recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Bonan phonology

Bonan phonology has been heavily influenced by Tibetan. Consonants possess a [±aspirated] contrast. Initial consonant clusters of mostly falling sonority are present in native words, as are heavy diphthongs, though the content of both is heavily restricted. The possible word-initial consonant clusters in Bonan are [mp, nt, nt͡ɕ, ntʂ, ŋk, tʰχ, χt͡ɕ, rt͡ɕ, lt͡ɕ, ft, fk, ʂp, ʂk].

Ñantoq Baoan has six vowels /a, e, ə, i, ɵ, u/, with long counterparts for all except /ə/.
Badaga phonology

Badaga has five vowels qualities, /i e a o u ɪ ɛ ɐ ɔ ʊ æ ɨ ɑ~ɒ/, each of which may be long or short and until the 1930s were contrastively half and fully retroflexed, for a total of 30 vowel phonemes. Current speakers only distinguish retroflection for a few vowels.

Note on transcription: rhoticity ⟨◌˞⟩ indicates half-retroflexion; doubled ⟨◌˞˞⟩ it indicates full retroflexion.

## References

1. ↑ Emenau (1931) reports no tokens of /i˞˞/, but suggests this is an accidental gap.
Bilua phonology

The consonant and vowels sounds of Bilua.

## Consonants

The voiced stops and affricate sounds /b d ɡ dʒ/ can occur as prenasalized allophones, when occurring intervocalically [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ ⁿdʒ]. Other consonant allophones include [w tʃ] for /β dʒ/.

## Vowels

Four vowel sounds /i u e o/ have allophones but only in diphthongs as [ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ].
Blackfoot orthography

## Latin-based orthography

The Siksiká, Kainai, and Aapátohsipikani reserves adopted a standardized roman-based orthography in 1975. The Blackfoot alphabet consists of 13 letters: a, h, i, k, m, n, o, p, s, t, w, y, and a glottal stop (').

Two diagraphs are also used: ts ⟨ts⟩ and ks ⟨ks⟩.

 oi | ⟨oj⟩

Vowels can be marked with an acute accent or underlined to illustrate pitch accent. Vowels and consonants that are long are written with a double letter (aa = ⟨aː⟩).

## Syllabic Writing System

A syllabics script, ᑯᖾᖹ ᖿᐟᖻ ᓱᖽᐧᖿ *pikoni kayna siksika,* was created by Anglican missionary John William Tims around 1888, for his Bible translation work. Although conceptually nearly identical to Western Cree syllabics, the letter forms are innovative. Two series *(s, y)* were taken from Cree but given different vowel values; three more *(p, t, m)* were changed in consonant values as well, according to the Latin letter they resembled; and the others *(k, n, w)* were created from asymmetrical parts of Latin and Greek letters; or in the case of the zero consonant, possibly from the musical notation for quarter note. The Latin orientation of the letters is used for the *e* series, after the names of the Latin letters, *pe, te,* etc.

The direction for each vowel is different from Cree, reflecting Latin alphabetic order. The *e* orientation is used for the diphthong /ai/. Symbols for consonants are taken from the consonant symbol minus the stem, except for diphthongs (*Ca* plus ⟨ᐠ⟩ for *Cau*, and *Ca* plus ⟨ᐟ⟩ for *Coi*, though there are also cases of writing subphonemic [ai, ei, eu] with these finals).

There are additional finals: allophones ⟨ᑊ⟩ [h] and ⟨ᐦ⟩ [x], and three medials: ⟨ᖿᐧ⟩ *ksa*, ⟨ᒣᐧ⟩ *tsa*, ⟨ᖿᑉ⟩ *kya*, ⟨ᖿᙿ⟩ *kwa*.

⟨᙮⟩ is used for a period.

Also sometimes it is written in Latin letters but with different spelling on computers because not all computers support the letters used in the Blackfoot language.

## Literature

John Tims was an Anglican clergyman with the Church Missionary Society. He was at Blackfoot reserve from 1883 to 1895. Tims translated parts of the Bible into Blackfoot. Selections from Matthew were published by the Church Missionary Society Mission Press in 1887. The Gospel of Matthew was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1890, and other portions of Scripture were published as Readings from the Holy Scriptures by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1890. He used both Roman script and a Canadian Aboriginal syllabics script. The Gospel of Mark was translated by Donald G. Frantz and Patricia Frantz, and published by Scriptures Unlimited, a joint venture of the New York Bible Society (later called Biblica) and the World Home Bible League (later called the Bible League) in 1972. The Gospel of John was Translated by Wycliffe Bible Translators and Blackfoot people and published by the Canadian Bible Society in 1979.
Barawana phonology

## Vowels

Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:

 Mid | e ẽ e̥

* Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
* /a/ is heard as a back sound [ɑ] when after /w/.

## Consonants

* Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal [t̪, ɲ] before and after /i/.
* /d/ is realized as an affricate [d͡ʒ] before front vowels.
* /ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized [ɫ] in free variation.
Bangime phonology

## Vowels

Bangime has 28 vowels. The chart below lists 7 short oral vowels, each of which can be long, nasalized, or both. All these vowel types can occur phonetically, but short nasalized vowels are sometimes allophones of oral vowels. This occurs when they are adjacent to nasalized semivowels (/wⁿ/ [w̃] and /jⁿ/ [j̃]) or /ɾⁿ/ [ɾ̃]. Long nasalized vowels are more common as phonemes than short nasalized vowels.

