Microsoft

**Microsoft Corporation** /ˈmaɪkrɵsɒːft/[4] (commonly known as **Microsoft**) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer web browser. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup. It is the world's largest software maker measured by revenues.[5] It is also one of the world's most valuable companies.[6]

Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975, to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for Altair 8800. It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The company's 1986 initial public offering,
 and subsequent rise in its share price, created three billionaires and
an estimated 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the
1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market
and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion in its largest acquisition to date.[7]

As of 2013, Microsoft is market dominant in both the IBM PC-compatible operating system and office software suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including Internet search (with Bing), the video game industry (with the Xbox, Xbox 360 and Xbox One consoles), the digital services market (through MSN), and mobile phones (via the Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers.

With the acquisition of Nokia's devices and services division to form Microsoft Mobile Oy, the company re-entered the smartphone hardware market, after its previous attempt, Microsoft Kin, which resulted from their acquisition of Danger Inc.[8]

Microsoft is a portmanteau of the words **micro**computer and **soft**ware.[9]

## History

Main articles: History of Microsoft and History of Microsoft Windows

### 1972–84: Founding and company beginnings

Paul Allen (l.) and Bill Gates (r.) on October 19, 1981, in a sea of PCs after signing a pivotal contract. IBM called Microsoft in July 1980 inquiring about programming languages for its upcoming PC line;[10]:228 after failed negotiations with another company, IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line of PCs.[11]

Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills.[*citation needed*] In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data,
 which offered a rudimentary computer that tracked and analyzed
automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in computer
science at the University of Washington, later dropping out of school to
 work at Honeywell. Gates began studies at Harvard.[12] The January 1975 issue of *Popular Electronics* featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer. Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter
 for the device; after a call from Gates claiming to have a working
interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didn't actually
have one, Allen worked on a simulator
 for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter. Although they
developed the interpreter on a simulator and not the actual device, the
interpreter worked flawlessly when they demonstrated the interpreter to
MITS in Albuquerque, New Mexico in March 1975; MITS agreed to distribute it, marketing it as Altair BASIC.[10]:108, 112–114 They officially established Microsoft on April 4, 1975, with Gates as the CEO.[13] Allen came up with the original name of "Micro-Soft," as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article.[14][15] In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, "ASCII Microsoft".[16] The company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979.[13]

Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, called Xenix.[17] However, it was MS-DOS that solidified the company's dominance. After negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft in November 1980 to provide a version of the CP/M OS, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).[18] For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, which IBM rebranded to PC DOS. Following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to reverse engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles,
 but no such restriction applied to the operating systems. Due to
various factors, such as MS-DOS's available software selection,
Microsoft eventually became the leading PC operating systems vendor.[11][19]:210 The company expanded into new markets with the release of the *Microsoft Mouse* in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press.[10]:232 Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkin's disease.

### 1984–94: Windows and Office

Windows Timeline

While jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20, 1985.[10]:242–243, 246 Microsoft moved its headquarters to Redmond on February 26, 1986, and on March 13 the company went public;[20] the ensuing rise in the stock would make an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.[21] Due to the partnership with IBM, in 1990 the Federal Trade Commission set its eye on Microsoft for possible collusion; it marked the beginning of over a decade of legal clashes with the U.S. Government.[22] Microsoft released its version of OS/2 to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) on April 2, 1987;[10]:243–244 meanwhile, the company was at work on a 32-bit OS, Microsoft Windows NT, using ideas from OS/2; it shipped on July 21, 1993, with a new modular kernel and the Win32 application programming interface (API), making porting from 16-bit (MS-DOS-based) Windows easier. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated.[23]

In 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office. The software bundled separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.[10]:301 On May 22 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0 with a streamlined user interface graphics and improved protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor.[24] Both Office and Windows became dominant in their respective areas.[25][26] Novell,
 a Word competitor from 1984–1986, filed a lawsuit years later claiming
that Microsoft left part of its APIs undocumented in order to gain a
competitive advantage.[27]

On July 27, 1994, the U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division
filed a Competitive Impact Statement that said, in part: "Beginning in
1988, and continuing until July 15, 1994, Microsoft induced many OEMs to
 execute anti-competitive "per processor" licenses. Under a per
processor license, an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty for each computer it
sells containing a particular microprocessor, whether the OEM sells the
computer with a Microsoft operating system or a non-Microsoft operating
system. In effect, the royalty payment to Microsoft when no Microsoft
product is being used acts as a penalty, or tax, on the OEM's use of a
competing PC operating system. Since 1988, Microsoft's use of per
processor licenses has increased."[28]

