recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Caine

**Caine** is a large male German Shepard and family-dog to Allen and Crystal Johnson. He goes on adventures with the team.

## History

Prior to his life at Prehistoric Earth, Caine was found by Allen and Olivia Johnson when they ventured to the Eocene in Germany, around 49 million years ago. Somehow, while the Time Portal was opened, Caine (as a young pup) had snuck through without the pair noticing. Unfamiliar with his surroundings, Caine found himself lost.

However, when Allen and Olivia were cornered by a *Gastornis*, Caine noticed this, erupted out of the bush and attacked the bird, leaving a sizable scar on its face. Barking so loud, Caine scared away the predatory bird. Upon meeting the couple for the first time, Allen and Olivia decided to take Caine in and gave him his name. Since then, Caine had not only accompanied Allen and Olivia on their journeys, often helping them deal with animals, but had also become a crucial member of their family.

Allen once commented that Caine was fiercely protective when Olivia was pregnant with Crystal.

## Characteristics

For a domestic dog, let alone a German Shepard, Caine is very large, robust, and strong. Additionally, he is remarkably fast, able to run at speeds of around 40+ mph. Uniquely, Caine has an advanced form of longevity for a dog. While he does still age, he ages at a slower rate. According to the researchers of Prehistoric Earth, Caine may live to be 30 years old; even being almost half that age, he still appears as a young Shepard in his prime: young, healthy, fit, and in prime condition.

Personality wise, Caine is a good dog, as domesticated as dogs can get. Loyal, faithful, playful, and protective, he listens well to Allen and Crystal. He immediately took a liking to Rebecca when he met her for the first time. However, should the situation warrant, Caine is more than capable of behaving in an aggressive and ferocious manner, willing to attack and (if absolutely necessary) kill anyone or anything that means harm to his family. With this, Allen, Olivia, and Crystal regard Caine as "*more than just as dog. He's family.*"

Allen explains that Caine is very different from not just other dogs but most animals, commenting that while Caine possesses the ability to kill, he seems to also be capable of making moral decisions, as seen when he confronted the *Gastornis* he faced once before. Rather than killing the large bird, Caine had decided to spare it.
Lycaenops

***Lycaenops*** (name meaning "Wolf Face") is a genus of carnivorous therapsids. It lived during the Mid to Late Permian, about 260 mya, in what is now South Africa.

In the Series 4 episode "*New Arrivals*", a pair of Lycaenops were brought to the park from Mid Permian Africa, 260 million years ago. They reside in the Gorgonopsid Canyon Enclosure.
Māori

**Māori** are the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand (*Aotearoa*). Māori originated with settlers from East Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages between roughly 1320 and 1350. Over several centuries in isolation, these settlers developed their own distinctive culture, whose language, mythology, crafts, and performing arts evolved independently from those of other eastern Polynesian cultures. Some early Māori moved to the Chatham Islands, where their descendants became New Zealand's other indigenous Polynesian ethnic group, the Moriori.

In the Series 4 episode "***The End of Eden***", Allen and the team encountered the Māori while traveling through New Zealand 850 years ago. They were first seen when they arrived on New Zealand's shore, then again when two Māori were gathering firewood until one was attacked and killed by a Haast's Eagle. Like the Paleo-Indians 10,000 years before the Māori did not followed the group through the portal.

## Gallery

Two Māori enountering a South Island Giant Moa for the first time.The Māori after they arrived in New Zealand.A group of Māori hunting for Moas.A Māori creating a cave painting.
Barbourofelis

***Barbourofelis*** is a genus of large, predatory, feliform carnivoran mammals of the family Barbourofelidae (false saber-tooth cats). The genus was endemic to North America and Eurasia during the Miocene until its extinction during the Tortonian, living from 13.6 to 7.3 Ma.

In the Series 4 episode "*New Arrivals*", a family of Barbourofelis were brought to the park from Late Miocene Kansas, 7 million years ago. They reside in the Saber Tooth Rock Enclosure.
Glyptotherium

***Glyptotherium*** (name meaning "Carved Beast") is a genus of glyptodont that lived from the Early Pliocene, about 4 million years ago, to the Early Holocene, around 7,000 years ago, in the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Panama, Venezuela, and Brazil.

In the Series 3 episode "***Saving the Sabre Tooth***," a group of Glyptotherium were brought to the park from Late Pleistocene North America 30,000 years ago. They reside in the Ape Man Jungle Enclosure.

In the Series 3 finale "***Mammoth's Undertaking Journey***", a Glyptotherium was seen grazing on vegetation in Late Pleistocene North America 11,000 years ago.
Halisaurus

***Halisaurus*** (name meaning ''Ocean Lizard'') is a genus of marine reptile belonging to the mosasaur family that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now North America.

In the Series 2 finale "***Death of a Dynasty I: To Hell's Aquarium... And Back?!***", a mating pair of Halisaurus were brought to the park from Late Cretaceous Montana, 65 million years ago. They reside in the Marine Enclosure.
Joanna Bakker

**Joanna ''Jo'' Bakker** is the founder and CEO of Prehistoric Earth. She is Allen Johnson's boss and surrogate mother.

## Biography

Barely anything is known about Joanna's life prior to Prehistoric Earth. However, she has known Allen since he was a boy. She took him in and together they founded Prehistoric Earth. At one point, she was married to a currently unnamed man, who had died prior to the series.

