The Sword in the Stone

**The Sword in the Stone** is a 1963 animated film directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, Hamilton Luske, Clyde Geronimi and David Hand. It is based on the novel of the same name by T. H. White, first published in 1938 and then revised and republished in 1958 as the first book of White's Arthurian tetralogy The Once and Future King.

The film was the last animated film from Walt Disney Productions to be released in Walt Disney's lifetime.

It is the 18th Disney animated feature film and was released on December 25, 1963.

## Plot

When King Uther Pendragon dies leaving no heir to the throne, a sword magically appears in an anvil, itself embedded in a stone, with an inscription proclaiming that whoever removes the sword is the rightful King of England. None succeed in removing the sword, which eventually becomes forgotten, leaving England in the Dark Ages leading to a situation akin to the Wars of the Roses.

Years later, an 11-year-old orphan named Arthur, who is given the nickname Wart, accidentally scares off a deer his older foster brother Sir Kay was hunting, causing Kay to launch his arrow into the forest. While attempting to retrieve the arrow, Arthur meets Merlin, an elderly wizard who lives with his talking pet owl Archimedes. Merlin declares himself Arthur's tutor and returns with him to his home, a castle run by Sir Ector, Arthur's foster father and Kay’s father. Ector's friend, Sir Pellinore, arrives with the news that the winner of the upcoming New Year's Day tournament in London will be crowned king. Ector decides his son Kay will be a contestant, putting him through serious training for the tournament. He also appoints Arthur to be Kay's squire.

To educate Arthur, Merlin transforms himself and the boy into fish and they swim in the castle moat to learn about physics. Arthur is attacked by a pike and nearly eaten, but he is saved by Archimedes. After the lesson, Arthur is sent to the kitchen as punishment after he attempts to relate what happened to a disbelieving Ector and Kay. Merlin enchants the dishes to wash themselves and then takes Arthur out for another lesson, turning them into squirrels to learn about gravity. The pair also get a lesson in male-female relationships when they catch the eye of two amorous female squirrels. They return to human form and go back to the castle again, where Ector accuses Merlin of using black magic on the dishes, which he and Kay discovered and unsuccessfully tried to fight off. Arthur defiantly defends Merlin, but Ector refuses to listen and punishes Arthur by giving Kay another squire, Hobbs, taking away Arthur's chance to visit London.

Resolving to make amends, Merlin plans on educating Arthur full-time. However, Merlin's knowledge of future events, such as trains, planes, and the revelation that Earth is round, confuses the boy, prompting Merlin to appoint Archimedes as Arthur's teacher. Merlin transforms Arthur into a sparrow and Archimedes teaches him how to fly. A hawk chases Arthur and he seeks refuge in what turns out to be the house of Madam Mim, an eccentric, evil witch who is Merlin's nemesis. She decides to destroy Arthur, but Merlin arrives to rescue him. Mim challenges Merlin to a wizards' duel and, despite Mim's cheating, Merlin outsmarts her by transforming into a germ and infecting her, thus illustrating the importance of knowledge over strength.

On Christmas Eve, Kay is knighted. When Hobbs comes down with the mumps, Ector reinstates Arthur as Kay's squire. Arthur's delight at this turn of events causes Merlin to think he cares more about war games than his education. Arthur defends himself, and in his anger Merlin unwittingly transports himself to 20th-century Bermuda.

At the tournament in London, Arthur realizes he has left Kay's sword back at the inn. He finds the doors locked, as everyone is watching the tournament, but Archimedes notices a sword in a nearby churchyard. Arthur, who does not know about the legendary "Sword in the Stone", removes the sword from the anvil almost effortlessly, fulfilling the prophecy. When Arthur returns with the sword, Ector recognizes it, and the tournament is halted. Ector places the sword back in its anvil, demanding Arthur prove that he pulled it. Kay attempts to pull the sword himself first, prompting the other knights to insist Arthur be given a fair chance. Arthur pulls it once again, revealing that he is England's rightful king. Ector remorsefully apologizes to Arthur as the knight’s cheer for him.

Later, the newly crowned King Arthur sits in the throne room with Archimedes, feeling unprepared for the responsibility of ruling. Merlin returns from his vacation in Bermuda and resolves to help Arthur become the great king he has foreseen him to be.

## Cast and Characters

* Rickie Sorensen, Richard Reitherman and Robert Reitherman as Arthur
* Kari Swenson as Merlin
* Junius Matthews as Archimedes
* Sebastian Cabot as Sir Ector
* Norman Alden as Sir Kay
* Martha Wentworth as Mad Madam Mim
* Alan Napier as Sir Pellinore
* Thurl Ravenscroft as Sir Bart
* Jimmy MacDonald as The Wolf
* Ginny Tyler as Little Girl Squirrel
* Barbara Jo Allen as Scullery Maid
* Tudor Owen as Knight

## Music

See Also: The Sword in the Stone (Soundtrack)

## Production

In February 1939, Walt Disney announced he had purchased the film rights to T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone. However, following the outbreak of World War II, the studio focused instead on producing cartoons for the United States government and armed forces. In June 1944, following the successful re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Disney assigned writers to work on The Sword in the Stone, along with Cinderella and Alice in Wonderland. It continued to be announced that the project was in active development throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s. In June 1960, Disney told the Los Angeles Times that, following the release of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, two animated projects were in development, which were Chanticleer and The Sword in the Stone. Around that same time, Disney's elder brother Roy O. Disney attempted to persuade him to discontinue their feature animation division, as enough films remained to make successful re-releases. The younger Disney refused, but, because of his plans to build another theme park in the United States, he would approve only one animated film to be released every four years.

