recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Timber

For other uses, see Timber (disambiguation).

This axe will automatically chop down a whole tree!

***Timber*** is an item found in the Fun Crate being of Rare rarity.

## Obtaining

Timber can be found inside the Fun Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the funbow is Rare. (Moderate Chance)

## Usage

### Spawning

This item has the special ability to instantly cut down any tree. To use it, chop a log and from the block up it will disappear and drop all items.
Mythical Apple

For other uses, see Mythical Apple (disambiguation).

Having this item in you inventory stops you from losing hunger!

**The *Mythical Apple*** is an item found in the Mythical Crate being of Epic rarity.

## Obtaining

The Mythical Apple can be found inside the Mythical Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the Mythical Apple is Epic. (Fairly Low)

## Usage

### Food

This item's main use is to freeze your hunger bar, not fill it.
Fun Pick

For other uses, see Fun Pick (disambiguation).

**The *FUN Bow*** is an item found in the Fun Crate being of Epic rarity.

## Obtaining

The Fun Pick can be found inside the Fun Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the Fun Pick is Epic. (Fairly Low)

## Usage

### Spawning

This item's main use is to break blocks in a 3x3 area from the middle block out 1 each side and corner.
SurviveWithUsMC Wiki

**Welcome to the SurviveWithUsMC Wiki!**
A minecraft server with fully custom plugins.

We're a collaborative community website about SurviveWithUsMC that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderA page about your topicPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
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You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
2x Mythical Coin

For other uses, see 2x Mythical Coin (disambiguation).

Having this item in you inventory Grants you a 2x money multiplier!

**The 2x Mythical Coin** is an item found in the Mythical Crate being of Mythic rarity.

## Obtaining

The 2x Mythical Coin can be found inside the Mythic Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the 2x Mythical Coin is Mythic. (Incredibly Low)

## Usage

### Economic

This item adds 2 to the coin multiplier and multiplies that by any other Eco boosts.
Mythical Rabbit's Foot

For other uses, see Mythical Rabbit's Foot (disambiguation).

Having This item in your inventory doubles the amount of survival tokens you get!

### Item Type

Rabbit's Foot

**The *Mythical Rabbit's Foot*** is an item found in the Mythical Crate being of Epic rarity.

## Obtaining

The Mythical Rabbit's Foot can be found inside the Mythical Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the Mythical Rabbit's Foot is Epic. (Fairly Low)

## Usage

### Tokens

This item's main use is to double the amount of survival tokens you earn! (Stacks with C+ perk)
Digaster longmani

## Source: Chickens Of Unusual Size

Although our Gippsland Earthworm is relatively well-known, and gigantic, Australia also has a good variety of other giant earthworms, usually restricted in geographic range. This *Digaster* is the one found in SE Queensland, in wet forested areas. They live in permanent underground burrows, only coming to the surface if driven out by heavy rain, excavations, or landslips.
Diplocardia sylvicola

source: Elsevier

## Highlights

*Aporrectodea trapezoides* and native *Diplocardia sylvicola* earthworms were identified.
*D. sylvicola* was relatively more abundant than the introduced earthworm.
Earthworm densities were relatively high for row-crop systems.
Residue and burning interacted with tillage to influence earthworm densities.
## Abstract

Earthworm density is often reduced in low organic matter soils that are intensively managed for row-crop production, but earthworms can serve as a sensitive bioindicator of response to residue management. This study relates earthworm density and community composition to residue management after seven years of consistent management practices in a wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.)-soybean (*Glycine max* (L.) Merr.), double-crop system in the Lower Mississippi River Valley delta region of eastern Arkansas. Residue management practices included conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), N fertilization to produce HIGH and LOW wheat residue levels, and BURN compared to unburned (NO BURN) wheat residue remaining on the soil surface. Total mean earthworm densities ranged from 271 to 508 m−2 in the top 20 cm across treatments. Both exotic *Aporrectodea trapezoides* (Dugès) and native *Diplocardia sylvicola* Gates adult earthworms were present with little difference in diversity among sampled communities; however, more than 65% of adults were *D. sylvicola* in all treatments. Native, total, or juvenile earthworm densities in different treatment combinations were correlated to different soil properties, including pH, electrical conductivity, and Mehlich-III-K, Ca Mg, S, Cu, and Mn concentrations. Residue level and burning influenced total, juvenile, and native earthworm densities differently in CT and NT. Tillage presumably influenced earthworm density through effects of residue placement at the surface (NT) or within the soil profile (CT). Earthworm densities were greatest in the BURN-HIGH treatment combination under NT, which contrasted with greatest densities in the NO BURN-HIGH which did not differ from the BURN-LOW treatment under CT. Native earthworms predominated with a common exotic species in a wheat-soybean double-crop system in Arkansas where earthworm densities were dependent on the interaction of tillage with burning and fertilization to influence wheat residue amount. Differences in earthworm abundances may serve as a bioindicator of long-term sustainability of common residue management practices in the highly agriculturally productive delta region in the Lower Mississippi River Valley.

