荧光调光镇流器，第二节第二部分：相关应用

# EE103: FLUORESCENT DIMMING BALLASTS, Section 2 Part 2: Application

EE103:荧光调光镇流器，第二节第二部分相关应用：

***以下内容由226-刘海彤翻译***

### **EDUCATION CREDIT**

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for CALCTP (CALCTP) and LEU (NCQLP) credit and 80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of credits. For CALCTP and LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES, Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIA CES.

### **教育学分**

在本课程结束后，学员将能够完成在线考试，合格成绩达到70％以上才能获得CALCTP（CALCTP）和LEU（NCQLP）学分，80％以上才能获得LU/HSW学时（AIA/CES）的学分。成绩合格后，可下载各类学分的结业证书。对于CALCTP和LC认证维护（LEU），学分是自我报告的。对于AIA/CES，照明控制协会将把本课程获得的学分报告给AIA CES。

### **NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS:**

This course is registered with CALCTP, NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling,using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

### **未经认证机构的认可**

本课程已在CALCTP、NCQLP和AIA CES注册为继续专业教育课程。因此，它不包括可能被视为或解释为这些组织对任何建筑材料或任何处理、使用、分发或处理任何材料或产品的方法或方式的批准或认可的内容。

### **COPYRIGHT**

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

### **版权**

本演示文稿受美国和国际版权法的保护。未经照明控制协会的书面许可，禁止复制、分发、展示和使用本演示文稿。

### **DISCLAIMER**

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association,National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and insured professionals.

### **免责声明**

本课程中包含的信息是从被认为可靠的来源获得的。由于使用或误用本课程中包含的数据或信息而导致的错误、遗漏或损害，照明控制协会、美国电气制造商协会、ZING通信公司或其员工或会员不承担任何责任。本课程中包含的所有信息是为寻求其中所含主题信息的专业人士而发布的。本课程的目的不是提供专业服务，如设计、工程或咨询。如果需要这些服务，则应由经过适当培训、注册、监管和投保的专业人士提供。

### **COURSE DESCRIPTION**

Fluorescent dimming extends the range of light levels provided by the lighting system with smooth, gradual transitions between levels.
Dimming provides flexibility for users to select light levels suitable for different visual needs, such as A/V presentations, meetings and individual preference.
Dimming also saves energy by reducing light levels in response to inputs such as daylight sensing, occupancy sensors, manual controls, time schedules and other devices—particularly in spaces in which people would find switching to be intrusive.
Fluorescent Dimming Ballasts is a two-part series that educates participants about dimmable fluorescent lighting. Part 2 provides knowledge about application of dimmable fluorescent lighting, including control strategies, dimming versus switching as an output, how light level is perceived (which impacts how low lights can be dimmed in automatic strategies without the effect being intrusive), lamp seasoning, dimming level and efficacy, ballast life, effects on color and other issues. By the end of the course, participants will be able to evaluate fluorescent dimming strategies, ask the right questions of manufacturers, and have appropriate expectations of dimming performance.

### **课程说明**

荧光灯调光可以扩大照明系统提供的光照度范围，在不同的光照度之间进行平滑、渐进的过渡。
调光为用户提供了灵活的选择，以满足不同的视觉需求，如A/V演示、会议和个人偏好。
调光还可以根据日光感应、占用传感器、手动控制、时间调控和其他设备等输入而降低光照度，从而节省能源--特别是在人们会觉得开关很麻烦的空间。
荧光灯调光镇流器是一个由两部分组成的系列，向学习者介绍可调光荧光灯的知识。第二部分提供了可调光荧光灯的应用知识，包括控制策略、调光与开关输出、如何感知光照水平（这影响到如何在自动策略中调暗低光而不产生干扰效果）、灯管季节性、调光水平和效率、镇流器寿命、对颜色的影响和其他问题。课程结束时，学员将能够评估荧光灯调光策略，向制造商提出正确的问题，并对调光性能有适当的期望。

图片由路创电子提供

### **LEARNING OBJECTIVES**

At the end of the course, participants will be able to:

* recognize projects in which dimming may be more desirable than switching as a control output, and what strategies dimming is typically used to enact for visual needs and/or energy management benefit.
* understand how people may be expected to perceive light level, and how this may affect selected dimming levels.
* understand how dimming may affect lamp life, color quality and efficacy, and consequently be able to ask the right questions of manufacturers and have appropriate expectations of dimming performance.
* ensure that all specified ballasts and lamps are compatible, and lamps are "seasoned" (operated overnight, or about 12 hours, at full output) prior to dimming.

