recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Tubaria furfuracea

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***Tubaria furfuracea***, commonly known as the **scurfy twiglet**, is a common species of agaric fungus in the family Tubariaceae. It was first described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801 as a species of *Agaricus*. French mycologist Claude-Casimir Gillet transferred it to the genus *Tubaria* in 1876.

Similar species: Galerina marginata, Tubaria confragosa, Psilocybe cyanescens.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon 1801`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gillet 1876`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Skeletocutis biguttulata

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***Skeletocutis biguttulata*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was first described scientifically by Swedish mycologist Lars Romell in 1932. Tuomo Niemelä redescribed and illustrated the fungus in 1998, and explained that collections of this fungus had previously been attributed to the related *Skeletocutis subincarnata*. *S. biguttulata* may be distinguished from the latter fungus by its biguttulate spores (containing two oil droplets), more regularly arranged pores, and the cracking pore surface seen in older specimens.

It has been collected in Fennoscandia, Estonia, France, Poland, and Russia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pilát 1932`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niemelä 1998`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Piatek 2005`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Spirin 2005`

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Russula medullata

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***Russula medullata*** is a species of mushroom in the genus *Russula*. It was officially described by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1997.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Romagnesi 1997`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Russulales-stub
Suillellus queletii

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***Suillellus queletii*** (formerly ***Boletus queletii***), commonly known as the **deceiving bolete**, is an uncommon, edible mushroom in the genus *Suillellus*. It can be found in deciduous forest, at lower altitudes, mostly under beech. Originally described in 1885 as a species of *Boletus*, the fungus was transferred to *Suillellus* in 2014. It is considered endangered in the Czech Republic. In Asia, it has been recorded in Taiwan.

## Description

The cap is hemispherical, latter flattening out, appearing olive to reddish-brown, rarely also dark red. The flesh is yellow, turning blue when cut. The pores are yellow with olive spores. The stipe is smooth and golden yellow. The flesh has a slightly acrid taste.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schulzer 1885`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2014`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mikšik 2012`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yeh 1980`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Garnweidner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

Template:Boletales-stub
Tuber foetidum

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***Tuber foetidum*** is a species of truffle in the genus *Tuber*. It was first described scientifically in 1831 by the Italian doctor and mycologist Carlo Vittadini. It is characterized by its foetid odour, and minute brownish bumps on the surface of the fruitbody. A rare species, it is found in Europe. It associates with oak and beech in southern Europe, and with larch in the United Kingdom. Molecular analysis indicates that *T. foetidum* is closely related to *T. maculatum*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vittadini 1831`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Orczán 2010`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Usnea articulata

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***Usnea articulata***, commonly known as the **string-of-sausage lichen**, is a pale greenish-grey, densely branched lichen with a prostrate or pendant growth form. It grows on bark, on branches and twigs, and is often unattached to a branch and merely draped over it. It grows up to Template:Convert in length.

## Description

The thallus (vegetative tissue) of this fruticose (bush-like) lichen is densely branched, and forms tangled masses of stems which are prostrate or pendulous. The branches are smooth and somewhat knobbly or spiny, and a greenish-grey colour. The larger stems become articulated, dividing into inflated, sausage-like segments. The lichen is not blackish at the base and sometimes becomes detached, continuing to grow while draped over its support.

## Distribution and habitat

This lichen is very sensitive to air pollution, especially from sulphur dioxide; it has a widespread but sparse distribution in mainland Europe, but has become extinct in many areas, surviving best in Brittany. It occurs on various Mediterranean and Atlantic islands and is present in Saudi Arabia, and the mountainous regions of East Africa and North Africa. In the British Isles, it used to be widespread but was disappeared from many areas during the Industrial Revolution. It is reasonably common in southwestern England, from the New Forest westwards, and is known from scattered locations in Wales, particularly Pembrokeshire. It occurs but is rare in southern and western Ireland.

Sometimes this lichen grows on the ground, in the slacks among sand dunes growing over rough vegetation. More often it is arboreal, often high in the canopy or in hedgerows, and not attached to anything, but draped over twigs and branches. Here it is difficult to spot from below and it may become apparent when fragments fall to the ground during storms or after snowfall.

