Transatlantic War

A painting of one of the naval battles in the Transatlantic War

Belligerents| **England*** English Colombia (English colony)
* Cuba (English colony)
* Thirteen Colonies (English colony)
* Sweden
	+ Novgorod (Swedish vassal)
	+ Norway (Swedish vassal)
* Oldenburg (1589 - 1591)
* Savoy (1589 - 1591)
	+ French Canada (French colony)
* Liege
* Spain (1593 - )
	+ New Spain (1593 - )
	+ Spanish Louisiana (1593 - )
	+ Castilian Brazil (1593 - )

Commanders and leaders| Leaders:**Edward IV** of England* Charles II of Sweden (also commander)
* Johann XIV of Oldenburg
* Ludovico I of Savoy

Commanders:* Charles James Leicester of England
* Samuel Button of England
	+ Ernest Albemarle of English Colombia
	+ David Warwick of Cuba
* Patrik Lewenhaupt of Sweden

Admirals:* Anthony Gilbert of England
* Henry Cumberland of England
* Thomas Uxbridge of England
* Patrik Gadh of Sweden
* Robert IV of Liege
* Fernando of Spain

Commanders:* Philippe de Neufchatel of France
* Georges de Bethune of France
* Marc de la Mothe of France
* Jules de Saint-Omer of France
* Stefanus Cloet of Liege

Admirals:* Henri de Chambronne of France

Strength| **England: 91,000 men, 143 ships*** English Colombia: 9,000 men, 12 ships
* Cuba: 14,000 men, 20 ships
* Thirteen Colonies: 3,000 men
* Sweden: 42,000 men, 34 ships
	+ Novgorod: 2,000 men, 5 ships
	+ Norway: 2 ships
	+ Livonia: 1,000 men, 1 ship
* Oldenburg: 7,000 men, 4 ships
* Savoy: 13,000 men, 14 ships
	+ French Canada: 6,000 men, 2 ships
* Liege: 2,000 men
* Spain: 91,000 men, 152 ships
	+ New Spain: 8,000 men, 8 ships
	+ Spanish Louisiana: 7,000 men, 2 ships
	+ Castilian Brazil: 18,000 men, 18 ships

Casualties and losses| **Total: 75,360 men, 34 ships*** England: 47,028 men, 23 ships
	+ English Colombia: 1,644 men
	+ Cuba:
	+ Thirteen Colonies: 5,341 men
* Sweden: 17,819 men
* Oldenburg: 994 men
* Savoy: 2,534 men, 7 ships
* France: 59,552 men, 39 ships
	+ French Canada: 5,710 men
* Liege: 2,777 men
* Spain: 17 ships
The **Transatlantic War** was a war nominally between England and Scotland, but also involved Sweden, Oldenburg, and Savoy on England's side and France and Liege on Scotland's side. Later on, Spain intervened in favor of France. The war spanned the entire Atlantic Ocean, hence the name, and involved 4 of the world's 8 great powers. The war ended with only minor gains for England.

## Background

England has always wanted to dominate Scotland, and were able to take the lowlands before. However, if they were to try to claim the highlands, France would get involved. Fortunately, they were weaker than England *and* England wanted to rid them of their colonial possessions. Sweden also had colonial ambitions in France.

On 13 February 1588, two days after the war started, the Cousins' Agreement was signed which split French Canada between the two nations, England having the mainland and Sweden getting Newfoundland.

## The War

England declared war on Scotland on 11 February 1589, and two days later the allies joined.

### European Campaigns

#### Leicester Campaign (1589 - 1590)

The Leicester Campaign, sometimes called the British Campaign, was the English conquest of Scotland itself. While it was the main goal of the war, an occupation of Scotland alone would not be enough to end the war, as England also had to contend with France.

English troops led by Charles James Leicester immediately invaded the Scottish border town of Perth. The English navy were attacked by French ships in Quiberon Bay in 1589, and despite both having superior naval technology and twice the number of ships, two-thirds of the English fleet were destroyed. This remains one of the greatest English naval defeats. Meanwhile, the Swedish the navy was sent to blockade Scotland; there was a minor naval engagement which led to one Scottish ship sinking at the hands of the Swedes. The Scottish capital Aberdeen (Edinburgh was taken in a previous war) fell on Valentine's Day 1590.

English and Oldenburgian troops continued the occupation of the highland and Orkney. Shetland, for some reason, was ignored. The campaign practically ended with the occupation of the entirety of Scotland, save for Shetland.

#### De Bethune Campaign (1589 - )

French forces led by Georges de Bethune attacked England's continental possessions in Caen, which fell on 19 January 1590. All of Normandy and about half of English Aquitaine were occupied by France after Caen fell, though an attack of the English fortress of Navarra was called off due to the priority of the Neufchatel Campaign. De Bethune once more led his forces to attack English Aquitaine in 1591, and took over the fortress at Navarra on 3 January 1592, effectively ending his campaign.

The Swedish navy continued the blockade, however; this time in western France. In 1593, English troops led by Samuel Button (who previously served in the Leicester Campaign) began retaking Caen.

#### Neufchatel Campaign (1590 - )

French forces led by Philippe de Neufchatel, along with Liegian troops, attempted to take over the city of Oldenburg. The Swedish army, after getting conditional military access from most Holy Roman Empire states, retaliated by besieging Liege; however, they were attacked by the French army and retreated to Savoy. French troops nearly attacked them at Wallis, which would have been devastating due to their military superiority, but the Swedish successfully retreated to Switzerland.

With the Swedish out of the equation, French forces proceeded to besiege the Savoyard fortresses at Savoie and Wallis. The former fell on 13 December and the latter on 17 January 1591. Cuneo was besieged twice, the first time being called off for unknown reasons. Savoy left the war (see below) before the second siege of Cuneo could end, ending the invasion of Savoy. Liegian troops, led by Stefanus Cloet, also attacked Oldenburg once more. The fortress fell on 22 June 1591, and two months after that they left the war.

Neufchatel was not done, however; his forces invaded Swedish Pomerania in March 1592. The fortress at Kolberg fell on 4 March 1593. After this, he and his subordinate Jules de Saint-Omer invaded Norwegian Jutland

Cloet's troops attacked Livonia but were driven out by Swedish forces, now led by Patrik Lewenhaupt.

#### Spanish Campaign (1593 - )

On 21 February 1593, Fernando Orellana of Spain announced that they would intervene in the Transatlantic War. Their armada attacked the English fleet multiple times, but failed to defeat them.

### American Campaigns

#### North American Campaign (1589 - )

French troops occupied the English colony of Castine and burnt it down some time in 1589. Two years later, in 1591, the Thirteen Colonies took over the French Canadian capital Miscou on 16 August 1591.

#### South American Campaign (1593 - )

At an unknown date, French troops led by Marc de la Mothe reached South America, but did not attack English Colombia.

## End

### Separate Peaces

* On 8 July 1591, the Treaty of Poitiers led to Savoy leaving the war early. They had to pay money and reparations to Scotland, but nothing more.
* On 13 August 1591, the Treaty of Saint-Malo led to Oldenburg also leaving the war early. They also had to pay money and reparations only.

### Main Peace

On 1 July 1593, as the war was dragging on too long and was inconclusive, both sides agreed to sign a peace. The Treaty of London was signed that day, which ceded Perth and Inverness to England, as well as have Scotland pay money to England. The peace was lackluster considering the scale of the war, but both sides did not want to risk major losses for their countries.