recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Eskimo Curlew

The Eskimo Curlew (Numenius Borealis) is a possibly extinct species of curlew endemic to Western Canada and Alaska. The bird was far more numerous in the 1800s, with reports of two million birds being killed annually.

## Description

These curlews were quite small, ranging in size from 30 centimeters in length. It resembled the Hudsonian Curlew, but was much smaller in size. The bird was colored mottled brown with a light brown underbelly.

Eskimo curlews primarily probed for food, relying on their sight as well as their beak. They mostly fed on invertebrates, but would also occasionally eat berries.

## Range

This bird inhabited tundra areas within Western Canada and Alaska. They were previously recorded as vagrants in Argentina and Western Europe, most notably Britain. In their migration routes, they would pass by the Great Plains and various islands in the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Eastern Seaboard.

The species was a shorebird, inhabiting coastal areas to nest and feed.

## Extinction

Before its extinction, the bird was among several numerous shorebird species in North America, having numbered in the millions. It was not long before they were driven to extinction by unrestricted overhunting across its range.

The last birds were sighted and photographed in Galveston Island, Texas and Barbados. It has since been only vaguely confirmed through scattered reports of incidental sightings, though the validity of the sightings have yet to be analyzed properly.

## References

1. ↑ https://archive.org/details/noturningbacklif00elli
Charismatic megafauna

Charismatic megafauna, also known as charismatic fauna or charismatic species, are animal species of (mostly) large size as well as widespread recognition, and are most often used by environmentalists to gain sympathy and support for a certain species.

## Charismatic Megafauna

* California Condor
* African Elephant
* Great White Shark
* Bengal Tiger
* Reticulated Giraffe
* Bottlenose Dolphin
* Black Rhinoceros
* Bald Eagle
* Amazon River Dolphin
* African Lion
* Red Kangaroo
Domestic Chicken

The Domestic Chicken is a species of bird in the order Galliformes. They evolved from the Red Junglefowl in Southeast Asia. This species has diverged into many different breeds, bred to create hybrids for optimum meat and egg quality and quantity.

## Domestication

Chickens were first domesticated in Southeast Asia around 8,000 years ago. The birds were domesticated for their eggs and meat, but mostly for their eggs. They were able to produce large numbers of eggs when their food was most common, and humans were able to use this to use chickens as a source for eggs.

## Range

Chickens are pretty much spread worldwide, since people in all nations use chickens as an easy food source. Chickens are most numerous in poor countries and factory farms, where they are excessively bred by farmers as an immediate food source.

## Description

Male chickens are called roosters while females are called hens. Chickens come in a variety of breeds, with some breeds having been used for cockfights in the past.

Chickens are most known for their bland, average taste, thus lending the phrase "tastes like chicken".

## Invasiveness

As chickens are widespread, they can be found in a wide variety of environments. Because of this, chickens impact these environments in a negative way. Chickens affect foreign environments via consuming hapless prey species and outcompeting native birds that occupy similar niches to chickens.
Baiji

The **Baiji** (Lipotes Vexillifer), also known as the Yangtze dlphin or the Chinese river dolphin, is a possibly extinct species of river dolphin that was endemic to the Yangtze River in China. It is possibly the first dolphin species driven to extinction due to human activity.

## Description

The baiji was a bluish-gray color, and had tiny eyes since it lived in murky waters. It had a long snout, much like other river dolphins.

## Extinction

The Baiji was driven to extinction from overexploitation of its skin and meat.
Junzi

**Junzi Imperialis** is an extinct species of gibbon with remains found within China. It was discovered in the ancient tomb of a Chinese noblewoman by the name of Lady Xia.

## Description

Junzi is known from an incomplete skull. Based on the location of its discovery, it is presumed to have been part of Lady Xia's menagerie, which also included several other species of exotic animals native to the region such as leopards and cranes.

## Range

Junzi's remains were only found in the tomb of a temple near Xian city, in the Shaanxi Province.

Its habitat was presumably similar to that of extant gibbons, consisting of heavily forested areas.

## Extinction

Junzi became extinct due to unknown causes, possibly due to the exotic animal trade that existed in east Asia at the time.
Hypothetical species

A hypothetical species is a species which is theorized to exist but does not have any conclusive remains to confirm its existence. This is distinct from a cryptid, in that the existence of *those* is based on anecdotes, blurry footage and myths, while wholly hypothetical species may be just that: *hypothetical*. There may be some evidence for their existence, such as small marks made by beetles boring into dinosaur bones, but the details themselves are speculative.

## Definition

In short, a hypothetical species is simply one whose existence we cannot verify, and (if we *can* verify its existence), the finer details of its anatomy are unknown. Hypothetical species are technically within the realm of speculative zoology, in that their existence is almost always wholly hypothetical. Exactly what one such species would look like is unclear, but this is the entire point: they are known unknowns.

A good example of a more solidly-supported hypothetical species is the direct ancestor of *Tyrannosaurus rex*, or the last common ancestor of all life; both are unknown, yet we know for sure that they existed. Other examples are impossible to prove the existence of: for example, there is no direct evidence (yet) for a species of sabre-toothed cat, big cat, or any sort of cat for that matter, which evolved convergently with a bear, though such evolution may well have occurred. Another is various species of unknown new world parrots which went extinct during colonial times. such as the Cuban Macaw.

