recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors

**Other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors** include any repetitive self-grooming behaviors that results in damage to the body. These BFRBs are typically not specifically indexed in the DSM-V. They are classified as "other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorders," with the specification of "body-focused repetitive behaviors."

## Types of Other BFRBs

### Trichotemnomania

Trichotemnomania is characterized by the compulsive cutting of one's own hair. It is usually to achieve some visual goal, such as evenness or visual improvement.

### Trichophagia

Trichophagia is a subset of trichotillomania that results in the individual eating their own hair.

### Lip Bite Keratosis

Lip Bite Keratosis involves the repetitive biting of the skin of one's own lips.

### Tongue Chewing

Tongue Chewing involves the chronic chewing on the tongue, most frequently on the sides of one's tongue. If done to the point of damage, it is considered a BFRB.

### Onychotillomania

Onychotillomania is the chronic picking at one's toenails and fingernails.

### Dermatophagia

Dermatophagia is the biting of one's own skin, often scabs, and is usually the result of excoriation disorder.
Sleep-Related Hallucinations

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.UnrealityThe following page includes discussions of unreality, including delusions, hallucinations, derealization, and depersonalization. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Sleep-Related Hallucinations** are hallucinations experienced during the night. It is easy to confuse them with a state of dreaming and may be like nightmares; however, these are clearly recognized as dreams after the event and are not thought to be real. Hypnagogic hallucinations take place as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations happen as one is waking up.

These can be caused by an underlying condition or triggered by medications.

## References

https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/sleep-hallucinations/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23234-hypnagogic-hallucinations
Sexual Dysfunction

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.Sexual AssaultThe following page includes discussions of sexual assault and rape. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Sexual Dysfunction** is a problem that can happen during any phase of the sexual response cycle. It prevents one from experiencing satisfaction from sexual activity.

Sexual dysfunction is not always neurodivergent, as a lot of the condition has to do with physical health instead of mental health. However, it can be neurodivergent if the causes are psychological or it affects the individual's mental health.

### Forms of Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction generally is classified into four categories:

* **Desire disorder**: lack of sexual desire or interest in sex.
* **Arousal disorder**: inability to become physically aroused or excited during sexual activity.
* **Orgasm disorder**: delay or absence of orgasm.
* **Pain disorder**: pain during intercourse.

## Signs & Symptoms

* Inability to achieve or maintain an erection.
* Absent or delayed ejaculation despite enough sexual stimulation.
* Inability to control the timing of ejaculation.
* Inability to achieve orgasm.
* Inadequate vaginal lubrication before and during intercourse.
* Inability to relax the vaginal muscles enough to allow intercourse.
* Lack of interest in or desire for sex.
* Inability to become aroused.
* Pain with intercourse.

## Causes

Many physical or medical conditions can cause problems with sexual function, hormonal imbalances and chronic disease. When the condition is from physical causes, it is not considered neurodivergent. It is, however, considered neurodivergent if there is psychological causes, such as anxiety, depression, past sexual trauma, or substance abuse.

## References

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9121-sexual-dysfunction#:~:text=Sexual%20dysfunction%20is%20a%20problem,%2C%20plateau%2C%20orgasm%20and%20resolution
Sex Dysphoria

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.Body ImageThe following page includes discussions of body image, including starving oneself, binging and purging, exaggerated self-analysis, and body dysphoria. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Sex Dysphoria** is a type of dysphoria and similar to gender dysphoria. It is the distress caused from a disconnect between one's sex identity and the sex they were born as. It is a more specific type of body dysphoria.

While gender dysphoria is more broad and includes mental and physical disconnect, sex dysphoria focuses on the physical disconnect and the specific body parts one may feel dysphoric about.

## Types of Sex Dysphoria

### Chest Sofrimento

Chest Sofrimento is the distress towards one's chest, as it is not the chest they desire.

### Genital Sofrimento

Genital Sofrimento is the distress towards one's genitals, as they are not the genitals they desire.

### Gonadal Sofrimento

Gonadal Sofrimento is the distress towards one's gonads, as they are not the gonads they desire.