## Abbreviations

CT

conventional tillage

NT

no tillage

HIGH

treatment with large amount of wheat residue produced from fertilization scheme

LOW

treatment with small amount of wheat residue produced from fertilization scheme

BURN

burn treatment

NO BURN

unburned treatment

EC

electrical conductivity

OM

organic matter

TC

total carbon

TN

total nitrogen
Dendrobaena attemsi

## Abstract

In this paper we summarize the knowledge on the presence of Dendrobaena attemsi (Michaelsen, 1902) on the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia. The aim of this paper is to present new data on D. attemsi and, by analyzing the new and literature records, to establish the first complete list of its records on the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia. The list provided a general overview of its current distribution and zoogeographical position. D. attemsi is distributed from the Pyrenees through the Central Europe, Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia to the Caucasus. It is common in the Balkan Peninsula, but in Turkey it was rarely found, only in the northern part of the Country. The most important distribution centre of the species in Europe is situated in the Balkanic-Alpine area where it was registered in the largest number of its records. Summarizing all the data reported so far, it can be concluded that D. attemsi in its native range (southern Eurasia) shows a Trans-Aegean distribution
Erpobdella obscura

## Source: Wikipedia

***Erpobdella obscura*** is a freshwater ribbon leech common in North America. It is a relatively large leech and is commonly used as bait by anglers for walleye and other sport fish. In Minnesota, live bait dealers annually harvest over 45,000 kg of bait-leeches, raising concerns of over-harvest.

## Description

*Erpobdella obscura* is a large leech growing to a length of about 10 cm (4 in). The mouth is large, occupying almost the whole of the anterior sucker, but there are no jaws. The dorsal surface is irregularly marked with dark blotches but it does not have the two longitudinal rows of black spots characteristic of *Erpobdella punctata*, another common North American species.

## Morphology & Reproduction

*Erpobdella obscura* is a sequential hermaphrodite when it first starts reproducing. There is a short period of overlap while it changes from producing male gametes to female gametes. In its second cycle of gametogenesis, it becomes a simultaneous hermaphrodite and both sperm and eggs are produced at the same time. As in other species of leech, a cocoon is secreted by the clitellum, a thickened glandular section of the body wall behind the head, and this moves forwards over the head, receiving fertilised eggs from the gonopore on the way.

In some areas, *Erpobdella obscura* has a semelparous life history, i.e., the leech dies after reproduction. Generation length is from 12 to 24 months, with spring and summer generations occurring in some ponds. It is not a blood-sucking leech but is a predator on a range of other invertebrates including amphipods, water fleas, copepods, worms and gastropod molluscs.
Erpobdella lineata

## Source: Wikipedia

***Erpobdella lineata*** is a leech found in Europe. These leeches show a preference for calcic waters and have a tolerance to pollution. They have a digestive tract that consists of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, six-chambered stomach, three-chambered intestine, rectum, and anus. It's nervous system contains 21 pairs of cell compartments.
Amynthas aspergillum

# Effects of earthworm (*Amynthas aspergillum*) activities and cast mulching on soil evaporation

## Abstract

Earthworms are typical ecosystem engineers because they greatly affect the physical properties of soil in various ways. In this study, simulation experiments were performed to assess the effects of earthworms (*Amynthas aspergillum*) on the soil evaporation process in a subtropical region of China. Five population sizes CK (0), A1 (0), A2 (10), A3 (20), and A4 (30), four cast mulch thicknesses (0, 1, 2, and 4 cm), and four cast mulch area coverage percentages (0, 30%, 60%, and 90%) were tested with four replicates each for the different treatments. Water was applied again to the treatments until the soil water content reached 20% on day 14. The results showed that earthworms significantly increased the content of water-stable aggregates (WSA), where the WSA contents under different treatments were 35–40.6 g (*P* < 0.05). The soil water content decreased in the first 13 days after earthworm inoculation, before increasing gradually after adding water again. Compared with CK, the average water contents increased by 45.9–151.2 g in the earthworm treatments. When the number of added earthworms was 30, the water contents were 126.5 g in A3 and 151.2 g in A4 (*P* < 0.05). Different earthworm cast mulch thickness and area coverage percentages significantly reduced the cumulative evaporation (*P* < 0.05), where they reduced the cumulative evaporation by 31.2–63.5% and 14.5–29.8%, respectively, compared with CK. When the soil moisture was at a low level, minimal differences were observed in the evaporation rates among the treatments. Thus, the activities of earthworms can improve the soil water-holding ability and inhibit evaporation from lateritic red soil.
Mythical Speed Booster

For other uses, see Mythical Speed Booster (disambiguation).

Having This item in your inventory let's you run faster!

**The *Mythical Speed Booster*** is an item found in the Mythical Crate being of Epic rarity.

## Obtaining

The Mythical Speed Booster can be found inside the Mythical Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the Mythical Speed Booster is Epic. (Fairly Low)

## Usage

### Speed

This item's main use is to grant the user infinite Speed III.
Diplocardia riparia

source: https://animals.jrank.org/pages/1688/Earthworms-Oligochaeta-RIVER-WORM-Diplocardia-riparia-SPECIES-ACCOUNTS.html

**Physical characteristics:** The river worm has a dark brown body 4.7 to 7.8 inches (120 to 200 millimeters) in length. It has small pairs of lengthwise grooves underneath the body.

**Geographic range:** The river worm is found in the Central United States, including Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska.

**Habitat:** River worms live in fine soils washed up along river banks and beneath stands of silver maples.

**Diet:** They burrow through leaf litter and just below the soil surface, eating detritus buried in river mud.

*River worms live in fine soils washed up along river banks and beneath stands of silver maples.* (Illustration by Bruce Worden. Reproduced by permission.)

**Behavior and reproduction:** Nothing has been written about their behavior. River worms have both male and female reproductive organs.

