List of birds of Canada

North American animals Wiki list articleTemplate:SHORTDESC:North American animals Wiki list article

This is a list of bird species confirmed in Canada. Unless otherwise noted, the list is that of *Bird Checklists of the World* as of March 2021. Of the 696 species listed here, 229 are accidental. Twelve species were introduced to North America or directly to Canada, three species are extinct, and three (possibly four) have been extirpated. One species of uncertain origin is also included.

This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the *Check-list of North and Middle American Birds*, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the *Check-list*, except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.

Canadian birds most closely resemble those of Eurasia, which was connected to the continent as part of the supercontinent Laurasia until around 60 million years ago. Many families which occur in Canada are also found throughout the Northern Hemisphere or worldwide. However, some families are unique to the New World; those represented in this list are the hummingbirds, the New World vultures, the New World quail, the tyrant flycatchers, the mimids, the wood-warblers, the cardinals, and the icterids. Three species on the list (Ross's goose, whooping crane, and Harris's sparrow) breed only in Canada. The extinct Labrador duck is also believed to have been a breeding endemic, though its breeding areas are not known.

Unless otherwise noted, all species listed below are considered to occur regularly in Canada as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. These tags are used to annotate some species:

* (A) **Accidental** - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Canada
* (I) **Introduced** - a species introduced to Canada as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
* (E) **Extinct** - a recent species which no longer exists
* (Ex) **Extirpated** - a species which no longer occurs in Canada but exists elsewhere

Population status symbols are those of the Red List published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The symbols apply to the species' worldwide status, not their status solely in Canada. The symbols and their meanings, in increasing order of peril, are:

**LC** = least concern
**NT** = near threatened
**VU** = vulnerable
**EN** = endangered
**CR** = critically endangered
**EW** = extinct in the wild
**EX** = extinct

## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

**Order**: Anseriformes   **Family**: Anatidae

The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.

* Black-bellied whistling-duck, *Dendrocygna autumnalis* (A) **LC**
* Fulvous whistling-duck, *Dendrocygna bicolor* (A) **LC**
* Emperor goose, *Anser canagica* (A) **NT**
* Snow goose, *Anser caerulescens* **LC**
* Ross's goose, *Anser rossii* **LC**
* Greylag goose, *Anser anser* (A) **LC**
* Greater white-fronted goose, *Anser albifrons* **LC**
* Taiga bean-goose, *Anser fabalis* (A) **LC**
* Tundra bean-goose, *Anser serrirostris* (A) **LC**
* Pink-footed goose, *Anser brachyrhynchus* (A) **LC**
* Brant, *Branta bernicla* **LC**
* Barnacle goose, *Branta leucopsis* (A) **LC**
* Cackling goose, *Branta hutchinsii* **LC**
* Canada goose, *Branta canadensis* **LC**
* Mute swan, *Cygnus olor* (I) **LC**
* Trumpeter swan, *Cygnus buccinator* **LC**
* Tundra swan, *Cygnus columbianus* **LC**
* Whooper swan, *Cygnus cygnus* (A) **LC**
* Ruddy shelduck, *Tadorna ferruginea* (A) **LC**
* Common shelduck, *Tadorna tadorna* (A) **LC**
* Wood duck, *Aix sponsa* **LC**
* Baikal teal, *Sibirionetta formosa* (A) **LC**
* Garganey, *Spatula querquedula* (A) **LC**
* Blue-winged teal, *Spatula discors* **LC**
* Cinnamon teal, *Spatula cyanoptera* **LC**
* Northern shoveler, *Spatula clypeata* **LC**
* Gadwall, *Mareca strepera* **LC**
* Falcated duck, *Mareca falcata* (A) **NT**
* Eurasian wigeon, *Mareca penelope* **LC**
* American wigeon, *Mareca americana* **LC**
* Mallard, *Anas platyrhynchos* **LC**
* American black duck, *Anas rubripes* **LC**
* Mottled duck, *Anas fulvigula* (A) **LC**
* Northern pintail, *Anas acuta* **LC**
* Green-winged teal, *Anas crecca* **LC**
* Canvasback, *Aythya valisineria* **LC**
* Redhead, *Aythya americana* **LC**
* Common pochard, *Aythya ferina* (A) **VU**
* Ring-necked duck, *Aythya collaris* **LC**
* Tufted duck, *Aythya fuligula* (A) **LC**
* Greater scaup, *Aythya marila* **LC**
* Lesser scaup, *Aythya affinis* **LC**
* Steller's eider, *Polysticta stelleri* (A) **VU**
* Spectacled eider, *Somateria fischeri* (A) **NT**
* King eider, *Somateria spectabilis* **LC**
* Common eider, *Somateria mollissima* **NT**
* Harlequin duck, *Histrionicus histrionicus* **LC**
* Labrador duck, *Camptorhynchus labradorius* (E) **EX**
* Surf scoter, *Melanitta perspicillata* **LC**
* White-winged scoter, *Melanitta deglandi* **LC**
* Black scoter, *Melanitta americana* **NT**
* Long-tailed duck, *Clangula hyemalis* **VU**
* Bufflehead, *Bucephala albeola* **LC**
* Common goldeneye, *Bucephala clangula* **LC**
* Barrow's goldeneye, *Bucephala islandica* **LC**
* Smew, *Mergellus albellus* (A) **LC**
* Hooded merganser, *Lophodytes cucullatus* **LC**
* Common merganser, *Mergus merganser* **LC**
* Red-breasted merganser, *Mergus serrator* **LC**
* Ruddy duck, *Oxyura jamaicensis* **LC**

## New World quail

**Order**: Galliformes   **Family**: Odontophoridae

The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.

* Mountain quail, *Oreortyx ictus* (I) **LC**
* Northern bobwhite, *Colinus virginianus* **NT**
* California quail, *Callipepla californica* (I) **LC**

## Pheasants, grouse, and allies

**Order**: Galliformes   **Family**: Phasianidae

Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.

* Wild turkey, *Meleagris gallopavo* **LC**
* Ruffed grouse, *Bonasa umbellus* **LC**
* Greater sage-grouse, *Centrocercus urophasianus* **NT**
* Spruce grouse, *Canachites canadensis* **LC**
* Willow ptarmigan, *Lagopus lagopus* **LC**
* Rock ptarmigan, *Lagopus muta* **LC**
* White-tailed ptarmigan, *Lagopus leucura* **LC**
* Dusky grouse, *Dendragapus obscurus* **LC**
* Sooty grouse, *Dendragapus fuliginosus* **LC**
* Sharp-tailed grouse, *Tympanuchus phasianellus* **LC**
* Greater prairie-chicken, *Tympanuchus cupido* (Ex) **NT**
* Grey partridge, *Perdix perdix* (I) **LC**
* Ring-necked pheasant, *Phasianus colchicus* (I) **LC**
* Chukar, *Alectoris chukar* (I) **LC**

## Flamingos

**Order**: Phoenicopteriformes   **Family**: Phoenicopteridae

Flamingos (genus *Phoenicopterus* monotypic in family Phoenicopteridae) are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly-shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

