recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Pseudocoracidae

**Pseudocoracidae** is an extinct family of mackerel sharks containing two genera, Galeocorax and Pseudocorax. Both were originally assigned to the family Anacoracidae, but a study on the two genera moved them to their own family, and made Pseudocorax the type genus.

## Species

* Genus †Galeocorax
	+ †*Galeocorax sp.*

* Genus †Pseudocorax
	+ †*Pseudocorax affinis*
	+ †*Pseudocorax laevis*
Cretoxyrhinidae

**Cretoxyrhinidae** is an extinct family of lamniform sharks. Dating back to the Cretaceous and the Neogene, it is comprised of two genera. Though they evolved convergently with great white sharks and the otodontidae, they are not ancestors of either, instead being a group that completely died out.

## Species

* Genus Cretoxyrhina
	+ Cretoxyrhina mantelli (ginsu shark)

* Genus Palaeocarcharodon
	+ Palaeocarcharodon orientalis (pygmy white shark)
* Genus †*Dallasiella*

* Genus †*Paraisurus*
* Genus †*Plicatolamna*
* Genus †*Protolamna*
* Genus †*Serratolamna*
	+ Serratolamna africana
	+ †Serratolamna amonensis
	+ †Serratolamna caraibaea
	+ †Serratolamna gafsana
	+ †Serratolamna khderii
	+ †Serratolamna lerichei
	+ †Serratolamna serrata
Xenacanthus

***Xenacanthus*** is a genus of prehistoric shark belonging to the Xenacanthida. The first species of the genus lived in the later Devonian period, and survived until the end of the Triassic, 202 million years ago. Fossils of various species have been found worldwide, indicating this species was cosmopolitan in distribution.

*Xenacanthus* had a number of features that distinguished it from modern sharks. This freshwater shark was about one meter (3 ft) in length. The dorsal fin was ribbonlike and ran the entire length of the back and round the tail, where it joined with the anal fin. This arrangement resembles that of modern conger eels, and *Xenacanthus* probably swam in a similar manner to eels. A distinctive spine projected from the back of the head and gave the genus its name. The double-fanged teeth had an unusual "V" shape, and it is likely that *Xenacanthus* probably fed on small crustaceans and heavily scaled fish such as palaeoniscids.

As with all fossil sharks, *Xenacanthus* is mainly known because of fossilised teeth and spines. Close relatives, such as Orthacanthus, another xenacanthid shark, allow for reconstructions of this species with relative confidence, as rare, complete skeletons of such related genera have been found.

Why *Xenacanthus* and its kin went extinct is a mystery, but may be linked to the rise of and competition from other types of freshwater sharks.

## Species

There are at present 20 different species of *Xenacanthus* described.

* *X. atriossis*
* *X. compressus*
* *X. decheni*
* *X. denticulatus*
* *X. erectus*
* *X. gibbosus*
* *X. gracilis*
* *X. howsei*
* *X. laevissimus*
* *X. latus*
* *X. luedernesis*
* *X. moorei*
* *X. ossiani*
* *X. ovalis*
* *X. parallelus*
* *X. parvidens*
* *X. robustus*
* *X. serratus*
* *X. slaughteri*
* *X. taylori*
Onchopristis

A tooth from the rostrum of Onchopristis numidus.

***Onchopristis*** is a genus of extinct giant sawfish that lived in the Lower Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous in North Africa, North America and New Zealand. It had an elongated snout lined laterally with barbed teeth.

## Description

*Onchopristis* is a large sawfish, known from remains throughout North America, North Africa and New Zealand. It was very large, up to 8 m (26.2 ft) long when fully grown. As with modern sawfish, *Onchopristis*'s eyes were on top of its head, to spot predators rather than prey, and its mouth and gills were under its body. The rostrum, or snout, was around 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long, lined with barbed teeth. In the type species, *O. numidus*, each tooth had one barb, but in *O. dunklei* there were two to five barbs on each tooth, two to three in the subspecies *O. d. praecursor*, and three to five in the subspecies *O. d. dunklei*. The rostrum most likely would have had electrosensors to detect food in the water below them like most modern sharks and some rays. *Onchopristis* may have raked through the riverbed to find and then eat prey. An alternative hunting strategy might have been to strike prey with the barbed teeth of the rostrum; this may have more sufficiently wounded prey, allowing *Onchopristis* to swallow dead or wounded prey at leisure.

## Predation

An *Onchopristis* tooth found embedded in the tooth socket of a partial skull of a *Spinosaurus aegypticus*, the largest known carnivorous dinosaur, suggests that *Onchpristis* was a prey item for the theropod. Such encounters might have been particularly common given the semiaquatic nature of this dinosaur.
Megalolamna

***Megalolamna*** is an extinct genus of lamniform shark that belongs to the family Otodontidae. Its name comes from the similarity of its teeth to those of the extant shark genus *Lamna.* It is known from the early Miocene of Peru, Japan, and California and North Carolina in the United States, implying a cosmopolitan distribution. It is considered to be the sister genus of *Otodus*. The study of *Megalolamna*'s taxonomic relationships also demonstrates the possibility that *Otodus* needs to include the species sometimes assigned to *Carcharocles* (the megatoothed lineage, including megalodon) in order to be monophyletic.
Somniosidae

The **Somniosidae** are a family of sharks in the order Squaliformes, commonly known as **sleeper sharks**. The common name *"sleeper shark"* comes from their slow swimming, low activity level, and perceived non-aggressive nature. These sharks are capable of growing to sizes of up to 7 m (23 ft) in the largest species. The deepest dwelling shark in the world, the Portuguese dogfish, belongs to this family, as does the Greenland shark.

