Oedipus the King

**Oedipus the King** by Sophocles

Text copied from Wikisource

                                ŒDIPUS THE KING

 Dramatis Personæ

 Œdipus, King of Thebes

 Creon, brother of Jocasta

 Teiresias, a soothsayer

 Priest of Zeus

 Messenger from Corinth

 Shepherd

 Second Messenger

 Jocasta, wife and mother of Œdipus

 Chorus of Priests and Suppliants

 SCENE——Thebes. In the background, the palace of ŒDIPUS; in front, the

 altar of ZEUS, Priests and Boys round it in the attitude of suppliants.

 Enter ŒDIPUS

 ŒDIPUS WHY sit ye here, my children, brood last reared

 Of Cadmus famed of old, in solemn state,

 Uplifting in your hands the suppliants’ boughs?

 And all the city reeks with incense smoke, 4

 And all re-echoes with your wailing hymns;

 And I, my children, counting it unmeet

 To hear report from others, I have come

 Myself, whom all name Œdipus the Great.— 8

 Do thou, then, agèd Sire, since thine the right

 To speak for these, tell clearly why ye stand

 Awe-stricken, or adoring; speak to me

 As willing helper. Dull and cold this heart 12

 To see you prostrate thus, and feel no ruth.

 PRIEST Yes, Œdipus, thou ruler of my land,

 Thou seest us how we sit, as suppliants, bowed

 Around thine altars; some as yet unfledged 16

 To wing their flight, and some weighed down with age.

 Priest, I, of Zeus, and these the chosen youth:

 And in the open spaces of the town

 The people sit and wail, with wreath in hand, 20

 By the twin shrine of Pallas, or the grove

 Oracular that bears Ismenus’ name.

 For this our city, as thine eyes may see,

 Is sorely tempest-tossed, nor lifts its head 24

 From out the surging sea of blood-flecked waves,

 All smitten in the fruitful blooms of earth,

 All smitten in the herds that graze the fields,

 Yea, and in timeless births of woman’s fruit; 28

 And still the God sends forth his darts of fire,

 And lays us low. The plague, abhorred and feared,

 Makes desolate the home where Cadmus dwelt,

 And Hades dark grows rich in sighs and groans. 32

 It is not that we count thee as a God,

 Equalled with them in power, that we sit here,

 These little ones and I, as suppliants prone;

 But, judging thee, in all life’s shifting scenes, 36

 Chiefest of men, yea, and of chiefest skill,

 To soothe the powers of Heaven. For thou it was

 That freed’st this city, named of Cadmus old,

 From the sad tribute which of yore we paid 40

 To that stern songstress, all untaught of us,

 And all unprompted; but at God’s behest,

 Men think and say, thou guidest all our life.

 And now, O Œdipus, most honoured lord, 44

 We pray thee, we, thy suppliants, find for us

 Some succour, whether floating voice of God,

 Or speech of man brings knowledge to thy soul;

 For still I see, with those whom life has trained 48

 To long-tried skill, the issues of their thoughts

 Live and are mighty. Come, then, noblest one,

 Come, save our city; look on us, and fear.

 As yet this land, for all thy former zeal, 52

 Calls thee its saviour: do not give us cause

 So to remember this thy reign, as men

 Who, having risen, then fall low again;

 But save us, save our city. Omens good 56

 Were then with thee; thou didst thy work, and now

 Be equal to thyself! If thou wilt rule,

 As thou dost rule, this land wherein we dwell,

 ’Twere better far to reign o’er living men 60

 Than o’er a realm dispeopled. Naught avails,

 Or tower or ship, when crew and guards are gone.

 ŒDIP. O children, wailing loud, ye tell me not

 Of woes unknown; too well I know them all, 64

 Your sorrows and your wants. For one and all

 Are stricken, yet no sorrow like to mine

 Weighs on you. Each his own sad burden bears,

 His own and not another’s. But my heart 68

 Mourns for the people’s sorrow and mine own;

 And, lo! ye have not come to break my sleep,

 But found me weeping, weeping bitter tears,

 And treading weary paths in wandering thought; 72

 And that one way of healing which I found,

 That have I acted on. Menœkeus’ son,

 Creon, my kinsman, have I sent to seek

 The Pythian home of Phœbus, there to learn 76

 The words or deeds wherewith to save the state;

 And even now I measure o’er the time

 And wonder how he fares, for, lo! he stays,

 I know not why, beyond the appointed day; 80

 But when he comes I should be base indeed,

 Failing to do whate’er the God declares.

 PRIEST Well hast thou spoken! Tidings come e’en now

 Of Creon seen approaching. 84

 ŒDIP. Grant, O King

 Apollo, that he come with omen good,

 Bright with the cheer of one that bringeth life.

 PRIEST If one may guess, ’tis well. He had not come 88

 His head all wreathed with boughs of laurel else.

 ŒDIP. Soon we shall know. Our voice can reach him now.

 Say, prince, our well-beloved, Menœkeus’ son,

 What sacred answer bring’st thou from the God? 92

 Enter CREON

 CREON. A right good answer! That our evil plight,

 If all goes well, may end in highest good.

 ŒDIP. What means this speech? Nor full of eager hope,

 Nor trembling panic, list I to thy words. 96

 CREON. I for my part am ready, these being by,

 to tell thee all, or go within the gates.

 ŒDIP. Speak out to all. I sorrow more for them

 Than for the woe which touches me alone. 100

 CREON. Well, then, I speak the things the God declared.

 Phœbus, our king, he bids us chase away

 (The words were plain) the infection of our land,

 Nor cherish guilt which still remains unhealed. 104

 ŒDIP. But with what rites? And what the deed itself?

 CREON. Drive into exile, blood for blood repay.

 That guilt of blood is blasting all the state.

 ŒDIP. But whose fate is it that thou hintest at? 108

 CREON. Once, O my king, ere thou didst raise our state,

 Our sovereign Laius ruled o’er all the land.

 ŒDIP. This know I well, though him I never saw.

 CREON. Well, then, the God commands us, he being dead, 112

 To take revenge on those who shed his blood.

 ŒDIP. Yes; but where are they? How to track the course

 Of guilt all shrouded in the doubtful past?

 CREON. In this our land, so said he, those who seek 116

 Shall find; unsought, we lose it utterly.

 ŒDIP. Was it at home, or in the field, or else

 In some strange land that Laius met his doom?

 CREON. He went, so spake he, pilgrim-wise afar, 120

 And nevermore came back as forth he went.

 ŒDIP. Was there no courier, none who shared his road,

 From whom, inquiring, one might learn the truth?

 CREON. Dead are they all, save one who fled for fear, 124

 And he had naught to tell but this:...

 ŒDIP. [interrupting] And what was that? One fact might teach us much,

 Had we but one small starting-point of hope.

 CREON. He used to tell that robbers fell on him, 128

 Not man for man, but with outnumbering force.

