recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Italian Neorealism

## Major Figures

* Roberto Rossellini
* Vittorio De Sica
* Luchino Visconti
* Federico Fellini
* Michelangelo Antonioni
* Pier Paolo Pasolini
* Francesco Rosi
* Ermanno Olmi
* Nanni Moretti
* Marco Bellocchio

* Rome, Open City (1945)
* Paisa (1946)
* Bicycle Thieves (1948)
* Umberto D. (1952)
* Ossessione (1943)

**Italian Neorealism** was a film movement that emerged in Italy in the 1940s, following the end of World War II. It was characterized by its focus on everyday

life and social issues, and its use of non-professional actors and real-life locations.

## History

**Italian Neorealism** was a reaction against the glamorous, escapist films that had been popular in Italy before the war, and was influenced by Italian socialist and communist thought.

Italian Neorealism emerged as a result of the difficult political and economic situation in Italy following World War II. The country was in ruins, and many people were struggling to survive. Neorealist filmmakers sought to reflect this reality in their films, and to use cinema as a tool for social and political commentary. They often used non-professional actors and shot on location in real-life settings, in order to give their films a sense of authenticity and realism.

Italian Neorealist films often focused on the lives of ordinary people and their struggles, and addressed social and political issues such as poverty, class conflict, and the aftermath of war. Some of the most notable neorealist films include Roberto Rossellini's Rome, *Open City (1945)* and *Paisan (1946)*, Vittorio De Sica's *Bicycle Thieves (1946)* and Luchino Visconti's *Ossessione (1943)*. These films were widely acclaimed at the time, and influenced the development of other film movements such as the French New Wave. Italian Neorealism had a profound impact on the history of cinema, and its influence can still be seen in contemporary films that focus on realism and social issues.
Focal length

**The focal length** of a lens is an optical property of the lens. It measures the distance, in millimetres, between the optical centre of the lens and the camera’s sensor (or film plane). It is determined with the camera focused to infinity. Lenses are named by their focal length, and you can find this information on the barrel of the lens. For example, a 50 mm lens has a focal length of 50 mm.
Eye of the Duck

**The Eye of the Duck** is a certain scene in a film that stands out from the rest as beautiful. The idea was conceptualized by director David Lynch. He argues that to get the full sense of a duck, you must look at it's eye. He believes that every film has a scene like this: that encapsulates the entire thing.

## Origin

"*I sort of go by a duck when I work on a film because if you study a duck, you'll see certain things. You'll see a bill, and the bill is a certain texture and a certain length. Then you'll see a head, and the features on the head are a certain texture and it's a certain shape and it goes into the neck. The texture of the bill for instance is very smooth and it has quite precise detail in it and it reminds you somewhat of the legs. The legs are a little bit bigger and a little more rubbery but it's enough so that your eye goes back and forth. Now, the body being so big, it can be softer and the texture is not so detailed, it's just kind of a cloud. And the key to the whole duck is the eye and where the eye is placed. And it has to be placed in the head and it's the most detailed, and it's like a little jewel. And if it was fixed, sitting on the bill, it would be two things that were too busy, battling, they would not do so well. And if it was sitting in the middle of the body, it would get lost. But it's so perfectly placed to show off a jewel right in the middle of the head like that, next to this S-curve with the bill sitting out in front, but with enough distance so that the eye is very… very… very well-secluded and set out. So when you're working on a film, a lot of times you can get the bill and the legs and the body and everything, but this eye of the duck is a certain scene, this jewel, that if it's there, it's absolutely beautiful. It's just fantastic.*"
— David Lynch
Adult Puppeteering

**Adult Puppeteering** is a genre that uses puppets in contexts aimed at adult audiences. Puppets are used either for aesthetic reasons, or to achieve special effects that would not otherwise be possible with human actors. A notable example of this would be the political satire series *Spitting Image* which uses puppet caricatures of politicians and public figures.
Ident

**Indents** (short for **Studio Identification** and sometimes known as **numbers**) are short sequences shown between programming on Tv Channels in order to identify the channel. These are often short clips with effects, music and voiceover from a continuity announcer that features the name of the channel in order to remind the viewer what channel they are on.

The continuity announcer will often inform the viewer of upcoming shows or perhaps direct viewers to their website. They can empty a serious or lighthearted tone, depending on what they are announcing and will often give warnings for graphic content and language if an upcoming show contains potentially problematic content.

## Types

### Bespoke

Sometimes channels will have a certain ident made to precede a particular show. For example, Channel 4 had idents themed around *The Simpsons,* one particular ident running from 2007 - 2015 featured *Homer Simpson* causing a power surge, causing the lights in his town to flicker in a way that formed the Channel 4 logo.

