Clash of the Titans

***Clash of the Titans*** is a 1981 British-American heroic fantasy monster adventure film directed by Desmond Davis and written by Beverley Cross which is loosely based on the Greek myth of Perseus. It stars Harry Hamlin, Judi Bowker, Burgess Meredith, Maggie Smith and Laurence Olivier. The film features the final work of stop motion visual effects artist Ray Harryhausen. It was released on June 12, 1981 and grossed $41 million at the North American box office, which made it the 11th-highest-grossing film of the year. A novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster was published in 1981.

Warner Bros. released a 3D remake on April 2, 2010.

## Plot

King Acrisius of Argos imprisons his daughter Danaë, jealous of her beauty. When the god Zeus impregnates her, Acrisius banishes his daughter and his newborn grandson Perseus to sea in a wooden chest. In retribution, Zeus kills Acrisius and orders Poseidon to release the last of the Titans, a gigantic sea monster called the Kraken, to destroy Argos. Danaë and Perseus safely float to the island of Seriphos, where Perseus grows to adulthood.

Calibos, the spoiled and rebellious son of the sea goddess Thetis, is betrothed to Princess Andromeda, daughter of Queen Cassiopeia of Joppa; but for committing several atrocities against Zeus, including destroying Zeus's sacred flying horses (excepting only Pegasus), Zeus transforms Calibos into a deformed monstrous satyr-like creature. In revenge, Thetis transports an adult Perseus from Seriphos to an abandoned amphitheater in Joppa, where he befriends a soldier, Thallo, and an elderly poet named Ammon and learns that Andromeda is under a curse and cannot marry unless her suitor, upon the threat of execution if he fails, successfully answers a riddle concocted by Calibos. Zeus sends Perseus a god-crafted helmet from Athena which makes its wearer invisible, a magical sword from Aphrodite, and a shield from Hera. Perseus, wearing the helmet, captures Pegasus and follows Calibos's giant vulture carrying off Andromeda's spirit during her sleep to learn the next riddle. Perseus is discovered and nearly killed by Calibos, but manages to sever one of Calibos's hands, losing his helmet in the process.

The next morning, Perseus presents himself as the next husband to be and correctly answers the riddle, winning Andromeda's hand in marriage. Finding that Thetis cannot act against Perseus, Calibos instead demands that she takes vengeance on Joppa. At the wedding in Thetis's temple, Queen Cassiopeia accidentally declares Andromeda's beauty greater to that of Thetis herself, whereupon an earthquake shakes the temple, causing the head of the statue of Thetis to break off and crash to the floor. Thetis, using the statue's head to speak through, demands Andromeda be sacrificed to the Kraken on pain of Joppa's destruction. Perseus seeks a way to defeat the Kraken, but Pegasus is captured by Calibos and his men. Zeus commands Athena to give Perseus her owl Bubo, but she orders Hephaestus to build a golden replica of Bubo instead, who leads Perseus, Andromeda, Ammon, Thallo and some soldiers to the Stygian Witches. By taking their magic eye, Perseus forces them to reveal that the only way to defeat the Kraken is by using the head of the gorgon Medusa whose gaze can turn any living thing into stone, who lives on an island in the River Styx at the edge of the Underworld. The next day, the group continues on their journey without Andromeda and Ammon, who return to Joppa.

On the Gorgon's island, most of Perseus's men are killed. Perseus fights and kills Medusa's guardian, a two-headed dog named Dioskilos. Perseus then enters the Gorgon's lair, where he uses the reflective underside of his shield to deceive Medusa, decapitate her, and collect her head; but the shield is dissolved by her caustic blood. As Perseus and his party set to return, Calibos enters their camp and punctures the cloak carrying Medusa's head, causing her blood to spill and produce three giant scorpions. Calibos and the scorpions attack and kill Perseus's remaining escorts, including Thallo, whose death Perseus mourns. Perseus overcomes the scorpions and thereafter kills Calibos.

Weakened by his struggle, Perseus sends Bubo to rescue Pegasus from Calibos's henchmen and reaches the amphitheater in Joppa, where he collapses from exhaustion. Andromeda is shackled to the sea cliffs outside Joppa, and the Kraken itself is summoned. Bubo diverts the Kraken's attention until Perseus, whose strength was secretly restored by Zeus, appears on Pegasus. In the subsequent battle, Perseus petrifies the Kraken with Medusa's head, causing it to crumble to pieces. He then tosses the head into the sea, frees Andromeda, and marries her.

The gods predict that Perseus and Andromeda will live happily, rule wisely, and produce children, and Zeus forbids the other gods to pursue vengeance against them. The constellations of Perseus, Andromeda, Pegasus and Cassiopeia are created in their honor.