### **学习目标**

在课程结束时，学员将能够：

* 认识到在哪些项目中，调光可能比开关作为控制输出更可取，以及调光通常用于满足视觉需求和/或能源管理效益的策略。
* 了解人们对光照水平的预期，以及这如何影响所选择的调光水平。
* 了解调光对灯管寿命、色彩质量和功效的影响，从而能够向制造商提出正确的问题，并对调光性能有适当的期望。
* 确保所有指定的镇流器和灯管都是兼容的，并且在调光之前，灯管已经 "调好"（在全输出状态下运行过夜或约12小时）。

### **CONTROL STRATEGIES**

Dimming can be used to enact a number of strategies that support visual needs, including:

* Personal occupant control. Occupants in private and open offices can be given the ability to select light levels based on need or preference.Research indicates, for example, that giving users the ability to select light levels results in greater job and environmental satisfaction.
* Group space control. Dimming provides flexibility to select light levels required for different uses of the space, such as mood setting in restaurants and optimal viewing conditions for multimedia presentations and other uses in meeting rooms and classrooms.

### **控制方式**

调光可以用来设计一些支持视觉需求的方式，包括：

* 使用的个人控制。例如，研究表明，让用户自由选择光照水平，可以提高工作和环境满意度。
* 团体空间控制。调光可以灵活地选择不同用途的空间所需的光照水平，如餐厅的气氛设置和会议室和教室的多媒体演示和其他用途的最佳观看条件。

### **CONTROL STRATEGIES**

Dimming can be used to enact a number of strategies that support energy management and sustainability goals, with the energy savings recovering the incremental installed cost of $0.50 to $1.00 per square foot before delivering a positive cash flow.

* Daylight harvesting. Ideal for spaces occupied by users performing important stationary tasks, dimming enables the lighting system to reduce light output in response to daylight availability, saving energy.
* Adaptive compensation. This strategy involves reducing light levels at night in spaces with non-critical tasks based on research that people prefer and need less light at night than during daytime.
* Demand response. In this strategy, the control system responds to a signal from the local utility to reduce light levels during a grid emergency. The owner receives financial incentives such as special rates in return.

### **控制方式**

调光可用于实施一系列支持能源管理和可持续发展目标的战略，在带来积极的现金流之前，节约的能源可收回每平方英尺0.50至1.00美元的增量安装成本。

* 日光采集。对于执行重要固定任务的用户所占据的空间来说，调光可以使照明系统根据日光的可用性减少光输出，从而节省能源。
* 适应补偿。这种方式包括减少夜间非关键任务空间的光照水平，因为研究表明，人们喜欢和需要的夜间光照比白天少。
* 需求响应。在这种方式中，控制系统对当地公用事业公司发出的信号做出反应，在电网紧急情况下降低光照水平。业主可以获得经济奖励，如特殊费率作为回报。

### **DIMMING VERSUS SWITCHING**

Why continuously dim? Why not instead, for example, specify a system that provides multilevel switching, which can provide a choice of two or three light levels?
Switching is lower cost and easier to commission. However, it is very limited in choice of light levels, and the change in light levels can be disruptive in group spaces where most or all of the users do not anticipate the change.
As a result, dimming is ideally suited for spaces requiring a high degree of flexibility and where the control effect should be virtually transparent to occupants, while switching is ideally suited for spaces such as private offices, classrooms and public transition spaces.