### Clock Ident

A Clock Ident was a popular type of ident that featured an image of a ticking clock in the middle of the screen accompanied by the Channel's logo. This would remind the viewer of the time. They were often shown after the news or during school hours for children.
Rubber Hose Animation

**Rubber Hose Animation** is the defining characteristic of the earliest inkblot cartoons which emerged during the mid-1920s. Because they made the leap from newspaper comic strips, they share a visual identity - heavy use of black inks on white backgrounds and exaggerated facial expressions. As these comics made the move to animation, that defining characteristic was added - flailing rubber-hose limbs without joints.

Other features of the characters used in inkblot cartoons include:

* White gloves, purely so animators could depict characters’ hand movements in front of their black bodies
* Black noses
* ‘Pie eyes’ - full black eyes with a white part sliced out

The most defining feature of the animation style was the use of rubber-hose arms and legs to accentuate character movement and emotion - whether human, animal or even inanimate. Characters and machines alike bounce around (usually in time to a jaunty jazz soundtrack) as each deliberate movement is expressed in stretching, squashing sequence.

*The Fox Chase (1928)* starring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is one of the most expressive examples. Oswald struggles to stay on a horse as it cycles through various bow-legged, bandy movements.

These rather surreal movements were the fullest expression of an art form whose first creators were still struggling to find their footing. Nonetheless the style is looked back on fondly and has been faithfully recreated in recent notable work like the *Cuphead* video games.
Dream Sequence

A **dream sequence** is a scene to set apart a brief interlude from the main story. The interlude may consist of a flashback, a flashforward, a fantasy, a vision, a dream, or some other element. Usually this occurs when a protagonist is asleep, sedated or daydreaming and acts as a way to delve into their psyche.

In some films such as *A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984),* these scenes can be key points in the plot as the plot of the film involves a slasher (Freddy Krueger) murdering children in their dreams.
Save the Cat

A **Save the Cat** scene is a moment in any film in which the protagonist does a good deed to allow the audience to route for them. This technique was outlined by screenwriter Blake Snyder in his book Save the Cat! An example of the technique in use is in the film *Aladdin (1992),* the title character is seen sharing his food with hungry children, allowing the audience to route for a thief.
Kensington Gore

**Kensington Gore** is somewhat of a generic name for fake blood, specifically the thick, sticky and edible variety. The original Kensington Gore was a specific brand of proprietary stage blood manufactured by retired pharmacist John Tynegate in the '60s and '70s. It can be seen in a lot of old horror films, especially the Hammer Horror franchise.

## History

"Kensington Gore" is a pun based on a London street of the same name.

At the end of the production of The Shining (1980), director Stanley Kubrick gave the actresses Louise and Lisa Burns (the Grady Twins) vials of fake blood labeled "Kensington Gore" as souvenirs.
Vox Pop

A **vox pop** (meaning "voice of the people" in Latin) is a short video made up of clips taken from interviews with members of the public. These video interviews investigate public opinion towards widely known topics, brands or products and are commonly used for market research or comedy. These videos are nowadays created in a variety of different ways. From on-the-street style, to in-home interviews and even mobile video diaries. Traditionally, however,  a vox pop video refers to an on-the-street intercept interview.

## Explanation

A distinct feature of vox pops videos is the setting for where the interviews take place. Because these videos usually investigate opinions of the general public, often anyone can qualify to share their views. As a result, crews will set up their cameras on the street or in public places and ask passers-by if they would be willing to take part. This type of interview is known as an intercept interview.

Vox pops videos may also target slightly more specific groups of people. For example, over 50s or Millennials. But the group is never so niche that you couldn’t easily recruit people on the street. Additionally, interviews will often take place in locations relevant to the discussion topic. So for example, if the video was investigating people’s opinions towards public transport, the interviews may be more likely to take place in a train station. Not only does this help to make recruitment easier, by ensuring the crew is surrounded by people who use (and are therefore more likely to have an opinion towards) public transport. Setting up in a location relevant to the topic will also help contextualise the responses and opinions of the interviewees.

Vox pops videos are always produced by compiling clips from these intercept interviews. This means the final videos have a very distinct style. Interviewees aren’t airbrushed and wearing make-up. Instead, they are often windswept and carrying shopping. Passers-by in the background also make it obvious that the respondent hasn’t been pre-recruited or vetted on what to say, which is particularly important if the video is being used for market research. This lack of pre-recruitment or set-up interviews means vox pops videos really do represent the honest voice of the people, so the Latin definition quite aptly suits the modern video interpretation.

VPI have been conducting vox pops for nearly 30 years, our first interviews taking place at ferry terminals before the Eurotunnel was opened. We still think of ourselves as a company that represents the voices of the individuals we interview. Today, we continue to conduct vox pops interviews with members of the public, often purely for investigative purposes. We regularly send out these videos as free qualitative research, which you can sign up to receive by entering your email address in the form to the right of this page (or below on mobile).