 ŒDIP. Yet sure no robber would have dared this deed,

 Unless some bribe had tempted him from hence.

 CREON. So men might think; but Laius at his death 132

 Found none to help, or ’venge him in his woe.

 ŒDIP. What hindered you, when thus your sovereignty

 Had fallen low, from searching out the truth?

 CREON. The Sphinx, with her dark riddle, bade us look 136

 At nearer facts, and leave the dim obscure.

 ŒDIP. Well, be it mine to track them to their source.

 Right well hath Phœbus, and right well hast thou,

 Shown for the dead your care, and ye shall find, 140

 As is most meet, in me a helper true,

 Aiding at once my country and the God.

 Not for the sake of friends, or near or far,

 But for mine own, will I dispel this curse; 144

 For he that slew him, whosoe’er he be,

 Will wish, perchance, with such a blow to smite

 Me also. Helping him, I help myself.

 And now, my children, rise with utmost speed 148

 From off these steps, and raise your suppliant boughs;

 And let another call my people here,

 The race of Cadmus, and make known that I

 Will do my taskwork to the uttermost: 152

 So, as God wills, we prosper, or we fail.

 PRIEST Rise, then, my children, ’twas for this we came,

 For these good tidings which those lips have brought,

 And Phœbus, he who sent these oracles, 156

 Pray that he come to heal, and save from woe. [Exeunt CREON and Priest.

 STROPH. I

 CHORUS O voice of Zeus sweet-toned, with what intent

 Cam’st thou from Pytho, where the red gold shines,

 To Thebes, of high estate? 160

 Fainting for fear, I quiver in suspense

 (Hear us, O healer! God of Delos, hear!),

 In brooding dread, what doom, of present growth,

 Or as the months roll on, thy hand will work; 164

 Tell me, O Voice divine, thou child of golden hope!

 ANTISTROPH. I

 Thee first, Zeus-born Athene, thee I call;

 And next thy sister, Goddess of our land,

 Our Artemis, who in the market sits 168

 In queenly pride, upon her orbed throne;

 And Phœbus, the fair darter! O ye Three,

 Shine on us, and deliver us from ill!

 If e’er before, when waves or storms of woe 172

 Rushed on our state, ye drove away

 The fiery tide of ill,

 Come also now!

 STROPH. II

 Yea, come, ye Gods, for sorrows numberless 176

 Press on my soul;

 And all the host is smitten, and our thoughts

 Lack weapons to resist.

 For increase fails of all the fruits of earth, 180

 And women faint in childbirth’s wailing pangs,

 And one by one, as flit the swift-winged birds,

 So, flitting to the shore of Hades dark,

 Fleeter than lightning’s flash, 184

 Thou seest them passing on.

 ANTISTROPH. II

 Yea, numberless are they who perish thus,

 And on the soil, plague-breeding, lie

 Infants unpitied, cast out ruthlessly; 188

 And wives and mothers, gray with hoary age,

 Some here, some there, by every altar mourn,

 With woe and sorrow crushed,

 And chant their wailing plaint. 192

 Clear thrills the sense their solemn litany,

 And the low anthem sung in unison.

 Hear, then, thou golden daughter of great Zeus,

 And send us help, bright-faced as is the morn. 196

 STROPH. III

 And Ares the destroyer drive away!

 Who now, though hushed the din of brazen shield,

 With battle-cry wars on me fierce and hot.

 Bid him go back in flight, 200

 Retreat from this our land,

 Or to the ocean bed,

 Where Amphitrite sleeps,

 Or to the homeless sea 204

 Which sweeps the Thracian shore.

 If waning night spares aught

 That doth the day assail:

 Do thou, then, Sire almighty, 208

 Wielding the lightning’s strength,

 Blast him with thy hot thunder.

 ANTISTROPH. III

 And thou, Lyceian king, the wolf’s dread foe,

 Fain would I see thy darts 212

 From out thy golden bow

 Go forth invincible,

 Helping and bringing aid;

 And with them, winged with fire, 216

 The rays of Artemis,

 With which, on Lycian hills,

 She moveth on her course.

 And last I call on thee, 220

 Thou of the golden crown,

 Guardian of this our land,

 Bacchus, all purple-flushed,

 With clamour loud and long, 224

 Wandering with Maenads wild;

 I call on thee to come,

 Flashing with blazing torch,

 Against the God whom all the Gods disown. 228

 ŒDIP. Thou prayest, and for thy prayers, if thou wilt hear

 My words, and treat the dire disease with skill,

 Thou shalt find help and respite from thy pain,—

 My words, which I, a stranger to report, 232

 A stranger to the deed, will now declare:

 For I myself should fail to track it far,

 Unless some footprints guided me aright.

 But now, since here I stand, the latest come, 236

 A citizen to citizens, I speak

 To all the sons of Cadmus. Lives there one

 Who knows of Laitus, son of Labdacus,

 The hand that slew him; him I bid to tell 240

 His tale to me; and should it chance he shrinks,

 Fearing the charge against himself to bring,

 Still let him speak; no heavier doom is his

 Than to depart uninjured from the land; 244

 Or, if there be that knows an alien arm

 As guilty, let him hold his peace no more;

 I will secure his gain and thanks beside.

 But if ye hold your peace, if one through fear 248

 Shall stifle words his bosom friend may drop,

 What then I purpose let him hear from me:

 That man I banish, whosoe’er he be,

 From out the land whose power and throne are mine; 252

 And none may give him shelter, none speak to him,

 Nor join with him in prayer and sacrifice,

 Nor pour for him the stream that cleanses guilt;

 But all shall thrust him from their homes, abhorred, 256

 Our curse and our pollution, as the word

 Prophetic of the Pythian God has shown:

 Such as I am, I stand before you here,

 A helper to the God and to the dead. 260

 And for the man who did the guilty deed,

 Whether alone he lurks, or leagued with more,

 I pray that he may waste his life away,

 For vile deeds vilely dying; and for me, 264

 If in my house, I knowing it, he dwells,

 May every curse I speak on my head fall.

 And this I charge you do, for mine own sake,

 And for the God’s, and for the land that pines, 268

 Barren and god-deserted. Wrong ’twould be,

 E’en if no voice from heaven had urged us on,

 That ye should leave the stain of guilt uncleansed,

 Your noblest chief, your king himself, being slain. 272

 Yea, rather, seek and find. And since I reign,

 Wielding the might his hand did wield before,

 Filling his couch, and calling his wife mine,

 Yea, and our children too, but for the fate 276

 That fell on his, had grown up owned by both;

 But so it is. On his head fell the doom;

 And therefore will I strive my best for him,

 As for my father, and will go all lengths 280

 To seek and find the murderer, him who slew

 The son of Labdacus, and Polydore,

 And earlier Cadmus, and Agenor old;

 And for all those who hearken not, I pray 284

 The Gods to give then neither fruit of earth,

 Nor seed of woman, but consume their lives

 With this dire plague, or evil worse than this.

