recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Armes

Les **armes** de Black Geyser Couriers of Darkness incluent tout l'équipement offensif disponible qui peut être équipé par le personnage du jeu. Les catégories d'armes comprennent les armes de lancer , les petites lames , les grandes lames , les baguettes et les bâtons , les frondes et les fusils , les massues et les marteaux de guerre , les lances et les hallebardes , ainsi que les arcs et les flèches . Cette page répertorie tous les détails de chaque type d'équipement d'arme, ainsi que leurs statistiques et équipements en jeu et où trouver chaque équipement individuel. Ces armes peuvent être équipées en plus d'objets tels que des armures , des accessoires et des boucliers .
Lieux

Les **emplacements** de Black Geyser font référence aux zones spécifiques qui composent le monde mystique de Yerengal, le royaume des mortels. Les joueurs et leur groupe débloqueront divers emplacements clés au fur et à mesure de leur progression dans l' histoire principale , où ils apprendront à vaincre des ennemis uniques , à traverser des terrains distinctifs et à acquérir différents objets . De plus, les emplacements sont progressivement dévoilés sur la carte du jeu à mesure que les joueurs transcendent le récit de Black Geyser, leur permettant de consulter et d'accéder aux zones déverrouillées à tout moment. Cette page sert à inclure la liste de tous les emplacements de Black Geyser Couriers of Darkness, leurs informations pertinentes et d'autres détails.
Constructions

**Les builds** pour Wyrdsong font référence à différentes combinaisons d' équipements , telles que les armes et armures , les accessoires , les compétences et les statistiques , qui excellent dans certains rôles ou styles de jeu dans le jeu. Cette page contient plusieurs **versions** pour le PvE et le PvP.

Les builds peuvent être axés sur différents rôles au cours du jeu, permettant aux joueurs de sélectionner ceux qui s'adaptent le mieux à leur style de jeu souhaité.
Inversion of Control

The term "inversion of control" (IoC) is used to describe a design pattern in which the flow of control of an application is inverted. In traditional procedural programming, the flow of control is typically top-down, with the main function calling other functions in a specific order. In IoC, the flow of control is inverted, with the main function handing over control to a container or framework. The container or framework then takes responsibility for instantiating and managing the other objects in the application.

IoC has a number of benefits, including:

* Loose coupling: IoC makes code more loosely coupled, which means that components are less dependent on each other. This makes code easier to test, maintain, and reuse.
* Testability: IoC makes code easier to test, because you can isolate components from their dependencies and inject mock dependencies into them.
* Extensibility: IoC makes code easier to extend, because you can add new dependencies to components without having to modify the components themselves.

There are a number of ways to implement IoC in software. One common approach is to use a dependency injection framework. A dependency injection framework is a tool that automates the process of injecting dependencies into components.

Here is a simple example of IoC in Java:

Java

```
<public interface MailService {
  void sendEmail(String to, String subject, String body);
}

public class UserService {
  private final MailService mailService;

  public UserService(MailService mailService) {
    this.mailService = mailService;
  }

  public void sendWelcomeEmail(String emailAddress) {
    mailService.sendEmail(emailAddress, "Welcome to our service!", "Congratulations on signing up for our service!");
  }
}

```

In this example, the `UserService` class depends on the `MailService` class to send emails. However, the `UserService` class does not create the `MailService` object itself. Instead, the `MailService` object is injected into the `UserService` class through the constructor. This makes the `UserService` class loosely coupled to the `MailService` class, which makes it easier to test and maintain.

IoC is a powerful design principle that can make your code more loosely coupled, testable, and extensible. It is a good idea to learn how to use IoC in your software development projects.
Configuration

Configuring Hibernate in Spring involves defining beans for the necessary components and properties. This can be done either using Java-based or XML-based configuration.

Java-based Configuration

For Java-based configuration, you'll need to define beans for the following components:

* DataSource: This bean provides the connection information for the database.
* LocalSessionFactoryBean: This bean creates and manages the SessionFactory object.
* HibernateJpaVendorAdapter: This bean tells Spring which Hibernate dialect to use.
* PlatformTransactionManager: This bean manages transactions for Hibernate sessions.

XML-based Configuration

For XML-based configuration, you'll need to define the following elements in your Spring configuration file:

* `<dataSource>`: This element defines the DataSource bean.
* `<localSessionFactoryBean>`: This element defines the LocalSessionFactoryBean bean.
* `<hibernateProperties>`: This element defines the Hibernate properties, such as the dialect and mapping metadata.
* `<transactionManager>`: This element defines the PlatformTransactionManager bean.

Regardless of the configuration approach you choose, you'll need to provide the following information:

* Database connection properties: This includes the JDBC URL, username, and password for the database.
* Hibernate properties: This includes the dialect, mapping metadata, and other Hibernate-specific settings.
* Entity classes: These are the Java classes that represent the entities in your database.

