Xylaria hypoxylon

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***Xylaria hypoxylon*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Xylaria*. It is known by a variety of common names, such as the **candlestick fungus**, the **candlesnuff fungus**, **carbon antlers**, or the **stag's horn fungus**. The fruit bodies, characterized by erect, elongated black branches with whitened tips, typically grow in clusters on decaying hardwood. The fungus can cause a root rot in hawthorn and gooseberry plants.

## Taxonomy

*Xylaria hypoxylon* was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1745, and then later mentioned by him in his *Species Plantarum II*.

The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words *hypo* meaning "below", and *xylon*, meaning "wood".

## Description

Fruit bodies (ascocarps) are cylindrical or flattened with dimensions of Template:Convert tall × 2–8 mm thick. The erect ascocarps are often twisted or bent, and typically sparsely branched, often in a shape resembling a stag's antlers. Specimens found earlier in the season, in spring, may be covered completely in asexual spores (conidia), which manifests itself as a white to grayish powdery deposit. Later in the season, mature ascocarps are charcoal-black, and have minute pimple-like bumps called perithecia on the surface. These are minute rounded spore bearing structures with tiny holes, or ostioles, for the release of sexual spores (ascospores). The perithecia are embedded in the flesh of the ascocarp, the stroma, which is tough, elastic, and white. Within the perithecia, the asci are 100 × 8 µm.

Ascospores are kidney-shaped, black, and smooth, with dimensions of 10–14 × 4–6 µm. The asexual spores (mitospores) are ellipsoid in shape, smooth, and hyaline.

### Edibility

Although not poisonous, the small size and tough texture of this fungus deter consumption.

### Similar species

*Xylaria polymorpha* is thicker and not as branched as *X. hypoxylon*.

## Chemical compounds

A variety of chemical compounds with *in vitro* properties have been identified in this fungus. The compounds xylarial A and B both have moderate cytotoxic activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2. The pyrone derivative compounds named xylarone and 8,9-dehydroxylarone also have cytotoxic activity. Several cytochalasins, compounds that bind to actin in muscle tissue, have been found in the fungus. *X. hypoxylon* also contains a carbohydrate-binding protein, a lectin, with a unique sugar specificity, and which has potent anti-tumor effects in various tumor cell lines.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ *Xylaria hypoxylon*. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Linnaeus C. (1745). *Flora svecica [suecica] exhibens plantas per regnum Sueciae crescentes*. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Salvii.
5. ↑ Linnaeus C. (1753). *Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rites cognitus ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas*. Vol. II. Stockholm: Salvii.
6. ↑ Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
7. ↑ *Xylaria hypoxylon*. *California Fungi*. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
8. ↑ *Xylaria hypoxylon* (próchnilec ga³êzisty) (Candlesnuff Fungus). Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
9. ↑ Gu W, Ding H. (2008). "Two new tetralone derivatives from the culture of *Xylaria hypoxylon* AT-028." *Chinese Chemical Letters* **19**(11): 1323–26.
10. ↑ Template:Cite journal
11. ↑ Espada A, Rivera Sagredo A, de la Fuente JM, Hueso Rodriguez JA, Elson SW. (1997). "New cytochalasins from the fungus *Xylaria hypoxylon*." *Tetrahedron* **53**(18): 6485–92.
12. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum
* Fungi on Wood Description and photos

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