* American flamingo, *Phoenicopterus ruber* (A) **LC**

## Grebes

**Order**: Podicipediformes   **Family**: Podicipedidae

Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

* Pied-billed grebe, *Podilymbus podiceps* **LC**
* Horned grebe, *Podiceps auritus* **VU**
* Red-necked grebe, *Podiceps grisegena* **LC**
* Eared grebe, *Podiceps nigricollis* **LC**
* Western grebe, *Aechmophorus occidentalis* **LC**
* Clark's grebe, *Aechmophorus clarkii* **LC**

## Pigeons and doves

**Order**: Columbiformes   **Family**: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

* Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I) **LC**
* Common wood pigeon, *Columba palumbus* (A) **LC**
* White-crowned pigeon, *Patagioenas leucocephala* (A) **NT**
* Band-tailed pigeon, *Patagioenas fasciata* **LC**
* Oriental turtle-dove, *Streptopelia orientalis* (A) **LC**
* Eurasian collared-dove, *Streptopelia decaocto* (I) **LC**
* Passenger pigeon, *Ectopistes migratorius* (E) **EX**
* Inca dove, *Columbina inca* (A) **LC**
* Common ground dove, *Columbina passerina* (A) **LC**
* White-winged dove, *Zenaida asiatica* (A) **LC**
* Mourning dove, *Zenaida macroura* **LC**

## Cuckoos

**Order**: Cuculiformes   **Family**: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.

* Groove-billed ani, *Crotophaga sulcirostris* (A) **LC**
* Common cuckoo, *Cuculus canorus* (A) **LC**
* Yellow-billed cuckoo, *Coccyzus americanus* **LC**
* Black-billed cuckoo, *Coccyzus erythropthalmus* **LC**

## Nightjars and allies

**Order**: Caprimulgiformes   **Family**: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.

* Lesser nighthawk, *Chordeiles acutipennis* **LC**
* Common nighthawk, *Chordeiles minor* **LC**
* Common poorwill, *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii* **LC**
* Chuck-will's-widow, *Antrostomus carolinensis* **LC**
* Eastern whip-poor-will, *Antrostomus vociferus* **NT**

## Swifts

**Order**: Apodiformes   **Family**: Apodidae

The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

* Black swift, *Cypseloides niger* **VU**
* White-collared swift, *Streptoprocne zonaris* (A) **LC**
* Chimney swift, *Chaetura pelagica* **VU**
* Vaux's swift, *Chaetura vauxi* **LC**
* Common swift, *Apus apus* (A) **LC**
* Fork-tailed swift, *Apus pacificus* (A) **LC**
* House swift, *Apus nipalensis*  **LC**
* White-throated swift, *Aeronautes saxatalis* **LC**

## Hummingbirds

**Order**: Apodiformes   **Family**: Trochilidae

Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.

* Mexican violetear, *Colibri thalassinus* (A) **LC**
* Rivoli's hummingbird, *Eugenes fulgens* (A) (Not yet assessed by the IUCN)
* Amethyst-throated mountain-gem, *Lampornis amethystinus* (A) **LC**
* Ruby-throated hummingbird, *Archilochus colubris* **LC**
* Black-chinned hummingbird, *Archilochus alexandri* **LC**
* Anna's hummingbird, *Calypte anna* **LC**
* Costa's hummingbird, *Calypte costae* (A) **LC**
* Calliope hummingbird, *Selasphorus calliope* **LC**
* Rufous hummingbird, *Selasphorus rufus* **NT**
* Broad-tailed hummingbird, *Selasphorus platycercus* (A) **LC**
* Broad-billed hummingbird, *Cynanthus latirostris* (A) **LC**
* Xantus's hummingbird, *Basilinna xantusii* (A) **LC**

## Rails, gallinules, and coots

**Order**: Gruiformes   **Family**: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Typically, family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, and rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak flyers.

* Clapper rail, *Rallus crepitans* (A) **LC**
* King rail, *Rallus elegans* **NT**
* Virginia rail, *Rallus limicola* **LC**
* Corn crake, *Crex crex* (A) **LC**
* Sora, *Porzana carolina* **LC**
* Common gallinule, *Gallinula galeata* **LC**
* Eurasian coot, *Fulica atra* (A) **LC**
* American coot, *Fulica americana* **LC**
* Purple gallinule, *Porphyrio martinicus* (A) **LC**
* Yellow rail, *Coturnicops noveboracensis* **LC**
* Black rail, *Laterallus jamaicensis* (A) **LC**

## Limpkin

**Order**: Gruiformes   **Family**: Aramidae

The limpkin is an odd bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally closer to the cranes. It is found in marshes with some trees or scrub in the Caribbean, South America, and southern Florida.

* Limpkin, *Aramus guarauna* (A) **LC**

## Cranes

**Order**: Gruiformes   **Family**: Gruidae

Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking, but unrelated, herons, cranes fly with their necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays.

* Sandhill crane, *Antigone canadensis* **LC**
* Common crane, *Grus grus* (C) **LC**
* Whooping crane, *Grus americana* **EN**

## Stilts and avocets

**Order**: Charadriiformes   **Family**: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

* Black-necked stilt, *Himantopus mexicanus* **LC**
* American avocet, *Recurvirostra americana* **LC**

## Oystercatchers

**Order**: Charadriiformes   **Family**: Haematopodidae

The oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prying open molluscs.

* Eurasian oystercatcher, *Haematopus ostralegus* (A) **NT**
* American oystercatcher, *Haematopus palliatus* (A) **LC**
* Black oystercatcher, *Haematopus bachmani* **LC**

## Plovers and lapwings

**Order**: Charadriiformes   **Family**: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

* Northern lapwing, *Vanellus vanellus* (A) **NT**
* Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola* **LC**
* European golden-plover, *Pluvialis apricaria* (A) **LC**
* American golden-plover, *Pluvialis dominica* **LC**
* Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva* (A) **LC**
* Eurasian dotterel, *Charadrius morinellus* (A) **LC**
* Killdeer, *Charadrius vociferus* **LC**
* Common ringed plover, *Charadrius hiaticula* **LC**
* Semipalmated plover, *Charadrius semipalmatus* **LC**
* Piping plover, *Charadrius melodus* **NT**
* Lesser sand-plover, *Charadrius mongolus* (A) **LC**
* Wilson's plover, *Charadrius wilsonia* (A) **LC**
* Snowy plover, *Charadrius nivosus* (A) **NT**
* Mountain plover, *Charadrius montanus* **NT**

## Sandpipers and allies

**Order**: Charadriiformes   **Family**: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large, diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without directly competing for food.

