Echinostracinae

## Description

The echinostracans are a clade of placostracans that adapt to the increase in predation during the interchange by evolving thicker, spikier shells. They have also evolved to protect their vulnerable head and legs by broadening their shells.

### Decline and Extinction

The echinostracans' thicker and spikier shells have allowed them to survive the mass extinction, but they would eventually succumb to extinction debt as they are outcompeted by more adaptable placostracans that can survive on less food.

## Navigation

* **Anthostoma**
	+ Archeanthostoma
	+ Gastrozoa
		- Eugastrozoa
		- Tentaclostoma
			* Lithostraca
				+ Eulithostraca
				+ Anostraca
			* Neostoma
				+ Myzostoma
					- *Pelonomus thomi*
				+ Lophostoma
					- Diplostoma
						* Placostraca
							+ Archaeoplacostraca†
							+ Euplacostraca
								- Euplacostracidae
									* Euplacostracine
									* **Echinostracinae**†
								- Xerostraca
						* Stenostraca
							+ Eustenostraca
								- Desmostraca
									* Archaeodesmostraca†
										+ Archedesmostracidae†
										+ Notoformes†
											- Archenotoformes†
											- Neonotoformes†
												* Thyreostraca†
												* Campylospondyli†
													+ *Erythrerpeton lequiori*†
									* Eudesmostraca
										+ Eudesmostracidae
											- Eudesmostracinae
											- Myxobolidae
										+ Dolichostraca
											- Pronocanthidae†
												* Eupronocanthidae†
												* Phylactocanthidae†
											- Eudolichostraca
												* Eudolichostracidae
												* Nothocanthidae†
							+ Coleostraca
								- Archaeocoleostraca†
								- Elastospondyli
									* Archelastospondyli
										+ Archelastospondylidae
										+ Kentrodontia
											- Eukentrodontia
												* Archekentrodontia
													+ Archekentrodontidae
													+ Neokentrodontia
														- Trypophora
														- Deinoglossidae
												* Phyllophora†
											- Aspidontia†
												* *Kremarapax mckinleyi*†
									* Opisthoptera
										+ *Eopteryx emmetti*
										+ Archeopisthoptera
											- Latoptera
												* Eulatoptera
												* Pipiodontia
													+ *Corvimimus corvusamousi*
													+ Archepipiodontia
													+ Pterolophidae
											- Picoptera
												* *Gyriphagus oelespi*
										+ Neopisthoptera†
											- Sphenoptera†
												* *Velocialatus alexani*†
											- Magnoptera†
												* Eumagnoptera†
													+ *Skotalatus rauli*†
												* Dyptopterida†
													+ *Tachynectes jocomoli*†
					- Malacoformes
						* Echinostoma
						* Eumalacoformes
							+ *unspecified*
								- Ctenognatha
									* Euctenognatha
									* Necroformes
								- *unspecified*
									* Barognatha
									* Aciculognatha
										+ Euaciculognatha
										+ Chlorodermata
							+ *unspecified*
								- *unspecified*
									* Onychognatha
									* Mastigognatha
								- Isognatha
									* Myzognatha
										+ *Vitapatatoria aspiana*
									* Euisognatha
										+ Archeisognatha
										+ Cyanodermata

