Steyr MG 34

The ***Maschinengewehr* 34**, or **MG 34**, is a German recoil-operated air-cooled machine gun, first tested in 1929, introduced in 1934, and issued to units in 1936. It introduced an entirely new concept in automatic firepower – the *Einheitsmaschinengewehr* (Universal machine gun) – and is generally considered the world's first general-purpose machine gun (GPMG).

The versatile **MG 34** was chambered for the full-power 7.92×57mm Mauser rifle cartridge, and was arguably the most advanced machine gun in the world at the time of its deployment. Its combination of exceptional mobility – being light enough to be carried by one man – and high rate of fire (of up to 900 rounds per minute) was unmatched. It entered service in great numbers following Hitler's repudiation of the Versailles Treaty in 1936, and was first combat tested by German troops aiding Franco's Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. Nonetheless, the design proved too complex for mass production, and was supplemented by the cheaper and simpler MG 42, though both remained in service and production until the end of the war.

## History

After World War I the German military faced restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty restricted the German *Reichswehr* (Realm Defence) to maximally stockpiling 792 heavy (bulky hard-to-maneuver water-cooled) machine guns and 1,134 light machine guns and actual production of machine guns and development of sustained fire weapons were prohibited. From 1933 Nazi Germany was committed to repudiating the Treaty of Versailles and its restrictions. As part of a (clandestine) military revitalization program the German military sought avenues to get around restrictions imposed by the treaty by resorting to innovative weapon design and engineering, German arms designers working abroad and other foreign assistance.

The **MG 34** was based on a 1930 Rheinmetall design, the MG 30. The Swiss and Austrian militaries had both licensed and produced the MG 30 from Rheinmetall shortly after patent. In the spring of 1931 the development of the *Einheitsmaschinengewehr* (Universal machine gun) started. The MG 30 design was adapted and modified by Heinrich Vollmer of Mauser Industries. Vollmer originally designed the feed mechanism to accept MG 15 inspired 75-round *Patronentrommel 34* spring-loaded saddle-drum magazines. The *Patronentrommel 34* was a rather complex magazine for which a filling device existed and requiring ordnance personnel and a special tool to optimize the spring tension for reliable feeding. Users were ordered not to adjust the drum spring tension.

In 1937 the feed was redesigned to use reusable non-disintegrating *Gurt 33*and *Gurt 34* metal belts and a 50-round *Gurttrommel 34* (belt drum). The *Gurttrommel* was designed to be clipped to the left side of the gun and was not a true magazine but held a curled 50-round belt and corresponding starter-segment preventing it from snagging, twisting and getting stuck during mobile assaults.[8] Vollmer also increased the rate of fire. The **MG 34**'s double crescent trigger dictated either semiautomatic or fully automatic firing modes. The capability to use the previous 75-round *Patronentrommel 34* saddle-drum magazines (with a simple change of the feed cover for a *Trommelhalter*magazine holder) was retained. All 75-round *Patronentrommel 34* fed **MG 34**s had been withdrawn from infantry use by 1941, with some remaining in use on armoured personnel carriers.

As the **MG 34** was technically based on and featured design elements of several other machine guns, the German arms industry negotiated and worked out complex royalties and patents matters regarding the **MG 34** to every involved side's satisfaction.

In the field, the weapon could operate in offensive or defensive applications. The offensive model, with a mobile soldier, used either a 50-round *Gurttrommel* or a 75-round *Patronentrommel 34*. In a stationary defensive role, the gun was mounted on a bipod or tripod and fed by a non-disintegrating metal ammunition belt. Belts were carried in boxes of five. Each belt contained 50 rounds. Belt lengths could be linked for sustained fire. During sustained fire, barrels would have to be changed at intervals due to the heat generated by the rapid rate of fire. If the barrels were not changed properly, the weapon would misfire. Changing barrels was a rapid process for the trained operator and involved disengaging a latch and swinging the receiver to the right for the insertion of a new barrel into the barrel shroud. Accordingly, stationary defensive positions required more than one operator.

The **MG 34** was the mainstay of German Army support weapons from the time of its first issue in 1935 until 1942, when it was supplanted by the next generation Maschinengewehr 42 or MG 42. Although the **MG 34** was reliable and dominant on the battlefield, its dissemination throughout the German forces was hampered due to its precision engineering, which resulted in high production costs and a relatively slower rate of production. For its successor, the MG 42, the Germans instead used mass production techniques similar to those that created the MP 40 submachine gun. The Germans nevertheless continued widespread production of **MG 34**s until the end of the war.

## Variants

### MG 34 Panzerlauf

Most German tanks used during World War II used the **MG 34 *Panzerlauf*** for secondary armament. The MG 42 was ill-suited for internal/coaxial mounting due to the method of barrel change. The MG 42's barrel had to be removed and replaced by sliding the barrel out at an angle such that, when mounted on a tank/armoured vehicle, armour and space would have to be compromised to fit the weapon. Although the MG 34 was older than the, arguably, improved MG 42, its barrel could be swapped in-line with the gun, meaning that the MG 34 was favoured because of the fact that it was simpler to design mountings for the gun. Furthermore, designs for internal/coaxial mounting were already fully proven in tests and combat, meaning that it would have been costly to redesign the mounts to account for the barrel change of the MG 42.

The main difference of the **MG 34 Panzerlauf** and the regular MG 34 was the heavier, almost solid armored barrel shroud, almost completely lacking the ventilation holes of the basic MG 34. When mounted inside a tank, the MG 34 also lacked a butt-stock. A kit for quick conversion to ground use was carried inside the tank containing a butt-stock and a combined bi-pod and front sight assembly.

## Aquirement

The Barrel Of The **MG 34** can be unlocked in the Machine Gun Collection in Gun Builder:Elite