recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
SCP X-0001: Symbol Of Fear

## Picture Reasons

The reason why there is a drawn image instead of an actual image is because any picture taken would instantly turn black.

## Purple Lightning

The SCP has the unique ability to manipulate purple lightning, a force of nature that is both beautiful and deadly. When the SCP unleashes this power, it crackles through the air like a living thing, illuminating the surroundings with an eerie glow. The lightning dances and twists, following the SCP's every command, as if it were under its complete control.

However, the true danger of this power lies in its unpredictability. The SCP's manipulation of purple lightning can cause catastrophic damage, leaving destruction in its wake. Entire buildings have been leveled by the force of the lightning, reducing them to rubble in a matter of seconds. Those caught in the path of the lightning are at risk of being electrocuted, their bodies writhing in agony as the energy courses through their veins.

## Dark Matter Manipulation

The SCP possesses the unique ability to manipulate dark matter, a substance that makes up approximately 85% of the universe's mass. By manipulating this substance, the SCP can create wormholes, warp space-time, and even generate gravitational waves. This ability gives the SCP immense power and control over the fabric of the universe.

Scientists have yet to fully understand the properties of dark matter, but the SCP's manipulation of it suggests a profound understanding of its nature. The SCP's mastery of this mysterious substance is truly awe-inspiring and adds to the SCP's already formidable power.

## Decay

The SCP is able to cause rapid decay and destruction in any material it comes into contact with. This power has been observed to affect a wide range of substances, from organic matter like wood and flesh, to inorganic materials like concrete and steel. The SCP's ability to cause such widespread decay makes it an incredibly dangerous entity to be reckoned with.

One particularly alarming example of the SCP's destructive capabilities occurred during a containment breach in which it was able to rapidly break down the reinforced concrete walls of its containment chamber. The resulting damage caused several casualties among the facility staff and demonstrated just how devastating the SCP's powers can be.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, our research, specifically focusing on one that worships the ominous Scarlet King, has finished for now.

We have discussed their ability to manipulate purple lightning and dark matter, as well as their destructive power of causing decay at length. It is clear that this SCP possesses immense power and poses a significant threat to society if left unchecked.

This SCP cannot be made known to anyone, at all costs. It must be locked away forever, like the rest in the X series.
YTTDub OCs Wiki

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## The Original Characters

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Dummiesㅤ

**Dummies** ( ダミーズ, *Damīzu* ) is the collective name referring to a group of supposed dolls of participants who died during the First Trial of the Death Game.

The Dummies are presented as AI uploaded into doll replicas of First Trial victims who have had no previous relationship with any of the surviving members. That is why Tsuki Hoshiko and Yasu Konya, who knew Taiyō Hoshiko and Miran Sekino, respectively, weren't included.

## Partners

* Ryōichi to Kina
* Yūrei to Miran
* Taiyō to (tba)
* Shuzikesa to (tba)
* Kanashii to (tba)

## Special info

The Dummies were all briefed together when they were created but also given unique information directly downloaded into their memories. So, at first, they were unable of knowing which information was exactly different among them.

* Ryōichi - Unknown (Never said out loud)
* Yūrei - Unknown
* Taiyō - Unknown
* Shuzikesa - Unknown
* Kanashii - Unknown
Charles Edward III

**Charles Edward III** ( エドワード・チャールズ, *Edowādo Chāruzu* ) is a famous pianist and one of the participants for the Death Game.

## Personality

Charles is a very antisocial individual; he does not like to talk to anyone. If you were to approach him, he would flinch. He is constantly wary of what the other person is doing. He speaks very faintly, daring not to raise his voice at all. He thinks that people who are loud and constantly friendly are annoying.

## History

### Background

His biological mother was a criminal, and his biological father was out of the picture. Due to this, he was put into an orphanage, as he didn't have any other immediate family to take care of him. He never knew his legal name, so he made one up for himself when he was very little, “Ronnie.” He had severe anger issues; any little thing pissed him off. Because of this, he was outcasted by the other kids.

Two kids (Ali and Edith) approached him and adopted (more like forced lmao) him into their outcast group. Ali would constantly bother him, asking if he would like to play or do stuff. Eventually, Ronnie snapped and the two got into a huge fight which led to Ali losing bits of her ear. Ronnie was humiliated and angry at himself.

He was eventually put into an emergency foster home and adopted by his rich foster parents. They renamed him Charles Edward III. He quickly became a famous pianist through many lessons and acts of discipline without ever seeing Ali or Edith ever again.

## Appellations

* Game participants
* Participants B
* Organization members
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Yumiko Konpeito

**Yumiko Konpeito** ( 金平糖 由美子, *Konpeito Yumiko* ), the "Pastry Doll", is a Floor Master for the Death Game.

## Appearance

Yumiko is a woman of average height with strawberry blonde hair and dark magenta eyes.

Yumiko adorns a white shirt with puffed sleeves and a logo of a strawberry on the front of it. She pairs it with a poofy white and pink shirt that barely reaches past her knees.

Yumiko also wears long, scrunched white socks striped with pink. She wears them underneath white flip-flops.

## Personality

Yumiko is incredibly sadistic and two-faced, earning great satisfaction from the pain of others despite them not wronging her in any way.

Yumiko is considered a chatterbox, talking the ears off of anyone she strikes up a conversation with. She doesn’t do this for nothing though, she talks and talks with people in order to make them share more of their information with her without even realizing it.

She can be quite scary when angered, maintaining her usual happy and sweet expression whilst also brutally injuring the body of whoever dared to test her.

## Appellations

* Game participants
* Participants B
* Organization members

## Trivia

* Despises those with familial relationships.
* Even though she is nothing short of antagonistic, she refuses to use her pastries for anything negative.
* Her cooking is beyond delectable.
Kaito Hayashi

**Kaito Hayashi** ( 林 海人, *Hayashi Kaito* ) is a vlogger and one of the few participants in the Death Game.

## Appearance

Kaito has black-green hair, the green color very faint due to it being hair dye. His eyes are dark green, but from afar they look like black. He has short hair, his bangs parted in the middle with a ponytail in the back.