 And you, the rest, the men from Cadmus sprung, 288

 To whom these words approve themselves as good,

 May righteousness befriend you, and the Gods,

 In full accord, dwell with you evermore.

 CHORUS Since thou hast bound me by a curse, O king, 292

 I needs must speak. I neither slew the man,

 Nor know who slew. To say who did the deed

 Belongs to him who sent this oracle.

 ŒDIP. Right well thou speak’st, but man’s best strength must fail 296

 To force the Gods to do the things they will not.

 CHORUS And may I speak a second time my thoughts?

 ŒDIP. If ’twere a third, shrink not from speaking out.

 CHORUS One man I know, a prince, whose insight deep 300

 Sees clear as princely Phœbus, and from him,

 Teiresias, one might learn, O king, the truth.

 ŒDIP. That, too, is done. No loiterer I in this,

 For I have sent, on Creon’s hint, two bands 304

 To summon him, and wonder that he comes not.

 CHORUS Old rumours are there also, dark and dumb.

 ŒDIP. And what are they? I weigh the slightest word.

 CHORUS ’Twas said he died by some chance traveller’s hand. 308

 ŒDIP. I, too, heard that. But none knows who was by.

 CHORUS If yet his soul is capable of awe,

 Hearing thy curses, he will shrink from them.

 ŒDIP. Words fright not him who, doing, knows no fear. 312

 CHORUS Well, here is one who’ll put him to the proof.

 For, lo! they bring the seer inspired of God;

 Chosen of all men, vessel of the truth.

 Enter TEIRESIAS, blind, and guided by a boy

 ŒDIP. Teiresias! thou whose mind embraceth all, 316

 Told or untold, the things of heaven or earth;

 Thou knowest, although thou seest not, what a pest

 Dwells on us, and we find in thee, O prince,

 Our one deliverer, yea, our only help. 320

 For Phœbus (if, perchance, thou hast not heard)

 Sent back this word to us, who sent to ask,

 That this one way was open to escape

 From the fell plague; if those who Laius slew, 324

 We in our turn, discovering, should slay,

 Or drive them forth as exiles from the land.

 Thou, therefore, grudge not either sign from birds,

 Or any other path of prophecy; 328

 But save the city, save thyself, save me;

 Lift off the guilt that death has left behind;

 On thee we hang. To use our means, our power,

 In doing good, is noblest service owned. 332

 TEIR. Ah me! ah me! how sad is wisdom’s gift,

 When no good issue waiteth on the wise!

 Right well I knew this, but in evil hour

 Forgot, alas! or else I had not come. 336

 ŒDIP. What means this? How despondingly thou com’st!

 TEIR. Let me go home; for thus thy fate shalt thou,

 And I mine own, bear easiest, if thou yield.

 ŒDIP. No loyal words thou speak’st, nor true to Thebes 340

 Who reared thee, holding back this oracle.

 TEIR. It is because I see thy lips speak words

 Ill-timed, ill-omened, that I guard my speech.

 ŒDIP. Now, by the Gods, unless thy reason fails, 344

 Refuse us not, who all implore thy help.

 TEIR. Yes. Reason fails you all; but ne’er will I

 So speak my sorrows as to unveil thine.

 ŒDIP. What mean’st thou, then? Thou know’st and wilt not tell, 348

 But giv’st to ruin both the state and us?

 TEIR. I will not pain myself nor thee. Why, then,

 All vainly urge it? Thou shalt never know.

 ŒDIP. Oh, basest of the base! (for thou wouldst stir 352

 A heart of stone;) and wilt thou never tell,

 But still abide relentless and unmoved?

 TEIR. My mood thou blamest, but thou dost not know

 That which dwells with thee while thou chidest me. 356

 ŒDIP. And who would not feel anger, as he hears

 The words which bring dishonour to the state?

 TEIR. Well! come they will, though I should hold my peace.

 ŒDIP. If come they must, thy duty is to speak. 360

 TEIR. I speak no more. So, if thou wilt, rage on,

 With every mood of wrath most desperate.

 ŒDIP. Yes; I will not refrain, so fierce my wrath,

 From speaking all my thought. I think that thou 364

 Didst plot the deed, and do it, though the blow

 Thy hands, it may be, dealt not. Hadst thou seen,

 I would have said it was thy deed alone

 TEIR. And it has come to this? I charge thee, hold 368

 To thy late edict, and from this day forth

 Speak not to me, nor yet to these, for thou,

 Thou art the accursèd plague-spot of the land.

 ŒDIP. Art thou so shameless as to vent such words, 372

 And thinkest to escape thy righteous doom?

 TEIR. I have escaped. The strength of truth is mine.

 ŒDIP. Who prompted thee? This comes not from thine art.

 TEIR. Thou art the man. ’Twas thou who mad’st me speak. 376

 ŒDIP. What say’st thou? Tell it yet again, that I

 May know more clearly.

 TEIR. When I spoke before,

 Didst thou not know? Or dost thou challenge me? 380

 ŒDIP. I could not say I knew it. Speak again.

 TEIR. I say that thou stand’st there a murderer.

 ŒDIP. Thou shalt not twice revile, and go unharmed.

 TEIR. And shall I tell thee more to stir thy rage? 384

 ŒDIP. Say what thou pleasest. All in vain ’tis said.

 TEIR. I say that thou, in vilest intercourse

 With those thou lovest best, dost blindly live,

 Nor seest the evil thou hast made thine own. 388

 ŒDIP. And dost thou think to say these things and live?

 TEIR. Of that I doubt not, if truth holds her own.

 ŒDIP. Truth is for all but thee, but thou hast none,

 Blind in thine ears, thy reason, and thine eyes. 392

 TEIR. How wretched thou, thus hurling this reproach!

 Such, all too soon, the world will hurl at thee.

 ŒDIP. Thou livest wrapt in one continual night,

 And canst not hurt or me, or any man 396

 Who sees the light.

 TEIR. Fate’s firm decree stands fixed:

 Thou diest not by me. Apollo’s might

 Suffices. His the task to bring thee low. 400

 ŒDIP. Are these devices Creon’s or thine own?

 TEIR. It is not Creon harms thee, but thyself.

 ŒDIP. O wealth, and sovereignty, and noblest skill

 Surpassing skill in life that men admire, 404

 How great the envy dogging all your steps!

 If for the sake of kingship, which the state

 Hath given, unasked for, freely in mine hands,

 Creon the faithful, found mine earliest friend, 408

 Now seeks with masked attack to drive me forth,

 And hires this wizard, plotter of foul schemes,

 A vagrant mountebank, whose sight is clear

 For pay alone, but in his art stone-blind. 412

 Is it not so? When wast thou known a seer?

 Why, when the monster with her song was here,

 Didst thou not give our countrymen thy help?

 And yet the riddle lay above the ken 416

 Of common men, and called for prophet’s skill.

