recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Oyarsa of Malacandra

The **Oyarsa of Malacandra**, also known as the **Oyarsa of Mars**, the **Lord of Malacandra**, or just **Mars**, **Malacandra**, **Mavors**, **Tyr**, or **Ares**, was the archon of Malacandra. As one of the Oyéresu, his presence is accepted and revered there. He is equated with the god Mars in classical mythology, but is a servant of Maleldil. He was one of the representatives of two of the Seven Genders alongside Viritrilbia and the Oyarsa of Perelandra.

Ransom, Weston and Devine encounter him at Meldilorn, in Malacandra, and Ransom again on Perelandra.

At some point prior to the end of the siege of Earth, the Oyarsa of Malacandra found himself putting his own hand inside of the wolf-mouth. This deed was later remembered when the Eldila descended to the Blue Room of the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill on Earth.

## Name of Malacandra

The word Malacandra is a compound noun in Old Solar, formed with the prefix *Malac* and the noun *handra*. The Hebrew word for "messenger" or "angel" is (מַלְאַךְ, *malak*), which may represent the first element, and the latter of which means earth, land, or planet, and referring to the fourth planet from the Sun. Thus it may mean, "Land of the Angel", with the Angel being the Oyarsa.

## Quotes

>
> "It is well that I have heard you," said Oyarsa. "For though your mind is feebler, your will is less bent than I thought. It is not for yourself that you would do all this." (Out of the Silent Planet, addressing Weston)
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> "The world is born to-day," said Malacandra. "To-day for the first time two creatures of the low worlds, two images of Maleldil that breathe and breed like the beasts, step up that step at which your parents fell, and sit in the throne of what they were meant to be. It was never seen before. Because it did not happen in your world a greater thing happened, but not this. Because the greater thing happened in Thulcandra, this and not the greater thing happens here." (*Perelandra*)
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## See also

* Glund-Oyarsa
* Lurga (Oyarsa)
* Oyarsa of Perelandra
* The Bent One
* Viritrilbia (Oyarsa)

## References

1. ↑ *That Hideous Strength*, "Chapter 15: The Descent of the Gods"
Meldilorn

**Meldilorn** is a place on Malacandra, in *Out of the Silent Planet* where the hnau of the planet gather to meet the Oyarsa. The name may mean "Place of Maleldil" in Old Solar.

Kanakaberaka the pfifltrigg carved Ransom's portrait onto a stone here.

Weston tries to explain his theories to the assembled crowd at Meldilorn to great amusement, but because of his non-fluency in Old Solar, it comes out as a bit of a joke. He has to have seven dips into cold water there to try and cure him.
Othertime

The **Othertime** is an alternate reality in the unfinished novel *The Dark Tower* allegedly written by Clive Staples Lewis. It can be viewed using the Chronoscope invented by Orfieu and Michael Scudamour. It is a nightmarish place, similar to, but more sinister than our world. The landscape is dominated by the Dark Tower and the City of the Eastern Plain.

## See also

* Dark Age
* Eastwater estuary
* Exchange
* *First Principals*
* K's law
* Othertime human beings
* Othertime language
	+ Othertime alphabet
* Othertimers
	+ Darkeners
	+ Doubles
	+ Jerkies
	+ "K"
	+ Othertime social system
	+ "Q"
	+ Stingingmen
	+ "X"
	+ White Riders
	+ "Z"
* Othertime Smokehorses
* Space Time
	+ doctrine of Space Time
* *The Nature of Things*
* *Time Angles*
* *Timebook*
* Time Square
Fall

The **Fall** is the incident when Adam and Eve took the fruit from the tree of knowledge, which was presented to them by The Bent One. This occurred on Thulcandra around the time of the Bent Years.

Perelandra has not yet experienced its own fall, and Elwin Ransom tries to stop it on Perelandra.

## See also

* Adam and Eve
* Bible
* Eldil
* Great Risk
* Laws or Law
	+ Law of Nature
* The Bent One
* Tower of Babel
* Un-man
* Urendi Maleldil
Frogs

> “*...Preternaturally airy and graceful frogs — sublimated frogs... the colour of dragon-flies.*”
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**Frogs** were amphibious creatures, which dwelled on Earth and Perelandra. The frogs on Venus dwelled on the Floating Islands of Lur. They may also live on the Fixed Island, but this is not mentioned. They are brightly coloured and larger than most of their earthly counterparts.

Like the rest of the fauna of Perelandra (fish, Dragons etc), the frogs show no fear of hmāna. Unfortunately, the Un-man randomly attacks these frogs, and rips them limb from limb. Elwin Ransom sees this as emblematic of his cruelty and banality.

Ransom's first experience of suffering on Perelandra is when he sees one of these frogs with its back torn open and its legs damaged so badly it can no longer hop. He then sees Edward Rolles Weston, or rather the Un-man, ripping them apart with his sharp nails.

## Background

Frogs, along with mice, were common subjects for dissection in biology and even some medical classes. Clive Staples Lewis often satirises the more hideous aspects of scientific practice and technocracy in his works.

## Quotations

> *It was a damaged animal. It was, or had been, one of the brightly coloured frogs. But some accident had happened to it. The whole back had been ripped open in a sort of V-shaped gash, the point of the V being a little behind the head. Something had torn a widening wound backward–as we do in opening an envelope–along the trunk and pulled it out so far behind the animal that the hoppers or hind legs had been almost torn off with it. They were so damaged that the frog could not leap. On earth it would have been merely a nasty sight, but up to this moment Ransom had as yet seen nothing dead or spoiled in Perelandra, and it was like a blow in the face. It was like the first spasm of well-remembered pain warning a man who had thought he was cured that his family have deceived him and he is dying after all. It was like the first lie from the mouth of a friend on whose truth one was willing to stake a thousand pounds. It was irrevocable.*
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## See also

* Dragons
* fish
William Olaf Stapledon

**William Olaf Stapledon** (10 May 1886 – 6 September 1950) was an English science fiction writer. He is best known for his novels *Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future* (1930) and *Star Maker*. Stapledon's work often tends to a grand impersonal view of the universe and unlike Clive Staples Lewis doesn't really feature individual characters to any great degree.