## Personality

Joanna is a tough, wise, civil, well-educated, and charismatic woman. She is not afraid to defend Prehistoric Earth from anyone, even greedy and bloodthirsty politicians. With that, she also has an indifferent attitude towards politics. She commented she was happy with her husband. However, since his death, she cannot bring herself to take off her ring.

## Physical Appearance

Joanna Bakker is a Caucasian woman in her early to mid 50's, standing 5'10", with brown eyes and black hair. Crystal Johnson once described her wardrobe as "*snappy and classy*" as well as "*semi-masculine, but spruce*". As such, her primary outfit consisted of several different colored long coats of different lengths as well as pants, belts (some with differently designed buckles), plain logo-less shirts, and cowgirl boots. She occasionally wears a white-colored cowgirl hat. She also wears a platinum ring that her husband gave her.

## Relationships

### Allen Johnson

Joanna has a mother-son relationship with Allen. She has taken care of him since he was young and loves him like a real son. While they may disagree on the care and management of the park as well as the animals, in the end, they always find a way to work together.

### Crystal Johnson

Joanna loves Crystal very much and often looks after her while Allen is away. Crystal often calls her Joanie and also commented when she was a child, she use to call her "*Grandma Joanie*".
Didelphodon

***Didelphodon*** (name meaning "*Opossum Tooth*") is a genus of stagodont metatherians that originated during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now North America. Although the size is small, it was the largest mammal in the Mesozoic Era. However, this primitive, badger-sized mammal lived in the world that was dominated by the dinosaurs.

In the Series 2 finale "***Death of a Dynasty II: The Return of the King***", several pairs of Didelphodon were brought to the park from Late Cretaceous Montana, 65 million years ago. They reside in the Underground Hotel Enclosure.

## Trivia

* Didelphodon is the largest Mesozoic mammal brought to the park.
Scutosaurus

### Attributes

Armor-plated body; small cow size; unable to chew; swallows stones to help grind food; lived in herds

## Biography

### Locations

Asia

***Scutosaurus*** (name meaning "*Shielded Reptile*") is a genus of pareiasaur reptile that originated during the Late Permian Era in what is now Asia. Measuring 3 meters long, weighing a ton, and distantly related to turtles and tortoises (despite lacking a shell), *Scutosaurus* is a powerful armoured herbivore that was covered in scutes of armor.

In the Series 1 episode "***Desert Monsters***" a herd of a dozen Scutosaurus were brought to the park from Late Permian Siberia, 250 million years ago. They reside in the Scutosaur Desert Enclosure.

## Trivia

* The sound effects of *Scutosaurus* are some rhino, bull, ostrich, zebra, elephant, donkey, and hippo.
Humpback Whale

The **humpback whale** (***Megaptera novaeangliae***) is a species of baleen whale. It is a rorqual (a member of the family Balaenopteridae) and is the only species in the genus ***Megaptera***. Adults range in length from 14–17 m (46–56 ft) and weigh up to 40 metric tons (44 short tons). The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with long pectoral fins and tubercles on its head. It is known for breaching and other distinctive surface behaviors, making it popular with whale watchers. Males produce a complex song typically lasting 4 to 33 minutes.

Found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales typically migrate up to 16,000 km (9,900 mi) each year. They feed in polar waters and migrate to tropical or subtropical waters to breed and give birth. Their diet consists mostly of krill and small fish, and they use bubbles to catch prey. During the wintertime, they rely on their blubber storage for their energy. They are promiscuous breeders, with both sexes having multiple partners. Orcas are the main natural predators of humpback whales.

Prior to the start of the series, a pod of Humpback Whales were brought to the park. They reside in the Whale Watching Enclosure with other whales.
Mule Deer

* Buck
* Doe

The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is a deer indigenous to western North America; it is named for its ears, which are large like those of the mule. Two subspecies of mule deer are grouped into the black-tailed deer.

Unlike the related white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), which is found throughout most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains and in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains from Idaho and Wyoming northward, mule deer are only found on the western Great Plains, in the Rocky Mountains, in the southwest United States, and on the west coast of North America. Mule deer have also been introduced to Argentina and Kauai, Hawaii.

Prior to the start of the series, a herd of Mule Deer were already living in the Mammoth Tundra Enclosure with other animals.
Big Al

**Big Al**, or **Al** for short, is a large male *Allosaurus* brought back from Late Jurassic Wyoming 150 million years ago. From the day he was born, Al endured six years of survival in his time. In his debut "***Land of Giants II: Ballad of Big Al***", he was rescued by the team and brought back to the safety of Prehistoric Earth. Now around a decade old, he has reached full maturity.
Beluga Whale

The **beluga whale** (***Delphinapterus leucas***) is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean. It is one of two members of the family Monodontidae, along with the narwhal, and the only member of the genus ***Delphinapterus***. It is also known as the **white whale**, as it is the only cetacean to regularly occur with this colour; the **sea canary**, due to its high-pitched calls; and the **melonhead**, though that more commonly refers to the melon-headed whale, which is an oceanic dolphin.