## Ecology

Like all lichens, this species involves a mutual relationship between an alga and a fungus; in this instance the alga is a green alga, but not *Trentepohlia*. Reproduction in this species is mainly by fragmentation of the thallus, with an apparent absence of spore production limiting its ability to recolonise parts of its range where it has been extirpated.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 *Usnea articulata*. *Lichens of Wales*. Retrieved on October 24, 2018.
2. ↑ Silverside, A.J. (2016). *Usnea articulata* (L.) Hoffm.. *Images of British lichens*. lastdragon.org. Retrieved on October 24, 2018.
3. ↑ *Usnea articulata* (L.) Hoffm.. Italic 5.0. Retrieved on October 25, 2018.
Skeletocutis amorpha

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***Skeletocutis amorpha*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae, and the type species of the genus *Skeletocutis*.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described as new to science in 1815 by Elias Magnus Fries as *Polyporus amorphus*. It has since acquired an extensive synonymy. Czech mycologists František Kotlába and Zdeněk Pouzar transferred it to the genus *Skeletocutis* in 1958.

## Description

Fruit bodies are effused-reflexed (crust-like with the edges curled out into rudimentary caps), or, more rarely, completely crust-like.

Its spores are allantoid (sausage-shaped), and measure 3–4.5 by 1.3–1.8 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

A widely distributed fungus, *S. amorpha* is found in Africa, Australia, China, and Europe. It causes a white rot in the dead wood of various species of the pine family, particularly pine, but also fir, larch, and spruce. Rarely, it grows on hardwoods such as alder, beech, and oak.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Species Fungorum synonymy`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kotlába 1958`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 2014`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dai 2007`

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Schenella pityophila

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***Schenella pityophila*** is a species of fungus in the family Geastraceae found in Europe. It was originally described in 1997 as *Pyrenogaster pityophilus*, before being transferred to the genus *Schenella* in 2005.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Malencon 1977`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Estrada-Torres 2005`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Geastrales-stub
Sarcodon amygdaliolens

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***Sarcodon amygdaliolens*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in the Iberian Peninsula, it was described as new to science in 2011. It smells strongly of bitter almonds. Its spores measure 5.25–6.5 by 4.5 μm. Closely related *Sarcodon* species include *S. fennicus* and *S. glaucopus*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rubio Casas 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula amethystina

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***Russula amethystina*** is a conspicuous mushroom, which appears sporadically from mid-summer until the autumn under spruce and fir trees. In Northern Europe, it is very rare. It is edible, but not very easy to distinguish from similarly coloured *Russula* species, and practically identical to *Russula turci* from which it can only be distinguished by microscopic differences in spore texture. A mistake would not be very grave, however, since there are no deadly poisonous mushrooms in the genus *Russula*.Template:Citation needed

## Description

* The cap can be up to 12 cm in diameter and varies in colour between violet, lilac, wine-red and wine-red-brown.
* The cap skin can be pulled off from the edge, right to the centre.
* The gills are from cream to bright yellow. Spore print is cream to light orange.
* The hollow stipe is initially white, later becoming yellowish or brownish.

## References

* Template:Cite book
* Image from the Russulales news web site

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Tremella frondosa

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***Tremella frondosa*** is an edible jelly fungus. In China, it is called *huáng ěr* (黄耳; literally "yellow ear"), and sometimes features in the vegetarian dish called Buddha's delight.

## External links

* Page at Index Fungorum
* *Huang er* page (Chinese)
* Recipe for Buddha's delight, containing *huang er* (Chinese)

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Skeletocutis papyracea

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***Skeletocutis papyracea*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science by Alix David in 1982. The type was collected in France, where it was found growing on a fallen trunk of Scots pine. The fungus was reported in northeastern China in 2005, and in Lithuania in 2013. A microscope is useful for identification of this fungus: it differs from other *Skeletocutis* by the fact that its skeletal hyphae dissolve in 5% KOH solution.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `David 1982`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dai 2005`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Iršėnaitė 2013`

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Russula aurea

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***Russula aurea***, commonly known as the **gilded brittlegill**, is an uncommon species of mushroom found in deciduous woodland in Europe in summer and early autumn. Unlike many red-capped members of the genus, it is edible and mild-tasting.

