彼得·弗兰格尔

**彼得·尼古拉耶维奇·弗兰格尔，**别号**“黑男爵”，**是一位著名的俄罗斯将军，也是俄罗斯内战的英雄。他被广泛地视作一个政治温和的职业军人，可说是俄罗斯日益不稳的政局中最稳定的人物。如果局势发生剧变，那么黑男爵可能会采取行动，从激进主义的蹂躏中挽救俄罗斯母亲…

## 个人经历

### **早年生活**

在1878年8月27日，彼得·弗兰格尔生于俄属立陶宛的一户波罗的海德意志贵族家庭中。他毕业于罗斯托夫技术高中，随后就读于圣彼得堡矿业学院。1902年弗兰格尔志愿加入护卫骑兵队并赚得了第一笔军饷。不久后，他被遣往伊尔库茨克指挥一支贝加尔哥萨克部队，这同样是许多俄罗斯优秀军人的第一次指挥经历。

### **日俄战争与1905年革命**

1904年，弗兰格尔第一次实际作战，对抗日军。日俄战争中弗兰格尔自视为哥萨克人的中尉，但战争结束时他转为指挥一支龙骑兵部队。1905年俄国革命时弗兰格尔和后来第二次革命中一样，指挥一支快速而有威胁的骑兵部队作战。革命结束后，弗兰格尔返回了圣彼得堡并与奥尔加·米哈伊洛芙娜·伊万年科结婚，生了两个孩子。

### **世界大战**

经历了1910年在尼古拉帝国总参谋部学院和1911年在骑兵军官学校的学习，1914年时弗兰格尔以骑兵队长的军职服役。他及早认清了自己的实力，并荣获圣乔治勋章，此后他被提拔为上校并再次指挥贝加尔哥萨克部队。此时弗兰格尔第一次遇见了罗曼·冯·恩琴-史登伯格和格雷戈里·谢苗诺夫，这两位“不安定因素”的真面目会在俄罗斯内战中彻底暴露。

 File:Wrangel weltkrieg.jpg
弗兰格尔在世界大战期间，尤其是在1916年的勃鲁希洛夫攻势中不断取得战功。很快他被提拔为少将，指挥一支由不同的哥萨克军团组成的混合骑兵联队。但是，由于他个人对俄罗斯二月革命以及俄罗斯事实上退出世界大战的强烈反感，使他退休并返回了自己位于克里米亚的别墅中。

### **俄罗斯内战**

*Main Article: 俄罗斯内战*

虽然因为退休，弗兰格尔并未参加拉夫尔·科尔尼洛夫在彼得格勒的失败政变，但由于雅尔塔的布尔什维克煽动者企图处决他并株连家人，他被粗暴地卷入了内战。被激怒的弗兰格尔前往基辅加入了新成立的”乌克兰国“的军队。因为弗兰格尔是一个热心而又务实的俄罗斯民族主义者，盖特曼·帕夫洛·斯科罗帕德斯基和他的德国支持者都对弗兰格尔的忠诚不抱一点幻想。然而，弗兰格尔的个人魅力、语言运用能力和丰富的军事经验使他不仅成为了一名非常称职的将军，而且成为了使不同的反布尔什维克部队在前俄罗斯帝国领土中联合的重要联络人。然而弗兰格尔的第一次军事行动并非对抗布尔什维克，而是对付拒绝为盖特曼服役的两支军队：乌克兰的西希步枪兵和“灰大衣”。盖特曼立刻喜欢上了弗兰格尔，至少他们对长长的哥萨克大衣和皮帽拥有共同的审美，德国人也十分赞赏弗兰格尔对他们严肃、严谨态度的把握。弗兰格尔与在乌克兰的许多白卫军军官共同组成了一支“特别联队”，隶属于纳吉耶夫指挥的一个乌克兰师。1918年初弗兰格尔将与数千俄罗斯人、乌克兰人共同向顿河-哥萨克州进军。

### **伏尔加战役**

Wrangel would ultimately, with the consent of the Ukrainians and Germans, transfer his command over to General Lavr Kornilov's Volunteer Army. Though Wrangel was privately critical of Kornilov's barely-concealed republicanism and willingness to spill blood, he nevertheless respected him deeply for his military abilities and selfless dedication to Russia. Wrangel's commission as a major-general was re-instated, and he was granted command of the Caucasian Army. Despite their initial frostiness, Wrangel and Kornilov would soon bond over a shared antipathy to the many nationalists within the ranks of the White Cossacks. Much to Kornilov's relief, Wrangel's immense popularity with the Cossacks soon won over many of them to the cause of a united Russia.

 File:Wrangel staff.jpg
The liberation of much of southern Russia over the course of 1918 left the Volunteer Army in good shape. The fall of Tsaritsyn had secured control over the southern stretch of the Volga, and most importantly, now gave the Southern Whites a direct route to link up with the forces of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, who had become bogged down in a gruelling stalemate across the Volga line. In a move which earned him much enmity from fellow general Anton Denikin, Wrangel successfully convinced Kornilov to march eastwards to relieve Kolchak, rather than strike directly towards Moscow in a risky gamble. Wrangel's prudence would soon be vindicated.

With much of the Red Army's reserves scrambling to build a defensive line in anticipation of a direct White thrust to the capital, they were utterly unprepared for a fast-moving assault up the Volga. The Volunteer Army, now flush with German arms, equipment, and advisors, routed the Reds in a matter of months, ultimately leaving the cities of Kazan, Saratov, and Samara decisively in White hands. Meanwhile, the Reds' planned counter-offensive under Alexander Yegorov, which could have cut the White's advance in half, was stopped before it could even begin by the sudden offensive of Ukrainian forces under the directive of their German masters.

### **乌法会议和攻陷莫斯科**

Though the Ufa Conference of 1919 left a bad taste in the mouth of many Whites, who blamed Kerensky personally for his role in the Bolsheviks rise to power, Wrangel was practical enough to realize the need to bring a civilian head of state back into prominence, as well as regain the trust of the peasantry with the SR-backed reform policies proposed by Boris Savinkov. As befitting his status as one of the key White commanders, Wrangel and his cavalrymen played a vital role in the capture of Moscow, and he was one of the chosen few who accompanied Kornilov in his triumphant entry into the Kremlin to accept the Bolsheviks' surrender.

 File:Wrangel & shatilov.jpg
### **战间期**

Despite not serving as the Whites' overall commander, Wrangel was arguably the most mythologized of the anti-Bolshevik leaders. While men like Kornilov boast greater popularity among certain political factions due to their own unabashed political loyalties, Wrangel's staunch neutrality earned him admiration across the Russian political spectrum. To Wrangel's own private amusement and annoyance, he gained a popular following in Germany following his appearance as a side-character in the critically-acclaimed film *Mein Kampf*, which portrayed him as a "German at heart" who whipped the Russians back into shape with Teutonic discipline.

With Russia continuing to spiral down into ignominy, Wrangel's legend endures, and with it, the secret hope of many that he can restore Russia to greatness where radicals have failed.

### **查看相关**

* 俄罗斯共和国
* 俄罗斯内战