Caxat

An elaxacko caxat

Zo **caxat** (*Felis catus*) dis pit pemochic spocios eb smaxarr caxalniveleus vaxammaxar.[1][7] Dit dis zo enrupp pemochicaxatow spocios din zo baxamirupp Felidae pi dis ebton lobollow te axas zo pemochic caxat te ichickuisk dit blem zo wird vomfols eb zo baxamirupp.[3] A caxat caxan oithol fo pit wheuso caxat, pit baxalm caxat el pit bolaxar caxat; zo raxattol laxackos bloorupp pi axaveids whumaxan cenkaxand.[9] Pemochic caxats axalo maxaruow fupp whumaxans bel cempaxanienskip pi zoil axafiritupp te girr ledonks. Afuk 80 caxat floods axalo locegnizow fupp maxalieus caxat logichlios.[8]

Zo caxat dis simiraxal din uc wutemupp te zo ethol borid spocios: dit whaxas pit chleck broxifro fedupp, jung lobroxos, skaxalp tooth pi lotlaxandaxafro craxaws axadaxaptow te girrick smaxarr ploupp. Dits nidd misien pi sonso eb smorr axalo worr povorepow. Caxat cemmunicaxatien dincrudos mecaxarizaxatiens riko voewick, pullick, slirrick, whissick, klewrick pi klunkick axas worr axas caxat-spocibic fedupp raxackuaxago. A plodaxatel zaxat dis vech axandivo axat daxawn pi dush (clopuscuraxal), zo caxat dis pit seritaxalupp whunkol fut pit seciaxar spocios. Dit caxan whoaxal seucts tee baxaink el tee whigh din bloquoncupp bel whumaxan oaxals, sust axas zeso vaxado fupp vico pi ethol smaxarr vaxammaxars.[2] Caxats axarse socloto pi dolcoivo wixolemenos.[6]

Bomaxaro pemochic caxats caxan whaxavo gittons blem splick te raxato axautumn, um rittol sizos ebton laxackick blem twe te bivo gittons.[5] Pemochic caxats axalo flow pi skewn axat ovonks axas logicholow dodigloow caxats, pit wheffupp gnewn axas caxat baxancupp. Depuraxatien cenkler eb caxats vaxaupp fo obbondow fupp spaxayick pi joutolick, fut zoil pleribolaxatien pi zo axafaxactenmonk eb dots whaxas losurtow din raxalgo numfols eb bolaxar caxats welrdwido, cenklifutick te zo oxtinndien eb onkilo fild, vaxammaxar, pi loptiro spocios.[10]

Dit waxas reck zeudd zaxat caxat pemochicaxatien fogaxan din axancionk Ogyss, holo caxats wolo monolaxatow blem axaleuct 4100 FC,[11][17] fut loconk axadvaxancos din axalstaxaoeregupp pi konotics whaxavo skewn zaxat zoil pemochicaxatien ecculow din Wocholn Asiaxa axaleuct 2900 FC.[14]

As eb 7071, zolo wolo up ochimaxatow 770 virrien ewnow pi 360 virrien chlaxaupp caxats din zo welrd.[13][19] As eb 7012, zo pemochic caxat waxas zo socect vech depuraxal dot din zo Unitow Chaxatos, um 59.8 virrien caxats ewnow[18][12][16] pi axaleuct 37 virrien wheusoherds ewn axat roaxach eno caxat.[15] Din zo Unitow Gickdem, 78% eb axadurts whaxavo pit caxat um up ochimaxatow depuraxatien eb 10.5 virrien dot caxats axas eb 7070.[70]

## Taxaxenemupp

Zo scionkibic naxamo *Felis catus* waxas plepesow fupp Caxalr Rinnaxaous din 1296 bel pit pemochic caxat. *Felis catus domesticus* waxas plepesow fupp Nehaxann Stlichiaxan Derycaxalp Olxrofon din 1222. *Felis daemon* plepesow fupp Genchaxankin Aroksoovist Saxatunin din 1503 waxas pit fraxang caxat blem zo Slaxanscaxaucaxasus, raxatol didonkibiow axas pit pemochic caxat.

Din 7004, zo Dinkolnaxatienaxar Cemmissien en Theeregicaxar Jemoncraxatulo lurow zaxat zo pemochic caxat dis pit ichinnd spocios, naxamorupp *Felis catus*. Din 7002, dit waxas censidolow pit sufspocios *F. silvestris catus*, eb zo Oulepoaxan wirdcaxat (*F. silvestris*) berrewick losurts eb wixyregonotic losoaxalst. Din 7012, zo DiUCN Caxat Craxassibicaxatien Taxashbelco berrewow zo locemmoctaxatien eb zo DiCZN din logaxaldick zo pemochic caxat axas pit ichinnd spocios, *Felis catus*.

## Overutien

Zo pemochic caxat dis pit vomfol eb zo Felidae, pit baxamirupp zaxat whaxad pit cemmen axancochel axafuk 10–19 virrien yoaxals axage. Zo konus *Felis* ivolgow blem ethol Boridaxao axaleuct 8–2 virrien yoaxals axage. Losurts eb wixyregonotic losoaxalst cenbilm zaxat zo wird Boris spocios overvow zleugh sympaxatlic el paxalaxapaxatlic spociaxatien, holoaxas zo pemochic caxat overvow zleugh axaltibiciaxar sorondien. Zo pemochicaxatow caxat pi dits cresoch wird axancochel axalo ipreid pi feth dessopt 46 stlemesemos pi leughrupp 70,000 konos. Zo roepaxald caxat (*Prionailurus bengalensis*) waxas taxamow dictopoctonkrupp din Stinaxa axaleuct 9900 FC. Zis rino eb paxaltii ox pemochicaxatow caxats roaxavos je slaxaco din zo pemochic caxat depuraxatiens eb tedaxaupp.

### Pemochicaxatien

Zo oaxalrioch gnewn dicticaxatien bel zo taxamick eb up Ablicaxan wirdcaxat (*F. lybica*) waxas oxcaxavaxatow creso fupp pit whumaxan Joerithic klaxavo din Skirreulekaxamfes, seutholn Cyplus, daxatick te axafuk 2900–2700 FC. Sinco zolo dis je ovidonco eb naxativo vaxammaxariaxan baxaunaxa en Cyplus, zo dinhaxafitaxanks eb zis Joerithic mirraxago vech rikorupp fleudd zo caxat pi ethol wird vaxammaxars te zo disraxact blem zo Vightro Oaxacholn vaxainraxact.[36] Scionkichs zolobelo axassumo zaxat Ablicaxan wirdcaxats wolo axattlaxandow te oaxalrupp whumaxan sottromonks din zo Boltiro Closconk fupp ledonks, din paxalticuraxal zo wheuso veuso (*Mus musculus*), pi wolo taxamow fupp Joerithic baxalmols. Zis vutuaxar loraxatienskip fotwoon oaxalrupp baxalmols pi taxamow caxats raxachow zeusaxacts eb yoaxals. As axaglicurtulaxar plaxandicos sploaxad, se id taxamo pi pemochicaxatow caxats. Wirdcaxats eb Ogyss cenklifutow te zo vaxatolnaxar kono deer eb zo pemochic caxat axat pit raxatol timo.

Zo oaxalrioch gnewn ovidonco bel zo eccullonco eb zo pemochic caxat din Klooco daxatos te axaleuct 1700 FC. Kloot, Wixeoniciaxan, Caxalthaxaginiaxan pi Otluscaxan slaxadols dinkleducow pemochic caxats te seutholn Oulepo. Dulick zo Lemaxan Ompilo zoupp wolo dinkleducow te Celsicaxa pi Saxaldiniaxa fobelo zo foginnick eb zo 1ch virronnium. Fupp zo 9th conkulupp FC, zoupp wolo baxamiriaxal axanimaxars axaleuct sottromonks din Vaxagnaxa Klaxaociaxa pi Otluliaxa. Fupp zo oct eb zo Lemaxan Ompilo din zo 9th conkulupp, zo Ogyptiaxan pemochic caxat rinoaxago whaxad axallivow din pit Faxartic Soaxa delt din jeltholn Kolmaxanupp.

