Biology: Most Important Questions

## CHAPTER 1:Genetic Basis of Inheritance

1. State and explain Mendel's law of Inheritance
2. Write a note on Plieotropy
3. What is a dihybrid cross?Explain with help of suitable example and checker board method.
4. Explain concept of multiple alleles with examples of using abnormalities in Drosophila and ABO blood groups in human.
5. "Test cross is a back cross but back cross is not necessarily a test cross" Explain
6. Explain Co-dominance.
7. Explain polygenes with example.
8. What is monohybrid cross?give reasons for Mendel's success.
9. State and explain 'Law of Independant Assortment' with suitable example.

## CHAPTER 2: Gene: It's nature and regulation

1. Describe Watson and Crick model of DNA.
2. Explain mechanismof DNA replication with diagram.
3. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
4. Describe Hershey & Chase experiment to prove DNA is genetic materials.
5. Describe characteristics of genetic code & Wobble hypothesis.
6. Describe "Lac Operon" concept.
7. Explain transcription & translation.
8. What DNA replication is called semi conservation

## CHAPTER 3: Biotechnology: Process and Applications

1. Describe the steps involved in recombinant DNA technology
2. What is bacteriophage?Explain lytic cycle of bacteriophage with suitable diagram.
3. What is palindrome?
4. What are transposons?Explain its 2 types.
5. Name the enzyme responsible for delay in ripening of tomato fruit.
6. Explain different bio safety issues which may arise due to genetically modified (GM) organism.
7. What is bio-patent? Give two examples.

## CHAPTER 4 : Enhancement in Food Production

1. What is tissue culture?Describe methodology of tissue culture & its applications.
2. Explain steps involved in plant breeding.
3. Name high yielding semi dwarf varieties of wheat and rice.
4. Define SCP , its microbial source and application.
5. Explain how suspension culture is prepared from callus.
6. Explain mutation breeding.
7. Name disease resistant and insect resistant varieties of crops.

## CHAPTER 5: Microbes in Human Welfare

1. Explain the role of microbes in bio-gas production and advantages of bio-gas.
2. Explain microbes in sewage treatment.
3. What are bio-fertilizers? Explain with example.
4. Name some water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
5. Short note: "Bascillus thuringensis" as a bio-control agent or bio-pesticide
6. Give chemical composition of bio-gas.
7. Give some examples of edible & non edible mushrooms.

## CHAPTER 6: Photosynthesis

1. Give schematic representation of cyclic photophosphorylation
2. Give schematic representation of non-cyclic photophosphorylation
3. What is photo-respiration? Give its diagrammatic representation
4. Describe Calvin cycle
5. Distinguish between C3 & C4 pathway
6. Describe CAM pathway.
7. Describe HSK pathway (C-4) pathway.
8. What is chemi-osmosis?Explain its role in generation of ATP.
9. Sketch and label ultrastructure of chloroplast
10. Describe diff. types of chlorophyll pigments.

## CHAPTER 7: Respiration

1. Define glycolysis ,give its schematic representation & give its significance.
2. Describe Kreb's cycle
3. Explain ETS in brief along with significance
4. What is anaerobic respiration? Explain the mechanism of anaerobic respiration
5. Describe structure of ATP
6. Why is respiration called Amphibolic pathway?

## CHAPTER 8: Reproduction in Plants

1. Describe T.S of Anther.
2. Explain process of double fertilization & its significance.
3. Describe the structure of anatropous ovule along with diagram.
4. Describe natural methods of vegetative propagation .
5. Describe structure of angiosperm pollen grain with diagram.
6. Describe development of female gametophyte with diagram.
7. Give floral adaptations of Anemophily & Entomophily
8. Sketch and label parts of typical flower

## CHAPTER 9: Organism and Environment-1

1. What is bio-magnification and bio-accumulation?
2. Give schematic representation of carbon cycle.
3. Define greenhouse effect.Which greenhouse gas is mainly responsible for global warming?
4. Mention any two ecological services of mankind.
5. Global warming is caused by greenhouse effect. Justify.
6. Explain concept of pyramid of numbers.
7. Comment on "Effect of agro-chemicals on environment"
8. Give brief account of phosphorus cycle.
9. What are spatial patterns of ecosystem?
10. Difference between habitat & ecological niche
11. There is a hole in Ozone layer. Explain.

