recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Euceratherium

Extinct genus of mammalsTemplate:SHORTDESC:Extinct genus of mammals

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* *Preptoceras*

The **shrub-ox** (*Euceratherium collinum*) is an extinct genus and species of ovibovine caprine native to North America along with *Bootherium* (*Bootherium bombifrons*) and Soergel's ox (*Soergelia mayfieldi*).

## Descriptions

*Euceratherium* was one of the first bovids to enter North America. It appeared on the continent during the early Pleistocene, long before the first bison arrived from Eurasia. It became extinct about 11,500 years ago. It was formally described in 1904. It is possibly synonymous with *Bootherium*, although this is uncertain.

Late Pleistocene shrub-ox remains are known from fossil finds spanning from northern California to central Mexico. In the East they were distributed at least into Illinois.

*Euceratherium* was massively built and in size between a modern American bison and a musk ox. A specimen was estimated to have a body mass of 607.5 kg (1,339 lb). On the basis of preserved dung pellets, it has been established that they were browsers with a diet of trees and shrubs.
They seem to have preferred hilly landscapes.

## References

1. ↑ Furlong, E. L. & Sinclair, W. J. (1904). Preliminary description of *Euceratherium collinum*. *University of California Publications, American Archaeology and Ethnology*, **2**:18.
2. ↑ Bover, Pere; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Pons, Joan; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J. (December 2018). "Molecular resolution to a morphological controversy: The case of North American fossil muskoxen Bootherium and Symbos". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **129**: 70–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.008. PMID 30121342.
3. ↑ |Paleobiology Database- Euceratherium collinum
4. ↑ Kropf, M.; Mead, J. I.; Anderson, R. S. (January 2007). "Dung, diet, and the paleoenvironment of the extinct shrub-ox (*Euceratherium collinum*) on the Colorado Plateau, USA". *Quaternary Research*. Elsevier. **67** (1): 143–151. Bibcode:2007QuRes..67..143K. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.10.002. Accessed 2008-08-19.

## Further reading

* P. S. Martin: *Quaternary Extinctions*. The University of Arizona Press, 1984 ISBN 0-8165-1100-4
* *Grundzüge der Faunen- und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Säugetiere*, E. Thenius, 2.Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1980 ISBN 3-437-30312-0

## External links

* Image of Euceratherium

* Paleontology portal
Neacomys pictus

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

***Neacomys pictus***, also known as the **painted neacomys** or **painted bristly mouse**, is a species of rodent in the genus *Neacomys* of family Cricetidae. It is found only in Panama.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Reid, F.; Samudio Jr., R.S. (2019). "Neacomys pictus". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T14387A22352584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T14387A22352584.en .
2. ↑ Musser and Carleton, 2005

* Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
* Reid, F. and Samudio, R. 2008. *Neacomys pictus*. In IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on November 25, 2009.
Inyo shrew

Species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of mammal

The **Inyo shrew** (*Sorex tenellus*) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae.

## Distribution

It is endemic to eastern California and to Nevada, in the Western United States.

Until 2006, the known range of this species encompassed east-central California and west-central Nevada, but it has since been found in Great Basin National Park in eastern Nevada and in Lassen Volcanic National Park in northeastern California.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hammerson, G. (2008). "*Sorex tenellus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 9 February 2010. old-form url
Equus scotti

Extinct species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Extinct species of mammal

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***Equus scotti*** (translated from Latin as **Scott's horse**, named after vertebrate paleontologist William Berryman Scott) is an extinct species of *Equus*, the genus that includes the horse.

## Evolution

*E. scotti* was native to North America and likely evolved from earlier, more zebra-like North American equids early in the Pleistocene epoch. The species may have crossed from North America to Eurasia over the Bering land bridge during the Pleistocene. The species died out at the end of the last ice age in the large-scale Pleistocene extinction of megafauna.

It was among the last of the native horse species in the Americas[*citation needed*] until the reintroduction of the horse approximately 10,000 years later, when conquistadors brought modern horses to North and South America around the 16th century.

## Distribution

Paleontological excavations have identified the locations of numerous places where *E. scotti* occurred. The species was named from Rock Creek, Texas, United States, where multiple skeletons were recovered. A closely related fossil find was made of *Equus bautistensis* in California; this species appeared closely related, but of a slightly more primitive form than *E. scotti*. However, *E. bautistensis* was redefined as a junior synonym of *E. scotti* in 1998 by paleontologist E. Scott, who also assigned fossils from the Anza-Borrego Desert in California, tentatively interpreted to represent *E. bautistensis*, to *E. scotti*. One of the reported locations farthest south in the Americas is Pali Aike National Park in Chile.

