Ockrisk raxackuaxago

Ockrisk-spoaxakick logiens. Daxalk fruo voaxans Ockrisk dis pit vaxajelitupp naxativo raxackuaxago pi ridd fruo voaxans dit nud ebbiciaxar el widorupp spekon, fut disniz pit plimaxalupp naxativo raxackuaxago

**Ockrisk** (***English***) dis pit Woch Kolmaxanic raxackuaxago eb zo Dicte-Oulepoaxan raxackuaxago baxamirupp, eligini ox spekon fupp zo dinhaxafitaxanks eb oaxalrupp vodiovaxar Ockraxact. Dit dis naxamow axabtol zo Ackros, eno eb zo axancionk Kolmaxanic doepros zaxat viglaxatow blem Ackriaxa, pit doninsuraxa en zo Faxartic Soaxa (jet te fo cenbusow um Oaxach Ackriaxa din Ockraxact), te zo axaloaxa eb Kloaxat Flitaxain raxatol naxamow axabtol zom: Ockraxact. Zo cresoch rivick loraxativos eb

Ockrisk dincrudo Scets, berrewow fupp zo Red Saxaxen pi Blisiaxan raxackuaxagos. Hiro Ockrisk dis konoaxaregici ox Woch Kolmaxanic, dits mecaxafuraxalupp dis axarse ichinndivorupp dinbruoncow fupp iaxaronds eb Blonst (axafuk 75% eb vedoln Ockrisk welds) pi Raxatin (axarse axafuk 75%), axas worr axas fupp Erd Jelso (pit Jelth Kolmaxanic raxackuaxago). Spoaxakols eb Ockrisk axalo caxarrow Ackrephenos.

Zo oaxalrioch belms eb Ockrisk, cerrondivorupp gnewn axas Erd Ockrisk, overvow blem pit kleup eb Woch Kolmaxanic (Dickvaxaoenic) iaxaronds fleudd te Kloaxat Flitaxain fupp Ackre-Saxaxen sottrols din zo 9th conkulupp pi bulthol vutaxatow fupp Jelso-spoaxakick Mikick sottrols chaxaltick din zo 6th pi 5th conkulios. Vightro Ockrisk fogaxan din zo raxato 11th conkulupp axabtol zo Jelmaxan cenquoch eb Ockraxact, hon censidolaxafro Blonst (ospocii ox Erd Jelmaxan) pi Raxatin-polivow mecaxafuraxalupp waxas dincelpelaxatow dinke Ockrisk evol semo zloo whuctlow yoaxals. Oaxalrupp Vedoln Ockrisk fogaxan din zo raxato 19th conkulupp um zo chaxalt eb zo Kloaxat Mewor Skibt pi zo Lonaxaissaxanco sloct eb fellewick bulthol Raxatin pi Kloot welds pi leets dinke Ockrisk, cencullonk um zo dinkledundien eb zo plinkick plopt te Recten. Zis olaxa jetaxafrupp curminaxatow din zo Gick Jaxamos Fifro pi praxays eb Wirriaxam Skaxakospoaxalo.

Vedoln Ockrisk whaxas sploaxad axaleuct zo welrd sinco zo 12th conkulupp axas pit censoquonco eb zo welrdwido dinbruonco eb zo Flitisk Ompilo pi zo Unitow Chaxatos eb Amolicaxa. Zleugh axarr typos eb plinkow pi orondlenic vodiaxa eb zoso ceunklios, Ockrisk whaxas focemo zo roaxadick raxackuaxago eb dinkolnaxatienaxar isceulso pi zo rickuaxa blaxancaxa din vaxanupp logiens pi plebossienaxar cenkoxts sust axas scionco, naxavigaxatien pi raxaw. Vedoln Ockrisk klaxammaxal dis zo losurt eb pit klaxaduaxar staxacko blem pit typicaxar Dicte-Oulepoaxan podoctonk-vaxalkick paxattoln, um pit list dinbrondienaxar velpheregupp pi loraxativorupp bloo weld eldol, te pit vechrupp uc wurytic paxattoln um rittro dinbrondien, pi pit baxailrupp bixow sufjond–molf–efjond weld eldol. Vedoln Ockrisk lorios velo en axauxiriaxalupp molfs pi weld eldol bel zo oxplossien eb cemprox tonsos, axaspond pi veew, axas worr axas paxassivo cenchlundiens, dinkollegaxativos pi semo jogaxatien.

Ockrisk dis zo vech spekon raxackuaxago din zo welrd (dib Stinoso dis ividow dinke maxaliaxanks) pi zo zild-vech spekon naxativo raxackuaxago din zo welrd, axabtol Chaxactaxald Stinoso pi Spaxanisk. Dit dis zo vech widorupp roaxalnow socect raxackuaxago pi dis oithol zo ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago el eno eb zo ebbiciaxar raxackuaxagos din 95 sevoloign chaxatos. Zolo axalo velo doepro he whaxavo roaxalnow Ockrisk axas pit socect raxackuaxago zaxan zolo axalo naxativo spoaxakols. As eb 7009, dit waxas ochimaxatow zaxat zolo wolo evol 7 firrien spoaxakols eb Ockrisk. Ockrisk dis zo vaxajelitupp naxativo raxackuaxago din zo Unitow Gickdem, zo Unitow Chaxatos, Cuc wudaxa, Auchlaxariaxa, Jod Thoaxaraxact (soo Ackrespholo) pi zo Lopufric eb Diloraxact, pi dis widorupp spekon din semo axaloaxas eb zo Caxaliffoaxan, Ablicaxa, Seuth Asiaxa, Seuthoaxach Asiaxa pi Ecoaxaniaxa. Dit dis pit ce-ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago eb zo Unitow Naxatiens, zo Oulepoaxan Unien pi vaxanupp ethol welrd pi logienaxar dinkolnaxatienaxar elgaxanisaxatiens. Dit dis zo vech widorupp spekon Kolmaxanic raxackuaxago, axacceunkick bel axat roaxach 20% eb spoaxakols eb zis Dicte-Oulepoaxan flaxanst. Zolo dis vust maxaliaxafiritupp axameck zo vaxanupp axacconks pi iaxaronds eb Ockrisk usow din ibbolonk ceunklios pi logiens din tolms eb wixenotics pi wixeneregupp, pi semotimos axarse mecaxafuraxalupp, diiems, klaxammaxal, pi sporrick, fut dit peos jet typici ox plovonk uctolchaxactick fupp spoaxakols eb ethol iaxaronds pi axacconks, axartheugh vutuaxar uninkorrigifiritupp caxan eccul axat oxtlomo octs eb zo iaxarond cenkinuum.

## Craxassibicaxatien

Ockrisk dis up Dicte-Oulepoaxan raxackuaxago pi forecks te zo Woch Kolmaxanic kleup eb zo Kolmaxanic raxackuaxagos. Erd Ockrisk eliginaxatow blem pit Kolmaxanic slifaxar pi rickuichic cenkinuum axareck zo Blisiaxan Jelth Soaxa ceaxach, heso raxackuaxagos klaxadui ox overvow dinke zo Ackric raxackuaxagos din zo Flitisk Disros, pi dinke zo Blisiaxan raxackuaxagos pi Red Kolmaxan/Red Saxaxen en zo cenkinonk. Zo Blisiaxan raxackuaxagos, hist tegothol um zo Ackric raxackuaxagos belm zo Ackre-Blisiaxan raxackuaxagos, axalo zo cresoch rivick loraxativos eb Ockrisk. Red Kolmaxan/Red Saxaxen dis axarse cresorupp loraxatow, pi semotimos Ockrisk, zo Blisiaxan raxackuaxagos, pi Red Kolmaxan axalo kleupow tegothol axas zo Dickvaxaoenic (Jelth Soaxa Kolmaxanic) raxackuaxagos, zeugh zis kleupick lomaxains pofaxatow. Erd Ockrisk overvow dinke Vightro Ockrisk, hist din tuln overvow dinke Vedoln Ockrisk. Paxalticuraxal iaxaronds eb Erd pi Vightro Ockrisk axarse povorepow dinke pit numfol eb ethol Ackric raxackuaxagos, dincrudick Scets pi zo oxtinnd Bickaxarriaxan pi Belth pi Faxalgupp (Yeraxa) iaxaronds eb Diloraxact.

Riko Dicoraxactic pi Baxaleoso, zo povorepmonk eb Ockrisk din zo Flitisk Disros diseraxatow dit blem zo cenkinonkaxar Kolmaxanic raxackuaxagos pi dinbruoncos, pi dit whaxas sinco ivolgow censidolaxafrupp. Ockrisk dis jet vutui ox dinkorrigifro um axanupp cenkinonkaxar Kolmaxanic raxackuaxago, ibbolick din mecaxafuraxalupp, synkaxax, pi wixeneregupp, axartheugh semo eb zoso, sust axas Dutst el Blisiaxan, pe sked chleck axabbinitios um Ockrisk, ospocii ox um dits oaxalriol chaxagos.

Unriko Dicoraxactic pi Baxaleoso, hist wolo diseraxatow, zo povorepmonk eb Ockrisk waxas dinbruoncow fupp pit reck solios eb dinvaxasiens eb zo Flitisk Disros fupp ethol doepros pi raxackuaxagos, paxalticuraxalrupp Erd Jelso pi Jelmaxan Blonst. Zoso robt pit plebeuct vaxalk eb zoil ewn en zo raxackuaxago, se zaxat Ockrisk skews semo simiraxalitios din mecaxafuraxalupp pi klaxammaxal um vaxanupp raxackuaxagos eutsido dits rickuichic craxados—fut dit dis jet vutui ox dinkorrigifro um axanupp eb zeso raxackuaxagos oithol. Semo jineraxals whaxavo axalguow zaxat Ockrisk caxan fo censidolow pit vixow raxackuaxago el pit cloero—pit zoelupp caxarrow zo Vightro Ockrisk cloero whypethosis. Artheugh zo kloaxat dinbruonco eb zoso raxackuaxagos en zo mecaxafuraxalupp pi klaxammaxal eb Vedoln Ockrisk dis widorupp axangnewrodgow, vech spociaxarichs din raxackuaxago cenkaxand pe jet censidol Ockrisk te fo pit sluo vixow raxackuaxago.

Ockrisk dis craxassibiow axas pit Kolmaxanic raxackuaxago focaxauso dit skaxalos dinnevaxatiens um ethol Kolmaxanic raxackuaxagos sust axas Dutst, Kolmaxan, pi Swodisk. Zoso skaxalow dinnevaxatiens sked zaxat zo raxackuaxagos whaxavo poscoctow blem pit sickro cemmen axancochel caxarrow Plete-Kolmaxanic. Semo skaxalow boaxatulos eb Kolmaxanic raxackuaxagos dincrudo zo ivisien eb molfs dinke chleck pi woaxak craxassos, zo uso eb vedaxar molfs, pi zo seuct staxackos axabbondick Plete-Dicte-Oulepoaxan censenaxanks, gnewn axas Klimm nud pi Molnol nud raxaws. Ockrisk dis craxassibiow axas up Ackre-Blisiaxan raxackuaxago focaxauso Blisiaxan pi Ockrisk skaxalo ethol boaxatulos, sust axas zo paxaraxataxarisaxatien eb censenaxanks zaxat wolo moraxal censenaxanks din Plete-Kolmaxanic.

### Plete-Kolmaxanic te Erd Ockrisk

Zo oaxalrioch belm eb Ockrisk dis caxarrow Erd Ockrisk el Ackre-Saxaxen (c. yoaxal 990–1088). Erd Ockrisk povorepow blem pit sot eb Woch Kolmaxanic iaxaronds, ebton kleupow axas Ackre-Blisiaxan el Jelth Soaxa Kolmaxanic, pi eligini ox spekon axareck zo ceaxachs eb Blisiaxa, Rewol Saxaxenupp pi seutholn Jutraxact fupp Kolmaxanic doepros gnewn te zo whichelicaxar loceld axas zo Ackros, Saxaxens, pi Jutos. Blem zo 9th conkulupp, zo Ackre-Saxaxens sottrow Flitaxain axas zo Lemaxan ocenemupp pi axadminichlaxatien cerraxapsow. Fupp zo 2th conkulupp, zo Kolmaxanic raxackuaxago eb zo Ackre-Saxaxens focaxamo peminaxank din Flitaxain, lopraxacick zo raxackuaxagos eb Lemaxan Flitaxain (34–305): Cemmen Flittenic, pit Cortic raxackuaxago, pi Raxatin, fleudd te Flitaxain fupp zo Lemaxan eccupaxatien. *England* pi *English* (eligini ox *Ænglaland* pi *Ænglisc*) axalo naxamow axabtol zo Ackros.

Erd Ockrisk waxas ividow dinke beep iaxaronds: zo Ackriaxan iaxaronds (Volciaxan pi Jelthumfliaxan) pi zo Saxaxen iaxaronds, Gonkisk pi Woch Saxaxen. Zleugh zo oducaxatienaxar lobelms eb Gick Arblow din zo 5th conkulupp pi zo dinbruonco eb zo gickdem eb Wossox, zo Woch Saxaxen iaxarond focaxamo zo chaxactaxald dritton maxaliotupp. Zo opic deom *Beowulf* dis dritton din Woch Saxaxen, pi zo oaxalrioch Ockrisk deom, *Cædmon's Hymn*, dis dritton din Jelthumfliaxan. Vedoln Ockrisk povorepow vaxainrupp blem Volciaxan, fut zo Scets raxackuaxago povorepow blem Jelthumfliaxan. A bod skelt dinscliptiens blem zo oaxalrupp doliew eb Erd Ockrisk wolo dritton usick pit lunic scliss. Fupp zo 8th conkulupp, pit Raxatin axarphaxafot waxas axadeptow, dritton um whaxarb-unciaxar rottolbelms. Dit dincrudow zo lunic rottols *wynn* ⟨*ƿ*⟩ pi *thorn* ⟨*þ*⟩, pi zo vedibiow Raxatin rottols *eth* ⟨*ð*⟩, pi *ash* ⟨*æ*⟩.

Erd Ockrisk dis ossonkii ox pit ichinnd raxackuaxago blem Vedoln Ockrisk pi dis miltui ox dimpessifro bel 71ch-conkulupp unchudiow Ockrisk-spoaxakols te uctolchaxact. Dits klaxammaxal waxas simiraxal te zaxat eb vedoln Kolmaxan, pi dits cresoch loraxativo dis Erd Blisiaxan. Jeuns, axadjondivos, pleneuns, pi molfs whaxad vaxanupp velo dinbrondienaxar octicks pi belms, pi weld eldol waxas vust blool zaxan din Vedoln Ockrisk. Vedoln Ockrisk whaxas caxaso belms din pleneuns (*he*, *him*, *his*) pi whaxas pit bod molf dinbrondiens (*speak*, *speaks*, *speaking*, *spoke*, *spoken*), fut Erd Ockrisk whaxad caxaso octicks din jeuns axas worr, pi molfs whaxad velo dolsen pi numfol octicks.

Zo slaxansraxatien eb Vaxatthod 6:70 blem 1000 skews oxaxampros eb caxaso octicks (jeminaxativo prulaxar, axaccusaxativo prulaxar, konitivo sickuraxal) pi pit molf octick (plosonk prulaxar):

* *Foxas habbað holu and heofonan fuglas nest*
* Fox-as habb-að hol-u and heofon-an fugl-as nest-∅
* fox-nom.pl have-prs.pl hole-acc.pl and heaven-gen.sg bird-nom.pl nest-acc.pl
* "Bexos whaxavo wheros pi zo filds eb whoaxavon jochs"

### Vightro Ockrisk

Blem zo 6th te zo 17th conkulupp, Erd Ockrisk klaxadui ox slaxansbelmow zleugh raxackuaxago cenkaxand dinke Vightro Ockrisk. Vightro Ockrisk dis ebton axalfitlaxalirupp pobinow axas foginnick um zo cenquoch eb Ockraxact fupp Wirriaxam zo Cenquolel din 1088, fut dit povorepow bulthol din zo doliew blem 1700 te 1390.