## References

1. ↑ https://www.voxpops.com/what-is-a-vox-pop/
Mockbuster

A film created with the intention of exploiting the publicity of another major motion picture with a similar title or subject with a goal to trick people into purchasing it, believing it to be the real thing. They are often made with a low budget and quick production to maximize profit and are often created abroad. Mockbusters are always low-quality in every aspect. Examples include *Ratatoing (2007)*, *The Amazing Bulk (2012)* and *Titanic 2 (2010)*.
Giallo

A giallo is a genre of Italian film thriller / horror and often contains slasher, crime fiction, psychological thriller, psychological horror, sexploitation, and, less frequently, supernatural horror elements.

## History

From the 1960s to the 1980s (and most prominently in the 1970s) a handful of Italian filmmakers turned out horror and suspense films that nodded to the work of Alfred Hitchcock, but which were on the whole more lurid, ratcheting up the levels of gore and nudity. “Giallo” literally means “yellow,” in reference to the yellow covers common to the sensationalistic Italian pulp novels these movies clearly resemble.

Perhaps the most famous giallo filmmaker, Dario Argento, would become known as "the master of horror' due to his films in this genre. Argento practically perfected the form with *Deep Red (1975)* before shifting to semi-surreal supernatural thrillers like *Suspiria (1977)* and *Inferno (1980)*. He carried the lessons he learned from making those two pictures — namely that the plots didn’t always have to make sense — into *Tenebrae (1982)* and *Phenomena (1985)*, which are both visually dazzling, almost abstract murder-mysteries, delivering pure jolts of cinematic sensation.
Marvelization

**Marvelization** is a term coined by director Quentin Tarantino to describe how the 2010s gave way to a decline of "movie stars", largely due to the effects of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

“Part of the Marvel-ization of Hollywood is…you have all these actors who have become famous playing these characters, but they’re not movie stars. Right? Captain America is the star. Or Thor is the star. I mean, I’m not the first person to say that. I think that’s been said a zillion times…but it’s like, you know, it’s these franchise characters that become a star.”

## Responses

Several prominant figures have come forward either in support or denial of Tarantino's claims. Robert Downey Jr. said “IP has taken precedence over principle and personality. But it’s a double-edged sword.” He added, “A piece of IP is only as good as the human talent you get to represent it, and you can have some great IP even if it’s coming from an auteur or a national treasure of a writer-director, and if you don’t have the right kind of artist playing that role, you’ll never know how good it could have been.”

Chris Hemsworth shared a much more damning response to this idea, claiming that Tarantino's claims are "super depressing" and that Tarantino and Scorsese would be "two of [his] heroes [he] won’t work with.

## See also

* Tarantinoesque
* Movie Star
* Cinematic Universe

## References

1. ↑ https://www.mediaite.com/podcasts/quentin-tarantino-decries-the-marvel-ization-of-movies-actors-who-star-in-comic-book-films-are-not-movie-stars/
2. ↑ https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/robert-downey-jr-responds-to-quentin-tarantino-marvelization-of-hollywood-double-edged-sword-8309632/
Sex scene

**A sex scene** refers to a depiction of sexual activity between characters. Typically, depending on the rating of the film, the scene will be obscured or will rely on implicature. For example, the actors genitals may be covered by a blanket. However, sometimes sex scenes can be graphic. Sex scenes can serve different purposes within the context of a story, including advancing the plot, developing characters, or exploring themes related to human sexuality.

## History

The depiction of sex scenes in films has evolved significantly throughout the history of cinema. In the early years of filmmaking, strict censorship regulations limited the explicit portrayal of sexual content on screen. The Hays Code, established in 1930 by the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), imposed moral guidelines on the film industry, resulting in the omission or veiled representation of sexual activity.

However, with the gradual relaxation of censorship standards in the mid-20th century, filmmakers began to incorporate more explicit sex scenes into their works. The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a significant shift in attitudes towards on-screen sexuality, known as the "sexual revolution." This cultural movement, alongside the rise of independent cinema, challenged traditional norms and allowed for a greater exploration of sexual themes.

The portrayal of sex scenes in films varies widely, ranging from brief and suggestive encounters to explicit and graphic depictions. Directors employ various techniques to create these scenes, including careful choreography, cinematography, and editing. The purpose of sex scenes can vary as well, serving to develop characters, deepen relationships, or explore the complexities of human sexuality. Notable examples of explicit sex scenes in film can be found across different genres and artistic movements.

The impact of sex scenes on film ratings and audience reception has been a subject of discussion. Many countries have established film classification systems to provide guidance to viewers about the content they can expect. In some cases, films containing explicit sex scenes may receive higher ratings or face restrictions, particularly when it comes to distribution and exhibition.

