recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Half-Elves

## A Race Between Worlds

Most elves look down on humans, thinking them too impulsive and too arrogant, especially for such a short lived race. As for humans, they view elves with something akin to awe, although individual elves often drive humans crazy with their "prudence", which seems to most humans nothing more than laziness. Still, every so often, the better qualities of each, elven wisdom and human inventiveness and drive, attract the other. From this mutual attraction come the race of half-elves. Belonging fully to neither world, they are a part of, and apart from, each.

### Physical Appearance

Most half-elves take on the coloring of their human parents, the pointed ears of their elven parents, and a physical frame somewhere in between. Male half-elves can grow beards, something full-blooded elves cannot do. Depending on their heritage, they stand either a bit taller or shorter than humans, with half-Stelythian elves standing taller. They live about twice as long as humans do, but still far shorter than their full-blooded elven kin.

### Half-Elven Characteristics and Culture

Half-Elves seem to personify the dual nature of their blood. They feel at home nowhere, but neither do they feel as out of place as a half-orc or tiefling might. Accepted in both human and elven lands half-elves make friends quickly, and with many people, but are close to few. There is a sameness to a half-elf that invites quick familiarity, but a difference that often prohibits a deeper connection.

Humans view half-elves with wonder, almost more than they do with full-blood elves. Half-elves seem so much closer to humans that the differences seem more unnatural and out of place. The same is not true of the elves, who view half-elves with pity, and their parents with shock. Most elves would not admit an attraction to a human, let alone act on it, which makes these offspring the result of a "lack of judgement", at least according to the elves.

Most half-elves choose to wander, leaving behind their homes at a young age. Those who stay behind in human lands are often faced with the prospect of losing those they love to old age long before they begin to show signs of aging at all. Half-Elves are never really fully integrated into elven society, remaining on the margins, much the way bastards are in human lands. As such they also rarely remain in the company of their elven kin for long.

Those half-elves who embrace their human side often choose lives as merchants, travelers, adventurers, rangers, or any others who spend their lives roaming the world. Many half-elves can be found in the wilds far from civilization. Those who turn to their elven side often study the arcane arts, trying to gain the respect of elven society by excelling in something that most elves consider a cultural heritage.
Organizations

## Organizations of Nyrondie

"*Across the Nine Realms, the Keepers of the Veil wage their silent war against those who would seek to end their eldritch and arcane studies. Throughout the holy empire, the Faithful kill with impunity, and their reach extends even into the Church itself. In the Free Cities of Nammon's Bay, the cult of Vecna grows in power and influence, claiming many of the cities' leading citizens among its adherents. Surely you do not believe you can overcome all of them without allies of your own?"*

There are countless organizations that operate in the world of Nyrondie. Most of them are benign and small-reaching; local thieves' guilds operate through their small town or city, without directly influencing events in the world at large and small time artisans guilds (stonemasons, blacksmiths, fletchers, etc) operate throughout a province or between just a few villages. However, there are many organizations whose interests and influence extend throughout a much larger sphere.

* The Swords of Dyan
* The Dragornian Hunters
* The Paladins of Istrata

* The Free City Trading Company
* The Red Wizards of Dyan
* The Cult of Vecna
* The Keepers of the Veil
* The Imperial Chroniclers
Prima Oculata

### Founding

Prima Oculata originally sprung from a religious order called the Oculus, who worshipped a creature called Selthia. Selthia encouraged the Oculus to commit ritual murders. At this time, the Order was discarded as obscure cultists due to the lack of leader in their group. This was all to change with the founding of The Holy Empire of Averistra and a resulting purge of the cult by the Dragornians. The great purge as this incident became know lasted for several years, The few remaining oculus members falling into hiding. The cult remained like this until the arrival of the DreamSeeker

The DreamSeeker was a supposed adventurer and onetime partner of the renowned Dragornians. It was widely believed that the DreamSeeker was the source of the doctrine dictating how the Oculus (and eventually the Prima Oculata) worked as a group.

> *"Have you not heard of the Prima Oculata? Join us and you'll find the Prima Oculata all that and so much more. We are more than anything a union of like minded individuals. We are truly one flesh and one soul in Selthia our dark god"* ― Dartcien Larnae
>
>

Since the purge, the Prima Oculata has been slowly gaining followers in dangerous amounts. Given enough time their influence will extend across all of Nyrondie. And with the Dragornians vanishing this will happen all too soon.

#### **The Five Doctrines**

>  *"As a member of the Prima Oculata, you must abide by the Doctrines. They are the laws that guide and protect us."* ― Dartcien Larnae
>
>

The Doctrines are the rules and morals the Prima Oculata followed since the arrival of the DreamSeeker. If a member broke or neglected to follow one of the Doctrines, they were threatened with torture til death from the DreamSeeker or worse.

**There are five doctrines in all, and they are as follows:**

 Doctrine 1: Never dishonor the DreamSeeker. To do so is to invoke the Wrath of Selthia.

 Doctrine 2: Never betray the Prima Oculata or its secrets. To do so is to invoke the Wrath of Selthia.

 Doctrine 3: Never disobey or refuse to carry out an order from a Prima Oculata superior. To do so is to invoke the Wrath of Selthia.

 Doctrine 4: Never steal the possessions of a Dark Brother or Dark Sister. To do so is to invoke the Wrath of Selthia.

 Doctrine 5: Never kill a Dark Brother or Dark Sister. To do so is to invoke the Wrath of Selthia.

#### The Black Five:

> "A pentagon of blood, hate, despair and death. all under the protection and guidance of the DreamSeeker. ." ― Dartcien Larnae
>
>

The governing body of the Prima Oculata was called the Black Five. It was composed of five members: Who went by their titles of the agent of Blood, Hate, Despair and death . the fith member being the DreamSeeker himself.
無性生殖

**無性生殖**是指親代直接用細胞分裂產生子代的生殖方式，過程不涉及精卵結合，所以親代與子代長的一模一樣，也因為如此，行無性生殖的後代若遇到環境改變，有很大的機會會群體滅亡。

## 自然環境

### 分裂生殖

大部分單細胞生物 (如變形蟲、草履蟲)和大部分的細菌可以將身體分裂成兩塊產生新個體。

### 斷裂生殖

將身體一部分脫離，該部分會長回全身，成為新個體。而母體也會修復成以前的樣子，例如：渦蟲、海星、海參、水綿。

### 營養器官繁殖

利用根、莖、葉等營養器官來產生新個體，例如：甘薯的塊根、草莓的匍匐莖、馬鈴薯的塊莖，以及落地生根、非洲菫、風車草和石蓮的葉片。

人為
--

### 組織培養

將植物部分組織放入無菌培養基中，並加入營養物質和激素刺激其生長。例如市售金線蓮和蘭花多以這種方式繁殖以達到高產量。

## 參考文獻

### 書目

* 《國小自然5上》，南一出版，2009年6月版
* 《國中自然1下》，翰林出版，2012年2月版
* 《國中自然1下》，康軒出版，2012年2月版
* 《麻辣國中生物 麻辣會考複習講義(全)》，康軒、育橋出版，自然科編輯小組編，2015年版

## 外部連結

* 維基共筆-無性生殖
* 網路百科(中文世界大典)-無性生殖
True Name Magic

## The Words of Creation

True Name Magic is the oldest form of magic, still practiced by the druids of the wilds. Everything in this world was named by the Nine, and that first name holds all of what it means to be that thing. Only a handful of mortals now know the true names of the things of this world, and only a fraction of those mortals have enough will to command them. However, the few who do can bring about wondrous things, in themselves and in the world around them.

True name magic is the most varied of the four kinds of magic, with many different kinds of practitioners. There are those who focus on their own name, meditating upon it and unlocking their own potential. There are others who concentrate on learning the true names of others, in order to inspire, or oppress. And there are still others who learn the true names of the natural things of this world, gaining mastery over the various plants, animals, and even the elements themselves.
Learning

You usually think of 'learning' as acquiring new knowledge or a new skill set. That's the harder type of learning to study. It builds upon the easier-to-study types of learning, like classical conditioning. These are easier to study because they are either responses to single stimuli or simple associations requiring only one or two stimuli, not interesting new knowledge. First, let's master these simpler types and then move onto more complex learning.

## Non-associative learning

This is a change that occurs solely because of repeated exposure to one particular stimulus (as opposed to *associating* one stimulus with another stimulus or behavior).

There are two types: **habituation** and **sensitization**.

Habituation occurs when an animal was producing a response to a stimulus, but learns that there is neither a positive or negative consequence to doing so. It then decreases its response more and more, until it ceases to respond to the stimulus. You can think of habituation as the boy-who-cried-wolf effect.

Sensitization is the opposite--increased exposure to a stimulus causes increased response.

## Associative learning

This is a change that causes an organism to associate a stimulus with another stimulus, or a stimulus with a behavior.

There are two types: **operant conditioning** and **classical conditioning**.

