个人照明控制

COURSE DESCRIPTION
课程描述
Personal lighting control, a premium control option for office lighting, involves providing occupants with the ability to adjust their task light levels.
私人照明控制，一个用于办公照明的高端控制选项，有提供使用者调整工作照明水平的能力。
Personal lighting control has been demonstrated in research to increase office worker job and environmental satisfaction while also generating significant energy savings.
私人照明控制已被证明在研究提升公司员工工作和对环境满意度的同时也产生了显著的节能效果。
Personal control installation at GEHO Architects .
奇好建筑师的私人控制装置
This course presents the case for personal control, focusing on personal dimming control in workstations and private offices, including methods and general application guidelines. At the end of the course, participants will have general knowledge needed to design lighting control solutions that include personal dimming control as a feature.
本课程介绍了私人控制的情况，其注重工作区和个人办公室的私人调光控制，并含概了方式方法和常规的应用指南。在课程结束后，参与者将获得综合知识以满足设计以私人调光控制为特色的照明控制方案的需求。
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
学习目标
At the end of the course, participants will be able to:
在课程结束后，参与者将能够：
• define personal control and how it relates to office worker job and environmental satisfaction, based on industry research.
 明确私人控制和基于行业调查其如何与公司员工工作和对环境满意度相关联。
• design a control solution that satisfies LEED requirements related to personal control (individual occupant and shared multi-occupant spaces).
 设计一个满足与私人控制相关的LEED需求（个体使用者同时合用多人空间）的控制方案。
• design appropriate solutions benefiting from the wisdom of lessons learned from research in the field.
 从所研究领域获得的经验教训中吸取有益的知识以设计恰当的方案。
• express general knowledge needed to design lighting control solutions that include personal dimming as a feature.
 表述设计以私人调光为特色的照明控制方案需要的综合知识。
INVESTING IN PRODUCTIVITY
投资生产率
A 1999 Ducker Research study, based on interviews with more than 100 CEOs, facility executives and real estate managers responsible for 232 million sq.ft., found that decision-makers consider employee/occupant satisfaction to be more important than worker output.
一份和超过100名CEO访谈得出的1999年Ducker调查研究称，负责232百万平方英尺的行政专员和房地产经理认为决策者考虑员工的满意度更甚于员工的产出。
DALI-based personal lighting control installation at the IEEE Command Center in Piscataway, New Jersey.
位于新泽西州皮斯卡塔韦区IEEE指挥中心的基于DALI的私人照明控制装置
Three out of four respondents (75%) said they would be willing to add lighting improvements if research could establish how these improvements would increase worker satisfaction and performance and organizational productivity.
四分之三（75%）的受访者说如果研究能建立一些增长员工满意度、工作绩效和组织生产力的改进，他们将愿意加入照明改善项目。
Is there room for improvement?
有没有改进的余地？
WORKER DISSATISFACTION
员工不满
A 1999 Steelcase Workplace Index Survey showed that office workers see a relationship between their lighting conditions and their productivity, and provides further proof that good office lighting considers not just the visibility of the task, but visual comfort as well.
1999年Steelcase办公室指数调查表明，公司员工发现他们的照明条件和生产力之间的关系，并进一步证明良好的办公室照明不仅要考虑作业的可视性，还有视觉舒适度。
• About four out of 10 workers (38%) said the light level in their area is "too dim" (22%) or "too bright" (15%).Personal control installation at the City of College Station Public Utilities Center .
 约十分之四（38%）的员工表示，他们区域的光照水平“太暗淡”（22%）或“太明亮”（15%）。在学院站公用事业中心城市的私人控制装置。
• About six out of 10 (56%) suffered from tired eyes and three out of 10 (30%) suffered headaches.
 约十分之六（56%）的人遭受视疲劳而十分之三（30%）感到头痛。
• About nine out of 10 (86%) said that making lighting improvements would reduce eyestrain and headaches.
 约十分之九（86%）的人表示，实施照明改善将减少视疲劳和头痛。
How can lighting controls help?
照明控制如何帮助？
USERS WANT MORE CONTROL
用户想要更多控制
