recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Hebeloma vinosophyllum

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***Hebeloma vinosophyllum*** is a toxic species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It contains eleven poisonous compounds collectively known as hebevinosides. An ammonia fungus, it tends to grow on the corpses of animals. The species was described by Japanese mycologist Tsuguo Hongo in 1965. It was recorded from Vietnamese *Pinus kesiya* forests in 2014, its first record in Southeast Asia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fujimoto 1986`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fujimoto 1987`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ho 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Entoloma moseri

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***Entoloma moseri*** is a species of fungus in the family Entolomataceae. Found in the Netherlands where it grows on the ground in deciduous forests, it was described as new to science in 1983 by Machiel Noordeloos. The species is classified in *Entoloma* section *Entoloma*, and is similar to *E. sinuatum*. The fruit bodies of *E. moseri* are characterized by pale colors, yellow spots on the cap, gills, and stipe, and gill edges that are partially to completely sterile. Its spores measure 9.3–11.5 by 8.1–9.3 µm The specific epithet honors Austrian mycologist Meinhard Michael Moser.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Noordeloos 1983`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Horak 2002`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius triumphans

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***Cortinarius triumphans***, also known as the **birch webcap**, or **yellow girdled webcap** is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus *Cortinarius* found in Europe. It is regarded as edible by some authorities, although others call it suspect and it resembles inedible species.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838; its generic name derived from the Latin *cortina* "veil", and the specific *triumphans* "triumphing". It is considered the same species as *Cortinarius crocolitus* Quélet by some authorities. It is a member of the subgenus *Phlegmacium* within the genus *Cortinarius*; mushrooms of this group have sticky (or slimy in wet weather) caps and dry stipes.

## Description

It has a 5–12 cm (2–5 in) diameter cap which is yellowish in colour-darker in the centre and paler on the edges. The stipe is 7–17 cm (3–7 in) high and 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1 in) thick and swollen at the base, and is white up top and yellow lower down and bears the tan or brown remnants of the veil. The adnate gills, which are hidden by a cream or white veil when young, are cream or lilac early on, and darken with the spores, which give a rusty coloured spore print. The almond-shaped spores measure 10–12.5 × 5.5–7 µm. The flesh is cream-coloured and the taste mild.

## Distribution and habitat

*Cortinarius triumphans* appears under birch trees in autumn (fall) in Europe, and Asia where it is widespread, but local. It is also reported from north eastern North America. It has a mycorrhizal relationship with birch trees (*Betula*).

## Edibility

Although some mushroom guides list it as edible, others treat it with suspicion, as many webcaps have been found to have toxins, not in the least the similarly brown-coloured lethal webcaps. This being the case, it is probably best to avoid it. Thomas Laessoe's 1998 book 'Mushrooms', describes the taste as bitter, with a not unpleasant smell.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Cortinarius fuscobovinaster

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***Cortinarius fuscobovinaster*** is an agaric fungus in the family *Cortinariaceae*. Described as new to science in 2013, it is found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niskanen 2013`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Cortinarius caesiolamellatus

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***Cortinarius caesiolamellatus*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). It was originally described as new to science in 2006 as a variety of *Cortinarius rufoallutus*. After molecular and morphological evidence suggested that it was sufficiently unique to be considered a unique species, it was promoted to species status in 2014. The mushroom is found in central and northern Europe, where it grows with spruce, and in Washington State (USA), where it additionally grows with pine. The lengthy fruiting season extends from June (in France) to November (in the USA).

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bidaud 2006`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Dimelaena oreina

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***Dimelaena oreina*** (**golden moonglow lichen**) is a greenish yellow placodioid lichen. The color of the greenish yellow thallus is derived from usnic acid in the cortex.

## Habitat and range

The lichen grows on steep surfaces of hard siliceous rock from Template:Convert. It has a worldwide distribution outside the tropics, Australasia, and Antarctica. It is common in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Mexico, and Chihuahua, Mexico.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 *Dimelaena oreina*, Encyclopedia of Life

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Geopora sumneriana

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***Geopora sumneriana*** is a species of European fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae.