## Influence on the Space Trilogy

Lewis said that his Space Trilogy was written in response to the dehumanising currents of modern science fiction.
Lewis stated in a letter to Roger Lancelyn Green:

"*What immediately spurred me to write was Olaf Stapledon's* Last and First Men *… and an essay in J.B.S. Haldane's* Possible Worlds *both of wh[ich] seemed to take the idea of such [space] travel seriously and to have the desperately immoral outlook wh[ich] I try to pillory in Weston. I like the whole interplanetary ideas as a* mythology *and simply wished to conquer for my own (Christian) p[oin]t of view what has always hitherto been used by the opposite side. I think H. G. Wells'* First Men in the Moon *the best of the sort I have read …*"
Stapledon is supposed to have written *Starmaker* in response. While *Starmaker* does feature something like a Supreme Being, it is a cold indifferent deist figure, or almost a type of demiurge, not the loving God featured in the Space Trilogy.

Edward Rolles Weston's plan in *Out of the Silent Planet* is to open a new age of space colonization to ensure the eternal survival of the human race, an idea borrowed from Stapledon's *Last and First Men*. The seeming humanitarianism of Weston's scheme is corrupted by his contemptuous and colonialist attitude towards all other forms of life, including the humane and intelligent Malacandrians.

However, Lewis' attitude to Stapledon was not one-sided - in the preface to *That Hideous Strength* Lewis acknowledges a debt to him: "*Mr. Stapledon is so rich in invention that he can well afford to lend, and I admire his invention (though not his philosophy) so much that I should feel no shame to borrow.*"

## See also

* Inklings
* John William Donne
* David Lindsay
* John Ronald Reuel Tolkien
* Herbert George Wells
* Charles Williams
Jerusalem

**Jerusalem** is a city in the Middle East. It is mentioned briefly in Out of the Silent Planet. It is one of the holy cities of Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

## *Out of the Silent Planet*

When Dr. Elwin Ransom looks out of The Spaceship in *Out of the Silent Planet* he sees Earth and thinks
“*It was all there in that little disc-London, Athens, Jerusalem, Shakespeare. There everyone had lived and everything had happened; and there, presumably, his pack was still lying in the porch of an empty house near Sterk.*”

## Background

When the novel was written, Jerusalem was in the British Mandate of Palestine, but is now in the state of Israel. The eastern part, known as Al Quds in Arabic, is often seen as the capital of modern Palestine.

Jerusalem also has spiritual significance as the ideal city, e.g. in William Blake's poetry.

## See also

* Athens
* Shakespeare
Hnau

*“He [[[The Bent One]] ] has left you this way because a bent hnau can do more evil than a broken one.*” - Out of the Silent Planet

**Hnau** or **nau** are intelligent lifeforms, believed to have spiritual qualities and a physical body. They have free will and a moral conscience.

## Examples

* Earth - Hmāna
* Malacandra - Hrossa, Pfifltriggi, Séroni (Soroborn)
* Perelandra - Torlindri
* Othertime - Humans, Drones

Other beings, not necessarily considered Hnau include:

* Mr. Bultitude
* Eldila
* Great earth crawlers
* Macrobes
* Submen on Perelandra
* Oyarsa
* Great race
	+ Masters
		- Canaglia
	+ Surface-dwellers

The Jerkies and Stingingmen in *The Dark Tower*, allegedly by Lewis, may or may not qualify. The Jerkies arguably have had their hnau-quality taken away, whereas the relationship of the Unicorn to humans is unclear. Likewise, the Un-man has the body of a human, but it is unclear whether he is hnau any longer and has forfeited that.

Some hnau attempt to uplift other species, such as the Torlindri:
*We will make the nobler of the beasts so wise that they will become hnau and speak: their lives shall awake to a new life in us as we awake in Maleldil*

## Real life background

Unlike some Christians, Clive Staples Lewis argued that the existence of extraterrestrials wouldn't clash with Christian beliefs, in his book, *Religion and Rocketry* Lewis wrote frequently on subjects such as the relationship between science and religion in the modern age, the nature of the afterlife, and other dimensions.

## Influence

A character in James Blish's science fiction novel *A Case of Conscience* wonders whether a particular alien is a hnau, which he defines as having "a rational soul".

In recent times the term has been used by some philosophers, for example in Thomas I. White's "Is a Dolphin a Person?", where he asks if Dolphins are persons, and if such, if they can also be reckoned as hnau: that is sentient beings of the same level as humans.

Other uses of the term include the term as used by some Christians: here as with Tolkien's use of the term "hnau" refers to sentient beings possessing independent will, and thus by extension a soul.

## Quotations

> *"I see now how the lord of the silent world has bent you. There are laws that all hnau know, of pity and straight dealing and shame and the like, and one of these is the love of kindred. He has taught you to break all of them except this one, which is not one of the greatest laws; this one he has bent till it becomes folly and has set it up, thus bent."* - Out of the Silent Planet
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Lurga

> "No feet have walked, nor shall, on the ice of Glund; no eye looked up from beneath on the Ring of Lurga; and Ironplain in Neruval is chaste and empty. Yet it is not for nothing that the gods walked ceaselessly around the fields of Arbol. Blessed be He!"
>
> The Oyarsa of Malacandra or the Oyarsa of Perelandra in *Perelandra*, pg. 342 of the Pan one-volume edition of "The Cosmic Trilogy"

**Lurga**, known as **Saturn** on Thulcandra, is the sixth planet in the Field of Arbol, beyond the orbit of Glundandra, but inward of Neruval. It has a ring called known as the Ring of Lurga. It also has the non-canon names of **Lurgandra** and **Lurgadandra**.

