9699/13/M/J/15

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## **Section A**

Answer question 1.

**1** International migration has a significant impact on the family. However, migration within a society also
affects the structure and functions of the family. For married women the chances to break out from a
domestic role appear to be greater in urban than in rural areas. Women can more easily avoid the
direct control of their family, causing traditional family structures to collapse and making it easier for
new ones to develop. Such outcomes are particularly important in *patrilineal* societies, when migration
results in women living away from their husband’s family.

This isolation from kin encourages the development of more equal and emotionally intimate
relationships between husbands and wives. Thus a study of urban neighbourhoods in northern India
carried out in 1992 found fewer wives became integrated into their husband’s kinship networks. At the
same time as having weaker ties with their husband’s families, these women seemed to have closer
ties with their own family of birth than was typical in traditional rural India.

**(a)** What is meant by the term *patrilineal*? [2]

One mark for a partial definition such as when boys get their parents money or name.

Two marks for an accurate definition of patrilineal as when property and names pass through
the male heirs of a family.

**(b)** Describe **two** types of family structure that may develop when people move to urban
areas. [4]

Types of family structure identified can include, single parent, same sex, beanpole, blended
or any other valid family structure.

A mark can be allowed where a candidate identifies ‘smaller families’ as an example.

One mark for the naming of the relevant type of family structure, plus one mark for
development (2 × 2 marks).

**(c)** Explain how isolation from kin can encourage more equal and emotionally intimate
relationships. [8]

**L1 0–4** Answers at this level are likely to show only limited appreciation of the issues
raised in the question.

Lower in the level, a simple answer which identifies how, when couples move
away from their kin, they have to rely on each other may be worth **1 or 2 marks**.

Higher in the level, an answer might advance a few limited observations such as
women having to make decisions about child care without reference to mothers, or
having to control the household on their own may be worth **3 or 4 marks**, but there
will be little depth in the explanations offered and the answer will rely on
description rather than explanation.

**L2 5–8** Answers at this level show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.

Lower in the level, a simplistic description of the way in which egalitarian or
companionate relationships may develop when there are no other kin around, can
receive a **mark of 5 or 6**.

Higher in the level, a more detailed account of how the breakdown of traditional
forms of social control makes it possible for new ones to develop. This can include
social, as well as family, life. Such answers can gain **7 or 8 marks**. Place at the
top of the level according to depth and/or range of examples explained and
supported by reference to theory or empirical data.

**N.B.** This question asks candidates to ‘explain’ therefore there is no
requirement for assessment.

**(d)** Assess the view that migration weakens extended families. [11]

**L1 0–4** Answers at this level are likely to show only limited appreciation of the issues
raised in the question.

Lower in the level, a simple answer that identifies a few basic features, or a few
general points, about how, when families migrate, they have more difficulty
keeping in contact with wider kin, may gain **1 or 2 marks**.

Higher in the level, answers may advance a few limited observations, or general
descriptions about how this has led to migrating families having to rely on their own
resources (or those left behind having to rely on themselves) may be worth a **mark**
of 3 or 4**.**

**L2 5–8** Answers at this level show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question. In this mark level, migration will most likely be interpreted as rural to urban.

Lower in the level, a simplistic description of the way in which, when families
(couples/singles) are forced to move away from the wider kin to seek work, nuclear
family types are likely to develop and extended family forms break down. This is
likely to be supported by the functionalist views of such key thinkers as Talcott
Parsons and could gain up to **5 or 6 marks**.

Higher in the level, a more detailed account which explains the meaning of
‘weakens’, perhaps by quoting evidence of Anderson or Young and Willmott in
terms of extended family support within urban communities, could gain up to **7 or 8**
marks**.**

**A descriptive answer cannot gain more than 8 marks.**

**L3 9–11** Answers at this level will demonstrate good sociological knowledge and
understanding applied to the question. There will also be an assessment of the
view on which the question is based.

