Generalfeldmarschall

Translation: General Field Marshal

***Generalfeldmarschall*** (English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; abbreviated to ***Feldmarschall***) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire (*Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall*); in the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank *Feldmarschall* was used. The rank was the equivalent to *Großadmiral* (English: Grand admiral) in the *Kaiserliche Marine* and *Kriegsmarine*, a five-star rank, comparable *to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.*

## *Nazi Germany*

Before World War II Hitler promoted War Minister Werner von Blomberg (20 April 1936) and Aviation Minister Hermann Göring (4 February 1938) to the rank of *Generalfeldmarschall*. In the *Wehrmacht* of Nazi Germany during World War II, the rank of *Generalfeldmarschall* remained the highest military rank until July 1940, when Hermann Göring was promoted to the newly created higher rank of *Reichsmarschall*. The equivalent of a *Generalfeldmarschall* in the navy was *Großadmiral* ("grand admiral").

Unlike Kaiser Wilhelm II, Adolf Hitler distributed the rank more widely, promoting 25 *Heer* and *Luftwaffe* officers in total and two *Kriegsmarine* Grand Admirals. (Another promotion, that of Austrian General Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, was honorary.) Four weeks after the *Heer* and *Luftwaffe* had won the Battle of France, Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of field marshal on 19 July 1940: Walther von Brauchitsch, Wilhelm Keitel, Gerd von Rundstedt, Fedor von Bock, Wilhelm von Leeb, Wilhelm List, Günther von Kluge, Erwin von Witzleben and Walter von Reichenau (*Heer*); and Albert Kesselring, Erhard Milch and Hugo Sperrle (*Luftwaffe*).[1]

In 1942, three other men were promoted—"Wüstenfuchs" (desert fox) Erwin Rommel (22 June) for the siege of Tobruk, Erich von Manstein (30 June) for the Siege of Sevastopol and Georg von Küchler (30 June) for his success as *Oberbefehlshaber der Heeresgruppe Nord* ("commander-in-chief of Army Group North").

Hitler promoted Friedrich Paulus—commander of the 6th Army at Stalingrad—to the rank of field marshal via field radio on 30 January 1943, a day before his army's inevitable surrender in order to encourage him to continue to fight until death or commit suicide.[2] In the promotion Hitler noted that no German or Prussian field marshal at that point in history had ever been captured alive. Paulus surrendered the following day anyway, claiming *Ich habe nicht die Absicht, mich für diesen bayerischen Gefreiten zu erschießen* ("I have no intention of shooting myself for this Bavarian corporal").[3] A disappointed Hitler commented, "That's the last field marshal I make in this war!" (In fact, he appointed seven more -- two on the very day after Paulus' surrender and the last just five days before his own suicide.)

*Generalfeldmarschall* was the highest regular general officer rank in the German*Wehrmacht*, comparable to NATO rank codes OF10, and to the five-star rank in anglophone armed forces. It was equivalent to *Großadmiral* of the German *Kriegsmarine*.

Financially the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in Nazi Germany was very rewarding as, apart from a yearly salary, Hitler introduced a tax free fringe benefits for generals in the range of ℛℳ 2,000 to 4,000 per month in 1940. He also bestowed generous presents on his highest officers, with Wilhelm von Leeb receiving ℛℳ 250,000 for his 65th birthday from Hitler.[4]

Promotion to the rank did not guarantee Hitler's ongoing favor, however. As the tide of the war turned, Hitler took out his frustrations on his top commanders, relieving most of the *Generalfeldmarschalls* of duty before the war's conclusion. Bock, Brauchitsch, Leeb, and List were all relieved of their posts in 1942 for perceived failures during Operation Barbarossa and took no further active part in the war. Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, Manstein and Sperrle were similarly retired in 1944 and Rundstedt and Maximilian von Weichs in March 1945. Grand Admiral Erich Raeder was retired in January 1943 following a fierce argument with Hitler over the future of the German surface fleet. Walther Model, one of Hitler's most successful commanders, had nevertheless lost the Fuhrer's confidence by war's end and committed suicide to avoid capture and likely trial as a war criminal. Milch was relieved after conspiring unsuccessfully to have Göring removed from command of the Luftwaffe, and even Göring himself was stripped of his offices and expelled from the Nazi Party in Hitler's last days. Ferdinand Schörner ignominiously abandoned his command to save himself in the war's last days. Kluge, Witzleben and Rommel were either executed or forced to commit suicide for their real or imagined roles in assassination plots against Hitler. By war's end, only Keitel, Kesselring, Robert Ritter von Greim and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz were still in positions of military responsibility.