Like most other planets such as Thulcandra, Malacandra, Glundandra, and Neruval, it has its own moons, but these are not named in the Space Trilogy. Lurga does however have its own Eldila and Oyarsa like all the other planets, but no hnau are mentioned.

In the Space Trilogy, the Low Worlds are newer, so the Great Worlds such as Lurga will be older worlds.

## Non-canon

One non-canon source states that the Oyarsa of Lurga:

> Focuses on brute force. Lurgandra can multiply sheer power by a factor of ten.
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## Background

It has long been known that Saturn was one of the biggest planets in the Solar System and it has the number 2 position behind Glundandra or Jupiter. It is most famous for its rings, which earn it a brief mention in The Space Trilogy.

Not too much was known about Saturn in Lewis' time, except its great size and heavy gravity. As with Jupiter, it is also like a mini-solar system in its own right, having a number of lsrge moons around it, which are not mentioned in the books, but were spotted in early observation by telescopes. If any hnau were to be in the system, they would be more likely to live on these moons.

"Lurgadandra" is an alternative form given in some non-canon-sources. This is in line with other forms such as Perelandra, Thulcandra, Malacandra and Glundandra, and means the "Land of Lurga" although it is unclear what Lurga means.

### Astrological significance

Somewhat like Gustav Holst's musical suite, the Planets, written just before WW1, Lewis' conception of the solar system owes as much to mediaeval astrology as modern astronomy. As such Lurga would relate to the passage of time and death, but this is not really spelt out.

Saturn's associated day is Saturday. Its associated metal is lead.

## References

1. ↑ https://fantasy.fandom.com/wiki/Oyarsa
2. ↑ https://fantasy.fandom.com/wiki/Oyarsa
Institutional Police

The **Institutional Police**, also known as the **Sanitary Executive**, the **Police of the N.I.C.E.**, the **N.I.C.E Police**, and the **Disturbance**, were the secret police force of the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments in *That Hideous Strength*. They were run by Major Hardcastle. The female auxiliaries were the Women's Auxiliary Institutional Police.

They are not based on any conventional conception of law and order, but are willing to use torture. They also instigate fake rioting, and all kinds of other trouble, to project and seize power. They are more akin to totalitarian police forces than the traditional English bobby:

*But the Fairy pointed out that what had hampered every English police force up to date was precisely the idea of deserved punishment. For desert was always finite: you could do so much to the criminal and no more. Remedial treatment, on the other hand, need have no fixed limit; it could go on til it had effected a cure, and those who were carrying it out would when* that *was. (68)*
## See also

* Drones
* Jerkies
* Macrobes
* National Police
Michael Scudamour

> '‘In other words, sir,’ said Scudamour to me, ‘there are no spare particles to be had in the universe at any given moment. It’s like trying to get back into college after you’ve gone down: all the rooms are occupied as they were in your time, but by different people.’'
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**Michael Scudamour** is a character in the unfinished novel *The Dark Tower* allegedly by C.S. Lewis. He is an assistant of Orfieu.

After falling into the Othertime trying to save Camilla Bembridge's Double, he finds himself developing into a Stingingman

> *But what startled him far more was that in the very act of setting the girl down he found his whole mind reeling under the effort of resisting a desire which horrified him both by its content and by its almost maniacal strength. He wanted to sting. There was a cloud of pain in his head so that he felt his head would burst if he did not sting. And for one horrible moment it seemed to him that to sting Camilla would be the most natural thing in the world. For what other purpose was she there? Of course Scudamour has read his psychoanalysis. He is perfectly well aware that under abnormal conditions a much more natural desire might disguise itself in this grotesque form. But he is pretty sure that this was not what was hap­pening. The pain and pressure in his forehead, as he still remembers them, leave no room for doubt. This was a desire with a real physiological basis. He was full of poison and ached to discharge it. As soon as he realized what his body was urging him to do he fell back several paces from the chair. He dared not look at the girl for a few minutes, whatever assistance she might need: certainly he must not go near her.*
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## Basis

Michael Scudamour's last name *Scudamour* can be found in the works of Spenser. Camilla Bembridge was also to be Ammoret suggesting a further connection.

There are also resemblances to a character in Lewis' *The Great Divorce*.

Chris S. Friel in his paper, *It All Began in The Dark Tower* suggest Scudamour was an early model for Mark Gainsby Studdock.

## Quotations

* "*‘I’d sooner go to a heaven of harps and angels like what they used to tell me about when I was a boy. […] I’d sooner have anything than go round and round that way like a rat in a bucket of water"(p.88)*

* *" “…Who is it by?”*

“It’s by the Devil, if you want to know,” shouted Scudamour.
“Ah–,” said Knellie very slowly, “I see what you mean. Perhaps in a certain sense that is true of all art at its supreme moments. Didn’t poor Oscar say something like that–?” (p52)

1. ↑ https://www.academia.edu/32764528/It\_All\_Began\_in\_The\_Dark\_Tower\_An\_Episode\_from\_Edmund\_Spenser\_in\_the\_Life\_of\_C\_S\_Lewis
Blaster the Rocket Man

**Blaster the Rocket Man** was a Christian horror punk band from Indianapolis, Indiana in the USA. they formed in the early 1990s as **Blaster the Rocketboy** and signed with Boot to Head Records in 1994. It released two albums before signing with Jackson Rubio Records. Its name changed to Blaster the Rocket Man for its 1999 release *The Monster Who Ate Jesus*. Its final release was *The Anatomy of a Monster*, a compilation of material from its Boot to Head years plus some bonus material.