Answers at this level should provide an account of the way in which kinship can be
affected by migration. In this level migration may be interpreted as
internal/external, rural/urban or urban/rural, or in terms of just one family member
seeking work.

Lower in the level, **9–10 marks**, the assessment may be based on a simple
juxtaposition of the ways in which migration can weaken family ties, but also how
they can be maintained, perhaps with reference to new forms of communication, or
assessment may be confined to just one or two evaluative points.

At the top of the level, **11 marks**, ‘migration weakens’ will be evaluated explicitly
and in reasonable depth. The notion of migration as an influence on family
structures will be directly addressed, probably by a discussion of key concepts
such as family unity, modified extended family, dispersed extended family; isolated
nuclear family may be referred to as well as studies such as that of Young and
Willmott who researched migration in the 1950s and 1960s.

## **Section B**

Answer **either** question 2 **or** question 3.

**2** Explain and assess the view that marriage is in decline in modern industrial societies. [25]

**L 1 0–6** Answers at this level are likely to be assertive and focus on a few common sense
observations with little or no sociological support.

Lower in the level, answers may be confined to one or two simple points based on
assertion/common sense understanding. For example, one or two points about the
growing trend to singlehood or same sex relationships may gain up to **3 marks**.

Higher in the level, there may be a wider range of points based on assertion and/or
common sense understanding. For example, a few points about diversity in
relationships, delay in marriage, or increasing amounts of divorce, may gain up to
**6 marks**.

**L 2 7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and understanding of
the question.

Lower in the level, **7–9 marks**, the answer may be confined to a narrow range of
points, lacking detail and including some inaccuracies. For example, a basic
account of changing laws with regard to marriage, or changing attitudes to
cohabitation would enter this mark level. Other answers may argue that marriage
remains the norm; such answers with no development, may gain up to **9 marks**.

Higher in the level, **10–12 marks**, answers may either cover a narrow range of
points in reasonable detail or cover a wider range of points in limited detail.

Points candidates might cover include, legal changes, changes in attitudes to
cohabitation, values attached to marriage, traditional attitudes to marriage,
changing birth and death rates, as well as the consequences of changing work
patterns.

**L 3 13–18** Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding.
The material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to
answering the question. There is no requirement for assessment at this level.

Lower in the level, **13–15 marks**, answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge. There will be little or no use of concepts/theory, and the points covered
may lack development.

Higher in the level, **16–18 marks**, answers will use a wider range of knowledge,
supported by the use of concepts/theory where relevant, and include some welldeveloped points.
Answers that enter this level may refer to ideas linked to such thinkers as, Weston;
that couples have more choice in lifestyle in modern industrial societies.

Lower in the level the discussion may be limited to a comparison of societies, such
as Britain, to one such as Nigeria, and the differences to be found between them.

**L 4 19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things: **first**, there will be good
sociological knowledge and understanding; **second**, the material used will be
interpreted accurately and applied effectively to answering the question; and **third**,
there must also be some evidence of assessment.

Lower in the level, **19–21 marks**, the assessment may be largely delivered through
juxtaposition of contrasting arguments/theories. Alternatively, the assessment may
be limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated.

Higher in the level, **22–25 marks**, there will be a sustained assessment and the
points offered will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely
to be a well-formulated conclusion.

There will also be a sustained and well informed assessment of the extent to which
traditional marriage exists such as the pressures to marry in a variety of societies.
Lower in the level this assessment may still be mainly by juxtaposition of the main
sociological theories about the threats to marriage, such as the ease of divorce.

There may also be a more direct analysis of the extent to which marriage exists in
different societies. This analysis may take the form of arguing that legal changes
have allowed them to develop, or that it is only allowing officially what always
existed in the form of empty shell marriages or desertion.

To gain the highest marks there may be a discussion as to how marriage is
socially constructed and related to issues such as the economy. Another way of
gaining the highest level would be to discuss normative expectations in a range of
societies. Concepts that can usefully be included are forced marriage, family of
choice, child marriages, LATS (living apart together), empty shell marriage, as well
as many others. There should be some evidence of a conclusion at this level.

