网络化无线照明控制

==
**EE301: Networked Wireless Lighting Controls**==

**网络化无线照明控制**

***以下内容有118-刘禹君翻译***

### **EDUCATION CREDIT**

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for LEU (NCQLP) credit and 80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of credits. For LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES, Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIA CES.

### **教育积分**

这门课程结束之后，参与者将可以完成这个线上测试，通过70分得到LEU (NCQLP)学分和学满80+%的LU/HSW小时。通过考试后，你将可以下载每种学分的结业证书。对于LC认证维护(LEUs)，学分是自我报告的。对于AIA /CES，照明控制协会将把本课程的学分报告给AIA CES。

### **NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS**

This course is registered with NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed  or construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

### **没有认证机构的认可**

这个课程在NCQLP和AIA CIS登录招收，用于继续专业的教育。因此，它不包括可能被视为或解释为这些组织对任何施工材料或处理、使用、分发或交易任何材料或产品的任何方法或方式的批准或认可的内容。

### **COPYRIGHT**

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

### **版权**

这个介绍是被美国和国际版权法所保护的。没有照明控制协会的书面许可，不得复制、分发、展示和使用该演示文稿。

### **DISCLAIMER**

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services  such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and     insured professionals.

### **声明**

从本课程所包含的信息来自于被认为是可靠的来源。照明控制协会、国家电气制造商协会、ZING通信公司或其员工或成员不承担因使用或误用本课程所包含的数据或信息而导致的错误、遗漏或损害的责任。本课程中所包含的所有信息都是为专业人士提供的，以寻求其中所包含主题的信息。本课程的目的不是提供专业服务，如设计、工程或咨询。如需要这些服务，应由受过适当训练、注册、受规管和受保险的专业人士提供。

### **INTRODUCTION**

Typical automatic lighting control applications involve an input device, such as a photosensor,   interacting with a power controller, such as a switch. Though these components may be integrated into the same device (e.g., wall-box occupancy sensor), often they are installed separately. To interact, the input device must send a control signal to a controller, which then controls the load. The predominant traditional approach is to send a control signal along dedicated low-voltage wiring (typically called “hardwired”). A more recent approach rapidly gaining in popularity is to communicate using radio waves that travel through the air, eliminating the need for dedicated control wiring.

The resulting advantages enable advanced lighting control with greater installation flexibility, good scalability, and lower labor installation cost, suitable for many applications but particularly hard-to-wire applications, exterior area lighting, non-accessible ceilings, hard ceilings, asbestos abasement issues, spaces requiring reconfiguration, and brick-and-mortar existing buildings.

EE301: Networked Wireless Lighting Controls provides a basic understanding of wireless control, including functionality, benefits, protocols and topologies.

### **介绍**

代表性的自动照明控制应用包括一个输入的装置，例如一个与其交互的类似开关的电源控制装置的光传感器。尽管这些零件可以与同样的装置集成一体（例如：壁柜占用传感器）。通常将他们分开安装。为了交互，输入装置必须发送一个控制信号给一个控制器，控制器控制负载。主要的传统方法是发送一个沿着专用低压线路（代表性的称为“硬布线”）控制信号。一个最近迅速流行的方法是使用在空气中传播的无线电波进行通信，不需要专门的控制线路。

由此产生的优势使得先进的照明控制具有更大的安装灵活性、良好的可扩展性和更低的人工安装成本，适用于许多应用，但特别适用于难以布线的应用、外部区域照明、难以接近的天花板、硬天花板、石棉处理问题、需要重新配置的空间和现有砖瓦建筑。

EE301：网络无线照明控制提供了对无线控制的基本理解，包括功能，好处，协议和拓扑。

Image courtesy of Audacy Wireless Lighting Control.图像由Audacy无线照明控制提供

### **LEARNING OBJECTIVES**

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

Recognize and select the typical components used in a wireless lighting control system.

Communicate with clients, project team members, and manufacturers based on a good understanding of different frequency bands, protocols and topologies for wireless signal transmission.

Compare and evaluate different types of wireless lighting control systems based on their level of cost, complexity and other factors.

Select an appropriate wireless lighting control solution based on a range of important considerations.

### **学习目标：**

这门课程结束，你将会学到：

识别和选择用于无线照明控制系统的主要部件。

于对无线信号传输的不同频段、协议和拓扑的了解，与客户、项目团队成员和制造商进行沟通。

比较和评价不同的无效照明控制系统基于他们的成本水平、复杂性和其他因素。

基于一系列重要的考虑，选择一个合适的无线照明控制系统解决方案。

### **BENEFITS**

Wireless lighting controls have the basic functionality as hardwired advanced control systems, providing benefits such as energy cost savings and flexibility. Otherwise, the elimination of hardwiring control devices provides distinct benefits:

Flexibility: The first is flexibility. Wireless control devices can be placed where they’re needed without limitation imposed by wiring, including areas that are difficult to wire. More flexibility is provided in unique applications. Electrical planning may be shortened. After installation, devices can be moved and the system expanded with relative ease.

