List of Reactions

# Organic Chapters

## Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes and Arenes

**Alkyl Halides**

**Preparation**

1. Halogenation of Alkanes
2. From Alkenes
3. From Alcohols
4. By Halogen Exchange

**Reactions**

1. Hydrolysis with KOH (gives alcohol)
2. With moist Silver Oxide (gives Alcohol)
3. With KCN (gives Cyanides-CN)
4. With AgCN (gives isocyanides-NC)
5. Ammonolysis (Gives amines)
6. Williamson's Synthesis ( reacts with R-O-Na to give Ether )
7. Formation of Esters (Reacts with ROOAg to give Ester)
8. Dehydration with alc. KOH (gives Alkenes)
9. Wurtz Synthesis (With Sodium to give alkane)
10. With Magnesium (gives Grignard Reagent R-Mg-X)

**Aryl Halides**

**Preparations**

1. Sandmeyer's Reaction
2. Electrophilic Substitution

**Reactions**

1. Halogenation (gives halogen at ortho-para)
2. Nitration (gives Nitro at ortho-para)
3. Sulphonation (gives SO3H at ortho-para)
4. Friedel Craft's Reaction: reaction with RX ( gives alkyl group at ortho-para )
5. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction (Coupling of two aryl groups or on aryl and one alkyl group)

## Alcohol , Phenol and Ether

**Alcohols**

**Preparations**

1. From Alkyl Halides
2. From Alkenes
3. Hydroboration - Oxidation
4. From Aldehydes and Ketones
5. From Grignard Reagent

**Reactions**

1. With Metals ( forms R-ONa)
2. Esterification ( Alcohol + Carboxylic acid or Anhydride or Acyl Chloride **=** Ester + Water)
3. Halogenation ( Forms Alkyl Halides)
4. Dehydration with H2SO4 (gives alkene )
5. Oxidation ( gives aldehydes , ketones , carboxylic acids in steps)

**Phenols**

**Preparations**

1. Dow Process
2. Raschig Method
3. From Benzene Sulphonic Acid
4. Commercial Method : From Cumene
5. Diazotization

**Reactions**

1. Halogenation (Halogen at ortho-para)
	1. Bromination (Bromine at ortho(20%) para (80%))
	2. Bromination with bromine water (Formation of 2,4,6 tribromo phenol )
2. Nitration
	1. dil.HNO3 ( gives Nitro at ortho(major)-para(minor))
	2. conc. HNO3 with conc.H2SO4  (gives 2,4,6-trinitropphenol ,also called Picric acid)
3. Sulphonation ( gives ortho at 273 K and para at 373 K)
4. Kolbe's Reaction ( for Salocylic Acid)
5. Reimer TImann Reaction (For Salicyldehyde)
6. With Zinc dust (gives Benzene + ZnO)
7. Oxidation (gives benzoquinone O=Ar=O)

**Ethers**

**Preparations**

1. From Alcohol
2. Williamson's Synthesis
3. From Diazomethane

**Reactions**

1. Action of Hydrogen Halides
	1. Cold (lower halide , higher alcohol)
	2. Hot (Halide Only)
2. Hydrolysis (gives Alcohol)
3. Reactions of Anisole (Aromatic Ether)
	1. Halogenation (ortho-para products)
	2. Friedel Craft's Reaction (gives ortho-para products)
	3. Nitration (Nitro at ortho-para)

## Aldehydes , Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

**Aldehydes & Ketones**

**Preparation**

1. Oxidation of Alcohols
2. From Calcium Salts of Fatty Acids
3. By Reduction
	* of Acyl Chlorides
	* of Cyanides
4. From Alkenes and Alkynes
5. Preparation of Aromatic Aldehydes
	* From Toluene (Etard Reaction)
		+ with CrO2Cl2
		+ WIth CrO3
		+ Chlorination and Hydrolysis
	* From Benzene
6. Preparation of Aromatic Ketone
	* From Benzene (with Acid Chloride)
7. Ketones from R2Cd