 And this thou show’dst thou hadst not, nor by bird,

 Nor any God made known; but then I came,

 I, Œdipus, who nothing knew, and slew her, 420

 With mine own counsel winning, all untaught

 By flight of birds. And now thou wouldst expel me,

 And think’st to take thy stand by Creon’s throne.

 But, as I think, both thou and he that plans 424

 With thee, will to your cost attack my fame;

 And but that thou stand’st there all old and weak,

 Thou shouldst be taught what kind of plans are thine.

 CHORUS Far as we dare to measure, both his words 428

 And thine, O Œdipus, in wrath are said.

 Not such as these we need, but this to see,

 How best to do the bidding of the God.

 TEIR. King though thou be, I claim an equal right 432

 To make reply. Here I call no man lord:

 For I am not thy slave, but Loxias’.

 Nor shall I stand on Creon’s patronage;

 And this I say, since thou hast dared revile 436

 My blindness, that thou seest, yet dost not see

 Thy evil plight, nor where thou liv’st, nor yet

 With whom thou dwellest, Know’st thou even this,

 Whence thou art sprung? All ignorant thou sinn’st 440

 Against thine own, the living and the dead.

 And soon a curse from mother and from sire

 With fearful foot shall chase thee forth from us,

 Now seeing all things clear, then all things dark. 444

 And will not then each shore repeat thy wail,

 And will not old Kithæron echoing ring

 When thou discern’st the marriage, fatal port,

 To which thy prosp’rous voyage brought thy bark? 448

 And other ills, in countless multitude,

 Thou seest not yet, on thee and on thy seed

 Shall fall alike. Vent forth thy wrath then loud,

 On Creon and on me. There lives not man 452

 Who wastes his life more wretchedly than thou.

 ŒDIP. This can be borne no longer! Out with thee!

 A curse light on thee! Wilt thou not depart?

 Wilt thou not turn and wend thy backward way? 456

 TEIR. I had not come hadst thou not called me here.

 ŒDIP. I knew not thou wouldst speak so foolishly;

 Else I had hardly fetched thee to my house.

 TEIR. We then, for thee (so deemest thou), are fools, 460

 But, for thy parents, who begot thee, wise. [Turns to go.

 ŒDIP. [starting forward] What? Stay thy foot. What mortal gave me

 birth?

 TEIR. This day shall give thy birth, and work thy doom. 464

 ŒDIP. What riddles dark and dim thou lov’st to speak.

 TEIR. Yes. But thy skill excels in solving such.

 ŒDIP. Scoff as thou wilt, in this thou’lt find me strong.

 TEIR. And yet success in this has worked thy fall. 468

 ŒDIP. I little care, if I have saved the state.

 TEIR. Well, then, I go. Do thou, boy, lead me on!

 ŒDIP. Let him lead on. So hateful art thou near,

 Thou canst not pain me more when thou art gone. 472

 TEIR. I go, then, having said the things I came

 To say. No fear of thee compels me. Thine

 Is not the power to hurt me. And I say,

 This man whom thou art seeking out with threats, 476

 As murderer of Laius, he is here,

 In show an alien sojourner, but in truth

 A home-born Theban. No delight to him

 Will that discovery bring. Blind, having seen, 480

 Poor, having rolled in wealth,—he, with a staff

 Feeling his way, to other lands shall go!

 And by his sons shall he be known at once

 Father and brother, and of her who bore him 484

 Husband and son, sharing his father’s bed,

 His father’s murd’rer. Go thou, then, within,

 And brood o’er this, and, if thou find’st me fail,

 Say that my skill in prophecy is gone. [Exeunt ŒDIPUS and TEIRESIAS. 488

 STROPH. I

 CHORUS Who was it that the rock oracular

       Of Delphi spake of, working

 With bloody hand his nameless deed of shame?

       Time is it now for him, 492

       Swifter than fastest steed,

       To bend his course in flight.

       For, in full armour clad,

       Upon him darts, with fire 496

 And lightning flash, the radiant Son of Zeus.

 And with him come in train the dreaded ones,

       The Destinies that may not be appeased

 ANTISTROPH. I

 For from Parnassus’ heights, enwreathed with snow, 500

 Gleaming, but now there shone

 The oracle that bade us, one and all,

       Track the unnamed, unknown one.

 For, lo! he wanders through the forest wild, 504

       In caves and over rocks,

       As strays the mountain bull,

 In dreary loneliness with dreary tread,

       Seeking in vain to shun 508

 The words prophetic of the central shrine;

 Yet they around him hover, full of life.

 STROPH. II

 Dread things, yea, dread, the augur skilled has stirred

 That leave the question open, aye or no! 512

 And which to say I know not,

 But hover still in hopes, and fail to scan

 Things present or to come.

 For neither now nor in the former years 516

 Learnt I what cause of strife

 Set the Labdacid race

 At variance with the house of Polybus.

 Nor can I test the tale, 520

 And take my stand against the well-earned fame

       Of Œdipus, my lord,

 As champion of the house of Labdacus,

       For deaths that none may trace! 524

 ANTISTROPH. II

 For Zeus and King Apollo, they are wise,

       And know the hearts of men:

 But that a prophet passeth me in skill,

       This is no judgment true; 528

 And one man may another’s wisdom pass,

       By wisdom higher still.

 I, for my part, before the word is clear,

 Will ne’er assent to those that speak in blame. 532

 ’Tis clear, the Maiden-monster with her wings

 Came on him, and he proved by sharpest test

 That he was wise, by all the land beloved,

 And, from my heart at least, 536

 The charge of baseness comes not.

 Enter CREON

 CREON. I come, my friends, as having learnt but now

 Our ruler, Œdipus, accuses me

 With dreadful words I cannot bear to hear. 540

 For if, in these calamities of ours,

 He thinks he suffers wrongly at my hands,

 In word or deed, aught tending to his hurt,

 I set no value on a life prolonged, 544

 If this reproach hangs on me; for its harm

 Affects not slightly, but is direst shame,

 If through the land my name as villain rings,

 By thee and by thy friends a villain called. 548

 CHORUS But this reproach, it may be, came from wrath

 All hasty, rather than from judgment calm.

 CREON. And who informed him that the seer, seduced

 By my false counsel, spoke his lying words? 552

 CHORUS The words were said, but on what grounds I know not.

 CREON. And was it with calm eyes and judgment clear,

 The charge was brought against my name and fame?

 CHORUS I cannot say. To what our rulers do 556

 I close my eyes. But here he comes himself.

 Enter ŒDIPUS

 ŒDIP. Ho, there! is’t thou? And does thy boldness soar

 So shameless as to come beneath my roof,

 When thou, ’tis clear, hast done the deed of blood, 560

 And now wilt rob me of my sovereignty?

