recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Permian

The **Permian** was a period in Earth's history. It was dominated by a harsh, arid and volcanic environment, and it was ruled by reptiles, most of which were the ancestors of mammals.

## Real life

The Permian period lasted from approximately 299 to 252 million years ago. During the Permian, the world was dominated by a single supercontinent surrounded by oceans, and the majority of the land was dominated by arid desert. The weather was extreme with very, very cold winters and very, very hot summers. At the end of the Permian there was a mass extinction which wiped out 95% of life. Due to the arid conditions, reptiles rose to dominance in the Permian. The Permian ended with largest-scale mass extinction event in Earth's history, with 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial life dying out.
Labyrinthodont

**Labyrinthodonts** were large amphibious creatures which lived in the Palaeozoic and the early Mesozoic era.

## Characteristics

The Labyrinthodont species from the Witchfield Cove incursion was a semi-aquatic carnivorous amphibian, which grew to be up to several metres long in adulthood. They possessed scaly grey skin, a large flattish head with two rows of teeth, small but powerful legs, and a long, serpentine or eel-like body. Due to its long, worm-like body, the Labyrinthodont was dangerously flexible and fast-moving on land. While juveniles were mostly harmless to large animals like humans, adult Labyrinthodonts were highly aggressive and dangerous, attacking and attempting to devour any prey in water or on land which drew its attention while it was hunting or were in its way.  Adults were apparently highly protective of their young, willing to abandon helpless prey if they heard them call (which could apparently be heard from some distance away).

## Real life

Labyrinthodont (name meaning "*maze-toothed*") was a subclass of amphibian which existed from 395 to 120 million years ago. It is ancestral to all terrestrial vertebrates.

## Errors

* The Labyrinthodont should have had smooth skin, not thick scales, covering its body.
* The Labyrinthodont had upper and lower teeth in the series, but in real life they were smaller.
* The labyrinthodont in the show looked like a worm salamander with crocodilian-like scales, but in real life, it was more like a regular salamander.
* The Labyrinthodont was shown to be able to live very well out of the water, but in real life it would have needed to wet its skin from time to time.
* The Labyrinthodont in *Primeval* was shown to have the ability to climb up things like trailers, but in the reality Labyrinthodont was strictly firmed to the ground.
Diictodon galeops

**Diictodon** were a therapsid herbivore, closely related to mammals, from the Permian period.

## Real life

Diictodon lived from approximately 260 to 254 million years ago in what is now Africa and Asia (particularly South Africa), and would have shared many features with modern-day mammals. Diictodon made burrows in the earth of a depth of up to 5 feet (1.5 metres), and generally nested near flood plains, and they were generally solitary despite having burrows within close proximity to each other. Diictodon are believed to have probably fed on desert shrubs and/or roots in their burrows. Diictodon had no known rival or predator species in its niche, so it is thought that they probably competed with other species for food.
Mixopterus kiaeri

Mixopterus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Mixopterus have been discovered in deposits from Late Silurian age, and have been referred to several different species. Fossils have been recovered from two continents; Europe and North America.

Mixopterus was a medium-sized predatory eurypterid. The largest species, M. simonsoni, reached lengths of 75 cm (29.5 in). It was characterised by a robust exoskeleton with scattered tubercles or semicircular scales. The prosoma (head) was subquadrate, protruding antemedially. The chelicerae (claws in front of the mouth) were small. The two first pairs of legs of Mixopterus (appendages II and III) were highly specialized and not used for walking, instead being highly developed with long paired spines. The two following pairs (appendages IV and V) were moderately sized and typically spiniferous walking legs. The last legs, (VI), form a pair of swimming legs characteristic of the Eurypterida.
The preabdomen, the front portion of the body, was narrow with axial furrows, while the postabdomen was narrow. The telson was a curved spine. By thrusting and pushing the tail, the telson spine would be capable of stinging prey in between the front legs. The structure of the tail of indicates that Mixopterus would be able to move on land, but such movement would likely be difficult because of its weight. Respiration would not be an issue, since moist gills would be well concealed above the ventral plates. Mixopterus might have buried itself in the sand to wait for prey, as the swimming legs were very well-adapted for digging. The frontal legs and foremost portion of the prosoma, including the eyes, would have been kept above the substrate. When a prey was sufficiently close, the frontal appendages would be clasped together, almost forming a cage.
Theropod

Theropoda ( or , from Greek θηρίον "wild beast" and πούς, ποδός "foot") or theropods ( ) are a dinosaur suborder that is characterized by hollow bones and three-toed limbs. They are generally classed as a group of saurischian dinosaurs, although a 2017 paper has instead placed them in the proposed clade Ornithoscelida as the closest relatives of the Ornithischia. Theropods were ancestrally carnivorous, although a number of theropod groups evolved to become herbivores, omnivores, piscivores, and insectivores. Theropods first appeared during the Carnian age of the late Triassic period 231.4 million years ago (Ma) and included the sole large terrestrial carnivores from the Early Jurassic until at least the close of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma. In the Jurassic, birds evolved from small specialized coelurosaurian theropods, and are today represented by about 10,500 living species.