The Workplace Index Survey offers clues about how lighting controls can help. Three out of four said they wanted more control over their lighting. About three out of 10 said they have attempted to change the light levels in their workplace either by blocking lighting, taking out lamps, attaching cardboard to computer monitors, or bringing in their own lighting. Nearly one-half (48%) said they wanted the ability to adjust light levels with a dimmer switch.
办公室指数调查提供关于照明控制如何帮助的线索。四分之三的人说他们想要对其照明有更多的控制，约十分之三的人说他们曾企图通过限制照明、取出灯、把卡纸板放在电脑显示器前或引入他们自己的照明来改变他们办公区的光照水平。将近一半（48%）的人说他们想要用一个调光器开关来调整光照水平。
Overlighting the task rarely enhances the ability to effectively complete that task and can actually be detrimental to task visibility.
工作中过度的照明很难提高有效完成工作任务的能力，反而现实中可能会对作业的可视性不利。
Not only did significant numbers of respondents say making lighting improvements would reduce eyestrain and headaches (86%), but also improve their mood and energy level (86%), creativity (66%) and efficiency and productivity (75%).
大多数受访者表示实施照明改善不仅能减少视疲劳和头痛（86%），同时也提高他们的情绪和精力的水平（86%）、创造力（66%）、效率和生产力（75%）。
Why is ability to adjust light levels so important to people?
为什么能调整光照水平对人们如此重要？
PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT LIGHTING NEEDS
不同的人有不同的照明需求
Fixed-output lighting systems are designed on a one-size-fits-all basis, but have been shown to satisfy only 70% of office workers, according to a 2004 Light Right Consortium study. The truth is people express their preference of light levels over a broad range for a number of reasons. In the Light Right office lighting field study, participants who were provided personal dimming control selected a range of desktop light levels.
固定输出照明系统设计成以一体通用为基础，但根据2004年光权联盟研究显示，这仅满足70%的公司员工。事实上人们表现出他们由于若干原因而对光照水平有宽泛的偏好。在光权办公照明领域研究中，被提供私人调光控制的参与者选择了一定范围的桌面光照水平。
In another office lighting study conducted by National Research Council (NRC) Canada, participants similarly expressed a range of preferences for light levels.
另一个由加拿大国家科学研究委员会（NRCC）实施的办公室照明研究中，参与者同样表达了对光照水平的偏好范围。
Why do office workers want more control?
为什么办公人员想要更多的控制？
WHY USERS WANT CONTROL
为什么用户想要控制
People vary significantly in their preferences of lighting. Age is a factor in how much light a person needs to perform a given task accurately and efficiently—a factor that is becoming more important as the retirement age gets pushed back and the average worker gets older.
人们对于照明的偏好变化显著。对于一个人需要多少光去准确高效地完成被分配的任务，年龄是一个影响因素，而这一标准对于退休年龄的延迟和员工的平均年龄来说变得越来越重要。
In a study conducted by the Lighting Research Center at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, reducing glare on VDT screens was the top reason users gave for adjusting light levels, followed by daylight availability, reading, atmosphere and saving energy.
由照明研究中心在国家大气研究中心进行的一项研究显示，减少VDT屏幕上的眩光是用户想要调光照水平的首要原因，其次是采光、阅读、氛围和节能。
Today’s office workers are expected to perform a greater variety of tasks, both horizontal and vertical, and handle greater workloads that previously had been the responsibility of a larger workforce. Various tasks demand different light levels depending on contrast, size and time allowed. Glare may be present and cause eyestrain, considered a leading health hazard by many office workers. Daylight may present opportunities to save energy through manual dimming acting as an override of automatic controls.
现如今的公司员工被期许完成多种多样的工作，且涉猎极广，同时要负担更多的以前由许多员工负责的工作。不同的工作取决于所需的对比度、类型以及工作的时间会需要不同的光照水平。存在的眩光可能会引起视疲劳，它被许多的公司员工视为一个主要的健康危害。自然光有机会通过手动调光充当并替换自动控制以节约能源。
How does all of this manifest as a value proposition for personal control?
这一切作为一个对于私人控制有价值的提议是如何表达的呢？
PERSONAL CONTROL SATISFIES INDIVIDUAL PREFERENCE
私人控制满足个人偏好
