many teeth in the back of its mouth would grind together, processing the leaves.

## Ecology

Like many other iguanodontians, Ouranosaurus was a generalistic browser, feeding on plants low to the ground and leaves off of high branches alike; it is likely that, when feeding on the latter, it would have reared on its 2 legs to reach them. However, its jaw muscles were relatively weak, and, since the back of the skull was narrow and could not make up for the (relatively) small anchors for jaw muscles, it had a weak bite relative to other iguanodontians; combined with a wide beak, this says that Ouranosaurus may have eaten large amounts of soft, low-quality vegetation, a diet very fitting for an animal living in a river delta. Although Ouranosaurus walked bipedally, it was not able to run very quickly due to its leg proportions (its upper leg was longer than its lower leg) and weak leg muscles; as well as this, contrary to some reconstructions, it wasn't an exceptional swimmer either, as the spines on its lumbar vertebrae were stiffened by ossified tendons (stiffening its back), and its forelimbs were very thin compared to its hindlimbs. Finally, the function of the hump on Ouranosaurus' back remains open to debate; a previous theory at the time decreed that it used its to regulate its body temperature, although possible other theories include being used for display or for being used to store fat so that the dinosaur could survive harsh dry seasons (similar to a bison or camel).

## In popular culture

Ouranosaurus was featured in both the 1st and 5th episode of the 2011 documentary *Planet Dinosaur*, where it is inaccurately displayed as living alongside Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus. In the actual former episode, it is shown as being a prey animal that Carcharodontosaurus need to fight over, with the winner achieving the right to hunt them.
Temnodontosaurus

### Physical Dimensions

7.5 meters long for T.platyodon; 6 meters long for T.eurycephalus; 9.2 meters long for T.trigonodon

### Diet

Carnivore

Temnodontosaurus is a temnodontosaurid ichthyosaurian reptile from the Early-Middle Jurassic of the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. It was named in 1889 by Richard Lydekker. It was the biggest marine predator to swim the Early Jurassic seas, as well as one of the last giant ichthyosaurs.

## Physiology

Temnodontosaurus resembled the generic ichthyosaur. It had a sleek, streamlined body, 4 flippers, a long tail with a shark-like fin on its end, a large fin on its back, and a conical head with large jaws. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Temnodontosaurus was a predator, preying on fish, cephalopods, and smaller marine reptiles. In one Temnodontosaurus species, *Temnodontosaurus eurycephalus*, the teeth were sturdy and robust (heavily built), and were used for crushing large prey, while in other Temnodontosaurus species, the teeth were thin and pointy, and were used for catching slippery fish (although species like *Temnodontosaurus trigonodon* were not above going after the occasional smaller ichthyosaur); in fact, one Temnodontosaurus species, *Temnodontosaurus azerguensis*, had no teeth at all.

## Ecology

Due to its streamlined body, Temnodontosaurus was a fast swimmer, often propelling itself through the water using its finned tail (like other ichthyosaurs), as well as using its smaller pectoral fins for steering. Like other marine reptiles, it lived in the open ocean; however, unlike them, it never went near the coast. As well as this, like most other ichthyosaurs, it gave birth to live young, with pups being delivered tail-first in order to prevent any risk of drowning. Most Temnodontosaurus species preferred to snag fish, squid, and belemnites with their pointy teeth, seldom going after larger prey; however, one species of Temnodontosaurus, the aforementioned *T.eurycephalus*, went after tougher prey such as ammonites and even marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus, using its large, heavily-built teeth to crush them and tear them to pieces.
Hylonomus

Hylonomus is a reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Canada. It was named in 1860 by John William Dawson. It was one of the oldest reptiles to exist, and its classification as such is unquestionable, due to a well-preserved specimen found in a log.

## Physiology

Hylonomus resembled the generic lizard. It was a reptile with 4 legs, a long tail, a broad body, and a head with mid-sized jaws. It body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Hylonomus was a predator, feeding on small insects and other small arthropods. Its small and sharp teeth were used to get a hold of arthropod prey, with its front teeth being slightly longer than its back teeth.

## Ecology

Not much is known about Hylonomus, although it can be inferred that it lived very similarly to modern lizards, quickly scampering across through the swampy terrain and eating small arthropods whenever it was hungry, as well as climbing up trees and hiding in fallen logs in order to escape hungry predators.
Guidraco

Guidraco is an anhanguerid pterosaurian reptile from the Early Cretaceous of China. It was named in 2012 by Wang Xiaolin. It is a very enigmatic pterosaur, and despite being like any other Early Cretaceous pterosaur, stands out due to its massive front teeth.