Once you've configured Hibernate in Spring, you can use it to perform data access operations, such as saving, loading, and updating entities.
Criteria

Criteria API is a high-level query language provided by Hibernate for constructing object-oriented queries. It allows you to build up a query object programmatically, specifying criteria and conditions without writing raw SQL. Criteria queries are more dynamic and maintainable compared to native SQL queries, making them well-suited for applications with complex query requirements.

Creating a Criteria Query

To create a Criteria query, you start with a Session object, which represents the current database session. You then use the `createCriteria()` method to create a Criteria object for the desired entity class.

For example, to create a Criteria query for the `Employee` entity class:

Java

```
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(Employee.class);

```

Applying Criteria

Once you have a Criteria object, you can apply criteria to narrow down the results. Criteria can be applied using `Restrictions` objects, which represent various types of constraints, such as equalities, inequalities, and comparisons.

For example, to find all employees who work in the "Engineering" department:

Java

```
criteria.add(Restrictions.eq("department.name", "Engineering"));

```

Ordering Results

You can also order the results of a Criteria query using `Order` objects. Order objects specify the property and direction (ascending or descending) for sorting.

For example, to order the results by the employee's name:

Java

```
criteria.addOrder(Order.asc("name"));

```

Executing the Query

To execute a Criteria query, you can use the `list()` method, which returns a list of matching entities.

For example, to execute the query and get a list of employees:

Java

```
List<Employee> employees = criteria.list();

```

Advantages of Criteria

Criteria offers several advantages over native SQL queries:

* Object-oriented: Criteria uses Java objects and properties, making it easier to understand and maintain queries.
* Dynamic: Criteria queries can be constructed programmatically, allowing for dynamic query building based on runtime conditions.
* Type-safe: Criteria checks for type compatibility, reducing the risk of runtime errors.
* Maintainable: Criteria queries are more readable and self-documenting compared to raw SQL.

When to Use Criteria

Criteria is well-suited for situations where:

* You have complex query requirements with multiple conditions and joins.
* You need to build queries dynamically based on runtime conditions.
* You prefer the readability and maintainability of object-oriented queries.

For simple queries, native SQL may be more concise and performant. However, for complex or dynamic queries, Criteria offers a powerful and maintainable alternative.
Map vs. Set

The main difference between a map and a set is that a map stores key-value pairs, while a set stores unique elements. A key can be any object, and a value can be any object. A set, on the other hand, can only store unique elements.

Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between maps and sets:

 Order
 Allows null keys
 Allows duplicate values

Here are some examples of when you might use a map or a set:

* You might use a map to store a dictionary of words and their definitions.
* You might use a map to store a shopping cart, where the keys are the product IDs and the values are the quantities of each product in the cart.
* You might use a set to store a unique set of student IDs in a class.
* You might use a set to store a unique set of product categories in an online store.

In general, you should use a map when you need to store key-value pairs, and you should use a set when you need to store unique elements.

Here is an example of how to use a map in Java:

Java

```
Map<String, Integer> studentGrades = new HashMap<>();

studentGrades.put("Alice", 90);
studentGrades.put("Bob", 85);
studentGrades.put("Carol", 95);

System.out.println(studentGrades.get("Alice")); // Prints "90"

```

Here is an example of how to use a set in Java:

Java

```
Set<String> productCategories = new HashSet<>();

productCategories.add("Electronics");
productCategories.add("Clothing");
productCategories.add("Home and Garden");

System.out.println(productCategories.contains("Electronics")); // Prints "true"

```

I hope this helps!
Sticky Session

Sticky session, also known as session persistence, is a technique that ensures that all requests from a specific client are routed to the same server. This can be useful for applications that need to maintain state information on the server side, such as shopping carts or chat conversations.

Sticky sessions can be implemented in a number of ways, but the most common approach is to use cookies. When a client first connects to a server, the server sets a cookie in the client's browser. The cookie contains a unique identifier that is used to track the client's session. All subsequent requests from the client will include the cookie, which allows the server to route the request to the same server that handled the initial request.

Sticky sessions can be used in a variety of different scenarios, including:

* Load balancing: Sticky sessions can be used to load balance traffic across multiple servers. This can improve performance and reliability.
* Security: Sticky sessions can be used to improve security by ensuring that all requests from a specific client are handled by the same server. This can help to prevent cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks and other types of security vulnerabilities.
* State management: Sticky sessions can be used to maintain state information on the server side. This can be useful for applications that need to track shopping carts, chat conversations, or other types of user state.

However, sticky sessions also have some drawbacks:

* Reduced scalability: Sticky sessions can reduce scalability by making it more difficult to add new servers to a load balancer pool.
* Increased complexity: Sticky sessions can increase the complexity of a system by requiring additional infrastructure and configuration.
* Single point of failure: If the server that is handling a sticky session fails, then the client will lose access to its session data.