### 1995–2007: Internet and the 32-bit era

Bill Gates giving his deposition in 1998 for the United States v. Microsoft trial.[22]

Following Bill Gates's internal "Internet Tidal Wave memo" on May 26,
 1995, Microsoft began to redefine its offerings and expand its product
line into computer networking and the World Wide Web.[29] The company released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, featuring pre-emptive multitasking, a completely new user interface with a novel start button, and 32-bit compatibility; similar to NT, it provided the Win32 API.[30][31]:20 Windows 95 came bundled with the online service MSN (which was originally planned to be a competitor to the Internet), and for OEMs Internet Explorer, a web browser.
 Internet Explorer was not bundled with the retail Windows 95 boxes
because the boxes were printed before the team finished the web browser,
 and instead was included in the Windows 95 Plus! pack.[32] Branching out into new markets in 1996, Microsoft and NBC Universal created a new 24/7 cable news station, MSNBC.[33] Microsoft created Windows CE 1.0, a new OS designed for devices with low memory and other constraints, such as personal digital assistants.[34] In October 1997, the Justice Department filed a motion in the Federal District Court,
 stating that Microsoft violated an agreement signed in 1994 and asked
the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.[10]:323–324

Bill Gates handed over the CEO position on January 13, 2000, to Steve Ballmer, an old college friend of Gates and employee of the company since 1980, creating a new position for himself as Chief Software Architect.[10]:111, 228[13] Various companies including Microsoft formed the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance in October 1999 to, among other things, increase security and protect intellectual property
 through identifying changes in hardware and software. Critics decry the
 alliance as a way to enforce indiscriminate restrictions over how
consumers use software, and over how computers behave, a form of digital rights management; for example the scenario where a computer is not only secured for its owner, but also secured against its owner as well.[35][36] On April 3, 2000, a judgment was handed down in the case of *United States v. Microsoft*,[37] calling the company an "abusive monopoly";[38] it settled with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004.[20] On October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, unifying the mainstream and NT lines under the NT codebase.[39] The company released the Xbox later that year, entering the game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.[40] In March 2004 the European Union brought antitrust legal action against the company, citing it abused its dominance with the Windows OS, resulting in a judgment of €497 million ($613 million) and to produce new versions of Windows XP without Windows Media Player, Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N.[41][42]

### 2007–11: Windows Vista, mobile, and Windows 7

CEO Steve Ballmer at the MIX
 event in 2008. In an interview about his management style in 2005, he
mentioned that his first priority was to get the people he delegates
 to in order. Ballmer also emphasized the need to continue pursuing new
technologies even if initial attempts fail, citing the original attempts
 with Windows as an example.[43]

Released in January 2007, the next version of Windows, Windows Vista, focused on features, security, and a redesigned user interface dubbed Aero.[44][45] Microsoft Office 2007, released at the same time, featured a "Ribbon"
 user interface which was a significant departure from its predecessors.
 Relatively strong sales of both titles helped to produce a record
profit in 2007.[46] The European Union imposed another fine of €899 million ($1.4 billion)
 for Microsoft's lack of compliance with the March 2004 judgment on
February 27, 2008, saying that the company charged rivals unreasonable
prices for key information about its workgroup and backoffice servers. Microsoft stated that it was in compliance and that "these fines are about the past issues that have been resolved".[47]

2007 also saw the creation of a multi-core unit at Microsoft, as they
 followed in the steps of server companies such as Sun and IBM.[48]

Bill Gates retired from his role as Chief Software Architect on June
27, 2008, while retaining other positions related to the company in
addition to being an advisor for the company on key projects.[49] Azure Services Platform, the company's entry into the cloud computing market for Windows, launched on October 27, 2008.[50]
 On February 12, 2009, Microsoft announced its intent to open a chain of
 Microsoft-branded retail stores, and on October 22, 2009, the first
retail Microsoft Store opened in Scottsdale, Arizona; the same day the first store opened, Windows 7
 was officially released to the public. Windows 7's focus was on
refining Vista with ease of use features and performance enhancements,
rather than a large reworking of Windows.[51][52][53]

As the smartphone industry boomed beginning in 2007, Microsoft struggled to keep up with its rivals Apple and Google
 in providing a modern smartphone operating system. As a result, in
2010, Microsoft revamped their aging flagship mobile operating system, Windows Mobile, replacing it with the new Windows Phone
 OS; along with a new strategy in the smartphone industry that has
Microsoft working more closely with smartphone manufacturers, such as Nokia,
 and to provide a consistent user experience across all smartphones
using Microsoft's Windows Phone OS. It used a new user interface design
language, codenamed "Metro", which prominently used simple shapes,
typography and iconography, and the concept of minimalism.