* **Polypodia**
	+ Tetrabrachia
		- Tachypodia
		- Acanthopodia
			* Orthorhachia
				+ Tanypterida
				+ Remipterida
					- Arheremipterida
					- Synopteridae
			* Hadrorhachia
				+ Ptilopoda†
					- *Bathytitan vendari*
				+ Euhadrorhachia
					- Diplocirridae
						* Archediplocirridae
						* Astrapophora
					- Teleopterida
						* Dorypoda
							+ *Kamakivenator cosmici*
							+ Archedorypoda
							+ Xiphopoda
						* Temnopoda†
							+ *Teratodectes iasoni*
	+ Sarcopodia
		- Coelopoda
			* Eucoelopoda
			* Trichopoda
				+ *Prionorostrum aegisari*
		- Neopoda
			* Metaxypoda†
				+ *Argyroderma piacentini*
			* Osteopoda
				+ Polyschia
					- Platydontia
						* Archeplatydontia
							+ Archeplatydontidae
								- *unspecified*
									* Archeplatydontinae
										+ *Dendronomus vasquezi*
									* Xenodontia†
										+ Brachiocephalia†
										+ Euxenodontia†
											- Streptotarsi†
											- Archexenodontia†
								- Neoplatydontia
									* Pleuroptera
										+ Archepleuroptera
											- Archepleuropteridae†
												* *Anthonomos qbelocki*†
											- Platyptera
												* *Sphenorhynchus sullivanae*
												* Euplatyptera
												* Dermatopoda
													+ Archedermatopoda
													+ Neodermatopoda
														- Rhabdopoda
															* Colobathristes borchmori
														- Compsopoda
										+ Theroptera†
											- Eutheroptera†
												* *Melanopteryx alexanderi*†
											- Chlamyptera†
												* Hypsirhynchidae†
												* Archechlamyptera†
													+ Temnorhynchidae†
														- *Charcharonyx mackrethi*†
													+ Archechlamypteridae†
									* Neoplatydontidae
										+ Scandopoda
											- *Carpophagus xeni*
											- Archescandopoda
											- Neoscandopoda
												* Pholcoscelida
												* Brachyscelida
										+ Harpactopoda†
											- Euharpactopoda†
											- Tanybrachidae†
												* *Cephalocarcinus elvari*†
							+ Copetarsi†
								- *Potamodyptes andrewi*†
						* Edaphotheria
							+ Leptopoda
								- Archeleptopoda
									* Euleptopoda†
										+ Euleptopodidae†
										+ Neoleptopoda†
											- Hoplopoda†
											- Camptopoda†
												* Eucamptopoda†
												* Sphenocerata†
									* Amblypoda
								- Thylacopoda†
									* Archethylacopoda†
										+ *Pycnothrix dicksoni*†
									* Allobrachidae†
										+ Euallobrachidae†
											- Corythobrachidae†
												* Archecorythobrachidae†
												* Camarabrachidae†
													+ *Cyanolophus mcgyveri*†
											- Archeallobrachidae†
												* Archeallobrachinae†
													+ *Melanothrix oneiropolos*†
												* Ceratobrachidae†
													+ *Thyreocephalus cryarchon*†
										+ Teleobrachidae†
											- *Therizinyx elliotti†*
							+ Eurycheridae
								- Archeurycheridae†
									* Archeurycheirinae†
										+ *Prolestes solysti*†
									* *Teratocheirus*†
										+ *Teratocheuirus philipi*†
								- Lystrocheiridae
									* Lystrocheirinae
										+ *Psammonyx deschaini*
									* Trypanocheiridae
										+ Archetrypanocheiridae†
										+ Rhamphodontia
											- Eurhamphodontia
												* Archeramphodontia
													+ Apodomorpha
													+ Archeramphodontidae
														- Archeramphodontinae
														- Coryphodontia
															* Archecoryphodontia
															* Septentrioformes
																+ Phractoformes
																+ Cryptonychidae
																	- Archecryptonychidae
																	- Neocryptonychidae
																		* Theristobrachidae
																		* Glyphonychidae
																			+ Archeglyphonychidae
																			+ Archonychidae
												* Acrocheiridae
													+ Euacrocheiridae
														- Archeacrocheiridae
														- Neoacrocheiridae
															* Heterognatha
																+ Distropheognatha
																	- Archedistropheognatha
																	- Neodistropheognatha
																		* Hadronychidae
