Psychology

**Psychology** is an academic discipline and applied profession which functions to defuse social struggles by turning them into questions of scientific fact and individual wellbeing. Along with other modernist institutions, Psychology encourages us to conceive of the world in terms of individual subjectivity on the one hand and scientific objectivity on the other, and thereby to blind us to the larger social structures such as discourses and ideologies that actually condition who we are.

Those who work within the discipline, and who are largely unaware of its ideological function, would define it as follows: Psychology is the study of mental states, processes, and related behavioral patterns of humans and, to an extent, of animals (though the study of animal behavior, ethology, is more often regarded a branch of biology than of psychology). Psychologists also study the psychological influences on interactions between individuals and groups of individuals, and on interactions with the environment. Disciplines closely related to psychology are sociology, anthropology, biology, and philosophy.

The root of the word psychology (psyche) means "soul" in Greek, and psychology was sometimes considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term), though its emergence as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis's reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes").

Experimental psychology, as introduced by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 at Leipzig University in Germany, eliminated religious implications from psychology entirely. Today, experimental psychology focuses on observable behavior and the evidence it gives about mental processes. It therefore has little specific to say about such notions as an immaterial, immortal soul. Modern psychology is often called the scientific study of behavior, though (as in cognitive psychology) its purported object is often not behavior but various mental events.

Until about the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology was regarded as a branch of philosophy. With the work of Wundt and of his contemporary experimental psychologist William James (who, himself, questioned the veracity of materialistic psychology in his later work), the field of psychology was slowly but steadily established as a science independent of philosophy. Of course, like all sciences which have broken off from philosophy, purely philosophical questions about the mind are still studied by philosophers; the name of the philosophical subdiscipline which studies those questions is *philosophy of mind.* Most universities, journals, and researchers today treat psychology as among the experimental sciences and not as a branch of philosophy.

Both psychology and its sister psychiatry (whose practitioners are medical doctors with a specialty in psychiatry) are criticized by a vocal and well-credentialed (if small) minority in medical and academic circles as pseudo-sciences, the chief criticisms being that their theories, diagnoses and treatments don't hold up under the rigor of the scientific method and that they are not falsifiable. A related view is promulgated by some philosophers under the label eliminative materialism. These challenges to the discipline are, in large part, legitimate and needed, especially when one considers the discipline's growing influence in Western culture and how easy it can be to construct psychological models that are entirely untestable (e.g., Freud's model of the psyche). These concerns seek not to subvert psychology but to strengthen it by the same rigorous inquiry present in other sciences.

Famous Psychologists

* Sigmund Freud

* Carl Jung

* Morita Shoma

* Fritz Perls

* Carl Rogers

* Alice Miller

* Lloyd deMause

* Virginia Satir

* Jacques Lacan

* B. F. Skinner

Divisions of Psychology (these might be overlapping, of course)

* behavioral psychology

* cognitive psychology

* developmental psychology

* educational psychology

* evolutionary psychology

* experimental psychology

* individual differences psychology

* industrial and organizational psychology

* medicinal psychology

* personality psychology

* psychohistory

* psychotherapy a branch of psychiatry as well.

* social psychology

* Critical Psychology

Some related disciplines:

* psychometrics

* cognitive science

* computer science

* ethology

* linguistics and especially psycholinguistics

* neuroscience

* philosophy of mind

* philosophy of psychology

* game theory

* system theory

* simplicity theory

* complexity theory

* artifical consciousness

External links:

* Pictures of famous psychologists

What are our priorities for writing in this area? To help develop a list of the most basic topics in Psychology, please see Psychology basic topics.

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