The Great Wars

***The Great Wars***

***1910-1945***

***The Revolution***

During the Diaz regime, The poor and lower class which made up most of the population were tired of the inequality that the Porfirian age brought. Making them feel like slaves. Until Wealthy landowner, Francisco I. Madero challenged Díaz in the 1910 presidential election, and following the rigged results, revolted under the Plan of San Luis Potosí. Armed conflict broke out in northern Mexico and Díaz was forced out. In the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, Díaz resigned and went into exile, new elections were to occur in the fall, and an interim presidency under Francisco León de la Barra was installed. A new election was held in 1911, bringing Madero to the presidency. In a chaotic period in February 1913, known as the Ten Tragic Days (Spanish: La Decena Trágica), Madero and his vice president Pino Suárez were forced to resign in February 1913 and Madero was assassinated. The counter-revolutionary regime of General Victoriano Huerta came to power, backed by the United States ambassador. Suarez left towards the north and created a revolutionary government in the north with Suarez as the elected governate and had full governance. They became **the Northern Governorate of the Spanish Federal Republic,** although they were not trying to separate from the New Spanish Federal Republic they wanted to win in the revolution and have a new constitution led by the liberal northern ideals. The middle of the country still loyal to the Porfirian constitution and the federation were called **the federalists** which wanted to keep the constitution and had the most military might at the beginning of the war. In the southern region of the country, the southern states made a political union which was **the provincial regency of Central America.** Like the north, they wanted to win and change the constitution and create it their way, unlike the north they wanted to make it more of a conservative ideology. The federalists had a bigger navy and military by 1914 and had a hold on all external territories such as Cuba, New Orleans, and The Panama canal zone. The federalists seem to had a big advantage but they drained most of the money in the construction of the canal and useless spending and corruption.

When the the war came at a stalemate on both, the northern and southern front both sides entitled themselves to other means, like espionage, sabotage and "governmental presences". This meant that he federalist government had coup after coup, each individually funded by both north or south to finish the war but it always ended in counter coupt, by either the north or the south. Until the senate and the deputy chamber which was led by Belisario Domínguez Palencia

overthrew the north backed president in 1913, In that same year, he died by gun as a martyr. However the north or south will not back another coup attempt. The federalist chamber and senate decided that the country be led by Ignacio L. Pesqueira a military leader who had control of the federalist government and presumably killed Domínguez Palencia. In 1914 it was the height of federalist control during the revolution. This all changed with the battle of Guadalajara that the federalist lost and the north won and the battle of Tapachula which the south won. All due to the poor management of the federalist and horrible panned decisions. On the 28th of July in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the start of the great war things escalated in the geopolitics of the world in the early 19th century. By 1915 the Anglo-French Financial Commission agreed a $500 million loan from private American banks and northern Mexican investors and banks. this increased the encouragement for the northern governance to make industrial goods for the military and commodities. ***Then Cuba which revoked statehood towards all their 6 states in the island, Which made independists to take advantage of the situation and declared independence, The federalist who did not want to lose control of the island made a deal with the leaders that they could keep the north of the island as interdependent with the southern part of the island which would be lead by the federalist. The agreement of Havana was made making* *The Republic of Havana***

 ***in the North and its interdependent counterpart in the south,* *still in control of the federalist government.*** By early 1916, Britain was funding most of the Empire's war expenditures, all of Italy's and two-thirds of the war costs of France and Russia, plus smaller nations as well. The gold reserves, overseas investments, and private credit then ran out forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the Northern governance treasury and American treasuries in 1916-1918. Shipments of Northern raw materials and Southern food allowed the allies to feed themselves and their armies while maintaining their productivity. this along with the production of weapons and artillery and tanks from northern factories made the north a powerhouse and the south with the food exports and trade commissions made it the breadbasket and wealthier than the federalists who tried as well, but were almost barely funded to maintain their government. Plus the blockades did not work since the navy needed to expand themselves along long coastlines in the north and with the new northern war machine the obsolete navy of the federalist was no match for the northern navy and quickly got sunk. Plus help from the United States and the Havana republic made it impossible for the federalist to actually protect the maritime territories. By December 1916 The north invaded New Orleans and the South took control of The Canal Zone. While the federalists had now lost the Yucatan states and the South made 2 new states Tabasco and Quintana Roo. and the North which took a defensive position begun to attack the states of Aguascalientes Nayarit and S.L Potosi and northern Jalisco. In July Of 1917, Both the North and the South bordered each other and fought 2

battles the first was the Battle of Toluca Which was fought in Southern victory. And the Battle of Mexico City on August 27th which was a Northern victory. A ceasefire then was ordered after the battle where the 2 parties deposed the federalist government and drafted the new constitution. after nearly 3 months on November 7th, the constitution was created, this constitution brought the no reelection campaign and 6-year rule and other socialist based rights as well as the respect of the constitution and military obedience and ordinance towards the constitution meaning the military follows the leadership of the constitution and its principles. With the signing of the constitution, on November 11th 1918 the revolution came at an end as well as the Northern governorate and the provincial government of Central America when the presidential elections began.