Overall, sticky sessions are a powerful tool that can be used to improve the performance, reliability, and security of distributed applications. However, it is important to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of sticky sessions before implementing them in a production environment.
KYC

Know-Your-Customer (KYC) is a process that financial institutions and other regulated businesses use to verify the identity and assess the risk of their customers. KYC is a key part of anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CFT) efforts, as it helps to prevent criminals from using financial institutions to launder money or finance terrorism.

KYC typically involves the following steps:

1. Customer identification: The financial institution or other regulated business must collect certain information about the customer, such as their name, address, date of birth, and occupation. This information is used to verify the customer's identity.
2. Customer due diligence (CDD): The financial institution or other regulated business must assess the risk of the customer. This may involve looking at the customer's financial history, business activities, and travel patterns.
3. Ongoing monitoring: The financial institution or other regulated business must monitor the customer's account for suspicious activity. This may involve looking at the customer's transaction patterns and any changes in their financial situation.

KYC requirements can vary depending on the country or jurisdiction in which the financial institution or other regulated business operates. However, most KYC requirements are based on the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an intergovernmental organization that sets standards for AML and CFT.

Here are some of the benefits of KYC:

* Prevents financial crime: KYC helps to prevent criminals from using financial institutions to launder money or finance terrorism.
* Protects customers: KYC helps to protect customers from fraud and other financial crimes.
* Builds trust: KYC helps to build trust between financial institutions and their customers.

Overall, KYC is an important process that helps to protect financial institutions, customers, and the global financial system from financial crime.
Multithreading and Concurrency

Multithreading and concurrency are two closely related concepts in computer science.

Multithreading is a programming technique that allows multiple threads of execution to run concurrently within a single process. A thread is a lightweight process that has its own stack and program counter. Threads can share the same memory space and resources, but they execute independently of each other.

Concurrency is the ability of a system to handle multiple tasks at the same time. This can be achieved through multithreading, but it can also be achieved through other means, such as multiprocessing and asynchronous programming.

Multithreading is a common way to achieve concurrency. By using multiple threads, a program can perform multiple tasks simultaneously, which can improve its performance and responsiveness. However, multithreading can also make programming more complex and challenging, as it is important to ensure that threads are synchronized correctly to avoid data corruption and other problems.

Here is a simple example of how multithreading can be used to improve the performance of a program:

Python

```
import threading

def print_hello_world():
  print("Hello, world!")

if __name__ == "__main__":
  t1 = threading.Thread(target=print_hello_world)
  t2 = threading.Thread(target=print_hello_world)

  t1.start()
  t2.start()

  t1.join()
  t2.join()

```

This program will create two threads, each of which will print the message "Hello, world!" to the console. The two threads will run concurrently, so the message will be printed twice, but it will be printed much faster than if the program had used a single thread.

Multithreading is a powerful tool, but it is important to use it carefully. If threads are not synchronized correctly, they can interfere with each other and cause data corruption, deadlocks, and other problems. It is important to understand the basics of multithreading and concurrency before using them in your programs.
Spring Beans

Spring beans are the fundamental building blocks of Spring applications. They are objects that are managed by the Spring IoC container. The Spring IoC container is responsible for creating, configuring, and assembling Spring beans.

Spring beans can be created in a variety of ways, including:

* Using XML configuration files
* Using annotation-based configuration
* Using Java code

Once a Spring bean has been created, it can be injected into other Spring beans using dependency injection. Dependency injection is a design pattern in which the dependencies of an object are provided to it by an external source, rather than the object creating or locating its own dependencies. This makes the object more loosely coupled and easier to test.

Spring beans can be classified into two types:

* Singleton beans: Singleton beans are created only once and then shared by all of the other objects in the application.
* Prototype beans: Prototype beans are created each time they are requested.

Spring beans can also be configured to have different scopes, such as:

* Request scope: Request scope beans are created for each HTTP request and destroyed when the request is finished.
* Session scope: Session scope beans are created for each user session and destroyed when the session is finished.
* Application scope: Application scope beans are created once and then shared by all of the users of the application.

Spring beans are a powerful feature of the Spring Framework. By understanding how to use Spring beans, you can create loosely coupled and reusable code.

Here are some advanced Spring bean concepts that you should be aware of:

* Bean factories: Bean factories are responsible for creating and managing Spring beans. The Spring IoC container is a type of bean factory.
* Bean scopes: Bean scopes control the lifetime of Spring beans. The most common bean scopes are singleton, prototype, request, session, and application.
* Bean qualifiers: Bean qualifiers are used to identify Spring beans when there are multiple beans of the same type.
* Bean post processors: Bean post processors are used to customize the lifecycle of Spring beans.

