Shiitake

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The **shiitake** (Template:IPAc-en; Template:IPA-ja ***Lentinula edodes***) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is considered a medicinal mushroom in some forms of traditional medicine.

## Taxonomy and naming

The fungus was first described scientifically as *Agaricus edodes* by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877. It was placed in the genus *Lentinula* by David Pegler in 1976. The fungus has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history:

* *Agaricus edodes* Berk. (1878)
* *Armillaria edodes* (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)
* *Mastoleucomyces edodes* (Berk.) Kuntze (1891)
* *Cortinellus edodes* (Berk.) S.Ito & S.Imai (1938)
* *Lentinus edodes* (Berk.) Singer (1941)
* *Collybia shiitake* J.Schröt. (1886)
* *Lepiota shiitake* (J.Schröt.) Nobuj. Tanaka (1889)
* *Cortinellus shiitake* (J.Schröt.) Henn. (1899)
* *Tricholoma shiitake* (J.Schröt.) Lloyd (1918)
* *Lentinus shiitake* (J.Schröt.) Singer (1936)
* *Lentinus tonkinensis* Pat. (1890)
* *Lentinus mellianus* Lohwag (1918)

The mushroom's Japanese name Template:Nihongo is composed of Template:Nihongo, for the tree *Castanopsis cuspidata* that provides the dead logs on which it is typically cultivated, and Template:Nihongo. The specific epithet *Template:Lang* is the Latin word for "edible".

It is also commonly called "sawtooth oak mushroom", "black forest mushroom", "black mushroom", "golden oak mushroom", or "oakwood mushroom".

## Habitat and distribution

Shiitake grow in groups on the decaying wood of deciduous trees, particularly shii, chestnut, oak, maple, beech, sweetgum, poplar, hornbeam, ironwood, mulberry, and chinquapin (*Castanopsis* spp.). Its natural distribution includes warm and moist climates in southeast Asia.

## Cultivation history

The earliest written record of shiitake cultivation is seen in the *Records of Longquan County* (Template:Lang) compiled by He Zhan (Template:Lang) in 1209 during the Southern Song dynasty.Template:Citation needed The 185-word description of shiitake cultivation from that literature was later crossed-referenced many times and eventually adapted in a book by a Japanese horticulturist Template:Nihongo in 1796, the first book on shiitake cultivation in Japan.

The Japanese cultivated the mushroom by cutting shii trees with axes and placing the logs by trees that were already growing shiitake or contained shiitake spores. Before 1982, the Japan Islands' variety of these mushrooms could only be grown in traditional locations using ancient methods.Template:Citation needed A 1982 report on the budding and growth of the Japanese variety revealed opportunities for commercial cultivation in the United States.

Shiitake are now widely cultivated all over the world, and contribute about 25% of total yearly production of mushrooms. Commercially, shiitake mushrooms are typically grown in conditions similar to their natural environment on either artificial substrate or hardwood logs, such as oak.

## Culinary

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### Nutrition

In a 100 gram amount, raw shiitake mushrooms provide 34 calories and are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, 2% protein and less than 1% fat (table for raw mushrooms). Raw shiitake mushrooms are rich sources (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of B vitamins and contain moderate levels of some dietary minerals (table). When dried to about 10% water, the contents of numerous nutrients increase substantially.

Like all mushrooms, shiitakes produce vitamin D2 upon exposure of their internal ergosterol to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight or broadband UVB fluorescent tubes.

### Uses

Fresh and dried shiitake have many uses in the cuisines of East Asia. In Japan, they are served in miso soup, used as the basis for a kind of vegetarian *dashi*, and as an ingredient in many steamed and simmered dishes. In Chinese cuisine, they are often sautéed in vegetarian dishes such as Buddha's delight.

One type of high-grade shiitake is called Template:Nihongo in Japanese and *Template:Lang* in Chinese, literally "winter mushroom". Another high-grade of mushroom is called *Template:Lang* (Template:Lang) in Chinese, literally "flower mushroom", which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface. Both of these are produced at lower temperatures.

## Research

### Health effects

Basic research is ongoing to assess whether consumption of shiitake mushrooms affects disease properties, although no effect has been proven with sufficient human research to date.

#### Shiitake dermatitis

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Rarely, consumption of raw or slightly cooked shiitake mushrooms may cause an allergic reaction called "shiitake dermatitis", including an erythematous, micro-papular, streaky pruriginous rash that occurs all over the body including face and scalp, appearing about 24 hours after consumption, possibly worsening by sun exposure and disappearing after 3 to 21 days. This effect – presumably caused by the polysaccharide, lentinan – is more common in Asia but may be growing in occurrence in Europe as shiitake consumption increases. Thorough cooking may eliminate the allergenicity.

### Other uses

There is research investigating the use of shiitake mushrooms in production of organic fertilizer and compost from hardwood.

## Gallery

Wild Shiitake-Mushroom Japan.JPGShiitake growing wild in HokkaidoPyogobokkeum.jpgKorean *pyogo-bokkeum* (stir-fried shiitake mushroom)Shiitake Meshi Ekiben.JPGJapanese ekiben Template:NihongoLentinan.svgLentinan, a beta-glucan isolated from the shiitake mushroom

## References

1. ↑ Template:Citation
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3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1877`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1976`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Lentinula edodes`
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7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Halpern 2007`
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9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Miles 2004`
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11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vane 2003b`
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vane 2003a`
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15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Chang 2013`
16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nakano1999`
17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Oba2009`
18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bisen2010`
19. ↑ Shiitake mushroom. WebMD (2015). Retrieved on March 5, 2015.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boels 2014`
21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Herault2010`
22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Welbaum 2015`

## Further reading

Books
* Shen, J. et al. "An Evidence-based Perspective of Lentinus Edodes (Shiitake Mushroom) for Cancer Patients" (pp. 303–317), in: *Evidence-based Anticancer Materia Medica* (editor: William C. S. Cho). 2011. Springer. Template:ISBN
* Tsuji, Shizuo (1980). *Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art*. New York: Kodansha International/USA.

Journal articles
* Template:Cite journal

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum
* Dried shiitake (*Lentinula edodes*) and oyster (*Pleurotus ostreatus*) mushrooms as good sources of nutrients

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