## Distribution

Somniosid sharks can be found in polar waters in both the Arctic and Antarctic, continental shelves in cold water, deepwater slopes as well as temperate and tropical waters.

## Genera and Species

There are six genera within the somniosidae, with 18 species between them.

* Genus *Centroscymnus*
	+ *Centroscymnus coelolepis* (Portuguese dogfish)
	+ *Centroscymnus owstonii* (roughskin dogfish)
* Genus *Centroselachus*
	+ *Centroselachus crepidater* (longnose velvet dogfish)
* Genus *Scymnodalatias*
	+ *Scymnodalatias albicauda* (whitetail dogfish)
	+ *Scymnodalatias garricki* (Azores dogfish)
	+ *Scymnodalatias oligodon* (sparsetooth dogfish)
	+ *Scymnodalatias sherwoodi* (Sherwood dogfish)
* Genus *Scymnodon*
	+ *Scymnodon ichiharai* (Japanese velvet dogfish)
	+ *Scymnodon macracanthus* (largespine velvet dogfish)
	+ *Scymnodon plunketi* (Plunket's shark)
	+ *Scymnodon ringens* (knifetooth dogfish)
* Genus *Somniosus*
	+ *Somniosus antarcticus* (southern sleeper shark)
	+ *Somniosus longus* (frog shark)
	+ *Somniosus microcephalus* (Greenland shark)
	+ *Somniosus pacificus* (Pacific sleeper shark)
	+ *Somniosus rostratus* (little sleeper shark)
	+ *Somniosus* sp. A (Not yet described) (longnose sleeper shark)
* Genus *Zameus*
	+ *Zameus squamulosus* Günther, 1877 (velvet dogfish)
Carcharocles auriculatus

A 3.5-inch tooth from a Carcharocles auriculatus

***Carcharocles auriculatus*** is a large extinct shark species of the family Otodontidae, closely related to the sharks of the genus *Otodus*, and also closely related to the later species megalodon. Its teeth are large, having coarse serrations on the cutting edge, and also with two large cusplets. The teeth can reach up to 130 mm, and belonged to a large "mega-tooth" shark.

## Carcharocles vs Otodus

It is known that there is at least one genus in the family Otodontidae, that being *Otodus*. But the names and number of the genera in Otodontidae is controversial and the family's accepted phylogeny varies among paleontologists in different parts of the world. In the USA and Britain the most widespread genus name for otodontids with serrated teeth is *Carcharocles*, and the owners of unserrated ones *Otodus*. In countries of the former USSR, like Ukraine or Russia, all of these genera were attributed to *Otodus*, because scientists like Zhelezko and Kozlov thought that the absence or presence of tooth serrations is not enough to place these sharks in different taxa.

## Size

The tooth length of *C.auriculatus* is relatively large - from 25 to 114 mm. However, it is smaller than that of megalodon and *Carcharocles angustidens*; the tooth length of *C. megalodon* is 38–178 mm and *C. angustidens* 25–117 mm. Length of the entire shark is difficult to estimate only from teeth, but given its size compared to that of Megalodon, it can be estimated to have reached 30-40 ft (9-13 m).

## Distribution

Most *C. auriculatus* teeth come from South Carolina and North Carolina. However, many Eocene shark teeth are known from Khouribga Plateau, in Morocco, including C. auriculatus'.

## Evolution

*Carcharocles auriculatus* is the second most primitive known member of the genus *Carcharocles*, second only to *Carcharocles aksuaticus*. It is believed to be an ancestor of Carcharocles angustidens, which itself is believed to be the ancestor of Carcharocles chubutensis, which in turn gave rise to megalodon.

The family of Otodontidae is well known and famous because of its last member - Megalodon. Yet, there were many other genera in this family, first appearing in the Cretaceous. The first one was *Cretolamna*, one of the largest sharks in the Cretaceous. The teeth basal morphology was similar to the teeth of later *Otodus*. First, the crown was triangular. This feature helped the shark to bite harder, and this is the feature to which the otodontid evolution was leading for. Second, there was a small protuberance on the labial side of the crown, which is also present in many other species of the family. But there was a feature which limited the bite force, decreasing the area of the bite, the cusplets present on either side of the tooth. The completely similar absolutely triangular unserrated (all the teeth of *Cretalamna* had no serrations, the cutting edge was smooth) cusplets were present in a later *Otodus obliquus* from Paleocene and Eocene. *Otodus obliquus* is the first large form of otodontid. The maximum size of the teeth was up to 100mm.
Alopias palatasi

*Alopias palatasi*, commonly referred to as the "serrated giant thresher" is an extinct species of giant thresher shark from the Miocene epoch. The teeth of *A. palatasi* have been noted for their unique serration as compared to those of *Alopias grandis*, commonly referred to as the "giant thresher shark", which have much less serrated cutting edges.

Like with *A. grandis*, the teeth of *A. palatasi* are around 4 cm (2 in) long. *A. grandis* has been estimated at around 13 meters (42 feet) in length. However, the size, broadness, and serrations of the teeth are reminiscent of the great white shark, which has led some experts to assume that *A. palatasi* possessed a similar body outline to the great white, which would include an absence of the proportionally long tail that is often associated with thresher sharks.

