recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Charles Curtis

Official portrait, 1931

**In office**
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933

**In office**
November 9, 1924 – March 3, 1929
Acting: November 9, 1924 – March 3, 1925

**In office**
March 4, 1919 – November 9, 1924

**In office**
December 13, 1915 – March 3, 1919

**In office**
December 4, 1911 – December 12, 1911

**In office**
March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1929
Served with William Howard Thompson and Arthur Capper

**In office**
January 29, 1907 – March 3, 1913
Served with Chester I. Long and Joseph L. Bristow

**In office**
March 4, 1893 – January 28, 1907

**Charles Curtis** (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was an American attorney and Republican politician from Kansas who served as the 31st Vice President of the United States from 1929 to 1933, becoming the first Native American and the first person of color to hold the office. He also previously served as the Senate Majority Leader from 1924 to 1929.
Arkansas

**State of Arkansas**

Flag

Seal

### Anthem(s):

"Arkansas", "Arkansas (You Run Deep in Me)", "Oh, Arkansas", and "The Arkansas Traveler"

Arkansas highlighted in red

## Government

### U.S. senators

John Boozman (R)
Tom Cotton (R)

## Demographics

### Demonym(s)

Arkansan
Arkansawyer
Arkanite

## History

### Admitted to the Union

June 15, 1836

**Arkansas** is a state in the United States of America. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Oklahoma to the west, Texas to the southwest, and Louisiana to the south.

 Judicial

 Legislative
Burton K. Wheeler

**In office**
March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1947
Served with Thomas J. Walsh, John E. Erickson, and James E. Murray

**In office**
1912–1918

## Member of theMontana House of Representatives

**In office**
1910–1912

**Burton Kendall Wheeler** (February 27, 1882 – January 6, 1975) was an American attorney and politician of the Democratic Party in Montana, which he represented as a United States Senator from 1923 until 1947. He was Robert M. La Follette's running mate on the Progressive ticket in 1924.
Barbara Cegavske

**In office**
January 5, 2015 – January 2, 2023

**In office**
2002–2014

**In office**
1996–2002

**Barbara Katherine Cegavske** (née **Jewson**; born August 27, 1951) is an American businesswoman and politician, who was the 17th Secretary of State of Nevada from 2015 to 2023. Previously, she was a Republican member of the Nevada Senate, representing the 8th district from 2002 to 2014, and served in the Nevada Assembly, representing the 5th district from 1996 to 2001.
Charles Evans Hughes

Hughes in 1931

**In office**
February 24, 1930 – June 30, 1941

**In office**
March 5, 1921 – March 4, 1925

**In office**
October 10, 1910 – June 10, 1916

**In office**
January 1, 1907 – October 6, 1910

**Charles Evans Hughes Sr.** (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, Republican Party politician, and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States. He was also the 36th Governor of New York, the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election, and the 44th United States Secretary of State.

 State governors
Betty McCollum

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Minnesota's 4th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2001

**In office**
January 5, 1993 – January 3, 2001

**Betty Louise McCollum** (born July 12, 1954) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Minnesota's 4th congressional district, serving since 2001. She is a member of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL).
Andrew Gregg

**In office**
June 26, 1809 – December 18, 1809

**In office**
March 4, 1807 – March 3, 1813
Served with Samuel Maclay and Michael Leib

**In office**
March 4, 1801 – March 3, 1807
Served with William Barry Grove and Nathaniel Macon

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania

**In office**
March 4, 1791 – March 3, 1807
Served with Thomas Fitzsimons, Frederick Muhlenberg, Peter Muhlenberg, Daniel Hiester, Henry Wynkoop, Thomas Scott, Thomas Hartley, George Clymer, John W. Kittera, William Findley, James Armstrong, William Irvine, John Smilie, and William Montgomery (at-large)

### Preceded by

*Constituency established* (6th)
Thomas Scott (at-large)
*Constituency established* (9th)
Joseph Hiester (5th)

### Succeeded by

Samuel Maclay (6th)
*Seat abolished* (at-large)
John Smilie (9th)
Daniel Montgomery (5th)

### Constituency

6th district (1791–1793)
at-large district (1793–1795)
9th district (1795–1803)
5th district (1803–1807)

## 9th Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

**In office**
1820–1823

## Personal details

### Political party

Democratic-Republican

**Andrew Gregg** (June 10, 1755 – May 20, 1835) was an American politician. A Democratic-Republican, he served as a United States Senator for Pennsylvania from 1807 until 1813. Prior to that, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1791 until 1807.
Arizona Territory's at-large congressional district

**Arizona Territory's at-large congressional district** was a congressional district that represented Arizona Territory at-large in the United States House of Representatives from 1684 until it gained statehood in 1912. The representative was a non-voting delegate in Congress.