**Reactions**

1. Addition
	* HCN ( Gives R-C(OH)-CN )
	* NaHSO3
	* NH3
	* Grignard Reagent (Formation of Alcohols)
2. Condensation with Derivatives of Ammonia
	* NH2OH (Oxime)
	* NH2NH2 (Hydrazine)
	* C6H5NHNH2 (Phenyl Hydrazine)
3. Reduction
	* Reduction to Alcohol
	* to Alkane
4. Oxidation
	* to Carboxylic Acid
5. Haloform Reaction

**Carboxylic Acid**

**Preparation**

1. Oxidation
	* Alcohols
	* Aldehydes and Ketones
	* Alkyl Benzene (Oxidation of aliphatic chain)
2. Hydrolysis
	* Acyl Chloride
	* Esters
3. From Dry Ice (Using Grignard Reagent

**Reactions**

1. Substitution of H in O-H bond
	* Na
		+ Na
		+ NaOH
		+ NaHCO3 or Na2CO3
	* Alcohol (Formation of Esters)
2. Substitution of -OH bond
	* NH3
	* Chlorination using PCl3 , PCl5 , SOCl2
3. Condensation
	* Formation of Acid Anhydride
4. Reduction
	* to Alcohols
5. Coupling
	* Formation of Alkane
6. Halognation of α Carbon atom

## Compounds Containing Nitrogen

**Nitroalkanes**

**Preparation**

1. Vapour Phase Nitration
2. From Alkyl Halides
3. From Salts of α Halogeno Carboxylic Acids
4. From α-Nitroalkenes
5. From Oxime
6. From 10 Amines

**Reactions**

1. With Nitrous Acid (HNO2)
2. Halogenation (Dihalo derivative)
3. Condensation with Aldehydes and Ketones
4. Hydrolysis
5. Reduction to Amines
6. Nef Carbonyl Synthesis

**Amines**

**Preparation of 10 Amines**

1. Gabriel's phthalimide Synthesis
2. Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides
3. Reduction
	* of Oxime
	* of Alkyl Cyanide
	* of Amides
	* of Nitro Compounds
4. Hoffmann's Bromamide Degradation (from Amides)

**Reactions**

1. Hoffmann's Carbylamine Test or Isocyanide test
2. Hinsberg's Test (aryl sulphonyl chloride)
3. Action of Nitrous Acid (HNO2)
4. Hoffmann's Exhaustive Alkylation
5. Acylation of Amines
6. Hoffmann's Elimination

**Physical Properties**

The MP of Tertiary amines is lower due to absence of hydrogen to form intermolecular hydrogen bonding .

**Diazonium Salts**

**Preparation**

1. from Aniline

**Reactions**

1. Halogenation by Sandmeyer Reaction (For Cl , Br , CN)
2. Gattermann Reaction (For Cl , Br)
3. For Halogenation using Iodine and Fluorine
4. Formation of Nitrobenzene , Phenol and Benzene
5. Azo Coupling

# Inorganic Chapters

## d - block

**K2Cr2O7**

K2Cr2O7 acts as an oxidizing agent in presence of acid

1. Preparation from Chromite Ore
2. Action of Alkali (With KOH , gives K2CrO4 + H2O )
3. Action of Acid ()
4. Action on Ferrous Sulphate (in presence of H2SO4 gives K2SO4 , Cr2(SO4)3 + 3 Fe2(SO4)3+ 7 H2O)
5. Action on KI (In presence of H2SO4 gives K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O + I2)
6. Action on H2S (In presence of H2SO4 , gives K2SO4+ Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O + S )
7. Action on SO2 (In presence of H2SO4 , gives K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O )
8. Oxidation of Alcohols , Aldehydes in presence of K2Cr2O7
9. Formation of Cromyl Chloride (CrO2Cl2)

**KMnO4**

1. Preparation from Pyrolusite Ore (MnO2)
	1. MnO2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_> K2MnO4
	2. K2MnO4 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_> KMnO4
2. Heating (gives K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2)
	1. Red heat (gives K2MnO3 )

## p - block

* Nitrogen
* Phosphorous
* Oxygen
* Sulphur
* Chlorine
* Interhalogen Compounds