Vovtarlan glossary

This is a list of terms in the Vovtarlan language, the official language of the planet-kingdom of Vovtarla and its Vovtarlan people.

A

* adi - (V) lord, duke, chief
* (a)ganoí - on
* ahon - (V) lie, falsehood
* ahoskan - (G) clothed
* ahussan - (G) civilised
* aí(hen), aísan - ice, frost
* ajo, ai - (V) safety, security
* (a)klon - cloak, cape
* ale - are you sure?
* alka - every
* alka-reudi - every day
* alkon - always
* almimar - nobleman
* alminarwi - noblewoman
* alorisa - prominent mountain, peak
* alveralli - merchant
* alverallowi - merchant woman
* andano - (G) teacher, mentor
* antuas - (G) nation, folk, race
* anwo - man
* aokko - male adult
* are - any
* arih(o), ar- - fire
* au, awa - one (common, formal)
	+ aug-, agow-
* au ... - a, an
* aunizh - eleven
* ausuo - (G) steed
* azdo - star

B

* bagau - (G) mob, enemy army, horde
* baike - neck
* barihan - (G) advance, achieve(ment)
* Bar'ha - Supreme God, Creator God
* barsan - alignment, arrangement, pattern
* (T)-barsan - to concentrate, to keep thinking of something, to align or direct one's own mind
* barsanja - concentration, mindfulness, direction
* bartsagi - (G) emblem
* beku - naked, miserable, barbaric, brutish
* bersanni - (G) to die (formal)
* bolar, bollalt - black (common, formal)
* bon - without

D

* da ... - and
* daho - (V) shot, bullet, laser blast
* -dai - place of (formal)
* dandzhondo - appreciation, gratitude
* datchi - dew
* deno - (V) day, festival
* derho, der- - how
* di - between
* di- - (V) un- , not ...
* Diflasa - midsummer, new year's day
* dilorla - little moon, satellite
* disaí - middle
* -do - to, towards
* dori(sa) - mountain
* dreh - lush
* drondo - (V) man

E

* ehwe-, ehwa- - when
* ei - yes
* eihmo, im- - where
* eilon, lo(n)- - what
* ei(n) - certainly
* eisab, sab- - who
* elau - belly
* elhwo, el- - why
* -es - (G, plural)

F

* faja, faí - good
* fajocha - best
* fanseno - season
* fanza - iron
* fezh, fanzolt - silver (common, formal)
* (T)-finsa - to focus, to concentrate
* Flasaé - Summer (archaic)
* foine(ra), foiner - spices
* fombe-kas - bomber plane
* foni - hair
* fuendzhe - pollen
* fuin - cold
* Fuinsaé - Winter
* fujesaí, fuesa - physical health
* funa - fruit (general)
* funeuki, feugir - bitter fruit, coffee
* fura - hot, scalding, searing
* Furase - Summer
* furnad - beard
* fusara - torch, value, tradition, faith
* fushal(lo) - flood

G

* gafla - fast
* gaheg(ur) - hedge, bush
* gaheja - plant, vegetation
* galejo - (V) holy fire, great fire
* gamba - leg
* ganzho - (V) fortress, castle
* gefura - fur
* gepua - head
* gi, giruwa - zero (common, formal)
* gibiro, kibiro - (V) obsidian
* -gir - inhabitant of (informal)
* gir, hengir - forest
* gjem - mind
* (T)-gjetch - to think
* gjetchera - intelligence
* gjud - (V) mind, thought, mental
* gjuda - (V) mental, thinking, thought processes
* glara - all
* gol - (V) no, not, nay
* golandau - (V) non-human, alien, non-Vovtarlan
* gonsareu - birthday
* grino - symbol
* guril, gurih - (V) fear
* gurti - (G) wight

H

* haípeka-luei - help me
* haíwoban - class
* haíwokrat - school (common, general)
* haíwo-(K) - to learn
* (T)-harsk - to arrest
* haugen - animal
* hausai - medicine
* hauv, havalt - white (common, formal)
* hauve - atmosphere
* hazno - (V) dynasty
* heí - ear
* hejau, hoiwa - nine (common, formal)
* heuson - a good gift, all the best
* himes - (V) field, area
* Hojasaé - Autumn
* ho(n) - not
* honga - shed blood
* hoto - (V) moon
* hozoh - slave
* hozohwi - slave woman
* hu(n) - no

Hw
--

* hwahen - colour
* hwajempla - coloured pond, coral reef
* hwalta - flag, banner
* hwesna - peace, blessing

