recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Settosu River

The **Settosu River** [禁溶免; せっとす・み] is a river located in central Uchi Prefecture. It originates in the foothills of Mount Yoshi in the Niryō Mountains and flows northwards through the settlements of Koroba, Ihana and Atama. It is the third-longest river in the prefecture. The Mizume River is its largest tributary. Its name literally means 'river of melting ice'.

Like many rivers in Uchi, the Settosu provides vital irrigation for the growing of rice and other crops along its banks, as well as being a source of fresh water. The Settosu Bridge crosses the river at the border between Koroba and Ihana. The Settosu also flows through the southern reaches of the Aiwa National Park, which is the largest in the prefecture.
Taishō University of the Arts

**Taishō University of the Arts** (宛奖闵盖含; たいしょう・みんがいはん] is the most prestigious art school in Kanton. It is a private university, established in 1899. With its main campus located in southern Ōhiroshi, it also has facilities in Taizen, Yohi, Kaimon, Minami, Nasamazu, and Kanyū. The university has trained renowned artists in the fields of painting, sculpting, crafts, digital media, sound, music composition, traditional instruments, and abstract art.

Faculties within the university include:

### Department of Fine Arts

* Traditional Painting
* Oil Painting
* Sculpture
* Craft
* Illustration & Graphic Design
* Architecture and Planning
* Aesthetics and Art History
* Digital Arts
* Conservation

### Department of Music

* Composition
* Conducting
* Vocal Music
* Piano
* Organ
* String instruments
* Wind and Percussion Instruments
* Early Music
* Musicology
* Traditional Kantonese Music
Omiyama Mountains

The **Omiyama Mountains** [淤山圖; おみさんず] is a mountain range incorporating Mount Genbi, Mount Zenzu and Mount Wakae, which are clustered together on the border between Uchi and Inaki Prefectures. Considered sacred both in the Sudaro faith and in Kiren, the Omiyama range is a popular pilgrimage site visited by many notable figures throughout history.

The Omiyama Mountains are particularly noteworthy as having the oldest history of mountain worship in northern Kanton. The range was first annointed as a religious site over 1,200 years ago by the Summui King Abuka and his sister, a royal *asha*. It was known as a site of cleansing and repentance, and records suggest that criminals and wrongdoers from the surrounding area were regularly sent to Mount Zenzu in particular to practice asceticism and reform themselves.

Following the establishment of the Omiyama range as a sacred site, many people began to make monthly or yearly pilgrimages there to pay reverence, even arduously trekking hundreds of miles to visit the temples there during the winter. These pilgrimages were firstly undertaken by Sudaro adherents, but after the annexing of Honnan in the early 1700s, Kiren monks recognised the range as a holy site and also began their pilgrimage programs.

In modern times, various hiking trails have been established on the slopes of the three main peaks which have proved popular with both locals and tourists.
Tadanami

**Tadanami** [盾筌 ただなみ] is a city located in southern coastal Saka Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 11,000.

Tadanami is famous for being the birthplace of *birabinu*, a traditional and nationally-prized fabric production technique which is used to make lightweight, high-quality silk. The city also has a rich religious history connected to Tadanami Temple, an iconic and ancient temple of Saka Prefecture. The northern sector of Tadanami also shares a long history with the Port of Wakada.

During the 2011 Kanjō Bay disaster, the city suffered severe damages, with six fishermen losing their lives as a result of rampaging tsunami waves.

## Geography

Tadanami is located on the western coast of Saka Prefecture, facing the Nōyū Bay region. The Denba River runs along the city's southern border. Around half of the total area is part of the Tohara Delta, while the rest is mostly situated in the foothills of the Sakanokite Mountains.

## Economy

Fishing and the production of marine products is the main industry of Tadanami. Agricultural products include rice, sweet potatoes and radish. Important seafood products include whitebait, sardines, oysters and clams. Marine food processing includes salted and dried horse mackerel, smelt and sardines and boiled octopus. The city also has an industrial zone near the Port of Wakada.

## Local attractions

The Kyūbunzai (Fisherman's Festival) is held once every five years, usually in late January. There is a collective prayer held at Tadanami Temple for large fish catches and protection from the dangers of the sea. A lavishly decorated ship is pulled by the seamen through the town toward the temple and blessed.
Nijū

**Nijū** [而亮; にじゅう] is a term which literally means 'beautiful face/image', and is synonymous with *jūza*. Both terms are inherently gender-neutral. Girls are usually called *jūya* and boys are known as *jūdō*. The term is well-known throughout the country and has existed since at least the 15th century.

*Nijū* were (and still can be) common subjects for Kantonese artists, and even spawned a popular genre, known as *nijūgata*, which was dedicated to representing and appreciating beauty in all its forms, but particularly that of people.

## Beautiful image in Kanton

Throughout most of Kantonese history, tall height, pale skin, fine features, a rounded face and long, sleek black hair have been revered as typical beautific features in both men and women. However, female beauty standards were often more strict and specific. Makeup was extremely popular dating back to the Heii period, with white powdered faces, full eyebrows, and heavily kohled eyes being enduring fashions. Makeup was also considered gender-neutral, acceptable for use by both sexes, especially in high society. Women were thought to be at the height of their beauty at around 15-16, while men were considered at their best around 18-20.

