Bridge of Spies (film)

2015 film by Steven SpielbergTemplate:SHORTDESC:2015 film by Steven Spielberg

 Produced by | * Steven Spielberg
* Marc Platt
 Starring | * Tom Hanks
* Mark Rylance
* Amy Ryan
* DreamWorks Pictures
* Reliance Entertainment
* Afterworks Limited
* Studio Babelsberg
* Amblin Entertainment
* Marc Platt Productions
* Participant Media
* Fox 2000 Pictures
* October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04) (New York Film Festival)
* October 16, 2015 (2015-10-16) (United States)
* November 26, 2015 (2015-11-26) (Germany)
* Germany
* United Kingdom
 Languages | * English

***Bridge of Spies*** is a 2015 historical drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg, written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers, and starring Tom Hanks, Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda. Set during the Cold War, the film tells the story of lawyer James B. Donovan, who is entrusted with negotiating the release of Francis Gary Powers—a U.S. Air Force pilot whose U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960—in exchange for Rudolf Abel, a convicted Soviet KGB spy held by the United States, whom Donovan represented at trial. The name of the film refers to the Glienicke Bridge, which connects Potsdam with Berlin, where the prisoner exchange took place. The film was an international co-production of the United States and Germany.

*Bridge of Spies* was shot under the working title of *St. James Place*. Principal photography began on September 8, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City, and the production proceeded at Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam. The film was released by Touchstone Pictures on October 16, 2015, in the United States and distributed by 20th Century Fox in other countries. It received critical acclaim for its screenplay, the performances of Hanks and Rylance, Spielberg's direction, Thomas Newman's musical score, and the production values. The film was a box office success, grossing $165 million worldwide on a $40 million budget, and received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay, and won Best Supporting Actor for Rylance.

## Plot

In 1957 New York City, Rudolf Abel is arrested and charged with spying for the Soviet Union, and insurance lawyer James B. Donovan is appointed to be Abel's legal counsel. Committed to the principle that the accused deserves a vigorous defense, he mounts the best defense of Abel he can, declining along the way to cooperate in the CIA's attempts to induce him to violate the confidentiality of his communications with his client.

Abel is convicted, but Donovan convinces the judge to spare Abel the death penalty because Abel had been serving his country honorably, and he might prove useful for a future prisoner exchange; Abel is sentenced to 30 years. Donovan appeals the conviction to the Supreme Court based on the lack of a search warrant for the seizure of Abel's ciphers and photography equipment. For his principled stand Donovan and his family are harassed, including shots being fired at their home. The conviction is upheld.

In 1960, Gary Powers, a pilot in the CIA's top secret U-2 spy plane program, is shot down over the USSR. He is captured and sentenced in a show trial to ten years' confinement, including three years in prison.

Donovan receives a letter from East Germany, purportedly sent by Abel's wife, thanking him and urging him to get in contact with their lawyer, whose name is Vogel. The CIA think this is a back-channel message hinting that the USSR is willing to swap Powers for Abel. They unofficially ask Donovan to go to Berlin to negotiate the exchange; he arrives just as the Berlin Wall is going up. Crossing in to East Berlin, he meets with a KGB officer in the Soviet Embassy and is then directed to Vogel, who represents the Attorney General of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Attorney General seeks to swap Abel for an American graduate student named Frederic Pryor, who had been arrested in East Germany; in the process the GDR hopes to gain official recognition by the United States.

The CIA wants Donovan to disregard Pryor but he insists that both Pryor and Powers be swapped for Abel. In a message to the Attorney General he bluffs that they will either release Pryor with Powers or there will be no deal. The exchange of Powers and Abel is to take place at the Glienicke Bridge, with Pryor to be released simultaneously at Checkpoint Charlie. Tension builds as Pryor fails to arrive. The CIA, still primarily concerned with Powers, tell Abel he can go, but he refuses to move. It is confirmed that Pryor has been released, and the exchange takes place.

The next day, back in the United States, the government publicly acknowledges Donovan for negotiating the deal that rehabilitates his public image.

