1992 Summer Olympics

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Multi-sport event in Barcelona, SpainTemplate:SHORTDESC:Multi-sport event in Barcelona, Spain

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**Winter**← Albertville 1992Lillehammer 1994 →

Template:1992 Summer Olympics

The **1992 Summer Olympics** (Spanish: *Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992*, Catalan: *Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992*), officially known as the **Games of the XXV Olympiad** (Spanish: *Juegos de la XXV Olimpiada*, Catalan: *Jocs de la XXV Olimpíada*) and commonly known as **Barcelona '92**, were an international multi-sport event held from 25 July to 9 August 1992 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Beginning in 1994, the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years. The 1992 Summer and Winter Olympics were the last games to be staged in the same year. This games was the second and last two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe after the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France held five months earlier.

The 1992 Summer Games were the first since the end of the Cold War, and the first unaffected by boycotts since the 1972 Summer Games. 1992 was also the first year South Africa was re-invited to the Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee, after a 32-year ban from participating in international sport. The Unified Team (made up by the former Soviet republics without the Baltic states) topped the medal table, winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals.

## Host city selection

Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain and the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia, and the hometown of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and the famous European club, FC Barcelona. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup. On 17 October 1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Olympics over Amsterdam, Netherlands; Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Birmingham, United Kingdom; Brisbane, Australia; and Paris, France, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. With 85 out of 89 members of the IOC voting by secret ballot, Barcelona won a majority of 47 votes. Samaranch abstained from voting. In the same IOC meeting, Albertville, France, won the right to host the 1992 Winter Games. Paris and Brisbane would eventually be selected to host the 2024 and 2032 Summer Olympics respectively.

Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics that were ultimately held in Berlin.