### NCST Sofrimento

NCST Sofrimento is the distress towards one's secondary sex traits, as they are not the traits they desire

## References

https://www.britannica.com/science/gender-dysphoria
Other Hallucinogen Use Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AddictionThe following page includes discussions of addiction, including substance abuse. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Other Hallucinogen Use Disorder** is a substance use disorder characterized by a problematic pattern of hallucinogen use that is not phencyclidine or phencyclidine-like leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.

Drugs associated with other hallucinogen use disorder include phenlalkylaines, such as mescaline, DOM, MDMA or ecstasy, the indoleamines including psilocybin and psilocin, which are the psychoactive ingredients in magic mushrooms, DMT, ergolines such as LSD or acid, and the morning glory seeds. Various other plant compounds with hallucinogen effects are also included.

## Signs & Symptoms

The diagnosis of other hallucinogen use disorder can be given to an individual who exhibits at least two of the following symptoms within a 12 month period:

* The individual continues to use the hallucinogens, even though they have social or interpersonal problems as a result of their drug use.
* The individual continues to use hallucinogens, even though they know it is causing or worsening physical or psychological problem.
* The individual craves hallucinogens.
* The individual fails to carry out major roles in their life at work, school or home because of their hallucinogen use.
* The individual gives up or reduces other activities that were important to them. The individual has difficulty cutting down or controlling their hallucinogen use.
* The individual spends a lot of time getting, using and recovering from hallucinogens.
* The individuals takes more of a hallucinogen than they intended to.
* The individual uses hallucinogen drugs in dangerous situations, such as driving or operating machinery.
* Tolerance for hallucinogens.

Unlike other substance use disorders, withdrawal symptoms are rarely part of other hallucinogen use disorder. If one happens to experience withdrawal symptoms after taking hallucinogens, it is likely they have either been taking another drug instead or in addition to the hallucinogen, or they are mentally and physically ill.

## References

https://www.verywellmind.com/other-hallucinogen-use-disorder-21885

https://www.psychdb.com/addictions/hallucinogens/3-other-use-disorder
Onychophagia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Onychophagia**, also known as **Nail Biting**, is a common stress-related or nervous habit that involves biting off the nail plate, and sometimes the soft tissue of the nail bed and cuticles as well. Chronic nail biting is classified as a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body-focused repetitive behavior.

## Signs & Symptoms

Onychophagia often results in visible damage to fingernails, cuticles and the surrounding skin.

In addition to a compulsive urge to bite their nails, individuals who chronically bite their nails may experience:

* Distressing feelings of unease or tension prior to biting.
* Feelings of relief or pleasure after biting.
* Feelings of shame, embarrassment, anxiety, or guilt, often related to the appearance of physical damage to skin and nails caused by them.
* Fear of others seeing one's nails or being disgusted by them.
* Strained or complicated family or social relationships, either due to intentional social withdrawal or to others shaming or mocking the individual for the behavior.
* Tissue damage to fingers, nails and cuticles.
* Mouth injuries, dental problems, abscesses, and infections.

Nail biting may occur without conscious notice or may be a focused behavior. It usually begins in early childhood and intensifies during adolescence. Although it may continue through adulthood, it often decreases with age. In many cases, it may stop altogether.

### Physical Consequences

Physical problems that nail biting can cause include:

* Stomach infections resulting from swallowing the bitten nails.
* Fungal infections of the nail plate and surrounding skin.
* Teeth root resorption.
* Avealor destruction.
* Intestinal parasitic infections.
* Temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction.

## References

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/onychophagia-nail-biting

https://dermnetnz.org/topics/onychophagia

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/nail-biting-when-does-it-go-too-far/

https://www.aocd.org/page/Onychophagia
Oneiroid Syndrome

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.UnrealityThe following page includes discussions of unreality, including delusions, hallucinations, derealization, and depersonalization. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Oneiroid Syndrome (OS)** is a dream-like fantastic delusional derangement of consciousness characterized by kaleidoscopic psychopathological experiences, wherein reality, illusions and hallucinations are merged into one. It is typically accompanied by motor, particularly catatonic, disturbances.

OS is hardly mentioned in standard psychiatric textbooks, possibly because it is not listed in the DSM.