Vowels have an ±ATR distinction, which affects neighbouring consonants, but unusually for such systems, there is no ATR vowel harmony in Bangime.

Vowel Phonemes

## Consonants

Bangime has 22 consonant phonemes, shown in the chart below. Consonants that appear in brackets are the IPA symbol, when different from the symbol used by *A Grammar of Bangime*. A superscript "n" indicates a nasalized consonant. Sounds in parentheses are either allophones or limited to use in loanwords, onomatopoeias, etc.

NC sequences tend to drop the plosive, and often lenite to a nasalized sonorant: [búndà] ~ [búr̃a] ~ [bún] 'finish', [támbà] ~ [táw̃à] ~ [támà] 'chew'.

/b/ and /ɡ/ appear as [ʋ] and [ɣ], depending on the ATR status of the adjacent vowels.

/s/ appears as [ʃ] before non-low vowels, /t/ and /j/ as [tʃ] and [ʒ] before either of the high front vowels. /j/ is realized as [dʒ] after a nasal.
Bajaw phonology

The following are the sounds of west coast Bajaw:

* Stop sounds /p t k/ when in word-final position are heard as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚], as is the case with the voiced stop sounds /b d ɡ/ as [b̚ d̚ ɡ̚].
* /l/ can be heard as a retroflex lateral [ɭ] in word-final position.
* /r/ can be heard as a flap [ɾ] when in intervocalic position.

Vowel sounds /i u e ĩ ũ ẽ õ ʌ̃/ are heard as [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɪ̃ ʊ̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ɑ̃] within in closed syllables.
Babatana phonology

The following represents the Sisiqa dialect:

## Consonants

* Voiced stops are typically plainly released word-initially, but prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] when intervocalically.
* The fricative /z/ can be heard as an affricate [dz] in free variation within word-initial position.

## Vowels

* The central vowel /ə/ can vary between three sounds [ə], [ɨ] and [ø].
Bushi phonology

In Mayotte, Bushi was traditionally written with an informal French-based Latin orthography. On 22 February 2006, the *Conseil de la culture, de l'éducation et de l'environnement de Mayotte* introduced an official alphabet that utilizes the basic Latin alphabet without c, j, q, and x and uses three extra letters: ɓ, ɗ, and n̈. Here, the letters used in the orthography are bolded, their IPA counterparts in brackets. On March 3, 2020, the Conseil départemental de Mayotte announced the adoption of official orthographies in both Latin and Arabic scripts for Kibushi.
Bai phonology

The Jianchuan dialect has the following consonants, all of which are restricted to syllable-initial position:

The Gongxing and Tuolou dialects retain an older 3-way distinction for stop and affricate initials between voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated and voiced. In the core eastern group, including the standard form of Dali, the voiced initials have become voiceless unaspirated, while other dialects show partial loss of voicing, conditioned by tone in different ways. Some varieties also have an additional uvular nasal [ɴ] that contrasts phonemically with [ŋ].

Jianchuan finals comprise:

* pure vowels: i y ɨ e ø ə ɛ œ æ ɐ ɑ ɔ o ɤ u v̩ ɯ
* diphthongs: ɑi ɑe ɑɛ ɑɔ ɑo ɑu ie iɛ iɑ iɔ io iɯ ui ue uɛ uɑ uɔ uo uy
* triphthong: iɑe iɑɛ iɑɔ iɑo uɑe uɑɛ uɑɔ uɑo

All but u, ɑo and iɑo have contrasting nasalized variants.
Dali Bai lacks nasal vowels. Some other varieties retain nasal codas instead of nasalization, though only the Gongxing and Tuolou dialects have a contrast between -n and -ŋ.

Jianchuan has eight tones, divided between those with modal and non-modal phonation. Some of the western varieties have fewer tones.
Botolan phonology

Botolan has 20 phonemes: 16 consonants and four vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

## Vowels

Botolan has four vowels. They are:

* /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘f**a**ther’
* /e/ a close-mid front unrounded vowel similar to German ‘**E**lefant’
* /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘mach**i**ne’
* /u/ (written as ‘o’) a close back unrounded vowel similar to English ‘fl**u**te’

There are five main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, /ij/, and /iʊ/.

## Consonants

Below is a chart of Botolan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Note: Consonants /d/ and /ɾ/ can sometimes interchange as they were once allophones.

## Stress

Stress is phonemic in Botolan. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. *hikó* (I) and *híko* (elbow).

## Historical sound changes

Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Tagalog have /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Botolan. Compare *hiko* and *bayo* with the Tagalog *siko* and *bago*.
Bilen orthography

## Ge'ez abugida

A writing system for Bilen was first developed by missionaries who used the Ge'ez abugida and the first text was published in 1882. Although the Ge'ez script is usually used for Semitic languages, the phonemes of Bilen are very similar (7 vowels, labiovelar and ejective consonants). The script therefore requires only a slight modification (the addition of consonants for ŋ and ŋʷ) to make it suitable for Bilen. Some of the additional symbols required to write Bilen with this script are in the "Ethiopic Extended" Unicode range rather than the "Ethiopic" range.

## Latin alphabet

In 1985 the Eritrean People's Liberation Front decided to use the Latin script for Bilen and all other non-Semitic languages in Eritrea. This was largely a political decision: the Ge'ez script is associated with Christianity because of its liturgical use. The Latin alphabet is seen as being more neutral and secular. In 1993 the government set up a committee to standardize the Bilen language and the Latin-based orthography. "This overturned a 110-year tradition of writing Blin in Ethiopic script." (Fallon, *Bilen Orthography*)

As of 1997, the alphabetic order was:

e, u, i, a, é, o, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, ñ, ñw, th, ch, sh, kh, kw, hw, qw, gw.
Also *khw*.