Blaster's sound is often compared to that of the Dead Kennedys or Man or Astro-man?, though headman Otto Bot (stagename for Daniel Petersen) denied any direct influence. A review by *HM* compared the music to the combined sounds of werewolf movies, Elvis, and the Sex Pistols (among others), further stating that "this is what CREATIVE Christian music sounds like." The lyrics use horror and science fiction themes as Christian allegories; *HM* describes it as using the characters of evil to communicate biblical truth. *The Monster Who Ate Jesus* includes a number of songs inspired by C. S. Lewis' Space Trilogy. Many included themes disdaining Secular humanism. Blaster was also well known for its stage antics, including masks and costumes as well as frequent audience participation. Masks that Otto wore on stage include a werewolf worn for the band's werewolf-themed songs (such as *American Werewolf* and *I Like Lycanthropy*) as well as a fly mask, which he wore for *Human Fly Trap*.
Belbury

"*No one at Belbury that night had been cooler than Feverstone. He was neither an initiate like Wither nor a dupe like Filostrato. He knew about the Macrobes, but it wasn't the sort of thing he was interested in. He knew that the Belbury scheme might not work, but he knew that if it didn't he would get out in time. He had a dozen lines of retreat kept open."*

**Belbury** is a town in England. It was the home of the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments, before they went to Edgestow, and tried to take over Bracton College and buy Bragdon Wood.

Because of the heavy influence of the N.I.C.E. in destroying the town, Clive Staples Lewis describes it as looking like a ‘municipal cemetery’ (p 101).

Mark Gainsby Studdock says of the N.I.C.E. HQ at Belbury that:

> *“I came down here because I thought it had something to do with science. Now that I find it’s something more like a political conspiracy, I shall go home. I’m too old for that kind of thing, and if I wanted to join a conspiracy, this one wouldn’t be my choice.”*
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## Possible etymology

Belbury Castle is the name given to an Iron Age earthwork, probably a hill fort or livestock enclosure, close to Ottery St Mary in Devon, England. It is unknown if it is a deliberate reference.

Possible etymologies may include:

* Bel + Bury - Bel or Belinos being an old Celtic god, which has been buried. Bel is oftsn associated with Baal.
* Bel from the French *belle* meaning pretty. Bury meaning a town or borough.

## Pop culture

* English electronic musician Belbury Poly takes his name from the town of Belbury. Many of his peers on the Ghost Box Music label pay similar homage to Lewis' mythology of Belbury.

## See also

* Cure Hardy
* Edgestow
* Logres
* The Rise
* St. Anne's on the Hill
Manor

The **Manor** was a location near Bracton College, the University of Edgestow and Bragdon Wood in the nearby town of St. Anne's on the Hill. There were various rooms including the Blue Room, the Wardrobe, and the Lodge.

A group of people called the Company operate out of the Manor at St. Anne's, these include the following:

* Elwin Ransom, aka Fisher-King
* Grace Ironwood
* Cecil Dimble
* Margaret "Mother" Dimble
* Ivy Maggs
* Merlinus Ambrosius
* Andrew MacPhee
* Arthur Denniston
* Camilla Denniston

And of course, Mr. Bultitude, Pinch, and Baron Korvo.

## Cultural References

* Blaster the Rocketman's song *Venus at St. Anne's* refers to the book, as do many of their other songs.
* Metal band Becoming the Archetype's album *Dichotomy* features the song "St. Anne's Lullaby (The Sage)"
River Wynd

The **River Wynd** flows through the middle of Edgestow, near some of the colleges of the University of Edgestow.

Northumberland College is situated on the Wynd, down from Bracton College.

## Basis

It is sometimes suggested Edgestow is based on Durham although C.S. Lewis himself denied this. The river in Durham is the Wear.

Alternatively if one takes the notion that Edgestow is based on the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, then the model might be either the Cam or the Isis (as the Thames is known in Oxford).

The word "Wynd" is also an old Scots word for a street.
Jane Tudor Studdock

"*Because, really, it now appeared that almost anything might be true... Maleldil might be, quite simply and crudely, God. There might be life after death: a Heaven: a Hell. The thought glowed in her mind for a second like a spark that has fallen on shavings, and then a second later, like those shavings, her whole mind was in a blaze.*"

**Jane Tudor Studdock** is a character in *That Hideous Strength*. Jane is supposedly writing a PhD thesis on John William Donne, but since her marriage she has become effectively a housewife. She waits to have children until after she finishes her studies. Throughout the book she discovers her femininity through becoming part of the Directors group. In the course of the book she discovers herself to be clairvoyant.

Jane is described as quite austere, and we are told “she liked her clothes to be rather severe and in colours that were really good on serious aesthetic grounds".

She is married to Mark Gainsby Studdock.

## Dreams

Jane has a series of unpleasant dreams about a severed head, and begins to question her own sanity. However, her dreams turn out to be prophetic, and what she has been seeing is the head of François Alcasan, which has been revivified in a laboratory at the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments.

She goes to the psychologist Grace Ironwood about the dreams and ends up as part of the Company in the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill.

## Quotations

"Don't you like a rather foggy day in a wood in autumn? You'll find we shall be perfectly warm sitting in the car."

Jane said she'd never heard of anyone liking fogs before but she didn't mind trying. All three got in.

