recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Deus ex machina

Deus ex machina

Definition: This refers to the incidence where an unlikely concept or character is brought into the story, generally abruptly, in order to make the conflict in the story resolve. This device is not commonly used because it is a mark of a poor plot that the writer needs to resort to random and unbelievable twists to try to end the story. Authors can use it for comedic purposes to make it so that the deus ex machina surprises the audience yet it was already the solution being set up all along.

Literary example: Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

Let the tears which fell, and the broken words which were exchanged in the long close embrace between the orphans, be sacred. A father, sister, and mother, were gained, and lost, in that one moment. Joy and grief were mingled in the cup; but there were no bitter tears: for even grief itself arose so softened, and clothed in such sweet and tender recollections, that it became a solemn pleasure, and lost all character of pain.

Explanation: Unexpectedly, at the end of the book it turns out  that Oliver’s fellow orphan Rose is actually his aunt, though neither had any idea. This is a huge intended plot twist because it was being foreshadowed all throughout the story.

Visual Representation:
Malapropism

Definition:

Malapropism is the mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one, often with unintentionally amusing effect. It often occurs in ordinary speech. Malapropism is also called a malaprop or dogberryism. Malapropism reveals that the English language is complex because it is easy to mistake two words for each other.

Literary example:

Officer Dogberry said, "Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons" (apprehended two suspicious persons)
Red Herring

Red herring is a logical fallacy that misleads readers or audiences from a relevant or important issue towards a false conclusion.

Example: There is a lot of commotion regarding saving the environment. We cannot make this world an Eden. What will happen if it does become an Eden? Adam and Eve got bored there!

-The idea of Adam and Eve getting bored in Eden throws the listeners off the real issue of the environment.
Ghoulish

Ghoulish- to resemble a ghost or spirit. The act of showing ghoulishness is having absolute interest in the un living or dreadful misfortunes or disasters. The act of being ghoulish is not being moral and angelic.

“...being now a thing with one arm, now with one leg, now with twenty legs, now a pair of legs without a head, now a head without a body: of which dissolving parts, no outline would be visible in the dense gloom wherein they melted away. And in the very wonder of this, it would be; distinct and clear as ever.”(Dickens, A Christmas Carol)
Availability Heuristic

**I. Availability Heuristic:** Availability Heuristic is a logical fallacy that involves a mental lapse when someone evaluates a specific topic based off of the easiest thing to remember or most recent event in his or her mind. This fallacy argues that if something is quickly remembered then it must be more important than things that are not as quick to be remembered. For example, people tend to rely to heavily on current information when forming their argument, making them biased to the latest news. In other words, Availability Heuristic is the fallacy that ideas or concepts that are easier to
understand and quicker to recall are more important or valid than things that are not so easily comprehendible.

**II. Example (real world):** When making a decision on whom to vote for in a presidential election, people could give their vote to the person that they just saw do something good on the news. For example, if someone turns on *Fox News* and see that Donald Trump has just donated his liver to a dying boy, they could then take this news to the ballot and vote for him because that is the easiest thing to recall at the moment. This would be an example of a voter using Availability Heuristic.

**III. Example (Film or literature):** The movie *Shawshank Redemption* uses Availability Heuristic when one of the supporting characters begins to think that the main character, Andy, is going to commit suicide when he had asked for a rope. This actually covers both aspects of this fallacy as the character bases his assumption of Andy committing suicide off the most recent event he could recall. Instead of thinking back for harder-to-recall information like that fact that he had been wrongly accused of murder and had been in jail for almost 20 years and that maybe he was going to use it to escape, he just remembers the one thing that happened previous and becomes convinced that he is going to commit suicide. Furthermore, the character also bases his assumption on a topic that is easier to put together in his mind and makes sense. Well, this is exactly what the fallacy is based on, that easy to understand and comprehend thoughts do not necessarily mean they are right or more important.

**IV. Visual:**
Blithe

Definition: Blithe is an adjective that to means happy and carefree, but it can also describe someone who shows a lack of due concern. A blithe person can either be someone who is cheerful and lighthearted, or unconcerned and lacking in interest. In literature, it can be seen when a passage feels very light and joyful with the words used in it. Also, when relaxed, laid-back, or calm scenarios or people are depicted, then the passage has a blithe tone.

Example: “I got a plane in the middle of the night, don't you mind. I nearly killed somebody, don't you mind don't you mind. I gave you something you can never give back, don't you mind. You see my face like a heart attack, don't you mind don't you mind. I was late but I arrived. I'm sorry but I'd rather be getting high than watching my family die. Exaggerate and you and I. Oh I think I did something terrible to your body, don't you mind.” (“Me” by the 1975)
Reductio ad Hitlerum

Reductio ad Hitlerum (pseudo-Latin for "reduction to Hitler") is a literary fallacy statement that leads to, or is the same as, one implemented by any stereotypically bad or evil person and so "proves" that the original policy is undesirable.