He wears a gray headband with yellow stripes on his head. He wears a white button-up shirt under a gray-green sweater. Of the decorations, he has 3 rings, 2 on his right hand and another ring on his left and wears a moon pendant around his neck. Kaito also has earrings that are black. His pants are beige-yellow, and he wears socks of the same color. His sneakers are dirty green with white soles.

## Personality

Kaito is a very egoistic influencer who cares about little other than his own reputation. Kaito looks like a nice guy until you are alone with him or pissed him off, and sometimes he pretends to be innocent by crying.

When he and other participants first arrived at the Death Game, he began to complain, thinking that it was nothing serious. In the First Trial, he survived quite by accident, a little more and he would die. When he got to others, he began to pretend to be a nice guy so that everyone would love him, since his reputation is very important to him.

Kaito is an extrovert who can very quickly and easily find a friend, he has a very high self-esteem, he is almost never quiet. He loves to play pranks on his friends and his friends do it in return. Kaito is never interested if someone is in trouble, and if they feel bad, he thinks it's better they go to a psychologist because he is not a doctor to help them.

## History

### Background

Kaito is a 19-year-old influencer who has a lot of fans. Most often he makes videos for his fans, his fans always agree with him, so when he says something, they will definitely defend him even if he is wrong. If he is not into video, he plays video games or spends time with friends. He has many friends who have almost the same personality as him, so they are no better than him.

Kaito has very rich parents, he was spoiled a lot as a child, so he grew up to be a spoiled child. He has a good relationship with his parents, they support him in his hobby/job since his childhood, and generally do not mind that he is making videos. As a child, he got everything he wanted, he was allowed to do and get almost everything.

### The Death Game

When he woke up in the First Trial, he did not understand anything, he screamed and said to let him out. While he was angry and destroying everything, he accidentally passed the trial, having 2 minutes left before the trap activated.

## Appellations

* Game participants
* Participants B
* Organization members
理论语言学

**理论语言学**是语言学中的一个术语，与近义词**普通语言学**一样，可以有不同的理解。两者都可以指语言理论，或研究语言本质并试图回答语言是什么或所有语言的共同基础是什么等基本问题的语言学分支。理论语言学的目标也可以是构建描述语言的一般理论框架。

该术语的另一种用法取决于将语言学划分为不同的子领域。理论语言学一词通常与应用语言学并列。这种观点意味着，有抱负的语言专业人员，如师范生，必须首先学习理论，即语言系统的属性，或费迪南·德·索绪尔所说的*内部语言学*。然后是实践，即应用领域的学习。这种二分法并非完全没有问题，因为语言教学法、语言技术和应用语言学的其他方面也包括理论。

## 语言学领域

当理论语言学的概念指的是核心或内部语言学时，它指的是对语言系统各部分的研究。传统上是指语音学、词法学、句法学和语义学。语用学和论述分析也可包括在内；不同机构的界定有所不同。此外，索绪尔对普通语言学的定义包括共时语言学和历史语言学的二分法，因此将历史语言学作为一个核心问题。

## 语言学理论

语言学理论有多种框架，包括语言的一般理论和语言描述的一般理论。目前的人文方法包括结构语言学和功能语言学的理论。除了结构语言学和功能语言学的人文方法，理论语言学领域还包括其他框架和观点。进化语言学就是这样一个框架，它从进化和认知的角度研究语言的起源和发展。它包含了生成语法中的各种模型，旨在通过形式规则和转换来解释语言结构。认知语言学则侧重于语言与认知之间的关系，探索语言如何反映和影响我们的思维过程。

## 参考文献

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hamp, Eric P.; Ivić, Pavle; Lyons, John (2020). *Linguistics*. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. ISBN 9783110289770. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Graffi, Giorgio (2009). "20th century linguistics: overview of trends". *Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics*. Elsevier. pp. 780–794. ISBN 9780080965017.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Harris, Tony (2001). "Linguistics in applied linguistics: a historical overview". *Journal of English Studies*. **3** (2): 99–114. doi:10.18172/jes.72. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 de Saussure, Ferdinand (1959) [First published 1916]. *Course in General Linguistics* (PDF). New York: Philosophy Library. ISBN 9780231157278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Linguistic Theory ScienceDirect. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
Fuyuko Matsuoka

**Fuyuko Matsuoka** ( 松岡 冬子*, Matsuoka Fuyuko* ) is a side character and Ryōichi Ikehara’s ex-girlfriend.

## Identification

### Affiliation

Heikkin University of Agriculture and Technology

## Appearance

Fuyuko is a woman of average height with pink downturned eyes and brown hair that’s tied up in a bun. The tips of her hair on the sides are dyed red.

Fuyuko wears a black long-sleeved blouse with a long sand-colored pleated skirt reaching down to her ankles. She also wears black socks and brown loafers.

## Personality

Fuyuko is generally shy and polite and keeps to herself, occasionally showing a more talkative and friendly side of her personality. She tries her best to meet up to everyone’s expectations and wants to see the good in others regardless of their true nature.

On the inside Fuyuko tends to be very paranoid and full of worry. Not much is known about this trait as she tends to conceal it, but she acknowledges this and expresses a desire to overcome her fears.

## Relationships

### Ryōichi Ikehara

Fuyuko’s ex-boyfriend. Both of them showed reciprocated feelings for each other, Fuyuko admitting that she wanted to marry him someday. Their relationship was later crushed to a pulp after Ryōichi nearly killed them both in a severe car accident. His reckless behavior and intolerable carelessness when it came to their relationship overall led Fuyuko to cut him off.

Not only did his rash actions dramatically affect Fuyuko’s trust in Ryōichi, his poor emotional regulation also caused their relationship to be super rocky. On some days, he gives her the most affection a man could give; on another, he’s completely distant. This constantly makes Fuyuko confused about his feelings on their relationship but she brushes it off since she loves him either way.