Operant conditioning occurs when a reward or punishment is used to reinforce a behavior. An example would be spraying a dog (punishment) when it barks (behavior).

Classical conditioning occurs when one stimulus is repeatedly presented with another so that when one is presented, the organism predicts the second. The famous example of this is Pavlov's dog, where the dog has paired the bell with the food and begins to salivate when he hears the bell. It is different from operant conditioning because there is no behavior that the dog is learning to do in order to obtain the food, but it knows that the bell shortly precedes the food.

## The learning you want to know about

Unfortunately, it seems as though there is little well-organized information about this available on the web. You can click around Wikipedia or anywhere else, and if you have a good idea for how to organize this information, we'll add you as a contributor!
Alyra

## Goddess of Music

   Alyra is the Goddess of Air and Music, one of the Four Primals. She is, by extension, also seen as the Divine Muse, inspiring artists of every variety. She has dominion over the Elemental Plane of Air, but is not limited to just that one domain.

Her followers see her as a rather elusive and arbitrary deity, often withholding her gifts from devoted followers and granting them to those who deserve them least. As such, she is the least likely among the Four to be worshiped in an established temple or church. Her clerics are few and far between, and services offered to her are just as rare.

As the Goddess of the Air, she has a darker side as well. Storms are caused by her anger, and her wrath has been known to uproot even the oldest trees and leave in rubble even the strongest towns and cities. As such, some pantheons see her as a masculine, and warlike figure.

### Domains

Alyra has primary dominion over Air, as well as many secondary domains. A partial listing of her domains includes:

* Air
* Art
* Chaos
* Tempest
* Freedom

Among more barbaric peoples, Alyra's tempestuous side is put at the forefront, and in these cases she is seen as masculine.

### Other Pantheons

There are too many racial and tribal variations of Alyra to list comprehensively. Here are the most common variants:

* Gilia (Dwarven)
* Erias (Elven)
* Kor (Freelander)
The Mortal Races

The world of Nyrondie is filled with many strange creatures, some monstrous in form, others monstrous in intent. However, there are six primary mortal races which inhabit the (more or less) civilized Nine Kingdoms. These six are by no means the only intelligent races to live in the Nine Kingdoms, but they are the important ones, either because there are many of them, or because they have a major influence on the world around them.

* Humans - The most common race in the Nine Kingdoms, humans are also the most diverse and adaptable, able to thrive in many different environments.
* Elves - Graceful and aloof, elves are divided into two distinct sub-races: the Sea Elves of Stelyth, and their wild brethren in the Freelands. They share a contempt for humankind, and a deep connection to nature and the Primals, especially the gods of air and the sea.
* Dwarves - Stout, hardy folk, the dwarves of Nyrondie live in secure delves, deep under their mountains, although a good number of them prefer to live on the surface, trading with their deep brethren and the humans in the valleys and plains below.
* Halflings - Small in stature, these stouthearted and courageous folk are spread throughout the Nine Realms, living in small communities outside or alongside those of the "big races".
* Gnomes - Wild and mischievous, the gnomes of Nyronide call the Isle of Keepos home. They are strange creatures, intensely curious, and dangerously unpredictable.
* Dragonborn - The Scalelands is home to the race of Dragonborn, fierce warriors, devoted to personal honor and glory in battle.

There are also a number of less important and influential races which are still widespread enough to merit mention here. These lesser races are found in isolated pockets, or are restricted to one or two places. Some are spread throughout the world, but are only encountered rarely, as there are so few.

* Goliaths - Known to the people of Nyronide as half-giants, these hulking grey-skinned figures hail from the Shield Mountains, which divide the Wastes from the rest of the Nine Realms.
* Half-Elves - Half-elves, although rare, are found throughout human and elven realms, where humans hold them in high-esteem while elves tend to pity them.
* Half-Orcs - Most half-orcs are born in those semi-lawless lands just outside civilized borders. Many turn to violent professions, embracing their dark heritage, while others try to fight against the inhuman rage that comes with their blood.
* Tieflings - Tieflings are strange and mysterious figures, given their demonic appearance, and many consider them cursed. They are rare, and most choose to live in the Free Cities of Nammon's Bay, where they are less conspicuous.
The Trickster

## Goddess of Chance

The Trickster is the Goddess of Trickery and Chance, one of the Three Ascended. She rules over chance and luck in the mortal realm, having no realm of her own to govern. As the Goddess of Chance, she is by definition an unpredictable deity, and her followers know not to trust to her too much. Still, those who devote themselves to her seem to have luck on their side, more often than not.

Known more commonly as The Lady of Luck, or Lady Luck, the Trickster is the most commonly addressed of the Nine. Prayers to her have entered the vernacular of nearly every tongue, and every race includes her in their pantheons. Despite these facts, there is little to no organized worship of the Trickster. Small shrines dedicated to her are scattered throughout the land, and the common folk offer short prayers to her often, but there is not established church to her anywhere outside the Freelands.

### Domains

Luck is the primary domain of the Trickster, with other domains, such as Trickery, following closely from that.

### Other Pantheons

A complete listing of the Trickster's other names and aspects would be impossible. Some of the most important are listed below:

* Vre (Freelands)
* Aeril (Elven)
* Kel Bala (Dwarven)
微生物的特殊代谢方式

总论
--

* 微生物的营养方式可从三个角度分类：能量来源、碳来源、电子（还原力）来源。
* 能量来源有光能和化学能；碳的来源有二氧化碳（自养型）和各种有机物（异养型）；电子的来源有（还原的）无机物和有机物。
* 并不是每一种营养方式组合都存在，微生物的营养方式主要分5类：
	+ 光能无机自养型（Photolithoautotroph）：紫硫细菌、绿硫细菌、蓝细菌、光合真核生物等。
	+ 光能有机异养型（Photoorganoheterotroph）：紫色非硫细菌、绿色非硫细菌。
	+ 化能无机自养型（Chemolithoautotroph）：硫氧化细菌、氢氧化细菌、产甲烷菌、硝化细菌、铁氧化细菌。
	+ 化能无机异养型（Chemolithoheterotroph）：少数硫氧化细菌。
	+ 化能有机异养型（Chemoorganoheterotroph）：绝大部分非光合生物。
* 不同的营养类型往往有不同的生态学影响。
	+ 自养者是生态圈中的初级生产者。
	+ 化能无机自养型是重要的元素价态转换器，如硝化细菌将氨转变为植物能利用的硝酸根，硫氧化细菌为植物提供硫酸根。
	+ 被污染的湖泊河流中主要是光能有机异养者。

* 还有一种传递链称为假环式传递链（Pseudocyclic），又称Mehler反应，发生在光照过强，Fd还原过多的时候，此时Fd直接与氧气反应产生超氧根阴离子，它被超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）处理产生氧气和H2O2，最后抗坏血酸将H2O2还原。
* 蓝细菌在有氧环境下可以还原氮气和二氧化碳，而在无氧环境下可以氧化硫化氢、硫代硫酸盐、氢气。

### 无氧光合作用

* 无氧光合作用（Anoxygenic Photosynthesis）概括了所有其它利用光能的细菌的光合作用。
* 这些细菌只有一个光系统，并且没有叶绿素，而是用细菌叶绿素（Bacteriochlorophyll）替代。
* 所有细菌都有细菌叶绿素a，绿色细菌还有细菌叶绿素c，紫色细菌还有细菌叶绿素b。
* 这些生物几乎都是严格的厌氧菌。
* 细菌叶绿素的吸收峰比叶绿素长，在细胞中细菌叶绿素a的最大吸收峰在830-890 nm；细菌叶绿素b的最大吸收峰在1020-1040 nm，达到红外线水平。
* 硫细菌的电子传递链以绿硫细菌较典型，它比较像光系统I：
	+ 光合中心称为P840，电子被激发后传递给Fd。
	+ Fd可以用来产生NADPH，也可通过甲基萘醌传递回细菌叶绿素，产生ATP。
	+ 如果Fd被用于合成NADPH，那么细菌叶绿素的电子由氧化硫化氢、硫单质或氢气提供。
* 非硫细菌的电子传递链以紫色非硫细菌较典型，它比较像光系统II：
	+ 光合中心称为P870，电子被激发后传递给泛醌。
	+ 泛醌可以将电子传递回细菌叶绿素，产生ATP，也可通过反向电子流（Reversed Electron Flow）产生NADPH。
	+ 反向电子流中，泛醌不足的电势能是由质子的电化学势提供的。
	+ 若泛醌被用于反向电子流，则细菌叶绿素的电子是由各种糖类、氨基酸、有机酸的氧化提供的，典型例子是琥珀酸氧化形成富马酸（延胡索酸）。
* 绿硫细菌会将单质硫存储在细胞外，而紫硫细菌会将它存储在细胞内。
* 有些细菌有紫红质（Rhodopsin），它直接利用光能将质子泵出细胞外，产生ATP，最典型例子是古菌中的盐杆菌（Halobacteria）。