## Highlights

See also: 1992 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and 1992 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
 File:Barcelona AUGUST 1992 the Olympic Games (Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona 1992) - panoramio.jpg
 File:Dream Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.JPEG
* At the innovative opening ceremony, Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang "Romiossini" as the Olympic flag was paraded around the stadium. Alfredo Kraus later sang the Olympic Hymn in Catalan, Spanish and French, as the flag was hoisted.
* The Olympic flame cauldron was lit by a flaming arrow, shot by Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo. The arrow had been lit by the flame of the Olympic Torch. Rebollo overshot the cauldron as this was the original design of the lighting scheme.
* South Africa was allowed to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time since the 1960 Summer Olympics, after a long suspension for its apartheid policy. After a close race in the Women's 10,000 metres event, white South African runner Elana Meyer and black Ethiopian runner Derartu Tulu (winner) ran a victory lap together, hand-in-hand.
* Following its reunification in 1990, Germany sent a single, unified Olympic team for the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics.
* As the Soviet Union had been dissolved in 1991, the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania sent their own teams for the first time since 1936. The other Soviet republics competed under the name Unified Team. These nations consisted of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
* The separation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia led to the Olympic debuts of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to United Nations sanctions, athletes from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were not allowed to participate with their own team. However, some individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag as Independent Olympic Participants.
* Fermín Cacho won the 1,500 metres in his home country, earning Spain's first-ever Olympic gold medal in a running event.
* Chinese diver Fu Mingxia, age 13, became the youngest Olympic gold medalist of all time.
* In men's artistic gymnastics, Vitaly Scherbo from Belarus, (representing the Unified Team), won six gold medals, including four in a single day. Scherbo tied Eric Heiden's record for individual gold medals at a single Olympics, winning five medals in an individual event. (Michael Phelps would later equal this record in 2008).
* In women's artistic gymnastics, Tatiana Gutsu took gold in the All-Around competition edging the United States' Shannon Miller.
* Russian swimmers dominated the freestyle events, with Alexander Popov and Yevgeny Sadovyi each winning two events. Sadovyi also won in the relays.
* Evelyn Ashford won her fourth Olympic gold medal in the 4×100-metre relay, making her one of only four female athletes to have achieved this in history.
* The young Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary won three individual swimming gold medals.
* In women's 200 metre breaststroke, Kyoko Iwasaki of Japan won a gold medal at age of 14 years and six days, making her the youngest-ever gold medalist in swimming competitions at the Olympics.
* Algerian athlete Hassiba Boulmerka that was frequently criticized by Muslim groups in Algeria who thought she showed too much of her body when racing, received death threats and was forced to move to Europe to train, won the 1,500 metres, also holding the African women's record in this distance.
* After demonstrated in six previous Summer Olympic Games, baseball officially became an Olympic sport. Badminton and women's judo also became part of the Olympic program, while slalom canoeing returned to the Games after a 20-year absence.
* Roller hockey, basque pelota, and taekwondo were all demonstrated at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
* Several of the U.S. men's volleyball gold medal team from the 1988 Olympics returned to vie for another medal. In the first round, they lost a controversial match to Japan, sparking them to shave their heads in protest. This notably included player Steve Timmons, sacrificing his trademark red flattop for the protest.
* Mike Stulce of the United States won the men's shot put, beating the heavily favored Werner Günthör of Switzerland.
* On the 20th anniversary of the Munich massacre and the 500th anniversary of the Alhambra Decree, Yael Arad became the first Israeli to win an Olympic medal, winning a silver medal in judo. The next day, Oren Smadja became Israel's first male medalist, winning a bronze in the same sport.
* Derek Redmond of Great Britain tore a hamstring during a 400-meter semi-final heat. As he struggled to finish the race, his father entered the track without credentials and helped him complete the race, to a standing ovation from the crowd.
* Gail Devers won the 100-meter dash in one of the closest races in history. Five women finished within 0.06 seconds of each other. In the 100 meter hurdles, Devers was a clear favorite to win, though finished in fifth place when she hit the final hurdle and stumbled over the finish line. Voula Patoulidou from Greece won the event.
* In basketball, the admittance of professional players led to the formation of the "Dream Team" of the United States, featuring Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Larry Bird and other NBA stars. The Dream Team, which easily won the gold medal, would be inducted as a unit into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010.
* Jennifer Capriati won the singles tennis competition at the age of 16. She had previously earned a spot in the semifinals of two grand slams at the age of 14.
* Two gold medals were awarded in solo synchronized swimming after a judge inadvertently entered the score of "8.7" instead of the intended "9.7" in the computerized scoring system for one of Sylvie Fréchette's figures. This error ultimately placed Fréchette second, leaving Kristen Babb-Sprague for the gold medal. Though immediate protests to FINA were unsuccessful, FINA awarded Fréchette a gold medal in December 1993, replacing her silver medal and leaving the two swimmers both with gold.
* Indonesia won its first-ever gold medal, after winning a silver medal at 1988 Olympics. Susi Susanti won the gold in badminton women's singles after defeating Bang Soo-hyun in the final round. Alan Budikusuma won the badminton men's singles competition, earning a second gold medal for Indonesia. Several years later, Susanti and Budikusuma married and she received the nickname golden bride or Olympic bride.

### Records

Main article: World and Olympic records set at the 1992 Summer Olympics
## Venues

