recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Cortinarius armillatus

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***Cortinarius armillatus***, commonly known as the **red-banded cortinarius**, is a late summer and autumn (as late as in October) fungus usually found in moist coniferous forests, especially spruced ones. The species grows rarely in North America, but is common in Europe.

Elias Magnus Fries described the species in 1838.

The cap is bell shaped at first, later flattening out, vividly rust-brown becoming slightly paler with age, with small fibrous scales. The cap grows from 5 to 15 cm in diameter.
The gills are dark rust-brown; broad, distant and shallowly sinuate.
The spores are also rust-brown.
The flesh is light brown.

## Use

The fruit body has been found to contain orellanine, though at much lower concentrations than the lethal webcaps.

When dyeing cloths, without added metals, it discharges pink, with tin yellow, with copper green and with iron olivic dyes.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Mycobank
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.
* Sienestäjän käsikirja, Template:ISBN

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Croldy

**Croldy** is an Indian multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, a search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.

### Office locations

Croldy's headquarters in Kolkata, West Bengal is referred to as "the Croldyplex", a play on words on the number croldyplex and the headquarters itself being a *complex* of buildings.

## See also

* Outline of Croldy
* History of Croldy
* List of mergers and acquisitions by Initially
* List of Croldy products
* Croldy China
* Croldy logo
* Croldization
* Croldy.org
* Croldy ATP

## External links

* Official Website
	+ Corporate homepage
Hebeloma alpinum

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***Hebeloma alpinum*** is a species of mushroom in the Hymenogastraceae family. It was originally described from Switzerland by Favre as variety *alpina* of *Hebeloma crustuliniforme*; G. Bruchet raised it to species status in 1970.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Favre1955`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bruchet1970`

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Capnodium ramosum

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***Capnodium ramosum*** is sooty mold widespread in India that affects mangos. Honeydew secreted by aphids and other insects attracts the mold, making it quickly spread.

## External links

* Index Fungorum
* USDA ARS Fungal Database

## References

1. ↑ G. Rangaswami, et al. *Diseases of Crop Plants in India*. New Delhi: PHI Learning, 2004.

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Grammothele bambusicola

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***Grammothele bambusicola*** is a poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae that is found in Asia. It was described as new to science in 1984 by Norwegian mycologist Leif Ryvarden.

## Description

Fruit bodies of the fungus are crust-like, measuring up to 1 mm thick, with a pore surface colour ranging from cream to straw to pale yellowish brown. The shallow pores number 2–3 per millimetre.

*G. bambusicola* has a dimitic hyphal system; its generative hyphae have clamp connections. Spores are more or less ellipsoid in shape, thin-walled, and measure 7–8.5 by 4–5 μm. The fungus is similar in morphology to *Grammothele ochracea* (found in Thailand), but differs from that species in having larger pores, more yellowish colour, and spores that are longer and more ellipsoid.

## Habitat and distribution

The type collection was made an altitude of Template:Convert in Ghorepani, in the Gandaki Zone of Nepal, in October 1979. It was found growing on *Bambusa*. The species was later reported from Takatsuki, Osaka.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hjortstam 1984`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Núñez 1999`

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Ceriporia purpurea

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***Ceriporia purpurea*** is a species of crust fungus in the family Irpicaceae. It was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1821 as *Polyporus purpureus*. Marinus Anton Donk gave the fungus its current name when he transferred it to the genus *Ceriporia* in 1971.

A 2016 study identified six similar *Ceriporia* species, referred to as the *Ceriporia purpurea* group: *Ceriporia bresadolae*, the European species *C. torpida* and *C. triumphalis*, and the North American species *C. manzanitae* and *C. occidentalis*. *Ceriporia purpurea* is widely distributed in the temperate zone of Eurasia, where it grows exclusively on the decomposing wood of deciduous trees, and also in the American North-East.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1821`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Donk 1971`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Spirin 2016`

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Gomphidius maculatus

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***Gomphidius maculatus*** is an edible mushroom in the family Gomphidiaceae that is found in Europe and North America. It was first described scientifically by naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772. Elias Magnus Fries transferred it to the genus *Gomphidius* in 1838, giving it the name by which it is known today. The specific epithet *maculatus* is derived from the Latin word for "spotted".