## Cast

* Harry Hamlin as Perseus
* Judi Bowker as Andromeda
* Burgess Meredith as Ammon
* Maggie Smith as Thetis
* Siân Phillips as Cassiopeia
* Claire Bloom as Hera
* Ursula Andress as Aphrodite
* Laurence Olivier as Zeus
* Pat Roach as Hephaestus
* Susan Fleetwood as Athena
* Tim Pigott-Smith as Thallo
* Jack Gwillim as Poseidon
* Neil McCarthy as Calibos
* Vida Taylor as Danaë
* Donald Houston as Acrisius
* Flora Robson, Anna Manahan and Freda Jackson as the Stygian Witches

## Production

The film was the idea of writer Beverley Cross. In 1978, Andor Films submitted a copy of the script to the British Board of Film Classification, seeking advice on how to secure either a "U" or an "A" certificate. The draft script included scenes which the BBFC considered would not be acceptable under those certificates, including the Kraken tearing Pegasus to pieces and Andromeda appearing naked during the climax of the film. Changes to the script and, on submission, some cuts to Perseus's final battle with Calibos were made and the film secured the "A" certificate: "Those aged 5 and older admitted, but not recommended for children under 14 years of age".

Ray Harryhausen used stop-motion animation to create the various creatures in the film, including Calibos, his vulture, Pegasus, Bubo the mechanical owl, Dioskilos, Medusa, the scorpions and the Kraken. Harryhausen was also co-producer of the film, and retired from film-making shortly after it was released. Despite Bubo's similarities to the droid R2-D2 of the 1977 film *Star Wars*, Harryhausen claimed Bubo was created before *Star Wars* was released. The BBFC, reviewing the film for certification in 1981, said Harryhausen's effects were well done and would give entertainment to audiences of all ages, but might appear a little "old hat" to those familiar with *Star Wars* and *Superman*.

Columbia Pictures was initially set to distribute the film having made most of Harryhausen and producer Charles H. Schneer's films, but after a change of guard at the studio, they dropped the project during pre-production, saying it was too expensive. Schneer took it to Orion Pictures who insisted on Arnold Schwarzenegger playing the lead but the producer refused as the role involved too much dialogue. He then tried Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer who agreed to finance. "They loved the material, they loved the picture, and they were wonderful to us," said Schneer. "As I put the film together and the castings came up, they approved the additional castings and added that expense to the budget."

Schneer deliberately sought better known actors to play the Gods in order to improve the film's chances at the box office. "If we had played this picture with no recognised actors it might be assumed to be what it isn't. It might suffer the fate of an Italian Western." The scenes involving the Gods only took eight days. Claire Bloom said she only agreed to make it "because I was told Olivier was doing it and it only lasts a week."

MGM overruled Schneer's choice of John Gielgud to portray the playwright Ammon, and asked for Burgess Meredith to be cast instead. "I saw the sense in that," said Schneer. "They preferred an American actor. They didn't want the public to think it was totally an English picture."

Schneer picked Desmond Davis to direct in part because Davis had made several BBC Shakespeare films and he wanted someone with experience dealing with Shakespearean actors.

Stars Harry Hamlin and Ursula Andress were romantically involved at the time of production. Their son, Dimitri, was born in 1980 after filming was completed, and their relationship ended in 1983.

Jack Gwillim, who appeared as Poseidon, had earlier played the role of King Aeëtes in the original *Jason and the Argonauts* in 1963.

The film's screenwriter, Beverley Cross, was married to Maggie Smith, who played Thetis, until his death in 1998. Cross worked with producer Charles H. Schneer before, writing the screenplay for Schneer's production of *Jason and the Argonauts*.

## Reception

### Box office

*Clash of the Titans* was released on June 12, 1981 and grossed $6,565,347 from 1,127 theatres in its opening weekend, second behind *Raiders of the Lost Ark* at the U.S. box office, which was released on the same date. By the time it finished its theatrical run, it had grossed $41 million in North America. The film had a worldwide gross of over $70 million and was one of 1981's biggest hits.

### Critical

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 43 reviews, and an average rating of 5.98/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A goofy, old-school sword-and-sandal epic, *Clash of the Titans* mines Greek mythology for its story and fleshes it out with Ray Harryhausen's charmingly archaic stop-motion animation techniques."

Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* gave the film three and a half out of four stars and called it "a grand and glorious romantic adventure, filled with brave heroes, beautiful heroines, fearsome monsters, and awe-inspiring duels to the death. It is a lot of fun." Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune* also gave the film three and a half stars out of four and called it "a special effects spectacular that succeeds brilliantly as an old-fashioned adventure film based on the legends of Greek mythology." *Variety* called it "an unbearable bore of a film that will probably put to sleep the few adults stuck taking the kids to it. This mythical tale of Perseus, son of Zeus, and his quest for the 'fair' Andromeda, is mired in a slew of corny dialog and an endless array of flat, outdated special effects that are both a throwback to a bad 1950's picture." Vincent Canby of *The New York Times* wrote, "Though not very witty, the adventures are many and involve a lot of Mr. Harryhausen's specialities," though he thought the monsters were "less convincing than interesting." Kevin Thomas of the *Los Angeles Times* stated that the film "has charm, it has imagination, but it is also too often stodgy. It is an instance of the whole not being nearly as good as its parts. However, Harryhausen's contributions do delight, and this may be more than enough for his ardent admirers and most youngsters." Gary Arnold of *The Washington Post* wrote that Hamlin was "always a magnetic presence" but the film's appeal was "quaint and stilted." Geoff Brown of *The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote that the film "unfortunately fails to shake much dust off the genre ... Despite the producers' protracted labors, there's a real possibility that some audiences will be turned to stone before Medusa shows up." *Time* stated "The real titan is Ray Harryhausen."