## Physiology

Guidraco resembled the generic Early Cretaceous pteranodontoid, a large pterosaur with 4 legs (2 of which served as wings), 4 fingers on each hand (one of which was elongated and supported the wing membrane), a small body, a small crest, a short tail, and a long, toothy beak. However, it had one major difference; near the front of its teeth, it had massive teeth which were way bigger than the teeth that protruded from the sides of its beak. Most of its body (excluding its beak, crest, and wings) would have been covered in a fur-like covering called pycnofibers.

## Diet

Guidraco was a predator, preying on small fish. Its front teeth were larger than the rest of its teeth, and were used to grab onto struggling prey (with an even lower chance of its meal escaping).

## Ecology

Like that of a few other pterosaurs, Guidraco's feeding strategy was landing on the surface of the water and foraging for fish, similar to a modern day seagull. While it was feeding, its teeth would have functioned similarly to a trawling net, catching any fish swim into its jaws and presenting an extremely low chance of escaping. As well as this, while it lacked the keel-like beak crests present in anhanguerids such as Tropeognathus, it had a small crest on its head. This head crest was used for display, as well as for recognition by members of its species; the latter function would have been useful, as many pterosaurs were present during the days of the Early Cretaceous.
Fish

The fish are a diverse group of vertebrate animals that were the first ones to exist. They have fins for helping them swim, gills for taking in all the oxygen from the water, and as of later times, scales that serve as a good source of armor (although not as good as that of the arthropods). There are 3 types of fish: bony, cartilaginous, and jawless. In the beginning of time, fish were insignificant, and only served as prey for the arthropods. However, in the Devonian, they have risen up to become formidable predators, and the bony fish had split into two types of fish: ray-finned and lobe-finned. As time would pass, the lobe-finned fish would evolve into another group of animals: the amphibians.

## Fish Throughout Time (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

### Silurian Fish

* Birkenia
* Thelodus
* Entelognathus
* Guiyu
* Megamastax

### Devonian Fish

* Cephalaspis
* Coelacanths
* Lungfish
* Bothriolepis
* Eusthenopteron
* Tiktaalik
* Stethacanthus
* Cladoselache
* Dunkleosteus
* Titanichthys
* Thrinacodus
* Hyneria
* Xenacanthus

### Carboniferous Fish

* Falcatus
* Rhizodus
* Belantsea
* Orthacanthus
* Edestus

### Jurassic Fish

* Hybodus
* Leedsichthys
* Angel Sharks
* Gars

### Cretaceous Fish

* Scapanorhynchus
* Enchodus
* Onchopristis
* Ptychodus
* Xiphactinus
* Squalicorax
* Cretoxyrhina
* Aquilolamna
* Protosphyraena
* Proteothrinax

### Paleogene Fish

* Physogaleus
* Otodus auriculatus

### Neogene Fish

* Otodus megalodon
* Megapiranha
Mongolarachne

Mongolarachne is a mongolarachnid spider (aranean arachnid arthropod) from the Middle Jurassic of China. It was officially named in 2011 by Paul Selden, ChungKun Shih, and Dong Ren. It was the biggest spider to exist during pre-Cenozoic times (the presumed mygalomorph spider Megarachne is now known to be a stylonurine eurypterid), and was thought to be a prehistoric species of golden silk orb-weaver before finally being described as its own genus.

## Physiology

Mongolarachne resembled the modern net-casting spider. It was a spider with a small cephalothorax, a large abdomen, large eyes, two sideways-pointing fangs near its mouth, and 4 pairs of long walking legs. Males had smaller cephalothoraces, smaller, thinner abdomina, and longer legs; females on the other hand, had larger cephalothoraces, bigger, rounder abdomina, and shorter legs. Its body would have been covered in a hard, chitinous exoskeleton.

## Diet

Mongolarachne was a predator, preying on insects and lizards. Its fangs were used for getting a hold of, injecting digestive enzymes into, and sucking all the tissues out of prey.

## Ecology

Mongolarachne lived very similarly to net-casting spiders, hanging from branches and weaving a net-like web, in comparison to other araneomorph spiders, which sit on a web until prey comes by. Once a small animal would come by, the spider would wrap the net around it and tighten it with more silk; it would then inject a digestive enzyme into its prey item (softening its tissues) before sucking out all its soft tissues. It would always hunt at night, as its eyes would gather light more efficiently in the dark. Being nocturnal meant that the spider would have stayed well-hidden from predators such as Epidexipteryx during the day.
蚩尤

## **遠古戰神 - 蚩尤**

帝王：蚩尤

稱號：遠古戰神

在位年份：BCE.2499~

編號：SPE - L - 009

## **A - 引火煉金**

**主動 - 轉換：**你可以將 2 張「 同顏色的牌 」當成 1 張「 烽鼓不息 」使用。

**主動 - 轉換：**你可以將 2 張「 同顏色且同數字的牌 」當成 1 張「 王者再臨 」使用。

　　　　　　備註：詳細說明請參考烽鼓不息、王者再臨。

```
 吾能引火冶煉五兵之器。

```

## **A - 興雲造霧**

**被動 - 防禦：**當你受到負面效果影響時，在該效果結算前，你可以進行一次擲骰判斷：
　　　　　　擲一骰子，若其點數為 5~6 點，你可以免除該效果。

**被動 - 防禦：**當你的「 政權 」達到或超過 5 點時，你的「 手牌數量 」變為隱藏資訊。

**主動 - 轉換：**你可以花費「 政權和財富 」各 1 點；若如此，你可以抽 2 張牌。

```
 起則興雲雨，坐則造大霧，可以彌漫三日之久。

```

## **B - 引火煉金**

**主動 - 轉換：**你可以將 2 張「 同顏色的牌 」當成 1 張「 烽鼓不息 」使用。

**主動 - 轉換：**你可以將 2 張「 同顏色且同數字的牌 」當成 1 張「 王者再臨 」使用。

　　　　　　備註：詳細說明請參考烽鼓不息、王者再臨。

```
 吾能引火冶煉五兵之器。

```

## **B - 楓木歌**

**建造 - 強化：**建造 - 強化：遊戲一開始，你擁有一張「 血楓林 」。

**主動 - 強化：**你可以花費 2 點「 宗教 」來升級 1 層「 血楓林 」階層。

**特殊 - 累積：**當你的「 政權 」達到或超過 12 點時，視為你單獨勝利。

* 血楓林

目前擁有 1 階層；目前升級 0 階層
**被動 - 獲取：**回合開始階段可執行 1 次；
　　　　　　計算你「 血楓林 」的階層數量，你可以抽「 等同該數量 」張牌。
**主動 - 轉換：**你可以花費 1 階「 血楓林 」的階層數量；若如此，指定任意 1 張牌或 1 顆骰子，在其結算前，
　　　　　　你可以將該牌或該骰子的點數改為「 1 點或 6 點 」。

```
 回頭看太初，悠悠最遠古。

```

```
 吾首落於此地，生得一片血紅楓木林！

```

## **技能詳解**

```
 原作筆記：一般人會認為「 蚩尤 」是妖魔鬼怪的形象；而擊敗蚩尤的「 黃帝 」是正義的象徵。

 其實，這是歷史上「 勝者為王、敗者為寇 」的例子。

 蚩尤同黃帝、炎帝合稱「中華三祖」，可見其也有一定的歷史地位！

 他統率的部落聯盟發明了穀物種植、發展手工業、能創制較精美的陶器；

 他也發明了金屬冶煉和金屬兵器的製造、冶煉業的出現具有劃時代意義；

 再著，他建立法規、是實行法制的最早創造者和施行者。

 一些少數民族懷念著蚩尤，把他視為偉大的歷史人物傳頌著、紀念著，

 可見，蚩尤也是中華民族永遠懷念的歷史人物。

```

* **引火煉金**

Q ：同顏色的牌是指？
A ：邊框顏色為相同顏色的牌。

Q ：「 同顏色的牌 」和「 同類型的牌 」有什麼差別呢？
A ：「 同顏色的牌 」必須要邊框顏色為相同顏色才符合條件；
　　「 同類型的牌 」則是類型相同即可，如「 王國 - 建設 」和「 王國 - 城堡 」皆屬於「 王國牌的類型 」。

* **興雲造霧**

Q ：受到負面效果影響時，可以完全不發動「 興雲造霧(1) 」的技能嗎？
A ：可以，由你自己選擇是否發動技能。

Q ：符合條件時，「 興雲造霧(2) 」的「 手牌數量變為隱藏資訊 」是什麼意思？
A ：手牌數量變為隱藏資訊代表：
　　1. 當其他王詢問你的手牌數量時，你可以拒答。
　　2. 當其他王對你使用抽取、棄置手牌的效果時，你可以表示「 沒有手牌 」而拒絕棄牌。
　　3. 因為是隱藏資訊，所以貿易階段時，你可以不進行棄牌。