From the 18th century onwards, natural beauty became much more prized. Makeup become largely unpopular, and was considered old-fashioned, or at worst, trickery; it was reserved for performers, such as *senkō*, stage actors and prostitutes. A source from the 1780s describes the ideal features of a man or woman as being 'naturally pale skin, of a white colour, a face drawn in pleasant innocence - a high proud nose, a round kind jaw, and even white teeth'. Large, slanted eyes were regarded as particularly beautiful, and feature heavily in many contemporary artworks.

## Famous *nijū*

### Six Beauties of Kanton (六而亮, *minijū*)

The term *minijū* ('six beauties') refers to six different pre-modern women who were considered the most beautiful in Kanton.

#### Three Beauties of Old (*koheijū*)

* Tō no Yume - accomplished 13th-century poet
* Nōma no Chio - 14th century court lady, author of the famous diary *Twilight Hours*
* Dai no Miuri - 11th century writer, author of *The Mirror World*

#### Three Beauties of The Present (*kotaijū*)

* Aibi Akahara - 18th century noblewoman and poet
* Merami Kyū - 19th century poet and novelist
* Reijin Tomoda - 19th century model, diarist and noblewoman

Hamae Prefecture is traditionally said to be 'the land of beauties', and is famous for supposedly producing many attractive men and women with round faces, clear pale skin and tall stature. Fittingly, both Tō no Yume and Reijin Tomoda were from this region.
Shinogami

**Shinogami** [士神; しのかみ] is a category of *kami* in Kiren mythology. Generally speaking, it refers to gods who reside in the celestial realm of Ueshino. Their counterparts are the *bakōgami*, deities who reside on the early plane of Heibaku, and who are generally considered to have less power than *shinogami*.

Although Kiren once made a clear distinction between the worshipping of *shinogami* compared to *bakōgami*, with different rituals, prayers and customs being used, this is no longer practiced. The Kanna Daiki records *shinogami* as being more powerful and therefore requiring more frequent worship, as they could also bend the will or influence the behaviour of the *bakōgami*. Modern Kiren treats heaven-bound and earth-bound spirits generally the same, although it is still thought that *shinogami* are more powerful.

*Shinogami* refers exclusively to *kami* residing in Kumoshino, but during the 16th and 17th centuries it also became a colloquial classification for particularly powerful earthly deities, particularly Omiinegami, goddess of agriculture and prosperity, and Chūzuri, god of the harvest. In the mythos of Kiren, the descendents of the yin-yang gods Ōukami and Ōekami were sent across Heibaku to fertilise and give life to the world through different elements, e.g. water, wind, rain. This is why Kiren once regarded the *bakōgami* as subordinate or less honourable than their heavenly ancestors.
Shunjū

**Shunjū** [隹类 しゅんじゅう] is a city located in north-central Hamae Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 300,000.

The majority of commercial Shunjū lies within the mild valley region between the north and south forks of the Banzan Mountains. It is located just below the larger municipality of Iroyama. Shunjū is also bordered by the prefectural capital Daimi to the south. Being the traditional hub of Hamae's merchant class, Shunjū has a rich history and is a popular tourist destination. Being located so close to Daimi, it has grown hugely as a bedroom community.

## Economy

The tertiary sector dominates Shunjū's economy. Major industries include information technology, retail, and tourism, as Shunjū is a popular destination for winter sports, historical interest, and sporting events. The city is also the manufacturing centre of Hamae, producing various goods such as processed foods, steel, machinery, beverages, cloth and paper. The Shunjū Brewery, founded in 1876, is a major company and employer in the city.

## Local attractions

* Shunjū Canal - a Victorian-style canal system lit with old-fashioned gas lamps
* Ashihana Park
* Iroiwa Temple
* Shunjū Museum
* Merchant's Village (Uji no Bun)

Shunjū is well known for its beer, and holds an annual beer festival, known as the Shunjū Birumachi, which attracts thousands of visitors. The city also has substantial shopping arcades and bazaars, but fewer than nearby Daimi and Iroyama.
Tsuba Prefecture

**Tsuba Prefecture** [**幵吐近; つば·こん**] is a coastal prefecture located in the south-east of the Honzura region. As of 2022, it had an estimated population of around 600,000, making it by far the least populous prefecture in the north of Kanton.

Nōzoku, the capital of Tsuba, is also the most populous city in the prefecture. Other major cities include Kōban, Sassui, and Shinpei. The majority of the prefectural population is concentrated around the Awara River, which flows through the land, and the wider coastal area. Tsuba Prefecture is the leading industrial prefecture on the north Kanton coast and has the advantage of cheap electricity generated from abundant hydroelectric resources. Around 20% of the total land is dedicated to Tsuba National Park and the Awara-Sudai National Park, both of which are popular tourist draws for the prefecture.

The prefecture is mostly known for its production of seafood, izan, and various grain crops such as wheat, barley and rice. The region is also known for its natural and scenic beauty, exemplified in its large national parks.
Sanzama famine

The **Sanzama Famine** (山様の餓洲、さんざまのかめ] was a famine which affected much of the Honzura region during the early 16th century. It is considered to have begun in 1502, and lasted until 1508. It was named for its prevalence in Sanzama Province, which was the centre of the famine and where the most deaths occurred. However, the famine quickly grew to spread across almost every area of the Honzura region. The famine was the deadliest to occur between the late medieval period and early modern period in Kanton.

