Fesseha 2

Ethiopia's 5000 Year History, from Noah until the EPRDF, Fesseha Yaze Kassa, AD 2011

translated and annotated by Ras Feqade, AD 2021.

## Chapter 2: Reign of the Tribe of Ham 3492-1977 BC

Those listed following are the known "kings of the tribe of Ham" after Noah. Very few former authors list beginning from Noah. A few list beginning from Ham. Several list beginning from Kush. Very many list beginning from Sebtah. There is none lower than that.

[The list of Tekletsadek Merkuria 1959 (reprinted 1973) is virtually the same, beginning with Sebtah and omitting Noah, Ham and Kush. Ham with 78 years and Kush with 50, and additionally Habassi with 40 years between Kush and Sebta, are in the canonical list of Ras Tafari.]

Number - Name of the kings - Years they remained in authority - Era they reigned BC

[To this I have added the name in Tekletsadek 1959 where spelled different, and the years of reign according to my own calculations.]

* 1 - Noah - 344 - 3836-3492 - (omitted)
* 2 - Kam - (713) - 3492-2779 - (omitted) [2424-2346 BC]
* 3 - Kush - 242 - 2779-2537 - (omitted) [2346-2296 BC; + Habassi 2296-2256 BC]
* 4 - Sebta - 30 - 2537-2507 - Septah (Sapita) [2256-2226 BC]
* 5 - Electron - 30 - 2507-2477 [2226-2196 BC]
* 6 - Nebir - 30 - 2477-2447 [2196-2166 BC]
* 7 - Amen I - 21 - 2447-2426 [2166-2145 BC]
* 8 - Nehse (Abis) - 30 - 2426-2396 - Nehset Nays [2145-2115 BC]
* 9 - Tarkem - 29 - 2396-2367 - Tarkim [2115-2086 BC]
* 10 - Saba I (Sabanoba) - 30 - 2367-2337 [2086-2056 BC]
* 11 - Sofarid - 30 - 2337-2317 [2056-2026 BC]
* 12 - Iskindi - 25 - 2317-2282 [2026-2001 BC]
* 13 - Hohy Seth'o - 35 - 2282-2247 - Hohy Sethwo [2001-1966 BC]
* 14 - Ahyath - 20 - 2247-2227 - Ahyap [1966-1946 BC]
* 15 - Adgas - 30 - 2227-2197 [1946-1916 BC]
* 16 - Bakenden Melis - 25 - 2197-2172 - Bakundon Melis [1916-1891 BC]
* 17 - Manturay Haqabe - 35 - 2172-2137 - Manturay Haqebi [1891-1856 BC]
* 18 - Rakhu Didime - 30 - 2137-2107 [1856-1826 BC]
* 19 - Sobi - 30 - 2107-2077 - Sobi I [1826-1796 BC]
* 20 - Azegan Fer'on - 30 - 2077-2047 [1796-1766 BC]
* 21 - Susehal Atosanez - 20 - 2047-2027 [1766-1746 BC]
* 22 - Amin II Dawiza - 15 - 2027-2012 [1746-1731 BC]
* 23 - Ramin Ahati Meslene - 20 - 2012-1992 - Raminphahti Meslene [1731-1711 BC]
* 24 - Wanena - 3 days - 1992-1992 - Wanuna [1711 BC]
* 25 - Piori I - 15 - 1992-1977 [1711-1696 BC]

The succeeding kings after Noah have remained until Piori I in turn by their name Kings of the Tribe of Ham. Beginning from the era of rule of these 25 kings, and until there era where we are now, plenty of countries have served as the seat of the kings. Let the places seem few that are known by treaty and called repeatedly as being the seat of the kings, or capital, within the history of Ethiopia that counted a long era, yet when we list them plentifully, they seem to be the following:

Gonder /Thana/, Mankush /within Benishangul/, Thebes (Upper Egypt), Napata; Dengola (between Napata and Meroe), city of Saba; Meroe; Atbara (around Alfa), Aferewa Nat (Wond Besher Thana), Elephantine (southern Egypt), Mereb (west of Sanaa), Zafar (southern Iraq), Mogadishu, Daga Istifanos (Thana) Yeha, Hawzen, Metera, Keskes, Adulis, Glomakeda (Tehondo Zalanbessa); Aksum; Aksum and Gohatsion conjoined; Aksum; Seqenqen; Aksum; Roha (Lasta) Tegulet, Debre Berhan, Harer, Yerer, Enefraz, Gorgora, Gomenge Azezo, Gonder, Debre Tabor, Meqdela, Lasta, Meqelle, Entoto (Addis Abeba); when they are so listed, when all these places were serving as seat of the kings in various eras, we can also be persuaded by this of the extent of ancient Ethiopia's territory.

And all kings, when he made his seat in the place he chose and that seemed convenient for him, each has his own source reason.

For example, being when Noah died having stayed in the land of Ethiopia, and his son Ham led having been substituted, after he died his son Kush has been substituted. Kush's son Sebta moreover being king in his fathers' land Ethiopia, he has administered Ethiopia 2537-2507 BC.

"In the time when king Sebta was circulating and visiting the overall land he rules, when he surveys the Nile River, he makes his journey to the river's source. And as soon as he reached the spring, he planted a tent on one hill and when he surveyed the surroundings, the natural beauty quite amazed him. And in realizing this Lake Thana, for whom 32 different rivers are tributary, is agreeable for living, in his being quite captivated when he beheld the lake and the river from the place on the hill called Aferewanat, having constructed the great tower that had 9 doors in that place, he named it Wond Besher" (Yared Girma 2007 AD).

[The earlier History of Bete Israel by Asres Yaye (1997) also notes that Wond Besher was the capital of Sebtah, son of Kush, whom he places around 2300 BC.

I have his reign over Ethiopia as from 2256 to 2226 BC, but more details about Sebtah, also called Sabatius Saga, are known from the *Defloratio* tradition. This has him serving first as king in Saga (Armenia and Scythia, mostly Japhethite) from around the 56th year of 'Belus', ie 2312 BC, until the 43rd year of 'Ninus', ie 2263 BC, when he left Saga to the next king Barzanes, and allegedly fled to Pontus 'where Sarmatians live'. He then turns up again (via Spain per Spanish accounts) in Italy, by now ruled by Janus, in the 1st year of Semiramis, ie 2254 BC, and in her 12th year (2242 BC) Janus appoints him Coritus or Duke over the 'aborigines' south of the Tiber. Assuming that after fleeing Saga he went rather to his father's kingdom, Kush, and took over from Habassi, this allows him a small window of nine years partly overlapping with his 30 year reign as I calculate it above, when he may have been in Kush before showing up in Spain and Italy. Perhaps after receiving the crown he remained only a few years in Ethiopia, before travelling to Europe as nominal Emperor leaving behind an unknown regent, until he was replaced by the enigmatic Electron in 2226 BC.]

And the other listed kings, who would administer overall the people who would live scattered /broadcast/ in each region, were circulating from place to place and changing their seat at each time. However the coronation places known mainly and widely are Napata, Saba city, Meroe, Aksum, Lasta, Shewa and Gonder.

And while this is so, it means in the era of antiquity, the former wider Ethiopia had one single self sufficient government. And the mentioned places served as the seat of the "King of Kings", yet not of the "kings". In each place the kings of each territory beneath the King of Kings are appointed.

The prof. Bahru Zewde who is called Father of modern Ethiopia's history, says "To know the true beginning of Ethiopia's history, informations of writing do not advance us much."

And it is certainly like that. And the reason is because, of the history kept in our country and transferred for generations, only the list of kings' names and the eras they ruled were found, yet their detailed work, especially of the antiquities, was not found written. And not only this, there is no range that previous writers who made their source History of Kings, mutually determined and agreed on as a "source". As was said, when some begin from Noah, the other from Ham, the rest from Kush, plenty arise from Sebta.

[Indeed, any additional anecdotes can be found for very few on the list of Hamite or Kushite kings. Anecdotes are found in the 1944 *History of the World* for three monarchs in this dynasty, who seem to correspond to numbers 8, 9 and 10 as numbered above, in each case detailing the arrival of a Canaanite group.