## See also

* Sexposition
* Intimacy Coordinator
Prop Store Person

A **Prop Store Person** or **Prop Storeman / Prop Storewoman** is a role in the props department. They assist the Property Master, organizing the delivery, transport and storage of all hired and bought-in props for production. They must organize the props storage area in accordance with the production schedule. They are responsible for ensuring collection, installation and returns of props are managed according to the props schedule. They must keep paperwork up to date in relation to collection, storage and returns of props. They must maintain a good professional relationship with suppliers and prop hire companies.

## See also

* Prop Master
* Props Department
Psychological Horror

**Psychological horror** is a subgenre of horror with a particular focus on mental, emotional, and psychological states to frighten, disturb, or unsettle its audience. The subgenre frequently overlaps with the related subgenre of psychological thriller, and often uses mystery elements and characters with unstable, unreliable, or disturbed psychological states to enhance the suspense, drama, action, and paranoia of the setting and plot and to provide an overall unpleasant, unsettling, or distressing atmosphere.

Psychological horror films generally differ from traditional horror, where the source of the fear is typically something material, such as grotesque or horrifying creatures, monsters, serial killers, or aliens, as well as the splatter and slasher film genres, which derives its frightening effects from gore and graphic violence, in that tension in psychological horror films is more frequently built through atmosphere, eerie sounds and exploitation of the viewer's and the character's psychological fears. Psychological horror films sometimes frighten or unsettle by relying on the viewer's or character's own imagination or the anticipation of a threat rather than an actual threat or a material source of fear portrayed onscreen.
British Arrows

**British Arrows** is an awards show in the UK honouring the innovation, bravery and artistry of moving image advertising.

## History

Founded in 1976, the British Arrows were originally known as the **British Television Advertising Awards (BTAA).** Awards include Advertising Agency of the Year, Production Company of the Year and Commercial of the Year.

In 1996 the CRAFT AWARDS, held in November, were founded, honouring the best craftspeople in advertising and awarded individuals across a number of categories, including Director, Editing and Casting. Special awards including Best Crafted Commercial of the Year were also awarded. For each show, a Chair of the Jury is selected by the Board of Directors. The Chair then curates their own Jury from a range of disciplines who watch and discuss all commercials entered.

In 2017, after 40 years of AWARDS and 20 years of CRAFT, the two shows were combined to create The British Arrows.

## See also

* Promax Awards
* Shark Awards
Federal Communications Commission

The **Federal Communications Commission** (**FCC**) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access, fair competition, radio frequency use, media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security.
Kaiju

***Kaiju*** is a Japanese genre of films and television featuring giant monsters. It is a subgenre of Horror and Creature Feature. The term *kaiju* can also refer to the giant monsters themselves, which are usually depicted attacking major cities and battling either the military or other monsters. Perhaps the most famous example of a kaijiu film is *Godzilla {1954)* in which the title monster goes on a rampage across Tokyo.

Despite not being Japanese in origin, films like *King Kong (1933)* are often considered a kaiju due to the similarities. Godzilla and King Kong have also had multiple crossovers, namely in *King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962)* and *Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)* in which the pair face off.

In older kaiju movies, the monster was often brought to life via models animated by Stop Motion.
Runner

**A runner** is a junior member of the crew on any production. They can have a huge variety of roles that mostly include odd jobs. This includes copying the call sheets, sides, scripts, health and safety notices and other paperwork and running around distributing it to the crew. They could take lunch and breakfast orders for the production office, do runs to the post office or other suppliers. They could also do general office jobs like answering the phone, filing paperwork and entering data. They sometimes book travel and accommodation, buy stationery and keep everyone stocked up with caffeine and snacks. Runners are usually freelancers.
King And Queen Of Koosland

The **King and Queen of Koosland** are the kind and fair rulers of the imaginary realm where Koosalagoopagoop lives.

The king seems to serve a similar purpose to Santa Claus, traveling around the world giving presents to children on his sleigh.

They are respectively voiced by Tom Kenny and Kath Soucie.

## Trivia

* The King sounds just like the Mayor from The Powerpuff Girls.
* Despite being the rulers of Koosland, in the episode *Jeepers, Creepers, Where Is Peepers?* the character Peepers is shown as the highest authority due to being creator of Koosland.
	+ It's possible that Peepers does not like to govern the realm and prefers to simply loaf about. Another possibility is that this was simply a continuity error.
Trunk Shot

**Trunk Shots** are a low-angle shot where the camera is a POV of inside the trunk. It mostly involves character placing or retrieving something or someone inside a trunk. The type of show was popularized by Quentin Tarantino and it has become a staple in his filmography with it appearing in many films that he has been involved with: the first being *Reservoir Dogs (1992).*

This is challenging due to the sizeable bulk of a traditional camera and camera operator. In order to make it appear as though the shot was taken from inside a car, the art department will typically position a trunk door and some of the trunk frame in front of the camera.
Claymation