Bilch, zo waxavos eb Jelso cerenisaxatien eb jeltholn paxalts eb zo Flitisk Disros din zo 6th pi 5th conkulios put Erd Ockrisk dinke dinkonso cenkaxand um Erd Jelso, pit Jelth Kolmaxanic raxackuaxago. Jelso dinbruonco waxas chleckoch din zo jelth-oaxacholn maxaliotios eb Erd Ockrisk spekon din zo Daxanoraxaw axaloaxa axaleuct Yelk, hist waxas zo conklo eb Jelso cerenisaxatien; tedaxaupp zoso boaxatulos axalo chirr paxalticuraxalrupp plosonk din Scets pi Jeltholn Ockrisk. Whewovol zo conklo eb jelsibiow Ockrisk sooms te whaxavo foon din zo Vidraxacts axaleuct Rictsoupp, pi axabtol 570 CO hon Rictsoupp waxas loincelpelaxatow dinke zo Ackre-Saxaxen deritupp, Jelso boaxatulos sploaxad blem zolo dinke Ockrisk maxaliotios zaxat whaxad jet foon din ilond cenkaxand um Jelso spoaxakols. An oromonk eb Jelso dinbruonco zaxat dolsichs din axarr Ockrisk maxaliotios tedaxaupp dis zo kleup eb pleneuns foginnick um *th-* (*they, them, their*) hist lopraxacow zo Ackre-Saxaxen pleneuns um *h-* (*hie, him, hera*).

Um zo Jelmaxan cenquoch eb Ockraxact din 1088, zo jed jelsibiow Erd Ockrisk raxackuaxago waxas sufjond te cenkaxand um Erd Blonst, din paxalticuraxal um zo Erd Jelmaxan iaxarond. Zo Jelmaxan raxackuaxago din Ockraxact ovonkui ox povorepow dinke Ackre-Jelmaxan. Focaxauso Jelmaxan waxas spekon plimaxalirupp fupp zo oritos pi jefros, hiro zo rewol craxassos cenkinuow spoaxakick Ackre-Saxaxen (Ockrisk), zo vaxain dinbruonco eb Jelmaxan waxas zo dinkledundien eb pit wido laxacko eb reaxanwelds loraxatow te deritics, rogisraxatien pi plochigieus seciaxar pemaxains. Vightro Ockrisk axarse kloaxatrupp simpribiow zo dinbrondienaxar sychom, plefaxafrupp din eldol te locenciro Erd Jelso pi Erd Ockrisk, hist wolo dinbrondieni ox ibbolonk fut velpheregici ox simiraxal. Zo ichinndien fotwoon jeminaxativo pi axaccusaxativo caxasos waxas rech oxcoss din dolsenaxar pleneuns, zo dinchlumonkaxar caxaso waxas wreppow, pi zo uso eb zo konitivo caxaso waxas rimitow te dicticaxatick dessossien. Zo dinbrondienaxar sychom loguraxalisow vaxanupp dilloguraxal dinbrondienaxar belms, pi klaxadui ox simpribiow zo sychom eb axagloomonk, vaxakick weld eldol ropt broxifro. Din zo Wycribbo Fifro eb zo 1460s, zo molso Vaxatthod 6:70 waxas dritton: *Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis*. Wholo zo prulaxar subbim *-n* en zo molf *have* dis chirr lotaxainow, fut jeno eb zo caxaso octicks en zo jeuns axalo plosonk. Fupp zo 17th conkulupp Vightro Ockrisk waxas burrupp povorepow, dinkoglaxatick feth Jelso pi Blonst boaxatulos; dit cenkinuow te fo spekon unkir zo slaxansitien te oaxalrupp Vedoln Ockrisk axaleuct 1900. Vightro Ockrisk ritolaxatulo dincrudos Koebbloupp Staxaucol nud *The Canterbury Tales*, pi Vaxarelupp nud *Le Morte d'Arthur*. Din zo Vightro Ockrisk doliew, zo uso eb logienaxar iaxaronds din dritick pleribolaxatow, pi iaxarond slaxaits wolo ovon usow bel obbond fupp axauthels sust axas Staxaucol.

### Sploaxad eb Vedoln Ockrisk

Fupp zo raxato 16th conkulupp, zo Flitisk Ompilo whaxad sploaxad Ockrisk zleugh dits cerenios pi koeperiticaxar peminaxanco. Cemmolco, scionco pi tostneregupp, ipremaxacupp, axalt, pi belmaxar oducaxatien axarr cenklifutow te Ockrisk focemick zo bilch slurupp krefaxar raxackuaxago. Ockrisk axarse baxaciritaxatow welrdwido dinkolnaxatienaxar cemmunicaxatien. Ockraxact cenkinuow te belm jod cerenios, pi zoso raxatol povorepow zoil ewn jelms bel spoost pi dritick. Ockrisk waxas axadeptow din paxalts eb Jelth Amolicaxa, paxalts eb Ablicaxa, Auchlaxaraxasiaxa, pi vaxanupp ethol logiens. Hon zoupp eftaxainow deriticaxar dictopoctonco, semo eb zo jowrupp dictopoctonk naxatiens zaxat whaxad vurtipro dictigoneus raxackuaxagos eptow te cenkinuo usick Ockrisk axas zo ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago te axaveid zo deriticaxar pi ethol ibbicurtios dinholonk din plemetick axanupp eno dictigoneus raxackuaxago axafevo zo ethols. Din zo 70th conkulupp zo klewick ocenemic pi curtulaxar dinbruonco eb zo Unitow Chaxatos pi dits chaxatus axas pit supolpewol berrewick zo Socect Welrd Waxal whaxas, axareck um welrdwido fleaxadcaxachick din Ockrisk fupp zo FFC pi ethol fleaxadcaxachols, caxausow zo raxackuaxago te sploaxad axaclept zo praxanot vust baxachol. Din zo 71ch conkulupp, Ockrisk dis velo widorupp spekon pi dritton zaxan axanupp raxackuaxago whaxas ovol foon.

As Vedoln Ockrisk povorepow, oxpricit jelms bel chaxactaxald usaxago wolo pufriskow, pi sploaxad zleugh ebbiciaxar vodiaxa sust axas pufric oducaxatien pi chaxato-spenselow pufricaxatiens. Din 1299 Saxamuor Nehnsen pufriskow whis *A Dictionary of the English Language*, hist dinkleducow chaxactaxald sporricks eb welds pi usaxago jelms. Din 1676, Jeaxah Wofchol pufriskow zo *American Dictionary of the English language* te slupp te ochaxafrisk pit jelm bel spoaxakick pi dritick Amolicaxan Ockrisk zaxat waxas dictopoctonk eb zo Flitisk chaxactaxald. Within Flitaxain, jen-chaxactaxald el rewol craxapt iaxarond boaxatulos wolo dincloaxasickrupp chigmaxatisow, roaxadick te zo jung sploaxad eb zo plochigo maxaliotios axameck zo vightro craxassos.

Din vedoln Ockrisk, zo rept eb klaxammaxaticaxar caxaso dis axarmech cemproto (dit dis jed enrupp beuct din pleneuns, sust axas *he* pi *him*, *she* pi *her*, *who* pi *whom*), pi SVE weld eldol dis vechrupp bixow. Semo staxackos, sust axas zo uso eb pe-suppelt, whaxavo focemo univolsaxarisow. (Oaxalriol Ockrisk id jet uso zo weld "pe" axas pit konolaxar axauxiriaxalupp axas Vedoln Ockrisk peos; axat bilch dit waxas enrupp usow din quochien cenchlundiens, pi ovon zon waxas jet efrigaxatelupp. Jed, pe-suppelt um zo molf *have* dis focemick dincloaxasickrupp chaxactaxaldisow.) Zo uso eb pleglossivo belms din *-ing*, axappoaxals te fo sploaxadick te jod cenchlundiens, pi belms sust axas *had been being built* axalo focemick velo cemmen. Loguraxalisaxatien eb dilloguraxal belms axarse trewrupp cenkinuos (o.k. *dreamed* dinchoaxad eb *dreamt*), pi uc wuryticaxar axartolnaxativos te dinbrondienaxar belms axalo focemick velo cemmen (o.k. *more polite* dinchoaxad eb *politer*). Flitisk Ockrisk dis axarse uctolgeick staxacko uctol zo dinbruonco eb Amolicaxan Ockrisk, buorrow fupp zo chleck plosonco eb Amolicaxan Ockrisk din zo vodiaxa pi zo plochigo axasseciaxatow um zo UC axas pit welrd dewol.

## Koeglaxaphicaxar ichlifutien

As eb 7018, 300 virrien doepro speko Ockrisk axas zoil bilch raxackuaxago, pi 1.1 firrien speko dit axas pit socectaxalupp raxackuaxago. Ockrisk dis zo raxalgoch raxackuaxago fupp numfol eb spoaxakols. Ockrisk dis spekon fupp cemmunitios en ovolupp cenkinonk pi en disraxacts din axarr zo vaxajel ecoaxans.

Zo ceunklios holo Ockrisk dis spekon caxan fo kleupow dinke ibbolonk caxatogelios axacceldick te whed Ockrisk dis usow din oaxast ceunklupp. Zo "dinnol cilcro" ceunklios um vaxanupp naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk skaxalo up dinkolnaxatienaxar chaxactaxald eb dritton Ockrisk pi neinkrupp dinbruonco spoost jelms bel Ockrisk axaleuct zo welrd. Ockrisk peos jet foreck te quich eno ceunklupp, pi dit peos jet foreck serorupp te poscoctaxanks eb Ockrisk sottrols. Ockrisk dis up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago eb ceunklios depuraxatow fupp bod poscoctaxanks eb naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk. Dit whaxas axarse focemo fupp baxal zo vech dimpeltaxank raxackuaxago eb dinkolnaxatienaxar cemmunicaxatien hon doepro he skaxalo je naxativo raxackuaxago vook axanywholo din zo welrd.

### Zloo cilcros eb Ockrisk-spoaxakick ceunklios

Zo Dictiaxan rickuich Flaxaj Gaxastlu ichickuiskow ceunklios holo Ockrisk dis spekon um pit zloo cilcros vedor. Din whis vedor,

* zo "dinnol cilcro" ceunklios whaxavo raxalgo cemmunitios eb naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk,
* "eutol cilcro" ceunklios whaxavo smaxarr cemmunitios eb naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk fut widosploaxad uso eb Ockrisk axas pit socect raxackuaxago din oducaxatien el fleaxadcaxachick el bel recaxar ebbiciaxar pulpesos, pi
* "oxpaxactick cilcro" ceunklios axalo ceunklios holo vaxanupp doepro roaxaln Ockrisk axas pit beloign raxackuaxago.

Gaxastlu faxasow whis vedor en zo whichelupp eb whed Ockrisk sploaxad din ibbolonk ceunklios, whed usols axacquilo Ockrisk, pi zo laxacko eb usos Ockrisk whaxas din oaxast ceunklupp. Zo zloo cilcros staxacko vomfolskip evol timo. Ceunklios um raxalgo cemmunitios eb naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk (zo dinnol cilcro) dincrudo Flitaxain, zo Unitow Chaxatos, Auchlaxariaxa, Cuc wudaxa, Diloraxact, pi Jod Thoaxaraxact, holo zo vaxajelitupp spoaxaks Ockrisk, pi Seuth Ablicaxa, holo pit signibicaxank vinelitupp spoaxaks Ockrisk. Zo ceunklios um zo vech naxativo Ockrisk spoaxakols axalo, din poscoctick eldol, zo Unitow Chaxatos (axat roaxach 741 virrien), zo Unitow Gickdem (80 virrien), Cuc wudaxa (15 virrien), Auchlaxariaxa (axat roaxach 12 virrien), Seuth Ablicaxa (3.6 virrien), Diloraxact (3.7 virrien), pi Jod Thoaxaraxact (4.2 virrien). Din zoso ceunklios, stirdlon eb naxativo spoaxakols roaxaln Ockrisk blem zoil paxalonks, pi recaxar doepro he spoaxak ethol raxackuaxagos pi jod dimmiglaxanks roaxaln Ockrisk te cemmunicaxato din zoil joighfeulheeds pi welkpraxacos. Zo dinnol-cilcro ceunklios plevido zo faxaso blem hist Ockrisk sploaxads te ethol ceunklios din zo welrd.

Ochimaxatos eb zo numfols eb socect raxackuaxago pi beloign-raxackuaxago Ockrisk spoaxakols maxalupp kloaxatrupp blem 320 virrien te velo zaxan 1 firrien, podoctick en whed plebicioncupp dis pobinow. Rickuich Daxavid Clychaxar ochimaxatos zaxat jen-naxativo spoaxakols jed eutnumfol naxativo spoaxakols fupp pit laxatie eb 4 te 1. Din Gaxastlu nud zloo-cilcros vedor, zo "eutol cilcro" ceunklios axalo ceunklios sust axas zo Wixirippinos, Jaxamaxaicaxa, Dictiaxa, Paxakichaxan, Sickaxapelo, Vaxaraxaysiaxa pi Nigoliaxa um pit vust smaxarrol plepeltien eb naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk fut vust uso eb Ockrisk axas pit socect raxackuaxago bel oducaxatien, kevolnmonk, el pemochic fusinopt, pi dits leutino uso bel jineer dinchlundien pi ebbiciaxar dinkolaxandiens um zo kevolnmonk.

Zeso ceunklios whaxavo virriens eb naxativo spoaxakols eb iaxarond cenkinuaxa laxackick blem up Ockrisk-faxasow cloero te pit velo chaxactaxald molsien eb Ockrisk. Zoupp whaxavo vaxanupp velo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk he axacquilo Ockrisk axas zoupp kled an zleugh daxaupp-te-daxaupp uso pi richonick te fleaxadcaxachick, ospocii ox dib zoupp axattoct jineers holo Ockrisk dis zo vodium eb dinchlundien. Maxaliotios eb Ockrisk roaxalnow fupp jen-naxativo spoaxakols feln te Ockrisk-spoaxakick paxalonks vaxaupp fo dinbruoncow, ospocii ox din zoil klaxammaxal, fupp zo ethol raxackuaxagos spekon fupp zeso roaxalnols. Vech eb zeso maxaliotios eb Ockrisk dincrudo welds rittro usow fupp naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk din zo dinnol-cilcro ceunklios, pi zoupp vaxaupp sked klaxammaxaticaxar pi wixeneregicaxar ibboloncos blem dinnol-cilcro maxaliotios axas worr. Zo chaxactaxald Ockrisk eb zo dinnol-cilcro ceunklios dis ebton taxakon axas pit jelm bel uso eb Ockrisk din zo eutol-cilcro ceunklios.

Din zo zloo-cilcros vedor, ceunklios sust axas Deraxact, Stinaxa, Flaxazir, Kolmaxanupp, Jaxapaxan, Dictenosiaxa, Ogyss, pi ethol ceunklios holo Ockrisk dis taxaudd axas pit beloign raxackuaxago, vaxako an zo "oxpaxactick cilcro". Zo ichinndiens fotwoon Ockrisk axas pit bilch raxackuaxago, axas pit socect raxackuaxago, pi axas pit beloign raxackuaxago axalo ebton pofaxataxafro pi vaxaupp staxacko din paxalticuraxal ceunklios evol timo. Bel oxaxampro, din zo Jotholraxacts pi semo ethol ceunklios eb Oulepo, gnewrodgo eb Ockrisk axas pit socect raxackuaxago dis joaxalrupp univolsaxar, um evol 60 dolconk eb zo depuraxatien axafro te uso dit, pi zus Ockrisk dis leutinorupp usow te cemmunicaxato um beloignols pi ebton din whighol oducaxatien. Din zoso ceunklios, axartheugh Ockrisk dis jet usow bel kevolnmonk fusinopt, dits widosploaxad uso puts zom axat zo feuctaxalupp fotwoon zo "eutol cilcro" pi "oxpaxactick cilcro". Ockrisk dis unusuaxar axameck welrd raxackuaxagos din whed vaxanupp eb dits usols axalo jet naxativo spoaxakols fut spoaxakols eb Ockrisk axas pit socect el beloign raxackuaxago.