First, he says, the Canaanite tribe of Sini arrived in the 3rd year of Queen Kasione's reign, in 2421 BC (= 2413 BC Western Calendar), later becoming the peoples known as 'Shanqella'. The indicated year corresponds to the 13th year of Nehset Nays, apparently the same as Kasione. Assuming 13th year is correct, this places the arrival of the Sinites in 2132 BC, roughly corresponding to the occupation of Canaan by Myrina and her Libyan Amazons or Paladuans.

Second, the Canaanite tribe of Arwadi, led by Ayner and his wife Entela, arrived in the 15th year of Har's reign, in 2410 BC (= 2402 BC Western Calendar), later becoming the Qemant. The indicated reign is surely that of Tarkem, also known as Horkam on some lists, however his 15th year places the arrival of the Arvadites in 2100 BC, the same year Abraham returned to Canaan from Egypt.

Third, the Canaanite tribe of Semariwon, led by Wato, arrived via Egypt in the 15th year of Saba I's reign, he says in 2308 BC (= 2301 BC), later becoming the Weyto. Saba I is on the list, but his 15th year would place the arrival of the Zemarites in 2071 BC, corresponding perfectly to when *Defloratio* says "*Phaeton left his son Lygur amongst the Lygures and returned to Ethiopia*".

The French historian Morie apparently related that Nahaset Nais was a harlot who drowned her lovers in the Red Sea until one day king Horkaam, also known as Raema, who ruled a coastal region of Kush, did the same to her. Both classical European historians and traditional African genealogies place Raemah son of Kush in Ghinewa, i.e. Africa south of the Niger River, but he is not likely to have been the same as Horkam. Following a different sequence, Morie further relates that Manturay (appearing here at #17) instituted solar worship, then under Sabe I (#10), a tribe migrated from Kush to Chaldea and joined the Hebrews - though in Saba I's day, it seems they were under Abraham at Beersheba. Morie says that after this Snouka Actisanes (Susehal, #21) defeated Amasis Ranower of Egypt and started the 14th dynasty - though it seems this king (1766-46 BC) was in fact perfectly contemporary with the late 14th dynasty pharaoh Sheshi (1778-45 BC), who thus perhaps defeated Khutawyre Wegaf in 1766 BC and came to Kush as Susehal. Later, Morie names Ramenpahte (#23) as a noble engaged to Beroua or Meroe, daughter of king Baenkhons, who however took her from Ramenpahte and renamed the city Saba, to Meroe after his daughter. This synchronizes perfectly with Michael Syrus (Armenian version) making Meroe the same as the daughter of the Pharaoh (Sobekhotep III) when Moses was rescued from the Nile, 1733 BC, and over whom Moses later fought a ten year war with 'Zoros' coinciding with the last ten years of Piori, 1706-1696 BC.

In addition, further events are known for the final king of Kush, Piori I, as will be mentioned in chapter 5.]

And in addition, the one's source is the Queen of Sheba, and when it is determined as 3000 years, the others arise approaching the history to 4000 years, saying the races of Kush established Ethiopia, who came migrating from the Middle East at the time the construction of the Tower of Babel, and the confusion of language, and likewise the scattering of people was manifested. Those who held this position have no simple number.

Others moreover prefer to guess that the races of the tribe of Kush entered Ethiopia at each time from Egypt and other countries that have early history; and the other, another.

The few, as we have seen, have begun from Noah. And what is persuasive, and what is progressive, and what has reality, is alongside writers who wrote beginning from Noah. And that it might be convenient to continue while they strengthen and firm up this reality, we will try to see by giving some standalone chapters of histories regarding Babylon and Egypt.

And when we do that, it does not mean only because they were given another chapter, we have left the history of the reign of the tribe of Ham, and begun another history. It is because they have to be settled alone.

[Chapter 3 and 4, on Mesopotamian and Egyptian history, do not present any new, up-to-date or accurate information, and will here be omitted in the translation, skipping directly to Chapter 5.]