Gyrodon lividus

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***Gyrodon lividus***, commonly known as the **alder bolete**, is a pored mushroom bearing close affinity to the genus *Paxillus*. Although found predominantly in Europe, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with alder, it has also recorded from China, Japan and California. Fruit bodies are distinguished from other boletes by decurrent bright yellow pores that turn blue-grey on bruising. *G. lividus* mushrooms are edible.

## Taxonomy

The alder bolete was initially described by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard in 1791 as *Boletus lividus*, before being given its current binomial name in 1888 by Pier Andrea Saccardo when he transferred it to *Gyrodon*. When Saccardo circumscribed *Gyroporus*, he included *Boletus sistotremoides* (published by Elias Fries in 1815) as the type species. Rolf Singer later determined that Fries's taxon was the same species as *Gyroporus lividus*. Before this, in 1886 Lucien Quélet erected the genus *Uliporus* with *Boletus lividus* as the type. As a result of Singer's discovery, the genus *Uliporus* was rendered obsolete, and *Boletus sistrotremoides* became synonymous with *Gyropus lividus*. The generic term *Gyrodon* is derived from the Ancient Greek *gyros* "whorl" and *odon* "tooth", while the specific epithet *lividus* is Latin for "lead-coloured". The fungus is commonly known as the alder bolete.

Molecular research confirms the relations of the genus *Gyrodon* and the gilled genus *Paxillus* as sister taxa, and one of the earliest diverging lineages of the suborder Boletineae.

Two subspecies of *G. lividus* have been described: subsp. *alneti*, published by Sven Johan Lindgren in 1874, and subsp. *labyrinthicus*, published by Saccardo in 1888. Neither are considered to have independent taxonomic significance.

## Description

*Gyrodon lividus* has a pale brown, buff or ochre cap Template:Convert in diameter which is convex and later flat in shape, and can be sticky when wet. Like other boletes, it has pores instead of gills that make up the hymenophore on the underside of the cap. These large pores are decurrent in their attachment to the stipe. Bright yellow, they turn blue-grey when cut or bruised. The thin flesh is pale yellow. The ringless stipe is initially the same colour as the cap but later darkens to a red-brown; it is Template:Convert high by Template:Convert wide. The spore print is olive-brown and the oval spores are 4.5–6 x 3–4 μm. The mushroom has a non-distinctive smell and taste.

In the United States, *Gyrodon lividus* could be mistaken for *Boletinellus merulioides*, which is generally a larger mushroom overall with larger spores and grows under ash (*Fraxinus*), or *B. proximus*, a dark brown or purple-brown capped species that does not change colour when bruised and is found only in Florida.

## Distribution and habitat

*Gyrodon lividus* is found across Europe, including Ķemeri National Park in Latvia, In Asia, it has been recorded in China and Japan. It is also found in several locales in Turkey, including Trabzon, Maçka and Sevinç. In North America, it has been reported to occur in California, under alder (*Alnus rhombifolia*).

As its common name suggests, *Gyrodon lividus* is found under alder (*Alnus rhombifolia*), with which it forms a mycorrhizal relationship. Fruit bodies may be found alone or in clumps and appear in autumn. The ectomycorrhiza of the fungus is characterized by its yellow colour in young specimens, rhizomorphs that are highly differentiated, and the presence of sclerotia.

## Edibility

It is reported as edible by some authors, and inedible by others.

## Bioactive compounds

Fruit bodies of *Gyrodon lividus* contain the cyclopentanedione compounds chamonixin and involution.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bulliard 1791`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Saccardo 1888`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1951`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quelet 1886`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nilper 1977`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liddell 1980`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Simpson 1979`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kretzer 1999`
10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Gyrodon lividus`
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2006`
12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2000`
13. ↑ Kemeri NP Administration (2002). The Management Plan of Kemeri National Park (PDF). Ministry of Environment of Denmark, DANCEE and Government of Latvia.. Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved on August 2, 2008.
14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhuang 2001`
15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hongo 1989`
16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `SESLİ 2015`
17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hayward 1984`
18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Agerer 1987`
19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Besl 1980`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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