## References

Kaptsan A, Miodownick C, Lerner V. Oneiroid syndrome: a concept of use for western psychiatry. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2000;37(4):278-85. PMID: 11201932.

https://dbpedia.org/page/Oneiroid\_syndrome
Number Personification Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Number Personification** is a type of ordinal linguistic personification in which one personifies numbers. When an individual with this type of synesthesia sees or thinks of different numbers, each one is perceived as having human characteristics like gender, personality, a physical appearance, clothes and accessories, likes and dislikes, a job, hobbies, family relationships, friends, enemies, or love and a partner. The numbers can be single-digit or also double-digit or higher numbers in some cases.

For some, the numbers have a few very basic personality traits, while for others, they can be complex. These personalities may also evoke an emotional response in the individual who perceives them.

The attributes associated with each number emerge in childhood and are consistent throughout the individual's lifetime.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/number-personification.html
Object Personification

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Object Personification**, also called **Personification of Abstract and Non-Abstract Concepts**, includes personifying concepts such as numbers, letter, time unites or directions. Object personification consists of associating human characteristics, qualities and relationships to sequences of objects. It is considered a type of synesthesia if it is consistent over time and applies to a sequence/group of objects.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/object-personification.html
Unspecified Communication Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Unspecified Communication Disorder (UCD)** is a DSM-5 diagnosis assigned to individuals who experience symptoms of a communication disorder, but do not meet a sufficient number of the diagnostic criteria for a communication disorder to warrant a more specific diagnosis. The symptoms do have a significant impact on critical areas of functioning though.

## References

https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/unspecified-communication-disorder-dsm--5-307.9-(f80.9)
Cannabis Use Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AddictionThe following page includes discussions of addiction, including substance abuse. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Cannabis Use Disorder** is a substance use disorder characterized by a pattern of marijuana use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. Cannabis doesn't often cause health problems, but some individuals can become dependent on it and it can cause problems like extreme changes in mood, trouble concentrating, and memory problems.

### Medical Marijuana

Studies on the use of medical marijuana show evidence supporting its medical benefits. It has been found to reduce muscle spasms associated with multiple sclerosis, and to reduce nausea and vomiting that often results from chemotherapy.

## Signs & Symptoms

Symptoms of cannabis addiction manifest differently in different individuals and also depend on the amount of cannabis that has been consumed, as well as the frequency of cannabis use. However, the following are all common signs and symptoms that may indicate that a harmful cannabis addiction has developed:

* One uses larger amounts of the drug than meant to, or one has been using it for a longer period of time than they've meant to.
* Can't cut down or control use, or constantly wishing one could cut down.
* Spending a lot of time getting or using the drug, or recovering from the effects.
* One has strong cravings for the drug.
* One can no longer do their main jobs at work, school or home.
* One keeps using even though the drug use is hurting their relationships.
* One has stopped doing important activities because of the drug use.
* One uses drugs in situations where doing so is dangerous.
* One keeps using it even though they know it is causing physical and psychological health problems.
* One needs more and more of the drug to get the same effect, or one gets less effect from the same amount over time.
* One has uncomfortable symptoms when they try to stop using the drug.

Individuals who have a long history of cannabis abuse may experience several unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when they attempt to stop using cannabis or significantly reduce their cannabis consumption. These may include strong cravings for cannabis, nausea, headaches, agitation, dizziness, irritability, insomnia, depression or anxiety.

## References

https://www.psychdb.com/addictions/cannabis/1-use-disorder

https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/marijuana-use-disorder

https://www.themanorclinic.com/addiction-treatment/cannabis-addiction-treatment/cannabis-addiction-symptoms

https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=abr9729
Pyromania

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Pyromania** is a type of impulse control disorder that is characterized by being unable to resist starting fires. Pyromania does not apply to all arsonists or anyone who sets fires. Fire-setting itself doesn't automatically indicate pyromania.

Pyromania and arson are both intentional, but pyromania is strictly pathological or compulsive, arson may not be. Although an arsonist can have pyromania, most arsonists don't.

## Signs & Symptoms

* An uncontrollable urge to set fires.
* Fascination and attraction to fires and its paraphernalia.
* Pleasure, a rush, or relief when setting or seeing fires.
* Tension or excitement around fire-starting.