## United States Delegates from Arizona Territory's at-large congressional district

 Judicial
 Representation
Charles E. Stuart

**In office**
June 9, 1856 – June 10, 1856

**In office**
March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1859
Served with Lewis Cass and Zachariah Chandler

**In office**
March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853

**In office**
December 6, 1847 – March 3, 1849

## Member of theMichigan House of Representatives

**In office**
1842

**Charles Edward Stuart** (November 25, 1810 – May 19, 1887) was an American politician and soldier who represented Michigan in both the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate. He was a colonel in the United States Army during the American Civil War.
Chris Sununu

Official portrait, 2017

## 82nd Governor of New Hampshire

**Assumed office**
January 5, 2017

**In office**
January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017

**Christopher Thomas Sununu** (born November 5, 1974) is an American politician and engineer who has served as the 82nd Governor of New Hampshire since 2017. A member of the Republican Party, Sununu was a member of the New Hampshire Executive Council from 2011 to 2017.
Anna Paulina Luna

Official portrait, 2023

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Florida's 13th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2023

**Anna Paulina Luna** (née **Mayerhofer**; born May 6, 1989) is an American politician and U.S. Air Force veteran serving as the U.S. Representative for Florida's 13th congressional district since 2023. She is the first Mexican-American woman elected to Congress from Florida.
Barbara Bush

**In role**
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993

**In role**
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989

**Barbara Bush** (née **Pierce**; June 8, 1925 – April 17, 2018) was the First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993 as the wife of George H. W. Bush, who served as the 41st President of the United States, and founder of the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy. She previously was the Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Among her six children are George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, and Jeb Bush, the 43rd Governor of Florida. She and Abigail Adams are the only two women to be married to one U.S. president and the mother of another.
Cold War

### Result

**Draw*** Military stalemate with no direct conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union
* Conflict on the Korean Peninsula with an armistice agreement, but no peace treaty, signed
* Conflict in Indochina with Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos all becoming communist
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union and establishment of the Russian Federation
* Reunification of Germany
* The United States remains the world's sole superpower

Participants| **North Atlantic Treaty Organization*** United States
* United Kingdom
* France
* Canada
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Iceland
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Turkey
* West Germany†

**South Korea****South Vietnam**†**Republic of China***Others* | **Warsaw Pact**†* Soviet Union†
* Romania
* Poland
* Hungary
* Albania
* Bulgaria
* Czechoslovakia
* East Germany†

Commanders and leaders| **North Atlantic Treaty Organization*** Harry S. Truman
* Dwight D. Eisenhower
* John F. Kennedy†
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Richard Nixon
* Gerald Ford
* Jimmy Carter
* Ronald Reagan
* George H. W. Bush
* *Others*

**South Korea*** Syngman Rhee
* Chung Il-kwon
* Shin Sung-mo
* *Others*

**South Vietnam*** Ngo Dinh Diem†
* Ngô Đình Nhu†
* Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
* *Others*
* Georgy Malenkov
* Nikita Khrushchev
* Leonid Brezhnev
* Yuri Andropov
* Konstantin Chernenko
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* *Others*

**North Korea*** Kim Il-sung
* Kim Jong-il

**Vietnam*** Ho Chi Minh†
* Lê Duẩn
* *Others*

**China*** Mao Zedong
* *Others*

**Cuba*** Fidel Castro

The **Cold War** was a period of ideological and geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that took place in the 20th century in the years immediately following World War II and lasting until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars, including in Korea and Vietnam. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by the two powers, with the U.S. supporting democracy and capitalism and the USSR supporting communism. The doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) discouraged a pre-emptive attack by either side. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events and technological competitions such as the Space Race.

 Principles and terminology
 Styles
 Administrative divisions
Bennie Thompson

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Mississippi's 2nd district

**Assumed office**
April 13, 1993

## Member of theHinds County Board of Supervisors

**In office**
1980–1993

## Mayor of Bolton

**In office**
1973–1980

## Member of theBolton Board of Aldermen

**In office**
1969–1973

**Bennie Gordon Thompson** (born January 28, 1948) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Mississippi's 2nd congressional district since 1993. A member of the Democratic Party, he was involved in local politics before his special election to the House of Representatives.
Brian Bingman

**In office**
October 23, 2020 – September 13, 2023

**In office**
October 23, 2020 – September 13, 2023

**In office**
January 4, 2011 – January 3, 2017

**In office**
January 2007 – January 2017

**In office**
January 2005 – January 2007

## Mayor of Sapulpa

**In office**
1992–2004

**Brian John Bingman** (born December 9, 1953) is an American Republican politician from the state of Oklahoma who served as the 36th Secretary of State of Oklahoma and the second Secretary of Native American Affairs of Oklahoma from 2020 to 2023. He was previously the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.
Christine Wormuth

