recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Kakunō Castle

**Kakunō Castle** [是成莽 かくのう・がく] is a castle located in the city of Kakunō, Kōfu Prefecture. It is known primarily for its important role in the Sadawa-Eiita conflict of the early 15th century. It was built in the late 1300s by the Sadawa clan, and eventually was seized by Eiita forces in 1418. The castle was sieged in 1420 by the Sadawa, but they were defeated by the heavily outnumbered Eiita forces, and this victory proved to be the catalyst for the downfall of the Sadawa clan.

After being restored in 1995 using traditional materials and building techniques, the castle is now open to the public. Adjacent to the castle is a visitors' centre and the Kakunō Castle Museum. The finale of the annual Kakunō Festival takes place outside the grounds each August.
Mount Aratai

**Mount Aratai** [空對山; あらたい・さん] is a mountain located in the Kiya Hills in south-western Zōhai Prefecture. It has an elevation of around 1,760 metres. Mount Aratai overlooks the town of Bito to the south and the village of Osha to the north. During the winter, the snowy slopes of the mountain make for a popular ski spot.
Monoda

**Monoda** [藻大; ものだ / Sunpaku: まおわ] is a city located in Inaki Prefecture, due west of the capital city Kōde. As of 2022, it had a population of around 65,000.

The area of present-day Monoda was the location of the provincial capital of the old *oniru* Muishō. Monoda Harbour has existed for possibly over a thousand years, making it the oldest port on the Daizō island. Although never as prosperous or large as Kōde Harbour, the area developed quickly as a major centre for coastal trade between the mainland and the Honnan region in the 1700s. By the 19th century, a local merchant clan called Dabu had dominated trade and were ranked as one of the largest landholders in the Honnan region. Traces of their powerful influence can be still seen throughout Monoda, such as in Dabugani Park and the Monoda Ōgō Museum.

Approximately 80% of the city was decimated by a tsunami in 1870, destroying architecture, infrastructure, and traditional sites such as the old Monodakoro Temple.

## Economy

The economy of Monoda is based on light manufacturing, agriculture, and commercial fishing. The Monoda Thermal Power Station is a fossil-fueled power station operated by Honnan Electric in the city's eastern ward. Major employers include various electronics, chemical, cosmetics and concrete producing companies.

Tea production is a huge part of Monoda's economy, and has been since the 15th century, when teas such as jasmine and macha were introduced to the Honnan region.

## Festival

Monoda is known for its annual Kaginomie Festival, which can draw thousands of visitors each year. The event celebrates the city as a place of trade, prosperity and natural beauty. There is a large parade in the central streets of the city, which features festival floats and dancers from schools, local companies, and community organizations. Street vendors benefit hugely from the festivities, with on average 350 stalls setting up along the side of the main street selling snacks, drinks, and crafts.

## Local attractions

* Nara Ari - a traditional Kantonese restaurant and teahouse dating from the 1600s. The building has been carefully renovated and contains many traditional features, and also contains an art gallery; it is frequently ranked as the best teahouse in northern Kanton.
* Monoda Ōgō Museum
* Kimonoda Beach, known for its sand dunes which rival those of Onzukemachi
* Tōguchi Park – located close to the city center which offers panoramic views of Monoda Harbour. It is known for its huge number of cherry and magnolia trees, making it a popular site for *hinamachi*.
* The Dabuhiroshi Residence – historic residence of the famous merchant clan.
* Monodakoro Temple
Mount Hanakata

**Mount Hanakata** [设岭山; はなかた・さん] is a mountain located in central Uchi Prefecture, on the hilly border between the cities of Megami and Hadakayama. It is part of the Niryō Mountains, and has an elevation of around 1,300 metres.

Mount Hanakata is known for its association with the folk religion of Sudaro. Munaro, a Sudaro mountain monk (*urashan*), first climbed Mount Hanakata in the early 700s. For centuries, people have climbed the slopes of the mountain in hopes of having their prayers answered and receiving blessings. Mount Hanakata's eastern slope is home to the Shanji Temple which was built there by Summui locals in the 10th century.
Bushiru Falls

**Bushiru Falls** [ぶしる彩; ぶしる・ふし / Sunpaku: ぶしる・たやし] is a large waterfall located in the city of Uara in Uchi Prefecture.

Annually, the waterfall receives thousands of visitors due to its ancient and rich religious significance. Considered to be a blessed site by locals, its Sunpaku name *bushiru* literally means 'radiant' or 'holy'. Although its religious significance originates from the Sudaro faith, native to the Honnan islands, the waterfall has also been praised and worshipped by Kiren priests for its beauty.
Kessha

**Kessha** [耏者 けっしゃ] is a city located in southern coastal Arami Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 19,000.

Kessha was historically famous for its silk weaving industry, although is now known for the production of knitted and synthetic fabrics. The main agricultural products are rice and tobacco, with commercial fishing also being a significant part of the economy. Additionally, the Kessha Oil Fields were once one of the most productive petroleum deposits in Japan.

Honjin Temple, one of the three great temples of Arami, is located in northern Kessha. Other local attractions include the Kessha Gardens, Takemayama Museum, and the Kessha Fireworks Festival, which occurs in July every year.
Hossui

**Hossui** [羨水; ほっすい] is a city located in central Inaki Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 16,000.

Hossui is situated in a long valley region known as the Hossui Basin which is prone to flooding from Lake Monoda, which takes up about 40% of the city's area. Mount Seishi sits to the north of the city and supports a small granite mining industry. The economy of Hossui is primarily based on agriculture and food processing, including the production of *nōzan* liquor.