This fungus forms a rounded brown, roughly hairy ascocarp underground. This fruit body remains subterranean for most of the year but breaks the surface in the spring to form a cream-coloured cup (apothecium) up to 7 cm across and 5 cm tall. This species occurs in small groups and is exclusively found associated with cedar trees.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gymnosporangium sabinae

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***Gymnosporangium sabinae*** (also ***Gymnosporangium fuscum*** and other names) (**pear rust**, **European pear rust**, or **pear trellis rust**) is a fungal heteroecious plant pathogen with *Juniperus* (Juniper trees and shrubs) as the primary (telial) host and only *Pyrus* (pear trees) as secondary (aecial) hosts. It is one of many types of rust fungi affecting plants.

Like many rust diseases, *G. sabinae* requires two different hosts to complete its life cycle from year to year. Juniper is the winter host and pear is the most common summer host. Spores (called aeciospores) are produced from the fungal lantern-shaped growths which protrude from the blisters on the underside of the pear leaf which become airborne and infect junipers. This fungus overwinters in swellings or galls on infected twigs and branches of susceptible juniper plants. In the spring after a rain or heavy dew, the galls on the juniper produce tiny dark horn-like growths that become covered with an orange-brown gelatinous mass called telia. The corresponding stage on the pear trees is known as aecia. The telia and aecia release wind borne resting or hibernating spores (called teliospores and aeciospores) capable of infecting susceptible pear leaves and Juniper respectively. Spores produced from the fungus-induced swellings on juniper stems can be infectious up to 6 km. The disease causes a yellow-orange spot that turns bright red on leaves of pear trees. The disease can be particularly damaging on pear, resulting in complete defoliation and crop loss if not treated. The fungus feeds on the living cells of the host plant and is not capable of surviving on dead plant material, and so must either alternate with a different host or produce resting spores to pass the dormant season. Pear rust is a regulated disease in some countries.

Gymnosporangium telia macro IMGP0418.jpgTelia emerging from Juniper bark
## Control

Pruning out any infected Juniper twigs and branches in winter and early spring can help reduce the spread of *G. sabinae*. The vulnerable point of the fungus lies in its usual inability once established on a tree to reinfect it. Generally, the fungus must cross over to the opposite tree host. The most direct method of control is to exterminate Junipers near pear trees. If there is a chance of infection, spraying pear trees with a fungicide in spring and summer (typically a systemic one that is certified as capable of dealing with rust) may help, although this is often not considered worthwhile.

## References

1. ↑ Pear rust. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved on October 16, 2018.

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Hauerslevia

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***Hauerslevia*** is a fungal genus of uncertain familial placement (*incertae sedis*) in the order Auriculariales. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Hauerslevia pulverulenta***, known from Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts1998`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Favolaschia calocera

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***Favolaschia calocera***, commonly known as the **orange pore fungus**, is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family. First observed in Madagascar, it has recently spread around the world and is now known from New Zealand, Italy, Australia, Hawaii, Thailand, China, Kenya, Norfolk Island and Réunion Island.Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; invalid names, e.g. too many It presents as a bright orange stalked fan, 5 mm–30 mm diameter, with prominent pores on the underside.

It is uncertain whether *F. calocera* is native to Madagascar or was introduced to the island from Asia. Throughout much of its expanded range *F. calocera* is now considered an invasive species. It colonizes ruderal sites along transport routes and can become dominant in habitats disturbed by human activity. Mycologists fear that it may be displacing native fungi species as it spreads through the paleotropics.

## References

1. ↑ Singer R (1986) The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4th edn. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein
2. ↑ Heim R (1945) Les agarics tropicaux à hyménium tubulé (Madagascar, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinée, Antilles, Insulinde). Rev Mycol 10:3–61
3. ↑ Johnston PR, Buchanan P (1998) Fungal invaders. Aust Mycol Newsl 17:48–52
4. ↑ Vizzini A, Zotti M (2002) Favolaschia calocera, a tropical species collected in Italy. Mycotaxon 82:169–176
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Vizzini A, Zotti M, Mello A (2009) Alien fungal species distribution: the study case of Favolaschia calocera. Biological Invasions 11(2):417-429.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Johnston PR, Whitton SR, Buchanan PK, Park D, Pennycook SR, Johnson JE, Moncalvo JM (2006) The basidiomycete genus Favolaschia in New Zealand. N Z J Bot 44(1):65–87
7. ↑ Robinson R (2013) First record of Favolaschia calocera in Western Australia. Australasian Mycologist 31:41-43
8. ↑ Fungi of the Hawaiian Islands Favolaschia calocera. Brian A. Perry. Retrieved on November 13, 2013.
9. ↑ Orange Poreconch (Favolaschia calocera). Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network. Retrieved on May 14, 2012.