The beluga is adapted to life in the Arctic, with anatomical and physiological characteristics that differentiate it from other cetaceans. Amongst these are its all-white colour and the absence of a dorsal fin, which allows it to swim under ice with ease. It possesses a distinctive protuberance at the front of its head which houses an echolocation organ called the melon, which in this species is large and deformable. The beluga's body size is between that of a dolphin and a true whale, with males growing up to 5.5 m (18 ft) long and weighing up to 1,600 kg (3,530 lb). This whale has a stocky body. Like many cetaceans, a large percentage of its weight is blubber (subcutaneous fat). Its sense of hearing is highly developed and its echolocation allows it to move about and find breathing holes under sheet ice.

Belugas are gregarious and form groups of 10 animals on average, although during the summer, they can gather in the hundreds or even thousands in estuaries and shallow coastal areas. They are slow swimmers, but can dive to 700 m (2,300 ft) below the surface. They are opportunistic feeders and their diets vary according to their locations and the season. The majority of belugas live in the Arctic Ocean and the seas and coasts around North America, Russia, and Greenland; their worldwide population is thought to number around 200,000. They are migratory and the majority of groups spend the winter around the Arctic ice cap; when the sea ice melts in summer, they move to warmer river estuaries and coastal areas. Some populations are sedentary and do not migrate over great distances during the year.

Prior to the start of the series, a pod of Beluga Whales were brought to the park. They reside in the Whale Watching Enclosure with other whales.
Proterogyrinus

***Proterogyrinus*** (name meaning "*Earlier Tadpole*") is a genus of early tetrapods that originated during the Early Carboniferous Era in what is now North America and Europe. Measuring over 2 meters long, this prehistoric amphibian was among the apex predators of its time.

In the Series 1 episode "***Arthropods of the Swamp***" several *Proterogyrinus* ( including a female named Zoe) were brought to the park from Late Carboniferous Pennsylvania, 300 million years ago. They reside in a water area of the Bug Dome Enclosure.
Megatherium

## *Megatherium***(Giant Ground Sloth)**

***Megatherium*** (name meaning "*Giant Beast*"), sometimes called the ***Giant Ground Sloth***, is a genus of elephant-sized ground sloth that originated during the Pleistocene epoch in what is now South America. Measuring 7 meters long and weighing 3 tons, it was one of the largest megafaunal mammals of all time.

In the Series 3 episode "***Saving the Sabre Tooth**,*" a pair of *Megatherium* were brought to the park from Early Pleistocene South America, 1 million years ago. Three adolescents were also rescued after following the group through the portal. They reside in the Ape-Man Jungle Enclosure with other animals such as the ape ancestors of humans.

## Facts

### Era & Discovery

*Megatherium* lived in South America over 1 million years ago during the Middle Pleistocene. They shared their environments with other Ice Age animals like *Smilodon*, *Phorusrhacos*, *Macrauchenia*, *Doedicurus*, *Toxodon*, *Arctotherium*, *Cuvieronius* and *Glyptodon*. *Megatherium* died out around 8,000 years ago, during the Holocene epoch.

The first fossil specimen of *Megatherium* was discovered in 1788 by Manuel Torres, on the bank of the Luján River in Argentina.

### Physical Attributes

A South American xenarthran possessing giant claws on their hands, *Megatherium* was far from being a normal sloth. They measured over 16 – 26 feet (5 – 8 m) in length, stood 13 feet (4 m) tall, and weighed 3 tons (6,000 lbs.), more than an adult elephant; a very different beast from their distant relatives, the gentle tree dweller sloths of today. These creatures also boasted impressive defenses. Small bones beneath their skin acted as a chain mail, therefore, *Megatherium* had powerful clawed forelimbs for attack and armor-plated skin for defense, rendering adults virtually indestructible.

### Behavior & Traits

*Megatherium* lived in pairs but were also solitary creatures. Even the apex predator of their region, *Smilodon*, wisely gave *Megatherium* a wide berth of space. *Megatherium* would have been a rather unintelligent creature and instinctively aggressive to make up for this. Although *Megatherium* was a herbivorous mammal, they would occasionally eat carrion to supplement their diet. And when they did, there was nothing that stood in their way, not even *Smilodon*. Even with such power, *Megatherium* was a gentle herbivore that only attacked other animals when in danger.

## Trivia

* The sound effects of *Megatherium* are that of bear, goat, elephant, camel, bison and bull.
* *Megatherium* is the largest and the first prehistoric sloth, brought to the park other one being Megalonyx.
* *Megatherium* is the largest South American mammal brought to the park.
* Though described as being "*virtually indestructible*", large carnivorous animals that rival *Megatherium's* size - such as theropod dinosaurs like *Tyrannosaurus rex*, giant reptiles such as *Deinosuchus*, and large mammalian carnivore (i.e. *Arctotherium*) - are capable of injuring and even killing *Megatherium*.
Caribou

**(Reindeer)**

The **reindeer** or **caribou** (***Rangifer tarandus***) is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of Northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. It is the only representative of the genus ***Rangifer***. Herd size varies greatly in different geographic regions. More recent studies suggest the splitting of reindeer and caribou into six distinct species over their range.