## Taxonomy

It was known for many years as *Russula aurata* originally published in 1801 as *Agaricus auratus* by the English naturalist William Withering, and placed by the father of mycology Elias Magnus Fries into the genus *Russula* in 1838. However, the binomial name *Russula aurea* had been coined by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796 and takes precedence. Both specific epithets are derived from the Latin *aurum* "gold", hence "golden".

## Description

The cap is Template:Convert wide and a blood- or orange-red in colour with ridged margins. Sticky when wet, it is initially convex, then later flat, or depressed; it is able to be peeled half-way. The widely spaced gills are ochre with yellow edges, and adnexed or free. The stipe is up to Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide, cylindrical and white or cream to golden-yellow. The brittle flesh is yellow and the taste mild. The spore print is ochre, the warty spores are oval or round and measure 7.5–9 × 6–8 μm.

### Similar species

The overall yellow tone of *Russula aurea* distinguishes it from the peppery and inedible red-capped Russulas, such as the bloody brittlegill (*R. sanguinaria*), the sickener (*R. emetica*), and the beechwood sickener (*R. nobilis*).

## Distribution and habitat

*Russula aurea* is found in Europe and is uncommon in Britain. It has been recorded as far east as the Black Sea region of eastern Turkey.

It occurs under deciduous trees in summer and early autumn, in particular beech, oak and hazel.

## Edibility

Unlike many other red-capped members of the genus, *Russula aurea* is mild-tasting and edible.

## References

1. ↑ Persoon, *Observationes mycologicae, Seu descriptiones tam novorum, quam notabilium fungorum* (1796) vol. I:101 .
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal Template:Dead link

## External links

Template:Commons

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Roger's Mushrooms description

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Sarcodon fuligineoviolaceus

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***Sarcodon fuligineoviolaceus*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described in 1874 by Hungarian mycologist Károly Kalchbrenner as *Hydnum fuligineoviolaceum*, in Elias Fries's work *Hymenomycetes europaei*. Narcisse Théophile Patouillard transferred it to the genus *Sarcodon* in 1900. *Sarcodon talpa*, published by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus in 1967, is a synonym.

In 2004 *Sarcodon fuligineoviolaceus* was one of 33 species proposed for protection under the Bern Convention by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1874`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Patouillard 1900`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1967`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Sarcodon fuligineoviolaceus`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dahlberg 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

Template:Agaricomycetes-stub
Tylopilus alkalixanthus

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***Tylopilus alkalixanthus*** is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in Costa Rica and Japan, it was described as new to science in 2002 by Anja Amtoft and Roy Halling.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Amtoft 2002`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Boletales-stub
Tricholoma scalpturatum

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***Tricholoma scalpturatum*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. Found in Europe, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous trees including *Quercus*, *Fagus*, *Tilia*, and *Populus*, and occasionally with *Pinus*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Noordeloos 1999`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma odorimutabile

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***Tricholoma odorimutabile*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Singapore, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

Template:Tricholomataceae-stub
Usnea rubicunda

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***Usnea rubicunda***, commonly known as the **red beard lichen**, is a type of arboreal lichen native to temperate regions in North, Central and South America, as well as Europe, Eastern Asia, and North Africa. This fruticose species forms hair-like hanging clusters that are orange to red in color. It is at risk of extirpation in Canada.

## References

1. ↑ Goward, T, IM Brodo, SR Clayden. 1998. Rare lichens of Canada: A review and provisional listing. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 74 pp.

## External links

Template:Commons

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sparassis crispa

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***Sparassis crispa*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Sparassis*. In English it is sometimes called **cauliflower fungus**.

## Description

*S. crispa* grows in an entangled globe that is up to Template:Convert in diameter. The lobes, which carry the spore-bearing surface, are flat and curly, resembling lasagna noodles and they are coloured white to creamy yellow. When young they are tough and rubbery but later they become soft. The odour is pleasant and the taste of the flesh mild.

The spore print is cream, the smooth oval spores measuring about 7 µm by 5 µm.

This species is found growing at the base of conifer trunks, often pines, but also spruce, cedar, larch and others. It is fairly common in Great Britain.