## 化能型

* 化能无机型细菌用无机物作为能量来源和电子来源，氢氧化细菌使用氢气，硝化细菌使用铵根和亚硝酸根，硫氧化细菌采用单质硫、硫化氢。
* 氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）是硫氧化细菌，但同时也能氧化亚铁离子，所以又称铁氧化细菌。
* 大多数这些细菌的电子受体都是氧气，但脱氮硫杆菌（Thiobacillus denitrificans）将硝酸根作为电子受体，产生氮气，所以又称反硝化细菌。
* 化能无机自养型细菌也会用反向电子流产生NADPH。
编写说明

先感谢诸君愿意花时间编辑本辞典。在编辑本辞典时，希望各位注意如下原则。当然，如果你觉得违反某项规则能使本辞典更完善，不要把它们当成拘束。

1. 请注意条目的编写格式。既然是“辞典”，就是工具书，不是教科书，目的是使人能迅速找到相关信息，而不是阅读冗余的对知识点的解释。因此编写条目时应尽量简明，以列表形式给出知识点。
2. 偏僻的专业名词，请给出英文名。因为大多数生物资料都是以英文写成的，给出英文名有便于他人更深入地查阅相关概念。
3. 请给出知识点的引用来源。当他人掌握的信息与本辞典内容不符时，给出引用来源有助于他人判断是谁错了。
4. 尽量整合条目，不要建立太多太短的条目，因为这样查资料的效率会大大降低。
5. 不引起歧义时，化学品名称可以用简称，比如称“苯丙氨酸”为“苯”、“异亮氨酸”为“异”。
Istra

## Goddess of Life and Light

Istra is the Eternal of Life. She and her twin sister Ungit are the eldest of the Nine. Her dominion encompasses the Divine Heavens, and the Plane of Life, as well as many lesser domains. All races give her homage, as is her due. She is the source of all living things, according to the ancient myths and legends.

It is said that she commissioned each of the Primals to form the various creatures of the world. She tasked Bern with forming the land, and all that lives upon it, all plants and land-dwelling animals. She tasked Kyros with forming the great Underdark, and all of the denizens of the dark places. She gave to Alyra the forming of the great winged things that fly through the air, and to Tymon she gave the forming of all the great sea monsters, the fish, and the merfolk, and all that swims through the oceans. When the Primals had finished their great tasks, and brought their works to her, and Istra saw all the things of the world, she breathed life into all of them, and thus the living things of the world came to be.

### Domains

Istra's primary domain is Life, but she is also Mistress of Light. Her other, lesser domains follow from these two.

A partial listing of her domains includes:

* Life
* Light
* Truth
* The Heavens
* The Afterlife

### Other Pantheons

Istra is known by many names in the different pantheons of the world. In some, she is wedded to one of the Primals. In others, she is completely absorbed by one of the Primals. However, her Aspect can be found in every pantheon, nearly without exception. As such, it is impossible to give a complete listing here. Instead, only the most important variations are listed below:

* Kel Isra (Dwarven)
* Maeren (Elven)
* Ea (Freelander)
Magic

## Magic in the Realms of Nyrondie

The world of Nyrondie is a world of great magic; in the High Temple of Istra, clerics heal the sick through the intercession of their goddess; on the isle of Keepos, Gnomes power mighty machines with the essence of Fire itself, harnessed by their greatest mages; throughout the Grand March, rangers and druids invoke the True Names of the animals and plants, and gain mastery over them. All of these diverse powers are known by one simple name: magic.

There are **four** kinds of magic in Nyrondie:

* Arcane Magic
* Divine Magic
* True Name Magic
* Blood Magic

Some of these diverse forms of magical power can bring about similar results, but each is brought about in different ways.
Current Adventures and Heroes

## Adventures in Nyrondie

The world of Nyrondie is one of high adventure, and there are many ongoing quests. This section will contain notes for current adventures, summaries of past adventures, and a section for player notes.

### Completed Adventures

* The Sunless Citadel
* Dark Dreams

### The Heroes of Nyrondie

* Br. Alexander
* Nauda
* Ruff Thistle
* Drysriel
* Damocles the Seer
* Lander Stormwind
* Shasta
The Gods of Nyrondie

## The Nine Divines

   There are nine commonly accepted Gods in Nyrondie. They are known collectively as the Nine. They each have dominion over different aspects of the cosmos, and some are associated with particular alignments.

They are divided into three groups:

* The Four Primals
* The Three Ascended
* The Two Eternals

The various non-human races of Nyrondie each have their own pantheons. However, these pantheons are not essentially different from the one presented here. The names of the Divines are different in each, the order of importance changes from pantheon to pantheon, and some races include many other lesser gods and demigods in their worship, but the primary aspects of the Nine are present in each pantheon.

### **The Four Primals**

Each Primal has dominion over one of the Elemental Forces, and all of their other domains flow from that primary Elemental Force. The Primals are regarded as the highest gods by many of the non-human races, including Dwarves and Elves, each of whom place one of the Primals at the head of their respective pantheons.

* *Kyros* - The God of Fire and the Forge
* *Alyra* - The Goddess of Air and Music
* *Bern* - The Goddess of Earth and the Harvest
* *Tymon* - The God of Water and Travel

The ways in which the Primals are worshiped vary greatly across Nyrondie. The farmers of Theonwy offer very different worship than the Wild Elves in the Free Lands or the Dwarves of Kau Dar. Similarly, the temples, priests, and services differ wildly. A devout follower of Bern in The Grand March would consider a devout follower of Bern from Dyan as a member of a different religion, despite the similar object of their worship.

### **The Three Ascended**

The Ascended were once mortals, who achieved divinity through their great deeds. Only rarely does one find a temple dedicated to one of the Ascended. Rather, many small shrines are set up for them in places that would be significant for them: libraries and schools for the Sage, arenas and military camps for the Warrior, and brothels and alehouses for the Trickster.

* *The Warrior* - The God of Courage and Battle
* *The Sage* - The God of Knowledge and Secrets
* *The Trickster* - The Goddess of Trickery and Chance

### **The Two Eternals**

The Eternals have dominion over the greatest forces: Life and Death. Most civilized societies worship Istra, and build grand temples to her. Only a few throughout the world worship Ungit openly, although she is worshipped in secret by many cults throughout the realms.

* *Istra* - The Goddess of Life and Light
* *Ungit* - The Goddess of Death and Darkness

 The origin of the Eternals is a matter of some debate. Some theologians posit a Creator, who removed himself from the world after bringing the Eternals into being. Others claim that the Eternals have always been, with no origin of their own, their battle giving birth to the Primals and the Ascended.
Divine Magic

## Light from the Nine

Divine magic flows from the power of the Nine themselves. A divine spellcaster acts as a channel for his deity, and brings their power into the world in a concrete way. As such, divine magic comes about through devotional prayer, and long hours spent in meditation. Only those particularly close to their deity can act as the focal point for the divine power.

There are eight d**ivine domains**, or a**spects** that a divine spellcaster can embody.

The eight aspects are:

* Death
* Knowledge
* Life
* Light
* Nature
* Tempest
* Trickery
* War

Various pantheons grants different aspects to the Nine. However, the aspects that remain the same regardless of the pantheon are as follows:

The Four Primals:

* Kyros - Light
* Alyra - Knowledge
* Bern - Nature
* Tymon - Tempest

The Three Ascended:

* The Sage - Knowledge
* The Trickster - Trickery
* The Warrior - War

The Two Eternals:

* Istra - Life
* Ungit - Death
The World of Nyrondie Wikia

## Welcome to the the World of Nyrondie

From the high, and hallowed halls of the Imperial Palace in Istrata to the frigid shores of the Icewave Sea, mystery and danger lurk, waiting to be uncovered by the bold souls who venture out into the world of Nyrondie.

## A Guide to the Nine Realms

The Gods of Nyrondie

Magic

The Realms of Nyrondie

The Mortal Races

Current Adventures and Heroes

###
Kyros

## The God of the Forge

   Kyros is the God of Fire and the Forge, one of the Four Primals. He has dominion over the Elemental Plane of Fire, as well as many other lesser domains. He is the primary god of the Dwarven pantheon, although he is known there as Killesh, the Stonefather.

Despite the obvious destructive power of fire, Kyros is not seen as a destructive deity. Instead, he is a smith, a creator. Fire consumes, but Kyros holds it back, using it to form his faithful, testing them and cleansing them. Many of the Freelanders view Kyros as the most powerful of the Primals.

### Domains

Fire is Kyros' primary domain, but he is master of many.

A partial listing of his domains includes:

* Fire
* Artifice
* Sun
* Hearth
* War

Some pantheons focus on one or more of these domains, as well as others, but each includes the domain of Fire.