Hossui's greatest attraction is Hossudai Temple located in its northern ward, in the shadow of Mount Seishi.
Goyami Temple

**Goyami Temple** [少免方 ごやみ・ほら] is a temple located in Ebisha, Kōfu Prefecture. It is said to have been founded in the 3rd century by the folk hero Yamawa Tsunoya during his conquest of northern Kanton, and the temple itself claims to have been one of the first centres for the worship of Kasshingami in the Honzura region. However, these claims cannot be proven, as all physical records of the site's history were lost in a fire in 1813.

Goyami remains one of the most popular temples in Ebisha and indeed wider Kōfu, receiving over 700,000 visitors a year.
Kazari Mountains

The **Kazari Mountains** [坟容山圖 かざり・さんず] is a mountain range located in south-eastern Kōfu Prefecture. The formation runs from west to east. The tallest peak in the range is Mount Irotakabe.

### Mountains

* Mount Irotakabe (1,470m)
* Mount Toroku (1,450m)
* Mount Hagima (1,080m)
* Mount Tsuburi (840m)
* Mount Kusanai (820m)
* Mount Kazate (790m)
Kanmon

**Kanmon** [韩询; かんもん] is the first shrine or temple visit of the Kantonese New Year. It is customary to visit on the first day of the New Year (New Year's Day), in order to cleanse one's body and soul and develop goodwill with the spirits for the next twelve months ahead. Generally, visitors will buy a prophecy or *ugami* (央信) and accompanying good luck charm (*umazu*; 央守) in order to see the predictions for the coming year of their life. Worship at temples is often brief, as most people prefer to pray privately within their own homes.

Some shrines and temples have millions of visitors over the three or four days of New Years' celebrations. Azashina Temple, for example, had 2.15 million visitors in 2013, and many others experienced similarly high numbers. Due to the sheer amount of people visiting these sacred sites, some temples may close temporarily just after New Year in order to thoroughly cleanse the building and rid it of any mixed or negative energy.

The last shrine or temple visit of the year is called *deimon*, and usually occurs on the last day of the year.
Ketsuminozake Temple

**Ketsuminozake Temple** [楢身煮方；けつみのざけ・ほら] is a temple located outside the city of Akagetsu in Tomono Prefecture. It is one of the most popular temples in the prefecture, receiving over 3 million visitors annually. It was established in the late 15th century by *chōsō* monks and is dedicated to the Three Gods of Abundance (Koyūshin): Miashisama, Chūzuri and Omiinegami, along with the Empress of Heaven, Kasshingami.
Aogano

**Aogano** [敢笹 あおがの] is a city located in western Mikei Prefecture on the Tomono border. As of 2022, it has a population of around 440,000, and it is the second-largest city in the prefecture.

The area of present-day Aogano was part of ancient Namema Province, and has been settled since at least the Nō period. During the late Heii period, gold was discovered in the area. By the 1200s, the area was ruled by the Sanzama, although was constantly contested by various clans such as the Omiya. By the time of the Yūjō period, modern-day Aogano was under the control of the Omiya but was still under high Sanzama governance.

## Geography

Aogano is located on the western edges of the Hokuyama Valley, on the border with Tomono Prefecture. The Wa River flows along its eastern border. The Furuyami area in the centre of the city is a base for commercial and service industries in Mikei Prefecture, and the southern Kigai area is noted for hot spring tourism. Aogano is also located only an hour away from the capital city Omiya, making it somewhat of a bedroom community.

## Economy

The economy of Aogano is largely based on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of rice and soybeans. Industry includes electronics, precision machining and construction materials.

## Local attractions

Aogano is known for hosting the Aogano Great Dance in June of each year, a traditional dance festival which is over 800 years old. It draws hundreds of thousands of participants annually, and celebrates the culture of Mikei Prefecture as a whole through song, dance, and theatre.

Other local attractions include:

* Aogano Central Park
* Niyazake Ruins - the site of a Chisō period fortification
* The Aogano Caves
* Aogano Temple
* Kanodatemachi - a district filled with traditional architecture, restaurants, and teahouses
Hadakayama

**Hadakayama** [裸山; はだかやま] is a city located in south-central Uchi Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 75,000. The city's name translates literally as 'bare mountain', in reference to the nearby Mount Niryō and its distinctive scree-covered slopes.

Hadakayama was one of the first settlements in Uchi Prefecture (Fuzai Oniru) to be developed into a port town, although it eventually lost this purpose as its neighbour Urachi flourished and became more prominent through the 1400s. Its economy had turned to focus on fishing and agriculture, along with dairy farming, by the 16th century. By 1615, iron was being mined from the slopes of the Niryō Mountains in Hadakayama's northern ward, and this new industry was instrumental in boosting the development of the city as a whole.

## Economy

Due to the characteristics of the land, Hadakayama has the highest rate of onion and haricot bean production in Kanton. Scallop fishing also flourishes, and has earned the city the nickname of *sukaro-umada* or 'scallops' birthplace'. Abundant sunlight and fertile soil support the production of diverse produce, including rice, wheat, barley, potatoes, beet, and beans as well as dairy products, beef, and pork.

Hadakayama is also known for its production of beer under the company Nirenzan Ltd., which is prized nationally for its rich and satisfying flavour.