* Upland sandpiper, *Bartramia longicauda* **LC**
* Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis* (A) **VU**
* Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus* **LC**
* Eskimo curlew, *Numenius borealis* (Possibly extinct) **CR**
* Long-billed curlew, *Numenius americanus* **LC**
* Far Eastern curlew, *Numenius madagascariensis* (A) **EN**
* Slender-billed curlew, *Numenius tenuirostris* (A) **CR**
* Eurasian curlew, *Numenius arquata* (A) **NT**
* Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica* (A) **NT**
* Black-tailed godwit, *Limosa limosa* (A) **NT**
* Hudsonian godwit, *Limosa haemastica* **LC**
* Marbled godwit, *Limosa fedoa* **LC**
* Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres* **LC**
* Black turnstone, *Arenaria melanocephala* **LC**
* Great knot, *Calidris tenuirostris* (A) **EN**
* Red knot, *Calidris canutus* **LC**
* Surfbird, *Calidris virgata* **LC**
* Ruff, *Calidris pugnax* **LC**
* Broad-billed sandpiper, *Calidris falcinellus* (A) **LC**
* Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata* **LC**
* Stilt sandpiper, *Calidris himantopus* **LC**
* Curlew sandpiper, *Calidris ferruginea* (A) **NT**
* Temminck's stint, *Calidris temminckii* (A) **LC**
* Spoon-billed sandpiper, *Calidris pygmaea* (A) **CR**
* Red-necked stint, *Calidris ruficollis* (A) **NT**
* Sanderling, *Calidris alba* **LC**
* Dunlin, *Calidris alpina* **LC**
* Rock sandpiper, *Calidris ptilocnemis* **LC**
* Purple sandpiper, *Calidris maritima* **LC**
* Baird's sandpiper, *Calidris bairdii* **LC**
* Little stint, *Calidris minuta* (A) **LC**
* Least sandpiper, *Calidris minutilla* **LC**
* White-rumped sandpiper, *Calidris fuscicollis* **LC**
* Buff-breasted sandpiper, *Calidris subruficollis* **NT**
* Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos* **LC**
* Semipalmated sandpiper, *Calidris pusilla* **NT**
* Western sandpiper, *Calidris mauri* **LC**
* Short-billed dowitcher, *Limnodromus griseus* **LC**
* Long-billed dowitcher, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* **LC**
* Jack snipe, *Lymnocryptes minimus* (A) **LC**
* Eurasian woodcock, *Scolopax rusticola* (A) **LC**
* American woodcock, *Scolopax minor* **LC**
* Common snipe, *Gallinago gallinago* (A) **LC**
* Wilson's snipe, *Gallinago delicata* **LC**
* Terek sandpiper, *Xenus cinereus* (A) **LC**
* Spotted sandpiper, *Actitis macularius* **LC**
* Solitary sandpiper, *Tringa solitaria* **LC**
* Grey-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes* (A) **NT**
* Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana* **LC**
* Lesser yellowlegs, *Tringa flavipes* **LC**
* Willet, *Tringa semipalmata* **LC**
* Spotted redshank, *Tringa erythropus* (A) **LC**
* Common greenshank, *Tringa nebularia* (A) **LC**
* Greater yellowlegs, *Tringa melanoleuca* **LC**
* Common redshank, *Tringa totanus* (A) **LC**
* Wood sandpiper, *Tringa glareola* (A) **LC**
* Wilson's phalarope, *Phalaropus tricolor* **LC**
* Red-necked phalarope, *Phalaropus lobatus* **LC**
* Red phalarope, *Phalaropus fulicarius* **LC**

## Skuas and jaegers

**Order**: Charadriiformes   **Family**: Stercorariidae

Skuas are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers.

* Great skua, *Stercorarius skua* (A) **LC**
* South polar skua, *Stercorarius maccormicki* **LC**
* Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus* **LC**
* Parasitic jaeger, *Stercorarius parasiticus* **LC**
* Long-tailed jaeger, *Stercorarius longicaudus* **LC**

## Auks, murres, and puffins

**Order**: Charadriiformes   **Family**: Alcidae

Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits. However they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.

* Dovekie, *Alle alle* **LC**
* Common murre, *Uria aalge* **LC**
* Thick-billed murre, *Uria lomvia* **LC**
* Razorbill, *Alca torda* **NT**
* Great auk, *Pinguinus impennis* (E) **EX**
* Black guillemot, *Cepphus grylle* **LC**
* Pigeon guillemot, *Cepphus columba* **LC**
* Long-billed murrelet, *Brachyramphus perdix* (A) **NT**
* Marbled murrelet, *Brachyramphus marmoratus* **EN**
* Kittlitz's murrelet, *Brachyramphus brevirostris* (A) **NT**
* Scripps's murrelet, *Synthliboramphus scrippsi* **VU**
* Guadalupe murrelet, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* (A) **EN**
* Ancient murrelet, *Synthliboramphus antiquus* **LC**
* Cassin's auklet, *Ptychoramphus aleuticus* **NT**
* Parakeet auklet, *Aethia psittacula* **LC**
* Least auklet, *Aethia pusilla* (A) **LC**
* Crested auklet, *Aethia cristatella* (A) **LC**
* Rhinoceros auklet, *Cerorhinca monocerata* **LC**
* Atlantic puffin, *Fratercula arctica* **VU**
* Horned puffin, *Fratercula corniculata* **LC**
* Tufted puffin, *Fratercula cirrhata* **LC**

## Gulls, terns, and skimmers

**Order**: Charadriiformes   **Family**: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills, and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.

* Black-legged kittiwake, *Rissa tridactyla* **VU**
* Red-legged kittiwake, *Rissa brevirostris* (A) **VU**
* Ivory gull, *Pagophila eburnea* **NT**
* Sabine's gull, *Xema sabini* **LC**
* Bonaparte's gull, *Chroicocephalus philadelphia* **LC**
* Black-headed gull, *Chroicocephalus ridibundus* **LC**
* Little gull, *Hydrocoloeus minutus* **LC**
* Ross's gull, *Rhodostethia rosea* **LC**
* Laughing gull, *Leucophaeus atricilla* **LC**
* Franklin's gull, *Leucophaeus pipixcan* **LC**
* Black-tailed gull, *Larus crassirostris* (A) **LC**
* Heermann's gull, *Larus heermanni* **NT**
* Common gull/short-billed gull, *Larus canus*/*Larus brachyrhyncus*

**LC**

* Ring-billed gull, *Larus delawarensis* **LC**
* Western gull, *Larus occidentalis* **LC**
* California gull, *Larus californicus* **LC**
* Herring gull, *Larus argentatus* **LC**
* Yellow-legged gull, *Larus cachinnans* (A) **LC**
* Iceland gull, *Larus glaucoides* **LC**
* Lesser black-backed gull, *Larus fuscus* **LC**
* Slaty-backed gull, *Larus schistisagus* (A) **LC**
* Glaucous-winged gull, *Larus glaucescens* **LC**
* Glaucous gull, *Larus hyperboreus* **LC**
* Great black-backed gull, *Larus marinus* **LC**
* Kelp gull, *Larus dominicanus* (A) **LC**
* Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus* (A) **LC**
* Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus* (A) **LC**
* Aleutian tern, *Onychoprion aleuticus* (A) **LC**
* Least tern, *Sternula antillarum* (A) **LC**
* Gull-billed tern, *Gelochelidon nilotica* (A) **LC**
* Caspian tern, *Hydroprogne caspia* **LC**
* Black tern, *Chlidonias niger* **LC**
* White-winged tern, *Chlidonias leucopterus* (A) **LC**
* Roseate tern, *Sterna dougallii* **LC**
* Common tern, *Sterna hirundo* **LC**
* Arctic tern, *Sterna paradisaea* **LC**
* Forster's tern, *Sterna forsteri* **LC**
* Royal tern, *Thalasseus maximus* (A) **LC**
* Sandwich tern, *Thalasseus sandvicensis* (A) **LC**
* Elegant tern, *Thalasseus elegans* (A) **NT**
* Black skimmer, *Rynchops niger* (A) **LC**

## Tropicbirds

**Order**: Phaethontiformes   **Family**: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head.

* White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus* (A) **LC**
* Red-billed tropicbird, *Phaethon aethereus* (A) **LC**
* Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda* (A) **LC**

## Loons

**Order**: Gaviiformes   **Family**: Gaviidae

Loons are aquatic birds the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely grey or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body, are almost helpless on land.