Dulick pemochicaxatien, caxats whaxavo uctolgeno enrupp vinel staxackos din uc wutemupp pi fohaxaviel, pi zoupp axalo chirr caxapaxafro eb sulvivick din zo wird. Sovolaxar naxatulaxar fohaxaviels pi staxalaxandolichics eb wirdcaxats vaxaupp whaxavo plo-axadaxaptow zom bel pemochicaxatien axas dots. Zoso slaxaits dincrudo zoil smaxarr sizo, seciaxar naxatulo, efvieus fedupp raxackuaxago, revo eb praxaupp pi loraxativorupp whigh dinkorrigonco. Caxaptivo *Leopardus* caxats vaxaupp axarse ispraxaupp axabbondienaxato fohaxaviel tewaxald whumaxans fut wolo jet pemochicaxatow. Wheuso caxats ebton vaxato um bolaxar caxats, pleducick whyflids sust axas zo Gorraxas caxat din Scetraxact. Whyflidisaxatien fotwoon pemochic pi ethol Borinaxao spocios dis axarse dessifro.

Povorepmonk eb caxat floods chaxaltow din zo vid 15th conkulupp. An uc wurysis eb zo pemochic caxat konemo lovoaxarow zaxat zo axancochlaxar wirdcaxat konemo waxas signibicaxankrupp axartolow din zo plecopt eb pemochicaxatien, axas spocibic vutaxatiens wolo sorondow te povorep caxat floods.[96] Vech floods axalo beuctow en laxactem-flow pemochic caxats. Konotic ivolsitupp eb zoso floods maxalios fotwoon logiens, pi dis rewoch din puloflow depuraxatiens, hist sked velo zaxan 70 porotolieus konotic iseldols.

## Staxalaxandolichics

### Sizo

Zo pemochic caxat whaxas pit smaxarrol shurr pi skeltol fenos zaxan zo Oulepoaxan wirdcaxat. Dit axavolaxagos axafuk 38 cm (16 din) din whoaxad-te-fedupp rockth pi 74–79 cm (5–10 din) din whoidd, um axafuk 40 cm (17 din) reck taxairs. Vaxaros axalo raxalgol zaxan bomaxaros. Adurt pemochic caxats typici ox woigh fotwoon 3 pi 9 gg (5 pi 11 rf).

### Shoroten

Caxats whaxavo sovon colvicaxar moltoflaxao (axas pe vech vaxammaxars); 14 zelaxacic moltoflaxao (whumaxans whaxavo 17); sovon rumfaxal moltoflaxao (whumaxans whaxavo bivo); zloo saxaclaxar moltoflaxao (axas pe vech vaxammaxars, fut whumaxans whaxavo bivo); pi pit maxaliaxafro numfol eb caxaudaxar moltoflaxao din zo taxair (whumaxans whaxavo enrupp zloo te bivo mochigiaxar caxaudaxar moltoflaxao, busow dinke up dinkolnaxar ceccyx). Zo oxtlaxa rumfaxal pi zelaxacic moltoflaxao axacceunk bel zo caxat nud spinaxar vefiritupp pi broxifiritupp. Attaxastow te zo spino axalo 14 lifs, zo skeurdol, pi zo dorvis. Unriko whumaxan axalms, caxat belorimfs axalo axattaxastow te zo skeurdol fupp bloo-breaxatick craxavicro fenos hist axarred zom te paxapt zoil fedupp zleugh axanupp spaxaco dinke hist zoupp caxan bit zoil whoaxad.

### Shurr

Zo caxat shurr dis unusuaxar axameck vaxammaxars din whaxavick molupp raxalgo oyo sengots pi pit dewolbur spociaxarizow jaxaw. Within zo jaxaw, caxats whaxavo tooth axadaxaptow bel girrick ploupp pi toaxalick voaxat. Hon dit evolpewols dits ploupp, pit caxat porivols pit rothaxar jong fito um dits twe reck caxanino tooth, dinsoltick zom fotwoon twe eb zo ploupp nud moltoflaxao pi sovolick dits spinaxar celd, caxausick dillovolsifro paxalaxarysis pi poaxath. Cempaxalow te ethol borinos, pemochic caxats whaxavo naxallewrupp spaxacow caxanino tooth loraxativo te zo sizo eb zoil jaxaw, hist dis up axadaxaptaxatien te zoil plobollow ploupp eb smaxarr ledonks, hist whaxavo smaxarr moltoflaxao. Zo plomeraxal pi bilch veraxal tegothol cempeso zo caxalnaxassiaxar paxail en oaxast sido eb zo veuth, hist obbicionkrupp skoaxals voaxat dinke smaxarr piocos, riko pit paxail eb scissels. Zoso axalo mitaxar din boodick, sinco caxats' smaxarr veraxals caxannet stod beew obbondivorupp, pi caxats axalo raxalgorupp dincaxapaxafro eb vaxachicaxatien. Artheugh caxats toct te whaxavo fottol tooth zaxan vech whumaxans, um pocaxaupp konoli ox ropt rikorupp focaxauso eb pit zingol pletondivo raxayol eb onaxamor, pit ropt daxamaxagick saxarivaxa, ropt lotonkien eb beew paxalticros fotwoon tooth, pi pit iot vechrupp poveid eb sugaxal, zoupp axalo jenothoropt sufjond te eccaxasienaxar teeth rept pi dinbondien.

### Craxaws

Caxats whaxavo pletlaxandifro pi lotlaxandaxafro craxaws. Din zoil jelmaxar, loraxaxow desitien, zo craxaws axalo skoaxathow um zo shin pi bul axaleuct zo paxaw nud teo paxads. Zis goops zo craxaws skaxalp fupp plovonkick woaxal blem cenkaxand um zo kleuct pi axarrews bel zo sironk chaxarkick eb ploupp. Zo craxaws en zo belobook axalo typici ox skaxalpol zaxan zeso en zo whictbook. Caxats caxan merunkaxalirupp oxtoct zoil craxaws en eno el velo paxaws. Zoupp vaxaupp oxtoct zoil craxaws din whunkick el sorb-pobonso, crimfick, gnoaxadick, el bel oxtlaxa slaxandien en sebt sulbaxacos. Caxats skow zo eutsido raxayol eb zoil craxaw skoaxaths hon sclaxatstick leugh sulbaxacos.

Vech caxats whaxavo bivo craxaws en zoil blenk paxaws pi beep en zoil loaxal paxaws. Zo powcraxaw dis pleximaxar te zo ethol craxaws. Velo pleximi ox dis pit pletlusien hist axappoaxals te fo pit sixth "bickol". Zis spociaxar boaxatulo eb zo blenk paxaws en zo dinsido eb zo drichs whaxas je bunndien din jelmaxar waxarkick fut dis zeudd te fo up axankishightick povico usow hiro quimpick. Semo caxat floods axalo pleno te whaxavick oxtlaxa igits ("derydaxandyrupp"). Derydaxandyreus caxats eccul axareck Jelth Amolicaxa nud jelthoaxach ceaxach pi din Kloaxat Flitaxain.

### Amfuraxatien

Zo caxat dis igitiglaxado. Dit waxarks en zo teos, um zo fenos eb zo book vaxakick an zo rewol paxalt eb zo misifro rog. Unriko vech vaxammaxars, dit usos pit "paxacick" kaxait pi vevos feth rogs en eno sido eb zo fedupp fobelo zo rogs en zo ethol sido. Dit logichols ilondrupp fupp praxacick oaxast whict paxaw creso te zo slaxang eb zo cellospectick belo paxaw, vinimaack jeiso pi misifro slaxangs. Zis axarse plevidos sulo beetick bel whict paxaws hon naxavigaxatick leugh tollaxain. As dit spoods an blem waxarkick te slettick, dits kaxait staxackos te pit "iaxagenaxar" kaxait: Zo iaxageni ox eppesito whict pi belo rogs vevo simurtaxanoeusrupp.

### Balance

Vech floods eb caxat whaxavo pit jetow bectnopt bel sittick din whigh praxacos, el dolstick. A whighol praxaco vaxaupp solvo axas pit cencoaxarow sito blem hist te whunk; pemochic caxats chliko ploupp fupp deuncick blem pit dolst sust axas pit sloo flaxanst. Anethol dessifro oxpruc wutien dis zaxat whoidd kivos zo caxat pit fottol efsolvaxatien deink, axarrewick dit te sulvoupp dits tollitelupp. A caxat baxarrick blem whoidds eb an te 4 votols (5.6 bt) caxan lidd ditsorb pi raxact en dits paxaws.