Christopher John reviewed *Clash of the Titans* in *Ares Magazine* #9 and commented that "*Clash of the Titans* is still one of Harryhausen's best works. It has a decent script, a fine cast, and a lot of good effects. The problem lies in the little things. If, in truth, it was to be a clash of the titans, then that is who should have been featured; it should have been either the gods' or Perseus' story, not both. The film falls between two schools... and even Harryhausen can't save it no matter how excellent his magic."

In a book published in 2000, Stephen R. Wilk suggested that "most people today who are aware of the story of Perseus and Medusa owe their knowledge to" the film.

## Locations

The karst area in El Torcal de Antequera, Spain appears in the visit to the Stygian witches.The Azure Window in Gozo, Malta, appears in the battle against the Kraken.
Other locations include:

* Cornwall, United Kingdom.
* The Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage, at Pinewood Studios, United Kingdom.
* Paestum, Italy

## Legacy

The four-issue comic book miniseries *Wrath of the Titans* (2007), released by TidalWave Productions as part of their Ray Harryhausen Signature Series, picked up the story five years after the events of the film.

The 3D remake *Clash of the Titans* (2010) and its sequel *Wrath of the Titans* (2012) were released by the property's current rights holder Warner Bros. The Kraken would appear in *The Lego Batman Movie* as one of the villains rallied by The Joker to destroy Gotham City.

## See also

* List of stop motion films
* List of historical drama films
* Greek mythology in popular culture

## References

1. ↑ *Clash of the Titans* (A) (CUT). British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved on May 29, 2017.
2. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (September 9, 1981). HOLLYWOOD IS JOYOUS OVER ITS RECORD GROSSING SUMMER. The New York Times. Retrieved on October 10, 2017.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 ILLUSIONS, FANTASIES AND RAY HARRYHAUSEN
Mills, Bart. Los Angeles Times, September 16, 1979: n30.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Clash of the Titans. AFI Catalog.
5. ↑ Clash of the Titans (1981). Box Office Mojo.
6. ↑ Yearly Box Office Results. Box Office Mojo.
7. ↑ *Clash of the Titans* Official site: Film poster. Clash-of-the-Titans.WarnerBros.com (February 2010). Retrieved on February 19, 2010.
8. ↑ 3-Deathly Hallows: *Titans* and *Potter* go to third dimension. Heat Vision Blog (January 27, 2010). Retrieved on January 31, 2010.
9. ↑ RAY HARRYHAUSEN TALKS ABOUT HIS CINEMATIC MAGIC Tasker, Ann. American Cinematographer; Hollywood Vol. 62, Iss. 6, (Jun 1981): 556–558, 600–615.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 From the Archive: We Look Back at *Clash of the Titans*. BBFC (March 13, 2012).
11. ↑ Harryhausen, Ray. Ray Harryhausen: An Animated Life. Billboard Books.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Swires, Steve (March 1990). Merchant of the Magicks Part Three. Starlog.
13. ↑ Clash of the Titans. Box Office Mojo.
14. ↑ Clash of the Titans (1981). Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved on March 14, 2020.
15. ↑ Ebert, Roger (June 12, 1981). Clash of the Titans. RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved on December 5, 2018.
16. ↑ Siskel, Gene (June 15, 1981). "Special-effects spectacular 'Clash of the Titans' is moviemaking at its fanciful best". *Chicago Tribune*. Section 3, p. 7.
17. ↑ "Film Reviews: Clash of the Titans". *Variety*. June 10, 1981. 18.
18. ↑ Canby, Vincent (June 12, 1981). "Film: 'Clash of Titans' With Olivier as Zeus". *The New York Times*. C6.
19. ↑ Thomas, Kevin (June 12, 1981). "Special Effects Sparkle in 'Clash of the Titans'". *Los Angeles Times*. Part VI, p. 1.
20. ↑ Arnold, Gary (June 15, 1981). "Olympian Trials & Treachery". *The Washington Post*. D3.
21. ↑ Wilk, Stephen. Medusa: Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon.
22. ↑ Ray Harryhausen Presents: 20 Million Miles More #1 (Preview). CBR.com (September 1, 2013). Retrieved on September 24, 2017.
23. ↑ *Clash of the Titans* Commences Production for Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary Pictures. Business Wire (April 25, 2009). Retrieved on December 31, 2009.
24. ↑ Medusa's Head Hiding Within Perseus' Sack? Three Blind Witches!. Bloody-disgusting.com (October 2, 2009). Retrieved on December 31, 2009.
25. ↑ New *Clash of the Titans* Remake Stills. Dreadcentral.com (October 2, 2009). Retrieved on December 31, 2009.

## External links

* Clash of the Titans at Wikipedia

* *Clash of the Titans* at the Internet Movie Database
* *Clash of the Titans* at the TCM Movie Database