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pacioni 1981`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gymnopus moseri

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***Gymnopus moseri*** is a European species of agaric fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. It was described as new to science in 1997 by mycologists Vladimír Antonín and Machiel Noordeloos from collections made in Sweden. Fruit bodies of the holotype collection were found growing among *Polytrichum* and in coarse humus and leaves under birch (*Betula*) and willow (*Salix*). *Collybia moseri* is a synonym proposed by Marcel Bon in 1998. The specific epithet *moseri* honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Michael Moser.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Antonín 1997`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon 1998`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Clavariadelphus pistillaris

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***Clavariadelphus pistillaris*** is a rare species of mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Europe and North America.

It grows during summer and autumn almost exclusively in beech forest on calcareous soil on litter and woodchips.

The mat and wrinkled fruiting body has the shape of a club with a rounded top. Its length varies between 10 cm and 30 cm and its width between 1 cm and 5 cm. The skin is red brown to ocher red, sometimes cinnamon brown with a lilac tint, turning brown when damaged. The spongy flesh is white. The spore print is pale yellow. It has a weak, but pleasant scent.

Through its appearance it could be mistaken for *Clavariadelphus truncatus*, a species found in coniferous mountainous forests.

## References

* Template:Cite book
* Template:Cite book

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Crustodontia

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***Crustodontia*** is a fungal genus of uncertain familial placement in the order Polyporales. The genus was circumscribed in 2005 to contain the crust fungus ***Crustodontia chrysocreas***. This species was originally described as *Corticium chrysocreas* by Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1873. Their description was as follows: "Subiculum bright yellow, thin; hymenium immarginate pallid, or yellow tinged with tawny." *Crustodontia* has a monomitic hyphal system, meaning it contains only generative hyphae, and these hyphae have clamp connections.

*Crustodontia chrysocreas* has a pantropical distribution. It has been widely collected, including the United States, Costa Rica, Caribbean Islands, Venezuela, equatorial Africa, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Brunei, western Australia, and New Zealand. It is rare in Europe; its northernmost recorded collection location (51.7°N) is in Belarus. The fungus causes a white rot in the woody debris of live oak and other hardwoods; it also causes white heart rot in living trees.

*Crustodontia* is closely related to *Phlebia*. Molecular analysis places it in the Meruliaceae, in the phlebioid clade.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hjorstam 2005`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1873`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bernicchia 2010`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yurchenko 2011`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Binion 2008`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Larsson 2007`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Papp 2018`

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Fistulina hepatica

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***Fistulina hepatica*** (**beefsteak fungus**, also known as **beefsteak polypore** or **ox tongue**) is an unusual bracket fungus classified in the Agaricales, that is commonly seen in Britain, but can be found in North America, Australia, North Africa, Southern Africa and the rest of Europe. As its name suggests, it looks remarkably similar to a slab of raw meat. It has been used as a meat substitute in the past, and can still be found in some French markets. It has a sour, slightly acidic taste. For eating it must be collected young and it may be tough and need long cooking.

## Details

The shape resembles a large tongue, and it is rough-surfaced with a reddish-brown colour. The spores are released from minute pores on the creamy-white underside of the fruit body. A younger *Fistulina hepatica* is a pinkish-red colour, and it darkens with age. It bleeds a dull red juice when cut, with the cut flesh further resembling meat.

The underside of the fruiting body, from which the spores are ejected, is a mass of tubules. The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin word fistula and means "small tube", whilst the species name *hepatica* means "liver-like", referring to the consistency of the flesh.

The species is fairly common, and can often be found on oaks and sweet chestnut, from August to the end of autumn, on either living or dead wood. It has a tendency to impart a reddish-brown stain to the living wood of oaks, creating a desirable timber type. In Australia, it can be found growing from wounds on *Eucalyptus* trees. It causes a brown rot on the trees which it infects.

## Relationship to other fungi

*Fistulina* is classified in the family Fistulinaceae; molecular studies suggest close relations to the *agaric* mushroom *Schizophyllum* in the Schizophyllaceae (in the *schizophylloid* clade), but in the separate sister *fistulinoid* clade. *Fistulina* is a cyphelloid genus, meaning that it is closely related to gilled fungi, but its fertile surface consists of smooth cup-shaped elements instead of gills. The underside (the hymenium) is a mass of tubules which represent a "reduced" form of the ancestral gills.

## See also

* Forest pathology
* List of meat substitutes
* Template:Portal-inline

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Collins`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Funga`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `MoncalvoHibbett`

## External links

* mushroomexpert.com Description and additional links
* Beefsteak fungi and Brown Rot on oak.

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Agaricus semotus

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***Agaricus semotus*** is a woodland mushroom of the fungus order *Agaricales*. It, like many of its relatives, can be found spread throughout wooded, moist areas in the southern United States, and has been found in areas ranging from California to Florida; it is also indigenous to Great Britain and Europe. *A. semotus* has also been collected in New Zealand. Although various authors disagree about its edibility, its modest size prevents it from being a significant source of nutrition.