## Cast

* Tom Hanks as James B. Donovan
* Mark Rylance as Rudolf Abel
* Scott Shepherd as Hoffman
* Amy Ryan as Mary Donovan
* Sebastian Koch as Wolfgang Vogel
* Alan Alda as Thomas Watters Jr.
* Austin Stowell as Francis Gary Powers
* Billy Magnussen as Doug Forrester
* Eve Hewson as Carol Donovan
* Jesse Plemons as Joe Murphy
* Michael Gaston as Agent Williams
* Peter McRobbie as Allen Dulles
* Domenick Lombardozzi as Agent Blasco
* Will Rogers as Frederic Pryor
* Dakin Matthews as Judge Mortimer W. Byers
* Burghart Klaußner as Harald Ott
* Mikhail Gorevoy as Ivan Shischkin
* Stephen Kunken as William F. Tompkins
* Noah Schnapp as Roger Donovan
* Jillian Lebling as Peggy Donovan

## Production

### Development

*Bridge of Spies* is an American-German co-production based on a script written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers. Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film. James Donovan wrote an account of the incident in 1964 under the title *Strangers on a Bridge: The Case of Colonel Abel and Francis Gary Powers*. The historical background to the U-2 incident and the story of former West Berlin CIA chief William King Harvey and Operation Gold was published in Rory MacLean's *Berlin: Portrait of a City Through the Centuries* (2014). Soviet intelligence officer Rudolf Abel, who lived and operated in Brooklyn Heights, did dead drops of stolen documents in Prospect Park. His arrest and history were discussed by Truman Capote, another Heights resident at the time, in his book *A House on the Heights*.

Charman became interested in Donovan's story after reading a footnote about him in *An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963*. After meeting with Donovan's son in New York City, Charman pitched the story to several studios and DreamWorks bought it. Studio co-founder Steven Spielberg became interested in the film and decided to direct. Marc Platt and Kristie Macosko Krieger attached themselves as producers along with Spielberg. Joel and Ethan Coen revised Charman's original script. According to Charman, the brothers "were able to really punch up the negotiations on the back end of the movie, then they handed the baton back to me to do a pass after they did their pass, to make the movie just sit in a place we all wanted it to. The flavor they brought is so fun and enjoyable. It needed to be entertaining but truthful."

In May 2014, it was announced that Tom Hanks would star as James Donovan, with Mark Rylance co-starring as Abel. Amy Ryan, Alan Alda, Billy Magnussen, and Eve Hewson were reported to star in the film as well. Participant Media co-produced the film. Francis Gary Powers Jr., founder of The Cold War Museum and the pilot's son, was brought on as a technical consultant and has a cameo in the film.

In June 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures agreed to co-finance the film with DreamWorks and Participant Media, with the film's distribution rights being divided between Disney and Fox. During a March 3, 2015, interview with *The Daily Pennsylvanian*, Platt revealed the title to be *Bridge of Spies*; it was shot under the working title of *St. James Place*. The film also received funds of €3.7 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF).

### Filming

Principal photography began on September 8, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City. On September 14, filming took place in DUMBO, a Brooklyn neighborhood, where crews transformed Anchorage Street to appear as it did in the 1960s. On September 15, filming took place in Astoria, between Astoria Park and Ditmars Boulevard. Filming was done on 18 Street and 26 Avenue in Astoria, where Spielberg was spotted transforming the 5 Corners Deli into a 1950s grocery store. On September 26, filming took place on 44th Street in Manhattan, as evidenced by crews stationed on 44th Street, between Madison and 6th Avenues. On September 27, Hanks was spotted filming scenes on Wall Street among extras wearing 1960s costumes. On September 28, filming of some day and night scenes took place on the corner of Henry Street and Love Lane in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, where the block was set with vintage cars, street signs, rain machines, and spotlights. On September 29, filming took place on Hicks Street and Pineapple Street, where a shop, Perfect Paws, was transformed into a 1960s dress shop named Brooklyn Pearl, and at the NYS Appellate Division courthouse on Monroe Place and Pierrepont Street. On October 6, Hanks and the crew were spotted on the same location on Hicks Street. The scene in the Court hallway in which Hanks, to Alda's consternation, announces his intention to appeal the guilty verdict, was filmed on the first floor on the Queens County Supreme Courthouse at 88–11 Sutphin Blvd., Jamaica, New York.

In early October, after filming wrapped in New York City, further production began at Babelsberg Studios in Berlin and Potsdam, Germany, and would last there through the end of November. Filming in Berlin began with shooting at the former Tempelhof Airport in October, for scenes that actually took place there, such as Donovan's descending from an historic C-54 Skymaster. The prisoner exchange scene was filmed on the Glienicke Bridge (the so-called "Bridge of Spies"), where the historical exchange actually took place in 1962. The bridge spans the Havel narrows between Berlin and Potsdam, and was closed to traffic for filming over the last weekend of November. German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited the set to watch the filming of these scenes. Principal photography officially ended on December 4, at Berlin Tempelhof. Shooting also took place in Wrocław, Poland, in the second half of November. During mid-December, filming took place at Beale Air Force Base, located near Marysville, California. The film was shot on 35mm motion picture film, including Kodak Vision3 250D Color Negative Film 5207 and Vision3 500T Color Negative Film 5219.