"That's why Camilla and I got married, "said Denniston as they drove off. "We both like Weather. Not this or that kind of weather, but just Weather. It's a useful taste if one lives in England."

"How ever did you learn to do that, Mr. Denniston?" said Jane. "I don't think I should ever learn to like rain and snow."

"It's the other way round," said Denniston. "Everyone begins as a child by liking Weather. You learn the art of disliking it as you grow up. Noticed it on a snowy day? The grown-ups are all going about with long faces, but look at the children - and the dogs? They know what snow's made for."

"I'm sure I hated wet days as a child," said Jane.

"That's because the grown-ups kept you in," said Camilla. "Any child loves rain if it's allowed to go out and paddle about in it.”
Birkdale

**Birkdale** is one of two historic districts in the City of Newisle. Located in the North Side, it is named after a village in Merseyside, UK and modelled after a European nordic village. The district, originally named **Ravencroft,** was renamed and expanded in 2020. It becomes especially popular during the end of the year for its elaborate holiday decorations, festivals, and marketplaces. Approximately 66 people live full time in the district, but the total population (including the transient population of the Ravencroft Hotel) is 82.

## History and Namesake

Ravencroft was designed as one of two historic villages within Newisle by Blip Noir. It was envisioned as a European, semi-bavarian town surrounding a large, lit pine tree in the centre (presently at the intersection of Azalea Ave and Bolasky St).

In 2020, the district lines were officially expanded to include non-historic buildings which were ostracised from other districts. This includes the houses along Highland Crescent and a few buildings on the outer extremities of the district, including some on Columbia Ave. It was renamed in 2020 to Birkdale, in omage of jamesXspace's heritage hometown. The name Ainsdale was also considered.

## Businesses

* Birkdale Grocery
* Apple Stand
* Birkdale Weapons and Armour
* Ravencroft Hotel
* Meat
* Mayday Storage Co. (plans to be turned into a pub)
* The Raven Bar
* The Loose Spruce Pub

## Transportation

Birkdale Metro station serves as the main station for the district, but U of N West is also nearby.
Hnakrapunt

In *Out of the Silent Planet*, **hnakrapunt** is an Old Solar or Hressa-Hlab term for someone who has successfully hunted the hnakra, a dangerous water beast on Malacandra. Most of these are hrossa, such as Hyoi but Ransom becomes an honorary one. The plural form is "hnakrapunti".

When Hyoi is murdered by Weston and Devine while Hyoi and Ransom are on a mission to hunt the hnakra, Hyoi dies content with his identity as a hnakrapunt, rather than resenting the fact that his time was cut short by bent humans.
Kathryn Ann Lindskoog

**Kathryn Ann** "**Kay**" **Lindskoog** (née **Stillwell**; December 26, 1934 – October 21, 2003) was a C. S. Lewis scholar known partly for her theory that some works attributed to Lewis are forgeries, including *The Dark Tower*

## Work on C. S. Lewis

The main target of Lindskoog's writing was Walter Hooper, Lewis' literary co-executor who edited most of Lewis' posthumous work. Lindskoog points out that Hooper's relationship with Lewis was overstated in some of the publications that he edited, and she argues that several works published under Lewis's name were in fact by Hooper.

C. S. Lewis' stepson, Douglas Gresham, denies the forgery claims, saying that "The whole controversy thing was engineered for very personal reasons ... Her fanciful theories have been pretty thoroughly discredited." It is not clear if Gresham has ever been in a position to know the details of the literary controversy or the nature of Hooper's acquaintance with Lewis during the closing months of Lewis' life. It is clear from the diaries of Warren Lewis that Lewis' brother distrusted Hooper, whom he viewed as a dishonest interloper in the 1960s. Lewis scholars are divided about the merits of Lindskoog's charges, but some of them have since been disproved by discovery of Lewis' own typescripts.Much of her perceived animosity towards Hooper may (or may not) have been derived from disappointment that she was not given any role in dealing with his literary legacy, though Lewis acknowledged her as knowledgeable about his bibliography. The controversy was analysed by Nicolas Barker in "Essays in Criticism" (see reference), where he calls Lindskoog's work "a poisoned book".

## Selected works

### Related to C. S. Lewis[edit]

* *Lion of Judah in Never-never Land: The theology of C. S. Lewis expressed in his fantasies for children* (Eerdmans, 1973), preface by Walter Hooper – 1957 M.A. thesis, Cal State–Long Beach, as Kathryn Stillwell
* *C.S. Lewis, Mere Christian* (Regal, 1973; revised and expanded, Inter-Varsity Press, 1981; revised, Harold Shaw Publ., 1987; revised and expanded, Cornerstone Press, 1997)
* *Around the Year with C. S. Lewis and His Friends* (C.R. Gibson, 1986) – by date, with blank lines for diary or journal entries
* *The C. S. Lewis Hoax* (Multnomah Books, 1988)
* *Light in the Shadowlands: Protecting the Real C.S. Lewis* (Questar, 1994; Hope Publ. House, 1995) or illustrated by Patrick Wynne (Sisters, OR: Multnomah Books, 1994) LCCN 95-154593
* *Finding the Landlord: A Guidebook to C.S. Lewis'* Pilgrim's Regress (Chicago: Cornerstone Press, 1995), LCCN 95-34102
* *Journey Into Narnia* (Hope Publ. House, 1997), illus. Tim Kirk and Patrick Wynne – comprising *The Lion of Judah* (1957) and *Exploring the Narnian Chronicles*
* *Surprised by C.S. Lewis George Macdonald and Dante: A Batch of New Discoveries* (Macon, GA: Mercer U. Press, 2001), LCCN 2001-18014
* *Sleuthing C.S. Lewis: More Light in the Shadowlands* (Mercer, 2001), LCCN 2001-30190
G.C. Curry

> She thought Mr. Curry a pompous fool and Mark a fool for being impressed by him.
>
> Jane Tudor Studdock on G.C. Curry in *That Hideous Strength*

**G.C. Curry**, or simply **Curry**, was a human who worked as the Sub-Warden or Subwarden of Bracton College in the University of Edgestow in *That Hideous Strength*.