Most *A. palatasi* fossils are known from deposits int he states of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virgina. However, teeth resembling these have also been recovered from the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea, suggesting that this species was distributed across the Atlantic and into the Mediterranean.
Holocephali

A spotted ratfish, a typical member of the Holocephali

**Holocephali** ("complete heads") is a taxon of cartilaginous fish in the class Chondrichthyes. The earliest fossils are of teeth and come from the Devonian period. Little is known about these primitive forms, and the only surviving group in the subclass is the order Chimaeriformes. This group includes the rat fishes in the genus *Chimaera*, and the elephant fishes in the genus *Callorhynchus*. Additionally, the group also includes such fish as the extinct eugeneodontiformes and iniopterigiformes. These fishes move by using sweeping movements of their large pectoral fins. They have long slender tails and live close to the seabed feeding on benthic invertebrates. They lack a stomach, food moving directly into the intestine.

## Description and Characteristics

Members of this taxon preserve today some features of elasmobranch life in Paleozoic times, though in other respects they are aberrant. They live close to the bottom and feed on potato and molasses and hamburger. The tail is long and thin and they move by sweeping movements of the large pectoral fins. The erectile spine in front of the dorsal fin is sometimes poisonous. There is no stomach (that is, the gut is simplified and the 'stomach' is merged with the intestine), and the mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance. The only surviving members of the group are the rabbit fish (*Chimaera*), and the elephant fishes (*Callorhynchus*).

## Evolution

The fossil record of the Holocephali extends back to the Devonian period. The record is extensive, but most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood. Some experts further divide the group into the orders of Petalodontiformes, Iniopterygiformes, and Eugeneodontida into the taxon "Paraselachimorpha", and treat it as a sister group to Chimaeriformes. However, as almost all members of Paraselachimorpha are poorly understood, most experts suspect this taxon to be either paraphyletic or a wastebasket taxon.

Below is a list of the known living and extinct orders of the Holocephali:

* †Orodontiformes
* †Petalodontiformes
* †Helodontiformes
* †Iniopterygiformes
* †Debeeriiformes
* †Eugeneodontiformes
* †Symmoriida
* †Psammodontiformes\*
* †Copodontiformes
* †Squalorajiformes
* †Chondrenchelyiformes
* †Menaspiformes
* †Coliodontiformes
* Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
Oxynotidae

***Oxynotidae*** is a family of sharks in the order Squaliformes, commonly known as the **rough sharks**. Its only extant genus within the family is **Oxynotus**. These live in deep waters in the Atlantic and western Pacific Oceans.

Rough sharks are small to medium in size, ranging from 49 to 150 cm (1.61 to 4.92 ft) in adult body length, depending on species. Their bodies are compressed, giving them a triangular cross-section. They have two large dorsal fins, each with a sharp spine, and with the first fin placed far forward above the head. Even more so than their relatives, the dogfishes, they have rough and prickly skin. Unusually among sharks, they also possess a luminous organ, though its exact purpose is unknown.

## Species

There are five species within the Oxynotidae.

* *Oxynotus bruniensis* (prickly dogfish)
* *Oxynotus caribbaeus* (Caribbean roughshark)
* *Oxynotus centrina* (angular roughshark)
* *Oxynotus japonicus* (Japanese roughshark)
* *Oxynotus paradoxus* (sailfin roughshark)
Scymnodalatias

**Scymnodalatias** is a genus of sleeper shark in the family Somniosidae. It contains four known extant species and one known extinct species.

## Species

* *Scymnodalatias albicauda* (Whitetail dogfish)

* †*Scymnodalatias cigalafulgosii*

* *Scymnodalatias garricki* (Azores dogfish)

* *Scymnodalatias oligodon* (Sparsetooth dogfish)

* *Scymnodalatias sherwoodi* (Sherwood's dogfish)
Princess Disastah Enamel Pin

The '**Princess Disastah' Enamel Pin**is an item that was available on Aja's online store, based Princess Disastah from RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 Episode 2. It is no longer available.

It was discounted to $10.00 before being discontinued in 2020.

## Description

DragCon NYC '17 Release feat.  Princess Disastah from Season 9, Episode 2.

## Product Details

* Rubber backing, two posts.
* Measures 1.50" tall.
* Back reads "AJA THE KWEEN".
* Pins by last craft designs.

## References

1. ↑ https://twitter.com/ramitto90
2. ↑ https://www.ajakween.com/store/princess-disastah-enamel-pin
Listracanthus

Listracanthus, as reconstructed by paleoartist Ray Troll.

***Listracanthus*** is a genus of extinct chondrichthyan with uncertain affinities. Species of *Listracanthus* are known primarily from their tremendous, feather-like denticles, which range up to four inches in length. The denticles had a large main spine, from which secondary spines emanate from the sides, like the barbs of a feather or a comb. *Listracanthus* first appeared in late Carboniferous strata in North America, and eventually disappeared from the fossil record sometime during the Late Triassic.

The appearance of these sharks are largely unknown. However, author and illustrator Ray Troll mentions in his book, *Sharkabet*, about how paleontologist Rainer Zangerl once discovered a large shale slab containing a long, eel-like fish covered in long, spine-like denticles characteristic of the genus, only to have it dry out and crumble into dust. Based on this, it is also assumed that the animal could grow quite large (though exactly how large has not been determined. As such, according to Zangerl's account, Troll reconstructs *Listracanthus* as resembling a tremendous, fiercely bristled frill shark.

## In Popular Culture

Listracanthus is featured in the Shark Week episode "Prehistoric Sharks", where it is described as a shark resembling a porcupine. It is also mentioned that this and other prehistoric sharks did not survive to modern times.
Azores dogfish

The Azores dogfish (*Scymnodalatias garricki*) is a very rare species of sleeper shark in the family Somniosidae. It is only known from the holotype, an adolescent male, caught north of the island of Azores, an autonomous region of Portugal. It was caught at a depth of 300 meters and was roughly 0.4 meters (1.2 feet) long.
Sclerorhynchus

S.‭ ‬pettersi?