																		* Daptodontia
																			+ Dryptognatha
																			+ Flagellifera
																+ Procaecoformes
																	- Oligopoda
																	- Euprocaecoformes
																		* Euprocaecoformidae
																		* Megantroformes
															* Panhylotheria
																+ Hylotheria
																	- Thaumatotheriidae
																	- Euhylotheria
																		* Gyrinotheria
																		* Euhylotheriidae
																			+ Euhylotheriinae
																			+ Pelecodontidae
																+ Thrinaxorhynchidae
																	- Archethrinaxorhynchidae
																	- Dictyorhynchidae
													+ Apatocheiridae†
											- Oryctocheiridae
					- Dromaeopoda
						* Archedromaepoda†
							+ *Rhomaleopus*†
							+ Archedromaeopodidae†
								- *Dromovenator setnovi*†
						* Onychodontia
							+ Euonychodontia†
								- Euonychodontidae†
									* Ensidontia†
										+ Euensidontia†
										+ Prionodontia†
									* Euonychodontinae†
										+ Archeonychodontidae†
										+ Cryptodontia†
											- *Raptonyx junae*†
											- Tachydontia†
											- Eucryptodontia†
								- Hadrodontia†
							+ Allodontia
								- Euallodontia†
									* Archallodontia†
									* Eriotherinae†
								- Thecopoda
									* Euthecopoda†
										+ *Leucothrix caliburi*†
									* Amphidontia
										+ Archeamphidontia†
										+ Xenopsidae
											- *polylophodon thomasi*
											- Archexenopsidae
												* Archexenopsinae
												* Euxenopsidae
													+ Ankistrobrachidae
													+ Neoxenopsidae
														- Teleopsidae
														- Chelaphora
															* Stenochelaphora
															* Pachychelaphora
											- Stenopsidae
												* File:StenopsidaeEvo.pngArchestenopsidae
												* Neostenopsidae
													+ Peloropsidae
														- Archepeloropsidae
														- Anaxotheriidae
													+ Ceratodontia
														- Archeceratodontia
														- Neoceratodontia
															* Aratrodontia
															* Isodontia
																+ Kophodontidae
																+ Elaphrodontia
																	- Archelaphrodontia
																	- Neoelaphrodontia
																		* Spathodontia
																		* Xyrodontia
				+ Synischia
					- Megalobrachidae†
						* Archemegalobrachia†
							+ Archemegalobrachidae†
							+ Prenobrachidae†
						* Titanopoda†
							+ Procerapoda†
								- Euprocerapoda†
									* *Megaphagus matti*†
								- Stylopoda†
									* *Hybotitan bluenoti*†
							+ Baropoda†
								- Eubaropoda†
									* *Nanopus proximensis*†
									* Eubaropodidae†
								- Pachypoda†
					- Deinognatha
						* Eudeinognatha†
							+ Eudeinognathidae†
								- *Euoplos gulielmi*†
							+ Malleognatha†
						* Odontognatha
							+ Trachygnatha†
								- *Telmarchos krisi*†
							+ Dolichognatha
								- Eudolichognatha
									* Archedolichognatha†
									* Hybognatha
								- Pelagotheria†
									* Actatheria†
										+ *Eurypus geberi*†
									* Thalattotheria†
										+ Isopterygia†
										+ Anisopterygia†
											- *Pontodrakon nicholsi*†

* **Chemophyta**
	+ Archaeophyta
	+ Xenophyta
		- Caulophyta
			* Neocaulophyta
				+ Eucaulophyta
					- Eucaulophytaceae
						* Eucaulophytoideae
						* Nothodendrales†
					- Reptophyta
				+ Brachyphyta
					- Archebrachyphyta
						* Eubrachyphyta
							+ Eubrachyphytaceae
							+ Desmophyta
								- Carnophyta†
								- Chromatophyta
									* Archechromatophyta
										+ Archechromatophytacea
										+ Aphyllophyta
									* Zygophyta
										+ Zygophytacea
											- Zygodendrales
											- Archezygophytacea
										+ Harpactophyta†
						* Tylophyta
					- Cryptophyta
						* Eucryptophyta
						* Pagophyta
			* Necrophyta
		- Xylophyta
			* Euxylophyta
				+ Archexylophyta
					- Archexylophytacaea
					- Coelophyta
				+ Nodophyta
			* Altiphyta†
				+ *Trilobophyllus axidenti*†

 † = Extinct