Towards the end of The 1st World war in 1918 the exports of Military goods, raw materials, and food gave The country wealth which it used as reserves and spending in social services. The previous federalist regions that had the biggest industry in the country were now the poorest. and in the help, the government was doing economical and medic aid

but it was not enough. The Mexican government was more focused on reconstruction and the northern states to give up on the military goods and focus on domestic goods and services and other entertainments such as movies and writing and plays along with entertainment in new mediums such as radios and other communications. In the aftermath of the revolution the next administrations gave up on defending Latin America and made way for America to intervene in other countries' policies of the region.

***The Havana Crisis***

In 1925 the united states got more involved in Latin American affairs leading to the conclusion that Mexico will not do anything because of the reconstruction from the revolution. this meant that intervention in the protectorate of the Republic Of Havana will not make a crisis with Mexico. The more independent republic Of Havana was getting further away from the belief of interdependence with the southern part of Cuba and more with the economic isolationism policy. The U.S saw an opportunity and began to get involved in the affairs of The Republic of Havana. In 1926 a new president was elected he drew in the idea that the republic was not a puppet of anyone, this began the hostilities

between Americans living in Cuba and Cubans living in The U.S which increased chances of war. The real problem was hit when the U.S began to move its navy in The Capital Havana as a military base without the consent of the president or of the legislative government, this made the Cuban government to ask if the navy could leave since they did not form an agreement, They refused and the cannons fired and destroyed the ship. The American government declared war which made The Republic Of Havana with the Havana agreement to get annexed back to Mexico. The president of Mexico was first hesitant about it plus many Cubans left The Republic Of Havana and went into Mexican Cuba Thus the Mexican president Ángel Flores agreed. When the treaty was accepted the American ships found out that it was now Mexican territory and thus could not violate the treaty of Havana which would last until 1942. So they left to not come back

**The great depression**

 during the twenties, economic prosperity surged the stock market found itself as the biggest and wealthiest while the European powers found themselves in debt especially Germany who could barely survive to keep the people in jobs and in paying taxes. The new economic Powers which were Mexico and the United States made a new commission that they will send to Germany in which they could give a loan. But in the following two days, the U.S economy

 crashed. The initial crash occurred on Black Thursday (October 24, 1929) meaning all the help that was going towards Germany was useless. Mexico since it focused more on spending money on their people and government than on their investments in other countries it suffered less but still suffered. the investment of American enterprises in Mexico plummeted and other figures such as the British business suffered as well. The 30s would be a miserable decade.

**The 30s and the road to world war 2**

 In the 30s the Republic was in turmoil when the unemployment rate went up in 1931 the Government passed the security and employment Act passed by Pr. Emilio Portes Gil. This law made sure to put people to work and exercise the economy trough infrastructure and government-owned military factories put throughout the low industrialized area like the center of the country. the unanimous response of approval was given and accepted. This made immigration of White Americans towards Mexico increased. In overseas territories such as New Orleans, and the Panama Zone they were given a military-industrial complex status and subsidies towards low-income families. While Cuba was granted back statehood and again with 6 states increased the infrastructure and encouraged companies to make stores and production there. This improved a little Mexico and its employment along with making it a war machine.

 In 1935, some White Americans who came to Mexico began to act racially superior, Things escalated when they took over the town of Amarillo in Texas. The Mexican Ministry in northern Texas sent a militia to stop it, But attacks like this would become frequent. When the Northern states had an escalation in attacks and many white people were taking government offices which were discriminatory towards many Mestizo and other non-white. The people rioted towards this behavior, the Senate and the deputy chamber which were scared that another Mexican-American war would happen made a bill in which no one could be discriminatory towards any race and made sure to do a separate governmental building in which racial cases would be filed and dealt with immediately. By 1936 the Olympics