Example: Hitler had a mustache; therefore, mustaches are evil. (Hitler did X; therefore, X is evil)
Allegory

Definition:

Allegory has hidden meanings through symbolic figures, action, imagery, or events, which create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey. Allegory is a type of metaphor that can represent real-world issues and occurrences while other metaphors is used to compare two things. Allegories illustrate complex ideas and concepts.

Literary example:

"And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened:-Behold! human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets."(Plato's *Allegory of the Cave*)

Visual: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEhtJWZXDCY
Interpellation

The rhetorical device of interpellation derives from the ideas of Louis Althusser.  He introduces that interpellation is a process in which we encounter our culture’s values and internalize them.  He adds that interpellation “expresses the thought that an idea is not simply yours alone but rather an idea that has been presented to you for you to accept.”  One example of interpellation in literature is examined in Edward O. Wilson’s Life on Earth.  The interpellation is utilized when Johnson switches from speaking with the masses through saying “I”, and moving to a different tone and position through saying “you” and “your”.  This shift and movement towards the term “you”, addresses the reader directly and makes the readers feel a better sense of closeness with the passage because they are being addressed directly from the author.  This closeness that the reader feels can assist greatly in bolstering a claim because the reader is being called out personally, and not just part of a larger group.
Signposting

Singposting- "a word or phrase that is commonly used in formal writing and speech to connect clauses and sentences. They tell the reader or listener what kind of information to expect." They are used to organize information and present an argument clearly. "Signpost word." Signpost word- Teflpedia., N.p., Web. 11 Apr. 2017

Example: "This essay will first examine…then ascertain…next, it will…" http://www.qub.ie/directorates/sqc.learning/FileStore/Filetoupload,628191,en.pdf
Foreshadowing

Foreshadow

1. Foreshadowing is a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. Foreshadowing often appears at the beginning of a story or a chapter and helps the reader develop expectations about the coming events in a story. There are various ways of creating a foreshadowing. A writer may use dialogues of characters to hint at what may occur in future. In addition, any event or action in the story may throw a hint to the readers about future events or action. Even the title of a book or chapter can act as a clue that suggests what is going to happen. (Literarydevices.net)
2. “Life were better ended by their hate,

Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love” - From Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Act 2, Scene 2

Juliet is concerned about Romeo’s safety as she fears her kinsmen may catch him. Romeo says, in the above lines, that he would rather have her love and die sooner than not obtain her love and die later. Eventually, he gets her love and dies for her love, too. (literarydevices.net)
Synecdoche

**Synecdoche:**

A synecdoche is a rhetorical and literary device in which a part of a system or group represents the whole.  Also, a synecdoche can use a whole to represent a part.  Synecdoche and metonymy differ in that the synecdoche refers to the whole of a thing by the name of any one of its collective parts while metonymy refers to when a word which describes another thing is closely or directly linked to that particular thing, but it does not have to be a part of it.

Literary Example:

He asked for her hand in marriage

Referring to people or the quantization of people by body part: e.g. head count.

Visual Example:
Nonplussed

Tone Word-Nonplussed

Definition: To be nonplussed is to be distracted by a shocking occurrence that makes one feel uncertain on what one should do. Being nonplussed may also mean to be bewildered by a surprising event. Being nonplussed can also cause someone to be in a state of hesitancy if one is very shocked or disturbed by the surprise.

Text: "He pressed the trigger and there was a loud report accompanied by the wail of his wives and children. He threw down the gun and jumped into the barn, and there lay the woman, very much shaken and frightened but quite unhurt." -*Things Fall Apart* By Chinua Achebe, Page 39

This text depicts a situation in which the characters are nonplussed. Okonkwo outrageously, and without warning, shoots his gun towards his wife, causing his other wives and children to become shocked and confused. The children and wives just "la[id]" there because they didn't know what to do since Okonkwo's actions were very surprising.

Visual:

http://totallyhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/The\_Scream.jpg
Barnum Effect (Forer Effect)

Definition: The Barnum Effect refers to people
believing and reading into supposed descriptions of themselves (Barnum
Statements) that tell their specific personalities, kind of person they are,
and/or activities/problems they have in their lives. The Barnum Effect is
usually used by stating positive and non-specific claims that the person
receiving can accept as true and identify with. What is said using the Barnum Effect
tends to resonate with people’s hopes, dreams, and expectations about
themselves. The workings of this fallacy can be summarized as: We have
something for everyone because it means that one statement you believe is
special or unique to you, can actually hold true to many more people in various
shapes and extents. That Barnum Statement you are hearing for yourself can
actually work on everyone- meaning they believe it to be true, too.