## List

For a full list of hypothetical species, see here.
Chinese Mitten Crab

The **Chinese Mitten Crab** (Eriocheir Sinensis) are a species of walking crab from China who have become an invasive species which has caused costly ecological damage in the Hudson River. No one is quite sure how the crabs first arrived in the United States, but it is believed they either hitched a ride on a ship's ballast or someone illegally released them.

These crabs can be found in both freshwater and salt water. They spend most of their lives living in freshwater, and them move as they grow older to salt or brackish water. These crabs are aggressive and compete with other native crabs for food and territory.

They are the only freshwater crab in the Hudson River, their claws have notable white tips, their shells are a light olive color, and they are up to 4 inches wide.
Domestic Duck

The Domestic Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos Domesticus) or Domestic Mallard is a subspecies of Mallard (descended from that species) which has been domesticated by humans and is used for meat, eggs, and feathers. They are also kept for show, as pets, and for ornamental value. All breeds of domestic duck originate from the mallard.

## Description

Domestic Ducks come in several breeds, with varying colors from white to black to brown and green. Ducks generally eat whatever they can find and/or whatever is fed to them. Ducks make a variety of sounds, but most commonly make honking and quacking noises.

## As an invasive species

Domestic ducks have been brought wherever humans went, all over the world. Because of their adaptability, they can easily outcompete and predate on any species in an existing environment to which they have been introduced into. And like mallards, they are also genetically malleable, meaning they can reproduce with other duck species with no problem, posing a threat to native duck species as well.
Cane Toad

### Range

South and Central America, introduced to Oceanian islands, Northern Australia, the Caribbean, several U.S. states

### Status

Least Concern

The Cane Toad (Rhinella Marina), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large sized true toad native to South and Central America, but has also been introduced to Northern Australia, various islands in Oceania, a handful of U.S. states, and the Caribbean.

Cane toads are prolific breeders, able to adapt and survive in any environment they find themselves in, but at the expense of the local fauna they prey on, in addition to the predators.

## Description

This frog is orangish brown in color, and has poisonous glands which secrete a white substance. When consumed, this substance causes sickness in predators. Because of this, few animals can eat these amphibians safely.

It is also one of few terrestrial species of toads and frogs, being able to inhabit dry land for most of its life.

## Range

The cane toad is indigenous to most of South and Central America, from Peru to Venezuela. Its natural range also encompasses South Texas. These toads live mostly in tropical environments, but are also able to live in semiarid habitat, provided that there is a significant amount of water for breeding.

Most infamously, cane toads have been introduced into Northern Australia in 1935 to feed on sugar cane beetles, with disastrous effects on the local ecosystems. Oceanian islands are also part of the toad's introduced range, such as Fiji and New Guinea. Several U.S. states such as Florida and Mississippi also hold introduced populations, as does the Caribbean and the Philippines.

## Invasiveness

Cane toads have been introduced to the southeastern U.S. and Australia. They have become completely naturalized in the latter area, breeding fervently and causing much damage to the ecosystems in which they invade. They consume prey species endemic to their introduced ranges, and pose a threat to their predators as well. Rather than eating the cane beetles as they were intended to, they ate native invertebrates and small vertebrates.

Due to being poisonous, few animals can safely consume these toads, with the exception of several species that either tolerate their poison or avoid their poison. In their native range, most species have adapted to the poison of this frog. In Australia, meat ants and Australia crows are some of the few animals able to prey on the cane toad safely.
Largemouth Bass

The Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) is a carnivorous freshwater gamefish in the sunfish family. It is native to the eastern and central United States, southeastern Canada and northern Mexico, but has been widely introduced elsewhere.

## Description

The largemouth bass is olive-green to greenish gray, and is marked by a series of dark (sometimes black) blotches forming a jagged horizontal stripe along each flank.

## Invasiveness

The largemouth bass has been introduced into parts of Canada, South Africa, Zombabwe, Zambia, Brazil, Japan, Western Europe, and New Zealand.
Dodo

The Dodo (Raphus Cucullatus) is an extinct species of pigeon that was endemic to Mauritius. The Dodo evolved from pigeons that flew from Africa and landed on Mauritius (as well as other islands) and lost their ability of flight as well as predators due to living in an environment free of predators and competition.

## Extinction

The bird was driven to extinction by introduced dogs, cats, rats, mice, pigs, and monkeys that consumed their eggs and chicks.
American Mink

The American Mink (Neogale Vison) is a semiaquatic species of mustelid native to North America, though it has also been introduced into much of Europe, Asia and South America.

## Description

The american mink's fur is dark brownish-red to blackish-brown. The animal feeds mostly on fish, frogs, small birds and mammals, and crustaceans.

## Invasiveness

The mink has been introduced into Iberia and Argentina, where they threaten the endemic fauna. Animals such as the European Mink and the Hooded Grebe are among some of the species under threat by the introduction of this mammal.
Clouded Leopard

The Clouded Leopard (Neofelis Nebulosa) is a species of wild cat inhabiting the Himalayas through mainland Southeast Asia into South China.