## External links

* Pictures of Underside
* Brief description
* Description and family members

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Gymnopilus validipes

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***Gymnopilus validipes*** is a widely distributed mushroom of North America and Europe. *Gymnopilus validipes* contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. The mild taste of this mushroom stands in contrast to closely related bitter species. *Validipes* means "having a robust stalk."
*Gymnopilus validipes* contains about 0.12% psilocybin.

## Description

* **Pileus**: (4)7.5 — 15(30) cm, Convex to broadly convex, margin deeply incurved at first, becoming revolute with age, dry, fibrillose or with small ochraceous brown scales, pale-yellow or ochraceous buff, flesh soft, whitish, yellowish near the gills.
* **Gills**: Adnate to uncinate, close, thin, yellowish white becoming cinnamon.
* **Spore Print**: Orangish brown.
* **Stipe**: (7.5)10 — 13(25) cm. long, (1.5)2.5 – 5 cm. thick, equal or swelling in the middle, fleshy-fibrous, solid, elastic, fibrillose, concolorous, white within, the cortina leaves only a faint ring on the robust stalk.
* **Taste**: Mild.
* **Odor**: Pleasant.
* **Microscopic features**: Spores (7.5)8 — 10 X 5 — 6, ellipsoid.

## Habitat and formation

*Gymnopilus validipes* is found growing gregarious (in groups) to cespitose (in dense clumps) on tree stumps, hardwood logs and debris, widespread in the United States, common from the Great Lakes and eastward.

## See also

* Psilocybin mushrooms
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World

* Template:Cite book
* Hesler, L. R. (1969). North American species of Gymnopilus. New York: Hafner. 117 pp.

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Datroniella scutellata

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***Datroniella scutellata*** is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae, and the type species of genus *Datroniella*.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described in 1832 by German-American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz. He found the original collections in Bethlehem, New York, where it was growing on the branches and trunk of *Syringa vulgaris*. The fungus has been shuffled to many different polypore genera in its taxonomic history. Since the mid-1980s, it has largely been accepted in the genus *Datronia*, where it was transferred by Robert Lee Gilbertson and Leif Ryvarden. In 2014, Chinese mycologists made it the type species of the new genus *Datroniella* after molecular analysis showed that the species then classified in *Datronia* belonged to three distantly related clades.

## Distribution

*Datroniella scutellata* is a widespread species with a cosmopolitan distribution, and is particularly prevalent in tropical areas. It is uncommon in Europe, where it is found only in the Alps of Australia and Switzerland.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Li 2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schweinitz 1832`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gilbertson 1985`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 1986`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 2014`

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Coprinellus mitrinodulisporus

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***Coprinellus mitrinodulisporus*** is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Described by Italian mycologists Francesco Doveri and Sabrina Sarrocco as new to science in 2011, it was found growing on the dung of chamois (*Rupicapra rupicapra*). The specific epithet *mitrinodulisporus*, which combines the Latin words *mitra* ("mitre"), *nodulus* ("small knob"), and *spora* ("spore"), refers to the shape of the spores. The fungus is known only from the type locality in Aosta, Italy.

## See also

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* List of *Coprinellus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Doveri 2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Conocybe apala

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***Conocybe apala*** is a basidiomycete fungus and a member of *Conocybe*. It is a fairly common fungus, both in North America and Europe, found growing among short green grass. Until recently, the species was also commonly called ***Conocybe lactea*** or ***Conocybe albipes*** and is colloquially known as the **White Dunce Cap** . Another common synonym, *Bolbitius albipes* G.H. Otth 1871, places the fungus in the genus *Bolbitius*.