## Local attractions

* Hadakayama Temple
* Victoria Street - a retail street modelled after Victorian London
* Hadakayama Gardens
Minami University

**Minami University** [糸无果盖含 みなみ・がいはん] is a private university located in the city of Minami, Kōfu Prefecture, established in 1971. It is considered one of the best universities in the prefecture, and is also ranked as one of the most prestigious humanities-focused universities in the Honzura region.

The campus is known for its scenic beauty; the abundance of accessible green space has continued to be popular not only among students, but also the general public, who can often be seen using the campus area in a similar way to a public park. Walking tours of the campus for interested foreign and domestic tourists are provided by several businesses in Minami. Fall is an especially popular time for campus visits, with tourists and Minami residents alike flocking to get a view of the golden ginkgo trees that line Anpu Avenue.
Aomaki River

The **Aomaki River** is a river located in southern Aoma Prefecture. It originates from its source in the Aomaki Hills, flowing through the south-western district of Aoma city before reaching the coast. It is thought that the river is most likely a offspring of Lake Yamami, which lies on the slopes of Mount Gango. It begins as a small mountain stream and gradually forms a larger, more fast-flowing body as it descends into the foothills.

Aomaki is an important river for the city of Aoma as it provides fresh water and irrigation. It is one of the major rivers in the prefecture. The Aomaki Bridge acts as a passage over the river, connecting the western and central wards of Aoma City.
Hyōzu River

The **Hyōzu River** [吊水免 ひょうず・み] is a river which runs north-to-south through Kōfu and Kuyama Prefectures. It is one of the largest rivers in the country, and is known for frequently flooding during the spring wet season. It runs through a total of nine municipalities, the largest of these being Ebisha and Minami.

The Hyōzu descends from the foothills of the Taiyu Alps around Mount Aoni in Kōfu, and deposits into the ocean at Asunō Bay in southern Kuyama. It supplies water to the capital cities of both prefectures, and near its source in northern Kōfu there is a popular hot spring resort called Hyōzui Reijo. It has a number of major tributaries, including the Yuramizu, Kamai, Hyōzuya, Maiko, Hōyū, and Tadama Rivers.
Kagawara River

The **Kagawara River** [兼桥免; かがわら・み] is a river located in north-western Zōhai Prefecture. It flows westward from the highest slopes of Mount Hyōin before depositing into Lake Shinzu. It is known for its turbulent waters and tendency to flood during the spring. The Kagawara overlaps the cities of Kuyama and Shikima, along with the village of Ima.

A good third of the Kagawara flows down the hilly slopes of Mount Hyōin, and this section is particularly popular with experienced whitewater rafters. An offshoot of the Kagawara, located about halfway up the northern face of Mount Hyōin, is the Kanatori Waterfall. This scenic spot draws a sizeable number of tourists.
Kazabetsu Falls

**Kazabetsu Falls** [吹幵彩; かざべつ・ふし] is a waterfall located in the city of Onzan, Tomono Prefecture. It is considered one of Kanton's 'Top 100 Waterfalls', per a listing published by the Ministry of the Environment in 1990. It is situated on a minor tributary of the Ōki River. The waterfall has been featured in a number of films and TV shows, and is considered one of the prefecture's greatest landmarks.
Kakunō Festival

The **Kakunō Festival** [是成萦 かくのう・まち] is a traditional festival held annually on the third weekend of August in the city of Kakunō, Kōfu Prefecture. It is the city's biggest event, and has an almost 400-year-old history. It attracts around one million tourists during the two days during which it is held. The festival mainly consists of musical performance, such as singing and dancing, along with float parades. Usually performers will stand atop the floats as they are pulled through the city, while the crowd cheers them on.

The biggest highlight of the festival takes place in Kakunō Park, outside Kakunō Castle. The event, which is also the finale of the event, consists of a dance battle between opposing teams, usually with traditional dances, although more modern styles have become popular recently. The winning team is given a prize of $500 and members are crowned the 'Dance Masters' of that year's festival.
Lake Monoda

**Lake Monoda** [藻大匆; ものだ・く] is a lake located in western Inaki Prefecture. It is the largest body of water in the prefecture, and straddles the cities of Hossui and Monoda.

For hundreds of years the shores of Lake Monoda have been home to Umiawa Temple, a traditional Sudaro site of worship which was converted into a Kiren temple in the 1920s. In 2011, the temple was renovated to include segregated areas for both Kiren and Sudaro worship as part of the government agenda to revitalise Summui culture.
Miyamizu River

The **Miyamizu River** [妙水免; みやみずみ] is a river located in northern Arami Prefecture. It crosses through the small town of Tomomachi and the city of Uehara. Historically it has provided a large amount of irrigation for the growing of rice in the surrounding area. The Miyamizu has its source in the Iyadō mountains, on the slopes of Mount Uehara.
Issan Hot Spring

**Issan Hot Spring** [以山熱些 いっさん・れいじょう] is a hot spring resort located in the city of Yonzu, Mikei Prefecture. Alongside the famous Niraka resort in Omiya, Issan is one of the most popular hot springs in the prefecture and can attract over 500,000 visitors a year.