## Causes

The 1503 eruption of Mount Tohara in western Sanzama (modern-day Tomono Prefecture) is said to have caused, or at least exacerbated, the Sanzama famine. Starting at the turn of the century, there was a sharp decline in crop yield throughout Honzura due to cold weather, therefore food stocks in the rural areas were exhausted. The situation was worsened by small volcanic eruptions (before Mount Tohara), which resulted in volcanic ash entering the atmosphere. Aside from the direct damage incurred, this caused frigid weather that catastrophically damaged crops.

A secondary cause of the famine was the government's economic policies. The famine spread largely due to mismanagement by the *manza*. During this period, a policy had been implemented to commercialise agriculture and increase tax income, which was paid in rice. The policy caused economic difficulties for many and led to excessive investment in rice production (which was vulnerable to cold weather) in order to pay the higher taxes. It also resulted in local emergency stores of food becoming depleted. The various factors combined to result in poor harvests and a lack of emergency stores, which led to expensive rice prices. In this climate, a serious famine was almost unavoidable.

## Results

The summer on the western Honzura coast was foggy and rainy. The cold weather required people to wear thick cotton clothing. According to contemporary records, approximately 20,000 people starved to death, mainly in rural areas of the Honzura region. However, many local authorities, perhaps afraid of being accused of mismanagement, did not report the full extent of the damage, so the actual death toll may have been far higher, perhaps even ten times this figure. The outcome was particularly severe in western Sanzama, where it was reported that over 100,000 people died. Including people who fled the area, Yamako Province lost almost half of its population.
Toruhara Mountains

The **Toruhara Mountains** [狼彭山來; とるはら・さんか] is a mountain range located in lower western Zōhai Prefecture, running from north-to-south. The range crosses through the municipalities of Tabatori, Besa and Sanbara, overlapping slightly with the city of Shitori. The Sōdai River, along with its largest tributary the Motosu, descend from the slopes of Mount Tabatori in the Toruhara range.

Mountains in the range include:

* Mount Hyōin
* Mount Kigan
* Mount Tabatori
* Mount Hote
Tōwara Wetlands

The **Tōwara Wetlands** [宛桥濡岩；とうわら・しゅうわ] is a wetland area located to the east of the city of Tōwara, Tomono Prefecture. It is part of the drainage basin of the Hanaka River, and frequently floods during the rainy season. The area is renowned for its natural beauty, and despite being a protected nature reserve, public access is allowed. It is particularly popular with wild campers, birdwatchers, and hikers.
Taro

A **taro** [たろ; later written as 臥] was the ruler of a domain known as an *ojii* in the history of the Summui Kingdom. The word later became a title associated with landlords and overseers in the 17th thru 19th centuries. The role of a *taro* was to govern and control his *ojii*, an administrative division made up of 20 locales. Above ordinary *taro* existed three *onirutaro*, who had control over the three *oniru* districts of Muishō, Tonnori and Fuzai. Promotion to the office of *onirutaro* was highly sought after, and as a result most *taro* were in constant competition with each other.

The *taro* arose around the 12th century as local leaders who began to build *odoku* (Summui castles and forts) in order to protect their lands. The title of *taro* was also a hereditary one, which made conflict and bitter rivalries commonplace. Zu'anji was a *onirutaro* who was notable for breaking this mold, having ascended to his office despite being of a low-ranking merchant background.
1923 Kubura Earthquake

The **Great Kubura Earthquake** [导负大敷铠くぶら・だいしっかい] struck the Kubura region of central Kanton on October 11, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Extensive firestorms and even multiple fire whirls added to the death toll. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9, and is considered one of the deadliest in Kantonese history.

Since 1930, October 11 has been designated as a Remembrance Day of the event, encouraging the populace to be prepared for major natural disasters including tsunami and typhoons. Drills, as well as informative events, are held around that date.

## Earthquake

The earthquake devastated the city of Ōhiroshi in Ōhiroshi Prefecture, the port city of Kaneguro in Mii Prefecture, and the surrounding inland prefectures of Kohei and Seishū. It also caused widespread damage across the Irozu Islands. The earthquake's force was so great that in Kanjō Prefecture, over 40 miles from the epicentre, it moved the Great Kankei Statue, which weighs about 120 tonnes, almost 60 centimetres.

Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. According to the construction company Kaido Kaguro's conclusive report of September 2004, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake. Because it struck while many people were cooking meals in the early evening, many were killed by large fires that broke out. Some of these developed into firestorms which swept across cities. Many people died when their feet became stuck in melting tarmac. The single greatest loss of life was caused by a fire whirl that engulfed a huge warehouse in downtown Ōhiroshi, where about 27,000 people were incinerated after taking shelter there. The earthquake broke water pipes all over the city, and putting out the fires took two full days until late in the morning of October 13.

A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Yabaya Peninsula brought high winds to Mizada Bay at about the same time as the earthquake. These winds caused fires to spread rapidly.

Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous coastal areas in north-western Mii Prefecture; about 800 people died. A collapsing mountainside in the village of Neyami pushed the entire village and a passenger train carrying over 100 passengers, along with the railway station, into the sea.