* Red-throated loon, *Gavia stellata* **LC**
* Arctic loon, *Gavia arctica* (A) **LC**
* Pacific loon, *Gavia pacifica* **LC**
* Common loon, *Gavia immer* **LC**
* Yellow-billed loon, *Gavia adamsii* **NT**

## Albatrosses

**Order**: Procellariiformes   **Family**: Diomedeidae

The albatrosses are amongst the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus *Diomedea* have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.

* Yellow-nosed albatross, *Thalassar chlororhynchus* (A) **LC**
* Black-browed albatross, *Thalassarche melanophris* (A) **LC**
* Laysan albatross, *Phoebastria immutabilis* **NT**
* Black-footed albatross, *Phoebastria nigripes* **NT**
* Short-tailed albatross, *Phoebastria albatrus* **VU**

## Southern storm-petrels

**Order**: Procellariiformes   **Family**: Oceanitidae

The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.

* Wilson's storm-petrel, *Oceanites oceanicus* **LC**
* White-faced storm-petrel, (A) *Pelagodroma marina* **LC**

## Northern storm-petrels

**Order**: Procellariiformes   **Family**: Hydrobatidae

Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.

* European storm-petrel, *Hydrobates pelagicus* (A) **LC**
* Fork-tailed storm-petrel, *Hydrobates furcatus* **LC**
* Leach's storm-petrel, *Hydrobates leucorhous* **LC**
* Band-rumped storm-petrel, *Hydrobates castro* (A) **LC**

## Shearwaters and petrels

**Order**: Procellariiformes   **Family**: Procellariidae

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

* Northern fulmar, *Fulmarus glacialis* **LC**
* Murphy's petrel, *Pterodroma ultima* (A) **LC**
* Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata* (A) **NT**
* Bermuda petrel, *Pterodroma cahow* (A) **EN**
* Black-capped petrel, *Pterodroma hasitata* (A) **EN**
* Hawaiian petrel, *Pterodroma sandwichensis* (A) **EN**
* Fea's petrel, *Pterodroma feae* (A) **NT**
* Cook's petrel, *Pterodroma cookii* (A) **VU**
* Streaked shearwater, *Calonectris leucomelas* (A) **NT**
* Cory's shearwater, *Calonectris diomedea* **LC**
* Buller's shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri* **VU**
* Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris* **LC**
* Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna griseus* **NT**
* Great shearwater, *Ardenna gravis* **LC**
* Pink-footed shearwater, *Ardenna creatopus* **VU**
* Flesh-footed shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes* (A) **LC**
* Manx shearwater, *Puffinus puffinus* **LC**
* Black-vented shearwater, *Puffinus opisthomelas* (A) **NT**
* Audubon's shearwater, *Puffinus lherminieri* (A) **LC**
* Barolo shearwater, *Puffinus baroli* (A) (Not yet assessed by the IUCN)

## Storks

**Order**: Ciconiiformes   **Family**: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute.

* Wood stork, *Mycteria americana* (A) **LC**

## Frigatebirds

**Order**: Suliformes   **Family**: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white birds, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

* Magnificent frigatebird, *Fregata magnificens* (A) **LC**

## Boobies and gannets

**Order**: Suliformes   **Family**: Sulidae

The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

* Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra* (A) **LC**
* Nazca booby, *Sula granti* (A) **LC**
* Blue-footed booby, *Sula nebouxii* (A) **LC**
* Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster* (A) **LC**
* Red-footed booby, *Sula sula* (A) **LC**
* Northern gannet, *Morus bassanus* **LC**

## Anhingas

**Order**: Suliformes   **Family**: Anhingidae

Anhingas are cormorant-like water birds with very long necks and long, straight beaks. They are fish eaters which often swim with only their neck above water.

* Anhinga, *Anhinga anhinga* (A) **LC**

## Cormorants and shags

**Order**: Suliformes   **Family**: Phalacrocoracidae

Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.

* Brandt's cormorant, *Urile penicillatus* **LC**
* Red-faced cormorant, *Urile urile* (A) **LC**
* Pelagic cormorant, *Urile pelagicus* **LC**
* Great cormorant, *Phalacrocorax carbo* **LC**
* Double-crested cormorant, *Nannopterum auritum* **LC**
* Neotropic cormorant, *Nannopterum brasilianum* (A) **LC**

## Pelicans

**Order**: Pelecaniformes   **Family**: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.

* American white pelican, *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos* **LC**
* Brown pelican, *Pelecanus occidentalis* **LC**

## Herons, egrets, and bitterns

**Order**: Pelecaniformes   **Family**: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.

* American bittern, *Botaurus lentiginosus* **LC**
* Least bittern, *Ixobrychus exilis* **LC**
* Great blue heron, *Ardea herodias* **LC**
* Grey heron, *Ardea cinerea* (A) **LC**
* Great egret, *Ardea alba* **LC**
* Little egret, *Egretta garzetta* (A) **LC**
* Western reef-heron, *Egretta gularis* (A) **LC**
* Snowy egret, *Egretta thula* **LC**
* Little blue heron, *Egretta caerulea* (A) **LC**
* Tricolored heron, *Egretta tricolor* (A) **LC**
* Reddish egret, *Egretta rufescens* (A) **NT**
* Cattle egret, *Bubulcus ibis* **LC**
* Green heron, *Butorides virescens* **LC**
* Black-crowned night-heron, *Nycticorax nycticorax* **LC**
* Yellow-crowned night-heron, *Nyctanassa violacea* (A) **LC**

## Ibises and spoonbills

**Order**: Pelecaniformes   **Family**: Threskiornithidae

Members of this family have long, broad wings, are strong fliers and, rather surprisingly, given their size and weight, very capable soarers. The body tends to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.

* White ibis, *Eudocimus albus* (A) **LC**
* Glossy ibis, *Plegadis falcinellus* **LC**
* White-faced ibis, *Plegadis chihi* **LC**
* Roseate spoonbill, *Ajaia ajaja* (A) **LC**

## New World vultures

**Order**: Cathartiformes   **Family**: Cathartidae

The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.