By understanding these advanced concepts, you can create more complex and efficient Spring applications.

Here are some tips for using Spring beans effectively:

* Use dependency injection to inject Spring beans into other Spring beans.
* Use the appropriate bean scope for each Spring bean.
* Use bean qualifiers to identify Spring beans when there are multiple beans of the same type.
* Use bean post processors to customize the lifecycle of Spring beans.

Overall, Spring beans are a powerful and versatile tool that can be used to improve your Spring applications.
Hazelcast and Redis

Hazelcast and Redis are both in-memory data structures (IMDS) that can be used to cache data and improve the performance of applications. However, they have some key differences.

Hazelcast is a distributed IMDS, meaning that it can distribute data across multiple nodes in a cluster. This makes it ideal for scaling applications to handle large amounts of data and traffic. Hazelcast also supports a variety of data structures, including maps, sets, queues, and caches.

Redis is a single-node IMDS, meaning that it stores all data on a single node. This makes it less scalable than Hazelcast, but it is also simpler to use and deploy. Redis also supports a variety of data structures, including strings, hashes, lists, sets, and sorted sets.

Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between Hazelcast and Redis:

 Scalable
 Data structures
 Ease of use
 Deployment

In general, Hazelcast is a better choice for applications that require scalability and high performance. Redis is a better choice for applications that require simplicity and ease of use.

Here are some examples of use cases for Hazelcast and Redis:

* Hazelcast:
	+ Caching data to improve the performance of web applications
	+ Scaling applications to handle large amounts of data and traffic
	+ Implementing distributed queues and messaging systems
* Redis:
	+ Caching session data in web applications
	+ Implementing real-time leaderboards and chat applications
	+ Implementing in-memory databases

I hope this helps!
Hash table

A hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values. It is implemented using an array, where each element in the array is a hash bucket. Each hash bucket contains a list of key-value pairs.

When a key is inserted into the hash table, it is first converted into a hash code. The hash code is then used to determine which hash bucket the key-value pair should be inserted into.

When a key is searched for in the hash table, the hash code is again used to determine which hash bucket to search. If the key-value pair is found in the hash bucket, then the value is returned. Otherwise, the key-value pair is not found.

Hash tables are very efficient for searching and inserting key-value pairs. However, they can be inefficient for iterating over all of the key-value pairs in the hash table.

Here is an example of a hash table in Java:

Java

```
class HashTable {
    private Node[] buckets;

    HashTable() {
        buckets = new Node[1024];
    }

    void put(int key, int value) {
        int hashIndex = key % buckets.length;
        Node node = new Node(key, value);
        node.next = buckets[hashIndex];
        buckets[hashIndex] = node;
    }

    int get(int key) {
        int hashIndex = key % buckets.length;
        Node node = buckets[hashIndex];
        while (node != null) {
            if (node.key == key) {
                return node.value;
            }
            node = node.next;
        }
        return -1;
    }
}

```

This hash table implementation can be used to put, get, and remove key-value pairs. It can also be used to iterate over all of the key-value pairs in the hash table.

Hash tables are a powerful data structure with a variety of applications. They are commonly used in databases, caches, and other systems that need to store and retrieve data quickly.

I hope this explanation is helpful. Please let me know if you have any other questions.
Dependency injection

Dependency injection (DI) is a software design pattern that allows objects to declare their dependencies instead of creating them directly. This makes the code more loosely coupled and testable.

In Java, dependency injection can be implemented in two ways:

* Constructor-based DI: This is the preferred method, as it is more explicit and prevents errors. To use constructor-based DI, you simply inject the dependencies into the constructor of the object.
* Setter-based DI: This method is less explicit and more error-prone, but it can be useful in some cases. To use setter-based DI, you simply provide setter methods for the dependencies and then inject them into the object after it has been created.

There are a number of benefits to using dependency injection in Java, including:

* Loose coupling: DI helps to decouple your code, making it more maintainable and reusable.
* Testability: DI makes your code easier to test, as you can isolate the object you are testing from its dependencies.
* Extensibility: DI makes it easier to extend your code, as you can simply inject new dependencies into existing objects.

There are also a number of popular dependency injection frameworks for Java, such as Spring and Guice. These frameworks make it easy to implement dependency injection in your code and provide additional features, such as configuration management and lifecycle management.

Here is a simple example of dependency injection in Java:

Java

```
public interface MailService {
  void sendEmail(String to, String subject, String body);
}

public class UserService {
  private final MailService mailService;

  public UserService(MailService mailService) {
    this.mailService = mailService;
  }

  public void sendWelcomeEmail(String emailAddress) {
    mailService.sendEmail(emailAddress, "Welcome to our service!", "Congratulations on signing up for our service!");
  }
}

```

In this example, the `UserService` class depends on the `MailService` class to send emails. However, the `UserService` class does not create the `MailService` object itself. Instead, the `MailService` object is injected into the `UserService` class through the constructor. This makes the `UserService` class loosely coupled to the `MailService` class, which makes it easier to test and maintain.

