Arsinoitherium

Jurassic Park Builder Artwork

***Arsinoitherium*** is an extinct genus of paenungulate mammal related to elephants, sirenians, hyraxes and the extinct desmostylians, as well as to other extinct embrithopods. These species were rhinoceros-like herbivores that lived during the late Eocene and the early Oligocene of northern Africa from 36 to 30 million years ago, in areas of tropical rainforest and at the margin of mangrove swamps; a newly discovered species, *Arsinoitherium giganteum*, lived in Ethiopia ~27 million years ago.

## Description, diet and behavior

When alive, it would have superficially resembled a rhinoceros, and have been about 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) tall at the shoulders, and 3 metres (9.8 ft) long. The most noticeable feature of *Arsinoitherium* was a pair of enormous knife-like horns with cores of solid bone that projected from above the nose, and a second pair of tiny, knob-like horns on top of the head, immediately behind the larger horns. The skeleton is robust but shows that it was descended from a cursorial ancestor, and that the beast may have been able to run if it had to, like a modern elephant or rhinoceros. Its limb bones also suggest that the columnar legs of the living animal were elephant-like (especially since they ended in five-toed feet), rather than rhinoceros-like. *Arsinoitherium* had a full complement of 44 teeth, which is the primitive state of placental mammalian dentition, suggesting that it was a selective browser. The large size and hefty build of *Arsinoitherium* would have rendered it largely immune to predation. However, creodonts may have preyed on the young or infirm.

*Arsinoitherium's* most distinctive feature was the two large horns on their snouts. Despite their size, the horns are in fact hollow. While it isn't known what their main function was for, the hollow structure inside could have housed blood vessels to help cool the animal or perhaps was used as a resonating structure to produce louder vocalizations. *Arsinoitherium* was a hefty creature with thick, hairless skin resembling elephant hide. *Arsinoitherium* was very selective in the types of fruit and leaves it ate. Its size meant it had to eat a lot of food - it probably spent much of its day chewing. *Arsinoitherium* lived in small groups and would have been in the water most of the time. It couldn't straighten its legs, suggesting they were better for wading and swimming than for walking. Its large size kept it safe from most predators, although creodonts might tackle a young *Arsinoitherium*.

## Etymology

The name derives from Arsinoë, a Ptolemaic Egyptian queen whose palace was near the site of discovery. While this was the only site where complete skeletons of *Arsinoitherium* fossils were recovered, remnants of earlier relatives have been found in south-eastern Europe and Mongolia, in the form of jaw fragments. These earlier arsinoitheres have yet to be formally described. The best known (and first described) species is *A. zitteli*. A second species, *A. giganteum*, was discovered in the Ethiopian highlands of Chilga in 2003. The fossil teeth, far larger than those of *A. zitteli*, date back to around 28-27 million years ago The Mongolian material has been named *Radinskya yupingae*, while the European material has been given the *nomen dubium* of *Crivadiatherium iliescui*, and the Turkish material has been named *Palaeoamasia kansui* (also *nomen dubium*).

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* Arsinoitherium appeared in the video game called Jurassic Park Builder.