Real Life Example: Psychics, as well as fortune cookies, use
the Barnum Effect to trick people into buying their service/product. “You have
a lot of potential that you have not yet turned to your advantage or unlocked.”
This phrase and quote is a typical, very often used Barnum Statement; however,
the characterization of someone having unrealized potential holds true for many
people, not just one. When someone hears this from a psychic, he or she believes
in that Barnum Statement being specifically just for them, but it can actually be
applied to many people and be believed. Since it works well for a lot of the
general public, that is why it is often used. Other Barnum statements psychics use
are “You are an independent thinker. You like to check out claims for yourself
before you believe what someone tells you” and “You have a fear of rejection.”

Literature: To the right is the horoscope
for Libras on 11/3/17 that the *LA Times*
published for its astrology column. The descriptions of being a “walking
paradox” and “sensible as anyone” are wide descriptions that can apply to many
people, not just Libras.

Visual (Bottom Right Image): Buzzfeed’s app and website offers many quizzes which claim that by answering a series of questions, they can reveal or tell you something about yourself. I took the quiz “Dip These Foods In Sauces and We’ll Reveal A Beautiful Truth About You” and it is pretty self-explanatory: I answer questions and am told something about myself based on my answers. The “Beautiful Truth” and Barnum Statement I got is “generous” and caring “deeply about the other people”. However, being generous is a characteristic that applies to a wide variety of people, not only me or anyone else for that matter that selected certain sauces for certain foods.
The Historian's Fallacy

Definition: When someone judges the decision of someone in the past in the light of knowledge that was not available at the time. In other words, viewing their past actions through the lense of new information, assuming that they had the same perspective or information during their time.

Example: *You shouldn't have taken the freeway! Then you could have avoided the crash and not have been late to dinner.*

 In reality, they weren't aware that there was a crash, and thus didn't have the information necessary to make a smarter choice.

Example: *I can't believe that people in the 15th through 19th centuries thought that tobacco was good for you! If I lived then, I would not have smoked at all.*

 While people during this period thought it was either a panacea, anesthetic, or good for teeth, they were believing this without the knowledge of the smoking- lung cancer link, later discovered in the 1940s and 50s.

Format:

Claim X was made in the past

Those who made the claim didn't know Y, which wasn't available to them at the time.

Thus, this was a foolish claim
Doubtful Tone

Doubtful

1. To be doubtful is to be uncertain of an outcome. It is to question whether something is real or true. A doubtful character would be known to question things and would often be uneasy.

2. “Mexicans are always making things up. Grandma Jefa told us the week before she died. Don’t ever believe these family legends people have. It’s like how white people like to say their great-grandmother was a Cherokee princess, but worse.” (“Everyone’s Abuelo Can’t Have Ridden with Pancho Villa”)
Arrogant

(adj.) When someone claims superiority over someone or something. This could mean believing themselves to have superior skills, rights, importance, etc. Another definition for arrogance is when one is overbearingly presumptuous. Lastly it could mean when one is unbelievably proud, thus lacking humility. An arrogant narrator would be judging, as they would see themselves as better than the audience.

Examples:

1. "You may be talented, but you're not Kanye West"- Kanye West
2. "Have you ever thought that you were in love with someone but realized that you were just staring in a mirror for twenty minutes?"- Kanye West
3. "You deliberately advise me not to go up to Soho and offer myself- *myself*, Stryver of the King's Bench Bar?"- Stryver, *Tale of Two Cities*
Alex Knight- Tone Wiki Assignment

Adoring- to love and respect someone or something very deeply. When one adores another, he or she regards them with the utmost esteem, love, respect, and honor. One can also adore a greater being that he or she loves and cares deeply about. They can love God and adore Him by worshiping him. An adoring text would look like a very passionate message expressing how much one cares for another. Adoring is one step above loving.

Word expressed in action or words:

"In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you”- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice

Visual Representation:

Frantic- wild or distraught with fear, anxiety, or other emotions. This emotion causes one to go wild because he or she is panicked and distressed. Frantic behavior is commonly seem in people who are mentally unstable and are in mental hospitals, but can be seen in other settings. One could sense panic or fear in a text that is frantic.

Word expressed in action or word:

“The spirit that I have seen

May be the devil, and the devil hath power

T' assume a pleasing shape; yea, and perhaps,

Out of my weakness and my melancholy,

As he is very potent with such spirits,

Abuses me to damn me.”- Hamlet

Hamlet is frantic because he believes a ghost is the root of his insanity and he rants that the ghost is the devil.

Visual Representation:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itbRtS1ZADQ

Rebellious- showing a desire to resist authority, control, or convention. A rebellious act could pertain to governmental laws or decisions. One can see riots happening in present day concerning to a cause over rights, justice, or inequality. A rebellion is an active movement, engaged in opposition, to try to prove a point. A rebellious text would look like a person or multiple people expressing that they are going against what the other says or does.

Word expressed in action or words:

“Is it true that you shouted at Professor Umbridge?"

"Yes."

"You called her a liar?"

"Yes."

"You told her He Who Must Not Be Named is back?"