Prior to the start of the series, a herd of Caribou were brought to the park from North America. They reside in the Mammoth Tundra with other animals.
Odobenocetops

***Odobenocetops*** (name meaning "*Teeth Walking Whale*") is a genus of cetacean that originated during the Late Miocene epoch in what is now South America. Measuring 4 meters long and weighing 900 kg, this small toothed whale is significant for its long, conical tusks that protruded from the sides of its face.

In the Series 3 episode "***Into the Mega Jaws of Death***," a pod of *Odobenocetops* were brought to the park from Late Miocene Peru, 15 million years ago. They reside in the Whale Watching Enclosure, however their enclosure also leads into the Primeval Aquarium.

## Trivia

* *Odobenocetops* is one of the last prehistoric whales brought to the park.
Metridiochoerus

Metridiochoerus is an extinct genus in the pig family indigenous to the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Africa. It is also known as the giant warthog.

In the Series 3 episode "***The Walking Ape***", a few Metridiochoerus were brought to the park from Late Pliocene Africa 3.2 million years ago. They reside in the Giraffe Grasslands Enclosure.
Neochoerus

***Neochoerus pinckneyi*** is a North American species of capybara. While capybaras originated in South America, formation of the Isthmus of Panama three million years ago allowed some of them to migrate north as part of the Great American Interchange. Capybaras and porcupines are the only caviomorph rodents that reached temperate North America during this exchange (a much greater diversity of North American rodents invaded South America).
Rutiodon

## Physiology

### Description

A crocodilian that resembles a crocodile, but its nostrils were positioned far back on the head

### Attributes

Crocodile-like appearance; nostrils positioned far back on the head

## Biography

### Locations

North America

***Rutiodon*** (name meaning "Wrinkle tooth") is a genus of archosaur belonging to the family Phytosauridae. It lived during the Late Triassic period, and was about 3 to 8 meters (10 to 25 ft) in length. *Rutiodon* is known from the eastern United States like North Carolina, New York and New Jersey. Like other phytosaurs, *Rutiodon* strongly resembled a crocodile, but its nostrils were positioned far back on the head, close to the eyes, instead of at the tip of the snout. It had enlarged front teeth, and a relatively narrow jaw, somewhat resembling that of a modern gharial. This suggests that this carnivore probably caught fish and it may also have snatched land animals from the waterside. Also, like modern crocodiles, its back, flanks, and tail were covered with bony armored plates.

In the Series 2 premiere "***New Blood***", a couple of Rutiodon were brought to the park from Late Triassic Arizona, 220 million years ago. They in the Crocodile Lake Enclosure.
Diplodocus

***Diplodocus*** (name meaning "*Double Beam*") is a genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaur that originated during the Late Jurassic period in what is now North America. Perhaps the longest sauropod dinosaur ever discovered, measuring 27 meters long and weighing 25 tons, *Diplodocus* is also acknowledged as being among the most easily identifiable dinosaurs.

One of the primary creatures needed for the park, in the Series 2 episode "***Land of Giants***", a herd of nine *Diplodocus* (consisting of six adults and three juveniles) were brought to the park from Late Jurassic Colorado, 152 million years ago. They reside in the Sauropod Savannah Enclosure with many of their other fellow sauropod relatives and recently welcomed hatchlings.
Yellow-Billed Oxpecker

The **yellow-billed oxpecker** (***Buphagus africanus***) is a passerine bird in the family Buphagidae. It was previously placed in the starling and myna family, Sturnidae. It is native to the savannah of Sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal east to Sudan. It is least common in the extreme east of its range where it overlaps with the red-billed oxpecker, despite always dominating that species when feeding.

Prior to the start of the series, a flock of Yellow-Billed Oxpeckers were brought to the park from Africa. They roam freely throughout the park often eating insects and parasites off other animals.
Hesperornis

***Hesperornis*** (name meaning "*Western Bird*") is a genus of cormorant-like flightless bird that originated during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now North America. Measuring 2 meters long and due to its design, it was cumbersome on land but was a fabulous swimmer.

In the Series 2 finale "*Death of a Dynasty I: To Hell... And Back*", a large colony of *Hesperornis* were brought to the park from Late Cretaceous Montana, 65 million years ago. They reside in the Primeval Aquarium Enclosure.
Hemiauchenia

***Hemiauchenia*** is a genus of laminoid camelids that evolved in North America in the Miocene period about 10 million years ago. This genus diversified and moved to South America in the Late Pliocene approximately 3 to 2 million years ago, as part of the Great American Biotic Interchange, giving rise to modern lamines. The genus became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene.
Hippopotamus

The **hippopotamus** or **hippo**, further qualified as the **common hippopotamus**, **Nile hippopotamus**, or **river hippopotamus**, is a large semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (*Choeropsis liberiensis* or *Hexaprotodon liberiensis*). Its name comes from the ancient Greek for "river horse".

After elephants and rhinos, the hippopotamus is the next largest land mammal. It is also the largest extant land artiodactyl. Despite their physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the hippopotamids are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc.), from which they diverged about 55 million years ago. Hippos are recognisable for their barrel-shaped torsos, wide-opening mouths with large canine tusks, nearly hairless bodies, pillar-like legs, and large size: adults average 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) for bulls (males) and 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) for cows (females). Despite its stocky shape and short legs, it is capable of running 30 km/h (19 mph) over short distances.

