Rio Olympics to start

The 2016 Summer Olympics (Portuguese: Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016),[1] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, and commonly known as Rio 2016, is a major international multi-sport event in the tradition of the Olympic Games due to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Record numbers of countries are participating in a record number of sports. More than 10,500 athletes from 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs), including first time entrants Kosovo and South Sudan, will take part.[2] With 306 sets of medals, the games will feature 28 Olympic sports — including rugby sevens and golf, which were added by the International Olympic Committee in 2009. These sporting events will take place at 33 venues in the host city and at 5 venues in the cities of São Paulo (Brazil's largest city), Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília (Brazil's capital), and Manaus.

These will be the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Thomas Bach.[2] The host city of Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009. Rio will become the first South American city to host the Summer Olympics. These will be the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country, the first to be held in the host country's winter season, the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America, and the first since 2000 (third overall) to be held in the Southern Hemisphere.[3]

## Bidding Process

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cidade\_Candidata\_(Rio\_de\_Janeiro\_for\_the\_2016\_Olympic\_Games).JPG

The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games was officially launched on 16 May 2007.[4] The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by 13 September 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files, containing answers to a 25-question IOC form, were to be submitted by each applicant city by 14 January 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on 4 June 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo (which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will host again in 2020). The IOC did not promote Doha to the Candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, due to their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut.[5]

Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics bids. The commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal for IOC members on 2 September, one month before elections.[6]

Many restrictions are in place designed to prevent bidding cities from communicating with or influencing directly the 115 voting members. Cities may not invite any IOC member to visit nor may they send anything that could be construed as a gift. Nonetheless, bidding cities invest large sums in their PR and media programs in an attempt to indirectly influence the IOC members by garnering domestic support, support from sports media and general international media.

Ultimately, you are communicating with just 115 people and each one has influencers and pressure groups but you are still speaking to no more than about 1,500 people, perhaps 5,000 in the broadest sense. It is not just about getting ads out there but it is about a targeted and very carefully planned campaign.

— Jon Tibbs, a consultant on the Tokyo bid[7]
The final voting was held on 2 October 2009, in Copenhagen with Madrid and Rio de Janeiro perceived as favourites to land the games. Chicago and Tokyo were eliminated after the first and second rounds of voting, respectively, while Rio de Janeiro took a significant lead over Madrid heading into the final round. The lead held and Rio de Janeiro was announced as host of 2016 Summer Olympics. Failed bids from other South American cities include Buenos Aires (1936, 1956, 1968, 2004), Cali (1976, 1988, 2004), and Brasília, which withdrew during the 2000 Summer Olympic bidding process.

2016 Summer Olympics bidding results[8]
City NOC Round 1 Round 2 Round 3
Rio de Janeiro Brazil 26 46 66
Madrid Spain 28 29 32
Tokyo Japan 22 20 —
Chicago United States 18 — —

## Development and Preparation

On 26 June 2011 it was reported on AroundTheRings.com that Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after taking the job at ROOC. This comes just five months after CCO Flávio Pestana quit for personal reasons.[9] Pestana withdrew later during the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO.[10]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio\_de\_Janeiro\_bid\_venues\_for\_the\_2016\_Summer\_Olympics.svg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracana\_internal\_view\_april\_2013.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estadio\_Nilton\_Santos.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParqueRadical.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cool\_Budapest\_-\_Brasil\_(2).JPG

### Venues and Infrastructure

In Rio de Janeiro, Barra da Tijuca will host most of the venues of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016. The rest will be located in three other zones of the host city: Copacabana Beach, Maracanã and Deodoro. Barra da Tijuca will also house the Olympic Village.

Rio's historical downtown is undergoing a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project called Porto Maravilha.[11] It covers 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in area. The project aims to redevelop the port area increasing the city center's attractiveness and enhancing Rio’s competitiveness position in the global economy. The urban renovation involves: 700 km (430 mi) of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 4 km (2.5 mi) of tunnels; 70 km (43 mi) of roads; 650 km2 (250 sq mi) of sidewalks; 17 km (11 mi) of bike path; 15,000 trees; three sanitation treatment plants. As part of this renovation, a new tram will be built and will run from the Santos Dumont Airport to Rodoviária Novo Rio. It was due to open in April 2016.[12]

While the whole city is undergoing major infrastructure improvements, there are concerns that some of the projects will never materialise.[13]

### Football

Additionally some football games will take place on 5 venues in the cities of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília and Manaus.

Arena da Amazônia
Manaus

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arena\_Amaz%C3%B4nia.jpg

Arena Corinthians
São Paulo

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgium\_vs\_Korea\_Republic\_-\_Group\_H\_-\_2014\_FIFA\_World\_Cup\_Brazil.jpg

Arena Fonte Nova
Salvador

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EstadioForteNova-cancha1.jpg

Estádio Nacional
Brasília

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Est%C3%A1dio\_Nacional\_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg

Mineirão
Belo Horizonte

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mineirao\_Stadium.jpg

### Security

Since the award of the 2016 Olympics to Rio de Janeiro, the city's crime problems have received more attention. A police helicopter was shot down over a favela during one of the city's many drug wars, and the pilot was killed in the incident.[14] Rio's mayor has admitted that there are "big issues" facing the city in securing the Games from violence. However, he also said that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the bidding process.[15] The governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro also highlighted the fact that London faced security problems, with a terrorist attack occurring on the day following the IOC session that chose the city to host the 2012 Olympic Games.