"Yes."- J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter

Visual Representation:
Hypophora

Hypophora is a rhetorical device where “a writer raises a question and immediately provides an answer.” Usually, the question is asked “in the first paragraph”, and the next paragraph answers the question. “The basic difference between hypophora and a rhetorical question is that in a rhetorical question the answer is not provided since it does not require an answer.” (literarydevices.net).

Example: “Thirty-one cakes, dampened with whiskey, bask on window sills and shelves. **Who are they for?** Friends. Not necessarily neighbor friends: indeed, the larger share is intended for persons we’ve met maybe once, perhaps not at all. People who’ve struck our fancy. Like President Roosevelt”.

(“A Christmas Memory” by Truman Capote)
Rhetorical Question

“A rhetorical question is a question that you ask without expecting an answer. The question might be one that does not have an answer. It might also be one that has an obvious answer but you have asked the question to make a point, to persuade or for literary effect.” examples.yourdictionary.com

Example “Why fit in when you were born to stand out?” - Dr. Seuss
Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia: An onomatopoeia is a word that attempts to mimic a natural sound like “hiss” or “boom”. This device is used to create better imagery for the reader, and it makes the passage more vivid. There are also some onomatopoeias that have definitions of their own such as the word whisper, which means both the sound of people talking in a hushed tone but also describes people performing the action of talking quietly.

Ex: “I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door.” -  Ulysses by James Joyce

Joyce uses the onomatopoeia of “tattarrattat” to describe the knocking on the door. This use of onomatopoeia gives the reader better imagery, and helps them to be more immersed in the passage.

Citations:

"Onomatopoeia." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.

"Onomatopoeia - Examples and Definition of Onomatopoeia." Literary Devices. N.p., 30 Oct. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.

"Onomatopoeia Examples and Definition." Literary Devices. N.p., 30 Oct. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.

"Onomatopoeia." Hägar Language School. N.p., 08 Apr. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.
Personification pt II

Definition: Personification is a figurative device that is used to give an inanimate object, concept, or idea human-like emotions or qualities. These non-human things are given the ability to feel and think as if they were human beings, and this literary device helps the reader associate the actions of the objects to human emotions. Frequently, human characteristics are compared to natural forces (seasons), and feelings such as love, loss, pain, etc. Personification contributes to the emotions being expressed in the diction to resonate similar feelings towards the reader for rhetorical emphasis.

Example: "Have you got a brook in your little heart? Where wishful flowers blow, and bashful birds go down to drink. And shadows tremble so?"-*Brook in your little heart* by Emily Dickinson. Emily personifies having a brook in a person's heart, implying a heartache or loss of a loved one.

Dory and Nemo are personifications because they have human personalities and emotions.
Metanoia

-Although metanoia is usually referring to a "spiritual conversion", its definition can be broadened to be just a "change of heart" (Merriam-Webster). Basically, when taken out of its original religious context, metanoia is when one's opinion on something or something shifts. However, when put back into its original context, it can either refer to one turning towards or away from religion, or at it was interpreted in the Bible, repentance. In terms of rhetoric, metanoia is when one corrects a recently made statement by either changing its wording or just elaborating on what was said. It should be noted that metanoia, in the rhetorical sense, *must* happen in the same sentence (or, at least, very close proximity) as the original declaration.

-A rhetorical example of metanoia is the Hippocratic Oath: "To help, or at least do no harm". Here, a general promise ("To help") is made, before quickly being expanded on ("Or at least do no harm").
Argument from Fallacy

Argument from Fallacy

Definition: The argument fallacy is when someone states that because there is a fallacy in a statement or argument, that argument is false based on the fact that it contains a fallacy. Moreover, when someone uses this fallacy, they argue that another person's argument or claim is false if it contains a fallacy. Most times, people use fallacies in his/her argument due to lack of evidence, and this use of fallacies can be used as a rebuttal against the person's argument because it shows that the person who used a fallacy in their argument was not able to correctly defend his/her claim. Using a fallacy does not mean the person's claim is necessarily false, but it shows that the person does not use enough evidence to support their statement is true.

Structure: Argument A contains a fallacy--> Therefore, the claim or statement of Argument A is false.

Example --> Person 1: I can't go to the movies at night because if I do, I will become a unicorn.

Person 2: That's ridiculous. You are stupid and idiotic.

Person 1: Your statement contains and ad hominem fallacy by you calling me stupid and idiotic. Therefore, I am not stupid or idiotic.

Example 2--> All dogs have ears. My brother Bobby has ears. Therefore, he is a dog.

By stating the affirmative the consequent fallacy, your brother is not a dog.

Example from a TV show:  Chandler  from Friends uses circular reasoning to explain why he can’t go running:

Chandler- “It’s Sunday morning. I’m not running on a Sunday.”

Monica- “Why not?”

Chandler: “Because it’s Sunday.”

Monica: “Hey! You tell me when to stop.”