Theropods exhibit a wide range of diets, from insectivores to herbivores and carnivores. Strict carnivory has always been considered the ancestral diet for theropods as a group, and a wider variety of diets was historically considered a characteristic exclusive to the avian theropods (birds). However, discoveries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries showed that a variety of diets existed even in more basal lineages. All early finds of theropod fossils showed them to be primarily carnivorous. Fossilized specimens of early theropods known to scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries all possessed sharp teeth with serrated edges for cutting flesh, and some specimens even showed direct evidence of predatory behavior. For example, a Compsognathus longipes fossil was found with a lizard in its stomach, and a Velociraptor mongoliensis specimen was found locked in combat with a Protoceratops andrewsi (a type of ornithischian dinosaur).
The first confirmed non-carnivorous fossil theropods found were the therizinosaurs, originally known as segnosaurs. First thought to be prosauropods, these enigmatic dinosaurs were later proven to be highly specialized, herbivorous theropods. Therizinosaurs possessed large abdomens for processing plant food, and small heads with beaks and leaf-shaped teeth. Further study of maniraptoran theropods and their relationships showed that therizinosaurs were not the only early members of this group to abandon carnivory. Several other lineages of early maniraptors show adaptations for an omnivorous diet, including seed-eating (some troodontids) and insect-eating (many avialans and alvarezsaurs). Oviraptorosaurs, ornithomimosaurs and advanced troodontids were likely omnivorous as well, and some early theropods (such as Masiakasaurus knopfleri and the spinosaurids) appear to have specialized in catching fish.
Mesothelae

The Mesothelae are a suborder of spiders that includes a single living family, Liphistiidae, and a number of extinct families. This suborder is thought to form the sister group to all other living spiders, and to retain ancestral characters, such as a segmented abdomen with spinnerets in the middle and two pairs of book lungs. Members of Liphistiidae are medium to large spiders with eight eyes grouped on a tubercle. They are found only in China, Japan, and southeast Asia.
Nickelodeon Movies

* The Rugrats Movie
* Rugrats in Paris: The Movie
* Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
* Hey Arnold: The Movie
* The Wild Thornberrys Movie
* Rugrats Go Wild
* The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
* Aaahh! Real Monsters (film)
* Charlotte's Web
* Barnyard: The Original Party Animals
* Rocket Power: The Movie
* The Last Airbender
* Rango
* The Adventures of Tintin
* Rugrats 4: Wreck-It Stu Pickles
* Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
* The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
* Monster Trucks
* Primeval: The Lost Empire
* The Loud House Movie
* Primeval: Dimetrodon's Return
* Wonder Park
* Dora The Explorer: The Movie
* The SpongeBob Movie: It's a Wonderful Sponge
Forest of Dean

The **Forest of Dean** is a large cultural region which is also covered by 110,000 acres of mixed woodland. The Forest lies between the rivers Wye and Severn in the western part of Gloucestershire and on the borders of Wales and Herefordshire.

* The Forest of Dean is formed of a raised basin of palaeozoic rocks folded in the Variscan Orogeny, similar to the South Wales coalfield to the west. Underlain by great thicknesses of the Old Red Sandstone, the basin is filled with Carboniferous limestones, sandstones and coal measures, all of which have contributed to the industrial history of the region. Its highest point is Ruardean Hill.

* The origins of the name remains an area of debate. The prevalence of Welsh place names in the area, suggests a possible corruption of din. However, similar or identical elements from Old English exist throughout England. Gerald of Wales, writing in the 12th century, refers to the area as Danubia which may translate as "land of Danes" following the Viking settlements in that era. It is possible that an original name Dene developed from this.
Coccosteus grossi

Coccosteus ("seed bone") is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm. Its fossils have been found throughout Europe and North America. The majority of these have been found in freshwater sediments, though, such a large range suggests that they may have been able to enter saltwater. The largest specimens were about 40 centimetres (16 in), although the average length was 20 to 24 centimetres (7.9 to 9.4 in).
Like all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had a joint between the armour of the body and skull. It also had an internal joint between its neck vertebrae and the back of the skull, allowing for the mouth to be opened even wider. Along with the longer jaws, this allowed Coccosteus to feed on fairly large prey. The up-and-down movement of the skull also allowed for more water to be pumped through the gills. Possibly, the creature supplemented its diet with organic material filtered from mud using the gills. As with all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws, forming a beak. The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other. Overall the creature looked similar to its gigantic cousin Dunkleosteus, save that its eyes were closer to the end of its snout than in its larger relative.