The IOC, however, has expressed optimism regarding the ability of the city and the nation of Brazil to address these concerns, saying that seven years is enough time for Rio de Janeiro to clean up its crime problem.[16] IOC spokesman Mark Adams told The Associated Press, "we have confidence in their capacity to deliver a safe Games in seven years. Security is of course a very important aspect of any Olympic Games no matter where it is in the world. This is of course entirely under the national, regional and city authorities."[17][18][19] Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former president of Brazil, noted that the city has hosted other high-profile events without major incidents, for example the 2007 Pan American Games.[20]

Rio de Janeiro is planning to pacify local neighbourhoods, or favelas. Community-based Police Pacification Units (UPPs) will be used to build trust in individual communities through the use of street patrols and civic work.[21] Moreover, The Regional Institute of Public Safety reported that the homicide rate of Rio de Janeiro for the first five months of 2012 was at its lowest in the past 21 years, with 10.9 homicides for every 100,000 habitants.[22][23] Nonetheless, despite the decline in homicides and human rights abuses, Human Rights Watch urged Brazil to investigate extrajudicial killings.[24]

### Concerns Over Completion

On 9 May 2014, the London Evening Standard reported IOC vice-president John Coates calling Brazil’s preparations "the worst I’ve experienced" and went on to claim that construction and infrastructure projects were severely behind schedule. "The IOC has formed a special task force to try to speed up preparations but the situation is critical on the ground," the paper quoted him as saying, concluding that such an intervention was "unprecedented".[25] Coates' concerns had previously been reported elsewhere in the media.[26][27]

Despite these initial worries, the Rio Olympics Committee reported on 29 December 2015 that most venues are complete except the Rio Olympic Velodrome (76%) and the Youth Arena (75%).[28]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracan%C3%A3zinho\_(4712854723).jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A\_bela\_vista\_do\_Cristo.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NovasViasCariocas-TransOeste,\_TransCarioca\_e\_TransOl%C3%ADmpica.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TransCarioca\_BRT\_Galeao\_International\_Airport\_station.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evolucion\_historica\_del\_metro\_de\_rio\_de\_janeiro.png

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro\_Rio\_01\_2013\_Ipanema\_Osorio\_5408.JPG

### Financing

Phase I – Applicant City
Revenue Federal Government State Government Total
Public Funds R$3,022,097.88 R$3,279,984.98 R$6,302,082.86
Private Funds – – R$2,804,822.16
General Total – – R$9,106,905.02
Phase II – Candidate City
Public revenues

Revenue Public funds
Federal government R$47,402,531.75
State government R$3,617,556.00
Municipal government R$4,995,620.93
General Total R$56,015,708.68
Private revenues

Revenue Private funds
EBX R$13,000,000.00
Eike Batista R$10,000,000.00
Bradesco R$3,500,000.00
Odebrecht R$3,300,000.00
Embratel R$3,000,000.00
TAM Airlines¹ R$1,233,726.00
General Total R$34,033,726.00
TAM Airlines contributed with R$1,233,726.00 in the form of discounts in air tickets.

Note: The residual balance was used to fund the first months of operation of Rio 2016 Organizing Committee.[29]

### Investment

Olympics/City Investment Public Private
Olympic Park R$5.6 billion R$1.46 billion R$4.18 billion
Public Transport R$24 billion R$13.7 billion R$10.3 billion
General Total R$29.6 billion R$15.16 billion

### Ticketing

The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014, and all will be sold in Brazilian Reals (BRL). A total of 7.5 million tickets will be sold; 200,000 tickets less compared to the 2012 Summer Olympics, because the size of many arenas is smaller. Ticket prices range from BRL 40 for many events to BRL 4,600 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets will be available for BRL 70 or less.[31][32] The street events such as road cycling, race walk, and the marathon can be watched along their routes for free.

### Torch Relay

The Olympic flame was lit at the temple of Hera in Olympia on 21 April 2016, the traditional start of the Greek phase of the torch relay. On 27 April the flame was handed over to the Brazilian organizers at a ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens. A brief stop was made in Switzerland to visit the IOC headquarters and the Olympic Museum in Lausanne as well as the United Nations Office at Geneva.[33]

The torch relay began its Brazilian journey on 3 May at the capital Brasília. The torch relay will visit more than 300 Brazilian cities (including all the 26 states capitals and the Brazilian Federal District), with the last part to be held in the city of Rio de Janeiro.[34]

For the first time in the history of the Summer Olympics, the main cauldron will not be permanently located at the Games' main stadiums. Similarly to the 2010 Winter Olympics, where the cauldron was located outside the Vancouver Convention Centre, the official cauldron will be located on the Port of Rio de Janeiro.[35]

### Opening Ceremony

The opening ceremony will take place in the Maracanã Stadium on 5 August 2016.

### Sports

The 2016 Summer Olympic program features 28 sports and a total of 41 disciplines and 306 events.