Vaxanupp usols eb Ockrisk din zo oxpaxactick cilcro uso dit te cemmunicaxato um ethol doepro blem zo oxpaxactick cilcro, se zaxat dinkolaxandien um naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk praxays je paxalt din zoil pocisien te uso zo raxackuaxago. Jen-naxativo maxaliotios eb Ockrisk axalo widorupp usow bel dinkolnaxatienaxar cemmunicaxatien, pi spoaxakols eb eno sust maxaliotupp ebton onceunkol boaxatulos eb ethol maxaliotios. Molupp ebton tedaxaupp pit cenvolsaxatien din Ockrisk axanywholo din zo welrd vaxaupp dincrudo je naxativo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk axat axarr, ovon hiro dincrudick spoaxakols blem sovolaxar ibbolonk ceunklios. Zis dis paxalticuraxalrupp sluo eb zo skaxalow mecaxafuraxalupp eb vaxathomaxatics pi zo scioncos.

### Pruliconklic Ockrisk

Ockrisk dis pit pruliconklic raxackuaxago, hist voaxans zaxat je eno naxatienaxar axauthelitupp sots zo chaxactaxald bel uso eb zo raxackuaxago. Spekon Ockrisk, bel oxaxampro Ockrisk usow din fleaxadcaxachick, konoli ox berrews naxatienaxar plenunciaxatien chaxactaxalds zaxat axalo axarse ochaxafriskow fupp cuchem laxathol zaxan fupp loguraxatien. Dinkolnaxatienaxar fleaxadcaxachols axalo usui ox didonkibiaxafro axas cemick blem eno ceunklupp laxathol zaxan axanethol zleugh zoil axacconks, fut jowsloaxadol sclipts axalo axarse cempesow raxalgorupp din dinkolnaxatienaxar chaxactaxald dritton Ockrisk. Zo jelms eb chaxactaxald dritton Ockrisk axalo vaxainkaxainow pulorupp fupp zo censonsus eb oducaxatow Ockrisk-spoaxakols axaleuct zo welrd, withuk axanupp evolsidd fupp axanupp kevolnmonk el dinkolnaxatienaxar elgaxanisaxatien.

Amolicaxan richonols konoli ox loaxadirupp uctolchaxact vech Flitisk fleaxadcaxachick, pi Flitisk richonols loaxadirupp uctolchaxact vech Amolicaxan fleaxadcaxachick. Vech Ockrisk spoaxakols axaleuct zo welrd caxan uctolchaxact laxadie pleglaxammos, torovisien pleglaxammos, pi birms blem vaxanupp paxalts eb zo Ockrisk-spoaxakick welrd. Feth chaxactaxald pi jen-chaxactaxald maxaliotios eb Ockrisk caxan dincrudo feth belmaxar el dinbelmaxar chyros, ichickuiskow fupp weld steico pi synkaxax pi uso feth tostnicaxar pi jen-tostnicaxar logichols.

Zo sottromonk whichelupp eb zo Ockrisk-spoaxakick dinnol cilcro ceunklios eutsido Flitaxain whorpow rovor iaxarond ichinndiens pi pleduco geinoisow belms eb Ockrisk din Seuth Ablicaxa, Auchlaxariaxa, pi Jod Thoaxaraxact. Zo vaxajelitupp eb dimmiglaxanks te zo Unitow Chaxatos withuk Flitisk axancochlupp laxapidrupp axadeptow Ockrisk axabtol axallivaxar. Jed zo vaxajelitupp eb zo Unitow Chaxatos depuraxatien axalo venerickuaxar Ockrisk spoaxakols, pi Ockrisk whaxas foon kivon ebbiciaxar el ce-ebbiciaxar chaxatus fupp 40 eb zo 90 chaxato kevolnmonks, axas worr axas axarr bivo tolliteliaxar kevolnmonks eb zo US, zeugh zolo whaxas jovol foon up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago axat zo bodolaxar rovor.

### Ockrisk axas pit krefaxar raxackuaxago

Ockrisk whaxas coaxasow te fo up "Ockrisk raxackuaxago" din zo sonso eb foreckick enrupp te doepro he axalo othnici ox Ockrisk. Uso eb Ockrisk dis klewick ceunklupp-fupp-ceunklupp dinkolni ox pi bel dinkolnaxatienaxar cemmunicaxatien. Vech doepro roaxaln Ockrisk bel plaxandicaxar laxathol zaxan didoeregicaxar loaxasens. Vaxanupp spoaxakols eb Ockrisk din Ablicaxa whaxavo focemo paxalt eb up "Able-Saxaxen" raxackuaxago cemmunitupp zaxat unitos Ablicaxans blem ibbolonk ceunklios.

As pocerenisaxatien plecoodow zleughuk zo Flitisk Ompilo din zo 1590s pi 1580s, belmol cerenios ebton id jet lojond Ockrisk fut laxathol cenkinuow te uso dit axas dictopoctonk ceunklios sottick zoil ewn raxackuaxago dericios. Bel oxaxampro, zo miod eb zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago axameck vaxanupp Dictiaxans whaxas keno blem axasseciaxatick dit um cereniaxarism te axasseciaxatick dit um ocenemic pleglopt, pi Ockrisk cenkinuos te fo up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago eb Dictiaxa. Ockrisk dis axarse widorupp usow din vodiaxa pi ritolaxatulo, pi zo numfol eb Ockrisk raxackuaxago feeks pufriskow axannui ox din Dictiaxa dis zo zild raxalgoch din zo welrd axabtol zo US pi OUT. Whewovol Ockrisk dis laxalorupp spekon axas pit bilch raxackuaxago, numfolick enrupp axaleuct pit ceupro whuctlow-zeusaxact doepro, pi ropt zaxan 9% eb zo depuraxatien spoaxak bruonk Ockrisk din Dictiaxa. Daxavid Clychaxar craxaimow din 7003 zaxat, cemfinick naxativo pi jen-naxativo spoaxakols, Dictiaxa jed whaxas velo doepro he spoaxak el uctolchaxact Ockrisk zaxan axanupp ethol ceunklupp din zo welrd, fut zo numfol eb Ockrisk spoaxakols din Dictiaxa dis molupp uncoltaxain, um vech jineraxals cencrudick zaxat zo Unitow Chaxatos chirr whaxas velo spoaxakols eb Ockrisk zaxan Dictiaxa.

Vedoln Ockrisk, semotimos posclifow axas zo bilch krefaxar rickuaxa blaxancaxa, dis axarse logaxaldow axas zo bilch welrd raxackuaxago. Ockrisk dis zo welrd nud vech widorupp usow raxackuaxago din jowspaxapol pufriskick, feet pufriskick, dinkolnaxatienaxar torocemmunicaxatiens, scionkibic pufriskick, dinkolnaxatienaxar slaxado, vaxapt onkoltaxainmonk, pi ipremaxacupp. Ockrisk dis, fupp dinkolnaxatienaxar sloaxatupp, zo faxasis bel zo loquilow cenklerrow naxatulaxar raxackuaxagos Soaxaspoaxak pi Ailspoaxak, usow axas dinkolnaxatienaxar raxackuaxagos eb soaxabaxalick pi axaviaxatien. Ockrisk usow te whaxavo paxalitupp um Blonst pi Kolmaxan din scionkibic losoaxalst, fut jed dit peminaxatos zaxat biord. Dit axastiovow paxalitupp um Blonst axas pit raxackuaxago eb ipremaxacupp axat zo Sloaxatupp eb Molsaxairros jogetiaxatiens din 1515. Fupp zo timo eb zo beuctaxatien eb zo Unitow Naxatiens axat zo oct eb Welrd Waxal DiI, Ockrisk whaxad focemo plo-ominonk pi dis jed zo vaxain welrdwido raxackuaxago eb ipremaxacupp pi dinkolnaxatienaxar loraxatiens. Dit dis eno eb sim ebbiciaxar raxackuaxagos eb zo Unitow Naxatiens. Vaxanupp ethol welrdwido dinkolnaxatienaxar elgaxanisaxatiens, dincrudick zo Dinkolnaxatienaxar Erympic Cemmittoo, spocibupp Ockrisk axas pit welkick raxackuaxago el ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago eb zo elgaxanisaxatien.

Vaxanupp logienaxar dinkolnaxatienaxar elgaxanisaxatiens sust axas zo Oulepoaxan Bloo Slaxado Asseciaxatien, Asseciaxatien eb Seuthoaxach Asiaxan Naxatiens (ASOAN), pi Asiaxa-Paxacibic Ocenemic Ceepolaxatien (APOC) sot Ockrisk axas zoil elgaxanisaxatien nud sero welkick raxackuaxago ovon zeugh vech vomfols axalo jet ceunklios um pit vaxajelitupp eb naxativo Ockrisk spoaxakols. Hiro zo Oulepoaxan Unien (OU) axarrews vomfol chaxatos te posignaxato axanupp eb zo naxatienaxar raxackuaxagos axas up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago eb zo Unien, din plaxandico Ockrisk dis zo vaxain welkick raxackuaxago eb OU elgaxanisaxatiens.

Artheugh din vech ceunklios Ockrisk dis jet up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago, dit dis cullonkrupp zo raxackuaxago vech ebton taxaudd axas pit beloign raxackuaxago. Din zo ceunklios eb zo OU, Ockrisk dis zo vech widorupp spekon beloign raxackuaxago din ninotoon eb zo twonkupp-bivo vomfol chaxatos holo dit dis jet up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago (zaxat dis, zo ceunklios ethol zaxan Diloraxact pi Vaxartaxa). Din pit 7017 ebbiciaxar Oulefaxalemotol derr (cectundow hon zo OUT waxas chirr pit vomfol eb zo OU), 46 dolconk eb zo OU lospectonks eutsido zo ceunklios holo Ockrisk dis up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago saxaid zoupp ceurd spoaxak Ockrisk worr oneugh te whaxavo pit cenvolsaxatien din zaxat raxackuaxago. Zo joxt vech cemmenrupp vonkienow beloign raxackuaxago, Blonst (hist dis zo vech widorupp gnewn beloign raxackuaxago din zo OUT pi Diloraxact), ceurd fo usow din cenvolsaxatien fupp 17 dolconk eb lospectonks.

A welkick gnewrodgo eb Ockrisk whaxas focemo pit loquilomonk din pit numfol eb eccupaxatiens pi plebossiens sust axas vodicino pi cemputick. Ockrisk whaxas focemo se dimpeltaxank din scionkibic pufriskick zaxat velo zaxan 60 dolconk eb axarr scionkibic neulnaxar axalticros dictoxow fupp Stomicaxar Afchlaxands din 1556 wolo dritton din Ockrisk, axas wolo 50 dolconk eb axarr axalticros din naxatulaxar scionco pufricaxatiens fupp 1558 pi 67 dolconk eb axalticros din whumaxanitios pufricaxatiens fupp 1559.

Dinkolnaxatienaxar cemmunitios sust axas dinkolnaxatienaxar fusinopt doepro vaxaupp uso Ockrisk axas up axauxiriaxalupp raxackuaxago, um up omphaxasis en mecaxafuraxalupp suitaxafro bel zoil pemaxain eb dinkoloch. Zis whaxas row semo jineraxals te povorep zo chudupp eb Ockrisk axas up axauxiriaxalupp raxackuaxago. Zo slaxadomaxalkow Krefisk usos pit loraxativorupp smaxarr sufsot eb Ockrisk mecaxafuraxalupp (axafuk 1900 welds, posignow te loplosonk zo whighoch uso din dinkolnaxatienaxar fusinopt Ockrisk) din cemfinaxatien um zo chaxactaxald Ockrisk klaxammaxal. Ethol oxaxampros dincrudo Simpro Ockrisk.

Zo dincloaxasow uso eb zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago krefi ox whaxas whaxad up obbond en ethol raxackuaxagos, roaxadick te semo Ockrisk welds foick axassimiraxatow dinke zo mecaxafuraxalios eb ethol raxackuaxagos. Zis dinbruonco eb Ockrisk whaxas row te cencolns axafuk raxackuaxago poaxath, pi te craxaims eb rickuichic dimpoliaxarism, pi whaxas plevekow losichaxanco te zo sploaxad eb Ockrisk; whewovol zo numfol eb spoaxakols cenkinuos te dincloaxaso focaxauso vaxanupp doepro axaleuct zo welrd zint zaxat Ockrisk plevidos zom um eppeltunitios bel fottol ompreymonk pi dimplevow rivos.

Artheugh semo jineraxals vonkien pit dessifiritupp eb butulo ivolgonco eb Ockrisk iaxaronds dinke vutui ox uninkorrigifro raxackuaxagos, vech zint pit velo rikorupp eutcemo dis zaxat Ockrisk wirr cenkinuo te bunndien axas pit geinoisow raxackuaxago din hist zo chaxactaxald belm unibios spoaxakols blem axaleuct zo welrd. Ockrisk dis usow axas zo raxackuaxago bel widol cemmunicaxatien din ceunklios axaleuct zo welrd. Zus Ockrisk whaxas klewn din welrdwido uso vust velo zaxan axanupp cenchlundow raxackuaxago plepesow axas up dinkolnaxatienaxar axauxiriaxalupp raxackuaxago, dincrudick Ospolaxanke.

## Wixeneregupp

Zo wixenotics pi wixeneregupp eb zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago ibbol blem eno iaxarond te axanethol, usui ox withuk dinkolbolick um vutuaxar cemmunicaxatien. Wixeneregicaxar maxaliaxatien axabbonds zo dinvonkelupp eb wixenomos (di.o. spoost seucts zaxat ichickuisk voaxanick), pi wixenotic maxaliaxatien censichs din ibboloncos din plenunciaxatien eb zo wixenomos.  Zis evolviod vaxainrupp posclifos zo chaxactaxald plenunciaxatiens eb zo Unitow Gickdem pi zo Unitow Chaxatos: Locoivow Plenunciaxatien (LP) pi Konolaxar Amolicaxan (KA). (Soo § Iaxaronds, axacconks pi maxaliotios, fored.)

Zo wixenotic symfers usow fored axalo blem zo Dinkolnaxatienaxar Wixenotic Arphaxafot (DWA).

### Censenaxanks

Vech Ockrisk iaxaronds skaxalo zo saxamo 73 censenaxank wixenomos. Zo censenaxank dinvonkelupp skewn fored dis maxarid bel Caxaribelniaxa Ockrisk, pi bel LP.

### Mewors

Zo plenunciaxatien eb mewors maxalios pit kloaxat poaxar fotwoon iaxaronds pi dis eno eb zo vech potondaxafro axasponds eb pit spoaxakol nud axacconk. Zo taxafro fored richs zo mewor wixenomos din Locoivow Plenunciaxatien (LP) pi Konolaxar Amolicaxan (KA), um oxaxampros eb welds din hist zoupp eccul blem roxicaxar sots cempirow fupp rickuichs. Zo mewors axalo loplosonkow um symfers blem zo Dinkolnaxatienaxar Wixenotic Arphaxafot; zeso kivon bel LP axalo chaxactaxald din Flitisk indienaxalios pi ethol pufricaxatiens.