**Claymation** is a form of stop motion animation of models made of clay, putty or plasticine. Examples include *Chicken Run (2000)*, *Shaun the Sheep Movie (2015)* and *My Life as a Zucchini (2016)*. This can be used for an entire feature length film or TV Show or can be used for an effect such as in *Don't Hug Me I'm Scared*.
Not-Gays

The **Not-Gays** (also known as **'Have I Mentioned I Am Heterosexual Today?')** is a trope wherein male characters will mention ad nauseam the fact that they are in a heterosexual relationship or a two-dimensional female love interest is written into the script simply to be a reminder to the audience that the protagonists are straight. This was a common trend in the past when writers and directors were afraid of audiences reading into male characters and believing them to be gay, especially if the film revolves around two males with a platonic relationship with homoerotic undertones.

## Origin

The term 'The Not-Gays' was coined by *RedLetterMedia.*
Kubrickian

**Kubrickian** pertains to films, or styles of filmmaking, that are reminiscent of director Stanley Kubrick. It involves meticulous perfectionism, mastery of the technical aspects of film-making, and atmospheric visual style

## Features

* Symmetrical Cinematography
* Sparse Dialogue
* Large, Elaborate Sets
* Precise Camera Movement
* Deliberate Layered Meanings
* Classical Music
German Cinema

**German cinema r**efers to films made in Germany or by German filmmakers. German cinema has had a significant impact on the history of cinema, producing many groundbreaking films and influential filmmakers.

## History

### Early Years (1895-1918)

The first screening of a motion picture in Germany took place in Berlin in 1895. Early German films were mostly short documentaries, travelogues, and newsreels. The first German feature film was *The Student of Prague (1913)*, a horror film that influenced the German Expressionist movement.

### German Expressionism (1919-1929)

German Expressionism was a cultural movement that emerged in Germany after World War I. It was characterized by its rejection of traditional forms and its embrace of the surreal and the fantastical. German Expressionist films were known for their use of avant-garde techniques, such as exaggerated sets, distorted camera angles, and heavy makeup. Some of the most notable German Expressionist films include *Nosferatu (1921)*, *The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)*, and *Metropolis (1927).*

### Nazi Era (1933-1945)

The rise of the Nazi party in Germany had a significant impact on German cinema. The Nazis saw film as a powerful tool for propaganda and used it to promote their ideology. The film industry was put under strict government control, and many filmmakers were forced to flee the country.

### Post-War Years (1945-1960s)

After World War II, German cinema experienced a period of rejuvenation known as the "New German Cinema." Filmmakers such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Werner Herzog, and Wim Wenders emerged during this time, producing films that addressed the social and political issues of the day. Notable films from this period include Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974), Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), and Paris, Texas (1984).

### Contemporary German Cinema (1990s-Present)

    In the 1990s, German cinema experienced another revival, with a new generation of filmmakers making their mark on the industry. Some of the most successful contemporary German films include *Good Bye, Lenin! (2003)*, *The Lives of Others (2006)*, and *Toni Erdmann (2016).* German cinema has continued to produce innovative and thought-provoking films that have garnered international acclaim.
Octabank

An **Octabank** is a lighting modifier which attaches to the front of a speedlight, studio strobe, or continuous light and creates a *diffused* (i.e., soft) effect. Octaboxes come in many different sizes, from small, 12-inch options all the way up to huge 5-foot or greater models.

## Information

The bigger the octabox, the softer the light.

If you want very soft, diffused, flattering light that produces very gradual shadows, a big octabox is better (in the area of four to five feet).
Day-for-Night

A **Day-for-Night** shot is filmed during the day to make it appear as if it takes place at night. This can be attained through unique lighting, filters, and lenses. It was common in the 1950s and '60s as night scenes recorded in natural light, with or without moonlight, may be underexposed to the point where little or nothing is visible. As film stocks and video cameras have improved in light sensitivity, shooting day for night has become less common in recent years although it is still done when it is too difficult or expensive to actually shoot during nighttime.
Action

**Action** is an extremely successful and influential mode of popular cinema that foregrounds spectacular movement of bodies, vehicles and weapons, and state-of-the-art special effects. These highly dynamic elements (with the actor’s physical performance a central attraction) are usually held together by a fast-paced, pared down, goal-orientated, narrative structure.

Like the horror film or the thriller, the action film is defined in part by the type of experience it offers its audiences, namely, a visceral, exciting one of movement through (usually urban) space as the characters pursue a clearly specified objective, usually within a time-critical scenario. For its formal properties, narrative structure, and in the pleasures it offers it viewers.
Watershed

The **Watershed** is the time of day after which adult-themed, mature content is permitted on TV. It serves as a dividing line in a schedule between family-oriented programs, and programs aimed at or suitable for a more adult audience. This could include nudity, foul language, graphic violence, adult themes, sexual intercourse .
Stop Motion

"*What people like about stop-motion animation is that it's real. It's like a magic trick, taking real things, real sets, and making them come to life with movement.*"
— Joe Clokey

**Stop Motion Animation** is a filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames is played back. This can be used for visual effects or entire feature films such as *A Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)* and *Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (1970)*

## History

Stop Motion animation dates back to the era of silent films, pixilation (the use of live actors in stop motion) being used for effects.