Aquatics

```
Diving (8)
Swimming (34)
Synchronized swimming (2)
Water polo (2)
Archery (4)
Athletics (47)
Badminton (5)
Basketball (2)
Boxing (13)
Canoeing

```

Slalom (4)
Sprint (12)

```
Cycling

```

BMX (2)
Mountain biking (2)
Road (4)
Track (10)

```
Equestrian

```

Dressage (2)
Eventing (2)
Jumping (2)

```
Fencing (10)
Field hockey (2)
Football (2)
Golf (2)
Gymnastics

```

Artistic (14)
Rhythmic (2)
Trampoline (2)

```
Handball (2)
Judo (14)
Modern pentathlon (2)
Rowing (14)
Rugby sevens (2)
Sailing (10)
Shooting (15)
Table tennis (4)
Taekwondo (8)
Tennis (5)
Triathlon (2)
Volleyball

```

Volleyball (2)
Beach volleyball (2)

```
Weightlifting (15)
Wrestling

```

Freestyle (12)
Greco-Roman (6)

### New Sports

There were two open spots for sports and initially seven sports began the bidding for inclusion in the 2016 program. Baseball and softball, which were dropped from the program in 2005, karate, squash, golf, roller sports, and rugby union all applied to be included. Leaders of the seven sports held presentations in front of the IOC executive board in June 2009.[36]

In August, the executive board initially gave its approval to rugby sevens—a seven-player version of rugby union—by a majority vote, thus removing baseball, roller sports, and squash from contention. Among the remaining three—golf, karate, and softball, the board approved golf as a result of consultation. The final decision regarding the remaining two sports was made on 9 October 2009, the final day of the 121st IOC Session. A new system was in place at this session; a sport now needed only a simple majority from the full IOC committee for approval rather than the two-thirds majority previously required.[37][38] International Golf Federation executive director Antony Scanlon said that the top players, including Tiger Woods and Annika Sörenstam, would show their continued support of golf's Olympic involvement by participating in the events.[39]

The International Sailing Federation announced in May 2012 that windsurfing would be replaced at the 2016 Olympics by kitesurfing,[40] but this decision was reversed in November.[41] The IOC announced in January 2013 that it would review the status of cycling events, following Lance Armstrong's admission of using performance-enhancing drugs and accusations that the cycling's governing body had covered up doping.[42]

In contrast to the exception during the 2012 Olympics, the International Gymnastics Federation announced that these Games will have a gala event for gymnastics.[43]

The 2016 Summer Olympics (Portuguese: Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016),[1] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, and commonly known as Rio 2016, is a major international multi-sport event in the tradition of the Olympic Games due to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Record numbers of countries are participating in a record number of sports. More than 10,500 athletes from 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs), including first time entrants Kosovo and South Sudan, will take part.[2] With 306 sets of medals, the games will feature 28 Olympic sports — including rugby sevens and golf, which were added by the International Olympic Committee in 2009. These sporting events will take place at 33 venues in the host city and at 5 venues in the cities of São Paulo (Brazil's largest city), Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília (Brazil's capital), and Manaus.

These will be the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Thomas Bach.[2] The host city of Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009. Rio will become the first South American city to host the Summer Olympics. These will be the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country, the first to be held in the host country's winter season, the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America, and the first since 2000 (third overall) to be held in the Southern Hemisphere.[3]

## Bidding Process=

The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games was officially launched on 16 May 2007.[4] The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by 13 September 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files, containing answers to a 25-question IOC form, were to be submitted by each applicant city by 14 January 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on 4 June 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo (which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will host again in 2020). The IOC did not promote Doha to the Candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, due to their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut.[5]

Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics bids. The commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal for IOC members on 2 September, one month before elections.[6]

Many restrictions are in place designed to prevent bidding cities from communicating with or influencing directly the 115 voting members. Cities may not invite any IOC member to visit nor may they send anything that could be construed as a gift. Nonetheless, bidding cities invest large sums in their PR and media programs in an attempt to indirectly influence the IOC members by garnering domestic support, support from sports media and general international media.

Ultimately, you are communicating with just 115 people and each one has influencers and pressure groups but you are still speaking to no more than about 1,500 people, perhaps 5,000 in the broadest sense. It is not just about getting ads out there but it is about a targeted and very carefully planned campaign.

— Jon Tibbs, a consultant on the Tokyo bid[7]
The final voting was held on 2 October 2009, in Copenhagen with Madrid and Rio de Janeiro perceived as favourites to land the games. Chicago and Tokyo were eliminated after the first and second rounds of voting, respectively, while Rio de Janeiro took a significant lead over Madrid heading into the final round. The lead held and Rio de Janeiro was announced as host of 2016 Summer Olympics. Failed bids from other South American cities include Buenos Aires (1936, 1956, 1968, 2004), Cali (1976, 1988, 2004), and Brasília, which withdrew during the 2000 Summer Olympic bidding process.

2016 Summer Olympics bidding results[8]
City NOC Round 1 Round 2 Round 3
Rio de Janeiro Brazil 26 46 66
Madrid Spain 28 29 32
Tokyo Japan 22 20 —
Chicago United States 18 — —

## Development and Preparation

On 26 June 2011 it was reported on AroundTheRings.com that Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after taking the job at ROOC. This comes just five months after CCO Flávio Pestana quit for personal reasons.[9] Pestana withdrew later during the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO.[10]

### Venue and Infrastructure

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracana\_internal\_view\_april\_2013.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio\_de\_Janeiro\_bid\_venues\_for\_the\_2016\_Summer\_Olympics.svg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estadio\_Nilton\_Santos.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParqueRadical.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cool\_Budapest\_-\_Brasil\_(2).JPG

In Rio de Janeiro, Barra da Tijuca will host most of the venues of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016. The rest will be located in three other zones of the host city: Copacabana Beach, Maracanã and Deodoro. Barra da Tijuca will also house the Olympic Village.