### Other Pantheons

There are too many racial and tribal variations of Kyros to list comprehensively. Here are the three most common variants:

* Killesh (Dwarven)
* Alkot (Elven)
* Hel (Freelander)
Ungit

## Goddess of Death and Darkness

   Ungit is the Goddess of Death and Darkness, one of the Two Eternals. She has absolute dominion over the Underworld and the Abyssal Planes. Her followers, though few and far between, are present in the mortal realms as well, and they worship her with fanatical devotion. Most who worship her do so for the power that she grants them over death, for that power is considerable, although it comes at a considerable cost.

The myths say that Ungit and Istra were twin sisters, who battled for control over the Heavens and the Celestial Plane. Ungit and her followers were defeated and thrown into the Abyss, where they remain, plotting the destruction of the mortal realms. The myths also say that Ungit will rise again at the end of the world to challenge Istra for the Heavens one final time. Those who have fought for Istra throughout all of history will fight against all those who have sided with Ungit, with all of the cosmos hanging in the balance.

### Domains

Ungit rules over the domain of Death and Darkness, but is mistress over many others as well.

A partial listing of her domains includes:

* Death
* Darkness
* The Abyss
* Pestilence

### Other Pantheons

Every pantheon from every race throughout the whole of Nyrondie contains Ungit, or at least an Aspect of her. Below are listed the most important:

* Batta (Dwarven)
* Eurythnul (Elven)
* Ivek (Freelander)
Shasta

## A Roaming Artificer

Shasta is a Gnome who spent most of her early life apprenticed to a couple of inventors, Melchior and Hanpan, who were friends of her parents. Shasta's engineering skills were not bad, but she never quite had the spark of a Gnome inventor. When she completed her design for a more efficient bow, Shasta kept returning to it to make it just a little better, almost enamored with her single creation and with not much interest in moving on to a new project. For the most part she found herself better suited to the appraisal of crafting materials for the Gnome's inventions. It started when one day she noticed a change in quality of iron her mentor was using, she began to keep small samples of materials and compare them throughout the weeks, researching, and devising tests. Finding that the quality was not consistent, Shasta received approval to go to the continent and establish more reliable trade with four other Gnomes.

 During their travels, she came to realize that there were many more rare materials which could not be obtained on the open market, or when they could be found, they were not affordable. In addition, while learning more as an appraiser, she became more interested in studying the craftsmanship of other races, especially Dwarves. When she felt that the Gnome Trade was well enough established without her, she set off on her own as a treasure hunter, with the intent to find ancient ruins, old caves, abandoned mines, marking on a map anything that would need more man-power to excavate in the hope to one day send a team of Gnomes back over her tracks. As she travels and explores she pockets any interesting finds such as old crafts or precious stones for herself, and attempts to hunt down fierce beasts for their hides.
脊椎動物的內分泌系統

**內分泌系統**是控制刺激與反應的系統之一，另一個是神經系統。內分泌系統由內分泌腺組成，分泌激素 (賀爾蒙)，由血液運送，並在遇到特定細胞時發生作用，且少量即可引起。反應持續久，可有效協調體內的恆定。

* 負回饋：激素過高時該激素會反饋去刺激原促腺體分泌少一點，這樣才能刺激自己少一點；激素過低反之
* 拮抗：如胰島素和升糖素相互拮抗

參見
--

* 神經系統
* 外分泌腺

## 參考文獻

### 書目

* 《國中自然1上》，翰林出版，2011年6月版
* 《普通高中基礎生物(上)》，康熹出版，2010年1月初版，2016年4月四版
* 《基礎生物(上)分冊講義》，康熹出版，2016年4月版
* 《點線面全方位複習講義生物科》，南一出版，黃世瑛編，2018年版
* 《大滿貫複習講義．生物》，翰林出版，武林編，2018年版

## 外部連結

* 藥學共筆-Endocrine and reproductive system內分泌和生殖系統
* 網路百科(中文世界大典)-內分泌系統
The DreamSeeker

The Dreamseeker is the common name of the leader of the Prima Oculata. A Cult given over to the worship of an unspeakable horror, an ancient one from beyond the edge of the world itself. The being is described in the *Bloodworn Journal* as,

"A monster of vaguely anthropoid outline, but with an octopus-like head, whose face was a mass of tentacles, a scaly, leather-looking body, monstrous claws on hind and fore feet, and long, narrow wings bound to its second set of arms, much like a bats. It was wrapped in a dark fog and a terrifying fear filled the room so that I could hardly stand for fright."

Little is know about his life for certain, but it has been suggested that he was the original author of the *Bloodworn journal* and that he was once a Dragornian.
Girldamn

The **Girldamn**are girl group formed in Moantanisca. The group consists of Yuki"U-Key"Maria (Damn-U), Qinan Brock (Damn-Q),and May Hardy (Damn-M). Their ex-member are Shinta, she quit from the band because her boyfriend, Alex. Had a relationship with U-Key. **Girldamn** were signed to Kartenz Record and released their debut single "Wannabeeboob", which hit number one in 37 countries and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album "Damn UQM" sold more than 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow up album "Damn World" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The **Girldamn** have sold over 70 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling female group of all time, one of the best-selling pop groups of all time, and the biggest Moantanisca pop phenomenon since CHUCKILL .
Arcane Magic

## The Magical Science

Used by the Mages of Theyonwy and the Red Wizards of Dyan, arcane magic is a powerful art. The arcane spellcaster taps into the very ley-lines of creation, harnessing the energy of the cosmos to bring about powerful effects.

There are **eight** schools of arcane magic:

* Abjuration - Protection Magic
* Conjuration - Summoning Magic
* Divination - Prophetic Magic
* Enchantment - Beguiling Magic
* Evocation - Elemental Magic
* Illusion - Deceptive Magic
* Necromancy - Dark Magic
* Transmutation - Alteration Magic

Arcane magic is mastered by careful study, and long hours of practice. The incantations must be spoken carefully, and the gestures must be precise. Practitioners of arcane magic are known as **wizards**, **mages**, or **sages**.

#### Wild Arcane Magic

There is another kind of arcane spellcaster. These rare individuals are bonded to the very ley lines from which wizards and sages draw their own power. They are immersed in magic, and intimately connected to it from the day of their birth. Very few of them grow to maturity, either because of a magical outburst, or because of superstition among their neighbors, but the few who do can harness the magic inside of themselves. Those who do are known as **wild mages**, or **sorcerers**.
光合作用

**光合作用**是具有葉綠素的生物 (如植物、藻類等)利用光能合成養分的過程，其化學式為
H2O+CO2→C6H12O6+O2+H2O

而其分為兩階段：光反應和暗反應，光反應 (第一階段)是葉綠體吸收太陽能，讓水分解，產生氧氣，然後氧氣會從氣孔離開：

H2O→H++O2+能量

碳反應 (舊稱暗反應)是第二階段，利用光反應產生的的能量以及受光照後活性增加的酵素來進行反應：

H++CO2→C6H12O6+O2+H2O

至於碳反應舊稱暗反應的原因是以前認為第二階段不需要光，但後來發現仍需光照來促進酵素活性，故改名。

## 外部連結

* 中文維基教科書-國中生物/植物的養分來源
* 維基共筆-光合作用
* 網路百科(中文世界大典)-光合作用
* 教育維基-光合作用
* 世界教科書-基礎生物/植物的養分來源
Miscellaneous

## Publications by Characters

* Nature of The Arcane
* The Demonomicon
* Encyclopedia Aetherica
* Simon Mooneye's Cross-Dimensional Bestiary
* The Faerie Courts
* Anthropological Views on Ancient Twilight Ruins
* Crimson Rites
* Observations of an Immortal

## Events

* The Great Divide or The Great Separation
* The Pilgrimage of The Fields
* The Nechronicle Event
* The War of Everwinter

## Fables and Short Stories

* How The Primordials Made The Cosmos
* Penance of The Pechs
* Jasmine and The Green Man
* The Endieri Inquisition
* Why Wolves Howl at The Moon

## Rites and Rituals

* Apertis Oculis
* The Whispering Ritual
* The Blood Tithe
* The Seeding Ritual
細胞

**細胞**是構成生物的基本單位。

歷史
--

英國科學家虎克利用自製複式顯微鏡觀察軟木塞薄片，他看到軟木塞是由許多蜂窩狀的格子構成 (實為死亡後的細胞壁)，於是他把這種東西稱作細胞。

德國動物學家許旺和許來登發現動植物都是由細胞構成，且德國生物學家菲可發現細胞分裂。綜合以上，就成為細胞學說的基礎。

構造
--

### 細胞核

主條目：細胞核

具有遺傳物質DNA (去氧核醣核酸)，多呈球形，具有核膜。為細胞的生命中樞，若沒有了細胞核，該細胞會逐漸死亡。

### 細胞質

主條目：細胞質

由膠狀水溶液、散布其中的微小構造組成，為細胞進行代謝的場所。其中含有：

* 粒線體：將養份轉換為細胞活動所需的能量
* 液胞：暫存水分、養分、廢物
* 葉綠體：只有綠色的植物細胞有，使細胞呈綠色、行光合作用、製造葡萄糖

### 細胞膜

主條目：細胞膜

由蛋白質、少量醣類、雙層脂質構成。能區隔細胞與外界環境，並控制物質進出細胞。

#### 擴散作用

* 物質分子不需外力就可從高濃度移動到低濃度
* 最後物質分子會均勻分布，達到平衡
* 物質分子因為大小不同，所以通過細胞膜的情況也不同
* 直接通過
	+ 氧、二氧化碳、水
* 藉由特殊蛋白質
	+ 葡萄糖、礦物質、胺基酸、水
* 禁止通行 (太大隻了；分子太大)
	+ 澱粉、蛋白質
	+ 只要分別分解成葡萄糖、胺基酸即可通過