## Aftermath

Following the devastation of the earthquake, some in the government considered the possibility of moving the city of Ōhiroshi elsewhere. Proposed sites for the new prefectural capital were even discussed. However, there was a strong sense that the disaster had offered an unparalleled opportunity to rebuild the damaged areas and make improvements. A reconstruction plan of Ōhiroshi with modern road networks, trains, and public services was made. Parks were placed all over the city as refuge spots, and public buildings were constructed with stricter standards than private buildings to accommodate refugees.
Mount Kuroni

**Mount Kuroni** [窟粮山 くろに・さん] is a mountain located in the Hohara range on the border between Hamae and Heisai Prefectures. It is the third-tallest in the range, with a height of around 1,300 metres, and is located above the historically-significant Honzan Pass. Kuroni Temple, built in the early 1400s, sits at the base of the mountain.

### Honzan Pass

The Honzan Pass is a narrow stretch of low, flat land which runs through the middle of the Hohara Mountains and creates a natural pass through the otherwise impenetrable range. For centuries it was used by travelers on the *nishi no nari* (Salt Road) and by others partaking in inter-prefectural travel.
Nasae River

The **Nasae River** [洒标免; なさえ・み] is a river located in northern Zōhai Prefecture on Daizō Island. It is the longest river in the prefecture, running through the cities of Saimaku, Handai and the town of Monchi. The Nasae finds its source in the foothills of the southern Hamari Mountains, and runs down to the coast, where it empties into Nasae Bay.

The landscape and human activities along the Nasae River, especially the hard life of tenant farmers, are described in the novel *River Frogs* published in 1929 by the writer Sokashi Aru.
Urakuda Palace

**Urakuda Palace** [うらくだ・企莽; うらくだ・ひょうまん / Sunpaku: うらくだ・げし], also known in context as the Royal Palace, was the seat of the Summui Kingdom from the 1200s up until its dissolution in the 19th century. Due to its extravagant, striking black and gold exterior, the palace is sometimes known as *Izanachi-hyōman* ('gilded crow palace'). Although it originally served as the luxurious home of the Summui royal family and their close courtiers, it became property of the Uchi Prefectural Government in 1878 and has remained as such ever since.
Tadanami Temple

**Tadanami Temple** [盾筌方 ただなみ・ほら] is a temple located in the city of Tadanami, Saka Prefecture. According to local legend, it was established in the late 10th century by a band of *chōsō* monks. It has been a popular pilgrimage site for many centuries for those who are planning sea voyages or treacherous journeys of any kind. Every year, the Kyūbunzai or Fisherman's Festival is held at the temple.
Yonjū

**Yonjū** [邵类 よんじゅう] is a city located in southern Kōfu Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 23,000.

Yonjū is located on the Eiho Plain, one of the most fertile regions in the prefecture. The Maiko River, a tributary of the Hyōzu, runs along the northern border of the city, with many of its smaller tributaries flowing through the city itself. Yonjū is close to the prefectural capital Minami and serves as a bedroom community for the larger city. Due to its development as a residential area and a commuter community in the late 1990s, the area experienced rapid population growth, leading to the development of public housing 'new towns'. Many of these areas have become run-down and rife with crime and poverty over the decades. In the modern day, Yonjū has a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the Honzura region.
Warate

**Warate** [桥到 わらて] is a city located in far northern Hamae Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 125,000.

Warate is most famous for being the legendary birthplace of the 12th-century poet Tō no Yume. It is home to the New Warate Airport, the biggest international airport in Hamae, as well as the neighboring Kanoyama Air Base. Warate borders the town of Sudawara to the north, Hanbimachi to the west and south, and Heisan to the east. The city is known for being very cold, wet and snowy all year round.

In terms of economy, Warate is known for its large cement factories, steel mills, and oil refineries. Kanton Steel Works has its headquarters in the city. Many farms are also located around the southern district of Warate.
Tomono University

**Tomono University** [留笹盖含；ともの・がいはん] is a national university located in Tōwara, Tomono Prefecture, established in 1949. It is ranked as the best university in the prefecture, and is considered one of the most prestigious in the Honzura region.

Tomono University was established in 1949 by integrating the national colleges in Tomono Prefecture: Akagetsu College of Medical Science, Nōda Technical College, Tomono College and Tomono Youth College. In modern times the university includes the following schools:

* Department of Education
* Department of Social and Information Studies
* Department of Medicine
* Department of Health Sciences
* Department of Technology
Mount Gango

**Mount Gango** [阜泍山; がんご・さん] is the largest mountain in the Aomaki Hills, with an estimated elevation of 1,000 metres. It is the second-highest peak in Aoma Prefecture, coming just behind Mount Ōgata, and is thought to be a dormant volcano which has possibly only erupted once. Mount Gango's northern slopes are the origin of the Aomaki River.

During the whole year, Mount Gango can attract many climbers and sightseers. The mountain is always particularly popular with skiiers in winter, as heavy snow can accumulate on its gentle slopes and provide the perfect environment for skiing. Due to this, Mount Gango is home to the Gango Ski Resort, which was founded in 1972. Several hiking trails have been established across the mountain; while the trails do not pose any technical challenges, the danger of avalanches and harsh winter weather are a threat to any hiker's safety, and necessary precautions are advised to be taken.
Ōrei

**Ōrei** [男谅; おうれい] were young male sex workers during the medieval era of Kanton. *Ōrei* were often passed off as apprentice theatre actors or *shōshin* (who sometimes engaged in sex work on the side themselves), and catered to a mixed female and male clientele. In general, *ōrei* were more popular with homosexual men, and rarely provided sexual services for women, usually only accompanying them to events or acting as their romantic companions. Although playing very similar roles to *hanaotō*, *ōrei* were considered higher-ranking; their services cost more, and they were selective about their customers.