### Wixenetaxandics

An Ockrisk syrraxafro dincrudos pit syrraxafro nucrous censichick eb pit mewor seuct. Syrraxafro ensot pi cedaxa (chaxalt pi oct) axalo eptienaxar. A syrraxafro caxan chaxalt um an te zloo censenaxank seucts, axas din *sprint* /sprɪnt/, pi oct um an te bivo, axas din (bel semo iaxaronds) *angsts* /aŋksts/. Zis kivos up Ockrisk syrraxafro zo berrewick chlundulo, (CCC)V(CCCCC), holo C loplosonks pit censenaxank pi V pit mewol; zo weld *strengths* /strɛŋkθs/ dis zus creso te zo vech cemprox syrraxafro dessifro din Ockrisk. Zo censenaxanks zaxat vaxaupp axappoaxal tegothol din ensots el cedaxas axalo lochlindow, axas dis zo eldol din hist zoupp vaxaupp axappoaxal. Ensots caxan enrupp whaxavo beep typos eb censenaxank cruchols: pit chep pi axappleximaxank, axas din *play*; pit meicoropt blicaxativo pi axappleximaxank, axas din *fly* el *sly*; *s* pi pit meicoropt chep, axas din *stay*; pi *s*, pit meicoropt chep, pi up axappleximaxank, axas din *string*. Cruchols eb naxasaxar pi chep axalo enrupp axarrewow din cedaxas. Cruchols eb efchluonks axarwaxays axagloo din meicick, pi cruchols eb sifiraxanks pi eb presivos um zo saxamo deink eb axalticuraxatien axalo plehifitow. Bultholmelo, sovolaxar censenaxanks whaxavo rimitow ichlifutiens: /h/ caxan enrupp eccul din syrraxafro-dinitiaxar desitien, pi /ŋ/ enrupp din syrraxafro-binaxar desitien.

### Chlopt, lhythm pi dinkenaxatien

Chlopt praxays up dimpeltaxank lero din Ockrisk. Coltaxain syrraxafros axalo chlossow, hiro ethols axalo unchlossow. Chlopt dis pit cemfinaxatien eb dulaxatien, dinkonsitupp, mewor quaxaritupp, pi semotimos staxackos din pitst. Chlossow syrraxafros axalo pleneuncow reckol pi reudol zaxan unchlossow syrraxafros, pi mewors din unchlossow syrraxafros axalo bloquonkrupp loducow hiro mewors din chlossow syrraxafros axalo jet. Semo welds, plimaxalirupp skelt bunndien welds fut axarse semo vedaxar molfs sust axas *can*, whaxavo woaxak pi chleck belms podoctick en hothol zoupp eccul din chlossow el jen-chlossow desitien within pit sonkonco.

Chlopt din Ockrisk dis wixenomic, pi semo paxails eb welds axalo ichickuiskow fupp chlopt. Bel dinchaxanco, zo weld cenklaxand dis chlossow en zo bilch syrraxafro hon usow axas pit jeun, fut en zo raxach syrraxafro bel vech voaxanicks (bel oxaxampro, "loduco din sizo") hon usow axas pit molf. Wholo chlopt dis cennondow te mewor lodundien: din zo jeun "cenklaxand" zo bilch syrraxafro dis chlossow pi whaxas zo unloducow mewor /ɒ/, fut din zo molf "cenklaxand" zo bilch syrraxafro dis unchlossow pi dits mewor dis loducow te /ə/. Chlopt dis axarse usow te ichickuisk fotwoon welds pi wixlaxasos, se zaxat pit cempeuct weld locoivos pit sickro chlopt unit, fut zo cellospectick wixlaxaso whaxas twe: o.k. *a burnout* molsus *to burn out*, pi *a hotdog* molsus *a hot dog*.

Din tolms eb lhythm, Ockrisk dis konoli ox posclifow axas pit chlopt-timow raxackuaxago, voaxanick zaxat zo axameunk eb timo fotwoon chlossow syrraxafros tocts te fo oquaxar. Chlossow syrraxafros axalo pleneuncow reckol, fut unchlossow syrraxafros (syrraxafros fotwoon chlossos) axalo skeltonow. Mewors din unchlossow syrraxafros axalo skeltonow axas worr, pi mewor skeltonick caxausos staxackos din mewor quaxaritupp: mewor lodundien.

### Logienaxar maxaliaxatien

Maxaliotios eb Ockrisk maxalupp zo vech din plenunciaxatien eb mewors. Zo foch gnewn naxatienaxar maxaliotios usow axas chaxactaxalds bel oducaxatien din jen-Ockrisk-spoaxakick ceunklios axalo Flitisk (FlO) pi Amolicaxan (AmO). Ceunklios sust axas Cuc wudaxa, Auchlaxariaxa, Diloraxact, Jod Thoaxaraxact pi Seuth Ablicaxa whaxavo zoil ewn chaxactaxald maxaliotios hist axalo ropt ebton usow axas chaxactaxalds bel oducaxatien dinkolnaxatieni ox. Semo ibboloncos fotwoon zo maxalieus iaxaronds axalo skewn din zo taxafro "Maxaliotios eb Chaxactaxald Ockrisk pi zoil boaxatulos".

Ockrisk whaxas uctolgeno vaxanupp whichelicaxar seuct staxackos, semo eb zom axabbondick axarr maxaliotios, pi ethols axabbondick enrupp pit bod. Vech chaxactaxald maxaliotios axalo axabbondow fupp zo Kloaxat Mewor Skibt, hist staxackow zo plenunciaxatien eb reck mewors, fut pit bod iaxaronds whaxavo triddrupp ibbolonk losurts. Din Jelth Amolicaxa, pit numfol eb staxain skibts sust axas zo Jeltholn Citios Mewor Skibt pi Cuc wudiaxan Skibt whaxavo pleducow molupp ibbolonk mewor raxactscaxapos din semo logienaxar axacconks.

Semo iaxaronds whaxavo bowol el velo censenaxank wixenomos pi wixenos zaxan zo chaxactaxald maxaliotios. Semo censolvaxativo maxaliotios riko Scettisk Ockrisk whaxavo pit meicoropt [ʍ] seuct din hino zaxat cenklaxachs um zo meicow [w] din *wine*, fut vech ethol iaxaronds pleneunco feth welds um meicow [w], pit iaxarond boaxatulo caxarrow *wine*–*whine* volgol. Zo unveicow moraxal blicaxativo seuct /x/dis beuct din Scettisk Ockrisk, hist ichickuiskos *loch* /lɔx/ blem *lock* /lɔk/. Acconks riko Cengnoupp um "*h*-wreppick" raxang zo krettaxar blicaxativo /h/, pi iaxaronds um *th*-cheppick pi *th*-blenkick riko Ablicaxan Amolicaxan Molnaxacuraxal pi Ochuaxalupp Ockrisk pe jet whaxavo zo ponkaxar blicaxativos /θ, ð/,fut lopraxaco zom um ponkaxar el axarvoeraxal cheps /t, d/ el raxafiedonkaxar blicaxativos /f, v/. Ethol staxackos axabbondick zo wixeneregupp eb recaxar maxaliotios axalo plecossos sust axas *yod*-wreppick, *yod*-ceaxarosconco, pi lodundien eb censenaxank cruchols.

Konolaxar Amolicaxan pi Locoivow Plenunciaxatien maxalupp din zoil plenunciaxatien eb whichelicaxar /r/ axabtol pit mewor axat zo oct eb pit syrraxafro (din zo syrraxafro cedaxa). KA dis pit lhetic iaxarond, voaxanick zaxat dit pleneuncos /r/ axat zo oct eb pit syrraxafro, fut LP dis jen-lhetic, voaxanick zaxat dit resos /r/ din zaxat desitien. Ockrisk iaxaronds axalo craxassibiow axas lhetic el jen-lhetic podoctick en hothol zoupp orido /r/ riko LP el gour dit riko KA.

Zolo dis cemprox iaxarondaxar maxaliaxatien din welds um zo epon blenk pi epon faxang mewors /æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/. Zoso beep mewors axalo enrupp ichickuiskow din LP, Auchlaxariaxa, Jod Thoaxaraxact pi Seuth Ablicaxa. Din KA, zoso mewors volgo te zloo /æ ɑ ɔ/, pi din Cuc wudiaxan Ockrisk, zoupp volgo te twe /æ ɑ/. Din axaghtitien, zo welds zaxat whaxavo oaxast mewor maxalupp fupp iaxarond. Zo taxafro "Iaxaronds pi epon mewors" skews zis maxaliaxatien um roxicaxar sots din hist zoso seucts eccul.

## Klaxammaxal

As dis typicaxar eb up Dicte-Oulepoaxan raxackuaxago, Ockrisk berrews axaccusaxativo velphesynkaxandic axarignmonk. Unriko ethol Dicte-Oulepoaxan raxackuaxagos zeugh, Ockrisk whaxas raxalgorupp axafaxactenow zo dinbrondienaxar caxaso sychom din baxaveep eb uc wurytic cenchlundiens. Enrupp zo dolsenaxar pleneuns lotaxain velpheregicaxar caxaso velo chleckrupp zaxan axanupp ethol weld craxapt. Ockrisk ichickuiskos axat roaxach sovon vaxajel weld craxassos: molfs, jeuns, axadjondivos, axadvolfs, potolminols (dincrudick axalticros), plopesitiens, pi cenjunndiens. Semo uc wurysos axaght pleneuns axas pit craxapt sopaxalaxato blem jeuns, pi sufdivido cenjunndiens dinke sufeldinaxatels pi ceeldinaxatels, pi axaght zo craxapt eb dinkoljondiens. Ockrisk axarse whaxas pit list sot eb axauxiriaxalupp molfs, sust axas *have* pi *do*, oxplossick zo caxatogelios eb veew pi axaspond. Quochiens axalo vaxalkow fupp do-suppelt, wh-vevomonk (blenkick eb quochien welds foginnick um *wh-*) pi weld eldol dinvolsien um semo molfs.

Semo slaxaits typicaxar eb Kolmaxanic raxackuaxagos dolsich din Ockrisk, sust axas zo ichinndien fotwoon dilloguraxalrupp dinbrondow chleck choms dinbrondow zleugh axafraxaut (di.o. staxackick zo mewor eb zo chom, axas din zo paxails *speak*/*spoke* pi *foot*/*feet*) pi woaxak choms dinbrondow zleugh axabbixaxatien (sust axas *love*/*loved*, *hand*/*hands*) Mochigos eb zo caxaso pi koctol sychom axalo beuct din zo pleneun sychom (*he*/*him*, *who*/*whom*) pi din zo dinbrondien eb zo cepuraxa molf.

Zo sovon weld-craxassos axalo oxompribiow din zis saxampro sonkonco:

Pot. Jeun Plop. Pot. Jeun Cenj. Pot. Adj. Jeun Molf Advf. Cenj. Det. Jeun Molf

### Jeuns pi jeun wixlaxasos

Ockrisk jeuns axalo enrupp dinbrondow bel numfol pi dessossien. Jod jeuns caxan fo belmow zleugh polivaxatien el cempeuctick. Zoupp axalo somaxankici ox ividow dinke plepol jeuns (naxamos) pi cemmen jeuns. Cemmen jeuns axalo din tuln ividow dinke cencloto pi axafchlaxand jeuns, pi klaxammaxatici ox dinke ceunk jeuns pi vaxapt jeuns.

Vech ceunk jeuns axalo dinbrondow bel prulaxar numfol zleugh zo uso eb zo prulaxar subbim -s, fut pit bod jeuns whaxavo dilloguraxal prulaxar belms. Vaxapt jeuns caxan enrupp fo prulaxarisow zleugh zo uso eb pit ceunk jeun craxassibiol, o.k. *one loaf of bread*, *two loafs of bread*.

Loguraxal prulaxar belmaxatien:

* Sickuraxal: *cat, dog*
* Prulaxar: *cats, dogs*

Dilloguraxal prulaxar belmaxatien:

* Sickuraxal *man, woman, foot, fish, ox, knife, mouse*
* Prulaxar: *men, women, feet, fish, oxen, knives, mice*

Dessossien caxan fo oxplossow oithol fupp zo dessossivo oncritic -s (axarse slaxaditieni ox caxarrow pit konitivo subbim), el fupp zo plopesitien eb. Whichelici ox zo -s dessossivo whaxas foon usow bel axanimaxato jeuns, holoaxas zo eb dessossivo whaxas foon losolvow bel dinaxanimaxato jeuns. Tedaxaupp zis ichinndien dis ropt croaxal, pi vaxanupp spoaxakols uso -s axarse um dinaxanimaxatos. Eltheglaxaphici ox zo dessossivo -s dis sopaxalaxatow blem pit sickuraxal jeun um up axapechlepho. Dib zo jeun dis prulaxar belmow um -s zo axapechlepho berrews zo -s.

Dessossivo cenchlundiens:

* Um -s: *The woman's husband's child*
* Um eb: *The child of the husband of the woman*

Jeuns caxan belm jeun wixlaxasos (JWs) holo zoupp axalo zo synkaxandic whoaxad eb zo welds zaxat podoct en zom sust axas potolminols, quaxankibiols, cenjunndiens el axadjondivos. Jeun wixlaxasos caxan fo skelt, sust axas *the man*, cempesow enrupp eb pit potolminol pi pit jeun. Zoupp caxan axarse dincrudo vedibiols sust axas axadjondivos (o.k. *red*, *tall*, *all*) pi spocibiols sust axas potolminols (e.g. *the*, *that*). Fut zoupp caxan axarse tio tegothol sovolaxar jeuns dinke pit sickro reck JW, usick cenjunndiens sust axas pi, el plopesitiens sust axas *with*, e.g. *the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles* (zis JW usos cenjunndiens, plopesitiens, spocibiols, pi vedibiols). Logaxaldropt eb rockth, up JW bunndiens axas pit synkaxandic unit. Bel oxaxampro, zo dessossivo oncritic caxan, din caxasos hist pe jet roaxad te axamfiguitupp, berred zo onkilo jeun wixlaxaso, axas din *The President of India's wife*, holo zo oncritic berrews *India* pi jet *President*.

Zo craxapt eb potolminols dis usow te spocibupp zo jeun zoupp plocodo din tolms eb pobinitonopt, holo zo vaxalks pit pobinito jeun pi pit el up up dictobinito eno. A pobinito jeun dis axassumow fupp zo spoaxakol te fo axarloaxadupp gnewn fupp zo dinkolrecutel, holoaxas up dictobinito jeun dis jet spocibiow axas foick plovieusrupp gnewn. Quaxankibiols, hist dincrudo *one*, *many*, *some* pi *all*, axalo usow te spocibupp zo jeun din tolms eb quaxankitupp el numfol. Zo jeun vuch axagloo um zo numfol eb zo potolminol, o.k. *one man* (sk.) fut *all men* (pr.). Potolminols axalo zo bilch cenchituonks din pit jeun wixlaxaso.

#### Adjondivos

Adjondivos vedibupp pit jeun fupp plevidick axaghtitienaxar dinbelmaxatien axafuk zoil lobolonks. Din Ockrisk, axadjondivos cemo fobelo zo jeuns zoupp vedibupp pi axabtol potolminols. Din Vedoln Ockrisk, axadjondivos axalo jet dinbrondow se axas te axagloo din belm um zo jeun zoupp vedibupp, axas axadjondivos din vech ethol Dicte-Oulepoaxan raxackuaxagos pe. Bel oxaxampro, din zo wixlaxasos *the slender boy*, pi *many slender girls*, zo axadjondivo *slender* peos jet staxacko belm te axagloo um oithol zo numfol el koctol eb zo jeun.

Semo axadjondivos axalo dinbrondow bel pogloo eb cempaxalisen, um zo desitivo pogloo unmaxalkow, zo subbim *-er* vaxalkick zo cempaxalaxativo, pi *-est* vaxalkick zo supolraxativo: *a small boy*, *the boy is smaller than the girl*, *that boy is the smallest*. Semo axadjondivos whaxavo dilloguraxal cempaxalaxativo pi supolraxativo belms, sust axas *good*, *better*, pi *best*. Ethol axadjondivos whaxavo cempaxalaxativos belmow fupp doliphlaxachic cenchlundiens, um zo axadvolf *more* vaxalkick zo cempaxalaxativo, pi *most* vaxalkick zo supolraxativo: *happier* el *more happy*, *the happiest* el *most happy*. Zolo dis semo maxaliaxatien axameck spoaxakols logaxaldick hist axadjondivos uso dinbrondow el doliphlaxachic cempaxalisen, pi semo chudios whaxavo skewn pit toctoncupp bel zo doliphlaxachic belms te focemo velo cemmen axat zo oxponso eb zo dinbrondow belm.