Chandler: “Stop.”

Monica: “We can’t stop!”

By using circular reasoning to support his claim, his statement that he can’t run is false. He could run any day of the week, but just doesn’t want to. Monica disregards his statement and continues to persuade him.

The first picture uses a hasty generalization fallacy when the blue frog jumps to the conclusion that the green frog is calling him Senile and also when he jumps to the conclusion that the green frog finds fame to be more important than science, when in fact the green frog did not say so.

The second picture uses an ad hominem attack. Therefore, under the argument from fallacy, the green frog’s argument is false.
Counterfactual

**Counterfactual:**

A counterfactual, or a counterfactual conditional, is a conditional statement that possesses an *if* clause which is directly contrary to fact. A counterfactual also contains a *then* clause. Where the counterfactual differs from other conditionals is that it's *then* clause will only be certainly true if the counterfactual circumstance's *if* clause is true. The biggest and most notable examples of counterfactual thinking can be associated with statements such as "What if?" and "If only" and other statements that deal with a past that did not actually occur.

Literary Example:

“What if Roosevelt had been assassinated in 1933? What if Spain had defeated the British navy in 1588? What if Napoleon had won the Battle of Waterloo? Such counterfactual premises are the basis for works of literature, often called ‘alternate histories’, that have gained in both popularity and scholarly attention in the past few decades.” - Kathleen Singles

Visual Example:
Isocolon

Isocolon:

-Isocolon is when at least two portions of a sentence are completely synonymous in either rhythm, structure, length, or a combination of these three. Basically, isocolon can be classified as a form of repetition that does not require words being repeated over and over. This rhetorical device can be frequently found in music, poetry, speeches, and slogans. Depending on how many phrases comprise the sentence, isocolon may be referred to as "bicolon" (two parts), "tricolon" (three parts), "tetracolon" (four parts), etc.

-A "literary" example of isocolon can be found in John F. Kennedy's 1961 inaugural address. Here, the former president implores his "fellow Americans" to "ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country (Kennedy).

-A visual example of isocolon (or here "tetracolon") can be seen in this vintage Dr. Pepper linked below. In the commercial, the singer's jingle, "I'm a Pepper, she's a Pepper, he's a Pepper, we're a Pepper" is an example of the rhetorical device's frequent appearance in advertisements.
Allusion

An allusion is an indirect reference to a person, place, or thing. It mainly references past events or figures that the reader are expected to know. Because the author expects the reader to know of these events, the author does not go into much detail about the reference.

Example:

“So Eden sank to grief,

So dawn goes down to day.

Nothing gold can stay.”

-Robert Frost

Robert Frost is referring to the Garden of Eden in the Book of Genesis. The author expects the reader to know about the Garden of Eden as he doesn’t go into detail about the reference. The Garden was a happy place where God could live in unity with his children, but Adam and Eve made a huge mistake by eating the apple from the tree. Now, we are on Earth suffering, and Eden was just a happy memory (the gold that didn’t stay).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xg3vE8Ie\_E

These lyrics from the song “Love Story” by Taylor Swift refer to the play by Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, a very famous couple known for their forbidden love.
Malicious

Malicious is an adjective; to be malicious is to intend to harm another out of spite or vengeance. It is not being inconsiderate; malice shows that there is a will to hurt the other person or thing, but to be inconsiderate means to cause inconvenience without thought or concern . As a tone, the speaker is harsh and displays hatred toward other characters.

Literary malicious example:

Okonkwo shoots at one of his wives in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe; Chapter 4, page 39

“And so when [Okonkwo] called Ikemefuna to fetch his gun, the wife who had just been beaten murmured something about guns that never shot. Unfortunately for her, Okonkwo heard it and ran madly into his room for the loaded gun, ran out again and aimed at her as she clambered over the dwarf wall of the barn. He pressed the trigger and there was a loud report  accompanied by the wail of his wives and children.”

Malicious Image:
Equivocation

Equivocation is a fallacy by which an important word or phrase in an argument is used with more than one meaning, or using an ambiguous term in more than one sense, thus making an argument misleading. It is also known as semantic equivocation.

Example: “Micah White says he has endured 'persecution' for his beliefs, but an atheist is, by definition, one who lacks beliefs.” (This equivocation implies that Micah White can’t be persecuted for his beliefs because atheists lack beliefs.)

(Letter to New York Times by Michael Scheer published in 1999)
Cumulative Sentence

Definition:

A cumulative or loose sentence is an independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions, such as phrases or clauses. The subordinate constructions gather details about a person, place, or thing. It is the opposite of a periodic sentence which has the main clause at the end.

Literary example: *The Scarlet Letter*

"She had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam, and a face which, besides being beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion, had the impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes."(Hawthorne 7)
Parenthesis

Parenthesis is inserted into a sentence when one is qualifying or elaborating on a certain idea or topic. It can be set off by commas, dashes, little lines, and brackets. This literary device serves a number of purposes such as providing extra, detailed information or giving an afterthought to a strong point made before. It can also interrupt the flow of a sentence which serves the purpose of employing a natural, spoken, and informal feel to a sentence.