Prior to the start of the series, a pod of Hippos were brought to the park from Africa. They reside in the Hippo Lake Enclosure.
Nile Crocodile

The **Nile crocodile** (***Crocodylus niloticus***) is a large crocodilian native to freshwater habitats in Africa, where it is present in 26 countries. It is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, occurring mostly in the central, eastern, and southern regions of the continent, and lives in different types of aquatic environments such as lakes, rivers, swamps, and marshlands. In West Africa, it occurs along with two other crocodilians. Although capable of living in saline environments, this species is rarely found in saltwater, but occasionally inhabits deltas and brackish lakes. The range of this species once stretched northward throughout the Nile, as far north as the Nile Delta. Generally, the adult male Nile crocodile is between 3.5 and 5 m (11 ft 6 in and 16 ft 5 in) in length and weighs 225 to 750 kg (500 to 1,650 lb). However, specimens exceeding 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) in weight have been recorded. It is the largest freshwater predator in Africa, and may be considered the second-largest extant reptile in the world, after the saltwater crocodile (*Crocodylus porosus*). Size is sexually dimorphic, with females usually about 30% smaller than males. The crocodile has thick, scaly, heavily armoured skin.

Nile crocodiles are opportunistic apex predators; a very aggressive crocodile, they are capable of taking almost any animal within their range. They are generalists, taking a variety of prey. Their diet consists mostly of different species of fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. They are ambush predators that can wait for hours, days, and even weeks for the suitable moment to attack. They are agile predators and wait for the opportunity for a prey item to come well within attack range. Even swift prey are not immune to attack. Like other crocodiles, Nile crocodiles have a powerful bite that is unique among all animals, and sharp, conical teeth that sink into flesh, allowing a grip that is almost impossible to loosen. They can apply high force for extended periods of time, a great advantage for holding down large prey underwater to drown.

Nile crocodiles are relatively social. They share basking spots and large food sources, such as schools of fish and big carcasses. Their strict hierarchy is determined by size. Large, old males are at the top of this hierarchy and have first access to food and the best basking spots. Crocodiles tend to respect this order; when it is infringed, the results are often violent and sometimes fatal. Like most other reptiles, Nile crocodiles lay eggs; these are guarded by the females. The hatchlings are also protected for a period of time, but hunt by themselves and are not fed by the parents.

The Nile crocodile is one of the most dangerous species of crocodile and is responsible for hundreds of human deaths every year. It is common and is not endangered, despite some regional declines or extirpations.

Prior to the start of the series, a float of Nile Crocodiles were brought to the park from Africa. They reside in the Crocodilian Lake Enclosure with other crocodilians.
Stag Moose

## *Cervalces scotti*

**(Stag Moose)**

***Cervalces scotti***, the **elk moose** or **stag-moose**, is a species of large deer that lived in North America during the Late Pleistocene epoch. It had palmate antlers that were more complex than those of a moose and a muzzle more closely resembling that of a typical deer. It is the only known North American member of the genus *Cervalces*.

In the Series 3 finale "***Mammoth's Undertaking Journey***", a herd of a dozen *Stag Moose* were brought to the park from Late Pleistocene North America, 11,000 years ago. They reside in the Mammoth Tundra Enclosure with other animals including the famous *Woolly Mammoths*.

## Trivia

* The Stag Moose is the second largest prehistoric deer brought to the park.
Cave Hyena

The ***Cave Hyena***, also known as ***Ice Age spotted hyena***, is a subspecies of spotted hyena that originated during the Middle Pleistocene epoch in what is now Asia. One of the best-known mammals of the Ice Age, they are much larger than their modern-day relative, the African spotted hyena.

In the Series 3 finale "***Mammoth's Undertaking Journey***", while the team was protecting a wounded Woolly Mammoth, a pack of Cave Hyenas were stalking them alongside wolves and Cro-Magnons. Allen lured the Cave Hyenas through the portal and were put into their enclosure next door to the Raptor Peak Enclosure.
Protoceratops

***Protoceratops*** (name meaning "*First-Horned Face*") is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaur that originated during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Asia. Measuring more than two meters long and weighing around 270 kg, this sheep-sized herbivorous dinosaur is a more primitive relative of the larger and more famous *Triceratops*.

In the Series 2 episode "***The Giant Claw***”, a small herd of *Protoceratops*, consisting of seven individuals, were brought back to the park from Late Cretaceous Mongolia, 80 million years ago. They reside in a desert/forest enclosure in the Ceratopsian Grassland exhibit of the park. A few of the members were females and have recently laid eggs.

## Facts

### Era & Discovery

Among the very first members of the ceratopsian family, *Protoceratops* lived in prehistoric Mongolia during the Late Cretaceous period from 83 – 65 million years ago. They shared their environment with dinosaurs like *Saurolophus*, *Velociraptor*, *Mononykus*, *Therizinosaurus*, and *Tarbosaurus*.

Among the first members of the ceratopsian dinosaur family (hence their name), *Protoceratops* were also very common during their time in the Mongolian desert. Some paleontologists today described them as "*The Sheep of the Cretaceous.*" *Protoceratops* was first discovered in Mongolia in 1923 by Walter W. Granger and W.K. Gregory.