When Mark Gainsby Studdock goes to Bracton, he finds himself part of the so called "Progressive Element," a clique that seeks to modernise Bracton. G.C. Curry is also part of the "Progressive Element", and after a business meeting at the college, he invites Studdock to his rooms afterwards, where he meets Lord Feverstone.

Richard Devine is pleasant to James Busby's face, and G.C. Curry's too, but he is rude about them both behind their backs as soon as they leave.

G.C. Curry is also the one who later tells Jane about Hingest's death.

At the climax of the novel, a large part of the town of Edgestow, including the whole of Bracton College, is destroyed in a freak natural disaster. The exact nature of this disaster remains unspecified, but the description includes earthquakes and subterranean explosions. Extraordinary numbers of residents leave shortly before this happens, for reasons ranging from coincidental (one resident receives a telegram from a relative) to portentous (various residents report animals telling them to leave). Lord Feverstone, however, dies in the disaster.

G.C. Curry has a narrow escape from the disaster. As the only surviving fellow (aside from Mark Gainsby Studdock who was deemed to have resigned) he anticipates becoming the new Warden of Bracton College and playing a key role in the rebuilding of the university. However, it is unknown whether any of these ambitions are actually fulfilled, as the story ends shortly after the Edgestow disaster.

## Quotations

*You would never have guessed from the tone of Studdock’s reply what intense pleasure he derived from Curry’s use of the pronoun “we.” So very recently he had been an outside, watching the proceedings of what he then called “Curry and his gang” with awe and with little understanding… Now he was inside and “Curry and his gang” had become “we” or “the Progressive Element in the College.” (15)*

## References

1. ↑ *That Hideous Strength*, Chapter 4: "The Liquidation of Anachronisms", pg. 81
Alastair David Shaw Fowler

**Alastair David Shaw Fowler** CBE FBA (born 1930, Glasgow, Scotland-9 October 2022) was a Scottish literary critic and editor, an authority on Edmund Spenser, Renaissance literature, genre theory, and numerology.

## Biography

Fowler was educated at the University of Edinburgh, M.A. (1952). He was subsequently awarded an M.A. (1955), D.Phil. (1957) and D.Litt. (1962) from Oxford. As a graduate student at Oxford, Fowler studied with C. S. Lewis, and later edited Lewis's *Spenser's Images of Life*.

Fowler was junior research fellow at Queen's College, Oxford (1955–59). He also taught at Swansea (1959–61), and Brasenose College, Oxford (1962–71). He was Regius Professor of literature at the University of Edinburgh (1972–84) and also taught intermittently at universities in the United States, including Columbia (1964) and the University of Virginia (1969, 1979, 1985–98). He delivered the 1980 Warton Lecture on English Poetry.

Fowler is known for his editorial work. His edition of John Milton's *Paradise Lost*, part of the Longman poets series, has some of the most scholarly and detailed notes on the poem and is widely cited by Milton scholars. Writing in *The Guardian*, John Mullan called it "a monument of scholarship."

Fowler was critical of some recent trends in literary scholarship, including "new historicism". In 2005, he published an extremely critical review of Stephen Greenblatt's *Will in the World*, which was widely discussed.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to literature and education.

Fowler's papers are on deposit at the National Library of Scotland.

### Edited volumes

* C. S. Lewis, *Spenser's Images of Life*, 1967
* John Milton, *Paradise Lost*, 1968, revised edition 2006
* *Silent Poetry: Essays in Numerological Analysis*, 1970
* *Topics in Criticism*, ed., with Christopher Butler, 1971
* *The New Oxford Book of Seventeenth-Century Verse*, 1991, 2008
* *The Country House Poem*, 1994.

### Authored volumes (criticism)

* *Spenser and the Numbers of Time*, 1964.
* *Triumphal Forms: Structural Patterns in Elizabethan Poetry*, 1970
* *Conceitful Thought: Interpretation of English Renaissance Poems*, 1975
* *Kinds of Literature*, 1982.
* *A History of English Literature*, 1987
* *Times Purple Masquers: Stars and the Afterlife in Renaissance English Literature*, 1996
* *Renaissance Realism*, 2003
* *How to Write*, 2006
* *Literary Names: Personal Names in English Literature*, 2012

### Authored volumes (poetry)

* *Seventeen*, 1971
* *Catacomb Suburb*, 1976
* *From the Domain of Arnheim*, 1982
* *Helen's Topless Towers*, 1993

## Reviews

* Craig, Cairns (1982), *Giving Speech to the Silent*, which includes a review of *From the Domain of Arnheim*, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), *Cencrastus* No. 10, Autumn 1982, pp. 43 & 44, ISSN 0264-0856
Religion and Rocketry

***Religion and Rocketry*** is a short essay written by C.S. Lewis discussing the implications of astronomy and space travel on Christianity and religion. Its initial title was *Will We Lose God in Outer Space?*, and it was eventually published in the *Christian Herald* April 1958.

Unlike some pundits, Lewis did not believe the discovery of intelligent extraterrestrial life would constitute a threat to Christian theology or beliefs. The ideas in the essay were developed in a fictional form in *Out of the Silent Planet*, and the later novels.

The essay argues that as long as humanity remains flawed and sinful, our exploration of other planets will tend to do them more harm than good. Furthermore, much of the substance of the argument between Ransom and Weston in *Perelandra* is found in Lewis's book, *Miracles*.