## Culinary use

It is considered a good edible fungus when young and fresh, though it is difficult to clean (a toothbrush and lots of running water are recommended for that process). One French cookbook, which gives four recipes for this species, says that grubs and pine needles can get caught up in holes in the jumbled mass of flesh. The *Sparassis* should be blanched in boiling water for 2-3 minutes before being added to the rest of the dish.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kibby`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jaunault`

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Sarcodon lundellii

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***Sarcodon lundellii*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Europe, it was described as new to science in 1969 by mycologists Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus and John Axel Nannfeldt.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1969`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

Template:Agaricomycetes-stub
Tricholoma fuscinanum

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***Tricholoma fuscinanum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Sabah, Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

Template:Tricholomataceae-stub
Stereum rameale

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***Stereum rameale*** is a plant pathogen infecting peach trees. It is often found in tiers on the dead wood of broad-leaved trees.

## Characteristics

Thin, elastic and tough when moist, hard and brittle when dry. No distinctive odour or taste. No change in flesh colour when cut.

## External links

* Index Fungorum
* USDA ARS Fungal Database

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/stereum-rameale

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Tricholoma argyraceum

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***Tricholoma argyraceum*** is a grey-capped mushroom of the large genus *Tricholoma*. It has been often confused with the similar-looking *Tricholoma scalpturatum*.

## Taxonomy

French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described this species as *Agaricus argyraceus* in 1779, before his countryman Claude Casimir Gillet gave it its current name in 1874. The generic name derives from the Greek *trichos*/τριχος 'hair' and *loma*/λωμα 'hem', 'fringe' or 'border'. It lies within the section *Terrea* within the subgenus *Tricholoma* within the genus *Tricholoma*.

## Description

The cap is conical initially and flattening to a convex shape, with a prominent boss. Measuring 1.5 to 6 cm (0.6–2.4 in) in diameter, it is covered with greyish scales, paler than other grey-capped tricholomas, and the crowded gills are white or pale grey and emarginate or adnate in cross section. They sometimes stain yellowish when bruised. The thin flesh is cream or white and has a farinaceous (floury) and somewhat rancid taste and smell. The whitish stipe is 2–5 cm (0.8–1 in) high and 0.3–0.8 cm (0.1–0.3 in) wide and has no ring and a tapering base.

The poisonous *T. pardinum* is similar in appearance but with coarser scales on its cap. *T.scalpturatum* has a darker cap without a boss.

## Distribution and habitat

*Tricholoma argyraceum* occurs across Europe but is uncommon overall. The fruit bodies appear from June to December (occasionally earlier in Spring). The species has an ectomycorrhizal association with a number of genera – birch (*Betula*), *Carpinus*, oak (*Quercus*) and *Tilia*.

## Synonyms

Obsolete synonyms for *Tricholoma argyraceum* include:

* *Agaricus argyraceus* Bull. 1779
* *Agaricus myomyces* var. *argyraceus* (Bull.) Pers. 1801
* *Tricholoma argyraceum* f. *inocybeoides* (A. Pearson) Mort. Chr. & Noordel. 1999
* *Tricholoma argyraceum* var. *inocybeoides* (A. Pearson) Krieglst. 1991
* *Tricholoma inocybeoides* A. Pearson 1938
* *Tricholoma myomyces* var. *argyraceum* (Bull.) J.E. Lange 1933
* *Tricholoma scalpturatum* var. *argyraceum* (Bull.) Kühner & Romagn. 1953
* *Tricholoma terreum* var. *argyraceum* (Bull.) P. Kumm. 1871

## Edibility

*Tricholoma argyraceum* is technically edible but of poor quality and inferior to other grey-capped Tricholomas. It has also been classified as inedible.

## References

1. ↑ Template:IndexFungorum
2. ↑ Template:IndexFungorum
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
7. ↑ Template:Cite book
8. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Tricholoma aurantium

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***Tricholoma aurantium***, commonly known as the **golden orange tricholoma**, is a mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma*. Originally described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, it was transferred to the genus *Tricholoma* by Adalbert Ricken in 1915.

## Description

The cap is broadly convex to more or less flat, measuring Template:Convert wide with an margin that is initially rolled inward. Fresh specimens are sticky or slimy. The cap colors is orange to dull reddish-orange. Parts that have been handled bruise dark red. The surface textures ranges from smooth to covered with scattered appressed fibrils and scales. The closely spaced gills are whitish but develop brownish to reddish-brown stains in maturity. They are narrowly attached to the stipe, sometimes by a notch. The often hollow stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and is either roughly the same width throughout, or tapers slightly to the base. Its surface is covered with dense orangish scales that terminate in a line near the top of the stipe, where it is white. The white, mealy tasting flesh does not change color with injury.