Their values are similar to the IPA apart from the following:
Blackfoot phonology

## Consonants

Blackfoot has nineteen consonants, of which all but /ʔ/, /x/, /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length. One of the two affricates /ks/ are unusual for being heterorganic.

## Vowels

### Monophthongs

Blackfoot has a vowel system with three monophthongs, /i o a/.

The short monophthongs exhibit allophonic changes as well. The vowels /a/ and /o/ are raised to [ʌ] and [ʊ] respectively when followed by a long consonant. The vowel /i/ becomes [ɪ] in closed syllables.

### Diphthongs

There are three additional diphthongs in Blackfoot. The first diphthong **ai** is pronounced [ɛ] before a long consonant, [ei] (or [ai], in the dialect of the Blackfoot Reserve) before /i/ or /ʔ/, and elsewhere is pronounced [æ] in the Blood Reserve dialect or [ei] in the Blackfoot Reserve dialect. The second diphthong **ao** is pronounced [au] before /ʔ/ and [ɔ] elsewhere. The third diphthong **oi** may be pronounced [y] before a long consonant and as [oi] elsewhere.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide". Native-Languages.org. Retrieved 2007-04-10
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Frantz 1999
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Frantz 2017, pp. 1–2
4. ↑ Frantz 2017, p. 2
Burarra phonology

## Consonants

In most cases, fortis and lenis refers to the voicing in consonants where *fortis* is voiceless and *lenis* is voiced. In this case, plosives are distinguished by intra-oral peak pressure and stricture duration. Fortis consonants are usually longer in duration and have a greater intra-oral pressure while lenis consonants can often be pronounced as fricatives or approximants. The Burarra language also allows for the clustering of consonants.

## Vowels

Burara has a five vowel system.

Vowel chart
 Open-mid
 Open

The vowels can be realized as:

/i/: close-mid front vowel, [e], or [ɪ]

/a/: low central vowel or schwa

/ɛ/: [ɛ] or [e]

/o/: [o] or [ɔ]

/u/: schwa, a lowered open-mid back rounded vowel, a lowered [ö], or [ʊ]
Bouyei phonology

## Consonants

The Bouyei script recognizes 32 consonants, with names formed by the consonant in an initial position followed by a long "a" vowel.

Pink: p, t, k, q, z, and c are used only to write Chinese loanwords.

Beige: sl and hr are used for sounds that occur only in certain dialects.

V is pronounced as a [w] before a "u".

An absent consonant may produce a glottal sound /ʔ/. /ʔ/ is also heard as a final sound.

## Vowels and diphthongs

Bouyei has 77 vowels and diphthongs.

The endings er /ɚ/, ao /au/, ou /əu/, ia /ia/, io /io/, iao /iɐu/, ua /ua/, uai /uɐi/, and ui /ui/ are used in writing Chinese loanwords.

Vowels /i u/ may also have allophones of [ɪ ʊ].

Another vowel sound [æ] may occur phonemically in the dialects of Anshun, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Zhenning, and Ziyun.

## Tones

Bouyei has six tones, corresponding to the eight *sheng* of Middle Chinese: all six in open syllables or with a final /n/ or /ŋ/, reduced to two "entering" tones with a final stop.

Marking letters are placed at the end of syllables to indicate tone. Loanword marking letters y, f, j, and q match with Mandarin tones 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively.

## Language shift

Bouyei shows de-voicing of Proto-Tai–Kadai's voiced consonants (\*b → /p/, \*d → /t/, \*ɡ → /k/), and loss of aspiration.

Proto-Tai–Kadai's tones experienced a splitting into modern Bouyei, shown in the following table.

 PTK Rising tone
 PTK Departing tone
 PTK Entering tone
Buryat phonology

Buryat has the vowel phonemes /i, ɯ, e, a, u, ʊ, o, ɔ/ (plus a few diphthongs), short /e/ being realized as [ɯ], and the consonant phonemes /b, g, d, tʰ, m, n, x, l, r/ (each with a corresponding palatalized phoneme) and /s, ʃ, z, ʒ, h, j/. These vowels are restricted in their occurrence according to vowel harmony. The basic syllable structure is (C)V(C) in careful articulation, but word-final CC clusters may occur in more rapid speech if short vowels of non-initial syllables get dropped.

## Vowels

 ɪ
 Mid | e | (ə)
 ɛ
 Open | æ

[ɯ] only occurs as a sound of a short *e*. [ə] is only an allophone of unstressed vowels.

Other lengthened vowel sounds that are written only as diphthongs are heard as [ɛː œː yː].

## Stress

Lexical stress (word accent) falls on the last heavy nonfinal syllable when one exists. Otherwise, it falls on the word-final heavy syllable when one exists. If there are no heavy syllables, then the initial syllable is stressed. Heavy syllables without primary stress receive secondary stress:

Secondary stress may also occur on word-initial light syllables without primary stress, but further research is required. The stress pattern is the same as in Khalkha Mongolian.