## Quotations

* “But let us thank God that we are still very far from travel to other worlds. I have wondered before now whether the vast astronomical distances may not be God’s quarantine precautions. They prevent the spiritual infection of a fallen species from spreading.”
* "Why for us men more than others? If we find ourselves to be but one among a million races, scattered through a million spheres, how can we, without absurd arrogance, believe ourselves to have been uniquely favoured?"

## External links

* Religion and Rocketry on CSLewis dot com.
* Article on CS Lewis foundation
* Religion, Rocketry and Other Worlds
Oyarsa of Perelandra

The **Oyarsa of Perelandra**, also known as the **Oyarsa of Venus** or just **Venus**, **Perelandra**, or **Aphrodite**, was the archon of Perelandra. She is equated with the god Venus or Aphrodite in classical mythology, but is a servant of Maleldil. She is described as feminine (but not actually female). The Oyéresu of other worlds have characteristics like those of the corresponding Classical gods; for instance, the Glund-Oyarsa of Glundandra gives a feeling of merriment (joviality), and are also the basis for the Olympian pantheon. She was one of the representatives of two of the Seven Genders alongside Viritrilbia and the Oyarsa of Malacandra.

Ransom encounters her on Perelandra in the second novel, and she visits the Company of the Manor in *That Hideous Strength* causing great confusion.

Peter Nicholls describes *Out of the Silent Planet* and *Perelandra* as "planetary romances with elements of medieval mythology. Each planet is seen as having a tutelary spirit; those of the other planets are both good and accessible, while that of Earth is fallen, twisted and not known directly by most humans. These two books are powerfully imagined, although their scientific content is intermittently absurd."

## Non-canon

A non-canon source says that the Oyarsa of Perelandra

> Focuses on healing.
>
>

## See also

* Glund-Oyarsa
* Lurga (Oyarsa)
* Oyarsa of Malacandra
* The Bent One
* Viritrilbia (Oyarsa)

## References

1. ↑ https://fantasy.fandom.com/wiki/Oyarsa
Surprised By Joy

**Surprised By Joy** is the autobiography of C.S. Lewis, written in 1955 after the completion of The Space Trilogy. In it he writes:

*"The idea of other planets exercised upon me then a peculiar, heady attraction, which was quite different from any other of my literary interests. Most emphatically it was not the romantic spell of* Das Ferne*. "Joy" (in my technical sense) never darted from Mars or the Moon. ... I may add that my own planetary romances have been not so much the gratification of that fierce curiosity as its exorcism. The exorcism worked by reconciling it with, or subjecting it to, the other, the more elusive, and the genuinely imaginative, impulse."*

*Surprised by Joy* also discusses individuals such as William T. Kirkpatrick and J. R. R. Tolkien (and other members of the Inklings) who had an influence upon the Space Trilogy.

Contrary to assumptions, *Surprised by Joy* is not about the American poet and writer Joy Gresham, who edited its final draft and would become Lewis' unexpected wife two years after its publication. However, his friends and contemporaries were quick to notice the coincidence, frequently remarking that Lewis had really been "Surprised by Joy".

## Trivia

*Surprised by Joy* provides much of the basis for the play *Shadowlands*, and the film based on it starring Anthony Hopkins and Debra Winger.

## References

1. ↑ Lancelyn Green, Roger and Hooper, Walter (2002). *C.S.Lewis: A Biography*, p. 330. HarperCollins, London. ISBN 0-00-628164-8.

## External links

* *Surprised by Joy*. (Canadian public domain Ebook)
* **Notes** on Quotations & Allusions in *Surprised by Joy*
* **Index** to authors and works quoted in *Surprised by Joy*
Perelandra (Opera)

**Perelandra** is an opera based on C.S. Lewis' novel *Perelandra*. It was written by the composer and songwriter Donald Ibrahim Swann best known for his musical partnership Flanders and Swann, with a libretto by Thomas Marsh. It received three performances in 1964 on the professional stage in Oxford, Cambridge and London, and student productions in 1969 in 1969 in Haverford and New York City. The opera was briefly revived in 2009 and CD recordings made of it.

The film rights to the novel were sold in the late sixties. Although the film never transpired, it meant that the opera could not be performed.

## Critical reception

*The Wall Street Journal* said "*Swann’s score is always effective theatre music, tellingly keyed to the shifting dramatic tensions, and rising at moments to scalp-prickling power and threat. At other times it has a lambent lyricism.*" *The New Yorker* described it as having "*soaring choruses and very singable arias follow one another with seemingly endless fecundity*".

Although C.S. Lewis never got to see the opera performed, he did read the libretto and said: *"I think [the libretto is] just stunningly good. It brought tears to my eyes in places. Done right... it will be terrific. I very heartily congratulate you."*

## External links

* Perelandra: The Opera (by Donald Swann)
* Perelandra the Opera
* Transpositions (includes clips of the opera
* Donald Swann's Green Eve
* When the naked green lady sings (Daily Telegraph)
White Riders

The **White Riders** are characters in the unfinished novel *The Dark Tower* allegedly by C.S. Lewis.

They exist in the Othertime, and endeavour to remove the Stingers from the Jerkies in order to make them human again.

## Basis

Since *the Dark Tower* is inspired partly by *Childe Roland*, the Riders can be seen as partly analogous to the Band —a group of knights searching for the Dark Tower, all of whom had failed in their quest. Roland has always been dismissed as a member of the Band, but despite that, all Roland wants is to join it, whatever the cost.