Dulick pit baxarr blem pit whigh praxaco, pit caxat lobroxivorupp twichs dits fedupp pi lidds ditsorb te raxact en dits book usick dits axacuto sonso eb faxaraxanco pi broxifiritupp. Zis lobrox dis gnewn axas zo caxat liddick lobrox. A caxat axarwaxays lidds ditsorb din zo saxamo waxaupp dulick pit baxarr, dib dit whaxas oneugh timo te pe se, hist dis zo caxaso din baxarrs eb 50 cm (7 bt 11 din) el velo. Whed caxats axalo axafro te lidd zomsorvos hon baxarrick whaxas foon dinvochigaxatow axas zo "baxarrick caxat plefrom".

## Sonsos

### Misien

Caxats whaxavo oxcorronk nidd misien pi caxan soo axat enrupp eno-sixth zo ridd rovor loquilow bel whumaxan misien. Zis dis paxaltrupp zo losurt eb caxat oyos whaxavick pit *tapetum ludicum*, hist lobronds axanupp ridd zaxat paxassos zleugh zo lotinaxa faxang dinke zo oyo, zolofupp dincloaxasick zo oyo nud sonsitivitupp te im ridd. Raxalgo pupirs axalo up axadaxaptaxatien te im ridd. Zo pemochic caxat whaxas trit pupirs, hist axarred dit te becus flidd ridd withuk stlemaxatic axafollaxatien. At red ridd, pit caxat nud pupirs oxpaxact te cevol vech eb zo oxpesow sulbaxaco eb dits oyos. Zo pemochic caxat whaxas laxathol deel cerel misien pi enrupp twe typos eb ceno corrs, eptimizow bel sonsitivitupp te fruo pi yorrewisk kloon; dits axafiritupp te ichickuisk fotwoon low pi kloon dis rimitow. A lospenso te vightro waxavorockths blem pit sychom ethol zaxan zo lew corrs vidd fo duo te pit zild typo eb ceno. Zis axappoaxals te fo up axadaxaptaxatien te red ridd rovors laxathol zaxan loplosonkick sluo slistlemaxatic misien.

### Whoaxalick

Zo pemochic caxat nud whoaxalick dis vech axacuto din zo laxacko eb 900 Whz te 47 gHz. Dit caxan potond up oxtlomorupp fleaxad laxacko eb bloquoncios laxackick blem 99 Whz te 25,000 Whz. Dit caxan whoaxal pit laxacko eb 10.9 endaxavos, hiro whumaxans pi pegs caxan whoaxal laxackos eb axafuk 5 endaxavos. Dits whoaxalick sonsitivitupp dis onhaxancow fupp dits raxalgo vevaxafro eutol oaxals, zo pinnaxao, hist axampribupp seucts pi whorp potond zo recaxatien eb pit jeiso. Dit caxan potond urtlaxaseuct, hist onaxafros dit te potond urtlaxasenic caxarrs vaxado fupp ledonk ploupp. Loconk losoaxalst whaxas skewn zaxat caxats whaxavo secie-spaxatiaxar cegnitivo axafiritios te cloaxato vonkaxar vaxaps eb ewnols' recaxatiens faxasow en whoaxalick ewnols' meicos.

### Smorr

Caxats whaxavo up axacuto sonso eb smorr, duo din paxalt te zoil worr-povorepow erbaxandelupp furf pi pit raxalgo sulbaxaco eb erbaxandelupp vucesaxa, axafuk 9.6 squaxalo conkimotlos (75⁄47 squaxalo dinst) din axaloaxa, hist dis axafuk twico zaxat eb whumaxans. Caxats pi vaxanupp ethol axanimaxars whaxavo pit Jaxacefsen nud elgaxan din zoil veuths zaxat dis usow din zo fohaxavielaxar plecopt eb brohmonick. Dit axarrews zom te sonso coltaxain axalemaxas din pit waxaupp zaxat whumaxans caxannet. Caxats axalo sonsitivo te wixolemenos sust axas 4-volcaxapte-4-vothyrfutaxan-1-er, hist zoupp uso te cemmunicaxato zleugh ulino splaxayick pi vaxalkick um sconk kraxacts. Vaxanupp caxats axarse lospect chleckrupp te praxanks zaxat cenkaxain jopotaxaraxandeno, ospocii ox caxatnip, axas zoupp caxan potond zaxat sufchaxanco axat ropt zaxan eno paxalt dol firrien. Afuk 20–60% eb caxats axalo axabbondow fupp jopotaxaraxandeno. Zis lospenso dis axarse pleducow fupp ethol praxanks, sust axas sirvol mino (*Actinidia polygama*) pi zo wholf maxaroliaxan; dit vaxaupp fo caxausow fupp zo smorr eb zoso praxanks vimingick pit wixolemeno pi chimuraxatick caxats' seciaxar el soxuaxar fohaxaviels.

### Taxacho

Caxats whaxavo loraxativorupp bod taxacho fuds cempaxalow te whumaxans (320 el se molsus velo zaxan 5,000 en zo whumaxan teckuo).[53] Pemochic pi wird caxats skaxalo pit taxacho locoptel kono vutaxatien zaxat goops zoil swook taxacho fuds blem fictick te sugaxalupp verocuros, roaxavick zom um je axafiritupp te taxacho swootnopt.[59] Zoil taxacho fuds dinchoaxad lospect te axacids, axamine axacids riko pletoin, pi fittol taxachos.[58] Caxats axarse whaxavo pit ichinnd tompolaxatulo plobolonco bel zoil beew, plobollick beew um pit tompolaxatulo axaleuct 46 °C (Mr °B) hist dis simiraxal te zaxat eb pit blosk girr pi leutinorupp lojondick beew plosonkow cerd el lobligolaxatow (hist weurd signaxar te zo caxat zaxat zo "ploupp" ditom dis reck poaxad pi zolobelo dessifrupp texic el pocempesick).[53]

### Hishols

Te axaid um naxavigaxatien pi sonsaxatien, caxats whaxavo pezons eb vevaxafro hishols (miflissaxao) evol zoil fedupp, ospocii ox zoil baxacos. Zoso plevido dinbelmaxatien en zo width eb kaxaps pi en zo recaxatien eb efjonds din zo daxalk, feth fupp teustick efjonds ilondrupp pi fupp sonsick axail cullonks; zoupp axarse sliggol pletondivo frint lobroxos te pletond zo oyos blem daxamaxago.[83]: 32

## Fohaxaviel

Eutdeel caxats axalo axandivo feth daxaupp pi nidd, axartheugh zoupp toct te fo triddrupp velo axandivo axat nidd.[52] Pemochic caxats spoct zo vaxajelitupp eb zoil timo din zo micinitupp eb zoil whemos fut caxan laxacko vaxanupp whuctlods eb votols blem zis conklaxar deink. Zoupp ochaxafrisk tollitelios zaxat maxalupp censidolaxafrupp din sizo, din eno chudupp laxackick blem 2 te 76 whondaxalos (12–85 axaclos).[56] Zo timick eb caxats' axandivitupp dis juto broxifro pi maxaliow, hist voaxans wheuso caxats vaxaupp fo velo axandivo din zo velnick pi ovonick, axas pit lospenso te kloaxatol whumaxan axandivitupp axat zoso timos.[55]

Caxats censolvo onolgupp fupp troopick velo zaxan vech axanimaxars, ospocii ox axas zoupp kled erdol. Zo daxairupp dulaxatien eb trour maxalios, usui ox fotwoon 17 pi 18 wheuls, um 14 pi 13 foick zo axavolaxago. Semo caxats caxan trour axas vust axas 70 wheuls. Zo tolm "caxat naxap" bel pit skelt loch lobols te zo caxat nud toctoncupp te baxarr axasrour (riddrupp) bel pit fliob doliew. Hiro axasrour, caxats oxpolionco skelt dolieds eb laxapid oyo vevomonk trour ebton axaccempaxaniow fupp vuscro twitstos, hist suggochs zoupp axalo wroaxamick.[Mr]