### Physical Attributes

Although these were relatively small herbivores compared to a majority of other dinosaurs, a fully grown *Protoceratops* was roughly the size of a sheep, measuring around 6 – 7 feet (2 – 2.2 m) long, standing 3 – 4 feet (1 – 1.3 m) tall at the hips, and weighing as much as 600 lbs. (272 kg). They are brownish-green in color. They have a large neck frill, and scientists think it may be to impress other members of the species, or used as a "*built-in weapon*".

Its forelimbs were shorter than its hind limbs. It also had a short tail and a large head with a small frill They also possessed very strong, formidable, sharp, and powerful beaks with sharp teeth. A strike from their beaks possessed enough force to snap the limbs of any animal similar in size to *Protoceratops* and probably even humans.

### Behavior & Traits

Like many herbivores, *Protoceratops* lived not only in herds but also in huge nesting colonies. However, they were also often solitary creatures as well and also lived in small groups. *Protoceratops* often clashed for territory with each other and were rather belligerent but are also described as being just as docile as sheep.

## Trivia

* *Protoceratops* was the first and smallest ceratopsian brought to the park.
* The sound effects of *Protoceratops* are that of horse, lamb, moose, rhinoceros, altered sheep, walrus, and warthog sound effects.
* *Protoceratops* scientific name is the same as that of *Embolotherium*. They both share the scientific name "*andrewsi*".
Lycosuchus

***Lycosuchus*** (name meaning "Wolf Crocodile") is a genus of therocephalian which lived in the Middle Permian 265 to 260 million years ago existing for approximately 5 million years. As a member of the Lycosuchidae, the genus represents one of the earliest diverging therocephalians. The type species *Lycosuchus vanderrieti* is known from a handful of well-preserved specimens featuring the cranium and lower jaw; the holotype US D173 housed at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, is a near complete occluded skull. Specimen MB.R. 995, housed at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany, consists of a near complete and isolated lower jaw, along with a partial snout and brain case.
Homo Erectus

Homo erectus (name meaning "Upright Walking Man"), originally called ***Pithecanthropus erectus*** (name meaning "*Upright Walking Apeman*"), or sometimes referred to as **Java Man**, is a genus of archaic human from the Middle Pleistocene, earliest occurrence about 2 mya, and is one of the first recognizable members of the genus Homo.

In the Series 4 episode The Massive Ape, a group of Homo Erectus were encountered in Mid Pleistocene India, 500,000 years ago. They manage to find their way to the park when the team opened the portal. They since then became welcomed visitors to the park.

## Facts

### Era & Discovery

The first record of Homo Erectus originates in 1891, when the top of a skull, a tooth, and thighbone were found in Java by Dutch paleoanthropologist Eugène Dubois.

## Journal Entry

For all of the confidence of Homo Erectus, there were still animals in their environment with the capacity to scare, one of them was the massive ape, Gigantopithecus. Homo Erectus were tough and adaptable, and in the landscapes of Asia they did very well. Sometime around half a million years ago, Homo Erectus encountered the most useful weapon which led to a break through which was fire.
Gray Wolf

The **wolf** (***Canis lupus***; pl: **wolves**), also known as the **gray wolf** or **grey wolf**, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of *Canis lupus* have been recognized, including the dog and dingo, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise naturally-occurring wild subspecies. The wolf is the largest extant member of the family Canidae, and is further distinguished from other *Canis* species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail. The wolf is nonetheless related closely enough to smaller *Canis* species, such as the coyote and the golden jackal, to produce fertile hybrids with them. The wolf's fur is usually mottled white, brown, gray, and black, although subspecies in the arctic region may be nearly all white.

Prior to the events of the series, a pack of Gray Wolves were brought to the park from North America. They reside in an enclosure near their relatives the Dire Wolves.
American Lion

* Lion
* Lioness

***Panthera*** (name meaning "*Cruel Lion*"), also known as the ***American Lion***, is a genus of pantherine cat that originated during the Early Pleistocene epoch in what is now North America. Measuring over 3 meters long, weighing around 340 kilos, and one of the apex predators of its time, this is one of the largest species of cat to exist.

In the Series 3 finale "***Mammoth's Undertaking Journey***", a pride of American lions were brought to the park from Pleistocene America 11,000 year ago. They reside in an enclosure near their African relatives.

## Facts

### Era & Discovery

The American Lion lived in North America during the Late Pleistocene 1 million to 10,000 years ago where it lived alongside other animals such as Smilodon, Arctodus, Arctotherium, Dire Wolf, Megalonyx, Glyptotherium, American Mastodon, and even the mighty Woolly and Columbian Mammoths. They were among the top predators during the Ice Age and one of the largest cats to live.

The American Lion was first discovered at Natchez, Mississippi in 1836 by William Henry Huntington Esquire who collected the first fossils.

### Physical Attributes

Standing 5.24 ft. tall and weighing up to 340 kilograms, the American Lion was one of the biggest cats to have ever lived. It was larger than the Siberian Tiger and ⅓ bigger than the modern African Lion. The American Lion had one of the largest brains of any cat live or extinct which suggests that they were social like modern lions able to hunt together as a pride. The ability to hunt together meant they could take down almost any prey that lived in their environment making them one of the Ice Age's apex predators.