Q ：可以花費「 永久政權 」來發動「 興雲造霧(3) 」嗎？
A ：不行，「 永久政權 」不能被花費或棄置。

* **楓木歌**

Q ：發動「 血楓林(2) 」只能轉換自己的牌或骰子點數嗎？
A ：不只；因為「 血楓林(2) 」是指定「 牌或骰子 」，所以任何王的「 牌或骰子 」都可以轉換點數。

Q ：發動「 血楓林(2) 」對其他王算不算是「 負面效果 」？
A ：不算；因為「 血楓林(2) 」是指定「 牌或骰子 」，不是指定王。

Q ：若同時有「 姬昌和卑彌呼 」在場，在我的回合內進行擲骰判斷時，該怎麼結算？
A ：當有數名王的技能同時處於可發動的狀態時，依照回合順序執行；
　　因為該回合是你的回合，所以由你決定「 你、姬昌和卑彌呼 」發動相關技能的順序。
　　備註：詳細說明請參考遊戲原則的「 < 原則7 >回合決定順序原則 」篇。
Eotyrannus

Eotyrannus is a theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the United Kingdom. It was named in 2001 by Stephen Hutt and his associates. It is considered to an intermediate between earlier and later tyrannosauroids, and its discovery has helped us gain a better understanding of the superfamily's evolutionary history as a whole.

## Physiology

Eotyrannus was a theropod with a slender body, a long tail, long arms with three fingers on each hand, a moderately long neck, and a small head with a mouth containing lots of big teeth. Most of its body (excluding some of its legs and all of its snout) would have been covered in short, fuzz-like feathers.

## Diet

Eotyrannus was a predator, preying on small ornithopods, small mammals, small pterosaurs, and smaller theropods. Its teeth had knife-like serrations from front to back, and were used to cut into the hides of large prey.

## Ecology

The discovery of Eotyrannus tells us a little about how tyrannosauroids evolved. By itself, it is another piece of evidence that earlier tyrannosauroids were small, slender animals with long limbs and three-fingered hands used for grasping; with 2 other tyrannosauroids found from the United Kingdom having existed during the Late Jurassic, there is now a hypothesis that tyrannosauroids originated from Eurasia, with East Asia having been more important during their early evolutionary history than Europe due to the appearance of genera such as Guanlong. That said, Eotyrannus stands out among earlier tyrannosauroids in regards to its cranial (skull) morphology; its snout was not as elongated as other early tyrannosauroids, instead being more robust in build (and thus optimized for stronger bites) like that of Yutyrannus. Since many of these thick-snouted early tyrannosauroids are not very closely related to each other, it is possible that this was an adaptation that evolved separately in multiple tyrannosauroid genera across the history of the superfamily's existence instead of being a primitive trait.[1]

## References

1. Naish, D., & Cau, A. (2022). The osteology and affinities of Eotyrannus lengi, a tyrannosauroid theropod from the Wealden Supergroup of southern England. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12727
Angel Sharks

Diagonal view of the common angel shark (credits to ARKive)

The angel sharks are a successful genus of widespread cartilaginous fish from the Late Jurassic-Holocene of the entire world. They were named in 1806 by André Marie Constant Duméril. They are one of the few animals to be called "living fossils" (due to surviving up until now), and have a body plan very different from those of other sharks.

## Physiology

Angel sharks are unique cartilaginous fish. They have a body plan with features of sharks and rays, with a flattened, triangular body, large, wing-like pectoral fins, a long tail with 2 dorsal fins and an upturned, triangular caudal fin big jaws, and eyes on the top of its flattened head. Their bodies are covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Angel sharks are predators, preying on bony fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Their large jaws are capable of extending in order to snap up prey, and their long, needle-like teeth are used to cut into their food.

## Ecology

Angel sharks are nocturnal, and hide under the sand during the day; it is only at night that they come out of hiding in order to feed. Once they find a suitable place to hunt, they will dig back into the sand and wait for any unsuspecting fish to swim by; once it does, they will lunge upward, open their mouth quickly in order to create a vortex that sucks the fish in, and swallow it whole. Despite their lifestyle, angel sharks are migratory, moving northwards during summer and southwards during winter. As well as this, they are ovoviviparous, having pups develop in eggs inside their body until they are ready to hatch; angel shark litters can consist of up to 13 pups.
Tylosaurus

Profile view of Tylosaurus pembinensis

### Location

United States of America, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, France, United Kingdom, Poland

### Physical Dimensions

12.2 meters long for *T.proriger*, *T.bernardi*, and *T.pembinensis*

### Weight

5.6 tonnes for *T.proriger*, *T.bernardi*, and *T.pembinensis*

### Diet

Carnivore

Tylosaurus is a mosasaurid squamate reptile from the Late Cretaceous of the United States of America, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, France, the United Kingdom, and Poland. It was named in 1872 by Othniel Charles Marsh. It is one of the most studied mosasaurs, and it was a prominent aquatic apex predator for the time it inhabited the Earth.