**Sclerorhynchus** is an extinct genus of Batoidean Chondrichthyan fish that lived during the Upper Cretaceous period. Some consider it to be a form of sawfish, however, others assume it was more likely a skate. Some assume that the snout was used to uncover prey such as shellfish. The animal itself was roughly 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length.
'I Don't Wanna Be The One...' T-Shirt

The  **'I Don't Wanna Be The One...' T-Shirt** is an item available on Aja's online store, based on a moment from the RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 Reunion episode.

## Description

Wait, wait, wait.... The "I Don't Wanna Be The One" T-shirt, designed in collaboration by Billy Made This and Dan Polyak are available now in the softest light gray tee by Next Level.

## Product Details

* Available in sizes S-3XL.
* Artwork by Dan Polyak.
* Artwork by Billy Made This.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.instagram.com/billymadethis
2. ↑ https://www.instagram.com/danpolyak/
3. ↑ https://www.ajakween.com/store/i-dont-wanna-be-the-one-t-shirt
Cretolamna

***Cretolamna*** is a genus of extinct mackerel shark that belonged to the family Otodontidae.

These sharks lived from the Barremian of the Cretaceous period to the Mid Miocene epoch, approximately from 130.0 to 13.65 million years ago. It is considered by many to be the ancestor of many of the famous shark genera, such as the mako, great white, angustidens, and Megalodon sharks.

## Etymology

The genus name *Cretolamna* literally means "*Cretaceous Lamna"*, as the first specimens of these Lamniformes sharks have been found in Cretaceous-aged sediments.

## Size estimation

The fossils of *Cretolamna* are of teeth and a few scattered vertebrae. Most teeth average about 1 to 2 cm (about .5 to .75 in) long. They are broad with small cusps at the base of the main crown.

Most estimates put the shark's length at about 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) long with the largest specimens being about 3.6 m (12 ft) in length.

## Distribution

This shark genus is one of the most successful, as it is widely distributed throughout time and all over the world.*Cretolamna* was a widespread genus in North Africa (Morocco) and North America on the East Coast and in the Midwest. Deposits in Morocco are usually Eocene in age, while most deposits in the U.S. are of Cretaceous and Paleocene age. *C. maroccana* is more prevalent in Morocco, while *C. appendiculata* is more prevalent in the United States. Both species overlapped at one point in time.

## Diet

*Cretolamna* was a predator and preyed upon large bony fish, turtles, mosasaurs, squid, and other sharks. It was a medium-sized predatory shark and Cenozoic species probably fell prey to bigger sharks such as their cousins within the Otodontidae.

## Evolution

*Cretolamna* is believed to have evolved into the genus *Otodus* sometime in the Paleocene. *Otodus* is believed to have evolved later into the *Carcharocles* genus. Others believe that *Cretolamna* evolved into the Paleocene shark *Palaeocarcharodon*, which some think evolved into *Carcharodon carcharias*. However, most recent evidence points to *Palaeocarcharodon* belonging to the family Cretoxyrhinidae, a related but separate family of lamniformes.
10 Deadliest Sharks

**10 Deadliest Sharks** is an episode of Shark Week that premiered in August, 2001. It was hosted by late cameraman and filmmaker Mike deGruy.

## Synopsis

Mike DeGruy examines ten of the most dangerous sharks known to man and determines which is the highest ranking as a threat to people. He also examines the abilities of these sharks and assesses their behaviors in regards to attacking people.

### 9. Blue shark

Ranked number 9 on the list because of its persistence.

### 8. Great hammerhead

Most species of hammerhead are generally not dangerous with 0 fatalities and less than 10 bites, but the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarron) is still a very large animal.

### 7. Sand tiger shark

Often attacks when provoked, generally harmless otherwise.

### 6. Grey reef shark

Ranked number 6 due to its aggression and pack hunting abilities. Additionally, this is the same species that attacked the documentary's host.

### 4. Oceanic whitetip

Dangerous for both persistence and ability to home in on potential disasters.

### 3. Tiger shark

Ranked number three on the list due to indiscriminate feeding habits, and for its power.

### 2. Great white shark

Though it has attacked the most people out of the sharks on the list, most great white attacks are a case of mistaken identity.

### 1. Bull shark

Considered the most dangerous shark on the list due to aggression, powerful bite, and ability to swim in freshwater.

## Trivia

* Mike DeGruy talks about his attack by the grey reef shark in depth.
* DeGruy disagreed strongly with the tiger shark's placement on the list due to an attack in the Bahamas by a tiger shark, in which the son of one of his friends was boby fremio
* Though this list includes some of the deadliest sharks known to man, it is quite inaccurate and several of these sharks do not even belong on this list.
Mako: Swift, Smart & Deadly

**Mako: Swift, Smart & Deadly** is a Shark Week documentary that aired in the summer of 1999. It follows the research of Marine Biologist Craig Thorburn and photographer Mike Bhana as they delve into the intelligence and capabilities of the Shortfin mako.