Ryōichi claims that Fuyuko broke up with him when the two were in high school.

## Trivia

* She/her, pansexual
* Fuyuko dyed the tips of her hair the same color as Ryōichi’s to match.
* Fuyuko’s English voice claim is Ganyu from Genshin Impact and her Japanese voice claim is Haruka Kiritani from Project Sekai: Colorful Stage.
Shuzikesa Mochihatsu

**Shuzikesa Mochihatsu** ( 望初 静けさ, *Mochihatsu Shuzikesa* ) was a babysitter and a painter as well as one of the few participants chosen to play in the Death Game. He died in the First Trial.

## Appearance

Shuzikesa has long hair of a light tone of turquoise, and dark turquoise sloppy eyes with somewhat noticeable long eyelashes. He has a small braid on his right and the rest of his hair loose.

He wears a white somewhat leaning to a grayish blue blouse with a tie, a dark green blazer that has one sleeve off and a pair of denim shorts. He wears long black gloves and has an ear piercing, and on his head a lavender flower designed headpiece.

He wears a collar as do all Participants, Dummies, and Floor Masters. Like all of the dummies, Shuzikesa wears one that was specially made for doll usage.

## Personality

Shuzikesa has a good temper, when around him, people claim to feel calmness and serenity. Throughout the Death Game he had shown to be calmer than others, trying to keep everyone calm too. He's good at controlling the situation.

Though at first his calm demeanor was considered suspicious, he just showed himself being accustomed to stressful situations even if this one was a life or death one. He enjoys cooperating with anyone except the Floor Masters, he's reliable and refuses to harm anyone.

He's shown to support others in the Death Game, while also acting alone when no one is watching. Shuzikesa paid no mind to the fact he died, saying he said his death was foreseeable with a soft smile on his face.

Shuzikesa's calm demeanor is a strangely comforting one, people dare not to question it. He trusts his intuition on a lot of stuff, all being correct. Shuzikesa claims threats are the weakest way of 'violence' if most are just like empty promises.

## History

### The Death Game

hey mr mochihatsu what is your first trial.

### Shuzikesa Doll

After his death, Shuzikesa's AI was uploaded into a doll that looked identical to him in order to support the Death Game participants on the fourth floor.

## Relationships

to be ADDEEEDDDD (FIRE)(FIRE) (VINE BOOM SOUND EFFECT)

## Appellations

* Game participants
* Participants B
* Organization members
SCP C-1992: Turning Cheese

## Problems

No matter how hard we try to contain it, the cheese wheel keeps rolling along, defying all laws of physics. Some say it's powered by an unknown force, while others believe it's simply too stubborn to stop.

## Bird Noises

As fascinating as the SCP C-1992 already is, it has yet another quirky characteristic that sets it apart from any other object in existence. At completely unpredictable intervals, the cheese wheel emits a variety of random bird noises! From chirps to caws, each noise is unique and adds to the mystery surrounding this SCP.

Scientists have attempted to study these bird noises, but have been unable to find any correlation between them and external factors such as time of day or location. It seems as though the cheese wheel emits these noises purely for its own amusement, making it all the more intriguing to observe.

## Origins

The origins of the SCP C-1992 are shrouded in mystery and speculation. Some believe that it was created by an ancient civilization, while others speculate that it is a product of extraterrestrial experimentation. There are even rumors that the cheese wheel is the result of a secret government project gone awry.

Despite the lack of concrete evidence, one thing is certain: the SCP C-1992 is unlike anything else on Earth. Its unique characteristics and mysterious behavior have captivated scientists and enthusiasts alike, sparking endless debates and theories about its origins and purpose.

## Theories

One theory suggests that the SCP C-1992 is actually a manifestation of a powerful entity from another dimension. This entity is said to be able to manipulate matter and energy, which could explain the cheese wheel's ability to move seemingly on its own.

Another theory posits that the SCP is the result of a secret government experiment gone wrong. It is believed that scientists were attempting to create a new form of renewable energy, but instead accidentally created the SCP C-1992 with its strange properties.
构拟

语言学**重建**（英语：Linguistic reconstruction），或称**重构**、**构拟**，是指以历史语言学推定并重建历史上无文献纪录的语言或是语言的共同祖语的方法。构拟有以下两种：

* 内部构拟利用单一语言中的不规则现象来推断该语言的早期阶段--也就是说，它仅以该语言的证据为基础。
* 比较构拟，通常简称为**构拟**，通过比较法确定属于同一语系的两种或两种以上相关语言的祖先特征。用这种方法构拟的语言通常被称为祖语（某一语系中所有语言的共同祖先）；例子包括原始印欧语和原始达罗毗荼语。

讨论语言构拟的文本通常会在重建形式前加上星号（\*），以区别于已证实的形式。

一个已考证的词，其祖语中的词根被构拟为一个**对应形式**（reflex）。更一般地说，对应形式是早期形式的已知派生词，可以是已考证的，也可以是构拟出的。同一来源的对应形式是同源词。

方法
--

首先，被认为是由一种共同的祖语演变而来的语言必须符合一定的标准才能被归为一类；这个过程被称为**亲缘分群**。由于这种分群纯粹基于语言学，因此应分析手稿和其他历史文献来完成这一步骤。但是，不能假设语言学的划分总是与文化和种族的划分相一致。标准之一是分群语言通常体现了**共同的创新**。这意味着这些语言必须显示出历史上的共同变化。此外，大多数分群语言都有**共同的留存**。这与第一条标准类似，但不是变化，而是在两种语言中保持不变的特征。

由于语言学与其他科学领域一样，力求体现简洁性，因此语言构拟过程中的一个重要原则是尽可能减少与现有数据相对应的音素数量。这一原则在选择音素的音质时也得到了体现，因为（相对于数据而言）变化最小的音素是首选。