Glienicker Brücke Film (9).JPGGlienicke Bridge in Potsdam/Berlin during filmingSt. James Place cars.jpgPeriod vehicles on Monroe Place in Brooklyn Heights during filmingSt. James Place filming.jpgSprinklers during filming in Brooklyn Heights
### Historical accuracy

*Bridge of Spies* is based on the real events but the film departs from the historical record, though reviewers have praised the film and argued that such departures are permissible. Commentators have noted that the shortening of timespans in the film at times gives a misleading impression. A certain licence is taken in the depiction of the Berlin Wall; Donovan did not see Berlin Wall escapees being shot; those most similar to the ones depicted was the killing of Peter Fechter, the summer *after* the Powers/Abel exchange on the Glienicke Bridge. The circumstances of Frederic Pryor's detention were not accurately portrayed—he could not have crossed a partially built wall and was convicted of obtaining "confidential" material.

Apart from the depiction of the wall, it is notable that Donovan did not suffer the violence depicted: he was not shot at in his home and he did not have his overcoat stolen. The film also changed the location of Donovan's suggestion to the judge to spare Abel for the sake of a possible exchange, which was made in court. Donovan is presented in the film as a private practice attorney with little connection to the government or its intelligence services. However, during WWII Donovan served as the general counsel of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), shortly before it was re-organized as the CIA.

There was some controversy over Rylance's decision to portray Abel with a Scottish accent, despite Abel having been born and educated entirely within the Tyneside region of England where Geordie is spoken.

Frederic Pryor stated in an interview that various details of the plot related to his involvement were incorrect. He did not cross the Berlin wall during its construction, as he was on vacation in Denmark at the time. He was detained after his return, when he crossed into East Berlin to visit a friend's sister, without knowing that she had fled to West Berlin using "some sort of passport manipulation", and that her apartment was under surveillance to catch anyone attempting to retrieve its contents. Pryor also stated that the film's depiction of Wolfgang Vogel was unfair. The film depicts Powers' U2 plane being hit by a volley of three SAMs but more than fourteen were launched. A MiG-19 fighter that was scrambled to intercept the plane was also shot down by friendly fire during this salvo, killing the pilot Sergei Safronov.

When interviewed by the *Harvard Gazette* in 2016, Donovan's granddaughter Beth Amorosi described as "artistic license" the movie's portrayal of his rather antagonistic relationship with his CIA handler ("an amalgam" of several CIA people), whereas he "actually had a very good relationship with the CIA agent he worked with,  M.C. Miskovsky". After the spy swap in February 1962, the two again worked successfully together to free 1200 prisoners from Cuban in December 1962.

The visual blog *Information is Beautiful* deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 88.8 percent accurate, calling it "pretty damn truthful, reflecting a general trend in Hollywood towards more historically accurate tales".

## Release

The theatrical poster for the film was released on June 4, 2015, with the first trailer appearing online the following day. It was distributed in North America by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, through the Touchstone Pictures banner. Disney held the film's world premiere on October 4, 2015 at the 53rd annual New York Film Festival. The film went into general theatrical release in the United States on October 16, 2015. 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories.

### Home media

The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on January 12, 2016 and by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in other territories.

## Reception

### Box office

*Bridge of Spies* grossed $72.3 million in North America and $93.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $165.6 million, against a budget of $40 million.

In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking predicted *Bridge of Spies* to open to around $15–20 million from 2,811 theaters. The film opened alongside *Goosebumps*, *Crimson Peak*, and *Woodlawn* on October 16, 2015, facing particular competition from the former, and also from *The Martian*, which was entering its third week. The film made $500,000 from its early Thursday night showings and $5.3 million on its first day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $15.4 million, finishing third at the box office behind *Goosebumps* ($23.5 million) and *The Martian* ($21.5 million). Its biggest international markets have been Italy ($12.1 million) and United Kingdom ($11.0 million).