The spore print is white. Spores are smooth, ellipsoid, and inamyloid, measuring 5–6 by 3–4 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal relationships with various species of conifers. Fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups or clusters on the ground.

*Tricholoma aurantium* is widely distributed in North America. It is found in Asia (India, Pakistan). The ectomycorrhizae of *T. aurantium* has been reported with *Pinus wallichiana* and *Abies pindrow* in Pakistan, and with silver fir (*Abies alba*) in Italy.

## Chemistry

*Tricholoma aurantium* fruitbodies contains the novel diterpene lactone compounds trichoaurantianolides A, B, C and D. The bright orange-red color is due to the benzotropolone pigment aurantricholone. The first total synthesis of trichoaurantianolides C and D was reported in 2015.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schaeffer 1774`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ricken 1915`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuo 2010`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Abraham 1993`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niazi 2010`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Comandini 1998`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Invernizzi 1995`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Benevelli 1995`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Klostermeyer 2000`
10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Williams 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Stropharia rugosoannulata

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***Stropharia rugosoannulata***, commonly known as the **wine cap stropharia**, "**garden giant**", **burgundy mushroom** or **king stropharia** (Japanese: *saketsubatake*), is an agaric of the family Strophariaceae found in Europe and North America, and introduced to Australia and New Zealand. The mushroom was reported in April 2018 in Colombia, in the city of Bogota.
Unlike many other members of the genus *Stropharia*, it is widely regarded as a choice edible and cultivated for food.

The king stropharia can grow to 20 cm high with a reddish-brown convex to flattening cap up to 30 cm across, the size leading to another colloquial name **godzilla mushroom**. The gills are initially pale, then grey, and finally dark purple-brown in colour. The firm flesh is white, as is the tall stem which bears a wrinkled ring. This is the origin of the specific epithet which means "wrinkled-ringed".

It is found on wood chips and bark mulch across North America in summer and autumn. Described as very tasty by some authors, king stropharia is easily cultivated on a medium similar to that on which it grows naturally. Antonio Carluccio recommends sautéeing them in butter or grilling them.

In Paul Stamets' book *Mycelium Running*, a study done by Christiane Pischl showed that the king stropharia makes an excellent garden companion to corn. The fungus also has a European history of being grown with corn.

A 2006 study, published in the journal *Applied and Environmental Microbiology*, found the king stropharia to have the ability to attack the nematode *Panagrellus redivivus*; the fungus produces unique spiny cells called acanthocytes which are able to immobilise and digest the nematodes. See nematophagous fungus.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

### Cited literature

* Template:Cite book
* Zadrazil, Frantisek and Joachim Schliemann: "Ein Beitrag zur Ökologie und Anbautechnik von Stropharia rugosoannulata (Farlow ex Murr.)" in: Der Champignon Nr.163, March 1975

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Skeletocutis borealis

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***Skeletocutis borealis*** is a rare species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in northern Europe, it was described as new to science in 1998 by Finnish mycologist Tuomo Niemelä.

## Description

It forms a crust-like fruit body up to 4 mm thick, and typically up to 4 mm wide and 2–5 cm long. The sterile margin of the fruit body is narrow and white, while the pore surface is pale cream to pale salmon, comprising angular pores numbering 6–7 per mm.

*Skeletocutis borealis* has a dimitic hyphal system, with both generative and skeletal hyphae. Typical of the genus *Skeletocutis*, the generative hyphae of the dissepiment edges (the tissue between the pores) is encrusted with spiny crystals. The spores are cylindrical to somewhat sausage-shaped (allantoid), and measure 3.5–4.5 by 1.3–1.7 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club shaped and measure 10–13 by 4–5 μm.

*Skeletocutis stellae* is somewhat similar in appearance, but its fruit body is not as thick, and it has smaller pores and narrower spores.

