Biomolecules

## Biological Importance of Chemistry

Bio Molecules are the lifeless molecules that create life in living beings .

## Carbohydrates

The most commonly found configuration of a Carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y

The conditions for an organic compound to be a carbohydrate are :-

1) The compound should be optically active .

2) The compound should be a polyhydrous compound with one ketone or aldehydic group .

3) It can also be a compound which can be hydrolysed to fulfill the above 2 conditions .

**Simple Carbohydrates**

Also called as monosaccharide , these are the basic units of carbohydrates . Monosaccharides , containing aldehyde are called as aldoses and containing ketones are called as ketoses .

Active Carbon

**Complex Carbohydrates**

**a) Oligosaccharides**

A carbohydrate , that on hydrolysis gives two to ten monosaccharide units is called as oligosaccharide .

**b) Polysaccharides**

A carbohydrate that on hydrolysis yields large number of monosaccharide units is called polysaccharide .

**Glucose**

C6H12O6 (Aldohexose)

**Fructose**

C6H12O6 (Ketohexose)

## Fischr Projection

At C1 position , if OH is downwards then it is alpha anomer .

AtC2 position , if OH is downwards then it is D enantiomer

## Compounds of Carbohydrates

**Disaccharides**

**a) Sucrose**

Glucose + Fructose

C1 of α D Glucopyranose C2 of β D Fructofuranose

**b) Maltose**

Glucose + Glucose

C1 of α Glucopyranose C4 of α Glucopyranose

**c) Cellobiose**

C1 of β Glucopyranose C4 of β Glucopyranose

**d) Lactose**

C1 of β Galactopyranose C4 of β Glucopyranose

**Polysaccharides**

**a) Starch**

Polymer of Gkucopyranose . (C6H10O5)

**b) Cellulose**

**c) Glycogen**

## Proteins

Proteins are high molecular weight polymers containing Nitrogen , and on hydrolysis yield alpha - amino acids . All proteins contain elements like C , H , O , N , S and some other elements like Co , Mn , Zn , Fe , Cu ,etc.

Proteins on hydrolysis give H2N - CH(R)-COOH .

## Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts which catalyzes chemical reactions in our body .

## Lipids

Lipids are fats , have limited solubility in water .

## Hormones

Hormones are secretions by the endocrine glands

## Vitamins

1. A :
2. B1 : Tymine
3. B2 : Riboflavin
4. B5 : Nicotinamide
5. B6 : Mixture of Pyrodoxine , Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine .
6. B12 : Only vitamin to contain a metal .
## Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acids are the substances of heredity . The polynucleotide chain (polyester linkage) is the backbone of nucleic acid molecule . It is an ester of phosphoric acid with sugar .

The prefix ribo stands for 5 carbon atom carbohydrate 1

Ribose is a compound having 5 carbon atoms in furanose cyclic structure . In Deoxy Ribose there is absence of oxygen at C2 position . These sugars have been used in the structure of respective nucleic acids below :

**Polynuceotide Chain**

The polynucleotide chain of nucleic acid has Sugar molecule (Ribose or deoxyribose) and a base is attached to the sugar molecule . Between two successive sugar-base molecules a -O-P-O- bonding is present and on the Phosphorous atom , there are another 2 Oxygen atoms attached .

**Base Group**

The base group attached on DNA are adenine and guanine , containing purine ring and cytosine and thymine which contain pyradimine ring .

In RNA , the bases attached are adenine , guanine , cytosine and uracil .