### Critical response

*Bridge of Spies* received critical acclaim. Richard Roeper of *Chicago Sun-Times* gave the film four out of four stars and praised Spielberg's direction, saying: "Spielberg has taken an important but largely forgotten, and hardly action-packed slice of the Cold War, and turned it into a gripping character study, and thriller that feels a bit like a John Le Carre adaptation if Frank Capra were at the controls". Michael Phillips of *Chicago Tribune* called the film a "a confident, slightly square, highly satisfying example of old-school Hollywood craftsmanship, starring a major movie star brandishing a briefcase, and a handkerchief, rather than a pistol". *The A.V. Club*'s Ignatiy Vishnevetsky described it as "one of the most handsome movies of Spielberg's latter-day phase, and possibly the most eloquent [...] *Bridge of Spies* turns a secret prisoner exchange between the CIA and the KGB into a tense and often disarmingly funny cat-and-mouse game". Thomas Sotinel of the French newspaper *Le Monde* praised the film for harkening back to "classic American cinema", noting Spielberg's virtuosic illustration of the mechanisms of Cold War politics.

On the other hand, Mike Scott of the *New Orleans Times-Picayune*, had a more mixed reaction, saying: "*Bridge of Spies*, with its stop-and-go momentum, is also more merely interesting than it is full-on riveting. It's still quite good stuff, but despite its impressive pedigree ... it doesn't feel as if it's quite the sum of all of its parts". Preston Jones of *Fort Worth Star-Telegram* gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of five. Jones wrote that "For all Spielberg, his star-packed cast, led by Tom Hanks, and his on-screen and off-screen team (Joel and Ethan Coen co-wrote the screenplay) bring to the table, *Bridge of Spies* is remarkable only for how stuffy and surprisingly inert the film becomes".

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 90%, based on 309 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "*Bridge of Spies* finds new life in Hollywood's classic Cold War espionage thriller formula, thanks to reliably outstanding work from Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

## Soundtrack

Frequent Spielberg collaborator John Williams was originally announced to compose the film's score. However, Williams had to drop out of production due to a health issue. Thomas Newman was then contacted by Spielberg to replace him, marking Spielberg's first film without Williams' music since 1985's *The Color Purple*, which was scored by Quincy Jones. Hollywood Records released the film's soundtrack on October 16, 2015.
Template:Tracklist

## See also

* *Bridge of Spies*, a 2010 historical book of the same name that focuses more on the prisoner exchanges
* Hollow Nickel Case