## Description

Easily missed due to their very small size, *C. apala* fruit bodies are otherwise quite easy to identify. The cap has a pale cream to silvery-white colour and may sometimes have a darker yellow to brown coloration towards the central umbo. Its trademark hood-shaped conical cap expands with age and may flatten out, the surface being marked by minute radiating ridges. The cap can be up to 3 cm in diameter. The gills may be visible through the thin cap and these are coloured rust or cinnamon brown and quite dense. They are adnexed or free and release brown to reddish-brown elliptical spores producing a spore print of the same colour. The stem is cap-coloured, elongated, thin, hollow and more or less equal along its length with a height up to 11 cm and diameter 0.1 to 0.3 cm. It can bear minuscule striations or hairs. The flesh of *C. apala* has no discernible taste or smell and is extremely fragile to the touch.

## Habitat

*C. apala* is a saprobe found in areas with rich soil and short grass such as pastures, playing fields, lawns, meadows as well as rotting manured straw, fruiting single or sparingly few ephemeral bodies. It is commonly found fruiting during humid, rainy weather with generally overcast skies. It will appear on sunny mornings while there is dew but will not persist once it evaporates. In most cases, by midday the delicate fruiting bodies shrivel, dry and fade from sight. *C.apala'*s fruiting season begins in spring and ends in autumn. It is distributed across Europe and North America.

## Edibility

While it has not caused deaths, it is toxic, containing phallotoxins

## External links and resources

* Mushroom Expert - Conocybe albipes
* MykoWeb California Fungi - Conocybe lactea

1. ↑ Index Fungorum - Names Record
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 *Conocybe albipes* at Mushroom Expert. Mushroom Expert. Retrieved on July 16, 2009.
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ *Conocybe lactea* at Rogers Mushrooms. Rogers Mushrooms. Retrieved on July 16, 2009.
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Geastrum rufescens

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***Geastrum rufescens***, commonly known as the **rosy earthstar**, is a species of fungus in the family Geastraceae. It was first described scientifically by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801. It has a pale pinkish-buff to pinkish exoperidium and rays. The earthstar is found in Europe, North America (including Mexico), and Japan, where it typically grows at the base of old oak stumps.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Eppinger 2006`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ponce de Leon 1968`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Coprinopsis picacea

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***Coprinopsis picacea*** is a species of fungus in the Psathyrellaceae. It is commonly called **magpie fungus**. It is native to Britain. It was first described in 1785 by French mycologist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1785 as *Agaricus picaceus*.

This poisonous species can sometimes be confused with the edible *Coprinus comatus*.

## See also

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* List of *Coprinopsis* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bulliard1785`

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Crustomyces subabruptus

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***Crustomyces subabruptus*** is a species of toothed crust fungus in the family Cystostereaceae.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described in 1928 by French mycologists Hubert Bourdot & Amédée Galzin in their 1938 work *Hyménomycètes de France*. They called it *Odontia subabrupta*, basing it on the similar species *Odontia artocreas*, a South American crust fungus originally described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1896. Swiss mycologist Walter Jülich transferred the fungus to the genus *Crustomyces* in 1978. George Chamuris suggested that the western North American *Cystostereum pini-canadensis* was the same species, proposing the new taxon *C. pini-canadensis* subspecies *subabruptum*.

## Description

 File:2011-12-24 Crustomyces subabruptus (Bourdot & Galzin) Jülich 191237.jpg
The fruit body is crust like, initially with a leathery texture that later becomes more crusty. Its colour is whitish to pale yellowish. The spore-bearing surface (hymenium) is covered in densely crowded spines that are about 0.5 mm long. These vary in shape but are typically conical to more or less cylindrical. The margin of the crust is generally abrupt and distinct, especially in mature specimens. A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide placed on the hymenium gives it a yellowish colour.

The hyphal system of *Crustomyces subabruptus* is dimitic, consisting of two types of hyphae. The thin-walled generative hyphae are 2–3 µm wide, have clamps at their septa, and are highly branched. The thick-walled fibre-like skeletal hyphae are 2–3 µm wide, rarely have septa, and have very few clamps. The skeletal hyphae are mostly found in the subiculum next to the wood substrate.

The basidia are 12–18 by 3–4 µm, often somewhat constricted, with basal clamp and four sterigmata. Spores are ellipsoid, measuring 3.5–4.5 by 2–2.5 µm, smooth, non-amyloid.