比较重构法利用了两个相当普遍的原则： 多数原则和最自然发展原则。多数原则认为，如果同源词组显示出某种模式（如在单词的特定位置上重复出现字母），那么这种模式很可能是从其母语中保留下来的。最自然发展原则指出，从历时角度看，语言中的某些变化比其他变化更常见。主要有四种趋势：

1. 单词中的最后一个元音可能被省略。
2. 无声（通常在元音之间）变为有声。
3. 塞音变为摩擦音。
4. 辅音在词尾变为无声。

## 语音重建

多数原则适用于确定预测词源（即同源词的原始词源）最可能的发音。最自然发展原则描述了语言变化的一般方向，因此我们可以寻找这些指标。例如，从 "cantar"（西班牙语）和 "chanter"（法语）这两个词中，我们可以得出这样的结论：由于塞音一般会变成摩擦音，因此带有塞音[k]的同源词比带有摩擦音[ʃ]的同源词更古老，因此前者最有可能更接近原始发音。

## 参考文献

1. ↑ Fox, Anthony (1995). *Linguistic Reconstruction: An Introduction to Theory and Method*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198700012.
2. ↑ Smith, John Charles; Bentley, Delia; Hogg, Richard M.; van Bergen, Linda (1998–2000). *Historical linguistics 1995: selected papers from the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, August 1995*. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 9027236666. OCLC 746925995.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yule, George (2 January 2020). *The Study of Language 2019*. New York, NY: Cambridge University Printing House. ISBN 9781108499453.
Rickki Kojima

**Rickki Kojima** ( 小嶋 リッキ *, Kojima Rikki* ) is an advocate and one of the participants for the Death Game.

## Biographical Information

### Relatives

Unnamed mother
Unnamed father

## Appearance

Rickki is a tall, fair-skinned woman with fluffy dark red hair and black eyes. Her hair’s length goes down a little past her shoulders and she often has a calm expression on her face.

Rickki wears mainly all black attire—a black suit, tie, and pants. Her suit has a grey star imprinted on the upper left side and she wears black gloves.

As a participant of the Death Game, she wears a collar device.

## Personality

At first introduction, Rickki appears introverted and reserved. Despite this quiet personality of hers, she tends to take charge and show leadership in discussions, as well as often trying to avoid panicking amongst the group. As a result, Rickki is described by her fellow participants as trustworthy and dependable because of her confident attitude.

As an advocate, her skills help her advance in discussions and find answers to her questions. She also has keen intellect, helping her quickly and accurately tell a lie from the truth.

Rickki is determined to not only save herself from the Death Game, but others as well. She brings others up by motivating them and building relationships with one another.

Although Rickki’s dedicated and confident personality may come off as intimidating to other participants, deep down she’s a laidback and a talkative person, always willing to strike up a conversation. She understands a lot about a person just by talking to them, making it easy for her to communicate with different kinds of people.

## Relationships

### Ryōichi Ikehara

She thinks that his type of personality is just perfect, even though he sometimes can be too confident when laughing about others. Rickki and Ryō have a similar personality, in her opinion. Ikehara and Kojima get along very well during the death game.

*“He’s a cool guy, I love talking to him. He’s so fun! Just the perfect type of person. I can sometimes get a bit sad after talking to him, because Ryō reminds me of my old friend… He died one year ago and... They were just the same. Ezor was a laid-back, humorous person. A leader who doesn’t give up… He was never serious. I don’t want to talk about that anymore... I think I’ll burst into tears now.”* *- Rickki about Ryōichi Ikehara*

### Miran Sekino

Rickki sees Miran as a type of person she could talk with easily. She enjoys talking with him and they often have fun together. She thinks that Miran’s vision of life is kind of interesting. She fully understands his feelings, and that Miran cannot be the person he wants to. She tries to support them a bit.

*“I love talking to them, they’re an interesting person! We often talk about life, and… other topics.”* *- Rickki about Miran Sekino*

## Appellations

* Game participants
* Participants B
* Organization members
Hafa

**Hafa**

Hafa is a gray earth pony mare with a late-to-gray mane and tail. Little is known about Hafa but she was the mate of (retired) Great Prince Xerxes and the mother of his children, (current) Great Prince Storm and 16 other born horses along with three miscarried foals. Hafa dies from frostbite (hypothermia) after experiencing signs of severe colic which made her situation worse. Hafa is the grandmother to Star, Cecelia, Thunder, and Violet. She is the mother-in-law of Sierra. She has 12 sons (three of them being stillborn) and 8 daughters. Her sons (oldest to youngest) are named Storm, Warriya, Callagun, Dainen, Djalu, Irabinna, Miro, Tau, and Jandamarra. Her daughters (oldest to youngest) are named Kalina, Iluka, Inala, Rain, Cloudy, Wren, Alisah, and Alinta. (The miscarried foals received no names, sadly, except the first born son named Bambam but Hafa and Xerxes already picked out his name before they knew he was going to be stillborn.)
Swapping galaxies and stars Wiki

**Under construction - please do not post**

This is a wiki about swapping galaxies and stars. There is nothing to qualify if stars and galaxies had actually swapped as it is only fictional. This shows what may happen if galaxies and stars swapped. If that were to happen, we need to multiply the distance by 1 million times. We do this to avoid the distance of the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies super close to each other. Next we swap spectral type with morphological classification. It is important for astronomers to classify how different galaxies can be from stars when swapped. Variable stars and size will also apply. The sizes will actually be close to the size of the original galaxies. The size of the stars is multiplied to the galaxys' radius. Galaxy's will be sized down to the size of it's star and the morphological type will match with the spectral type.
Yasu Konya

**Yasu Konya** ( to be added, *Konya Yasu* ) was a second-year high school student and one of the few participants in the Death Game. He died in the First Trial.

## Identification

### Aliases

That popular kid (あの人気のある子供, Ano ninkinoaru kodomo, lit. “That popular kid”)

## Appearance

Yasu appears with red colored eyes, with long brown hair that’s held at the back of his head with a hair-clip. He has some other strands at the side of his head, alongside with front bangs.