Labor and material cost savings: Wireless control eliminates the need for dedicated control wiring and associated switch legs, traveler wires, conduit  in many cases, and other raw materials, speeding and simplifying installation. With no damage to walls or ceilings, and little to no disruption to business operations, wireless control lends itself well to installing even sophisticated control systems in existing buildings and applications like streetlighting.

Scalability: Wireless lighting control systems can be easily scaled as space needs change.

The advantages of wireless control make these solutions particularly suitable for applications where the cost of running control wires is too costly or simply not possible, such as outdoor lighting, parking garages, warehouses and retrofits.

### **优点：**

无线照明控制具有与先进的有线控制系统一样的基本功能，提供了如能量成本节能和灵活性等的优点。此外，硬接线控制设备的消除提供了明显的好处：

灵活性:首先是灵活性。无线控制设备可以放置在需要的地方，不受布线的限制，包括难以布线的区域。在独特的应用程序中提供了更多的灵活性。电气规划可以被缩短。安装完成后，设备可以移动，系统可以相对轻松地扩展。

节省人力和材料成本:无线控制无需专门的控制布线和相关的开关腿、钢丝、导管，在许多情况下，以及其他原材料，加快和简化了安装。无线控制对墙壁和天花板没有损坏，对商业运作几乎没有影响，它非常适合在现有建筑物和街灯等应用中安装复杂的控制系统。

可扩展性:无线照明控制系统可以随空间需求的变化而轻松伸缩。

无线控制的优势使这些解决方案特别适合于运行控制线成本过高或根本不可能的应用，如户外照明、停车场、仓库和翻新。

Image courtesy of Echelon.
图像由Echelon提供

### **THE WIRELESS SYSTEM**

Wireless lighting control systems consist of luminaire controllers (also called relay modules, power packs or dimming modules), typically installed in or on a luminaire or in a junction box; input devices (e.g., sensors and switches); and management devices including gateways (which function similarly to wireless routers) and servers.

Sensors feature a wireless transmitter that sends signals through the air to receivers embedded in gateways or repeater modules, which sends signals to a server, which then communicates back to the controller to adjust the status of the luminaire. Switches typically send signals directly to the luminaire controller.
During setup, all devices are discovered and added to a programmable network, where they’re grouped and given assignments. Setup methods vary by manufacturer and include pushbutton programming, bar code scanning, mobile app setup, graphical database generation and others.

For devices to communicate, they must be in range of each other to ensure reliable signal transmission. The devices are configured within a topology  to ensure reliable signal pathways. And they must be designed to interoperate using the same protocol (communication method).

Otherwise, the system may be sized to two devices communicating within range up to autonomous pre-programmed room-based systems all the way up to building-wide networks programmable to controlled lighting via gateways and sending operating data back to a central server.

All of the above concepts identified in italics will be explored fully in this course.

Image courtesy of RAB Lighting.
图片由RAB照明提供

### **无线系统**

无线照明控制系统由灯具控制器(也称为继电器模块、电源组或调光模块)组成，通常安装在灯具内或接线盒内;输入设备(如传感器和开关);以及管理设备，包括网关(功能类似于无线路由器)和服务器。

传感器的特点是无线发射器通过空气将信号发送到嵌入网关或中继器模块的接收器，接收器再将信号发送到服务器，服务器再与控制器通信以调整灯具的状态。开关通常直接向灯具控制器发送信号。在安装过程中，所有的设备被发现并添加到一个可编程网络中，在那里它们被分组并分配任务。设置方法因制造商而异，包括按钮编程、条形码扫描、移动应用程序设置、图形数据库生成等。

对于要通信的设备，它们必须在彼此的范围内，以确保可靠的信号传输。设备被配置在一个拓扑内，以确保可靠的信号通路。而且它们必须被设计成使用相同的协议(通信方法)进行互操作。

否则，该系统可能会被缩小到两个设备，在一定范围内通信到预先编程的基于房间的自主系统，一直到可编程的整个建筑网络，通过网关控制照明，并将操作数据发送回中央服务器。

所有上述以斜体字标明的概念将在本课程中充分探讨。

### **LUMINAIRE CONTROLLERS**

The power controller is a relay-based device that provides ON/OFF switching and (in the majority of LED systems) circuitry enabling 0-10VDC (and/or potentially DALI) full-range dimming. In a wireless system, the controller features an embedded wireless receiver that accepts radio control signals within range. It then acts upon those signals within its set rules.