*Ōrei* who were not affiliated with theatre troupes could be hired through male brothels or teahouses specialising in providing male prostitutes. They could also find work in *shōshin* troupes, providing services for the *shōshin* themselves or for their customers after a performance was over. *Ōrei* typically charged less than female sex workers of equivalent status, and never became highly respected or prestigious in their work as courtesans like the *meiri*. Nevertheless, *ōrei* were relatively popular and commonplace in red light districts from the 15th to 19th centuries, despite increasing legal restrictions towards the end of the 1800s.

Like many sex workers, ōrei were often indentured servants who had been sold to either a brothel, a *shōshin* house, a teahouse, or a theatre (*kyūto*) on a specified contract. Establishments dealing solely with *ōrei* were called *ōreiku*. Contracted *ōrei* owed debts to their managers which they had to repay before they could begin to earn their full wages. In order to attract more customers, many *ōrei* practiced crossdressing and masqueraded as women, referred to as *inoruō*. *Ōrei* between the age of 17-18 were known as hamoe and were considered the most appealing. However, many male prostitutes were as young as 14 or 15 when they started working; these boys were known as *shimoe*.
Mount Seishū

**Mount Seishū** [济断山; せいしゅう・さん] is a dormant volcano located in northern Uchi Prefecture in the Anodari Hills. It is the largest mountain in the prefecture with a height of around 1,600 metres. It overlooks Lake Ansui and the city of Uara, and lies within the area of Uchizō National Park.

Because the area is protected as a national park, very few trails have been made on Mount Seishū. Though some existing paths are easy enough to hike up and down in one day, others can take two or three days because of the uncleared trails and rough terrain.

Mount Seishū is thought to have first been active 300,000 to 400,000 years ago, with the most recent eruption occurring in 1459. According to records, no other eruptions have ever taken place.
Sangeki Reijo

**Sangeki Reijo** [様阜熱些 さんげき・れいじょ] is a hot spring resort located in the city of Hanbimachi, Hamae Prefecture. The existence of hot springs in the area was discovered over five hundred years ago, and the site officially became a resort in 1611. Sulphur extraction was also held in the area for many years until the early 1800s.

Locally, the area around Sangeki Reijo is known unofficially as *saijō no tani* [凑矩の汕], meaning 'valley of hell', due to the sulphur smoke, eerie atmosphere, and barren terrain.
Okuyama

**Okuyama** (素山) is a city located in far southern Heisai Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 16,000.

Okuyama is a well-known border town which now sits on the border between Heisai and Saka, but originally marked the end of the Senyama territory. The Okuyama Barrier, a large and complex fortification, was built and maintained by the Senyama clan in the 1300s to defend against Torima invaders. During the Kuyūmi War, fought between the Senyama and Torima clans, the town of Okuyama was instrumental in providing defence for the Senyama forces. During its history, Okuyama has been seiged a total of six times.

## Geography

Okuyama is situated between the Meisu River to the west and the Yūmi Mountains to the east, on the border with Saka Prefecture. The region was once known for sericulture, but transitioned to fruit cultivation during the 18th century. During the 1990s Okuyama absorbed a total of five smaller towns which neighboured it.

## Economy

The economy of Okuyama is primarily agricultural, with an emphasis on rice and fruits. The area is noted for its peaches and persimmons. Okuyama is also a strong industrial centre.

## Local attractions

- Ruins of the Okuyama Barrier

- Mount Okuyama

- Okuyama Temple

- Ruins of Hanaga Castle

- Takahashi Castle

- Okuyama Museum

- Honbun Park
Mount Misada

**Mount Misada** [免下山; みさだ・さん] is a mountain located in the Taiyū-Genpei range in eastern Saka Prefecture. It has a height of around 1,400 metres, and lies in the western foothills of Mount Genpei.

The lower slopes of Mount Misada are the source of the Okumizu River, along with a number of other smaller waterways.
Yūgan

**Yūgan** [滾阜; ゆうがん / Sunpaku: いったび] is a city located in central Zōhai Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 32,000.

Yūgan is a valley settlement, located below the Nakahara mountains, and arguably has the largest dairy industry in Zōhai in the modern day. It is also well-known for its production of beef and mutton. Yūgan is famous as the birthplace of many traditional Summui dishes, which often feature various herbs, salted meats and beef jerky [*takoi*], and some species of landfowl along with their eggs. Rice became a significant crop for the township in the medieval era, but potatoes [*yamanō*] and turnips also became a staple.
Uwachi

**Uwachi** (闲芥; うわち), also known as lucky dolls, are traditional Kantonese dolls made from cotton or fine wool. They are traditionally female, though male versions are not uncommon. The dolls are said to bring good luck to the children who take care of them and play with them.

Uwachi are made from cotton or fine wool, which is then stuffed with some kind of padding, usually cotton wool. Wooden sticks, traditionally made of hazel, are inserted to give the doll's body structure. Dark horse hair is threaded into the head of the doll to simulate hair; in some cases, human hair will be used instead. Conventionally, the doll does not have an expression, and it is up to the child to decide the personality of the doll and paint a face themselves. It is believed that if the doll is given enough care and attention, it will become animate and grant wishes for its caretaker.