## Description

The clouded leopard is a dark gray or ochreous ground-color, with a black and dark dusky-gray blotched pattern across its body.

## Range

The clouded leopard lives in the Himalayan foothills within Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, and China. It is extinct in Singapore and Taiwan.
Carolina Parakeet

The Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis Carolinensis), or Carolina Conure, is an extinct species of parrot that was native to the United States.

It was the only parrot known endemic to be endemic to North America (aside from the Thick-Billed Parrot).

## Description

The Carolina Parakeet was small and green, with bright yellow head, a reddish orange face and pale beak. It was a neotropical parrot, and had colorful and bright plumage. Its feet were light brown and zygodactyl.

Carolina Parakeets were sexually dimorphic, with males being slightly smaller than females. Young parakeets also differed from adults in the coloration of their feathers.

## Range

The Carolina Parakeet was the only indigenous parrot in the United States, along with the Thick-Billed Parrot. It was found in Eastern, Midwest and Plains states across the U.S. The bird inhabited forests within rivers and swamps.

## Extinction

The Carolina Parakeet was decimated by habitat destruction and persecution during the 18th and 19th centuries, until it was officially declared extinct in 1939.

A chief factor that accelerated their extinction was their flocking behavior and instinct to return to dead and/or dying birds. This allowed hunters and poachers to kill them en masse more easily.

Another factor is theorized to be competition for nests within European Bumblebees that were introduced into the continent.
Forest Elephant

The Forest Elephant (Loxodonta Cyclotis), also known as the African forest elephant, is a species of African Elephant that only inhabits forest pockets within Central Africa. It is one of two extant subspecies of the African Elephant and one of three extant species of Elephant.

## Description

This species is the smallest of the two african elephant species, measuring at 7-9 feet long. Males are slightly larger than females.

The tusks of this species is straight and is pointed downwards. They use these tusks to clear through the dense forest undergrowth where they live.

## Range

This elephant is widespread in dense rainforest pockets in Central Africa. Its most stable population lies in Gabon, where such habitats are currently commonplace.

The population of these animals has declined considerable, by about 86% prior to 2021 due to habitat loss and poaching for ivory.

## Threats

The forest elephant is threatened by habitat destruction, as it fragments its habitat and requires forest environments to survive. Habitat destruction is caused by climate change, farming, agriculture, and land development for infrastructure.
IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List is the most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species, particularly animals.

## Categories

* Least Concern
* Vulnerable
* Endangered
* Critically Endangered
* Extinct

Extra categories also include:

* Threatened
* Imperiled
* Critically Imperiled
* Delisted
* Near Threatened
* Extinct in the Wild
* Extirpated
* Critically Threatened
* Apparently Secure
* Secure
* At Risk
* Apparently Extinct
* Possibly Extinct
Javan Lapwing

The Javan Lapwing (Vanellus Macropterus) also known as (Javanese lapwing and Javanese wattled lapwing) is a possibly extinct species of lapwing (a type of wader) which inhabited Java, as well as possibly Sumatra and Timor. The species was was last seen in 1940, and due to searches for the animal being inconclusive, it is presumed to have gone extinct.

## Description

As seen from museum specimens, the bird had a brown body with a grayish-black underbelly, a white tail with a black tip, and a black head with a yellow wattle and a black beak. It had long legs as was typical of lapwings.

## Range

The bird was found within Java, Timor, and Sumatra. It inhabited swamps where it foraged in the shallows for food, nesting at lake beds. It was also found in wide, steppe-like marshes in river deltas and floodplains.

## Extinction

Habitat degradation was the primary cause of the extinction of this species, removing prime areas that this bird lived in. Hunting pressure was another significant cause of stress for the species. Surveys between the year 2001 and 2012 failed to find any individuals, leading researchers to believe it may have become extinct during that time frame.
Guiana Dolphin

The Guiana Dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), also known as the **Estuarine Dolphin** or **Costero**, is a dolphin native to waters in Central and South America.

It is closely related to the Tucuxi and is part of the same genus.

## Description

The Guiana Dolphin measures at 6 feet, and is colored bluish gray on its backside and underside. It resembles the Bottlenose Dolphin in appearance, but is much smaller and is distantly related.

## Range

The Costero inhabits estuaries, inlets and shallow-water areas around the eastern and northern South American coast. Its range extends far south as southern Brazil and north as far as Nicaragua, and it has also been reported appearing in Honduras.
Africa

Africa is a continent and the 2nd largest continent on Earth, being second only to Asia. Africa is most well known for being the only continent to have an abundance of extant megafauna. However, since the European colonization and industrial revolution, African megafauna have died out at significant rates.