### Behavior & Traits

Like the African Lion, the American Lion lived together as a pride led by a male. The female did 90% of the hunting much like modern lions.

## Trivia

* The American lion is one of the second largest prehistoric feline brought to the park.
Cheetah

The **cheetah** (***Acinonyx jubatus***) is a large cat native to Africa and Southwest Asia (today restricted to central Iran). It is the fastest land animal, capable of running at 80 to 98 km/h (50 to 61 mph), as such has evolved specialized adaptations for speed, including a light build, long thin legs and a long tail. It typically reaches 67–94 cm (26–37 in) at the shoulder, and the head-and-body length is between 1.1 and 1.5 m (3 ft 7 in and 4 ft 11 in). Adults weigh between 21 and 72 kg (46 and 159 lb). Its head is small and rounded, with a short snout and black tear-like facial streaks. The coat is typically tawny to creamy white or pale buff and is mostly covered with evenly spaced, solid black spots. Four subspecies are recognised.

The cheetah lives in three main social groups: females and their cubs, male "coalitions", and solitary males. While females lead a nomadic life searching for prey in large home ranges, males are more sedentary and instead establish much smaller territories in areas with plentiful prey and access to females. The cheetah is active during the day, with peaks during dawn and dusk. It feeds on small- to medium-sized prey, mostly weighing under 40 kg (88 lb), and prefers medium-sized ungulates such as impala, springbok and Thomson's gazelles. The cheetah typically stalks its prey within 60–100 m (200–330 ft) before charging towards it, trips it during the chase and bites its throat to suffocate it to death. It breeds throughout the year. After a gestation of nearly three months, a litter of typically three or four cubs is born. Cheetah cubs are highly vulnerable to predation by other large carnivores such as hyenas and lions. They are weaned at around four months and are independent by around 20 months of age.

The cheetah occurs in a variety of habitats such as savannahs in the Serengeti, arid mountain ranges in the Sahara and hilly desert terrain in Iran. The cheetah is threatened by several factors such as habitat loss, conflict with humans, poaching and high susceptibility to diseases. Historically ranging throughout most of Sub-Saharan Africa and extending eastward into the Middle East and to central India, the cheetah is now distributed mainly in small, fragmented populations in central Iran and southern, eastern and northwestern Africa. In 2016, the global cheetah population was estimated at 7,100 individuals in the wild; it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. In September 2022, they were reintroduced to India after being extinct in the country for 70 years. In the past, cheetahs were tamed and trained for hunting ungulates. They have been widely depicted in art, literature, advertising, and animation.
Ruby Van Pelt

**Ruby Van Pelt** is a main character in the series. She is a cruel, experienced and talented huntress whose methods put her at odds with Allen. She is also his sister-in-law and Crystal Johnson's aunt.

## Biography

Not much is known about Ruby's early life. However, she is the sister of Allen's deceased wife Olivia and the aunt of Crystal Johnson. According to Ruby and even Allen himself, she got along well with her sister, even up to the day she died. Ruby gained notoriety for her "*less than gentle*" methods when hunting fauna, prehistoric or otherwise. She has been declared as a "*big-game hunter of the biggest game.*" Some have said she can hunt anything, large or small, slow or fast, predator and prey alike. Despite this, there have been moments throughout her life where her hunts have gotten the better of her.

## Physical Description

Ruby Van Pelt is a slender but physically fit and beautiful woman with long blonde hair, dark brown eyes, and standing at 5'7". Her outfits consists of typical safari clothing; jackets, shirts, belts, cargo pants, and heeled combat boots.

## Personality

Ruby has been shown to be attractive, tough, calculating and intelligent, but rather coldly pragmatic. Dedicated to getting the job done no matter the cost, she doesn't care what animal she is after, so long as no-one stands in her way. Whenever her targets manage to get away from her, she shows determination and commitment, but also impatience, to finish the job. Despite her bad qualities, the only person nice to her and she is even partially nice to in return is her niece Crystal. Additionally, to a certain extent, she tolerates Allen, being that he was married to her sister and is the father of her niece.

## Relationships

### Olivia Johnson

While their relationship wasn't shown prior to the series, Ruby was said to have been very close with her sister Olivia, in fact inseparable. Ruby grieved dearly over her sister's death. On several occasions, she would speak to Allen in a way that would indicate she blames him. However, she tolerates him as well as helps take care of Crystal because it's what her sister would want.

### Rebecca Slatters

When Ruby met Rebecca for the first time, she seemed somewhat dismissive of her. While not anything along the lines of rude to her and even respecting her abilities to look after wounded animals, Ruby seemed to doubt Rebecca, believing she didn't have what it takes to survive in the Prehistoric World. Even at one point, Ruby sized herself up with Rebecca, stating she knows all about her. However, Rebecca never lets Ruby see she gets to her. Overtime, Ruby began to respect Rebecca, especially when keeping Crystal safe while Allen had fallen ill.
California Tapir

***Tapirus californicus***, the **California tapir**, is a genus of tapir that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene. It became extinct about 13,000 years ago.

Like other perissodactyls, tapirs originated in North America and lived on the North American continent for most of the Cenozoic Era. Fossils of ancient tapirs in North America can be dated back to 50 million-year-old Eocene rocks on Ellesmere Island, Canada, which was then a temperate climate. By 13 million years ago, tapirs very much like extant tapirs existed in Southern California.