#### 滲透作用

* 專指水分子藉由擴散作用通過細胞膜的現象

 植物細胞 | 細胞膜和細胞壁分離 | 不變 | 膨脹 (有細胞壁撐柱，不會破)

* 細胞質濃度與生理食鹽水相同，所以進出的水量亦相同，故不變

### 細胞壁

主條目：細胞壁

可保護細胞並維持細胞形狀，動物細胞沒有此構造。

## 外部連結

* 維基共筆-細胞
* 中文世界大典-細胞
* 教育維基-細胞
人类基因组

* 人类基因组由25条染色体（22条常染色体、2条性染色体、1条线粒体染色体）组成。
* 最长的染色体是1号；最短的染色体是线粒体染色体；细胞核染色体中最短的不是22号而是21号。
* 目前最新的人类基因组是国际参考基因组协会（Genome Reference Consortium）于2014年12月发布的第38版修正2版（GRCh38.p2）。
* 整个基因组约有32亿个碱基对。
* 目前最新的对人类基因组的注解是NCBI于2015年3月发布的基于GRCh38.p2的107版。（注意107只是个代号，不是之前发布过106个注解版本）
* 注解107版概况：
	+ 整个基因组中被直接转录为RNA的有139624个片段。
	+ 其中mRNA有98108个片段。
	+ mRNA中基因有38613个。
	+ 其中编码蛋白质的基因有20576个。
	+ 伪基因有12474个。
	+ rRNA有21个，一半只有121 nc，最长13357 nc。
	+ tRNA有602个，长度约为70 nc，最长86 nc。
	+ miRNA有3007个，绝大部分长度都为22 nc，最长28 nc，最短16 nc。
	+ 长非编码RNA有26606个。
	+ 端粒酶RNA、MRP、核糖核酸酶P各1个。
	+ 外显子片段共394110个，内含子片段共342627个。
* 网站：
	+ 人类基因组第38版修正2版
	+ 人类基因组注解107版
	+ 人类基因谱图
El Altar Blanco (libro)

Es el título de la primera entrega de la Historia de los Confines.

En él se cuenta cómo Hálecs de Roy abandona Carvaria y llega hasta Élimbar, donde se une a la Hermandad de Ignem y detiene a los catilinarios.

La sinopsis del libro es la siguiente:

*"Cuando un mago vagabundo visitó su pueblo, Hálecs de Roy no se imaginaba que esa misma noche se vería arrastrado a una travesía que lo llevaría hasta Élimbar, la fortaleza que guardaba el mundo de los hombres de las terribles criaturas mágicas, los cárnax, ni que a su llegada se desencadenarían unos sucesos tan extraños como amenazadores. El joven Hálecs se verá, sin pretenderlo, en medio de unos acontecimientos que sacudirán los cimientos más profundos de la Casa de Urci y de la precaria paz que reinaba en toda la región de los Confines..."*
原核生物的细胞壁

总论
--

* 细菌的细胞壁结构，应分为革兰氏阳性型、革兰氏阴性型、古菌三种讨论。
* 支原体（Mycoplasma）是唯一一种没有细胞壁的细菌。

## 细胞膜

* 细菌的细胞膜相比于真核生物：
	+ 糖蛋白较少。
	+ 没有胆固醇，但有霍烷类（Hopanoid），不属于固醇类。
	+ 也有脂筏，但成分和真核生物的脂筏不同。
	+ 细胞膜可向内折叠，形成原始的细胞器，在光合细菌、固氮细菌中特别发达。
* 古菌的细胞膜相比于细菌：
	+ 脂质没有羰基，甘油和脂肪酸通过醚键相连，比酯键更稳定，适合极端环境。（此类脂质由异戊二烯合成）
	+ 脂肪酸的碳氢链可以有短支链。
	+ 脂肪酸的两端可以都和甘油相连。（称为四醚，Tetraether）
	+ 短支链可以和主链环化（五元环），以此调整碳氢链的长度。
	+ 没有霍烷类，有角鲨烯（Squalene）的衍生物。
	+ 如果脂质主要是四醚，则细胞膜形成脂单层而不是脂双层，流动性比脂双层弱。
	+ 生活在高温（> 85℃）中的古菌，细胞膜几乎全部是四醚；较低温环境中的古菌的细胞膜是一般脂质和四醚的混合物。

## 革兰氏阳性型细胞壁

* 此类型出现在所有革兰氏染色呈阳性的细菌中。
* 放射菌（Actinomycete）的细胞壁是此类型的变种，但它一般在革兰氏染色中呈阴性，需要用抗酸染色法（Acid-fast Stain）鉴别。
* 革兰氏阳性型细胞壁结构较为简单，就是在细胞膜外有一层很厚的肽聚糖（Peptidoglycan）。
* 肽聚糖：
	+ 肽聚糖的骨架是N-乙酰葡糖胺（N-acetylglucosamine）和N-乙酰胞壁酸（N-acetylmuramic Acid）通过β1→4糖苷键交替相连形成的糖链。
	+ N-乙酰胞壁酸有共价相连的四肽，通常为L-丙氨酸-D-谷氨酸-内消旋-双氨基庚二酸-D-丙氨酸。（呈L型和D型交替出现）
	+ 内消旋-双氨基庚二酸有时会被L-赖氨酸替代，它们都有两个氨基。
	+ D-丙氨酸的羧基可以和另一个四肽的第三个残基（两种皆可）直接相连，也可通过5个甘氨酸残基相连，形成肽桥（Peptide Interbridge）。
	+ 存在磷壁酸（Techoic Acid）和糖基共价相连，及脂膜酸（Lipotechoic Acid）和细胞膜共价相连。
	+ 磷壁酸和脂膜酸都是甘油和核糖醇（Ribitol）通过磷酸基团相连，有含D-丙氨酸和糖基等的侧链。
	+ 肽聚糖外表面有蛋白质，既可与肽聚糖共价相连也可非共价相连。
	+ 大部分共价相连的蛋白质都有毒性。
* 放射菌的细胞壁结构特殊，在肽聚糖外还有一层外膜。
	+ 放射菌包含分支杆菌（Mycobacteria）、棒状杆菌（Corynebacteria）、诺卡氏菌（Nocardia）、红球菌（Rhodococcus）。（引起肺结核的结核杆菌即属于分支杆菌）
	+ 它的肽聚糖一定含内消旋-双氨基庚二酸。
	+ 它的肽聚糖共价连接有阿拉伯半乳聚糖（Arabinogalactan）。
	+ 此聚糖又与特殊的脂肪酸酯化，脂肪酸的α碳原子与另一个烷基相连，β碳原子有羟基，其它基团包括三元环、甲基、羟甲基等。
	+ 分支杆菌的脂肪酸最长（60-90 C），诺卡氏菌较短（40-50 C），棒状杆菌最短（22-36 C），红球菌尚未被测定。
	+ 外膜的内叶即由上述脂肪酸组成，而外叶是普通的磷脂。
	+ 外膜的外面通常还有一层蛋白质，称为S层。
	+ 关于外膜蛋白质的研究较少，目前刻画最清楚的只有脂蛋白和孔蛋白。
	+ 脂蛋白和革兰氏阴性细菌的脂蛋白（见下文）相似；部分孔蛋白也和它的孔蛋白同源。

