调光控制.荧光灯调光镇流器.应用

**以下译文来自121-31-赵伟栋**

COURSE DESCRIPTION
Fluorescent dimming extends the range of light levels provided by the lighting system with smooth, gradual transitions between levels.
Dimming provides flexibility for users to select light levels suitable for different visual needs, such as A/V presentations, meetings and individual preference.
Dimming also saves energy by reducing light levels in response to inputs such as daylight sensing, occupancy sensors, manual controls, time schedules and other devices—particularly in spaces in which people would find switching to be intrusive.
Fluorescent Dimming Ballasts is a two-part series that educates participants about dimmable fluorescent lighting. Part 2 provides knowledge about application of dimmable fluorescent lighting, including control strategies, dimming versus switching as an output, how light level is perceived (which impacts how low lights can be dimmed in automatic strategies without the effect being intrusive), lamp seasoning, dimming level and efficacy, ballast life, effects on color and other issues. By the end of the course, participants will be able to evaluate fluorescent dimming strategies, ask the right questions of manufacturers, and have appropriate expectations of dimming performance.

课程描述
荧光灯调光随着照明系统照度水平的平滑扩展，提供了层次之间的逐渐变化。
调光为用户提供了适合不同视觉需求照度水平的灵活选择，如A / V演示，会议和个人偏好。
调光也通过减少响应输入的照明水平来节约能源，如日光感应，感应器，手动控制，时间表控制和其他设备，特别是在空间中，人们会发现开关是妨碍调光的。
荧光灯调光镇流器是由两部分组成的，是可调光荧光灯照明的教学参与者。第2部分提供了可调光荧光灯照明应用的知识，包括控制策略，作为输出的调光与开关，怎样感知照明水平（哪个影响没有妨碍灯可以自动调暗的战略效果），灯光调节，调光等级和光效，镇流器寿命，颜色和其他问题的影响。在课程结束后，学员将能够评估荧光灯调光策略，询问显示制造商正确的问题，并对调光性能抱有适当的期望。

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, participants will be able to:
• recognize projects in which dimming may be more desirable than switching as a control output, and what strategies dimming is typically used to enact for visual needs and/or energy management benefit.
• understand how people may be expected to perceive light level, and how this may affect selected dimming levels.
• understand how dimming may affect lamp life, color quality and efficacy, and consequently be able to ask the right questions of manufacturers and have appropriate expectations of dimming performance.
• ensure that all specified ballasts and lamps are compatible, and lamps are "seasoned" (operated overnight, or about 12 hours, at full output) prior to dimming.
学习目标
在课程结束后，学员将能够：
•认识到工程中调光比开关更适合作为一个控制输出，和哪些通常用于制定视觉需求和能量管理效益的调光策略。
•了解人们可能预期的感知照度水平，以及哪些选择可能会影响调光等级。
•懂得如何调光会影响灯泡寿命，色彩质量和光效，因此可以询问厂商正确的问题，并对调光性能抱有适当的期望。
•确保所有指定的镇流器和灯具是兼容的，并且灯具是“经验丰富”（以全功率输出，工作时间为一夜左右，约12小时）前调光。

CONTROL STRATEGIES
Dimming can be used to enact a number of strategies that support visual needs, including:
• Personal occupant control. Occupants in private and open offices can be given the ability to select light levels based on need or preference. Research indicates, for example, that giving users the ability to select light levels results in greater job and environmental satisfaction.
• Group space control. Dimming provides flexibility to select light levels required for different uses of the space, such as mood setting in restaurants and optimal viewing conditions for multimedia presentations and other uses in meeting rooms and classrooms.
控制策略
调光可以用来制定一些支持视觉需要的策略，包括：
•居住者个人控制。在私人或公开的办公室，居住者有可以根据需要或偏好选择照度水平的能力。研究表明，例如，让用户能够选择照度水平而达到更大的工作和环境满意度。
•空间组控制。调光在不同用途的空间提供了灵活的选择需要，比如在餐馆、办公室和教室最佳观看条件下设置气氛，进行多媒体演示和其他用途。

CONTROL STRATEGIES
Dimming can be used to enact a number of strategies that support energy management and sustainability goals, with the energy savings recovering the incremental installed cost of $0.50 to $1.00 per square foot before delivering a positive cash flow.
• Daylight harvesting. Ideal for spaces occupied by users performing important stationary tasks, dimming enables the lighting system to reduce light output in response to daylight availability, saving energy.
• Adaptive compensation. This strategy involves reducing light levels at night in spaces with non-critical tasks based on research that people prefer and need less light at night than during daytime.
• Demand response. In this strategy, the control system responds to a signal from the local utility to reduce light levels during a grid emergency. The owner receives financial incentives such as special rates in return.
控制策略
调光可以在能源管理和可持续方面支持一系列的照明策略，通过节约的能源来收回在支付现金之前增加的每平方英尺0.5美元至1.00美元的安装成本。
•日光采集。非常适用于执行重要固定任务的用户所在空间，在日光可用的条件下，照明系统通过调光减少响应的光输出，节约了能源。
•自适应补偿。这一策略建立在晚上减少照度水平的研究基础上，在晚上，人们更喜欢在非关键任务的空间需要比白天较少的光。
•需求响应。在这种策略中，控制系统响应来自于本地公用事业的信号，电网出现紧急情况时，减少照度水平，业主可以受到特殊的财政奖励价格作为补偿。

DIMMING VERSUS SWITCHING
Why continuously dim? Why not instead, for example, specify a system that provides multilevel switching, which can provide a choice of two or three light levels?
Switching is lower cost and easier to commission. However, it is very limited in choice of light levels, and the change in light levels can be disruptive in group spaces where most or all of the users do not anticipate the change.
As a result, dimming is ideally suited for spaces requiring a high degree of flexibility and where the control effect should be virtually transparent to occupants, while switching is ideally suited for spaces such as private offices, classrooms and public transition spaces.