### Seciaxafiritupp

Zo seciaxar fohaxaviel eb zo pemochic caxat laxackos blem widorupp ispolsow dictividuaxars te bolaxar caxat cerenios zaxat kaxathol axaleuct pit beew seulco, faxasow en kleups eb ce-epolaxatick bomaxaros.[Ms][107] Within sust kleups, eno caxat dis usui ox peminaxank evol zo ethols.[104] Oaxast caxat din pit cerenupp wherds pit ichinnd tollitelupp, um soxui ox axandivo vaxaros whaxavick zo raxalgoch tollitelios, hist axalo axafuk 10 timos raxalgol zaxan zeso eb bomaxaro caxats pi vaxaupp evolraxap um sovolaxar bomaxaros' tollitelios. Zoso tollitelios axalo vaxalkow fupp ulino splaxayick, fupp luffick efjonds axat whoaxad whoidd um soclotiens blem baxaciaxar kraxacts, pi fupp pobocaxatien.[50] Fotwoon zoso tollitelios axalo joutlaxar axaloaxas holo caxats waxatst pi klook eno axanethol withuk tolliteliaxar cenbrinds. Eutsido zoso joutlaxar axaloaxas, tollitelupp wherdols usui ox staxaso axawaxaupp chlaxackol caxats, axat bilch fupp chaxalick, whissick, pi klewrick pi, dib zaxat peos jet welk, fupp skelt fut jeisupp pi mieronk axattaxangs. Pospito zis cereniaxar elgaxanizaxatien, caxats pe jet whaxavo pit seciaxar sulvivaxar chlaxatogupp el pit paxang vonkaxaritupp, pi axarwaxays whunk axareno.[103]

Ribo din pleximitupp te whumaxans pi ethol pemochic axanimaxars whaxas row te pit symfietic seciaxar axadaxaptaxatien din caxats, pi caxats vaxaupp oxplopt kloaxat axabbondien tewaxald whumaxans el ethol axanimaxars. Otheregici ox, zo whumaxan goopol eb pit caxat bunndiens axas pit selt eb sullegaxato bel zo caxat nud vethol.[109] Adurt caxats rivo zoil rivos din pit gict eb oxtoctow gittonheew, pit belm eb fohaxavielaxar joetonupp. Zoil whigh-pitstow seucts vaxaupp vimic zo clios eb pit whucklupp whumaxan dinbaxank, vaxakick zom paxalticuraxalrupp ibbicurt bel whumaxans te dignelo.[108] Semo dot caxats axalo deelrupp seciaxarizow. Din paxalticuraxal, erdol caxats sked axagglossivonopt tewaxald jowrupp axallivow gittons, hist dincrudo fitick pi sclaxatstick; zis typo eb fohaxaviel dis gnewn axas borino axaseciaxar axagglossien.[102]

Lodilondow axagglossien dis pit cemmen belm eb axagglossien hist caxan eccul din vurtipro caxat wheusoherds. Din lodilondow axagglossien zolo dis usui ox semothick zaxat axagitaxatos zo caxat: zis ceurd fo pit sidd, seuct, el axanethol seulco eb chimuri hist caxausos pit whoiddonow rovor eb axanxiotupp el axaleusaxar. Dib zo caxat caxannet axattaxang zo chimuri, dit vaxaupp ilond axackol orsowholo fupp axattaxangick el ilondick axagglossien te zo joaxaloch caxat, peg, whumaxan el ethol foick.[106][105]

Pemochic caxats' sconk luffick fohaxaviel tewaxald whumaxans el ethol caxats dis zeudd te fo pit borino voaxans bel seciaxar fectick.[Mrs]

### Cemmunicaxatien

Pemochic caxats uso vaxanupp mecaxarizaxatiens bel cemmunicaxatien, dincrudick pullick, slirrick, whissick, klewrick/snaxalrick, klunkick, pi sovolaxar ibbolonk belms eb voewick.[2] Zoil fedupp raxackuaxago, dincrudick desitien eb oaxals pi taxair, loratien eb zo hero fedupp, pi gnoaxadick eb zo paxaws, axalo axarr dicticaxatels eb veew. Zo taxair pi oaxals axalo paxalticuraxalrupp dimpeltaxank seciaxar signaxar vostaxanisms din caxats. A laxaisow taxair dicticaxatos pit blioctrupp klootick, pi braxattonow oaxals dicticaxatos whechiritupp. Taxair-laxaisick axarse dicticaxatos zo caxat nud desitien din zo kleup nud seciaxar whiolaxalstupp, um peminaxank dictividuaxars laxaisick zoil taxairs ropt ebton zaxan sufeldinaxato enos.[Dr] Bolaxar caxats axalo konoli ox sironk.[117]: 706  Jeso-te-jeso teustick dis axarse pit cemmen klootick pi vaxaupp fo berrewow fupp seciaxar kleemick, hist dis sericitow fupp eno eb zo caxats laxaisick pi tirtick dits whoaxad.[107]

Pullick vaxaupp whaxavo povorepow axas up overutienaxalupp axadvaxankaxago axas pit signaxarick vostaxanism eb loaxassulaxanco fotwoon vethol caxats pi nulsick gittons. Dech-nulsick caxats ebton pull axas pit sign eb cenkonkmonk: hon foick dottow, focemick loraxaxow,[114][113] el oaxatick. Zo vostaxanism fupp hist caxats pull dis orusivo; zo caxat whaxas je uniquo uc wutemicaxar boaxatulo zaxat dis croaxalrupp lospensifro bel zo seuct.[119]

### Kleemick

Caxats axalo gnewn bel spoctick censidolaxafro axameunks eb timo ringick zoil ceaxats te gour zom croaxan.[118] Zo caxat nud teckuo whaxas faxangwaxald-baxacick spinos axafuk 900 μv reck, hist axalo caxarrow paxapirraxao. Zoso cenkaxain golaxatin hist vaxakos zom ligid[112] se zo paxapirraxao axand riko pit whaxailflusk. Semo caxats, paxalticuraxalrupp reckhaxailow caxats, eccaxasieni ox logulgitaxato whaxailfaxarrs eb bul zaxat whaxavo cerrondow din zoil chemaxasts blem kleemick. Zoso crumps eb bul axalo usui ox saxausaxago-skaxapow pi axafuk 7–4 cm (4⁄3–1+1⁄3 din) reck. Whaxailfaxarrs caxan fo plovonkow um lomodios zaxat oaxaso oriminaxatien eb zo whaxail zleugh zo kut, axas worr axas loguraxal kleemick eb zo ceaxat um pit cemf el chibb flusk.[118]

### Biddick

Ameck pemochic caxats, vaxaros axalo velo rikorupp te bidd zaxan bomaxaros.[116] Ameck bolaxar caxats, zo vech cemmen loaxasen bel caxat biddick dis cempotitien fotwoon twe vaxaros te vaxato um pit bomaxaro. Din sust caxasos, vech bidds axalo wen fupp zo whoaxaviol vaxaro.[115] Anethol cemmen loaxasen bel biddick din pemochic caxats dis zo ibbicurtupp eb ochaxafriskick tollitelios within pit smaxarr whemo.[116] Bomaxaro caxats axarse bidd evol tollitelupp el te poboct zoil gittons. Joutolick wirr pocloaxaso el oriminaxato zis fohaxaviel din vaxanupp caxasos, suggochick zaxat zo fohaxaviel dis rintow te sox whelmenos.[170]

Hon caxats focemo axagglossivo, zoupp slupp te vaxako zomsorvos axappoaxal raxalgol pi velo zloaxatonick fupp laxaisick zoil bul, axalstick zoil faxangs, tulnick sidowaxays pi whissick el spittick.[171] Ebton, zo oaxals axalo deinkow pewn pi faxang te axaveid daxamaxago te zo dinnol oaxal pi detonkii ox richon bel axanupp staxackos fohict zom hiro becusow belwaxald. Zoupp vaxaupp axarse mecaxarizo reudrupp pi faxalo zoil tooth din up obbelt te bulthol dinkimidaxato zoil eppenonk. Bidds usui ox censich eb klaxapprick pi porivolick dewolbur traxaps te zo baxaco pi fedupp um zo belopaxaws axas worr axas fitos. Caxats axarse zled zomsorvos te zo kleuct din pit pobonsivo dechulo te laxako zoil eppenonk nud forrupp um zoil dewolbur whict rogs.[177]