## 革兰氏阴性型细胞壁

* 此类型出现于大多数呈革兰氏阴性的细菌中。
* 相比于革兰氏阳性型，此类型也有肽聚糖层，但较薄，外面都有外膜，但结构和放射菌的不同。
* 肽聚糖没有磷壁酸或脂膜酸。
* 外膜的内叶由磷脂组成，而外叶由脂多糖组成。
* 脂多糖由三部分组成：脂质A、多糖、O抗原，结构见图5。
	+ 脂质A是一种极性的脂质，以葡萄糖胺通过β1→6糖苷键相连为骨架，有6-7个饱和脂肪酸酰基，骨架两端有磷酸基团。
	+ 有时两端的磷酸基团可被磷酸乙醇胺（Phosphoethanolamine）替代，可帮助细菌抵抗多霉菌素（Polymyxin）。
	+ 若在糖基上加入棕榈酸酯，则可帮助细菌抵抗先天免疫系统中的抗菌多肽。
	+ O抗原可帮助细菌抵抗阴离子去污剂，如胆酸。
* 脂质A部分常有毒。
* 有些细菌没有脂多糖，用鞘磷脂或糖脂替代。
* 外膜上最丰富的蛋白是布氏脂蛋白（Braun's Lipoprotein，又称伪胞壁质），它的N端半胱氨酸与肽聚糖共价相连。
* 外膜的主要功能是阻止有毒物质进入细胞，它能阻挡大多数溶质，糖类、氨基酸、维生素、短的多肽可通过孔蛋白（Porin）扩散入细胞。
* 维生素B12和嗜铁素（Iron Siderophore）需要借助主动运输蛋白穿过外膜，能量来自质子浓度梯度。
* 外膜上的其它蛋白有：在膜上固定的酶、菌毛（Fimbria）、接合纤毛（Pilus）、鞭毛（Flagellum）。

## 古菌型细胞壁

* 古菌没有肽聚糖，但在革兰氏染色中仍有阴性和阳性之分。
* 一部分古菌在细胞膜外有一层厚的杂多糖组成的细胞壁，此类古菌一般呈革兰氏阳性。（以产甲烷菌为典型）
* 产甲烷菌的细胞壁由伪肽聚糖（Pseudomurein）组成，相比于肽聚糖：
	+ 所有的D-氨基酸被替换为L-氨基酸。
	+ N-乙酰胞壁酸被替换为N-乙酰塔罗糖胺糖醛酸（N-acetyltalosaminuronic Acid）。
	+ 采用β1→3糖苷键而不是β1→4。
* 其它古菌的细胞膜外有一层很厚的蛋白质作为细胞壁，既可有大量糖链也可没有，此类古菌一般呈革兰氏阴性。
* 少数古菌中发现细胞壁外还有一层外膜。（注意，一般认为革兰氏阴性、革兰氏阳性、古菌的外膜进化上无关）
衣原体

总论
--

* 衣原体属于革兰氏阴性细菌，分类上属于细菌界（Bacteria）衣原体门（Chlamydiae）衣原体科（Chlamydiaceae）衣原体属（Chlamydia）。
* 衣原体属和类衣原体属（Chlamydophila）共同构成衣原体科。
* 类衣原体属的物种较多。
* 衣原体科、副衣原体科（Parachlamydiaceae）、芯卡体科（Simkaniaceae）、华诊体科（Waddliaceae）共同构成衣原体门。
* 新衣原体（Neochlamydia）、前衣原体（Protochlamydia）、中衣原体（Mesochlamydia）、后衣原体（Metachlamydia）属于副衣原体。
* 衣原体门、疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）、黏胶球形菌门（Lentispheraerae）可放在一起，共同构成CVL超门。

## 结构和生理

* 本节中“衣原体”指衣原体科。
* 衣原体无肽聚糖层和胞壁酸。（衣原体是革兰氏阴性细菌，无磷壁酸，但有两层细胞膜和膜间隙，因而算是有细胞壁）
* 某些衣原体无呼吸链、黄素蛋白、ATP合酶，只有ATP/ADP交换体。（也有些可以少量合成ATP）
* 衣原体繁殖的两个阶段：基本小体（Elementary Body）和网状小体（Reticulate Body，又称初始小体，Initial Body）。
* 网状小体是生活体，存在于细胞内；基本小体是休眠体，用于传播。

### 基本小体

* 基本小体较小，电镜下颜色较深，细胞壁较硬，不易被声和胰蛋白酶降解。
* 基本小体内RNA与DNA几乎相等，核糖体较少，几乎无代谢。
* 基本小体与网状小体其它区别见图2。
* 基本小体的细胞壁上的蛋白有大量二硫键交联。
* 基本小体通过胞吞（4种主要形式都有）进入细胞，在内含体（Inclusion Body）变为网状小体。
* 基本小体通常感染柱状上皮细胞（Columnar Epithelial Cell）。
* 也有感染单核细胞、巨噬细胞、平滑肌的衣原体。

### 网状小体

* 网状小体内RNA约为DNA的三倍。
* 基本小体进入细胞2 h后，变为网状小体，生活在内含体内，在高尔基体周围。
* 不同于吞噬小体，内含体无质子泵，不会被酸化。
* 衣原体的基因表达有时间顺序。
	+ 衣原体的基因分为早、中、晚三类。
	+ 早类在进入细胞1~6 h内表达，与内含体形成、网状小体形成有关。
	+ 中类在进入细胞6~18 h内表达，与从宿主获取营养、复制有关。
	+ 晚类在进入细胞18~24 h内表达，与形成基本小体有关。
	+ 基因表达的时间顺序不由σ因子控制，具体方式不明。
* 网状小体可以合成糖原、脂质、蛋白质、核酸。（类衣原体不能合成糖原）
* 从细胞中取出的网状小体不能感染其它细胞。

## 致病衣原体

* 感染人的衣原体一般是C. trachomatis。
	+ C. trachomatis分为沙眼（Trachoma）型和性病性淋巴肉芽肿（Lymphogranuloma Venereum，LGV）型。
	+ 沙眼型根据感染部位可分为眼部（Ocular）型和泌尿生殖道（Genital）型。
	+ 三种病原体的区别见图3。
	+ LGV型只引起性病性淋巴肉芽肿。
	+ 眼部沙眼型可引起新生儿（成人也可能有）结膜炎（Conjunctivitis）、沙眼（进而失明）。
	+ 泌尿生殖道沙眼型可引起新生儿肺炎（Penumonia）、男性尿道炎（Urethritis）、附睾炎（Epididymitis）、女性尿道综合征（Urethral Syndrome）、子宫颈炎（Cervicitis）、子宫内膜炎（Endometritis）、输卵管炎（Salpingitis）（进而引起不孕）、直肠炎（Proctitis）、肝周炎（Perihepatitis）、腹膜炎（Peritonitis）、菲茨休米-柯蒂斯综合征（Fitz-Hugh - Curtis Syndrome）（女性）、前庭大腺炎（Bartholinitis）、心内膜炎（Endocarditis）。
* C. pneumoniae可引起人的咽炎（Pharyngitis）、气管炎（Bronchitis）、肺炎、鼻窦炎（Sinusitis）、中耳炎（Otitis Media）、动脉粥样硬化（Atherosclerosis）。
* C. psittaci可引起鹦鹉热，但在人中少见。
* 治疗方法：
	+ C. trachomatis感染在无症状时，可选以下一种药物服用一周：
		1. 四环素，每天4次，每次500 mg；
		2. 多西环素，每天2次，每次100 mg；
		3. 红霉素，每天4次，每次500 mg；
		4. 氧氟沙星，每天2次，每次300 mg；
		5. 左氧氟沙星，每天1次，每次500 mg。
	+ 口服1 g阿奇霉素可以立刻治愈C. trachomatis感染。
	+ C. trachomatis感染症状明显时，需将服药时间增加至2~3周。
	+ 孕妇禁用氧氟沙星和左氧氟沙星，忌用阿奇霉素。
	+ C. pneumoniae感染可服用四环素或红霉素，每天1次，每次2 g，连续1~2周。
	+ C. psittaci感染可服用四环素，每天4次，每次250 mg，连续3周；也可用红霉素，每天4次，每次500 mg。
* 其它动物的致病衣原体见图4。
裸子植物

总论
--

* 裸子植物是种子植物中较低等的类群，一般分为苏铁纲（Cycadopsida）、银杏纲（Ginkgopsida）、松柏纲（Coniferopsida）。
* 过去认为，在从蕨类植物走向被子植物的过程中，三个类群是各自依次分支出来的，但现在的分子生物学认为裸子植物是作为一个单系群分支出来的。
* 银杏是源自石炭纪的活化石。