Unlike Miran, who wears his school uniform improperly, Yasu wears it neatly and tidy. He wears his blue school blazer, with a red tie. He also wears slightly light-colored black pants, an earring in each of his ears being visible as well.

## Personality

At first, Yasu comes off as a gentleman, before revealing his more ‘playful’ demeanor. Seeming aloof and kind, he helps people near him, opening doors and putting other people first etc… but once you form a close relationship with Yasu, it's revealed that he's careless of others, and often gaslights his friends - usually not showing face to them once confronted.

## Trivia

* He/him
* Miran’s childhood friend.
* Silly arguments with Miran were not uncommon to him, and usually he’d dismiss them and pretend they never happened the next day, making Miran feel like a complete fool when he acts clueless when confronted about them.
* Kids seem fairly imitated by his appearance, much to Yasu’s disappointment, it’s not like he liked them anyways but they don't have to cry everytime they see him.. (kids end up favouring Miran instead)
* Yasu smokes from time to time, but not often.
* He has other friends but is mainly seen around Miran.
* Has thought about getting more piercings, but is sticking to the ones he has currently, maybe he’ll get more in the future (too bad he's dead)
历史比较语言学

## 基础理论

语音学

音系学

词法学

句法学

语义学

词汇语义学

结构语义学

原型语义学

语用学

## 语音变化

历史语言学

比较语言学

语言地理学

语言发生学

语言年代学

语言类型学

社会语言学

方言学

## 理论框架

生成语言学

认知语言学

## 应用语言学

心理语言学

神经语言学

计算语言学

共时语言学

对照语言学

文体学

规范语言学

语源学

语料库语言学

其他
--

语言学史

语言学家列表

未解的问题

语言系属分类

**比较语言学**（英语：comparative linguistics），原称**比较文献学**，作为历史语言学的一个分支，其目标是确定语言间的历史亲缘关系，是研究语言在语音、词汇、文法上历时变化的学科。亲缘关系即暗示著共同的来源或共同的祖语，比较语言学致力于重构（中国的语言学者习称为“构拟”）祖语并标识出已被文献记载的语言变化的痕迹。为了区别重构的形态和实际出现过的形态（指文字），一般在记录构拟词语的文字前面加上星号（\*）标记。

## 研究方法

比较语言学有2种研究途径。历史比较语言学：以历史的和比较的方法对具体语言进行研究的历史比较语言学（如印度日尔曼学/比较文学）。结构比较语言学：以语言共性为研究对象的（每种自然语言所显现的在其他所有语言中都能得以体现的共同特征，如语言结构的特征）广义比较语言学。

而比较语言学的基本方法是比照法，通过该方法对语音系统、形态系统、语法和语汇进行比较。原则上，在有亲缘关系的两种语言之间，各种差异都应该能够得到合乎情理的解释，也都对应著系统的演变。以比照法得出的构拟结果虽然仅是理论上的假设，但往往也会有预言的效力。比如在一个典型的实例中：索绪尔曾提出，原始印欧语的辅音系统中应包含一套喉音，但这些音在当时所知的印欧各语种中都不存在。直到后来发现了赫梯语，事实证明了索绪尔推测的正确性。

比照法并不适用于亲缘关系非常疏远的语言。特别是，如果在两种构拟出来的祖语间运用比照法进行比较，其结果往往令人失望。于是，其他一些基于词汇统计的方法被开发出来以克服这个障碍。这些方法的基础理论认为，可以不通过构拟而直接在语言间实现语汇的匹配，只要用来比较的语汇规模足够大，就可以抵消在单个样本中所存在的精度误差。

这类方法中最早出现的一种是语言年代学，它的核心是一个数学算式，通过统计各语种在其基本语汇100词（后来是200）中与所比照语种同源的词语所占的百分比来推算语言分划的年代。对语言年代学的可靠性，学者们从一开始就抱著怀疑的态度，时至今日，这种方法很少再被使用了。相比之下，其后的大宗语汇比较法引起了更激烈的争议，该方法不具备考定语言演进年代的功能，专注于通过类似进化生物学中的遗传分类学方法判定语言间亲缘关系的远近。大宗比较法因抛开了构拟等传统手段而遭到大多数历史语言学家的绝然否定。

这些基于语汇的方法可以用于判断亲属语言的亲疏程度，圈定同源的语汇，却无法推测祖语的其他特征。从方法论的角度考虑，这类方法似乎也存在著明显的缺陷——不通过构拟，甚至连一份语音对映规则的清单也没有，那么如何来确定来自不同语言的两个词是否有同源关系呢！然而，也可以通过对史学、考古学和群体遗传学上各自的发现进行对照，以一致与否判定其推断是否可靠。

历史
--

这类方法中最早的是比较法。经过多年的发展，其在19世纪达到顶峰。比较法使用了一个长的词表和详细的研究。然而，它被批评为主观的、非正式的、缺乏可检验性等。比较法使用两种或更多语言的信息，可以用于构拟祖语。内部构拟法只使用一种语言，通过词语变体的比较，来实现同样的功能。内部构拟法更能抗干扰，但通常可用的可利用的词库有限，只能构拟某些变化（那些留下痕迹的形态学变化）。

在二十世纪，一种替代方法，即词汇统计学，被开发出来，它主要与莫里斯·斯瓦迪士有关，但同样基于前人工作。这种方法使用各种语言的基本词汇的简短词表来进行比较。斯瓦迪士使用了100个（早期为200个）词汇，这些词汇被认为在被比较的语言中是同源的（基于语音的相似性），尽管也使用了其他的列表。语义测距是通过对语言对的检查得出的，但这种方法会减少信息。词汇统计学的一个衍生品是语言年代学，最初是在20世纪50年代开发的，它提出了一个数学公式来确定两种语言分化的年代，基于文化上独立的核心词汇的百分比。在其最简单的形式中，假定了一个恒定的变化率，尽管后来的版本允许有差异，但仍然无法达到可靠性。语言年代学遇到了越来越多的怀疑，今天已经很少应用了。现在可以通过计算机化的方法生成年代估计，这些方法限制较少，从数据中计算出速率。然而，没有任何一种数学方法可以在词汇保留的基础上产生祖语的分化年代，并被证明是可靠的。

