Canis familiaris

While some scientists consider dogs to be a subspecies of wolf, others believe that their features and habits are so different that, despite being co-breedable with no threat of infertility, that they are different enough to deserve their own species name. I agree, and thus this article is *Canis familiaris* and not *Canis lupus familiaris*.

## Origination

Dogs have had multiple origination-of-domestication points throughout time, starting naturally (presumably) amongst different people from far apart from one another (meaning that they had no idea dogs could exist and did exist somewhere else and re-created them anyhow, repeatedly in history). However, most group of dogs alive today have genes that originated from Eurasia. Most surviving "American-originating" dog breeds came from wolves in Eastern Asia from before the Bering Strait cross. And all of them have have those Eurasian genes as well due to crossbreeding. Thus Eurasian genes are contained in the bulk of modern dogs, though ancient dog breeds consisted of more variety.

## Types

Dogs come in a variety of subgroups. Just as how subspecies are races developed naturally to adapt to the environment, breeds are races that are developed unnaturally by people through selective breeding. However, people may apply the word "breed" for all uses, including naturally developed feral landraces- dogs which adapted to their usage and local environment, without much human intervention to intentionally create certain looks or purposes. It should be noted that while breeds are considered to be of one type, there are often undiscussed or uncategorized subtypes of it. For example, most breeds are recognized and organized by a nation's kennel club. However these standards may differ by country, and it may come to be that, whilst sharing the same name, a breed of one nation cannot breed from another nation while still qualifying to the breed's standard. For example, the affenpinscher in the UK only allows for black dogs. This means that dogs with a heavy affenpinscher makeup from other countries that allow alternative colors, like the United States, may not be bred with official breeders and within the official breeding chain. If they were, they would add disqualifications to the breeding pool, which is not good for show dogs. This means that whilst both lines are considered affenpinschers, only some are allowed to breed with each other by official breeders. However, it does not prohibit "backyard breeders" from converging and bring UK affenpinschers and US affenpinschers for breeding. It may be more accurate to identify breeds not just by name, but by country origin as well. This is done in some circumstances of high physical difference/very different standards. The American Akita and the Japanese Akita are a good example of this, with the American Akita having changed so much from its original form that some people consider it to be a different dog breed.

It is also important to note that many breeds and their standards have changed over time. It almost seems unfair to call them by the same name, but until the system changes to take more consideration of genetic differences between lineages historically they are called the same. A popular example of this is the development of cranial features in the Bull Terrier. The modern variation has a distinct curved snout, whereas in the past they did not.

People may start a new breed at any time (especially official breeders) and can do this by starting a new lineage of a dog that had a mutation and breeding it and its descendants to their hearts content until they have enough dogs of the same temperament and body shape to have a breed. For example Panda Shepherds are merely a lineage of German Shepherds that allow black-tan-white tricolor. Other breeds, like the Czekoslavian Wolfdog, were mixed with multiple breeds and wolves carefully until they got a "dog" that resembled a wolf in physical and some behaviors, but was still friendly enough to work with humans.

Breeds can change by being adopted into a kennel club. For example the Border Collie, native to the British Isles, now has an "intelligent" line and a "cute" line due to the American Kennel Club adopting it into its system. Their demands of physical standards have re-shaped some lineages of the dog, changing its skull, size, and eye structure to make it more cute. It risks the breed's traditional guideline for breeding- high intelligence and unique herding skills. In order to maintain the breed's abilities, it's now important for breeders to carefully select dogs and keep sheepherding dogs with sheepherding dogs to some extent. Mixing shepherding dogs in with the AKC's cuter variants would dilute their intelligence and athletic abilities, jeopardizing the wool and lamb industry and traditional ways of livelihood.

## List of dog breeds

The breeds listed here are rough guidelines that people commonly use. Though breed lineages may differ by country due to standardization practices, the average lay person doesn't see it as such. A German Shepherd is a German Shepherd, no matter where they are, and most don't know about the differences it may have between places (fluffier and more black than tan in Germany). Thus these breeds are listed mostly by what's accepted or being pushed by new breeders. Please continue with the understanding that there can be variations of a breed within a breed that are not well documented online as well.