Example-

“‘Black dog’ is the mood of bottomless, suicidal despair suffered, most notoriously, by Winston Churchill (himself a kind of bulldog in nappies, a logo for Empire; growling and dribbling, wheezing smoke, swollen veins fired with brandy).”

(“Lights Out for the Territory” by Iain Sinclair)
Personification

Personification

Definition: Personification is a figurative device used to give a thing, idea, or animal human characteristics. Furthermore, the non-human object is portrayed in a way that makes it act in a human way. Personification is a type of metaphor. Metaphor is the overall figurative device that applies a certain quality or action to something that is not actually possible. A personification is a type of metaphor because it specifically applies human characteristic to a non-human object.

Example:  "Earth felt the wound; and Nature from her seat, Sighing, through all her works, gave signs of woe.”  - (Paradise Lost, John Milton)

Visual:

"Personification." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2017. <https://www.pinterest.com/treenw/personification/>.
Brusque

Brusque is when someone is abrupt in manner or is blunt. Furthermore, it when something unexpected happens to a person. When a character does something that is blunt it is classified as “brusque”, it reveals a new layer in his/her personality and gives us an inkling into his/her mysterious life. In addition, an unexpected action also gives more, depth to a story because it increases the excitement in the story. For example, the unexpected engagement, pregnancy,

or act of betrayal by a character is what will ultimately make readers want to read more as they are surprised by the character’s spontaneous manner. A brusque action can reveal a hidden dark side, suppressed compassion for someone or identity.

* Example: In the story by Etgar Keret called “The Tourist From Hell”, it demonstrates  characters being brusque through the use of magical realism. While the characters themselves do not think that it odd or abrupt that every one hundred years people from hell tour their village, it is unusual to the the readers, thus illustrating the blending together of fiction and reality. For example, Anna is not phased at all when “every few hours someone would come in smelling of sulfur and ask[ing] for a pack of cigarettes, or chocolate, or whatever”(Keret 20). Anna would even try to “make friends” and “chat them up” with the tourists (Keret 21).
Ardent

The middle english word **ardent** is derivative of old French and means of vehement disposition. Ardent mean to do something with fervor and or excitement. The word typically denotes a sense of urgency.

Opening of *The Communist Manifesto* by Karl Marx

“I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power.

II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.”
Burlesque

Definition: Burlesque is a noun that is an absurd or a comically exaggerated imitation of something. This is seen especially in a literary or a dramatic work and is also known as a parody. Burlesque can also be relating to a variety show or a comic skit.

Example: “ ‘Nice one, Catpiss,' he says. ‘That’s not my real name. My name is actually Kantkiss. Kantkiss Neverclean.’ ” (The Hunger Pains: A Parody)

Visual: [1]
Antecedent

An antecedent is a phrase or word that the following pronoun refers back to. The antecedent makes the sentence clearer, as, without it, the subject remains vague with the use of pronouns. The antecedent and its pronoun usually agree in number and gender, meaning that if the antecedent is singular, the pronoun is also singular, and if the antecedent is plural, the pronoun is plural.

example: *Othello* by William Shakespeare

"Me thinks the **wind** has spoke aloud at land,

A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements,

If **it** hath ruffianed so upon the sea

What ribs of oak, when mountains melt upon them"

(Wind is the antecedent the pronoun "it" refers to)
Concession

Concession is a literary device used in argumentative writing where one acknowledges an opposing view of the topic being mentioned. It shows that the writer is mature and fair-minded and fully understands the issue from all angles. This type of writing also shows that one is a logical and strategic thinker who can find a common ground between himself and the opponent.

Example-

“I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this would argue, if they produced an argument at all, that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development by any direct tinkering with words or constructions. So far as the general tone or spirit of language goes, this may be true, but it is not true in detail.”

(“Politics and the English Language” by George Orwell)
Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a literary device in which one sense is used to describe another using similar terms. It is not to be concerned with the neurological phenomenon [1] that has certain people tasting colors or seeing sounds or even some feeling the personality of colors. In literature it is usually described as a simile to link two unlikely images. An example is "I smell trouble" or "actions speak louder than words" because it shows the attitude of the object by describing the tense atmosphere or that it is sometimes necessary to act on impulse instead of talking it out.
Wry

Wry

The adjective wry has many different connotations: bitterly ironic or amusing, a devious purpose, or distorted. In one instance, it can be used to further explain the irony of a situation, just how it is bitterly humorous when a news anchor makes grammar mistakes when they are on live television, and someone rudely calls them out and mocks them for it like it’s some big deal. Another specific way that that wry is used is to describe a face made when something you dislike is tasted, more specifically the “Donald Trump” face.

