Peter Molyneux

OBE

**Peter Douglas Molyneux** **OBE** is an English video game designer and programmer. He created the god games Populous, Dungeon Keeper and Black & White, as well as Theme Park, the Fable series and Godus. He currently works as creative director at 22cans.

## Career

### Early Career

Peter Molyneux began his career in 1982 by distributing and selling floppy disks which contained video games for Atari and the Commodore 64. He believed that including games on the disks would improve sales, and later concluded that the games were the main selling point.

He created *The Entrepreneur*, a text-based business simulation game about running a fledgling company. "In those days you could literally call a game 'Space Blob Attacks Mars' and sell about 50 million copies. So what did I do? I did a business simulation", Molyneux later said. Molyneux published the game himself in 1984 by duplicating hundreds of tapes on two Tandy Corporation recorders. After taking an advertising space in a game magazine, he prepared for the game's success; he later stated in an interview, "I was utterly convinced that this game would sell tons. I thought, 'You know, this letter box is just not big enough. It's just not going to fit all the envelopes.' So I cut – and this is no joke – I cut a bigger letter box". However, the game received only two orders, one of which Molyneux speculated was from his mother. In 2007, a GameSpy reviewer commented that the economic gameplay mechanics in Molyneux's *Fable II* may have been a descendant of *The Entrepreneur*, stating, "I'm a little concerned that it's Molyneux sneaking in a remix of his first game, *Entrepreneur*".

Due to the game's failure, Molyneux retreated from game design, and started Taurus Impex Limited—a company that exported baked beans to the Middle East—with his business partner Les Edgar. Commodore International mistook it for *Torus*, a more established company that produced networking software, and offered to provide Molyneux with ten free Amiga systems to help in porting "his" networking software. Molyneux later said "it suddenly dawned on me that this guy didn't know who we were. I suddenly had this crisis of conscience. I thought, 'If this guy finds out, there go my free computers down the drain.' So I just shook his hand and ran out of that office." Taurus designed a database system for the Amiga called *Acquisition – The Ultimate Database for The Amiga* and, after clearing up the misunderstanding with Commodore, released the program to moderate success.

### Bullfrog Productions and Electronic Arts

Using money earned from the database program, Molyneux and Les Edgar founded Bullfrog Productions in 1987. The company's first game was a conversion of *Druid II: Enlightenment*. Molyneux recalled, "I got in touch with a software company called Firebird and told them that I could program games. Of course I was bull-shitting, but they gave me *Druid 2* to convert to the Amiga. You're very unlikely to get that kind of break today." Molyneux provided the original concept for *Populous*, the first god game for the personal computer. Released in 1989, *Populous* was a major success for Bullfrog and went on to sell over 4 million copies.

Electronic Arts (EA), Bullfrog's publisher, acquired the studio in January 1995. Molyneux had become an Electronic Arts vice-president and consultant in 1994, after EA purchased a significant share of Bullfrog.

Molyneux left Bullfrog in July 1997 to found Lionhead Studios, shortly after the release of *Dungeon Keeper*. According to Molyneux, his choice to leave the company was a result of a chain of events from a night of drinking with his friend Tim Rance (who would later co-found Lionhead) around 1997. Molyneux had already been contemplating his departure (in 1996 the gaming news media reported "rumors" that he was unhappy at EA and would be leaving once *Dungeon Keeper* was completed), and, while discussing this with Rance, Rance suggested he write out his resignation letter to EA. Molyneux typed out an email to EA's CEO Larry Probst, and before Molyneux could stop him, Rance had sent the email. Though he quickly explained the situation to EA, the event caused tension in his relationship with EA, with EA asking him not to come into the office any more; according to Molyneux, EA feared that he would pull many of the other developers at Bullfrog along with him should he be present. EA threatened to pull support for *Dungeon Keeper*, which was still in progress, but Molyneux insisted they allow him to complete it, most which he did from his own home. A significant innovation of the game was its unique combination of first- and third-person perspectives, in the ability to "possess" any one of the creatures (or "minions") in the game world, yielding a first-person experience reproducing the physical characteristics, visual perspective, gait, and voice of the minion.

Bullfrog continued to develop games through 2001, and in 2004 EA merged Bullfrog Productions into EA UK.

### Lionhead Studios and Microsoft

Molyneux came up with the concept for Lionhead's first game, *Black & White*, and convinced his small staff to take on the task in late 1997. He paid the $6 million in development costs himself. Despite his acrimonious departure from Electronic Arts, he opted to give them the publishing rights, explaining that EA were more reliable and had better worldwide distribution than any other publisher. After three years, in 2001, the game was finally released.

In April 2006, Lionhead Studios was acquired by Microsoft Game Studios. At E3 2006, Peter Molyneux gave several interviews in the press, in one of which he stated that "I think you're going to see a lot more fantastic games from Lionhead because of that relationship [with Microsoft]." On 4 June 2009, he was promoted to Creative Director of Microsoft Game Studios, Europe, although he continued to produce video games with Lionhead Studios.

On 7 March 2012, Molyneux announced that he would be leaving Lionhead and Microsoft—after the completion of *Fable: The Journey*—to begin work at a company founded by former Lionhead Studios CTO Tim Rance called 22cans.

### 22cans

To date, 22cans has sold early access on multiple titles including *Godus*, *Godus Wars*, and *The Trail*. As yet, despite years of quoted development and a large Kickstarter for Godus, no projects have left early access.

## Games Developed

### With Bullfrog Productions

* Populous (1989)
* Flood (1990)
* Powermonger (1990)
* Populous II: Trials of the Olympian Gods
* Syndicate (1993)
* Magic Carpet (1994)
* Theme Park (1994)
* Hi-Octane (1995)
* Magic Carpet 2 (1995)
* Dungeon Keeper (1997)

### With Lionhead Studios

* Black & White (2001)
* Fable (2004)
* Fable: The Lost Chapters (2005)
* Black & White 2 (2005)
* The Movies (2005)
* Fable II (2008)
* Fable III (2010)
* Fable: The Journey (2012)

### With 22cans

* Curiosity: What's Inside the Cube? (2012)
* Godus (2014)
* Godus Wars (2016)
* The Trail: Frontier Challenge (2017)