* Affenpinscher
* Afghan Hound
* Aidi
* Airedale Terrier
* Akbash
* Akita Inu
* Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
* Alaskan Klee Kai
* Alaskan Malamute
* Alpine Dachsbracke
* American Akitas
* American Bulldog
* American Cocker Spaniel
* American English Coonhound
* American Eskimo Dogs
* American Foxhound
* American Hairless Terrier
* American Leopard Hounds
* American Mastiff
* American Pitbull Terrier
* American Staffordshire Terrier
* American Water Spaniel
* Anatolian Shepherd
* Appenzeller Sennenhund
* Atlas Mountain Dog
* Australian Cattle Dog
* Australian Heeler
* Australian Labradoodle
* Australian Shepherd
* Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
* Australian Terrier
* Australian Working Kelpie
* Austrian Pinscher
* Azawakh
* Badger Hound
* Barbado da Terceira
* Barbet
* Barbichon
* Basenji
* Basset Artesien Normand
* Basset Fauve de Bretagne
* Basset Hound
* Bavarian Mountain Hound
* Beagle
* Bearded Collies
* Beauceron
* Bedlington Terriers
* Belgian Laekenois
* Belgian Malinois
* Belgian Sheepdog
* Belgian Tervuren
* Bergamasco Shepherds
* Berger Blanc Suisse
* Berger Picard
* Bernese Mountain Dog
* Bichon Frise
* Biewer Terriers
* Billy
* Bingley Terrier
* Black and Tan Coonhound
* Black Forest Hound
* Black Russian Terrier
* Bloodhound
* Blue Heeler
* Blue Lacy
* Blue Picardy
* Bluetick Coonhound
* Boerboel
* Bohemian Shepherd
* Bolognese
* Border Collies
* Border Terrier
* Borzoi
* Boskini
* Boston Terrier
* Bouvier Des Ardennes
* Bouvier Des Flandres
* Bowman
* Boxers
* Boykin Spaniels
* Bracco Italiano
* Braque D'Auvergne
* Braque du Bourbonnais
* Braque Francais Pyrenean
* Braque Saint-Germain
* Brazilian Mastiff
* Brazilian Terriers
* Briards
* Brittany
* Broholmer
* Brussels Griffon
* Bucovina Shepherd Dog
* Bull Terrier
* Bullmastiff
* Bully
* Cairn Terriers
* Canaan Dogs
* Cane Corsos
* Cardigan Welsh Corgis
* Carolina Dogs
* Catahoula Leopard Dogs
* Caucasian Shepherd Dogs
* Cavaliers King Charles Spaniels
* Central Asian Shepherd Dogs
* Cesky Terriers
* Chesapeake Bay Retriever
* Chihuahuas
* Chinese Crested Dogs
* [{Chinooks|Chinooks (dog breed)]]
* Chow-chows
* Cirneco dell'Etna
* Clumber Spaniel
* Cocker Spaniel
* Collies
* Coton de Tulear
* Croatian Shepherd Dogs
* Curly Coated Retrievers
* Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs
* Dachshunds
* Dalmatians
* Dandie Dinmont Terriers
* Danish-Swedish Farmdogs
* Deutscher Wachtelhund
* Doberman Pinschers
* Dogo Argentino
* Dogue de Bordeaux
* Drentsche Patrijshond
* Drevers
* Dutch Shepherds
* English Cocker Spaniels
* English Foxhounds
* English Setters
* English Springer Spaniels
* English Toy Spaniels
* Entlebutcher Mountain Dogs
* Estrela Mountain Dogs
* Eurasias
* Field Spaniels
* Finnish Lapphunds
* Finnish Spitz
* Flat-Coated Retrievers
* French Bulldogs
* French Spaniels
* German Longhaired Pointers
* German Pinschers
* German Shepherds
* German Shorthaired Pointers
* German Spitz
* German Wirehaired Pointers
* Giant Schnauzers
* Glenn of Imaal Terriers
* Golden Retrievers
* Gordon Setters
* Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen
* Great Danes
* Great Pyrenees
* Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs
* Greyhounds
* Hamiltonstovare
* Hanoverian Scenthound
* Harriers (dog breed)
* Havanese (dog breed)
* Hokkaido (dog breed)
* Hovawart
* Ibizan Hounds
* Icelandic Sheepdogs
* Irish Red and White Setters
* Irish Setters
* Irish Terriers
* Irish Water Spaniels
* Irish Wolfhounds
* Italian Greyhounds
* Jagdterrier
* Japanese Chin
* Japanese Spitz
* Japanese Terriers
* Jindo
* Kai Ken
* Karelian Bear Dog
* Keeshond
* Kelpie
* Kerry Blue Terrier
* Kishu Ken
* Komondor
* Kromfohrlander
* Kuvasz
* Labrador Retrievers
* Lagotto Romagnolo
* Lakeland Terriers
* Lancashire Heelers
* Lapponian Herders
* Leonbergers
* Lhasa Apso
* Löwchen
* Maltese
* Manchester Terriers
* Mastiffs
* Miniature American Shepherds
* Miniature Bull Terriers
* Miniature Pinschers
* Miniature Schnauzers
* Mountain Curs
* Mudi
* Neopolitan Mastiffs
* Nederlandse Kooikerhondje
* Newfoundland (dog breed)
* Norfolk Terriers
* Norrbottenspets
* Norwegian Bundhunds
* Norwegian Elkhounds
* Norwegian Lundhunds
* Nowich Terriers
* Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers
* Old English Sheepdogs
* Otterhounds
* Papillons
* Parson Russell Terriers
* Pekingese
* Pembroke Welsh Corgis
* Perro de Presa Canario
* Peruvian Inca Orchids
* Petit Basset Griffon Vandeen
* Pharaoh Hounds
* Plott Hounds
* Pointers (dog breed)
* Polish Lowland Sheepdogs
* Pomeranians
* Pont-Audemer Spaniels
* Poodles
* Porcelaines
* Portuguese Podengos
* Portuguese Pointers
* Portuguese Sheepdogs
* Portuguese Water Dogs
* Pudelpointer
* Pugs
* Pulis
* Pumis
* Pyrenean Mastiffs
* Pyrenean Shepherds
* Rafeiro do Alentjo
* Rat Terriers
* Redbone Coonhounds
* Rhodesian Ridgebacks
* Romanian Carpathian Shepherds
* Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dogs
* Rottweilers
* Russell Terriers
* Russian Toys
* Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka
* Saint Bernards
* Salukis
* Samoyeds
* Schapendoes
* Schnauzers
* Schipperke
* Scottish Deerhounds
* Scottish Terriers
* Sealyham Terriers
* Segugio Italiano
* Shar-Peis
* Shetland Shepherds
* Shiba Inu
* Siberian Huskies
* Shikoku
* Shi-tzus
* Silky Terriers
* Skye Terriers
* Sloughi
* Slovakian Wirehaired Pointers
* Slovensky Cuvac
* Slovensky Kopov
* Small Munsterlanders
* Smooth Fox Terriers
* Spanish Mastiffs
* Spanish Water Dogs
* Spinone Italiano
* Stabyhouns
* Staffordshire Bull Terriers
* Sussex Spaniels
* Swedish Lapphunds
* Swedis Vallhunds
* Taiwan Dogs (dog breed)
* Teddy Roosevelt Terriers
* Thai Bangkaew
* Thai Ridgeback
* Tibetan Mastiffs
* Tibetan Spaniels
* Tibetan Terriers
* Tornjak
* Tosa
* Toy Fox Terriers
* Transylvanian Hounds
* Treeing Tennessee Brindles
* Treeeing Walker Coonhounds
* Vizsla
* Volpino Italiano
* Weimaraners
* Welsh Springer Spanial
* Welsh Terriers
* West Highland Terriers
* Wetter Houns
* Wheaten Terriers
* Whippets
* Wire Fox Terriers
* Wirehaired Pointing Griffons
* Xoloitzcuintli
* Yakutian Laika
* Yorkshire Terriers

## References

1. ↑ Dogs Unleashed book by Tamsin Pickeral
2. ↑ https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/