## References

1. ↑ Poppe 1960: 8
2. ↑ Svantesson, Tsendina and Karlsson 2008, p. 146.
3. ↑ Svantesson et al. 2005: 146; the status of [ŋ] is problematic, see Skribnik 2003: 107. In Poppe 1960's description, places of vowel articulation are somewhat more fronted.
4. ↑ Skribnik 2003: 107
5. ↑ Poppe 1960: 13-14
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Walker 1997
7. ↑ Walker 1997: 27-28
Comanche phonology

## Vowels

### Vowel length and voicing

Comanche distinguishes vowels by length. Vowels can be either long or short. Long vowels are never devoiced and in the orthography they are represented as (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɨɨ). An example of a long vowel is the (ee) in [wakaréʔee] meaning 'turtle'. Short vowels can be lengthened when they are stressed.

Short vowels can be either voiced or voiceless. Unstressed short vowels are usually devoiced when /s/ or /h/ follows and optionally when word-final. voiceless vowels are non-phonemic and therefore not represented in this chart. In the conventional orthography, these vowels are marked with an underline: ⟨a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱, u̱, ʉ̱⟩.

## Consonants

Comanche has a typical Numic consonant inventory. As with the vowel charts, the basic symbols given in this chart are in the IPA, whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them.
Close-mid central rounded vowel

i
y

ɨ
ʉ

ɯ
u

ɪ
ʏ

ʊ

e
ø

ɘ
**ɵ**

ɤ
o

e̞
ø̞

ə

ɤ̞
o̞

ɛ
œ

ɜ
ɞ

ʌ
ɔ

æ

ɐ

a
ɶ

ä

ɑ
ɒ

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

* Dari phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Phrygian phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Bashkir phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Tatar phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* English phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Cahuilla phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Dinka phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Hiw phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Tübatulabal phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Romani phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Khoekhoe phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Bunun phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Konda phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Belizean Creole phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Meitei phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Carib phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Fanji phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Bilua phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Kachari phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Ikpeng phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Central Alaskan Yup'ik phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Jamaican Patois phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Ura phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Ontong Java phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Unua phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* East Ambae phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Tuvan phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Tidore phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
* Konkani phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
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* Cherokee syllabary ‎ (← links | edit)
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* Vera'a phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
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* Jebero phonology ‎ (← links | edit)
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Chakma script

## Vowels

Four independent vowels exist: 𑄃 a, 𑄄 i, 𑄅 u, and 𑄆 e.

Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to 𑄃 a, as in 𑄃𑄩 ī, 𑄃𑄫 ū, 𑄃𑄭 ai, 𑄃𑄰 oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in 𑄃𑄨 i, 𑄃𑄪 u, and 𑄃𑄬 e.

Chakma vowel signs with the letter 𑄇 *ka* are given below:

One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu (cānaphudā) can be used together with anusvara (ekaphudā) and visarga (dviphudā):

𑄃𑄂𑄀 Aḥṃ = 𑄃 ā + 𑄂 h + 𑄀ṃ

𑄃𑄁𑄀 Aṃṃ = 𑄃 ā + 𑄁 ṃ + 𑄀ṃ

𑄅𑄁𑄀 Uṃṃ = 𑄅 u + 𑄁 ṃ + 𑄀ṃ

𑄟𑄪𑄀 Muṃ = 𑄟 mā + 𑄪 u + 𑄀ṃ
Chickasaw phonology

## Consonants

Chickasaw has 16 consonants. In the table below, the consonants are written in the standard Chickasaw orthography. The phonetic symbolization of each consonant is written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to the right of each orthographic letter when the orthography differs from the IPA symbol.

* /w/ is labiovelar.
* Voiceless stops /p t k/ have a small amount of aspiration [pʰ tʰ kʰ], especially at the beginning of words.
* The voiced stop /b/ may undergo lenition to a voiced fricative [β] between vowels.
* All consonants except for the glottal stop may be geminated and most consonants can occur in biconsonantal clusters.

## Vowels

Chickasaw has 9 vowels:

Chickasaw vowels contrast between short and long oral vowels and between long oral vowels and long nasal vowels. Short vowels are centralized (see chart): short *i* is phonetically [ɪ], short *o* is phonetically [o̟], and short *a* is phonetically [ə].

Short vowels are also phonetically lengthened when they occur in the second syllable of a sequence of even-numbered open syllables. For example, the word *pisali* ('I took him') is phonetically [pɪsəˑlɪ]. The lengthened short vowel is usually intermediate in length between a short vowel and long vowel. However, the phonetic realization varies depending on the individual speaker and also on phonetic environment. The lengthening does not occur at the end of words and is further restricted by certain morphological criteria.

## Alphabet

', a, aa, a̠, b, ch, f, h, i, ii, i̠, k, l, lh, m, n, ng, o, oo, o̠, p, s, sh, t, w, y
Chukchi phonology

There are no voiced stops in the language; these are only found in loanwords.

The vowels are /i/, /u/, /e₁/, /e₂/, /o/, /a/, and /ə/. /e₁/ and /e₂/ are pronounced identically but behave differently in the phonology. (Cf. the two kinds of /i/ in Inuit Eskimo, whose known cause is the merger of two vowels /i/ and /ə/, which are still separate in Yup'ik Eskimo.)

A notable feature of Chukchi is its vowel harmony system largely based on vowel height. /i, u, e₁/ alternate with /e₂, o, a/, respectively. The second group is known as "dominant vowels" and the first group as "recessive vowels"; that is because whenever a "dominant" vowel is present anywhere in a word, all "recessive" vowels in the word change into their "dominant" counterpart. The schwa vowel /ə/ does not alternate but may trigger harmony as if it belonged to the dominant group.

Initial and final consonant clusters are not tolerated, and schwa epenthesis is pervasive.