## Description

The cap is 2–7 cm in diameter, initially convex while flattening with age; it typically has a low umbo–a raised, conical mound in the center of the cap. The surface color can range from a lighter cream to a darker tan, with brownish scales thinning out towards the margin of the cap. The gills are free from the stalk and packed closely together, showing a pink to salmon color in youth and aging to a darker brown.

 File:Agaricus semotus section.jpg
The stalk is 3–7 cm tall and 0.4–0.8 cm broad, and bruises yellow when handled. A ring or remnants thereof are often evident, while the partial veil is often absent or minutely visible along the margin of the cap. The flesh is white throughout and stains yellow when bruised. The spore print is dark brown.

The taste is said to be slightly reminiscent of anise or almond while the odor is often more distinctive.

The spores are 4.5–5.5 x 3–3.5 µm, smooth, nonamyloid, and elliptical. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are 4-spored, while the cystidia (relatively large non-spore producing cells typically found on the hymenium) are roughly club-shaped with thin walls.

## Edibility

It has been reported as edible, but others claim that it may cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Arora notes that these mushrooms are "rarely collected because of their small size."

## Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic analysis suggests that *A. semotus* belongs in a group of closely related species within the genus *Agaricus*, known as the Arvensis clade. This clade also includes the species *A. silvicola*, *A. arvensis* and *A. abruptibulbus*; these species also bruise yellow, and smell of almonds.

## See also

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* List of *Agaricus* species

## References

1. ↑ Mitchell AD, Walter M. (1999). "Species of *Agaricus* occurring in New Zealand". *New Zealand Journal of Botany* **37**(4): 715–25.
2. ↑ Template:Cite book Google Books
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ California Fungi: *Agaricus semotus*. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite book Google Books
6. ↑ Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.
7. ↑ Template:Cite book Google Books
8. ↑ Mitchell AD, Bresinsky A. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships of *Agaricus* species based on ITS-2 and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences". *Mycologia*, **91**(5): 811–19.

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Frigidispora

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***Frigidispora*** is a fungal genus in the Ascomycota division. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the phylum is unknown (*incertae sedis*), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any class, order, or family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single aquatic anamorphic species ***Frigidispora colnensis***, described in 1999 from the United Kingdom.

## See also

List of Ascomycota genera *incertae sedis*

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `OoA`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hyde1999`

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Cortinarius collinitus

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***Cortinarius collinitus*** is a species of fungi in the family Cortinariaceae.

## Description

The cap is 3–9 cm in diameter, convex to flat in shape, with a sticky, gelatinous surface (in moist conditions). The gills are adnexed, close, and pallid or pale violet in color. The stipe is typically 6–12 cm long and 1–1.5 cm thick, solid, equal, and has transverse scaly-looking bands. The spore print, like most *Cortiniarius* species, is rusty-brown. Edibility is unknown for this species.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Orr, R.T., Orr, D.B. (1979). *Mushrooms of Western North America*. University of California Press: Berkeley. pg. 168.

## External links

* Medicinal Mushrooms description and medicinal properties
* Roger's Mushrooms description

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Exidia recisa

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***Exidia recisa*** (common name **willow brain** or **amber jelly roll**) is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. It is a common, wood-rotting species throughout the northern hemisphere, typically growing on dead attached twigs and branches of willow, more rarely other broadleaf trees.

## Taxonomy

The species was originally found growing on willow in Germany and was described in 1813 by L.P.F. Ditmar as *Tremella recisa*. It was transferred to the genus *Exidia* by Fries in 1822. *Tremella salicum* (the epithet means "of willow") has long been considered a synonym.

The epithet "recisa" means "cut-off", with reference to the shape of the fruit bodies.

## Description

*Exidia recisa* forms orange-brown or amber, gelatinous fruit bodies that are firm and shallowly conical at first, becoming lax and pendulous with age, and around 2.5 cm (1 in) across. The fruit bodies typically grow gregariously, but do not normally coalesce. The upper, spore-bearing surface is smooth and shiny, whilst the undersurface is smooth and matt. Fruit bodies are attached to the wood at a point, but do not have a stem. The spore print is white.

### Microscopic characters

The microscopic characters are typical of the genus *Exidia*. The basidia are ellipsoid, septate, 8–15 x 6–10 µm. The spores are allantoid (sausage-shaped), 14–15 x 3–3.5 µm.