Rio's historical downtown is undergoing a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project called Porto Maravilha.[11] It covers 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in area. The project aims to redevelop the port area increasing the city center's attractiveness and enhancing Rio’s competitiveness position in the global economy. The urban renovation involves: 700 km (430 mi) of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 4 km (2.5 mi) of tunnels; 70 km (43 mi) of roads; 650 km2 (250 sq mi) of sidewalks; 17 km (11 mi) of bike path; 15,000 trees; three sanitation treatment plants. As part of this renovation, a new tram will be built and will run from the Santos Dumont Airport to Rodoviária Novo Rio. It was due to open in April 2016.[12]

While the whole city is undergoing major infrastructure improvements, there are concerns that some of the projects will never materialise.[13]

### Football

Additionally some football games will take place on 5 venues in the cities of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília and Manaus.

Arena da Amazônia
Manaus

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arena\_Amaz%C3%B4nia.jpg

Arena Corinthians
São Paulo

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgium\_vs\_Korea\_Republic\_-\_Group\_H\_-\_2014\_FIFA\_World\_Cup\_Brazil.jpg

Arena Fonte Nova
Salvador

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EstadioForteNova-cancha1.jpg

Estádio Nacional
Brasília

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Est%C3%A1dio\_Nacional\_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg

Mineirão
Belo Horizonte

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mineirao\_Stadium.jpg

### Security

Since the award of the 2016 Olympics to Rio de Janeiro, the city's crime problems have received more attention. A police helicopter was shot down over a favela during one of the city's many drug wars, and the pilot was killed in the incident.[14] Rio's mayor has admitted that there are "big issues" facing the city in securing the Games from violence. However, he also said that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the bidding process.[15] The governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro also highlighted the fact that London faced security problems, with a terrorist attack occurring on the day following the IOC session that chose the city to host the 2012 Olympic Games.

The IOC, however, has expressed optimism regarding the ability of the city and the nation of Brazil to address these concerns, saying that seven years is enough time for Rio de Janeiro to clean up its crime problem.[16] IOC spokesman Mark Adams told The Associated Press, "we have confidence in their capacity to deliver a safe Games in seven years. Security is of course a very important aspect of any Olympic Games no matter where it is in the world. This is of course entirely under the national, regional and city authorities."[17][18][19] Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former president of Brazil, noted that the city has hosted other high-profile events without major incidents, for example the 2007 Pan American Games.[20]

Rio de Janeiro is planning to pacify local neighbourhoods, or favelas. Community-based Police Pacification Units (UPPs) will be used to build trust in individual communities through the use of street patrols and civic work.[21] Moreover, The Regional Institute of Public Safety reported that the homicide rate of Rio de Janeiro for the first five months of 2012 was at its lowest in the past 21 years, with 10.9 homicides for every 100,000 habitants.[22][23] Nonetheless, despite the decline in homicides and human rights abuses, Human Rights Watch urged Brazil to investigate extrajudicial killings.[24]

### Concerns over Completion

On 9 May 2014, the London Evening Standard reported IOC vice-president John Coates calling Brazil’s preparations "the worst I’ve experienced" and went on to claim that construction and infrastructure projects were severely behind schedule. "The IOC has formed a special task force to try to speed up preparations but the situation is critical on the ground," the paper quoted him as saying, concluding that such an intervention was "unprecedented".[25] Coates' concerns had previously been reported elsewhere in the media.[26][27]

Despite these initial worries, the Rio Olympics Committee reported on 29 December 2015 that most venues are complete except the Rio Olympic Velodrome (76%) and the Youth Arena (75%).[28]

### Financing

Phase I – Applicant City
Revenue Federal Government State Government Total
Public Funds R$3,022,097.88 R$3,279,984.98 R$6,302,082.86
Private Funds – – R$2,804,822.16
General Total – – R$9,106,905.02
Phase II – Candidate City
Public revenues

Revenue Public funds
Federal government R$47,402,531.75
State government R$3,617,556.00
Municipal government R$4,995,620.93
General Total R$56,015,708.68
Private revenues

Revenue Private funds
EBX R$13,000,000.00
Eike Batista R$10,000,000.00
Bradesco R$3,500,000.00
Odebrecht R$3,300,000.00
Embratel R$3,000,000.00
TAM Airlines¹ R$1,233,726.00
General Total R$34,033,726.00
TAM Airlines contributed with R$1,233,726.00 in the form of discounts in air tickets.

Note: The residual balance was used to fund the first months of operation of Rio 2016 Organizing Committee.[29]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracan%C3%A3zinho\_(4712854723).jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NovasViasCariocas-TransOeste,\_TransCarioca\_e\_TransOl%C3%ADmpica.jpg

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A\_bela\_vista\_do\_Cristo.jpg

### Ticketing

The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014, and all will be sold in Brazilian Reals (BRL). A total of 7.5 million tickets will be sold; 200,000 tickets less compared to the 2012 Summer Olympics, because the size of many arenas is smaller. Ticket prices range from BRL 40 for many events to BRL 4,600 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets will be available for BRL 70 or less.[31][32] The street events such as road cycling, race walk, and the marathon can be watched along their routes for free.