## See also

* *Equus lambei*
* Evolution of the horse

## References

1. ↑  (2003) *Annotated Bibliography of Quaternary Vertebrates of Northern North America: With Radiocarbon Dates*, University of Toronto Press, 539 pages ISBN 0-8020-4817-X
2. ↑ The Paleobiology Database
3. ↑  (1999) The *Equus (Plesippus) - Equus scotti* transition in western North America, *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology* 19(3): 74-A
4. ↑  (1921) *Extinct Vertebrate Faunas of the Badlands of Bautista Creek and San Timoteo Cañon, Southern California*, University of California Press, 424 pages
5. ↑  (1998) *Equus scotti* from southern California, *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology* 18(3): 76-A
6. ↑  (2006) Extinct horses and their relatives, *Fossil Treasures of the Anza-Borrego Desert: the Last Seven Million Years*, ed. G.T. Jefferson and L. Lindsey, Sunbelt Publications, p. 253 - 271
7. ↑  (2008) *Pali Aike*, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [1]
Giant pocket gopher

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

The **giant pocket gopher** (*Orthogeomys grandis*) is a species of rodent in the family Geomyidae. It is found in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. It is the type species of the genus ***Orthogeomys***; some zoologists also include in this genus species that have recently been placed in *Heterogeomys*.

It is 22–30 centimetres (9–12 in) long, and 480–985 grams (1–2 lb) in weight.

## References

1. ↑ Vázquez, E.; Emmons, L.; McCarthy, T. (2008). "*Orthogeomys grandis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 7 March 2009. old-form url Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "*Orthogeomys grandis*". *ASM Mammal Diversity Database*. 1.7. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
3. ↑ Spradling, T. A.; Demastes, J. W.; Hafner, D. J.; Milbach, P. L.; Cervantes, F. A.; Hafner, M. S. (2016). "Systematic revision of the pocket gopher genus". *Journal of Mammalogy*. **97** (2): 405–423. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv185.
4. ↑ "Giant Pocket Gopher Rodent". Retrieved 26 May 2019.

Template:Geomyidae-stub
Brown wood turtle

Species of turtleTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of turtle

The **brown wood turtle** or **brown land turtle** (*Rhinoclemmys annulata*) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is endemic to Central America and northern South America.

## Taxonomy

*R. annulata* is one of nine species of turtles in the genus *Rhinoclemmys*.

## Geographic range

*R. annulata* is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

## Lifestyle

Little is known about reproduction and lifestyle. The male drool during the courtship on the female's head. A laying consists of only one or two eggs that are approximately 3.5 by 7 centimeters long. When the young turtles crawl out of the egg, they are already relatively large and have a shield length of approximately 6.3 cm.

The brown tortoise is a herbivore that feeds on parts of plants such as leaves and various seeds. The turtle is day active, with a peak in the morning and also after heavy rainfall there is an increased activity. At night the turtle hides among the leaves, while the water is sought to cool down in the heat.

## References

1. ↑ Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). *Rhinoclemmys annulata*. Version=2011.2 Archived 27 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 8 June 2012.
2. ↑ *Rhinoclemmys annulata*. The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA (1889). *Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition*. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311 pp. + Plates I–III. (*Nicoria annulata* and *N. gabbii*, p. 126).
* Gray JE (1860). "Description of a New Species of *Geoclemmys* from Ecuador". *Proc. Zool. Soc. London* **1860**: 231–132 + Plate XXIX. (*Geoclemmys annulata*, new species).
* Mittermeier RA (1971). "Notes on the behavior and ecology of *Rhinoclemmys annulata* Gray". *Herpetologica* **27** (4): 485–488.
Anadia ocellata

Species of lizardTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of lizard

* *Ecleopus (Euspondylus) ocellatus* — W. Peters, 1862
* *Chalcidolepis metallicus* Cope, 1875
* *Leposoma ocellatum* — Cope, 1885
* *Anadia metallica* — Boulenger, 1885
* *Anadia ocellata* — J. Peters & Donoso-Barros, 1970

***Anadia ocellata***, commonly known as the **ocellated anadia** , is a species of lizard endemic to the Americas.

## Description

*A. ocellata* is a small and slender lizard. Its body is cylindrical with a long tail that is very sensitive and quickly subject to autotomy when in danger or when manipulated inadequately.

## Geographic range

*A. ocellata* is distributed from Costa Rica to Ecuador.

## Habitat and behavior

*A. ocellata* is rather unusual for a lizard in that it has frequently been found in, or close to, bromeliads. Thus its habits are considered arboreal, which would account for its scarceness.

## References

1. ↑ Batista, A., García Rodríguez, A., Saborío, G., Vargas Álvarez, J., Acosta Chaves, V. & Arredondo, J.C. 2016. Anadia ocellata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T203048A2759434. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203048A2759434.en. Downloaded on 08 July 2019.
2. ↑ "*Anadia ocellata* ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "*Anadia ocellata* ". Atta, INBio Archived July 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Biodiversity of Costa Rica.

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA. 1885. *Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. ... Teiidæ ...* London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 497 pp. + Plates I-XXIV. (*Anadia ocellata*, pp. 398–399, description of holotype; and *A. metallica*, p. 400).
* Gray JE. 1845. *Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum.* London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp. (*Anadia ocellata*, new species, p. 58).
Mexican agouti

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

The **Mexican agouti** (***Dasyprocta mexicana***) is a species of rodent in the family Dasyproctidae. It is native to Mexico, and has been introduced to Cuba. It is rated Critically Endangered on the IUCN's red list.