It is said that the Issan spring was first developed into a holiday destination for high-ranking officials of the Omiya clan in the 13th century, and later was a favoured resort of the *manza* and leader of the Kantonese Enlightenment, Yūtei no Hōsō.
Imperial Roads

The **Imperial Roads** [按営量 ほえいりょう] were the four main routes that connected the capital of Kanton in Kōryō with the outer provinces to the south and north during the medieval era. The most important route was the Asairyō or Asai Highway which linked Meihan to Kōryō. *Koman* or rest-stop towns were set up along the routes for travelers to sleep, eat and stock up on provisions. Although not officially exclusive, the Imperial Roads were most commonly travelled by the upperclasses; the peasantry tended to use other routes.

## History

The Imperial Roads were the first to be commissioned and constructed by the Sadama administration. Their routes had existed in a more basic form for a few hundred years previously. Many towns which lay alongside the roads were forcibly converted into *koman* by the government, with new inns and hostels springing up everywhere. The government also required that these establishments give preferential treatment to those on official business or be forced to cease activity. Checkpoints (*zenda*) were also set up along the Imperial Roads to monitor the passage of goods and the movement of people.

The government also made general improvements to the Imperial Roads, and for many years ensured that frequent repairs were done. The roads were flattened and widened, steeper sections being paved with rough stone. Trees were planted alongside the road, and drainage ditches were dug in many places. Markers were put up to indicate distance at five mile intervals. Although the Roads crossed many waterways, few bridges were built. Instead, ferry services were instituted.

## The four roads

* Hongiryō - connecting the city of Anzaki in Honzura to the capital.
* Asairyō - connecting the old capital of Meihan to the existing capital.
* Kanshōryō - connecting Sakai Province to the capital, and joining with the Sankairyō and Mieryō.
* Nōgataryō - crossing the mountains to connect the Kanshōryō to Meihan.

The latter three were collectively known as the Southern Circuit (*kimairyō*).
Hanji

**Hanji** [榛置; はんじ] are traditional Kantonese decorations, objects or symbols made of hazelwood. Considered to be of huge spiritual significance, they can be placed around homes, carried on one's person, or worn as jewellery. Hazel trees, and their wood by extension, are thought to be trees favoured by the gods, and have a historical association with spirituality.

There are many different types of *hanji*. Some of the most common include:

* *Hanga* - sticks of hazelwood, often carved with religious scriptures or symbols, which can be of varying size. Notably they have been used as roofbeams, sword hilts, and personal accessories throughout history.
* *Hanaki* - hazel wands, used by priests during Kiren rituals and ceremonies.
* *Hanbachi* - auspicious figurines representing deities, often painted white. Traditionally placed on windowsills or beside hearths.
* *Nekuriji* - torches of hazelwood lit and wielded by priests or *horane* during rituals.
* *Mushiza* - a necklace of small wooden beads, a good luck/protective charm.
* *Okamu* - small wooden skewers, roughly the size of a toothpick, which are used in the divination ritual *okamuki*.
* *Hanban* - a wooden placard positioned outside one's home with a welcoming message. Thought to endear one to the spirits and attract good fortune.
Azōki Park

**Azōki Park** [別坎南山 あぞうき・やま] is a mountain and public park located in Ebisha, Kōfu Prefecture. Its name translates literally as 'mountain viewing the north and south', and references the fact that one can view both the Taiyu Alps to the north and the capital to the south, which are both important landmarks. In Kantonese it is known as a mountain rather than a park, denoting that the area is a more natural setting than a typical green space. It has a height of around 830 metres.

The route of the ancient Daishō-ryō highway passed through what is now this park.
Anzaki dialect

The **Anzaki dialect** [劲红丞言; あんざき・じょうげん] is a vernacular spoken throughout the majority of Arami Prefecture in northern Kanton. It is markedly different from its sister dialect, the Korosa variant, which is spoken only in the urban centres of Anzaki and Aoyama.

Once a former territory of the Daimi clan, the northern half of Arami Prefecture has a much stronger link to east-coast dialects. There are three sub-dialects under the Anzaki umbrella, all of which are based in different geographical locations:

* Zō'anzaki dialect, in the far north
* Korozaki dialect, in the central region
* Ki'anzaki dialect, in the south

Of these, the Zō'anzaki dialect has the most speakers and is the most individually distinct, sometimes being classified separately and thus narrowing the definition of the 'Anzaki dialect' to just the Kizaki and Korozaki types. Whilst being fundamentally Anzaki in most aspects, frequent contact with the Honnan region as a result of shipping from Umure Bay has left elements of the Funagi and Honban dialects in its vocabulary especially.
Akagano Forest

**Akagano Forest** [桌笹森; あかがの・ゆ] is a virgin maple forest located in the city of Hami, Tomono Prefecture. The forest is over 500 years old and is considered one of the prefecture's best landmarks. It is also known for being home to a number of native species, such as deer, bears, woodpeckers, and a variety of fungi.
Kitari

**Kitari** [南衒; きたり] is a city located in southern Aoma Prefecture. As of 2020, it had a population of around 16,000.

Kitari is situated on a vast plain in the Kuchi Valley, an expanse of grassland below the southern slopes of the Aomaki Hills. Around one fifth of the city's designated area is taken up by wetland; the available farmland is concentrated mostly in the southern and western wards. Kitari was historically controlled by a small clan who are believed to have been vassals of the Hakata; their name has been lost to time. Like the rest of Aoma Prefecture, it came under the governance of the Bunka during the 1700s.

The economy of Kitari is heavily dependent on agriculture. The main crops are apples, potatoes, beansprouts, walnuts and pears.