 were held and Mexico attended them along with the tensions that were carried in the "old continent". By November 1937 Mexico was Involved in the Spanish civil war they were very involved that they took in Spanish refugess and made sure to change the government headquarters to the Balearic islands and protected the islands and supported them. In 1938 the country was running out of funds and saw an opportunity in the natural resources the country had and how much wealth they could give. The Government then blame the foreign industries and foreign investors because they took away natural resources which could help the government, consequently, the people. So July they passed the Nationalization Act the law was passed to prevent such thing and declared that only certain national companies could take the resources in exchange for the industries to give 40% of their money earned to the state, By 1939 all actions done by fascist governments were taken and condemned especially by the Mexican Commission in the League of Nations. When the Spanish civil war ended, the new administration retained some of their navy in the Balearic islands and gave the republic a loan to which it can sustain.

**World War 2**

 On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, using the pretext of a simulated Polish attack on a German border post. The Polish plain offered an advantage for the movement of German armor, although forests and poorly constructed roads were problems that made the advance more difficult. Germany advanced using the blitzkrieg ('lightning war'). The United Kingdom and France gave Germany two days to withdraw from Poland. Once the deadline passed, on September 3, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany, quickly followed by France, South Africa, and Canada.

By May 1941 the Mexican government did not want to join in the conflict but most of the war happened within the Mediterranean and there was the protectorate that Mexico had in the Balearic islands. The nation was kept the chances of war at a minimum level, however, it took in many Jewish refugees. The war did also not help the cause

when a German U-boat submerged a dreadnought at the Mediterranean and no compensation was given while the german navy kept doing this. This caused that Mexico declared war against Germany. It did not take long for the Soviet Union to declare war on Germany with operation Barbarossa, Then the U.S joined against December 7th japan and 2 weeks after, Mexico declared war on Japan.

In 1942 Mexico grew its power over the industry, It created mandatory conscription and stated that all people who do not fit the requirements to the army help in the homefront like women, Maturer people, and children. The Plan eagle helped put the effort in the North American and pacific theater while the European theater was still incomplete but the safe passage of food and materials was completed. On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Five—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. The advance of Axis forces was halted by the Allies in 1942 following the defeat of Japan in several naval battles and by European Axis troops in North Africa and in the decisive battle of Stalingrad. In 1943, as a consequence of the various setbacks of the Germans in Eastern Europe, the Allied invasion of Fascist Italy, and the victories of the United States And Mexico in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and had to undertake the strategic withdrawal in all fronts. US authorities declared Guadalcanal safe on February 9. Forces from the United States, Mexico, New Zealand, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, began a long campaign to regain the occupied parts of the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the Dutch East

Indies, suffering some of the toughest resistance in the whole war. The rest of the Solomon Islands were recovered in that same year. In 1944 Following the Italian surrender, German troops took the defense of the Italic peninsula and established the Gustav Line in the southern Apennine Mountains, south of Rome. The Allies were unable to break this line and thus attempted to surround it with an amphibious landing at Anzio on January 22, 1944. The landing, called Operation Shingle, was quickly surrounded by the Germans and stopped dead, causing Churchill to comment: " Instead of throwing a wild cat ashore, all we have is a beached whale. " the western allies invaded France, at the same time that the Soviet Union recovered the territorial losses and both invaded Germany. The war ended with a total victory of the allies on the axis in 1945 and the liberation of the prisoners in death camps. The war in Europe ended with the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent unconditional German surrender on May 8, 1945. The Imperial Japanese Navy was

defeated by the United States and the invasion of the Japanese archipelago was imminent. After the atomic bombardment of Yokohama and Kyoto by the United States and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria,along with the marine invasion of Hiroshima By Mexican Marines the war in Asia ended on August 15, 1945, when Japan accepted the unconditional surrender.

**The atomic grip**

On August 2, 1939,18 Albert Einstein addressed a letter to Franklin Roosevelt, demanding his attention on the investigations carried out by scientists Enrico Fermi and Leó Szilárd, by which uranium could become a new and important source of energy. In this letter, he also explained the possibility of making extremely powerful pumps. The United States, with the help of Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Canada in their respective secret projects "Tube Alloys" and "Chalk River Laboratories, designed and manufactured the first atomic bombs under what was called the" Manhattan Project ". Scientific research was led by the American physicist Robert Oppenheimer. The atomic bomb was tested on July 16, 1945,21 near Alamogordo, New Mexico, with vigilance and surveillance of the Mexican Government. in what became known as the "Trinity Test." The bomb used in the test called a "gadget," caused an explosion close to that which would cause 20,000 tons of TNT, much larger than expected.