## References

1. ↑ Vázquez, E.; Emmons, L.; Reid, F.; Cuarón, A. D. (2008). "*Dasyprocta mexicana*". *The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. IUCN. **2008**: e.T6285A12596623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6285A12596623.en. Retrieved 12 January 2018.

* Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Cliff chipmunk

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

The **cliff chipmunk** (*Neotamias dorsalis*) is a small, bushy-tailed squirrel that typically lives along cliff walls or boulder fields bordering Pinyon-juniper woodlands in the Western United States and Mexico (commonly spotted in northern Arizona to Colorado). Cliff chipmunks are very agile, and can often be seen scaling steep cliff walls. Cliff chipmunks do not amass body fat as the more common ground squirrel does. They create a "stash" of food which they frequent during the cold winter months. The chipmunks' size varies from 8 to 10 inches, and they weigh an average of 2.5 oz. These small creatures live to a staggering 12+1⁄2 years. The chipmunks are brown on their underside and gray on the back, with white stripes on their face.

## Habitat

The cliff chipmunk nests near cliffs in pinyon-juniper woodlands hence its name "cliff chipmunk". They are found at higher altitudes such as 5,000–12,000 ft above sea level. A common destination for spotting the cliff chipmunk is the cliffs of the Grand Canyon. The cliff chipmunk is active mostly during the day, therefore easy to spot. The chipmunk's diet consists of juniper berries, pine seeds, and acorns.

Pinyon-juniper woodlands
## References

1. ↑ Linzey, A. V.; Timm, R.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2008). "*Neotamias dorsalis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 8 January 2009. old-form url

## External links

* Venne, Louise "*Tamias dorsalis* (cliff chipmunk)". *Animal Diversity* *Web.* Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Mammal Species of the World

***Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference*** is a standard reference work in mammalogy giving descriptions and bibliographic data for the known species of mammals. It is now in its third edition, published in late 2005, which was edited by Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder.

An online version is hosted by Bucknell University, from which the names of the species can be downloaded as a custom dictionary. A partial online version is available at Google Books (see "External links" below).

The Checklist Committee is charged with compiling and updating MSW. In its Annual Report for 2015, the Committee noted that it is under contract with Johns Hopkins Press for the 4th edition of MSW, which will be edited by DeeAnn M. Reeder and Kristofer M. Helgen. The database has been made editable for the authors, leading to more frequent website updates. The publication was scheduled for 2017.

## References

1. ↑ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ↑ Checklist Committee 2015

## External links

* Site hosted by Bucknell University
* search hosted by Bucknell University
* taxon browser on archived version of the Smithsonian website for MSW3
* *Mammal Species of the World* at Google Books
Brazilian spiny tree-rat

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

The **Brazilian spiny tree rat** (***Makalata didelphoides***) is a species of rodent in the family Echimyidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago where it lives in lowland tropical rainforest. There is also a population in Ecuador which is referable either to this species or to *Makalata macrurus*. It is nocturnal, and eats seeds.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Patton, J.; Weksler, M.; Catzeflis, F. (2016). "*Makalata didelphoides*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T13233A22206738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13233A22206738.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
2. ↑ Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Dice's cottontail

Species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of mammal

**Dice's cottontail** (*Sylvilagus dicei*) is a species of cottontail rabbit in the family Leporidae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama, in páramo and cloud forest habitats.

## Taxonomy

Dice's cottontail was first described by William P. Harris, Jr., in 1932. It was at one time thought to be a subspecies of the common tapetí or forest cottontail (*Sylvilagus brasiliensis*) but is now recognised as a separate species. The type locality is El Copey de Dota, in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, at 6,000 feet (1,800 m).

## Description

Dice's cottontail is one of the larger cottontail rabbits. Its back is dappled black and brown and its flanks greyish-black. The blackish tail is tiny and the underparts are dull white. It has a brown patch on its throat.

## Distribution and habitat

Dice's cottontail is endemic to the Cordillera de Talamanca which straddles the border between Panama and Costa Rica. Its habitat is Alpine meadows and Páramo grasslands above the tree line. It also occurs in the oak-dominated cloud forests and high elevation shrublands at an altitude of up to 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) in Cerro Chirripó.