Examples: An example of wryness can be found in the short story “Cannibals and Explores” by Ana Maria Shua.

“ The cannibals consume those parts of the body they believe will instill in them the virtues they admire in their victims… the cannibals don the explores’ clothes… once in London, delivered scholarly lectures on cannibals.” (Shua 43).

This passage expands on the wry irony in this microstroy because the cannibals became what they ate, and, since they ate the explorers they became them. And, later on, they eventually taught about cannibals in London. This is ironic because they were originally the cannibals that they taught about.
House of Troubles

*For other uses, see House.*
The **House of Troubles**, also known as the **Bad Daedra** (as opposed to the Good Daedra), is the collective name given to Molag Bal, Mehrunes Dagon, Malacath, and Sheogorath by the Chimer prophet Veloth. These four Daedric Princes rebelled against the counsel and admonition of the Tribunal, causing great strife and confusion among the clans and Great Houses.

## References

1. ↑ *Darkest Darkness*
2. ↑ *The House of Troubles*
Paraphrase

Paraphrase- The restatement of a text using different words to express its meaning in another form. A paraphrase is the rewording of a text in order to make it more clear or understandable. Paraphrasing is different from quoting due to the rewording of the text opposed to a direct copy.

### Example: (http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-paraphrasing.html)

**Original passage**: In the Sopranos, the mob is besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to Tony's family is his own biological family. One of his closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother colludes with his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and his kids click through web sites that track the federal crackdown in Tony's gangland.

**Paraphrased passage**: In the first season of The Sopranos, Tony Soprano's mobster activities are more threatened by members of his biological family than by agents of the federal government. This familial betrayal is multi-pronged. Tony's closest friend and associate is an FBI informant, his mother and uncle are conspiring to have him killed, and his children are surfing the web for information about his activities.
Obstacles and Opportunities

**Obstacles and Opportunities** is the 3rd episode of Season 2 and the 11th episode of the series overall.

## Plot synopsis

Following the death of Pope Paul II, the new pontiff Sixtus IV appoints the Pazzi cousin Francesco Salviati as Archbishop of Pisa, working against the Medici interests. Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano travel to Milan to form closer ties with Galeazzo Sforza and secure trade for Florence. Jacopo de' Pazzi attempts to exploit the scandalous elopement of his nephew Guglielmo  with Lorenzo's sister Bianca, in order to undermine the Signoria's approval of the alliance with Milan. Lorenzo trades away advantages in order to allow his sister to marry her love. A wedding feast is held following the arrival of Lorenzo's wife Clarice from Rome. Giuliano becomes involved with Simonetta Vespucci.

## Appearances

*This section allows you to link to character pages. Oh, and remember to remove this text. ;)*

* Character 1
* Character 2
Zealous

Zealous

The adjective zealous would be best described as full of enthusiasm, ardently active, devoted, and passionate. This term could be used to describe a situation or event that involves a lot of ardor and diligence, just like at the Olympics, when athletes and fans get very competitive and passionate about certain events. On the other hand, the noun zeal means fervor for a person, cause, or desire. This noun is utilized to describe a person who is driven and fervid on reaching his/her end goal, just like a cheerleader would be passionately fervid on pepping up the crowds and players to win a big game. A zealous text would look be dripping with passion and determination to achieve an end goal, like a championship soccer game that is tied 2-2 in the last 5 minutes.

Examples: Two examples of zeal can be found in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart.

“The variety of feelings that bore on me onwards, like a hurricane, in the first enthusiasm of success… the summer months passed while I was engaged, heart and soul, in one pursuit.” (Shelley 33).

In the previous passage, it describes Doctor Frankenstein’s excitement and diligence in creating his monster, stating that he had the zeal to work for months on end to achieve his goal.

“Okonkwo was not a cruel man. But his was dominated by the fear of failure and of weakness… the fear of himself, lest he should be found to resemble his father.” (Achebe 13).

In this passage, Okonkwo’s zeal is demonstrated by stating that he is ruled by fear and is driven/intent to not end up like his father did.
The Ten

**The Ten** is the 2nd episode of Season 3 and the 18th episode of the series overall.

## Plot synopsis

With a Papal army on Florence's doorstep, Lorenzo forms a war council of ten members to replace the Signoria.

## Appearances

*This section allows you to link to character pages. Oh, and remember to remove this text. ;)*

* Character 1
* Character 2
Argument of the Beard

## Argument of the Beard: Continuum Fallacy

The argument of the beard is derived from the philosophical heap paradox. This fallacy aims to equate extremes by pointing out that there is no clear transition state between the two. It states  that if X and Y are on opposite ends of a continuum and a single increment between them is minuscule and will not lean clearly more towards one than the other, then several increments will make no difference as well; therefore, there is no true difference between X and Y. This fallacy posits that because there is no clear-cut distinction between two things, there is no true separation of either state. For instance, a color gradient with green and blue; the colors are clear on both extreme ends but there is not exact point in the middle where blue becomes green or vice versa, someone using the argument of the beard premise would then claim that blue and green are the same.