Stress tends to: 1. be penultimate; 2. stay within the stem; 3. avoid schwas.
Case variants of IPA letters

## References

1. ↑ Lewis Carroll, *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: an edition printed in the International Phonetic Alphabet*. Cathair na Mart: Evertype, 2014.
2. ↑ Michael Everson, 2012-07-26, Proposal for the addition of ten Latin characters to the UCS
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Michael Everson, 2012-02-08, Proposal for the addition of five Latin characters to the UCS
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 [1]
5. ↑ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 [2]
7. ↑ [3]
Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a **consonant** is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat; [f] and [s], pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives); and [m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (nasals). Contrasting with consonants are vowels.
Comox phonology

## Consonants

The consonants of Comox are depicted below in IPA and the Americanist orthography of H. R. Harris II and D. I. Kennedy when it differs from the IPA.

## Vowels

### Allophony

/i/ may be pronounced:

* [i] between ⟨ɫ⟩, palatal or velar (except for ⟨w⟩), non-glottalized consonants; between such a consonant and a final word boundary. There are also a certain number of grammatical environments where the tense form of the high front vowel is required.
* [e] after a ⟨w, w̓⟩, uvular or glottal consonant.
* [ɪ] elsewhere

/e/ may be pronounced:

* [e] in the same conditions as [i].
* [ɛ] elsewhere

/u/ may be pronounced:

* [u] in the same conditions as [i].
* [o] elsewhere

/a/ may be pronounced:

* [æ] between ⟨ɫ⟩, palatal or velar (except for ⟨w⟩) consonants.
* [a] elsewhere

/ə/ may be pronounced:

* [i] before a ⟨y⟩.
* [ɪ] after a ⟨ɫ⟩, palatal or velar (except for ⟨w⟩) consonant.
* [ʊ] following a velar rounded consonant (except for ⟨w⟩).
* [ə] elsewhere.
* [o] before a ⟨w⟩.
* [ɔ] after a ⟨w, w̓⟩ or uvular rounded consonant.
* [a] stressed before a ⟨w, w̓⟩ or uvular consonant.

## References

1. ↑ Smithsonian Institution Handbook of North American Indians, Vol.7 Northwest Coast (1990), pp.441
2. ↑ Harris, H. R., II (1981) A grammatical sketch of Comox (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 8128776)
Central !Kung phonology

## Vowels

Five vowel sounds in the ǃKung languages are realized as [i e a o u]. The sounds may be articulated with nasalisation [ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ], breathy voice [iʱ eʱ aʱ oʱ uʱ], or pharyngealisation [iˤ eˤ aˤ oˤ uˤ]. Some nasal vowels with diacritics may have combinations such as breathy + nasal [ãʱ õʱ], and pharyngeal + nasal [ãˤ õˤ ũˤ].
Cook Islands Māori phonology

There is a debate about the standardisation of the writing system. Although the usage of the macron (־) *te makarona* and the glottal stop *amata* (ꞌ) (/ʔ/) is recommended, most speakers do not use the two diacritics in everyday writing. The Cook Islands Māori Revised New Testament uses a standardised orthography (spelling system) that includes the diacritics when they are phonemic but not elsewhere.

## Consonants

1. Present only in Manihiki
2. Present only in Penrhyn
3. Present only in Manihiki and Penrhyn
Chru phonology

## Consonant inventory

The following table lists the consonants of Chru.

There exist post-aspirated consonants [ph], [th], [kh], but these behave as sequences of stop plus [h]. For example, from the word *phaː* ("to plane") the nominal *pənhaː* ("a plane") can be derived by infixation of *-n-*.

## Vowel inventory

The vowel inventory is given in the following table. All vowels but [eː, o, oː] exist in nasalized form.

* The vowel [eː] is always followed by [ŋ].

## Phonotactics

Words consist of up to two pre-syllables, and a main syllable. A full example is *pətərbləʔ* ("to turn over"). The vowels in the pre-syllables are always  [ə] after a consonant and [a] otherwise.
Classic Maya phonology

The classical Maya consonant system can be represented as follows:

Vowels

The Latin alphabet of the classical Maya transliteration is: ’, a, b, ch, ch’, e, h, i, k, k’, l, m, n, o, p, p’, s, t, t’, tz, tz’, u, w, x, y.

In Classic Maya, no word begins with a vowel; these actually begin with a glottal stop.
Cha'palaa phonology

Cha'palaa is written using the Latin alphabet, making use of the following graphemes:

A, B, C, CH, D, DY, E, F, G, GU, HU, I, J, L, LL, M, N, Ñ, P, QU, R, S, SH, T, TS, TY, U, V, Y, and '

The writing system includes four simple vowels, and four double vowels:

## Phonology

Cha'palaa has twenty vowels: /a, ɑ, ɒ, æ, ɐ, ɛ, œ, ɞ, ʌ, ɔ, e, ø, ɘ, ɤ, o, i, y, ɨ, ɯ, u/. Cha'palaa has 48 consonant phonemes.
Cebaara phonology

Cebaara has the following sound inventory:

## Consonants

* /b/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [β] when in intervocalic position.
* Voiceless stops /p, t/ can occur as slightly voiced before /i/ as [p̬, t̬]
* /s/ can be palatalized before an /i/, and can be recognized as a post-alveolar fricative [ʃ] before another vowel in /siV/ position.
* Palatal sounds /c, ɟ/ can also be heard as affricate sounds [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ] within free variation.
* /ŋ/ can also be heard as a post-nasal [ɡ ̃] within word final positions.