Main article: Venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics
 File:Barcelona stadium.JPG
 File:Palau San Jordi Torre Calatrava Barcelona.jpg
* Montjuïc Area:
	+ Cross-country course – modern pentathlon (running)
	+ Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc – opening/closing ceremonies, athletics
	+ Palau Sant Jordi – gymnastics (artistics), volleyball (final), and handball (final)
	+ Piscines Bernat Picornell – modern pentathlon (swimming), swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo (final)
	+ Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc – diving and water polo
	+ Institut National d'Educació Física de Catalunya – wrestling
	+ Mataró – athletics (marathon start)
	+ Palau dels Esports de Barcelona – gymnastics (rhythmic) and volleyball
	+ Palau de la Metal·lúrgia – fencing, modern pentathlon (fencing)
	+ Pavelló de l'Espanya Industrial – weightlifting
	+ Walking course – athletics (walks)
* Diagonal Area:
	+ Camp Nou – football (final)
	+ Palau Blaugrana – judo, roller hockey (demonstration final), and taekwondo (demonstration)
	+ Estadi de Sarrià – football
	+ Real Club de Polo de Barcelona – equestrian (dressage, jumping, eventing final), modern pentathlon (riding)
* Vall d'Hebron Area:
	+ Archery Field – archery
	+ Pavelló de la Vall d'Hebron – basque pelota (demonstration) and volleyball
	+ Tennis de la Vall d'Hebron – tennis
	+ Velodrome – cycling (track)
* Parc de Mar Area
	+ Estació del Nord Sports Hall – table tennis
	+ Olympic Harbour – sailing
	+ Pavelló de la Mar Bella – badminton
* Subsites
	+ A-17 highway – cycling (road team time trial)
	+ Banyoles Lake – rowing
	+ Camp Municipal de Beisbol de Viladecans – baseball
	+ Canal Olímpic de Catalunya – canoeing (sprint)
	+ Circuit de Catalunya – cycling (road team time trial start/ finish)
	+ Club Hípic El Montayá – equestrian (dressage, eventing endurance)
	+ Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta – football
	+ Estadi Olímpic de Terrassa – field hockey
	+ Estadio Luís Casanova – football
	+ La Romareda – football
	+ L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Baseball Stadium – baseball (final)
	+ Mollet del Vallès Shooting Range – modern pentathlon (shooting), shooting
	+ Palau D'Esports de Granollers – handball
	+ Parc Olímpic del Segre – canoeing (slalom)
	+ Pavelló Club Joventut Badalona – boxing
	+ Pavelló de l'Ateneu de Sant Sadurní – roller hockey (demonstration)
	+ Pavelló del Club Patí Vic – roller hockey (demonstration)
	+ Pavelló d'Esports de Reus – roller hockey (demonstration)
	+ Pavelló Olímpic de Badalona – basketball
	+ Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit – cycling (individual road race)
* Some events, including diving, took place in view of construction of the Sagrada Família

## Medals awarded

Main article: List of 1992 Summer Olympics medal winners
The 1992 Summer Olympic programme featured 257 events in the following 25 sports:

Template:Col-1-of-4* Aquatics
	+ File:Diving pictogram.svg Diving (4)
	+ File:Swimming pictogram.svg Swimming (31)
	+ File:Synchronized swimming pictogram.svg Synchronized swimming (2)
	+ File:Water polo pictogram.svg Water polo (1)
* File:Archery pictogram.svg Archery (4)
* File:Athletics pictogram.svg Athletics (43)
* File:Badminton pictogram.svg Badminton (4)
* File:Baseball pictogram.svg Baseball (1)
* File:Basketball pictogram.svg Basketball (2)

Template:Col-2-of-4* File:Boxing pictogram.svg Boxing (12)
* File:Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg Canoeing
	+ Sprint (12)
	+ Slalom (4)
* File:Cycling (road) pictogram.svg Cycling
	+ Road (3)
	+ Track (7)
* File:Equestrian pictogram.svg Equestrian
	+ Dressage (2)
	+ Eventing (2)
	+ Show jumping (2)

Template:Col-3-of-4* File:Fencing pictogram.svg Fencing (8)
* File:Field hockey pictogram.svg Field hockey (2)
* File:Football pictogram.svg Football (1)
* File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg Gymnastics
	+ Artistic (14)
	+ Rhythmic (1)
* File:Handball pictogram.svg Handball (2)
* File:Judo pictogram.svg Judo (14)
* File:Modern pentathlon pictogram.svg Modern pentathlon (2)
* File:Rowing pictogram.svg Rowing (14)

Template:Col-4-of-4* File:Sailing pictogram.svg Sailing (10)
* File:Shooting pictogram.svg Shooting (13)
* File:Table tennis pictogram.svg Table tennis (4)
* File:Tennis pictogram.svg Tennis (4)
* File:Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg Volleyball (2)
* File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg Weightlifting (10)
* File:Wrestling pictogram.svg Wrestling
	+ Freestyle (10)
	+ Greco-Roman (10)

### Demonstration sports

* File:Basque pelota pictogram.svg Basque pelota (10)
* File:Roller hockey pictogram.svg Roller hockey (quad) (1)
* File:Taekwondo pictogram.svg Taekwondo (16)

## Calendar

*All times are in Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)*

## Participating National Olympic Committees

 File:1992 Summer Olympic games countries.png
 File:1992 Summer olympics team numbers.gif
A total of 169 nations sent athletes to compete in the 1992 Summer Games.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, twelve of the fifteen new states formed a Unified Team, while the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania each had their own teams for the first time since 1936. For the first time, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina competed as independent nations after their separation from Socialist Yugoslavia, and Namibia and the unified team of Yemen (previously North and South Yemen) also made their Olympic debuts.