Microsoft is a founding member of the Open Networking Foundation started on March 23, 2011. Other founding companies include Google, HP Networking, Yahoo, Verizon, Deutsche Telekom and 17 other companies. The nonprofit organization is focused on providing support for a new cloud computing initiative called Software-Defined Networking.[54]
 The initiative is meant to speed innovation through simple software
changes in telecommunications networks, wireless networks, data centers
and other networking areas.[55]

### 2011–present: Rebranding, Windows 8, Surface and Nokia devices

Start screen on Windows 8.1

Microsoft Surface pro 3

Following the release of Windows Phone, Microsoft underwent a gradual rebranding
 of its product range throughout 2011 and 2012—the corporation's logos,
products, services, and websites adopted the principles and concepts of
the Metro design language.[56] Microsoft previewed Windows 8, an operating system designed to power both personal computers and tablet computers, in Taipei in June 2011.[57] A developer preview was released on September 13, and was replaced by a consumer preview on February 29, 2012.[58] On May 31, 2012, the preview version was released.

On June 18, 2012, Microsoft unveiled the Surface, the first computer in the company's history to have its hardware made by Microsoft.[59][60] On June 25, Microsoft paid US $1.2 billion to buy the social network Yammer.[61] On July 31, 2012, Microsoft launched the Outlook.com webmail service to compete with Gmail.[62] On September 4, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Server 2012.[63]

In July 2012, Microsoft sold its 50% stake in MSNBC.com, which it had run as a joint venture with NBC since 1996.[64] On October 1, Microsoft announced its intention to launch a news operation, part of a new-look MSN, at the time of the Windows 8 launch that was later in the month.[65] On October 26, 2012, Microsoft launched Windows 8 and the Microsoft Surface.[60][66] Three days later, Windows Phone 8 was launched.[67]
 To cope with the potential for an increase in demand for products and
services, Microsoft opened a number of "holiday stores" across the U.S.
to complement the increasing number of "bricks-and-mortar" Microsoft
Stores that opened in 2012.[68]

On March 29, 2013, Microsoft launched a Patent Tracker.[69] The Kinect,
 the motion sensing input devices by Microsoft, which was first
introduced in November 2010 was upgraded for the 2013 release of the
eighth-generation Xbox One.
 Its capabilities were revealed in May 2013. The new Kinect uses an
ultra-wide 1080p camera, it can function in the dark due to an infrared
sensor, it employs higher-end processing power and new software, it can
distinguish between fine movements (such as a thumb movements), and the
device can determine a user's heart rate by looking at his/her face.[70]
 Microsoft filed a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the
corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of
television viewers as part of a plan to make the viewing experience more
 active. On July 19, 2013, Microsoft stocks suffered its biggest one-day
 percentage sell-off since the year 2000 after its fourth-quarter report
 raised concerns among the investors on the poor showings of both
Windows 8 and the Surface tablet; with more than 11 percentage points
declining Microsoft suffered a loss of more than US$32 billion.[71] For the 2010 fiscal year,
 Microsoft had five product divisions: Windows Division, Server and
Tools, Online Services Division, Microsoft Business Division, and
Entertainment and Devices Division.

* Xbox One console
* Xbox 360 Kinect sensor

John W. Thompson has been appointed the chairman of Microsoft, taking over from Bill Gates.

On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy Nokia's mobile unit for $7 billion.[72] Also in 2013, Amy Hood became the CFO of Microsoft.[73]

The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October
2013 and Microsoft is part of the coalition of public and private
organizations that also includes Facebook, Intel and Google. Led by Tim Berners-Lee,
 the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access
is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are
online. Google will help to decrease internet access prices so that they
 fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of
monthly income.[74]

In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013 Microsoft
announced that it would reorganize the business into 4 new business
divisions by function: Operating System, Apps, Cloud and Devices. All
previous divisions will be diluted into new divisions without any
workforce cut.[75]

On February 4, 2014, Steve Ballmer stepped down as CEO of Microsoft and was succeeded by Satya Nadella, who previously led Microsoft's Cloud and Enterprise division.[76] On the same day, John W. Thompson
 took on the role of chairman, with Bill Gates stepping down from the
position to become more active within the company as Technology Advisor.[77]

On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services and formed a new subsidiary, Microsoft Mobile Oy.