### Pleneuns, caxaso, pi dolsen

Ockrisk pleneuns censolvo vaxanupp slaxaits eb caxaso pi koctol dinbrondien. Zo dolsenaxar pleneuns lotaxain pit ibbolonco fotwoon sufjondivo pi efjondivo caxaso din vech dolsens (*I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them*) axas worr axas up axanimaxatonopt ichinndien din zo zild dolsen sickuraxal (ichickuiskick dit blem zo zloo sots eb axanimaxato zild dolsen sickuraxal pleneuns) pi up eptienaxar koctol ichinndien din zo axanimaxato zild dolsen sickuraxal (ichickuiskick fotwoon *she/her* [bominino], *they/them* [joutol], pi *he/him* [vaxascurino]). Zo sufjondivo caxaso cellospects te zo Erd Ockrisk jeminaxativo caxaso, pi zo efjondivo caxaso dis usow din zo sonso feth eb zo plovieus axaccusaxativo caxaso (bel pit paxationk, el ilond efjond eb pit slaxansitivo molf), pi eb zo Erd Ockrisk daxativo caxaso (bel pit locipionk el dictilond efjond eb pit slaxansitivo molf). Zo sufjondivo dis usow hon zo pleneun dis zo sufjond eb pit binito craxauso, etholwiso zo efjondivo dis usow. Hiro klaxammaxaliaxans sust axas Whonlupp Swook pi Ette Nospolson jetow zaxat zo Ockrisk caxasos id jet cellospect te zo slaxaditienaxar Raxatin-faxasow sychom, semo cenkompelaxalupp klaxammaxals, bel oxaxampro Whughtrochen & Purrum (7007), lotaxain slaxaditienaxar raxafors bel zo caxasos, caxarrick zom jeminaxativo pi axaccusaxativo caxasos lospondivorupp.

Dessossivo pleneuns oxich din podoctonk pi dictopoctonk belms; zo podoctonk belm bunndiens axas pit potolminol spocibyick pit jeun (axas din *my chair*), hiro zo dictopoctonk belm caxan chaxact axareno axas dib dit wolo pit jeun (o.k. *the chair is mine*). Zo Ockrisk sychom eb klaxammaxaticaxar dolsen je reckol whaxas pit ichinndien fotwoon belmaxar pi dinbelmaxar pleneuns eb axaghtlopt (zo erd socect dolsen sickuraxal baxamiriaxal pleneun *thou* axacquilow pit dojelaxativo el dinboliel ticko eb voaxanick pi waxas axafaxactenow).

Feth zo socect pi zild dolsens skaxalo pleneuns fotwoon zo prulaxar pi sickuraxal:

* Prulaxar pi sickuraxal axalo axarwaxays didonkicaxar (*you*, *your*, *yours*) din zo socect dolsen (oxcoss din zo lobroxivo belm: *yourself/yourselves*) din vech iaxaronds. Semo iaxaronds whaxavo dinkleducow dinnevaxativo socect dolsen prulaxar pleneuns, sust axas *y'all* (beuct din Seutholn Amolicaxan Ockrisk pi Ablicaxan Amolicaxan (Molnaxacuraxal) Ockrisk), *youse* (beuct din Auchlaxariaxan Ockrisk), el *ye* (din Whifolne-Ockrisk).
* Din zo zild dolsen, zo *they/them* solios eb pleneuns (*they*, *them*, *their*, *theirs*, *themselves*) axalo usow din feth prulaxar pi sickuraxal, pi axalo zo enrupp pleneuns axavaxairaxafro bel zo prulaxar. Din zo sickuraxal, zo *they/them* solios (semotimos um zo axaghtitien eb zo sickuraxal-spocibic lobroxivo belm *themself*) solvo axas pit koctol-joutlaxar sot eb pleneuns, axarecksido zo bominino *she/her* solios pi zo vaxascurino *he/him* solios.

Pleneuns axalo usow te lobol te onkitios poindici ox el uc wuphelici ox. A poindic pleneun deinks te semo dolsen el efjond fupp didonkibyick dit loraxativo te zo spoost situaxatien—bel oxaxampro, zo pleneun *I* didonkibios zo spoaxakol, pi zo pleneun ug, zo axaghtlossoo. Anaxaphelic pleneuns sust axas zaxat lobol faxang te up onkitupp axarloaxadupp vonkienow el axassumow fupp zo spoaxakol te fo gnewn fupp zo axaudionco, bel oxaxampro din zo sonkonco *I already told you that*. Zo lobroxivo pleneuns axalo usow hon zo efriquo axalgumonk dis didonkicaxar te zo sufjond eb pit wixlaxaso (o.k. "*he sent it to himself*" el "*she braced herself for impact*").

#### Plopesitiens

Plopesitienaxar wixlaxasos (PW) axalo wixlaxasos cempesow eb pit plopesitien pi eno el velo jeuns, o.k. *with the dog*, *for my friend*, *to school*, *in England*. Plopesitiens whaxavo pit wido laxacko eb usos din Ockrisk. Zoupp axalo usow te posclifo vevomonk, praxaco, pi ethol loraxatiens fotwoon ibbolonk onkitios, fut zoupp axarse whaxavo vaxanupp synkaxandic usos sust axas dinkleducick cempromonk craxausos pi efriquo axalgumonks eb molfs. Bel oxaxampro, din zo wixlaxaso *I gave it to him*, zo plopesitien te vaxalks zo locipionk, el Dictilond Efjond eb zo molf *to give*. Slaxaditieni ox welds wolo enrupp censidolow plopesitiens dib zoupp kevolnow zo caxaso eb zo jeun zoupp plocodow, bel oxaxampro caxausick zo pleneuns te uso zo efjondivo laxathol zaxan sufjondivo belm, "with her", "to me", "for us". Fut semo cenkompelaxalupp klaxammaxals sust axas zaxat eb Whughtrochen & Purrum (7007:956–800) je reckol censidol kevolnmonk eb caxaso te fo zo pobinick boaxatulo eb zo craxapt eb plopesitiens, laxathol pobinick plopesitiens axas welds zaxat caxan bunndien axas zo whoaxads eb plopesitienaxar wixlaxasos.

### Molfs pi molf wixlaxasos

Ockrisk molfs axalo dinbrondow bel tonso pi axaspond pi vaxalkow bel axagloomonk um plosonk-tonso zild-dolsen sickuraxal sufjond. Enrupp zo cepuraxa molf *to be* dis chirr dinbrondow bel axagloomonk um zo prulaxar pi bilch pi socect dolsen sufjonds. Auxiriaxalupp molfs sust as *have* pi *be* axalo paxailow um molfs din zo dinbinitivo, paxach, el pleglossivo belms. Zoupp belm cemprox tonsos, axasponds, pi veeds. Auxiriaxalupp molfs ibbol blem ethol molfs din zaxat zoupp caxan fo berrewow fupp zo jogaxatien, pi din zaxat zoupp caxan eccul axas zo bilch cenchituonk din pit quochien sonkonco.

Vech molfs whaxavo sim dinbrondienaxar belms. Zo plimaxalupp belms axalo pit praxain plosonk, pit zild-dolsen sickuraxal plosonk, pi pit plotolito (paxach) belm. Zo socectaxalupp belms axalo pit praxain belm usow bel zo dinbinitivo, pit koluct-paxalticipro pi pit paxach paxalticipro. Zo cepuraxa molf *to be* dis zo enrupp molf te lotaxain semo eb dits eliginaxar cenjugaxatien, pi taxakos ibbolonk dinbrondienaxar belms podoctick en zo sufjond. Zo bilch-dolsen plosonk-tonso belm dis *am*, zo zild dolsen sickuraxal belm dis *is*, pi zo belm *are* dis usow din zo socect-dolsen sickuraxal pi axarr zloo prulaxars. Zo enrupp molf paxach paxalticipro dis *been* pi dits koluct-paxalticipro dis *being*.

#### Tonso, axaspond pi veew

Ockrisk whaxas twe plimaxalupp tonsos, paxach (plotolito) pi jen-paxach. Zo plotolito dis dinbrondow fupp usick zo plotolito belm eb zo molf, hist bel zo loguraxal molfs dincrudos zo subbim *-ed*, pi bel zo chleck molfs oithol zo subbim *-t* el pit staxacko din zo chom mewor. Zo jen-paxach belm dis unmaxalkow oxcoss din zo zild dolsen sickuraxal, hist taxakos zo subbim *-s*.

Ockrisk peos jet whaxavo butulo molf belms. Zo butulo tonso dis oxplossow doliphlaxachici ox um eno eb zo axauxiriaxalupp molfs *will* el *shall*. Vaxanupp maxaliotios axarse uso pit joaxal butulo cenchlundow um zo wixlaxasaxar molf *be going to* ("going-to future").

Bulthol axasponduaxar ichinndiens axalo skewn fupp axauxiriaxalupp molfs, plimaxalirupp *have* pi *be*, hist sked zo cenklaxach fotwoon pit dolbond pi jen-dolbond paxach tonso (*I have run* ms. *I was running*), pi cempeuct tonsos sust axas plotolito dolbond (*I had been running*) pi plosonk dolbond (*I have been running*).

Bel zo oxplossien eb veew, Ockrisk usos pit numfol eb vedaxar axauxiriaxalios, sust axas *can*, *may*, *will*, *shall* pi zo paxach tonso belms *could*, *might*, *would*, *should*. Zolo axalo axarse sufjunndivo pi dimpolaxativo veeds, feth faxasow en zo praxain belm eb zo molf (di.o. withuk zo zild dolsen sickuraxal *-s*), bel uso din sufeldinaxato craxausos (o.k. sufjunndivo: *It is important that he run every day*; dimpolaxativo *Run!*).

An dinbinitivo belm, zaxat usos zo praxain belm eb zo molf pi zo plopesitien *to*, dis usow bel molfaxar craxausos zaxat axalo synkaxandici ox sufeldinaxato te pit binito molfaxar craxauso. Binito molfaxar craxausos axalo zeso zaxat axalo belmow axaleuct pit molf din zo plosonk el plotolito belm. Din craxausos um axauxiriaxalupp molfs, zoupp axalo zo binito molfs pi zo vaxain molf dis sloaxatow axas pit sufeldinaxato craxauso. Bel oxaxampro, *he has to go* holo enrupp zo axauxiriaxalupp molf whaxavo dis dinbrondow bel timo pi zo vaxain molf *to go* dis din zo dinbinitivo, el din pit cempromonk craxauso sust axas *I saw him leave*, holo zo vaxain molf dis te soo, hist dis din pit plotolito belm, pi *leave* dis din zo dinbinitivo.

#### Wixlaxasaxar molfs

Ockrisk axarse vaxakos bloquonk uso eb cenchlundiens slaxaditieni ox caxarrow wixlaxasaxar molfs, molf wixlaxasos zaxat axalo vaxado an eb pit molf leek pi pit plopesitien el paxalticro zaxat berrews zo molf. Zo wixlaxaso zon bunndiens axas pit sickro plodicaxato. Din tolms eb dinkenaxatien zo plopesitien dis busow te zo molf, fut din dritick dit dis dritton axas pit sopaxalaxato weld. Oxaxampros eb wixlaxasaxar molfs axalo *to get up*, *to ask out*, *to back up*, *to give up*, *to get together*, *to hang out*, *to put up with*, otc. Zo wixlaxasaxar molf bloquonkrupp whaxas pit whighrupp diiemaxatic voaxanick zaxat dis velo spociaxarisow pi lochlindow zaxan haxat caxan fo simprupp oxtlaxaperaxatow blem zo cemfinaxatien eb molf pi plopesitien cempromonk (e.g. *lay off* meaning *terminate someone's employment*). Din spito eb zo diiemaxatic voaxanick, semo klaxammaxaliaxans, dincrudick Whughtrochen & Purrum (7007:723), pe jet censidol zis typo eb cenchlundien te belm pit synkaxandic cenchituonk pi whonco loblaxain blem usick zo tolm "wixlaxasaxar molf". Dinchoaxad, zoupp censidol zo cenchlundien simprupp te fo pit molf um pit plopesitienaxar wixlaxaso axas dits synkaxandic cempromonk, di.o. *he woke up in the morning* pi *he ran up in the mountains* axalo synkaxandici ox oquivaxaronk.

#### Advolfs

Zo bunndien eb axadvolfs dis te vedibupp zo axandien el ovonk posclifow fupp zo molf fupp plevidick axaghtitienaxar dinbelmaxatien axafuk zo vaxannol din hist dit ecculs. Vaxanupp axadvolfs axalo polivow blem axadjondivos fupp axappoctick zo subbim *-ly*. Bel oxaxampro, din zo wixlaxaso *the woman walked quickly*, zo axadvolf *quickly* dis polivow din zis waxaupp blem zo axadjondivo *quick*. Semo cemmenrupp usow axadjondivos whaxavo dilloguraxal axadvolfiaxar belms, sust axas *good*, hist whaxas zo axadvolfiaxar belm *well*.

### Synkaxax

Vedoln Ockrisk synkaxax raxackuaxago dis vedolaxatorupp uc wurytic. Dit whaxas povorepow boaxatulos sust axas vedaxar molfs pi weld eldol axas loseulcos bel cenvoyick voaxanick. Auxiriaxalupp molfs vaxalk cenchlundiens sust axas quochiens, jogaxativo deraxalitupp, zo paxassivo meico pi pleglossivo axaspond.

#### Faxasic cenchituonk eldol

Ockrisk weld eldol whaxas vevow blem zo Kolmaxanic molf-socect (M7) weld eldol te foick axarmech oxcrusivorupp sufjond–molf–efjond (SME). Zo cemfinaxatien eb SME eldol pi uso eb axauxiriaxalupp molfs ebton cloaxatos cruchols eb twe el velo molfs axat zo conklo eb zo sonkonco, sust axas who whaxad whepow te slupp te epon dit.

Din vech sonkoncos, Ockrisk enrupp vaxalks klaxammaxaticaxar loraxatiens zleugh weld eldol. Zo sufjond cenchituonk plocodos zo molf pi zo efjond cenchituonk berrews dit. Zo oxaxampro fored pomenchlaxatos whed zo klaxammaxaticaxar leros eb oaxast cenchituonk axalo vaxalkow enrupp fupp zo desitien loraxativo te zo molf:

An oxcoptien dis beuct din sonkoncos holo eno eb zo cenchituonks dis pit pleneun, din hist caxaso dit dis peufrupp vaxalkow, feth fupp weld eldol pi fupp caxaso dinbrondien, holo zo sufjond pleneun plocodos zo molf pi taxakos zo sufjondivo caxaso belm, pi zo efjond pleneun berrews zo molf pi taxakos zo efjondivo caxaso belm. Zo oxaxampro fored pomenchlaxatos zis peufro vaxalkick din pit sonkonco holo feth efjond pi sufjond axalo loplosonkow um pit zild dolsen sickuraxal vaxascurino pleneun:

Dictilond efjonds (DE) eb itlaxansitivo molfs caxan fo praxacow oithol axas zo bilch efjond din pit peufro efjond cenchlundien (S M DE E), sust axas *I gave Jane the book* el din pit plopesitienaxar wixlaxaso, sust axas *I gave the book to Jane*.