**River worms and people:** River worms are collected and sold for fish bait. This species is more tolerant of summer heat than other bait species.
source: jrank
**Conservation status:** This species is not considered endangered or threatened. However, exotic species brought in as fish bait have become established along some rivers and streams, crowding out the river worm. ∎

## Additional topics

* Earthworms: Oligochaeta - Gippsland Giant Worm (megascolides Australis): Species Accounts
* Earthworms: Oligochaeta - Conservation Status
* Other Free Encyclopedias
Family Erpobdellidae

## Source: Wikipedia

**Erpobdellidae** is a family of leeches. It is one of the four families belonging to the suborder Erpobdelliformes of the proboscisless leeches order, Arhynchobdellida.

Their members have abandoned the blood feeding habits of their ancestors and are instead predators of aquatic invertebrates. The family previously contained seven genera, but Siddall (2002) synonymized five genera (*Croatobranchus*, *Dina*, *Mooreobdella*, *Trocheta* and *Nephelopsis*) into the genus *Erpobdella* based on morphogenetic analysis, with the remaining genus *Motobdella* possibly a sister group and thus retained. This decision was not accepted by scientific community.

The family currently contains 3 genera *Erpobdella*, *Dina* and *Motobdella*.

The genus *Mimobdella* was also sometimes included within Erpobdellidae or Gastrostomobdellidae but is now accepted to be under the family Salifidae.
Freshwater Jawless Leeches (Family Glossiphoniidae)

## Source: Wikipedia

**Glossiphoniidae** are a family of **freshwater proboscis-bearing leeches**. These leeches are generally flattened, and have a poorly defined anterior sucker. Most suck the blood of freshwater vertebrates like amphibians, crocodilians and aquatic turtles, but some feed on invertebrates like oligochaetes and freshwater snails instead. Although they prefer other hosts, blood-feeding species will opportunistically feed from humans.
There is considerable interest in the symbiotic bacteria that at least some glossiphoniids house in specialized organs called bacteriomes. The bacteria are thought to provide the leeches with nutrients that are scarce or absent from their regular diets. *Haementeria* as well as *Placobdelloides* have Enterobacteriaceae symbionts, while *Placobdella* harbours peculiar and independently derived alphaproteobacteria.

## Systematics and taxonomy

The relationships between members of Glossiphoniidae are not completely understood. Constituent genera include:

* *Alboglossiphonia*
* *Batracobdella*
* *Batracobdelloides*
* *Boreobdella*
* *Glossiphonia*
* *Marsupiobdella*
* *Placobdella* Blanchard, 1893 – includes *Desserobdella* Barta & Sawyer, 1990 and *Oligobdella* Moore , 1918, formerly in Glossiphoniinae (see de Carle et al. for more recent work on this genus )
* *Placobdelloides* Sawyer, 1986 – possibly paraphyletic or polyphyletic
* *Theromyzon*
* *Torix*

## Ecology and behavior

Glossiphoniid leeches exhibit remarkable parental care, the most highly developed one among the known annelids. They produce a membranous bag to hold the eggs, which is carried on the underside. The young attach to the parent's belly after hatching and are thus ferried to their first meal.

Certain Glossiphoniidae parasitize amphibian species. For example, some members of the Glossiphoniidae are known to attack the inner oral cavity of the Rough-skinned Newt.

## Medical importance

While glossiphoniids do not preferentially feed on humans, they are nonetheless of medical interest. As with all blood- or haemolymph-feeding leeches, their saliva, contains anticoagulant compounds which are potentially useful in therapy of some cardiovascular diseases. Antistasin and related inhibitors of thrombokinase a such as ghilanten, lefaxin and therostatin have been derived from *Haementeria* species and *Theromyzon tessulatum*. These substances also may prevent certain tumors from metastasizing. Also from *Haementeria* are the fibrin stabilizing factor a inhibitor tridegin, a platelet adhesion inhibitor (leech anti-platelet protein; LAPP), and the fibrinogen-dissolving enzymes hementin and hementerin. *T. tessulatum* also yields therin, theromin and tessulin, which inhibit protease activity. Ornatins, which are antiplatelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists, were discovered in *Placobdella ornata*, and several species have yielded hyaluronidases.
Bdellamaris manteri

source: tandfonline

Abstract

The New Zealand fish leech genus *Bdellamaris* was revised and a redescription of the type species, *Bdellamaris eptatreti,* was made using material from *Eptatretus cirrhatus,* the type host for *B. eptatreti.* Since the holotype has been lost and paratypes exist only in the form of frontal sections of approximately one third of a leech, a neotype was designated. Individuals in *Bdellamaris* lack eyes, ocelli, and conducting tissue and possess 11 pairs of pulsatile vesicles, 6 pairs of testisacs, accessory gland cells on the terminal portion of the male reproductive system, and a seminal receptacle. *Bdellamaris eptatreti* is characterised by a uniformly unpigmented body and suckers yielding a white overall appearance. *Makarabdella manteri* is transferred to the genus *Bdellamaris* after study of the type specimen and new material collected from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. This species is characterised by its small size and by orange transverse pigment bands.
Acanthobdella peledina

## Source: Wikipedia

***Acanthobdella peledina*** is a species of leech-like clitellate in the order Acanthobdellida. It feeds on the skin and blood of freshwater fishes in the boreal regions of northern Europe, Asia and North America.

## Taxonomy

The taxonomy of Acanthobdellida has been contentious for many years, but it is now recognized as the sister group to leeches. *Acanthobdella peledina* was first described by the German zoologist Adolph Eduard Grube in 1851. For a long time, it was believed to be the only species in the order, but in 1966, another species, *Paracanthobdella livanowi*, was described from the vicinity of the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia.