Bottom left image courtesy of WattStopper

### **调光与开关**

为什么要连续调光？例如，为什么不指定一个提供多级切换的系统，以提供两到三个光级的选择？
开关式的成本较低，调试起来也比较方便。然而，它的光照等级选择非常有限，而且光照等级的变化在群体空间中可能会造成干扰，因为大多数或所有用户都无法预料到这种变化。
因此，调光最适合需要高度灵活性的空间，控制效果对居住者应几乎透明，而开关最适合私人办公室、教室和公共过渡空间等空间。

左下图由WattStopper提供

### **COMPATIBILITY ISSUES**

Be sure to specify ballasts that are dimmable, lamps and ballasts that are compatible, and ballasts and controllers that are compatible.
Because there is no industry standard for operation of analog dimming ballasts, ballasts and control devices must be verified as compatible, typically using lists published by the ballast manufacturer. Further, dimming performance may not be consistent among ballasts made by different manufacturers and across different ballast types. A 5V signal might result in a 50% dimming level on one manufacturer's ballast and 30% on another's.
For this reason, it is recommended to avoid mixing ballast types from different manufacturers in the same dimming system to ensure consistent performance. If necessary, select appropriate components and test the integrated design to see if it will satisfy the goals.
With digital ballasted systems, these issues are virtually non-existent.
Image courtesy of Philips Lighting Electronics

### **兼容性问题**

一定要指定可调光的镇流器，灯具和镇流器要兼容，镇流器和控制器要兼容。
由于模拟调光镇流器的操作没有行业标准，因此必须验证镇流器和控制设备是否兼容，通常使用镇流器制造商发布的列表。此外，不同制造商生产的镇流器和不同类型的镇流器之间的调光性能可能不一致。一个5V信号可能会导致一个制造商的镇流器调光50%，而另一个制造商的镇流器调光30%。
因此，建议避免在同一调光系统中混合使用不同厂家的镇流器类型，以确保性能一致。如有必要，选择合适的组件，并测试集成设计是否能满足目标。
使用数字镇流器系统，这些问题几乎不存在。
图片由飞利浦照明电子公司提供

### **COMPATIBILITY ISSUES**

Additionally, avoid mixing dimmable and non-dimmable loads on dimmer-controlled circuits, linear lamps and CFLs in the same dimming control zone (group of fixtures controlled simultaneously by a single controller), and different loads (e.g., incandescent with electronic ballasts) on the same dimming control.
It is sometimes advisable to avoid mixing lamp wattages in the same dimming zone as well, although many current dimmable ballast designs allow for similar operation of 17W, 25W and 32W lamps on the same circuit, typically in cove lighting applications.
Image courtesy of Philips Lighting Electronics

### **兼容性问题**

此外，避免在调光器控制电路上混合可调光和非可调光负载，避免在同一调光控制区（由单一控制器同时控制的一组灯具）混合线性灯和节能灯，避免在同一调光控制上混合不同的负载（如带电子镇流器的白炽灯）。
有时最好也避免在同一调光区混合灯管瓦数，尽管目前许多可调光镇流器设计允许17W、25W和32W灯管在同一电路上进行类似的操作，通常在凹槽照明应用中。
图片由飞利浦照明电子公司提供

### **LIGHT LEVEL AND PERCEPTION**

As lamps are dimmed, light output decreases but the human eye may perceive a higher light output and light level than is actually present. This is because the human eye overcompensates for diminished light level by allowing more light to enter into its pupil. For example, dimming to 25% appears to be about 50% of full light level. The effect is predictable according to the square law, which defines the theoretical relationship between light level and perceived brightness:
Perceived Light (%) = 100 x square root (Measured Light (%)/100)

### **光度和感知**

当灯管变暗时，光输出减少，但人眼可能感觉到比实际存在的光输出和光照度更高。这是因为人眼通过让更多的光线进入瞳孔来过度补偿减少的光线水平。例如，调暗到25%的光照度似乎是全光照度的50%左右。根据平方定律，这种效果是可以预测的，它定义了光照度和感知亮度之间的理论关系。
感知亮度(%)=100×平方根(测量亮度(%)/100)

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics

图片由路创电子提供

### **LIGHT LEVEL AND PERCEPTION**

Other important issues related to perception involve whether users detect dimming and whether they accept it. Various organizations have studied the threshold for when users are likely to notice the lights are being dimmed, and concluded that a 15-20% reduction in illuminance is undetectable by a majority of users (Kryszgzuk and Boyce, 2001 and 2002, Shikakura et al, 2001, and Akashi and Neches, 2004).