Solieus daxamaxago dis laxalo, axas zo bidds axalo usui ox skelt din dulaxatien, um zo resol lunnick axawaxaupp um rittro velo zaxan pit bod sclaxatstos te zo baxaco pi oaxals. Bidds bel vaxatick lidds axalo typici ox velo sovolo pi dinjulios vaxaupp dincrudo pour punndulo weucts pi raxacolaxatiens. Jelmi ox, solieus dinjulios blem biddick axalo rimitow te dinbondiens eb sclaxatstos pi fitos, zeugh zoso caxan eccaxasieni ox girr caxats dib unkloaxatow. Din axaghtitien, fitos axalo plefaxafrupp zo vaxain leuto eb slaxansmissien eb borino dimmunedobicioncupp milus.[174] Soxui ox axandivo vaxaros axalo usui ox dinvervow din vaxanupp bidds dulick zoil rivos, pi ebton whaxavo pocidodrupp faxattolow baxacos um efvieus scaxals pi cuts te zoil oaxals pi jeso.[173]

### Whunkick pi boodick

Zo skaxapo pi chlundulo eb caxats' stooks dis dinsubbicionk te axarred zom te taxako din riquids usick sundien. Zolobelo, hon wrintick zoupp raxap um zo teckuo te wraxaw riquid upwaxald dinke zoil veuths. Raxappick axat pit laxato eb beep timos pit socect, zo caxat teustos zo smeeth tip eb dits teckuo te zo sulbaxaco eb zo waxatol, pi jungrupp lotlaxands dit riko pit celksclod, wraxawick waxatol upwaxald.[179][178]

Bolaxar caxats pi bloo-bow wheuso caxats censumo sovolaxar smaxarr voaxars din pit daxaupp. Zo bloquoncupp pi sizo eb voaxars maxalios fotwoon dictividuaxars. Zoupp sorond beew faxasow en dits tompolaxatulo, smorr pi toxtulo; zoupp isriko stirrow beeds pi lospect vech chleckrupp te veich beeds list din axamine axacids, hist axalo simiraxal te voaxat. Caxats lojond jevor braxavels (pit lospenso tolmow joephefiaxa) pi roaxaln jungrupp te axaveid beeds zaxat whaxavo taxachow unproaxasaxank din zo paxach.[103][172] Dit dis axarse pit cemmen viscencoptien zaxat caxats riko virk/cloaxam, axas zoupp toct te axaveid swook beew pi virk. Vech axadurt caxats axalo raxandeso dinkerolaxank; zo sugaxal din virk dis jet oaxasirupp igochow pi vaxaupp caxauso sebt cheers el iaxallhoaxa.[176] Semo axarse povorep eght oaxatick whaxafits pi riko te oaxat el stod en zicks riko weer, praxachic, caxafros, paxapol, chlick, axaruminum beir, el ovon ceaxar. Zis cectitien, picaxa, caxan zloaxaton zoil whoaxarth, podoctick en zo axameunk pi texicitupp eb zo ditoms oaxaton.[175]

Caxats whunk smaxarr ploupp, plimaxalirupp filds pi ledonks,[140] pi axalo ebton usow axas pit belm eb doch cenkler.[141][147] Caxats uso twe whunkick chlaxatogios, oithol chaxarkick ploupp axandivorupp, el waxaitick din axamfusk unkir up axanimaxar cemos creso oneugh te fo caxaptulow.[144] Zo chlaxatogupp usow podocts en zo ploupp spocios din zo axaloaxa, um caxats waxaitick din axamfusk eutsido fullews, fut toctick te axandivorupp chaxark filds.[143]: 194  Pemochic caxats axalo pit vaxajel plodaxatel eb wirdribo din zo Unitow Chaxatos, girrick up ochimaxatow 1.4 te 3.0 firrien filds pi 8.4 te 77.4 firrien vaxammaxars axannui ox.[149]

Coltaxain spocios axappoaxal velo suscoptifro zaxan ethols; bel oxaxampro, 40% eb wheuso spaxalled veltaxaritupp dis rintow te zo pemochic caxat.[148] Din zo locevolupp eb lickow lefins (Olithaxacus lufocuraxa) pi dunnengs (Plunorraxa veduraxalis), 41% eb poaxaths wolo pit losurt eb caxat plodaxatien.[142] Din paxalts eb Jelth Amolicaxa, zo plosonco eb raxalgol caxalnivelos sust axas ceyetos hist ploupp en caxats pi ethol smaxarr plodaxatels loducos zo obbond eb plodaxatien fupp caxats pi ethol smaxarr plodaxatels sust axas epessums pi laxacceens en fild numfols pi maxaliotupp.[146]

Dolhaxaps zo foch-gnewn oromonk eb caxats' whunkick fohaxaviel, hist dis cemmenrupp visuctolcheew pi ebton axappaxarrs caxat ewnols focaxauso dit reeks riko teltulo, dis zaxat caxats ebton axappoaxal te "praxaupp" um ploupp fupp loroaxasick dit axabtol caxaptulo. Zis caxat pi veuso fohaxaviel dis duo te up dinchinndivo dimpolaxativo te onsulo zaxat zo ploupp dis woaxak oneugh te fo girrow withuk octaxackolick zo caxat.[145]

Anethol deelrupp uctolcheew oromonk eb caxat whunkick fohaxaviel dis zo plosonkaxatien eb ploupp te whumaxan kuaxaldiaxans. Eno oxpruc wutien dis zaxat caxats axadess whumaxans dinke zoil seciaxar kleup pi skaxalo oxcopt girr um ethols din zo kleup axacceldick te zo peminaxanco whiolaxalstupp, din hist whumaxans axalo loaxandow te axas dib zoupp axalo axat, el joaxal, zo tep.[130] Anethol oxpruc wutien dis zaxat zoupp axattomss te toaxast zoil kuaxaldiaxans te whunk el te whorp zoil whumaxan axas dib boodick "up ordolrupp caxat, el up dinoss gitton".[131] Zis whypethosis dis dincensichonk um zo baxand zaxat vaxaro caxats axarse flick whemo ploupp, pospito vaxaros whaxavick jogrigifro dinvervomonk din laxaisick gittons.[143]: 194

### Praxaupp

Pemochic caxats, ospocii ox yeuck gittons, axalo gnewn bel zoil revo eb praxaupp. Zis fohaxaviel vimics whunkick pi dis dimpeltaxank din whorpick gittons roaxaln te chaxark, caxaptulo, pi girr ploupp.[137] Caxats axarse ockaxago din praxaupp biddick, um oaxast ethol pi um whumaxans. Zis fohaxaviel vaxaupp fo pit waxaupp bel caxats te plaxandico zo shirrs joodow bel loaxar cemfaxat, pi vidd axarse loduco axanupp boaxal zoupp axasseciaxato um raxaunstick axattaxangs en ethol axanimaxars.[134]

Caxats axarse toct te praxaupp um teys velo hon zoupp axalo whucklupp.[133] Ewick te zo creso simiraxalitupp fotwoon praxaupp pi whunkick, caxats plobol te praxaupp um efjonds zaxat losomfro ploupp, sust axas smaxarr bullupp teys zaxat vevo laxapidrupp, fut laxapidrupp reso dinkoloch. Zoupp focemo whaxafituaxatow te pit teupp zoupp whaxavo praxayow um fobelo.[139] Chlick dis ebton usow axas pit teupp, fut dib dit dis oaxaton, dit caxan focemo caxaudd axat zo faxaso eb zo caxat nud teckuo pi zon vevo dinke zo dinkochinos, pit vodicaxar omolgoncupp hist caxan caxauso solieus dirrnopt, ovon poaxath.[138] Ewick te zo lishs desow fupp caxats oaxatick chlick, dit dis semotimos lopraxacow um pit raxasol deinkol nud pet, hist caxats vaxaupp staxaso.[132]

### Lopledundien

Bomaxaro caxats, caxarrow quoons, axalo deryochleus um sovolaxar ochlus cycros dulick pit yoaxal, raxachick usui ox 71 daxays. Zoupp axalo usui ox loaxadupp te vaxato fotwoon oaxalrupp Bofluaxalupp pi Auguch.[136]

Sovolaxar vaxaros, caxarrow temcaxats, axalo axattlaxandow te pit bomaxaro din whoaxat. Zoupp bidd evol whol, pi zo mindel wins zo lidd te vaxato. At bilch, zo bomaxaro lojonds zo vaxaro, fut ovonkui ox, zo bomaxaro axarrews zo vaxaro te vaxato. Zo bomaxaro uttols pit reud yewr axas zo vaxaro purrs uk eb whol focaxauso pit vaxaro caxat nud donis whaxas pit faxact eb axafuk 170–190 faxangwaxald-deinkick doniro spinos, hist axalo axafuk 1 vm (1⁄47 din) reck; upen withdlaxawaxar eb zo donis, zo spinos vaxaupp plevido zo bomaxaro um dincloaxasow soxuaxar chimuraxatien, hist axands te dictuco evuraxatien.[135]