 Is it, by all the Gods, that thou hast seen

 Or cowardice or folly in my soul,

 That thou hast laid thy plans? Or thoughtest thou 564

 That I should neither see thy sinuous wiles,

 Nor, knowing, ward them off? This scheme of thine,

 Is it not wild, backed nor by force nor friends,

 To seek the power which calls for force or wealth? 568

 CREON. Do as thou pleasest. But for words of scorn

 Hear like words back, and as thou hearest, judge.

 ŒDIP. Cunning of speech art thou! But I am slow

 To learn of thee, whom I have found my foe. 572

 CREON. Hear this, then, first, that thus I have to speak....

 ŒDIP. But this, then, say not, that thou art not vile.

 CREON. If that thou thinkest self-willed pride avails,

 Apart from judgment, know thou art not wise. 576

 ŒDIP. If that thou thinkest, injuring thy friend,

 To do it unchastised, thou art not wise.

 CREON. In this, I grant, thou speakest right; but tell,

 What form of suffering hast thou to endure? 580

 ŒDIP. Didst thou, or didst thou not, thy counsel give

 Some one to send to fetch this reverend seer?

 CREON. And even now by that advice I hold!

 ŒDIP. How long a time has passed since Laius 584

 chanced... [Pauses.

 CREON. Chanced to do what? I understand not yet.

 ŒDIP. Since he was smitten with the deadly blow?

 CREON. The years would measure out a long, long tale. 588

 ŒDIP. And was this seer then practising his art?

 CREON. Full wise as now, and equal in repute.

 ŒDIP. Did he at that time say a word of me?

 CREON. No word, while I, at any rate, was by. 592

 ŒDIP. And yet ye held your quest upon the dead?

 CREON. Of course we held it, but we nothing heard.

 ŒDIP. How was it he, the wise one, spoke not then?

 CREON. I know not, and, not knowing, hold my peace. 596

 ŒDIP. One thing thou know’st, and, meaning well, wouldst speak!

 CREON. And what is that? for if I know, I’ll speak.

 ŒDIP. Why, unless thou wert in the secret, then

 He spake not of me as the murderer. 600

 CREON. If he says this, thou know’st it. I of thee

 Desire to learn, as thou hast learnt of me.

 ŒDIP. Learn then; no guilt of blood shall rest on me.

 CREON. Well, then,—my sister? dost thou own her wife? 604

 ŒDIP. I will not meet this question with denial.

 CREON. And sharest thou an equal rule with her?

 ŒDIP. Her every wish by me is brought to act.

 CREON. And am not I co-equal with you twain? 608

 ŒDIP. Yes; and just here thou show’st thyself false friend.

 CREON. Not so, if thou wouldst reason with thyself,

 As I must reason. First reflect on this:

 Supposest thou that one would rather choose 612

 To reign with fears than sleeping calmest sleep,

 His power being equal? I, for one, prize less

 The name of king than deeds of kingly power;

 And so would all who learn in wisdom’s school. 616

 Now without fear I have what I desire,

 At thy hand given. Did I rule, myself,

 I might do much unwillingly. Why, then,

 Should sovereignty exert a softer charm 620

 Than power and might unchequered by a care?

 I am not yet so cheated by myself

 As to desire aught else but honest gain.

 Now all goes well, now every one salutes, 624

 Now they who seek thy favour court my smiles,

 For on this hinge does all their fortune turn.

 Why, then, should I leave this to hunt for that?

 My mind, retaining reason, ne’er could act 628

 The villain’s part. I was not born to love

 Such thoughts myself, nor bear with those that do.

 And as a proof of this, go thou thyself,

 And ask at Pytho whether I brought back, 632

 In very deed, the oracles I heard.

 And if thou find me plotting with the seer,

 In common concert, not by one decree,

 But two, thine own and mine, proclaim my death. 636

 But charge me not with crime on shadowy proof;

 For neither is it just, in random thought,

 The bad to count as good, nor good as bad;

 For to thrust out a friend of noble heart, 640

 Is like the parting with the life we love.

 And this in time thou’lt know, for time alone

 Makes manifest the righteous. Of the vile

 Thou mayst detect the vileness in a day. 644

 CHORUS To one who fears to fall, he speaketh well;

 O king, swift counsels are not always safe.

 ŒDIP. But when a man is swift in wily schemes,

 Swift must I be to baffle plot with plot; 648

 And if I stand and wait, he wins the day,

 And all my life is found one great mistake.

 CREON. What seek’st thou, then? to drive me from the land?

 ŒDIP. Not so. I seek not banishment, but death. 652

 CREON. When thou show’st first what grudge I bear to thee?

 ŒDIP. And say’st thou this defying, yielding not?

 CREON. I see thy judgment fails.

 ŒDIP. I hold mine own. 656

 CREON. Mine has an equal claim.

 ŒDIP. Thou villain born!

 CREON. And if thy mind is darkened...?

 ŒDIP. Still obey! 660

 CREON. Not to a tyrant ruler.

 ŒDIP. O my country!

 CREON. I, too, can claim that country. ’Tis not thine!

 CHORUS Cease, O my princes! In good time I see 664

 Jocasta coming hither from the house;

 And it were well with her to hush this strife.

 Enter JOCASTA

 JOC. Why, O ye wretched ones, this strife of tongues

 Raise ye in your unwisdom, nor are shamed, 668

 Our country suffering, private griefs to stir?

 Come thou within. And thou, O Creon, go,

 Nor bring a trifling sore to mischief great!

 CREON. My sister! Œdipus, thy husband, claims 672

 The right to wrong me, giving choice of ills,

 Or to be exiled from my home, or die.

 ŒDIP. ’Tis even so, for I have found him, wife,

 Against my life his evil wiles devising. 676

 CREON. May I ne’er prosper, but accursed die,

 If I have done the things he says I did!

 JOC. Oh, by the Gods, believe him, Œdipus!

 Respect his oath, which calls the Gods to hear; 680

 And reverence me, and these who stand by thee.

 CHORUS Hearken, my king! be calmer, I implore!

 ŒDIP. What! wilt thou that I yield?

 CHORUS Respect is due 684

 To one not weak before, who now is strong

 In this his oath.

 ŒDIP. And know’st thou what thou ask’st?

 CHORUS I know right well. 688

 ŒDIP. Say on, then, what thou wilt.

 CHORUS Hurl not to shame, on grounds of mere mistrust,

 The friend on whom his own curse still must hang.

 ŒDIP. Know, then, that, seeking this, thou seek’st, in truth, 692

 To work my death, or else my banishment.

 CHORUS Nay, by the sun, chief God of all the Gods!

 May I, too, die, of God and man accursed,

 If I wish aught like this! But on my soul, 696

 Our wasting land dwells heavily; ills on ills

 Still coming, and your strife embittering all.

 ŒDIP. Let him depart, then, even though I die,

 Or from my country wander forth in shame: 700

 Thy face, not his, I view with pitying eye;

 For him, where’er he be, is naught but hate.

 CREON. Thou’rt loath to yield, ’twould seem, and wilt be vexed

 When this thy wrath is over: moods like thine 704

 Are fitly to themselves most hard to bear.