## Description

*A. peledina* differs from leeches in not having a well-developed sucker at its anterior end; instead, it attaches to its host with about forty hooked chaetae (chitinous bristles) borne on its first five segments. It is in fact unique among Hirudinea in having chaetae at all, and also in having a coelom (body cavity) divided by septa into a discontinuous channel. Other ways in which it differs from other leeches are that the body is divided into 29 segments, it lacks a prostomium and a peristomium, and the nephridia do not have funnels. It has a sucker at the posterior end, and moves in a leech-like fashion by alternately extending its anterior end forward, then clinging on with its hooked chaetae while it brings its posterior sucker close to its front end. The leeches are cylindrical, olive green and about 23 mm (0.9 in) in length.

## Distribution

The species has a boreal distribution and is known from freshwater locations in northern Europe and Asia, and from Alaska.

## Ecology

One of the fish in Alaska parasitized by *A. peledina* is the sardine cisco (*Coregonus sardinella*). The worms were found just behind the pelvic fins with their anterior ends embedded in the skin and muscle tissue below.
Eisenia andrei

## Source: Wikipedia

***Eisenia andrei*** is a close relative of the 'brandling' or 'tiger' worm *Eisenia fetida*. Like its sibling species, it is epigeic, i.e. it prefers to live in compost or leaf litter rather than mineral soils.

It can be distinguished from *E. fetida* as it is darker in colour, and the characteristic stripes are less pronounced. Although its status as a separate species was fully confirmed in the mid-1980s by molecular analyses (based on electrophoresis of protein isoforms), *E. andrei* is still often misidentified and confused with *E. fetida*. The muscles of the *Eisenia andrei* embryos appear in groups of at least two distinct muscles that cross the ventral midline and initially reach towards the lateral side of the embryo.
Swoybia

Swoybia, Officially the Quingdom of Swoybia, Is a nation located in the Carribean, USA on the North, Neighboring Carribean Countries in the South, Mexico on the East, & Florida on the West.

Information of Swoybia

Motto: Haec Terra Est Terra Tuus, Haec Terra Mea Est Terra (This Land is Your Land, This Land is My Land)

Anthem: National Anthem of the Quingdom of Swoybia

Capital & largest city: Odrad

Official language(s): English, Spanish

Denonym(s): Swoy

Type of government: Federal Constitutional Parliamentary Secular Multi-party Constitutional monarchy & a Liberal democracy

Legislature: National Assembly

Quing: Carpet I, Carpet II (Acting)

Prime Minister: Braxon O’Bogue

Minister of Parliament: Vacant

Parliamentary Majority Minister: Vacant

Parliamentary Minority Minister: Vacant

Currency: Euro (monetary agreement)

Driving side: Left

ISO 3166 Code: SW

Internet TLD: .sw

Preceded by: Federation of Swoybia
Amynthas fusing

## Translingual

### Etymology

From *Amynthas* + the Tongyong Pinyin romanisation of Mandarin 復興 (*Fùsing*, “Fuxing (Fusing) District, Taoyuan, Taiwan”).

### Proper noun

***Amynthas fusing*** *m*

1. A taxonomic species within the family Megascolecidae – a certain earthworm, endemic to Taiwan.

#### Hypernyms

* (species): Haplotaxida - order; Lumbricina - suborder; Megascolecidae - family; *Amynthas* - genus
Diplocardia ornata

source: SpringerLink

The influence of compaction on *Diplocardia ornata* (Smith) burrowing and casting activities, soil aggregation, and nutrient changes in a forest soil were investigated using pot microcosms. Treatments included two levels each of compaction, organic matter, and earthworms. Both burrowing and casting activities were more abundant in uncompacted soil than in compacted soil. Bulk density decreased in microcosms of compacted soil containing *D. ornata* from 1.76 g cm–3 to 1.49 g cm–3 over the study period. The overall percent of aggregates in the same size classes in compacted soil was less than the percent of aggregates in uncompacted soil. The mean percent of aggregates in earthworm casts for size classes 0.25–1.00 mm was higher for compacted soil than for uncompacted soil. The reverse was true for aggregates in class sizes 2.00–4.00 mm. Soil compaction also affected soil microbial biomass carbon and soil inorganic N concentrations. These results indicate that the burrowing and casting activities of earthworms in compacted forest soils, as in soils of agricultural and pastured lands, can help ameliorate disturbed soils by improving aggregation, reducing bulk density, and increasing nutrient availability.
Mythical Phantom Repellent

For other uses, see Mythical Phantom Repellent (disambiguation).

## Mythical Phantom Repellent

### Item Type

Rabbit's Foot

The Mythical Phantom Repellent is an Epic item found inside the Mythical Crate.