## Habitat and distribution

*Crustomyces subabruptus* is a wood-decay fungus that grows on both deciduous and coniferous wood, typically occurring in dry and warm localities. It is widely distributed in Europe. In 2012 it was reported from Iran.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bourdot 1928`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Julich 1979`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Chamuris 1986`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Eriksson 1975`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ghobad-Nejhad 2012`

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Hebeloma gigaspermum

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***Hebeloma gigaspermum*** is a European species of mushroom in the Hymenogastraceae family.

The species *Hebeloma gigaspermum* was first described only in 1981 and is externally similar to the much better known *Hebeloma sacchariolens* (being placed in subsection *Sacchariolentia* of the genus). It is not uncommon in Northern Europe and until 1981 examples were probably simply considered to be *H. sacchariolens*.

Like the latter it is a nondescript clay brown or ochre mushroom with somewhat viscid cap, up to about Template:Convert in diameter, and has a strong sweet odour which has been likened to orange blossom or amyl acetate. It is distinguished from *H. sacchariolens* by

* its ecology with willow and alder in boggy ground (as opposed to forests and gardens with broad-leaved trees in general), and
* its large spore size of 13–17 × 7–9 µm (as opposed to 11–14 × 6–8 µm).

The name *gigaspermum* means "giant-spored".

The edibility of the mushroom is not known for certain, but *Hebeloma* contains poisonous species and it is not to be recommended for culinary use.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Groeger1981`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Funga`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Fibroporia bohemica

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***Fibroporia bohemica*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was described as new to science in 2012 by mycologists Annarosa Bernicchia, Petr Vampola, and Antonio Prodi after it was confirmed that it was morphologically and genetically distinct from the similar North American species *Fibroporia radiculosa*. The specific epithet *bohemia* references Bohemia, where the type specimen was collected.

## Description

Fruit bodies of *Fibroporia bohemica* grow as an irregular crust on their substrate. They are initially smooth and whitish to slightly pinkish, sometimes with sulphur-yellow colouration on the vertical surface. The tubes, which are formed later, are up to 6 mm long and yellow. The round to angular pores number 2–4 per millimetre. Numerous rhizomorphs surround the crust, and penetrate deep into the substrate; they are most abundant on old fruit bodies growing on very decayed wood. The odour of the fungus has been described as "strong and unpleasant".

The spores of *F. bohemica* are hyaline, smooth, and ellipsoid to somewhat cylindrical in shape. They typically measure 5–5.5 by 2.8–3 μm. The fungus has a dimitic hyphal system, with thin-walled, richly branched generative hyphae with clamps at septa, measuring 2–4.5 μm in diameter. The skeletal hyphae, measuring 3–6 μm in diameter, are thick-walled, and unbranched or only moderately so.

## Habitat and distribution

Found in central European coniferous forests, *F. bohemica* causes a brown rot on stumps of Norway spruce, or, more rarely, on Scots pine.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bernicchia 2012`
Daldinia concentrica

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The inedible fungus ***Daldinia concentrica*** is known by several common names, including **King Alfred's cake**, **cramp balls**, and **coal fungus**. It can be found in North America, South America and Europe, where it lives on dead and decaying wood, especially on felled ash trees. It is a common, widespread saprotroph.

The fungus is ball-shaped, with a hard, friable, shiny black fruiting body 2 to 7 centimeters wide. It resembles a chunk of coal, which gives it several of its common names, including coal fungus and carbon balls. According to legend, King Alfred once hid out in a countryside homestead during war, and was put in charge of removing baking from the oven when it was done. He fell asleep and the cakes burned. *Daldinia concentrica* is said to resemble a cake left to this fate.

The flesh of the fungus is purple, brown, or silvery-black inside, and is arranged in concentric layers. Most sources agree that like tree rings, these layers are related to seasonal growth. The asci are cylindrical and arranged inside the flask-shaped perithecium. When each ascus becomes engorged with fluid it extends outside the perithecium and releases spores.

*D. concentrica* contains several unique compounds, including a purple polycyclic pigment and a metabolite called concentricol, which is oxidized squalene. Many types of insects and other small animals make their home inside this species of fungus.

