Tin Toy (1988 short film)

## Tin Toy

***Tin Toy*** is a 1988 American computer-animated short film produced by Pixar and directed by John Lasseter. The short film, which runs five minutes, stars Tinny, a tin one-man-band toy, attempting to escape from Billy, a destructive baby. The third short film produced by the company's small animation division, it was a risky investment: due to low revenue produced by Pixar's main product, the eponymous computer to manage animations, the company was under financial constraints.

Lasseter pitched the concept for *Tin Toy* by storyboard to Pixar owner Steve Jobs, who agreed to finance the short despite the company's struggles, which he kept alive with annual investment. The film was officially a test of the PhotoRealistic RenderMansoftware, and proved new challenges to the animation team, namely the difficult task of realistically animating Billy. *Tin Toy* later gained attention from Disney, who sealed an agreement to create *Toy Story*, which was primarily inspired by elements from *Tin Toy*.

The short premiered in a partially completed edit at the SIGGRAPH convention in August 1988 to a standing ovation from scientists and engineers. *Tin Toy* went on to claim Pixar's first Oscar with the 1988 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, becoming the first CGI film to win an Oscar. With the award, *Tin Toy* went far to establish computer animation as a legitimate artistic medium outside SIGGRAPH and the animation-festival film circuit. *Tin Toy* was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" in 2003.[2]

## Plot[edit]

The film takes place in one room and stars the toy of the title, a mechanical one-man band named Tinny, and a baby named Billy. At first, Tinny is delighted at the prospect of being played with by Billy until he sees how destructive the latter can be. Fleeing from Billy, who starts to pursue him, and hiding beneath the couch, Tinny discovers dozens of other toys who are too terrified to come out as they went through the same experience, until Billy, who continues to pursue Tinny and the others, falls flat on the hardwood floor, but bangs his head, then looks up, and starts crying.

Tinny feels ashamed of himself, and decides he has to help poor Billy and the other toys no matter what. His antics succeed in cheering Billy up, to the point where Billy picks him up and shakes him violently before throwing him away. Once the toy has recovered from this ordeal, he is annoyed to see that Billy has forgotten about him and is now playing with the cardboard box and bag that he came out of.

Billy walks off with the bag on his head, wandering around the room with Tinny following while the credits roll. And at the end of the credits, as Billy and Tinny walk out the door of the room, few other toys come out of hiding to run across the floor and follow Tinny and Billy.

## Background[edit]

Pixar, purchased in 1986 by entrepreneur and former Apple Computer head Steve Jobs, received many accolades for films produced by its small animation division, headed by animator John Lasseter. Lasseter's primary role, as defended to Jobs by company founders Edwin Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith, was to produce short films to promote the company's own Pixar Image Computers.[3] The department was never meant to generate any revenue as far as Jobs was concerned, but after the release of two shorts, *Luxo Jr.*(1986) and *Red's Dream* (1987), some of the engineers working on the company's products wondered whether it made sense to keep the animation group going at all.[4] Pixar was losing money every year and Jobs was supporting the cash-strapped company through a line of credit with his personal guarantee.[5]

The engineers felt they were working hard to make money for Pixar while Lasseter's group was only spending it. Their passion was for building computers and software, not entertainment. Eventually, they discerned, to their chagrin, the reason why the company was supporting the division: the real priority of Catmull and Smith was to make films.[4]The engineers were not alone in wondering about the value of Lasseter's short films. On repeated occasions in the late 1980s, Catmull barely dissuaded Jobs from shutting down the animation division due to financial constraints. At this same time, Jobs was clashing with Alvy Ray Smith, which would eventually lead to his resignation from Pixar after a heated argument during a meeting. Things were by no means well at the company and Lasseter and his team of animators knew this, and were afraid to ask for money to finance another short, which they storyboarded as *Tin Toy*.[6]

## Production[edit]

In the spring of 1988, cash was running so short that Jobs convened a meeting to decree deep spending cuts across the board. When it was over, Lasseter and his animation group were almost too afraid to ask Jobs about authorizing some extra money for another short. Finally, they broached the topic and Jobs sat silent, looking skeptical.[6] The short would require close to $300,000 more out of his pocket. After a few minutes, he asked if there were any storyboards.[6] Catmull took him down to the animation offices, and Lasseter started his show. With the storyboards pinned on his wall, Lasseter did the voices and acted out the shots—just as story men had done on the Disney lot for decades—and thereby showed his passion for the project.[5][6] The stakes here were much higher than before, however. Ralph Guggenheim, manager of the animation unit, recalled, "We knew that he wasn't just pitching for the film, he was pitching for the survival of the group."[2][5] Jobs warmed up to the project and agreed to provide the money.[6] "I believed in what John was doing," Jobs later said. "It was art. He cared, and I cared. I always said yes." His only comment at the end of Lasseter’s presentation was, "All I ask of you, John, is to make it great."[7]

That fall, after completion of *Red's Dream*, most members of the company gathered at Stillwater Cove, near Fort Ross, to design a new software that was designed completely for the work of an animator.[8] From the meeting came Menv software ("modeling Environment"), the first program specifically designed to facilitate the workflow of an animator, separating the various phases of the animation (modeling,animation and lighting), later renamed *Puppets*.[8][9] To show the application of the new program, it was approved the production of a short. Inspired by the birth of his daughter Julia, William Reeves proposed the idea to create a human baby.[8] Lasseter had an inspiration for the new opera based on the observation of his nephew, intent to put any toy in the mouth on the way. Lasseter said "In terms of toys the child must have seemed a terrible monster!"[10]

