Dataset: Titanic

### Overview

The RMS Titanic sank on April 15, 1912. The original dataset was reported by Dawson.

### Observations

1. ↑ Wikipedia, link
2. ↑ Dawson "The Unusual Episode" (1995), link

## Team Alpha

* The most survivors were male crew, largely because there were so many male crew aboard the ship.
* Since lifeboats were limited, women and children's safety was prioritized, so a greater proportion of them survived.
* However, 3rd class women and children's safety was not prioritized nearly as much as 1st and 2nd class women and children.
	+ This can be attributed to the fact that the 3rd class did not have access to the lifeboats that were used by the 1st and 2nd class passengers. Therefore, they weren't as strict about following the "women and children first" protocol.

1. ↑ Bar chart
2. ↑ Comparing proportions of survival by age and gender
3. ↑ Comparing proportions of survival by class for women

## Team Beta

* The crew prioritized the safety of women (74% survived) and children (52% survived). This was an unwritten maritime rule, and adult men disproportionately perished as a result (20% survived).
	+ Purportedly, some crew emptied boats *with empty seats* into the water when they ran out of women and children to fill them, even if there were adult men who could occupy them!
* 1st class passengers survived at a higher rate than lower class passengers. This effect of `Class` is most noticeable when looking at the adult female and the children sections of the plot – for example, while no children in 1st or 2nd class died, fewer than half of 3rd class children survived.

1. ↑ Beta 1 - https://github.com/mdelrosa/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic/c01-titanic-assignment\_files/figure-gfm/q5-task-1.png

## Team Gamma

* Even though many fewer female crew survived total, female crew members survived at a much higher proportion than male crew members.
* Overall, women of any given class were twice as likely to survive as men of the same class.
* The group where any given member was most likely to survive was 1st class women.
* The group where any given member was least likely to survive was 2nd class men.
* For women, higher class led to being more likely to survive. Not so with men.
* Children in general were much more likely to survive.
* All of the 1st and 2nd class children survived.
* 3rd class children survived in about the same proportion as 3rd class adults.
* There were no children on the crew (not surprising).
* Hypothesis: “Women and children first” could be a mindset that hinders the survival of able-bodied men in this catastrophe. If we assume that is true, which men are most “chivalrous”? For this definition of the “chivalry” metric, the men in 2nd class were 4 to 5x more “chivalrous” than the other classes.

1. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
2. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
3. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
4. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
5. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
6. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
7. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
8. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
9. ↑ [https://github.com/llittle/data-science-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md Figure from Larissa's Report
10. ↑ [https://github.com/EZas456/data-science-work/blob/master/challenges/c01-titanic-assignment.md Elliott's Report

## Team Delta

* Observations
	+ “Women and children first” protocol was followed, which is supported by the fact that more women and children survived.     [1]
	+ Adult male passengers seemed significantly less likely to survive.
	+ Children in the 3rd class had a much lower survival rate. Was this due to the design of the boat? Or social dynamics? Women and children first... to an extent...

* References
	+ The Titanic sank bow (front) first: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSGeskFzE0s
	+ Some locations on the ship might be more advantageous than others: https://www.dummies.com/education/history/titanic-facts-the-layout-of-the-ship/
	+ Crew followed a "women and children first" policy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS\_Titanic
	+ Third class section was kept separate and there were no life boats on the 3rd class deck.
* Reports
	+ simone report https://github.com/simoneseq/sds-work/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md
	+ Kathryn report https://github.com/kbrookshier/data-science-olin/blob/master/c01-titanic-assignment.md

## Team Epsilon

* In absolute numbers, more women than men survived in 1st and 2nd class.[2]
* In 3rd class the number of female survivors was approximately equal to the number of male survivors. [3]
* Among the crew, there were more male survivors because there were only 23 women crew members in the first place.[4][5]
* In every class, the proportion of female survivors far outstripped the proportion of male survivors. [6]
* All of the children in 1st and 2nd class survived.[7]
* The children in 3rd class didn't fare any better than the adults in 3rd class.[8]
* The survival rate for female 3rd-class passengers was well below 50%, but the survival rate for male 3rd-class passengers was closer to 15%.[9]

## Team Zeta

### There are multiple discrepancies in passenger/crew counts

**There are multiple discrepancies in passenger/crew counts**

According to the Wikipedia article on the sinking of the Titanic,  (under the “Casualties and Survivors”), the total count of passengers was approximately 1,316. Interestingly enough, the “Passengers” section of the original Wikipedia article on the RMS Titanic mentions that “Titanic’s passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people” despite supposedly referencing the first Wikipedia article (Sinking of the RMS Titanic). It seems someone may have misquoted the original source, reinforcing the idea that *we should not blindly trust data from Wikipedia*. Fun fact, technically, the captain is not considered a part of the crew as he represents the owner. We do not believe this resolves the case of the count discrepancy, but rather that the captain’s death is not counted as part of the crew.

### The deceased counts increase from class to class, aside for `Female` `Crew`

**The deceased counts increase from class to class, aside from Female Crew**

The deceased counts increase from class to class, aside from female crew (there were fewer deaths among female crew than among 3rd class and 2nd class females). Looking at [a cross-section of the Titanic, this makes sense as `1st` was closest to the top deck and lifeboats. On the other extreme, it seems like many of the crew were working on the engine or victualing(see `Crew` section), which were on decks below where most passengers were sleeping.

### Likelihood of survival was related to sex, class, and age.

#### Sex

**Among adults, women were always more likely to survive than men of the same class.**

Most women from 1st and 2nd class, as well as most women in the crew, survived. In those same classes, less than half of the men survived. In 3rd class, close to half of the women survived, while less than 25% of the men did.

#### Class

**Among adult passengers, increasing class meant an equal or greater chance for survival--except for men. Additionally, crew members had a higher chance of surviving than 3rd class passengers (and 2nd class adult men).**

1st class women had the greatest chance for survival, followed by 2nd class, then crew, and finally 3rd class. For men, the order differs: 1st class men also had the greatest chance for survival, followed male crew members, then 3rd class, and finally (and surprisingly) 2nd class. This is likely due to a small population size of 2nd class ticket-holders.

#### Age (but really Class Pt.2)

**Childhood age often guaranteed survivorship - unless you were a child in 3rd class, and especially a boy.**

For children, class continued to strongly affect survivorship: All children in 1st and 2nd class survived, but unfortunately, in 3rd class, less than half of the children survived.

In each sex/class passenger group, children survived at higher rates than their adult counterparts, except among 3rd class females, where adult women survived at a *slightly* higher rate than girls. While ruminating as to what may cause this, we were led to question the age cutoff for children vs. adults.

However, the sample sizes here are rather small, so while we expect the trend to continue for 3rd class children, it is not clear how 1st and 2nd class children would fare if the population sizes were larger.

1. ↑ *Sinking of the RMS Titanic*
2. ↑ *RMS Titanic - Passengers*
3. ↑ 'Captain not counted as crew'
4. ↑ 'Titanic Cross Section'
5. ↑ 'Proportion of adult survivors by class and sex'
6. ↑  'Passenger Count by Class split by Sex'
7. ↑ 'Proportions of Passengers by Survivorship, Class, and Sex'
8. ↑ 'Proportion of children who survived by class and sex'
9. ↑ 'Proportion of surviving passengers by class, age, and sex'
10. ↑ 'Passenger Count by Class split by Sex'