Further notes on Italian History

## Excerpts from Cato's Fragments in Annius

...And from these Janus came with Dyris and Gallus, the progenitors of the Umbrians, and that he kept a place on the left of the Tiber in Etruria, where he first landed colonies on the continent, and was at the same time regarded as a god himself, and was said to have lived in the Vatican. And the Vatican region, that is, called Vagacana, because there Janus, as it were, was born in a cradle, and first received Italy when he was crying. From thence, when the colonies advanced from Vagican to the tract of Umbria, they founded a palace and a temple at Olympus, consecrated a trench, and dedicated the august tower, not far from the palace, where twelve new moons assemble to pay their respects to the king. Thence they write fasces to twelve colonies to control the unskilled, and to each praetorian lictor 24 free men having been distributed. He placed these colonies on the banks of the Tiber, Janiculum, and Arin Janus, on the banks of the Arno likewise, Phesulas and Jaidi Arin Janus. At the Etruscan shore are four, Pheregenae, Volcem, Volaterra, and Cariara, which in Latin is *Luna* [the moon]. In the inland four are Ogygianus, Aretius, Rosellas, and Volsinius. A little later he permitted his chiefs the right flank of the Tiber. To Cameses, from whom are two Camesenas; and to Saturn, from whom was formerly Saturnia, which is now the Capitol, and from that wider land of ​​Saturnia. This was the first golden age, and indeed the very narrow origin of Italy.

[Cato writing c. 168 BC here refers to the first settlement of Noah (Janus) in Italy in 2447 BC, and the arrival of Noah's grandson Gomer (Gallus) in 2414 BC, as the origin of Umbrians. According to Annius, 'Dyris' is the Moorish name of Atlas, who arrived in Italy much later (1868 BC). The name Cameses refers to Noah's son Ham, who seized power from Gomer's son Ochus in 2312 BC, until 2284 BC when Noah's other son Barweyn (also called Janus) expelled Cameses into Saturnia, south of the Tiber. The epithet or title *Saturnus* seems to have been applied to Cameses himself, but also to various others including his grandsons Nimrod and Sebtah, the latter of whom also arrived in Italy later in Barweyn's reign, 2242 BC. Some confusion may be traced in the name 'Janus' referring to both Noah and Barweyn, the name 'Gallus' referring to both Noah and Gomer, and the name 'Saturn' referring to Ham, Sebtah and Nimrod.

Neither Noah nor Barweyn could have been born at the site of the Vatican, despite Cato's claim of Janus' birth there. Noah must have been born near the 'Cave of Treasures' before the flood, which I calculate to have been in the region of Mecca. He must have begotten Barweyn in the region of Ararat, after the flood, but before he moved to Italy.]

Italy had acquired many names from the gods and leaders, from Janus indeed ***Janicula***, which some think was called ***Oenotrium***, because he found wine and sardines. ***Camesena*** from Cameses, and ***Saturna*** from Saturn, and ***Saleumbrona*** also from the peoples. The name Saurnia lasted for as many years as before the golden age until Apis, the last of the gods of Italy, as Antiochus the Syracusan writes, from whom the same name is translated as ***Apenina***, which is the same as ***Taurina***; although some Greeks, according to custom, call the oxen of Hercules, or what Italy begets the best, as Hellanicus says, or from the heifer calf, as Herodotus or some Greeks call the Italian oxen, as they may think the story-teller Timaeus was called, thence it retained the names from two brothers, from ***Hesperia***, finally from the other ***Italia***. By these names Italy was originally named around the Tiber, so that among the rivers of Italy, it was the guardianship of all gods and princes, and of the whole empire from these common seats, whpch in the beginning and origin of Italy itself, had the name Albula from Janigenis. It is divided by the Apennines mountains and Cisapenine and the Transapenine Italy.

[Some of these names seem to refer to the polity north of the Tiber, and some to the one south of the Tiber, at various times.

The northern polity seems to have been called **Janigena** by Noah from 2447 BC, then styled **Comera** by Gomer in 2414 BC; **Saturnia** by Ham in 2312 BC; **Razenua** by Barwain in 2284 BC; **Tuscania** by Tuscus in 1929 BC; and **Hesperia** under Hesperus 1879-1868 BC. In 1868 BC he was overthrown by his brother Atlas, who while naming the southern polity "Italia", would have done away with "Hesperia", restoring the name **Tuscania**. The name was changed to Tyrrhenia (**Tyrsenia**) under Turrenos (Tursenos) the Lydian 1716-1664 BC, but after him, with the ethnogenesis of the Umbrian people, the land evidently became known as **Saleumbrona**. By the time of Thyberinus (1237 BC) the land was surely again known as **Tyrsenia**, when the Tursha were active among the Sea Peoples, and Annius, being well aware that Tyrrhenia was earlier called Tyrsenia and Tursa, demonstrates this at length. The names Etruria and **Hetruscia** become common after 741 BC and until their final subjugation by Rome around 283 BC, although their native name was in fact Rasenna or Rasna, derived from ancient Razenua.

