Emperor of the French

The **Emperor of the French** (French: ***Empereur des Français***) was the monarch of the First French Empire and the Second French Empire.

## Details

A title and office used by the House of Bonaparte starting when Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the French Senate and was crowned emperor of the French on 2 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, in Paris, with the Crown of Napoleon

The title emphasized that the emperor ruled over "the French people" (the nation) and not over France (the state). The old formula of "King of France" indicated that the king owned France as a personal possession. The new term indicated a constitutional monarchy. The title was purposely created to preserve the appearance of the French Republic and to show that after the French Revolution, the feudal system was abandoned and a[nation state was created, with equal citizens as the subjects of their emperor. (After 1 January 1809, the state was officially referred to as the French Empire.)

The title of "Emperor of the French" was supposed to demonstrate that Napoleon's coronation was not a restoration of monarchy, but an introduction of a new political system: the French Empire. Napoleon's reign lasted until 22 June 1815, when he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, exiled and imprisoned on the island of Saint Helena, where he died on 5 May 1821. His reign was interrupted by the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 and his own exile to Elba, from where he escaped less than a year later to reclaim the throne, reigning as Emperor for another 94 days before his defeat and final exile.

Less than a year after the French coup d'état of 1851 by Napoleon's nephew Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, which ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly, the Second French Republic was transformed into the Second French Empire, established by a referendum on 7 November 1852. President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, elected by the French people, officially became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, from the symbolic and historic date of 2 December 1852. His reign continued until his assassination at the Exposition Universelle (alongside the ccrown prince of Russia) on 7 June 1867.

Following Napoleon III's death, his supporters placed his 11-year old son,Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, on the throne, establishing a regency led by an alliance of the French military, Bonapartists, and Orléanists.

## Full styles

The Emperors of the French had various titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the House of Bonaparte.

### Napoleon I

His Imperial and Royal Majesty *Napoleon I*, By the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Co-Prince of Andorra.

### Napoleon II

His Imperial Majesty *Napoleon II*, By the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Republic, Emperor of the French and Co-Prince of Andorra.

### Napoleon III

His Imperial Majesty *Napoleon III*, By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, Emperor of the French and Co-Prince of Andorra.

### Napoleon IV

His Imperial Majesty *Napoleon IV*, By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, Emperor of the French and Co-Prince of Andorra.

## List of Emperors

### Hundred Days

*Regarded as a continuation of the First French Empire despite the brief exile of Emperor Napoleon I.*