### Similar species

Fruit bodies of *Exidia repanda* are similarly coloured and microscopically indistinguishable. The fruit bodies are button-shaped, however, never becoming conical and pendulous, and the species typically occurs on birch, never on willow. Fruit bodies of *Exidia umbrinella* are also similar, but the species only occurs on conifers and is uncommon. The widespread *Exidia glandulosa* has much darker, blackish brown fruit bodies with sparse warts or small, peg-like projections on their surface.

## Habitat and distribution

*Exidia recisa* is a wood-rotting species, typically found on dead attached twigs and branches. It was originally recorded on willow and most frequently occurs on this substrate, although it has also been reported on poplar, alder, and *Prunus* species. *Exidia recisa* typically fruits in autumn and winter. It is widely distributed in North and Central America, Europe, and northern Asia.

## References

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1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Donk1966`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Breitenbach1986`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lowy 1971`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Govorova`

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Ganoderma orbiforme

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***Ganoderma orbiforme*** is a species of polypore fungus that is widespread across southeast Asia. It is a plant pathogen that causes **basal stem rot**, a disease of the African oil palm (*Elaeis guineensis*). The fungus was first described scientifically in 1838 by Elias Magnus Fries from collections made in Guinea. Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus *Ganoderma* in 2000. In addition to its type locality, the fungus has also been collected from the Bonin Islands in the Pacific, and from Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Microsatellite markers have been developed to help identify the fungus and study the genetic diversity of *G. orbiforme*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1838`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 2000`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mercière 2015`

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Boletus leuphaeus

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***Boletus leuphaeus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. Found in France, it was described as new to science in 1970.

## See also

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List of *Boletus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Blum1970`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank

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Gloeoporus orientalis

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***Gloeoporus orientalis*** is a species of crust fungus in the family Irpicaceae. Found in East Asia, it was described as a new species in 2018 by Paul Jung and Young Wood Lim. The type collection was made in Geojedo, Korea, where it was found growing on a fallen angiosperm trunk.

*G. orientalis* has a monomitic hyphal system, and its generative hyphae have clamp connections. Its spores are sausage-shaped (allantoid), measuring 3.0–3.6 by 0.6–0.8 μm, while the basidia are club shaped and measure 11.4–12.5 by 2.5–2.8 μm. *G. dichrous* is similar in appearance to *G. orientalis*, but can the former can be distinguished by its larger pores, larger basidia, and the more cylindrical shape of its spores. *G. orientalis* has been found in China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jung et al. 2018`

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Entoloma quadratum

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***Entoloma quadratum*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Entolomataceae. The fungus was originally described as *Agaricus quadratus* by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1859; Egon Horak transferred it to *Entoloma* in 1976. It is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1859`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Horak 1976`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hebeloma cavipes

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***Hebeloma cavipes*** is a species of mushroom in the Hymenogastraceae family.

## Description

Pileus: 15–58 mm diameter, cap convex and sometimes umbonate, slightly viscid. Cap colour yellow brown to cinnamon to chestnut or even dark brick, sometimes with a pale but stringly coloured zone and finally pinkish buff to cream to almost white near de margin. Disc zonate. Pileus margin sometimes involute and slightly scalloped, but usually straight. Lamelae emarginated, spaced moderately; colour cream or brown when young, later sepia as spores matures; edge fimbriated and paler than lamella; with droplets. Lamellules frequent. Stipe central, sometimes cylindrical but usually clavate and subbulbous; white to alutaceous, it usually discoloring to brown with ages. Stipe surface pruinose to floccose in the apex. Cortina not observed. Smell raphanoid with cocoa hints. Taste raphanoid to bitter. Spore deposit brownish olive to umber. Spores amygdaloid with a small apiculus. Size 9.2–11.7 × 5.5–6.6 μm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Eberhardt 2015`

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Exsudoporus permagnificus

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***Exsudoporus permagnificus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1981, it is found in Europe. In 2014, the fungus was transferred to the genus *Exsudoporus*, in which it is the type species. The creation of *Exsudoporus* follows recent molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for the Boletaceae.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Poeder 1981`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2014`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nuhn 2013`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Wu 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Bovista plumbea

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***Bovista plumbea***, also referred to as the **paltry puffball**, is a small puffball mushroom commonly found in Western Europe and California, white when young and greyish in age. Easily confused with immature *Bovista dermoxantha*, it is attached to the substrate by a tuft of mycelium.