Image courtesy of Lighting Research Center

### **光度和感知**

与感知有关的其他重要问题涉及到用户是否察觉到调光以及他们是否接受调光。不同的机构已经研究了用户何时可能注意到灯光被调暗的阈值，并得出结论，大部分用户无法察觉到照度降低15-20%（Kryszgzuk和Boyce，2001和2002，Shikakura等人，2001，Akashi和Neches，2004）。
图片由照明研究协会提供

### **LIGHT LEVEL AND PERCEPTION**

National Research Council Canada subsequently studied how far lighting could be dimmed before users 1) detected it and 2) considered it intrusive(Newsham, 2009). The researchers found that in areas with above-average levels of daylight (HD), users were less likely to notice and were more likely to accept deep light level reductions compared to spaces with lower-than-average daylight levels (LD) or no daylight at all (ND).

Image courtesy of National Research Council

### **光度和感知**

加拿大国家研究委员会随后研究了在用户1)发现它和2)认为它具有侵入性之前，照明可以调暗到什么程度(Newsham，2009)。研究人员发现，在日照水平高于平均水平（HD）的区域，与日照水平低于平均水平（LD）或完全没有日照（ND）的空间相比，用户不太可能注意到，也更容易接受深度光照水平的降低。
图片由加拿大国家研究委员会提供

***以下内容由215-赵和瑞翻译***

### **DIMMING LEVEL AND EFFICACY**

Most dimmable electronic ballasts operate with a linear relationship between dimming level and light output, but not dimming level and input watts. A 20% dim level, for example, will result in 20% of full light output but not 20% of full wattage. Efficacy, which is lumens of light output per watt of electrical input, generally decreases as lamps are dimmed. Below around 20%, no significant additional energy savings are achieved.

### **调光级别和效率**

大多数可调光电子镇流器的工作原理是调光等级和光输出之间的线性关系，但不是调光等级和输入瓦数之间的关系。例如，20%的调光等级将导致20%的全光输出，但不会导致20%的全瓦数。效能，即每瓦电输入的光输出流明，一般会随着灯具的调光而降低。低于20%左右，就不能实现显著的额外节能。

Image courtesy of Lighting Research Center

图片由照明研究中心提供

### **DIMMING LEVEL AND EFFICACY**

Below are two examples of this. For a given 0-10VDC ballast at 3% lamp output, the system consumes 19% of full input wattage. For a given phasecontrol ballast at 5% lamp output, the system consumes 22% of the full input wattage.

### **调光级别和效率**

下面是两个例子。对于一个给定的0-10VDC镇流器，在3%的灯管输出时，系统消耗了19%的全输入瓦数。对于一个给定的相控镇流器，在灯管输出5%的情况下，系统消耗的功率为全部输入功率的22%。

### **DIMMING LEVEL AND EFFICACY**

The below tableillustrates another point about dimmable electronic ballasts and efficacy, which is that instant-start systems operate at rated efficacies about 5% greater than standard rapid-start systems and 9% greater than dimming rapid-start systems. This is because dimmable ballasts maintain cathode heating to prevent the lamp from extinguishing during dimming, while instant-start ballasts do not. The most efficient dimmable ballasts, which carry the NEMA Premium Ballast mark, provide similar wattage as comparable fixed-output instant-start ballasts.

### **调光级别和效率**

下表说明了关于可调光电子镇流器和功效的另一点，即瞬间启动系统的额定功效比标准快速启动系统高5%，比调光快速启动系统高9%。这是因为可调光镇流器在调光过程中保持阴极加热以防止灯管熄灭，而瞬时启动镇流器则不会。最高效的可调光镇流器带有NEMA高级镇流器标志，其功率与同类固定输出瞬时启动镇流器的功率相似。

### **LAMP SEASONING**

Due to residual impurities from the manufacturing process, newly installed linear fluorescent lamps may exhibit flicker or other visual instabilities, which can negatively affect dimming performance.
In installations where these conditions are present or a new dimming system is being commissioned, NEMA fluorescent lamp manufacturers recommend that lamps be operated at the ballast's maximum light output overnight, or about 12 hours. This is called seasoning.