## CHAPTER 10: Origin an Evolution of Life

1. Why is Australopithecus considered as connective link between Apes and Man?
2. Short notes on (a)Neanderthal man (b) Cro-Magnon Man (c) Homo-erectus (d) Homo-habilis
3. Give the importance of fossils in support of organic evolution.
4. What is Panspermia theory and theory of Abiogenesis of evolution?
5. What is adaptation?Explain aquatic adaptations along with example.
6. Characteristic feature of (a)Propliopithecus (b)Dryopithecus (c)Ramapithecus
7. Explain (a)Analogous organs (b)Homologous organs (c) Vestigial organs
8. Distinguish between Ape and Man

## CHAPTER 11: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

1. What is sex linkage?Explain Inheritance of colour blindness & haemophilia with suitable charts.
2. Explain haplo-diploid sex determination system in honeybees.
3. Describe the structure and types of chromosomes .
4. Why do sex linked traits appear more in males than in females ?
5. Explain Turner's syndrome & Klinefilter's syndrome.
6. What is sex linked characters ?Explain criss cross inheritance of colour blindness.
7. Explain the terms (a)Linkage (b) Crossing over (c) Recombination
8. Give salient features of Chromosomal theory
9. What is Y linked or holandric genes ?
10. Distinguish between X&Y chromosomes.

## CHAPTER 12: Genetic Engineering and Genomics

1. Name and explain the steps involved in DNA fingerprinting.
2. Give applications of DNA fingerprinting.
3. What is vaccine ? Explain steps involved in vaccine production.
4. What is goal of Human Genome Project?
5. What is gene therapy?Explain with examples.
6. What are transgenic animals?Explain its aplications.

## CHAPTER 13: Human Health and Diseases

1. Describe structure of antibody.
2. Write a note on HIV.
3. Enlist and explain the various types of cancer.
4. With the help of chart ,explain compatibility of Human blood groups OR ABO blood groups along with Rh factor.
5. Describe antigen-antibody complex.
6. What is filariasis? Explain signs and symptoms.
7. What is acquired immunity ? Explain its types .
8. Explain barriers of innate immunity.

## CHAPTER 14 : Animal Husbandry

1. Write a note on fishery along with its types,economic importance and preservation methods.
2. Explain MOET technology
3. Apiculture and its economic importance .
4. Name viral,fungal and bacterial poultry diseases.
5. S.N on Inbreeding its advantages and disadvantages .
6. S.N on (a) cross breeding (b)Out crossing (c) Interspecific hybridization
7. S.N on Lac culture.
8. Describe sericulture in brief.
9. Name Indian and Exotic breeds of cows and buffaloes

## CHAPTER 15: Circulation

1. With the help of a neat labelled diagram describe the internal structure of human heart.
2. Describe Hypertension.Write a note on Angina Pectoris.
3. Sketch and Label conducting system of heart.
4. V.S of Human heart
5. Explain in detail about ECG and give its various uses.
6. Mention role of Pacemaker in human heart.
7. Describe in brief the different types of leucocytes.
8. What is Coronary Artery Disease?

## CHAPTER 16: Excretion and Osmoregulation

1. What is excretion? Describe various modes of excretion in animals .
2. Sketch ,label and describe structure of Nephron.
3. Describe physiology of urine formation in human.
4. With the help of diagram explain human excretory system.How will you identify acute kidney injury by Urine analysis.
5. What is kidney failure ? Explain various types of it along with kidney transplantation.

## CHAPTER 17: Control and Co-Ordination

1. Explain the structure of pituitary gland and various hormones secreted by pituitary gland.
2. Explain structure of Adrenal gland along with secretion of hormones & their effects of hypo and hyper secretion of hormone.
3. What is receptor? Explain various types along with their location & functions.
4. Explain structure of human hear along with mechanism of hearing.
5. Explain structure of human eye along with mechanism of hearing .
6. Structure of human brain along with functions performed by various regions.
7. Explain mechanism of reflex action and give types of reflex action with significance.

## CHAPTER 18: Human Reproduction

1. Describe the human male reproductive system along with diagram.
2. Describe female reproductive system along with diagram.
3. T.S of ovary and describe menstrual cycle in human female.
4. Give significance of fertilization.
5. Describe Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis.
6. What is cleavage? Explain process of cleavage and blastulation.
7. Describe structure of human sperm and egg.
8. S.N on sexually transmitted diseases.
9. Explain various methods of birth control.
10. What is gastrulation ,explain how formation of 3 germinal layers and extra embryonic membranes takes place.

## CHAPTER 19: Organism and Environment - 2

1. Justify method of conservation of bio-diversity includes hot spot method.
2. Justify PVC is mandatory for all vehicles and industries .
3. How is radioactive mangers carried out?
4. S.N on desert adaptations.
5. What is parasitism ? Explain various types of it.
6. Explain Mutualism and Commensalism type of association with example.
7. What is gas structure ? Explain.