While an individual with pyromania will get an emotional release after setting a fire, they may also experience guilt or distress afterwards. Someone may also be an avid watcher of fires who goes out of their way to seek them out, some might become firefighters.

Individuals who set fires for the following reasons typically do not have pyromania:

* Monetary gain.
* Political beliefs.
* To hide a crime.
* To improve a living situation.
* Delusions.
* Hallucinations.
* Impaired judgement, such as being under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

### Diagnosis

In order to be diagnosed with pyromania, the following symptoms must be present:

* Deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion.
* Tension or affective arousal before starting a fire.
* Fascination with, interest in, curiosity about, or attraction to fire and its situational contexts.
* Pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting fires or when witnessing or participating in the aftermath.
* The fire setting is not done for monetary gain, as an expression of sociopolitical ideology, to conceal criminal activity, to express anger or vengeance, to improve one's living circumstances, in response to a delusion or hallucination, or as a result of impaired judgement.
* Setting fires can't be explained through another psychiatric disorder, such as conduct disorder, a manic episode, or antisocial personality disorder.

Pyromania isn't often diagnosed until around age 18, though symptoms may start showing up around puberty.

## References

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-pyromania

https://www.healthline.com/health/pyromania

https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2016.110707
Other Specified Dissociative Disorder-1b

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Other Specified Disorder-1b (OSDD-1b)** describes those who have similar symptoms to DID, but do not meet the full diagnostic criteria. OSDD-1b applies to the lack of amnesia between headmates.

Unlike in OSDD-1a, headmates tend to differ further instead of presenting as different facets of the same individual. They don't experience full black-outs and are instead divided by emotional amnesia, the feeling of remembering an event, but feeling no emotional connection to such event.

## Signs of OSDD-1b

In *Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders*, Dell suggests three possible symptom clusters.

1. General dissociative symptoms, defined as memory problems, depersonalization, derealizaiton, post traumatic flashbacks, somatoform symptoms, or trance states.
2. Partial dissociative intrusions, described as internal interactions or overlap between dissociative states and which can manifest as passive influence, hearing voices, or self alteration.
3. Full dissociative intrusions, described as switching between headmates with associated amnesia.

Individuals with DID are expected to meet criteria of all three symptom clusters while individuals with OSDD-1a or OSDD-1b may only meet two of the clusters.

## References

https://did-research.org/comorbid/dd/osdd\_udd/did\_osdd

Dell, P.F. and O’neil, J.A. (2015). *Dissociation and the dissociative disorders : DSM-V and beyond*. London: Routledge.

https://forum.shanniiwrites.com/t/did-and-osdd-1-the-fragmented-mind-a-coming-out/20631
Social Dysphoria

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Social Dysphoria** is a subset of gender dysphoria. It is a discomfort with how one is seen by others. Examples include dysphoria caused by being misgendered by strangers, being called by the wrong pronouns, wrong name, or being called "Mr." or "Miss." It can also include being forced to present as one's assigned gender at birth or being forced to present in a way that would make one more likely to be misgendered.

## References

https://www.britannica.com/science/gender-dysphoria

https://www.lgbtqia.wiki/wiki/Dysphoria
Tobacco Use Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AddictionThe following page includes discussions of addiction, including substance abuse. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Tobacco Use Disorder** is diagnosed when an individual is dependent on nicotine, which is found in tobacco. Anyone who smokes is at risk of developing physical dependence.

Nicotine is found in cigarettes, pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco and snuff. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance that causes the body to release endorphins and activates the reward center of the brain.

## Signs & Symptoms

Tobacco causes many risks to an individual's health, including:

* Cancers, including mouth, esophagus, lungs and throat cancer.
* Emphysema.
* Heart disease.
* Chronic bronchitis.
* Stroke.
* Upper respiratory infections.
* Roughness to the voice.
* Gum disease.
* Tooth decay.
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Short-term health effects of the use of tobacco products include:

* Bad breath.
* Shortness of breath.
* Reduction in productivity.
* Social problems.
* Increased risk associated with mild, moderate and severe illnesses.

Signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include:

* Irritability.
* Restlessness.
* Anxiety.
* Insomnia.
* Difficulty concentrating.
* Fatigue.