The 1992 Summer Olympics notably marked Germany competing as a unified team for the first time since 1964, while South Africa returned to the Games for the first time in 32 years.

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was banned due to UN sanctions, but individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as Independent Olympic Participants. Four National Olympic Committees did not send any athletes to compete: Afghanistan, Brunei, Liberia and Somalia.

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* **Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Country alias/data' not found.** participated in the Opening Ceremony, but its delegation consisted of only one official. This also occurred in the 1988 Games
* File:Flag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svg Afghanistan didn't send their athletes to compete, but the country took part in the Parade of Nations.
* **Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Country alias/data' not found.** and **Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Country alias/data' not found.** also participated in the Opening Ceremony, but its accredited athletes (five and two, respectively) did not enter to compete.

## Medal count

Main article: 1992 Summer Olympics medal table
The following table reflects the top ten nations in terms of total medals won at the 1992 Games (the host nation is highlighted).

## Broadcast rights

The 1992 Summer Olympics were covered in many countries by the following television and radio broadcasters:

## Effect on the city

 File:050529 Barcelona 049.jpg
The celebration of the 1992 Olympic Games had an enormous impact on the urban culture and external projection of Barcelona. The Games provided billions of dollars for infrastructure investments, which are considered to have improved the quality of life and attraction of the city for investment and tourism. Barcelona became one of the most visited cities in Europe after Paris, London, and Rome.

Barcelona's nomination for the 1992 Summer Games sparked the application of a previously elaborated ambitious urban plan. Barcelona opened to the sea with the construction of the Olympic Village and Olympic Port in Poblenou. New centres were created, and modern sports facilities were built in the Olympic zones of Montjuïc, Diagonal, and Vall d'Hebron. Hotels were also either built or refurbished. The construction of ring roads around the city helped reduce the density of the traffic, and El Prat airport was modernized and expanded as two new terminals were opened.

### Cost and cost overrun

The *Oxford Olympics Study* estimates the outturn cost of the Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics at USD 9.7 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 266% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) *operational costs* incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) *direct capital costs* incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are *not* included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Barcelona 1992 compares with costs of USD 4.6 billion and a cost overrun of 51% for Rio 2016 and USD 15 billion and 76% for London 2012. Average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD 5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%.

## Songs and themes

There were two main musical themes for the 1992 Games. The first one was "Barcelona", a classical crossover song composed five years earlier by Freddie Mercury and Mike Moran; Mercury was an admirer of lyric soprano Montserrat Caballé, both recorded the official theme as a duet. Due to Mercury's death eight months earlier, the duo was unable to perform the song together during the opening ceremony. A recording of the song instead played over a travelogue of the city at the start of the opening ceremony, seconds before the official countdown.
"Amigos Para Siempre" (*Friends for Life*) was the other musical theme. It was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black, and sung by Sarah Brightman and José Carreras during the closing ceremonies.

Ryuichi Sakamoto composed and conducted the opening ceremony musical score. The Opening Olympic fanfare was composed by Angelo Badalamenti and with orchestrations by Joseph Turrin.

## Mascot

Main article: Cobi
The official mascot was **Cobi**, a Catalan sheepdog in cubist style designed by Javier Mariscal.

## Corporate image and identity

A renewal in Barcelona's image and corporate identity could be seen in the publication of posters, commemorative coins, stamps minted by the FNMT in Madrid, and the Barcelona 1992 Olympic Official Commemorative Medals, designed and struck in Barcelona.