This is the type species, and is an important index fossil in the continental Devonian sequence of northern Scotland deposited in the Orcadian Basin. It is only present at and below the Upper Eifelian Achanarras limestone level.
Enka

## Intro

Enka is a Dolphin Great Beast, one of the Great Beasts in the continent Utox, but she is originally from Oceanus which is in Erdas, but like the other great beasts, she was forced to leave her home and was chased out into the continent of Utox, she was summoned by Sakara and her talisman is the Sapphire Dolphin.
Ophiacodon major

Ophiacodon is an extinct genus of synapsids belonging to the family Ophiacodontidae that lived from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian in North America and Europe. The genus was named along with its type species O. mirus by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878 and currently includes five other species. As an ophiacodontid, Ophiacodon is one of the most basal synapsids and is close to the evolutionary line leading to mammals.

Ophiacodon has a large skull with a deep snout. It has the longest skull of any early synapsid, reaching up to 50 centimetres (20 in) in one specimen. The jaws are lined with many small teeth. It was larger than most other tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) of its time, ranging from 1.6 to 3 metres (5.2 to 9.8 ft) in length and 26 to 230 kilograms (57 to 507 lb) in weight.
Specimens of Ophiacodon vary greatly in size. These differences in size were once used to distinguish species, but are now recognized as ontogenetic variations related to the ages of individuals. Smaller bones often have more poorly developed joint surfaces than larger bones, implying that they come from juvenile individuals while the larger bones come from adults. Analysis of the histologyor microscopic anatomy of bones suggests that differences in size represent different growth stages rather than different species.
Sphenodontidae

Sphenodontidae is a family within the reptile group Rhynchocephalia. Most members of this family are only known from fossils but there is one living member, the tuatara from New Zealand. They were a quite ecologically diverse group, ranging from terrestrial carnivores and insectivores to aquatic herbivores and durophagy.
Precambrian worm

The **Precambrian Worms** were a species of giant, fog-dwelling, carnivorous worm from the Precambrian.

## Trivia

* The Precambrian Worms came from farther back in time than any other creatures ever known to have come through the Anomalies.

* Due to their similar physical features, some fans have speculated that the real-life prehistoric worm *Ottoia* was the young of the Precambrian Worms in the Primeverse. But this is unlikely, as Ottoia was an aquatic lifeform, while the Worms appeared to be land-based creatures.
* The worms are near identical to the worms from King Kong movie (2005) which Primeval designer Daren Horleyalso worked on.
Haikouichthys ercaicunensis

Haikouichthys is an extinct genus of craniate believed to have lived 525 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life. Haikouichthys had a defined skull and other characteristics that have led paleontologists to label it a true craniate, and even to be popularly characterized as one of the earliest fishes. Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate; but it does not possess sufficient features to be included uncontroversially even in either stem group. It was formally described in 1999.

Haikouichthys is about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long and is narrower than Myllokunmingia, another putative chordate that comes from the same beds. The holotype of Haikouichthys ercaicunensis was found in the Yuansshan member of the Qiongzhusi Formation in the 'Eoredlichia' Zone near Haikou at Ercaicun, Kunming City, Yunnan, China, hence its name "Haikou fish from Ercaicun". The fossil was recovered among the Chengjiang fauna, in one of a series of Lagerstätten sites where thousands of exquisitely preserved soft-bodied fossils have already been found. Following the discovery of the holotype, additional Lower Cambrian fossils of Haikouichthys ercaicunensis have been discovered.
The animal has a distinct head and tail. The head has at least six and perhaps nine probable gills. There are a number of segments (myomeres) with rear directed chevrons in the tail. There is a notochord. There is a prominent dorsal fin with fin radials similar, but not comparable, to those of hagfish and lampreys. The fin radials seem to angle "forward" toward the end thought on the basis of internal structures to be the head. This happens with a few modern fish but is an uncommon arrangement. There are 13 circular structures along the bottom that may be gonads, slime organs, or something else entirely.
Synapsid

Synapsids Greek: 'fused arch'; synonymous with theropsids –not to be confused with therapsids, which are a subordinate group to synapsids– are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to the other members, reptiles and birds, included in the amniotes clade. They are easily separated from other amniotes by having a temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye, leaving a bony arch beneath each; this accounts for their name. Primitive synapsids are usually called pelycosaurs or pelycosaur-grade synapsids. This informal term consists of all synapsids which are not therapsids, a monophyletic more advanced mammal-like group. The non-mammalian synapsids are described as mammal-like reptiles in classical systematics; they can also be called stem mammals or proto-mammals. Synapsids evolved from basal amniotes and are one of the two major groups of the later amniotes, the other being the sauropsids, a group that includes modern reptiles and birds. The distinctive temporal fenestra developed in the ancestral synapsid about 312 million years ago, during the Late Carboniferous period.
Cambrian

The Cambrian Period () was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 55.6 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 541 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 mya. Its subdivisions, and its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established (as “Cambrian series”) by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latin name of Wales, where Britain's Cambrian rocks are best exposed. The Cambrian is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where "soft" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. As a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods.
Sauropod