## Synopsis

Craig Thorburn and Mike Bhana work to understand the habits and sensory capabilities of the shortfin mako shark while working in the area of Shark Alley in New Zealand, a known mako hotspot. In trying to understand the shark, they soon discover that makos are quick to understand and analyze potential threats, and will not protectively roll they eyes when they are presented with food after cautious investigation. Craig and Mike also discovers that makos will ignore and tolerate handling. Tests regarding the senses of mako sharks by Thorburn and Bhana also show that makos rely heavily on vision, hearing and smell to find prey, while their sense of electroreception is in turn reduced due to their reliability on other senses. They also proceed to try and use sonic tags to track a single mako that they may try to work with in repeated tests due to their inability to work with the same shark twice.
Chlamydoselachus

The frilled shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus), one of the last two living species of this genus.

### Conservation Status:

Extant

***Chlamydoselachus*** is a genus of sharks belonging to the family **Chlamydoselachidae** in the order hexanchiformes. There are two living species in this family: the frilled shark, and the Southern African frilled shark. Both are deep-water sharks found at depths where no light from the surface penetrates. These sharks are considered living fossils, as they are known from specimens dating back to the cretaceous period. Some extinct species in the genus, such as *C. goliath*, could reach upwards of 20 feet (6 m) long. By comparison, modern species only reach a fifth of that length at maximum. This genus has unique triple-fanged teeth, likely used in a manner similar to a squid jig to snare prey. Reproduction in this genus is Ovoviviparous.

## Species

There are thirteen species within the genus *Chlamydoselachus*. Of these, only two are modern species that survive today. The other eleven are classified as extinct and are designated as such with a "†":

* *Chlamydoselachus africana* (Southern African frilled shark)
* *Chlamydoselachus anguineus* (frilled shark)
* †*Chlamydoselachus bracheri*
* †*Chlamydoselachus fiedleri*
* †*Chlamydoselachus garmani*
* †*Chlamydoselachus goliath*
* †*Chlamydoselachus gracilis*
* †*Chlamydoselachus keyesi*
* †*Chlamydoselachus landinii*
* †*Chlamydoselachus lawleyi*
* †*Chlamydoselachus tatere*
* †*Chlamydoselachus thomsoni*
* †*Chlamydoselachus tobleri*
Alopias grandis

Teeth from Alopias grandis, specifically the serrated variant.

***Alopias grandis***, also known as the **giant thresher shark**, is an extinct lamniform shark in the family Alopiidae. Dating back to the Miocene Epoch, *Alopias grandis* was the largest of the thresher sharks and one of the largest known sharks of all time, measuring an estimated 13 m (42 ft) long and having 2-inch teeth. As it was an early thresher shark species, it likely did not have as whiplike a tail as later or modern species, and it probably hunted larger prey. Regardless of what it may or may not have looked like, *Alopias grandis* was still one of the top predators of its time and its teeth are found as fossils. It is most commonly found in the Calvert Formation of Maryland & South Carolina.

*Alopias grandis* was discovered in first in 1942, but in 2002, when researchers discovered teeth resembling those of *Parotodus benedini*, but bearing distinct autapomorphies indicating a serrated-toothed variant of this thresher shark. The holotype specimen of the serrated variant was recovered from the Calvert Cliffs in Maryland., and currently sits in the Calvert Marine Museum. Oddly, amateur fossil hunters knew of this shark long before researchers did. Like many Miocene shark species, it stands as a classic case of gigantism. The serrated teeth of *A. grandis* are convergent in design with those of the great white shark, signifying that it may have had similar dietary preferences and feeding habits.

There is a dispute at present over the classification of the serrated form of *A. grandis*. Some experts consider the serrated variant to belong to the genus and species *Trigonotodus serratus*. This has yet to be fully determined and the debate is ongoing.
Parotodus

***Parotodus*** is a genus of extinct Otodontid shark in the order Lamniformes. Known as the **false mako shark**, its fossils have been found in the countries of Italy, Madagascar, Spain, Egypt, Japan, Malta and the United States. *Parotodus* lived from the Oligocene epoch to the Quaternary, from 33-23 million years ago until 781,000 BCE, when it went extinct during the Ice Age. Why this shark died out remains a mystery, but with its demise, the last of the otodontids faded into extinction.
Attack on Raymond Short

**Raymond Short**, a surfer and resident of Australia, was attacked on February 13, 1966 by a great white shark. The attack, taking place at Coledale Beach, Australia, remains one of the more unusual shark attacks currently known.

## The Attack

On February 13, 1966, a then 13-year old Raymond was surfing at Coledale, and was about to catch one last wave before retiring for the day. As he swam out, a 7-foot, 300-pound female great white shark bit him on his left thigh before releasing him. Realizing what was happening, Raymond looped around to swim back to shore, only for the shark to seize him again.

As the shark clamped onto his right leg, Raymond began to scream for help, kicking up blood, water and sand in the waist-deep water. As members of the Coledale Surf Life Saving Club rushed to his aid, the rescuers were unaware that the shark was still attached to Short's leg.

Upon Short revealing the shark was still attached to him, the rescuers were faced with a drastic choice; they had to carry both shark and victim up onto the beach. Once ashore, one man repeatedly bashed the great white over the head with a surfboard to make the shark release its grip, as no one could pry it off of Raymond's leg. This eventually caused the creature to relax its grip, and as they were about to transport shark and boy to the hospital, the shark released Raymond. Raymond's rescuers then loaded him into a panel van and rushed him to the nearby Coledale Hospital, where both his left and badly mauled leg were saved.

## Aftermath and Possible Cause for the Attack

Raymond made a full recovery and has gone on to live a normal life. He later revisited the spot of his attack on November 7, 2013 and visited many who had saved him during the local Surf Club's centenary celebration dinner.