## Vowels

* Vowels /e, o/ can be realized as [ɪ, ʊ] when in shortened form.

Nasal vowels
 Close-mid | ø̃ ø̃ː
 Open-mid | ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː
 Open | æ̃ æ̃ː
Cayuvava phonology

Cayubaba presents the following system of consonantal phonemes (taken from Crevels and Muysken, 2012) based on (Key 1961), 1962, 1967). The consonant phoneme represented below with /r/ has allophones that include [ɾ~l~d̥].

In the second table, we are presented with the system of vowel phonemes (taken from Crevels and Muysken, 2012) and based on (Key, 1961).

Table 2: Vowels
Cham script

### Final consonants

Cham does not employ a virama to suppress vowels. Final consonants are indicated in one of three ways: an explicit final consonant letter, a combining diacritic mark, or by ꨥ.

Final consonant letters

Final consonant diacritics

### Independent vowels

Six of the initial vowels are represented with unique letters:

Independent Cham vowels

### Dedependent vowels

Other initial vowels are represented by adding a diacritic to the letter ꨀ (a). The same diacritics are used with consonants to change their inherent vowel:
Creaky voice

In linguistics, **creaky voice** (sometimes called **laryngealisation**, **pulse phonation**, **vocal fry**, or **glottal fry**) is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of modal voicing, and the airflow through the glottis is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low pitch, as at the end of a long intonation unit, it can also occur with a higher pitch.
Central Kalapuya phonology

The phonology of the Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below. Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and uvular series.

## Consonants

The nasals [m] and [n] likely had syllabic forms: [m̩] and [n̩]. Jacobs possibly notes that the plosives also have voiced allophones, as [b], [d], [ɡ], [ɡʷ], [ɢ], and [ɢʷ]. Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, /dz/, /dʒ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones.

## Vowels

Santiam Kalapuya had three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui]. Vowel length may have been phonemic, /ɔ/ may have been an allophone of /u/.
Continuant

In phonetics, a **continuant** is a speech sound produced without a complete closure in the oral cavity, namely fricatives, approximants and vowels. While vowels are included in continuants, the term is often reserved for consonant sounds. Approximants were traditionally called "frictionless continuants". Continuants contrast with occlusives, such as plosives, affricates and nasals.

Compare sonorant (resonant), which includes vowels, approximants and nasals but not fricatives, and contrasts with obstruent.

In phonology, continuant as a distinctive feature also includes trills. Whether lateral fricatives and approximants and taps/flaps are continuant is not conclusive.
Chuvash phonology

## Consonants

* /x/ can have a voiced allophone of [ɣ].

## Vowels

 High

András Róna-Tas (1997) provides a somewhat different description, also with a partly idiosyncratic transcription. The following table is based on his version, with additional information from Petrov (2001). Again, the IPA symbols are not directly taken from the works so they could be inaccurate.

 High

The vowels ӑ and ӗ are described as reduced, thereby differing in quantity from the rest. In unstressed positions, they often resemble a schwa or tend to be dropped altogether in fast speech. At times, especially when stressed, they may be somewhat rounded and sound similar to /o/ and /ø/.

Additionally, ɔ (о) occurs in loanwords from Russian where the syllable is stressed in Russian.

## Word accent

The usual rule given in grammars of Chuvash is that the last full (non-reduced) vowel of the word is stressed; if there are no full vowels, the first vowel is stressed. Reduced vowels that precede or follow a stressed full vowel are extremely short and non-prominent. One scholar, Dobrovolsky, however, hypothesises that there is in fact no stress in disyllabic words in which both vowels are reduced.

## References

1. ↑ Dobrovolsky (1999), p. 539.
2. ↑ Dobrovolsky (1999), p. 541.
Chiwere phonology

The phonology of Chiwere consists of approximately 33 consonants, three nasal vowels, and five oral vowels.

## Vowels

Chiwere has five oral vowel phonemes, /a e i o u/, and three nasal vowel phonemes, /ã ĩ ũ/. Vowel length is distinctive as well.

## References

1. ↑ Whitman, 1947, p. 234
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schweitzer, Marjorie M. (2001) "Otoe and Missouria." In *Plains*, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13 of *Handbook of North American Indians*, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 447
Continuant consonant

In phonetics, a **continuant** is a speech sound produced without a complete closure in the oral cavity, namely fricatives, approximants and vowels. While vowels are included in continuants, the term is often reserved for consonant sounds. Approximants were traditionally called "frictionless continuants". Continuants contrast with occlusives, such as plosives, affricates and nasals.

Compare sonorant (resonant), which includes vowels, approximants and nasals but not fricatives, and contrasts with obstruent.

In phonology, continuant as a distinctive feature also includes trills. Whether lateral fricatives and approximants and taps/flaps are continuant is not conclusive.
Cofán orthography

A written system of the Cofán alphabet has been devised by M. B. Borman. Some are simple letters, while others are compound. Nasalization on vowels is orthographically represented by placing ⟨n⟩ after the vowel. (For example, /ã/ is written ⟨an⟩.) Prenasalization on stops and affricates is orthographically represented either by placing ⟨m⟩ before bilabials (for example, ⟨mb⟩ for /ᵐb/) or by placing ⟨n⟩ elsewhere (for example, ⟨nd⟩ for /ⁿd/ and ⟨ng⟩ for /ⁿg/).
Chipewyan phonology

## Vowels

Dënësųłinë́ has vowels of 6 differing qualities.