The story was about Lasseter’s love, classic toys, and was inspired by a visit made in 1987 at the Tin Toy Museum in Yokohama, Japan.[11][12] It was told from the perspective of a toy one-man band named Tinny, who meets a baby that charms and terrorizes him. Escaping under the couch, Tinny finds other frightened toys, but when the baby hits his head and cries, Tinny goes back out to cheer him up.[6] *Tin Toy* was inspired much like *Luxo Jr.*, namely, Lasseter's observations of a friend's baby. This time, he opted for a more ambitious task, attempting to mimic a human baby in its appearance, the movement of its arms, and its fickle moods.[5]

The film was officially a test of the PhotoRealistic RenderMan software.[13] This was the only Pixar short rendered on the RM-1, a RenderMan specific computer that was never sold to the public.[14][15] As with *Luxo Jr.* and *Red's Dream*, it was also a chance for Lasseter to one-up his earlier efforts, taking his animation and storytelling to another level.[16] The baby proved difficult to model and animate; "it just became an incredible burden," remembered Flip Phillips, a new member of the team at the time. In early attempts at a model of the baby's head, he appeared to have the face of a middle-aged man.[16] The final version of the baby (known to the team as Billy) had a much-improved face with 40 separate facial muscles,[17] but his skin had the look of plastic. When he moved, moreover, his body lacked the natural give of baby fat and his diaper had the solidity of cement—compromises made necessary by lack of time and the still-developing technology.[16]

## Release[edit]

Lasseter and his technical directors slept under their desks at times to get *Tin Toy* finished before SIGGRAPH in Atlanta in August 1988, but to no avail. What the SIGGRAPH audience saw was the first three-fifths or so of the film, ending a cliffhanger moment with Tinny running into his box and watching in horror through the box's cellophane as Billy advances towards him.[16] "Even though it wasn't complete, people were wowed by it," producer Ralph Guggenheim remembered.[16] The audience of scientists and engineers to which it was shown at SIGGRAPH greeted it with a standing ovation.[2] These praises were joined over the years, positive assessments of public and critics, who praised the innovation and technology in it. Luke Bonanno called it "One of the best Pixar short films,"[18] while other critics wrote that the film was "A fascinating glimpse of a fledgling art form."[19] and many praised the ability to move in just a few minutes and have been able to "encompass the full range of emotions you feel when a toy is used by a child."[20] Some criticisms were leveled at the character of Billy, who was called "the most frightening and disturbing piece of animation in the history of this art form."[19] Dario Floreano stated that the uncanny valley concept was taken seriously by the film industry because of negative audience reactions to Billy.[21]

*Tin Toy* went on to take the Academy Award for Best Animated Short in 1989 at the 61st Academy Awards and was the first computer generated animated short film to receive an Oscar. With the award, *Tin Toy* went far to establish computer animation as a legitimate artistic medium outside SIGGRAPH and the animation-festival film circuit.[22] A member of the Academy's board of governors, animator William Littlejohn, saw in *Tin Toy* a window into the potential of the young medium. "There is a realism that's rather astonishing," he told *The New York Times*. "It emulates photography, but with artistic staging."[22] Robert Winquist, head of the character animation program at CalArts, went farther, predicting that computer animation was "going to take over in a short time." He publicly advised animators, "Put down your pencil and your paintbrush and do it another way."[22]

The short was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" in 2003.[2]

### Other awards[edit]

1989 - Seattle International Film Festival - Best Short Film
1989 - World Animation Celebration - Best Computer-Assisted Animation
2003 - National Film Registry

## Merchandising[edit]

Apart from the home video editions of the short film, *Tin Toy* was not the subject of any type of merchandise, like all the other short films produced by the company. The only exception is the reproduction of vinyl Tinny, produced by MINDStyle in 2010.[23] Pixar, in fact, sold the license to the manufacturer of *Tin Toy* MINDStyle objects, which created a marquette of the vinyl character Tinny inside of the line Art Toy Collectible limited Edition of 500 pieces, the price of ninety dollars. The box, which is a faithful reproduction of the packaging of the toy view in short, in addition to containing the model of Tinny, presents a certificate of authenticity printed on a card showing the storyboard in pencil of a scene from the short.[24]

## Sequel[edit]

In the early 1990s, Pixar began to make arrangements with Disney to produce the first computer-animated film. The project went through, but considering the abrupt transition from shorts to feature a few minutes to an hour and a half, Pixar set out to create a special half-hour to see if they could manage a production that was similar to that of an actual film. Driven by the victory at the Oscars that year, a sequel to *Tin Toy* called "A Tin Toy Christmas," was originally planned as a half-hour-long television special to be used to convince film studios that Pixar was capable of producing a feature film.[25] This idea was brought to the table at the initial talks with Disney for *Toy Story*. The basic idea was that Tinny was part of a set of toy players who are not successful and remain unsold for years. Separated from other components, Tinny ends up by mistake in a toy shop of our age where he meets several characters, including a soft pink bear named Lotso.[25][26]

The project was abandoned because the television network that would have produced it could not afford the fees required (according to director Pete Docter, the special would have required a sum of eighteen times higher than the allowed budget).[25] Disney was uninterested in the concept and urged Pixar to produce a feature immediately, which became a critical and commercial success.[27] The character of Lotso, however, was adapted for the third installment of the *Toy Story* series.[25]