### 灯具控制器

电源控制器是一种基于继电器的设备，提供开/关开关和(在大多数LED系统中)电路，支持0-10VDC(和/或潜在的达利)全范围调光。在无线系统中，控制器的特点是嵌入式无线接收器，接收范围内的无线电控制信号。然后，它在自己设定的规则内对这些信号采取行动。

Image courtesy of Philips Lighting. 图片由Philips Lighting提供

### **LUMINAIRE CONTROLLERS**

Some current lighting control systems offer controllers designed to be integrated into single luminaires. For example, a luminaire controller rated to handle up to 1A of load can only control up to 120W (on 120V) or 277W (on 277V) of lighting.

Many systems also offer controllers able to handle a much greater load, typically used to control multiple luminaires. In a warehouse aisle, for example, it may not be necessary to separately control every luminaire if they are all to respond to the same control sequence of operations. Note this requires line-voltage power and low-voltage dimming control wiring to be run from the controller to each luminaire.

It can be simpler and more economical to specify luminaire-integrated luminaire controllers. This maximizes control zone granularity, allowing for any desired zoning using luminaires as single units or groups, and eliminates the need to run additional wiring between luminaires and the controller.

### **灯具控制器**

当前的一些照明控制系统发提供控制器设计与单独的灯具集成统一。例如，一个额定处理1A的负载灯具控制器，只能控制120W或者220W的照明。

许多系统也提供控制器能够处理更大的负载，通常用于控制多个灯具。例如，在仓库通道中，如果所有灯具都要响应相同的控制顺序，则可能没有必要分别控制每个灯具。（注:这需要线路电压电源和低压调光控制接线从控制器运行到每个灯具。）

它可以更简单和更经济的指定灯具集成灯具控制器。这最大限度地提高了控制区的粒度，允许将灯具作为单个单元或组使用，并消除了在灯具和控制器之间运行额外线路的需要。

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.图片由Lutron Electronics提供

### **SENSORS**

Occupancy sensors and light sensors (photosensors) are input devices required in most interior and some exterior spaces by the majority of commercial building energy codes. The only difference in a wireless system is they contain a wireless transmitter to communicate with the system using radio waves.

Sensors may be specified as part of an integrated luminaire or a separately installed component. Some separately installed (standalone) sensors combine the functionality of occupancy and light sensing in a single device to minimize installation. Some sensors provide additional functionality such as temperature sensing.

Standalone sensors may be battery-powered or, if using EnOcean technology, powered by harvesting energy from the local space, such as ambient light. If the device is battery-operated, it should feature a high-quality battery that provides reliability and long service life. It should also be matched to the most efficient devices to maximize the amount of time before a battery charge is required.

### **传感器**

占用传感器和光传感器(光敏传感器)是大多数商业建筑能源法规要求的大多数内部和一些外部空间的输入设备。无线系统的唯一区别是它们包含一个无线发射器，通过无线电波与系统通信。

传感器可以指定为集成灯具的一部分或单独安装的组件。一些单独安装(独立)的传感器将占用功能和光敏功能结合在一个设备中，以最小化安装。一些传感器提供额外的功能，如温度传感。

独立的传感器可以由电池供电，如果使用EnOcean技术，也可以从当地空间获取能量，比如环境光。如果设备是电池驱动的，它应该配备高质量的电池，以提供可靠性和长使用寿命。它还应该与效率最高的设备相匹配，以最大限度地延长电池充电前的时间。

Image courtesy of Acuity Brands.

图片由Acuity Brands提供

### **SWITCHES AND OTHER DEVICES**

As with sensors, switches are required in the large majority of spaces to provide manual override of scheduling or occupancy sensing. They may also provide dimming. And as with sensors, they may be battery-powered or harvest local energy, such as the mechanical energy produced flipping a switch.

Some switches also offer additional functionality such as a button enabling selection of a preset lighting scene. Additional buttons allow more preset scenes.
Many control systems provide touchscreen manual control stations as an option. These screens provide manual control functions, programmable preset scenes, potential for networking, and potentially integrated non-lighting functions such as temperature control and scheduling occupancy for a space.

Lastly, some systems allow third-party devices to be incorporated into the network. For example, some systems communicate with wireless plug-load controllers to meet current codes, while others communicate with HVAC controllers to control temperature.