**3** Explain and assess the view that age is a more significant factor than gender in
determining an individual’s experience of family life. [25]

**L 1 0–6** Answers at this level are likely to be assertive and focus on a few common sense
observations about either gender or age in relation to the family with little or no
sociological support.

Lower in the level, answers may be confined to one or two simple points based on
assertion and/or common sense understanding. For example, one or two points
about either the position of boys and girls or the position of the elderly and the
young in relation to the family, may gain **1 or 2 marks**.

Higher in the level, there may be a wider range of points based on assertion and/or
common sense understanding. For example, an answer stating how status can be
linked to age or gender, or some limited understanding of how status is gained, for
example, by economic contribution, may gain up to **6 marks**.

**L 2 7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and understanding of
the question.

Lower in the level, **7–9 marks**, answers may be confined to a narrow range of
points, lacking in detail and including some inaccuracies. For example, a basic
account of the importance of gender or age in determining status within the family
with no reference to issues such as the social position/status of the family, or an
outline of family obligations that different individuals may have with no
development, may gain up to **9 marks**.

Higher in the level, **10–12 marks**, answers may either cover a narrow range of
points in reasonable detail or cover a wider range of points in limited detail.

Points for discussion might include, for example, age and gender as forming the
status of individuals within families linked to different societies, and how class or
stratification may influence position.

**L 3 13–18** Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding.
The material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to
answering the question. There is no requirement for assessment at this level.

Lower in the level, **13–15 marks**, answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge. There will be little or no use of concepts/theory, and the points covered
may lack development.

Higher in the level, **16–18 marks**, answers will use a wider range of knowledge,
supported by the use of concepts/theory where relevant and include some welldeveloped points.

Answers that enter this level may refer to ideas linked to a decrease in numbers of
the young and an increase in the numbers of the elderly to be found in many
societies.

Other answers may be linked to the changing attitude towards women and men in
society and how this may be reflected in family life. An alternative approach would
be to focus on the continuity of family life. Lower in the level the discussion may be
limited to either gender or age, but may highlight the cumulative effect of these
factors.

To get into the higher part of the level there could be some assessment of an
issue, such as that outlined by the functionalists as to the extent to which the
disengagement of the elderly may apply to family life and status within families, but
such answers may have a limited range.

However, this assessment will be lacking in detail and may rely on the
juxtaposition of different theories of disengagement and reconstruction.

**L 4 19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things: **first**, there will be good
sociological knowledge and understanding; **second**, the material used will be
interpreted accurately and applied effectively to answering the question; and **third**,
there must also be some evidence of assessment.

Lower in the level, **19–21 marks**, the assessment may be largely delivered through
juxtaposition of contrasting arguments/theories. Alternatively, the assessment may
be limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated.

Higher in the level, **22–25 marks**, there will be a sustained assessment and the
points offered will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely
to be a well-formulated conclusion.

Answers in this level will provide a solid account of the social position of different
age groups, or individuals within the family, with reference to gender.

There will also be a sustained and well informed assessment of treatment received
by different groups in families, such as abuse which is more significant for elderly
females than elderly males (Payne).

Lower in the level this assessment may still be mainly by juxtaposition of the main
sociological theories such as abuse versus ‘grey’ capitalism. There may also be a
more direct analysis of the position of all groups. This analysis could take the form
of arguing that gender and age are not to be seen in isolation.

To get to the highest level these issues can be linked to the exercise of power
within families. Another way of gaining the highest level would be to argue that the
position of elderly women in an affluent family may be better than a young boy in
poverty. Good use can be made of such concepts as gender variations,
dependency ratio, ageism and disengagement, as well as others.

There should be evidence of a conclusion in this band.

## Useful information (Hints)

**Question 1(a)**

**Question 1(b)**

**Question 1(c)**

**Question 1(d)**

**Question 2**

**Question 3**