I

* iam - a mind
* iamda - brain
* iamdzhes - thoughts of a person
* idarjer - scholar
* idarjewi - scholar woman
* igavraurun - earthquake
* ije, ija - air
* ijen, i(ri) - eye
* il - now, is, are
* ilto - by now
* irwi - woman
* iskana - (G) civilisation, order, civility
* ivausunni - (G) to perish horrifically

J

* jaemenda - sapphire
* jaéza, jez - almost, nearly
* (T)-jahtarote - (V) to liberate, to set free
* -jan - self
* jaskesa - aircraft
* jaubara - (V) gryphon, an angel of Zomjonor or the Vozonid gods
* jauno - woman
* jawande, jande - many
	+ becomes "jowande/jonde" after a word ending in a or e

* jazhir-(K) - to kill
* jehnoí - under
* -jo, -ja - -ness
* (T)-jok'ho - to ride an animal
* jondifumna - great cyclone, typhoon
* josa - (V) arrow
* juhtamo - divine favour

K

* kaé - hi, hello
* kalpa(z) - mechanical, engine, machine
* kalpazan - mechanical, robotic
* (T)-kalpais - to fix a machine or engine
* kalpeikor, klaipor - robot
* kalpemor - mechanic
* kamba(u) - to have
* -kar - -ness
* kargon - (V) wealth
* karjentas - (G) blessing, prosperity
* karki - (V) spinel
* kaup - short
* kawando, kando - few
* ketto - (V) beast, monster
* kezhan - past
* kibbiro - (V) obsidian
* kja - now
* kjarade - over here
* kjarazhir - over there
* (T)-klaispe - to fix, to repair, to mend
* kloi - whole, all
* Kofusa - (V) Gauvajut civilisation, high culture, classical art
* kolba - man
* koska - (V) enemy, barbarian
* kosokrat - stable for horses
* kossua - white horse
* Kossua Reudi - Day of the White Horse, Vovtarlan Independence Day
* Kossuahwalta - White Horse Flag
* kota - head
* koz - (V) horse
* -krat, -krota - place of
* kreja - (V) famous tree
* kwetusni - (G) to be struck dead

L

* ladzhon - (V) stop it
* laéshora - (V) duel
* la(h)uro - (V) land, region
* lairo-vanzhon - heavy tank
* laí - day of birth, birthday, holy birthday
* langahan(kar) - legend, myth, mythology
* la(r) - this
* laruvol - steady walk
* laufan - warm
* laureta - large lantern
* leuta - (small) lantern
* lifona - fruit
* li(r) - that
* lonvi, lunove - five (common, formal)
	+ luon-, lonn-
* lorla - moon
* lor(ra), larra - eight (common, formal)
	+ lor-, lar-
* lorro - cyclone
* loska - hand
* (los)katchi - finger
* luse - shoulder
* lweíwon - welcome
* lwejonte - welcoming

M

* man ... - (V) May it be ...
* manezo - (V) spaceship
* mano - (V) outer space
* manodzharo - (V) space battleship or frigate
* manozmaro - (V) space defences
* mantori - mortal
* manwelzo - (V) large spaceship
* marzanni - (G) to pass away
* meguria - (G) age, era
* meswi - adult female
* mewen, mevan - hat
* mezas - (V) arrogance
* mezhal, mezhai - south (common, formal)
* (T)-mino - (V) to learn
* minodai - (V) school (classical, technical)
* mintcho - (V) lantern
* mirre - genius
* monila, mila - (V) mountain
* monto, mon- - earth, ground, mortal
* -(m)or, -(m)ar - doer, user of
* motcha, mota - mouth
* mujen - joke
* mummiri - warrior
* mummirjo - military
* mummirowi - warrior woman
* munomar - apprentice, novice, student
* munzei, munzol - east (common, formal)
* mus - (V) blood

N

* na- - (G) nihil
* naho-(K) - to eat
* naidzho, nalodzholt - blue (common, formal)
* naívara - emerald
* naleina - (V) sir
* nalenwi - (V) madam, miss
* naraí - noble, sir
* narei, narawai - north (common, formal)
* narosa - council
* naswi, nasi - from
* naumawehnas - (G) folly, ignorance
* nawaí - new
* -ne - of, (genitive)
* neí - for
* neir, niralt - pink (common, formal)
* ne-naraí - please
* nerba, navalt - brown (common, formal)
* neshaí - beauty
* netch, nezolt - gray (common, formal)
* neuki(r) - bitter
* ni, nai - girl
* nih(a) - name
* nitre - knowledge
* nizh, nozhe - ten (common, formal)
* nizhan - (V) carriage, car
* nizheu - nineteen
* nizhlor - eighteen
* nizholei - fifteen
* nizhotchen - fourteen
* nizhsen - thirteen
* nizhsonel - seventeen
* nizhwon - twelve
* nohon - (V) war, warfare
* noho-zodre - assault vehicle
* noih-kas - fighter plane
* noi(h)-zuresh(kas) - assault helicopter
* noishani - (V) women's formal clothing
* noives - gemstone, mineral
* nolko, nolkon - person (archaic), grifajes (archaic)
* nolzho - bronze
* noma - people, folk, race
* nomkoro - worker
* nomkorwi - worker woman
* notta-(K), nih-(K) - to name someone (common)
* notch - other
* notchorla - other moon, natural satellite
* nunda - nose