Sauropoda ( or ), or the sauropods ( ; sauro- + -pod, "lizard-footed"), are a clade of saurischian ("lizard-hipped") dinosaurs. They had very long necks, long tails, small heads (relative to the rest of their body), and four thick, pillar-like legs. They are notable for the enormous sizes attained by some species, and the group includes the largest animals to have ever lived on land. Well-known genera include Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, and Mamenchisaurus.
Sauropods first appeared in the late Triassic Period, where they somewhat resembled the closely related (and possibly ancestral) group "Prosauropoda". By the Late Jurassic (150 million years ago), sauropods had become widespread (especially the diplodocids and brachiosaurids). By the Late Cretaceous, those groups had mainly been replaced by the titanosaurs, which had a near-global distribution. However, as with all other non-avian dinosaurs alive at the time, the titanosaurs died out in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Fossilised remains of sauropods have been found on every continent, including Antarctica.
The name Sauropoda was coined by O.C. Marsh in 1878, and is derived from Greek, meaning "lizard foot". Sauropods are one of the most recognizable groups of dinosaurs, and have become a fixture in popular culture due to their impressive size.
Complete sauropod fossil finds are rare. Many species, especially the largest, are known only from isolated and disarticulated bones. Many near-complete specimens lack heads, tail tips and limbs.
Therapsid

Therapsida is a group of synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within early therapsids, including having their four limbs extend vertically beneath the body, as opposed to the sprawling posture of reptiles. The earliest fossil attributed to Therapsida is Tetraceratops insignis from the Lower Permian.
Chordate

A chordate is an animal constituting the phylum Chordata. During some period of their life cycle, chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail: these five anatomical features define this phylum. Chordates are also bilaterally symmetric; and have a coelom, metameric segmentation, and a circulatory system.
Spirit Animals Wiki

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**Welcome to Spirit Animals Fanon Wiki!**

**Currently, this wiki is still work in progress, so some of the things won't be complete, but you can always help us add more pages!**

This wiki is a community for fans of the book series *Spirit Animals* and for those who are interested in it. You can create characters, write fanfictions, role-play with others, share art, and many, many more. We hope you greatly enjoy Spirit Animals Fanon Wiki. If you are new to spirit animals, Click here to learn more about them.

~ The Admins

**SPOTLIGHT OF THE Month**

## Getting Started

Remember, that before you join the wiki, you need to sign in, if you have an account. If you do not have one, don't worry, because you can make one here. Once you are signed in, please read the rules, as they are important, and breaking them can lead to consequences.

You can start off your adventure on the wiki by creating a page, posting on someone's message wall, or anything else that counts as a contribution. The best start is by adding to your profile. You may also try out the roleplay, write a fanfiction, or anything you like!

And there you go. You're all set up! If you have any concerns or questions, feel free to contact a staff member!

## Staff Members

Staff Members are users that have special rights, and can do certain commands that regular users cannot do. If you wish to become one, you will need to meet all requirements on this page

All privileged users can be found here, or just read on.

**FOUNDER:** Hawkheart24

**ADMINS** - MegaPokemon1

**BUREAUCRAT** - None

Please contact these users for your concerns (see all the staffs here)!

## Roleplaying

Roleplaying is acting as a certain character in a set place. It is a fun way to interact with other users, especially if you are new. Click Here to learn more about the roleplay in this wiki.

***Cannon Groups***

Greencloaks

Conquerors

Redcloaks

***Fannon Groups***

Nightcloaks

## Wiki Fanfiction Project

Learn more about this project here

Wish to be part of this fanfiction project? Click here.

**ART OF THE WEEK**
We are always looking for fan arts for this wiki, click here to learn more!
Futurama (NatureRules1 Version)

NatureRules1's TV spoof of Futurama.

* Philip J. Fry - *Ludodactylus sibbicki*
* Turanga Leela - *Nyctosaurus gracilis*
* Bender Bending Rodriguez - *Pteranodon sternbergi*
* Dr. Zoidberg - *Caulkicephalus trimicrodon*
* Hermes Conrad - *Dimorphodon macronyx*
* Amy Wong - *Ikrandraco avatar*
* Professor Farnsworth - *Quetzalcoatlus northropi*
* Ben Vending Rodriguez - *Dawndraco kanzai*
* Scruffy the Janitor - *Pterodaustro guinazui*
* Kif Kroker - *Guidraco venator*
* Zapp Brannigan - *European Dragon*
* Calculon - *Harpactognathus gentryii*
* Flexo - *Pterodactylus antiquus*
* Ndnd - *Azhdarcho lancicollus*
* Lrrr - *Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis*
* Yivo - *Hatzegopteryx thambema*
* Cubert Farnsworth - *Tapejara wellnhoferi*
* Mom - *Tupxuara longicristatus*
* Lord Nibbler - *Alanqa saharica*
* Robot Devil - *Dsungaripterus weii*
* Yancy Fry - *Anhanguera piscator*
* Roberto - *Eudimorphodon ranzii*
* Hedonism-Bot - *Rhamphorhynchus longicaudus*
* Destructor - *Ornithocheirus simus*
* Dwight Conrad - *Cearadactylus atrox*
* LaBarbara Conrad - *Peteinosaurus zambelli*
* Baby Bender - *Sordes pliosus*
* Bev (The Bots and the Bees) - *Anurognathus ammoni*
Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis

Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis is an extinct species of giant scorpion that lived during the Viséan age of the Carboniferous. Its fossils were found at East Kirkton Quarry, West Lothian in Scotland. The diet of Pulmonoscorpius is not known directly, but smaller arthropods may have formed part of its diet, and its sting may have been able to fell small tetrapods.

Like the giant *Meganeura*,‭ *‬Pulmonoscorpius* is thought to have achieved its large size from the higher oxygen content of the air of the Carboniferous period.‭ ‬The superficial morphology of *Pulmonoscorpius* is that of a larger version to today‭’‬s scorpions,‭ ‬although its proportionally larger eyes have led to the suggestion that it may have been a more visually orientated hunter.‭

It is impossible to say how toxic the venom of *Pulmonoscorpius* would have been,‭ ‬but a good rule of thumb is that the smaller the pincers are in relation to the thickness of the tail,‭ ‬the more potent the venom,‭ ‬with the thicker tails holding larger amounts.‭ ‬This holds true to today‭’‬s scorpions with those that have small pincers and fat tails being more feared by people who have become accustomed to their presence.

It is also hard to say with certainty what the diet of *Pulmonoscorpius* would have been,‭ ‬although as a scorpion it would almost certainly have been carnivorous.‭ ‬It may have focused its attentions upon other large arthropods,‭ ‬and maybe even the smaller amphibians and early reptiles.‭ ‬One clue may be the relatively small size of the pincers,‭ ‬indicating either a focus on prey smaller than itself,‭ ‬or a greater reliance on its venom to take down larger prey which was then manipulated with the pincers when dead.
Edestus vorax

Edestus is a genus of eugeneodontid holocephalids that lived throughout the world's oceans from the Late Devonian to the late Carboniferous. All of the species are known only from their teeth. The term "edestid" is often used to refer to any or all members of the order Eugeneodontiformes, though, strictly speaking, "edestid" properly refers only to members of the family Edestidae. Edestus is a Greek name derived from the word edeste (to devour), in reference to the aberrant quality and size of the species' teeth. The largest species, E. giganteus, could reach 6 m (20 ft) in length, the size of a modern great white shark.
Like its other relatives, such as Helicoprion, and unlike modern sharks, the species of Edestus grew teeth in curved brackets, and did not shed the teeth as they became worn. In Edestus' case, only a single row of teeth occurred in each jaw, so the mouth would have resembled a monstrous pair of pinking shears. The degree of curvature in the teeth brackets, along with size, are distinct in each species.
Because the teeth are sharp and serrated, all of the species are presumed to have been carnivorous. How they captured, or even ate, their prey, along with their appearance, remains pure speculation until a more complete fossil, or skull, is found. One such theory as to how Edestus might have hunted and killed its prey was found by Wayne M. Itano of the Natural History Museum of the University of Colorado et al. Itano examined specimens of Edestus minor from the Late Carboniferous deposits of Texas and discovered wear patterns that suggest that Edestus might have hunted by using its bizarre array of teeth to vertically thrash its prey, creating slashing wounds, thus incapacitating and then swallowing its prey. Such a method of predation would prove unique and as-yet-unknown elsewhere in the animal kingdom if correct. Examination of the wear marks of the specimens in Itano's study also suggest that Edestus might have preyed on tough-skinned animals, though what kind remains unknown.

Edestus giganteus, (also known as the "scissor-tooth shark") lived in the oceans during the Late Carboniferous (306-299 million years ago). Little is known about E. giganteus apart from a single set of teeth currently housed in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Paleontologicalstudies suggest that E. giganteus, unlike modern-day sharks, did not shed worn or broken teeth. Rather, it continued growing new teeth and gums near the back of the mouth, eventually pushing the older teeth and gums forward, until they protruded from the mouth. What function the strange teeth performed is not clear. E. giganteus is estimated to have grown to about the size of the modern-day great white shark, thus probably making it one of the top sea predators of its day. As with all other members of the genus, how E. giganteus could catch or eat its prey is unclear, though research of E. minor published in 2015 by Wayne M. Itano suggests that E. giganteus might have hunted and killed its prey by vertical thrashing attacks to slash and cripple prey.