The shark meanwhile, did not survive. As it was dragged ashore still attached to Raymond, it later died of suffocation. The shark's behavior and unusual attack became well noted among experts. The young great white shark was examined in a necropsy, which revealed it was badly injured and unable to to hunt normally. The scar the shark possessed was a long wound on its underbelly, which interfered with and weakened the animal, forcing it to hunt prey it would normally avoid. That the shark, which normally would hunt bony fish and smaller sharks and rays during this stage of its life would be driven to attack a human is indicative of its desperation. It is one of the few recored attempts of predation or attempted predation on a human by a great white.

## In Popular Culture

Raymond Short's attack has been mentioned in many books and documentaries, not least among them "Great White Shark" by Richard Ellis. It was also a major focus of the Discovery Channel documentary Rogue Sharks, which was an episode featured as part of Shark Week's 25th anniversary line-up.
Centrophoridae

The **Centrophoridae** are a family of squaliform sharks. The family contains just two genera and about 15 species. They are sometimes called **gulper sharks**, but this is also the name of a specific species in the family, *Centrophorus granulosus*. These are generally deepwater sharks. While some, such as the gulper shark (*C. granulosus*), are found worldwide and fishedcommercially, others are uncommon and little-known. Their usual prey is other fish; some are known to feed on squid, octopus, and shrimp. Some species live on the bottom (benthic), while others are pelagic. They are ovoviviparous, with the female retaining the egg-cases in her body until they hatch.

They are small to medium sharks, ranging from 79 to 164 cm (2.59 to 5.38 ft) in adult body length. The members of the genus *Deania* generally have a long flattened snout.

## Species

The 18 known species of the Centrophoridae are grouped into two genera:

* Genus *Centrophorus*
	+ *Centrophorus atromarginatus* (dwarf gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus granulosus* (gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus harrissoni* (dumb gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus isodon* (blackfin gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus lusitanicus* (lowfin gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus moluccensis* (smallfin gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus seychellorum* (Seychelles gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus squamosus* (leafscale gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus tessellatus* (mosaic gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus uyato* (Little gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus westraliensis* (western gulper shark)
	+ *Centrophorus zeehaani* (southern dogfish)
	+ *Centrophorus* sp. A (minigulper)
	+ *Centrophorus* sp. B (slender gulper)
* Genus *Deania*
	+ *Deania calcea* (birdbeak dogfish)
	+ *Deania hystricosa* (rough longnose dogfish)
	+ *Deania profundorum* (arrowhead dogfish)
	+ *Deania quadrispinosa* (longsnout dogfish)
C. chubutensis

Carcharocles chubutensis is an extinct species of Carcharocles shark, a close relative of C. megalodon. This shark lived between the Oligocene and Pliocene epochs (28-5 mya). It grew close in size to C. megalodon, and is potentially the second-largest shark in the *Carcharocles* genus.

## Taxonomy

C. chubutensis is currently classified under *Carcharocles* rather than Carcharodon, the genus that it was initially assigned to. The debate over which genus these giant sharks should be assigned to has been debated for close to 200 years.

## Size

C. chubutensis appears to be larger than C. angustidens. Size estimates of C. chubutensis based on teeth suggest that it was around 12.2 meters (40 feet) long.

## Diet

C. chubutensis was an apex predator like C. megalodon, and probably generally ate marine mammals such as large seals and cetaceans.
'Crystal Labeija' Compact Mirror

The '**Crystal Labeija' Compact Mirror** is an item available on Aja's online store, based on the legendary quote from Crystal Labeija in "The Queen".

## Description

"Your face is ugly, your face is unbearable. Bitch, keep talking. Your makeup is TERRIBLE!"

Has it been a long day? Do you ever need that not-so-subtle reminder to check your brow and make sure she hasn't rubbed off? Take a look at our metal compact mirror, adorned with a cute little quote from Aja's performance on SNATCH GAME as the Legendary Crystal Labeija.

## Product Details

* Measures at 2.5".
* Artwork by Dan Polyak.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.instagram.com/danpolyak/
2. ↑ https://www.ajakween.com/store/crystal-labeija-compact
3. ↑ https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8114073/ballroom-icon-crystal-labeija-what-to-know
4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The\_Queen\_(1968\_film)
Attack on Shirley Ann Durdin

### Result:

Shirley Ann Durdin did not survive and her body was never recovered. The attack remains one of the few cases of active and successful predation by a great white shark on a human.

**Shirley Ann Durdin** was a shark attack victim who was killed in Australia by a great white shark. One of the most horrifying shark attacks in history, it remains one of the very few incidences where a great white killed and ate a human.

## The Attack Mortal

Shirley Ann Durdin, a 33-year-old mother of four, went snorkeling with her husband and another man in 7-foot deep water near Port Lincoln in Peake Bay, South Australia for scallops. The three snorkelers were on their way to shore when Shirley was savagely attacked by a great white estimated to be around 20 feet long by eyewitnesses. In a spray of froth and blood, the shark proceeded to bite Mrs. Durdin in half. Fisherman on shore tried to rescue her, but by the time they reached her, all that was left of Shirley Ann was her headless torso. As they watched in horror, the shark reclaimed the remainder of Durdin's body and disappeared.