### Diagnosis

In order to receive a diagnosis, an individual must have used tobacco products for at least a year and developed:

* A need for larger quantities of tobacco with unsuccessful attempts to stop or reduce tobacco intake.
* A lot of time spent acquiring and using tobacco.
* Cravings for tobacco.
* Failure to meet obligations due to tobacco use
* Continued use of tobacco despite social or interpersonal problems.
* Avoidance of social, occupational, or recreational activities that do not allow tobacco use.
* Use of tobacco in hazardous situations.
* Continued use of tobacco despite awareness of the risk and problems associated with the product.
* Tolerance indicated by a need for larger doses, noticeable diminished desired effects without increasing dosage, and withdrawal symptoms.
* Need for nicotine or a substitute drug to alleviate withdrawal symptoms.

## References

https://thriveworks.com/blog/tobacco-use-disorder/

https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/behavioral-mental-health/conditions/tobacco-use-disorder

https://www.addictiongroup.org/drugs/other/tobacco-use-disorder/

https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/nicotine-dependence
Chest Sofrimento

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.Body ImageThe following page includes discussions of body image, including starving oneself, binging and purging, exaggerated self-analysis, and body dysphoria. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Chest Sofrimento** is an umbrella term used to describe an individual who feels disconnect towards their chest. This is considered a subset of sex dysphoria.

The term chest sofrimento was coined by Fandom user Cryptocrew on May 9, 2021, through the LGBTA wiki.

## Chest Dysphoria

Chest dysphoria is a feeling of distress stemming from a disconnect between one's internal desire of chest-type and ones actual chest-type due to their chest not correctly representing their gender identity.

Most research into chest dysphoria centers around the transmasculine experience.

## Chest Dysmorphia

Chest dysmorphia is a feeling of distress towards ones chest, that causes or comes from a desire for a different type of chest. The difference between this and dysphoria is that the chest dysmorphia is not related to gender identity. This is considered a subset of body dysmorphic disorder.

## References

https://www.lgbtqia.wiki/wiki/Chest\_Sofrimento

Jamie E. Mehringer, Jacqueline B. Harrison, Kit M. Quain, Judy A. Shea, Linda A. Hawkins, Nadia L. Dowshen; Experience of Chest Dysphoria and Masculinizing Chest Surgery in Transmasculine Youth. Pediatrics March 2021; 147 (3): e2020013300. 10.1542/peds.2020-013300
Calendar Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Calendar Synesthesia**, also called **Time-Space Synesthesia**, is a type of spatial sequence synesthesia in which an individual has a visual perception of time units such as days, months, hours, years, decades or centuries seen in the space surrounding or in front of them.

The spatial positioning of the elements are consistent and tends not to vary throughout the individual's lifetime. The time units often also have their own shape, texture, and/or color. The elements are habitually seen from the perspective of the time unit in question, for example, February would be behind January.

Some common arrangements are rings, spirals, ladders, lines with curves or shape bends, endless loops, although the exact forms are unique.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/02/calendar-synesthesia.html
Language Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Language Disorder** is a communication disorder in which an individual has persistent difficulties in learning and using various forms of language, spoken, written or signed. They may struggle to understand the words they hear or see. While they do not have trouble physically making sounds, they may not be able to use language effectively to communicate.

## Signs & Symptoms

* Trouble learning and using spoken and written language.
* Struggle to learn and use gestures.
* Difficulty with vocabulary, sentence structure or having a conversation.
* Having a hard time following directions or organizing thoughts.
* Using short, simple sentences.
* Putting words in the wrong order.
* Using the wrong tense.
* Leaving words out of sentences.
* Saying things like "um" a lot while trying to remember the right words.
* Repeating parts of questions or entire questions before answering them.
* Avoiding talking to individuals they don't know well.
* Not knowing a lot of words.

### Diagnosis

An individual is diagnosed if they cannot communicate as well as other individuals their age and struggle with:

* Knowing a lot of words.
* Speaking or writing long sentences.
* Sharing information.
* Having a conversation.

A doctor should also test for other issues that could affect language, including deafness.

## Causes

In many cases, the cause in unknown. A brain injury, birth defects, or problems in pregnancy may lead to language disorder, but the condition has a strong genetic component. Individuals with language disorder are more likely to have family members with a history of language impairment.