To use dependency injection in your Java code, you can follow these steps:

1. Identify the dependencies of your objects.
2. Inject the dependencies into the objects through the constructor or setter methods.
3. Use a dependency injection framework to manage the dependencies.

Dependency injection is a powerful design pattern that can make your Java code more loosely coupled, testable, and extensible.
Linked list

A linked list is a linear data structure where each element contains a reference to the next element in the list. This allows for efficient insertion and deletion of elements, but can make accessing elements at specific positions in the list slower.

Linked lists are implemented using nodes, where each node contains a value and a reference to the next node in the list. The first node in the list is called the head node, and the last node in the list is called the tail node.

Linked lists can be used to implement a variety of data structures, such as stacks, queues, and deques. They are also commonly used to implement linked lists in programming languages.

Here is an example of a linked list in Java:

Java

```
class Node {
    int value;
    Node next;

    Node(int value) {
        this.value = value;
        this.next = null;
    }
}

LinkedList {
    Node head;

    void add(int value) {
        Node newNode = new Node(value);
        if (head == null) {
            head = newNode;
        } else {
            Node current = head;
            while (current.next != null) {
                current = current.next;
            }
            current.next = newNode;
        }
    }

    int get(int index) {
        Node current = head;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
            if (current == null) {
                return -1;
            }
            current = current.next;
        }
        return current.value;
    }
}

```

This linked list implementation can be used to add, get, and remove elements from the list. It can also be used to iterate over the elements in the list.

Linked lists are a powerful data structure with a variety of applications. By understanding how linked lists work, you can write more efficient and maintainable code.
Multiprocessing and Asynchronous Programming

Multiprocessing is a programming technique that allows multiple processes to run concurrently on a single computer. A process is a self-contained execution environment that has its own memory space and resources. Processes can communicate with each other using shared memory, pipes, and sockets.

Multiprocessing is similar to multithreading, but there are some important differences. Threads share the same memory space and resources, while processes have their own separate memory spaces and resources. This means that processes are less likely to interfere with each other, but it also means that they are more expensive to create and manage.

Multiprocessing is often used for computationally intensive tasks, such as scientific computing and image processing. It can also be used to improve the performance of applications that need to handle multiple concurrent requests, such as web servers and database servers.

Asynchronous programming is a programming technique that allows a program to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, even if some of the tasks are waiting for I/O operations to complete. This is achieved by using a technique called non-blocking I/O.

With non-blocking I/O, a program can start an I/O operation and then continue executing other tasks while the I/O operation is in progress. When the I/O operation completes, the program is notified and can then process the results.

Asynchronous programming is often used for I/O-intensive tasks, such as networking and database access. It can also be used to improve the performance of applications that need to be responsive to user input, such as web browsers and graphical user interfaces.

Here is a simple example of how asynchronous programming can be used to improve the performance of a web server:

Python

```
import asyncio

async def handle_request(request):
  # Process the request and generate a response.
  response = await asyncio.sleep(1)
  return response

async def main():
  server = await asyncio.start_server(handle_request, 'localhost', 8080)
  await server.serve_forever()

if __name__ == '__main__':
  asyncio.run(main())

```

This web server uses asyncio to handle multiple requests concurrently. When a request is received, the web server starts a task to process the request. The task can then perform I/O operations, such as reading from a database or writing to a file. While the task is waiting for I/O operations to complete, the web server can handle other requests.

Asynchronous programming can be more difficult to understand and implement than traditional synchronous programming. However, it can offer significant performance benefits for I/O-intensive applications.

I hope this helps!
Secure RESTful web-service APIs

There are a number of ways to secure RESTful web-service APIs. Some of the most important include:

* Use HTTPS: HTTPS encrypts all communication between the client and the server, making it much more difficult for attackers to intercept and tamper with data.
* Implement authentication and authorization: Authentication verifies the identity of the user, while authorization determines what resources the user is allowed to access. There are a number of different authentication and authorization schemes available, such as OAuth 2.0 and JSON Web Tokens (JWTs).
* Validate and sanitize inputs: It is important to validate and sanitize all input from the client before processing it. This will help to prevent common attacks such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting.
* Apply rate limiting and throttling: Rate limiting and throttling can help to prevent denial-of-service attacks. Rate limiting limits the number of requests that a client can make in a given period of time, while throttling limits the amount of resources that a client can consume.
* Encrypt and backup data: It is important to encrypt all sensitive data at rest and in transit. This will help to protect data from unauthorized access, even if the attacker is able to breach the system.