调光与开关
灯为什么会不断地变暗？开关为什么不代替调光？例如，指定一个系统，提供多层次的开关，可以提供两个或三个照明水平的选择。
开关成本更低，更容易支付资金。然而它只能是非常有限地选择的照明水平，并且照度水平的变化可能破坏空间组，对其中大部分甚至所有的用户做不到期望的变化。
因此，调光非常适合于需要灵活性很高，用户对来说控制效果应该是透明的空间，而开关适合如私人办公室、教室和公共过渡的空间。

COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
Be sure to specify ballasts that are dimmable, lamps and ballasts that are compatible, and ballasts and controllers that are compatible.
Because there is no industry standard for operation of analog dimming ballasts, ballasts and control devices must be verified as compatible, typically using lists published by the ballast manufacturer. Further, dimming performance may not be consistent among ballasts made by different manufacturers and across different ballast types. A 5V signal might result in a 50% dimming level on one manufacturer's ballast and 30% on another's.
For this reason, it is recommended to avoid mixing ballast types from different manufacturers in the same dimming system to ensure consistent performance. If necessary, select appropriate components and test the integrated design to see if it will satisfy the goals.
With digital ballasted systems, these issues are virtually non-existent.

兼容性问题
一定要确保镇流器是能够调光的，灯具和镇流器是兼容的，镇流器和控制器也是兼容的。
因为没有必须验证模拟调光镇流器、镇流器和控制装置兼容操作的工业标准，所以通常使用由镇流器制造商发布的列表。此外，不同厂家的镇流器和不同类型镇流器的调光性能可能并不是一致的。5V的信号可能会导致在一个制造商的镇流器50％的调光水平只有其他制造商镇流器30％的调光水平。
出于这个原因，建议避免来自不同制造商的混合镇流器组成调光系统，以确保一致性能。必要时，选择相应的组件，并测试一体化设计，看是否能够满足目标要求。
但是随着数字化镇流器系统的发展，这些问题实际上是不存在的。

COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
Additionally, avoid mixing dimmable and non-dimmable loads on dimmer-controlled circuits, linear lamps and CFLs in the same dimming control zone (group of fixtures controlled simultaneously by a single controller), and different loads (e.g., incandescent with electronic ballasts) on the same dimming control.
It is sometimes advisable to avoid mixing lamp wattages in the same dimming zone as well, although many current dimmable ballast designs allow for similar operation of 17W, 25W and 32W lamps on the same circuit, typically in cove lighting applications.

兼容性问题
此外，避免混合调光和非调光的调光控制电路的负载，即在同一个调光控制区（由一个控制器同时控制组装置）的线性灯和节能灯，和不同的负载（例如白炽灯用电子镇流器）在相同的调光控制上。
有时最好避免混合瓦数的灯在相同的调光区域中，尽管目前许多调光镇流器设计时允许17W，25W和32W的灯具在同一电路上有类似的操作，但这通常在海湾照明中应用。

LIGHT LEVEL AND PERCEPTION
As lamps are dimmed, light output decreases but the human eye may perceive a higher light output and light level than is actually present. This is because the human eye overcompensates for diminished light level by allowing more light to enter into its pupil. For example, dimming to 25% appears to be about 50% of full light level. The effect is predictable according to the square law, which defines the theoretical relationship between light level and perceived brightness:
Perceived Light (%) = 100 x square root (Measured Light (%)/100)
perceive light 感知光
measured light 测量光
architectural dimming 建筑调光
hight performanca dimming 高性能的调光
lighting management dimming 照明管理调光

亮度和感知
由于灯光变暗，光输出减少，但是人眼可以感知到比实际存在更高的光输出和亮度。这是因为人眼允许通过更多的光线进入其瞳孔来补偿来减弱的亮度。例如，调光至25％看来是约50％的全光量，影响是可以预见的。根据平方定律，它定义了感知亮度和实际亮度之间的关系:
LIGHT LEVEL AND PERCEPTION
Other important issues related to perception involve whether users detect dimming and whether they accept it. Various organizations have studied the threshold for when users are likely to notice the lights are being dimmed, and concluded that a 15-20% reduction in illuminance is undetectable by a majority of users (Kryszgzuk and Boyce, 2001 and 2002, Shikakura et al, 2001, and Akashi and Neches, 2004).

亮度和感知
其他有关于感知的重要问题包括用户能否察觉到调光，以及是否接受它。各种组织在研究时，发现用户可能会注意到灯光被调暗，并得出结论，在照度降低15-20％时，大多数用户是注意不到的（2001年Kryszgzuk，2002年Boyce，2001年Shikakura等，2004年Akashi and Neches）
Decrement Detectability 递减性
% of subjects who detected the illuminance decrement 发现的照度衰减者的百分比
Target illuminance 目标照度

LIGHT LEVEL AND PERCEPTION
National Research Council Canada subsequently studied how far lighting could be dimmed before users 1) detected it and 2) considered it intrusive (Newsham, 2009). The researchers found that in areas with above-average levels of daylight (HD), users were less likely to notice and were more likely to accept deep light level reductions compared to spaces with lower-than-average daylight levels (LD) or no daylight at all (ND).

亮度和感知
加拿大国家研究委员会随后研究，多远的照明在用户检测到并认为是打扰的之前会变暗（Newsham，2009）。研究人员发现，在白天高于平均水平的地区（HD）比低于平均日照水平地区（LD）或无日光地区（ND），用户不太可能会注意到但更容易接受照度水平的减少。
Fraction Noticing 注意值
Fraction Accepting 接受值
%Electric Lighting Reduction 电光减少百分比