The value proposition of personal control is therefore simple: Large numbers of people are unsatisfied with their light conditions, but lighting systems are designed as fixed-output systems that can satisfy many, but not all, people. Personal control allows users to tune light levels to individual need or preference—and thereby gain more control over their lighting conditions and personal environment. The result is higher overall worker satisfaction and performance both as individuals and collectively as an organization. Additional benefits include energy savings and fewer user complaints to facility staff.
私人控制这一有价值的提议因此而简单：大多数人不满意他们的光照条件，然而照明系统被设计为固定输出系统虽满足不了所有人，却可以满足大部分人。私人控制允许用户针对个体的需求或偏好去调光照水平，从而对他们的照明条件和私人环境进行更多的控制。其结果是无论作为个体还是一个完整的集体全体员工的满意度和工作绩效会更高。额外的好处还包括节约能源和工厂员工会收到更少的用户投诉。
Can the lighting community back up this claim with research?
照明团体能通过研究来支持这个主张吗？
LIGHTING RESEARCH CENTER
照明研究中心
In a study conducted by the Lighting Research Center, occupant routines at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) were monitored in 58 offices over a period of eight weeks. Each office was equipped with occupancy sensors and manual dimmers mounted on both the wall and desktop. The manual dimming was estimated to be generating 6% energy savings. Dorene Maniccia, manager of Lighting Applications at the Lighting Research Center at the time, said: “One of the most important benefits of the manual controls is that the occupants like and use them. Occupants placed a high value on the ability to dim their lights …”
由照明研究中心进行的一项研究，在国家大气研究中心（NCAR）日常工作者在58个办公室进行了一次超过八周的监测。每个办公室都配备了占用传感器并在墙壁和桌面安装了手动调光器。手动调光预计将产生6%的能源节约。照明研究中心的照明应用经理Dorene Maniccia当时说：“手动控制最重要的一个优势在于居住者喜欢使用它们。使用者将调光能力看得很重…”
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA
加拿大国家科学研究委员会
A 2004 National Research Council Canada study involving 118 participants working in a mockup office laboratory found that “after lighting control was offered, there were significant improvements in mood, room appraisal, lighting satisfaction, glare dissatisfaction, environmental satisfaction, satisfaction with performance, self-assessed productivity, and visual comfort.”
2004年NRCC进行了涉及118名参与者工作在一个模拟的办公室实验，结果表明“提供照明控制后，情绪、房间评价、照明满意度、眩光不满度、环境满意度、工作绩效满意度、自我评估生产力和视觉舒适度都得到显著改善。”
NRC studies of personal control found that users tend to choose good lighting arrangements, use individual control to correct visual discomfort such as glare on computer screens, and make light level choices that can result in 10-30% energy savings.
由NRC对私人控制的研究发现，用户倾向于选择好的照明布置，使用单独的控制以纠正如电脑屏幕眩光的视觉不适，并对光照水平进行选择以节约10-30%的能源。
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA
加拿大国家科学研究委员会
A later 2007年NRC研究, conducted over a year within four floors of a real-world open-plan office building involving about 90 workers, analyzed the energy and productivity impacts of direct/indirect fixtures featuring integral occupancy sensors, photosensors and personal control.
随后2007年NRC对涉及约90名员工的四层真实的开放式办公楼进行超过一年的研究，对具有完整的占用传感器、感光器和私人控制的直接/间接型灯具在能源和生产力方面进行了分析。
The personal control strategy enabled workers to control their fixtures’ downlight component via an on-screen slider on their PCs.
私人控制策略能使员工通过电脑屏幕上的滑块来控制装置的灯组件。
LIGHT RIGHT CONSORTIUM
光权联盟
A 2004 Light Right Consortium office lighting field study found that 91% of participants regardeddirect/indirect lighting with wall-washing and individual fixture dimming control to be comfortable compared to 71% for recessed parabolic fixtures without individual control.
2004年光权联盟的办公室照明领域研究发现，91%的参与者认为直接/间接洗墙和独立的灯具是舒适的，相比起无单独控制的嵌壁式抛物型灯具只有71%认为其舒适。
The researchers concluded: “People with dimming control reported higher ratings of lighting quality, overall environmental satisfaction and self-rated productivity … [and] showed more sustained motivation and improved performance on a measure of attention.”
研究人员得出结论：“用调光控制的人具备更高等级的照明质量、整体环境满意度和自测生产力…并显现出更持久的动力提升业绩关注度。”