## Fauna

* African Elephant
* Pygmy Hippopotamus
* African Leopard
* Barbary Sheep
* Cape Lion
* Mountain Zebra
* Black Rhinoceros
* Common Hippopotamus
* Bush Elephant
* African Cheetah
* Mountain Gorilla
* African Buffalo
* Barbary Leopard
* Plains Zebra
* Blue Wildebeest
* African Mammoth
* Bluebuck
* African Wild Ass
* Common Warthog
* Forest Elephant
* Spotted Hyena
* Giant Sable Antelope
* Masai Giraffe
* Hirola
* Cape Buffalo
* Atlas Bear
* Grevy's Zebra
* Common Chimpanzee
* Nile Crocodile
* Cape Warthog
* Black Wildebeest
* Quagga
* Sable Antelope
* Okapi
* Reticulated Giraffe
* Barbary Lion
* White Rhinoceros
* Barbary Stag
* African Lion
* Common Ostrich
* Meerkat

## Island Fauna

* Ring-Tailed Lemur
* Dodo
* Rodrigues Solitaire
* Voay
* Elephant Bird
* Fossa
* Giant Fossa
Gravenche

The Gravenche (Coregonus Hiemalis), also known as the **Lake Geneva whitefish** or the **little fera**, is an extinct species of freshwater whitefish from Lake Geneva in Switzerland and France.

## Description

The gravenche was a member freshwater whitefish family. It reached a length of 12 inches.

The Gravenche was benthopelagic, feeding on plankton on the lakebed.

## Range

The Gravenche was endemic to to Lake Geneva, a deep and large lake on the north of the Alps between Switzerland and France.

## Extinction

The Gravenche, along with the True Fera, went extinct during the 19th century due to overfishing and eutrophication of the lake.
Asian Clam

The Asian Clam (*Corbicula Fluminea)* is an invasive species of clam which originally lived in Asia, Africa, and Australia. The clam was probably imported as a food source. The clam reproduces in large colonies that can clog waterways and pipes, which can cause severe backups and maybe even flooding.

Currently, the clam is widespread throughout freshwater and some estuarine habitats in the U.S.
American Pika

American pikas (*Ochotona princeps*) are a species of lagomorph native to the mountains of southwest Canada and the western Unintended States. They have long tails, which are hidden by their fur. Upon spotting predators such as coyotes, weasels, and stoats, they make birdlike vocalizations. They also vocalize to claim their territory, which is made up of a place to forage and the animal's den, located in a burrow or niche in rock. They live next to a member of the opposite sex. During the summer, pikas collect stems and grasses, which are stored near the animal's burrow to dry. Pikas tend to choose plants that decompose slowly to ensure that their winter food lasts long. Before the onset of winter, they bring their pile of food inside their den. American pikas are well-adapted to cold mountains, and are threatened by global warming.
Barbary Lion

The Barbary Lion (Panthera Leo Leo), also known as the Atlas lion, the Egyptian Lion, the Berber Lion, and the North African Lion is a subspecies of African Lion that lived in North Africa.

## Exticntion

The last wild individual was killed in 1922. The Barbary lion is larger and has a darker mane that its southern cousins. These creatures were brought over from Egypt and Morocco, fought gladiators in the Colosseum, traveled to zoos, and were even brought to the Tower of London. They eventually went extinct from constant overhunting and overkilling for sport.
Jaguar

The **Jaguar** (*Panthera Onca*) is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus *Panthera* in the Americas. The population is declined over decades and was almost eliminated by the 1960s. The Jaguar now mostly exists in Central and South America.

## Subspecies/Populations

The Jaguar has several subspecies across its range. These include the subspecies listed below:

* South American Jaguar
* Central American Jaguar
* North American Jaguar
* American Jaguar
* European Jaguar (possibly)
* Asian Jaguar (possibly)
* Eurasian Jaguar (possibly)
* African Jaguar (hypothetical species)
Eastern Cougar

The **Eastern Cougar** or the **Eastern Puma** (*Puma Concolor Couguar*) is the extirpated population of Cougars that lived in Eastern North America. This subspecies was declared extinct in 2011 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service, though its taxonomy is under question.

## Description

The eastern cougar was first described in 1946, as a population of cougars inhabiting the eastern United States.

## Range

As its name suggest, the eastern cougar was found only within the eastern United States.
American Mastodon

The American Mastodon is a species of Mastodon native to North America. It disappeared during the early Holocene after humans arrived on the continent.

## Description

The American mastodon did not differ much from other mastodon species that existed at the time. It was about 7 feet in height and 10 feet in length.

The American Mastodon fed primarily on vegetation, primarily leaves and brush.

## Range

The American mastodon inhabited temperate plains and forests in Eastern North America. It lived in a seasonal climate and is presumed to have shed its woolly fur.
Abalone

Abalones are a group of marine snails found across the world's oceans, mostly within cold waters. It is a common name for haliotids. Abalones first appeared during the late Cretaceous.

## Description

Abalones are highly diverse, but very fragile in their particular environments. Most abalones don't get larger than 12 inches. The shells of abalones are round in shape, somewhat like circles of ovals.

## Range

Abalones have a worldwide distribution, with the exception the Pacific coast of South America, the Atlantic coast of North America, and polar waters in the Arctic and Antarctica.

Most abalone species are found in cold waters off the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Western North America, and Japan.