 ŒDIP. Wilt thou not go, and leave me?

 CREON. I will go,

 By thee misjudged, but known as just by these. [Exit. 708

 CHORUS Why, lady, art thou slow to lead him in?

 JOC. I fain would learn how this sad chance arose.

 CHORUS Blind hasty speech there was, and wrong will sting.

 JOC. From both of them? 712

 CHORUS Yea, both.

 JOC. And what said each?

 CHORUS Enough for me, our land laid low in grief,

 It seems, to leave the quarrel where it stopped. 716

 ŒDIP. Seest thou, with all thy purposes of good,

 Thy shifting and thy soothing, what thou dost?

 CHORUS My chief, not once alone I spoke,

 And wild and erring should I be, 720

 Were I to turn from thee aside,

 Who, when my country rocked in storm,

 Righted her course, and, if thou couldst,

 Wouldst send her speeding now. 724

 JOC. Tell me, my king, what cause of fell debate

 Has bred this discord, and provoked thy soul.

 ŒDIP. Thee will I tell, for thee I honour more

 Than these. The cause was Creon and his plots. 728

 JOC. Say, then, if clearly thou canst tell the strife.

 ŒDIP. He says that I am Laius’ murderer.

 JOC. Of his own knowledge, or by some one taught?

 ŒDIP. Yon scoundrel seer suborning. For himself, 732

 He takes good care to free his lips from blame.

 JOC. Leave now thyself, and all thy thoughts of this,

 And list to me, and learn how little skill

 In arts prophetic mortal man may claim; 736

 And of this truth I’ll give thee proof full clear.

 There came to Laius once an oracle

 (I say not that it came from Phœbus’ self,

 But from his servants) that his fate was fixed 740

 By his son’s hand to fall—his own and mine:

 And him, so rumour runs, a robber band

 Of aliens slew, where meet the three great roads.

 Nor did three days succeed the infant’s birth, 744

 Before, by other hands, he cast him forth,

 Maiming his ankles, on a lonely hill.

 Here, then, Apollo failed to make the boy

 His father’s murderer; nor did Laius die 748

 By his son’s hand. So fared the oracles;

 Therefore regard them not. Whate’er the God

 Desires to search he will himself declare.

 ŒDIP. [trembling] O what a fearful boding! thoughts disturbed 752

 Thrill through my soul, my queen, at this thy tale.

 JOC. What means this shuddering, this averted glance?

 ŒDIP. I thought I heard thee say that Laius died,

 Slain in a skirmish where the three roads meet? 756

 JOC. So was it said, and still the rumours hold.

 ŒDIP. Where was the spot in which this matter passed?

 JOC. They call the country Phocis, and the roads

 From Delphi and from Daulia there converge. 760

 ŒDIP. And time? what interval has passed since then?

 JOC. But just before thou camest to possess

 And rule this land the tidings were proclaimed.

 ŒDIP. Great Zeus! what fate hast thou decreed for me? 764

 JOC. What thought is this, my Œdipus, of thine?

 ŒDIP. Ask me not yet, but tell of Laius’ frame,

 His build, his features, and his years of life.

 JOC. Tall was he, and the white hairs snowed his head, 768

 And in his face not much unlike to thee.

 ŒDIP. Woe, woe is me! so seems it I have plunged

 All blindly into curses terrible.

 JOC. What sayest thou? I shudder as I see thee. 772

 ŒDIP. Desponding fear comes o’er me, lest the seer

 Has seen indeed. But one thing more I’ll ask.

 JOC. I fear to speak, yet what thou ask’st I’ll tell.

 ŒDIP. Went he in humble guise, or with a troop 776

 Of spearmen, as becomes a man that rules?

 JOC. Five were they altogether, and of them

 One was a herald, and one chariot had he.

 ŒDIP. Woe! woe! ’tis all too clear. And who was he 780

 That told these tidings to thee, O my queen?

 JOC. A servant who alone escaped with life.

 ŒDIP. And does he chance to dwell among us now?

 JOC. Not so; for from the time when he returned, 784

 And found thee bearing sway, and Laius dead,

 He, at my hand, a suppliant, implored

 This boon, to send him to the distant fields

 To feed his flocks, where never glance of his 788

 Might Thebes behold. And so I sent him forth;

 For though a slave he might have claimed yet more.

 ŒDIP. And could we fetch him quickly back again?

 JOC. That may well be. But why dost thou wish this? 792

 ŒDIP. I fear, O queen, that words best left unsaid

 Have passed these lips, and therefore wish to see him.

 JOC. Well, he shall come. But some small claim have I,

 O king, to learn what touches thee with woe. 796

 ŒDIP. Thou shalt not fail to learn it, now that I

 Have such forebodings reached. To whom should I

 More than to thee tell all the passing chance?

 I had a father, Polybus of Corinth, 800

 And Merope of Doris was my mother,

 And I was held in honour by the rest

 Who dwelt there, till this accident befel,

 Worthy of wonder, of the heat unworthy 804

 It roused within me. Thus it chanced: A man

 At supper, in his cups, with wine o’ertaken,

 Reviles me as a spurious changeling boy;

 And I, sore vexed, hardly for that day 808

 Restrained myself. And when the morrow came

 I went and charged my father and my mother

 With what I thus had heard. They heaped reproach

 On him who stirred the matter, and I soothed 812

 My soul with what they told me; yet it teased,

 Still vexing more and more; and so I went,

 Unknown to them, to Pytho, and the God

 Sent me forth shamed, unanswered in my quest; 816

 And more he added, dread and dire and dark,

 How that the doom of incest lay on me,

 Most foul, unnatural; and that I should be

 Father of children men would loathe to look on, 820

 And murderer of the father that begot me.

 And, hearing this, I cast my wistful looks

 To where the stars hang over Corinth’s towers,

 And fled where nevermore mine eyes might see 824

 The shame of those dire oracles fulfilled;

 And as I went I reached the spot where he,

 The king, thou tell’st me, met the fatal blow.

 And now, O lady, I will tell thee all. 828

 Wending my steps that way where three roads meet,

 There met me first a herald, and a man

 Like him thou told’st of, riding on his car,

 Drawn by young colts. With rough and hasty words 832

 They drove me from the road,—the driver first,

 And that old man himself; and then in rage

 I struck the driver, who had turned me back.

 And when the old man saw it, watching me 836

 As by the chariot side I stood, he struck

 My forehead with a double-pointed goad.

 But we were more than quits, for in a trice

 With this right hand I struck him with my staff, 840

 And he rolled backward from his chariot’s seat.

 And then I slew them all. And if it chance

 That Laius and this stranger are akin,

 What man more wretched than this man who speaks, 844

 What man more harassed by the vexing Gods?

 He whom none now, or alien, or of Thebes,

 May welcome to their house, or speak to him,

 But thrust him forth an exile. And ’twas I, 848

 None other, who against myself proclaimed

 These curses. And the bed of him that died

 I with my hands, by which he fell, defile.