## Description

The fruiting body of the sporocarp is 1.5–3.5 cm broad, attached to the substrate by a tuft of mycelium, and spherical to slightly compressed. The exoperidium is white, becoming buff to pale-tan and minutely tomentose, and sometimes areolate. It eventually flakes away, or peels off in sheets, the latter occurring at maturation in hot, dry conditions. In contrast, the endoperidium membranes are lead-grey, with or without adhering fragments of exoperidium. They often live in scattered to clustered in disturbed areas, especially in sparse grass. They are edible when young and white, but are often considered too small for eating.

### Spores

Spores are 5.0–6.5 x 4.0–5.5 µm, ovoid, thick-walled, and nearly smooth, with a central oil droplet, and a 7.5–11.5 µm pedicel. The capillitium is composed of individual elements, rather than interwoven, main branches thick-walled, flexuous, rapidly tapering, forking more or less dichotomously, ochre-colored in KOH.

The spores are released via a small apical pore. The gleba is white, turning dingy yellowish, olive-brown, finally dark-brown and firm-textured. However, the subgleba and sterile base are usually absent. Fruiting occurs throughout the mushroom season.

## Synonyms

Obsolete synonyms for *B. plumbea* include:

* *Bovista ovalispora* Cooke & Massee 1887
* *Bovista plumbea* Pers. 1796
* *Bovista plumbea* var. *ovalispora* (Cooke & Massee) F. Šmarda 1958
* *Calvatia bovista* (L.) Pers. 1896
* *Lycoperdon bovista* Sowerby 1803
* *Lycoperdon plumbeum* Vittad. 1842

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bovista plumbea Template:Webarchive
2. ↑ Species: Bovista plumbea Pers. 1795 Template:Webarchive
3. ↑ Smith, A.H. (1951). Puffballs and Their Allies in Michigan. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI. 131 p.
4. ↑ Kreisel, H. (1967). Taxonomisch-Pflanzengeographische Monographie Der Gattung Bovista. J. Cramer: Lehre. 244 p.
5. ↑ California Fungi: Bovista plumbea
6. ↑ Calonge, F.D. (1998). Flora Mycologica Iberica. Vol. 3. Gasteromycetes, I. Lycoperdales, Nidulariales, Phallales, Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales. J. Cramer: Berlin, Germany. 271 p.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Clavaria fumosa

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***Clavaria fumosa***, commonly known as the **smoky clavaria**, is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It was originally described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1795. The specific epithet *fumosa* means "smoky".

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon1795`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rea1922`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Deconica alpestris

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***Deconica alpestris*** is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Its holotype was found by Rolf Singer in 1979 growing on calcareous soil at an elevation of 1900 meters in the alps in Austria.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ramirez-Cruz2012`
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Entoloma hochstetteri

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***Entoloma hochstetteri*** is a species of mushroom found in New Zealand and India. The small mushroom is a distinctive all-blue colour, while the gills have a slight reddish tint from the spores. The blue coloring of the fruit body is due to three azulene pigments. Whether *Entoloma hochstetteri* is poisonous or not is unknown.

The Māori name for the blue mushroom is **werewere-kokako** because the colour is similar to the blue wattle of the kōkako bird.

This species was one of six native fungi featured in a set of fungal stamps issued in New Zealand in 2002.

## Taxonomy

 File:Blue mushroom.jpg
The species was first described as *Hygrophorus hochstetteri* in 1866 by the Austrian mycologist Erwin Reichardt, before being given its current binomial name in 1962 by Greta Stevenson. It is named after the German naturalist Ferdinand von Hochstetter.

## Description

*Entoloma hochstetteri* has a small delicate epigeous (above-ground) fruiting body (basidiocarp) which may be found among moss or leaf litter. The cap may be up to 4 cm (1.4 in) in diameter and conical in shape. The cap color is indigo-blue with a green tint, and is fibrillose. The cap margin is striate and rolled inwards. The gill attachment is adnexed or emarginate, gills are thin and 3–5 mm wide, essentially the same color as the cap, sometimes with a yellow tint. The cylindrical stipe is up to 5 cm (2 in) long by 0.5 cm thick, fibrillose and stuffed. The spore print is reddish-pink. The spores are 9.9–13.2 by 11.8–13.2 μm, tetrahedric in shape, hyaline, smooth and thin-walled. The basidia are 35.2–44.2 by 8.8–13.2 µm, club-shaped, hyaline, and with two or four sterigmata.

## Distribution

*Entoloma hochstetteri* grows in woodlands of western parts of both the North and South Islands of New Zealand, where it is associated with *Nothofagus* and *Podocarpus* species. It has also been found in India.