* E. heinrichi

* E. mirus

* E. minor

* E. vorax
Anteosaurus magnificus

Anteosaurus is an extinct genus of large carnivorous synapsids. It lived during the Capitanian epoch of the Guadalupian in what is now South Africa. Like the well-known Moschops, they were dinocephalians, a clade of large-bodied therapsids that flourished from 270 to 260 million years ago and then went extinct without descendants.
Ichthyostega watsoni

This sea creature was one of the first vertebrates (animals with backbones) to develop a set of legs and lungs and take a step on dry land. About 365 million years ago, Ichthyostega developed the ability to breathe air and ventured out of the sea. One of the earliest known amphibians, Ichthyostega still did its share of swimming, bu it had four legs and could move around on land. It led the march that resulted in dozens, and then ultimately millions, of animal species living on land.

## Let There Be Legs!

Ichthyostega was one of the first known tetropods (creatures with four legs). Its legs, complete with toes, were the result of evolutionary transformation frm fins over many thousands of years.

## Munchies:

Though it could walk, Ichthyostega spent most of its time in the water, powered by its wide tail. Its upper teeth which were more than one-half inch long, stabbed into prey, while its smaller, lower teeth ground victims into tiny pieces.

## Creature Feature

* Species: Ichthyostega watsoni
* Size: Length up to 4.5 ft.; weight up to 180 lbs.
* Prey: Fish and other aquatic creatures
* Where? Fossils have been found in Greenland
* Sound Off: ICK-thee-oh-STAY-ga

## Land Lubber

Fossilized footprints show that Ichthyostega walked on land.

Before the Devonian period (408-360 million years ago), only plants, bacteria and a few arthropods (ancient crab-like creatures) lived on land. but all of that changed when Ichthyostega stepped out. This creature started its life with gills, yet over time developed lungs and the ability to breathe air, becoming one of the world's first amphibians. It paved the way for all land-living vertebrates, from frogs to bears and even to humans. This creature's direct descendants had all died out by about 360 million years ago.

## Swamp Thing:

Some think that Ichthyostega was too heavy, and its legs to weak, for it to walk well on high and dry land. These experts say that the amphibian used its legs to wade through shallow swamps that covered Greenland 365 million years ago.

## Smooth Skin:

This ancient amphibian had skin typical of its modern relatives-slimy t help keep in moisture when exposed to the sun. Some say it had small scales in places, leftovers from its ancestors, which were fish.

## Timeline:

Ichthyostega lived from 367 to 362 million years ago, during the Devonian Period.

## Did You Know?

'Ichthyostega' means 'fish roof' referring to bones in the roof of its skull.
Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.
Rhinesuchus whaitsi

Rhinesuchus is a large temnospondyl amphibian. Remains of the genus are known from the Permian of the South African Karoo Basin's Tapinocephalus and Cistecephalus assemblage zones, both belonging to the Beaufort Group. The skull of Rhinesuchus had a flat triangular shape with blunt snout similar to some of the other large amphibians, and had a palate filled with small sharp teeth, suggesting that it hunted fish. Also, the small eyes were on top of the head suggesting that it approached its prey from below. It is a popular misconception that Rhinesuchus is named after the Rhine River in Europe; Rhinesuchus actually gets its name from the Greek word for nose. The type species is Rhinesuchus whaitsi. Two more species, R. africanus and R. wadiai, are considered to be nomen dubium. R. broomianus and R. beaufortensis have been synonymized with R. whaitsi, while R. capensis has been moved out of the genus into Rhinesuchoides. Muchocephalus has also been synonymized with R. whaitsi.

While not the last of the large carnivorous amphibians,‭ *‬Rhinesuchus* existed at a time when the majority of the other species became extinct during the Permian-triassic extinction event.‭ ‬After this time the reptiles would become the dominant life forms until the KT extinction.

The skull on *Rhinesuchus* had a flat triangular shape with blunt snout similar to some of the other large amphibians and had a palate filled with small sharp teeth suggesting that it hunted fish.‭ ‬Also,‭ ‬the small eyes were on top of the head suggesting that it approached its prey from below.

It is a popular misconception that *Rhinesuchus* is named after the Rhine River in Europe, but‭ *‬Rhinesuchus*actually gets its name from the Greek word for nose.‭ ‬Two more‭ ‬species,‭ ‬*R.‭ ‬africanus* and *R.‭ ‬wadiai*,‭ ‬are considered to be Nomen dubium,‭ ‬while others have been found to be other species.‭ ‬At the time of writing only *R.broomianus* and *R.‭ ‬capensis* are recognised.
Eurypterus remipes

Eurypterus is an extinct genus of eurypterid, a group of organisms commonly called "sea scorpions". The genus lived during the Silurian period, from around 432 to 418 million years ago. Eurypterus is by far the most well-studied and well-known eurypterid and its fossil specimens probably represent more than 90% of all known eurypterid specimens.
Silurian desert

The **Silurian desert** was a desert in the Silurian period inhabited by Silurian Scorpions and Millipedes. The desert is harsh and dry, though cloud patterns indicated a nearby body of water. There were also small scattered rocks which offer protection from the scorpions, and the desert was often subjected to sandstorm.