### **开关和其他装置**

与传感器一样，大部分空间都需要开关来提供调度或占用感测的手动覆盖。它们还可以提供调光。和传感器一样，它们可能是由电池供电，也可能从当地获取能量，比如扳动开关产生的机械能。

有些开关还提供了额外的功能，如按钮，使选择预设的照明场景。额外的按钮允许更多的预设场景。

许多控制系统提供触摸屏手动控制站作为一种选择。这些屏幕提供手动控制功能、可编程预置场景、联网潜力，以及可能集成的非照明功能，如温度控制和安排空间占用。

最后，一些系统允许第三方设备并入网络。例如，一些系统通过无线插载控制器来满足当前的规范，而另一些系统通过HVAC控制器来控制温度。

Image courtesy of Philips Lighting.
图片由Philips Lighting提供

### **SERVERS AND GATEWAYS**

If the wireless control system is networked for single-point day-to-day operation and data collection, it will feature a central server and/or gateways.

Typically residing in an IT or electrical closet, the server stores the information about what lighting and control points are on the network. It also stores commissioning/programming information and may also store energy use data.
Most networked lighting control systems also use gateways to distribute the network connections from the server out to the devices (controllers, sensors and switches).
This is true in most wireless systems as well as in most wired systems. In a wireless system, a gateway is essentially a wireless router and is typically installed in the finished space.

If the connection between the server/gateway and control devices is interrupted, the control devices will continue operating as last configured. The loss of connection to the server may result in energy data and other functionality being lost, however.

### **服务器和网关**

如果无线控制系统为单点日常操作和数据收集联网，它将具有中央服务器和/或网关。

服务器通常驻留在IT或电子壁橱中，存储有关网络上有哪些照明和控制点的信息。它还可以存储调试/编程信息，也可以存储能源使用数据。大多数联网照明控制系统也使用网关将网络连接从服务器分发到设备(控制器、传感器和开关)。

在大多数无线系统和有线系统中都是如此。在无线系统中，网关本质上是一个无线路由器，通常安装在已完成的空间中。

如果服务器/网关和控制设备之间的连接中断，控制设备将按照最后配置的方式继续运行。但是，失去与服务器的连接可能会导致能量数据和其他功能的丢失。

Image courtesy of OSRAM Encelium.

图片由OSRAM Encelium.提供

### **CONNECTING SERVERS TO GATEWAYS**

In some systems, the server function (central brain) has been incorporated into the gateway. By combining this server function with the gateway function, one device located in the controlled space suffices to do both jobs.

However, in most systems, the server is a separate device from the gateway(s). This is universally true for centralized control systems and typically true as well for most room-based systems. In that case, the gateway(s) must be connected to the server via some form of cable. This is typically accomplished by using Ethernet cable (i.e., Cat 5e). In a large space, such as a large open office floor, the server is usually located in an IT room or electrical closet in the core. The gateways are located throughout the controlled space. Therefore, the cable must be routed from the gateway(s) in  the controlled space to the IT room or electrical closet.
If the owner allows it, it may be possible to connect the gateway(s) to the server by using the owner’s existing IT network.
If you can physically connect the gateway(s) as well as the server to existing network ports, then you only have to determine the IP address of the gateways in order for the server’s software to find them and pull them onto the lighting control system. In that case, no addition cable needs to be run from the controlled space to the building’s core to make this connection.

### **通过网关连接服务器**

在某些系统中，服务器功能(中央大脑)已被并入网关中。通过将此服务器功能与网关功能相结合，位于受控空间中的一台设备就足以完成这两项工作。

然而，在大多数系统中，服务器是与网关分开的设备。这对于集中控制系统是普遍适用的，对于大多数基于房间的系统也是典型的适用。在这种情况下，网关必须通过某种形式的电缆连接到服务器。这通常是通过使用以太网电缆(例如。,猫5 e)。在大型空间中，例如大型开放的办公楼层，服务器通常位于核心的IT室或电子壁橱中。网关位于整个控制空间。因此，电缆必须从控制空间的网关路由到IT房间或电子壁橱。

如果所有者允许，就有可能使用所有者现有的it网络将网关连接到服务器。如果您可以物理地将网关和服务器连接到现有的网络端口，那么您只需确定网关的IP地址，以便服务器的软件找到它们并将它们拉到照明控制系统上。在这种情况下，不需要额外的电缆从控制空间运行到建筑的核心，以实现这个连接。

Image courtesy of OSRAM Encelium.图片由OSRAM Encelium.提供

***以下内容由211-党梦雅翻译***

### **CLOUD-BASED SERVERS**

Some manufacturers allow the owner to use a server in the Cloud, which means there is no server on-site. The wireless lighting control system connects with a virtual server located in the Cloud. Some lighting control system vendors actually offer this as a service (similar to when you utilize and pay for “software as a service,” where a website or remote query is utilized to complete a task or analysis).Some systems have a dedicated method of making this connection—e.g., using a dedicated 3G cellular modem. In that case, it’s important to check with the manufacturer to know where you can locate this device to ensure that its signal reaches the nearest cell tower. If that signal is temporarily lost, the system’s components should still operate normally, except that certain functions (e.g., energy usage recording) won’t work until the connection to the server is restored.When you use a wireless lighting control system that has a server in the Cloud, typically the manufacturer will deal with some/all of the commissioning and/or maintenance functions. This may include zoning, rezoning, updating software, updating firmware, etc. The owner typically pays for this with an on-going contract for a certain duration of time.

