Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem

# Introduction

The basic word order of Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem is SVO. This means that in an intransitive sentence the subject precedes the verb, n transitive sentences the subject precedes the verbs and object follows the verb and in a ditransitive sentence the subject precedes the verb, the direct object follows the verb and indirect object follows the direct object.

* **Intransitive:-** T'e p'it - Wood.ABS Burn-3 - *Wood burns.*
* **Transitive:-** Row wevéte mímmi - 1S.ERG IMP-eat-3.1 egg.ABS.PL - *I am eating eggs.*
* **Ditransitive:-** Row fítitt'eto p'ir dro. - 1S.ERG give-3.2.1 dog.ABS 2S.GEN. - *I give a dog to you.*

As can be seen in the sentences above, Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem is a fusional language. The language breaks Hawkings Universals.

> `Posp ⊃((AdjN ∨ RelN ⊃ DemN & NumN & PossN) & (DemN ∨ NumN ∨ PossN ⊃ GenN)) If a language has postpositions`
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> `- and it's adjectives or relative clauses preceded it's nouns then its demonstratives, numbers and possess pronouns must precede it's nouns`
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> `- and if its demonstratives, numbers or possessives precede it's nouns then it's genitives must precede its nouns`
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Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem is a postpositional language that has demonstratives and possessive pronouns that preceded the noun but its numbers, adjectives, genitive phrases, and relative clauses follow the noun.

# Phonology and Phonotactics

The phonology and phonotactics of the language are described below.

## Phonology

### Consonant Inventory

The language distinguishes four places of articulation and four manners of articulation and two forms of secondary articulation. Resulting in the following phones

### Vowel Inventory

The language uses a 5 vowel system but the back mid vowel is lowered compared to the front mid vowel and the realisation of the open central vowel is slightly fronted.

 Mid
 Open

## Phonotactics

The maximal onset is CC and maximal coda is CC. The language allows vowels and syllabic nasals in the nucleus, this results in the following maximal syllables:

* CCVCC
* S(S/F)N̩CC Where clusters follow the sonority hierarchy of Plosive - Fricative - Nasal - Fricative

Stress is irregular and marked with an accute accent when ever the word is longer than one syllable.

## Allophony

In all dialects, coda approximants and nasals assimilate with following onsets across word boundaries. Otherwise dialectal variation is described in the settlement entry.

# Grammar

## Nouns

In Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem nouns are a small closed class, most of which are pronouns. As there are only 51 basic nouns and three pronouns, each of which have six forms, nouns are highly irregular and the forms of each noun must be learnt individually.

There is no grammatical gender in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem.

### Number

Nouns decline for two numbers, the singular and the plural.

* Singular:- Row wevéte mim. - *I eat an egg*
* Plural:- Row wevéte mímmi. - *I eat eggs*

### Case

Nouns in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem decline for three cases the absolute, ergative and a genitive case that doubles as the postpositional case.

* Absolute:- He hózot p'ir - Wind blows a dog.
* Ergative:- P'e wédde mim - A dog eats an egg.
* Genitive:- He 'inot ámma p'ep - Wind takes an egg to a dog.

### Possessives

In Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem possessive pronouns proceed the noun they are modifying but possessor nouns follow the noun they are modifying.

* Possessive Pronoun:- Ze p'e 'inot ro mim. - DEF.ERG.SG dog.ERG take-3.3 1S.GEN egg.ERG - The dog takes my egg.
* Possessive Noun:- Ror 'inote 'ómmap o se p'ir. - 1S.ERG take-3.1 egg.GEN POSS DEF.ABS.SG dog.ABS - I take the dog's egg.

## Postpositions

Postpositions are used in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem, the noun they are modifying is placed in the genitive case.

* Absolute:- P'ir 'ikot. - *A dog stands.*
* Ergative:- P'e 'óddo hor. - *A dog bites a bone.*
* Indirect Object:- Ror 'épote hor p'ep me. - *I hide a bone from a dog*

## Pronouns

There are 3 pronouns with 6 declensions each.

## Demonstratives

There are two demonstratives which precede the noun they are modifying and agree with the noun in case and number.