On September 15, 2014, Microsoft acquired the video game development company Mojang for $2.5 billion, best known for its wildly popular flagship game *Minecraft*.[78]

## Businesses

### Windows Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division

Toronto Microsoft Store

The company's Client division produces the flagship Windows OS line such as Windows 8; it also produces the Windows Live family of products and services. Server and Tools produces the server versions of Windows, such as Windows Server 2008 R2 as well as a set of development tools called Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Silverlight, a web application framework, and System Center Configuration Manager,
 a collection of tools providing remote-control abilities, patch
management, software distribution and a hardware/software inventory.
Other server products include: Microsoft SQL Server, a relational database management system, Microsoft Exchange Server, for certain business-oriented e-mail and scheduling features, Small Business Server, for messaging and other small business-oriented features; and Microsoft BizTalk Server, for business process management.

Microsoft provides IT consulting
 ("Microsoft Consulting Services") and produces a set of certification
programs handled by the Server and Tools division designed to recognize
individuals who have a minimal set of proficiencies in a specific role;
this includes developers ("Microsoft Certified Solution Developer"), system/network analysts ("Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer"), trainers ("Microsoft Certified Trainers") and administrators ("Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator" and "Microsoft Certified Database Administrator"). Microsoft Press, which publishes books, is also managed by the division. The Online Services Business division handles the online service MSN and the search engine Bing.

### Business Division

Microsoft Talo the headquarters of Microsoft Mobile

The Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office including Microsoft Office 2010, the company's line of office software. The software product includes Word (a word processor), Access (a relational database program), Excel (a spreadsheet program), Outlook (Groupware, frequently used with Exchange Server), PowerPoint (presentation software), Publisher (desktop publishing software) and Sharepoint. A number of other products were added later with the release of Office 2003 including Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and OneNote. The division also develops enterprise resource planning (ERP) software for companies under the Microsoft Dynamics brand. These include: Microsoft Dynamics AX, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, Microsoft Dynamics GP, and Microsoft Dynamics SL. They are targeted at varying company types and countries, and limited to organizations with under 7,500 employees.[79] Also included under the Dynamics brand is the customer relationship management software Microsoft Dynamics CRM, part of the Azure Services Platform.

### Entertainment and Devices Division

See also: Microsoft Mobile Oy

The Entertainment and Devices Division produces the Windows CE OS for embedded systems and Windows Phone for smartphones.[80] Microsoft initially entered the mobile market through Windows CE for handheld devices, eventually developing into the Windows Mobile
 OS and now, Windows Phone. Windows CE is designed for devices where the
 OS may not directly be visible to the end user, in particular,
appliances and cars. The division also produces computer games, via its in-house game publisher Microsoft Studios, that run on Windows PCs and other systems including titles such as Age of Empires, Halo and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series, and houses the Macintosh Business Unit which produces Mac OS software including Microsoft Office 2011 for Mac. Microsoft's Entertainment and Devices Division designs, markets, and manufactures consumer electronics including the Xbox 360 game console, the handheld Zune media player, and the television-based Internet appliance MSN TV. Microsoft also markets personal computer hardware including mice, keyboards, and various game controllers such as joysticks and gamepads.

## Culture

The Commons, located on the campus of the company's headquarters in Redmond

Technical reference for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as *Microsoft Systems Journal* (MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network
 (MSDN). MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals,
and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release
 beta versions of Microsoft software.[81][82] In April 2004 Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users, titled Channel 9, that provides a wiki and an Internet forum.[83] Another community site that provides daily videocasts and other services, On10.net, launched on March 3, 2006.[84] Free technical support is traditionally provided through online Usenet newsgroups, and CompuServe
 in the past, monitored by Microsoft employees; there can be several
newsgroups for a single product. Helpful people can be elected by peers
or Microsoft employees for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which entitles them to a sort of special social status and possibilities for awards and other benefits.[85]