### **基于云计算的服务器**

有些厂家允许业主使用云端的服务器，也就是说现场没有服务器。无线照明控制系统与位于云端的虚拟服务器连接。有些照明控制系统厂商实际上是将此作为一种服务来提供的（类似于你利用并支付 "软件即服务"，利用网站或远程查询来完成任务或分析）。有些系统有一种专门的方法来进行这种连接--例如，使用专用的3G蜂窝调制解调器。在这种情况下，重要的是要向制造商查询，了解你可以在哪里找到这个设备，以确保其信号到达最近的蜂窝塔。如果该信号暂时丢失，系统的组件仍应正常运行，只是某些功能（例如，能源使用记录）将无法工作，直到恢复与服务器的连接。当您使用在云端设有服务器的无线照明控制系统时，通常制造商将处理部分/全部的调试和/或维护功能。这可能包括分区、重新分区、更新软件、更新固件等。业主通常会在一定时间内通过持续的合同来支付这些费用。

Image courtesy of Current by GE.

### **协议**

协议是一套用于设计设备的规则，以便它能与根据相同协议设计的其他设备进行互操作。请注意，0-10V是一种控制方法，而不是协议，尽管DALI或其他协议可以用于调光。流行的协议包括ZigBee、DALI的无线扩展、Xbee、EnOcean、蓝牙、蓝牙LE和Synapse网络设备协议（SNAP）。2017年7月，蓝牙宣布了蓝牙Mesh。还提供了许多使用专有协议的系统，其中许多协议与ZigBee相似。无线控制可以使用网关或通过共享通用协议与有线照明和楼宇自动化系统集成。使用DALI协议的传感器与DALI驱动器对话，无需作为单独的控制器。

Image courtesy of Enlighted.

### **PROTOCOLS: OPEN VERSUS PROPRIETARY**

Protocols may be open standards, de facto standards or proprietary. Open-source protocols such as ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) provide frameworks for interoperability between devices manufactured by any vendor using that particular protocol. It also allows communication with additional devices from other manufacturers such as wireless plug-load controllers and thermostats. However, if something goes wrong with the system as a whole, one must determine the responsible party among multiple vendors.

De facto standards such as EnOcean are based on a proprietary technology that is licensed to other manufacturers, who offer devices based on that protocol.

Proprietary protocols are designed so that all devices in the system are pre-tested as interoperable, but all devices must be acquired from a single manufacturer. This provides assurance the system will operate as intended and designate a single responsible party. However, the owner is tied to a single manufacturer and its product line.

### **协议：开放与专有**

协议可以是开放标准、事实标准或专有标准。ZigBee(IEEE 802.15.4)等开放源协议为使用该特定协议的任何供应商制造的设备之间的互操作性提供了框架。它还允许与其他制造商的额外设备进行通信，如无线插电式控制器和恒温器。然而，如果整个系统出现问题，就必须在多个厂商中确定责任方。

事实上的标准，如EnOcean是基于专有技术，授权给其他制造商，谁提供基于该协议的设备。

专有协议的设计使系统中的所有设备都经过了互操作性的预先测试，但所有设备都必须从单一制造商那里获得。这就保证了系统能按预期的方式运行，并指定了一个单一的责任方。然而，所有者与单一制造商及其产品系列紧密相连。

### **PROTOCOLS: FREQUENCY**

Wireless controls communicate on open short-wave radio-frequency bands on the electromagnetic spectrum. ZigBee and Bluetooth both operate on   a frequency of 2.4 GHz. Because many other devices also operate on the 2.4 GHz, proprietary manufacturer protocols often operate at a different frequencies such as 315, 434 and 900 MHz.

### **协议：频率**

无线控制装置在电磁频谱上开放的短波无线电频段上进行通信。ZigBee和蓝牙的工作频率都是2.4 GHz。由于许多其他设备也在2.4 GHz上工作，专有的制造商协议通常在不同的频率上工作，如315、434和900 MHz。

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.

### **TOPOLOGY**

Networks are configured in topologies. Radio-frequency wireless lighting control networks typically use a self-healing mesh or star topology.