PLACING VALUE ON SATISFACTION
重视满意度
In a 2003 Ducker Research study funded by Watt Stopper/Legrand—involving telephone interviews of 158 facility managers, electrical engineers and architects—respondents were presented with a choice. Given the installed cost for a traditional parabolic system is $2.00/sq.ft., which of the following three options would they elect to use to improve lighting quality?
在2003年由瓦特赞助的达科研究所的调查中电话采访了158位工厂经理、电气工程师和建筑师，在电话采访中受访者被问了一个选择题。传统抛物系统的安装成本是2美元每尺，在以下的三个选项中，下面的三个选项中他们会选择哪一个来提高照明质量？
Use a direct/indirect fixture for $2.50/sq.ft. Installed
使用直接/间接方式为2.50美元/平方英尺的安装
40.30% Driver: Lower initial cost
趋向：较低的初始成本
Integrate occupancy sensors for $3.00/sq.ft. Installed
安装3.00/sq.ft美元的感应器。 31.30% Driver: Cost effective, good value
趋向：性价比高
Integrate occupancy sensors and provide personal dimming control for $3.50/sq.ft. Installed
将感应器和3.50/sq.ft美元提供个人安装调光控制。 25.40% Driver: Occupant comfort
趋向：使用者的舒适性

The implication of the positive response to personal dimming control is that a significant part of the market would pay a premium of$0.50/sq.ft. for it.
对积极响应个人调光控制的解释是因为一部分商家将会为此支付0.5美元/平方英尺的溢价。
PERSONAL CONTROL ENCOURAGED BY LEED
LEED鼓励使用人工控制
Recognizing best practices that maximize sustainability, the U.S. Green Building Council also encourages
认识到最大限度地提高可持续发展是最佳的探索路线，美国绿色建筑委员会还鼓励：

PERSONAL CONTROL COMPLIES WITH CODES BASED ON IECC
遵照于IECC的个人控制规范
With several exceptions, commercial energy codes based on the 2003 and 2006 versions of the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) require that occupants be able to reduce lighting load in the space in a reasonably uniform pattern by at least 50%. There is a notable exception for spaces controlled by occupancy sensors.
Personal lighting control solutions such as personal dimming control, group dimming control and bi- or multi-level switching can be used to comply with this mandatory code requirement.
存在几个例外，根据2003年和2006年版本的国际节能规范（IECC）的商业能源规范，要求居住者能够在合理统一的模式下减少一定空间内至少50％的的照明负载。但通过感应器控制的空间却存在着显著的不同。
个人照明控制解决方案，如个人调光控制，分组调光控制和双向或多级开关可被用于本强制性规范要求。
PERSONAL CONTROL OPTIONS
个人控制选择
Personal control may take the form of continuous or step dimming or bi- or multi-level switching, with the point of control being at the individual user level (e.g., workstation) or group level (e.g., conference room).
个人用户级别（如工作室）或集体级别（如会议室）中的个人控制可能需要连续或分步的调光或者双向或多级调光的形式。