This fallacy can be used to justify behavior that is self-destructive For example, a smoker who claims that one cigarette won’t kill them, so neither will 10 or 20, employs the argument of the beard. This fallacious premise is used by Scott Dissick in keeping up with the Kardashians. He is obviously an alcoholic, but still insists that because he will not be drunk after one drink it is ok for him to have one alcoholic beverage, (he then repeats this rationale for seconds, thirds, and so on).
Appeal to Nature

Appeal to Nature Definition: is an argument that states that something is good because it is natural(meaning that it is something produced by nature and not by humans). It can also work in the reverse argument by arguing something is bad because it is unnatural. This is considered a logical fallacy because naturalness of an object does not mean something is automatically good.

A Real World Example: A real world example is murder. It can seem very natural, but that does not mean it is good or justifiable(Reference:https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/appeal-to-nature). Rape is another example, as some people see it as acting on their natural sexual urges, but it is clear that any form of non onsensual sex is not good.

An example from a film or literature: An example of Appeal to Nature would be the book Frankenstein. In this book, the monster is seen as bad simply because he is not natural. This caused him to be abused, discarded, and isolated for the majority of his life. Thus, this treatment towards him shapes him to be the monster people perceive him to be.

Visual: This cigarette ad is seen as an Appeal to Nature because tobacco is grown out of the ground, so it is seen as something good. However, in reality, cigarettes and other products that are made using tobacco are actually very dangerous to one’s health.

Visual Referance: http://business-ethics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/EarthTalkOrganicTobacco.jpg
Season 2

**Season 2** of *Medici*, subtitled *The Magnificent, Part 1* (Italian: *Lorenzo il Magnifico*) consists of 8 episodes.

The season premiered on October 23, 2018.

## Plot overview

An attempt on Piero de' Medici's life forces his son Lorenzo to assume leadership of the family-run bank. Once in power, young Lorenzo resolves to do things differently, which swiftly brings him into conflict with the head of Florence's other powerful banking family, Jacopo Pazzi.

## Trailers

MEDICI- THE MAGNIFICENT - COMING SOON - NETFLIXMedici- The Magnificent - Coming to Netflix on January 25th
## Episodes

1. Old Scores
2. Standing Alone
3. Obstacles and Opportunities
4. Blood with Blood
5. Ties That Bind
6. Alliance
7. Betrayal
8. Mass
Old Scores

**Old Scores** is the 1st Episode of Season 2.

## Summary

Lorenzo de' Medici is seen walking through a burning city with friends and allies; Angelo Poliziano, Sandro Botticelli, and Carlo de' Medici. Lorenzo orders them to spread out and search every building for a man named Jacopo Pazzi.

Lorenzo enters a buildig alone where he is attacked by Jacopo. After a brief fight it looks as if Jacopo kills Lorenzo.

Nine years before the events of the flashforward, Lucrezia Tornabuoni is going around the home waking up her three children; Giuliano, Bianca, and Lorenzo.

## Appearances

* Daniel Sharman as Lorenzo the Magnificent
* Jack Bannon as Angelo Poliziano
* Sebastian De Souza as Sandro Botticelli
* Callum Blake as Carlo de' Medici
* Sean Bean as Jacopo de' Pazzi
* Bradley James as Giuliano de' Medici
* Sarah Parish as Lucrezia Tornabuoni
* Alessandra Mastronardi as Lucrezia Donati
* Matteo Martari as Francesco de' Pazzi
* Julian Sands as Piero de' Medici
* Synnove Karlsen as Clarice Orsini
* Aurora Ruffino as Bianca de' Medici
* Matilda Lutz as Simonetta Vespucci
* Filippo Nigro as Luca Soderini
* Annabel Scholey as Contessina de' Bardi
* Jacopo Antinori as Bastiano Soderini
* Michele Balducci as Guido Calvacanti
* David Brandon as Petrucci
* Beniamino Brogi as Nori
* Alan Goetz as Roberto Calvacanti
* Miriam Dalmazio as Bona of Savoy
* Andrea Garofalo as Gianni
* Tam Mutu as Galeazzo Sforza
* Pietro Ragusa as Niccolo Ardingheli
* Charlie Vickers as Guglielmo de' Pazzi
* Sam Buck as **Young Lorenzo**
Aphorism

Aphorism - This is a clever expression, usually made in “a matter of fact tone” (literary-devices.com) It is based on a truth and has some type of underlying message or piece of wisdom. It is sometimes philosophical and provides some great insight. Other times it is used in an insulting manner, such as a dad yelling at his son: “my house, my rules.”

Examples:

* If it ain't broke, don't fix it
* Either shape up or shape out
* Hope for the best but prepare for the worst