Most vowels can be either

* *oral* or *nasal*. Nasals are marked with ogoneks in the orthography: ⟨ą ę ę̈ ı̨ ǫ ų⟩.
* *short* or *long*

As a result, Dënësųłinë́ has 24 phonemic vowels:

Dënësųłinë́ also has 9 oral and nasal diphthongs of the form *vowel* + /j/.

## Tone

Dënësųłinë́ has two tones:

* high (marked with acute accents in the orthography: ⟨á é ë́ ı́ ó ú⟩)
* low
Central Bikol phonology

There are 16 consonants in the Bikol language: /p, b, d, t, k, ɡ, s, h, m, n, ŋ, l, ɾ, j~ʝ, w~ʋ, ʔ/. Eight sounds are borrowed from loanwords: /f, v, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ, ɲ/. The fifteen vowels are noted as /a, ɶ, i, ø, ɛ, œ, u, ɤ, ɔ, ʌ, ɒ, ɑ, æ, ɘ, ɵ/. Vowels /y, e, ɯ, o, ɨ, ʉ, ɜ, ɞ/ are used from Spanish.

## Consonants

The sound system of the language according to Mintz in 1971 is as follows.
Chitimacha phonology

Brown, Wichmann, and Beck (2014) give the following phoneme inventory based on Morris Swadesh's 1939 analysis.

## References

1. ↑ Swadesh, Morris. 1939. Chitimacha grammar, texts and vocabulary. Franz Boas Collection of Materials
for American Linguistics, Mss.497.3.B63c G6.5, American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia.
Cotabato Manobo phonology

## Vowels

Cotabato Manobo vowels
 Mid | /ø/ 𑨚
 Open-mid | /ɛ/ 𑨯
 Open | /æ/ 𑨕

* /i u/ are realized as [ɪ ʊ] in closed syllables.
* /ɛ/ is realized as [e] when it is preceded by /k/ and in an open syllable.
* /a/ is realized as [ɜ] when it is followed by /h/ or /ʔ/.
* /ɔ/ is realized as [ɒ] when it is followed by /h/, /ʔ/, or /ɡ/, or when word-initial and followed by /k/. For some speakers it may also be realized as [ɒ] before or after /k/ when not word-initial.
Chulym phonology

## Consonants

The following table lists the consonants of Chulym, dialectal variations are marked: MC = Middle Chulym dialect, LC = Lower Chulym dialect, K = Küärik subdialect of LC. No data was available for the other dialects. The table was derived from Dul'zon and Pomorska.

/q/ is an allophone of /k/ in back-vowel words. /h/ is only found medially and finally, it is the result of secondary spirantization. The phonetic value of /v/ is uncertain, but Dul'zon lists it as bilabial /β/. Dul'zon also includes voiceless nasal /m̥/ and voiceless liquids /r̥/ and /l̥/, these are not found in the more recent publication of Pomorska.
Cora phonology

## Vowels

There are twelve contrastive vowels in Cora phonology. They are: [i ø ɛ æ a ɨ ɘ ɜ u ɤ ʌ ɒ]. However, [ɔ] which is produced in the midback area of the mouth is limited to diphthongs when it is followed by the [u] sound. Accents on vowels are to mark stress location. An example of this is (v́).

 Close-Mid
 Open-Mid
 Open

## Monosyllables

There is a clear partition in both monophthongal and diphthongal combinations. Where words are divorced by rising and falling pitch. However, rising pitch is oftentimes modal and falling pitch shows variation.

Rime shapes in monosyllabic words. (V=monophthong and VV=diphthong)
 V(h)
 VV (h)
 VV (h)

The level and rising monosyllables used for the table above are presented in the table below.

Below are the falling monosyllables. Chart relates to the two charts above.

## Disyllables

Disyllables add to the existing dimensions of stress. Initial and final stress are common in Cora phonology. These stresses, at times, serve as conversation cues. Cues include but are not limited to high-pitched stressed syllable followed by the devoicing of the final syllable which is left unstressed. Duration of the word and syllable also have a role in location of stress as it relates to disyllables.
Copper

* Copper (color)
* Copper (element)

Disambiguation page for CopperThe following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Carolinian phonology

Consonant Phonemes Table

The table shows that alveolar ridge receives tongue-blade contact while the tongue tip makes contact at some place on the teeth.

Vowel Phonemes Table

 Mid
 Low

All of the consonants may appear initially, medially, and finally. In the final position, all the obstruents are obligatorily released. All consonants except / Ç / are unaspirated, and all stops and / x / are lenis. The consonants / bw / and / mw / have coarticulated labial closure and rounding with a raising of the back of the tongue toward the velum. the / bw / is usually spirantized to / βw/ medially. The / r / is a trill, which is voiceless word-finally. Moreover, all of the following single consonants may also be geminate initially, medially and in their abstract representation, finally: / p, t, bw, f, s, m, mw, ŋ, l /. Geminate / bw / is devoiced. in addition, Carolinian has geminate but not single / kk /. There are the five consonants / ş, x, r, w, y /, which may be geminated medially in productive reduplication. Geminate obstruents are tense and often give the impression of aspiration.