OPTION: PERSONAL DIMMING
选择:个人调光
For private and open offices, personal dimming control is ideally suited. Dimming offers the advantages of ability to tune the light level to exact preference within available dimming range, smooth transitions between light levels that are more likely to be accepted by occupants, and greater flexibility.
Dimming’s tradeoffs include a typically higher installed cost than bi-level or multi-level switching, and more intensive commissioning.
对于私人和公开的办公室，个人调光控制是非常适合的。调光具有在可调节范围内精确调节照明水平，并且能够更平稳的过渡不同照明水平和更灵活的调节方式而使居住者更易于接受的优点。
对于调光的衡量包括一个通常较高的安装成本与双电平或多电平的切换、更密集的调试这些方面。
PERSONAL DIMMING: OVERHEAD FIXTURES
个人调光：吸顶灯
In an open office, personal dimming control of overhead light fixtures can be accomplished if these fixtures are centered over each workstation. The advantage of this approach is each user can gain individual lighting control without interfering with coworkers’ right to light, and lighting may be allocated more efficiently to task areas. The trade off is the locations of the workstations must be fixed around the locations of the light fixtures. Below is a traditional office troffer layout:
Below is a workstation-specific layout more suitable to individual dimming control of overhead light fixtures:
在一个开放的办公室，如果灯具都集中安装在每个工作间正上方，那么个人控制的吸顶灯调光就可以实现。这种方法的优点是每个用户都可以获得独立照明控制而不会影响同事对灯光的需求，与此同时，光线可以更有效地分配到工作面上。一个平衡的方式就是使工作面的位置围绕在固定的灯具的下方周围。下面是一个传统的办公室灯具布置：
下面是一个更适合专用工作间布局的单独调光控制灯具的布置：

PERSONAL DIMMING: DIRECT/INDIRECT FIXTURES
个人变暗:直接/间接的装置
One concern about personal dimming control when direct/indirect light fixtures are used is ceiling uniformity and aesthetics. In spaces where this is a concern, such as an open office, the lamp/ballast producing uplight can be electrically separated from the lamp/ballast producing downlight. The uplight component of the fixtures could be zoned together to dim in unison, perhaps in response to a signal from a photosensor. The downlight component would be zoned on a per-fixture basis and controlled by the user.
直接/间接照明灯具均采用个人亮度控制，其中值得注意的是天花板上灯具的均匀性和美观性。在某些空间，如开放办公室，灯具与传感器在生产时没有放在一起是一个问题。灯具的各个组件被组装在一起，在光线不是十分强烈的地方，传感器感应的可能是来自自然光的信号。筒灯组件将直接由用户控制。

PERSONAL DIMMING: USER INTERFACE
个人变暗:用户界面
Depending on the manufacturer, dimmable ballasts in individual light fixtures may be controlled using handheld infrared (IR) remotes, interface on their PCs, wallbox dimmers and keypads, or other devices. At least two manufacturers offer handheld remotes and at least three offer a desktop PC interface.
Regardless of which system is used, an important lesson of personal control research is that the interface should be readily accessible. The Lighting Research Center NCAR study revealed that 60% of occupants preferred having the control near their workstation (as opposed to mounting on the wall); occupants, in fact, were two-thirds less likely to dim when the desktop dimmer was removed.
基于不同的制造商，个别灯具的调光可以使用手持式红外（IR）遥控器进行控制，接口在电脑，墙箱调光器和键盘等其他设备。至少两个厂家提供手持遥控器，至少三个厂家提供台式PC接口。
无论使用哪个系统，个人控制研究的一个关键点是接口的链接方式应该简单。照明研究中心NCAR研究显示，60％的员工会优先选择更接近他们的工作地点的控制点（而不是安装在墙壁上）;事实上当灯光变暗后三分之二的员工不愿意去进行调节。