 Am I not vile by nature, all unclean? 852

 If I must flee, yet still in flight my doom

 Is nevermore to see the friends I love,

 Nor tread my country’s soil; or else to bear

 The guilt of incest, and my father slay, 856

 Yea, Polybus, who reared me from the womb.

 Would not a man say right who said that here

 Some cruel God was pressing hard on me?

 Not that, not that, at least, thou Presence, pure 860

 And awful, of the Gods. May I ne’er look

 On such a day as that, but far away

 Depart unseen from all the haunts of men

 Before such great pollution comes on me. 864

 CHORUS Us, too, O king, these things perplex, yet still,

 Till thou hast asked the man who then was by,

 Have hope.

 ŒDIP. And this indeed is all my hope, 868

 Waiting until that shepherd-slave appear.

 JOC. And when he comes, what meanest thou to ask?

 ŒDIP. I’ll tell thee. Should he now repeat the tale

 Thou told’st to me, it frees me from this guilt. 872

 JOC. What special word was that thou heard’st from me?

 ŒDIP. Thou said’st he told that robbers slew his lord,

 And should he give their number as the same

 Now as before, it was not I who slew him, 876

 For one man could not be the same as many.

 But if he speak of one man, all alone,

 Then, all too plain, the deed cleaves fast to me.

 JOC. But know, the thing was said, and clearly said, 880

 And now he cannot from his word draw back.

 Not I alone, but the whole city, heard it;

 And should he now retract his former tale,

 Not then, my husband, will he rightly show 884

 The death of Laius, who, as Loxias told,

 By my son’s hand should die; and yet, poor boy,

 He killed him not, but perished long ago.

 So I for one, both now and evermore, 888

 Will count all oracles as things of naught.

 ŒDIP. Thou reasonest well. Yet send a messenger

 To fetch that peasant. Be not slack in this.

 JOC. I will make haste to send. But go thou in; 892

 I would do nothing that displeaseth thee. [Exeunt.

 STROPH. I

 CHORUS O that my fate were fixed

 To live in holy purity of speech,

 Pure in all deeds whose laws stand firm and high, 896

       In heaven’s clear æther born,

       Of whom Olympus only is the sire,

       Whom man’s frail flesh begat not,

       Nor ever shall forgetfulness o’erwhelm; 900

       In them our God is great and grows not old.

 ANTISTROPH. I

 But pride begets the mood of tyrant power;

 Pride filled with many thoughts, yet filled in vain,

       Untimely, ill-advised, 904

       Scaling the topmost height,

       Falls down the steep abyss,

       Down to the pit, where step that profiteth

       It seeks in vain to take. 908

 I cannot ask the Gods to stop midway

 The conflict sore that works our country’s good;

 I cannot cease to call on God for aid.

 STROPH. II

 But if there be who walketh haughtily, 912

       In action or in speech,

 Whom righteousness herself has ceased to awe,

 Who counts the temples of the Gods profane,

       An evil fate be his, 916

 Fit meed for all his boastfulness of heart;

 Unless in time to come he gain his gains

 All justly, and draws back from godless deeds,

 Nor lays rash hand upon the holy things, 920

       By man inviolable.

 If such deeds prosper who will henceforth pray

 To guard his soul from passion’s fiery darts?

 If such as these are held in high repute, 924

 What profit is there of my choral strain?

 ANTISTROPH. II

 No longer will I go in pilgrim guise,

 To yon all holy place, Earth’s central shrine,

 Nor unto Abae’s temple, 928

 Nor to far-famed Olympia,

 Unless these pointings of a hand divine

 In sight of all men stand out clear and true.

 But, O thou sovereign ruler! if that name, 932

 O Zeus, belongs to thee, who reign’st o’er all,

 Let not this trespass hide itself from thee,

       Or thine undying sway;

       For now they set at naught 936

       The oracles, half dead,

       That Laius heard of old,

 And king Apollo’s wonted worship flags,

       And all to wreck is gone 940

       The homage due to God.

 Enter JOCASTA, followed by an Attendant

 JOC. Princes of this our land, across my soul

 There comes the thought to go from shrine to shrine

 Of all the Gods, these garlands in my hand, 944

 And waving incense; for our Œdipus

 Vexes his soul too wildly with his woes,

 And speaks not as a man should speak who scans

 The present by the experience of the past, 948

 But hangs on every breath that tells of fear.

 And since I find that my advice avails not,

 To thee, Lyceian King, Apollo, first

 I come,—for thou art nearest,—suppliant 952

 With these devotions, trusting thou wilt work

 Some way of healing for us, free from guilt;

 For now we shudder, all of us, seeing him,

 The good ship’s pilot, panic-struck and lost. 956

 Enter MESSENGER

 MESS. May I inquire of you, O strangers, where

 To find the house of Œdipus the king,

 And, above all, where he is, if ye know?

 CHORUS This is the house, and he, good sir, within, 960

 And this his wife, and mother of his children.

 MESS. Good fortune be with her and all her kin,

 Being, as she is, his true and honoured wife.

 JOC. Like fortune be with thee, my friend. Thy speech, 964

 So kind, deserves no less. But tell me why

 Thou comest, what thou hast to ask or tell.

 MESS. Good news to thee, and to thy husband, lady.

 JOC. What is it, then? and who has sent thee here? 968

 MESS. I come from Corinth, and the news I’ll tell

 May give thee joy. Why not? Yet thou mayst grieve.

 JOC. What is the news that has this twofold power?

 MESS. The citizens that on these Isthmus dwell 972

 Will make him sovereign. So the rumour ran.

 JOC. What then? Is aged Polybus no more?

 MESS. E’en so. Death holds him in the stately tomb.

 JOC. What say’st thou? Polybus, thy king, is dead? 976

 MESS. If I speak false, I have no wish to live!

 JOC. Go, maiden, at thy topmost speed, and tell

 Thy master this. Now, oracles of Gods,

 Where are ye now? Long since my Œdipus 980

 Fled, fearing lest his hand should slay the man;

 And now he dies by fate, and not by him.

 Enter ŒDIPUS

 ŒDIP. Mine own Jocasta, why, O dearest one,

 Why hast thou sent to fetch me from the house? 984

 JOC. List this man’s tale, and when thou hearest, see

 The woeful plight of those dread oracles.

 ŒDIP. Who, then, is this, and what has he to tell?

 JOC. He comes from Corinth, and he brings thee word 988

 That Polybus, thy father, lives no more.

 ŒDIP. What say’st thou, friend? Tell me thy tale thyself.

 MESS. If I must needs report the story clear,

 Know well that he has gone the way of death. 992

 ŒDIP. Was it by plot, or chance of natural death?

 MESS. An old man’s frame a little stroke lays low!

 ŒDIP. He suffered, then, it seems, from some disease?