## Uses

The fungus is a useful form of tinder for fire-lighting. The brown variety is usually too heavy and dense to be much good; the black variety is lighter and better. It does need to be completely dry, whereupon it will take a spark from traditional flint and steel. It burns slowly, much like a charcoal briquette, with a particularly pungent smoke. Once lit it usually requires constant oxygen flow to keep burning, such as through swinging the fungus or blowing on it. Fragments can be broken off to expose more embers and transferred to a tinder bundle to create an open flame.

## Ecological value

Caterpillars of the concealer moth *Harpella forficella* have been found to eat this fungus.

This fungus plays a pivotal role in accelerating the decomposition of the fallen branches of ash trees, which are naturally dropped very frequently.

## References

1. ↑ Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. - King Alfred's Cakes. Retrieved on December 19, 2017.

* Glick, Phyllis (1979). *The Mushroom Trail Guide*. 1st ed. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart And Winston.
* Singh, Jagjit (1994). *Building Mycology: Management of Decay and Health in Buildings*. UK: Spon Press.

## External links

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* arkive.org page
* Fungus atlas page
* King Alfred's Cake

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Deconica aureicystidiata

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***Deconica aureicystidiata*** is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It has been found in Mount Halimun Salak National Park and Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in Java, Indonesia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ramirez-Cruz2013`

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Dentocorticium bicolor

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***Dentocorticium bicolor*** is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was originally described by Patric Henry Brabazon Talbot in 1948 as *Grandinia bicolor*. The type was collected in the Pietermaritzburg district of Natal Province in South Africa, where it was found growing on dead wood. It has also been found in Australia, East Asia, North America, and South America. The fungus was transferred to genus *Dentocorticium* in 2018 by Karen Nakasone and Shuang-Hui He based on phylogenetic evidence.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Wakefield 1948`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liu 2018`

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Conocybe tenera

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***Conocybe tenera*** is a widely distributed member of the genus *Conocybe*. This mushroom is the type species for the genus *Conocybe*.

## Description

*Conocybe tenera* is a small saprotrophic mushroom with a conic to convex cap and is smooth and colored cinnamon brown. It is usually less than 2 cm across and is striate almost to the center. The gills are adnate and colored pale brown, darkening in age. The spores are yellowish brown, smooth and ellipsoid with a germ pore, measuring 12 x 6 micrometres. The stem is 3 to 9 cm long, 1.5 mm thick, and is equal width for the whole length, sometimes with some swelling at the base. It lacks an annulus (ring), is hollow and pruinose near the top.

## Distribution and habitat

Widely distributed across the world. Found in meadows and cities.

## Edibility

Poisonous, This agaric might contain toxins which could prove fatal.

## References

* Mushroom Observer - Conocybe Tenera [1]
* Conocybe Tenera Photos [2]
* New Records in Coprinaceae and Bolbitiaceae from Mut (Mersin) District [3]
* Rogers Mushrooms - Conocybe Tenera Photos [4]

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Gautieria morchelliformis

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***Gautieria morchelliformis*** is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family. It was first described scientifically by Italian Carlo Vittadini in 1831. Three varieties have been described: var. *globispora* and var. *stenospora* by Albert Pilát in 1958; and var. *microspora* by Evžen Wichanský in 1962. None are considered to have independent taxonomical significance.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vittadini 1831`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy:Gautieria morchelliformis`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gloeophyllum sepiarium

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***Gloeophyllum sepiarium*** (**Rusty gilled polypore**) is a wood decay fungus that causes a brown rot. *Gloeophyllum sepiarium* grows in thin, dark brown/green brackets on dead conifers. Often found on wood in lumberyards, the fruiting body grows for only one year, and produces spores in late summer and autumn. Its hymenial surface is distinctive from other polypores due to the presence of gills. *Gloeophyllum sepiarium* is inedible.

## External links

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Cortinarius balteatialutaceus

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***Cortinarius balteatialutaceus*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Found in Fennoscandia, where it grows in association with birch in subalpine birch forests as well as middle and northern boreal forests located close to oceans, it was described as new to science in 2014. Fruiting occurs from mid-August to mid-September.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Haploporus thindii

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***Haploporus thindii*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in China and India, it causes a white rot in woody substrates.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described from south India in 1993 as *Pachykytospora thindii*. In 2002, Yu-Cheng Dai and colleagues treated the genus *Pachykytospora* as a synonym of *Haploporus*, and he subsequently transferred this fungus to *Haploporus*.