PERSONAL CONTROL: BALLASTS
个人控制:镇流器
The dimming system may be available with dimmable ballasts included or designated as compatible with a specific ballast or dimming method (e.g., 0-10VDC). Architectural dimming ballasts (100% to1% dimming range) can be specified but energy management ballasts (100% to 5-10% dimming range), which present a lower initial cost, are often suitable.
Digital lighting installation featuring simplified wiring and zoning both at the individual fixture level for user personal control and easy, software-based grouping into larger zones for implementation of other control strategies such as scheduled peak shaving.
The fixtures can be connected to a low-voltage network, either analog or digital, for individual user control as well as grouping into larger zones. Meanwhile, two-wire AC dimming ballasts can provide easy wallbox dimming retrofit options for single offices.
调光系统可提供与可调光镇流器兼容的包括或指定为与特定镇流器或调光方法（例如，0-10VDC）。建筑调光镇流器（100％~1％的调光范围）可以被确定，但电量管理镇流器（100%~5-10％的调光范围），它呈现较低的初始成本并且通常是适用的。
数字照明装置可以简化布线，并在更易于用户个人控制，基于软件将一部分灯具划分到一些更大的控制系统中，来实现不同的控制方式如定期调峰。
对于各个用户的控制以及大区域的控制，灯具可以连接到低电压网络，无论是模拟电路或数字电路。同时，对于单人办公室，两线交流调光镇流器可以轻松实现墙箱调光。
PERSONAL CONTROL: VERTICALLY INTEGRATED CONTROLS
个人控制:垂直一体化控制
With the exception of a few lighting fixture manufacturers, personal control solutions have traditionally been specified as a series of components within a custom control solution. A growing number of fixture manufacturers, however, are beginning to offer products featuring an integral occupancy sensor, photosensor and dimming ballast, which may open the way for personal control capability as long as a suitable interface is offered. An important lesson learned from the 2007 NRC study was that personal control “plays nicely” with other control solutions for a combined high-energy-saving solution, and as a user-friendly strategy, may mitigate user reservations about automatic controls.
除了少数照明器材制造商以外，个人控制方案一贯被指定为一个自定义的控制方案中的一部分。越来越多的灯具制造商，已经开始提供具有占用传感器，光传感器和调光镇流器的产品，要提供一个合适的接口，就可能实现个人控制。从2007年的NRC研究学到的是，个人控制与其他的控制方式相组合的很好，可以提供一个好的节能方案，并作为一个适合于用户的方案，可以使用户更经常使用自动控制。

PERSONAL CONTROL: LESSONS LEARNED
个人控制:吸取的教训

1. 1: The controls should be maintained. In the 2007 NRC study, as new employees were hired and entered the study area, or existing employees were re-assigned, the IT department, responding to a request from the facility manager, quickly re-enabled the individual control feature. This proved critical in sustaining this control strategy.
2. 2: If the controls aren’t used frequently, that’s okay. In the 2007 NRC study, even though users were emailed with reminders they could adjust their light levels, researchers observed that users did so rarely. People typically picked a general preferred level, and then made adjustments rarely after that, on average about once every 50 days.
3. 3: Personal control works well in windows spaces. Deeper dimming and higher energy savings are likely in windowed spaces due to daylight availability. They can work well as an override of daylight dimming controls (the personal control cannot raise the light level above the daylight dimming level, but it can go below it). Consider window blinds as part of the personal control strategy.