Official portrait, 2021

## 25th United States Secretary of the Army

**Assumed office**
May 28, 2021

**In office**
June 23, 2014 – June 10, 2016

**Christine Elizabeth Wormuth** (born April 19, 1969) is an American defense official and career civil servant who serves as the 25th United States Secretary of the Army since 2021, the first woman to serve in this position. Wormuth previously served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy from 2014 to 2016.
Arati Prabhakar

Official portrait, 2015

## 12th Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy

**Assumed office**
October 3, 2022

## Science Advisor to the President

**Assumed office**
October 3, 2022

**In office**
July 30, 2012 – January 20, 2017

**In office**
1993–1997

**Arati Prabhakar** (born February 2, 1959) is an Indian-born American engineer and the former head of DARPA, the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, a position she held from 2012 to 2017. She is a founder and the CEO of Actuate, a nonprofit organization. In October 2022, Prabhakar became Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), to serve as the chief science advisor to President Biden.
Chris Stewart

Official portrait, 2015

**In office**
January 3, 2013 – September 15, 2023

**Christopher Douglas Stewart** (born July 15, 1960) is an American politician, author and businessman who served as the U.S. Representative for Utah's 2nd congressional district from 2013 until his resignation in 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he is known for his bestsellers *Seven Miracles That Saved America* and *The Miracle of Freedom: Seven Tipping Points That Saved the World*, as well as his series *The Great and Terrible*.
Charity Clark

## 28th Attorney General of Vermont

**Assumed office**
January 5, 2023

**In office**
2014–2017

**Charity Rae Clark** (born 1975) is an American lawyer and politician from Vermont. A member of the Democratic Party, she is the first woman elected to the position of Attorney General of Vermont, serving since January 5, 2023. She is a descendent of Thomas Chittenden, the first Governor of Vermont.
Carl Albert

Portrait of Carl Albert as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives

**In office**
January 21, 1971 – January 3, 1977

**In office**
January 10, 1962 – January 3, 1971

**In office**
January 3, 1955 – January 10, 1962

**In office**
January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1977

**Carl Bert Albert** (May 10, 1908 – February 4, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 46th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1977 and represented Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district as a Democrat from 1947 to 1977.
Annie Tomasini

## Incumbent

**Assumed office**
June 30, 2023
Serving with Mike Donilon, Gene Sperling, Anita Dunn, John Podesta, Stephen K. Benjamin, and Tom Perez
Served with Mitch Landrieu

### Preceded by

Mike Donilon
Gene Sperling
Mitch Landrieu
Anita Dunn
John Podesta
Stephen K. Benjamin
Tom Perez

## Incumbent

**Assumed office**
January 20, 2021

## Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President

**In office**
January 2009 – December 2010

## Personal details

### Education

Boston University

**AnnMarie Tomasini** (born 1979) is an American attorney and political aide who has served as the White House Director of Oval Office Operations since 2021, and a Senior Advisor to the President since 2023 in the Biden administration.
Bill Foster

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Illinois

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2013

**In office**
March 8, 2008 – January 3, 2011

**George William Foster** (born October 7, 1955) is an American businessman, physicist, and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Illinois's 11th congressional district, winning the seat in 2012. He was also the U.S. Representative for Illinois's 14th congressional district from 2008 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Brian Fitzpatrick

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2017

**Brian Kevin Fitzpatrick** (born December 17, 1973) is an American attorney and politician who is a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives, serving as the representative for Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district since 2017. The district was numbered as the 8th district during his first term. He is the younger brother of the late congressman, his predecessor, Mike Fitzpatrick.
Brad Sherman

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom California

**Assumed office**
January 3, 1997

**In office**
1991–1997

**Bradley James Sherman** (born October 24, 1954) is an American accountant and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for California's 32nd congressional district since 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, he first entered Congress in 1997; Sherman represented California's 24th congressional district for three terms, and California's 27th and 30th districts for five terms each.
Brandon Johnson

Johnson in 2023

## 57th Mayor of Chicago

**Assumed office**
May 15, 2023

**In office**
December 3, 2018 – May 15, 2023

**Brandon Johnson** (born March 27, 1976) is an American educator and politician who is the 57th Mayor of Chicago, having won the 2023 election. A member of the Democratic Party, Johnson previously served on the Cook County Board of Commissioners from 2018 to 2023, representing the 1st district.
Burt Jones