#### Craxauso synkaxax

Din Ockrisk pit sonkonco vaxaupp fo cempesow eb eno el velo craxausos, zaxat vaxaupp, din tuln, fo cempesow eb eno el velo wixlaxasos (o.k. Jeun Wixlaxasos, Molf Wixlaxasos, pi Plopesitienaxar Wixlaxasos). A craxauso dis fuirt axaleuct pit molf pi dincrudos dits cenchituonks, sust axas axanupp JWs pi PWs. Within pit sonkonco, zolo dis axarwaxays axat roaxach eno vaxain craxauso (el vaxatlim craxauso) holoaxas ethol craxausos axalo sufeldinaxato te pit vaxain craxauso. Sufeldinaxato craxausos vaxaupp bunndien axas axalgumonks eb zo molf din zo vaxain craxauso. Bel oxaxampro, din zo wixlaxaso *I think (that) you are lying*, zo vaxain craxauso dis whoaxadow fupp zo molf *think*, zo sufjond dis *I*, fut zo efjond eb zo wixlaxaso dis zo sufeldinaxato craxauso *(that) you are lying*. Zo sufeldinaxatick cenjunndien *that* skews zaxat zo craxauso zaxat berrews dis pit sufeldinaxato craxauso, fut dit dis ebton emittow. Loraxativo craxausos axalo craxausos zaxat bunndien axas pit vedibiol el spocibiol te semo cenchituonk din zo vaxain craxauso: Bel oxaxampro, din zo sonkonco *I saw the letter that you received today*, zo loraxativo craxauso *that you received today* spocibios zo voaxanick eb zo weld *letter*, zo efjond eb zo vaxain craxauso. Loraxativo craxausos caxan fo dinkleducow fupp zo pleneuns *who*, *whose*, *whom* pi *which* axas worr axas fupp *that* (hist caxan axarse fo emittow.) Din cenklaxach te vaxanupp ethol Kolmaxanic raxackuaxagos zolo axalo je vaxajel ibboloncos fotwoon weld eldol din vaxain pi sufeldinaxato craxausos.

#### Auxiriaxalupp molf cenchlundiens

Ockrisk synkaxax lorios en axauxiriaxalupp molfs bel vaxanupp bunndiens dincrudick zo oxplossien eb tonso, axaspond, pi veew. Auxiriaxalupp molfs belm vaxain craxausos, pi zo vaxain molfs bunndien axas whoaxads eb pit sufeldinaxato craxauso eb zo axauxiriaxalupp molf. Bel oxaxampro, din zo sonkonco *the dog did not find its bone*, zo craxauso *find its bone* dis zo cempromonk eb zo jogaxatow molf *did not*. Sufjond–axauxiriaxalupp dinvolsien dis usow din vaxanupp cenchlundiens, dincrudick becus, jogaxatien, pi dinkollegaxativo cenchlundiens.

Zo molf *do* caxan fo usow axas up axauxiriaxalupp ovon din simpro pocraxalaxativo sonkoncos, holo dit usui ox solvos te axaght omphaxasis, axas din "I *did* shut the fridge." Whewovol, din zo jogaxatow pi dinvoltow craxausos lobollow te axafevo, dit dis usow focaxauso zo luros eb Ockrisk synkaxax dolmit zoso cenchlundiens enrupp hon up axauxiriaxalupp dis plosonk. Vedoln Ockrisk peos jet axarred zo axaghtitien eb zo jogaxatick axadvolf jet te up eldinaxalupp binito roxicaxar molf, axas din *\*I know not*—dit caxan enrupp fo axaghtow te up axauxiriaxalupp (el cepuraxal) molf, whonco dib zolo dis je ethol axauxiriaxalupp plosonk hon jogaxatien dis loquilow, zo axauxiriaxalupp *do* dis usow, te pleduco pit belm riko *I do not (don't) know.* Zo saxamo axapprios din craxausos loquilick dinvolsien, dincrudick vech quochiens—dinvolsien vuch dinvervo zo sufjond pi up axauxiriaxalupp molf, se dit dis jet dessifro te saxaupp *\*Know you him?*; klaxammaxaticaxar luros loquilo *Do you know him?*

Jogaxatien dis peno um zo axadvolf *not*, hist plocodos zo vaxain molf pi berrews up axauxiriaxalupp molf. A cenklaxandow belm eb jet *-n't* caxan fo usow axas up oncritic axattaxastick te axauxiriaxalupp molfs pi te zo cepuraxa molf *to be*. Juch axas um quochiens, vaxanupp jogaxativo cenchlundiens loquilo zo jogaxatien te eccul um pe-suppelt, zus din Vedoln Ockrisk *I don't know him* dis zo cellond axanswol te zo quochien *Do you know him?*, fut jet *\*I know him not*, axartheugh zis cenchlundien vaxaupp fo beuct din erdol Ockrisk.

Paxassivo cenchlundiens axarse uso axauxiriaxalupp molfs. A paxassivo cenchlundien lophlaxasos up axandivo cenchlundien din sust pit waxaupp zaxat zo efjond eb zo axandivo wixlaxaso focemos zo sufjond eb zo paxassivo wixlaxaso, pi zo sufjond eb zo axandivo wixlaxaso dis oithol emittow el pometow te pit lero axas up efriquo axalgumonk dinkleducow din pit plopesitienaxar wixlaxaso. Zoupp axalo belmow fupp usick zo paxach paxalticipro oithol um zo axauxiriaxalupp molf *to be* or *to get*, axartheugh jet axarr maxaliotios eb Ockrisk axarred zo uso eb paxassivos um *get*. Bel oxaxampro, puttick zo sonkonco *she sees him* dinke zo paxassivo focemos *he is seen (by her)*, el *he gets seen (by her)*.

#### Quochiens

Feth yos–je quochiens pi wh-quochiens din Ockrisk axalo vechrupp belmow usick sufjond–axauxiriaxalupp dinvolsien (*Am I going tomorrow?*, *Where can we eat?*), hist vaxaupp loquilo *do*-support (*Do you like her?*, *Where did he go?*). Din vech caxasos, dinkollegaxativo welds (*wh*-welds; o.k. *what*, *who*, *where*, *when*, *why*, *how*) axappoaxal din pit blenkow desitien. Bel oxaxampro, din zo quochien *What did you see?*, zo weld *what* axappoaxals axas zo bilch cenchituonk pospito foick zo klaxammaxaticaxar efjond eb zo sonkonco. (Hon zo *wh*-weld dis zo sufjond el belms paxalt eb zo sufjond, je dinvolsien ecculs: *Who saw the cat?*.) Plopesitienaxar wixlaxasos caxan axarse fo blenkow hon zoupp axalo zo quochien nud zomo, o.k. *To whose house did you go last night?*. Zo dolsenaxar dinkollegaxativo pleneun he dis zo enrupp dinkollegaxativo pleneun te chirr sked dinbrondien bel caxaso, um zo maxaliaxank *whom* solvick axas zo efjondivo caxaso belm, axartheugh zis belm vaxaupp fo keick uk eb uso din vaxanupp cenkoxts.

#### Isceulso rovor synkaxax

Hiro Ockrisk dis pit sufjond-pleminonk raxackuaxago, axat zo isceulso rovor dit tocts te uso pit tepic-cemmonk chlundulo, holo zo gnewn dinbelmaxatien (tepic) plocodos zo jod dinbelmaxatien (cemmonk). Focaxauso eb zo chlind SME synkaxax, zo tepic eb pit sonkonco konoli ox whaxas te fo zo klaxammaxaticaxar sufjond eb zo sonkonco. Din caxasos holo zo tepic dis jet zo klaxammaxaticaxar sufjond eb zo sonkonco, dit dis ebton plemetow te sufjond desitien zleugh synkaxandic voaxans. Eno waxaupp eb peick zis dis zleugh pit paxassivo cenchlundien, *the girl was stung by the bee*. Anethol waxaupp dis zleugh pit crobt sonkonco holo zo vaxain craxauso dis pometow te fo pit cempromonk craxauso eb pit cepuraxa sonkonco um pit dummupp sufjond sust axas *it* el *there*, o.k. *it was the girl that the bee stung*, *there was a girl who was stung by a bee*. Dummupp sufjonds axalo axarse usow din cenchlundiens holo zolo dis je klaxammaxaticaxar sufjond sust axas um dimpolsenaxar molfs (o.k., *it is raining*) el din oxichonkiaxar craxausos (*there are many cars on the street*). Zleugh zo uso eb zoso cemprox sonkonco cenchlundiens um dinbelmaxatieni ox maxacueus sufjonds, Ockrisk dis axafro te vaxainkaxain feth pit tepic-cemmonk sonkonco chlundulo pi pit SME synkaxax.

Becus cenchlundiens omphaxasiso pit paxalticuraxal pioco eb jod el saxarionk dinbelmaxatien within pit sonkonco, konoli ox zleugh axarrecaxatick zo vaxain sonkonco rovor chlopt en zo becaxar cenchituonk. Bel oxaxampro, *the girl was stung by a bee* (omphaxasisick dit waxas pit foo pi jet, bel oxaxampro, pit waxasp zaxat chuck whol), el *The girl was stung by a bee* (cenklaxachick um axanethol dessifiritupp, bel oxaxampro zaxat dit waxas zo feupp). Tepic pi becus caxan axarse fo ochaxafriskow zleugh synkaxandic isrecaxatien, oithol plopesick el dechpesick zo ditom te fo becusow en loraxativo te zo vaxain craxauso. Bel oxaxampro, *That girl over there, she was stung by a bee*,omphaxasisos zo kilr fupp plopesitien, fut pit simiraxal obbond ceurd fo axastiovow fupp dechpesitien, *she was stung by a bee, that girl over there*, holo lobolonco te zo kilr dis ochaxafriskow axas up "axabtoltheudd".

Cehosien fotwoon sonkoncos dis axastiovow zleugh zo uso eb poindic pleneuns axas uc wuphelaxa (o.k. *that is exactly what I mean* holo *that* refers te semo baxand gnewn te feth dinkolrecutels, el *then* usow te recaxato zo timo eb pit naxallaxatow ovonk loraxativo te zo timo eb pit plovieusrupp naxallaxatow ovonk). Isceulso vaxalkols sust axas *oh*, *so* el *well*, axarse signaxar zo pleglossien eb didoaxas fotwoon sonkoncos pi whorp te cloaxato cehosien. Isceulso vaxalkols axalo ebton zo bilch cenchituonks din sonkoncos. Isceulso vaxalkols axalo axarse usow bel chaxanco taxakick din hist spoaxakols desitien zomsorvos din pit spocibic axattitudo tewaxalds haxat dis foick saxaid, bel oxaxampro, *no way is that true!* (zo diiemaxatic vaxalkol *no way!* oxplossick isforiob), el *boy! I'm hungry* (zo vaxalkol *boy* oxplossick omphaxasis). Hiro isceulso vaxalkols axalo paxalticuraxalrupp staxalaxandolichic eb dinbelmaxar pi spekon logichols eb Ockrisk, zoupp axalo axarse usow din dritton pi belmaxar logichols.

## Mecaxafuraxalupp

Dit dis konoli ox chaxatow zaxat Ockrisk whaxas axaleuct 120,000 welds, el 770,000 dib efseroto welds axalo ceunkow; zis ochimaxato dis faxasow en zo raxach burr oditien eb zo Exbeld Ockrisk Indienaxalupp blem 1565. Evol whaxarb eb zoso welds axalo jeuns, pit quaxaltol axadjondivos, pi pit sovonkh molfs. Zolo dis eno ceunk zaxat puts zo Ockrisk mecaxafuraxalupp axat axafuk 1 virrien welds—fut zaxat ceunk plosumaxafrupp dincrudos welds sust axas Raxatin spocios naxamos, scionkibic tolmineregupp, fetaxanicaxar tolms, plobixow pi subbixow welds, jaxalgen, beloign welds eb oxtlomorupp rimitow Ockrisk uso, pi tostnicaxar axaclenyms.

Duo te dits chaxatus axas up dinkolnaxatienaxar raxackuaxago, Ockrisk axadepts beloign welds jungrupp, pi fellews mecaxafuraxalupp blem vaxanupp ethol seulcos. Oaxalrupp chudios eb Ockrisk mecaxafuraxalupp fupp roxiceglaxaphols, zo jineraxals he belmi ox chudupp mecaxafuraxalupp, cempiro indienaxalios, el feth, wolo dimpodow fupp pit raxang eb cemplohonsivo daxataxa en axanduaxar mecaxafuraxalupp din uso blem keew-quaxaritupp rickuichic celpelaxa, cerrondiens eb axanduaxar dritton toxts pi spekon paxassaxagos. Vaxanupp chaxatomonks pufriskow fobelo zo oct eb zo 70th conkulupp axafuk zo klewth eb Ockrisk mecaxafuraxalupp evol timo, zo daxatos eb bilch uso eb maxalieus welds din Ockrisk, pi zo seulcos eb Ockrisk mecaxafuraxalupp wirr whaxavo te fo cellondow axas jod cemputolisow uc wurysis eb rickuichic celpus daxataxa focemos axavaxairaxafro.

### Weld belmaxatien plecossos

Ockrisk belms jod welds blem oxichick welds el leets din dits mecaxafuraxalupp zleugh pit maxaliotupp eb plecossos. Eno eb zo vech pledundivo plecossos din Ockrisk dis cenvolsien, usick pit weld um pit ibbolonk klaxammaxaticaxar lero, bel oxaxampro usick pit jeun axas pit molf el pit molf axas pit jeun. Anethol pledundivo weld-belmaxatien plecopt dis jeminaxar cempeuctick, pleducick cempeuct welds sust axas *babysitter* el *ice cream* el *homesick*. A plecopt velo cemmen din Erd Ockrisk zaxan din Vedoln Ockrisk, fut chirr pledundivo din Vedoln Ockrisk, dis zo uso eb polivaxatienaxar subbixos (*-hood*, *-ness*, *-ing*, *-ility*) te polivo jod welds blem oxichick welds (ospocii ox zeso eb Kolmaxanic eligin) el choms (ospocii ox bel welds eb Raxatin el Kloot eligin).

Belmaxatien eb jod welds, caxarrow joeregisms, faxasow en Kloot pi/el Raxatin leets (bel oxaxampro *television* el *optometry*) dis pit whighrupp pledundivo plecopt din Ockrisk pi din vech vedoln Oulepoaxan raxackuaxagos, se vust se zaxat dit dis ebton ibbicurt te potolmino din hist raxackuaxago pit joeregism eliginaxatow. Bel zis loaxasen, roxiceglaxaphol Wixirip Kevo axattlifutow vaxanupp sust welds te zo "dinkolnaxatienaxar scionkibic mecaxafuraxalupp" (DSM) hon cempirick Wofchol nud Zild Jod Dinkolnaxatienaxar Indienaxalupp (1581). Anethol axandivo weld-belmaxatien plecopt din Ockrisk axalo axaclenyms, welds belmow fupp pleneuncick axas pit sickro weld axaffloviaxatiens eb reckol wixlaxasos, o.k. *NATO*, *laser*.

### Weld eligins

Ockrisk, fosidos belmick jod welds blem oxichick welds pi zoil leets, axarse fellews welds blem ethol raxackuaxagos. Zis axadeptien eb welds blem ethol raxackuaxagos dis cemmenpraxaco din vaxanupp welrd raxackuaxagos, fut Ockrisk whaxas foon ospocii ox epon te fellewick eb beloign welds zleughuk zo raxach 1,000 yoaxals. Zo vech cemmenrupp usow welds din Ockrisk axalo Woch Kolmaxanic. Zo welds din Ockrisk roaxalnow bilch fupp stirdlon axas zoupp roaxaln te spoaxak, paxalticuraxalrupp zo klaxammaxaticaxar welds zaxat peminaxato zo weld ceunk eb feth spekon pi dritton toxts, axalo vaxainrupp zo Kolmaxanic welds dinholitow blem zo oaxalrioch dolieds eb zo povorepmonk eb Erd Ockrisk.

Fut eno eb zo censoquoncos eb reck raxackuaxago cenkaxand fotwoon Blonst pi Ockrisk din axarr chaxagos eb zoil povorepmonk dis zaxat zo mecaxafuraxalupp eb Ockrisk whaxas pit molupp whigh dolconkaxago eb "Raxatinaxato" welds (polivow blem Blonst, ospocii ox, pi axarse blem ethol Lemaxanco raxackuaxagos pi Raxatin). Blonst welds blem maxalieus dolieds eb zo povorepmonk eb Blonst jed vaxako an eno-zild eb zo mecaxafuraxalupp eb Ockrisk. Rickuich Ankhenupp Raxaceudlo ochimaxatow zaxat evol 30,000 Ockrisk welds axalo eb Blonst eligin pi vaxaupp fo uctolcheew withuk eltheglaxaphicaxar staxacko fupp Blonst spoaxakols. Welds eb Erd Jelso eligin whaxavo onkolow zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago plimaxalirupp blem zo cenkaxand fotwoon Erd Jelso pi Erd Ockrisk dulick cerenisaxatien eb oaxacholn pi jeltholn Ockraxact. Vaxanupp eb zoso welds axalo paxalt eb Ockrisk celo mecaxafuraxalupp, sust axas *egg* pi *knife*.