* Proximal:- P'e 'óddo tse hor - *A dog bites this bone.*
* Distal:- P'e 'óddo dyom hor - *A dog bites that bone.*

 Proximal Plural
 Distal Singular
 Distal Plural

## Articles

The language doesn't have an indefinite article but it does have a definite article. The definite article is a reduced version of the proximal demonstrative and like the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.

* No article:- P'e 'óddo hor. - *A dog bites a bone.*
* Definite Article:- Se p'e 'óddo hor. - *The dog bites a bone.*

 Plural

Articles in TumblrCreatedLanguage can be used to indicate that a phrase is a name and should be considered as a whole, for example *sivír 'ómva te'épot dneví sehí húdo re* could refer to any large home dug in to black stone while *Ze Sivír-'ómva-te'épot-dneví-sehí-húdo-re* refers specifically to the town and university.

## Verbs

Verbs are the most numerous and complex class of words in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem. They are conjugated for agreement with subject, direct and indirect object, aspect and valency.

### Agreement

Verbs in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem agree with their arguments in person. The agreement is detailed below for intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive verbs.

#### Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive Active verbs and Stative verbs can only take one argument and agree with the subject of the verb. The subject of an intransitive verb is rendered in the absolute case.

*Vowel Final*

* 1st person - Dwir. - *I fall*.
* 2nd person - Dwis. - *You fall*.
* 3rd person - Mim dwit. - *An egg falls*.

*Constant Final*

* 1st person - Hóze. - *I blow*.
* 2nd person - Hoyt. - *You blow*. - 'íti. - *You stand.*
* 3rd person -He hózot. - *A wind blows*.

 3

There is a short list of irregular verbs where this isn't quite true.

 to know
 to go

#### Transitive Verbs

Transitive Active and passivised Intransitive verbs must take two arguments and agree with the subject and object of the verb. For anti-passive Intransitive verbs, the subject is the 3rd person. The subject of a transitive verb is rendered in the ergative and the object in the absolute case.

* 1st Subject/1st Object - 'ósror. - *I hit me.*
* 1st Subject/2nd Object - Wíse.- *I see you.*
* 1st Subject/3rd Object - 'óte ser. - *I bite a leaf.*
* 2nd Subject/1st Object - 'ósrot. - *You hit me.*
* 2nd Subject/2nd Object - Wíti. - *You see you.*
* 2nd Subject/3rd Object - 'óto ser. - *You bite a leaf..*
* 3rd Subject/1st Object - Se 'ósrod. - *A leaf hits me.*
* 3rd Subject/2nd Object - P'e wisd. - *A dog sees you.*
* 3rd Subject/3rd Object - P'e 'óddo ser. - *A dog bite a leaf..*

There is a short list of irregular verbs where this isn't quite true.

#### Ditransitive Verbs

Ditransitive verbs and transitive verbs extended to take an indirect object by valency operations must take three arguments and agree with the subject, direct object and indirect object of the verb. For passivised transitive verbs, the subject is the 3rd person. The subject of a ditransitive verb is rendered in the ergative, the direct object in the absolute and the indirect object in the genitive.

There is a short list of irregular verbs where this isn't quite true.

### Aspect

Verbs conjugate for imperfective aspect with an unmarked perfective aspect. The imperfective is formed by reduplicating the onset and nucleus of the stressed syllable.

* Perfective:- T'e p'it. - *Wood burns.*
* Imperfective:- T'e p'ip'it. - *Wood is burning.* If the onset is:
* an approximate then the original onset will harden {w, r, y} => {v, d, z}
	+ Perfective:- Ḍam wit tif'í. - *We see a star.*
	+ Imperfective:- Ḍam wivít tif'ím. - *We are seeing stars.*
* and a glottal stop then the new initial will be a t
	+ Perfective:- 'o 'ísot t'édo gor. - *A louse sucks your blood.*
	+ Imperfective:- 'o ti'ísot rúdo gor. - *A louse is sucking my blood.*

There is a short list of irregular verbs where this isn't quite true.

 to drink
 to do/make
 to carry
 to know
 to go

### Valency

Verbs in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem can be modified by various valency changing operations to increase or reduce the number of arguments the verb takes.