In addition to its native vocabulary, Carolinian has borrowed considerable vocabulary from Chamorro, English, and Japanese. This has led to the borrowing of some phonemes from these languages as well. Although these phonemes appear only in borrowed words, many of these words undergo regular Carolinian phonological rules, and the international segments are assigned in the same way as native speakers. For example, the Japanese word / means slipper is borrowed into Carolinian and may be reduplicated. So / dzodzdzoori / means to be wearing slippers.
Close-mid central unrounded vowel

i
y

ɨ
ʉ

ɯ
u

ɪ
ʏ

ʊ

e
ø

**ɘ**
ɵ

ɤ
o

e̞
ø̞

ə

ɤ̞
o̞

ɛ
œ

ɜ
ɞ

ʌ
ɔ

æ

ɐ

a
ɶ

ä

ɑ
ɒ

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

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Chimariko phonology

## Vowels

The vowel inventory of Chimariko is: i, e, a, o, u.

## Syllables

Chimariko shares syllabic similarities with other languages in Northern California. The most common syllable structures for Chimariko are CV and CVC, with the largest possible structures being CCVC or CVCC.

## References

1. ↑ Carmen Jany, 2009, p. 16
2. ↑ Carmen Jany, 2009, p. 20
3. ↑ Jany,(2007)"Chimariko..."
Chilcotin phonology

## Consonants

Chilcotin has 47 consonants:

* Like many other Athabaskan languages, Chilcotin does not have a contrast between fricatives and approximants.
* The alveolar series is pharyngealized.
* Dentals and alveolars:
	+ Both Krauss (1975) and Cook (1993) describe the dental and alveolar as being essentially identical in articulation, *postdental*, with the only differentiating factor being their different behaviours in the vowel flattening processes (described below).
	+ Gafos (1999, personal communication with Cook) describes the dental series as *apico-laminal denti-alveolar* and the alveolar series as *lamino-postalveolar*.

## Vowels

Chilcotin has 6 vowels:

* Chilcotin has both tense and lax vowel phonemes. Additionally, tense vowels may become lax from vowel laxing.

Every given Chilcotin vowel has a number of different phonetic realizations from complex phonological processes (such as nasalization, laxing, flattening). For instance, the vowel /i/ can be variously pronounced [i, ĩ, ɪ, e, ᵊi, ᵊĩ, ᵊɪ].
Coptic alphabet

## Letters

These are the letters that are used for writing the Coptic language.

1. ↑ The upper line of *s* connected with *t* to distinguishes it from the standalone "s" and "t"
2. ↑ Akhmimic dialect uses the letter Ⳉ ⳉ for /x/. No name is recorded.

### Letters derived from Demotic

In Old Coptic, there were a large number of Demotic Egyptian characters, including some logograms. They were soon reduced to half a dozen, for sounds not covered by the Greek alphabet. The following letters remained:

## References

1. ↑ Peust (1999.59-60)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Peust (1999)
3. ↑ Before the Greco-Bohairic reforms of the mid 19th century.
Daakaka phonology

## Consonants

The system of consonantal phonemes is fairly typical for the region. Voiced stops are prenasalized. The difference between bilabial consonants with and without a labio-velar release is relevant only before front vowels.

## Vowels

There are seven phonemically distinct vowel qualities, with one long and one short vowel phoneme for each variety, plus a marginally phonemic ə [ə]. The distinction between mid and open-mid vowels is only phonemic after alveolar consonants, as in *tee* [tɛː] "axe" vs. *téé* [teː] "see".
Comanche orthography

The Comanche Alphabet was developed by Dr. Alice Anderton, a linguistic anthropologist, and was adopted as the official Comanche Alphabet by the Comanche Nation in 1994. The alphabet is as follows:

**Notes:**
* Long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel: **aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ʉʉ**.
* Voiceless vowels are indicated by an underline: **a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱, u̱, ʉ̱**.
* When the stress does not fall on the first syllable of the word, it is marked with an acute accent **´**: *kʉtséena* 'coyote'.
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is sometimes written as **?**.
* The phonemes /ts/ and /kʷ/ are written as **ts** and **kw**, respectively.
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Carib phonology

In the Kari'nja language, there are four syllable patterns: V, CV, VC, CVC; C standing for consonants while V means a vowel. Regarding phonemes, consonants are divided into two groups: obstruents (voiceless stops—p, t, k) and resonants (voiced stops—b, d, g, s).

Kari'nja has a typical 6 vowel system after \*ô merged with \*o, being *a e i o u ï.* Compared to past Kari'nja, the modern day Kari'nja has replaced the *e* in many words to *o*.

Vowels

Allophones for /r w t/ include sounds as [ɽ β,v tʃ]. /s/ before /i/ may be pronounced as [ʃ]. /n/ before a consonant may be pronounced as [ŋ] and also [ɲ] elsewhere. Another sound, ranging [h~x], often occurs before a voiced or voiceless consonant, and succeeding a vowel, it can also be an allophone of /ʔ/.
Carian alphabets

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 actually a reversed Ϡ
2. ↑ Resembles 6̨ or G̨
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 closer to a reverse 𐋊
4. ↑ Archaic form of Β, for example in Crete
5. ↑ Archaic form of Μ
6. ↑ Archaic form of Ν
7. ↑ Compare Lydian 𐤡, which also has the value /p/.
8. ↑ Archaic form of Η
9. ↑ if 𐋁 is equivalent to 𐋀
10. ↑ if 𐊶 is equivalent to 𐋇
Dhao phonology

Dhao phonology is similar to that of Hawu, but somewhat more complex in its consonants.

Vowels are /i u e ə o a/, with /ə/ written ⟨è⟩. Phonetic long vowels and diphthongs are vowel sequences. The penultimate syllable/vowel is stressed. (Every vowel constitutes a syllable.)

f, q, v, w, x, y and z are only used in loanwords and foreign names.