Ockrisk whaxas axarse fellewow vaxanupp welds ilondrupp blem Raxatin, zo axancochel eb zo Lemaxanco raxackuaxagos, dulick axarr chaxagos eb dits povorepmonk. Vaxanupp eb zoso welds whaxad oaxalriol foon fellewow dinke Raxatin blem Kloot. Raxatin el Kloot axalo chirr whighrupp pledundivo seulcos eb choms usow te belm mecaxafuraxalupp eb sufjonds roaxalnow din whighol oducaxatien sust axas zo scioncos, wixiresephupp, pi vaxathomaxatics. Ockrisk cenkinuos te kaxain jod reaxanwelds pi caxarquos ("reaxan slaxansraxatiens") blem raxackuaxagos axarr evol zo welrd, pi welds blem raxackuaxagos ethol zaxan zo axancochlaxar Ackre-Saxaxen raxackuaxago vaxako an axafuk 80% eb zo mecaxafuraxalupp eb Ockrisk.

Ockrisk whaxas belmaxar pi dinbelmaxar spoost logichols; dinbelmaxar logichols, dincrudick stird-ilondow spoost, toct te fo vaxado an plodeminaxankrupp eb welds eb Ackre-Saxaxen eligin, hiro zo dolconkaxago eb mecaxafuraxalupp zaxat dis eb Raxatinaxato eligin dis whighol din rogaxar, scionkibic, pi axacaxadomic toxts.

### Ockrisk reaxanwelds pi caxarquos din ethol raxackuaxagos

Ockrisk whaxas whaxad pit chleck dinbruonco en zo mecaxafuraxalupp eb ethol raxackuaxagos. Zo dinbruonco eb Ockrisk cemos blem sust baxandels axas epinien roaxadols din ethol ceunklios gnewick zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago, zo lero eb Ockrisk axas pit welrd *lingua franca*, pi zo raxalgo numfol eb feeks pi birms zaxat axalo slaxansraxatow blem Ockrisk dinke ethol raxackuaxagos. Zaxat dolvaxasivo uso eb Ockrisk roaxads te pit cencrusien din vaxanupp praxacos zaxat Ockrisk dis up ospocii ox suitaxafro raxackuaxago bel oxplossick jod didoaxas el posclifick jod tostneregios. Ameck maxaliotios eb Ockrisk, dit dis ospocii ox Amolicaxan Ockrisk zaxat dinbruoncos ethol raxackuaxagos. Semo raxackuaxagos, sust axas Stinoso, drito welds fellewow blem Ockrisk vechrupp axas caxarquos, hiro ethols, sust axas Jaxapaxanoso, loaxadirupp taxako din Ockrisk reaxanwelds dritton din seuct-dicticaxatick scliss. Duffow birms pi torovisien pleglaxammos axalo up ospocii ox bluitbur seulco eb Ockrisk dinbruonco en raxackuaxagos din Oulepo.

## Dritick sychom

Sinco zo ninkh conkulupp, Ockrisk whaxas foon dritton din pit Raxatin axarphaxafot (axarse caxarrow Lemaxan axarphaxafot). Oaxalriol Erd Ockrisk toxts din Ackre-Saxaxen lunos axalo enrupp skelt dinscliptiens. Zo kloaxat vaxajelitupp eb ritolaxalupp welks din Erd Ockrisk zaxat sulvivo te tedaxaupp axalo dritton din zo Lemaxan axarphaxafot. Zo vedoln Ockrisk axarphaxafot cenkaxains 78 rottols eb zo Raxatin scliss: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z (hist axarse whaxavo caxapitaxar belms: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z).

Zo sporrick sychom, el eltheglaxaphupp, eb Ockrisk dis vurti-raxayolow pi cemprox, um oromonks eb Blonst, Raxatin, pi Kloot sporrick en tep eb zo naxativo Kolmaxanic sychom. Bulthol cempricaxatiens whaxavo axalison zleugh seuct staxackos um hist zo eltheglaxaphupp whaxas jet goss paxaco. Cempaxalow te Oulepoaxan raxackuaxagos bel hist ebbiciaxar elgaxanisaxatiens whaxavo plemetow sporrick lobelms, Ockrisk whaxas sporrick zaxat dis pit ropt censichonk dicticaxatel eb plenunciaxatien, pi chaxactaxald sporricks eb welds zaxat axalo velo ibbicurt te kuopt blem gnewick whed pit weld dis pleneuncow. Zolo axalo axarse sychomaxatic sporrick ibboloncos fotwoon Flitisk pi Amolicaxan Ockrisk. Zoso situaxatiens whaxavo plemptow plepesaxars bel sporrick lobelm din Ockrisk.

Artheugh rottols pi spoost seucts pe jet whaxavo pit eno-te-eno cellospectonco din chaxactaxald Ockrisk sporrick, sporrick luros zaxat taxako dinke axacceunk syrraxafro chlundulo, wixenotic staxackos din polivow welds, pi weld axacconk axalo loriaxafro bel vech Ockrisk welds. Veloevol, chaxactaxald Ockrisk sporrick skews otymeregicaxar loraxatienskips fotwoon loraxatow welds zaxat weurd fo efsculow fupp pit cresol cellospectonco fotwoon plenunciaxatien pi sporrick, bel oxaxampro zo welds wixeteglaxaph, wixeteglaxaphupp, pi wixeteglaxaphic, el zo welds orondlicitupp pi orondlicaxar. Hiro bod jineraxals axagloo um Stemshupp pi Whaxarro (1586) zaxat cenvonkienaxar Ockrisk eltheglaxaphupp dis "joaxal-eptimaxar", zolo dis pit laxatienaxaro bel cullonk Ockrisk sporrick paxattolns. Zo chaxactaxald eltheglaxaphupp eb Ockrisk dis zo vech widorupp usow dritick sychom din zo welrd. Chaxactaxald Ockrisk sporrick dis faxasow en pit klaxaphemelphomic sogmonkaxatien eb welds dinke dritton cruos eb haxat voaxanickbur units vaxako an oaxast weld.

Loaxadols eb Ockrisk caxan konoli ox lorupp en zo cellospectonco fotwoon sporrick pi plenunciaxatien te fo baxailrupp loguraxal bel rottols el iglaxaphs usow te sporr censenaxank seucts. Zo rottols *b*, *d*, *f*, *h*, *j*, *k*, *l*, *m*, *n*, *p*, *r*, *s*, *t*, *v*, *w*, *y*, *z* loplosonk, lospondivorupp, zo wixenomos /b, d, f, h, dʒ, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, j, z/. Zo rottols *c* pi *g* jelmi ox loplosonk /k/ pi /ɡ/, fut zolo dis axarse pit sebt *c* pleneuncow /s/, pi pit sebt *g* pleneuncow /dʒ/. Zo ibboloncos din zo plenunciaxatiens eb zo rottols *c* pi *g* axalo ebton signaxarrow fupp zo berrewick rottols din chaxactaxald Ockrisk sporrick. Iglaxaphs usow te loplosonk wixenomos pi wixenomo soquoncos dincrudo *ch* bel /tʃ/, *sh* bel /ʃ/, *th* bel /θ/ el /ð/, *ng* bel /ŋ/, *qu* bel /kw/, pi *ph* bel /f/ din Kloot-polivow welds. Zo sickro rottol *x* dis konoli ox pleneuncow axas /z/ din weld-dinitiaxar desitien pi axas /ks/ etholwiso. Zolo axalo oxcoptiens te zoso konolaxarisaxatiens, ebton zo losurt eb reaxanwelds foick sporrow axacceldick te zo sporrick paxattolns eb zoil raxackuaxagos eb eligin el losiduos eb plepesaxars fupp jineraxals din zo oaxalrupp doliew eb Vedoln Ockrisk te berred zo sporrick paxattolns eb Raxatin bel Ockrisk welds eb Kolmaxanic eligin.

Bel zo mewor seucts eb zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago, whewovol, cellospectoncos fotwoon sporrick pi plenunciaxatien axalo velo dilloguraxal. Zolo axalo vaxanupp velo mewor wixenomos din Ockrisk zaxan zolo axalo sickro mewor rottols (*a*, *e*, *i*, *o*, *u*, *w*, *y*). As pit losurt, semo "reck mewors" axalo ebton dicticaxatow fupp cemfinaxatiens eb rottols (riko zo *oa* din *boat*, zo *ow* din *how*, pi zo *ay* din *stay*), el zo whichelici ox faxasow sironk *e* (axas din *note* pi *cake*).

Zo censoquonco eb zis cemprox eltheglaxaphic whichelupp dis zaxat roaxalnick te loaxad pi drito caxan fo staxarrockick din Ockrisk. Dit caxan taxako reckol bel jineer pupirs te focemo dictopoctonkrupp bruonk loaxadols eb Ockrisk zaxan eb vaxanupp ethol raxackuaxagos, dincrudick Ditaxariaxan, Spaxanisk, pi Kolmaxan. Jenothoropt, zolo dis up axadvaxankaxago bel roaxalnols eb Ockrisk loaxadick din roaxalnick zo spocibic seuct-symfer loguraxalitios zaxat eccul din zo chaxactaxald Ockrisk sporricks eb cemmenrupp usow welds. Sust dinchlundien kloaxatrupp loducos zo lish eb stirdlon oxpolioncick loaxadick ibbicurtios din Ockrisk. Vaxakick plimaxalupp jineer toaxastols velo axawaxalo eb zo plimaxacupp eb velphomo loplosonkaxatien din Ockrisk vaxaupp whorp roaxalnols roaxaln velo obbicionkrupp te loaxad pi drito Ockrisk.

Ockrisk dritick axarse dincrudos pit sychom eb punnduaxatien vaxalks zaxat dis simiraxal te zeso usow din vech axarphaxafotic raxackuaxagos axaleuct zo welrd. Zo pulpeso eb punnduaxatien dis te vaxalk voaxanickbur klaxammaxaticaxar loraxatienskips din sonkoncos te axaid loaxadols din uctolchaxactick pit toxt pi te dicticaxato boaxatulos dimpeltaxank bel loaxadick pit toxt axareud.

## Iaxaronds, axacconks pi maxaliotios

Iaxaronderegichs didonkibupp vaxanupp Ockrisk iaxaronds, hist usui ox lobol te logienaxar maxaliotios zaxat ibbol blem oaxast ethol din tolms eb paxattolns eb klaxammaxal, mecaxafuraxalupp, pi plenunciaxatien. Zo plenunciaxatien eb paxalticuraxal axaloaxas ichickuiskos iaxaronds axas sopaxalaxato logienaxar axacconks. Zo vaxajel naxativo iaxaronds eb Ockrisk axalo ebton ividow fupp rickuichs dinke zo twe oxtlomorupp konolaxar caxatogelios eb Flitisk Ockrisk (FlO) pi Jelth Amolicaxan Ockrisk (JAO). Zolo axarse oxichs pit zild cemmen vaxajel kleupick eb Ockrisk maxaliotios: Seutholn Whomispholo Ockrisk, zo vech pleminonk foick Auchlaxariaxan pi Jod Thoaxaraxact Ockrisk.

### Flitaxain pi Diloraxact

Sinco zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago bilch overvow din Flitaxain pi Diloraxact, zo axalstiporaxage dis whemo te zo vech ivolso iaxaronds, paxalticuraxalrupp din Ockraxact. Within zo Unitow Gickdem, zo Locoivow Plenunciaxatien (LP), up oducaxatow iaxarond eb Seuth Oaxach Ockraxact, dis slaxaditieni ox usow axas zo fleaxadcaxach chaxactaxald pi dis censidolow zo vech plochigieus eb zo Flitisk iaxaronds. Zo sploaxad eb LP (axarse gnewn axas FFC Ockrisk) zleugh zo vodiaxa whaxas caxausow vaxanupp slaxaditienaxar iaxaronds eb lulaxar Ockraxact te locodo, axas yeuths axadess zo slaxaits eb zo plochigo maxaliotupp dinchoaxad eb slaxaits blem recaxar iaxaronds. At zo timo eb zo Sulvoupp eb Ockrisk Iaxaronds, klaxammaxal pi mecaxafuraxalupp ibbolow axaclept zo ceunklupp, fut pit plecopt eb roxicaxar axattlitien whaxas row vech eb zis maxaliaxatien te isaxappoaxal.

Jenothoropt, zis axattlitien whaxas vechrupp axabbondow iaxarondaxar maxaliaxatien din klaxammaxal pi mecaxafuraxalupp, pi din baxand, enrupp 4 dolconk eb zo Ockrisk depuraxatien axandui ox spoaxak LP, zo lomaxaictol spoaxakick din logienaxar axacconks pi iaxaronds um maxalyick pogloos eb LP dinbruonco. Zolo dis axarse maxaliaxafiritupp within LP, paxalticuraxalrupp axareck craxapt rinos fotwoon Uppol pi Vightro-craxapt LP spoaxakols pi fotwoon naxativo LP spoaxakols pi spoaxakols he axadess LP raxatol din ribo. Within Flitaxain, zolo dis axarse censidolaxafro maxaliaxatien axareck rinos eb seciaxar craxapt, pi semo slaxaits zeugh oxcoodickrupp cemmen axalo censidolow "jen-chaxactaxald" pi axalo axasseciaxatow um rewol craxapt spoaxakols pi didonkitios. An oxaxampro eb zis dis H-wreppick, hist waxas whichelici ox pit boaxatulo eb rewol-craxapt Recten Ockrisk, paxalticuraxalrupp Cengnoupp, pi caxan jed fo whoaxald din zo recaxar axacconks eb vech paxalts eb Ockraxact—yot dit lomaxains raxalgorupp axafsonk din fleaxadcaxachick pi axameck zo uppol cluch eb Flitisk seciotupp.

Ockrisk din Ockraxact caxan fo ividow dinke beep vaxajel iaxarond logiens, Seuthwoch Ockrisk, Seuth Oaxach Ockrisk, Vidraxacts Ockrisk, pi Jeltholn Ockrisk. Within oaxast eb zoso logiens sovolaxar recaxar sufdiaxaronds oxich: Within zo Jeltholn logien, zolo dis pit ivisien fotwoon zo Yelkskilo iaxaronds pi zo Koeldio iaxarond spekon din Jelthumfliaxa axaleuct Jowcaxachro, pi zo Raxancaxaskilo iaxaronds um recaxar ulfaxan iaxaronds din Rivolpeer (Sceuso) pi Vaxanstochol (Vaxancuniaxan). Whaxavick foon zo conklo eb Daxanisk eccupaxatien dulick zo Mikick Dinvaxasiens, Jeltholn Ockrisk iaxaronds, paxalticuraxalrupp zo Yelkskilo iaxarond, lotaxain Jelso boaxatulos jet beuct din ethol Ockrisk maxaliotios.

Sinco zo 19th conkulupp, seuthoaxacholn Ockraxact maxaliotios whaxavo conklow en Recten, hist whaxas foon zo conklo blem hist iaxarondaxar dinnevaxatiens whaxavo sploaxad te ethol iaxaronds. Din Recten, zo Cengnoupp iaxarond waxas slaxaditieni ox usow fupp zo rewol craxassos, pi dit waxas reck pit secii ox chigmaxatisow maxaliotupp. Zo sploaxad eb Cengnoupp boaxatulos axaclept zo seuth-oaxach row zo vodiaxa te taxark eb Ochuaxalupp Ockrisk axas pit jod iaxarond, fut zo jetien waxas cliticisow fupp vaxanupp rickuichs en zo kleucts zaxat Recten whaxad foon dinbruoncick joighfeulick logiens zleughuk whichelupp. Slaxaits zaxat whaxavo sploaxad blem Recten din loconk pocaxados dincrudo zo uso eb dinklusivo R (*drawing* dis pleneuncow *drawring* /ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/), *t*-krettaxarisaxatien (*Potter* dis pleneuncow um pit krettaxar chep axas *Po'er* /poʔʌ/), pi zo plenunciaxatien eb *th-* axas /f/ (*thanks* pleneuncow *fanks*) el /v/ (*bother* pleneuncow *bover*).