* California condor, *Gymnogyps californianus* (Ex) **CR**
* Black vulture, *Coragyps atratus* (A) **LC**
* Turkey vulture, *Cathartes aura* **LC**

## Osprey

**Order**: Accipitriformes   **Family**: Pandionidae

Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.

* Osprey, *Pandion haliaetus* **LC**

## Hawks, eagles, and kites

**Order**: Accipitriformes   **Family**: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.

* White-tailed kite, *Elanus leucurus* (A) **LC**
* Swallow-tailed kite, *Elanoides forficatus* (A) **LC**
* Golden eagle, *Aquila chrysaetos* **LC**
* Northern harrier, *Circus hudsonius* (Not yet assessed by the IUCN)
* Sharp-shinned hawk, *Accipiter striatus* **LC**
* Cooper's hawk, *Accipiter cooperii* **LC**
* Northern goshawk, *Accipiter gentilis* **LC**
* Bald eagle, *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* **LC**
* Steller's sea-eagle, *Haliaeetus pelagicus* (A) **VU**
* Mississippi kite, *Ictinia mississippiensis* (A) **LC**
* Red-shouldered hawk, *Buteo lineatus* **LC**
* Broad-winged hawk, *Buteo platypterus* **LC**
* Swainson's hawk, *Buteo swainsoni* **LC**
* Zone-tailed hawk, *Buteo albonotatus* (A) **LC**
* Red-tailed hawk, *Buteo jamaicensis* **LC**
* Rough-legged hawk, *Buteo lagopus* **LC**
* Ferruginous hawk, *Buteo regalis* **LC**

## Barn-owls

**Order**: Strigiformes   **Family**: Tytonidae

Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long, strong legs with powerful talons.

* Barn owl, *Tyto alba* **LC**

## Owls

**Order**: Strigiformes   **Family**: Strigidae

Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

* Flammulated owl, *Psiloscops flammeolus* **LC**
* Western screech-owl, *Megascops kennicottii* **LC**
* Eastern screech-owl, *Megascops asio* **LC**
* Great horned owl, *Bubo virginianus* **LC**
* Snowy owl, *Bubo scandiacus* **VU**
* Northern hawk owl, *Surnia ulula* **LC**
* Northern pygmy-owl, *Glaucidium gnoma* **LC**
* Burrowing owl, *Athene cunicularia* **LC**
* Spotted owl, *Strix occidentalis* **NT**
* Barred owl, *Strix varia* **LC**
* Great grey owl, *Strix nebulosa* **LC**
* Long-eared owl, *Asio otus* **LC**
* Short-eared owl, *Asio flammeus* **LC**
* Boreal owl, *Aegolius funereus* **LC**
* Northern saw-whet owl, *Aegolius acadicus* **LC**

## Kingfishers

**Order**: Coraciiformes   **Family**: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

* Belted kingfisher, *Megaceryle alcyon* **LC**

## Woodpeckers

**Order**: Piciformes   **Family**: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

* Lewis's woodpecker, *Melanerpes lewis* **LC**
* Red-headed woodpecker, *Melanerpes erythrocephalus* **LC**
* Acorn woodpecker, *Melanerpes formicivorus* (A) **LC**
* Red-bellied woodpecker, *Melanerpes carolinus* **LC**
* Williamson's sapsucker, *Sphyrapicus thyroideus* **LC**
* Yellow-bellied sapsucker, *Sphyrapicus varius* **LC**
* Red-naped sapsucker, *Sphyrapicus nuchalis* **LC**
* Red-breasted sapsucker, *Sphyrapicus ruber* **LC**
* American three-toed woodpecker, *Picoides dorsalis* **LC**
* Black-backed woodpecker, *Picoides arcticus* **LC**
* Downy woodpecker, *Dryobates pubescens* **LC**
* Hairy woodpecker, *Dryobates villosus* **LC**
* White-headed woodpecker, *Dryobates albolarvatus* **LC**
* Northern flicker, *Colaptes auratus* **LC**
* Pileated woodpecker, *Dryocopus pileatus* **LC**

## Falcons and caracaras

**Order**: Falconiformes   **Family**: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

* Crested caracara, *Caracara plancus* (A) **LC**
* Eurasian kestrel, *Falco tinnunculus* (A) **LC**
* American kestrel, *Falco sparverius* **LC**
* Merlin, *Falco columbarius* **LC**
* Gyrfalcon, *Falco rusticolus* **LC**
* Peregrine falcon, *Falco peregrinus* **LC**
* Prairie falcon, *Falco mexicanus* **LC**

## Tyrant flycatchers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Tyrannidae

Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.

* Ash-throated flycatcher, *Myiarchus cinerascens* (A) **LC**
* Great crested flycatcher, *Myiarchus crinitus* **LC**
* Great kiskadee, *Pitangus sulphuratus* (A) **LC**
* Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, *Myiodynastes luteiventris* (A) **LC**
* Variegated flycatcher, *Empidonomus varius* (A) **LC**
* Tropical kingbird, *Tyrannus melancholicus* (A) **LC**
* Cassin's kingbird, *Tyrannus vociferans* (A) **LC**
* Thick-billed kingbird, *Tyrannus crassirostris* (A) **LC**
* Western kingbird, *Tyrannus verticalis* **LC**
* Eastern kingbird, *Tyrannus tyrannus* **LC**
* Grey kingbird, *Tyrannus dominicensis* (A) **LC**
* Scissor-tailed flycatcher, *Tyrannus forficatus* (A) **LC**
* Fork-tailed flycatcher, *Tyrannus savana* (A) **LC**
* Olive-sided flycatcher, *Contopus cooperi* **NT**
* Western wood-pewee, *Contopus sordidulus* **LC**
* Eastern wood-pewee, *Contopus virens* **LC**
* Yellow-bellied flycatcher, *Empidonax flaviventris* **LC**
* Acadian flycatcher, *Empidonax virescens* **LC**
* Alder flycatcher, *Empidonax alnorum* **LC**
* Willow flycatcher, *Empidonax traillii* **LC**
* Least flycatcher, *Empidonax minimus* **LC**
* Hammond's flycatcher, *Empidonax hammondii* **LC**
* Grey flycatcher, *Empidonax wrightii* (A) **LC**
* Dusky flycatcher, *Empidonax oberholseri* **LC**
* Pacific-slope flycatcher, *Empidonax difficilis* **LC**
* Cordilleran flycatcher, *Empidonax occidentalis* (A) **LC**
* Black phoebe, *Sayornis nigricans* (A) **LC**
* Eastern phoebe, *Sayornis phoebe* **LC**
* Say's phoebe, *Sayornis saya* **LC**
* Vermilion flycatcher, *Pyrocephalus rubinus* (A) **LC**

## Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Vireonidae

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers, apart from their heavier bills.