Noted for its internal lexicon, the expression "eating our own dog food"
 is used to describe the policy of using pre-release and beta versions
of products inside Microsoft in an effort to test them in "real-world"
situations.[86] This is usually shortened to just "dog food" and is used as noun, verb, and adjective. Another bit of jargon, FYIFV or FYIV ("Fuck You, I'm [Fully] Vested"), is used by an employee to indicate they are financially independent and can avoid work anytime they wish.[87] The company is also known for its hiring process, mimicked in other organizations and dubbed the "Microsoft interview", which is notorious for off-the-wall questions such as "Why is a manhole cover round?".[88]

Microsoft is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H1B visas,
 which allow companies in the U.S. to employ certain foreign workers.
Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas makes it difficult to hire
employees for the company, stating "I'd certainly get rid of the H1B
cap" in 2005.[89]
 Critics of H1B visas argue that relaxing the limits would result in
increased unemployment for U.S. citizens due to H1B workers working for
lower salaries.[90] The Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index, a report of how progressive the organization deems company policies towards LGBT
 (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual) employees, rated Microsoft as
87% from 2002 to 2004 and as 100% from 2005 to 2010 after they allowed
gender expression.[91]

## Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Microsoft

BadVista and Defective by Design groups protest against Windows Vista

Criticism of Microsoft has followed the company's existence because of various aspects of its products and business practices. Ease of use, stability, and security of the company's software are common targets for critics. More recently, Trojan horses
 and other exploits have plagued numerous users due to faults in the
security of Microsoft Windows and other programs. Microsoft is also
accused of locking vendors into their products, and not following and
complying with existing standards in its software.[92] Total cost of ownership comparisons of Linux as well as OS X to Windows are a continuous point of debate.
The company has been in numerous lawsuits by several governments and other companies for unlawful monopolistic practices. In 2004, the European Union found Microsoft guilty in a highly publicized anti-trust case. Additionally, Microsoft's EULA for some of its programs is often criticized as being too restrictive as well as being against open source software.

Microsoft has been criticized (along with Yahoo, AOL, Google and others) for its involvement in censorship in the People's Republic of China.[93] Microsoft has also come under criticism for outsourcing jobs to China and India.[94][95][96] There were reports of poor working conditions at a factory in southern China that makes some of Microsoft's products.[97]

## Corporate affairs

The company is run by a board of directors
 made up of mostly company outsiders, as is customary for publicly
traded companies. Members of the board of directors as of September 2014
 are: John W. Thompson, Dina Dublon, Bill Gates, Maria Klawe, David Marquardt, Mason Morfit,[98] Satya Nadella, Charles Noski, Helmut Panke and John W. Stanton.[99]
 Board members are elected every year at the annual shareholders'
meeting using a majority vote system. There are five committees within
the board which oversee more specific matters. These committees include
the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues with the company
including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which
approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company;
the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposing
 mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee,
which handles various corporate matters including nomination of the
board; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent
 company practices from violating antitrust laws.[100]

Five year history graph of NASDAQ: MSFT stock on July 17, 2013[101]

When Microsoft went public and launched its initial public offering (IPO) in 1986, the opening stock price was $21; after the trading day, the price closed at $27.75. As of July 2010, with the company's nine stock splits, any IPO shares would be multiplied by 288; if one was to buy the IPO today given the splits and other factors, it would cost about 9 cents.[10]:235–236[102][103] The stock price peaked in 1999 at around $119 ($60.928 adjusting for splits).[104] The company began to offer a dividend
 on January 16, 2003, starting at eight cents per share for the fiscal
year followed by a dividend of sixteen cents per share the subsequent
year, switching from yearly to quarterly dividends in 2005 with eight
cents a share per quarter and a special one-time payout of three dollars per share for the second quarter of the fiscal year.[104][105] Though the company had subsequent increases in dividend payouts, the price of Microsoft's stock remained steady for years.[105][106]

One of Microsoft's business tactics, described by an executive as "embrace, extend and extinguish,"
 initially embraces a competing standard or product, then extends it to
produce their own version which is then incompatible with the standard,
which in time extinguishes competition that does not or cannot use
Microsoft's new version.[107]
 Various companies and governments sue Microsoft over this set of
tactics, resulting in billions of dollars in rulings against the
company.[108][37][42]
 Microsoft claims that the original strategy is not anti-competitive,
but rather an exercise of its discretion to implement features it
believes customers want.[109]