## Toxicity

Although many members of the genus *Entoloma* are poisonous, the toxicity of this species is unknown. It has been investigated to see if its blue colouring might be manufactured as a food dye.

## See also

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* List of *Entoloma* species

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Science:Mushroom might yield major value. Retrieved on December 21, 2016.
3. ↑ Moss MO, Pegler DN. (2003). Recent stamp issues of fungi from New Zealand. *Mycologist* 17:176-178.
4. ↑ WNS: NZ008.02 (Native fungi - *Entoloma hochstetteri*). Retrieved on November 14, 2008.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dhancholia S. (1989). "*Entoloma hochstetteri* (Agaricales) - a new record from India". *Current Science* **58**(3): 146–7.
6. ↑ Hongo T. (1990). "New and Noteworthy agarics from New Zealand". *Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute*. **28**: 129–34.
7. ↑ Mushroom might yield major value. Stuff. Retrieved on May 1, 2016.

## External links

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* More information via Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd
* *Entoloma hochstetteri* discussed on *RNZ Critter of the Week*, 2 December 2016

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Clavaria rosea

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***Clavaria rosea*** is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It has coral-like fruit bodies with "arms" up to Template:Convert high and Template:Convert thick. The arms are smooth, unbranched, pink, and have rounded tips. The stem is up to Template:Convert long and Template:Convert thick, and black. The spores are smooth, hyaline (translucent), inamyloid, pip-shaped, and measure 7–10 by 2–3 μm. Described in 1811 by Swedish physician and naturalist Johan Wilhelm Dalman, the species is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it grows singly on the ground in mixed forests.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Calocera cornea

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***Calocera cornea*** is a jelly fungus that grows on decaying wood. It is a member of the Dacrymycetales, an order of fungi characterized by their unique "tuning fork" basidia.

Its yellow, finger-like, tapering basidiocarps are somewhat gelatinous in texture. In typical specimens the basidiocarps become up to 3 mm in diameter, and 2 cm in height. The hymenium covers the sides of the basidiocarps, each basidium producing and forcibly discharging only two basidiospores.

## References

* C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., *Introductory Mycology, 4th ed.* (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) Template:ISBN
* McNabb R.F.R. 1965a. Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae II. *Calocera* (Fries) Fries. New Zealand J. Bot. 3: 31–58.
* Messiah.edu

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Helvella crispa

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***Helvella crispa***, also known as the **white saddle**, **elfin saddle** or **common helvel**, is an ascomycete fungus of the Helvellaceae family. The mushroom is readily identified by its irregularly shaped whitish cap, fluted stem, and fuzzy undersurfaces. It is found in eastern North America and in Europe, near deciduous trees in summer and autumn.

## Etymology

The fungus was originally described as *Phallus crispus* by the naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772. Its specific epithet is Latin adjective *crispa* 'wrinkled' or 'curly'. The generic name was originally a type of Italian herb but became associated with morels.

## Description

 File:Helvella crispa in woodland in Dorset.jpg
*Helvella crispa* is creamy white in colour, 6–13 cm (2½–5 in) in length, with a cap 2–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter. It is striking due to its irregularly shaped lobes on the cap, but with a robust creamy-white base (2–8×1–2.5 cm in size). Its flesh is thin and brittle. The stem is 3–10 cm (1¼–4 in) long, white or pinkish in colour and ornately ribbed. It gives off a pleasant aroma, but is not edible raw. The spore print is white, the oval spores average 19 x 11.5 μm. Occasionally white capped forms are found. It can be distinguished from occasional white forms of *Helvella lacunosa* by its furry cap undersurface and inrolled margins when young.

## Distribution and habitat

*Helvella crispa* grows in grass as well as in humid hardwoods, such as beech, (not so well in resinous ones) along the side of pathways, in hedges and on the talus of meadows. They can be spotted from the end of summer until the end of autumn.

It is found in China, Japan, Europe and eastern North America, though is replaced by the related *Helvella lacunosa* in western parts.

## Edibility

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Although some guidebooks list this species as edible, the genus is now regarded with suspicion by many. Research has established this species contains monomethylhydrazine, which can cause severe sporadic intoxications, and may be carcinogenic. It has been reported to cause gastrointestinal symptoms when eaten raw.