Passive is formed by preceding the verb with n/ne-

* Active Intransitive: Ror kébo tinído hi. - *I stand on a rope.*
* Passive Intransitive:- Tinír nekébote ro. - *A rope is stood on by me.*
* Active Transitive:- Row wéte mim - *I eat an egg.*
* Passive Transitive:- Ḍa nwéted ro 'ómmap. - *An egg is eaten by me.*

Causative is formed by preceding the verb with m/mi-

* Basic:- Ze p'e p'úddo hor. - *The dog carries a bone.*
* Causative:- Row mip'óddoto p'ir hop. - *I cause the dog to carry a bone*.

Commitative is formed by preceding the verb with tu- or by lowering the final vowel and adding a t-

* Basic:- Ze p'e gwegwéyhehot sehído hi. - *The dog is sitting on a rock.*
* Commitative:- Ze p'e tugwegwéyhehoted sehído hi rúdo. - *The dog is sitting on a rock with me.*

Instrumental is formed by preceding the verb with b/bu-

* Basic:- P'e 'óddo hor. - *A dog bites a bone.*
* Instrumental:- P'e bu'óddo hor ḍap tebídom. - *A dog bites a bone with his teeth.*

Benefactive is formed by preceding the verb with f/fi- (if the final consonant is glottal this becomes fe-)

* Basic:- Row p'óte mim. - *I carry an egg.*
* Benefactive:- Row fip'ótt'oto min t'édo. - *I carry an egg for you.*

## Adjectives

Most adjectives in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem are intransitive verbs and follow the same rules typical Intransitive Verbs but there a two exceptions a small class of true adjectives and colour words. True adjectives do not agree in person with noun they are modifying and instead act like nouns taking case and number marking matching the nouns they are modifying. Colour words are derived from an old phrase:

> \*ota \*mrot \*wi X Y
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> 3S.ERG do see X.ABS Y.GEN.
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> The X is seen as Y.
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* Standard adjective:- Gor yúmot sehí t'ihít. - *A child goes to a heavy rock.*
* True adjectives:- Gor yúmot sehí maf. - *A child goes to a big rock*.
* Colour:- Gor yúmot dneví sehí húdo. - *A child goes to a black rock*

## Number

Numbers in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem follow the noun they are modifying and agree with then noun in case.

* Cardinal:- Ze gor p'óte dneví sehí hedí húdo. - *The child carries four black rocks*
* Ordinal:- Ze gor 'inot fe sehído ómvap o ŋwo. - *The child takes the first big rock.*The numerical base is X:

## Relative clauses

Relative clauses follow the noun they are modifying as shown in the name of the language. Relative clauses are formed with Q-word and take the same basic order as W-questions.

>
>  Se bvádo o rom gré-dde dneví sehí húdo re brem.
>  DEF.GEN.SG tongue.GEN GEN 1PL.ABS sleep-3.3 PART rock.ABS black under who.
>  The tongue of we who sleep under the black rock.
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#### Names

Names in Se bvádo-o-rom-grédde-dneví-sehí-húdo-re-brem are always relative clauses of the form:

```
T'er 'ík-ot X brem ze ŋwo
3S.ERG [to be-3.3] X who DEF.SG.ABS one.ABS
He/She who is X

```

## Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses are very english.

```
Ho nrútot ḍap ‘oy 'ómmap hi re ze p'e we-vê-dde ḍap hor re.
Bird.ERG make.3.3 3S.GEN back.ABS egg.GEN on while DEF.ERG.SG dog.ERG IMP-eat-3.3 3S.GEN bone.ABS behind.
A bird laid an egg on his back while the dog was eating his bone.

```

## Questions

### W-questions

W-questions take and VOS form.

* Who:- 'ikot 'ot p'ep brem? - *Whose dog is it?*
* What:- Wédde tebí p'em? - *What do dogs eat?*
* Where:- Wédde piví p'em? - *Where do dogs eat?*
* When:- Wédde pfu p'em? - *When do dogs eat?*
* Which:- Wédde tebí hom p'em? - *What/which bones do dogs eat?*