In the past few decades, uwachi have been heavily commercialised, and factory-produced dolls have become popular. These dolls are almost always made with synthetic materials, are much smaller, and have ready-painted faces. They are also not made with the traditional wooden structuring.
Tadori

A **tadori** [たどり] is a traditional Kantonese countryside dwelling, commonly found in the north of the country in the Honzura region. Often a log house, it forms the living quarters of a conventional Kantonese farmstead. They generally feature a small cellar or basement and a small attic area. There is usually an adjacent or surrounding yard which also encloses a kitchen garden, outhouse and barn with a simple woven fence. Traditional, old-style *tadori* construction involved the use of simple tools such as ropes, axes, knives and spades. Both the exterior and interior are of split pine trunks, the gap between being filled with clay.

Nails were not used as metal was relatively expensive; instead, all of the building's components were simply cut and fitted together using a hand axe. Items such as coins, incense, pieces of charcoal, salt crystals, herbs, embroidery, etc. were often placed customarily beneath the four corners of the house under the superstition that this would give the residents health and financial fortune.

*Tadori* emerged in the fifteenth century as a common form of abode for the upper peasant class. In contrast to earlier housing, the stove was often the central element of the interior, being a constant source of heat and light. Often there were no beds (in the Western sense) for members of the household, who would instead sleep on cushioned mats (*fushi*) or reed-woven mats called *nakashi*.
Sumie

**Sumie** [水善 すみえ] is a city located in northern Mikei Prefecture, on the Hamae border. As of 2022, it has a population of around 52,000.

Sumie is situated on the east banks of the Meisu River, below the foothills of Mount Onihara. Due to its proximity to the larger neighbouring city of Mizakemachi, it has developed into a bedroom community. One of the city's main attractions is Sumie Temple, a grand and lavishly-decorated building dating back to the early 11th century, which is believed in local legend to have been the birthplace of the famed *konbūshin* Omiya no Amatoshi. To the north of the city centre, the ruins of Sunogano Castle remain. Another major attraction is Sumie Hot Spring.

As it was once located on the border with Daimi Province, Sumie was known as a *koman* from the 1400s up until the 1800s.
Lake Hei

**Lake Hei** [大匆; だい・く] is a lake located in southern coastal Aoma Prefecture, close to the slightly smaller Lake Genzu. The lake is partially fed by the Torizake River, which flows down from the lowest foothills of the Aomaki range. Lake Hei is located in a slightly hilly region known as the Daisawa Valley.

In the spring and summer, Lake Hei is popular with domestic tourists for its watersports opportunities, and there is a large campsite located near to the lake's shore. In the winter, when a thick layer of ice has formed over the surface of the water, skating competitions are often held.
Tankai Bridge

**Tankai Bridge** [閌桥盾字; たんかい・しゅんじ] is a famous bridge which crosses the Tohara River in central Saka Prefecture. The bridge connects the two adjacent cities of Ryūzu and Taizen. Constructed in the 10th century, it is one of the oldest bridges in the Honzura region and is considered one of the great historical landmarks of both cities. The original structure is no longer in place due to safety reasons.

The Tankai crossing was often used by travelers, messengers, merchants and officials who were using the Salt Road during the medieval and early modern periods.
Shōdori

**Shōdori** [しょうどり / Sunpaku: しょうどり] is a city located in western Uchi Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 16,000.

Shōdori is located in a low-lying, flat and arable region known as the Maishū Valley, which lies in the shadow of the Anodari Hills and the Niryō mountain range. The neighbouring settlements Ihana and Koroba are also built on this stretch of land. The Mon River flows through Shōdori's city centre.

Shōdori is home to Yakari Temple, a famous Sudaro temple constructed in the mid-1300s which remains a popular tourist attraction.
Nōda

**Nōda** [豆讨；のおだ] is a city located in southern Tomono Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 47,000. The city is considered the home of car manufacturing in the Honzura region, due to its reputation as the headquarters of Segano and its long history with the automobile industry.

Nōda was located within southern Sanzama Province and was known since ancient times for production of fabrics, particularly silk. Sericulture was traditionally a large part of the city's economy. It became a castle town during the 1400s after the construction of Fushimi Castle by the Nōda clan, who were high-ranking vassals of the Sanzama. The area prospered as a centre of commerce, and its proximity to Eiita Province allowed it to become connected with dealings from the Imperial District. During the 17th century Nōda was popular with merchants and officials traveling from the south into the Honzura region for work, and developed a reputation as a resort town.

In the late 1930s, the aviation pioneer Segano Shinji founded the Segano Aircraft Company in Nōda. At first he produced mostly licensed models of foreign designs, but beginning with the all-Kantonese Segano 21 fighter place in 1943, his company became a world leader in aeronautical design and manufacture. With its headquarters still in Nōda, the factory now produces the popular brand of motorcars, Segano, and other products under the same name.

## Geography

Nōda lies in the Tōwara Valley region of Tomono, sharing a border with both Kōfu and Mikei Prefectures. It is just south of Akagetsu, and its northern ward is considered somewhat of a bedroom community for the larger city. Nōda is split into two distinct districts, Honnō and Kinō; the latter is known for its picturesque beauty, with lush cedar forests and wildflower meadows. The well-known waterfall, Hirake Falls, lies to the north of the city near the Omiwara River.

## Economy

Traditionally, Nōda's principal industry was sericulture and silk textile manufacturing, with records dating silk production as far back as 913 AD. However, the decreased demand for silk goods and the closure of several area manufacturing companies have caused the local economy to suffer. Tourism is now increasing within the city, as Nōda is developing a reputation for both scenic and historical beauty.