## Obtaining

The Mythical Rabbit's Foot can be found inside the Mythical Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the Mythical Phantom Repellent is Epic. (Fairly Low)

## Usage

### Anti-Spawn

This item's main use is to prevent phantoms from spawning.
Diplocardia smithii

source: ResearchGate

Three adult (clitellate) specimens of Diplocardia smithii MacNab and McKey-Fender, 1955 collected in the autumn of 2009 from three different sites at Hornsby Bend Biosolids Management Plant, Austin, Texas, USA. From top to bottom: the largest specimen out of 14 collected from the north control field (NC, Fig. 1) site, 08 December 2009; largest specimen out of 22 collected in the first terrace flat from the east side of the Colorado River (CR, Fig.1), 03 November 2009; and the largest specimen out of six clitellates collected from the natural river levee from the east side of the Colorado River (CR, Fig.1), 03 November 2009.
Family Capilloventridae

source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00415.x

### Abstract

Two new freshwater species of the small family Capilloventridae are recorded from rivers in south-eastern Australia. *Capilloventer acheronensis* sp. n. has all hair setae anteriorly and dissimilar crotchet setae without hairs posteriorly while *Capilloventer longicapitus* sp. n. has an elongate prostomium, very long hair setae anteriorly and all bifid setae posteriorly. Immature specimens from south-west Western Australia appear to represent a further species and are tentatively included within the family. Additional specimens of *Capilloventer australis* Erséus, 1993 have allowed some features (setae, segmental glands, genitalia and ventral buccal organ) to be described in more detail. The new *C. australis* specimens are from the upper reaches of Victorian rivers, showing that it is a freshwater species, rather than a marine incursion as the estuarine type locality suggested. There are now more freshwater species than marine species, although the origin and phylogenetic relationships of the family remain unclear.
Diplocardia singularis

source: Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Smithsonian's National Zoo

## Object Details

See more items in
Invertebrate Zoology
Annelida
USNM Number
25649
Record Last Modified
10 Jan 2022
Specimen Count
2
Collector
F. Smith
Published Name
Diplocardia singularis (Ude, 1893)
Place
Urbana, Illinois, United States
Prep Count
1
Preparation
Slide
Location
NMNH - Invertebrate Zoology Dept.
Common name
Oligochaetes
Caspiobdella caspica

source: marinespecies

370615 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:370615)

1. Biota
2. Animalia (Kingdom)
3. Annelida (Phylum)
4. Clitellata (Class)
5. Hirudinea (Subclass)
6. Euhirudinea (Infraclass)
7. Rhynchobdellida (Order)
8. Piscicolidae (Family)
9. Piscicolinae (Subfamily)
10. *Caspiobdella* (Genus)
11. *Caspiobdella caspica* (Species)

accepted

Species

*Caspiobdella* Epshtein, 1966

brackish

Not documented

WoRMS (2022). *Caspiobdella caspica* (Selensky, 1915). Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=370615 on 2022-10-16

**Date**

**action**

**by**

2008-11-28 06:40:21Z

created

van der Land, Jacob

The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Family Hirudinidae

## Source: Wikipedia

**Hirudinidae** is a family of leeches belonging to the order Arhynchobdellida.

## Genera

The *Interim Register of Marine and Non-marine Genera* lists:

1. *Hirudo* Linnaeus, 1758
2. *Limnatis* Moquin-Tandon, 1827
3. *Limnobdella* Blanchard, 1893
4. *Ornithobdella* Benham, 1909
5. *Pintobdella* Caballero, 1937
6. *Poecilobdella* Blanchard, 1893

Genera of uncertain placement

1. *Asiaticobdella* Richardson, 1969
2. *Aulastoma* Moquin-Tandon, 1827
3. *Dinobdella* Moore, 1927
4. *Diplobdella* Moore, 1902
5. *Hexabdella* Verrill, 1872
6. *Myxobdella* Oka, 1917
7. *Oxyptychus* Grube, 1850
8. *Potamobdella* Caballero

## References

1. **^** Whitman CO (1886). The Leeches of Japan. *Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.* (series 2) 26(103): 317-416.
2. **^**
3. **^** IRMNG: taxon details: Hirudinidae (retrieved 28 August 2021)
Calliobdella lophii

source: Cambridge university press

## Extract

Habitat. This marine leech, a member of the Rhyncobdellida, or jawless leeches, is parasitic on the angler, Lophius piscatorius, and, in my experience, attaches itself to the skin of the fish on the ventrolateral surface indiscriminately; it is not found near the vent, as is usually the case with Pontobdella, which occurs frequently attached near the cloaca of the skate.
Brinkhurstia americana

source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Brinkhurstia-americana-A-and-B-Anterior-region-of-the-body-and-reproductive\_fig6\_275932712

-Brinkhurstia americana. A. and B. Anterior region of the body and reproductive apparatus. C. Somatic chaeta. Scale bar: 200 µm in A and B, 50 µm in C. Abbreviations: b, brain; md, male duct; mp, male pore; o, ovary; pc, penial chaeta; ph, pharynx; sf, sperm funnel; sg, septal glands; sp, spermatheca; t, testis.
Amynthas lioujia

## Translingual

### Etymology

From *Amynthas* + the Tongyong Pinyin romanisation of Mandarin 六甲 (*Liòujiǎ*, “Lioujia District, Tainan, Taiwan”).

### Proper noun

***Amynthas lioujia*** *m*

1. A taxonomic species within the family Megascolecidae – a certain earthworm, endemic to Taiwan.

#### Hypernyms

* (species): Haplotaxida - order; Lumbricina - suborder; Megascolecidae - family
Family Praobdellidae

## Source: Wikipedia

**Praobdellidae** is a family of hematophagous leeches which live on the mucous membranes of mammals. These are internal parasites that enter the body through natural orifices (usually nasal cavities and pharynx, more rarely the lower respiratory tract, anus, urethra, and vagina), and cause hirudiniases.

These species are characterized by a reduced number of teeth, and a posterior sucker larger than the previous one. The latter may be involved in fixation on moist surfaces such as mucous membranes.