The **Silurian desert** was a desert in the Silurian period and the home of at least one Brontoscorpio. The desert was prone to tremors and other seismic activity, due to numerous volcanoes. The ground in the desert was also riddled with hidden sinkholes which could easily collapse even when a very small amount of weight was on them. This in turn made the sinkholes effectively act as traps.
Rugrats (NatureRules1 Version)

NatureRules1's TV spoof of Rugrats.

* Tommy Pickles - *Dimetrodon grandis*
* Chuckie Finster - *Inostrancevia alexandri*
* Philip DeVille - *Scutosaurus karpinskii*
* Lillian DeVille - *Edaphosaurus cruciger*
* Angelica Pickles - *Diplocaulus salamondroides*
* Dylan Prescott Pickles - *Coelurosauravus jaekeli*
* Susie Carmichael - *Dicynodon huenei*
* Spike the Dog - *Diictodon galeops*
* Didi Pickles - *Giant Orthocone (Cameroceras trentonense)*
* Charlotte Pickles - *Sea Scorpion (Megalograptus welchi)*
* Stu Pickles - *Helicoprion bessonowi*
* Drew Pickles - *Eurypterus remipes*
* Grandpa Lou Pickles - *Rhizodus hibberti*
* Chaz Finster - *Pterygotus anglicus*
* Howard DeVille - *Dunkleosteus terrelli*
* Betty DeVille - *Paradoxides minor*
* Lucy Carmichael - *Edestus vorax*
* Sergei - *Opabinia regalis*
* Monkeys - *Petrolacosaurus kansensis*
* Igor - *Crassigyrinus scoticus*
* Scar Snout - *Lycaenops microdon*
* Reptar - *Ichthyostega watsoni*
* Rex Pester - *Stethacanthus thomasi*
* Dr. Lipschitz - *Cheirurus ingricus*
* Coco LaBouche - *Cephalaspis lyelli*
* Jean Claude - *Ottoia prolifica*
* Mr. Yamaguchi - *Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis*
* Robosnail - *Coleoptera*
* Fifi - *Cacops woehri*
* Boris Kropotkin - *Pikaia gracilens*
* Kira Finster - *Platyhystrix rugosus*
* Kimi Finster - *Eryops megacephalus*
* Siri - *Caleidocrinus turgidulus*
* Toa - *Diraphora bellicostata*
* Principal Pangborn - *Proterogyrinus pancheni*
* Minka Kropotkin - *Guiyu oneiros*
* Cynthia - *Archeolimulus*
* Harold Frumpkin - *Precambrian Worm (Priapulida)*
* Sumo Singers - *Ephemeroptera*
Arthropleura armata

**Arthropleura** was a giant relative of centipedes and millipedes that lived in Great Britain and North America during the Carboniferous period. It is the largest known land invertebrate of all time, and grew so large because of the high concentration of oxygen in Carboniferous Earth's atmosphere.

Despite it's relationship to centipedes it was actually omnivorous, or possibly even herbivorous, but could still have had venomous bites to protect itself from the few large predators that lived in the Carboniferous.

## Paleobiology

*Arthropleura* was a giant millipede, it grew 1-8.5 feet (0.3–2.6 metre) in length and was covered in hard armored plating. Despite it's menacing appearance it was an omnivore or possibly an Herbivore.

## Errors

* Arthropleura was not believed to be venomous by any means, since it presumably had no enemies and ate dead plant matter.
Rayonnoceras solidiforme

Rayonnoceras is a genus of extinct cephalopods that lived around 325 million years ago during the Carboniferous. Although they resemble earlier actinocerids they are now though to belong to the Pseudorthocerida
Rayonnoceras is characterized by large straight shells with a large subcentral siphuncle composed of subglobular segments, as for the family. The endosiphuncular canal system is well developed and most chambers are filled with organic deposits. Some shells have transverse striae, others are smooth. As with earlier actinocerids, Rayonnoceras has a canal system within the siphuncle that includes a narrow opening, the parispatium, between the internal deposits and inner wall of the connecting ring. It differs from the earlier actinocerids in having a bullet-like apex with a cicatrix and a long first chamber, characteristic of pseuorthocerids, rather than a blunt apex and short first chamber characteristic of true actinocerids.
Orientation during life was horizontal. Cameral deposits, more concentrated in the apical part of the shell, are thought to have acted as ballast that compensated for the weight of the animal in the forward part. In life Rayonnoceras was probably a bottom dweller that spent most of its time stationary, waiting in ambush for prey.
Rayonnoceras was among the last of the actinocerid-mimics, which finally died out in the Carboniferous.
In 2003 a specimen of Rayonnoceras solidiforme eight feet long (2.4m) was found in Arkansas. It is believed to be the largest of its kind ever found and is housed at the University of Arkansas Museum.

• Shell-Shock: Three University Of Arkansas Students Find World's Longest Nautiloid Fossil - an article about the Arkansas Rayonnoceras found in 2003.
Beast Garden

It was the main entertainment business in Jiuhua City, before the appearance of the Origins Internet Club.