## Local attractions

* Nōda Segano Factory
* Nōda Kanzuma University
* Nōda Fireworks Festival
* Hirake Falls
* Hirake Nature Reserve
* Oyami Museum of Art
Umiawa Temple

**Umiawa Temple** [うみあわ方] is a temple located on the shores of Lake Monoda in Inaki Prefecture. It is a former traditional Sudaro temple which has been converted in a dual-worship site, servicing both Kiren and Sudaro followers.

The temple and the picturesque adjacent lake combine to make one of Inaki's most popular tourist sites, receiving around 40,000 visitors a year on average.
Mount Okura

**Mount Okura** [案仂山; おくら・さん] is a volcanic mountain located in the Shimihara range on Shimi Island to the west of Zōhai Prefecture. It has an elevation of 1,220 metres. The mountain has only erupted twice in recorded history, although both eruptions were quite disastrous, resulting in tremours, rockfalls, landslides and large amounts of pyroclastic smoke.

The summit of Mount Okura is very heavily vegetated, with ancient yew, pine, azalea, rhododendron and hibiscus plants growing in abundance. Perhaps the most notable feature that hikers encounter while exploring the mountain is the Okura Waterfall, hidden in the folds of the rocky southern face.
Napa

The ***napa*** [なぱ; also *napi*, *nakapi*, or *nakappa*] is a reedy, flute-like instrument originating from southern Aoma Prefecture, an area once known as Aoki Province. It is used in traditional music throughout the country, though its association with Aoma remains strong. The napa is considered one of Kanton's most iconic and famous traditional instruments, and its sound has enjoyed multiple periods of popularity through history.

## History

While it is clear that the *napa*'s ancestor originated from China around the 10th century, the specific development of *napa* as its own instrument is not known with certainty, largely because written records were not kept, nor was it considered anything more than a 'peasant's instrument' for many years. What is known is that the *napa* originated from the south of modern-day Aoma, in a province called Aoki, which was then a rice-farming region.

The *napa* was originally used by soldiers, sailors and even common labourers to send signals or messages across long distances. The instrument, which is reedy yet rich, is resonant enough to carry a clear sound across several miles. Different playing styles of the *napa* were developed for different purposes: a stilted, sharp style called *chakuri* was used on a practical level, often for sending signals, whereas the more fluid, melodic style *hashari* was used for entertainment. Sometimes the two were combined into *ōdari*, a 'dancing-style', which was upbeat and catchy.

During the late 18th century, many locally-known *napa* players moved to growing urban centres in Kanton such as Kaimon to gain recognition for their skill. This migration was part of a larger movement, known as *mingata*, which occurred as a result of the traditional arts becoming more popular in Kanton. *Napa* enjoyed many bouts of popularity throughout the decades, and as a result of its exposure to the public, more and more skilled musicians began to emerge. By the mid-1800s, the *napa* had spread throughout Kanton and could be heard in many traditional music bands, known as *kyūkotsu*. As these bands toured the nation, they spread interest in the once-obscure instrument even more.
Taiyu Alps

The **Taiyu Alps** [宛儚音山 たいゆ・おんざん] or Honzura Alps [坎负音山] are a mountain range which stretches through Hamae, Mikei, and Kōfu Prefectures. A small portion of the range also reaches into Tomono and Arami Prefecture. The word 'alps' is used in the English name of the range as a direct translation of the Kantonese word *onzan* meaning 'giant mountain'.

The layout of the Taiyu mountains runs from north to south, with the southern peaks generally being slightly taller. The Alps also have a number of smaller sub-ranges, such as the Banzan and Aramidatsu. The tallest peak is Mount Hyōjō, also the second-tallest mountain in the country. In total there are 26 major peaks within the range, not including more than 200 lesser mountains, hills and ridges.

Due to the sheer size of the Alps, they are categorised into three major regions: northern, central, and southern.

### Northern Taiyu mountains

* Mount Hossu [2,850m]
* Mount Umemae [2,660m]
* Mount Hiseki [2,480m]
* Mount Ironaki [2,120m]
* Mount Hossuku [1,940m]
* Mount Azutaru [1,820m]

### Central Taiyu Mountains

* Mount Mikei (2,100m)
* Mount Iroke (1,870m)
* Mount Kairyō (1,830m)
* Mount Miyaō (1,790m)
* Mount Sui (1,750m)
* Mount Kusui (1,760m)
* Mount Korohara (1,540m)
* Mount Kame (1,510m)
* Mount Ittani (1,420m)

### Southern Taiyu mountains

* Mount Hyōjō (3,100m)
* Mount Furashi (2,710m)
* Mount Seiyuki (2,770m)
* Mount Isuhara (2,530m)
* Mount Asuhara (2,220m)
* Mount Yahara (1,810m)
* Mount Shirezata (1,790m)
* Mount Ryōzen [1,680m]
* Mount Amewa (1,620m)
* Mount Nōhara (1,610m)
* Mount Kudori (1,540m)
* Mount Kanbyō (1,500m)
* Mount Kumori (1,460m)
* Mount Kikei (1,450m)
Yukuzō University