Official portrait, 2023

## 13th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia

**Assumed office**
January 9, 2023

**In office**
January 14, 2013 – January 9, 2023

**William Burton Jones** (born April 25, 1979) is an American politician and businessman who is serving as the 13th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia, since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he has been a member of the Georgia State Senate, elected from the 25th district, since January 2013 to January 2023.
Carolyn Maloney

**In office**
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2023

**In office**
January 1, 1983 – January 3, 1993

**Carolyn Jane Maloney** (née **Bosher**; born February 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the U.S. Representative for New York's 12th congressional district from 2013 to 2023, and for New York's 14th congressional district from 1993 to 2013. She was previously on the New York City Council from 1983 to 1993.
Brian Higgins

Higgins in 2018

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New York

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2005

**In office**
January 1, 1999 – December 31, 2004

**In office**
1988–1993

**Brian Michael Higgins** (born October 6, 1959) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for New York's 26th congressional district, serving since 2005. The district was numbered as the 27th district from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party. In November 2023, Higgins announced he would resign from Congress in February 2024.
Charlie Baker

Official portrait, 2018

**In office**
January 8, 2015 – January 5, 2023

**In office**
November 1994 – September 1998

**In office**
October 1992 – November 1994

**Charles Duane Baker Jr.** (born November 13, 1956) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 72nd Governor of Massachusetts from 2015 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, Baker was a cabinet official under two governors of Massachusetts and served ten years as CEO of Harvard Pilgrim Health Care.
Anthony Kennedy (justice)

## Anthony Kennedy

**In office**
February 18, 1988 – July 31, 2018

**In office**
May 30, 1975 – February 18, 1988

**Anthony McLeod Kennedy** (born July 23, 1936) is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1988 until his retirement in 2018. He was nominated to the Court in 1987 by President Ronald Reagan, and sworn in on February 18, 1988. After the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he was the swing vote on many of the Court's 5–4 decisions.
Bob Dole

**In office**
January 3, 1995 – June 11, 1996

**In office**
January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987

**In office**
January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995

**In office**
January 15, 1971 – January 19, 1973

**In office**
January 3, 1969 – June 11, 1996
Served with James B. Pearson and Nancy Kassebaum

**In office**
January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1969

## County Attorney of Russell County

**In office**
1953–1961

**In office**
January 9, 1951 – January 13, 1953

**Robert Joseph Dole** (July 22, 1923 – December 5, 2021) was an American politician and attorney who represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996. He was the Republican Leader of the United States Senate during the final 11 years of his tenure, including three nonconsecutive years as Senate Majority Leader. Prior to his 27 years in the Senate, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969. Dole was the Republican presidential nominee in the 1996 election, losing to Bill Clinton and Al Gore, and the vice presidential nominee in the 1976 election, losing to Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale. He is the only unsuccessful major party nominee for both president and vice president.
Chellie Pingree

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Maine's 1st district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2009

**In office**
December 2, 1992 – December 6, 2000

**Chellie Marie Pingree** (born **Rochelle Marie Johnson**; April 2, 1955) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Maine's 1st congressional district since 2009. A member of the Democratic Party, she previously served in the Maine Senate.
Carolyn Bourdeaux

**In office**
January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023

**Carolyn Jordan Bourdeaux** (born June 3, 1970) is an American politician and educator who served as the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 7th congressional district from 2021 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she was a professor at the Andrew Young School of Public Policy at Georgia State University from 2003 to 2021.
Arizona's 9th congressional district

Arizona's 9th congressional district since January 3, 2023

**Arizona's 9th congressional district** is a congressional district in Arizona that elects a member to the United States House of Representatives. It was created in 2013.

## United States Representatives from Arizona's 9th congressional district

 Kyrsten Sinema | January 3, 2013–January 3, 2019

 Judicial
 Representation
Charles H. Burke

**In office**
April 1, 1921 – June 30, 1929

**In office**
March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915

**In office**
March 4, 1909 – March 3, 1915
Served with Eben Martin (at-large)

**In office**
March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1907
Served with Robert J. Gamble and Eben Martin

## Member of theSouth Dakota House of Representatives

**In office**
1895–1898

**Charles Henry Burke** (April 1, 1861 – April 7, 1944) was an American politician and Republican Congressman from South Dakota who also served as the 35th Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the 1920s.
Connecticut's at-large congressional district

**Connecticut's at-large congressional district** was a congressional district that represented Connecticut at-large in the United States House of Representatives. The district was created and eliminated three times, existing from 1789 to 1837, 1903 to 1913, and 1933 to 1965.

