Spanish Empire

in 1497 John Cabot crossed the Atlantic and made a landfall somewhere in North America, The exact location of his landing is unknown but the 500th anniversary of his landing was commemorated in Bonavista. possibly Newfoundland. leading to Newfoundland Colony and the Discovery of the Americas.

Flag of spanish empire

## Spanish Empire

### Succeded by

* Indian Wars
* War against Pirates
* Colonian Spain

During this period, European exploration and colonization efforts were in full swing. Spanish explorers like Vicente Yáñez Pinzón and Juan Ponce de León.

in 1513. Juan Ponce de León explores and names Florida. Hernan Cortes, marked the beginning of the end for the Maya civilization. The Spanish conquest ultimately led to the death of 10 million Maya people and the destruction of many city-states and the submission of others.

The Spanish colonization of the Americas involved efforts to convert the indigenous populations to Christianity, often accompanied by the destruction of indigenous religious sites and practices. However, the scale and nature of these efforts varied across different regions and time periods. The Spanish Crown and the Catholic Church aimed to Christianize the indigenous peoples, leading to the establishment of missions and the suppression of traditional beliefs.

in 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer sailing for the eastern coast of North America from present-day North Carolina to Nova Scotia.

Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, begins his exploration of the St. Lawrence River in Canada in 1534, laying the groundwork for French claims in North America.

The Spanish did not kept records of those who executed. however the impacts on indigenous populations, the events spread in the maya society, there are writings of a number of 10 to maybe 12 million dead maya people and the number goes into 12,6 or 12,7 million with the deaths of the spanish conquistadors.

Ponce de León, Balboa, Cortés, and Pizarro were instrumental in expanding the Spanish Empire's territories in the Americas. These explorations had significant impacts on the indigenous populations and laid the foundation for further colonization and conflicts in the years to come. Additionally, the voyages of other European explorers, such as John Cabot, Verrazzano, and Cartier, contributed to the mapping and understanding of the New World.

The downfall of the Inca Empire began when Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived in the Andes in 1532. Pizarro captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa and executed him, significantly weakening the Inca resistance. The Spanish invaders, aided by superior weaponry, diseases, and alliances with local groups opposed to the Inca rule, further eroded the empire's power. Despite some instances of resistance, the Inca Empire fell to the Spanish by the late 1570s.

In November 1532, Francisco Pizarro and his army of conquistadors arrived in Cajamarca and on November 15, 1533, the Spanish forces led by Pizarro captured Cusco, the heart of the Inca Empire by killing over than 500,000 Inca warriors in a single day. This marked a significant turning point in the decline of the empire's power.

On January 18, 1535, Pizarro founded the city of Lima as a Spanish stronghold, which further solidified Spanish control over the region. The Spanish continued to expand, establishing a colonial administration and exploiting the region's resources.

Despite sporadic instances of resistance, including the Inca Rebellion led by Manco Inca Yupanqui in 1536, the Spanish continued to suppress these uprisings. By the late 1570s, Spanish control over the former Inca territories was well-established, effectively ending the Inca Empire.

Exact numbers for casualties resulted in a number of dead indigenous population of the Andean region around 8 to 9 Million.

In 1539-1542, Hernando de Soto explored parts of the southeastern Empire, including present-day Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. His expedition encountered various indigenous tribes, where his army raped the women and killed the men. the women were taken as sexual slaves in Florida and were sold for a sack of coins each.

Juan Ponce de León explored Florida in a search of the mythical Fountain of Youth. where he established the first European settlement in 1513.

In the following decades, Spanish missionaries established missions in present-day Texas, Ohio, and California, giving death and suffering to indigenous populations.

In 1586 the elders summoned the last council of the Empire where the need for a war was recognized, however despite the proposals of many it was decided that each nation and tribe should defend on its own the invaders rather fighting a civil war among the chaos to choose a leader.

And So the "Indian" Wars began.

The Spanish and Christian Conquest is responsible for at least 400 million of deaths before the so called Indian wars and the Pirate war.

About 21 million as written above and the total annihilation of about 380 to 400 who died from the destruction of farms by the invaders and the spread of pandemics that the europeans had immunity.