### Torch Relay

The Olympic flame was lit at the temple of Hera in Olympia on 21 April 2016, the traditional start of the Greek phase of the torch relay. On 27 April the flame was handed over to the Brazilian organizers at a ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens. A brief stop was made in Switzerland to visit the IOC headquarters and the Olympic Museum in Lausanne as well as the United Nations Office at Geneva.[33]

The torch relay began its Brazilian journey on 3 May at the capital Brasília. The torch relay will visit more than 300 Brazilian cities (including all the 26 states capitals and the Brazilian Federal District), with the last part to be held in the city of Rio de Janeiro.[34]

For the first time in the history of the Summer Olympics, the main cauldron will not be permanently located at the Games' main stadiums. Similarly to the 2010 Winter Olympics, where the cauldron was located outside the Vancouver Convention Centre, the official cauldron will be located on the Port of Rio de Janeiro.[35]

## The Games

### Opening Ceremony

The opening ceremony will take place in the Maracanã Stadium on 5 August 2016.

### Sports

The 2016 Summer Olympic program features 28 sports and a total of 41 disciplines and 306 events.

Aquatics

```
Diving (8)
Swimming (34)
Synchronized swimming (2)
Water polo (2)
Archery (4)
Athletics (47)
Badminton (5)
Basketball (2)
Boxing (13)
Canoeing

```

Slalom (4)
Sprint (12)

```
Cycling

```

BMX (2)
Mountain biking (2)
Road (4)
Track (10)

```
Equestrian

```

Dressage (2)
Eventing (2)
Jumping (2)

```
Fencing (10)
Field hockey (2)
Football (2)
Golf (2)
Gymnastics

```

Artistic (14)
Rhythmic (2)
Trampoline (2)

```
Handball (2)
Judo (14)
Modern pentathlon (2)
Rowing (14)
Rugby sevens (2)
Sailing (10)
Shooting (15)
Table tennis (4)
Taekwondo (8)
Tennis (5)
Triathlon (2)
Volleyball

```

Volleyball (2)
Beach volleyball (2)

```
Weightlifting (15)
Wrestling

```

Freestyle (12)
Greco-Roman (6)

### New Sports

There were two open spots for sports and initially seven sports began the bidding for inclusion in the 2016 program. Baseball and softball, which were dropped from the program in 2005, karate, squash, golf, roller sports, and rugby union all applied to be included. Leaders of the seven sports held presentations in front of the IOC executive board in June 2009.[36]

In August, the executive board initially gave its approval to rugby sevens—a seven-player version of rugby union—by a majority vote, thus removing baseball, roller sports, and squash from contention. Among the remaining three—golf, karate, and softball, the board approved golf as a result of consultation. The final decision regarding the remaining two sports was made on 9 October 2009, the final day of the 121st IOC Session. A new system was in place at this session; a sport now needed only a simple majority from the full IOC committee for approval rather than the two-thirds majority previously required.[37][38] International Golf Federation executive director Antony Scanlon said that the top players, including Tiger Woods and Annika Sörenstam, would show their continued support of golf's Olympic involvement by participating in the events.[39]

The International Sailing Federation announced in May 2012 that windsurfing would be replaced at the 2016 Olympics by kitesurfing,[40] but this decision was reversed in November.[41] The IOC announced in January 2013 that it would review the status of cycling events, following Lance Armstrong's admission of using performance-enhancing drugs and accusations that the cycling's governing body had covered up doping.[42]

In contrast to the exception during the 2012 Olympics, the International Gymnastics Federation announced that these Games will have a gala event for gymnastics.[43]

### Participating National Olympics Committee

167 National Olympic Committees have qualified at least one athlete. One Independent Olympian has also qualified.

As host nation, Brazil has received automatic entry for some sports including in all cycling disciplines and six places for weightlifting events.[44][45] The first three nations to qualify athletes for the Games were Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands who each qualified four athletes for the team dressage by winning medals in the team event at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.[46]

South Sudan and Kosovo are expecting to debut in the Olympic Games.

Kuwait was banned in October 2015 for the second time in five years over government interference in the country's Olympic committee.[47]

Russia was provisionally suspended in November 2015 from all international athletic (track and field) competitions, including the 2016 Summer Olympics, by the IAAF following a World Anti-Doping Agency report into doping in athletics.[48]

Due to the European migrant crisis and for other reasons, the IOC will allow athletes to compete as Independent Olympians under the Olympic Flag. In the previous Olympic Games, refugees were ineligible to compete due to their inability to represent their home NOCs.[49] On 2 March 2016, the IOC finalized plans for a specific team of Refugee Olympic Athletes (ROA); out of 43 refugee athletes deemed potentially eligible, 10 will be chosen to form the team.[50]