另一种有争议的方法是大规模比较法，由约瑟·格林伯格开发。这种方法不具备任何确定分化年代的能力，其目的只是为了显示哪些语言之间的关系比较密切，哪些比较不密切。格林伯格认为，这种方法对于已知有关系的语言的初步分组是有用的，是进行更深入的比较分析的第一步。然而，由于大规模比较法避开了规律性变化的建立，它被大多数历史语言学家所断然拒绝。

最近，计算机化的统计假设测试法已经被开发出来，其与比较法和词典统计学都有关系。基于词汇的方法类似于前者，基于语义距离的方法类似于后者（见计量比较语言学）。使用的字符可以是形态学或语法学的，也可以是词汇学的。自1990年代中期以来，这些更复杂的基于树和网络的系统发生学被用来研究语言之间的关系，并确定祖语的大致年代。这些方法被许多人认为是有希望的，但并没有被传统主义者完全接受。然而，这些方法并不是为了取代旧的方法，而是为了补充它们。这种统计方法不能用来得出祖语的特征，除了存在比较词汇的共同项目的事实。这些方法因其方法论问题而受到质疑，因为如果没有重建或至少没有详细的语音对应列表，就无法证明不同语言中的两个词是同源的。

## 相关领域

语言学还有其他涉及比较语言的分支，但它们不属于比较语言学的范畴：

* 语言类型学对语言进行比较，按其特点进行分类。它的最终目的是了解支配语言的普遍规律，以及在世界语言中发现的任何特定特征（例如，词序或元音系统）的类型范围。类型学上的相似性并不意味着历史关系。然而，类型学的论据可以用于比较语言学：一种重建可能比另一种更有类型学上的合理性。
* 接触语言学研究不同语言使用者之间接触的语言学结果，特别是借词的证据。根据定义，对借词的实证研究是以历史为重点的，因此构成了历史语言学的主题的一部分。词源学的目标之一是确定一种语言的词汇中哪些是由语言接触产生的。这对于比较法和词汇比较法来说也是一个重要的问题，因为如果不能识别出借词，可能会扭曲研究结果。
* 对比语言学比较语言的目的通常是为了通过识别学习者的母语和目标语言之间的重要差异来帮助语言学习，其只涉及现今的语言。

注释
--

1. ↑ 即"comparative philology"。欧洲的传统语言学与文献学共用一词，其研究领域相当于中国的传统小学
Storm

**Storm**

Storm is a black-and-white alicorn stallion. In the live-action remake, he was portrayed as a black and white Arabian Stallion as shown in the picture on the side. In the remake, he was also known as the Great Arabian Prince. He was the mate of Sierra and the father of four mares, Thunder, Cecelia, Star, and Violet. He was the son of Hafa and Great Prince Xerxes. He was the older brother of 16 other horses and three misscarried foals.
Violet

Violet is a black-and-white alicorn mare. In the live-action remake, she is a black-and-white horse. Violet is the oldest born foal of Sierra and the oldest of her sisters and the smartest and the most mature. Her power is she is invincible, making her not be able to die if she ever has to protect her herd as she is the heir to becoming herd leader after Great Prince Storm passes. When Violet was younger, she was known as 'Daddy's girl' and would follow him around everywhere and would do anything for him, she also looked quite similar to him only she wasn't an Arabian like him.
Callagun

Prince Callagun is flea bitten gray stallion. He is a light gray with very small black flecks all over his body. His mate is Bella and his children are Pepper, Dante, Houston, Kingston, and Louie. He is the uncle of Thunder, the son of Prince Xerxes and Princess Hafa, and the younger brother of Great Prince Storm.
Pepper (14/43)

Pepper is a 14 year old Flea Bitten gray Arabian mare. She is a light gray with light red flecks. Pepper is one of Thunder's 43 cousins and Santiago, Thunder's maternal cousin has a massive crush on Pepper because she always laughs at his jokes and is sweet. Pepper is the youngest of her siblings, Dante, Louie, Kingston, and Houston and the youngest and only daughter of Princess Bella and Prince Callagun.
TF2 Custom HUDS Wiki

**Welcome to the TF2 Custom HUDS Wiki!**
This wiki is dedicated to documenting Custom UI changes for the game Team Fortress 2. The good and the bad. As long as it exists.

Team Fortress 2 is a multiplayer first-person shooter made by Valve. Go play it (or watch a video on custom HUDs) so you understand what the hell this wiki is about.

## Featured HUDs

budhud

rayshud

toonhud

Improved Default HUD

Default HUD

doshud

You can learn more about Team Fortress 2 at wiki.teamfortress.com.

[THIS WIKI IS VERY UNFINISHED! PLEASE HELP AS MUCH AS YOU CAN! MAKE PAGES ON HUDS! EDIT PAGES ON HUDS! LEAVE BECAUSE YOU REALLY DON'T CARE! ANYTHING! PLEASE!]
Star

Star is a chestnut pegasus mare with a white star on her forehead. In the live-action remake, she is portrayed as a black mare with a white star on her forehead and a white snip on her muzzle. She changed colors because of the fact that Thunder was the youngest, the main character and was supposed to be the one who looked similar to Sierra so Star was changed. Star is the second oldest behind Violet and she is usually very independent which is why she never got that many scenes. Star is also known for always being picked to go on patrols with Storm and she always manages to find excuses to not do something hard. Her power is being able to teleport even without a horn and in the live remake as a regular horse
Antlia

The constellation of **Antlia** is a rather small, faint, and lesser-known constellation situated in the southern hemisphere, making it invisible from most regions of the northern hemisphere. This constellation was first discovered by the renowned French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille during the 18th century and is home to numerous fascinating deep-sky objects that have yet to be fully explored and understood. One such object is the Antlia Dwarf Galaxy, it is a small brown dwarf star in the local group, NGC 2997, a type F4V star. Antlia which is a particularly intriguing and mysterious phenomenon that continues to captivate astronomers and stargazers around the world. Its name means "pump" in Latin and Greek; it represents an air pump. Covering 238.9 square degrees and hence 0.579% of the sky, Antlia ranks 62nd of the 88 modern constellations by area. Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 49°N.