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## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Nilsson S, Persson O.(1977) *Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi)*. pp. 36-37. Penguin Books. Template:ISBN
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal
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8. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* *Helvella crispa* on Mushroomexpert.com

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Cortinarius quarciticus

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***Cortinarius quarciticus*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Cortinarius* found in Europe. It was described as new to science in 1994.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Brandrud 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hebeloma vejlense

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***Hebeloma vejlense*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Discovered in Denmark growing on a lawn under *Tilia*, it was described as new to science in 2005.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vesterholt 2005`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gliophorus psittacinus

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***Gliophorus psittacinus***, commonly known as the **Parrot Toadstool** or **Parrot Waxcap**, is a colourful member of the genus *Gliophorus*, found across Northern Europe. It was formerly known as *Hygrocybe psittacina*, but a molecular phylogenetics study found it to belong in the genus *Gliophorus*. It had already been placed in *Gliophorus*, but it had been considered a synonym of *Hygrocybe*.

## Description

 File:Faroe stamp 306 hygrocybe psittacina.jpg
The Parrot Toadstool is a small mushroom, with a convex to umbonate cap 1–3 centimetres (⅓–1 in) in diameter, which is green when young and later yellowish or even pinkish tinged. The 2–4 cm stipe is green to greenish yellow. The broad adnate gills are greenish with yellow edges and spore print white. The green colouring persists at the stem apex even in old specimens.

Its odour and taste are not distinctive. There are no known chemical tests.

It fruits late summer to autumn (September to November)

## Distribution and habitat

*Gliophorus psittacinus* is widely distributed in grasslands in Western Europe, Iceland, Greenland, the Americas, South Africa and Japan, being found in late summer and autumn. In Europe it is apparently in decline due to the degradation of habitats. Early Australian records of this form have been found to be the similar green toadstools *Gliophorus graminicolor* or *G. viridis* on reexamination.

## Edibility

Despite its small size and being coated in a sticky substance, *Gliophorus psittacinus* is often listed as edible in mushroom guides, inedible in others. Consumption of over 20 specimens in one sitting, however, can cause gastrointestinal disorders.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Babos`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Paul`

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Entoloma rhodopolium

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***Entoloma rhodopolium***, commonly known as the **wood pinkgill**, is a poisonous mushroom found in Europe and Asia. In fact, it is one of the three most commonly implicated fungi in cases of mushroom poisoning in Japan (Other two are *Omphalotus japonicus* and *Tricholoma ustale*). *E. rhodopolium* is often mistaken for edible mushroom, *E. sarcopum*. Symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal in nature, though muscarine, muscaridine, and choline have been isolated as toxic agents.

The taxonomy of this species is currently unclear, with several different forms identified in North America, and questions over whether the European and North American fungi are even the same species.

*Entoloma* is a genus of pink spored fungi. An alternate scientific name seen is *Rhodophyllus rhodopolius*, from Quelet's broader genus containing a larger subsection of pink-spored fungi.

*Entoloma nidorosum*, previously considered a separate species, is now classified as a variety of this fungus.

## Gallery

Entoloma rhodopolium - Lindsey.jpgEntoloma.rhodopolium2.-.lindsey.jpg
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Austroboletus olivaceoglutinosus

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***Austroboletus olivaceoglutinosus*** is a species of bolete fungus found in Sikkim in northeast India. It is so named for its sticky olive-green cap.

## Taxonomy

*Austroboletus olivaceoglutinosus* was described as new to science in 2015, after collections in subalpine forests in Sikkim. The species name is derived from the latin words *oliva* "olive" and *glūtĕn* "glue", and refers to the mushroom's cap. Limited genetic testing showed an affinity to *Austroboletus fusisporus*.

## Description

The olive cap is Template:Convert diameter and fades to green-yellow with age, particularly at the margins. It is conical in shape initially, becoming more convex but not flat, and often has a central boss. The cap surface is very sticky, and often has dead insects stuck to it. Like other boletoid fungi, it has pores rather than gills on the cap underside. The cap margin covers the spore-bearing surface under the cap completely in young specimens. The pores are yellow-white when young, becoming more pinkish with age and staining red-grey when bruised or damaged. The cylindrical stem is Template:Convert high by Template:Convert wide, and is initially white and yellows with age. It is solid in young specimens, with the inner pith softening and leaving a hollow stem in older mushrooms. The mushroom has a pronounced fruity smell. The spore print is a reddish-tan colour, and the narrow-oval to spindle-shaped spores are 12.7–19.0 μm long by 5.9–7.7 μm wide. The flesh does not change colour when potassium hydroxide is applied to it, but the cap surface turns salmon-pink.