## Genera

The *Interim Register of Marine and Non-marine Genera* and *WoRMS* include:

1. *Praobdella* Blanchard, 1896
2. *Parapraobdella* Phillips, Oosthuizen & Siddall, 2011
3. *Tyrannobdella* Phillips et al., 2010

* Some authorities also include *Limnatis* Moquin-Tandon, 1827 here, together with other genera provisionally placed in the Hirudinidae.
Duck Leech (Theromyzon tessulatum)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Theromyzon tessulatum*** is a species of leech in the family Glossiphoniidae. It is a haematophagous (blood-sucking) leech, found in freshwater habitats in Europe.

## Description

The cuticle of *T. tessulatum* is transparent, olive green or brownish in colour, with larger individuals often exhibiting six longitudinal rows of small yellow spots. This leech is active and frequently changes shape, being up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long when extended. The posterior sucker is broad and conspicuous but the anterior sucker is small, and invisible when the animal is viewed from above.

## Distribution

This leech is found in freshwater habitats in Europe. It is common in the coastal flat parts of Holland which are visited by the waterfowl that act as its hosts. It is uncommon in Britain, where it has a discontinuous range, probably being distributed by movements of its bird hosts. It has also been recorded in North America from a number of locations.

## Ecology

When parasitizing ducks and other waterfowl, *T. tessulatum* invades their mouths and respiratory passages. At other times, it is free-living in freshwater habitats. The adult broods its egg capsules on its under surface, where there may be as many as two hundred eggs. When the young are ready to emerge, the adult uses its sensilla organs to detect vibrations in the water and will move towards any disturbance that might be caused by a potential host. Suitable hosts are those with body temperatures of between 37 and 40 °C (99 and 104 °F). Although generally nocturnal and negatively phototactic (avoiding light), when the brooding adult is ready to release its young, it may swim in open water in the middle of the day. If it finds a suitable host, it attaches itself with its sucker to the nasal passages, the respiratory tract or inside the mouth. This leech is unique in that the adult attaches to the host but does not itself feed on it; instead, the young that it was brooding transfer to the host to take their first blood meal.
Actinobdella pediculata

source: sciencedirect

Incidence of the Leech *Actinobdella pediculata* on Freshwater Drum in Lake Erie

## Abstract

*Actinobdella pediculata* (Glossiphoniidae), a freshwater leech, was found attached to freshwater drum (*Aplodinotus grunniens*) from western Lake Erie during 1991 through 1993. The animal was first observed during routine examinations of freshwater drum collected in May 1991. The leeches were usually attached to the inside, lower portion of the opercula near the isthmus. Incidence of attachment increased with freshwater drum age and length. No noticeable adverse effects on the fish from attachment by the leech were noted.
Cystobranchus vividus

source: marinespecies

370625 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:370625)

1. Biota
2. Animalia (Kingdom)
3. Annelida (Phylum)
4. Clitellata (Class)
5. Hirudinea (Subclass)
6. Euhirudinea (Infraclass)
7. Rhynchobdellida (Order)
8. Piscicolidae (Family)
9. *Cystobranchus* (Genus)
10. *Cystobranchus vividus* (Species)

accepted

Species

*Cystobranchus*

*Cystobranchus vividus* Verrill, 1872

*Calliobdella carolinensis* Sawyer & Chamberlain, 1972 · unaccepted (Synonym)

*Calliobdella vivida* (Verrill, 1872) · unaccepted (Synonym)

fresh

Verrill, A. E. (1872). Descriptions of North American fresh-water Leeches [Art. XIX. Brief Contributions to Zoology from the Museum of Yale College. No. XVll.]. *The American journal of science and arts.* (series 3) 3(13): 126-139., *available online at* https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36995314

page(s): 126; note: West River near New Haven on Fundulus pisculentus [details]

**Distribution** western slope of Newfoundland, including the southern part of the Strait of Belle Isle but excluding the upper 50m in the...

WoRMS (2022). *Cystobranchus vividus* Verrill, 1872. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=370625 on 2022-10-18

**Date**

**action**

**by**

2008-11-28 06:40:21Z

created

van der Land, Jacob

2011-03-03 09:14:54Z

checked

Kolb, Jürgen

The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Diplocardia longa

## Source: Wikipedia

***Diplocardia longa*** is a species of earthworm native to North America. It was first described by the American zoologist John Percy Moore in 1904. The type locality is Hawkinsville, Georgia. This worm has bioluminescent properties; its body fluids and the sticky slime it exudes when stimulated emit a bluish glow.

## Description

*Diplocardia longa* can grow to a length of about 275 mm (11 in) when moderately extended and a diameter of 5 millimetres (0.20 in) at segment 7 and 4 millimetres (0.16 in) behind the clitellum. The number of segments varies between about 270 and 330. It is slender and cylindrical, slightly tapering at both ends. At the posterior end it swells slightly into a club-shape before narrowing to the anal opening. The two ends of the worm are brown, the clitellum reddish-brown and the rest of the body is a rather dull salmon pink. The skin is translucent and the veins can be seen distinctly in the less-pigmented regions.

