Orrovian Verbs

## Overview

Orrovian is unique among the romance languages in that it has largely replaced the Latin verb system with new forms, which were derived either from the meaning of existing tenses changing or from the grammaticalization of periphrastic forms. The result is that Orrovian has quite a large conjugation system compared to other Romance languages, yet the tenses don't often resemble those from Latin.

 A state in the:
 Present
 Future

## Non-Finite Forms

### Infinitive

Only the present infinitive survived from Latin. The infinitive works both like a tenseless and subject-less verb, and as a noun meaning "the act of doing that verb".

"mi xiovo cantar" -- I like to sing / I like singing.

"vam vender lo a'fforu" -- We are going **to sell** it at the market.

"vole divertisi a Trabazzu" -- He wants **to spend (himself) time** in Trabadius.

"Questa canta non cantazere sere!" -- That song is not **to be sung!**

 Middle
 Passive

### Participles

Orrovian kept three participial forms from Latin, which turned into the present, past, and future participles.

#### Present

Used as an adjective, to describe a thing doing the verb.

"la marita parziente" -- the leaving wife

#### Gerund

Used as an adverb, to describe the manner of another verb or as the means by which that verb was preformed, or the state of the subject while preforming the verb. In this sense it is often translated as the -ing ending of English, but it does not share many of the uses of the english gerund. For example, "mi xiovo cantando" would not be translated as "I like singing" but rather as "I, (while) singing, am pleased."

"corre cantando pella casa" -- he ran singing around the house

#### Past

The past participle is the only one which inflects according to gender and number. It can be used as an adjective:

"le puelles amates" -- the loved girls

It is also important in certain passive constructions (another passive exists, see "passive" section):

"sez vendetos" -- they were sold

 Plur
 Fem
 Plur

## The Imperfective Tenses

### Present

Refers to an action which is presently uncompleted.

"essa amo" -- I love her, I am loving her

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Imperfect

Refers to an action in the past which was habitual or uncompleted.

"essa amavo" -- I was loving her, I loved her, I have been loving her (over a period of time).

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Future

Refers to an action in the future with no set end point.

"essa amaró" -- I will love her, I will be loving her.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Present Subjunctive

Refers to possible, conjectural, or counterfactual actions in the present or future.

"essa amei" -- I might love her.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Imperfect Subjunctive

Refers to possible, conjectural, or counterfactual uncompleted actions in the past.

"essa amarai" -- I might have been loving her.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

## The Perfective Tenses

### Aorist

Refers to a completed past action without present relevance. Differs from the perfect in that it simply states an event.

"La libru perdei" -- I lost the book.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Perfect

Refers to a completed past action with relevance to other times, especially the present. Differs from the aorist in that it states an event with continued relevance. "La libru perdezo" implies that the book is still lost or that there may be some present consequence, while "La libru perdei" does not as strongly suggest this.

"La libru perdezo" -- I have lost the book.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Pluperfect

Refers to an action in the past that has been completed in the past.

"La libru perdezzo" -- I had lost the book.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Future Perfect

Refers to an action in the future that has been completed in the future (relative to another future thing).

"La libru perdizeró" -- "I will have lost the book"

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Aorist Subjunctive

Refers to possibilities, conjectures, and counterfactual things in the past that have been completed, without continuing relevance.

"La libru perdissei" -- "I might have lost the book"

### Perfect Subjunctive

Refers to possibilities, conjectures, and counterfactual things in the past that have been completed, with continuing relevance.

"La libru perdevai" -- "I might have lost the book"

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Pluperfect Subjunctive

Refers to possibilities, conjectures, and counterfactual things in the past that have been completed in the past.

"La libru perdivurai" -- "I might have lost the book (by then)"

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

## Conditionals

### Imperfect

Like the subjunctive, but dependent on an (explicit or implicit) condition.

"essa amari" -- I could love her, I would love her.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

### Perfect

A condition-dependent thing in the past, the past equivalent to the conditional.

"essa amarevi" -- I could have loved her, I would have loved her.

 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person

## Imperatives

Imperatives, or commands, only have two types in Orrovian: Positive, telling what to do, and Negative: Telling what not to do.

"Canta!" -- Sing!

"Noccanta!" -- Don't sing!

"Vendende" -- It must be sold!

"Noccantari" -- It/they must not be sung!

## Passive Voice

The passive construction of Latin was completely lost. It's been replaced by a participle + star construction. This construction is somewhere in between a periphrastic and synthetic form, as it still changes to the gender and number of the subject in the participial root. It inflects like a past participle, followed by an appropriately inflected form of 'star', with the space removed.

Another common way of forming the passive is simply with ser + past participle, in a periphrastic form.

amatasta - she is loved

ies amata - she is loved

There is a slight semantic difference here however: 'amatasta' means "she is loved at this current time", while "ies amata" means "she is loved, and this is a permanent state or an inherent quality about her".

## Middle or Reflexive Voice

When the subject is acting upon itself, or the subject is not clearly the agent or the patient of a verb, it takes a form where the subject is expressed with an Indirect Object pronoun. It's also used for natural phenomenon with no clear subjects (In english, it + the passive is used here), in sentences like "It's raining". Such verbs only take the third-person singular. In the chart, the "active" forms have a subject: a cloud that's raining, while the middle voice is simply stating the phenmenon: "si piove" = "it's raining"

## Interrogative

Each verb in Orrovian also has an interrogative suffix. In most cases this is pretty simple: