recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Gomphidius roseus

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***Gomphidius roseus***, commonly known as the **rosy spike-cap** or **pink gomphidius**, is a gilled mushroom found in Europe. Although it has gills, it is a member of the order Boletales, along with the boletes. It is a coral pink-capped mushroom which appears in pine forests in autumn, always near the related mushroom *Suillus bovinus*, on which it appears to be parasitic.

## Taxonomy

*Gomphidius roseus* was initially described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as *Agaricus glutinosus β roseus* in 1821, before he elevated it to species status and gave its current genus and binomial name in 1838. The genus name is derived from the Greek 'γομφος' *gomphos* meaning "plug" or "large wedge-shaped nail". The specific epithet *roseus* is the Latin adjective "pink".

## Description

The mushroom has a coral-pink cap up to Template:Convert in diameter, though sometimes larger, which is initially convex and later flattens and becomes a more brick-like colour with maturity. Often slimy or sticky as with other members of the genus, its cap lacks the blackish markings of the related *G. glutinosus*. The stipe is Template:Convert high and 0.4–1 cm wide and bears an indistinct ring. It is white with a pinkish or wine-coloured tint and often flushed yellow at the base. The whitish flesh may also be tinged pink and has little taste or smell. The decurrent gills are grey, and the spore print is brownish-black.

## Distribution and habitat

An uncommon fungus, *Gomphidius roseus* is found in Europe, but not in North America. A similar pinkish species, *G. subroseus* occurs in North America. It is found in pine woods, particularly *Pinus sylvestris*, associated with *Suillus bovinus*, and is often hidden in undergrowth. Fruiting bodies sprout in the autumn.

## Ecology

Like other members of the family Gomphidiaceae, *Gomphidius roseus* has been thought to be ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic relationship with their host trees. However, it is found exclusively with the related Jersey cow mushroom (*Suillus bovinus*), and is now thought to be parasitic upon its mycelium. This is evidenced by microscopic examination, which shows that *G. roseus* inserts haustoria in plant root cells and does not produce significant mycelium itself. Furthermore, *G. roseus* is never found growing in isolation, only with *S. bovinus* though the latter species is found without the former.

## Edibility

*Gomphidius roseus* is not known to be toxic but is reported to be of poor quality and hence not recommended for picking.

## References

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1. ↑ Template:La icon Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite book
7. ↑ Template:Cite book
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Template:Cite journal
9. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Geopora arenicola

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***Geopora arenicola*** is a species of fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae. It is an uncommon European species.

The fungus forms a rounded ascocarp underground on sandy loam soils. This fruit body remains subterranean for most of the year but breaks the surface in the spring to form a cream-coloured cup (apothecium) up to Template:Convert across and 3 cm tall.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jordan 2004`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Geoglossum dunense

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***Geoglossum dunense*** is an earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. Described as new to science in 2015, it is found in the islands of Cyprus and Malta, where it grows on coastal dunes under the Phoenicean juniper (*Juniperus phoenicea*).

## Description

The tiny fruitbodies, measuring 1−2.3 cm by 0.8−1.1 cm, are black, dry, and consist of a lobed or club-shaped head and a minutely squamulose stipe. The spores are fusiform to subfusiform and measure (28−) 31−44 (−53) by (7−) 8−10 (−12) μm. At maturity they develop 2−3, or very rarely 1−4 septa. The paraphyses are highly polymorphic and often moniliform, hooked, branched, or contorted. The asci are large, 8-spored and have an amyloid apical pore.

## Ecology and distribution

So far, this apparently rare species is only known from two localities in the Mediterranean, from the islands of Cyprus and Malta. It grows on coastal dunes and salt marshes among *Juniperus*, *Olea* and *Fumana* shrubs.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Loizides 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gloioxanthomyces vitellinus

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***Gloioxanthomyces vitellinus*** is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. Originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1863 as a species of *Hygrophorus*, it was made the type species of the newly created genus *Gloioxanthomyces* in 2013. It is found in Europe, where it fruits among mosses in late summer and autumn.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lodge 2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Morchella dunalii

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***Morchella dunalii*** is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). Although this widespread species was described as early as 1887 by Emile Boudier, it had not appeared in any of the influential literature or monographic works on the genus until very recently. The revival of the name is owed to Moreau and colleagues, who in 2011 designated a lectotype from an old watercolour painting of this forgotten taxon. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies by Richard and colleagues in 2014, matched this taxon to phylogenetic lineage *Mel*-25.

A 2016 study by Loizides and colleagues provided a detailed description, as well as notes on the ecology and distribution of *M. dunalii*, which appears to be the most common and widespread morel in the Mediterranean region, frequently misidentified as *M. deliciosa*, *M. purpurascens*, or *M. conica*. The taxon *Morchella fallax*, proposed by Clowez in 2012, is a synonym of this species.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boudier 1887`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moreau 2011`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Richard 2015`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Loizides 2016`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Clowez 2012`

## External links

Template:IndexFungorum
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Diorygma sticticum

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***Diorygma sticticum*** is a species of lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It was described as new to science in 2011. It is found in Thailand.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cystolepiota bucknallii

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***Cystolepiota bucknallii*** is a species of basidiomycete fungus of the genus *Cystolepiota*. Found throughout Europe, it is a rare fungus occurring in deciduous forests. The small fruit bodies bear a distinctive smell of coal gas and appear in autumn on damp ground. It is not an edible mushroom.

## Description

The fruit body of *Cystolepiota bucknallii* is a relatively small, thin-fleshed agaric. The cap is at first hemispherical and becomes convex with maturity. It bears a broad central umbo and reaches 5 cm in diameter. The cap cuticle is white with a lilac or violet tinge. The gills are crowded and not attached to the stipe. Their colour is cream to pale yellow. The stipe is comparatively long (up to 6 cm), slender and bare, tinged lilac or violet except for the uppermost section where it is pallid. Both cap and stipe are covered with a mealy powder which is easily rubbed off. All parts are fragile. The flesh is white, thin and does not bear a distinctive taste.

The spore mass is white. With the aid of a light microscope, the spores are seen ellipsoid, smooth and colourless. When Melzer's reagent is applied, the spore walls barely stain; hence, the spores are weakly dextrinoid. Their dimensions are 7.5–10 µm by 1–3.5 µm.

*Cystolepiota bucknallii* has a characteristically pungent odour, reminiscent of coal gas or sulphur. Indole is present in this as well as in other similar-scented fungi: *Tricholoma inamoenum*, *Tricholoma lascivum*, *Tricholoma sulphureum* and others.

While its edibility is not known, there exists speculation about possible toxicity.

## Habitat

*C. bucknallii* has been recorded in various countries in central and northern Europe including France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Russia. It is a terrestrial decomposer which occurs in deciduous forests with moist, calcareous soils rich in nutrients and especially nitrogen. Fruit bodies appear in autumn. Moreover, *C. bucknallii* is an uncommon or rare fungus whose populations are found in communities harbouring a diversity of other rare species. A population may serve as an indicator for rich, conservable biotopes.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 *Cystolepiota bucknallii* at Rogers Mushrooms. Rogers Plants Ltd. Retrieved on December 13, 2009.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ *Cystolepiota bucknallii* - GBIF Portal. GBIF. Retrieved on February 2, 2010.
5. ↑ Factsheet: *Cystolepiota bucknallii* – violettfotad puderskivling (Swedish) (PDF). ArtDatabanken.

## External links

Template:IndexFungorum

* Images of *C. bucknallii* at BioImages (UK)

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Gliophorus europerplexus

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***Gliophorus europerplexus*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Wales, it was described as new to science in 2013.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ainsworth 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gymnopus dryophilus

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***Gymnopus dryophilus*** is a mushroom commonly found in temperate woodlands of Europe and North America. It is generally saprophytic, but occasionally also attacks living wood. It belongs to section *Levipedes* of the genus, being characterized by a smooth stem having no hairs at the base (in contrast to section *Vestipedes*). Until recently it was most frequently known as ***Collybia dryophila***.

## Description

 The cap is Template:Convert in diameter, convex, and russet to ochre. The gills, which are only thinly attached to the stem, are whitish and crowded, and the spore powder is white. The bald stem is up to Template:Convert long by 4 mm in diameter.

Microscopically the spores are 6×3 µm in size and slightly tear-shaped, there are lobed club-shapedcystidia (15-50 µm × 2-6 µm), and the hyphae on the cap cuticle can also have lobes.
It is contended that *G. dryophilus* in fact consists of a complex of different species and that several new species (including *G. brunneolus*, *G. earleae* and *G. subsulphureus*) should be split off from it. However these species are not generally recognized at present.

## Distribution and habitat

This fungus is very common in northern hemisphere temperate woodlands (so much so that it is sometimes considered a "weed" mushroom). It fruits from April to December and is often seen when there are few other fungi in evidence. Although the Greek epithet *dryophilus* means "lover of oak trees", it is also found with other broad-leaved trees and with conifers.

## Edibility

*Gymnopus dryophilus* is generally considered to be edible, though not worthwhile. It is recommended not to eat the stem, which is tough.

It has been found to contain anti-inflammatory beta-glucans

## References

1. ↑ See "*Levipedes*" page of "A revision of Collybia s.l. in the northeastern United States & adjacent Canada", Roy Halling.
2. ↑ Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant: *Keys to Agarics and Boleti* (Roger Phillips 1983) Template:ISBN
3. ↑ Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1994) "Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe" Delachaux et Niestlé Template:ISBN, also available in English
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Marcel Bon: *The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe* Hodder & Stoughton Template:ISBN.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Roger Phillips : "Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain & Europe" (Pan Books Ltd., London 1981).
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kuo, M. (2008, May). *Gymnopus dryophilus* at the MushroomExpert.Com Web site)
7. ↑ Index Fungorum
8. ↑ Régis Courtecuisse : "Mushrooms of Britain & Europe" (Harper Collins 1999). Template:ISBN
9. ↑ Pacheco-Sanchez M, Boutin Y, Angers P, Gosselin A, Tweddell RJ. (2006). A bioactive (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-D-glucan from *Collybia dryophila* and other mushrooms. *Mycologia*. **98**(2): 180-5.

## External links

* Index Fungorum
* USDA ARS Fungal Database
* “*Gymnopus dryophilus*” by Robert Sasata, *Healing-Mushrooms.net*, December, 2007.
* Kuo, M. (2008, May) *Gymnopus dryophilus* at the MushroomExpert.Com Web site

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Gerronema stevensonii

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***Gerronema stevensonii*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. It was first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome in 1875, calling it *Cantharellus stevensonii*. The fungus was named after Reverend John Stevenson, who in 1874 made the type collection in Glamis, Scotland. Roy Watling transferred the species to the genus *Gerronema* in 1998.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1875`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Watling 1998`

## External links

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Cortinarius melleicarneus

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***Cortinarius melleicarneus*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Found in Estonia and Norway, where it grows on the ground in association with thermophilous deciduous trees, it was described as new to science in 2014. The specific epithet *melleicarneus* refers to the honey colored cap.

## See also

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* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Deconica thailandensis

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***Deconica thailandensis*** is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Thailand.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ramirez-Cruz2012`
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Cortinarius caesiophylloides

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***Cortinarius caesiophylloides*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Found in Fennoscandia, where it grows on the ground in mesic coniferous forests, it was described as new to science in 2014. The specific epithet *caesiophylloides* alludes to both its similarity to *Cortinarius multiformis* var. *caesiophyllus* (now named *C. caesiolamellatus*), and the bluish tints in the gills. It has since been found in Slovakia.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `nahuby.sk`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Collema coccophorum

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***Collema coccophorum*** is a cyanolichen also known as **soil pulp lichen** or **jelly lichen**. It can be found in many areas of the world, including North America, Eastern Europe and Norway, Australia, and South America. It has also been recorded in Antarctica.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Øvstedal 2001`

* "The lichen genus *Collema* in Europe: morphology, taxonomy, ecology" G Degelius - Symb. Bot. Upsal, 1954
* "The lichen genus *Collema* with special reference to the extra-European species" G Degelius - 1974 - Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Diaphanopellis

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***Diaphanopellis*** is a genus of rust fungi in the family Coleosporiaceae. Reported as new to science in 2005, the genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Diaphanopellis forrestii***, found growing on *Rhododendron selense* subsp. *selense*, in the Himalayas.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Conocybe aurea

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***Conocybe aurea*** is a basidiomycete fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described to science in 1930 by German mycologist Julius Schäffer, who called it *Galera aurea*. Tsuguo Hongo transferred it to the genus *Conocybe* in 1963. In 2000, Anton Hausknecht published the variety *C. aurea* var. *hololeuca*, but this taxon is not considered to have independent taxonomic significance by Index Fungorum. The specific epithet *aurea*, meaning gold-coloured, refers to the fruitbody colour.

## Habitat and distribution

*Conocybe aurea* is a saprobic fungus that prefers to grow in nitrate-rich soils, fields, woodchip mulch, old compost, and greenhouses. A rare but widespread species, it is found in Europe, Asia, North America, and South America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hongo 1963`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hausknecht 2000`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Overall 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hebeloma sinuosum

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***Hebeloma sinuosum*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. First described as *Agaricus sinuosus* by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838, it was later transferred to *Hebeloma* by Lucien Quélet in 1893.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Bearclaw's Helm

Owain Bearclaw, a famed beast tamer, enchanted a helmet able to dominate beasts.

## Description

Bearclaw's Helm is a steel helmet stylistically resembling a dragon.

## Qualities

Bearclaw's Helm has 6 charges. The Helm regains 1d4 -1 charges every dawn.

You may cast Dominate Beast (DC 18) on beasts within a 15 foot radius by expending one charge. Requires Attunement.

## Lore

Owain Bearclaw was a Hill Dwarf shaman, famed for his brawn and skill at taming bears for battle. It was said that, in exchange for the left eyes of ten thousand Hobgoblins, a hag created the Helmet for Owain in order to have the power to sway creatures to his side.
Inonotus cuticularis

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***Inonotus cuticularis*** is species of fungus in the Hymenochaetaceae family. A plant pathogen, it has a circumpolar distribution, and is found in the temperate zone from eastern U.S. and Canada to Japan, China, Russia and south to central Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Inonotus cuticularis`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Deconica pegleriana

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***Deconica pegleriana*** is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It can be found in Mexico, Thailand, India, Papua New Guinea, the Southeastern United States and South America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ramirez-Cruz2012`
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Lecanora printzenii

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***Lecanora printzenii*** is a species of lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. Known from Spain, it was described as new to science in 2011.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Disciseda bovista

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***Disciseda bovista*** is a rare species of gasteroid fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It was first described as *Geastrum bovista* by Johann Friedrich Klotzsch in 1843. Paul Christoph Hennings transferred it to the genus *Disciseda* in 1903.

## Description

The whitish to greyish-brown fruitbodies of *Disciseda bovista* are roughly spherical, measuring Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert tall. The base of mature fruitbodies is cushioned by a thick pad of mycelium encrusted with soil and plant debris. There is an irregularly shaped (and often torn) opening (ostiole) at the top of the fruitbody, usually 1–2 mm in diameter. The inside of the fruitbody contains the brown gleba, which is initially cottony before becoming powdery after the spores mature. The spores are strongly ornamented, and measure 6–7 µm.

*Disciseda candida* is quite similar in appearance, but has smaller spores (3.5–5.5 μm) with finer surface ornamentation.

## Habitat and distribution

*Disciseda bovista* grows on the ground in sunny, dry, and sandy locales that are often steppe-like. It is found in North America and Europe. Because of its rare occurrence in Europe, it has been placed on the Regional Red Lists of several countries.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius bovinatus

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***Cortinarius bovinatus*** is an agaric fungus in the family *Cortinariaceae*. Described as new to science in 2013, it is found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niskanen 2013`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Geastrum minimum

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***Geastrum minimum***  or **tiny earthstar** is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus *Geastrum*. Although rare, it is widespread in Europe, where it occurs in a range of habitats. It is a priority species in the UK, where it has been found in the sand dunes at Holkham National Nature Reserve.

The species was first described by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822.

## Description

Fruit bodies are initially roughly spherical before the outer peridium splits to form a star with 6–11 "rays". When opened, the diameter of the fruit body is Template:Convert. The inner spore sac is spherical or egg-shaped, and measures Template:Convert. The more-or-less round spores measure 5–5.5–4–4.5 μm and have warts on their surface.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1995`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Telfer 2000`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `jncc`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Geastrum minimum`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ellis 1990`

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Coprinellus angulatus

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***Coprinellus angulatus*** is a species of mushroom in the Psathyrellaceae family. First described by mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1874 and placed in the genus *Coprinus*, a 2001 phylogenetic study resulted in a major reorganization and reshuffling of that genus, and this species was transferred to *Coprinellus*.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Coprinellus* species

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Cortinarius boreicyanites

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***Cortinarius boreicyanites*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). Found in the boreal mixed forests of Europe (Sweden, Finland and Scotland), it was described as new to science in 2014. Its fruitbodies have hemispherical to convex caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter. Initially bluish gray, the cap colour matures to pale grayish brown. Gills on the cap underside have an emarginate attachment to the stipe. They start out greyish blue before changing to brownish violet when the spores mature. The club-shaped to bulbous stipe measures Template:Convert long, and up to Template:Convert wide at the base.

The specific epithet *boreicyanites* refers to its close relationship to *Cortinarius cyanites*, and its boreal distribution.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Echinochlamydosporium

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***Echinochlamydosporium*** is a fungal genus in the Mortierellaceae family of the Zygomycota. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Echinochlamydosporium variabile***, found in China. The fungus grows on juvenile individuals of the soybean cyst nematode (*Heterodera glycines*).

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jiang2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Granulobasidium vellereum

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***Granulobasidium vellereum*** is a species of fungus in the family Cyphellaceae. A plant pathogen associated with white rot of angiospermous logs, slash, and living trees, it has been found in Sweden and Denmark, and in North America. Originally described as *Corticium vellereum* in 1885, it was transferred to the genus *Granulobasidium* by Walter Jülich in 1979.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cragin 1885`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Julich 1979`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Crivellia

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***Crivellia*** is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Crivellia papaveracea***, which causes leaf blight of opium poppy. The fungus is found in Europe, Australia, India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa, Turkey, USA and Zambia.

## "Agent Green" in Colombia

In 2000, the government of Colombia proposed dispersing strains of *Crivellia* and *Fusarium oxysporum*, also known as **Agent Green**, as a biological weapon to forcibly eradicate coca and other illegal crops.
The weaponized strains were developed by the US government, who had conditioned their approval of Plan Colombia on the use of this weapon, but ultimately withdraw that condition. In February 2001, the EU Parliament also issued a declaration specifically against the use of these biological agents in warfare.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `OfA`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Crivellia papaveracea`
https://www.grain.org/article/entries/306-sprouting-up-battle-lines-drawn-over-agent-green
4. ↑ http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0102/S00023.htm
5. ↑ http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0102/S00023.htm

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Hapalopilus albocitrinus

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***Hapalopilus albocitrinus*** is a species of polypore fungus. Found in South Asia and Africa, it was first described in 1922 by Thomas Petch as a species of *Poria*. Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus *Hapalopilus* in 1980.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Petch 1922`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 1980`

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Corneroboletus

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***Corneroboletus*** is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. It was circumscribed in 2012 to contain the species formerly known as *Boletus indecorus*. ***Corneroboletus indecorus*** is found in southeastern Asia, where it grows on the ground in clusters in beech forests. The genus name honors botanist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zeng 2012`

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Dichopleuropus

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***Dichopleuropus*** is a fungal genus in the family Lachnocladiaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ***Dichopleuropus spathulatus***, found in Malaysia. *Dichopleuropus* was circumscribed by English mycologist Derek Reid in 1965.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Reid 1965`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hebeloma atrobrunneum

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***Hebeloma atrobrunneum*** is a species of mushroom in the Hymenogastraceae family. Described as new to science in 1989, it was found on moist soil growing under Willow (*Salix* spp.) plants in Denmark.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vesterholt1989`

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Entoloma mammosum

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***Entoloma mammosum***, commonly known as the **bell-shaped Nolanea**, is a species of fungus in the family Entolomataceae. The fruit bodies are small and nippled, with a striate cap, salmon-colored gills, and a stately stalk. It is typically found growing in feather moss under spruce and Jack pine in the summer and fall. It is saprobic, and derives nutrients from rotting organic matter. The fungus was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as *Agaricus mammosus*. American mycologist Lexemuel Ray Hesler transferred it to *Entoloma* in 1967.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bossenmaier 1997`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma mammosum`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

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Dacryoscyphus

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***Dacryoscyphus*** is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the Dacrymycetales order. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Dacryoscyphus chrysochilus***, found in China. The genus and species were formally described in 2005.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirschner2005`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cyphelium notarisii

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***Cyphelium notarisii*** or **soot lichen** is a species of lichenised fungus in the family Caliciaceae. Found in Europe and North America, it grows on wood, often in coastal areas. The species was first described as *Acolium notarisii* by Charles Tulasne in 1852.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kew`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Cyphelium notarisii`

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Helvella albella

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***Helvella albella*** is a species of fungi in the family Helvellaceae that is found in Europe and North America. It was described by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1896.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quélet 1895`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Guepiniopsis alpina

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***Guepiniopsis alpina***, commonly known as the **jelly cup**, **alpine jelly cone**, or **poor man's gumdrop**, is a species of fungus in the family Dacrymycetaceae. The small, gelatinous Fruit bodies are orange and cone or cup shaped. Found in western North America and Iran, the fungus grows on decaying conifer wood.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described in 1901 by Samuel Mills Tracy and Franklin Sumner Earle under the name *Guepinia alpina* in 1901. It was later transferred to *Heterotextus* in 1932, and then to *Guepiniopsis* in 1938.

It is commonly known as the "jelly cup", "alpine jelly cone", or "poor man's gumdrop".

## Description

The fruit bodies are cone-shaped, measuring up to Template:Convert in diameter, and hang from a narrow attachment to the substrate. They are bright yellow to orange, with a smooth and sticky surface and gelatinous texture. Dried fruit bodies deepen to reddish-orange and become hard. Its edibility is unknown, but it is too small to be considered for the table. Basidiospores are produced on the inner surface of the cup. In mass, the spores are yellowish. They are sausage shaped, measure 11–18 by 4–6 µm, and have three or four septa. Like all members of the Dacrymycetes, the basidia are Y-shaped.

Species with which *G. alpina* could be confused include *Bisporella citrina*, *Dacrymyces capitatus*, and *D. stillatus*. *Guepiniopsis chrysocomus* is a related species with a somewhat similar appearance. It has a yellow fruit body, larger spores, and uses rotting hardwood as a substrate.

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies grow scattered, in groups, or clusters on decaying, bark-free conifer wood. A snowbank fungus, it is most common at higher elevations after snowmelt in the spring. It is found in North America west of the Rocky Mountains. In 2010, it was recorded for the first time in Iran.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Greene 1901`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Martin 1932`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Brasfield 1938`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1987`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 1986`
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Davis 2012`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Asef 2010`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Curvatispora

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***Curvatispora*** is a fungal genus in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (*incertae sedis*). The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Curvatispora singaporensis***, which was discovered growing on a fallen decaying frond of *Livistona spinosa* in Singapore.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `OoA`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sarma 2001`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Taxonbar

Template:Sordariomycetes-stub
Laccariopsis

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***Laccariopsis*** is an agaric fungal genus with a rooting stipe, and a superficial resemblance to *Laccaria*. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ***Laccariopsis mediterranea***, which grows in sand dunes around the Mediterranean Sea on shores and colonizes *Ammophila* and *Juniperus* roots. Phylogenetically it is placed in the Physalacriaceae.

## Etymology

The name *Laccariopsis* means (-opsis) like a *Laccaria*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2012`

## External links

* Acta Fungorum - as *Xerula mediterranea*
* Funghi Italiani- as *Xerula mediterranea*

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Heinemannomyces

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***Heinemannomyces*** is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae.
 This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Heinemannomyces splendidissima***, found in peninsular Malaysia.

## See also

* List of Agaricaceae genera
* List of Agaricales genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Watling 1998`

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Cortinarius fuscobovinus

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***Cortinarius fuscobovinus*** is an agaric fungus in the family *Cortinariaceae*. Described as new to science in 2013, it is found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niskanen 2013`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Entomophaga maimaiga

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***Entomophaga maimaiga*** is a Japanese fungus which has shown striking success in managing Gypsy Moth populations in North America.

## Etymology

"Maimaiga" is the Japanese word for "Gypsy Moth".

## History

In 1908, shortly after classical efforts began to control Gypsy Moth populations, North American researchers studied cadavers of Japanese gypsy moths which had been killed by an entomophthoralean fungus. The fungus was released in the Boston area between 1910–11. By 1912, they summarized their work, stating that extensive releases had never established this fungal pathogen, which they referred to as "gypsy fungus".

In the early 1980s, another attempt was made to introduce *Entomophaga maimaiga* into the wild. They obtained the sample from the western coast of Honshu. The fungus was determined to belong to the genus *Entomophaga* in the fungal order Entomophthorales and was given the name *maimaiga* based on geographical distribution.

In 1985 and 1986 were made small-scale releases of laboratory Gypsy Moth larvae injected with fungal cells. The locations were New York State and Shenandoah National Park respectively. At the time these releases were not considered to be successful.

In 1989, cadavers of gypsy moths found hanging on tree trunks revealed large resting spores characteristic of entomophthoralean fungi. The fungus found appeared to be the same species as released in 1910, 1911, 1985 and 1986.

The fungus spread across Gypsy Moth populations over the next several years.

## Method of dispersion

The fungus spreads through aerial dispersion of actively ejected asexual spores from cadavers of Gypsy Moth larvae it has killed. It can also be spread unwittingly by humans.

The fungus persists in the top layer of soil as resting spores. These have been shown to persist for at least 11 or 12 years, probably longer.

## Effect on Gypsy Moths

The fungus causes high levels of infection among gypsy moths in both low and high density populations, leading to population crashes.

## Effect on non-target Lepidoptera

*Entomophaga maimaiga* can only potentially affect Lepidopteran larvae that are present in the spring, when Gypsy Moth larvae are present. 78 species which fit this criteria were tested. Only about one third were able to be infected under optimal conditions. Infection was only consistently high among three species of tussock moths and one colony of a hawk moth. However, field studies showed that rates achieved in the laboratory are far higher than found in the field. Overall the pathogen is considered highly host-specific.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Cortinarius pallidirimosus

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***Cortinarius pallidirimosus*** is a species of fungus in the large mushroom genus *Cortinarius* (subgenus *Phlegmacium*). It was described as new to science in 2014 from specimens collected in Finland. The fungus is found throughout Fennoscandia, in Russia, and in Oregon (United States). It fruits on the ground singly or in small groups in boreal forest, mesic forest, and mixed forests with birch. Fruitbodies are distinguished in the field by their cream-coloroured caps with hygrophanous streaks, the honey-like odor of the flesh, and the association with birch. The specific epithet *pallidirimosus* refers to the pale, streaked cap. *C. caesiophylloides* is a closely related sister species.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Cortinarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liimatainen 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cortinarius violaceorubens

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***Cortinarius violaceorubens*** is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus *Cortinarius* native Finland and Sweden in Scandinavia, south to France and Germany. It is associated with spruce (*Picea*). Genetically it is closely related to *C. cyanites* and *C. boreicyanites*.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal Template:Open access

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Geastrum corollinum

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***Geastrum corollinum*** is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus *Geastrum*, or earthstar fungi. First described scientifically by German naturalist August Johann Georg Karl Batsch in 1792 as *Lycoperdon corollinum*, it was transferred to the genus *Geastrum* by László Hollós in 1904.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Batsch1792`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hollos1904`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gymnopilus purpuratus

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***Gymnopilus purpuratus*** is mushroom which grows in clusters on dead wood, pig dung and wood chip mulch. It is widely distributed and has been recorded in Argentina, Australia, Chile, the UK and Germany. It has a rusty orange spore print and contains the hallucinogen psilocybin.

A chemical analysis done by Jochen Gartz found that this species contains 0.34% psilocybin, 0.29% psilocin and 0.05% baeocystin. [1]

## Description

The cap ranges from 1.5 to 6 cm across, is convex to obtuse, and is reddish brown with a dry scaly surface which is sometimes cracked in age. The stem is brown-red and covered by fibers and has blue-green spots where the stem is damaged. The gills are crowded, yellow to orange, and adnexed. The stem is dusted with rusty orange spores and has a cottony scanty partial veil.

## See also

Template:Portal
List of *Gymnopilus* species

## External links

Template:Commons category-inline

* *Gymnopilus purpuratus* chemical analysis

## References

* Template:Cite journal
* Mushroom Expert - Gymnopilus sapineus
* Hesler, L. R. (1969). North American species of Gymnopilus. New York: Hafner. 117 pp.

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Geastrum fornicatum

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***Geastrum fornicatum***, commonly known as the **acrobatic earthstar** or the **arched earthstar**, is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Geastraceae. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity to expose the spore sac to the elements; the specific epithet *fornicatum* (Latin for 'arched' or 'vaulted') refers to the arched shape of the rays which extend downwards to rest on the mycelial sac and elevate the spore sac.

## History

When first described in the late 17th century, the species was called *Fungus anthropomorphus* due to its resemblance to the human figure. In his 1799 treatise *Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms*, English naturalist James Sowerby wrote:

> So strange a vegetable has surprised many; and in the year 1695 it was published under the name of Fungus Anthropomorphus, and figured with human faces on the head. It is at first roundish; in ripening the head bursts through the two coats or wrappers; the inner wrapper, detaching itself from the outer, becomes inverted, connected only by the edges; the coats most constantly split into four parts.
>
>

## Description

 File:Geastrum fornicatum.jpg
The immature fruit body is roughly spherical in shape, typically Template:Convert in diameter, and dark brown in color. At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup. The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert tall. The exoperidium is attached to the soil by rhizomorphs. Spores are spherical, warted, thick-walled, nonamyloid and 5–6 µm. In mass, the spores have a dark-brown color.

This species is found singly or in small groups under bushes and in deciduous woods.

## Antimicrobial activity

Methanol extracts of *G. fornicatum* were shown to be inhibitory to the growth of various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, including *Bacillus subtilis*, *Escherichia coli*, *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Salmonella typhimurium*, and *Streptococcus pyogenes*, as well as the fungi *Candida albicans*, *Rhodotorula rubra*, and *Kluyveromyces fragilis*.

## References

1. ↑ Latin Word Definition and Information for: *fornicatus*, *fornicata*, *fornicatum* -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
2. ↑ waynesword.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved on January 2, 2009.
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite book
7. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* California Fungi
* Roger's Mushrooms

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Coprinellus amphithallus

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***Coprinellus amphithallus*** is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described by mycologists Morten Lange and Alexander H. Smith in 1953 before being transferred to the genus *Coprinellus* in 2001.

## Description

The cap is Template:Convert tall, and initially sharply conical in shape, but later expands to become bell-shaped (*campanulate*). The margin of the cap curves upwards as the mushroom ages. The gills are narrow, and spaced close together. They have an adnate attachment to the stipe, and become black in color before dissolving (*deliquescing*). The stipe is Template:Convert by Template:Convert thick, hyaline to whitish. Initially it is *pruinose* (with a very fine whitish powder), but later becomes smooth.

The spores are cylindrical and tapering (*terete*), and tend to vary in size, with dimensions ranging from 11.2–15.6 by 6.2–8.3 µm. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are all 2-spored.

## Habitat and distribution

This fungus was discovered growing in rich, moist soil. It is known from Denmark and the USA.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Coprinellus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead 2001`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lange 1953`

## External links

* Uljé's *Coprinus* site

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