In addition to these general best practices, there are a number of other things you can do to secure your RESTful web-service API, such as:

* Use a firewall or API gateway: A firewall or API gateway can help to protect your API from unauthorized access and common attacks.
* Implement logging and monitoring: Logging and monitoring can help you to identify and respond to security threats.
* Keep your software up to date: It is important to keep your software up to date, including the operating system, web server, and application framework. This will help to patch security vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

By following these best practices, you can help to secure your RESTful web-service API and protect your users and data.

Here are some additional tips for securing RESTful web-service APIs:

* Use a strong and secure API key management system.
* Implement role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access to sensitive resources.
* Use a secure communication protocol, such as OAuth 2.0 or JWTs.
* Implement rate limiting and throttling to prevent abuse.
* Use a content security policy (CSP) to restrict the types of resources that can be loaded by the API.
* Implement a web application firewall (WAF) to protect against common web attacks.
* Regularly review your API's security configuration and update it as needed.

By following these tips, you can help to ensure that your RESTful web-service API is secure and protected from attack.
Spring Expression Language

Spring Expression Language (SpEL) is a powerful expression language that can be used to express complex conditions and evaluate expressions in Spring applications. SpEL is based on the Unified Expression Language (UEL) specification, but it adds a number of additional features, including:

* Support for method invocation
* Support for basic string templating functionality
* Support for accessing and manipulating Spring beans

SpEL can be used in a variety of different places in Spring applications, including:

* Spring configuration files
* Spring annotation-based configuration
* Spring MVC controller classes
* Spring Data JPA repositories
* Spring Boot Actuator endpoints

Here are some examples of how SpEL can be used:

XML

```
<bean id="messageSource"class="org.springframework.context.support.ResourceBundleMessageSource"><propertyname="basenames"><value>messages</value></property></bean>

#{messageSource.getMessage('hello', ['world'], 'en_US')}

```

This SpEL expression will get the message `hello` from the `messages.properties` file, with the placeholder `world` replaced with the value `world`. The locale `en_US` is used if the message is not found in the default locale.

Java

```
// Spring MVC controller class
@RestController
public class MyController {

    @GetMapping("/")
    public String hello() {
        // SpEL expression
        String message = "#{messageSource.getMessage('hello', ['world'], 'en_US')}";

        return message;
    }
}

```

This Spring MVC controller class uses the same SpEL expression as the previous example to get the message `hello` from the `messages.properties` file. The message is then returned to the client.

Java

```
// Spring Data JPA repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {

    // SpEL expression
    User findByUsername(@Param("username") #{SpELParser.parseExpression("currentUser.username")});
}

```

This Spring Data JPA repository uses a SpEL expression in the `findByUsername()` method to get the current user's username. The username is then used to find the user in the database.

SpEL is a powerful tool that can be used to simplify and improve your Spring applications. By understanding how to use SpEL, you can write more expressive and concise code.

Here are some additional tips for using SpEL:

* Use SpEL to express complex conditions and evaluate expressions in your applications.
* Use SpEL to access and manipulate Spring beans.
* Use SpEL to simplify your configuration code.
* Use SpEL to improve the readability and maintainability of your code.

Overall, SpEL is a powerful and versatile tool that can be used to improve your Spring applications.

**Sources**

1. https://github.com/www-mkyoung-com/Mkyoung-Spring-Frameworks

2. https://www.springbyexample.org/static/1.03/html/spring-web-flow-subflow-webapp.html
Collections

Collections in Java are data structures that store and organize groups of objects. There are two main types of collections in Java:

* Sequential collections: These collections store their elements in a specific order. Examples of sequential collections include lists, queues, and deques.
* Non-sequential collections: These collections do not store their elements in a specific order. Examples of non-sequential collections include sets and maps.

Collections are an important part of Java programming, as they provide a way to store and organize data in a variety of ways.

Here are some examples of how collections can be used in Java:

* Lists can be used to store a list of students in a class, or a list of items in a shopping cart.
* Queues can be used to implement a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue, such as a queue of customers waiting for service.
* Deques can be used to implement a double-ended queue (deque), which is a queue that can be added to or removed from from either end.
* Sets can be used to store a unique set of elements, such as a set of unique product IDs.
* Maps can be used to store a mapping of keys to values, such as a map of student names to student grades.

Java provides a variety of collection classes, so you can choose the right collection for your specific needs.