## Threats

Abalones are some of the most threatened animals on earth, and are among the most highly threatened marine fauna. This is because of ocean acidification and over harvesting by marine farmers and the wildlife trade.

Low reproduction rates also play a factor in the snail's road to extinction. Because they are over-harvested so fast without recourse afterwards, their numbers plummet heavily.
Law's Diving Goose

Law's Diving Goose (Chendytes Lawi) is an extinct, goose-sized flightless seaduck, and was once common on the California coast, the California Channel Islands, and possibly southern Oregon. It lived in the Pleistocene and survived into the Holocene, as it appears to have gone extinct at about 450–250 BCE.

## Description

In life, the bird would've resembled a mallard or similar dabbling duck. It was adapted for diving, having a robust body which allowed it to swim deep not unlike a loon. It's size was about that of a goose.

## Range

The seaduck was native to the coast of California and the California Channel Islands, with fossil remains discovered there. It is also thought to have inhabited southern Oregon.
Hemiauchenia

Hemiauchenia was a genus of llama that lived in Florida 2.6 million to 11 thousand years ago. It did not only browse or graze, rather it did both, making it a dietary generalist. It browsed during the winter and grazed during the summer. Hemiauchenia is classified in the tribe Lamini within the subfamily Camelinae, which is contained within the family Camelidae. There are four species of the genus Hemiauchenia, which include H. macrocephala, H. paradoxa, H. edensis, and H. gracilis. The predators of Hemiauchenia include Edward's Wolf and Smilodon gracilis.
Humphead Parrotfish

### Range

From the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Red Sea in the west to Samoa in the east, and from the Yaeyama Islands in the north to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in the south

### Status

Vulnerable

The Humphead Parrotfish, or the Green Humphead Parrotfish, is a species of parrotfish found only in reefs within the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It is the largest species of parrotfish.
Kakapo

The **Kakapo** (*Strigops Habroptilus*) is a heavily threatened and aberrant species of parrot endemic to New Zealand. It is the largest and heaviest extant parrot on earth.

## Description

The Kakapo is 25 inches and has green feathers. Unusual for most parrots, it is large in size, mostly due to its ground dwelling lifestyle.

## Range

Prior to the arrival of humans in New Zealand, the Kakapo inhabited both islands of New Zealand, and in substantial numbers. After European colonization and the introduction of invasive predators and competitors, kakapo no longer roam freely in their former range, being kept on two predator free islands.

## Threats

The kakapo faces competition from rabbits, hares, and livestock. In addition, the bird faces predation from stoats, weasels, possums, hedgehogs, ferrets, cats, and dogs. Mice and rats both compete with and prey on the birds depending on food avaliablity. Habitat destruction is also a factor in the bird's decline and threatened status, since kakapo rely on available habitat to survive.
Human–wildlife conflict

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) are the negative interactions between human and wildlife, causing unwanted incidents of injuries among humans and persecution of wildlife.

## General Information

Human wildlife conflicts occur in areas where megafaunal species still exist, alongside human settlements, mostly those of high population. Conflicts tend to start when humans approach any wildlife on sight without any precaution.
Eurasian Collared Dove

### Range

Native to mainland Eurasia. Introduced to Japan, North America, and several islands in the Caribbean.

### Status

Least Concern

The Eurasian Collard Dove (Streptopelia Decaocto) is a species of dove native to Europe and Asia. It has since been introduced to Japan, North America, and a number of Caribbean islands.
Caribou

Caribou (*Rangifer tarandus*), also known as reindeer, are a species of ungulate native to the tundras of northern North America, Europe, and Asia. They have adaptations for surviving in cold climates, such as a thick fur coat and airways that warm air before it reaches the lungs. They are good at swimming, with wide, flat hooves. In winter, their hooves become harder and gain sharp edges, perfect for cutting through snow and ice. Caribou can reach speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) and can see ultraviolet light.

## Migration and Social Behavior

Caribou can migrate up to 5,000 km (3,000 miles) a year, longer than any other mammal. Herds of up to 500,000 animals migrate during spring and fall. Male caribou fight to mate with groups of females in the fall, and the calves are born in the spring.
Glyptodon

Glyptodon is an extinct genus of large armored mammals related to armadillos that lived during the Pleistocene epoch.

## Description

It was about the size of a car, measuring at 11 feet. It was among one of the largest members within its family, the glyptodonts. It fed on plant matter and open grasslands and forested land.
Invasive Species

An invasive species is an animal or organism that is not native, to an area it lives in. Invasive species cause a lot of economic and environmental damage to the new area, especially to the species already existing there.

## Examples

* Cane Toad
* Mallard
* Northern Snakehead
* Burmese Python
* Dog (Domestic and Feral)
* Cat (Domestic and Feral)
* Asian Clam
* Chinese Mitten Crab
Domestic Goat

The Domestic Goat (Capra Hircus) is a domesticated species of goat originating from the Wild Goat. This ungulate was the first animal to be domesticated by humans and is thought to have been domesticated around 10,000 years ago in the Middle East, like most livestock. Goats are closely related to sheep.