Participating National Olympic Committees

```
Albania (1)
Algeria (68)
American Samoa (1)
Andorra (1)
Angola (20)
Antigua and Barbuda (3)
Argentina (197)
Armenia (25)
Aruba (5)
Australia (365)
Austria (53)
Azerbaijan (53)
Bahamas (24)
Bahrain (24)
Bangladesh (1)
Barbados (11)
Belarus (115)
Belgium (88)
Benin (3)
Bermuda (6)
Bhutan (1)
Bolivia (8)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (7)
Botswana (5)
Brazil (438) (host)
British Virgin Islands (2)
Brunei (1)
Bulgaria (43)
Burkina Faso (1)
Burundi (6)
Cambodia (2)
Cameroon (22)
Canada (281)
Cape Verde (3)
Cayman Islands (3)
Central African Republic (1)
Chile (33)
China (295)
Colombia (124)
Congo (5)
DR Congo (1)
Cook Islands (5)
Costa Rica (5)
Croatia (68)
Cuba (104)
Cyprus (10)
Czech Republic (90)
Denmark (110)
Djibouti (4)
Dominica (1)
Dominican Republic (16)
Ecuador (32)
Egypt (114)
El Salvador (6)
Eritrea (8)
Estonia (37)
Ethiopia (34)
Fiji (48)
Finland (44)
France (331)
Gabon (4)
The Gambia (1)
Georgia (35)
Germany (352)
Ghana (6)
Great Britain (292)
Greece (82)
Grenada (4)
Guam (1)
Guatemala (19)
Guinea-Bissau (3)
Guyana (4)
Haiti (5)
Honduras (22)
Hong Kong (29)
Hungary (136)
Iceland (7)
India (92)
Indonesia (22)
Iran (47)
Iraq (21)
Ireland (71)
Israel (44)
Italy (245)
Ivory Coast (10)
Jamaica (43)
Japan (279)
Jordan (5)
Kazakhstan (85)
Kenya (76)
Kiribati (1)
Kuwait (7)
Kyrgyzstan (14)
Kosovo (3)
Latvia (18)
Lebanon (6)
Lesotho (4)
Liberia (1)
Libya (3)
Lithuania (64)
Luxembourg (5)
Macedonia (1)
Madagascar (1)
Malaysia (22)
Mali (1)
Malta (2)
Mauritius (8)
Mexico (97)
Moldova (19)
Monaco (1)
Mongolia (36)
Montenegro (29)
Morocco (51)
Mozambique (4)
Myanmar (1)
Namibia (10)
Nauru (1)
Nepal (1)
Netherlands (202)
New Zealand (183)
Nicaragua (1)
Niger (2)
Nigeria (63)
North Korea (35)
Norway (54)
Oman (2)
Pakistan (2)
Palau (2)
Palestine (2)
Panama (6)
Papua New Guinea (3)
Paraguay (6)
Peru (22)
Philippines (7)
Poland (176)
Portugal (83)
Puerto Rico (37)
Qatar (30)
Refugee Olympic Athletes (1)
Romania (91)
Russia (329)
Rwanda (4)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (6)
Saint Lucia (3)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2)
Samoa (6)
San Marino (3)
São Tomé and Príncipe (1)
Saudi Arabia (6)
Senegal (18)
Serbia (83)
Seychelles (5)
Singapore (21)
Slovakia (43)
Slovenia (53)
Somalia (1)
South Africa (120)
South Korea (194)
Spain (201)
Sri Lanka (6)
Sudan (1)
Suriname (2)
Sweden (125)
Switzerland (90)
Syria (3)
Chinese Taipei (43)
Tajikistan (3)
Tanzania (4)
Thailand (40)
Togo (1)
Tonga (3)
Trinidad and Tobago (25)
Tunisia (56)
Turkey (81)
Turkmenistan (4)
Uganda (15)
Ukraine (172)
United Arab Emirates (9)
United States (385)
Uruguay (12)
Uzbekistan (58)
Vanuatu (3)
Venezuela (69)
Vietnam (20)
Virgin Islands (5)
Zambia (3)
Zimbabwe (29)

```

### Calendar

This is currently based on the schedule released on the same day as ticket sales began, March 31, 2015.

All dates are Brasília Time (UTC–3)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony
August 3
Wed 4
Thu 5
Fri 6
Sat 7
Sun 8
Mon 9
Tue 10
Wed 11
Thu 12
Fri 13
Sat 14
Sun 15
Mon 16
Tue 17
Wed 18
Thu 19
Fri 20
Sat 21
Sun Gold medal events

```
Ceremonies (opening / closing)			OC																CC
Archery				1	1	●	●	●	1	1										4
Athletics										3	5	4	5	5	4	6	7	7	1	47
Badminton									●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1	2	1		5
Basketball				●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1	2
Boxing				●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1	1	1	1	1	3	4	13

```

Canoeing Slalom ● ● 1 1 2 16

```
Sprint													●	4	●	4	●	4

```

Cycling Road cycling 1 1 2 18

```
Track cycling									1	2	2	1	1	3
BMX															●	●	2
Mountain biking																		1	1
Diving					1	1	1	1		●	●	1	●	1	●	1	●	1		8
Equestrian				●	●	●	2	●	●	1		●	1	●	1		1			6
Fencing				1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1								10
Field hockey				●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1			2
Football	●	●		●	●		●	●		●	●			●	●		1	1		2
Golf									●	●	●	1			●	●	●	1		2

