9699/13/M/J/14

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## **Section A**

Answer question 1.

**1** The process through which individuals learn to become members of their society is known as
socialisation. Primary socialisation occurs within the family and takes place during infancy. Some
aspects of primary socialisation are universal. However, both the society and the family into which the
infant is born will influence their experience of childhood.

Childhood is not the same for all. Even within the same society, childhood can vary both in length and
experience as the child develops from infancy to *adolescence* and on into adulthood. Other factors,
external to the family, will also affect what children experience. Children may belong to different social
groups or undergo different rites of passage.

**(a)** What is meant by the term *adolescence*? [2]

One mark for a partial definition such as the end of childhood.

Two marks for an accurate definition, such as: the time between childhood and being an
adult.

**(b)** Describe two universal aspects of primary socialisation. [4]

Two marks available for each aspect. One mark for identification OR development only, two
marks for identification AND development.

Points that can be included are the learning of language, the learning of behaviour, the
learning of values and attitudes, and gender role socialisation.
Allow ‘primary socialisation takes place in the family’.

1 Identification of points alone without development, such as learning to speak, or simple
responses such as the learning of manners, how to dress or learning to do as you are
told.

2 A detailed response might be that in primary socialisation, a child will learn if they are a
boy or girl through gender role socialisation. This is done by the way parents or carers
name, dress and treat the individual child and the social expectations they learn (it is not
necessary to have all these points for full marks).

(**c)**  Explain why the period of childhood may have become longer in modern industrial
societies. [8]

**0–4** A few simple points about the question with no direct reference to it, such as
descriptions of how children spend their time alone, may be worth 1 or 2 marks.

If a link is made to any relevant research or theory but without there being explicit
links, candidates may reach the top of this level.

Better answers at this level would identify one or two points, such as education
causing dependency or life expectancy lengthening in some societies, but there
will be little depth in the explanations offered and the answer will rely on
descriptions of childhood.

**5–8** A sound explanation of the issue identified in the question which is somewhat
implicit or partial, would fit the lower part of this level.

Such answers may be limited to the growing affluence of some societies with
lower fertility rates so more resources are aimed at children and the teen group.
Other factors that may be referred to include the growing consumer and media
industries.

To go higher in the band, the explanation needs to be explicit and well-informed.

**7–8** Answers should attempt to consider how the length of childhood varies in
different societies. Issues such as child exploitation, child soldiers and other such
events where childhood ends ‘early’ may be referred to. This may include a
comparison of when childhood ends within one society for different children.

Place answers at the top of the level according to the depth and/or range of
examples explained and how well the answer is supported by reference to theory
or empirical data.

**NB** This question asks candidates to ‘explain’ so there is therefore no
requirement for assessment, but do not penalise those candidates who do
evaluate.

**(d)** ‘The most significant factor influencing a child’s experience of childhood is the type of family into which he or she is born.’ Assess this view. [11]

**0–4** Answers at this level are likely to show only a limited appreciation of the issues
raised in the question.
Lower in this level, a simple answer that identifies a few
basic points, would gain 1 or 2 marks. Such points may discuss those who are
born rich or poor, or general descriptions of how opportunities can be connected
to the social position of the group into which the child is born.

Higher in this level, an answer might advance a few limited observations about
the different experiences of childhood for different children. Other answers which
offer short descriptive accounts of either advantaged or disadvantaged
experiences a child may have can be placed at the top of the level.
At this level, answers are likely to consider social position alone (or one other point alone) as
an influencing factor, or will reject the social position of the child as the most
significant factor in favour of something else, such as gender.

**5–8** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and an
understanding of the question. Answers may be supported by ideas such as
access to education or the need to work. Answers of this type are likely to
concentrate on theorists such as Aries and Shorter.

Lower at this level, a simplistic description could gain 5 or 6 marks, such as a
description of the way in which class (or another stratification system/factor)
influences the life experience of a child by its links to economic
advantages/disadvantages.

Other answers may wholly or partially reject the idea in favour of gender or
ethnicity being a more significant influence (rather than that of the family) on the
way children are raised and treated. Award 5 to 6 marks for answers that give
some consideration of either position.

Higher at this level (7–8 marks), there will be a more detailed account that
questions the proposition, such as answers that consider more than one factor
but which juxtapose evidence rather than assess it. There should be some use of
theorists or empirical data to support points at this level and answers should offer
a sound attempt to contrast views. Conversely, a one-sided answer that is very
well argued, could also gain up to 8 marks.

**9–11** Lower at this level (9–10 marks), the assessment may be based on a simple
juxtaposition of two views, or may be confined to just one view with one or two
evaluative points. Answers at this level should provide a detailed account of the
way in which a range of factors may (or may not) influence the experience of
childhood, such as gender, religion and ethnicity. In this level, some differences
within societies should be noted.

Some answers may highlight the assertion that factors are cumulative and so to
be born a girl is always a disadvantage in some societies (or advantageous for a
boy). There should be an attempt to assess the way in which this can be
interpreted, most likely from conflict and march of progress views. Very detailed
assessments of factors that can influence the experience of childhood, aside from
familial factors, may be awarded 10 marks.