## Status

The IUCN lists Dice's cottontail in its Red Book of Endangered Species as "Data Deficient" as the species has been little studied and its population trend is unknown, but in 1996, it was listed as "Endangered". The IUCN has identified a number of threats that it may face. Coyotes have become established in the area and may prey on it, and other predators may also be on the increase. Degradation of the forest land is taking place as trees are cut down and the land turned to pasture. Fire is also a concern because the local inhabitants regularly burn the land for range control and this may result in loss of grass for forage and loss of suitable vegetation cover in which the cottontail can lie up by day. These factors are causing the animal's range to contract upward into the mountains; this area is a national park, which should provide some protection to the species.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Smith, A. T.; Boyer, A. F. (2008). "*Sylvilagus dicei*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**. Retrieved 12 June 2009. old-form url
2. ↑ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
3. ↑ Joseph A. (1990). Chapman; Flux, John E. C., eds. *Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan*. IUCN. p. 101. ISBN 9782831700199.
Bare-faced ibis

Species of birdTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of bird

The **bare-faced ibis** (*Phimosus infuscatus*), also known as the **whispering ibis**, is a species of bird in the family Threskiornithidae, in the monotypic genus ***Phimosus***.

## Distribution

It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

## Description

The bare-faced ibis is either dark brown or a blackish color. It is called the bare-faced ibis because it does not have any feathers on its face. It has a long decurved bill with a pinkish to reddish brown colour. The skin on its face is usually a reddish color, and it also has long orange colored beak with pink legs. The total length of the ibis ranges between 45 and 50 cm.

## Food

The bare-faced ibis forages in most soil and along the edges of standing water. Its diet consists of insects, worms, clams, and other small invertebrates.

## Habitat

The bare-faced ibis occurs in open areas such as wet meadows, savannas, marshes, and rice fields. The ibis is usually near sea level but was recorded in Venezuela and Colombia. When an ibis is about to lay its eggs it builds a nest out of sticks and twigs to put them in and it will lay between 2 and 5 eggs and will then sit on them for protection purposes for up to three weeks.

## Behavior

Bare-faced ibises are usually seen in large flocks of their own species or with other species of ibis, sometimes even found with domestic animals. They live in close range neighboring amongst other flocks of ibis, typically known for the closest living habitats that range from being 100 meters away from the nearest neighbor. They are not very territorial towards other ibis birds, and rarely found alone, but most of the time the aggression is shown from food robbery from another ibis or animal. Regarding sexual behavior, the Bare-Faced ibis is less aggressive amongst other species of ibis. The males have a larger bill than the females relative to their body sizes, and sexual selection is not as intense as it is in other species. They share nests with other species as well.

## Reproduction

They usually breed in small colonies amongst their own species and the breeding usually ranges from August to December. Their nest are found in trees or shrubs, and they build platforms. They lay anywhere from 1-8 eggs, the eggs are lightly colored between green and blue and the incubation is 21–23 days and both the male and female perform it.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 BirdLife International (2012). "*Phimosus infuscatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved 26 November 2013. old-form url
2. ↑ "ITIS Report: *Phimosus*". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 June 2012.

1. ↑ "Birds of the World - Comprehensive life histories for all bird species and families".
Marcano's solenodon

Extinct species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Extinct species of mammal

**Marcano's solenodon** (*Solenodon marcanoi*) is an extinct species of mammal in the family Solenodontidae known only from skeletal remains found on the island of Hispaniola (today the Dominican Republic and Haiti).

## Description

The species was smaller than the other extant member of its genus, the sympatric Hispaniolan solenodon (*S. paradoxus*). Marcano's solenodon limb bones were comparatively shorter than in *S. paradoxus*, suggesting smaller size and possibly short stature. Like its congenerics, it probably was a nocturnal, burrowing, shrew-like mammal with a long snout, that fed on insects, earthworms, small reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals.

## History

The remains were found in association with those from rats of the genus *Rattus*, which suggests that Marcano's solenodon survived until the time of European colonization of the island, and may have gone extinct due to predation from introduced rodents.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Solenodon marcanoi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T20322A22327069.
2. ↑ Hutterer, R. (2005). "*Solenodon marcanoi*". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ottenwalder, J.A. (2001). "Systematics and biogeography of the West Indian genus *Solenodon*". In Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. *Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives, Second Edition*. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. pp. 253–330. doi:10.1201/9781420039481-16. ISBN 978-1-4200-3948-1. OCLC 46240352.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Piper, Ross. author. (2009). *Extinct animals : an encyclopedia of species that have disappeared during human history*. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34987-4. OCLC 268789581.
List of amphibians and reptiles of Saint Lucia

North American animals Wiki list articleTemplate:SHORTDESC:North American animals Wiki list article

This is a **list of amphibians and reptiles** found on the island-nation of Saint Lucia, located in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles.

## Amphibians

There are three species of amphibian on Saint Lucia, two of which were introduced.

## Reptiles

Including marine turtles and introduced species, there are 20 reptile species reported on Saint Lucia, five of which are endemic and two extinct.

## Notes

1. ↑ Conservation status, where available, is from the IUCN Red List and is indicative of the status of the species as a whole, not just populations on Saint Lucia.
2. ↑ Malhotra 2007, p. 182. The authors previously doubted there was a viable natural population, attributing its presence to escaped pets. Malhotra 1999, p. 49.
3. ↑ Powell & Henderson 2005, p. 66.
4. ↑ Hedges 2008. Recorded in Malhotra & Thorpe 1999 as *Leptotyphlops bilineata*.