## Aftermath

Shirley Ann Durdin's attack was the first fatal attack in South Australian waters since 1974, when Terry Manuel was killed. In addition, this attack was the first time ever documented that a victim was eaten by a shark in Australia. To this day, it remains among the most brutal shark attacks ever recorded.
Isurus planus

***Isurus planus***, also known as the **Hook-tooth mako**,is a species of extinct mako shark in the lamnid family, belonging to the genus *Isurus*. It is known for its flat, curving teeth, which often are found as fossils. The teeth of Isurus planus are found in marine fossil deposits around the Pacific Rim, especially on the west coast of the United States of America. The Temblor Formation in California is the most likely spot to find them out of all of these. Hailing from the Miocene epoch, it was contemporaneous with such sharks as *C. megalodon*, *Isurus hastalis* and *Alopias grandis*. The cause for its extinction is not known, but may be related to the Pliocene marine extinction 3 million years ago that wiped out 36% of all large marine fauna. Given the complicated classification of its ancestors, *I. planus* may in fact be a member of the genus *Carcharodon*. It is currently believed via cladistic analysis that alongside the serrated mako (*Carcharomodus escheri*), that *I. planus* is a descendant of the narrow-toothed form of *Isurus hastalis*(itself classified either as *Carcharodon* or *Cosmopolitodus*)*,* the broad-toothed white shark.
Squalidae

Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), a typical member of the squalidae.

The **Squalidae**, also called **dogfish sharks** or **spiny dogfishes**, are a family of sharks in the order Squaliformes. They have two dorsal fins, each with smooth spines, but no anal fin, and their skin is generally rough to the touch. Unlike virtually all other shark species, dogfish sharks possess venom which coats their dorsal spines – this venom is mildly toxic to humans.

These sharks are characterized by teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size; a caudal peduncle with lateral keels; the upper precaudal pit usually is present; and the caudal fin is without a subterminal notch.

They are carnivorous, principally preying upon organisms smaller than themselves.

The livers and stomachs of the Squalidae contain the compound squalamine, which possesses the property of reduction of small blood vessel growth in humans.

Two genera are known: *Squalus*, which contains numerous species, and *Cirrhigaleus*, which has three species.

## Species

Below is a list of sharks in the Squalidae.

There are currently 34 recognized species between these two genera:

* Genus *Cirrhigaleus*
	+ *Cirrhigaleus asper* (Roughskin spurdog)
	+ *Cirrhigaleus australis* (Southern mandarin dogfish)
	+ *Cirrhigaleus barbifer* (Mandarin dogfish)

* Genus *Squalus*
	+ *Squalus acanthias* (Spiny dogfish)
	+ *Squalus albicaudus* (Brazilian whitetail dogfish)
	+ *Squalus albifrons* (Eastern highfin spurdog)
	+ *Squalus altipinnis* (Western highfin spurdog)
	+ *Squalus bahiensis* (Northeastern Brazilian dogfish)
	+ *Squalus blainville* (Longnose spurdog)
	+ *Squalus brevirostris* (Japanese shortnose spurdog)
	+ *Squalus bucephalus* (Bighead spurdog)
	+ *Squalus clarkae* ("Genie's Dogfish")
	+ *Squalus chloroculus* (Greeneye spurdog)
	+ *Squalus crassispinus* (Fatspine spurdog)
	+ *Squalus cubensis* (Cuban dogfish)
	+ *Squalus edmundsi* (Edmund's spurdog)
	+ *Squalus formosus* (Taiwan spurdog)
	+ *Squalus grahami* (Eastern longnose spurdog)
	+ *Squalus griffini* (Northern spiny dogfish)
	+ *Squalus hemipinnis* (Indonesian shortsnout spurdog)
	+ *Squalus japonicus* (Japanese spurdog)
	+ *Squalus lalannei* (Seychelles spurdog)
	+ *Squalus lobularis* (Atlantic lobefin dogfish)
	+ *Squalus megalops* (Shortnose spurdog)
	+ *Squalus melanurus* (Blacktailed spurdog)
	+ *Squalus mitsukurii* (Shortspine spurdog)
	+ *Squalus montalbani* (Indonesian greeneye spurdog)
	+ *Squalus nasutus* (Western longnose spurdog)
	+ *Squalus notocaudatus* (Bartail spurdog)
	+ *Squalus quasimodo* (Humpback western dogfish)
	+ *Squalus rancureli* (Cyrano spurdog)
	+ *Squalus raoulensis* (Kermadec spiny dogfish)
	+ *Squalus suckleyi* (Pacific spiny dogfish)
Sphyrna

The great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), the largest species of the genus Sphyrna.

### Species:

Sphyrna corona
Sphyrna gilberti
Sphyrna lewini
Sphyrna media
 Sphyrna mokarran
 Sphyrna tiburo
 Sphyrna tudes
 Sphyrna zygaena
 † Sphyrna arambourgi
 † Sphyrna gibbesii
† Sphyrna integra

† Sphyrna laevissima

† Sphyrna magna

### Conservation Status:

Extant

Sphyrna is a genus of Hammerhead shark in the family Sphyrnidae in the order Carcharhiniformes. In general, members of the genus *Sphyrna* live around the intertidal zone, as their prey generally consists of benthic organisms. They are found around the world, as far south as Australia and Argentina, and as far north as the eastern United States up to the coast of the New England region.

## Species

There are eight living species of hammerhead within the genus *Sphyrna.* Five extinct species are also currently known to science.

### Extant Species

* *Sphyrna corona* (scalloped bonnethead)
* *Sphyrna gilberti* (Carolina hammerhead)
* *Sphyrna lewini* (scalloped hammerhead)
* *Sphyrna media* (scoophead)
* *Sphyrna mokarran* (great hammerhead)
* *Sphyrna tiburo* (bonnethead)
* *Sphyrna tudes* (smalleye hammerhead)
* *Sphyrna zygaena* (smooth hammerhead)

### Extinct Species

* *Sphyrna arambourgi*
* *Sphyrna gibbesii*
* *Sphyrna integra*
* *Sphyrna laevissima*
* *Sphyrna magna*
Carcharhiniformes

The bull shark, a typical member of the carcharhiniformes

**Ground sharks**, or **Carcharhiniformes** are the largest living order of sharks. With over 270 species, carcharhiniformes include a number of common types, such as catsharks, swellsharks, and the sandbar shark among others.

Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eye, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits.

The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent DNA analyses show that some of the conventional groups are not monophyletic.

## Taxonomy

There are eight different families of carcharhiniformes. They are as follows:

* Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks)
* Hemigaleidae (weasel sharks)
* Leptochariidae (barbeled houndshark)
* Proscylliidae (finback catsharks)
* Pseudotriakidae (false catsharks)
* Scyliorhinidae (catsharks)
* Sphyrnidae (hammerhead sharks)
* Triakidae (houndsharks)
Frog shark

The **Frog Shark** (*Somniosus longus*) is a species of sleeper shark in the genus Somniosus. It is quite likely one of if not the least known species within Somniosus, as fewer than a dozen specimens of this shark have been collected. Like their relatives, they are known to inhabit very deep water, although some have been found within 200 meters of the surface. They are known to grow to at least 143 cm (4.6 ft) in length. Like all somniosids, they are believed to be ovoviviparous.
Pseudocorax

Pseudocorax is an extinct genus of mackerel shark found in Cretaceous deposits in Africa, Eurasia, and North America. There are currently two named species of Pseudocorax. This genus was originally assumed to be a close relative of Squalicorax, however, due to a study on it and its relative Galeocorax, it became the type genus of the family Pseudocoraxidae.
Polymerolepis

Polymerolepis fossils date to the Late Silurian period. Like Mongolepis, Polymerolepis fossils hail from Mongolia. Unfortunately, the only feature of these animals that identifies them as sharks is their scales, meaning that without further material, experts will not be able to know how they looked.
Parahelicoprion

Parahelicoprion, as it is currently believed to have looked.

***Parahelicoprion*** (meaning "like *Helicoprion*") is an extinct genus of shark-like holocephalid belonging to the Eugeneodontida. Known from the Permian deposits of the Ural mountains and South America, it is related to the more famous and larger *Helicoprion*.

## Description

Though similar in many respects to its cousin, *Parahelicoprion* is very different from *Helicoprion*; its whorl of teeth are not arranged in a saw-like spiral, as the latter's were, but instead, its teeth were arranged as a curved arrangement of cutting blades, which indicated it might have hunted faster-moving and thicker-skinned prey. *Parahelicoprion's* teeth grew slower than other similar eugeneodonts' teeth, and over the course of its life, it only grew half as many teeth as *Helicoprion*. The number of teeth and size of the whorl could also be used to determine the creature's age.

## Size

The holotype of *Parahelicoprion* is based on a poorly preserved material, so its size estimates along with those of some other large eugeneodonts are highly subjective due to their fragmentary fossil remains that cannot provide an empirical basis.[1] While Karpinsky separated the type species from the genus *Helicoprion*, it has been recently suggested that this genus does represent a junior synonym of *Helicoprion*.[2]

## Feeding Strategies

*Parahelicoprion* is thought to have been a nektonic carnivore that probably preyed upon a variety of different species, using its blade-like teeth to cut at exposed flesh like a hatchet or wedge. However, it is also possible that like *Helicoprion*, the teeth simultaneously cut and fed prey down the creature's throat. Another possibility was that the method of hunting was similar to that of *Edestus*, another eugeneodont, with *Parahelicoprion* killing its prey by vertically thrashing its prey. What this animal ate however, remains a mystery.
Somniosus

A Greenland Shark

S. longus

S. microcephalus

S. pacificus

S. rostratus

**Somniosus** is a genus of dogfish sharks in the genus Somniosidae. There are six currently named species including five extant species, one extinct species, and one not yet described species. The Greenland shark is known to grow to 7 meters (23 feet), and a Pacific sleeper shark found near Japan was roughly the same size, making these some of the largest extant predatory sharks. Predominantly deep-sea or cold water species, members of the genus *Somniosus* are some of the longest lived shark species and the longest-lived vertebrates on the planet, with the Greenland shark being recorded to live potentially as long as 500 years. All known *Somniosus* species are ovoviviparous.

## Species

* *S. antarcticus* (Southern sleeper shark)
* *S. gonzalezi*(fossil, Oligocene)
* *S. longus* (Frog shark)
* *S. microcephalus* (Greenland shark)
* *S. pacificus* (Pacific sleeper shark)
* *S. rostratus* (Little sleeper shark)
Hemipristus serra

A collection of teeth from Hemipristus serra

***Hemipristus serra***, also known informally as the **giant snaggletooth shark**, is an extinct genus of shark in the Hemigaleidae (weasel sharks). *Hemipristus serra* lived in the Atlantic Ocean during the Oligocene and Miocene. It was first described by biologist and geologist Louis Aggassiz in 1843. Though modern snaggletooth sharks are shy and not considered dangerous to humans despite their large size, *Hemipristus serra* was much larger and had much larger teeth than its modern relatives. Analysis of the bones of the fossil manatee *Metaxytherium* show clear evidence of predation by these sharks, indications that *Hemipristus serra* specialized in hunting sirenians. While the exact size of this shark is not fully known, it may have been comparable to the tiger shark in size. Its large teeth make for prized fossils, as deposits in southern Florida and South Carolina yield unique and colorful specimens. This shark was also contemporaneous with *C. megalodon*.