## Bioluminescence

This worm produces bioluminescent mucus, its family Acanthodrilidae being one of three families of oligochaetes that exhibit bioluminescence. The light is produced in the coelomic fluid and is emitted when a luciferin (N-isovaleryl-3-amino-propanal) is acted on by a peroxidase-like luciferase. This is a copper-containing protein which reacts with the hydrogen peroxide that is produced by another enzyme in the presence of oxygen. Strong stimulation of the worm causes fluid to be exuded from the worm's mouth, dorsal pores and anus. Light is emitted by certain large cells in this fluid when they rupture, and the worm is visible as a dark silhouette against the luminous slime. It has been suggested that when the worm is attacked by a predator such as the eastern mole, it can writhe and squirm and produce the slime, perhaps causing the mole to retreat from the bright light while the worm escapes.
Branchellion spindolaorum

source:springer

## Abstract

*Branchellion spindolaorum* n. sp. (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) is described based on specimens found parasitising the giant electric ray *Narcine entemedor* Jordan & Starks off the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. The new species can be clearly distinguished from the other species of *Branchellion* Savigny, 1822 by the presence of 30 pairs of lateral branchiae and 10 pairs of pulsatile vesicles. The definition of the genus *Branchellion* is expanded to include species with either 30, 31 or 33 pairs of foliaceous (plate-like) lateral branchiae in the urosome. In addition, we provide for the first time for the genus, scanning electron micrographs of the secondary suckers located on the ventral surface of the posterior sucker. Additionally, partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome *c* oxidase subunit 1 (*cox*1) were generated and compared with homologous sequences of other species of the genus. *Branchellion spindolaorum* n. sp. represents the fourth species of the genus known in the Eastern Pacific and the first record of a leech parasitising *N. entemedor*.
Branchellion ravenelii

source: marinespecies

370610 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:370610)

1. Biota
2. Animalia (Kingdom)
3. Annelida (Phylum)
4. Clitellata (Class)
5. Hirudinea (Subclass)
6. Euhirudinea (Infraclass)
7. Rhynchobdellida (Order)
8. Piscicolidae (Family)
9. *Branchellion* (Genus)
10. *Branchellion ravenelii* (Species)

accepted

Species

*Branchellion* Savigny, 1822

*Phyllobranchus ravenelii* Girard, 1851

*Phyllobranchus ravenelii* Girard, 1851 · unaccepted (Synonym)

marine

Not documented

WoRMS (2022). *Branchellion ravenelii* (Girard, 1851). Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=370610 on 2022-10-18

**Date**

**action**

**by**

2008-11-28 06:40:21Z

created

van der Land, Jacob

The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Dendrobaena hortensis

## Source: Wikipedia

The **European nightcrawler** (*Dendrobaena hortensis*) is a medium-small earthworm averaging about 1.5 g when fully grown. Generally blueish, pink-grey in color with a banded or striped appearance, the tips of their tails are often cream or pale yellow. When the species has not been feeding, it is pale pink. The species is usually found in deep woodland litter and garden soils that are rich in organic matter in European countries. *D. hortensis* is sold primarily as a bait worm, but its popularity as a composting worm is increasing.

It was considered part of *Eisenia* until 2003. It is also formerly considered part of the similar *Dendrobaena veneta*, but now just part of the species complex. Both are useful compost worms. The two species are probably not distinguished in vermicomposting. In general, the *E. hortensis* name is more common in North America while the *D. veneta* name is more common in Europe.

## Etymology

The former genus *Eisenia* is named after Swedish scientist Gustav Eisen. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the specific name *hortensis* ("of the garden") is derived from Latin *hortus* meaning "garden".

The other specific epithet *veneta* refers to the Veneto region, a region of northern Italy.

## Usage

Compared to *Eisenia fetida*, *D. hortensis* does best in an environment with a higher carbon to nitrogen ratio. This makes it well suited to compost pits high in fibrous materials commonly known as browns. European nightcrawlers can be invasive and should be used only in contained compost systems in parts of the world with northern deciduous and boreal forest ecosystems.

## Reproduction

*D. hortensis*, as a hermaphrodite, has both male and female reproductive organs. In mating, the weaker partner is forced into the female role, which is more expensive in terms of biological reproduction costs, for a sperm cell is generally less massive and energy-demanding than an ovum (egg cell), which is the female reproductive cell (gamete) in anisogamous organisms. Two worms join clitella, the large, lighter-colored bands that contain the worms' reproductive organs, and are only prominent during the reproduction process. The two worms exchange sperm. Both worms may secrete cocoons that contain an egg each. These cocoons are lemon-shaped and are pale yellow at first, becoming more brownish as the worms inside become mature. These cocoons are clearly visible to the naked eye.

Statistics

* From egg to sexual maturity is about 20 weeks.
* Net reproduction of 0.8 eggs per adult per week occurs.
* Egg cells are oviposited in a cocoon.
* One *E. hortensis* embryo per egg per cocoon occurs.
Diplotrema pallida

source: MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND Te Papa Tongarewa

Item details

Scientific name
Diplotrema pallida (Lee, 1959)
Phylum
Annelida
Class
Clitellata
Family
Acanthodrilidae
Genus
Diplotrema
Collected by
Dr Kenneth Lee, 1954-07-19
Location collected
New Zealand, Soil Bureau Experimental Station, Lower Hutt
Registration Number
W.000526
Eisenia japonica

## Source: ScienceDirect

The effect of snow reduction and *Eisenia japonica* earthworm traits on soil nitrogen dynamics in spring in a cool-temperate forest