### **灯具调色**

由于制造过程中残留的杂质，新安装的线性荧光灯可能会出现闪烁或其他视觉不稳定的情况，从而对调光性能产生负面影响。
对于存在这些情况的装置或正在调试新的调光系统，NEMA荧光灯制造商会根据实际情况进行调整。建议灯管在镇流器的最大光输出下工作一夜，或大约12小时。这就是所谓的 "调味"。

Image courtesy of Colorado Lighting

图片由科罗拉多照明公司提供

### **LAMP SEASONING**

Seasoning fluorescent lamps prior to dimming can support dimming performance but is not required to obtain rated life. If overnight operation for linear fluorescent lamps is not practical, operating the lamps at full output for a few hours should be sufficient. As impurities tend to burn off during the startup sequence, turning the lamps OFF a few times in the first few days may also help.
Note that CFLs and HID lamps may be seasoned for 100 hours prior to dimming.

### **灯具调色**

在调光前对荧光灯进行调理可以提高调光性能，但并不是获得额定寿命的必要条件。如果直线型荧光灯过夜不可行，在全功率下运行几个小时就足够了。由于杂质往往在启动过程中被烧掉，因此在最初几天将灯管关闭几次也会有帮助。
请注意，节能灯和HID灯在调光前可先调理100小时。

Image courtesy of Colorado Lighting

图片由科罗拉多照明公司提供

### **DIMMING AND LAMP LIFE**

It is a myth that fluorescent dimming increases lamp service life (although the use of a programmed-start ballast may increase lamp life). This is only true for incandescent and LED lighting. Whether dimming or fixed output, optimizing lamp life depends largely on the ballast's ability to provide sufficient heating of the cathodes at startup and across the dimming range. If a high rate of premature lamp failures is encountered, poor installation is most commonly the culprit, resulting in insufficient cathode heating.

### **调光和灯具寿命**

荧光灯调光会延长灯管的使用寿命，这是一个神话（尽管使用程序启动镇流器可能会延长灯管的使用寿命）。这只对白炽灯和LED照明而言是正确的。无论是调光还是固定输出，优化灯管寿命在很大程度上取决于镇流器在启动时和整个调光范围内对阴极进行充分加热的能力。如果遇到灯管过早失效的情况，最常见的原因是安装不当，导致阴极加热不足。

Images courtesy of UIniversal Lighting Technologies

图片由环球照明技术有限公司提供

### **DIMMING AND LAMP LIFE**

Some T8 lamp and ballast combinations, frequently tasked with deep dimming, resulted in shorter lamp life due to insufficient cathode heating. As a result, NEMA established the LL9-2009 standard, which provides certainty of sufficient cathode heating from 100% to about 35% of full light output. NEMA revised LL9 in 2011, providing certainty to about 10%. The new standard is not effective until 2015, although some manufacturers offer products that comply with it now. Consult with the ballast manufacturer to verify that the selected lamp and ballast combination will produce sufficient cathode heating across the dimming range to achieve rated life.

Electrode voltage limits for T8 fluorescent dimming systems (in LL9-2009):

### **调光和灯具寿命**

一些T8灯和镇流器的组合，经常承担深度调光任务，由于阴极加热不足，导致灯管寿命缩短。因此，NEMA制定了LL9-2009标准，该标准提供了100%至约35%的全光输出的充分阴极加热的确定性。NEMA在2011年修订了LL9，将确定性提高到10%左右。新标准要到2015年才会生效，尽管一些制造商提供的产品现在就符合标准。请咨询镇流器制造商，以确认所选的灯管和镇流器组合将在整个调光范围内产生足够的阴极加热，以达到额定寿命。

T8荧光调光系统的电极电压限制(LL9-2009中)。

Image courtesy of National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

图片由美国国家电气制造商协会提供

### **DIMMING BALLAST LIFE**

The service life of dimmable linear electronic ballasts is similar to that for fixed�output rapid-start and programmed-start electronic ballastsoperating linear lamps. However, as with any ballast, service life is largely dependent on ballast case temperatures in the field. If the maximum ballast case temperature (70°F or 158°F) is not reached, average rated life may be 60,000 hours. As temperature increases above this threshold, ballast life may be reduced and the ballast's warranty may be affected. Another major source of ballast failure is from incorrect wiring and poor connections.

For integral dimmable electronic CFLs, the average rated ballast life is limited to the life of the lamp. For ballasts operating lamps as a two-piece system, average rated life may be listed at 50,000 hours.

For every 10°C increase in ballast case temperature, ballast life can be expected to be reduced by one-half. Conversely, reducing ballast case temperature will increase ballast life.