```

Gymnastics Artistic ● ● 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 EG 18

```
Rhythmic																	●	1	1
Trampolining										1	1
Handball				●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1	2
Judo				2	2	2	2	2	2	2										14
Modern pentathlon																●	1	1		2
Rowing				●	●	●	●	2	4	4	4									14
Rugby sevens				●	●	1	●	●	1											2
Sailing						●	●	●	●	●	●	2	2	2	2	2				10
Shooting				2	2	2	1	2	1	2	2	1								15
Swimming				4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4		1	1						34
Synchronized swimming												●	●	1		●	1			2
Table tennis				●	●	●	●	1	1	●	●	●	●	1	1					4
Taekwondo															2	2	2	2		8
Tennis				●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1	3								5
Triathlon																1		1		2

```

Volleyball Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 4

```
Indoor volleyball				●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1
Water polo				●		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1		2
Weightlifting				1	2	2	2	2		2	1	1	1	1						15
Wrestling												2	2	2	3	3	2	2	2	18

```

Total gold medal events 12 14 14 15 20 19 24 21 22 17 25 16 23 22 30 12 306
Cumulative total 12 26 40 55 75 94 118 139 161 178 203 219 242 264 294 306
August 3
Wed 4
Thu 5
Fri 6
Sat 7
Sun 8
Mon 9
Tue

### Event Times

Swimming heats will be held beginning at 13:00 BRT (UTC−3). Swimming finals will be held from 22:00 to 00:00 BRT. Some beach volleyball matches will begin at midnight BRT.[52] Meanwhile, each track and field morning session will include at least one final. There will be at least one final during each of the six morning sessions in the stadium. Eight stadium events will hold morning session finals, a first at the Olympics since 1988. The first is the women’s 10,000m on the first day of track and field competition on Friday 12 August, one week after the Opening Ceremony. The others are the men’s discus (13 August), women’s 3000m steeplechase and hammer throw (15 August), men’s triple jump and women’s discus (16 August), men’s 3000m steeplechase (17 Aug.) and men’s 400m hurdles (18 Aug.).The men's 100m finals will begin at 22:35 BRT on 14 August. The women’s 100m final is the night before at 22:35 BRT. The men’s 200m final is Thursday 18 August at 22:30 BRT. The women’s 200m fin

### Closing Ceremony

The closing ceremony will also take place at the Maracanã Stadium on 21 August 2016.

### Logo

The official emblem for the 2016 Summer Olympics was designed by the Brazilian agency Tatíl Design and unveiled on 31 December 2010.[55] The logo represents three figures, in the yellow, green, and blue of the Brazilian flag, joined at the arms and in a triple embrace, with the overall shape reflecting that of Sugarloaf Mountain. The logo was based on four concepts: contagious energy, harmonious diversity, exuberant nature, and Olympic spirit. The Rio firm Tatíl designed the winning entry for the logo in a competition involving 139 agencies.[56]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio\_2016\_Olympics\_offices.jpg

The logo has been noted as evoking Henri Matisse's painting Dance. There were also allegations by the Colorado-based Telluride Foundation that the logo had been plagiarized from its own. While also consisting of several figures linked in motion, the Telluride Foundation logo contains four figures. This is not the first time that the foundation had alleged plagiarism of its logo by a Brazilian event; in 2004, the linked figures element had been copied for the logo of Carnival celebrations in Salvador. Tatíl agency director Fred Gelli defended the design, stating that the concept of figures linked in embrace was not inherently original as it was "an ancient reference" and "in the collective unconscious". Gelli cited Dance as an influence of the logo's concept, and stated that the designers had intentionally aimed to make the interpretation of the concept as dissimilar to others as possible.[57]

### Official Mascot

The official mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 24 November 2014. Named after musician Vinicius de Moraes and representing Brazilian wildlife, the Olympic mascot Vinicius carries design traits of mammals. The mascots' fictional backstories state that they were both born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games. Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots are intended to reflect the diversity of Brazil's culture and people. The names of the mascots were determined by a public vote won over two other sets of names, tallying 44 percent of 323,327 votes, whose results were announced on 14 December 2014.[58][5

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parque\_Ol%C3%ADmpico\_da\_Barra\_da\_Tijuca\_em\_2015\_01.jpg

## Concerns and Controversies

### Zika Virus

An ongoing outbreak of the mosquito-borne Zika virus in Brazil has raised fears regarding its potential impact on athletes and visitors. Organizers plan to perform daily inspections of Olympic venues to prevent puddles of stagnant water that allow mosquitoes to breed.[60]

There have been numerous calls for the Games to be postponed, warning that the anticipated attendance of 500,000 international visitors could cause the virus to rapidly spread outside of the country.[61] In the first quarter of 2016, there were also more cases of the mosquito-borne Dengue fever than in 2015 alone.[62][63] Dr. Amir Attaran of the University of Ottawa, writing for the Harvard Public Health Review, noted that Rio had the highest concentration of Zika infections out of all Brazilian states. He argued that the Games could result in a "global catastrophe" of Zika outbreaks, and asserted that it was "socially irresponsible" and "ethically questionable" to allow the Games to continue. On the other hand, it has been argued that the threat of Zika will not be as high during the games, citing computer models and simulations, as well as the fact that the Games will be held during Southern Hemisphere winter, which may lessen mosquito activity. However, the initial outbreak of Zika in Brazil also occurred during the Winter months. Tom Frieden, director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, stated that "there is no public health reason to cancel or delay the Olympics."[64][63][62][65]