### Financial

Microsoft Store

Standard and Poor's and Moody's
 have both given a AAA rating to Microsoft, whose assets were valued at
$41 billion as compared to only $8.5 billion in unsecured debt.
Consequently, in February 2011 Microsoft released a corporate bond
amounting to $2.25 billion with relatively low borrowing rates compared
to government bonds.[110]

For the first time in 20 years Apple Inc.
 surpassed Microsoft in Q1 2011 quarterly profits and revenues due to a
slowdown in PC sales and continuing huge losses in Microsoft's Online
Services Division (which contains its search engine Bing).
 Microsoft profits were $5.2 billion, while Apple Inc. profits were $6
billion, on revenues of $14.5 billion and $24.7 billion respectively.[111]

Microsoft's Online Services Division has been continuously
loss-making since 2006 and in Q1 2011 it lost $726 million. This follows
 a loss of $2.5 billion for the year 2010.[112]

On July 20, 2012, Microsoft posted its first quarterly loss ever,
despite earning record revenues for the quarter and fiscal year, with a
net loss of $492 million due to a writedown related to the advertising company aQuantive, which had been acquired for $6.2 billion back in 2007.[113]

As of January 2014, Microsoft's market capitalization stood at $314B,[114] making it the 8th largest company in the world by market capitalization.[115]

On November 14, 2014, Microsoft overtook Exxon Mobil to become the
2nd most valuable company by market capitalization, behind only Apple Inc. Its total market value was over $410B — with the stock price hitting $50.04 a share, the highest since early 2000.[116]

In 2015 Reuters reported that Microsoft Corp had earnings abroad of $76.4 billion which were untaxed by the IRS. Under U.S. law corporations don't pay income tax on overseas profits until the profits are brought into the United States[117]

### Environment

In 2011, Greenpeace
 released a report rating the top ten big brands in cloud computing on
their sources of electricity for their data centers. At the time, data
centers consumed up to 2% of all global electricity and this amount was
projected to increase. Phil Radford
 of Greenpeace said "we are concerned that this new explosion in
electricity use could lock us into old, polluting energy sources instead
 of the clean energy available today,"[118]
 and called on "Amazon, Microsoft and other leaders of the
information-technology industry must embrace clean energy to power their
 cloud-based data centers."[119] In 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy power generated by a Texas wind project to power one of its data centers.[120]

Microsoft is ranked on the 17th place in Greenpeace's
 Guide to Greener Electronics (16th Edition) that ranks 18 electronics
manufacturers according to their policies on toxic chemicals, recycling
and climate change.[121] Microsoft's timeline for phasing out BFRs
 and phthalates in all products is 2012 but its commitment to phasing
out PVC is not clear. As yet (January 2011) it has no products that are
completely free from PVC and BFRs.[122]

Microsoft's main U.S. campus received a silver certification from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
 (LEED) program in 2008, and it installed over 2,000 solar panels on top
 of its buildings in its Silicon Valley campus, generating approximately
 15 percent of the total energy needed by the facilities in April 2005.[123]

Microsoft makes use of alternative forms of transit. It created one
of the world's largest private bus systems, the "Connector", to
transport people from outside the company; for on-campus transportation,
 the "Shuttle Connect" uses a large fleet of hybrid cars to save fuel.
The company also subsidises regional public transport as an incentive.[123][124] In February 2010 however, Microsoft took a stance against adding additional public transport and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to a bridge connecting Redmond to Seattle; the company did not want to delay the construction any further.[125]

Microsoft was ranked number 1 in the list of the World's Best
Multinational Workplaces by the Great Place to Work Institute in 2011.[126]

### Marketing

Microsoft Press Event at E3 Expo 2012

Windows 8 Launch Event in Akihabara, Tokyo in 25 October 2012

In 2004, Microsoft commissioned research firms to do independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 to Linux;
 the firms concluded that companies found Windows easier to administrate
 than Linux, thus those using Windows would administrate faster
resulting in lower costs for their company (i.e. lower TCO).[127] This spurred a wave of related studies; a study by the Yankee Group concluded that upgrading from one version of Windows Server to another costs a fraction of the switching costs
 from Windows Server to Linux, although companies surveyed noted the
increased security and reliability of Linux servers and concern about
being locked into using Microsoft products.[128] Another study, released by the Open Source Development Labs,
 claimed that the Microsoft studies were "simply outdated and one-sided"
 and their survey concluded that the TCO of Linux was lower due to Linux
 administrators managing more servers on average and other reasons.[129]