At the top of this level, the question will be evaluated explicitly and in reasonable
depth. The notion of ‘experience of childhood’ will be directly addressed, probably
via a discussion of key concepts or by a comparison of the key theories or
studies. There may be a consideration of such issues as the disappearance of
childhood (Postman) contrasted with views such as a separate childhood culture
(Opie) with conclusive points. Other issues can be included, such as: child abuse
and neglect, surveillance/independence, exposure through the internet to the
adult world as well as the control of children’s time.

Concepts such as globalisation of western childhood, reconstruction of childhood,
child-centred society, risk adverse parents and age patriarchy may be included.
Evaluative answers can be supported by examples, e.g. postmodernists, like
Jenks, argue that identities have broken down in modern industrial societies so
that the parent-child relationship has become the last source of primary
relationship (Beck). With increased levels of divorce it becomes the most stable
relationship influencing the experience of childhood (in some societies).

## **Section B**

Answer **either** question 2 **or** question 3.

**2** Explain and assess the view that family life has become more diverse as a result of people
having more lifestyle choices. [25]

**0–6** Lower at this level (1–3 marks), answers may be confined to one or two simple points
based on assertion or common sense understanding. For example, one or two simple
points such as how families can be different with no sociological support.

A few simple points about how the family changes when people grow up and move
away from home, may gain up to 3 marks.

Higher at this level (4–6 marks), there may be a wider range of simple points based
on assertion or common sense understanding. For example, an answer which states
that family diversity is present in society by referring to factors such as ethnic diversity
in family types. Other answers in this level may consider lifestyle choices and may
gain up to 6 marks.

**7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and an understanding of
the question.

Lower at this level (7–9 marks), the answer may be confined to a narrow range of
points, lacking in detail and possibly with some inaccuracies. For example, an outline
of the different types of family life in the cultures of different societies with no
reference to life choices would be worthy of the lower marks in the level. An outline of
how migration patterns (internal or external) have introduced diversity with no
development, may go up to 9 marks.

Higher at this level (10–12 marks), answers may either cover a narrow range of points
in reasonable detail or may cover a wider range of points in limited detail.

To be placed at the higher end of this level, there should either be a discussion of
other issues such as how the changing opportunities and such factors as the
changing status of individuals have brought about diversity or a discussion of how
lessening of stigma on same sex couples has increased diversity and lifestyle
choices. There may be little or no assessment.

**13–18** Answers that enter this level may refer to ideas linked to functionalist views that the
nuclear family is replacing the extended family in modern industrial societies.

Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding. The
material used will be interpreted accurately and will be applied effectively when
answering the question. There is no requirement for assessment at this level,
although it may be present.

Lower at this level (13–15 marks), answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge, there will be little or no use of concepts or theory, and the points covered
may lack development.

At this place within the level, the discussion may be limited to the work of such
theorists as Young and Willmott and the development of stage three families. Other
answers may display a detailed assessment but will be unsupported by much
knowledge.

Higher at this level (16–18 marks), answers will use a wider range of knowledge,
supported by the use of concepts and theory where relevant, and will include some
well-developed points. This may be done through the interpretation of statistics.
Other factors such as: ethnic diversity, changing values, lengthening education in
some societies or the changing status of women may account for diversity rather than
life choices as well as the connections between family members even when living
apart, can be referred to.

Answers at this level may consider the pressures on individuals to conform to
normative expectations, especially in traditional societies. However, this assessment
will be lacking in detail and may rely on the juxtaposition of the different
interpretations of statistics.

**19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things:

First, there will be good sociological knowledge and understanding.

Second, the material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to
answering the question.

Third, there must also be some evidence of assessment.

Answers will provide a solid account of the nature of diversity, including the different
classifications by which diversity can be explained. There will also be a sustained and
well-informed assessment of life choices, possibly as outlined by postmodernists, and
of the ability of individuals in different societies, such modern industrial societies and
societies which are more traditional, to make their own life choices.

Lower at this level (19–21 marks), the assessment may be largely delivered through
the juxtaposition of contrasting arguments and theories. Alternatively, the assessment
may be limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated. Lower at
the level, this assessment may still be mainly made by the juxtaposition of the main
sociological theorists such as Chester, and the development of the neo-conventional
family with that of the Rapoports and five types of diversity.

Higher at this level (22–25 marks), there will be a sustained assessment, and the
points offered will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely to
be a well-formulated conclusion. This may be made by a more direct analysis of the
life cycle of the family and the way in which family life adapts through an individual’s
lifetime and the choices offered to individuals in different societies. This analysis may
take the form of arguing that nuclear families remain a significant part of most lives,
and family ideology remains important.

Another way of achieving marks at the highest level would be to compare these views
with those of the post modernists such as Cheal, who argue that family structures are
no longer orderly but are chaotic and fragmented, allowing individuals much choice in
both family arrangements and lifestyle.