Local attractions of Kitari include the ruins of Kitari Castle, built during the 1400s, and the Kuchi Valley Temple. The latter was once very significant as it was a retreat for monks from across the south of Kanton.
Megami

**Megami** [冢; めがみ / Sunpaku: つしい] is a city located in western Uchi Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 130,000, making it the second-most populous in the prefecture.

Megami lies in a flat valley region divided in half by the west-running foothills of the Niryō Mountains. This fairly wide strip of uneven and mountainous terrain, known as the Meibetsu Hills, has historically been used by goat and sheep farmers, along with local rice farmers who built paddies on its slopes. The Hananake River, the longest in the prefecture, also runs through Megami's lower reaches, offering plenty of irrigation for crops. Due to such easy access to water, rice and wheat farming became popular in Megami early in its history. The city is also bordered by the Yamadaru National Park on its southern side.

The city is known as being the birthplace of the unique horse racing style *yamari-zenpo* which originated in the 1900s. Horse farmers of the region had tug-of-war contests between their work horses to judge their strength and value; this gradually became a formalised event and eventually morphed into a distinctive form of racing now known across the prefecture.

## Economy

Tourism plays a considerable role in Megami's economy, along with agriculture (particularly rice and wheat farming), horticulture and the production of wool. Alpacas were introduced in the 1940s and have become a distinctive symbol of Megami ever since; there are around twenty alpaca farms scattered throughout the city's outskirts.

## Local attractions

* Meishū Nature Reserve
* Megami Snow & Ice Festival (*Megami no Koriyukizai*) - celebrated in the last week of December
* Gomichitai - a long alleyway lined with unique foodstands and street vendors, open all year round
* Meishū Bridge
* Kimegami Temple - the first Kiren temple built in Uchi Prefecture
* Nozoki Station
* Megami Public Gardens
* Ukimizu Brewery
Aman

**Aman** [あまん / Sunpaku: あまん] is a city located on the west coast of Shimi Island in Zōhai Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 14,000.

Aman is the largest settlements on Shimi by area, and is known as a port city, with its economy focused on fishing and the harvesting of marine products. Aman is one of the leading producers of seaweed in northern Kanton, along with sea grapes, which are very rarely found in any other area around the Kantonese coast. Hairy tofu, which is thought to have been originally imported from China, is also made in Aman through a unique process.
2011 Kanjō Bay earthquake and tsunami

On 12 March 2011, at 14:46, a Mw 9.0-9.1 undersea earthquake occurred in the ocean west of Kanjō Bay in the Shunba region. It lasted approximately six minutes, and caused a tsunami. It is sometimes known in Kanton as the **"Great Shunba Earthquake"** (大盾吐敷铠, *Dai-shunba shikkai*), among other names. The disaster is often referred to as 3.12 (*ko-jūni* in Kantonese), meaning 'March 12'.

It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Kanton. The quake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40 metres off the coast of Saka Prefecture in Honzura, and which, in the Shunba area, traveled at 700 km/h inland. Residents of Kanyū, the capital of Kuyama Prefecture, had only eight to ten minutes of warning, and more than a hundred evacuation sites were washed away. The snowfall which accompanied the tsunami and freezing temperatures hindered rescue works greatly. The official figures released in 2021 reported 19,759 deaths, 6,242 injured, and 2,553 people missing, and a report from 2015 indicated 228,863 people were still living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation.
Akame

**Akame** [茅美; あかめ] is a term referring to female warriors in pre-modern Kanton. These women fought in battle alongside sai men, and often involved themselves in the local politics of their provinces, offering strategic advise to their *konbūshin*. They were considered members of the warrior class (*zukata*) and were trained in the use of weapons to protect their household, family and honour in times of war. They also have an important presence in Kantonese art and literature, with Uyama no Moe and Daira no Senna being particularly famous figures representing *akame*.

There were also *hakari* (糾囜) of the later medieval period, emerging in the early 1500s, who were court ladies trained in martial arts and archery. *Hakari* were essentially a more palatable version of the *akame*, who had all but disappeared from Kantonese society by the late 1400s. Unlike the *akame*, *hakari* were expected to conform to strict ideals of femininity which had emerged in the restrictive culture of the Teijō period, and were very rarely used in actual battles.

## History

Throughout Kanton's history of wars and battles, both localised and on a national level, *akame* have featured as prominent warriors, advisors and strategists. They were consistently portrayed in popular literature and art as being beautiful, skilled and highly intelligent, with very few (if any) faults or flaws. During the 1300s, woodblocks, tapestries and paintings depicting *akame* known as *ryōribi* (亮糾典) became very popular for a decade or so.

Among the most famed *akame* of the 14th century was Uyama no Moe, a warrior of the Imperial High Guard, the highest-ranking military group in Kanton at the time. In one report from the 1350s, she was described as:

> ...notably beautiful, with fair complexion, dark hair, and large black eyes. She was a remarkable archer, and as a swordswoman, she was worth a thousand men, mounted or on foot. Her talents surpassed even those of the Imperial General himself. She handled unbroken horses with superb skill; she rode unscathed down perilous slopes, and her endurance and strength of will was commendable. In any conflict, she was sure to perform more deeds of valour than any other warrior. Those who did not fear her would desire her greatly, but she was a fiery-hearted maiden, burning the hand of any man who got too close.
>
>

Another famous female warrior of the 14th century was Daira no Senna. While Uyama no Moe was known for being an Imperial ally, Senna was involved with the conflicts of southern Kanton, away from the Court, where various clans struggled for power. She was particularly notable for becoming one of the only recorded female chiefs in Kantonese history, taking power from her brother Daira no Senji to become the governor of the powerful Daira clan in the late 1300s.
Kanato River

The **Kanato River** [奏戸免; かなと・み] is a river located in north-central Aoma Prefecture. It is the largest tributary of the Kandatsu River, and passes through the city of Kanato.