## United States Representatives from Connecticut's at-large congressional district

### Five seats (1789–1793)

 1st | March 4, 1789–March 3, 1791
 2nd | March 4, 1791–March 3, 1793
Carol Thomas-Jacobs

Thomas-Jacobs in 2023

## Judge of the U.S. Virgin Islands Superior Court

**Assumed office**
April 14, 2023

## Attorney General of the U.S. Virgin Islands

**In office**
January 1, 2023 – April 14, 2023

**Carol Thomas-Jacobs** (born 1968/1969) is a U.S. Virgin Islands lawyer who served as the acting Attorney General of the U.S. Virgin Islands. She was appointed by Governor Albert Bryan to replace Denise George on January 1, 2023. She was previously the Chief Deputy Attorney General of the U.S. Virgin Islands. She is currently a judge on the U.S. Virgin Islands Superior Court since April 14, 2023.
Ann Kirkpatrick

Official portrait, 2019

**In office**
January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023

**In office**
January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017

**In office**
January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011

**In office**
January 10, 2005 – July 24, 2007

**Ann Leila Kirkpatrick** (born March 24, 1950) is an American politician and retired attorney who served as the United States Representative from Arizona's 2nd congressional district from 2019 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she represented Arizona's 1st congressional district from 2009 to 2011 and again from 2013 to 2017. Kirkpatrick was a member of the Arizona House of Representatives from 2005 to 2007.
Catherine Cortez Masto

## United States Senatorfrom Nevada

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2017
Serving with Jacky Rosen
Served with Dean Heller

**In office**
January 1, 2007 – January 5, 2015

**Catherine Marie Cortez Masto** (born March 29, 1964) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Nevada since 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the 32nd Attorney General of Nevada from 2007 to 2015.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick

**In office**
June 26, 1860 – December 2, 1860

**In office**
December 7, 1857 – February 26, 1860

**In office**
January 14, 1853 – January 21, 1861
Served with Clement Claiborne Clay

**In office**
November 25, 1848 – November 30, 1849
Served with William R. King

**In office**
November 22, 1841 – December 10, 1845

**Benjamin Fitzpatrick** (June 30, 1802 – November 21, 1869) was an American politician who served as a Democratic United States Senator from Alabama and the 11th governor of the state in the years before the Civil War.
Arkansas's 3rd congressional district

Arkansas's 3rd congressional district since January 3, 2023

**Arkansas's 3rd congressional district** is a congressional district in Arkansas that elects a member to the United States House of Representatives. It was created in 1863, but did not send a representative to Congress until 1868 since the state was in rebellion and sided with the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Bill Lee

Lee in 2023

## 50th Governor of Tennessee

**Assumed office**
January 19, 2019

**William Byron Lee** (born October 9, 1959) is an American businessman, cattle farmer, former mechanical engineer, and politician who has served as the 50th Governor of Tennessee since 2019. Elected in 2018, Lee is a member of the Republican Party. Before entering politics he held various positions at the Lee Company, a business operated by the Lee family; he was the company's president and CEO from 1992 to 2016.
Andrew Jackson

**In office**
March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837

**In office**
March 4, 1823 – October 14, 1825
Served with John Eaton

**In office**
September 26, 1797 – April 1, 1798
Served with Joseph Anderson

**In office**
March 10, 1821 – December 31, 1821

## Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court

**In office**
1789–1804

**In office**
December 5, 1796 – September 26, 1797

**Andrew Jackson** (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the United States Congress. As president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the "common man" against a "corrupt aristocracy" and to preserve the Union. He was the first Democrat to be elected president.
Chris Pappas

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New Hampshire's 1st district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2019

**In office**
January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019

## Member of theNew Hampshire House of Representativesfrom Hillsborough County

**In office**
December 4, 2002 – December 6, 2006

**Christopher Charles Pappas** (born June 4, 1980) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative from New Hampshire's 1st congressional district since 2019. From 2013 to 2019, he represented the 4th district on New Hampshire's Executive Council. He also served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 2002 to 2006. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Charles A. Halleck

**In office**
January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1965

**In office**
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955

**In office**
January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949

**In office**
January 29, 1935 – January 3, 1969

**Charles Abraham Halleck** (August 22, 1900 – March 3, 1986) was an American politician. He was the Republican leader of the United States House of Representatives from the 2nd district of Indiana.
Bob Casey Jr.