* Black-capped vireo, *Vireo atricapilla* (A) **NT**
* White-eyed vireo, *Vireo griseus* **LC**
* Bell's vireo, *Vireo bellii* (A) **NT**
* Hutton's vireo, *Vireo huttoni* **LC**
* Yellow-throated vireo, *Vireo flavifrons* **LC**
* Cassin's vireo, *Vireo cassinii* **LC**
* Blue-headed vireo, *Vireo solitarius* **LC**
* Plumbeous vireo, *Vireo plumbeus* (A) **LC**
* Philadelphia vireo, *Vireo philadelphicus* **LC**
* Warbling vireo, *Vireo gilvus* **LC**
* Red-eyed vireo, *Vireo olivaceus* **LC**
* Yellow-green vireo, *Vireo flavoviridis* (A) **LC**

## Shrikes

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.

* Brown shrike, *Lanius cristatus* (A) **LC**
* Red-backed shrike, *Lanius collurio* (A) **LC**
* Loggerhead shrike, *Lanius ludovicianus* **LC**
* Northern shrike, *Lanius borealis* **LC**

## Crows, jays, and magpies

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

* Canada jay, *Perisoreus canadensis* **LC**
* Pinyon jay, *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus* (A) **VU**
* Steller's jay, *Cyanocitta stelleri* **LC**
* Blue jay, *Cyanocitta cristata* **LC**
* California scrub-jay, *Aphelocoma californica* (A) (Not yet assessed by the IUCN)
* Woodhouse's scrub-jay, *Aphelocoma woodhouseii* (A) (Not yet assessed by the IUCN)
* Clark's nutcracker, *Nucifraga columbiana* **LC**
* Black-billed magpie, *Pica hudsonia* **LC**
* Eurasian jackdaw, *Corvus monedula* (A) **LC**
* American crow, *Corvus brachyrhynchos* **LC**
* Fish crow, *Corvus ossifragus* (A) **LC**
* Chihuahuan raven, *Corvus cryptoleucus* (A) **LC**
* Common raven, *Corvus corax* **LC**

## Tits, chickadees, and titmice

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Paridae

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

* Carolina chickadee, *Poecile carolinensis* **LC**
* Black-capped chickadee, *Poecile atricapillus* **LC**
* Mountain chickadee, *Poecile gambeli* **LC**
* Chestnut-backed chickadee, *Poecile rufescens* **LC**
* Boreal chickadee, *Poecile hudsonicus* **LC**
* Grey-headed chickadee, *Poecile cinctus* **LC**
* Tufted titmouse, *Baeolophus bicolor* **LC**

## Larks

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. They feed on insects and seeds.

* Eurasian skylark, *Alauda arvensis* **LC**
* Horned lark, *Eremophila alpestris* **LC**

## Swallows

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

* Bank swallow, *Riparia riparia* **LC**
* Tree swallow, *Tachycineta bicolor* **LC**
* Violet-green swallow, *Tachycineta thalassina* **LC**
* Northern rough-winged swallow, *Stelgidopteryx serripennis* **LC**
* Purple martin, *Progne subis* **LC**
* Barn swallow, *Hirundo rustica* **LC**
* Cliff swallow, *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota* **LC**
* Cave swallow, *Petrochelidon fulva* **LC**

## Long-tailed tits

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Aegithalidae

The long-tailed tits are a family of small passerine birds. Their plumage is typically dull grey or brown in colour. There is only one North American representative of this primarily Palearctic family.

* Bushtit, *Psaltriparus minimus* **LC**

## Leaf warblers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Phylloscopidae

Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The Arctic warbler breeds east into Alaska. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.

* Yellow-browed warbler, *Phylloscopus inornatus* (A) **LC**
* Arctic warbler, *Phylloscopus borealis* (A) **LC**
* Kamchatka leaf warbler, *Phylloscopus examinandus* (A) **LC**

## Kinglets

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Regulidae

The kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small, insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.

* Ruby-crowned kinglet, *Corthylio calendula* **LC**
* Golden-crowned kinglet, *Regulus satrapa* **LC**

## Waxwings

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Bombycillidae

The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in the summer and berries in winter.

* Bohemian waxwing, *Bombycilla garrulus* **LC**
* Cedar waxwing, *Bombycilla cedrorum* **LC**

## Silky-flycatchers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Ptiliogonatidae

The silky flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America. They are related to waxwings and most species have small crests.

* Phainopepla, *Phainopepla nitens* (A) **LC**

## Nuthatches

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Sittidae

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds, which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have large heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet.

* Red-breasted nuthatch, *Sitta canadensis* **LC**
* White-breasted nuthatch, *Sitta carolinensis* **LC**
* Pygmy nuthatch, *Sitta pygmaea* **LC**

## Treecreepers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Certhiidae

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin, down-pointed, curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves vertically on trees.

* Brown creeper, *Certhia americana* **LC**

## Gnatcatchers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Polioptilidae

These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long, sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.

* Blue-grey gnatcatcher, *Polioptila caerulea* **LC**

## Wrens

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Troglodytidae

Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.

* Rock wren, *Salpinctes obsoletus* **LC**
* Canyon wren, *Catherpes mexicanus* **LC**
* House wren, *Troglodytes aedon* **LC**
* Pacific wren, *Troglodytes pacificus* **LC**
* Winter wren, *Troglodytes hiemalis* **LC**
* Sedge wren, *Cistothorus platensis* **LC**
* Marsh wren, *Cistothorus palustris* **LC**
* Carolina wren, *Thryothorus ludovicianus* **LC**
* Bewick's wren, *Thryomanes bewickii* **LC**

## Mockingbirds and thrashers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Mimidae

The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.

* Grey catbird, *Dumetella carolinensis* **LC**
* Curve-billed thrasher, *Toxostoma curvirostre* (A) **LC**
* Brown thrasher, *Toxostoma rufum* **LC**
* Bendire's thrasher, *Toxostoma bendirei* (A) **VU**
* Sage thrasher, *Oreoscoptes montanus* **LC**
* Northern mockingbird, *Mimus polyglottos* **LC**

## Starlings

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Sturnidae

Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.

* European starling, *Sturnus vulgaris* (I) **LC**
* Crested myna, *Acridotheres cristatellus* (I) (Ex) **LC**

## Dippers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Cinclidae

Dippers are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. They are unique among passerines for their ability to dive and swim underwater.

* American dipper, *Cinclus mexicanus* **LC**

## Thrushes and allies

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

* Eastern bluebird, *Sialia sialis* **LC**
* Western bluebird, *Sialia mexicana* **LC**
* Mountain bluebird, *Sialia currucoides* **LC**
* Townsend's solitaire, *Myadestes townsendi* **LC**
* Veery, *Catharus fuscescens* **LC**
* Grey-cheeked thrush, *Catharus minimus* **LC**
* Bicknell's thrush, *Catharus bicknelli* **VU**
* Swainson's thrush, *Catharus ustulatus* **LC**
* Hermit thrush, *Catharus guttatus* **LC**
* Wood thrush, *Hylocichla mustelina* **NT**
* Mistle thrush, *Turdus viscivorus* (A) **LC**
* Eurasian blackbird, *Turdus merula* (A) **LC**
* Dusky thrush, *Turdus eunomus* (A) **LC**
* Fieldfare, *Turdus pilaris* (A) **LC**
* Redwing, *Turdus iliacus* (A) **NT**
* Song thrush, *Turdus philomelos* (A) **LC**
* American robin, *Turdus migratorius* **LC**
* Varied thrush, *Ixoreus naevius* **LC**

## Old World flycatchers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Muscicapidae

This a large family of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. Species below only occurs in Canada as vagrants. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.