The river is popular among local residents for its fishing and angling opportunities, as sweetfish and salmon are usually plentiful in its waters. The Kanato River Trail is a mountaineering trail which follows the river up the slopes of Mount Bō and Mount Kyū towards Lake Yuki, and the estimated area of its source.
Hananake River

The **Hananake River** [设弹免; はななけ・み] is a river located in south-western Uchi Prefecture. It is the longest river in the prefecture and overlaps a number of different municipalities including Ihana, Megami, Nomori and Saiyaka.

The Hananake originates in Mount Kori and meets the sea on the coast of Saiyaka, in the Yamadaru National Park. In traditional Sudaro beliefs, it is considered a sacred river or *niisaya* due to its sheer size. In the local variety of Sunpaku, the Hananake is called Omōi-saya or 'awe-inspiring river'.
Kairyō no Kokane

**Kairyō no Kokane** [腎良の关珂 かいりょう・の・こかね] is a legendary Kantonese sword and one of the items in the Imperial Regalia of Kanton. It was originally called *Shino no Iro no Kokane* (士の阳の关珂, 'Great Sword of Heavenly White Clouds'), but its name was later changed to the more popular *Kairyō no Kokane*, which means 'Great Sword of Victory and Virtue'. In folklore, the sword is a metaphorical representation of the virtues of bravery and valour.

The history of the Kairyō no Kokane is entertwined with legend. According to the Kanna Daiki, the god of war and weaponry Anzōya forged the sword in the fires of Mount Kaitō and imbued it with his own power and might, then gifted it to humanity as a defense against forces of evil. During the third century, legend says that the great folk hero and warlord Yamawa Tsunoya was gifted the sword by a high priestess of Omina Grand Temple, to protect him in times of peril.
Matsubi

**Matsubi** [松涤 まつび] is a city located in central coastal Arami Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 18,000.

Matsubi is known for its fishing and tea industries; in fact, the city is the number one producer of green tea in the prefecture. Local attractions in Matsubi include the northern portion of the Ogozuke Cliffs, the Matsubi Flower Festival, Asayami Castle remains, and the Koromachi Teahouse.
Isuya

The **isuya** [強才; いすや] is a type of Kantonese arrow used by priests and warriors of feudal times. They were arrows which whistled when shot, and were used in both ritual archery and before or during battles. *Isuya* could also be used in expeditions or hunting parties as a way to signal for help; they are sometimes called *tasuke-ya* ['aid-arrows'] for this reason.

The sound was created by attaching a special carved or perforated 'bulb' of deer horn or wood to the tip. The *isuya*, therefore, could not do much damage except by blunt, direct impact. In Kiren, the sound made by the whistling arrows in mid-flight was thought to ward off and scatter evil spirits, who were disturbed by the high-pitched noise. *Isuya* were often used in purification rituals. There are records of the arrows being shot at buildings or people in order to symbolically and literally drive the evil out.

## Uses in battle

*Isuya* were most notably used during Kanton's feudal era in order to either start or finish a battle. After both sides had fired one *isuya*, the fighting was set in motion, and the defeated side was expected to fire another if they wished to retreat. Technically a battle was not considered truly over if a second arrow had not been fired to signal submission. Another use of whistle arrows was the delivery of messages, as rolls of paper could be easily attached to the shaft and launched over battlements or into enemy camps. It was also not uncommon for *isuya* to be used as distraction devices.

## Uses in religious ritual

Priests would fire *isuya* in order to instigate a purification rite. In some regions, and particularly in rituals conducted in the Imperial Court, a particularly skilled or famous archer would be summoned to carry out this task. The whistling arrow was considered vital in order to clear the surrounding area of evil spirits, who might interfere with the cleansing ritual otherwise. Starting in the 18th century, *isuya* were sometimes sold at temples as good luck charms, particularly around New Year. Simply carrying an *isuya* on one's person was considered auspicious and a ward against evil spirits.
Hondoshō Temple

**Hondoshō Temple** [坎個沉方; ほんどしょう・ほら] is a temple located in Nasamazu, Zōhai Prefecture. It has been used by the people of the surrounding area for centuries, and was originally built by the Daimi clan in the early 1700s during their invasion of the Daizō region. The temple is dedicated to a number of gods, the most prominent being Anzakakami, the patron spirit of fishermen.
Kudai Castle

**Kudai Castle** [湍大莽 くだい・がく] is an ancient castle located in the city of Yukuzō, Saka Prefecture. Established by the Kyōge clan in the 10th century, it is the oldest known castle in the prefecture, and one of the oldest to have survived past the medieval period into the modern day. This is mostly due to its continued use by the Yamako clan throughout the centuries as a secondary base of operations.
Kosama

**Kosama** [泍麦; こさま] is the Kiren goddess of trees and forests. She is the sister of the mountain goddess Bihanakami, and closely resembles her in both temperament and behaviour. She is one of the most compassionate spirits, rarely ever becoming angered by humans. Kosama is the wife of the wind god Usakazeya, and is the daughter of the goddess of agriculture, Omiinegami.