Chanticleer was being developed by Ken Anderson and Marc Davis, who aimed to produce a feature animated film in a more contemporary setting. They visited the Disney archives and decided to work on adapting the satirical tale after glancing at earlier conceptions dating back to the 1940s. Anderson, Davis, Milt Kahl, and director Wolfgang Reitherman and uncredited Hamilton Luske spent months preparing elaborate storyboards for Chanticleer. Following a silent response to one pitch presentation, a voice from the back of the room said, "You can't make a personality out of a chicken!" When the time came to approve either Chanticleer or The Sword in the Stone, Walt remarked that the problem with making a rooster a protagonist was, "you don't feel like picking a rooster up and petting it."

The Sword in the Stone was developed solely by veteran story artist Bill Peet. After Disney had seen the 1960 Broadway production of Camelot, he approved the project to enter production. Ollie Johnston stated, "Kahl got furious with Bill for not pushing Chanticleer after all the work he had put in on it. He said, 'I can draw a damn fine rooster, you know.' Bill said, 'So can I.'" Peet recalled "how humiliated they were to accept defeat and give in to The Sword in the Stone... He allowed them to have their own way, and they let him down. They never understood that I wasn't trying to compete with them, just trying to do what I wanted to work. I was in the midst of all this competition, and with Walt to please too."

Writing in his autobiography, Peet said he decided to write a screenplay before producing storyboards, though he found the narrative "complicated, with the Arthurian legend woven into a mixture of other legends and myths" and that finding a direct storyline required "sifting and sorting". After Walt received the first screenplay draft, he told Peet that it should have more substance. Peet lengthened his second draft by elaborating on the more dramatic aspects of the story, which Walt approved of through a call from Palm Springs, Florida.

The film continued the Xerox method of photocopying drawings onto animation cels that had been used in One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961). An additional animation technique, "touch-up", was created during production to replace "clean-up". The clean-up process had required assistant animators to transfer the directing animators' sketches onto new sheets of paper, which were then copied onto the animation cels. To do touch-ups, however, the assistants would instead draw directly on the animators' sketches. This streamlined the process, but it also caused assistants of the demanding animator Kahl to fear they would ruin his linework.

## Release

The Sword in the Stone premiered in London on December 12, 1963. It was released to theatres on December 18 in the United Kingdom and on December 25 in the United States. It was re-released on December 22, 1972. The film was again re-released to theatres on March 25, 1983, as a double feature with the animated short Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore.

### Home Media

The Sword in the Stone was released on North American VHS, Betamax, and Laserdisc in 1986 as an installment of the Walt Disney Classics collection. It was re-released on VHS in 1989 and on VHS and Laserdisc on July 12, 1991. It was first released on VHS in the United Kingdom in 1988, followed by a re-issue the following year. Another re-release on VHS and Laserdisc occurred on October 28, 1994, this time as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection.

The film was released on VHS and DVD on March 20, 2001, as an instalment in the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection. The VHS edition included the Goofy short A Knight for a Day while the DVD contained the Mickey Mouse short Brave Little Tailor, the episode "All About Magic" from the Disneyland television program, and film facts. The DVD of the film was re-released as a 45th-anniversary special edition on June 17, 2008.

For its 50th anniversary, the film was released on Blu-ray on August 6, 2013. Despite being touted as a new remaster of the film, this release was heavily criticized by home media reviewers for the "scrubbed" quality of its video transfer due to excessive use of noise reduction.

## Reception

### Critical Response

The Sword in the Stone received mixed reviews from critics, who thought that its humour failed to balance out a "thin narrative". Variety wrote that the film "demonstrates anew the magic of the Disney animators and imagination in character creation. But one might wish for a script which stayed more with the basic story line rather than taking so many twists and turns which have little bearing on the tale about King Arthur as a lad." Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the film, claiming it is "an eye-filling package of rollicking fun and thoughtful common sense. The humour sparkles with real, knowing sophistication, meaning for all ages, and some of the characters on the fifth-century landscape of Old England are Disney pips." Philip K. Scheuer, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, described the film as "more intimate than usual with a somewhat smaller cast of characters, animal as well as human. Otherwise, the youngsters should find it par the usual Disney cartoon course. It may not be exactly what T. H. White had in mind when he wrote this third of his sophisticated trilogy about King Arthur, but it's a good bit livelier than the stage Camelot derived from another third."

On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 29 reviews, with an average score of 5.9 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A decent take on the legend of King Arthur, The Sword in the Stone suffers from relatively indifferent animation, but its characters are still memorable and appealing." Nell Minow of Common Sense Media gave the film four out of five stars, writing: "Delightful classic brings Arthur legend to life". In his book The Best of Disney, Neil Sinyard states that, despite not being well known, the film has excellent animation, a complex structure, and is actually more philosophical than other Disney features. Sinyard suggests that Walt Disney may have seen something of himself in Merlin, and that Mim, who "hates wholesome sunshine", may have represented critics.

### Box Office

During its initial release, The Sword in the Stone earned an estimated $4.75 million in North American theatrical rentals. It garnered $2.5 million in box office rentals during its 1972 re-release and $12 million during its 1983 re-release. The film has had a lifetime domestic gross of $22.2 million in North America.

## Awards and Nominations

### American Film Institute

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

* AFI's 10 Top 10 (Nominated Animation Film)