## Physiology

Tylosaurus was a marine lizard with an elongated, streamlined body, 4 flippers, (likely) a long tail with a shark-like fin on its end, and a long, conical head with a mouth containing 2 rows of massive, conical teeth. Perhaps the most defining trait of Tylosaurus was the extended bony knob on the tip of its snout, hence the meaning of its name, "knob reptile". Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Tylosaurus was a predator, preying on fish, cephalopods, turtles, diving birds, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, and smaller mosasaurs. Its teeth had knife-like serrations from front to back, and were used to cut into the hides of large prey; as well as this, behind its huge jaws, it had a second set of teeth, mainly for capturing prey and ensuring it did not escape.

## Ecology

Tylosaurus was the apex predator of the Cretaceous seas it inhabited at the time, preying on any smaller animals it could find; bones of small plesiosaurs and diving birds have been found in its stomach cavity. In fact, it is also known to have attacked and preyed on smaller mosasaurs (perhaps being cannibalistic in extension), as fossilized skulls of smaller Tylosaurus had bite marks attributed to larger Tylosaurus, some of which were deep and did not heal. Tylosaurus' snout ended in a cylindrical knob, whose function remains open to debate, with some speculating that it may have been used for ramming into prey or intra-specific combat; neither prevalent theory seems to be especially likely, as mosasaur skulls are not built for taking heavy blows, and Tylosaurus most likely fought with other members of its species via face-biting. Finally, the diamond-shaped, keeled, snake-like scales on Tylosaurus' body would have cut the water around it as it moved, allowing it to swim faster.

## In popular culture

Tylosaurus was first introduced to the public in the *Rite of Spring* segment of the 1940 Disney musical movie, *Fantasia*, where it jumps out of the water to snatch a Pteranodon flying overhead. Since then, it has appeared in many major pieces of media such as *Chased by Sea Monsters*, *Sea Monsters: A Prehistoric Adventure*, *Monsters Resurrected*, and *Dinosaur Revolution*; due to its many appearances in the media, it had overshadowed its close relative, Mosasaurus, for a while.
Mastodonsaurus

Mastodonsaurus is a mastodonsaurid temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle-Late Triassic of Germany, the United Kingdom, and Russia. It was named in 1828 by Georg Friedrich von Jaeger. It was the earliest described temnospondyl, and was also one of the most unique.

## Physiology

Mastodonsaurus resembled a mix between a frog, a salamander, and a crocodile. It had 4 legs, a long tail similar to that of a tadpole, a bulky body, a big, semi-flat head with big jaws, and eyes on the top of its head. However, it had one difference; at the very front of its jaws, it had a pair of large, tusk-like teeth that were so big that they could only be hidden from the air through small holes near its nostrils. Its body would have been covered in smooth skin.

## Diet

Mastodonsaurus was a predator, preying on fish, small reptiles, and smaller amphibians. Its huge, tusk-like teeth were used for getting a hold of struggling prey; as well as this, it had a second set of teeth behind its huge jaws, mainly for capturing prey and ensuring it did not escape.

## Ecology

Unlike other temnospondyl amphibians, which were capable of moving around on land, Mastodonsaurus was fully aquatic, only using its limbs to navigate around dense weeds and underwater obstacles; this comes from the fact that its head was massive (making it really front-heavy), and its limbs were relatively weak. Another discovery that confirms this is the massive bone beds that have shown that Mastodonsaurus individuals died en masse when pools dried up during deadly droughts. As well as this, Mastodonsaurus lived in swamps and ate fish, capturing them with its massive jaws and large tusks; it also may have preyed on smaller amphibians, depending on whether or not the toothmarks on other amphibians made by it are evidence of predation. Even though it wouldn't have been able to go on land, it may even have ambushed small archosaurs standing by the water's edge.

## In popular culture

Mastodonsaurus was one of the 1st Mesozoic animals discovered, so it was featured in Crystal Palace Park (a pleasure ground in London) as a giant, frog-like amphibian. Despite its prevalent perception at the time, it was overshadowed by the giant reptiles featured alongside it, such as Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pterodactylus, Plesiosaurus, and Ichthyosaurus.