### **镇流器寿命**

可调光线性电子镇流器的使用寿命与使用线性灯的固定输出快速启动和程序启动电子镇流器的使用寿命相似。然而，与任何镇流器一样，使用寿命主要取决于现场的镇流器外壳温度。如果没有达到镇流器外壳的最高温度（70°F或158°F），平均额定寿命可能为60000小时。当温度升高超过这一阈值时，镇流器的寿命可能会缩短，镇流器的保修期也会受到影响。镇流器故障的另一个主要原因是接线不正确和连接不良。

对于整体可调光电子式节能灯，其平均额定镇流器寿命受灯的寿命限制。对于作为两件式系统运行的镇流器，平均额定寿命可列为50,000小时。

镇流器外壳温度每升高10℃，镇流器寿命可望减少一半。反之，降低镇流器外壳的温度，就会使镇流器的寿命减少一半,温度会增加镇流器的寿命。

Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.

图片由路创电子提供。

### **DIMMING AND COLOR**

Dimmable electronic ballasts may cause fluorescent lamps to experience slight color shift towards the blue or cooler part of the spectrum (the opposite of incandescent lamps, which become warmer in color tone during dimming).

This graph displays color shift exhibited by lamps controlled by three different dimmable electronic ballasts (labeled A, B and C) in an experimental study conducted by the Manipal Institute of Technology (Colaco et al). As shown, no significant variation in color temperature was found.

### **调光和颜色**

可调光电子镇流器可能会导致荧光灯的颜色向蓝色或光谱的冷色部分轻微转变（与白炽灯相反，白炽灯在调光过程中色调变暖）。

该图显示了曼尼帕尔技术研究所（Colaco等）进行的一项实验研究中，由三种不同的可调光电子镇流器（标号为A、B和C）控制的灯具所表现出的色变。如图所示，没有发现色温的显著变化。

Image courtesy of Energy and Power Engineering Magazine.

图片由《能源与电力工程》杂志提供。

### **REMOTE BALLAST MOUNTING**

Generally, dimmable electronic ballasts designed to operate three or four linear lamps must be operated within the same fixture as the lamps. The same holds true for CFL ballasts. Dimmable ballasts designed to operate one or two linear lamps can be remote- or tandem-mounted as long as the ballast is rated for this. The maximum allowable remote mounting distance may vary. Identical installations with different fixtures may see variable results due to the internal wiring path of the fixture. For this reason, it is recommended to mock up atypical applications. Consult the ballast and fixture manufacturers.

### **遥控镇流器安装**

一般来说，设计用于操作三盏或四盏线性灯的可调光电子镇流器必须与灯具在同一灯具内操作。慳電膽鎮流器的情況也是一樣。只要镇流器的额定值满足要求，操作一盏或两盏线性灯的可调光镇流器可以进行远程安装或串联安装。允许的最大远程安装距离可能会有所不同。由于灯具的内部布线路径不同，使用不同灯具进行相同的安装可能会出现不同的结果。因此，建议对非典型应用进行模拟。请咨询镇流器和灯具制造商。

Image courtesy of Philips Lighting Electronics.

图片由飞利浦照明电子公司提供。

### **HARMONICS**

Total harmonic distortion (THD) is the ratio of 1) the sum of all harmonic frequencies above the fundamental frequency to 2) the value of the fundamental frequency. High levels of THD present in an electrical system can damage equipment and pose a fire hazard.

Low-Voltage Dimming Systems (0-10VDC): THD has been reported by the Lighting Research Center to increase on 0-10VDC dimmable ballasts as light output decreased. The increase in THD in turn decreased power factor. The Lighting Research Center concluded that since THD is a percentage of the fundamental current, a high THD at low fundamental current levels associated with low light output levels may not be a concern, as the actual distorted current is small. However, THD is still about 20% at full dimming with 0-10VDC dimmable ballasts.

Line-Voltage Dimming Systems (Phase-Control): Because THD increases during dimming, one may be concerned about stressing the power line neutral, particularly in phase-control dimming systems that use line-voltage power wires for distribution of control signals. Since the input current to the ballast decreases as it dims the lamp, however, THD in the neutral remains relatively constant throughout the dimming range. Therefore, if THD is not presently an issue in the environment, converting to dimming will not have an adverse affect. To further address concern about overloading the neutral, dimmable electronic ballasts can be specified with <10% THD (rated at full light output).