Official portrait, 2016

## United States Senatorfrom Pennsylvania

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2007
Serving with John Fetterman
Served with Arlen Specter and Pat Toomey

**In office**
January 18, 2005 – January 3, 2007

**In office**
January 21, 1997 – January 18, 2005

**Robert Patrick Casey Jr.** (born April 13, 1960) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Pennsylvania, a seat he has held since 2007. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as Pennsylvania Auditor General from 1997 to 2005 and as Pennsylvania Treasurer from 2005 to 2007. He is the son of Bob Casey Sr., the 42nd Governor of Pennsylvania.
Burgess Owens

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Utah's 4th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2021

**Clarence Burgess Owens** (born August 2, 1951) is an American politician, nonprofit executive and former professional football player serving as the U.S. Representative for Utah's 4th congressional district since 2021. He played safety for 10 seasons for the New York Jets and the Oakland Raiders, winning a championship with the Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1980. Since leaving the NFL, Owens has founded several businesses and is the CEO of a nonprofit dedicated to helping troubled and incarcerated youth. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Cathy McMorris Rodgers

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Washington's 5th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2005

**In office**
January 7, 1994 – January 3, 2005

**Cathy Anne McMorris Rodgers** (born May 22, 1969) is an American politician who is the U.S. Representative for Washington's 5th congressional district since 2005. A Republican, McMorris Rodgers previously served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1994 to 2005.
Ami Bera

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom California

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2013

**Amerish Babulal** "**Ami**" **Bera** (born March 2, 1965) is an American physician and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for California's 6th congressional district (known as the 7th congressional district until 2023) since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, his district encompasses most of Sacramento's eastern and southern suburbs, including Elk Grove, Folsom, and Rancho Cordova.
Bob Menendez

Official portrait, 2022

## United States Senatorfrom New Jersey

**Assumed office**
January 17, 2006
Serving with Cory Booker
Served with Frank Lautenberg and Jeffrey Chiesa

**In office**
January 3, 1993 – January 16, 2006

**In office**
March 4, 1991 – January 3, 1993

**In office**
January 12, 1988 – March 4, 1991
Served with Bernard Kenny

**In office**
1986–1992

**Robert Menendez** (born January 1, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States Senator from New Jersey, a seat he has held since 2006. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first appointed to the U.S. Senate by Governor Jon Corzine, and previously served in the United States House of Representatives representing New Jersey's 13th congressional district from 1993 to 2006.

In 2015, Menendez was indicted on federal corruption charges; the jury was unable to reach a verdict, and the charges were dropped in 2018. In 2023, Menendez was again indicted on federal corruption charges, in which he was alleged to have aided and provided sensitive information to the government of Egypt.
Colorado's 5th congressional district

Colorado's 5th congressional district since January 3, 2023

**Colorado's 5th congressional district** is a congressional district in Colorado that elects a member to the United States House of Representatives. It was created in 1973.

## United States Representatives from Colorado's 5th congressional district

 [[file:|100px]]William L. Armstrong | January 3, 1973–January 3, 1979

 Judicial
Caucus

A **caucus** is a meeting or grouping of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement. In the United States, members of a political party or subgroup may meet to coordinate members' actions, choose group policy, or nominate candidates for various offices.

## Caucuses to select election candidates

There is no provision for the role of political parties in the United States Constitution. In the first two presidential elections, the Electoral College handled nominations and elections in 1789 and 1792 which selected George Washington. After that, congressional party or a state legislature party caucus selected the party's presidential candidates. Nationally, these caucuses were replaced by the party convention starting in 1832.

Unlike primary elections in most U.S. states, where registered voters go to polling places to cast secret ballots, citizens in caucus states instead gather at local meetings to discuss and publicly vote on the candidates.

## Congressional caucuses

A **congressional caucus** is a group of members of the United States Congress that meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Formally, caucuses are formed as **congressional member organizations** (**CMO**s) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate and governed under the rules of these chambers. They are sometimes also called conferences, coalitions, study groups, task forces, or working groups.

The largest caucuses are the party caucuses comprising all members of one house from one party (either the Democrats or the Republicans) in addition to any independent members who may caucus with either party. These are the House Democratic Caucus, House Republican Conference, Senate Democratic Caucus and Senate Republican Conference. The caucuses meet regularly in closed sessions for both the House of Representatives and the Senate to set legislative agendas, select committee members and chairs and hold elections to choose various floor leaders. They also oversee the four Hill committees, political party committees that work to elect members of their own party to Congress.

### Ideological caucuses

Ideological congressional caucuses can represent a political party within a political party. In the United States' two-party dominant political system, these congressional caucuses help congregate and advance the ideals of a more focused ideology within the two major relatively big tent political parties. Some caucuses are organized political factions with a common ideological orientation. Most ideological caucuses are confined to the House of Representatives.

### Interest group caucuses

The most common caucuses consist of members united as an interest group. These are often bipartisan (comprising both Democrats and Republicans) and bicameral (comprising both Representatives and Senators).