The Beast Garden used to be filled with prestigious individuals, but the place was extremely empty these days. It was obvious that the influential figures in the city were no longer interesting in hunting!

To most people, hunting was a way to kill time but not a form of real entertainment!

The Beast Garden had to feed many monsters and beasts, which cost money and resources to maintain. Without money, this place would quickly collapse.

Since the Beast Garden was capable of building such a place for the rich people to have fun, its owner was not ordinary at all.
Amazon River

The Amazon River (UK: , US: ; Spanish and Portuguese: Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and by some definitions it is the longest.
The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon's most distant source, until a 2014 study found it to be the headwaters of the Mantaro River on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in Peru. The Mantaro and Apurímac join, and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River, which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos, Peru, to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon. Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters (Portuguese: Encontro das Águas) at Manaus, the river's largest city.
At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,400,000 cu ft/s; 209,000,000 L/s; 55,000,000 USgal/s)—approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum (1,581 cu mi/a), greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined—the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean. The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi). The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one-fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river.

The river was initially known by Europeans as the Marañón and the Peruvian part of the river is still known by that name today. It later became known as the Rio Amazonas in Spanish and Portuguese, or The Amazon in English.
The name Rio Amazonas was given after native warriors attacked a 16th-century expedition by Francisco de Orellana. The warriors were led by women, reminding de Orellana of the Amazon warriors, a tribe of women warriors related to Iranian Scythians and Sarmatians mentioned in Greek mythology.
The word Amazon itself may be derived from the Iranian compound \*ha-maz-an- "(one) fighting together" or ethnonym \*ha-mazan- "warriors", a word attested indirectly through a derivation, a denominal verb in Hesychius of Alexandria's gloss "ἁμαζακάραν· πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι" ("hamazakaran: 'to make war' in Persian"), where it appears together with the Indo-Iranian root \*kar- "make" (from which Sanskrit karma is also derived).
Coleoptera

**Beetles** are a group of insects that form the order **Coleoptera**, in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 species, is the largest of all orders, constituting almost 40% of described insects and 25% of all known animal life-forms; new species are discovered frequently. The largest of all families, the Curculionidae (weevils) with some 70,000 member species, belongs to this order. Found in almost every habitat except the sea and the polar regions, they interact with their ecosystems in several ways: beetles often feed on plants and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle, while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops.

Beetles typically have a particularly hard exoskeleton including the elytra, though some such as the rove beetles have very short elytra while blister beetles have softer elytra. The general anatomy of a beetle is quite uniform and typical of insects, although there are several examples of novelty, such as adaptations in water beetleswhich trap air bubbles under the elytra for use while diving. Beetles are endopterygotes, which means that they undergo complete metamorphosis, with a series of conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in body structure between hatching and becoming adult after a relatively immobile pupal stage. Some, such as stag beetles, have a marked sexual dimorphism, the males possessing enormously enlarged mandibles which they use to fight other males. Many beetles are aposematic, with bright colours and patterns warning of their toxicity, while others are harmless Batesian mimics of such insects. Many beetles, including those that live in sandy places, have effective camouflage.

Beetles are prominent in human culture, from the sacred scarabs of ancient Egypt to beetlewing art and use as pets or fighting insects for entertainment and gambling. Many beetle groups are brightly and attractively coloured making them objects of collection and decorative displays. Over 300 species are used as food, mostly as larvae; species widely consumed include mealworms and rhinoceros beetle larvae. However, the major impact of beetles on human life is as agricultural, forestry, and horticultural pests. Serious pests include the boll weevil of cotton, the Colorado potato beetle, the coconut hispine beetle, and the mountain pine beetle. Most beetles, however, do not cause economic damage and many, such as the lady beetles and dung beetles are beneficial by helping to control insect pests.
Inostrancevia alexandri

Inostrancevia is an extinct genus of carnivorous therapsids, containing the largest members of the family Gorgonopsidae, predators characterized by long, saber-tooth-like canines. The various species inhabited northern Russia during the Upper Tatarian(Vyatskian), a Russian regional stage equivalent to the Wuchiapingian stage of the Late Permian period, dating from approximately 260 to 254 million years ago. It is known from several skulls and two almost-complete skeletons.

The species in Inostrancevia were the largest gorgonopsids known; known individuals have total body lengths reaching up to 3.5 m (11.5 ft) and long, narrow skulls up to 60 cm (24 in) long. Like several other gorgonopsids, Inostrancevia was characterized by strongly developed canine teeth, with those of the upper jaw up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long, the root corresponding to half its length. Their bodies were slender, with rather short legs. Inostrancevia shared its habitat with Scutosaurus which it likely preyed upon.
Ocean

An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós) is a body of water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word "ocean" is often used interchangeably with "sea" in American English. Strictly speaking, a sea is a body of water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land, though "the sea" refers also to the oceans.