### **谐波**

总谐波失真(THD)是指1)高于基频的所有谐波频率之和与2)基频值之比。存在于电气系统中的高水平THD会损坏设备，并造成火灾危险。

低压调光系统（0-10VDC）。据照明研究中心报告，0-10VDC可调光镇流器的总谐波失真率随着光输出的减少而增加。THD的增加反过来又降低了功率因数。照明研究中心的结论是，由于THD是基本电流的百分比，因此，在低基本电流水平下与低光输出水平相关的高THD可能不是一个问题，因为实际的扭曲电流很小。然而，在0-10VDC可调光镇流器全调光时，THD仍为20%左右。

线路电压调光系统（相位控制）。由于在调光过程中THD增加，人们可能会担心电源线的压力。中性点的总谐波失真（THD），特别是在使用线电压电源线来分配控制信号的相控调光系统中。由于镇流器的输入电流随着灯的调光而减小，但是，在整个调光范围内，中性点的总谐波失真(THD)保持相对稳定。因此，如果目前环境中不存在THD问题，转为调光不会产生不利影响。为了进一步解决对中性点过载的担忧，可调光电子镇流器可指定为THD<10%（额定全光输出时）。

### **PROBLEM MODES**

Dimming systems are more sensitive to installation error than fixed-output systems. The National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP) was tasked with determining why fluorescent lamps were failing prematurely in a dimming system in a big box retail store. Of the luminaires with at least one inoperative lamp, 44% had lamps with open cathodes, 41% had ballast failures, 21% had luminaire problems such as wires not connected or connected improperly, and 15% had installation problems such as incorrectly installed lamps.

### **故障模式**

调光系统比固定输出系统对安装错误更敏感。国家照明产品信息计划(NLPIP)的任务是确定一家大卖场的调光系统中荧光灯过早失效的原因。在至少有一盏灯失效的灯具中，44%的灯具阴极开路，41%的灯具有镇流器故障，21%的灯具有问题，如电线未连接或连接不当，15%的灯具有安装问题，如灯具安装错误。

Image courtesy of National Lighting Product Information Program.

图片由国家照明产品信息计划提供。

### **COMMISSIONING**

For this reason, it is important to properly commission fluorescent dimming systems. Commissioning is a quality assurance process that can help ensure proper operation, user acceptance and energy savings potential, and typically involves verification, performance testing and user training.

For more information about commissioning lighting control systems, see EE110: Commissioning Lighting Controls.

### **调试系统**

因此，正确调试荧光灯调光系统非常重要。调试是一个质量保证过程，可以帮助确保正确的操作、用户接受和节能潜力，通常包括验证、性能测试和用户培训。

有关调试照明控制系统的更多信息，请参阅EE110：调试照明控制。

Image courtesy of National Lighting Product Information Program.

图片由国家照明产品信息计划提供。

### **YOU'RE FINISHED**

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course Fluorescent Dimming Ballasts, Part 2: Application.

Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course.

You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for CALCTP (CALCTP), LEU (NCQLP LC) and LU/HSW (AIA CES) credit. A 70+% passing grade is required for LEU and CALCTP credit and 80+% for AIA CES credit. Upon passing the test, you may download a Certificate of Completion on the Courses page. If you are an AIA member, please email your course completion certificate to LCA with your AIA number.

### **你完成了**

美国建筑师协会继续教育系统课程荧光调光镇流器，第2部分：应用到此结束。

请花点时间提供有关本课程经验的反馈。

您也可以参加理解测试来检验您的学习情况，并有资格获得CALCTP（CALCTP）、LEU（NCQLP LC）和LU/HSW（AIA CES）学分。LEU和CALCTP学分要求70％以上的合格成绩，AIA CES学分要求80％以上的合格成绩。通过考试后，您可以在课程页面下载结业证书。如果您是AIA会员，请将您的课程结业证书连同您的AIA编号一起发到LCA。

EE 103. Dimming Control - Section 2 Part 2: Fluorescent Dimming Ballasts - Application

EE 103.调光控制--第2部分：荧光灯镇流器--应用 调光控制--第2部分：荧光灯调光镇流器--应用。