In a self-healing mesh network, data flows between devices (D1, D6, D11 shown here) to communicate between a gateway and a given control point.   If a device fails, the signal flow automatically reroutes through other devices (“self-healing”) (D1, D6, D9, D10, D11), which increases reliability    through multiple nodes and redundancy of nodes.

### **拓扑结构**

网络采用拓扑结构进行配置。射频无线照明控制网络通常采用自愈网状或星型拓扑结构。

在自愈网状网络中，数据在设备之间流动(这里显示的是D1、D6、D11)，在网关和给定控制点之间进行通信。  如果一个设备发生故障，信号流会自动通过其他设备("自愈")(D1、D6、D9、D10、D11)进行改道，通过多节点和节点冗余来提高可靠性。

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.

### **TOPOLOGY**

In a star topology, signals from all wireless devices are transmitted directly to and from a series of gateways that form the backbone of a fixed  network. In some systems, one or more luminaire controllers may be designated as repeaters to boost range. The relatively low signal traffic volume may increase reliability and speed, making control effects more responsive.

Manufacturers offer other topologies such as clusters. Since wireless lighting technology is relatively new, there isn’t a significant body of research supporting one technique over another. The specifier and owner should ask manufacturers for concrete examples of how their solutions will benefit a project.

### **拓扑结构**

在星型拓扑结构中，所有无线设备的信号直接传输到构成固定网络主干的一系列网关。在某些系统中，可以指定一个或多个灯具控制器作为中继器，以提高范围。相对较低的信号流量可以提高可靠性和速度，使控制效果更加灵敏。

制造商提供其他拓扑结构，如集群。由于无线照明技术相对较新，所以没有大量的研究支持一种技术比另一种技术。指定者和业主应该向制造商询问具体的例子，以了解他们的解决方案如何使项目受益。

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.

### **ROOM-BASED VERSUS CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS**

Wireless lighting control systems are available with varying levels of functionality and attendant cost and commissioning so as to enable specifiers to precisely match solutions to project needs.

The majority of installed lighting control systems are room-based, in which the system in each room operates autonomously. The system must be programmed, zoned and calibrated in the field, though some manufacturers offer connected lighting packages with onboard sensors and controllers with preprogrammed sequences of operation based on energy code compliance.

Although future reprogramming, rezoning and recalibration is possible, room-based systems are largely designed to be left alone after installation. Some manufacturers have made their systems more commissioning-friendly, enabling a technician with less training to set up and adjust system operation using a mobile device app.

### **基于房间的系统与集中式系统的比较**

无线照明控制系统有不同程度的功能，以及随之而来的成本和调试，以便使指定人员能够根据项目需求精确匹配解决方案。

大多数已安装的照明控制系统都是以房间为基础的，即每个房间的系统都是自主运行的。该系统必须在现场进行编程、分区和校准，尽管一些制造商提供带有板载传感器和控制器的连接照明包，并根据能源规范的合规性预先编程操作顺序。

虽然未来的重新编程、重新分区和重新校准是可能的，但基于房间的系统在很大程度上被设计成在安装后就可以不用管了。一些制造商已经使他们的系统更加便于调试，使培训程度较低的技术人员能够使用移动设备应用程序来设置和调整系统操作。

Image courtesy of Philips Lighting.

### **ROOM-BASED VERSUS CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS**

Centralized wireless control systems are similar to room-based systems except devices talk to a central server in addition to each other. As a result, they are centrally/remotely programmed, zoned and calibrated, with greater functionality such as automated demand response and global day-to-day management.

Many systems offer controllers with integral power metering chips, eliminating the need to install current transducers on branch circuits for metering. This enables energy measuring, with data graphically displayed on a user interface, and monitoring, with the potential for automatic notifications/alarms. (Accuracy varies, so ask the manufacturer how they measure energy consumption.) This type of system may offer standalone sensors in addition to luminaire-integrated sensors, and allow a hybrid wired/wireless design, providing design flexibility.

### **基于房间的系统与集中式系统的比较**

集中式无线控制系统类似于室内系统，除了设备之间相互对话外，还与中央服务器对话。因此，它们是集中/远程编程、分区和校准的，具有更强大的功能，如自动需求响应和全球日常管理。

许多系统提供的控制器带有集成的电能计量芯片，无需在分支电路上安装电流传感器进行计量。这就实现了能源测量，数据以图形方式显示在用户界面上，并可进行监控，有可能实现自动通知/报警。准确度各不相同，请询问制造商如何测量能源消耗）。这种类型的系统除了集成在灯具中的传感器外，还可以提供独立的传感器，并允许采用有线/无线混合设计，提供设计灵活性。

Image courtesy of RAB Lighting.