## Distribution and habitat

*A. olivaceoglutinosus* is native to northern Sikkim. The mushrooms appear in August and September in subalpine coniferous forests at an altitude of Template:Convert, under such trees as Sikkim spruce (*Picea spinulosa*), Bhutan fir (*Abies densa*), Sikkim larch (*Larix griffithiana*) and Himalayan hemlock (*Tsuga dumosa*).

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Das 2015`
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
Echinodontium ryvardenii

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***Echinodontium ryvardenii*** is a species of fungus in the family Echinodontiaceae. Described as new to science in 1998, it is found in Sardinia (Italy), where it grows parasitically on the trunks and old branches of *Juniperus phoenicea*. The specific epithet honors mycologist Leif Ryvarden.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bernicchia 1998`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Fibroporia vaillantii

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***Fibroporia vaillantii***, also known as **mine fungus**, **white pore fungus**, ***Antrodia vaillantii***, ***Polyporus vaillantii***, and various other names is a wood-decaying fungus which can occur on timber in humid conditions. The fungus causes brown rot of pine wood, in which cellulose and hemicellulose are broken down, leading to brown discoloration and shrinkage of wood. It has been/is sometimes considered to be a fungus causing dry rot,Template:Citation needed although that term is more often used for wood decay due to a different fungus, *Serpula lacrymans*.

## Description

The fungus grows on wood from coniferous trees, such as pine wood, under damp conditions, with a wood moisture content of 40 to 50 percent. In humid atmospheres, the white cotton-like mycelium can grow on wood surfaces and cross inert materials, similar to the true dry rot fungus, *Serpula lacrymans*. In newly grown mycelium, fine drops of clear liquid may be present. The optimal temperature for growth is Template:Convert; it will grow at temperatures between Template:Convert. The fruit body is an irregular white plate with a thickness of 2 to 12 mm. If you have a problem with fungus it's a good idea to ask your local property care company for advice.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fibroporia vaillantii on Mycobank.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mine fungus guide. Rentokil UK.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Poriënzwam on huiszwam.be (in Dutch)
4. ↑ The temperature as growth factors for the dry rot. Ingenieursbüro Peter Rauch, 2005.
Hebeloma clavulipes

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***Hebeloma clavulipes*** is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was described as new to science in 1965 by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Romagnesi 1965`

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Hebeloma vaccinum

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***Hebeloma vaccinum*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was described as new to science in 1965 by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Romagnesi 1965`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Geastrum lageniforme

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***Geastrum lageniforme***  is species of fungus belonging to the genus *Geastrum*. It was described as new to science by Italian mycologist Carlo Vittadini. It is found in Africa, Europe, North America, and South America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vittadini 1842`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sousa 2014`

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Cystidiophorus

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***Cystidiophorus*** is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Cystidiophorus merulioideus***, known from Asia and eastern Russia. The genus and species were described in 1963.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bondartsev 1963`

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Cortinarius cruentipellis

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***Cortinarius cruentipellis*** is a rare species of agaric fungus in the subgenus *Phlegmacium* of the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius*. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in northern Europe—Estonia, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden—where it grows on the ground in temperate and hemiboreal forests dominated by hazel and oak trees, and also in wooded pastures and parks. The cap of the mushroom is hemispherical to convex, measuring Template:Convert in diameter. It is yellowish brown in the center, becoming more yellow towards the cap margin. The specific epithet *cruentipellis* refers the blood red droplets in the cap cuticle.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius flexipes

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***Cortinarius flexipes*** is a fungus, specifically a mushroom, a small brown species in the genus *Cortinarius*. It is commonly known as the **Pelargonium webcap** because of its unusual smell of *Pelargonium* (the household "geranium").

This species of mushroom is found in Europe and North America. It is hygrophanous, and belongs to the *Telamonia* group, being thin-fleshed and having a dry cap and stipe.

## Synonymy

***Cortinarius paleaceus*** (Weinm.) Fr. and ***Cortinarius paleiferus*** Svrek (sometimes written *C. paleifer*) have commonly been identified in Europe as separate species. *C. paleiferus* is defined as having more widely spaced gills, and has a pale violet mycelium at the base of the stipe. Now these types are combined into one species and considered to be only varieties of *C. flexipes*.

## Description

*Cortinarius flexipes* cap is up to Template:Convert. It is dark brown but becoming pale fawn on drying, with white hair-like scales especially near the edge. It is more or less pointed in the centre. The stipe is up to about Template:Convert and fibrous, with white bands of veil remnants. Fruitbodies have the smell of *Pelargonium* (household geranium).

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1994) "Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe" Delachaux et Niestlé Template:ISBN, also available in English.
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ See also the entry in Index Fungorum for the current name and synonyms.
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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