＃1：控制性应该被维持。在2007年的NRC的研究，作为新员工被雇用并且进入研发领域，或者是现有的员工被重新分配，为了应对从设施经理的要求，IT部门迅速重新启用了单独控制功能。事实证明，这是维持控制性的关键。
＃2：如果控件不经常使用，没有什么关系。在2007年NRC的研究中，即使通过电子邮件对用户进行跟催，研究人员发现，他们还是很少调整灯光亮度。人们通常选用一般的级别，然后在这之后就很少进行调整，平均约每50天调整一次。
＃3：个人控制在有窗户的空间中效果很好。在日光充足的空间更能实现深度的调光及能源节约。他们在工作时可以调节日光来改变照明环境（个人控制不能将照明水平提高到日光以上的级别，但是却可以将日光的照明水平调低）。窗帘也是个人控制的一部分。
OTHER OPTIONS: TASK LIGHTING
其他选项:工作照明
Undercabinet lighting provides a simple way to enable individual control. Task lighting may be ON/OFF, multi-level or dimmable to provide varying levels of flexibility.
橱柜照明提供了一种简单的方法来实现单独控制。工作照明可以是开/关，多级调光可以提供不同的照明灵活性水平。
OTHER OPTIONS: WALLBOX DIMMERS
其他选项:墙箱调光器
For private offices and multi-occupant spaces requiring a high degree of flexibility, wall-box dimmers can be used to dim all of the general light fixtures in the space. The dimmer replaces the wall switch between the ballast and the power supply. The ballasts are typically parallel wired with no new wires so that the dimmer can command all of the fixtures on the controlled circuit in unison. The device can be a basic manual dimmer or a preset/integrated dimmer offering programmable scenes with push-button recall.
Preset dimmers can also be networked to enable local and global control. Offering another option, new bi-level dimming ballasts are available that dim all the lamps together to a 50% light level.
对于需要高度控制灵活性的私人办公室和多乘员空间，墙箱调光器可以用来调节昏暗的空间中的所有普通灯具。调光器代替镇流器和电源之间的墙壁开关。镇流器通常平行布线而没有新的电线，这样的调光器可以命令所有的控制电路同时控制灯具。该设备可以是基本的手动调光器或预设/综合调光器，对按动开关提供反馈。
预置调光器也可通过联网来实现局部和全局的控制。此外，另一种选择是新的双电平的调光镇流器可以使所有灯一起变暗到50％的亮度水平。
OTHER OPTIONS: BI-LEVEL SWITCHING
其他选项:双层的切换
In private offices and some group spaces, wall switches can be applied to develop a degree of flexibility using a strategy called bi-level or multi-level switching. With bi-level switching, alternate lamps, fixtures or rows are zoned and switched separately to enable 50% light level reductions and energy savings. Be cautious with switching alternate fixtures or rows, as a reasonably uniform distribution of light is desirable in offices.
A higher degree of flexibility can be achieved using multi-level switching in which the outboard lamps are switched separately from the inboard lamp in three-lamp fixtures to achieve 33% and 66% light level reductions and energy savings.
在私人办公室和一些集体空间，墙壁的开关可以通过用双级或多级开关来提高灵活度。随着双电平切换，备用灯泡，固定灯具或行的单独切换，使光照水平降低50％并且能够节约能源。对切换备用灯具或行需要谨慎，办公室需要合理分布均匀的光。
可以利用多级切换来实现更高程度的灵活性，外侧灯的开关分别由内侧三灯装置控制实现，可以达到33%与66%的光水平降低，并且可以节约能源。

OTHER OPTIONS: BI-LEVEL SWITCHING
其他选项:双层的切换
Energy Savings Realized or Estimated Potential in Private Offices
私人办公室节能意识或潜在的价格估计
Bi-/Multi-Level Switching
双级/多级开关 Personal Dimming Control
个人调光控制
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory advanced lighting controls testbed
劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室的先进的照明控制平台 23% 23%
2003 Advanced Lighting Guidelines
2003先进的照明指南 30% 30%
NCAR study
NCAR研究 NA 6%
2007 NRC study NA 11%
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) general estimate
美国国家电气制造商协会（NEMA）总概算 10-15% NA
“Lighting Controls Effectiveness Assessment: Final Report on Bi-Level Lighting Study,” ADM Associates, 2002
“照明控制效果评价：双层照明研究的最终报告”ADM公司，2002 22% (16% in open office)
22%（开放型办公室16%） NA

OTHER OPTIONS: BI-LEVEL SWITCHING
其他选项:双层的切换
A California Lighting Technology Center study sponsored by Watt Stopper/Legrand sought to determine the combination of automation and manual initiative that would provide the greatest energy savings and occupant satisfaction in a private officce. They found that automatically turning the lights on to 50% when an occupant entered a vacant room and then allowing him or her to override to 100% (or to 0%) if desired produced higher energy savings than a manual-on occupancy sensor. Occupants commented that they liked the lights to come on automatically and the reduced level worked well with the available daylight.
由瓦塞罗格朗赞助的一项美国加州照明技术中心的研究，试图寻找一个能正确结合自动和手动的方案，能够在一个私人办公室中提供最大的节能度和满意度。他们研究发现，当人进入一个空房间时，50%的灯自动开启，然后允许进入者根据需求将灯光改变为100%（0%）开启状态，这比纯手动开关更节省电能。实验者表示，他们喜欢的灯光自动亮起，并且能够在阳光充足时减少灯光的照明水平。