Here are some of the most common collection classes in Java:

* List: The List interface represents a collection of objects that are stored in a specific order. Examples of List implementations include ArrayList, LinkedList, and Vector.
* Queue: The Queue interface represents a collection of objects that are stored in a FIFO order. Examples of Queue implementations include ArrayDeque, LinkedBlockingQueue, and PriorityBlockingQueue.
* Deque: The Deque interface represents a collection of objects that are stored in a double-ended queue. Examples of Deque implementations include ArrayDeque, LinkedList, and LinkedBlockingQueue.
* Set: The Set interface represents a collection of unique objects. Examples of Set implementations include HashSet, LinkedHashSet, and TreeSet.
* Map: The Map interface represents a mapping of keys to values. Examples of Map implementations include HashMap, LinkedHashMap, and TreeMap.

Collections are a powerful tool for storing and organizing data in Java. By using collections, you can write more efficient and maintainable code.
Java 19

Java 19 is the latest version of the Java platform, released on September 20, 2022. It includes a number of new features and enhancements, as well as a number of bug fixes.

Here is a comparison of some of the key new features in Java 19 with older versions:

 JEP 421: Foreign Function & Memory API (Incubator)
 JEP 422: Vector API (Third Incubator)
 JEP 423: Text Blocks (Second Preview)
 JEP 424: Deprecate Finalization for Removal (Preview)
 JEP 425: Shenandoah: The New Default Garbage Collector (Preview)

JEP 420: Record Patterns

Record patterns allow you to deconstruct record instances in switch statements and patterns. This can make code more concise and readable.

JEP 421: Foreign Function & Memory API (Incubator)

The Foreign Function & Memory API (FFI) allows you to interoperate with native code and memory. This can be useful for tasks such as accessing high-performance libraries and using specialized hardware.

JEP 422: Vector API (Third Incubator)

The Vector API provides a new and more efficient way to represent and operate on vectors. It is designed to be used for a variety of tasks, such as scientific computing and machine learning.

JEP 423: Text Blocks (Second Preview)

Text blocks provide a new and more concise way to write string literals in Java. They also support indentation and triple quotes, which can make code more readable and maintainable.

JEP 424: Deprecate Finalization for Removal (Preview)

Finalization is a mechanism for cleaning up resources after an object is garbage collected. It is no longer necessary in most cases, and it can be a source of performance and reliability problems.

JEP 425: Shenandoah: The New Default Garbage Collector (Preview)

Shenandoah is a new garbage collector that is designed to be more scalable and efficient than the traditional garbage collectors. It is currently in preview mode, but it is expected to become the default garbage collector in a future release of Java.

In addition to these key new features, Java 19 also includes a number of other smaller enhancements, such as improvements to the compiler, the runtime, and the JavaFX library.

Overall, Java 19 is a significant upgrade over older versions of the Java platform. It includes a number of new features and enhancements that can make code more concise, efficient, readable, and maintainable.
Encryption

There are two main types of encryption: symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption.

Symmetric encryption uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt data. This means that the sender and receiver must both have the same key in order to communicate securely.

Some common symmetric encryption algorithms include:

* Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
* Data Encryption Standard (DES)
* Triple DES (3DES)
* Blowfish
* Twofish

Asymmetric encryption uses two keys to encrypt and decrypt data: a public key and a private key. The public key is used to encrypt data, and the private key is used to decrypt the data.

This means that the sender and receiver do not need to share the same key. The sender can encrypt data with the receiver's public key, and the receiver can decrypt the data with their private key.

Some common asymmetric encryption algorithms include:

* RSA
* Diffie-Hellman
* Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)

Symmetric encryption is typically faster than asymmetric encryption, but it is less secure because both the sender and receiver need to know the same key. Asymmetric encryption is more secure, but it is slower than symmetric encryption.

In practice, symmetric and asymmetric encryption are often used together. For example, symmetric encryption can be used to encrypt the data, and asymmetric encryption can be used to encrypt the symmetric key. This is known as hybrid encryption.

Here are some examples of how encryption is used in the real world:

* HTTPS uses encryption to protect all data transmitted between a web browser and a web server.
* Email encryption can be used to protect email messages from being intercepted or read by unauthorized individuals.
* File encryption can be used to protect files from being accessed by unauthorized individuals.
* Disk encryption can be used to protect the entire contents of a hard drive or other storage device.

Encryption is an important tool for protecting data security. By using encryption, you can protect your data from unauthorized access, even if it is intercepted.
Spring Annotations

Spring annotations are a type of metadata that provides information about a Spring bean. They are used to configure Spring beans, wire them together, and manage their lifecycle. Spring annotations are a powerful tool that can help you to write more concise and expressive code.

Here are some of the most common Spring annotations:

* `@Component`: Marks a class as a Spring bean.
* `@Controller`: Marks a class as a web request handler.
* `@Repository`: Marks a class as a data access object.
* `@Service`: Marks a class as a business service.
* `@Autowired`: Injects dependencies into a Spring bean.
* `@PostConstruct`: Initializes a Spring bean after it has been created.
* `@PreDestroy`: Destroys a Spring bean before it is garbage collected.