Nw
--

* Nwinsaé - Spring

O

* oibura - old
* oiveki - toe
* oivi - foot
* oleh - birth
* oleh-(K) - to give birth
* oleh-rim - to be born
* ollan - long
* (T)-olli - to rule
* olna - king, king of Vovtarla
* olwi - queen, queen of Vovtarla
* onor - (V) king, monarch (especially of a Vozonised country)
* Onoron - (V) Vozonid emperor, Emperor of Vozolaz, King of the Gods
* onoronor, onondor - (V) emperor
* orohei, oroh(ol) - centre (common, formal)
* (o)por - bad
* ortil - fence
* osmer(je) - element, substance
* osshon - most
* otaro - (V) village
* otcha - very, much
* (o)tch-sa - like, resembling
* otchsa mjon ... - as it seems
* ozgoh(on) - rain

P

* pahar - triump, victory
* (T)-pahar - to defeat evil
* pajuh(al) - drizzle
* pando, panno - father
* peikor - small robot
* plotcha - gun
* porocha - worst
* prazon(do) - (V) council
* pridzhe - (V) a Vozonid governor
* prizena - (V) completion, a Vozonid cycle of 16 years
* punvo - planet, world

R

* Rae Sarrelon, Raezaral - (V) New Sarmelon, (poetic) Vovtarla, the civilised realm
* rahto - (V) raptor
* raiguan - resumption, it continues
* raig(u)an-(K) - to continue
* raigutta - meteor
* raitchok - back
* randuas - (G) auxiliary
* raspes - (G) formal attire, ceremonial robes
* razon(o) - (V) home, domain, abode
* reilo, rajolalt - purple (common, formal)
* reivos - (V) men's formal clothing
* reudi - day
* -ri - inhabitant of (formal)
* ridzhonda - (V) supercomputer
* rih, rahalt - red (common, formal)
* rihse - other world, minor world, realm
* rihte - realm, world, inhabited planet, Vovtarla
* rijo, irjo - (V) sun
* ril - light
* rizero - (V) sunbird
* rizo - (V) book
* rizodan - (V) computer
* rjosa - meeting, assembly
* rjosho - (V) greater wight
* rohdotol, rohdotel - transmission beacon
* roltar, rolsar - (V) origin, source
* rolshan - kingdom
* Rolshan Kossua - (V) Kingdom of the White Horse, Vovtarla
* rugozo - (V) wreckage
* ruigara - ruby
* rukemmo - (V) it is useless
* rut'hei, rut'hal - west (common, formal)

S

* (T)-saéhenna - to transform
* (T)-saékena - to change
* sagahan - sky
* sagara - Heaven
* sagari - celestial, angel
* sagnei - over
* saira, sjera - (V) gold
* samuh - oil
* san - life, vitality
* (T)-san - to survive, to endure
* Sarrelon - (V) Sarmelonid Empire, Sarmelonid civilisation
* sas - grass, horse food
* sawaí ... - may you have a happy (festival)
* saweja-(K) - to change
* sawen- - to become
* ... se ... - of, X of Y
* sehnei - beneath
* -seí - (G, plural for words ending in -es)
* selbi - tree
* senna, saine - three (common, formal)
	+ sen-, senn-
* skano, skane - friend
* (T)-skluta - to transform, to alter
* sklutamor, skultor, sultor - mutant
* sma - death
* sma-(K) - to die
* smo-(K) - to suddenly die
* smodzha-(K) - to get killed, to be destroyed
* soda-(K) - to give
* sodzha - (V) continue
* soho - (V) destruction, carnage, ruin
* sonli, sonelle(i) - seven (common, formal)
	+ sonel-, sell-
* spusho - enough
* stewai - silver
* suansha - plain, flattened
* suenzo - nose
* suhno - sun, Vovtarla's sun
* suhnoril - sunshine, divine light
* suiro, sur- - water
* sultor - a powerful mutant
* sunjo(do) - (V) teacher
* suonariz, sezhai - sixteen (common, formal)
* surbu - slow
* surei - (V) water, holy water, water wight
* suvan - (V) holy, sacred
* suwoi - drinks, drinking water
* suzhen - snow
* swaítcha-(K) - to celebrate
* swehvi, sajehve - six (common, formal)
	+ sueh-, saeg-