As part of the "Get the Facts" campaign, Microsoft highlighted the .NET trading platform that it had developed in partnership with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange, claiming that it provided "five nines" reliability. After suffering extended downtime and unreliability[130][131] the LSE announced in 2009 that it was planning to drop its Microsoft solution and switch to a Linux-based one in 2010.[132][133]

In 2012, Microsoft hired a political pollster named Mark Penn, whom
the New York Times called "famous for bulldozing" his political
opponents [134]
 as Executive Vice-President, Advertising and Strategy. Penn created a
series of negative ads targeting one of Microsoft's chief competitors, Google. The ads, called "Scroogled",
 attempt to make the case that Google is "screwing" consumers with
search results rigged to favor Google's paid advertisers, that Gmail
 violates the privacy of its users to place ad results related to the
content of their emails and shopping results which favor Google
products. Tech publications like Tech Crunch have been highly critical
of the ad campaign,[135] while Google employees have embraced it.[136]

### Lay off

In July 2014, Microsoft announced plans to lay off 18,000 employees.
Microsoft employed 127,104 people as of June 5, 2014, making this about a
 14 percent reduction of its workforce as the biggest Microsoft lay off
ever. It will include 12,500 professional and factory personnel.
Previously, Microsoft has laid off 5,800 jobs in 2009 in line with US
financial crisis.[137][138]

In September 2014, Microsoft laid off 2,100 people, including 747
people in the Seattle-Redmond area, where the company is headquartered.
The firings came as a second wave of the layoffs that were previously
announced. This brings the total number to over 15,000 out of the 18,000
 expected cuts.[139]

In October 2014, Microsoft revealed that it was almost done with the elimination of 18,000 employees which is its largest ever layoff sweep.

### Cooperation with the United States Government

Microsoft provides information about reported bugs in their software
to intelligence agencies of the United States government, prior to the
public release of the fix. A Microsoft spokesperson has stated that the
corporation runs several programs that facilitate the sharing of such
information with the U.S. government.[140]

Following media reports about PRISM, NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in May 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Microsoft.[141] According to leaks of said program, Microsoft joined the PRISM program in 2007.[142] However, in June 2013, an official statement from Microsoft flatly denied their participation in the program:

During the first six months in 2013, Microsoft had received requests that affected between 15,000 and 15,999 accounts.[144]
 In December 2013, the company made statement to further emphasis the
fact that they take their customers' privacy and data protection very
seriously, even saying that "government snooping potentially now
constitutes an "advanced persistent threat," alongside sophisticated malware and cyber attacks".[145]
 The statement also marked the beginning of three-part program to
enhance Microsoft's encryption and transparency efforts. In July 1,
2014, as part of this program they opened the first (of many) Microsoft
Transparency Center, that provides "participating governments with the
ability to review source code for our key products, assure themselves of their software integrity, and confirm there are no "back doors."[146]

Microsoft has also argued that the United States Congress should enact strong privacy regulations to protect consumer data.[147]

### Logo

Microsoft adopted the so-called "*Pac-Man* Logo", designed by Scott Baker, in 1987. Baker stated "The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the *o* and *s* to emphasize the "soft" part of the name and convey motion and speed."[148]
 Dave Norris ran an internal joke campaign to save the old logo, which
was green, in all uppercase, and featured a fanciful letter *O*, nicknamed the *blibbet*, but it was discarded.[149] Microsoft's logo with the "*Your potential. Our passion.*"
 tagline below the main corporate name, is based on a slogan Microsoft
used in 2008. In 2002, the company started using the logo in the United
States and eventually started a TV campaign with the slogan, changed
from the previous tagline of *"Where do you want to go today?".*[150][151][152] During the private MGX (Microsoft Global Exchange) conference in 2010, Microsoft unveiled the company's next tagline, *"Be What's Next."*.[153] They also had a slogan/tagline "Making it all make sense.".[154]
On August 23, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new corporate logo at the
opening of its 23rd Microsoft store in Boston indicating the company's
shift of focus from the classic style to the tile-centric modern
interface which it uses/will use on the Windows Phone platform, Xbox
360, Windows 8 and the upcoming Office Suites.[155]
 The new logo also includes four squares with the colors of the
then-current Windows logo which have been used to represent Microsoft's
four major products: Windows (blue), Office (red), Xbox (green), and
Bing (yellow).[156] However this logo is not completely new—it was featured in Windows 95 commercials from the mid-1990s.