During the Pleistocene epoch, there were at least four species of tapir on the North American continent. Along with *Tapirus californicus*, *Tapirus merriami* was found in California and Arizona, *Tapirus veroensis* was found in Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Missouri, and Tennessee, and *Tapirus copei* was found from Pennsylvania to Florida. By the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago, all tapirs disappeared from North America, which coincided with the extinctions of many other groups of megafauna in the Americas.

In the Series 3 episode "***Saving the Sabre Tooth***," a family of California Tapirs were brought to the park from Late Pleistocene North America, 30,000 years ago. They reside in the Ape-Man Jungle Enclosure.
Metriorhynchus

***Metriorhynchus*** (name meaning "*Moderate Snout*") is a genus of marine crocodyliform that originated during the Late Jurassic period in what is now South America and Europe. Measuring 3 meters long and weighing over 220 kg, this crocodilian reptile was completely suited for aquatic life.

In the episode, "*Cruels Seas*," a pair of Metriorhynchus were brought to the park from Late Jurassic Europe, 149 million years ago. They reside in the Primeval Aquarium Enclosure.
Syntarsus

***Coelophysis*? *kayentakatae*** is a species of neotheropod dinosaur that lived approximately 200 to 196 million years ago during the early part of the Jurassic Period in what is now the southwestern United States.

In the Series 2 episode "***Killers of the Rainforest***", a pack of Syntarsus were brought to the park from Early Jurassic North America, 200 million years ago.
Blue Wildebeest

**(Gnu)**

The **blue wildebeest** (***Connochaetes taurinus***), also called the **common wildebeest**, **white-bearded gnu** or **brindled gnu**, is a large antelope and one of the two species of wildebeest. It is placed in the genus *Connochaetes* and family Bovidae, and has a close taxonomic relationship with the black wildebeest. The blue wildebeest is known to have five subspecies. This broad-shouldered antelope has a muscular, front-heavy appearance, with a distinctive, robust muzzle. Young blue wildebeest are born tawny brown, and begin to take on their adult coloration at the age of 2 months. The adults' hues range from a deep slate or bluish-gray to light gray or even grayish-brown. Both sexes possess a pair of large curved horns.

The blue wildebeest is a herbivore, feeding primarily on short grasses. It forms herds which move about in loose aggregations, the animals being fast runners and extremely wary. The mating season begins at the end of the rainy season and a single calf is usually born after a gestational period of about 8.5 months. The calf remains with its mother for 8 months, after which it joins a juvenile herd. Blue wildebeest are found in short-grass plains bordering bush-covered acacia savannas in southern and eastern Africa, thriving in areas that are neither too wet nor too arid. Three African populations of blue wildebeest take part in a long-distance migration, timed to coincide with the annual pattern of rainfall and grass growth on the short-grass plains where they can find the nutrient-rich forage necessary for lactation and calf growth.

Prior to the start of the series, a herd of Blue Wildebeests were brought to the park from Africa. They reside in the Giraffe Grasslands Enclosure with other animals.
Incisivosaurus

***Incisivosaurus*** (name meaning "*Incisor Lizard*") is a genus oviraptorsaurid dinosaur that originated during the Early Cretaceous in what is now China. Measuring two meters long, this small herbivorous theropod dinosaur also possessed feathers on its body.

In the Series 2 episode "***Dinobirds**,*" a flock of eleven *Incisivosaurus* were brought to the park from Early Cretaceous China, 125 million years ago. They reside in the Aviary Enclosure.
Bald Eagle

The **bald eagle** (***Haliaeetus leucocephalus***) is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (*Haliaeetus albicilla*), which occupies the same niche as the bald eagle in the Palearctic. Its range includes most of Canada and Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and northern Mexico. It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply and old-growth trees for nesting.

The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder which subsists mainly on fish, which it swoops down upon and snatches from the water with its talons. It builds the largest nest of any North American bird and the largest tree nests ever recorded for any animal species, up to 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) wide, and 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) in weight. Sexual maturity is attained at the age of four to five years.

Bald eagles are not actually bald; the name derives from an older meaning of the word, "white headed". The adult is mainly brown with a white head and tail. The sexes are identical in plumage, but females are about 25 percent larger than males. The yellow beak is large and hooked. The plumage of the immature is brown.

Prior to the start of the series, a couple of Bald Eagles were brought to the park from North America. They reside in the Aviary as one of the park's famous modern birds.
Eustreptospondylus

***Eustreptospondylus*** (name meaning "*True Streptospondylus*") is a genus of megalosaurid theropod dinosaur that originated during the Late Jurassic period in what is now Europe. Measuring six meters long and weighing 500 kg, this is a distant relative of dinosaurs such as *Allosaurus*.

In the episode, "*Cruels Seas*," several Eustreptospondylus were brought to the park from Late Jurassic Europe, 149 million years ago.
Archaeotherium

Archaeotherium is a early member of the pig like family Entelodont. It was a viscous hunter, it used its large mouth to crush the prey neck. It did not stop at eating small herbivores it will hunt other predators. It would sneak up on its prey until it gets close enough to attack. If not the prey will easily escape this pig of doom.