## Treatment

Language disorder is best treated with speech and language therapy.

## References

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/language-disorder

https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-language-disorder/
Delusional Misidentification Syndrome

UnrealityThe following page includes discussions of unreality, including delusions, hallucinations, derealization, and depersonalization. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Delusional Misidentification Syndrome (DMS)** is a group of delusional phenomena in which individuals misidentify familiar individuals, objects, or self, and believe that they have been replaced or transformed.

## Diagnosis

The misidentification syndromes usually occur in association with other psychiatric or organic conditions. It is necessary to perform a comprehensive evaluation in order to rule in or out other comorbid conditions.

## Types of DMS

### Capgras Syndrome/Delusion

Capgras Syndrome or Imposter Syndrome is a condition in which one has the delusional belief that one or more loved ones or peers have been replaced by an imposter, usually an imposter with harmful intent. This could cause one to show aggression and paranoia towards an individual that they are close to, due to believing it's not really them.

### Cotards Delusion/Syndrome

Cotards Delusion or Walking Corpse Syndrome is a condition in which one has the delusional belief that they are either dead, a corpse, a ghost, nonexistent, dying, or are missing pieces of their body. They may believe that things/individuals around them are also dead/nonexistent.

### Fregoli Delusion

Fregoli Delusion is a condition in which one has the delusional belief that multiple individuals that they have met are actually the same individual in disguise. Those with this delusion often believe that the 'disguised individual' is trying to harm them in some way.

### Intermetamorphosis

Intermetamorphosis is a condition in which one has the delusional belief that an individual can transform into something else both in appearance and personality. Often times this leads to suspicion and paranoia towards the individual they have this delusion towards.

### Mirrored-Self Misidentification

Mirrored-Self Misidentification is a condition in which one has the delusional belief that ones reflection is not of themself. They may believe it is a doppelgänger, demon, spirit, younger/older/altered version of themself, or similar.

### Reduplicative Paramnesia

Reduplicative Paramnesia is a condition in which one has the delusion belief that a place/location is duplicated, existing in two places separately.

### Syndrome Of Subjective Doubles/Subjective Doubles

Subjective Doubles is a condition in which one has the delusional belief that they have a doppelgänger of themself that is interfering with their life and pretending to be them.

## References

Jocic, M.D., Zeljko (1992) "Delusional Misidentification Syndrome", *Jefferson Journal Psychiatry*: Vol. 10 : Iss 1 , Article 4.

http://jaapl.org/content/42/3/369

https://www.healthline.com/health/capgras-syndrome

https://www.healthline.com/health/cotard-delusion
Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AbuseThe following page includes discussions of abuse, including verbal, physical, neglect, sexual (**SA also has its own warning**), etc. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD)**, also called **Complex PTSD**, is a condition that involve many of the same symptoms of PTSD. When the underlying trauma is repeated and ongoing, it may be considered complex PTSD.

C-PTSD is not recognized in the DSM-5, but is recognized by many mental health professionals.

### C-PTSD vs PTSD

Both PTSD and C-PTSD result from the experience of something traumatic and can cause flashbacks, nightmares and insomnia. Both conditions can make one feel intensely afraid and unsafe even though the danger has passed. Despite these similarities, there are characteristics that differentiate C-PTSD from PTSD.

The main difference between the two is the frequency of the trauma. PTSD is caused by a single traumatic event, C-PTSD is caused by long-lasting trauma that continues or repeats for months or years.

## Signs & Symptoms

The symptoms of complex PTSD are similar to symptoms of PTSD, plus additional symptoms.

Symptoms of PTSD include:

* Reliving the traumatic experiences, this can include having nightmares or flashbacks.
* Avoiding certain situations.
* Changes in beliefs and feelings about oneself and others.
* Hyperarousal, constantly being on-alert and jittery.
* Somatic symptoms, physical symptoms that don't have any underlying medical cause.