## Description

Fruit bodies of *Haploporus thindii* are crust-like, with a dimensions of up to Template:Convert long, Template:Convert wide, and 0.8 mm thick in the central part. The pore surface is coloured cream to pinkish-buff and has a corky texture. There is a distinct margin up to 5 mm wide that surrounds the crust. The angular pores number about three to four per millimetre.

*Haploporus thindii* has a dimitic hyphal system (containing both generative and skeletal hyphae), and most of the generative hyphae feature clamp connections. The basidia are barrel shaped, with four sterigmata and a clamp at the base. The spores are ellipsoidal and thick-walled, measuring 20–37 by 6.5–9.1 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Haploporus thindii* has been reported from South India, and in 2005 was reported in the Xizang Autonomous Region in southwestern China. The Chinese collections were found growing on the decomposing wood of honeysuckles (genus *Lonicera*) and maple (*Acer*). It has also been recorded in Taiwan.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Natarajan 1993`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dai 2002`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yu 2005`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Forestry Bureau Taiwan`

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Cortinarius subrubrovelatus

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***Cortinarius subrubrovelatus*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlagmacium*). It was described as new to science in 2008 as a variety of *Cortinarius glaucopus*, but raised to distinct species status in 2014. The mushroom is found in Central and northern Europe, where it grows in coniferous forests.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bidaud 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius semisanguineus

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***Cortinarius semisanguineus*** is a medium-sized mushroom with a pale brown to ochre cap, and bright blood-red gills. It belongs to the genus *Cortinarius*, a group collectively known as webcaps. It is found growing in conifer plantations, and has recently been given the fanciful common name of **surprise webcap**. In the past it has been called the **red-gilled webcap**.

## Taxonomy

This mushroom is placed by some authorities in the genus *Dermocybe*. Most mycologists retain *Dermocybe* as merely a subgenus of *Cortinarius*. The group contains almost 30 species. The species name *semisanguineus* means 'half blood-red', a reference to the gill colour, as compared with *Cortinarius sanguineus* which is wholly blood-red.

## Description

The cap is campanulate (bell-shaped), and later flattens, but retains a broad umbo (shield-like central boss). It is usually between Template:Convert across, brownish ochre, or umber and with a darker centre. It is covered in fine fibrils, and is dry. The stipe is usually the same colour as the cap or paler, and is smooth, or finely fibrillose like the cap. It is long, slim, and cylindrical. Cortinal remnants often left on the stem in this species can be quite fleeting. The gills are adnate, markedly sinuate, and fairly crowded. They are initially blood-red, but turn cinnamon-brown on aging, giving a spore print of the same colour. The flesh is said to smell of radishes, and it is ochre in the stem, but more olive in the cap.

A similar species, *Cortinarius phoeniceus* has a redder cap, and more distinct red cortinal remnants around the stem.

## Distribution and habitat

*Cortinarius semisanguineus* appears in conifer, or mixed conifer, and birch woods in autumn (fall). It is occasional in Britain, Europe, Scandinavia, and parts of North America. It has a mycorrhizal relationship with birch trees (*Betula*), and other coniferous softwood trees. It is often abundant under young spruce in plantations on acid soil, appearing from August to November.

## Edibility

*Cortinarius semisanguineus* cannot be recommended for the table as it is suspected of being toxic; it may contain similar poisonous compounds to those found in deadly *Cortinarius*, such as *C. orellanus* and its close relatives.

## Other uses

*Cortinarius semisanguineus* can be used as a dye for textile yarns.

 File:Wool yarn Cortinarius semisanguineus.jpg
## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book

## External links

* Videos of *Cortinarius semisanguineus* on YouTube

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Geastrum coronatum

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***Geastrum coronatum*** is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus *Geastrum*, or earthstar fungi. Christian Hendrik Persoon published the first description of *Geastrum coronatum* in 1801.