## Habitat and distribution

The fungus has been recorded only from Sweden and northern Finland, where it causes a white rot in *Picea*, *Salix*, and *Sorbus*. The type was collected in Pyhäjärvi, Selkäinjärvi, Finland, found growing on a dead trunk of *Salix caprea*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niemelä 1998`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 2014`

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Sarcodontia setosa

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***Sarcodontia setosa*** is a species of toothed crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It is a white rot species that found in Europe and North America.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1825 as *Hydnum setosum*. Marinus Anton Donk transferred it to the genus *Sarcodontia* in 1952.

## Description

The fungus grows as a thick, yellow crust on the underside of damaged apple tree branches, with dimensions of Template:Convert wide by Template:Convert long. The tightly-packed teeth are Template:Convert long and have tapered tips. They are pale to bright yellow in colour, although both bruising and age tend to cause a reddish discolouration. The odour of the fungus has been described as "fruity but unpleasant".

Fruit bodies of the fungus contain the benzoquinone-derived compound sarcodontic acid, which impart the yellow colour. The fungus can be used as a mushroom dye, and produces a pinkish-brown colour with a variety of mordants.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Donk 1952`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Baroni 2017`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Křepinský 1965`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2001`

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Turbinellus stereoides

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***Turbinellus stereoides***, previously known as ***Gomphus stereoides***, is a mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It was originally described in 1996 by E. J. H. Corner as a species of *Gomphus*. The type collection was made in 1930 in Slim River, Malaysia.

The genus *Gomphus*, along with several others in the Gomphaceae, was reorganized in the 2010s after molecular analysis confirmed that the older morphology-based classification did not accurately represent phylogenetic relationships. Admir Giachini transferred the fungus to *Turbinellus* in 2011.

In 2010 *Turbinellus stereoides* was reported from Turkey.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1966`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Giachini 2010`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Giachini 2011`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Giachini 2012`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sesli 2000`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Agaricomycetes-stub
Tarzetta cupularis

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***Tarzetta cupularis*** is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae. This is a species of northern Europe with occasional records from further south in Spain and Morocco. It also occurs in North America. It appears from spring to autumn as brown to cream-coloured flask-shaped cups up to 2 cm across and 2.5 cm tall in groups in damp woodland. The related *Tarzetta catinus* tends to be larger with a more open cup, but the two species can only be reliably distinguished microscopically: by the shape of the spores (those of *T. cupularis* being narrower) and the paraphyses (those of *T. cupularis* lacking the distinctive lobed tips of *T. catinus*).

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* *Tarzetta cupularis* at GBIF

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Tricholoma aestuans

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***Tricholoma aestuans*** is a mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma*. First described formally by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, it was transferred to the genus *Tricholoma* by Claude Casimir Gillet in 1874.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1821`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gillet 1874`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Xanthoparmelia tinctina

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***Xanthoparmelia tinctina*** is a species of lichen from the family Parmeliaceae that can be found in Arizona, California, Northern Africa and Europe. The upper surface is yellow–green, while the bottom surface is brown and is plane, Template:Convert in diameter. The apothecia are Template:Convert wide, the thallus is laminal and is Template:Convert in diameter. The disc is either cinnamon-brown or dark brown and is ellipsoided. The pycnidia are immersed, and the conidia are bifusiform, with 8-spored asci which are hyaline and ellipsoid.

## References

1. ↑ Ecuadorian distribution and Description and distribution. Symbiota.org. Retrieved on May 29, 2012.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank

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Sabuloglossum

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***Sabuloglossum*** is a fungal genus in the earth tongue family Geoglossaceae. Circumscribed in 2013, it contains the single widely distributed species ***Sabuloglossum arenarium***, which has previously been placed in the genera *Microglossum*, *Corynetes*, *Geoglossum*, and *Thuemenidium*. The generic name derives from the Latin word *sabulum* and refers to its preference for sandy habitats.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hustad 2013`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Sabuloglossum arenarium`

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Tricholoma saponaceum

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***Tricholoma saponaceum***, also known as the **soap-scented toadstool**, **soapy knight** or **soap tricholoma** is an inedible mushroom found in woodlands in Europe and North America.