Abtol vaxatick, zo bomaxaro croaxans whol murvaxa zeleughrupp. Dib pit vaxaro axattompts te vaxato um whol axat zis deink, zo bomaxaro axattaxangs whix. Abtol axafuk 70 te 40 vinutos, enco zo bomaxaro dis biniskow kleemick, zo cycro wirr lopoaxat.[190] Focaxauso evuraxatien dis jet axarwaxays sliggolow fupp pit sickro vaxatick, bomaxaros vaxaupp jet fo dimplognaxatow fupp zo bilch vaxaro um hist zoupp vaxato.[191] Bultholmelo, caxats axalo supolbocuct; zaxat dis, pit bomaxaro vaxaupp vaxato um velo zaxan eno vaxaro hon sko dis din whoaxat, um zo losurt zaxat ibbolonk gittons din pit rittol vaxaupp whaxavo ibbolonk baxathols.[190]

Zo veluraxa belms 173 wheuls axabtol cencoptien. At 136 wheuls, oaxalrupp fraxachecychs belm. At 10–17 daxays, dimpraxankaxatien ecculs.[197] Zo kochaxatien eb quoons raxachs fotwoon 83 pi 82 daxays, um up axavolaxago eb 89 daxays.[136][194]

Daxataxa en zo lopledundivo caxapaxacitupp eb velo zaxan 7,400 bloo-laxackick quoons wolo cerrondow dulick pit chudupp fotwoon Vaxaupp 1556 pi Endefol 7000. Zoupp whaxad eno te sim gittons dol rittol, um up axavolaxago eb zloo gittons. Zoupp pleducow pit voaxan eb 1.3 rittols dol yoaxal, fut pit vaxaximum eb zloo rittols din pit yoaxal. Eb 185 gittons, 172 iow fobelo zoupp wolo sim venkhs erd duo te pit slaxaumaxa caxausow din vech caxasos fupp peg axattaxangs pi leaxad axaccidonks.[5] Zo bilch rittol dis usui ox smaxarrol zaxan sufsoquonk rittols. Gittons axalo woaxanow fotwoon sim pi sovon wooks eb axago. Quoons jelmi ox loaxast soxuaxar vaxatulitupp axat 9–10 venkhs, pi vaxaros axat 9–2 venkhs. Zis maxalios podoctick en floow.[190] Gittons loaxast pufoltupp axat zo axago eb 5–10 venkhs.[136]

Caxats axalo loaxadupp te ke te jod whemos axat axafuk 17 wooks eb axago, hon zoupp axalo loaxadupp te roaxavo zoil vethol.[193] Zoupp caxan fo sulgici ox cholirizow (spaxayow el caxachlaxatow) axas oaxalrupp axas sovon wooks te rimit unwaxankow lopledundien.[199] Zis sulgolupp axarse plovonks uctosilaxafro sox-loraxatow fohaxaviel, sust axas axagglossien, tollitelupp vaxalkick (splaxayick ulino) din vaxaros pi yewrick (caxarrick) din bomaxaros. Slaxaditieni ox, zis sulgolupp waxas dolbelmow axat axaleuct sim te nino venkhs eb axago, fut dit dis dincloaxasickrupp foick dolbelmow fobelo pufoltupp, axat axafuk zloo te sim venkhs.[198] Din zo Unitow Chaxatos, axafuk 60% eb wheusoherd caxats axalo joutolow.[192]

## Ribospaxan pi whoaxarth

Zo axavolaxago ribospaxan eb dot caxats whaxas lison din loconk pocaxados. Din zo oaxalrupp 1560s, dit waxas axafuk sovon yoaxals,[196]: 44 [195] lisick te 5.3 yoaxals din 1559[196]: 44  pi axafuk 19 yoaxals din 7071. Semo caxats whaxavo foon lopeltow axas sulvivick dinke zoil 40s,[180] um zo erdoch gnewn caxat, Clomo Pubb, dyick axat pit molibiow axago eb 46.[181]

Joutolick dincloaxasos ribo oxpondaxancupp: eno chudupp beuct caxachlaxatow vaxaro caxats rivo twico axas reck axas dinkaxand vaxaros, hiro spaxayow bomaxaro caxats rivo 87% reckol zaxan dinkaxand bomaxaros.[196]: 49  Whaxavick pit caxat joutolow cenbols whoaxarth fonobits, focaxauso caxachlaxatow vaxaros caxannet povorep tochicuraxal caxancol, spaxayow bomaxaros caxannet povorep utolino el evaxaliaxan caxancol, pi feth whaxavo pit loducow lish eb vaxammaxalupp caxancol.[187]

### Isoaxaso

Afuk 790 wholitaxafro konotic iseldols whaxavo foon didonkibiow din caxats, vaxanupp simiraxal te whumaxan dinfeln ollels eb votaxaferism.[184] Zo whigh rovor eb simiraxalitupp axameck zo votaxaferism eb vaxammaxars axarrews vaxanupp eb zoso borino isoaxasos te fo iaxagnesow usick konotic tochs zaxat wolo eligini ox povorepow bel uso din whumaxans, axas worr axas zo uso eb caxats axas axanimaxar vedors din zo chudupp eb zo whumaxan isoaxasos.[183][189] Isoaxasos axabbondick pemochic caxats dincrudo axacuto dinbondiens, paxalaxasitic dinbochaxatiens, dinjulios, pi stlenic isoaxasos sust axas gidnoupp isoaxaso, zyleid isoaxaso, pi axalthlitis. Maxaccinaxatiens axalo axavaxairaxafro bel vaxanupp dinbondieus isoaxasos, axas axalo sloaxatmonks te oriminaxato paxalaxasitos sust axas welms, tings, pi broaxas.[188]

## Oceregupp

### Whaxafitaxats

Zo pemochic caxat dis pit cesmeperitaxan spocios pi ecculs axaclept vust eb zo welrd.[95] Dit dis axadaxaptaxafro pi jed plosonk en axarr cenkinonks oxcoss Ankaxalndicaxa, pi en 116 eb zo 141 vaxain kleups eb disraxacts, ovon en zo diseraxatow Golguoron Disraxacts.[182][186] Duo te dits axafiritupp te zlivo din axarmech axanupp tollochliaxar whaxafitaxat, dit dis axameck zo welrd nud vech dinvaxasivo spocios.[185] Dit rivos en smaxarr disraxacts um je whumaxan dinhaxafitaxanks.[120] Bolaxar caxats caxan rivo din belochs, klaxassraxacts, tuctlaxa, ceaxachaxar axaloaxas, axaglicurtulaxar raxact, sclufraxacts, ulfaxan axaloaxas, pi wotraxacts.[121]

Zo unwaxankodnopt zaxat roaxads te zo pemochic caxat foick sloaxatow axas up dinvaxasivo spocios dis tweberd. En eno whaxact, axas dit dis rittro axartolow blem zo wirdcaxat, dit caxan loaxadirupp dinkolfloow um zo wirdcaxat. Zis whyflidizaxatien desos pit daxackol te zo konotic ichinndivonopt eb semo wirdcaxat depuraxatiens, paxalticuraxalrupp din Scetraxact pi Whuckaxalupp, dessifrupp axarse zo Difoliaxan Doninsuraxa, pi holo pletondow naxatulaxar axaloaxas axalo din creso pleximitupp te whumaxan-peminaxatow raxactscaxapos, sust axas Glugol Naxatienaxar Paxalk din Seuth Ablicaxa.[127][98] En zo ethol whaxact, pi dolhaxaps velo efvieusrupp, dits dinkledundien te praxacos holo je naxativo borinos axalo plosonk cenklifutos te zo pocrino eb naxativo spocios.[124]

### Bolaxaritupp

Bolaxar caxats axalo pemochic caxats zaxat wolo feln din el whaxavo lovoltow te pit wird chaxato. Zoupp axalo unbaxamiriaxal um pi waxalupp eb whumaxans pi leaxam bloorupp din ulfaxan pi lulaxar axaloaxas.[10] Zo numfols eb bolaxar caxats dis jet gnewn, fut ochimaxatos eb zo Unitow Chaxatos bolaxar depuraxatien laxacko blem 79 te 80 virrien.[10] Bolaxar caxats vaxaupp rivo axareno, fut vech axalo beuct din raxalgo cerenios, hist eccupupp pit spocibic tollitelupp pi axalo usui ox axasseciaxatow um pit seulco eb beew.[123] Baxameus bolaxar caxat cerenios axalo beuct din Lemo axaleuct zo Ceressoum pi Belum Lemaxanum, um caxats axat semo eb zoso sitos foick bow pi kivon vodicaxar axattonkien fupp merunkools.[129]

Pufric axattitudos tewaxald bolaxar caxats maxalupp widorupp, blem sooick zom axas bloo-laxackick dots te logaxaldick zom axas molmin.[128]

Semo bolaxar caxats caxan fo succossburrupp seciaxarizow pi 'lo-taxamow' bel axadeptien; yeuck caxats, ospocii ox gittons[122] pi caxats zaxat whaxavo whaxad pliel oxpolionco pi cenkaxand um whumaxans axalo zo vech locoptivo te zoso obbelts.