**Yukuzō University** [森昆沿盖含; ゆくぞう・がいはん] is a public university located in Yukuzō, Saka Prefecture, established in 1967. It is considered a somewhat prestigious university, and ranks highly in regional listings. The university has a focus on health and welfare, along with medicine and law. Faculties include:

* Department of Linguistics
* Department of Law
* Department of Medicine
* Department of Engineering
* Department of Social Welfare
* Department of Humanities
Mount Kanamae

**Mount Kanamae** [笹前山; かなまえ・さん] is a mountain located in the Aomaki Hills in Aoma Prefecture. It has an elevation of about 974m. Mount Kanamae is part of the Aomaki range's main chain of peaks, also consisting of Mount Gango, Mount Aki and Mount Ido. Collectively, these mountains are known as the Aomaki-Ōzuhara, or the Aomaki Great Four Peaks.
Ryūzu

**Ryūzu** [流水; りゅうず] is a city located in central Saka Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 65,000, and is the second-largest city in the prefecture. It is known as the location of the Ryūzu Science Park, a site developed in the 1960s. Ryūzu is known as the home of *izan* production in Saka, and is also the birthplace of the famous and well-loved brand Genpei.

Ryūzu Temple, located on the banks of the Tohara River, has been a place of pilgrimage since at least the early Nittori period. The adjacent Ryūzuda Gardens, now Ryūzu Central Park, are also considered a great spot for *hinamachi*. During the 17th century, parts of what later became the city of Ryūzu were developed into brewery sites to establish the production of rice wine. The high quality and relatively low price of the wine, which was branded Genpei, made it hugely popular amongst the local merchant class.

Beginning in the 1960s, the area was designated for development. Construction of the city, the University of Ryūga University and a number of basic scientific research facilities began in the '70s, within the Ryūzu Science Park area. Over the past several decades, nearly half of Kanton's public research and development budget has been spent in Ryūzu; many important scientific breakthroughs have happened in the area. Earthquake safety, environmental degradation, studies of roadways, fermentation science, microbiology, and plant genetics are some of the broad research topics.

## Geography

Ryūzu is located south of the prefectural capital, Wakatsu. The city's southern border is formed by the Tohara River, which creates a natural boundary separating Ryūzu from the adjacent municipalities of Taizen and Chiyuki; the former is linked by Tankai Bridge, an iconic local landmark. The area is extremely flat and well-irrigated, which has made the city well-suited for large-scale rice farming. The Koronori River also runs along its northern boundary. To the west of the city lies Kuriha in Tomono Prefecture.

Ryūzu is known for its green spaces. The city has more than 100 parks and green areas for use by the public. Different parks are connected by pedestrian walk and bikeways. Some are equipped with tennis courts and round pavements for jogging and walking; Ryūzu Central Park has a baseball field, a soccer field, a gym and a heated indoor pool equipped with a solar heating system. Danma Park has a 45m-high observation deck and an English rose garden with a small pond.

## Economy

The local economy was traditionally based on rice and *izan* production; Ryūzu still has the largest area of paddy fields in Saka Prefecture. After the establishment of Ryūzu Science City, the numerous government and private research institutes has drawn a large number of factories and supporting businesses. The city also has a minor student population concentrated in its northern ward, most of which studies in nearby Wakatsu.

## Local attractions

* Ryūzu Science Park
* Ishido Temple
* Ryūzu Temple
* Ruins of Inedama Castle
* Ryūzu Museum
* Genpei Ltd. headquarters
* Tankai Bridge
* Ryūzu Central Park
* Danma Park
Shūmagano

**Shūmagano** [濡岩笹 しゅうまがの] is a city located in southern Arami Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 15,000.

The city is located on a flat, slightly marshy plain to the north of the capital of Anzaki. The Tenki River flows through its western ward, while the Hira River finds its source to the east. The economy of Shūmagano is dominated by agriculture, predominantly rice production, along with *izan* brewing. Paper-making was historically a large industry.

Local attractions in Shūmagano include:

* Shūmagano Inn - a 15th-century *yoto*
* Ayaku Temple & Ayaku Gardens
* Shūmagano Wetlands
* Shūmagano Izan Festival - held every August
Rinyora

**Rinyora** [りんよら] is a dance-based performance originating from medieval Kanton (roughly the 12th century). It was particularly popular during the early 1100s, and continued to be practiced by the peasantfolk until the 16th century. *Rinyora* is sometimes characterised as a form of song and dance with a strong backing beat - emphasis is often placed on the beat at the expense of the melody.

A *rinyora* performance consists of a basic story or narrative tale with rhythmic musical accompaniment. The main performer recites the narrative lines while dancing to the music (performed by separate musicians). The dancer was either a young girl or young boy. Their costume consisted of a plain straight-cut robe, decorated with a belt or necklace of beads, shells, seaglass or any other rustic accessory, and a tall cap made of woven reeds. It was not uncommon for male dancers to wear nothing but a loincloth.

*Rinyora* is sometimes referred to in classical and medieval Kantonese as simply *yoran* or 'dancing'. While the modern spelling is in plain characters, the word itself is based on the characters 汽 (*rin*, music) and 枪 (*yora*, dance).

The type of music which accompanies a *rinyora* performance experienced a resurgence of popularity in the late 1600s, especially around the central-western region, with the emerging merchant class who found it entertainingly rustic. The phrase *meiri rinyora no baki* ('making a meiri courtesan perform *rinyora*') is an expression which alludes to making somebody do something they are clearly uncomfortable with for comic effect.