### **NODES**

Wireless lighting control systems also typically have recommended limits on the number of nodes connected to a particular gateway. In a wireless control system, a node is any device that transmits and receives instructions and data wirelessly, with its own unique address (i.e., luminaire controllers,  sensors, switches, etc.). For example, one manufacturer’s system has a hard limit of 700 nodes per gateway. Another has a recommended limit of 100 nodes per gateway. (Some protocols may define nodes instead as a feature/characteristic such as occupancy sensing, daylight, dimming, etc.).

Make sure that you understand whether it is a recommended limit or a hard limit. Even if it’s only a recommended limit, it’s preferable not to exceed it. In some systems, the operating software may be hard-coded so that gateways can handle only up to a specific number of nodes. In other systems, the  limit is merely a recommendation. This is usually governed by the anticipated data traffic over the (wireless) network. Remember that some devices may transmit and receive substantially more data than others. If it turns out that your installation has a much greater percentage of those devices than others, there may be an impact on how the gateway handles that traffic.

### **节点**

无线照明控制系统通常对连接到某一网关的节点数量也有推荐限制。在无线控制系统中，节点是指任何以无线方式传输和接收指令和数据的设备，具有自己的唯一地址（如灯具控制器、传感器、开关等）。例如，一家制造商的系统对每个网关的硬性限制为700个节点。另一家的建议限制为每个网关100个节点。一些协议可能会将节点定义为一种功能/特性，如占用感应、日光、调光等）。

确保你明白它是推荐限制还是硬限制。即使只是建议限制，也最好不要超过它。在某些系统中，操作软件可能是硬编码的，因此网关最多只能处理特定数量的节点。在其他系统中，该限制只是一个建议。这通常是由（无线）网络的预期数据流量决定的。请记住，一些设备可能会比其他设备传输和接收更多的数据。如果发现您的安装中这些设备的比例比其他设备高得多，那么可能会对网关处理该流量的方式产生影响。

Image courtesy of Current by GE.

### **RANGE**

An important factor affecting the location of wireless control devices is signal range. These signals are typically low power, which limits their reach. Wireless control systems are typically designed for low power, low data rate, and close proximity range.Manufacturers often publish recommendations for coverage area and/or maximum range between devices and gateways. While the owner wants to minimize the number of devices installed to minimize cost, keeping wireless devices within these boundaries provides greater confidence of reliability.When designing a wireless control system, pay special attention to manufacturer recommendations for limitations when the signal must travel through obstacles such as interior partitions and dense construction materials such as cinderblock walls. The manufacturer may offer other recommendations to help locate devices, such as keeping them a certain distance from metal objects that may impact the accurate transmission of network information.

### **范围**

影响无线控制设备位置的一个重要因素是信号范围。这些信号通常是低功率的，这限制了它们的覆盖范围。无线控制系统通常设计为低功率、低数据速率和近距离范围。

制造商经常公布设备和网关之间的覆盖区域和/或最大范围的建议。虽然业主希望尽量减少安装设备的数量以降低成本，但将无线设备控制在这些范围内可以提供更大的可靠性信心。

在设计无线控制系统时，当信号必须穿过障碍物（如室内隔断和密集的建筑材料，如煤渣墙）时，要特别注意制造商建议的限制。制造商可能会提供其他建议来帮助定位设备，如与可能影响网络信息准确传输的金属物体保持一定距离。

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.

### **TYPICAL OPEN OFFICE LAYOUT**

In an open office floor, wireless signals usually have an obstructed pathway between luminaires and from luminaires, sensors and switches to gateways. Hence, open offices are great candidates for the use of wireless lighting control systems.

In systems that use luminaire-integrated controls, every luminaire has its own integral controller and sensors. Other systems have options for controllers that can handle a larger load. As a result, a group of luminaires may be connected to one controller upstream of the luminaires. In open office spaces—as well as many other types of spaces—current codes require luminaires in daylight zones to be automatically controlled in response   to available daylight. Therefore, careful planning is required when using systems with high-amperage controllers upstream of a group of luminaires to ensure that they can be controlled as a distinct zone corresponding to primary and secondary daylight zones as defined in the applicable energy code. However, keep in mind that future changes to the space may require some rewiring when using such a system.

### **典型的开放式办公室布局**

在开放式的办公楼层中，无线信号在灯具之间以及从灯具、传感器和开关到网关之间通常有一条受阻的通路。因此，开放式办公室是使用无线照明控制系统的绝佳选择。

在使用灯具集成控制的系统中，每个灯具都有自己的集成控制器和传感器。其他系统则可以选择能够处理更大负载的控制器。因此，一组灯具可以连接到灯具上游的一个控制器。在开放的办公空间中，以及许多其他类型的空间中，当前的规范要求日光区的灯具根据可用的日光自动控制。因此，当在一组灯具上游使用带有高电流控制器的系统时，需要进行仔细的规划，以确保它们可以作为一个独立的区域进行控制，对应于适用的能源法规中定义的主要和次要日光区。然而，请记住，在使用这种系统时，未来对空间的改变可能需要进行一些重新布线。

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.