## Description

Goats are bred for their milk and meat, and several varieties have different horn shapes. Along with sheep, goats are typical livestock animals and gather in herds for protection. Goats primarily feed on any available vegetation, though they can also consume whatever they can find, such as bark and roots.

## Range

As is the case with all domestic species, goats are cosmopolitan and live within human settlements such as farms as well as wild habitats wherever they are feral. Goats in Australia introduced into the continent since European settlement during the 1700s.

## Invasiveness

Goats are most problematic as an invasive species in areas such as the Galapagos, the Australian outback, Hawaii, and the Balearic Islands. Goats cause ecological damage by overgrazing native plants not adapted to the goats' eating habits, and driving out/outcompeting native herbivores in addition to spreading disease.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3731342/
2. ↑ https://modernfarmer.com/2013/09/goats-eat-tin-cans/
3. ↑ https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/pest-animals/priority-pest-animals/goat-feral-or-wild
4. ↑ https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/pest-animals/priority-pest-animals/goat-feral-or-wild
Golden Toad

The Golden Toad (Incilius Periglenes) is an extinct species of true toad that was native to Costa Rica. It is among a handful of animals famous for being the poster child of the sixth extinction, specifically for the crisis of declining amphibians.

## Description

The Golden Toad was also called the **Monte Verde Toad**, **Alajuela Toad** and **Orange Toad**, and was not a common sight in its range. The toad was mostly orange (though the females showed more variety in its colors).

Golden Toads often gathered in large numbers in puddles during mating season, with many males ready to breed with females in the area.

## Range

The Golden Toad was only known within Costa Rica, in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, north of the city of Monteverde. The toads were found in lower elevations.
Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle

Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys Kempii) is the smallest species of turtle in the world. They are 2 ft (0.6 m) long, weigh 70 to 100 lbs (31.82-45.45 kg), and can live for 30 years. As marine reptiles, they must return to the surface to breathe. The females lay eggs on sandy beaches. Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles practice arribada nesting, meaning that females come to beaches to nest in large groups. Another turtle that uses this method of nesting is the Olive Ridley Sea Turtle. Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles reach maturity at age 13. They feed on Sargassum algae.
American Bullfrog

### Range

Native to the eastern United States, though has been introduced to the western United States, South America, Western Europe and parts of Asia

### Status

Least Concern

The **American Bullfrog** (*Lithobates Catesbeianus*) is a species of frog native to eastern North America, introduced into South America, Europe, Asia, and small parts of Africa.

## Diet

The frog's diet consists of invertebrates, small fish, smaller tetrapods, and sometimes each other.
Arrows

* Light Cone
* Full Illustration
* Icon

* Details

## Superimposition

The following effects only work on characters of the Path of The Hunt.

Crisis

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**Arrows** is a 3-star Light Cone of The Hunt path.

## Description

A drop of strength condensed from time itself. All the seemingly insignificant moments come together to form the magnificent choir of fate.

*"The hunter's eyes are the clearest when they pull back the bowstring with the arrow notched."*
## Ascensions and Stats

Toggle Ascension Materials

**Total Ascension Cost** (0✦ → 6✦)
 231,000 2 6 9 12 10 8

## Change History

Released in **Version 0.60**[Create New History]
Bobcat

Bobcats (*Lynx rufus*) are a species of carnivore native to the forests, mountains, deserts, grasslands, and wetlands of southern Canada, the United States, and Mexico. They have the highest population of any species of cat native to North America with over a million animals. It is also the most widely distributed, found from Mexico to British Columbia. It is so successful because it is very adaptable, able to live in a wide range of habitats. Bobcats can live in urban areas, and sometimes prey on pets and livestock. They are mainly active during dawn and dusk. They sleep in thickets, hollow trees, or niches in rock. Bobcats are solitary outside of their mating season in winter and early spring. Gestation lasts around 2 months, after which females give birth to around 3 cubs. Cubs depend on their mothers for 8 months.
Kea

The **Kea** (Nestor Notabilis) is an endangered species of parrot endemic to New Zealand. Its closest relative is the Kakapo, which also inhabits New Zealand and is also heavily threatened.

## Threats

The threats that the parrot faces are the same threats that the rest of New Zealand's fauna faces. These include invasive predators, invasive competitors, habitat destruction, and climate change.
Effects of the extinction crisis on humanity

The extinction crisis that is currently occuring will have extremly negative reverebrations for civilization, society, and mankind/humanity. Here are some the listed effects:

## Effects

### Mass public outrage and shock:

This effect will be one of the most obvious. Since the public has a very narrow view of extinction due to the poor representation of extinction in popular culture as an all encompassing natural force, the public will undoubtedly become outraged at the extinction of various species, and charismatic megafauna at that. Animals such as elephants and condors will be automatically favored over animals such as bees and sharks, most species of which people have a negative view on. Despite this, the biosphere will be in serious jeopardy when keystone species such as these die out from human actiivty.
Gray Wolf

The Gray Wolf, also spelled grey wolf, is a species of wolf widespread in North America and Eurasia, though it may have existed in Africa and South America as well. It is the most common wild canine in North America.

The gray wolf is the known ancestor of the domestic dog.