## 苏铁纲

* 苏铁的主茎不分支，顶部一圈长出螺旋排列的羽状叶。
* 苏铁的茎的髓富含淀粉，木射线很宽，茎可以和蓝藻共生，蓝藻可以为植物固氮。
* 苏铁的叶角质层很厚，有凹陷的气孔，叶的顶端可以不断生长，叶或其两侧的羽片可以像蕨类植物一样卷曲。
* 苏铁是雌雄异体，孢子叶球（图3、图4）长在茎的顶端中心，它是大量变态叶的聚合。
* 孢子叶球不能无限生长，每个雄孢子叶呈鳞片状，小孢子囊（Microsporangium）分布在孢子叶四周，它最少可以只有5个，最多有约1000个。
* 孢子囊的发育方式与被子植物类似：
	+ 首先位于亚表皮层的一个细胞变为孢原细胞（Archespore），它径向分裂形成初生壁细胞和初生造孢细胞。
	+ 初生壁细胞经过多次分裂，形成4-7层壁，最内层是绒毡层（Tapetum）。
	+ 表皮细胞产生很厚的细胞壁，此时它被称为药室外壁（Exothecium）。
	+ 初生造孢细胞产生大量造孢细胞，其中进入减数分裂准备阶段的称为小孢子母细胞。
* 孢子囊中，小孢子母细胞（Microsporocyte）减数分裂产生4个花粉细胞（Pollen Cell，实际上是小孢子），这个细胞不等分裂产生原叶细胞（Prothallium Cell）和胚性细胞（Anteridium Cell）。
* 胚性细胞再分裂形成花粉管细胞（Pollen Tube Cell）和生殖细胞（Generative Cell）。
* 生殖细胞分裂产生柄细胞（Stalk Cell）和生精细胞（Spermatogenic Cell）。
* 最后生精细胞分裂形成2个精子（Spermatozoid）。
* 苏铁的精子是植物界最大的精子，比动物界的所有精子都大它有鞭毛，可以运动。
* 当雄配子体从配子囊释放时，生精细胞尚未分裂，配子体只有4个细胞。
* 雌孢子叶球中，每个孢子叶由两部分组成，靠上部分有羽状分裂，靠下部分没有，只有附着的胚珠（Ovule）。
* 胚珠由一层珠被（这与被子植物不同，它们有两层珠被）和珠心组织组成，珠心组织内包着雌配子体，苏铁的雌配子体有几千个细胞，可能是植物界最大的雌配子体。
* 珠被顶端有一个小孔（珠孔，Micropyle），花粉从此落入胚珠。
* 雌配子体的发育：
	+ 雌配子体发育的起点是合点（胚珠与大孢子叶相连处）。
	+ 珠心组织的亚表皮层产生一至多个孢原细胞。
	+ 孢原细胞径向分裂产生初生壁细胞和初生造孢细胞。
	+ 初生壁细胞大量分裂，产生的壁非常发达。
	+ 初生造孢细胞经过一至两次分裂产生大孢子母细胞，它们减数分裂形成线形排列的3-4个细胞（因为第一次减数分裂产生的一个细胞可能不发生第二次减数分裂），通常最底部的一个细胞形成配子体，其它细胞退化。
	+ 大孢子的细胞核反复分裂而无细胞质分裂，可形成几百至几千个细胞核。
	+ 等到细胞核分裂阶段结束，各细胞核之间才开始形成细胞壁，从大孢子的边缘开始向内形成。
	+ 雌配子体的中心会形成一个空腔（Corrosion Cavity），用于储存营养。
	+ 位于珠孔处的一些细胞，径向分裂形成一个较大的中央细胞（Central Cell）和一个较小的颈原始细胞（Neck Initial），后者再分裂形成2个颈细胞，这是裸子植物高度退化的颈卵器。
	+ 苏铁一般形成2-6个颈卵器，有些物种可形成100个。
	+ 颈卵器上分的一些细胞先膨大，再凋亡，留下一个珠心组织和配子体之间的空腔，称为颈卵器腔（Archegonial Chamber）。
	+ 珠孔处，珠心组织的一些细胞凋亡，分泌出一种黏性液体（主要包含水、糖类、氨基酸），称为受粉滴（Pollination Drop），用于捕捉花粉，凋亡的细胞形成花粉腔（Pollen Chamber）。
* 受精：
	+ 花粉被受粉滴黏住后，珠心组织重新吸收受粉滴，将花粉拖入珠被之下。
	+ 花粉嵌入珠心组织，然后花粉管细胞不断生长，生精细胞分裂为2个精子，通过花粉管细胞，经过颈卵器腔，到达颈卵器，在颈细胞的帮助下与卵细胞融合。
	+ 雌配子体剩下的细胞用于为种子提供营养，所以称为裸子植物的胚乳（Endosperm），注意它是单倍体。

## 银杏纲

* 银杏纲的化石很丰富，但现存物种只剩一个，银杏（Ginkgo biloba）。
* 银杏是落叶植物，茎高度分支，叶往往聚在短枝（Short Shoot）上，见图7。
* 银杏是雌雄异体，并且没有类似其它裸子植物的孢子叶结构。
* 雄性个体中，短枝上长出葇荑花序形状的花粉锥（Pollen Cone）。
* 花粉锥的主干上伸出许多分支，每个的末端生2个小孢子囊。
* 雌性个体中，短枝上伸出一个不分支的大孢子叶，其末端生有2个大孢子囊。
* 银杏的生殖仍然保留了很多原始特征，包括精子有鞭毛可以运动，和珠孔处有花粉腔和颈卵器腔。
* 银杏的雄配子体中，花粉细胞要分裂2次形成2个原叶细胞。
* 银杏花粉的表皮不形成药室外壁，其辅助开裂功能是由表皮亚层形成的药室内壁（Endothecium）形成的，这比较像被子植物，在裸子植物中是特例。

## 松柏纲

* 松柏纲和银杏纲中，叶都从苏铁的羽状叶，变成了简单叶。
* 松柏纲的精子失去了鞭毛，不能运动。
* 松柏纲的胚珠的花粉腔和颈卵器腔消失，精子完全通过花粉管接触卵子。
* 松柏纲的大孢子叶球有种鳞（Ovuliferous Scale）和苞鳞两部分组成，只有种鳞能产生胚珠。（见图9）
* 松柏纲的种子常有很多个子叶。
* 松柏纲主要包含松科（Pinaceae）和柏科（Cupressaceae），过去承认的杉科（Taxodiaceae）现在归入柏科，此外买麻藤类（Gnetales）现在根据分子生物学证据归入松柏纲。

### 松

* 松一般为乔木，都是雌雄异体，根部有外寄生的真菌，叶轮生，一般无柄或很短，条形或针形。
* 叶分化为光合叶和非光合叶，光合叶呈绿色，着生于短枝，有时簇生；而非光合叶为褐色，着生于长枝。
* 小孢子叶球着生于短枝基部，单个存在或成群，小孢子叶轮生，每个在下侧（远轴面）有2个小孢子囊。
* 大孢子叶球长在长枝的边上或末端，大孢子叶（种鳞）轮生，每个在上侧（近轴面）有2个大孢子囊，它与下侧的苞鳞离生，大孢子叶常木质化。
* 当花粉被释放是，一般雌配子体还没成熟，花粉落在大孢子叶上后要到第2年才受精，而种子成熟释放要等到第3年。
* 松的花粉常有气囊结构，种子常有翅结构，都是为了辅助传播。
* 有些干旱森林中的物种，只有发生森林火灾时大孢子囊才开裂。

### 柏

* 乔木或灌木，雌雄同体或雌雄异体，根部常有真菌共生（囊丛枝菌根），茎为单轴分支，侧枝常变扁，叶无柄或有柄，轮生或对生，条形或针形，成熟的呈鳞片状。
* 小孢子叶球和大孢子叶球都长在枝的末端，一般不成群，小孢子叶下侧有2-10个小孢子囊，大孢子叶在上侧有2-20个胚珠。
* 种鳞和苞鳞合成（Adnate），在杉中被称为半合生。
* 花粉没有气囊结构，但种子常有翅。
感覺疲勞

**感覺疲勞**是因為受器連續接受刺激，造成受器對該刺激產生疲勞或習慣的現象，分為以下幾種：

* 味覺疲勞：先吃水果 (柳丁、芭樂等糖分較低的水果)，再吃糖果，最後再吃水果。首次吃水果感覺是甜的；再次吃水果的感覺卻轉變為酸的
* 溫度感覺疲勞：泡溫泉久了就不燙了，或作以下實驗：

有三個水盆A (40℃)、B (24℃)、C (5℃)，分別代表熱、溫、冷。右手放在A，左手放在C，1分鐘後雙手同時放入B，右手會覺得冷、左手則覺得熱。

* 視覺疲勞：產生負片後像 (即形狀相同，但顏色相反的圖像)
* 嗅覺疲勞：有一句古文可以概括之：「入芝蘭之室，久而不聞其香；入鮑魚之肆，久而不聞其臭」
* 觸覺疲勞：有小石頭跑到鞋子裡，久了就沒感覺了

## 參考文獻

### 書目

* 《國中自然1上》，翰林出版，2011年6月版
* 《麻辣國中生物 麻辣會考複習講義(全)》，康軒、育橋出版，自然科編輯小組編，2015年版

## 外部連結

* 維基共筆-感覺疲勞
* 網路百科(中文世界大典)-感覺疲勞
* 教育維基-感覺疲勞
* 世界教科書-基礎生物/感覺疲勞
脊椎动物的骨骼系统

总论
--

* 低等脊椎动物的骨骼由外骨骼（Exoskeleton）和内骨骼（Endoskeleton）组成，外骨骼来自上皮和皮层，内骨骼由骨、软骨、纤维结缔组织等组成。
* 高等脊椎动物中，外骨骼和内骨骼融合，一般将它们的骨骼分为头骨（Cranial Skeleton）和头外骨（Postcranial Skeleton）。