## See also

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* 1992 Summer Paralympics
* 1992 Winter Olympics
* 1992 Winter Paralympics
* List of IOC country codes
* Olympics Triplecast
* Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games — 1992 Barcelona

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
2. ↑ "Albertville 1992". www.olympic.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
3. ↑ "Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics | Olympic Videos, Photos, News". Olympic.org. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
4. ↑ Wren, Christopher S. (7 November 1991). "OLYMPICS; an Era Ends, Another Begins: South Africa to Go to Olympics". *The New York Times*.
5. ↑ "IOC Vote History". Aldaver.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
6. ↑ Miller, Judith (18 October 1986). "Barcelona gets 1992 Summer Olympics" (Archives). *The New York Times*.
7. ↑ "Past Olympic Host City Election Results". Archived from the original on 30 June 2011.
8. ↑ http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1992/07/27/pagina-36/33525453/pdf.html
9. ↑ "Ceremonial hall of shame". *BBC News*. 15 September 2000. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
10. ↑ Official Report of the 1992 Summer Olympics, Vol. 4 (LA84Foundation.org). Note p. 70 (confirming arrow lit the gas above the cauldron).
11. ↑ "Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics | Olympic Videos, Photos, News". Olympic.org. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
12. ↑ Fermin Cacho Ruiz, Olympic.org. Retrieved 25 August 2013
13. ↑ Hassiba Boulmerka: Defying death threats to win gold, BBC, 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
14. ↑ "Hall of Famers: 1992 United States Olympic Team". *Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame*. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
15. ↑ "On the Bright Side". Sports Illustrated. 30 July 1996. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 *1992 Olympics Official Report. Part IV* (PDF). Retrieved 24 October 2012. List of participants by NOC's and sport. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
17. ↑ Barcelona 1992 Opening Ceremony Parade of Nations 2/8 on YouTube
18. ↑ Barcelona 1992 Opening Ceremony Parade of Nations 1/8 on YouTube
19. ↑ Barcelona 1992 Opening Ceremony Parade of Nations 4/8 on YouTube
20. ↑ Barcelona 1992 Opening Ceremony Parade of Nations 6/8 on YouTube
21. ↑ Miquel de Moragas, Nancy Kay Rivenburgh, ed. (1995). *Television in the Olympics : international research project* (illustrated ed.). James F. Larson. pp. 257–260. ISBN 0861965388. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
22. ↑ Brunet i Cid, Ferran. "The economic impact of the Barcelona Olympic Games 1986-2004" (PDF). Autonomous University of Barcelona. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
23. ↑ Payne, Bob. "The Olympics Effect". msnbc.com. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
24. ↑ Bremner, Caroline. "Top 150 City Destinations (2006)". Euromonitor. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
25. ↑ Brunet i Cid, Ferran. "An economic analysis of the Barcelona'92 Olympic Games:resources, financing and impact" (PDF). Autonomous University of Barcelona. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
26. ↑ Beard, Matthew (22 March 2011). "Lessons of Barcelona: 1992 Games provided model for London... and few warnings". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
27. ↑ Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016). *The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games*. Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 18–20. SSRN 2804554.
28. ↑ "Barcelona 92: 11 momentos inolvidables de aquellos Juegos Olímpicos (VÍDEOS, FOTOS)" (in Spanish). The Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
29. ↑ "Barcelona 92: inicio de la ceremonia". YouTube. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
30. ↑ Illness, Critical (3 September 2010). "Doreen D'Agostino Media » Ryuichi Sakamoto and Decca". Doreendagostinomedia.com. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
31. ↑ "Barcelona 1992 - Summer Games Mascots". *Olympic.org*. IOC. Retrieved 15 October 2015.

## External links

* "Barcelona 1992". *Olympics.com*. International Olympic Committee.
* Template:IOC medals
* Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona 1992
* Barcelona Olympic Foundation
* *Olympic Review* 1992 - Official results
* Barcelona Olympic Stadium
* Postage stamps of the Republic of Moldova, celebrating the Barcelona Summer Olympics in 1992
* Postage stamps of the Republic of Moldova, celebrating medal winners at the Barcelona Summer Olympics in 1992

Template:Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Template:EventsAt1992SummerOlympics
Template:1992 Summer Olympic venues
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Coordinates: 41°21′51″N 2°09′08″E﻿ / ﻿41.36417°N 2.15222°E﻿ / 41.36417; 2.15222

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