 Principles and terminology
 Styles
 Administrative divisions
Benjamin Wade

**In office**
March 2, 1867 – March 3, 1869

**In office**
March 15, 1851 – March 3, 1869
Served with Salmon P. Chase, George E. Pugh, and John Sherman

## Member of theOhio Senate

**In office**
1870–1876

**Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade** (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a United States Senator for Ohio from 1851 to 1869. He is known for his leading role among the Radical Republicans including support for civil rights, women's suffrage, and trade unions. Had the 1868 impeachment of President Andrew Johnson led to a conviction in the Senate, as President pro tempore of the United States Senate, Wade would have become president for the remaining nine months of Johnson's term.
Andy Harris

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Maryland's 1st district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2011

**In office**
January 13, 1999 – January 3, 2011

**Andrew Peter Harris** (born January 25, 1957) is an American politician and a former physician who has been the U.S. Representative for Maryland's 1st congressional district since 2011. He is currently the only Republican member of Maryland's congressional delegation. Harris previously served in the Maryland Senate.
Andrew Johnson

**In office**
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869

**In office**
March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865

**In office**
March 4, 1875 – July 31, 1875
Served with Henry Cooper

**In office**
October 8, 1857 – March 4, 1862
Served with John Bell and Alfred O. P. Nicholson

**In office**
Military Governor
March 12, 1862 – March 4, 1865

**In office**
October 17, 1853 – November 3, 1857

**In office**
March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1853

## Mayor of Greeneville

**In office**
1834–1835

**Andrew Johnson** (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was Vice President of the United States at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, coming to office as the American Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the United States House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the United States Senate by one vote. His main accomplishment as president was the Alaska purchase.
Cheryl Myers

## Secretary of State of Oregon

**In office**
May 8, 2023 – June 30, 2023

## Deputy Secretary of State of Oregon

**Assumed office**
January 2021

**In office**
January 2011 – June 2019

## Member of theNorth Clackamas School Board

**In office**
January 2005 – January 2013

**Cheryl Myers** is a Korean-born American politician and businesswoman who served as the acting Secretary of State of Oregon from May 8 to June 30, 2023, following Shemia Fagan's resignation. She has served as deputy secretary of state since 2021.
Antonin Scalia

Official portrait, 2013

**In office**
September 26, 1986 – February 13, 2016

**In office**
August 17, 1982 – September 26, 1986

**In office**
August 22, 1974 – January 20, 1977

**In office**
1972–1974

**Antonin Gregory Scalia** (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016. He was described as the intellectual anchor for the originalist and textualist position in the U.S. Supreme Court's conservative wing. For catalyzing an originalist and textualist movement in American law, he has been described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century, and one of the most important justices in the Supreme Court's history. Scalia was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2018 by President Donald Trump, and the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University was named in his honor.
Austin Scott

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Georgia's 8th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2011

**In office**
1996–2011

**James Austin Scott** (born December 10, 1969) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 8th congressional district since 2011. Scott served as a Republican member of the Georgia House of Representatives before being elected to the U.S. House. Following the ouster of Speaker of the House Kevin McCarthy, Scott announced his candidacy to replace him. He lost the second round of nominations to Jim Jordan.
Clay Higgins

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Louisiana's 3rd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2017

**Glen Clay Higgins** (born August 24, 1961) is an American politician and law enforcement officer from the state of Louisiana. A Republican, he is the U.S. Representative for Louisiana's 3rd congressional district. Although an elected official, Higgins continues to hold a law enforcement commission as a reserve officer with the Louisiana Attorney General's office.
Chris Jacobs

**In office**
July 21, 2020 – January 3, 2023

**In office**
January 1, 2017 – July 20, 2020

**In office**
January 1, 2012 – January 1, 2017

**In office**
April 19, 2006 – January 1, 2007

## Member of theBuffalo Public Schools Board

**In office**
2004–2011

**Christopher Louis Jacobs** (born November 28, 1966) is an American politician who represented New York's 27th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2020 to 2023. Jacobs served as the 63rd Secretary of State of New York from April 2006 to January 2007. Beginning in 2012, he held the post of Erie County Clerk, and he was a Republican member of the New York State Senate for the 60th district from 2017 to 2020. On June 23, 2020, he won a special election to fill a vacancy in New York's congressional 27th district.
Ayanna Pressley

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Massachusetts's 7th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2019

## Member of theBoston City Councilfrom the at-large district

**In office**
January 4, 2010 – January 3, 2019

**Ayanna Soyini Pressley** (born February 3, 1974) is an American politician who has served as the U.S. Representative for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district since 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, she was previously a member of the Boston City Council.
Becca Balint

Official portrait, 2023

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Vermont's at-large district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2023