Kosama is thought to be the patron spirit of pilgrims. She is a secretive and mysterious deity, of whom not much is fully known. She appears in few surviving legends or records, except those included in the Kanna Daiki, which are fairly descriptive. In most paintings and carvings she is depicted as carrying a *hanji* ornament or a wooden staff known as *tobeki*, which is also traditionally used by those embarking on a pilgrimage. Kosama's link to pilgrims is her most obvious attribute, and she was once often worshipped in small forest shrines alongside well-walked pilgrimage routes. Her husband Usakazeya was also considered a pilgrim's friend, as he would often use the wind to guide them back to the main path if they became lost on their journey.
Chiyūri

**Chiyūri** [七物命; ちゆうり] is a traditional Kantonese festival held by a couple seven days after a baby is born. Typically all members of the family are expected to be present, as it is a very important event during which the infant's name is revealed.

Chiyūri will typically begin in the evening, after everyone has spent some time socialising and catching up. The parents will often make a point of giving each family member the chance to hold their baby, as this is considered auspicious. Both the parents and child will be wearing white, to symbolise purity and fortune. It is customary for each guest to leave a token gift, such as money, food, or baby supplies as a gesture of support and generosity.

At dinnertime, everyone congregates in either the kitchen or living room and the baby's name is revealed, written on a piece of card which is often decorated with pictures of the child and attractive designs. Sometimes, according to the parents' taste, these cards can be more formal-looking, to emphasise the importance of the event. Other items dedicated to the infant may be presented, such as a stamp of their handprint or a small stone with their new name painted on it. This stone is thought to symbolise longevity and lack of need. After the name reveal a large meal will be served, and glasses of *gizan* are handed out.

It is thought that Chiyūri was originally celebrated to mark the week-long survival of a newborn in times when infant mortality was very high. A similar event called Chijōri was traditionally held to celebrate an infant turning seven months old, another milestone in their short life; however, it is less popular and well-known nowadays compared to Chiyūri.
Jiwa River

The **Jiwa River** [集盒免; じわ・み] is a river located in eastern Uchi Prefecture. It is notable for running through the prefectural capital Sanhei, and for being the second-longest river in the prefecture. The characters in its name were selected to provide a phonetic equivalent to the Sunpaku original, *jiwa*, which means 'heron'.

The Jiwa originates from Mount Takkusa in the Akata Mountains and deposits into Lake Tao. For centuries it has been a valuable source of fresh water for the ever-expanding city of Sanhei, and its tributaries have helped to irrigate the agricultural outskirts of the region.
Beiryō Temple

**Beiryō Temple** [伪量方 べいりょう・ほら] is a temple located in Kanahamachi, on Kanaha Island, Mikei Prefecture. It was founded in the late 12th century by the warlord Omiya no Zendō, and later became a memorial site for the chief. The temple is known for its extensive gardens, which are now a designated wildlife reserve known as Beiryō Park.
Minami Park

**Minami Park** [糸无果编 みなみ・こう] is a public park located in Minami, Kōfu Prefecture. It is the largest urban green space in the Honzura region, and its main features include Lake Eiya, the Minami Park Teahouse and the Minami Museum. The park receives, on average, around 6.7 million visitors annually, and is particularly popular as a *hinamachi* spot, as well as a location for other festivals and events throughout the year.
Kaoto Castle

**Kaoto Castle** [かおと莽; かおと・がり / Sunpaku: かおと・おどく] is a castle located in the city of Kuagi in southern Zōhai Prefecture.

Kaoto is one of a number of castles built on the island of Zōhai by the Summui Kingdom which are now in ruins. The castle was constructed in the 1200s as a lookout fortress, offering a view over Miwara Bay and therefore making it easy to spot approaching ships from the mainland. It later became a home for a local lord who lived in the castle with his family and servants. Kaoto was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1999, and it is regarded as one of the 100 most famous castles in Kanton.
Hondo River

The **Hondo River** [苒吐免；ほんど・み] is a river located in northern Tomono Prefecture. It flows down from the Shiraji Mountains and travels through the settlements of Ikei, Chimizu, and Sannai before depositing into Lake Nizuma. The northern section of the river, which flows through a small gorge known as the Hondo-suita, is popular with whiterafters.
Iyanami

**Iyanami** [标筌 いやなみ] is a city located in eastern Kōfu Prefecture. As of 2022 it had a population of around 17,000.

Iyanami is located on the eastern coast of the prefecture, overlooking Shitoke Bay. The city is primarily built on the fishing and marine industries, producing thousands of tonnes of seafood each year. Salt harvesting is also carried out there; Iyanami salt is known for its high quality, purity and somewhat unique flavour. Iyanami also happens to be the city located furthest east in Kōfu Prefecture.

Each year the Iyanami Winterfest is held in the city, attracting thousands of visitors from neighbouring towns and cities. The festival includes firework displays, seafood tastings, competitive eating events, traditional dances, and ice sculptures.
Biha Peninsula

**Biha Peninsula** [日盼长 びは・なぎ] is located on the north-western coast of Heisai Prefecture above Tosawa Bay. A series of three small volcanoes, branching off from the Funo Hills, runs down the length of the peninsula - Mount Chi (the tallest at 1,205 metres), Mount Kanryō (1,120m) and Mount Hakoru (1,090m). Biha Peninsula is home to many scenic natural sites such as the Morimizu Falls, Irohana Beach, and the Hozawa Wetlands.