* Siberian rubythroat, *Luscinia calliope* (A) **LC**
* Bluethroat, *Luscinia svecica* **LC**
* Siberian blue robin, *Luscinia cyane* (A) **LC**
* Red-flanked bluetail, *Tarsiger cyanurus* (A) **LC**
* Stonechat, *Saxicola torquatus* (A) **LC**
* Northern wheatear, *Oenanthe oenanthe* **LC**

## Accentors

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Prunellidae

Accentors are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but unrelated to, sparrows. However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of insects in summer, augmented with seeds and berries in winter.

* Siberian accentor, *Prunella montanella* (A) **LC**

## Old World sparrows

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Passeridae

Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

* House sparrow, *Passer domesticus* (I) **LC**
* Eurasian tree sparrow, *Passer montanus* (I) (A) **LC**

## Wagtails and pipits

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.

* Eastern yellow wagtail, *Motacilla tschutschensis* **LC**
* Citrine wagtail, *Motacilla citreola* (A) **LC**
* Grey wagtail, *Motacilla cinerea* (A) **LC**
* White wagtail, *Motacilla alba* (A) **LC**
* Red-throated pipit, *Anthus cervinus* (A) **LC**
* American pipit, *Anthus rubescens* **LC**
* Sprague's pipit, *Anthus spragueii* **VU**

## Finches, euphonias, and allies

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

* Common chaffinch, *Fringilla coelebs* (A) **LC**
* Brambling, *Fringilla montifringilla* (A) **LC**
* Evening grosbeak, *Coccothraustes vespertinus* **VU**
* Hawfinch, *Coccothraustes coccothraustes* (A) **LC**
* Pine grosbeak, *Pinicola enucleator* **LC**
* Grey-crowned rosy-finch, *Leucosticte tephrocotis* **LC**
* House finch, *Haemorhous mexicanus*   **LC**
* Purple finch, *Haemorhous purpureus* **LC**
* Cassin's finch, *Haemorhous cassinii* **LC**
* Common redpoll, *Acanthis flammea* **LC**
* Hoary redpoll, *Acanthis hornemanni* (Not yet assessed by the IUCN)
* Red crossbill, *Loxia curvirostra* **LC**
* White-winged crossbill, *Loxia leucoptera* **LC**
* Pine siskin, *Spinus pinus* **LC**
* Lesser goldfinch, *Spinus psaltria* (A) **LC**
* American goldfinch, *Spinus tristis* **LC**
* Oriental greenfinch, *Chloris sinica* (A) **LC**

## Longspurs and snow buntings

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Calcariidae

The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds which had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.

* Lapland longspur, *Calcarius lapponicus* **LC**
* Chestnut-collared longspur, *Calcarius ornatus* **NT**
* Smith's longspur, *Calcarius pictus* **LC**
* Thick-billed longspur, *Rhynchophanes mccownii* **LC**
* Snow bunting, *Plectrophenax nivalis* **LC**
* McKay's bunting, *Plectrophenax hyperboreus* (A) **LC**

## Old World buntings

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Emberizidae

Emberizidae is a family of passerine birds containing a single genus. Until 2017, the New World sparrows (Passerellidae) were also considered part of this family.

* Pine bunting, *Emberiza leucocephalos* (A) **LC**
* Little bunting, *Emberiza pusilla* (A) **LC**
* Rustic bunting, *Emberiza rustica* (A) **LC**
* Yellow-breasted bunting, *Emberiza aureola* (A) **CR**

## New World sparrows

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Passerellidae

Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.

* Cassin's sparrow, *Peucaea cassinii* (A) **LC**
* Bachman's sparrow, *Peucaea aestivalis* (A) **NT**
* Grasshopper sparrow, *Ammodramus savannarum* **LC**
* Black-throated sparrow, *Amphispiza bilineata* (A) **LC**
* Lark sparrow, *Chondestes grammacus* **LC**
* Lark bunting, *Calamospiza melanocorys* **LC**
* Chipping sparrow, *Spizella passerina* **LC**
* Clay-coloured sparrow, *Spizella pallida* **LC**
* Field sparrow, *Spizella pusilla* **LC**
* Brewer's sparrow, *Spizella breweri* **LC**
* Fox sparrow, *Passerella iliaca* **LC**
* American tree sparrow, *Spizelloides arborea* **LC**
* Dark-eyed junco, *Junco hyemalis* **LC**
* White-crowned sparrow, *Zonotrichia leucophrys* **LC**
* Golden-crowned sparrow, *Zonotrichia atricapilla* **LC**
* Harris's sparrow, *Zonotrichia querula* **NT**
* White-throated sparrow, *Zonotrichia albicollis* **LC**
* Sagebrush sparrow, *Artemisiospiza nevadensis* (A) **LC**
* Bell's sparrow, *Artemisiospiza belli* (A) **LC**
* Vesper sparrow, *Pooecetes gramineus* **LC**
* LeConte's sparrow, *Ammospiza leconteii* **LC**
* Seaside sparrow, *Ammospiza maritima* (A) **LC**
* Nelson's sparrow, *Ammospiza nelsoni* **LC**
* Baird's sparrow, *Centronyx bairdii* **LC**
* Henslow's sparrow, *Centronyx henslowii* **NT**
* Savannah sparrow, *Passerculus sandwichensis* **LC**
* Song sparrow, *Melospiza melodia* **LC**
* Lincoln's sparrow, *Melospiza lincolnii* **LC**
* Swamp sparrow, *Melospiza georgiana* **LC**
* Green-tailed towhee, *Pipilo chlorurus* (A) **LC**
* Spotted towhee, *Pipilo maculatus* **LC**
* Eastern towhee, *Pipilo erythrophthalmus* **LC**

## Yellow-breasted chat

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Icteriidae

This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.

* Yellow-breasted chat, *Icteria virens*

## Troupials and allies

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Icteridae

The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage colour, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.

* Yellow-headed blackbird, *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus* **LC**
* Bobolink, *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* **LC**
* Eastern meadowlark, *Sturnella magna* **NT**
* Western meadowlark, *Sturnella neglecta* **LC**
* Orchard oriole, *Icterus spurius* **LC**
* Hooded oriole, *Icterus cucullatus* (A) **LC**
* Bullock's oriole, *Icterus bullockii* **LC**
* Baltimore oriole, *Icterus galbula* **LC**
* Scott's oriole, *Icterus parisorum* (A) **LC**
* Red-winged blackbird, *Agelaius phoeniceus* **LC**
* Shiny cowbird, *Molothrus bonariensis* (A) **LC**
* Bronzed cowbird, *Molothrus aeneus* (A) **LC**
* Brown-headed cowbird, *Molothrus ater* **LC**
* Rusty blackbird, *Euphagus carolinus* **VU**
* Brewer's blackbird, *Euphagus cyanocephalus* **LC**
* Common grackle, *Quiscalus quiscula* **NT**
* Great-tailed grackle, *Quiscalus mexicanus* (A) **LC**

## New World warblers

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Parulidae

The wood warblers are a group of small, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.