Individuals with C-PTSD typically have the above PTSD symptoms along with additional symptoms, including:

* Lack of emotional regulation.
* Changes in consciousness, this can include forgetting the traumatic event or feeling detached from ones emotions or body.
* Negative self-perception.
* Difficulty with relationships.
* Distorted perception of abuse.
* Loss of systems of meaning, this refers to religion or beliefs about the world. One might lose faith in some long-held beliefs one had to develop a strong sense of despair or hopelessness.

## Causes

Complex PTSD is caused by experiencing recurring or long-term traumatic events, for example:

* Childhood abuse or neglect.
* Domestic violence.
* Sexual abuse.
* Torture, sex trafficking, or slavery.
* War.

One may be more likely to develop complex PTSD if:

* One has experienced trauma at a young age.
* One was harmed by someone close who they trusted.
* One was unable to escape the trauma.

## References

https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/complex/

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-complex-ptsd-2797491

https://www.healthline.com/health/cptsd
Neurodiversity Wiki

**Welcome to the Neurodiversity Wiki!**
A community for neurodivergent, neuratypical, neurotypical and neurovariant people alike. Learn about conditions and meet new people! From lesser-known such as hyperlexia, to the most recognized such as autism, we're open to supporting almost every condition, disability and disorder under the neurodiversity umbrella.

**ABOUT THE WIKI**

This is a wiki that is dedicated to the science of neurology and neurodiversity. Since 2022, we have welcomed people of all neurological circumstances and hope to share more about the wonderful neurodivergent and disabled communities. We are happy to hear about your knowledge on neurodiversity and how we’ll get to make Neurodiversity Wiki a place for everyone to enjoy, including you! Thanks for visiting us!

**OUR TERMS OF SERVICE & POLICIES**

Like any other Fandom wiki, Neurodiversity Wiki is dedicated to following policies, guidelines and more to sustain a healthy and well-organized wiki. Before you make your first edit or page, we suggest you go over our Terms Of Service and our other policies & guidelines to make sure you have a good idea of the rules. Thank you!

DisclaimerThis wiki is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

## Sibling Wikis

### Disability History Wiki

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

Welcome to all Neurodivergents, Neurotypicals, Neurovariants, Suspicions Holder, The Undetermined and anyone else unaddressed/UiL. We strive to be a Accessible community designed for everyone's Needs and Accommodations. We hope that our information is as unbiased as possible and that **people understand what they are writing and responding about/Srs**! As a Reminder, **Do not attempt to use any of our Pages as diagnostic tools**(If you suspect that you have something, Consult a Specialist Psychologist or other specified Medical Requirements)**/Srs**. We hope that everyone will take on the job of improvement of any subject they are knowledgeable in.**/Neu**

If your Divergency is not known formally or if you know of a Divergency that we do not have, Feel free to make that page and post on the forum or New Articles.
Unspecified Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Unspecified Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorder** is a category that applies to when symptoms characteristic of a trauma disorder cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning, but do not meet the full criteria for any specific trauma disorder. This category is used when the clinician chooses not to specify the reason why the criteria are not met for a specific disorder or there is insufficient information.

## References

http://vcoy.virginia.gov/documents/collection/018%20Trauma2.pdf

http://www.traumatys.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Diagnosis-DSM-5-Trauma-and-Stressor-Related-Disorders-1.pdf
Unspecified Tic Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Unspecified Tic Disorder** is a category of diagnosis given where an individual presents symptoms of a tic disorder, but does not meet all the criteria for a full diagnosis. The unspecified tic disorder category is used in situations in which the clinician chooses not to specify the reason that the criteria are not met and includes presentations in which there is insufficient information to make a more specific diagnosis.

## References

https://tourette.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DSM-5\_Tic\_Disorders.pdf

https://psychbite.com/mental-disorders/neurodevelopmental-disorders/motor-disorders/unspecified-tic-disorder/
Anxiety Disorders

**Anxiety Disorders** are conditions in which the brain overthinks, stresses over, or experiences paranoia over usually simple/everyday things that should not cause such stress. Anxiety disorders can be caused by chemical or hormonal imbalances, hereditary passing, trauma, and/or high amounts of stress in daily life.

## Types of Anxiety Disorders

### Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

GAD is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive distress and worry about activities, events, and individuals, even if these activities/events/individuals are seen or experienced daily. This means one has anxiety about concepts that can be considered mundane and often have little to no risk factor.

### Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring and unexpected panic attacks. The cause for panic disorders is unknown; however, it is known to be hereditary and risk factors include smoking, psychological stress, and a past of child abuse.

### Phobias

Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational fear of a specific object, situation, type of individual, and similar. All phobias fall under the anxiety spectrum.

### Selective Mutism (SM)/Situational Mutism

SM is a type of anxiety disorder in which one cannot speak in specific situations if their anxiety is triggered. They fully understand speech and can typically talk perfectly fine, but when triggered, they are incapable of speech, even if they try.

Those with this condition prefer the term 'situational' over 'selective', as they are not choosing to be mute.

### Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

SAD is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive worry/distress when separated from home and/or individuals one has formed an emotional bond with. Anxiety when separated is common within children, but if one continues to express anxiety when separated at an older age, they are likely to have SAD.

### Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder (or Social Phobia) is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by excessive worry/distress when in social spaces. This is not the same as shyness or stage fright.

### Other Specified Anxiety Disorder

Other Specified Anxiety Disorder is when one closely fits an anxiety disorder, but does not fit the full diagnostic requirements. They may be considered "close enough" to a condition to be diagnosed.

### Unspecified Anxiety Disorder

Unspecified Anxiety Disorder is when one shows symptoms of an anxiety disorder, but does not fit any subset enough to be diagnosed with a specific form.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803

https://familydoctor.org/condition/panic-disorder/?adfree=true

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/specific-phobias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355156

https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/selective-mutism/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/z-other-specified-anxiety
Schizophreniform Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.UnrealityThe following page includes discussions of unreality, including delusions, hallucinations, derealization, and depersonalization. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Schizophreniform Disorder** is a psychotic disorder that affects how one acts, thinks, relates to others, expresses emotions, and perceives reality. Unlike schizophrenia, it lasts one to six months instead of a lifetime.

## Signs & Symptoms

Schizophreniform disorder symptoms are similar to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Some common schizophreniform disorder symptoms include:

* Breaking from reality or being unsure what is real.
* Hearing voices speaking out loud or in one's head when no one is talking.
* Urges or thoughts of harming oneself or others.
* Hearing, smelling or feeling things that are not real.
* Delusions.
* Disorganized speech or 'nonsense' speech.
* Paranoia and suspiciousness.
* Having abnormal or strange body movements or experiencing catatonia.
* Isolating oneself from others and failing to care for oneself and their home.
* A flat, emotionless appearance.

## Causes

There is no one specific cause that can be pointed to for the onset of schizophreniform disorder. Some risk factors may make one more likely to develop this disorder, like:

* A family or personal history of schizophrenia, psychosis, or anxiety.
* Improper brain function or changes to the brain's chemical structure.
* Trauma.
* Postpartum psychosis from a recent childbirth.
* Previous psychological disorders or bouts of psychosis.

## References

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9571-schizophreniform-disorder

https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/schizophreniform-disorder/
Tic Disorders

**Tic Disorders** are conditions in which one has uncontrollable movements, twitches, and/or sounds that they do repeatedly, without it being purposeful. How often one tics can vary from once a day to once a minute, and every form of tic is different. Many individuals have offensive tics. Those with offensive tics should *not* be blamed for their ticcing, as it is not something they do voluntarily.

## Types of Tic Disorders

### Persistent/Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

Persistent/Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder is a tic disorder characterized by having motor tics or vocal tics, but not both at the same time.

### Provisional Tic Disorder

Provisional Tic Disorder is a tic disorder characterized by one or more motor and/or vocal tics.

### Tourette's Syndrome

Tourette's Syndrome is a tic disorder characterized by having two or more motor and vocal tics, although they may not happen at the same time.

### Other Specified Tic Disorder (OSTD)

OSTD is when one closely fits a tic disorder but does not fit the full diagnostic requirements. They may be considered "close enough" to a tic disorder to be diagnosed with it.

### Unspecified Tic Disorder

Unspecified Tic Disorder is when one shows symptoms of a tic disorder but does not fit any subset enough to be diagnosed with a specific one.

## References

https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-motor-tic-disorder

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tourette-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350465

https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/other-specified-tic-disorder-dsm--5-307.20-(f95.9)