## Notes

1. ↑ Bridge of Spies Press Kit. The Walt Disney Studios.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Bridge of Spies (2015). *AFI Catalog of Feature Films*.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ge, Linda (June 20, 2014). "Fox to Co-Finance Steven Spielberg's Cold War Thriller Starring Tom Hanks". *The Wrap*. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
4. ↑ *BRIDGE OF SPIES* (12A). British Board of Film Classification (October 13, 2015).
5. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Debruge, Peter (October 4, 2015). "Film Review: 'Bridge of Spies'". *Variety*. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
6. ↑  https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/56189b6bd1d23}}
7. ↑ Pamela McClintock (October 13, 2015). Box-Office Preview: 'Goosebumps' Could Out-Spook 'Crimson Peak,' 'Bridge of Spies'. *The Hollywood Reporter*.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bridge of Spies (2015).
9. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Barraclough, Leo (October 23, 2014). "Steven Spielberg to Shoot Scenes for Cold War Thriller in Poland: Report". *Variety*. Los Angeles. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
10. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Lang, Brent (March 18, 2015). "Spielberg-Hanks Cold War Film Titled 'Bridge of Spies,' John Williams Won't Compose Score". *Variety*. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
11. ↑ Steven Spielberg to Shoot Scenes for Cold War Thriller in Poland: Report. *Variety*.
12. ↑ Template:Cite press release
13. ↑ Meza, Ed (December 22, 2014). Studio Babelsberg Braces for $3 Million Annual Loss. *Variety*.
14. ↑ "*BRIDGE OF SPIES* (12A)". *British Board of Film Classification*. October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
15. ↑ Debruge, Peter (October 4, 2015). "Film Review: 'Bridge of Spies'". *Variety*. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bloomenthal, Andrew (October 27, 2015). Bridge of Spies: Spielberg, the Coens and Tom Hanks. Creative Screenwriting.
17. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
18. ↑ Four Cast in Steven Spielberg's Untitled Cold War Spy Thriller. Dreamworks Studio (July 21, 2014).
19. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bahr, Lindsey (June 16, 2014). "Steven Spielberg's Cold War thriller and 'The BFG' snag release dates". *Entertainment Weekly*. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
20. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Amy Ryan, Alan Alda Join Tom Hanks in Steven Spielberg's Cold War found Thriller". *Variety*. July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
21. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Participant Joins DreamWorks On Spielberg Cold War Pic & 'The Light Between Oceans'". *Deadline Hollywood*.
22. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>CONNAUGHTON, CLARE (March 3, 2015). "Hollywood producer Marc Platt talks upcoming projects, Pitch Perfect and his time at Penn". *The Daily Pennsylvanian*. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
23. ↑ Template:Cite press release
24. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Steven Spielberg's Untitled Cold War Thriller is filming in Brooklyn this weekend". onlocationvacations.com. September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
25. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Frost, Mary (October 8, 2014). "DUMBO transformed for Spielberg Film". *Brooklyn Eagle*. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
26. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Untitled Steven Spielberg Cold War movie films on Anchorage Street in DUMBO". news12.com. September 14, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
27. ↑ megc. Spielberg's "St. James Place" is Filming in Astoria. Weheartastoria.com.
28. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Steven Spielberg spotted on the set of 'St James Place' in Astoria". onlocationvacations.com. September 16, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
29. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Spielberg's "St. James Place" is Filming in Astoria". weheartastoria.com. September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
30. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"PHOTOS: Tom Hanks shoots 'St. James Place' on Wall St". *New York Daily News*. September 27, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
31. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bindelglass, Evan (September 29, 2014). "Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg Film 'St. James Place' In Brooklyn Heights". brooklynnews.net. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
32. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fink, Homer (September 29, 2014). "Spielberg Transforms Perfect Paws into a 1960s Dress Shop and He Will Make It Rain Monday Night in Brooklyn Heights". brooklynheightsblog.com. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
33. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Croghan, Lore; Frost, Mary (October 8, 2014). "Tom Hanks lights up the night on Hicks Street". *Brooklyn Eagle*. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Barraclough, Leo (October 23, 2014). "Steven Spielberg to Shoot Scenes for 'St. James Place' in Poland: Report". *Variety*. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
35. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Blaney, Martin (October 1, 2014). "Race producers plan to re-team". *SCREENDAILY*. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
36. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Hier wärmt sich Hanks für den Kalten Krieg auf (Tom Hanks is warming himself up here for the cold war)". BZ Berlin. October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
37. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Glienicker Brücke als Filmkulisse". *Berlin Steglitz-Zehlendorf*. October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
38. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Pressrelease". *Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg*. September 29, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
39. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Agentenaustausch an der Glienicker Brücke". *Tagesspiegel*. November 19, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
40. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Pressrelease". *Studio Babelsberg*. November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
41. ↑ Dreharbeiten – Merkel besucht Spielberg und Hanks auf Glienicker Brücke – Berlin – Aktuelle Nachrichten – Berliner Morgenpost (de). Morgenpost.de (November 28, 2014).
42. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Spielberg to shoot spy thriller in Wroclaw". thenews.pl. October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
43. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Action! Spielberg filming U-2 movie at Beale". appeal-democrat.com. December 18, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
44. ↑ Shot on Film | Kodak. Kodak.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Template:Cite magazine
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Bridge of Spies.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 I spy dramatic licence under Bridge of Spies.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Bridge of Spies:Goofs.
49. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Stellabotte, Ryan (October 16, 2015). "Metadiplomat: The Real-Life Story of Bridge of Spies Hero James B. Donovan". Fordham News. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
50. ↑ Mark Rylance: From Bridge of Spies to BFG. *BBC News*.
51. ↑ Sting scolds Mark Rylance over accent in Bridge of Spies.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Dougherty, Ryan (October 21, 2015). Economist Frederic Pryor Recounts Life as a 'Spy'. *News & Events*. Swarthmore College. "The portrayal of Wolfgang Vogel, my East German lawyer who was negotiating the communist side, was unfair. They made him out to be a total apparatchik, and one of the villains. He wasn’t. He was a quiet, well-spoken man. The movie made it out to be a political thing, him trying to get the U.S. to publicly recognize the East German government. But it was more a waiting game the East Germans played to show the Russians they had the upper hand. Vogel was actually a very nice guy, whom I later visited several times."
53. ↑ Burrows, William E. (1986). *Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security*. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-54124-2.
54. ↑ Star negotiator. Harvard Gazette (March 2016). "GAZETTE: The movie also portrays his relationship with his CIA handler [in the Berlin swap] as somewhat antagonistic. Was that for dramatic effect? AMOROSI: That was some artistic license. He actually had a very good relationship with the CIA agent he worked with, M.C. Miskovsky. The actor didn’t play one specific person, but more an amalgam of personalities at the CIA."
55. ↑ The People of the CIA ... Milan Miskovsky: Fighting for Justice. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on June 6, 2014.
56. ↑ Based on a True True Story? Scene-by-scene Breakdown of Hollywood Films. Information Is Beautiful.
57. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bullock, Paul (June 6, 2015). "Bridge of Spies poster revealed". *From Director Steven Spielberg*. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
58. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Gettell, Oliver (June 5, 2015). "'Bridge of Spies' trailer: Spielberg, Hanks tackle Cold War intrigue". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Labrecque, Jeff (March 18, 2015). "Steven Spielberg's Cold War thriller gets a title, but John Williams drops out". *Entertainment Weekly*. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
60. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Keegan, Rebecca (October 9, 2015). "Spielberg, Hanks and Rylance talk about the Cold War, geopolitics and 'Bridge of Spies'". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
61. ↑ Hammond, Pete. As New York Film Festival Opens, How Is Oscar Race Taking Shape?.
62. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Spielberg-Coens Drama 'Bridge of Spies' Gets New York Film Festival Premiere". *The New York Times*. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
63. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Tapley, Kristopher (October 4, 2015). "'Bridge of Spies' Could Bring Steven Spielberg a Step Closer to an Oscar Record". *Variety*. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
64. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>McNary, Dave (June 16, 2014). "Tom Hanks-Steven Spielberg Cold War Thriller Set for Oct. 16, 2015". *Variety*. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
65. ↑ 'The Martian' may lose top spot in crowded weekend at box office. *Los Angeles Times*.
66. ↑ Brad Brevet (October 15, 2015). Forecast: 'Goosebumps', 'Spies' & 'Crimson Peak' Jostle for Audience Attention. *Box Office Mojo*.
67. ↑ Anthony D'Alessandro (October 14, 2015). 'Goosebumps' Set To Freak Out, But 'The Martian' Could Scare It Away – Box Office Preview. *Deadline Hollywood*.
68. ↑ Rebecca Ford (October 16, 2015). Box Office: 'Crimson Peak' Creeps to $855K, 'Goosebumps' Raises $600K Thursday Night. *The Hollywood Reporter*.
69. ↑ Scott Mendelson (October 17, 2015). Friday Box Office: 'Goosebumps' Tops With Scary Good $7.4M, 'Crimson Peak' Nabs Scary Bad $5.2M. *Forbes*.
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 'Goosebumps' Raises Hair At The B.O., While 'Crimson Peak's Recedes.
71. ↑ Bridge of Spies (2015) – International Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo.
72. ↑ 'Bridge of Spies': Spielberg Finds the Thrills, Action in Cold War Crisis. *Chicago Sun Times*.
73. ↑ 'Bridge of Spies' review: I'll trade you one Soviet spy for.... *Chicago Tribune*.
74. ↑ Steven Spielberg's superb Bridge Of Spies pits Tom Hanks against the Cold War. *The A.V. Club*.
75. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Sotinel, Thomas (November 30, 2015). "" Le Pont des espions " : la guerre froide, à chaude voix" ["The Bridge of Spies": the cold war, in a warm voice]. *Le Monde* (in French). Sociéte Éditrice du Monde. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
76. ↑ 'Bridge of Spies' movie review: Steven Spielberg, Tom Hanks reteam for Cold War drama. *The Times-Picayune*.
77. ↑ Movie review: 'Bridge of Spies'. *Fort Worth Star-Telegram*.
78. ↑ Bridge of Spies.
79. ↑ Bridge of Spies reviews.
80. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Grieving, Tim (October 17, 2015). "When John Williams Can't Go, Whom Does Spielberg Call? Thomas Newman". NPR. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
81. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"'Bridge of Spies' Soundtrack Details". *Film Music Reporter*. September 30, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.

## External links

Template:Wikiquote

* Official website
* *Bridge of Spies* at IMDb
* Template:Mojo title
* Template:Rotten Tomatoes
* Template:Metacritic film

Template:Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film
Template:Berlin Wall
Template:Authority control

Cite error: `<ref>` tags exist for a group named "n", but no corresponding `<references group="n"/>` tag was found