## Abstract

Due to spring climate warming, snowpack has been decreasing and the snowmelt timing has simultaneously been advancing in the cool-temperate forests of northern Japan. To investigate the effect of advancing snowmelt at the end of the snow season on soil nitrogen dynamics via overwintering earthworms, we conducted a snow removal field experiment at the end of the snow season using mesocosms with and without earthworms. In this study, the differences in the effect of snow removal on soil nitrogen according to the presence/absence and body size of *Eisenia japonica* were also tested in both early spring (April) and late spring (May). The snow removal did not influence the survival rate, body weight, or cast production of *E. japonica*. In early spring, while the snow removal increased nitrification significantly by 61%, the effect of snow removal was similar irrespective of the earthworm treatments. This indicates that neither the presence of earthworms nor earthworm body size influences the effect of snow reductions at the end of the snow season on the soil nitrogen dynamics in early spring. On the other hand, in late spring, snow removal no longer had a significant effect on soil nitrogen dynamics, while ammonification and nitrification significantly increased by 195% and by 50%, respectively, in the mesocosms with adult earthworms compared to the mesocosms without *E. japonica* earthworms. These findings indicate that the effects of snow decrease and the simultaneous advancement of snowmelt timing at the end of the snow season on soil nitrogen appear only just after snowmelt; alternatively, the effect of earthworm body size on soil nitrogen dynamics is predominant in late spring in snowy cool-temperate forests.
Black-headed Worm (Aporrectodea longa)

## Abstract

Pastures in southern Australia are dominated by endogeic earthworms such as Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.). Introductions of the anecic earthworm, A. longa (Ude), which is mostly restricted to Tasmania at present, are likely to increase the functional diversity of local communities and thereby enhance plant production and agricultural sustainability. However, the potential impact of A. longa on resident earthworm communities first needs assessing. Glasshouse and field experiments reported here suggested that A. longa can reduce the abundance and biomass of A. caliginosa, but that these effects are likely to be offset by overall increases in worm abundance. There was no evidence to suggest that species richness was reduced by A. longa introduction.
Aporrectodea tuberculata

## Source: Science Direct

Effect of the endogeic earthworm *Aporrectodea tuberculata* on aggregation and carbon redistribution in uninvaded forest soil columns

## Highlights

Paired forest cores used to determine earthworm effects on soil aggregate properties.
Endogeic earthworm species rapidly incorporated organic C into microaggregates.
Increase in protected C pool through microaggregate restructuring and C enrichment.
No significant aggregate effects after 4 weeks of incubation.
Earthworms did not increase the total proportion of microaggregates in the mineral soil.
## Abstract

The long-term impact of earthworm presence on soil carbon (C) dynamics of previously uninhabited northeastern forests is still largely unknown. Currently, earthworm presence is understood to both enhance soil respiration and create stable microaggregates, processes assumed to have conflicting effects on long term C storage. To date, studies investigating earthworm-created microaggregates and occluded C have rarely been done in undisturbed forest soils. A paired mesocosm study (n = 5) was conducted investigating the impact of the endogeic earthworm species *Aporrectodea tuberculata* on the physical proportion of microaggregates and the associated mineral soil C of a minimally disturbed forest soil. Pairs analyzed after 4 weeks of incubation demonstrated no significant aggregate effects. At 4 months, paired cores with earthworms (WW) showed a 67% increase in large macroaggregates (>2000 μm diameter, lgMA), compared to cores without earthworms (NW). While distribution shifted among various microaggregate pools (free and occluded within macroaggregates), the net proportion of microaggregates in the soil (dry weight basis) was unaltered. After 4 months, the mineral soil of WW cores had an average of 60% more C than the NW cores due to the relocation of the forest floor. The C associated with the microaggregate fractions increased an average of 56%. Of this increase in C, 95% was accounted for by the microaggregates occluded within the lgMA fraction, a fraction that was almost 4 times greater in the WW cores. Over 50% of the C relocated into the mineral soil was associated with the physically protected microaggregate fractions, indicating that though this species of earthworm did not alter the proportion of microaggregates in these soils, they occluded a substantial proportion of C within those physical fractions. In this particular forest soil, the actions of *Aporrectodea tuberculata* increased the physically protected C pool through microaggregate restructuring and C enrichment.
Diplocardia fusca

source: Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Smithsonian's National Zoo

## Object Details

Collection Date
5 Jan 1915
See more items in
Invertebrate Zoology
Annelida
USNM Number
16629
Record Last Modified
10 Jan 2013
Specimen Count
1
Collector
J. D. Mitchell
Published Name
Diplocardia fusca Gates, 1943
Place
Victoria, Texas, United States
Preparation
Alcohol (Ethanol)
Location
NMNH - Invertebrate Zoology Dept.
Common name
Oligochaetes
Desserobdella phalera

source: cdnsciencepub

## Abstract

***Desserobdella phalera*** (Graf, 1899) n.comb. is redescribed. This glossiphoniid leech deposits cocoons directly onto the substratum and belongs, therefore, in the subfamily Glossiphoniinae. It has the following generic characters: diffuse salivary glands, two pairs of coalesced eyes, one pair of mycetomes, and subdivision of primary annuli in complete body segments. *Desserobdella phalera* is distinguished from its congener *Desserobdella picta* (Verrill, 1872) by having dorsal papillae and lateral metameric and dorsal colour markings. In addition, it has approximately 60 radiating papillae on the rim of the caudal sucker. *Desserobdella phalera* was found naturally on bowfin (*Amia calva* L.) and largemouth bass (*Micropterus salmoides* (Lacepède)) from Ontario, Canada, and on bowfin from Florida, U.S.A. Occurrence on bowfin is a new host record. *Desserobdella phalera* fed experimentally on nine species of fish.