* swo-(K) - to look

Sh
--

* shana - country, region
* Shanasuanjo Reudi - Independence Day, Day of the White Horse (Vovtarlan independence from Sarmelonid oppression)
* shane - rice
* shie ... - Dear ...
* shila - (V) well-being
* shkeno - larger region
* shketto - region
* (T)-shonwo - (V) to name someone (formal)
* shorai - (V) army or legion of heaven, celestial soldiers, angels
* shoroisa, shoroja - (V) emerald, sacred emerald
* shoro(z) - (V) army, legion
* shuan - food
* shuppi - (G) sacred, blessed

T

* tahana - (G) sublime, supreme, holy
* taíh-vanzhon - light tank
* tamban - chest
* tanhul-(K) - to take in something, to keep something
* (T)-tanhul - to adopt
* tarta - arm
* tekus - (G) correct, right, proper
* tenkari(s) - (G) spinel, sacred spinel
* tiek-(K) - to take something
* tol, telo - tower
* toroi - giant
* torola, tarla - realm
* tos, tussalt - tan (common, formal)
* totanhuljo - adoption
* tumimar - (V) student
* tuminomar - (V) student

## Tch

* tchoresa - diamond
* tchosen - city
* tchusen, shorisen - four (common, formal)

U

* ura - out
* urbajo - justice
* urib, orbalt - orange (common, formal)
* uro - outwards, outer fringes, beyond, border
* uwaz - ear
* uwen - neck

V

* vanzhon - tank
* vare - ancient festival
* venja - (V) woman
* vjoros - (V) torment
* vohnom - goodbye
* voh(ti) - true
* voikon - valley
* vola(r) - these
* voli(r) - those
* -vonsh, -vensh - (plural)
* vonizh, voazh - twenty (common, formal)
	+ vazh-, vozh-
* vorfansa - age, era
* vorrasa - age, interval, dynasty
* vovan - noble, heroic
* vowei(ko) - waist, loins
* vrun-(K) - to shade
* vubatchi - obsidian

W

* warah(on) - threat
* weir, wejara - hundred (common, formal)
	+ we(r)-, weja(r)-
* wen(a) - sea
* wenja - sun
* wenjaril - sunlight
* winwa - (V) quiet, silent
* wizhon - enemy
* wjerentar, wjerendai - (V) station
* won, wena - two (common, formal)
	+ vo-, vo(w)-

* woira - (V) glory
* wotome - obstruction, boulder

Z

* zaimpos - (V) torture
* zar - must
* zeígama - (V) galaxy
* zeljo- - dark colour
* zeja - (V) star, celestial, angel
* zer, zarrolt - gold (common, formal)
* zergo - gold
* zien - front
* zjantunni - (G) to rot, to decay
* zolai- - light colour
* zolvi, zalovjalt - yellow (common, formal)
* zorih(an) - mountain
* zua - sea
* zuanda - ocean
* zule - great tree
* zuresh-kas - helicopter
* zurnanni - (G) to be destroyed
* zuro - (V) course, road, path

Zh
--

* zhari, zajovjalt - green (common, formal)
* zhe, she - must
* zhenda - (V) song
* zho - proper attire
* zhori - rye

## Names of peoples and civilisations

* Kofusa - Gauvajut
* Adumari - Ontemazei, Ontemazei Empire

## Trivia

* (V) - Sarmelonid Vozonid loanword
* (G) - Gauvajut loanword

### Verbal tenses

* (T) - tu- - honorary verb, present tense:
	+ present, perfect, continuous: (do, has done, doing)
	+ tu-, due-, sue-
	+ passive forms: (was done by:)
	+ -tri, -rim, -ruis
	+ past tense forms:
	+ toerul-, kuerul-, suerul-
	+ ~~past passive: (obsolete)~~
	+ ~~-tostri, -dustri, -ruesti~~
	+ future tense forms:
	+ tuwaé-, duwaé-, suwaé-
	+ ~~future passive: (obsolete)~~
	+ ~~-tuzeri, -duzeri-, suzeri-~~
	+ passive affix: -rim
	+ do-. duor-, suor-
	+ past tense forms:
	+ doir-, kajar-, suor-
	+ future tense forms:
	+ dowa-, duowar-, suowa-
	+ passive suffix: -tu
* (K) - -kreu - common verb/default, present tense:
	+ present, perfect, continuous:
	+ -kreu, -dreu, -kreves
	+ ~~passive forms:~~
	+ ~~-kuri, -druim, -kruis~~
	+ past tense forms:
	+ -kradul, -dredul, -kretsul
	+ ~~past passive:~~
	+ ~~-rasti, -rimal, -ruisal~~
	+ future tense forms:
	+ -krowaé, -krodaé, -krezaé
	+ passive: -rim (formerly only for future, now applies to all tenses)