## References

Note: All species listed above are supported by Malhotra & Thorpe 1999, unless otherwise cited.

* Hedges, S. Blair (2008), "At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: *Leptotyphlops*) from the Lesser Antilles" (PDF), *Zootaxa*, **1841**: 1–30, retrieved March 5, 2010
* Malhotra, Anita; Thorpe, Roger S. (1999), *Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean*, Macmillan Education Ltd., pp. 92–97, ISBN 0-333-69141-5 .
* Powell, Robert; Henderson, Robert W. (2005), "Conservation Status of Lesser Antillean Reptiles", *Iguana*, **12** (2): 63–77
Blind cave fish

Redirect to:

* Mexican tetra

* **From an alternative name**: This is a redirect from a title that is another name or identity such as an alter ego, a pseudonym, a nickname, or a synonym of the target, or of a name associated with the target (in this case, the more common name is: *fish*).
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	+ If this redirect is an incorrect name for the target, then {{R from incorrect name}} should be used instead.
Cyclopes (genus)

* *C. didactylus*
* *C. catellus*
* *C. dorsalis*
* *C. ida*
* *C. thomasi*
* *C. thomasi*
* *C. rufus*
* *C. xinguensis*

***Cyclopes*** is a genus in the family Cyclopedidae. They are native to Central and South America, as well as the island of Trinidad and Tobago.

A 2017 review suggests that four of these subspecies deserve to be recognized as species, while the others are synonyms. The following species include:

* *C. didactylus* (Linnaeus, 1758) (synonym: *C. d. melini*) - the Guyanas, eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, Atlantic Forest and northern Brazil
* *C. catellus* Thomas, 1928 - Bolivia
* *C. dorsalis* (Gray, 1865) (synonyms: *C. d. eva* and *C. d. mexicanus*) - western Ecuador, southwestern to northern Colombia, Central America, southern Mexico
* *C. ida* Thomas, 1900 - western Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Colombia and Peru
* *C. thomasi* Miranda et al., 2017 - Central Peru, extreme western Brazil (Acre)
* *C. rufus* Miranda et al., 2017 - Brazil (Rondônia)
* *C. xinguensis* Miranda et al., 2017 - Brazil, between the Madeira River and the Xingu River (Below the Amazon river)

## References

1. ↑ Flávia R. Miranda, Daniel M. Casali, Fernando A. Perini, Fabio A. Machado, Fabrício R. Santos. 2017. "Taxonomic review of the genus *Cyclopes* Gray, 1821 (Xenarthra: Pilosa), with the revalidation and description of new species"; *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society* 2017 XX: 1–35 (zlx079). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx079
2. ↑ Descubren dos nuevas especies de Osos Oro en la Amazonia boliviana; *RAI* Red Ambiental de Información, 20 January 2018.
Alston's mouse opossum

Species of marsupialTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of marsupial

**Alston's mouse opossum** (*Marmosa alstoni*), also known as **Alston's opossum**, is a medium-sized pouchless marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It is arboreal and nocturnal, inhabiting forests from Belize to northern Colombia. The main components of its diet are insects and fruits, but it may also eat small rodents, lizards, and bird eggs. It was formerly assigned to the genus *Micoureus*, which was made a subgenus of *Marmosa* in 2009.

## References

1. ↑ Martin, G.M. (2016). "*Marmosa alstoni*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T13296A22173632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13296A22173632.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. ↑ Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
3. ↑ Voss, R. S.; Jansa, S. A. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials, an extant radiation of New World metatherian mammals" (PDF). *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **322**: 1–177. doi:10.1206/322.1. hdl:2246/5975.

## External links

* Image at ADW Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
Northern bog lemming

Species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of mammal

The **northern bog lemming** (*Synaptomys borealis*) is a small North American lemming. It is one of two species in the genus *Synaptomys*, the other being the southern bog lemming.

## Description

They have cylindrical bodies covered with long grey or brown fur with pale grey underparts. A patch of rust-coloured hair is seen at the base of the ears. They have small eyes, a hairy snout, and a short tail. They have 16 teeth and their upper incisors are grooved. They are 13 cm long with a 2-cm tail, and weigh about 30 g.

## Distribution and habitat

These animals are found in wet northern forests, bogs, tundra, and meadows in Canada, Alaska, northern Washington, Minnesota, and New England. They feed on grasses, sedges, other green vegetation, and mosses, as well as snails and slugs. Their droppings are green. Predators include owls, hawks, mustelids, and snakes. They are listed as "Species of Special Concern" for protection and preservation by the State of Minnesota

## Breeding

Female lemmings have two or three litters of four to six young in a year. The young are born in a nest in a burrow or concealed in vegetation.