* Ovenbird, *Seiurus aurocapilla* **LC**
* Worm-eating warbler, *Helmitheros vermivorus* (A) **LC**
* Louisiana waterthrush, *Parkesia motacilla* **LC**
* Northern waterthrush, *Parkesia noveboracensis* **LC**
* Golden-winged warbler, *Vermivora chrysoptera* **NT**
* Blue-winged warbler, *Vermivora cyanoptera* **LC**
* Black-and-white warbler, *Mniotilta varia* **LC**
* Prothonotary warbler, *Protonotaria citrea* **LC**
* Swainson's warbler, *Limnothlypis swainsonii* (A) **LC**
* Tennessee warbler, *Leiothlypis peregrina* **LC**
* Orange-crowned warbler, *Leiothlypis celata* **LC**
* Lucy's warbler, *Leiothlypis luciae* (A) **LC**
* Nashville warbler, *Leiothlypis ruficapilla* **LC**
* Virginia's warbler, *Leiothlypis virginiae* (A) **LC**
* Connecticut warbler, *Oporornis agilis* **LC**
* MacGillivray's warbler, *Geothlypis tolmiei* **LC**
* Mourning warbler, *Geothlypis philadelphia* **LC**
* Kentucky warbler, *Geothlypis formosa* (A) **LC**
* Common yellowthroat, *Geothlypis trichas* **LC**
* Hooded warbler, *Setophaga citrina* **LC**
* American redstart, *Setophaga ruticilla* **LC**
* Kirtland's warbler, *Setophaga kirtlandii* (A) **NT**
* Cape May warbler, *Setophaga tigrina* **LC**
* Cerulean warbler, *Setophaga cerulea* **VU**
* Northern parula, *Setophaga americana* **LC**
* Magnolia warbler, *Setophaga magnolia* **LC**
* Bay-breasted warbler, *Setophaga castanea* **LC**
* Blackburnian warbler, *Setophaga fusca* **LC**
* Yellow warbler, *Setophaga aestiva* **LC**
* Chestnut-sided warbler, *Setophaga pensylvanica* **LC**
* Blackpoll warbler, *Setophaga striata* **NT**
* Black-throated blue warbler, *Setophaga caerulescens* **LC**
* Palm warbler, *Setophaga palmarum* **LC**
* Pine warbler, *Setophaga pinus* **LC**
* Yellow-rumped warbler, *Setophaga coronata* **LC**
* Yellow-throated warbler, *Setophaga dominica* (A) **LC**
* Prairie warbler, *Setophaga discolor* **LC**
* Grace's warbler, *Setophaga graciae* (A) **LC**
* Black-throated grey warbler, *Setophaga nigrescens* **LC**
* Townsend's warbler, *Setophaga townsendi* **LC**
* Hermit warbler, *Setophaga occidentalis* (A) **LC**
* Black-throated green warbler, *Setophaga virens* **LC**
* Canada warbler, *Cardellina canadensis* **LC**
* Wilson's warbler, *Cardellina pusilla* **LC**
* Painted redstart, *Myioborus pictus* (A) **LC**

## Cardinals and allies

**Order**: Passeriformes   **Family**: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodlands. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.

* Hepatic tanager, *Piranga flava* (A) **LC**
* Summer tanager, *Piranga rubra* (A) **LC**
* Scarlet tanager, *Piranga olivacea* **LC**
* Western tanager, *Piranga ludoviciana* **LC**
* Northern cardinal, *Cardinalis cardinalis* **LC**
* Pyrrhuloxia, *Cardinalis sinuatus* (A) **LC**
* Rose-breasted grosbeak, *Pheucticus ludovicianus* **LC**
* Black-headed grosbeak, *Pheucticus melanocephalus* **LC**
* Blue grosbeak, *Passerina caerulea* (A) **LC**
* Lazuli bunting, *Passerina amoena* **LC**
* Indigo bunting, *Passerina cyanea* **LC**
* Varied bunting, *Passerina versicolor* (A) **NT**
* Painted bunting, *Passerina ciris* (A) **NT**
* Dickcissel, *Spiza americana* **LC**

## Notes

1. ↑ Mountain quail was introduced to Vancouver Island.
2. ↑ California quail were directly introduced to Vancouver Island. The population in eastern British Columbia was either directly introduced or spread north from an introduced population in Washington.
3. ↑ Greater prairie-chicken has been extirpated as a self-sustaining population, though there have been scattered sightings in Manitoba and Ontario.
4. ↑ "A [house swift] carcass...found in Ladner, British Columbia on 18 May 2012 appears to be the first documented record of this species in the Americas." In 2019 the species was added to the AOS *Check-list* appendix because it is not certain if it died before or after crossing into Canadian waters.
5. ↑ Avibase lists mew gull, which the AOS has split.
6. ↑ House finch is native to the southwestern U.S. Its range has expanded northward from there naturally. It was introduced to Long Island, New York, in 1939 and has expanded in all directions from there.

## References

1. ↑ "The National Bird Project". The Royal Canadian Geographical Society and Canadian Geographic. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
2. ↑ Lepage, Denis (March 13, 2021). "Checklist of birds of Canada". Avibase bird checklists of the world. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. June 29, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
4. ↑ "Historical perspective". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
5. ↑ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 11 August 2016
6. ↑ Chilton, G. (2020). Labrador Duck (*Camptorhynchus labradorius*), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.labduc.01. Retrieved February 24, 2021
7. ↑ IUCN 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on July 29, 2019
8. ↑ Gutiérrez, R. J. and D. J. Delehanty (2020). Mountain Quail (*Oreortyx pictus*), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.mouqua.01. Retrieved February 24, 2021
9. ↑ Calkins, J. D., J. M. Gee, J. C. Hagelin, and D. F. Lott (2020). California Quail (*Callipepla californica*), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.calqua.01. Retrieved February 24, 2021
10. ↑ Johnson, J. A., M. A. Schroeder, and L. A. Robb (2020). Greater Prairie-Chicken (*Tympanuchus cupido*), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grpchi.01. Retrieved February 24, 2021
11. ↑ Szabo, Ildiko, Kimberly Walters, James Rourke, and Darren E. Irwin. First record of house swift (*Apus nipalensis*) in the Americas. *The Wilson Journal of Ornithology* 129(2):411-416, 2017
12. ↑ Badyaev, A. V., V. Belloni, and G. E. Hill (2020). House Finch (*Haemorhous mexicanus*), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.houfin.01 Retrieved February 24, 2021

## See also

* List of birds
* Lists of birds by region
* List of North American birds
* List of mammals of Canada
* List of amphibians of Canada
* List of reptiles of Canada