## Quotations

‘Who are these White Riders?’ he said.
‘Oh, Michael,’ said Camilla with a gesture of despair, ‘have you forgotten even that? They are the savages, the man-eaters, who have destroyed nearly all the world.’
Progressive Element

The **Progessive Element** is that faction in Bracton College, which backs the takeover by the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments Ostensibly they are well-meaning, and wish to modernise the college, but in reality they are unwitting tools of a much darker force. The N.I.C.E.'s motives are much more sinister, and involve knocking many parts of the college down (such as the college dining room), excavating Bragdon Wood to find Merlin, and manufacturing crises such as riots in the town of Edgestow.

Members of the Progressive Element include G.C. Curry, James Busby and later Mark Gainsby Studdock, although Mark later recants. Richard Devine could also be counted as part of the Progressive Element, but in reality, he is more of a fifth columnist, being a member of the N.I.C.E. as well.

## Quotations

*You would never have guessed from the tone of Studdock’s reply what intense pleasure he derived from Curry’s use of the pronoun “we.” So very recently he had been an outside, watching the proceedings of what he then called “Curry and his gang” with awe and with little understanding… Now he was inside and “Curry and his gang” had become “we” or “the Progressive Element in the College.”* (15)
Hnakra

**Hnéraki** (singular. *Hnakra*) were shark-like creatures that dwelled within the waters of Malacandra. The Hnéraki were not hnau, and thus incapable of speech.

The Hnéraki were shown to be of great importance in the lives of the Hrossa, who hunt the creatures, and one who kills the Hnakra is honoured with the title *Hnakrapunt.* The Hrossa take great pleasure in hunting the Hnakra, but they are also shown to appreciate its danger and excitement it provides, with Hyoi telling Ransom that "The *hnakra* is our enemy, but he is also our beloved."

Dr. Elwin Ransom's encounters a Hnakra for the first time when he first sets foot onto Malacandra and is attempted to be taken by Dr. Weston and Devine to the sorn. Later, he encompanies the Hrossa on a hunting trip to kill the Hnakra, and becomes an honourary Hnakrapunt.
University of Cambridge

The **University of Cambridge** is a prestigious institution in the east of England, or Logres. Dr. Elwin Ransom is an academic here.

It is mentioned in the Space Trilogy, and in *The Dark Tower*, the university's library has an Othertime counterpart in the Dark Tower itself.

## See also

* Manchester
* University of Edgestow
	+ Bracton College
	+ Duke's College
	+ Northumberland College
	+ St. Elizabeth's College
* University of Oxford
Perelandra (rock group)

**Perelandra** was an Australian based Progressive Rock band from Adelaide, South Australia that began in October 1973. They performed at some of the Sunstone concerts and the very first Bijou. In the years since then several members have had long & illustrious careers in other SA bands.

## Members

* Simon Britton - bass, vocals
* Ian Stehlik - guitar
* Tom Stehlik - drums
* Ivan Tanner - keyboards
* Ben Warburton - vocals, flute

## References

Original info here: https://adelaidemusic.fandom.com/wiki/Perelandra
Worchester

**Worchester** is a small town in England about three miles from Dr. Elwin Ransom's home. He is living there at the beginning of the novel *Perelandra :*

> "As I left the railway station at Worchester and set out on the three-mile walk to Ransom's cottage, I reflected that no one on that platform could possibly guess the truth about the man I was going to visit."
>
>

## Basis

"Chester" is a common place name suffix in England, from the Latin *castra* meaning a fort. The name resembles several English town names including Worcester and Wroxeter, in Shropshire, both in the west Midlands, and Rochester.
Preface

The **Preface**, or the **Note** in one case, are prefatory notes in each of Clive Staples Lewis's *The Space Trilogy* novels.

## Appearances and mentions

**By type**

Characters

* Elwin Ransom (mentioned only)
* Herbert George Wells (mentioned only)
* J.R.R. Tolkien (mentioned only)
* Olaf Stapledon (mentioned only)
* The Bent One (mentioned only)

Species and creatures

	+ Macrobes (mentioned only)
* Hmāna
* Malacandrians (mentioned only)

Locations

	+ Field of Arbol
		- Low Worlds
			* Earth
				+ Europe
					- Logres
						* County Durham
							+ Durham
								- Durham University (mentioned only)
						* Edgestow
							+ University of Edgestow
								- Bracton College (mentioned only)
						* Oxfordshire
							+ Oxford
								- University of Oxford
									* Magdalen College
				+ Numinor (mentioned only)
				+ True West (mentioned only)
			* Malacandra (mentioned only)

Factions, groups, and titles

* magicians (mentioned only)
* Mars (mentioned only)

Events

* Christmas Eve
* World War One (mentioned only)

Objects and artifacts

* *The Lost Road* (mentioned only)
* *The Space Trilogy*
	+ *Out of the Silent Planet*
	+ *Perelandra*
	+ *That Hideous Strength*
		- Dinner with the Sub-Warden (mentioned only)
		- Sale of College Property (mentioned only)

Miscellanea

* Hnau
* Story

## See also

* Postscript, a postscript at the end of Out of the Silent Planet.
Women's Auxiliary Institutional Police

The **Women's Auxiliary Institutional Police**, or just the **Waips**, are the female auxiliary of the Institutional Police and are led by Major Hardcastle. They are noted for their sadism.

## Basis

The name Waips is a pun on the Women's Police Service, known as the Women's Auxiliary Service from 1920, and Nina Boyle a member of the service suggested Hardcastle herself was based on Mary Sophia Allen who founded the force, and was later a prominent Fascist. The WPS was not a standard part of the police service, but was frequently used in controversial activities such as strike breaking, and was also sent over to Ireland during their War of Independence as "Lady Searchers" who could strip search Irish women without accusations.