## Description

The gray wolf is gray and brown to black in its fur color. Gray wolves often hunt in packs, pursuing their prey in large numbers with quick bursts of speed. Such hunts are coordinated used cooperative hunting strategies. They only feed on meat, and usually hunt large ungulates, but they also consume carrion, small animals, and eggs if they are available.

Gray wolves may have been one of the species that crossed into South America from North America during the Great American Interchange, though fossil and sub fossil evidence is required for this hypothesis.

Gray wolves comprise multiple subspecies spread throughout the northern hemisphere, from Eastern Russia the U.S. Midwest .

## Threats

The main threats to gray wolves are habitat loss, competition and interbreeding with domestic dogs, and hunting. Most gray wolf subspecies have been wiped out in the last century, and gray wolves are continually extirpated from their ranges.

Wolf killings occur due to persecution from farmers, ranchers, and shepherds against wolves, as wolves attack and prey on livestock and attack pets. Since wolves that live near human settlements are often prone to consuming livestock, this makes them a significant target for pastoral communities to cull.
Madagascar Pochard

The Madagascar Pochard (Aythya Innotata) or Madagascan pochard is an extremely rare diving duck endemic to Madagascar. It was presumed extinct in 1991, but several living individuals were rediscovered at Lake Matsaborimena in 2006. A captive breeding program was developed for the birds in 2017, with several individuals being successfully reintroduced in 2018.

## Description

The Madagascar pochard feeds mainly on aquatic insects. It is exclusively found on inland wetlands in Madagascar. Its main prey consists of dragonfly larva and caddisflies. Plant material is nearly absent from their diets, as studies from their fecal matter has shown.

## Range

The species is endemic to Madagascar, and exclusively inhabits wetlands on the northern part of the island. The only remaining wild populations now reside in Lake Sofia and Lake Matsaborimena.

## Threats

The Madagascar pochard is primarily threatened by invasive species introduced to the lake, mostly predatory fish species, which prey on chicks. Introduced mammal species such as rats and mice also threaten these birds and prey on their chicks. Pollution and habitat destruction for agriculture is also another a major threat, removing critical habitat for these birds.

## References

1. ↑ https://wildlife.durrell.org/animals/birds/madagascar-pochard2/
2. ↑ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/status-and-ecology-of-the-last-wild-population-of-madagascar-pochard-aythya-innotata/EC2B950201313AD640693D18B1908A97
3. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46703335
Harp seal

Harp seals (*Pagophilus groenlandicus*) are a species of carnivores native to the arctic ocean and north Atlantic. They are named for the harp-shaped markings on the adults. Out of all the species of seal in the northern hemisphere, harp seals are the most successful, with 8,000,000 animals. Though most harp seals live in the frigid waters far north, but they are occasionally seen as far south as Virginia and France. Harp seals mate in winter, and pups are born in late winter. These seals can move fast on ice and in the water. They have good eyesight and hearing, enabling them to detect predators such as polar bears.
Gaur

The **Gaur** (**Bus Gaurus**) is a bovine native to South and Southeast Asia, and is the ancestor of the **Gayal**. It is a large wild bovine and the largest extant member of the bovine family.

## Description

The Guar's name originates from words in Sanskrit and Hindu, which translate to "red skinned".

The Guar has a large and heavily built body sporting prominent back ridge, with a small head having anterior protruding horns. The Guar is colored dark brown to black in adulthood, with calves having a lighter tan colored coat.

Guar are diurnal and inhabit open grassland habitat close to moist forests.
Koala

The Koala (Phascolarctos Cinereus) is a species of marsupial that is native to Australia. Koalas spend most of their life in the trees, only coming to the ground to move to different trees.

## Description

The koala is endemic to Australia, and is a specialist on eucalyptus leaves, evolving to eat only eucalyptus. The animal is also notable for having two thumbs, with the second thumb being a modified finger.

## Range

Koalas occupy a signifiant portion of eastern and southern Australia, with population becoming increasingly scattered due to wildfires and habitat destruction to create human settlements.
Snow Leopard

The Snow Leopard (Panthera Uncia) is a big cat native to the mountain ranges in Central and South Asia. It is one of the rarest big cats on earth.

## Description

Snow leopards have whitish to gray fur with black spots on their body. Due to their habitat and range, these felines are the rarest cats on earth.

## Range

Snow leopards live in alpine and subalpine zones at elevations as high as 3,000–4,500 meters (9,800–14,800 feet). The Himalayas as well as the Tibetan Plateau to Siberia, Mongolia, Afghanistan, and China.
Atlantic Canary

The Atlantic Canary (Serinus Canaria), known worldwide simply as the wild canary and also called the island canary, common canary, or canary, is a small bird native to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.

It is the ancestor of the Domestic Canary.

## Description

The bird is mostly yellow-green, with brownish streaking on its back.

A most peculiar fact is that the bird is named after the Canary Islands, rather than the island being named after the bird.

## Range

The bird is only native to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira, being found nowhere else in the world.

## Threats

Although not currently at risk of extinction, there are several threats posed to the bird.