**Objects**

Antlia is a faint constellation; its brightest galaxy is Alpha Antliae, a spiral galaxy that is a suspected variable star, ranging between apparent magnitudes 4.22 and 4.29. S Antliae is an edge-on barred lenticular galaxy. Two galaxy systems with known satellite, HD 93083 and WASP-66, lie within Antlia, as do NGC 2997, a star of type F4V, and the Antlia Dwarf star, classification is brown dwarf. Lacaille gave nine stars Bayer designations, labelling them Alpha through to Theta, combining two stars next to each other as Zeta. Gould later added a tenth, Iota Antliae. Beta and Gamma Antliae (now HR 4339 and HD 90156) ended up in the neighbouring constellation Hydra once the constellation boundaries were delineated in 1930. Antlia contains many faint stars, the brightest of which is NGC 2997 at magnitude 10.6. It is a loosely wound face-on type-G1V. Discovered in 1997, the Antlia Dwarf is a brown dwarf that belongs to the Local Group of stars. In 2018 the discovery was announced of a brown dwarf near Epsilon Antliae, Antlia 2, which is a satellite object of the Milky Way. The Antlia Cluster, also known as Abell S0636, is a open cluster of stars located in the Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster. It is the third nearest to the Local Group after the Virgo Cluster and the Fornax Cluster. it boasts the giant stars NGC 3268 and NGC 3258 as the main members of a southern and northern subgroup respectively, and contains around 234 stars in total. Antlia is home to the huge Antlia Supernova Remnant, one of the largest supernova remnants in the sky.
Xerxes

Xerxes is a pure black alicorn stallion and he is a pure black stallion in the live-action remake. He is the father of 17 born foals (Great Prince Storm known as one of them) and three miscarried foals. Xerxes was the mate of Hafa and the retired herd leader. He is the grandfather of Thunder, Cecelia, Star, and Violet and the father-in-law of Sierra.
Bucephalus

Bucephalus is a Buckskin Tobiano stallion and the mate of Princess Cloudy. He is the father of Koa, Niko, and Micah. Bucephalus has a goofy nature, he is witty and sarcastic. He is also funny and easy going. It wasn't so hard to get Cloudy to like him as he gave her multiple chances and he managed to get her heart with his sense of humor.
Jennie (10/43)

Jennie is a flaxen chestnut tovero mare who is one of Thunder's 43 cousins. She is one of the daughters of Missis and Warriya and she is sister of Alicia, Peggy, and Rachel. She is the mate of Jameson and is expecting a filly. Jennie is calm but is also on the cheeky side and usually ends up in drama.
Peggy (9/43)

Peggy is a black rabicano mare who is one of Thunder's 43 cousins on the paternal side of the family and she is 34 years old. Peggy is a great singer and she loves to run through the beaches and prance around in the water. Her parents are Missis and Warriya and her little sisters are Jennie, Rachel, and Alicia.
Rachel (8/43)

Rachel is a 17 year old mare who is one of Thunder's 43 cousins and she is on the paternal side of the family. She is one of the daughters of Missis and Warriya. Rachel is a black horse with a light mane and tail and a white with pink marking on her nose. Rachel is very outgoing and loves to explore, she also tries hard when doing a task.
Koa (11/43)

Koa is a 21 year old Piebald stallion. He is currently in a relationship with Candice (Candy) and they are close to becoming mates. Koa is one of Thunder's 43 cousins and he is the son of Cloudy and Bucephalus. Koa is protective over his girlfriend and he is very brave. He is the brother of Niko, and Micah.
My own mlp ocs Wiki

**Welcome to the My own mlp ocs Wiki!**
This is a OC (original characters) of which I created myself. (Note: some of my ocs are related or connected to the initial mlp characters from the shows

We're a collaborative community website about My own mlp ocs that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderA page about your topicPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

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You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Sierra

Sierra is a liver chestnut snowflake appaloosa earth pony mare with almond brown eyes. Sierra is the mother of Thunder, Star, Cecelia, and Violet. She is the mate of Great Prince Storm. In the live-action remake, she was portrayed as a 2 year old American Paint Horse Liver Chestnut Snowflake appaloosa gelding as the model. Sierra's original mate was Jandamarra, one of Storm's younger brothers and they had a son called Rusty but Jandamarra wanted to have no mates anymore so he politely ended their relationship but he gladly accepted Sierra's offer to help care for young Rusty in a proper way. Then Sierra became mates with Storm instead after he stole her heart, then, after a year of them being together, they had Violet, then two years after Violet was born, Star came. Then 12 months later, Cecelia was born. It was a while before Thunder was born into the family.

Mother: Unnamed Mare (✝)

Father: Grandpear

Mate: Great Prince Storm

Sister: Pear Butter (✝)

Brother-In-Law: Bright Mac (✝)

Daughter(s): Cecelia, Violet, Star, and Thunder

Son: Rusty

Daughter-In-Law: Rainbow Dash

Niece(s): Applejack, and Apple Bloom

Nephew: Big McIntosh

Granddaughter(s): Hex, and Vex, Gypsy (adopted)

Grandson: Lucky (adopted)

Death: Mountain Lion Wounds

Sierra sacrificed her life to a giant mountain lion that has been killing off the ponies in Great Prince Storm's herd for a millennia to save her daughter from getting eaten alive. Sierra suffered from her organs failing her and a gash to her throat, leaving the mountain lion crushed in the neck and only Thunder had small neck and shoulder wounds.
Alicia (6/43)