## Taxonomy

*Tricholoma saponaceum* was first described in 1818 by the father of mycology Elias Magnus Fries and given the name *Agaricus saponaceus*, before being placed in the genus *Tricholoma* by German mycologist Paul Kummer in 1871. The specific epithet *saponaceum* is derived from the Latin 'of or pertaining to soap'. Its names in other European languages, such as French *Tricolome à odeur de savon*, and German *Seifenritterling* have a similar derivation to its English names-soap-scented toadstool, soapy knight or soap tricholoma—all relating to its soapy scent.

*Tricholoma saponaceum* is yet another fungus which may represent a species complex of two or more species. The variety *ardosiacum*, described by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola, has a dark blue-grey cap.

## Description

*Tricholoma saponaceum* has a convex cap with a vague umbo up to Template:Convert across, which flattens with age. The colour is highly variable, with greyish, greenish, olive, yellowish and brownish shades reported. The cap is paler at the margin and fades with age. The widely spaced gills are adnexed and whitish, although may be tinted pale green and bruise pink. The stipe lacks a ring and can be swollen in its midriff, and measures Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide. A key distinguishing feature in the western United States is an orange-pink colour at the stipe's base. The spore print is white, and the oval smooth spores measure 5–6 × 3–4 μm. The odour is distinctive and has been likened to newly scrubbed floors or soap.

Its gills may lead it to being confused with *Hygrophorus* species.

## Distribution and habitat

*Tricholoma saponaceum* is a terrestrial mushroom found in Europe and North America. It is abundant in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains. It is found in coniferous and deciduous woodlands (more commonly the former in North America) from late summer to late autumn. Spruce, live oak, tanoak, and madrone are species it can be associated with in the western United States. It is associated with oak in Central and southern Europe.

## Toxicity

Bland or mild tasting, the fungus is usually classified as inedible or possibly mildly poisonous in guidebooks.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

Template:Commons

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Template:Cite book

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Tyromyces chioneus

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***Tyromyces chioneus***, commonly known as the **white cheese polypore**, is a species of polypore fungus. A widely distributed fungus, it has a circumpolar distribution, in temperate boreal pine forests, of Asia, Europe, and North America, causes white rot in dead hardwood trees, especially birch

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as *Polyporus chioneus* by Elias Fries in 1815. It was transferred to the genus *Tyromyces* by Petter Karsten in 1881.
*Tyromyces chioneus* is the type species of *Tyromyces*. The specific epithet *chioneus* means "snow", referring to its white color. It is commonly known as the "white cheese polypore".

## Description

 File:Tyromyces.chioneus2.-.lindsey.jpg
The fruit bodies are semicircular to fan-shaped brackets that measure up to Template:Convert broad by Template:Convert wide, with a thickness of Template:Convert. The upper surface is initially white before aging to yellowish or grayish, and has a texture ranging from smooth to tomentose. The undersurface features white to cream-colored, round to angular pores measuring 3–4 per millimeter. The flesh is soft and fleshy when young, but becomes hard and brittle in age or when dry. It has a mild or indistinct taste, and a pleasant odor.

It has a white spore print, and the spores are smooth, cylindrical, hyaline (translucent), with dimensions of 4–5 by 1.5–2 µm. The basidia are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 10–15 by 4–5 µm; they have a clamp at their base. The hyphal system is dimitic, consisting of generative and skeletal hyphae. The generative hyphae have clamps and are intricately branched. The skeletal hyphae, in contrast, are thick-walled, rarely branched, and measure 2–4.5 µm in diameter. Although cystidia are absent from the hymenium, there are fused cystidioles (immature cystidia) measuring 15–20 by 4–5 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Tyromyces chioneus* causes white rot in dead hardwood trees. Its most common host is birch. The species has a circumpolar distribution, in temperate boreal pine forests, including Asia, Europe, and North America. In Greenland, it is common on *Betula pubescens*.

## Chemistry

Cultures of the fungus have been shown to contain a sesquiterpene with anti-HIV activity in laboratory experiments.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum: Tyromyces chioneus`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roody 2003`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 1993`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Elborne 1990`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liu 2007`

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Russula alnetorum

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***Russula alnetorum*** is a species of mushroom in the genus *Russula*. The fruiting bodies are found growing on the ground in the vicinity of alder trees with which this fungus has a symbiotic relationship. The cap is purple and the gills and stem white, darkening with age.

