California Quail

## Description

The California quail (Callipepla californica ), also known as the California valley quail or Valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly.Their closest relative is Gambel's quail which has a more southerly distribution and a longer crest at 2.5 in (6.4 cm), a brighter head and lacks the scaly appearance of the California Quail. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. It is the state bird of California.

## Appearance

California quail are small attractive ground-dwelling birds. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest, and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly.

## Distribution

California quail are year-round residents in the southwestern United States. They inhabit shrubby areas, open woodlands, grassland, desert, fields, gardens and can also be found in the edges of urban areas.

## Behavior

California quail are highly sociable birds that often gather in small flocks known as "coveys". One of their daily communal activities is a dust bath. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in). They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths. These birds prefer to gorge near sunrise and sunset. They feed on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. If startled, quail explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. California quail have a variety of vocalizations that they use to communicate with each other; these include the social "chicago" call, contact "pips" and warning "pips". During the breeding season, males utter the agonistic "squill" and will often interrupt their social mate's "chicago" call with a "squill," a possible form of antiphonal calling.

## Diet

California quail are herbivores (granivores, folivores). Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects.

## Reproduction

California quail are serially monogamous; this means that their pair bonds last only during one breeding season. Their nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground beneath a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately 12 eggs and incubates them 22-23 days. Once hatched, the chicks begin running about within an hour and associate with both adults. They are able to fly 2 weeks after hatching and become independent from their parents when they are 3-4 weeks old. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males, and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male.

## Population

### Population threats

California quail are widespread within their range and are not considered threatened. However, in some areas, these birds suffer from the use of pesticides and changes in their habitat which make them more vulnerable to predators.

### Population number

According to the What Bird resource, the total population size of the California quail is around 1 million individuals. According to the All About Birds resource the total breeding population size of this species is 3.8 million breeding birds. Overall, currently, California quail are classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and their numbers today are increasing.

## Fun Facts for Kids

California quail was established as the state bird of California in 1932.

These cute birds were mentioned in several Walt Disney movies; one of them was "Bambi."

California quail have been introduced into many areas including British Columbia, Hawaii, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, and even to Norfolk Island and King Island in Australia.

Some California quail nests can contain up to 28 eggs because females may lay their eggs in nests other than their own; such behavior is known as "egg-dumping."

California quail have a famous call named 'Chicago'; it is named so because it sounds like 'ku-ka-ko'.

California quial usually fly only short distances when they need to reach shelter for the night or to escape danger.