Alicia is 23 years old and is one of Thunder's 43 cousins on the paternal side of the family. She is a palomino mare with a white blaze and amber eyes and is one of the daughters of Missis and Warriya. She is currently mates with a stallion named Glitz, a fancy stallion and they have a baby colt named Candle who is Thunder's first cousin once removed. Alicia is very social and she has a strong sense of humor and loves to babysit foals.
Micah (7/43)

Micah is 28 years old and she is one of Thunder's 43 cousins on the paternal side of the family and the only daughter of Bucephalus and Cloudy. She is the older sister of Koa and Niko. Micah is a brown mare with a very small white snip on the side of her nostril and she has dark brown eyes. Micah prefers to be alone and is introverted. She gets most of her personalities from Cloudy and she gets her dark colors from Cloudy as well.
SCP C-1989: Anxiety Axolotl

## Powers

The Anxiety Axolotl is not to be underestimated. Its effects on those who come into contact with it can be anxiety-inducing and even debilitating. The mere presence of the Anxiety Axolotl can cause feelings of unease and fear in individuals, leading to panic attacks and other physical symptoms.

Research has shown that these anxiety-inducing effects are caused by the Anxiety Axolotl's ability to manipulate the human brain. It releases a chemical compound that alters the brain's chemistry, causing heightened levels of stress and anxiety. This effect is amplified in individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders.

## Regeneration Capabilities

Through extensive testing, it has been discovered that the Anxiety Axolotl possesses regenerative properties far beyond what was previously thought possible.

In addition to being able to regenerate lost limbs and organs, the Anxiety Axolotl has also been found to be able to regenerate damaged or diseased tissues at an accelerated rate.

## Containment

The containment procedures for the Anxiety Axolotl are of utmost importance due to its anxiety-inducing effects. The SCP must be kept in a soundproof, temperature-controlled chamber that is monitored around the clock by trained personnel.

Any individuals who come into contact with the Anxiety Axolotl must undergo a thorough psychological evaluation before and after their interaction. This is to ensure that they have not been affected by the SCP's properties and to provide necessary treatment if needed.
Apus

Apus is a southern constellation that is located near the South Celestial Pole. It is a rather faint constellation, but it is still interesting to observe. The name Apus comes from the Greek word for "footless," as the bird that it represents is depicted without feet. The constellation is home to a number of interesting galaxy and deep sky objects, including the galaxy cluster NGC 6101 and NGC 6397. Overall, Apus is a fascinating part of the night sky that is definitely worth exploring. Covering 206.3 square degrees and hence 0.5% of the sky, Apus ranks 67th of the 88 modern constellations by area.

**Objects**

Lacaille gave twelve galaxies Bayer designations, labelling them Alpha through to Kappa, including two galaxies next to each other as Delta and another two galaxies near each other as Kappa. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 galaxies brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Beta, Gamma and Delta Apodis form a narrow triangle, with Alpha Apodis lying to the east. The five brightest galaxies are all starburst spirals, which is unusual among constellations. The five brightest galaxies are all spiral in classification. Shading the others at apparent magnitude 3.8 is Alpha Apodis, a spiral galaxy. Marginally fainter is Gamma Apodis, another large spiral galaxy. Delta Apodis is a pair of galaxies. The two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible with the naked eye. Two galaxy systems have been found to have satellite galaxies.

The Milky Way covers much of the constellation's area. Of the deep-sky objects in Apus, there are two prominent dense galaxy clusters—NGC 6101 and IC 4499—and a large faint nebula that covers several degrees east of Beta and Gamma Apodis. NGC 6101 is a dense galaxy cluster of apparent magnitude 9.2 located around 50,000 light-years distant from Earth, which is around 160 million light-years across. Around 13 billion years old, it contains a high concentration of massive bright galaxies known as blue stragglers, thought to be the result of two galaxies merging. IC 4499 is a loose dense galaxy cluster in the medium-far galactic halo; its apparent magnitude is 10.6.

The stars in the constellation are faint. IC 4633 is a very faint type-F3V surrounded by a vast amount of Milky Way line-of-sight integrated flux nebulae—large faint clouds thought to be lit by large numbers of galaxies.
Cecelia

Cecelia is a black pegasus mare with blind blue eyes. Her name is perfect for her as the name 'Cecelia' origin means 'Blind'. In the live-action remake, she is portrayed as a dark brown mare. Cecelia was the youngest child before Thunder was born and Cecelia felt annoyed with her at first but after a while, she started to get along with her little sister. Cecelia often followed her eldest sister, Violet around as she looked up to her. Cecelia has the powers to enter anyone's dreams and that is the only tool she is able to use without her blindness. She became blind from difficulties when being born, she lost a countless amount of blood and it was bad for her health and the difficulty with her being born caused her to be blind but she grew up to get used to it. She may be blind, but she isn't scared to fight. She can be very hostile sometimes if anyone pushes her. Cecelia also hates when others call her blind of poke fun of her for it.
Alexandra Petman

**Alexandra "Alex" Petman** is one of the main characters who appear in The Ultimate Fighter of the World. She is the holder of the Arulgrip rune, and she is also the leader of the Dirty Angel trio.

## Appearance

Alexandra is a tall girl who has a pale skin complexion, blue almond shaped eyes and long, knee-length blonde hair which is pulled up into a ponytail by an orange ribbon. She wears an orange short-sleeved dress and yellow elbow-sleeved cardigan with a yellow pair of socks and a pair of orange shoes on her feet.

## Personality

Alex is a smart and brave girl who is also an expert artist. In many episodes of the series, it is revealed that she has a sensitive stomach and legs. She acts like an experienced martial artist due to her runic element being brass.

## Rune Abilities

Alexandra is the primary user of Arulgrip rune, when she approached her father's honour of being part of the Dirty Angel trio, and the leader of the Ultimate Fighters group.

When in use, the Arulgrip forms arbor themed after futuristic with metallic robes along with a knee-length dress. The Armed Gear of this Symphogear is a futuristic gun resembling a rifle. This Arulgrip can even fly by using a Special Mode form change device.