## Description

The cap of this medium-sized *Russula* is usually between Template:Convert in diameter. It is convex at first, then flattening out and developing a depression in the centre, and the flesh is thin and fragile. The margin is blunt, smooth at first but later becomes serrated and knobbly. The cap is dark purple in the centre, sometimes with greyish-brown spots, and paler purple near the rim. The gills are white, turning greyish with age, partially attached to the stem and about Template:Convert broad. The spore print is white. The stem is usually Template:Convert long but may sometimes reach Template:Convert. It is brittle, with spongy flesh, and hollow with two to four partitions. It is cylindrical, becoming thicker near the base, white at first, but becoming yellowish and eventually grey with age. This fungus is almost odourless, or has a slightly fruity smell.

## Distribution and habitat

*Russula alnetorum* occurs in much of Europe and northern Asia. It is widespread but uncommon, and always grows in association with alders in woodland, swamps, thickets and on riverbanks. It likes moist ground but not waterlogged soils and is found on loams, sandy soil and clay, but not excessively acid soils. Fruiting bodies appear from August to November.

## Ecology

*Russula alnetorum* is a mycorrhizal fungus which has a symbiotic association with the common alder (*Alnus glutinosa*) and other species of alder.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Featherstone, Alan Watson (2012-11-26). Common or black alder. Trees for life. Retrieved on August 7, 2014.

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Tricholoma furcatifolium

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***Tricholoma furcatifolium*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Singapore, where it grows in the forest on humus, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Suillellus atlanticus

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***Suillellus atlanticus*** is a species of bolete fungus found in coastal sand dunes in Galicia. Originally described as a species of *Boletus* in 2013, it was transferred to *Suillellus* the following year.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Blanco-Dios 2013`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula graveolens

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***Russula graveolens*** is an edible species of fungus in the genus *Russula*. The species was first officially described by Swedish mycologist Lars Romell in 1893.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Britzelmayr1893`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank

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Suillus triacicularis

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***Suillus triacicularis*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Suillaceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in the northwestern Himalayas, India, where it grows in association with *Pinus roxburghii*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Verma 2014`

## External links

Template:IndexFungorum
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Tricholoma acutistramineum

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***Tricholoma acutistramineum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Singapore, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholomella

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***Tricholomella*** is a fungal genus in the family Lyophyllaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Tricholomella constricta***, described as new to science by Ukrainian mycologist Mariya Yakovlevna Zerova in 1979. Zerova's original publication was invalid, and it was later republished validly by Kuulo Kalamees in 1992. The fungus is found in Asia and Europe.

## See also

Template:Portal-inline

* List of Agaricales genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kalamees 1992`

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Suillus viscidus

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***Suillus viscidus*** (commonly known as the **sticky bolete**) is an edible, uncommon mushroom in the genus *Suillus*. It associates with larch and is found throughout Europe and in Japan.

## Description

The cap is hemispherical when young, later convex to flat, whitish grey or darker. It is up to 12 cm in diameter. It is slimy, and blotchy when old. The large, angular pores on the underside of the cap are coloured pallid to yellowish at first, but become darker with maturity. Yound specimens bear a whitish partial veil which soon shreds. The tubes are concolorous, and have a slightly decurrent stem attachment. The stem bears a thin, slimy, dark-coloured ring in the uppermost part of the stem which is sometimes lost in mature specimens. The stem is divided by the ring into a short lighter, yellowish section above, and a duller, greyish section below. The flesh is whitish-grey, very soft and has a mild or non-distinct taste.

The spores are clay-coloured and ellipsoid or subfusiform in shape. Their dimensions are 10-12 by 4-5.5 μm.

It is an edible mushroom of low quality.

## Habitat

*Suillus viscidus* forms an ectomycorrhizal association with larch (*Larix*) specifically, and its distribution is thus limited by the range of the host tree. It occurs throughout Europe, and also in Japan. In Europe, it is considered an uncommon to rare fungus and it is to be found in the same habitat as the common larch bolete, *Suillus grevillei*, and also the rare *Suillus tridentinus*. Fruiting bodies are found in groups among grass under larch, from summer to autumn.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Shironumeriiguchi (Japanese). Retrieved on September 17, 2010.

## External links

 File:Suillus viscidus 1.jpg
Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma cutifractum

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***Tricholoma cutifractum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in the forests of Singapore, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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