* 一般地，头骨分为脏颅（Splanchnocranium）、软颅（Chondrocranium）、皮颅（Dermatocranium）三部分。
* 脏颅和软颅自原索动物就存在，皮颅是后来外骨骼的融入。
* 脏颅又称咽颅，因为它最早的功能是支撑咽部的鳃裂。
* 脏颅是最原始的骨骼系统部分，来自神经嵴细胞，在脊椎动物中一般形成颌。
* 软颅来自轴旁中胚层细胞，在盲鳗、七鳃鳗、软骨鱼中是头骨的主要结构，但在其它脊椎动物中它只是其它部分发育的“框架”。
* 羊膜卵动物中，皮骨是神经颅的主体。

	+ 第3和第4对后头生骨节在平板两侧生长，这是枕骨的外部（Exoccipital Component），它绕到后脑（Hindbrain）的后部融合，形成后头弓（Occipital Arch），它相当于脊椎骨的神经弓（Neural Arch）。
	+ 枕骨还有一个上部（Supraoccipital Component），以上三部分是来自后头部生骨节的组织。
	+ 软颅之后骨化，变成硬骨。
* 顶骨（Parietal）和枕骨的间顶骨部（Interparietal）来自头部轴旁中胚层组织，它们构成皮颅。
* 头骨其它部分都来自神经嵴细胞，它们构成脏颅。
* 内脏颅一般指人的脏颅，但除去颞骨鳞部（Squamous Part of Temporal Bone），其余部分归神经颅。（“脏颅”和“内脏颅”这两个词源于早期胚胎学家认为这些骨与消化道壁组织同源，但后来发现不正确）
* 自胎儿到成人，头骨经过多次融合，最后由28块骨头组成，很多是成对的。

### 低等脊椎动物的头骨

* 一般地，软颅首先出现，来自头部的轴旁中胚层组织形成两对软骨，前一对称为梁骨（Trabeculae），后一对称为副索骨（Parachordals）。
* 有些动物在这两对之间还有第三对软骨，称为极软骨（Polar Cartilage）。
* 脏颅最早用于支持鳃裂，后来也支持颌。
Bell and Jack

**Bell & Jack** is an upcoming Animation feature film from Kartenz Animation Studios.

## **Movies**

The list of KARTENZ animated feature film.

Why people need a digital world? Johny Mechanic was the answer from that question.Have you seen an alien on your backyard? DR. SPAZE will show you how to overcome them.Born in farm, living with arm. An animation film from KARTENZ, Happy Rilly.It's about the whole thing in the one word "Round". An Animation feature film from KARTENZ.There's no distance between art and science. Bell & Jack have a reason why they're be a rival.

## **References**

* Biography of Founder KARTENZ. Akbar de Wighar on Crunchbase.
* Mini biography of Akbar de Wighar on IMDb.
* To keep a relationship, you must keep your business to yourself and your partner. Official company website.
* A Message from Founder KARTENZ. Akbar de Wighar in his own words.
细菌染色法

总论
--

* 细菌有多种染色方法，其中最重要的是革兰氏染色法（Gram's Stain）。
* 染色可分为正染（Positive Staining）和负染（Negative Staining）：
	+ 正染：对细菌的细胞进行染色，环境不被染色。
	+ 负染：对细菌生活的环境进行染色，细胞不被染色。
* 正染的染料与细胞可通过离子键、共价键、疏水键结合。
* 最常用的正染染料通过离子键与细胞结合，分为酸性染料、碱性染料。
	+ 酸性染料：伊红（Eosin）、二碘曙红（玫瑰红，Rose Bengal）、酸性品红（Acid Fuchsin）。
	+ 碱性染料：亚甲蓝（Methylene Blue）、碱性品红（Basic Fuchsin）、结晶紫（龙胆紫，Crystal Violet）、番红（Safranin）、品绿（孔雀绿，Malachite Green）。
* 只使用一种染料的染色方法称为简单染色（Simple Stain）。
* 使用多种染料分类染色的方法称为分化染色（Differential Stain）。
* 常见的分化染色：革兰氏染色、抗酸染色（Acid-fast Stain）。
* 有些染色方法专门用于染色特定结构：
	+ 荚膜染色法（Capsule Staining）：用墨汁（India Ink）或苯胺黑（Nigrosin）染色，背景比荚膜染色较深，属于负染。（观察硫细菌细胞内的硫颗粒亦可用此法）
	+ 芽孢染色法（Endospore Staining）：一般用Schaeffer-Fulton法。将细菌与品绿共热，用水脱染，用番红复染，属于正染，分化染色。
	+ 鞭毛染色法（Flagellate Staining）：用铝钾矾（硫酸铝钾）或鞣酸（Tannic Acid）包裹鞭毛（增粗），然后用副蔷薇苯胺（副玫瑰红，Pararosaniline）或碱性品红染色，属于正染。

## 固定细胞

* 给细菌染色的第一步是固定细胞。
* 固定细胞的方法有：热固定法（Heat Fixation）、化学固定法（Chemical Fixation）。
* 热固定法：将细胞薄层在本生灯（Bunsen Burner）上微热，会破坏细胞内部结构。（较常用）
* 化学固定法：在细胞薄层上滴加乙醇、乙酸、氯化汞、乙醛或戊二醛，不会破坏细胞内部结构。

## 革兰氏染色

### 实验过程

1. 取一个载玻片，用硼砂粉末擦拭，冲洗干净，用纸巾擦干。
2. 在载玻片上3处各滴一滴蒸馏水。（也可只滴2处，见下文）
3. 在本生灯上加热接种环至红热，冷却。
4. 将接种环浸入培养基，再浸入其中一滴蒸馏水，重复直至这滴蒸馏水变为轻微浑浊。
5. 将接种环埋入酒精浸没的沙子中，再在本生灯上加热至红热，去除残留细菌细胞。（不浸入沙子直接加热会有轻微爆炸声）
6. 用革兰氏阳性菌（如葡萄球菌）和革兰氏阴性菌（如大肠杆菌）接种另外两滴蒸馏水，作为对照。（如果只滴2处，把革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌混合在同一滴中）
7. 等待载玻片风干。（约5-10分钟，不能加热，否则破坏细菌）
8. 载玻片干后，用镊子夹住载玻片快速通过本生灯火焰2-3次，微热固定细菌。（载玻片底部摸起来不能烫）
9. 初染：将载玻片用结晶紫完全覆盖，静置6-30 s，倒掉染料，用蒸馏水冲洗5秒。（细菌已被固定，不需担心细菌流失）
10. 媒染：将载玻片用碘液完全覆盖，静置12-60 s，倒掉染料，用蒸馏水冲洗5秒。（革兰氏阳性菌中，碘和结晶紫组成复合体，卡在细胞壁和内膜之间）
11. 脱染：将载玻片用镊子斜45°夹住，滴加丙酮或乙醇，至不再滴出紫色染料，立刻用蒸馏水冲洗。（本步时间很关键，最好1-2 s，最多5 s）
12. 复染：将载玻片用番红或其它染料完全覆盖，静置10-30 s，倒掉染料，用蒸馏水冲洗。
13. 用纸巾吸去载玻片上的水。（但不能擦拭）
14. 在显微镜下观察结果。（最好用油浸润显微镜）

### 实验结果

* 被染成紫色的细菌称为革兰氏阳性菌（Gram-positive Bacteria）。
* 被染成红色的细菌称为革兰氏阴性菌（Gram-negative Bacteria）。
* 大多数革兰氏阳性菌属于厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）。
* 支原体（Mycoplasma）属于厚壁菌门，却是革兰氏阴性菌。
* 奇异球菌（Deinococcus）不属于上述两个门，却是革兰氏阳性菌。
* 实验结果错误的三个关键原因：
	+ 细菌培养时间过长，革兰氏阳性菌会变成阴性菌。（原因不明）
	+ 脱染时间过长，革兰氏阳性菌会呈现阴性菌。
	+ 被染色的细菌悬浮液过浓，染色会不均匀。（培养基中的悬浮液一般很稀，不用担心此问题）

## 抗酸染色法

### 实验过程

1. 在载玻片上准备材料，参考革兰氏染色。
2. 初染：将载玻片用碳酸复红（Carbofuchsin）覆盖3-5 min，不用加热，然后冲洗。
3. 脱染：滴加酒精-HCl溶液，10-30 s后冲洗。
4. 复染：滴加甲基蓝，20-30 s后冲洗。
5. 干燥后在油浸润显微镜下观察。

## 细菌细胞结构染色法

### 荚膜染色法

* 在载玻片上滴一滴细菌悬浮液，再滴一滴墨汁。
* 轻轻放下盖玻片，要让两滴液体混合，且形成墨汁的浓度梯度。
* 在显微镜下寻找，可找到黑色背景下荚膜呈现白色。
* 因为这个过程不会杀死细菌，观察结束后要高温处理载玻片。