## Behaviour

They are active year-round, day and night. They make runways through the surface vegetation, and also dig burrows. They burrow under the snow in winter. These animals are often found in small colonies. Lemming populations go through a 3- or 4-year cycle of boom and bust.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42638/22377185
2. ↑ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. *Synaptomys borealis*. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 21 March 2015.
3. ↑ "List of Species in Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN)" (PDF). *MNSGCN*.
Glyptotherium

An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthransTemplate:SHORTDESC:An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans

PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N

↓
* *Brachyostracon* Brown 1912
* *Xenoglyptodon* Meade 1953

***Glyptotherium*** is an extinct genus of glyptodont, a group of extinct mammals related to the armadillos living from the Middle to Late Pleistocene, approximately 1.8 million to 12,000 years ago (AEO). The genus is considered an example of North American megafauna, of which most have become extinct. *Glyptotherium* may have been wiped out by changing climate or human interference.[1]

## Description

Like its living relative, the armadillo, *Glyptotherium* had a shell which covered its entire body, similar to a turtle. However, unlike the carapace of a turtle, the *Glyptotherium* shell was made up of hundreds of small hexagonal scales. Some species grew up to 6 feet (1.8 m) long and its armor may have weighed up to a ton.

## Paleoecology

Remains of *Glyptotherium* species have been found in tropical and subtropical regions of Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, and the southern United States; from Florida and South Carolina to Arizona. There is no direct evidence of humans preying on this North American glyptodont. *Smilodon* may have occasionally preyed upon *Glyptotherium*, based on a skull from one *Glyptotherium* fossil recovered from Pleistocene deposits in Arizona bearing the distinctive elliptical puncture marks that best match those of the machairodont cat, indicating that the predator successfully risked biting into bone to kill the armored herbivore, the only option for a predator intent on hunting such heavily armored animals. The *Glyptotherium* in question was a juvenile, with a still-developing head shield, making it far more vulnerable to the cat's attack. *Glyptotherium* was named by Osborn in 1903, assigned to Glyptodontinae by Downing and White in 1995 and to Glyptodontidae by Osborn (1903), Brown (1912), Carroll (1988), Cisneros (2005) and Mead et al. (2007).

## Gallery

RestorationJuvenile *G. texanum* skull, possibly attacked by a *Smilodon*
## See also

* Paleontology portal
* Prehistoric mammals portal

* *Glyptodon*
* *Boreostemma*

## References

1. ↑ *Glyptotherium cylindricum* at Fossilworks.org
2. ↑ *Glyptotherium texanum* at Fossilworks.org
3. ↑ "*Glyptotherium* Osborn 1903". *Paleobiology Database*. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
4. ↑ Antón, Mauricio (2013). *Sabertooth*. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 203–204. ISBN 9780253010421.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gillette, D. D. (Spring 2010). "Glyptodonts in Arizona". *Arizona Geology*. Arizona Geological Survey. Retrieved 2018-08-17.

## Further reading

* "AMNH Bestiary". Archived from the original on 2006-06-24. Retrieved 2006-06-18.
* Guimarães de Lima, Fábio Cunha, and Kleberson de Oliveira Porpino. 2018. Ectoparasitism and infections in the exoskeletons of large fossil cingulates. *PLoS ONE* 13. e0205656. Accessed 2018-10-18.
Cabrera's hutia

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

**Cabrera's hutia** (*Mesocapromys angelcabrerai*) is a species of rodent in the subfamily Capromyinae. It is endemic to Cuba.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical mangrove forests and swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Its species name is in honour of Spanish zoologist Ángel Cabrera.

## References

1. ↑ Kennerley, R.; Turvey, S.T.; Young, R.; Borotto-Páez, R. (2020). "*Mesocapromys angelcabrerai*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T13215A22186284. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T13215A22186284.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Central American silky anteater

Species of mammal native to Central AmericaTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of mammal native to Central America

The **Central American silky anteater** (*Cyclopes dorsalis*) is a species of silky anteater native to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

## Taxonomy

The species was formerly conspecific with the silky anteater (*C. didactylus*). However, British zoologist John Edward Gray described it as a new species based on the golden yellow back, an always present broad dorsal black stripe and the yellow feet and tail, differing it from the silky anteater, which possesses a fulvous back and grey feet and tail.

## References

1. ↑ "Explore the Database". *www.mammaldiversity.org*. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
2. ↑ Miranda, F.R.; Casali, D.M.; Perini, F.A.; Machado, F.A.; Santos, F.R. (2017). "Taxonomic review of the genus *Cyclopes* Gray, 1821 (Xenarthra: Pilosa), with the revalidation and description of new species". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **183** (3): 687–721. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx079.
Cuban trogon

Species of birdTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of bird

The **Cuban trogon** or **tocororo** (*Priotelus temnurus*) is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is also the national bird. Its natural habitats are dry forests, moist forests, and heavily degraded former forest.

## Naming

In English the bird is commonly known as the Cuban trogon, while in Spanish, it is referred to as the *tocororo* or *tocoloro*. This local name is onomatopoeic, and was derived from its repeated call, "toco-toco-tocoro-tocoro".

