Southern Malagasy giant rat

when did it become extinc:428-618

***Hypogeomys australis*** is an extinct rodent from central and southeastern Madagascar. First described in 1903, it is larger than its close relative, the living *Hypogeomys antimena*, which occurs further west, but otherwise similar. Average length of the femur (upper leg bone) is 72.1 mm, compared to 63.8 mm in *H. antimena*. One of the few extinct rodents of Madagascar, it survived to at least around 1536 BP based on radiocarbon dating. Little is known of its ecology, but it may have lived in burrows like its living relative and eaten some arid-adapted plants.

Taxonomy:*Hypogeomys australis* was described in 1903 by Guillaume Grandidier from subfossil material collected in the cave of Andrahomana in southeastern Madagascar. The *Hypogeomys* material was similar to the living *Hypogeomys antimena*, but distinct enough for Grandidier to recognize it as a separate species, different in size and some morphological details. Grandidier described another subfossil *Hypogeomys* species in 1912, *H. boulei*, but the material that species was based on was later identified as the enigmatic mammal *Plesiorycteropus*. In 1946, Charles Lamberton illustrated another femur (upper leg bone) of *H. australis*; the origin and current whereabouts of this specimen are unknown. In 1996, Steven Goodman and Daniel Rakotondravony reviewed the distribution of *Hypogeomys* and confirmed that *H. australis* is a distinct species. *H. australis* and *H. antimena* are classified together within the exclusively Madagascan subfamily Nesomyinae of the family Nesomyidae, which includes various African rodents.

Description:*Hypogeomys australis* was generally similar to *H. antimena*, the largest living rodent of Madagascar, but even larger, with little if any overlap in measurements. Grandidier described the extinct species as more robust, with more prominent muscle scars on the long bones and with longer molars with more distinct crests and lobes. The length of the first lower molar is 5.2 to 6.4 mm, averaging 5.7 mm, in ten *H. australis* and 3.9 to 5.5 mm, averaging 4.8 mm, in twenty-four *H. antimena*. The width of the femur at the proximal (near) end is 18.6 to 21.5 mm, averaging 19.9 mm, in thirteen *H. australis* and 16.8 to 18.5 mm, averaging 17.5 mm, in nine *H. antimena*. In ten *H. australis*, total length of the femur is 69.9 to 75.1 mm, averaging 72.1 mm, compared to 59.7 to 69.9 mm, averaging 63.8 mm in nine *H. antimena.*

Distribution and ecology:Remains attributed to *Hypogeomys australis* are known from Andrahomana in southeastern Madagascar and Antsirabe in central Madagascar, suggesting a broad former distribution. Its range is not known to overlap that of *H. antimena*, which has undergone a dramatic reduction during the Holocene. A bone from Andrahomana has been radiocarbon dated to about 4440 BP and another to 1536 BP. Although almost nothing is known of the ecology of *H. australis*, Goodman and Rakotondravony presumed that it was similar to its living relative in living in burrows in areas with loose soils. *H. australis* shows relatively high content of carbon-13 isotope, likely because it ate some plants which were enriched in carbon-13 through C4 carbon fixation and crassulacean acid metabolism; both of these photosynthesis-related processes occur most frequently in plants adapted to dry environments.

*Hypogeomys australis* is one of only three extinct rodents known from Madagascar (the others are *Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis* and *Nesomys narindaensis* from northwestern Madagascar). In general, few small animals became extinct on Madagascar, except for these rodents, two species of *Plesiorycteropus*, and the shrew tenrec *Microgale macpheei*; in contrast, large animals such as subfossil lemurs, the carnivore *Cryptoprocta spelea*, Malagasy hippopotamuses, *Dipsochelys* tortoises, and *Aepyornis* and *Mullerornis* birds all became extinct around the time that humans arrived.