The southern polity was first organized under Barweyn in 2284 BC as **Camesena**; Ham himself soon ended up in Sicily which became the main Camesena, while the main peninsula south of the Tiber was administered from the site of Rome, officially as **Janicula**. The name **Saturnia** then seems to have been revived for this region, probably with the arrival of Sebtah aka Saturnus in 2242 BC. It became **Apenina** under Apis, 2011-1995 BC; with his overthrow this would have been discarded and at this point **Oenotria** evidently became official. Annius mentions a Oenotrius Arcus who came to Apulia in the 24th year of Jasius, viz. 1772 BC, then goes on to explain there were multiple earlier figures known as Oenotrius including Noah himself, and indeed Oenotria seems to be a doublet of Janicula, both being derived from the ancient proto Semitic root for "grapes" as associated with Noah. Annius also shows the name Oenotria was current in this period, well before Oenotrius Arcus. In 1929 BC, when Hercules departed for Spain, the Spanish account of Pujades reveals that aside from leaving his son Tuscus in Tuscania, he also left his great grandson Atlantes, aka Atlas Kittim and Italus (son of Iapetus, son of Peucinus, son of Hercules) as governor over what then became known as **Italia**, south of the Tiber. However, this name presumably reverted to **Oenotria** under his hostile brother Hesperus' rule in Hesperia, 1879-1868 BC. In 1868 BC, after Italus himself drove out Hesperus, the south once again became known as **Italia** as mentioned above. It would bear this name henceforth, even at present, although some sources say the kingdom was known as **Laurentium** under Picus II (1282-1252 BC), by which time the Oscans named for the Oscus who had ruled Saleumbrona during the 'gap', had reduced their territory to mainly Latium. After that Italy remained as a geographic region for the whole peninsula, until the title King of Italy was restored by Odokar in AD 476. The title King of Italy continued to have a holder or claimant thereafter (who was the Holy Roman Emperor between AD 962 and 1806), and until AD 1946, except for two brief spells, AD 554-604 and AD 1814-1861, when there was no state or polity called Kingdom of Italy. From 1946 to the present, the polity has been known as the Italian Republic (*Repubblica Italiana*)]

### List of Dynasties and Coups in Northern Italy, by Ras Feqade

Below I have named all the dynasties in Northern Italy from 2447 BC to 283 BC, some consisting of a single reign (in parentheses), followed by their dates as I have calculated them, and the presumed "Genesis 10 agnate." This refers to which of the 72 names in Genesis 10 is the most recent agnate; in the case of Northern Italy, only the names of Noah, Gomer and Ham appear, and exclusively Ham from 2041 BC on. Asterisk \* indicates the dynasty took power in a coup or by overthrowing the previous dynasty or subdynasty.

***Gallid*** 2447-2312 BC (NOAH, GOMER)
***Saturnid\**** (Ham) 2312-2284 BC (HAM)
***Janigenid\**** 2284-2041 BC (NOAH)
***Enakid\**** (Palensans) 2041-2011 BC (HAM?)
***Osirid\**** (Apis ) 2011-2001 BC (HAM)
***Neptunid Osirid*** (Lestrigon) 2001-1984 BC (HAM)
***Heracleid Osirid\**** (Hercules) 1984-1929 BC (HAM)
***Tuscid Heracleid*** 1929-1879 BC (HAM)
***Peucinid Heracleid*** 1879-1829 BC (HAM)
***Tuscid Heracleid*** restored 1829-1716 BC (HAM)
***Larthian / Tylonid Heracleid*** 1716-283 BC (HAM)
The first dynasty is called *Gallid*, consisting of Noah, his grandson Gomer, and Gomer's son Ochus, after the name Gallus applied to both Noah and Gomer. The reign of Ham may be called *Saturnid*, after his name Saturn, although otherwise this name seems to have passed to his grandsons Nimrod and Sebtah, sons of Kush who was Ham's son by his first wife, Nayella, ancestress of Africans. With the overthrow of Ham by Noah's fourth son Barweyn begins the dynasty I call *Janigenid*, consisting of Barweyn, his son Cranus, Cranus' son Aurunus, Aurunus' son Tagus, and Tagus' son Sicanus. The Palensans or *Enakids* are presumably offspring of Ham by his second wife and sister, Rhea daughter of Noah, as are all remaining dynasties. This includes Ham and Rhea's son Apis (Mentuhotep), who may be called the start of *Osirid* dynasty, and his grandson Lestrigon, son of Neptune, or *Neptunid* branch of the Osirid dynasty, which also ruled the British Isles for a time. Next Heracles (Mentuhotep IV) represents the *Heracleid* branch, which in itself had several subbranches in multiple European countries, and the remainder of this list: Tuscus and his son Alteus from the *Tuscid* subbranch, then Hesperus, his brother Atlas, and Atlas' son Morges from the *Peucinid* subbranch, then the *Tuscid* branch again with Camboblascon son of Blascon son of Alteus, Camboblascon's son Jasius, and Jasius' son Coribantes; and finally the *Larthian* branch from Lydia which is probably *Tylonid Heracleid* from Tylon son of Heracles, as per Xanthus. The precise genealogy of this last branch is not established, especially with the 'Mycenean gap' (reigns unknown c. 1550-1284 BC), and could well turn out not to be straightforward father-to-son succession with closer research.

#### List of Northern Italian coups or overthrows

* Coup of Camesenus 2312 BC
* Coup of Barwein 2284 BC
* Palensan Coup 2041 BC
* Coup of Apis 2011 BC
* Coup of Heracles 1984 BC
* Coup of Atlas 1868 BC

[Translation in progress...]