Willis O' Brien's expressive and emotionally convincing animation of the big ape in *King Kong (1933)* is widely regarded as a milestone in stop-motion animation and a highlight of Hollywood cinema in general.

## Types

* Claymation - Animating with clay
* Cutout Animation - Animating using flat paper characters
* Dynamation - Animating models separately and inserting them onto rear-screen projections of real actors
* Pixilation - Animating using real actors
Film Bro

A **film bro** is a slang, derogatory term for a male film fan who claims to understand and appreciate cinema whilst having a surface level grasp of mainstream movies. They are known to be very closed-minded when it comes to their taste in films - preferring movies with male leads and discounting foreign or old films. Film bros also often completely misunderstand the messaging in the story they are being told, often idolizing the parts of a character that are actually toxic and are meant to be looked down upon. A very well known example is the character of Patrick Bateman in *American Psycho (2000)*.

## Features

A film bro will often chose such filmmakers as Quentin Tarantino, David Fincher and Christopher Nolan as their favourite, however they usually can't name more than a handful of other directors. They will very rarely delve into old or foreign films unless they are extremely popular. They will also often claim that women are well represented in film, citing Ripley from *Alien (1979)* as a prime example of a female protagonist (they can barely name any others).

## See also

* Cinephile
* Capeshit
* Letterboxd
* Quentin Tarantino
* Christopher Nolan
Mouldlife

Mouldlife is a UK based supplier of materials in the SFX industry. They manufacture a range of their own products including Sculpt Gel, Kensington Gore (Fake Blood), Super Baldiez (bald caps), Life Form Casting Silicone and Transil silicones. Mouldlife's introduction of the PlatSil Gel range in particular has revolutionised the way SFX technicians work.

## History

### Make-Up

The Film & TV industry has used Mouldlife's range of materials extensively to produce prosthetics used in some of the most loved film franchises of recent years. The materials that they supply include the PlatSil® Gel range of silicone RTVs along with their deadening and hardening additives, the Snappy G® and Aquafix™ skin-safe prosthetic adhesives, the SculptGel™ direct-to-skin sculpting system, bald caps (Baldiez) encapsulating films and Monster Maker Clays and foam Latex materials. Once the prosthetic is securely in place, we offer our industry leading Kensington Gore® range of artificial bloods, a wide choice of make-up pallettes and the PTM supplied 'bondo' materials.

### Props and Scenery

Film and TV production companies have been using Mouldlife's modelling and mould-making materials, such as RTV for many years to produce a huge variety of props and scenery items.
Clam

A **Clam** is a peice of jargon used for a joke or humorous phrase that has been overused by many different writers to the point where it isn't funny anymore. An example of a clam would be "I hate our boss. He’s a lying, no good, piece of-- He’s right behind me isn’t he?" "Clam" is one of the most used pieces of writer jargon.

## History

The term 'clam' may have originated in the writers room for the sitcom *Murphy Brown* where writers who pitched a bad joke would have a toy clam placed infront of them.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.gq.com/story/glossary-of-tv-writer-jargon
Panel Show

A **panel show** is a type of game show focusing on comedy and with celebrities as the players. While panel shows were more popular in the past in the U.S., they are still very common in the United Kingdom.

The primary distinction between a panel show and a game show is the participation of celebrities and they don’t win prizes. While the format of the show is built around a game, the game largely acts as the background for the show's comedy in the form of joke answers, often given by the stars prior to their real answer.

## History

While panel shows began as a staple on radio, the 1950s saw the format brought to TV in the UK and US as the demand for more programming increased. Panel shows challenged celebrities to interrogate guests, play charades, and answer trick questions. Arguably the most iconic panel show of the era was *To Tell the Truth*, which used the “imposter” format. Panelists would have to guess from a group of individuals who the correct one was, for example pick the real Dr. Seuss out of a group of three men by asking them questions. The success of “imposter” panel shows led to imitators, like *I’ve Got a Secret*, which once featured the last remaining witness to the Lincoln assassination. These examples of American panel shows were popular for a time, however around the 1980s and 1990s they began to languish into irrelevancy despite their continued spot as a British mainstay.

Panel Shows continue to be extremely popular in the United Kingdom. Current British panel shows have become showcases for the nation's top stand-up and improv comedians, as well as career-making opportunities for new comedians. Regular comics on panel shows often go on to star in sitcoms and other TV shows. Notable example include *QI* on various BBC channels since 2003, *Mock the Week* on BBC Two since 2005, *8 Out of 10 Cats* on Channel 4 since 2005, *Would I Lie to You?* on BBC One since 2007, and the annual special, *The Big Fat Quiz of the Year* on Channel 4 since 2004.