The bird is threatened by human activity such as habitat destruction, as well as invasive predators such as cats, rats, mice, and shrews.

Diseases such as canary pox also significantly threaten this bird.
Lazarus taxon

***Lazarus taxon*** is the term used to apply to any species formerly known exclusively from the fossil record, but later found to be extant. This term applies to a wide range of species, including coelacanths, bush dogs, and the takahe.

## Definition

In layman's terms, a Lazarus taxon is any species formerly known exclusively from the fossil record, and later discovered to still be extant. Species may remain undiscovered for hundreds of years, save for their subfossil or fossil remains, only to be later rediscovered. The most popular example of a Lazarus taxon is the coelacanth, a lobe-finned fish. The coelacanth was only known to the scientific community from fossils until a live specimen was caught in 1938. Ironically, local fishermen were already aware of the coelacanth, calling it the *gombessa*.

## Examples

There are many examples of Lazarus taxa; the following are just a few examples:

* The bush dog (*Speothos venaticus*), formerly believed to be extinct based on fossils. The describer of the fossils actually found a living population, but classified them in a separate genus, *Icticyon*.
* The false killer whale (*Pseudorca crassidens*), first described by Richard Owen based on a 126,000 year-old skull. The first carcasses washed ashore in Kiel Bay, Denmark, in 1861.
* The *monito del monte* (*Dromiciops gliroides*), the only New World member of the Australian marsupial clade. Initially believed to have become extinct 11 million years ago.
* The Monoplacophora, a clade of molluscs once believed to have died out roughly 380 million years ago; living specimens were discovered off the coast of Costa Rica in 1952.
* The Humboldt marten (*Martes caurina humboldtensis*), a subspecies of Pacific marten believed to be extinct until 1996.
* The takahe (*Porphyrio hochstetteri*) was assumed to be extinct in the 1800s.

There are also extinct instances of Lazarus taxa, such as the radiodont *Schinderhannes* and the falcatid chondrichthyan *Cretacladoides*.

## Differences to a living fossil

The term "living fossil" has become fairly redundant in recent years. Initially intended to refer to an animal which has changed very little compared to the fossil remains of its ancestors, this has been proven to be untrue. Species such as crocodilians actually show greater diversity, both extinct and extant, than is often appreciated. If modern crocodilians are living fossils, then so, at one point, were metriorhynchids or notosuchians. To the contrary, the term "Lazarus taxon" is valid, and refers to species once believed extinct. There is some overlap between the terms, especially when one is referring to coelacanths, but they are *not* the same.
Bush Elephant

The Bush Elephant (Loxodonta Africana), also known as the African Bush Elephant, is a subspecies of African Elephant found within the savannas and deserts of Africa.

## Description

This species is light to dark gray, and has longer tusks than the Forest Elephant. It is more adapted to living in wide, open environments such as savannahs and plains.

The animal feeds on plant matter such as shrubs, leaves, bark, grasses, and herbs.

## Range

This species is found in Africa south of the sahara, and was formerly widespread in most african countries, but is restricted to a handful of these countries in the present day.

## Threats

Common threats faced by this animal are hunting and poaching for its tusks, which in turn is used for ivory.

Climate change and and human-wildlife conflicts are also prominent threats. Climate change rapidly fragments habitat for the bush elephant, and eventually destroys any remaining viable habitat. Wildlife conflicts occur in sites where humans and elephants overlap and often occur due to elephants compromising food security and the general aggression of bull elephants.
Common Starling

### Range

Native to Eurasia; introduced to Australia, New Zealand, North America, South America, Africa and Fiji

### Status

Least Concern

The common starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*), also known as the European starling or starling, is a small bird, noted for flying in large flocks. it is native to Europe and Asia, though has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the USA, Mexico, Argentina, South America and Fiji.
Common Raccoon

The Common Raccoon is a mammal that is 84-104.5 cm (33-45 in) long and weighs 3-9 kg (7-20 lbs). The grasping hands have very mobile fingers, and raccoons are good at holding on to things. Raccoons are very intelligent, which helps them to survive in the wild. They have good night vision and hearing, and use their hands to search for food and climb trees. They have a broad diet composed of fruits, nuts, insects, aquatic invertebrates, fish, rodents, frogs, eggs, carcasses, and garbage. Raccoons are nocturnal and sleep during the day. Males reach maturity at 2 years old, 1 year older than females do. Raccoons live in woodlands, swamps, and urban areas.
California Condor

The California Condor (Gymnogyps Californianus) is a near extinct species of condor which formerly ranged across North America, but found only in a small part of California.

## Description

This bird is of large size, with black feathers across its body and a pink head, with streaks of yellow on its head and feet.

Condors feast on animal carcasses, most of which formerly comprised of large land mammals, but currently comprises marine mammals such as seals.

## Range

The condor ranged across the entirety of North America, but was most numerous in areas where megafauna were found, such as the La Brea tar pits in California.

Before its extinction in the wild, it ranged across large portions of Western North America, in California, Mexico, and Arizona.

## Threats

Threats to the california condor are poisoning from farmers protecting their livestock and habitat destruction for land development. Hunting also decreased its numbers in the past.