### Pronunciation

* a:
	+ [ɒ-] when stressed at the start of a word
	+ [o-] when the stressed part at the start of a word is the latter part of a compound word
	+ [a-] (sometimes [ə-]) when unstressed at the start of a word, stressed and/or unstressed elsewhere
	+ [ʌ], [ə] when unstressed elsewhere
* b - [b], [pʼ-] at the start of a word
* d:
	+ [d]
	+ [dʲ] before and after i (unless before a consonant)
	+ [d͡r] before r
	+ [ɟ] before w (dw [ɟʷ])
* dzh: [d͡ʐ], [d͡ʑ] before j or i
* e:
	+ [e]
	+ [ɛ] or [æ] unstressed or in diphthongs
	+ [æ] always within the word se ("of")
* f - [ɸ]
* g:
	+ [k'~g] at the start of a word, also in compound words
	+ [g] elsewhere
	+ [x] after h (hg [x(ː)])
* h - [x]
* hg - [x(ː)]
* hw - [xʷ]
* j - [j]
* k - [k], [kʰ-]
* l:
	+ [l]
	+ [-ɭ] in formal usage (declining), [-l] in common usage
	+ [ɫ] after h, r, t, and d
* nj - [ɲ]
* nv - [nʷ], [nʋ] before o or e
* o:
	+ [o]
	+ [o̞] unstressed
	+ [ɔ] unstressed in some words, usually before n
* p - [p], [pʰ-]
* r - [r], [rʲ] before and after i (unless before a consonant)
* sh - [ʂ], [ɕ] before or after j or i
* t:
	+ [t]
	+ [tʰ-] at the start of a word
	+ [tʲ] before and after i (unless before a consonant)
	+ [t͡r] before r
	+ [c] before w (tw [cʷ])
* tch - [t͡ʂ], [t͡ɕ] before j or i
* u:
	+ [u]
	+ [ʊ] sometimes when unstressed
	+ [-ʊ̯] diphthong
	+ [ɯ-] before n in most words (especially in native vocabulary)
* v:
	+ [v]
	+ [ɸ] before a consonant
	+ [-ʷ-] between a consonant and a vowel, but [-ʋ-] in nvo and nve except at the start of a word
* w - [w], [-ʷ-] between a vowel and a consonant
* z - always [z]
* zh - [ʐ], [ʑ] before or after j or i

### Diphthongs

* ae:
	+ [ɒjɛ] stressed
	+ [ɔɪ̯-] unstressed at the start of a word
	+ [əɪ̯] unstressed
* aé
	+ [ɒjɛ] stressed
	+ [ajɛ-] unstressed at start of word
	+ [ʌjɛ] unstressed
* ai
	+ [ɛɪ̯] stressed (sometimes [ai] in important words and names)
	+ [ʌɪ̯] unstressed
	+ [aɪ̯] unstressed in some words
* aí
	+ [aɪ̯] usually stressed
	+ [ʌɪ̯] usually unstressed
* ei
	+ [æɪ̯] stressed
	+ [iː] unstressed
* eí
	+ [eɪ̯] stressed
	+ [ɛɪ̯] unstressed
* eu
	+ [æʊ̯] stressed
	+ [ɛʊ̯] unstressed
* eú
	+ [eʊ̯] stressed (less common)
	+ [ɛʊ̯] unstressed
* oe
	+ [ujɛ] stressed
	+ [uːɪ̯] unstressed
* oé
	+ [oe̯]
* oi
	+ [ɔɪ̯] stressed
	+ [uɪ̯] unstressed
* ua
	+ [wɒ-] stressed at start of word
	+ [wa-] unstressed at start of word
	+ [wʌ~wə] unstressed elsewhere
* ue
	+ [we] stressed
	+ [wæ(ɪ)] unstressed
* ué
	+ [uwɛ]
* ui
	+ [weɪ̯] stressed
	+ [wɛɪ̯] unstressed
* uo
	+ [wo] usually stressed
	+ [wɔ] or [wo̞] unstressed

## See also

* Nandegakkovian glossary
* Vovtarlan mythology
* Vovtarlan calendar