## Description

The Cuban trogon is very colorful with a green back, blue crown, red belly and beak, and white throat and chest. Its colors are similar to the ones on the Cuban flag, which is why it was chosen to be the national bird of Cuba. It has a long fluffy tail which is unique amongst trogons. From beak to tail, this bird is between ten and eleven inches. In flight, they travel in pairs creating a large amount of noise because of their rough, graceless flying technique. The birds don't domesticate well and will often die if caged.

## Habitat

The Cuban trogon is very common and can be found all over the island of Cuba. The only places it is rare to see the bird is on the Isle of Youth, Guajaba, Romano, and Sabinal. They prefer wet and dry forests of all altitudes and like to be in the shade as opposed to the sun. The Cuban trogon nests in already created crevices in trees, primarily abandoned woodpecker holes, and feeds on flowers, fruits and insects. Unlike most birds, it is capable of hovering while eating.

## References

1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "*Priotelus temnurus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved 26 November 2013. old-form url
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cuban Trogon. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Princeton University Press website
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cuban Trogon (Priotelus temnurus), the national bird of Cuba. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2012, from Cuba Naturaleza website
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cuba: Wild Island of the Caribbean. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2012, from PBS website

## External links

* "Tocororo". *New International Encyclopedia*. 1905.
* Drawing from *A Monograph of the Trogonidae*, 1858-1875.
Linnaeus's mouse opossum

Species of marsupialTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of marsupial

**Linnaeus's mouse opossum** (*Marmosa murina*), also known as the **common** or **murine mouse opossum**, is a South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae.

## Range and habitat

Its range includes Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia.

This opossum is most commonly sighted near forest streams and human habitation. A nocturnal creature, it shelters during the day in a mesh of twigs on a tree branch, a tree hole, or an old bird's nest.

## Behavior

It eats insects, spiders, lizards, bird's eggs, chicks, and fruits.

Linnaeus's mouse opossum has a gestation period of approximately 13 days, and gives birth to 5–10 young.

The mouse opossum will "play dead" if it thinks that it is in danger, it will even smell as if it were dead.

## Description

It is pale beige to grey on its underparts with short, smooth fur. Its face appears to have a black mask on it, its eyes are prominent, and its ears are very upright. Its tail, which females use to carry leaves, is much longer than the rest of its body.

Linnaeus's mouse opossum has a body length of approximately 11–14.5 centimetres (4.3–5.7 in), with a tail of approximately 13.5–21 cm (5.3–8.3 in) long. It weighs about 250 grams (8.8 oz).

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ↑ Brito, D.; Astúa, D.; Lew, D.; Soriano, P.; Emmons, L. (2021). "*Marmosa murina*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2021**: e.T40505A197308868. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40505A197308868.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
American ermine

Species of mammal (mustelid)Template:SHORTDESC:Species of mammal (mustelid)

* *Neogale richardsonii*

The **American ermine** (*Mustela richardsonii*) is a species of mustelid native to most of North America.

## Taxonomy

It was long considered conspecific with the stoat (*M. erminea*), but a 2021 study found it to be a distinct species, forming distinct genetic clades from *erminea*. The finding has been accepted by the American Society of Mammalogists. The Haida ermine (*M. haidarum*) is thought to be a hybrid species originating from ancient hybridization between *M. erminea* and *M. richardsonii*.

The specific epithet refers to Arctic explorer and naturalist John Richardson.

## Distribution

The species is found throughout most of North America aside from most of Alaska (although it is found on some islands in southeastern Alaska), eastern Yukon, most of Arctic Canada, and Greenland, where it is replaced by *M. erminea*. It reaches the northern extent of its range in Baffin Island and a portion of eastern mainland Nunavut and ranges from here to cover almost all of western North America south to northern New Mexico, and eastern North America south to northern Virginia. It is absent from most of the Southeastern United States and the Great Plains.

## Behavior

In North America, where the ecological niche for rat- and rabbit-sized prey is taken by the larger long-tailed weasel (*Neogale frenata*), the American ermine preys on mice, voles, shrews, and young cottontails.

## Relationships with humans

The fur of ermine (both *M. erminea* and *M. richardsonii*, both of which inhabited the Tlingit's territory) were valued by the Tlingit and other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. They could be attached to traditional regalia and cedar bark hats as status symbols, or they were also made into shirts.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Colella, Jocelyn P.; Frederick, Lindsey M.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Cook, Joseph A. (2021). "Extrinsically reinforced hybrid speciation within Holarctic ermine (Mustela spp.) produces an insular endemic". *Diversity and Distributions*. **27** (4): 747–762. doi:10.1111/ddi.13234 . ISSN 1472-4642.
2. ↑ "Distinct Species of Adorable Weasels Have Been Hiding in Plain Sight". *Gizmodo*. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
3. ↑ "Adorable Killer Ermines Found To Contain Three Distinct Species Of Fluffy Weasels". *IFLScience*. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
4. ↑ "Explore the Database". *www.mammaldiversity.org*. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
5. ↑ Verts & Carraway 1998, p. 417
6. ↑ Merriam 1896, pp. 12–13
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Merriam 1896, pp. 11–12
8. ↑ "Tlingit Ermine-Skin Shirt (Daa dugu k'oodas')".
Imposter hutia

Extinct species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Extinct species of rodent

The **imposter hutia** (*Hexolobodon phenax*) is an extinct species of rodent in the subfamily Capromyinae. It is monotypic within the genus ***Hexolobodon*** and tribe **Hexolobodontini**. It was endemic to Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic).