### **TYPICAL CLASSROOM LAYOUT**

Just as in open office spaces, luminaires in classrooms that are in the primary and secondary daylight zones also have to be automatically controlled  in response to available daylight to comply with most current energy codes. In a classroom with three rows of luminaires parallel to the window wall, one row is typically in the primary daylight zone, and the next row is in the secondary daylight zone.

As a result, it’s easy to comply with the code requirements for zoning luminaires in primary and secondary daylight zones whether luminaire-level lighting controls are used or high-amperage controllers are used to control each row.

### **典型的教室布局**

就像在开放的办公空间中一样，教室中位于主日光区和次日光区的灯具也必须根据可用的日光进行自动控制，以符合大多数现行的能源法规。在一间教室里，有三排与窗墙平行的灯具，其中一排通常位于主日光区，而下一排则位于次日光区。

因此，无论是使用灯具级照明控制还是使用高安培控制器控制每一排灯具，都能很容易地符合主日光区和次日光区灯具分区的规范要求。

    ​​​​​

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.

### **TYPICAL WAREHOUSE LAYOUT**

Luminaires in warehouses are typically installed in rows, centered in each aisle. Energy codes typically require automatic shutoff (or at least automatic dimming) of luminaires in each aisle during vacancy. This shutoff (or dimming) of luminaires is triggered by occupancy sensors. Since codes typically require that all luminaires within a specific row turn on or off automatically based on occupancy vs. vacancy, sensors at the ends of the rows—as opposed to being integrated into every luminaire—may be sufficient to comply with applicable codes.

In the system shown below, each luminaire has an integral controller (for turning the luminaire on and off and dimming it). Standalone occupancy sensors are installed at the north end of each row, mounted separately from the luminaires. In this system, a sensor interface is tethered by low-  voltage wire to the nearest luminaire controller. Therefore, the signal for the sensor information passes through the wireless controller in the luminaire and back to the gateway/server.

If a system with luminaire-level lighting controls is used—where each luminaire not only has a controller but also integral sensors—then no additional wiring/tethering is required. The electrical contractor simply installs each luminaire and connects the power wires (hot, neutral and ground). Even if each luminaire doesn’t require its own sensor based on this application, using luminaire-level lighting controls may reduce the installation cost and complexity.

In certain locations (such as in California), luminaires in spaces with toplighted daylighting (i.e., skylights) must be automatically dimmed based on available daylight. Therefore, photosensors will be required as well as occupancy sensors. Don’t forget that local area switches are typically required by codes as well.

### **典型的仓库布局**

仓库中的灯具通常以排为单位，安装在每条通道的中心。能源法规通常要求在空置期间自动关闭（或至少自动调光）每个过道的灯具。这种灯具的关闭（或调光）是由占用传感器触发的。由于规范通常要求特定行内的所有灯具根据占用率与空置率自动开启或关闭，因此在行的末端安装传感器--而不是将其集成到每个灯具中--可能足以符合适用的规范。

在下图所示的系统中，每个灯具都有一个集成控制器（用于打开和关闭灯具以及调光）。独立的占位传感器安装在每排灯具的北端，与灯具分开安装。在该系统中，传感器接口通过低压线与最近的灯具控制器相连。因此，传感器信息的信号通过灯具中的无线控制器，再传回网关/服务器。

如果使用灯具级照明控制的系统--每个灯具不仅有一个控制器，还有集成的传感器--那么就不需要额外的布线/连接。电气承包商只需安装每个灯具并连接电源线（热线、中性线和地线）。即使每个灯具不需要基于这种应用而配备自己的传感器，使用灯具级的照明控制也可以降低安装成本和复杂性。

在某些地方(如加州)，有顶光日光的空间(即天窗)中的灯具必须根据可用日光自动调光。因此，将需要光传感器以及占用传感器。不要忘记，规范通常也要求使用局域开关。

Image courtesy of OSRAM

### **YOU’RE FINISHED**

You have completed the EE301: Wireless Lighting Controls course. Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course. You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for credit towards your education goals.

### **你完成了**

您已经完成了EE301：无线照明控制课程。请花点时间对您在本课程中的体验进行反馈。您也可以参加理解测试，以测试您的学习情况，并有资格获得您的教育目标的学分。