In May 2016, a group of 150 physicians and scientists sent an open letter to the World Health Organization, calling upon them to, according to co-author Arthur Caplan, have "an open, transparent discussion of the risks of holding the Olympics as planned in Brazil". The WHO dismissed the request, stating that "cancelling or changing the location of the 2016 Olympics will not significantly alter the international spread of Zika virus", and that there was "no public health justification for postponing or cancelling the games.[62][63][66]

### Sanitation

The Guanabara Bay, whose waters will be used for sailing and windsurfing competitions, is heavily polluted; among the chief causes of the pollution are uncollected trash fed into the Bay via polluted rivers and shanty towns along the coast. Pollution of the Guanabara has been a long-term issue; although officials promised at the Earth Summit in 1992 that they would begin to address the pollution, previous attempts to do so have been insufficient. As an aspect of their bid for the Games, Rio committed, once again, to making efforts towards cleaning the Bay.[67][68] However, some of these proposed initiatives have faced budgetary issues.[69]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marina\_da\_Gl%C3%B3ria\_1.jpg

Prior to these efforts, only 17% of Rio's sewage was treated;[70] this raw sewage also leaked into the Bay. In 2011, a new consortium took over the operations of Rio's sewage system in its western "AP5" zone as a legacy project for the Games. The consortium committed to building out upgrades to the sewage system that would reduce the amount of sewage flowing into the Bay by 17 million gallons by the end of 2016. However, adoption of the new system has been slow and inconsistent due to concerns by residents over installation costs.[71] Although Mayor of Rio Eduardo Paes stated that the city may not be able to reach its goal of having 80% of sewage treated,[72] at least 49% of sewage is now treated.

The pollution has led to concerns over how it will affect competitions and the health of athletes; in 2014, sailors training in the Bay told The New York Times that they had to contend with dodging various forms of trash floating in its waters, ranging from tyres to dog carcasses.[67] That December, researchers from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation found drug-resistant "super bacteria"—KPC enzymes—in samples of water from the Carioca River. They warned that "carriers can take these resistant bacteria back to their own environments and to other people, resulting in a cycle of dissemination".[72][73] Following a test event in August 2015, German sailor Erik Heil was found to have been infected with multi-resistant bacteria—believed to have been connected to the sewage.

### Political Instability and Economic Crisis

In 2014, Operation Car Wash, an investigation by the Federal Police of Brazil uncovered unprecedented money laundering and corruption at the state-controlled oil company Petrobras, where executives allegedly accepted bribes in return for awarding contracts to construction firms at inflated prices. In early 2015, a series of protests against alleged corruption by the government of President Dilma Rousseff began in Brazil, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians were involved in the Petrobras affair. By early 2016, the scandal had escalated into a full blown political crisis affecting not only President Rousseff, but also former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, resulting in massive demonstrations all over the country involving millions of protesters.

At the same time, Brazil faced its worst economic recession since the 1990s, raising questions about whether the country was adequately prepared for the Games against such a volatile political and economic backdrop. The IOC stated that they were "very closely" watching political developments. On 14 April 2016, the Olympic Security Coordination assured that the economic and political crises would not affect the security and operation of the Games.[75]

In his speech during the ceremony in Olympia, IOC President Thomas Bach commented on Brazil's political situation: "This will be Brazilian games. Despite the difficulties facing the country, the event will bring a message of hope to every corner of its territory and worldwide. The Games will take place in a moment that the world is shaken by crises. I want to pay tribute to the Brazilian people, who, in a few weeks, welcome the world with enthusiasm and will leave you amazed with his joy and his passion for the sport."[76]

President Rousseff, who is under impeachment, will not be invited to attend any event during the Games. Instead, the main invitation as head of state is to Vice President Michel Temer.[77] On 12 May, President Rousseff's powers and duties were suspended for 180 days, after a session in the Federal Senate, thus Vice President Temer will be acting president during the games.[78]

### Others

On 21 April - the day that the Olympic torch was lit - a 50-meter section of the Tim Maia bike path, crossing the Oscar Niemayer Avenue in São Conrado neighborhood and a part of the legacy of the games, was hit by a giant wave and collapsed. Two pedestrians fell into the ocean to their deaths.[79] Four days after the incident, Rio's mayor Eduardo Paes announced that the Tim Maia bike path will be repaired before the Olympics, and that the companies responsible for the path will be punished.

### Safety

Despite promises for increased security, on 21 May 2016, three members representing Spain were robbed at gunpoint in the Santa Teresa neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, by five youths, two of whom were armed with pistols.[81]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestos\_de\_15\_de\_mar%C3%A7o\_de\_2015\_no\_Rio\_de\_Janeiro.jpg

## Broadcasting

In August 2009, the IOC reached a deal to sell domestic broadcast rights to the 2016 Summer Olympics to Grupo Globo. Replacing Rede Record, the deal covers free-to-air coverage on Rede Globo, pay TV, and digital rights to the Games. In turn, Globo sub-licensed partial free-to-air rights to Rede Record, along with Rede Bandeirantes. IOC board member Richard Carrión described the agreement as "unprecedented", touting that "by working with Brazil’s leading media organizations, we are confident that this represents a great deal for Olympic fans in the region. There will be a huge increase in the amount of Olympic action broadcast, both during and outside Games time, and Brazilians will have more choice of how, when and where they follow their Olympic Games.