## History

The remains were found in association with those from rats of the genus *Rattus*, which suggests that the imposter hutia survived until the time of European colonization of the island, and may have gone extinct due to predation from introduced rodents.

## References

1. ↑ Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2008). "*Hexolobodon phenax*". *The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. IUCN. **2008**: e.T10034A3156174. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10034A3156174.en. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
2. ↑ Piper, Ross. author. (2009). *Extinct animals : an encyclopedia of species that have disappeared during human history*. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34987-4. OCLC 268789581.
List of amphibians and reptiles of Antigua and Barbuda

North American animals Wiki list articleTemplate:SHORTDESC:North American animals Wiki list article

This is a **list of amphibians and reptiles** found in Antigua and Barbuda, an island nation in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles. It consists of the two main islands of Antigua and Barbuda, and many smaller islets, including the uninhabited Redonda.

## Amphibians

There are three species of amphibian recorded in Antigua and Barbuda, only one of which is native or found on both main islands.

## Reptiles

Including marine turtles and introduced species on all islands, there are 19 reptile species reported in Antigua and Barbuda, with an additional species unconfirmed. Nine species are present on both main islands. Six species are endemic to the islands of Antigua and Barbuda, of which five are only found on one island.

## Notes

1. ↑ Lindsay, K.; Cooper, B. (2008), "Osteopilus septentrionalis becomes established on Antigua, West Indies", *Applied Herpetology*, **5** (1): 96–98, doi:10.1163/157075408783489176 . Not recorded on Antigua (or anywhere else in the Lesser Antilles) in Malhotra & Thorpe 1999.
2. ↑ Conservation status, where available, is from the IUCN Red List and is indicative of the status of the species as a whole, not just populations in Antigua and Barbuda.
3. ↑ Though reported in Malhotra & Thorpe 1999 as *M. bistriata*, the Redonda population has been reassigned.

## References

Note: All species listed above are supported by Malhotra & Thorpe 1999, unless otherwise cited.

* Malhotra, Anita; Thorpe, Roger S. (1999), *Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean*, Macmillan Education Ltd., pp. 68–73, ISBN 0-333-69141-5 .
NAA:TPS/award

Documentation
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## Usage

If you've been helped by a talk page stalker, consider awarding them the above award by adding `{{subst:**NAA:TPS/award**|1=(message) ~~~~}}` to their talk page. If you do not include a custom message the output will be as above. If you wish to use the above default text but add an additional custom message before the signature, type `{{subst:**NAA:TPS/award**|2=(additional message here)}}`
Brazilian porcupine

Species of rodentTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of rodent

The **Brazilian porcupine** (*Coendou prehensilis*) is a porcupine found in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Paraguay, Suriname, Bolivia and Trinidad, with a single record from Ecuador. It inhabits tropical forests at elevations up to 1500 m.

## Description

The body is covered with short, thick spines that are whitish or yellowish in color, mixed with the darker hair, while the underside is grayish. The lips and nose are fleshy. The tail is prehensile, with the tip curling upward so as to get a better grip on tree branches. This porcupine can grow to forty inches long (1 m), but half of that is tail. It weighs about 9 pounds (4.1 kg)\*. No spines are found on the tail, which is long (330–485 mm (13.0–19.1 in)). Its feet are reflective of their arboreal lifestyle, well-adapted for gripping branches, with four long-clawed toes on each.

## Behavior

This shy, nocturnal porcupine is solitary or lives in pairs in the branches of trees. During the day it rests in a cavity in a hollow tree or in a well-shaded area of the canopy, 6 to 10 meters above the ground. It rarely descends to the ground, but it shows little fear if it happens to be caught. It is not aggressive but will defend itself ferociously if attacked. Its diet consists of leaves, fruit, and small fresh twigs and shoots. This creature can easily be tamed enough to be kept in captivity. Intra-specific interactions consist of biting and attempts to injure adversaries with their sharp quills. When excited, porcupines stamp their hind feet. Vocalizations consist of growls and cries. If caught, the porcupine rolls into a ball. The prehensile tail is used to curl around branches when climbing.

## Reproduction

As a rule the female gives birth to a single young in the spring. The newborn porcupine is covered with red hairs and small spines, which harden shortly after birth.

## References

1. ↑ Marinho-Filho, J.; Emmons, L. (2016). "*Coendou prehensilis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. IUCN. **2016**: e.T101228458A22214580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T101228458A22214580.en . Retrieved 16 May 2019.
2. ↑ Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

* Emmons, Louise H.; Feer, François (1997-09-02). *Neotropical rainforest mammals : a field guide* (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-226-20721-6. OCLC 44179508.