## See also

* Game Show
* Television in the United Kingdom
Wrap Around

Referring to lighting, **wrap around** is how well lit a subject’s face is. If their face is entirely well lit, the wrap around is good.

## How To

In order to achieve wrap around lighting:

* The lighting source (or light modifier) must be larger than the subject within the frame of your camera.

* The light source should be at approximately a 45 degree angle facing the subject and between both the photographer and your subject.

This is best done with an umbrella or an octabank. For the absolute best results. In a headshot, for example, the area within the frame is generally just a person’s head and shoulders. The source needs to be sufficiently larger than a person’s head and shoulders.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.thephoblographer.com/2018/08/01/the-noob-photographers-introduction-to-wrap-around-lighting/
Aperture

**Aperture** is the opening of a lens’s diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16. Lower f/stops give more exposure because they represent the larger apertures, while the higher f/stops give less exposure because they represent smaller apertures.
The Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation

**The Friedrich Wilhelm Murndau Foundation** is an organization founded in 1966 to preserve and curate a collection of the works of Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau as well as a collection of other German films totaling to about 6,000 produced between 1890 and 1960. The foundation is responsible for the restoration of many historically significant German Expressionist films.

## History

The foundation's most prominent film restoration was the 2010 re-release of Fritz Lang's *Metropolis (1927)* which was originally screened at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival. It has additionally restored *The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)*, for which it won an award for best archive restoration in 2015 from FOCAL International. The foundation was also involved in the restoration of Fritz Lang's *Destiny (1921)* which had "faded and degraded almost beyond recognition." The foundation maintains about 80% of Germany's forbidden Nazi-era films referring to this collection of 40 films as "reserved" films which are "propagandistic productions created under Hitler, which may only be used for scientific evaluation in Germany and within the framework of political education."
Chiaroscuro

**Chiaroscuro** is a type of lighting and an art movement, meaning "light-dark" in Itallian. Thus, chiaroscuro is the juxtaposition between light and dark. In cinematography, the term refers to low and high-contrast lighting, which creates areas of light and dark in films. This applies especially to black and white films, notably German Expressionist films. Later on, Hollywood Film Noir made chiaroscuro lighting a standard style.

## History

*The Cabinet of Dr. Cagliari*, widely regarded as one of the first movies of the German Expressionist movement, was largely responsible for bringing chiaroscuro lighting to film. Towards the end of the German expressionist movement, directors started implementing strong chiaroscuro lighting in film noirs. Perhaps the most iconic example of strong chiaroscuro lighting in German cinema can be found in Fritz Lang’s *M. (1931)*

## See also

* German Expressionism
* Film Noir
* Black and White

## References

1. ↑ https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-chiaroscuro-definition-examples/
Kammerspiel

## Major Figures

* Georg Wilhelm Pabst
* F.W. Murnau
* Ernst Lubitsch
* Ewald André Dupont
* Fritz Lang
* Gennaro Righelli

* The Joyless Street (1925)
* | Anna Boleyn (1920)

**Kammerspiel** is a type of German film that offers an intimate, cinematic portrait of lower middle class life. They are a genre of drama characterizedby a concentration on psychological motivations, often taking place in just one room.

It was as a reaction against epic storytelling (epic films like D.W. Griffith’s Intolerance (1916) and their use of spectacle to tell stories about large groups of people (e.g., war, revolution) rather than individual psychology.

Kammerspielfilm emerged from the roots of German Expressionism, which itself was an outgrowth of early 20th-century German theater,

## History

The Kammerspielfilm movement began in 1919. With the end of the First World War, Germany had no industry and few resources for filmmaking. Artists and intellectuals started to take an interest in this field.

The term was coined in 1931 by journalist Walter Schobert to describe films that were produced in small studios in Berlin between 1929 and 1932. Although directors like Fritz Lang and F.Murnau were associated with Kammerspielfilm, it was actually a loose collective of filmmakers who had similar stylistic goals but differed in terms of their politics and even cinematic techniques.

The name derives from a theater, the *Kammerspiele*, opened in 1906 by a major stage director Max Reinhardt to stage intimate dramas for small audiences. Few Kammerspiel films were made, but nearly all are classics. They formed a German film movement of the 1920s silent film period that was developed around the same time as German Expressionism. The *Kammerspielfilm* was known as the "chamber drama" as a result of the influence from the theatrical form of the chamber play. It is characterised by its focus on character psychology and its lack of intricate set design. Also, unlike Expressionist films, *Kammerspielfilme* seldom used intertitles to narrate the story.