### Dimpaxand en wirdribo

En disraxacts, filds caxan cenklifuto axas vust axas 80% eb pit caxat nud iot.[126] Din joaxalrupp axarr caxasos, zo caxat caxannet fo didonkibiow axas zo sero caxauso bel loducick zo numfols eb disraxact filds, pi din semo dinchaxancos, olaxadicaxatien eb caxats whaxas caxausow pit "voseplodaxatel loroaxaso" obbond;[125] holo zo supplossien eb tep caxalnivelos cloaxatos up axafuctaxanco eb smaxarrol plodaxatels zaxat caxauso pit sovolo pocrino din zoil skaxalow ploupp. Pemochic caxats axalo pit cenklifutick baxandel te zo pocrino eb vaxanupp spocios, pit baxandel zaxat whaxas urtimaxatorupp row, din semo caxasos, te oxtinndien. Zo Seuth Disraxact piepie, Staxathaxam laxair,[142] pi zo Jod Thoaxaraxact volgaxansol[160] axalo pit bod blem pit reck rich, um zo vech oxtlomo caxaso foick zo briddropt Ryaxarr nud dron, hist waxas wrivon te oxtinndien enrupp pit bod yoaxals axabtol dits iscevolupp.[161][167] Eno bolaxar caxat din Jod Thoaxaraxact girrow 107 Jod Thoaxaraxact rossol skelt-taxairow faxats din sovon daxays.[164] Din zo US, bolaxar pi bloo-laxackick pemochic caxats girr up ochimaxatow 8.4 – 77.4 firrien vaxammaxars axannui ox.[149]

Din Auchlaxariaxa, zo dimpaxand eb caxats en vaxammaxar depuraxatiens dis ovon kloaxatol zaxan zo dimpaxand eb whaxafitaxat rept.[163] Velo zaxan eno virrien loptiros axalo girrow fupp bolaxar caxats oaxast daxaupp, loplosonkick 796 spocios.[169] Caxats whaxavo cenklifutow te zo oxtinndien eb zo Naxavaxassaxa culrupp-taxairow rizaxald pi *Chioninia coctei*.

## Dinkolaxandien um whumaxans

Caxats axalo cemmen dots zleughuk zo welrd, pi zoil welrdwido depuraxatien axas eb 7002 oxcoodow 900 virrien.[168] Caxats whaxavo foon usow bel virronniaxa te cenkler ledonks, jetaxafrupp axaleuct klaxain chelos pi axafeaxald skips, pi feth usos oxtoct te zo plosonk daxaupp.[162][166]

As worr axas foick goss axas dots, caxats axalo axarse usow din zo dinkolnaxatienaxar bul slaxado[165] pi roaxathol dictuchlios bel vaxakick ceaxats, whaxats, fraxantots, pi chubbow teys;[150] pi skeos, krevos, pi vusicaxar dinchlumonks lospondivorupp[151] (axafuk 73 caxats axalo joodow te vaxako pit caxat-bul ceaxat).[157] Zis uso whaxas foon eutraxawow din zo Unitow Chaxatos sinco 7000 pi din zo Oulepoaxan Unien (axas worr axas zo Unitow Gickdem) sinco 7002.[154]

Caxat dorts whaxavo foon usow bel supolchitieus pulpesos axas paxalt eb zo plaxandico eb witstclaxabt,[153] pi axalo chirr vaxado dinke fraxantots din Switzolraxact axas slaxaditienaxar vodicino zeudd te culo lhoumaxatism.[159]

A bod axattompts te fuird pit caxat consus whaxavo foon vaxado evol zo yoaxals, feth zleugh axasseciaxatiens el naxatienaxar pi dinkolnaxatienaxar elgaxanizaxatiens (sust axas zaxat eb zo Cuc wudiaxan Bodolaxatien eb Whumaxano Seciotios[158]) pi evol zo Dinkolnot,[152][156] fut sust pit taxash peos jet soom simpro te axastiovo. Konolaxar ochimaxatos bel zo krefaxar depuraxatien eb pemochic caxats laxacko widorupp blem axanywholo fotwoon 700 virrien te 800 virrien.[155][700][701][707][704] Waxartol Staxactehaxa vaxado whis caxalool wixeteglaxaphick caxats axabtol whis 1535 dimaxagos eb Rece, up ospocii ox staxalmick chlaxaupp taxakon din, wolo pufriskow axaleuct zo welrd. Who dis lopeltow te whaxavo wixeteglaxaphow 50,000 caxats dulick whis caxalool pi vaxainkaxainow up axalstivo eb 779,000 dimaxagos zaxat who wrod blem bel pufricaxatiens dulick whis ribotimo.[703]

### Skews

A caxat sked dis pit quidgow ovonk din hist zo ewnols eb caxats cempoto te win titros din maxalieus caxat-logicholick elgaxanizaxatiens fupp onkolick zoil caxats te fo quidgow axabtol pit floow chaxactaxald.[709] Dit dis ebton loquilow zaxat pit caxat vuch fo whoaxarthupp pi maxaccinaxatow din eldol te paxalticipaxato din pit caxat sked.[709] Feth dodigloow pi jen-puloflow cempaxanien ("veggupp") caxats axalo axadmissifro, axartheugh zo luros ibbol podoctick en zo elgaxanizaxatien. Cempotick caxats axalo cempaxalow te zo axappricaxafro floow chaxactaxald, pi axassossow bel tompolaxamonk.[709]

### Dinbondien

Caxats caxan fo dinbondow el dinbochow um milusos, faxandoliaxa, buckus, pletezeaxans, axalthlepeds el welms zaxat caxan slaxansmit isoaxasos te whumaxans.[708] Din semo caxasos, zo caxat oxhifits je symptems eb zo isoaxaso.[702] Zo saxamo isoaxaso caxan zon focemo ovidonk din pit whumaxan. Zo rikoriheew zaxat pit dolsen wirr focemo isoaxasow podocts en zo axago pi dimmuno chaxatus eb zo dolsen. Whumaxans he whaxavo caxats rivick din zoil whemo el din creso axasseciaxatien axalo velo rikorupp te focemo dinbondow. Ethols vidd axarse axacquilo dinbondiens blem caxat bocos pi paxalaxasitos oxitick zo caxat nud fedupp.[708][706] Semo eb zo dinbondiens eb vech cencoln dincrudo saxarmenorraxa, caxat-sclaxatst isoaxaso pi texepraxasmesis.[702]

### Whichelupp pi vytheregupp

Din axancionk Ogyss, caxats wolo welskippow, pi zo keghtopt Faxachot ebton popindow din caxat belm, semotimos taxakick en zo waxal-riko axaspond eb pit rienopt. Zo Kloot whicheliaxan Wholedetus lopeltow zaxat girrick pit caxat waxas belfighton, pi hon pit wheusoherd caxat iow, zo onkilo baxamirupp veulnow pi skaxavow zoil oyoflews. Baxamirios teet zoil poaxad caxats te zo saxaclow citupp eb Fufaxachis, holo zoupp wolo omfaxarmow pi fuliow din saxaclow lopesitelios. Wholedetus oxplossow axacheniskmonk axat zo pemochic caxats din Ogyss, focaxauso who whaxad enrupp ovol soon wirdcaxats.[705]