The small city of Biha is located on the peninsula. It has a population of around 15,000, with its industry focusing on fishing and the production of seafood.

In 1964, to protect the wildlife and natural environment of the Biha Peninsula, a great portion of the region was designated Biha National Park. The reserve has been subject to strict regulation, and entering is prohibited.
Daimi International University

**Daimi International University** [大源岸陀盖含；だいみ・ようどうがいはん], or DIU, is a public university located in Daimi, Hamae Prefecture. Established in 2001 and modeled on American liberal arts colleges, DIU is one of the few universities in Kanton offering all of its courses in English.

Its undergraduate program offers bachelor's degrees in International Business and International Studies, and its graduate program offers master's degrees in Kantonese Language Teaching, English Language Teaching, and Global Communication Practices. The undergraduate program at Daimi International University is unique in Kanton. All courses are taught in English, with the exception of foreign language classes. Undergraduate students are expected to study overseas for one year of their academic program.

Daimi International University provides a genuine cross-cultural environment for all of its students. Exchange and non-degree-seeking international students are guaranteed housing in either the Shimachi Halls or in the International Village Apartments. International students usually share a room with a Japanese student.
Daino

**Daino** [大笹; だいの / Sunpaku: おおだ] is a city located in western Uchi Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 18,000.

Historically, Daino was known as one of the largest and most-used *koman* or rest-towns in Fuzai Oniru. Although the idea of *koman* was a mainland invention and not a part of Summui culture, it quickly became popular after its introduction in the early 1500s, and a number of settlements were 'converted' into rest-stops. Daino, originally being on the border between Fuzai and Tonnori, flourished quickly in part due to the fact that it offered a quick and accessible route to the larger town of Megami, bypassing the Anodari Hills.

Daino is known for its traditional snack *petto*, which consists of small fish such as minnows or smelt being salted, dried and then eaten off wooden skewers.
Kaigo

**Kaigo** [桥凪 かいご] is a city located in central Kōfu Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 53,000.

The area of Kaigo has been settled since at least the early Heii period, as evidenced by numerous burial mounds from 250-400 AD found within the city borders. During the Chisō period, it was part of Sadawa Province before being taken over by the Eiita clan. The town developed mostly as an agricultural settlement focused on the farming of rice, potatoes, wheat, and root vegetables.

## Geography

Kaigo is located in central Kōfu Prefecture, in the low valley region located to the northwest of the Kazari Mountains. Around half of the area of Lake Danzu lies within the city boundaries to the west. A small portion of the Kazarini River also flows through the eastern ward.

Kaigo was once a peaceful agricultural area surrounded by water and greenery, but as a result of urbanisation, the once-abundant greenery and clean air and water was adversely affected. In the modern day Kaigo is aiming to become a major tourist destination of the prefecture, and is heavily promoting its history, culture and scenery as attractions. The slogan associated with the city is 'blue skies, verdant grass, clear water'. New green spaces are being created throughout the city, and various canals and streams are being restored.

## Economy

Kaigo is known for its specialty *saya*, which is a traditional candy made from saccharifying rice with barley malt. However, agriculture and food processing form a minor portion of the local economy, which is heavily industrialized. The city is increasingly becoming a commuter town for the Shunba region.

## Local attractions

* Kaigo Temple
* Kaigo City Park
* Kaigo Fireworks Festival - held every November
Lake Sakizu

**Lake Sakizu** [红顆匆；さきず・く] is a lake located in central Tomono Prefecture. It is the largest body of water in the prefecture, and lies in the curve of the Tohara River, just outside the city of Bando. The lake and its surrounding landscape is known for its scenic beauty, and is a popular site with tourists and locals alike for watersports, fishing, canoeing, birdwatching, and hiking.
Ippaya

**Ippaya** [玖林 いっぱや] is a city located in northern Saka Prefecture. As of 2022 it had a population of around 18,000.

Ippaya began as a castle town centred around Hayako Castle, which was located on the foothills of Mount Hayako situated in what is now the city's northern ward. The area became a centre of trade and agriculture, particularly *izan* brewing, for Kantai Province during the 1500s. The southern side of the town also became a *koman* due to its position on the Salt Road. As a result of this, and other factors, Ippaya was mostly inhabited by the merchant class by the end of the 17th century.

## Geography

Ippaya is situated just north of the prefectural capital Wakatsu - its southern ward serves as a bedroom community for the larger city. The Utsuguro River runs along the western border of the city, and Mount Hayako is located in its northern ward.

## Economy

Ishioka has a diverse economy. Agriculture includes lotus root, which is cultivated around the Utsuguro River, tobacco, and fruits such as persimmons, mandarin oranges, cherries and strawberries cultivated at the foot of Mount Hayako. In addition, the countryside is one of the leading rice areas in Saka Prefecture. Pig, poultry and dairy farming are also major contributors. *Izan* brewing is an ancient and traditional local industry; the city is host to a total of six breweries, including three owned by Genpei.

## Local attractions

* Ippaya Temple
* Site of Hayako Castle
* Ippaya River Park
* Ippaya City Shrine Garden
* Mount Hayako ski resorts
* Hayanoyama Reijō
* Ippayazō Reijō