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Cortinarius oulankaënsis

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***Cortinarius oulankaënsis*** is an agaric fungus in the family *Cortinariaceae*. Described as new to science in 2013, it is found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niskanen 2013`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Helvella ephippium

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***Helvella ephippium*** is a species of fungi in the family Helvellaceae, Pezizales order. It appears in summer and autumn as an upright white stem up to Template:Convert tall supporting a greyish-brown saddle-shaped cap. It is found in woodland and is variously listed as inedible or "edible but uninspiring"

## Distribution

This is a European species, also recorded in China.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* *Helvella ephippium* at GBIF

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Geopora cooperi

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***Geopora cooperi***, commonly known as the **pine truffle** or the **fuzzy truffle**, is a species of fungus in the family Pyronemataceae. It has a fuzzy brown outer surface and an inner surface of whitish, convoluted folds of tissue. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the species has been recorded from Asia, Europe, and North America.

## Taxonomy

First described by American mycologist Harvey Willson Harkness in 1885, the fungus is named for the original collector, J.D. Cooper. It is commonly known as the "pine truffle" or the "fuzzy truffle".

## Description

 File:Geopora cooperi 138401.jpg
The roughly spherical fruit bodies grow underground. Ranging from Template:Convert in diameter, they are yellow-brown to darker brown with a fuzzy, furrowed external surface. The inside of the fruit body comprises deeply folded and convoluted tissue with some internal open spaces between them. Young pine truffles ooze a whitish juice when they are cut. The odor of the internal flesh is usually mild, but David Arora has noted the existence of a form in the Western United States that smells similar to fermented cider. *Geopora cooperi* fruit bodies are edible.

The smooth, elliptical or roughly spherical spores measure 18–27 by 13–21 µm and have an oil droplet. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are typically eight-spored. They are arranged as a palisade of cells forming a hymenium that covers the inner surfaces of the internal folds.

## Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies grow singly or in groups under the soil surface near conifers and *Eucalyptus* trees. In the field, they can sometimes be detected by the mound of soil they push up as they grow. In western North America, it is found from Mexico to as far north as Alaska. Specimens from the latter location have been found under aspen and willow trees. *Geopora cooperi* is a snowbank mushroom, as it commonly occurs after snow has melted. The fungus has also been recorded in China, western Asia (Turkey), Pakistan, and Europe. In Turkey, it is considered critically endangered.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Harkness 1885`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Evenson 1997`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1987`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 1986`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Song 1993`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Solak 2003`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ashraf 2012`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Trappe 2007`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Çinar 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Deconica neocaledonica

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***Deconica neocaledonica*** is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It has been found in New Caledonia and in Mount Halimun Salak National Park in Java, Indonesia. It is very similar to *Deconica aureicystidiata*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ramirez-Cruz2013`

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Gymnopilus dilepis

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***Gymnopilus dilepis*** is a species of mushroom in the Cortinariaceae family. This species is found in India and North America. It was given its current name by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951.

## Phylogeny

*Gymnopilus dilepis* is in the lepidotus-subearlei infrageneric grouping within the *Gymnopilus* genus.

## See also

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List of *Gymnopilus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Thomas2003`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer1951`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Guzman-Davalos2003`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Helvella latispora

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***Helvella latispora*** is a species of fungi in the Helvellaceae family, Pezizales order. Ascocarps appear in late summer and autumn as pale stems up to 5 cm in height topped by a greyish saddle shaped cap.

## Edibility

Consumption of this fungus is not recommended as similar species in the Helvellaceae family contain the toxin gyromitrin.

## External links

* Index Fungorum

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Cortinarius callisteus

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***Cortinarius callisteus*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1818 as *Agaricus callisteus*. Two decades later he transferred it to the genus *Cortinarius* in his 1838 work *Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici*.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1838`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Coprinellus ellisii

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***Coprinellus ellisii*** is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. Found in Europe, it was first described as *Coprinus ellisii* by Peter D. Orton in 1960, and later transferred to the genus *Coprinellus* in 2001. The specific epithet *ellisii* honours E.A. Ellis, who, according to Orton, was "the Norfolk naturalist and mycologist who collected this and who brought me many puzzling and apparently undescribed agarics."

## See also

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* List of *Coprinellus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Orton 1960`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead 2001`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius talimultiformis

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***Cortinarius talimultiformis*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Found in North and Central Europe, as well as the East Black Sea Region's mountains (Turkey), it was described as new to science in 2014. It grows on the ground in hemiboreal to boreal, mesic coniferous forests containing spruce and fir. The specific epithet *talimultiformis* refers to the similar features it shares with species *C. multiformis* and *C. talus*.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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