**In office**
January 6, 2021 – January 3, 2023

**In office**
January 7, 2015 – January 3, 2023
Served with Jeanette White

**Rebecca A.** "**Becca**" **Balint** (born May 4, 1968) is an American politician who is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's at-large congressional district as a member of the Democratic Party. She served as a member of the Vermont Senate from Windham County from 2015 to 2023, and as president pro tempore from 2021 to 2023.
Brendan Boyle

Official portrait, 2018

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2015

**In office**
January 6, 2009 – January 3, 2015

**Brendan Francis Boyle** (born February 6, 1977) is an American politician serving as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing a district in the Philadelphia area since 2015. He represented the 13th district from 2015 to 2019. Since 2019, he has represented the 2nd district. He was previously a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 170th district from 2009 to 2015.
Charles G. Dawes

**In office**
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929

**In office**
June 15, 1929 – December 30, 1931

**In office**
June 23, 1921 – June 30, 1922

**Charles Gates Dawes** (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, composer, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925.
Ann Wagner

Official portrait, 2018

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Missouri's 2nd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2013

**In office**
August 16, 2005 – June 27, 2009

**In office**
1999–2005

**Ann Louise Wagner** (née **Trousdale**; September 13, 1962) is an American politician and diplomat serving as the U.S. Representative for Missouri's 2nd congressional district. A member of the Republican Party, she was the United States Ambassador to Luxembourg from 2005 to 2009, and chaired the Missouri Republican Party from 1999 to 2005.
Ben Hanford

**Benjamin Hanford** (1861 – January 24, 1910) was an American painter and socialist politician during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A printer by trade, Hanford is best remembered for his 1904 and 1908 runs for Vice President of the United States on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America, running next to presidential nominee Eugene V. Debs.
Chief Justice of the United States

## Chief Justice of the United States of America

Seal of the Supreme Court of the United States

**Incumbent
John Roberts**
since September 29, 2005

The **Chief Justice of the United States of America** is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking official in the judicial branch of the United States. The United States Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint "Judges of the supreme Court", who serve until they resign, retire, are impeached and convicted, or die.

The chief justice has significant influence in the selection of cases for review, presides when oral arguments are held, and leads the discussion of cases among the other justices. Additionally, when the court renders an opinion, the chief justice, if in the majority, chooses who writes the court's opinion. When deciding a case, however, the chief justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice.

The Constitution also designates the chief justice to preside during presidential impeachment trials in the Senate. While nowhere mandated, the presidential oath of office is by tradition typically administered by the chief justice.

The current chief justice is John Roberts, who was appointed by President George W. Bush and has served since September 29, 2005.

## Chief Justices of the United States

 Principles and terminology
 Styles
 Administrative divisions
Bill Pascrell

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New Jersey

**Assumed office**
January 3, 1997

**In office**
July 1, 1990 – January 3, 1997

## Member of theNew Jersey General Assemblyfrom the 35th district

**In office**
January 12, 1988 – January 3, 1997
Served with John Girgenti, Cyril Yannarelli, Frank Catania, Donald Hayden, and Alfred E. Steele

## Personal details

### Parents

William James Pascrell
Roffie J. Loffredo

## Military service

### Rank

Sergeant

**William James Pascrell Jr.** (born January 25, 1937) is an American politician who is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 9th congressional district, having served in this position since January 2013. A member of the Democratic Party and a native of Paterson, New Jersey, Pascrell has served in the House since January 1997, when he represented New Jersey's 8th congressional district; due to the federally mandated redistricting following the 2010 United States Census, which resulted in New Jersey losing a seat in the House, Pascrell's home city was placed in the 9th district. Before his election to the House of Representatives, Pascrell served in the New Jersey General Assembly for four terms beginning in 1988, and was elected to two terms as Mayor of Paterson.
Delia Ramirez

Official portrait, 2023

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Illinois's 3rd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2023

**Delia Catalina Ramirez** (born June 2, 1983) is an American politician serving as U.S. Representative from Illinois's 3rd congressional district since 2023. She previously served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 4th district from 2018 to 2023, and is a member of the Democratic Party.
Charles Francis Adams Sr.

Adams in 1861

**In office**
May 16, 1861 – May 13, 1868

**In office**
March 4, 1859 – May 1, 1861

## Member of theMassachusetts Senate

**In office**
1843–1845

## Member of theMassachusetts House of Representatives

**In office**
1840–1843

**Charles Francis Adams Sr.** (August 18, 1807 – November 21, 1886) was an American historical editor, writer, politician, and diplomat. As United States Minister to the United Kingdom during the American Civil War, Adams was crucial to Union efforts to prevent British recognition of the Confederate States of America and maintain European neutrality to the utmost extent. Adams also featured in national and state politics before and after the Civil War. In 1848, he was the Free Soil vice presidential candidate alongside former President Martin Van Buren. He also represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House from 1859 to 1861.