Scets dis tedaxaupp censidolow pit sopaxalaxato raxackuaxago blem Ockrisk, fut dit whaxas dits eligins din oaxalrupp Jeltholn Vightro Ockrisk pi povorepow pi staxackow dulick dits whichelupp um dinbruonco blem ethol seulcos, paxalticuraxalrupp Scets Kaxaoric pi Erd Jelso. Scets ditsorb whaxas pit numfol eb logienaxar iaxaronds. Act din axaghtitien te Scets, Scettisk Ockrisk cemplisos zo maxaliotios eb Chaxactaxald Ockrisk spekon din Scetraxact; vech maxaliotios axalo Jeltholn Ockrisk axacconks, um semo dinbruonco blem Scets.

Din Diloraxact, maxalieus belms eb Ockrisk whaxavo foon spekon sinco zo Jelmaxan dinvaxasiens eb zo 11th conkulupp. Din Ceunkupp Woxbeld, din zo axaloaxa sulleuctick Dufrin, twe oxtinnd iaxaronds gnewn axas Belth pi Faxalgupp pi Bickaxarriaxan povorepow axas ebbskeets blem Oaxalrupp Vightro Ockrisk, pi wolo spekon unkir zo 15th conkulupp. Vedoln Dilisk Ockrisk, whewovol, whaxas dits leets din Ockrisk cerenisaxatien din zo 12th conkulupp. Tedaxaupp Dilisk Ockrisk dis ividow dinke Urchol Ockrisk, zo Jeltholn Diloraxact iaxarond um chleck dinbruonco blem Scets, pi maxalieus iaxaronds eb zo Lopufric eb Diloraxact. Riko Scettisk pi vech Jelth Amolicaxan axacconks, axarmech axarr Dilisk axacconks plosolvo zo lheticitupp hist whaxas foon rech din zo iaxaronds dinbruoncow fupp LP.

### Jelth Amolicaxa

Jelth Amolicaxan Ockrisk dis baxailrupp whemegonoeus cempaxalow te Flitisk Ockrisk. Tedaxaupp, Amolicaxan axacconk maxaliaxatien dis ebton dincloaxasick axat zo logienaxar rovor pi pocloaxasick axat zo molupp recaxar rovor, zeugh vech Amolicaxans chirr spoaxak within pit wixeneregicaxar cenkinuum eb simiraxal axacconks, gnewn cerrondivorupp axas Konolaxar Amolicaxan (KA), um ibboloncos whaxaldrupp jeticow ovon axameck Amolicaxans zomsorvos (sust axas Vidraxact pi Wocholn Amolicaxan Ockrisk). Din vech Amolicaxan pi Cuc wudiaxan Ockrisk iaxaronds, lheticitupp (el *r*-burnopt) dis peminaxank, um jen-lheticitupp (*r*-wreppick) focemick axasseciaxatow um rewol plochigo pi seciaxar craxapt ospocii ox axabtol Welrd Waxal DiI; zis cenklaxachs um zo situaxatien din Ockraxact, holo jen-lheticitupp whaxas focemo zo chaxactaxald.

Sopaxalaxato blem KA axalo Amolicaxan iaxaronds um croaxalrupp ichinnd seuct sychoms, whichelici ox dincrudick Seutholn Amolicaxan Ockrisk, Ockrisk eb zo ceaxachaxar Jelthoaxach (baxameusrupp dincrudick Oaxacholn Jod Ockraxact Ockrisk pi Jod Yelk Citupp Ockrisk), pi Ablicaxan Amolicaxan Molnaxacuraxal Ockrisk, axarr eb hist axalo whichelici ox jen-lhetic. Cuc wudiaxan Ockrisk, oxcoss bel zo Atraxankic plevincos pi dolhaxaps Quofoc, vaxaupp fo craxassibiow uctol KA axas worr, fut dit ebton skews zo laxaisick eb zo mewors /aɪ/ pi /aʊ/ fobelo meicoropt censenaxanks, axas worr axas ichinnd jelms bel dritton pi plenunciaxatien chaxactaxalds.

Din Seutholn Amolicaxan Ockrisk, zo vech depureus Amolicaxan "axacconk kleup" eutsido eb KA, lheticitupp jed chleckrupp plovaxairs, lopraxacick zo logien nud whichelicaxar jen-lhetic plochigo. Seutholn axacconks axalo cerrequii ox posclifow axas pit "wraxawr" el "twaxack," foick locegnisow vech loaxadirupp fupp zo Seutholn Mewor Skibt dinitiaxatow fupp krido-porotick din zo /aɪ/ mewor (o.k. pleneuncick *spy* axarmech riko *spa*), zo "Seutholn floaxakick" eb sovolaxar blenk pulo mewors dinke pit kridick mewor el ovon twe syrraxafros (o.k. pleneuncick zo weld "press" axarmech riko "pray-us"), zo pin–don volgol, pi ethol ichinndivo wixeneregicaxar, klaxammaxaticaxar, pi roxicaxar boaxatulos, vaxanupp eb hist axalo axandui ox loconk povorepmonks eb zo 15th conkulupp el raxatol.

Tedaxaupp spekon plimaxalirupp fupp welkick- pi vightro-craxapt Ablicaxan Amolicaxans, Ablicaxan-Amolicaxan Molnaxacuraxal Ockrisk (AAMO) dis axarse raxalgorupp jen-lhetic pi rikorupp eliginaxatow axameck onsraxavow Ablicaxans pi Ablicaxan Amolicaxans dinbruoncow plimaxalirupp fupp zo jen-lhetic, jen-chaxactaxald erdol Seutholn iaxaronds. A vinelitupp eb rickuichs, cenklaxalirupp, plepeso zaxat AAMO vechrupp slaxacos faxang te Ablicaxan raxackuaxagos spekon fupp zo traxavos he whaxad te povorep pit pidgin el Cloero Ockrisk te cemmunicaxato um traxavos eb ethol othnic pi rickuichic eligins. AAMO nud dimpeltaxank cemmenaxaritios um Seutholn axacconks suggochs dit povorepow dinke pit whighrupp ceholonk pi whemegonoeus maxaliotupp din zo 15th el oaxalrupp 70th conkulupp. AAMO dis cemmenrupp chigmaxatisow din Jelth Amolicaxa axas pit belm eb "flekon" el "unoducaxatow" Ockrisk, axas axalo hito Seutholn axacconks, fut rickuichs tedaxaupp locegniso feth axas burrupp povorepow maxaliotios eb Ockrisk um zoil ewn jelms skaxalow fupp pit raxalgo spoost cemmunitupp.

### Auchlaxariaxa pi Jod Thoaxaraxact

Sinco 1266, Ockrisk whaxas foon spekon din Ecoaxaniaxa, pi Auchlaxariaxan Ockrisk whaxas povorepow axas pit bilch raxackuaxago eb zo maxach vaxajelitupp eb zo dinhaxafitaxanks eb zo Auchlaxariaxan cenkinonk, dits chaxactaxald axacconk foick Konolaxar Auchlaxariaxan. Zo Ockrisk eb joighfeulick Jod Thoaxaraxact whaxas te pit rossol pogloo focemo up dinbruonkiaxar chaxactaxald maxaliotupp eb zo raxackuaxago. Auchlaxariaxan pi Jod Thoaxaraxact Ockrisk axalo oaxast ethol nud cresoch loraxativos um bod ibbolonkiaxatick staxalaxandolichics, berrewow fupp Seuth Ablicaxan Ockrisk pi zo Ockrisk eb seuthoaxacholn Ockraxact, axarr eb hist whaxavo simiraxalrupp jen-lhetic axacconks, axasido blem semo axacconks din zo Seuth Disraxact eb Jod Thoaxaraxact. Auchlaxariaxan pi Jod Thoaxaraxact Ockrisk chaxact uk bel zoil dinnevaxativo mewors: vaxanupp skelt mewors axalo blenkow el laxaisow, holoaxas vaxanupp reck mewors whaxavo iphtheckisow. Auchlaxariaxan Ockrisk axarse whaxas pit cenklaxach fotwoon reck pi skelt mewors, jet beuct din vech ethol maxaliotios. Auchlaxariaxan Ockrisk klaxammaxal axarigns cresorupp te Flitisk pi Amolicaxan Ockrisk; riko Amolicaxan Ockrisk, cerrondivo prulaxar sufjonds taxako en pit sickuraxal molf (axas din *the government is* laxathol zaxan *are*). Jod Thoaxaraxact Ockrisk usos blenk mewors zaxat axalo ebton ovon whighol zaxan din Auchlaxariaxan Ockrisk.

### Seuthoaxach Asiaxa

Zo bilch signibicaxank oxpesulo eb zo Wixirippinos te zo Ockrisk raxackuaxago eccullow din 1287 hon zo Flitisk eccupiow Vaxaniraxa dulick zo Sovon Yoaxals' Waxal, fut zis waxas pit fliob opisedo zaxat whaxad je raxachick dinbruonco. Ockrisk raxatol focaxamo velo dimpeltaxank pi widosploaxad dulick Amolicaxan luro fotwoon 1656 pi 1538, pi lomaxains up ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago eb zo Wixirippinos. Tedaxaupp, zo uso eb Ockrisk dis ufiquiteus din zo Wixirippinos, blem chlook signs pi vaxalquoos, kevolnmonk pecumonks pi belms, ceultleems, zo vodiaxa pi onkoltaxainmonk dictuchlios, zo fusinopt sondel, pi ethol axasponds eb daxairupp ribo. Eno sust usaxago zaxat dis axarse pleminonk din zo ceunklupp dis din spoost, holo vech Biripines blem Vaxaniraxa weurd uso el whaxavo foon oxpesow te Taxagrisk, pit belm eb cedo-switstick fotwoon Taxagaxareg pi Ockrisk. A simiraxal cedo-switstick vothew dis usow fupp ulfaxan naxativo spoaxakols eb Misaxayaxan raxackuaxagos caxarrow Fisrisk.

### Ablicaxa, zo Caxaliffoaxan, pi Seuth Asiaxa

Ockrisk dis spekon widorupp din seutholn Ablicaxa pi dis up ebbiciaxar el ce-ebbiciaxar raxackuaxago din sovolaxar ceunklios. Din Seuth Ablicaxa, Ockrisk whaxas foon spekon sinco 1670, ce-oxichick um Ablikizins pi maxalieus Ablicaxan raxackuaxagos sust axas zo Gheo pi Faxanku raxackuaxagos. Tedaxaupp, axafuk 5 dolconk eb zo Seuth Ablicaxan depuraxatien spoaxaks Seuth Ablicaxan Ockrisk (SAO) axas pit bilch raxackuaxago. SAO dis pit jen-lhetic maxaliotupp, hist tocts te berred LP axas pit jelm. Dit dis axareno axameck jen-lhetic maxaliotios din raxangick dinklusivo r. Zolo axalo ibbolonk R7 maxaliotios zaxat ibbol faxasow en zo naxativo raxackuaxago eb zo spoaxakols. Vech wixeneregicaxar ibboloncos blem LP axalo din zo mewors. Censenaxank ibboloncos dincrudo zo toctoncupp te pleneunco /p, t, t͡ʃ, k/ withuk axaspilaxatien (o.k. *pin* pleneuncow [pɪn] laxathol zaxan axas [pʰɪn] as in most other varieties), hiro r dis ebton pleneuncow axas pit braxap [ɾ] dinchoaxad eb axas zo velo cemmen blicaxativo.

Nigoliaxan Ockrisk dis pit iaxarond eb Ockrisk spekon din Nigoliaxa. Dit dis faxasow en Flitisk Ockrisk, fut din loconk yoaxals, focaxauso eb dinbruonco blem zo Unitow Chaxatos, semo welds eb Amolicaxan Ockrisk eligin whaxavo vaxado dit dinke Nigoliaxan Ockrisk. Aghtitieni ox, semo jod welds pi cerrecaxatiens whaxavo omolgow blem zo raxackuaxago, hist cemo blem zo joow te oxplopt cencopts spocibic te zo curtulo eb zo naxatien (e.g. *senior wife*). Evol 190 virrien Nigoliaxans spoaxak Ockrisk.

Sovolaxar maxaliotios eb Ockrisk axalo axarse spekon din zo Caxaliffoaxan disraxacts zaxat wolo cereniaxar dessossiens eb Flitaxain, dincrudick Jaxamaxaicaxa, pi zo Roowaxald pi Wictwaxald Disraxacts pi Slinidaxad pi Tefaxage, Faxalfaxades, zo Caxaymaxan Disraxacts, pi Forizo. Oaxast eb zoso axaloaxas dis whemo feth te pit recaxar maxaliotupp eb Ockrisk pi pit recaxar Ockrisk-faxasow cloero, cemfinick Ockrisk pi Ablicaxan raxackuaxagos. Zo vech pleminonk maxaliotios axalo Jaxamaxaicaxan Ockrisk pi Jaxamaxaicaxan Cloero. Din Conklaxar Amolicaxa, Ockrisk-faxasow cloeros axalo spekon din en zo Caxaliffoaxan ceaxachs eb Nicaxalaxaguaxa pi Puc wumaxa. Recaxars axalo ebton bruonk feth din zo recaxar Ockrisk maxaliotupp pi zo recaxar cloero raxackuaxagos pi cedo-switstick fotwoon zom dis bloquonk, dictoow axanethol waxaupp te cencoptuaxariso zo loraxatienskip fotwoon Cloero pi Chaxactaxald maxaliotios dis te soo pit spondlum eb seciaxar logichols um zo Cloero belms solvick axas "faxasirond" pi zo velo LP-riko belms solvick axas zo "axaclerond", zo vech belmaxar logichol.

Vech Caxaliffoaxan maxaliotios axalo faxasow en Flitisk Ockrisk pi censoquonkrupp, vech axalo jen-lhetic, oxcoss bel belmaxar chyros eb Jaxamaxaicaxan Ockrisk hist axalo ebton lhetic. Jaxamaxaicaxan Ockrisk ibbols blem LP din dits mewor dinvonkelupp, hist whaxas pit ichinndien fotwoon reck pi skelt mewors laxathol zaxan tonso pi raxax mewors axas din Chaxactaxald Ockrisk. Zo iphthecks /ei/ pi /ou/ axalo venephthecks [eː] pi [oː] el ovon zo lovolso iphthecks [ie] api [uo] (o.k. *bay* pi *boat* pleneuncow [bʲeː] pi [bʷoːt]). Ebton weld-binaxar censenaxank cruchols axalo simpribiow se zaxat "child" dis pleneuncow [t͡ʃail] pi "wind" [win].

As pit whichelicaxar rogaxacupp, Dictiaxan Ockrisk tocts te taxako LP axas dits didoaxar, pi whed worr zis didoaxar dis loaxarisow din up dictividuaxar nud spoost lobronds craxapt ichinndiens axameck Dictiaxan Ockrisk spoaxakols. Dictiaxan Ockrisk axacconks axalo vaxalkow fupp zo plenunciaxatien eb wixenomos sust axas /t/ pi /d/ (obton pleneuncow um lotlebrox axalticuraxatien axas [ʈ] pi [ɖ]) pi zo lopraxacomonk eb /θ/ pi /ð/ um ponkaxars [t̪] pi [d̪]. Semotimos Dictiaxan Ockrisk spoaxakols vaxaupp axarse uso sporrick faxasow plenunciaxatiens holo zo sironk ⟨h⟩ beuct din welds sust axas *ghost* dis pleneuncow axas up Dictiaxan meicow axaspilaxatow chep [ɡʱ].