Concepts such as family practices, risk society, negotiated family, divorce-extended
family, fragmentation, neo-conventional-family and pure relationships may be referred
to. There should be a balanced conclusion to gain full marks.

**3** ‘Even though women and men may share conjugal roles today, there is still inequality in
the family.’ Explain and assess this view. [25]

**0–6** Lower at this level (1–3 marks), answers may be confined to one or two simple points
based on assertion or common sense understanding. For example, an answer which
includes one or two simple points about how roles have changed, with little or no
sociological support, would qualify for a mark at this level.
A few simple points about
how fewer children being born in some societies (due to contraception) leads to more
equality, may gain up to 3 marks.

Higher at this level, there may be a wider range of simple points based on assertion
or common sense understanding. For example, an answer showing some limited
understanding of the changing social position of women and men (or not), such as by
the way in which tasks are shared may gain up to 6 marks.

**7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.
Lower at this level (7–9 marks), the answer may be confined to a narrow range of
points, lacking in detail and possibly with some inaccuracies. For example, an outline
of a basic account of the importance of the social position of wives and husbands in
families in respect of task sharing, power, divorce, educational opportunities with no
reference to the concept of equality would be worthy of the lower marks in the level.
Alternatively, answers which rely on Young and Willmott alone would also be worthy
of a mark at the lower level.

Other answers which outline some of the factors that influence the social position of
women and men in families (education, employment, changed attitudes, divorce, and
legal equality) but with no development, may go up to 9 marks.

Higher at this level (10–12 marks), answers may either cover a narrow range of points
in reasonable detail or may cover a wider range of points in limited detail. To reach
the higher level there should either be a discussion of continuing issues such as
patriarchy or a discussion of other theories such as functionalism and feminism in
relation to conjugal roles. In this level, there may be some confusion about whether
the answer relates to the social position of women and men in society in general
rather than families, and the assessment may be limited or absent.

**13–18** Answers that enter this level may refer to ideas linked to historic changes that have
improved the social position of at least some women in families.

Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding. The
material used will be interpreted accurately and will be applied effectively when
answering the question. There is no requirement for assessment at this level,
although it may be present.

Lower at this level (13–15 marks), answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge, there will be little or no use of concepts or theory, and the points covered
may lack development. At the lower level, the discussion may be limited to the
consequences of smaller, planned families and changed social attitudes towards the
role of men in relationships, such as the development of the new man.

Higher at this level (16–18 marks), answers will use a wider range of knowledge, and
will be supported by the use of concepts and theory where relevant, and will include
some well-developed points or some assessment of the extent to which equality
exists in conjugal roles.

Answers should demonstrate a good understanding of the topic, with some
interpretation of the evidence such as opportunities now available to some women
which did not exist in the past. This can be supported with specific evidence such as
opportunities made possible by the control of fertility and reference to the work of
Boulton, Oakley and Gershuny, for example.

Other answers may display a detailed assessment, but will be unsupported by much
knowledge. However, this assessment will be lacking in detail and may rely on the
juxtaposition of these different ideas or comparisons of different societies.

**19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things:

First, there will be good sociological knowledge and understanding.

Second, the material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to
answering the question.

Third, there must also be some evidence of assessment.

Answers in this level will provide a solid account of the variety of conjugal roles that
exist in societies, which can include references to both modern industrial societies as
well as the more traditional ones. There will also be a sustained and well-informed
assessment of the ways in which equality can be interpreted by task, decision making
and power. Reference in this mark band should be made explicitly to the family rather
than society in general.

Lower at this level (19–21 marks), the assessment may be largely delivered through
the juxtaposition of contrasting arguments and theories. Alternatively, the assessment
may be limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated. Lower at
the level, this assessment may still be mainly made by the juxtaposition of the main
sociological theories such as functionalism and feminism or by comparison of the
symmetrical family to the work of theorist such as Edgell.

Higher at this level (22–25 marks), there will be sustained assessment and the points
offered will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely to be a
well-formulated conclusion.

To reach the highest level there should also be a more
direct analysis of the evidence of the way in which changes have occurred in some
social groups in some societies and some acknowledgement of the different feminist
theories. This analysis may take the form of arguing that women still inhabit a lower
social position due to the need to reproduce labour power, female oppression and
male domination contrasted to liberal feminist views of an improved situation, even if
women are still in an inferior position compared to men.

Another way of gaining the highest level would be to outline the alternatives that exist
in some societies, as outlined by such theorists as Dunne and the relationships that
exist for single sex couples compared to family life in more traditional societies.
Concepts such as pooling, emotion work, shared management, decision making,
domestic violence, patriarchy, equal opportunities, ideological conditioning, basic and
irreducible functions, family outlaws, anti-social family and female carer-core can be
usefully referred to. To gain full marks, there should be a balanced conclusion.

## Useful information (Hints)

**Question 1(a)**

**Question 1(b)**

**Question 1(c)**

**Question 1(d)**

**Question 2**

**Question 3**