Spring annotations can be used in a variety of ways. For example, you can use them to:

* Configure Spring beans without having to write XML configuration files.
* Wire Spring beans together automatically.
* Manage the lifecycle of Spring beans without having to write any boilerplate code.

Spring annotations are a powerful tool that can help you to write more concise and expressive code. If you are developing Spring applications, I encourage you to learn more about Spring annotations and how to use them.

Here is an example of how to use Spring annotations to configure a Spring bean:

Java

```
@Component
public class MyBean {

    private String name;

    public MyBean(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
}

```

This code uses the `@Component` annotation to mark the `MyBean` class as a Spring bean. This means that Spring will automatically create an instance of the `MyBean` class and manage its lifecycle.

You can then inject the `MyBean` bean into other Spring beans using the `@Autowired` annotation. For example:

Java

```
@Component
public class MyController {

    @Autowired
    private MyBean myBean;

    @GetMapping("/")
    public String hello() {
        return "Hello, " + myBean.getName() + "!";
    }
}

```

This code uses the `@Autowired` annotation to inject the `MyBean` bean into the `MyController` class. This means that Spring will automatically inject an instance of the `MyBean` bean into the `MyController` bean.

You can then use the `myBean` field in the `MyController` class to access the `MyBean` bean. For example, the `hello()` method in the `MyController` class returns a greeting message that includes the name of the `MyBean` bean.

Spring annotations are a powerful tool that can help you to write more concise and expressive code. If you are developing Spring applications, I encourage you to learn more about Spring annotations and how to use them.
IoC vs. DI

Inversion of control (IoC) and dependency injection (DI) are two related software design principles. IoC is a broader concept that encompasses DI, as well as other techniques for decoupling components from their dependencies.

IoC is a design principle that states that the control of the flow of a program should be inverted. Instead of objects creating their own dependencies, they should receive them from an external source. This makes objects more loosely coupled and easier to test and maintain.

DI is a specific technique for implementing IoC. It involves injecting dependencies into objects at runtime, typically through the constructor or setter methods. This makes objects even more loosely coupled and easier to test.

Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between IoC and DI:

 Scope
 Implementation

Examples of IoC frameworks include Spring, Guice, and Dagger. Examples of DI frameworks include Spring Boot, Koin, and Micronaut.

In general, DI is the most common way to implement IoC. However, there are other techniques that can be used, such as service locators and configuration files. The best way to implement IoC in your software project will depend on your specific needs.
Java 8

Java 8 was a major release of the Java platform, with a number of new features and enhancements. Here is a comparison of some of the key upgraded features in Java 8 with older versions:

 Streams API
 Functional programming support
 Date and time API
 Concurrency API
 JavaFX

Lambda expressions allow you to write concise and expressive code for common tasks such as filtering, mapping, and reducing collections.

The Streams API provides a powerful and efficient way to process collections of data.

Functional programming support in Java 8 has been improved with new features such as default methods in interfaces and functional interfaces.

The date and time API in Java 8 has been overhauled to provide a more modern and consistent way to work with dates and times.

The concurrency API in Java 8 has been enhanced with new features such as parallel streams and CompletableFuture.

JavaFX has been improved in Java 8 with new features such as CSS variables and scene builder.

In addition to these key features, Java 8 also includes a number of other smaller enhancements, such as the Optional class, the Nashorn JavaScript engine, and the invokedynamic instruction.

Overall, Java 8 is a significant upgrade over older versions of the Java platform, with a number of new features and enhancements that make it easier, more efficient, and more expressive to write Java code.

Here are some examples of how the new features in Java 8 can be used to improve code:

Lambda expressions:

Java

```
<// Java 7:
List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Carol");
List<String> upperCaseNames = new ArrayList<>();
for (String name : names) {
  upperCaseNames.add(name.toUpperCase());
}

// Java 8:
List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Carol");
List<String> upperCaseNames = names.stream()
  .map(String::toUpperCase)
  .collect(Collectors.toList());

```

Streams API:

Java

```
<// Java 7:
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
int sum = 0;
for (int number : numbers) {
  if (number % 2 == 0) {
    sum += number;
  }
}

// Java 8:
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
int sum = numbers.stream()
  .filter(n -> n % 2 == 0)
  .reduce(0, Integer::sum);

```

Functional programming support:

Java

```
<// Java 7:
interface Comparator<T> {
  int compare(T t1, T t2);
}

Comparator<String> comparator = new Comparator<String>() {
  @Overridepublicintcompare(String s1, String s2){
    return s1.length() - s2.length();
  }
};

// Java 8:
Comparator<String> comparator = (s1, s2) -> s1.length() - s2.length();

```

Overall, the new features in Java 8 make it easier, more efficient, and more expressive to write Java code. If you are not already using Java 8, I encourage you to upgrade.