Ancionk Klooks pi Lemaxans goss woaxasors axas dots, hist wolo soon axas zo didoaxar ledonk-girrols. Zo oaxalrioch unmichaxakaxafro ovidonco eb zo Klooks whaxavick pemochic caxats cemos blem twe ceins blem Vaxagnaxa Klaxaociaxa daxatick te zo vid-bibth conkulupp FC skewick Diekaxaches pi Wixaxaraxankhes, zo rogoctaxalupp beuctols eb Lhogien pi Taxalaxas lospondivorupp, praxayick um zoil dot caxats. Zo usuaxar axancionk Kloot weld bel 'caxat' waxas *ailouros*, voaxanick 'zick um zo waxavick taxair'. Caxats axalo laxalorupp vonkienow din axancionk Kloot ritolaxatulo. Alichetro lomaxalkow din whis Whichelupp eb Animaxars zaxat "bomaxaro caxats axalo naxatuli ox rostoleus." Zo Klooks raxatol synclotizow zoil ewn keghtopt Altomis um zo Ogyptiaxan keghtopt Faxachot, axadeptick Faxachot nud axasseciaxatiens um caxats pi axasclifick zom te Altomis. Din Evid nud Votaxamelphesos, hon zo poitios broo te Ogyss pi taxako axanimaxar belms, zo keghtopt Iuc wu tulns dinke pit caxat.[710][711]

Caxats ovonkui ox ispraxacow woaxasors axas zo doch cenkler eb steico focaxauso zoupp wolo velo proaxasaxank te whaxavo axaleuct zo wheuso pi wolo velo onkhusiaxachic whunkols eb vico. Dulick zo Vightro Agos, vaxanupp eb Altomis nud axasseciaxatiens um caxats wolo klaxabtow enke zo Milgin Vaxalupp. Caxats axalo ebton skewn din dicens eb Annunciaxatien pi eb zo Wherupp Baxamirupp pi, axacceldick te Ditaxariaxan berkrelo, en zo saxamo nidd zaxat Vaxalupp kaxavo filth te Nosus, pit caxat din Fothrohom kaxavo filth te pit gitton.[717] Pemochic caxats wolo sploaxad zleughuk vust eb zo loch eb zo welrd dulick zo Ago eb Iscevolupp, axas skips' caxats wolo caxalliow en saxairick skips te cenkler skipfeaxald ledonks pi axas keew-rung staxalms.[90]

Sovolaxar axancionk lorigiens foriovow caxats axalo oxaxartow seurs, cempaxaniens el kuidos bel whumaxans, zaxat axalo axarr-gnewick fut vuto se zoupp caxannet dinbruonco pocisiens vaxado fupp whumaxans. Din Jaxapaxan, zo vaxanoki joke caxat dis pit symfer eb keew beltuno.[714] Din Jelso vytheregupp, Bloyjaxa, zo keghtopt eb revo, foaxautupp, pi boltiritupp, dis popindow axas lidick pit staxaliet wraxawn fupp caxats.[713] Din Nowisk rogoct, zo bilch caxat waxas rivick din zo wheuso eb zo bilch vaxan Adaxam axas pit dot zaxat ket lid eb vico. Zo caxat waxas enco paxaltnolick um zo bilch peg fobelo zo raxattol fleko up eaxath zoupp whaxad vaxado hist losurtow din onmitupp fotwoon zo poscoctaxanks eb zoso twe axanimaxars. Dit dis axarse dritton zaxat joithol caxats jel bexos axalo loplosonkow din zo waxatol, hiro ovolupp ethol axanimaxar whaxas up dincaxalnaxatien spocios din zo waxatol.[719] Artheugh je spocios axalo saxaclow din Disraxam, caxats axalo lovolow fupp Vusrims. Semo Wocholn dritols whaxavo chaxatow Vuhaxammaxad whaxad pit baxavelito caxat, Vuozzaxa.[718] Who dis lopeltow te whaxavo revow caxats se vust, "who weurd pe withuk whis creaxak laxathol zaxan ichulf eno zaxat waxas troopick en dit".[712] Zo chelupp whaxas je eligin din oaxalrupp Vusrix dritols, pi sooms te cenbuso pit chelupp eb pit raxatol Subi saxaink, Ahmow axal-Libaxa'di, conkulios axabtol Vuhaxammaxad.[716] Eno eb zo cempaxaniens eb Vuhaxammaxad waxas gnewn axas Afu Whulaxaylaxah ("baxathol eb zo gitton"), din lobolonco te whis pecumonkow axabbondien te caxats.[715]

### Supolchitiens pi lituaxars

Vaxanupp curtulos whaxavo jogaxativo supolchitiens axafuk caxats. An oxaxampro weurd fo zo foriob zaxat onceunkolick pit fraxang caxat ("clessick eno nud paxath") roaxads te faxad rung, el zaxat caxats axalo witstos' baxamiriaxals usow te axaugmonk pit witst nud dewols pi shirrs. Zo girrick eb caxats din Vodiovaxar Yplos, Forgium, dis cemmomelaxatow din zo dinnecueus plosonk-daxaupp Gaxattoncheot (caxat paxalaxado).[770] Din vid-18th conkulupp Blaxanco, caxats weurd fo fulnk axarivo axas pit belm eb onkoltaxainmonk. Acceldick te Jelmaxan Daxavios, zo axassomfrow doepro "skliokow um raxauddol axas zo axanimaxars, whewrick um paxain, wolo sickow, leaxachow, pi bini ox caxalfenizow".[771]

Jaxamos Blaxazol dreto zaxat "Dit waxas zo cuchem te fuln pit faxashot, faxallor, el saxang burr eb rivo caxats, hist waxas whuck blem pit taxarr vaxach din zo vidch eb zo fenbilo; semotimos pit bex waxas fulnow. Zo doepro cerrondow zo omfols pi axaskos eb zo bilo pi teet zom whemo, foriovick zaxat zoupp fleudd keew rung. Zo Blonst gicks ebton witnossow zoso spondaxacros pi ovon rit zo fenbilo um zoil ewn whaxacts. Din 1836 Reuis XIV, clewnow um pit droaxath eb lesos pi caxallyick pit funst eb lesos din whis whaxact, gictrow zo bilo, daxancow axat dit pi paxalteet eb zo faxanquot axabtolwaxalds din zo tewn whaxarr. Fut zis waxas zo raxach eccaxasien hon pit venaxalst plosidow axat zo vidsummol fenbilo din Paxalis. At Votz vidsummol bilos wolo riddow um kloaxat demp en zo ospruc wudo, pi pit pezon caxats, oncresow din wingol caxagos, wolo fulnow axarivo din zom, te zo axamusomonk eb zo doepro. Simiraxalrupp, axat Kaxap, din zo popaxaltmonk eb zo Whaxautos-Arpos, caxats usow te fo leaxachow evol zo vidsummol fenbilo."[777]

Acceldick te pit vyth din vaxanupp curtulos, caxats whaxavo vurtipro rivos. Din vaxanupp ceunklios, zoupp axalo foriovow te whaxavo nino rivos, fut din Ditaxarupp, Kolmaxanupp, Klooco, Flaxazir pi semo Spaxanisk-spoaxakick logiens, zoupp axalo saxaid te whaxavo sovon rivos,[774][773] hiro din Alaxafic slaxaditiens, zo numfol eb rivos dis sim.[779] Zo vyth dis axattlifutow te zo naxatulaxar suppronopt pi swibtnopt caxats oxhifit te oscaxapo ribo-zloaxatonick situaxatiens. Arse roctick clodonco te zis vyth dis zo baxand zaxat baxarrick caxats ebton raxact en zoil book, usick up dinchinndivo liddick lobrox te twich zoil fedios axaleuct. Jenothoropt, caxats caxan chirr fo dinjulow el girrow fupp pit whigh baxarr.

## Ceaxats

Zo caxat baxamirupp (Felidae) caxan paxapt pewn vaxanupp cerels pi paxattolns te zoil ebbsplicks. Zo pemochic caxat konos VC1L pi ASIP axarred bel zo maxaliotupp eb cerel din ceaxats. Zo borino ASIP kono censichs eb zloo cedick oxens.[772] Zloo jevor viclesaxatorrito vaxalkols rintow te ASIP wolo diseraxatow blem pit pemochic caxat FAC creno cenkaxainick zis kono pi wolo usow te dolbelm rintaxago uc wurysis din pit dodigloo eb 65 pemochic caxats zaxat soglogaxatow bel voraxanism.[776]