## References

1. ↑ https://filmlifestyle.com/what-is-kammerspielfilm/
Reichsfilmarchiv

The **Reichsfilmarchiv** ("Reich Film Archive") was the state film archive of the Germany of the Third Reich. It was first German national film archive. It was opened in 1935, and based in Berlin. It ceased to exist in 1945, when its film stock was either destroyed or seized by the Soviet army.

## History

The *Reichsfilmarchiv* was opened on 4 February 1935 in Harnack House, Dahlem, Berlin, in the presence of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels, with an enormous flurry of propaganda. It soon gained a high international reputation. When the *Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film* (FIAF) was established as an international joint film archive in Paris in 1938, the *Reichsfilmarchiv* was one of the four founding members. The Independent State of Croatia kept copies of its films at the archive, due to the lack of a sufficient archive of its own.

After their arrival in Berlin in April 1945, Soviet troops seized the *Reichsfilmarchiv* and took possession of all its surviving film material. In 1947 its place was filled in West Germany by the *Archiv für Filmwissenschaft* ("Archive of Film Science"), set up in Marburg by Hanns Wilhelm Lavies, while in East Germany it was succeeded by the *Staatliches Filmarchiv der DDR* ("State Film Archive of the DDR"), established in 1955.

## See also

* Propaganda Film
* Nazi Cinema
* German Cinema
* Department of Film (Nazi Germany)
* Reichsfilmkammer
Cinematography

**Cinematography** is the art and technique of capturing and manipulating visual images on film or digital media for the purpose of telling a story or conveying a message. It involves the use of cameras, lighting, composition, color, and movement to create visually compelling and emotionally evocative images that enhance the storytelling experience.

Cinematography is a critical aspect of filmmaking and encompasses a range of skills and techniques, including selecting camera angles and shot types, controlling the depth of field, framing the image, and adjusting the lighting to create the desired mood and atmosphere. Cinematographers work closely with the director, production designer, and other members of the film crew to ensure that the visual style of the film aligns with the overall creative vision.

In addition to traditional narrative films, cinematography is also used in documentary filmmaking, music videos, television shows, and commercials. It is a constantly evolving field that embraces new technologies and techniques to push the boundaries of what is possible in visual storytelling.

## See also

* Cinematographer
* Director of Photography
Hero's Journey

**The Hero's Journey** is an archetypal story pattern that is very common in film and television. It describes the journey of the protagonist throughout a film and it is used by many screenwriters in order to achieve satisfying character growth and pacing.

It can be boiled down to three stages:

* **Departure**: the Hero leaves the familiar world behind.
* **Initiation**: the Hero learns to navigate the unfamiliar world of adventure.
* **Return**: the Hero returns to the familiar world.
World Cinema Project

**The World Cinema Project** is a nonprofit organization that works to preserve and restore films from around the world that are at risk of being lost or forgotten. The project was founded by filmmaker Martin Scorsese and is dedicated to preserving the cultural and historical heritage of cinema by rescuing and restoring films that would otherwise be lost.

The World Cinema Project has restored and preserved films from countries all over the world, including Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Senegal, and many others. These films represent a diverse range of genres, styles, and cultural perspectives, and are important for their historical, artistic, and cultural value.

The World Cinema Project works closely with filmmakers, film archives, and other organizations to identify and restore films that are in danger of being lost. Once a film has been restored, the project helps to distribute it to audiences around the world through screenings, DVD releases, and other forms of distribution.

Overall, the World Cinema Project is an important organization that is working to preserve and promote the diversity and richness of world cinema for future generations.
Hitchcockian

**Hitchcockian** refers to work that is reminiscent of the stylings of director Alfred Hitchcock.

## Features

* Audience as Voyeur
* Climactic plot twist.
* The presence of a domineering mother in someone's life.
* A blonde female love interest.
* An innocent man accused.
* Restricting the action to a single setting to increase tension.
* Characters who switch sides and/or who cannot be trusted.
* Tension building through suspense to the point where the audience enjoys seeing the character in a life-threatening situation.
* Average people thrust into strange or dangerous situations.
* Bumbling or incompetent authority figures, particularly police officers.
* Use of darkness to symbolize impending doom (dark clothing, shadows, smoke, etc.)
* Strong visual use of famous landmarks
* Mistaken identity
* The use of a staircase as a motif for impending danger or suspense.
* Use of a MacGuffin plot device.
* Referring to crime for mystery rather than presenting it explicitly.

## Examples

There are countless films that take influence from Alfred Hitchcock. Some would say that almost all modern day films that have any element of suspense, thriller or horror take some influence from his groundbreaking, genre-defining style. Some films have much more of a palpable Hitchcock flavour, however. The following is a list of films that have been especially named Hithcockian in style:

* *Peeping Tom (1960)*
* *Blue Velvet (1986)*
* *Misery (1990)*