 MESS. E’en so, and many a weary month he passed. 996

 ŒDIP. Ha! ha! Why now, my queen, should we regard

 The Pythian hearth oracular, or birds

 In mid-air crying? By their auguries,

 I was to slay my father. And he dies, 1000

 And the grave hides him; and I find myself

 Handling no sword; unless for love of me

 He pined away, and so I caused his death.

 So Polybus is gone, and with him lie, 1004

 In Hades whelmed, those worthless oracles.

 JOC. Did I not tell thee this long time ago?

 ŒDIP. Thou didst, but I was led away by fears.

 JOC. Dismiss them, then, for ever from thy thoughts! 1008

 ŒDIP. And yet that “incest”; must I not fear that?

 JOC. Why should we fear, when chance rules everything,

 And foresight of the future there is none;

 ’Tis best to live at random, as one can. 1012

 But thou, fear not that marriage with thy mother:

 Such things men oft have dreams of; but who cares

 The least about them lives the happiest.

 ŒDIP. Right well thou speakest all things, save that she 1016

 Still lives that bore me, and I can but fear,

 Seeing that she lives, although thou speakest well.

 JOC. And yet thy father’s grave’s a spot of light.

 ŒDIP. ’Tis so: yet while she liveth there is fear. 1020

 MESS. Who is this woman about whom ye fear?

 ŒDIP. ’Tis Merope, old sir, who lived with Polybus.

 MESS. And what leads you to think of her with fear?

 ŒDIP. A fearful oracle, my friend, from God. 1024

 MESS. Canst tell it; or must others ask in vain?

 ŒDIP. Most readily; for Loxias said of old

 The doom of incest lay on me, and I

 With mine own hands should spill my father’s blood. 1028

 And therefore Corinth long ago I left,

 And journeyed far, right prosperously I own;—

 And yet ’tis sweet to see a parent’s face.

 MESS. And did this fear thy steps to exile lead? 1032

 ŒDIP. I did not wish to take my father’s life.

 MESS. Why, the, O king, did I who came with good

 Not free thee from this fear that haunts thy soul?

 ŒDIP. For this, I own, I owe thee worthy thanks. 1036

 MESS. For this, I own, I chiefly came to thee;

 That I on thy return may prosper well.

 ŒDIP. But I return not while a parent lives.

 MESS. ’Tis clear, my son, thou know’st not what thou dost. 1040

 ŒDIP. What is’t? By all the Gods, old man, speak out.

 MESS. If ’tis for them thou fearest to return...

 ŒDIP. I fear lest Phœbus prove himself too true.

 MESS. Is it lest thou shouldst stain thy soul through them? 1044

 ŒDIP. This selfsame fear, old man, for ever haunts me.

 MESS. And know’st thou not there is no cause for fear?

 ŒDIP. Is there no cause if I was born their son?

 MESS. None is there. Polybus is naught to thee. 1048

 ŒDIP. What say’st thou? Did not Polybus beget me?

 MESS. No more than he thou speak’st to; just as much.

 ŒDIP. How could a father’s claim become as naught?

 MESS. Well, neither he begat thee nor did I. 1052

 ŒDIP. Why, then, did he acknowledge me as his?

 MESS. He at my hands received thee as a gift.

 ŒDIP. And could he love another’s child so much?

 MESS. Yes; for this former childlessness wrought on him. 1056

 ŒDIP. And gav’st thou me as buying or as finding?

 MESS. I found thee in Kithæron’s shrub-grown hollow.

 ŒDIP. And for what cause didst travel thitherwards?

 MESS. I had the charge to tend the mountain flocks. 1060

 ŒDIP. Was thou a shepherd born, or seeking hire?

 MESS. At any rate, my son, I saved thee then.

 ŒDIP. What evil, plight, then, didst thou find me in?

 MESS. The sinews of thy feet would tell that tale. 1064

 ŒDIP. Ah, me! why speak’st thou of that ancient wrong?

 MESS. I freed thee when thy insteps both were pierced.

 ŒDIP. A foul disgrace I had in swaddling clothes.

 MESS. Thus from his chance there came the name thou bearest. 1068

 ŒDIP. [starting] Who gave the name, my father or my mother;

 In heaven’s name tell me?

 MESS. This I do not know;

 Who gave thee to me better knows than I. 1072

 ŒDIP. Didst thou, then, take me from another’s hand,

 Not finding me thyself?

 MESS. Not I, indeed;

 Another shepherd made a gift of thee. 1076

 ŒDIP. Who was he? know’st thou where to find him out?

 MESS. They called him one of those that Laius owned.

 ŒDIP. Mean’s thou the former sovereign of this land?

 MESS. E’en so. He fed the flocks of him thou nam’st. 1080

 ŒDIP. And is he living still that I might see him?

 MESS. You, his own countrymen, should know that best.

 ŒDIP. Is there of you who stand and listen here

 One who has known the shepherd that he tells of, 1084

 Or seeing him upon the hills or here?

 If so, declare it; ’tis full time to speak!

 CHORUS I think that this is he whom from the hills

 But now thou soughtest. But Jocasta here 1088

 Could tell thee this with surer word than I.

 ŒDIP. Knowest thou, my queen, the man whom late we sent

 To fetch; and him of whom this stranger speaks?

 JOC. [with forced calmness] Whom did he speak of? Care not thou for it,1092

 But wish his words may be but idle tales.

 ŒDIP. I cannot fail, once getting on the scent,

 To track at last the secret of my birth.

 JOC. Ah, by the Gods, if that thou valuest life 1096

 Inquire no further. Let my woe suffice.

 ŒDIP. Take heart; though I should turn out thrice a slave,

 Born of a thrice vile mother, thou art still

 Free from all stain. 1100

 JOC. Yet, I implore thee, pause!

 Yield to my counsels, do not do this deed.

 ŒDIP. I may not yield, and fail to search it out.

 JOC. And yet good counsels give I, for thy good. 1104

 ŒDIP. This “for my good” has been my life’s long plague.

 JOC. Who thou art, hapless, mayst thou never know!

 ŒDIP. Will some one bring that shepherd to me here?

 Leave her to glory in her high descent. 1108

 JOC. Woe! woe! ill-fated one! my last word this,

 This only, and no more for evermore. [Rushes out.

 CHORUS Why has thy queen, O Œdipus, gone forth

 In her wild sorrow rushing. Much I fear 1112

 Lest from such silence evil deeds burst out.

 ŒDIP. Burst out what will, I seek to know my birth,

 Low though it be, and she perhaps is shamed

 (For, like a woman, she is proud of heart) 1116

 At thoughts of my low birth; but I, who count

 Myself the child of Fortune, fear no shame.

 My mother she, and she has prospered me.

 And so the months that span my life have made me 1120

 Both high and low; but whatsoe’er I be,

 Such as I am I am, and needs must on

 To fathom all the secret of my birth.

 STROPH

 CHORUS If the seer’s gift be mine, 1124

     Or skill in counsel wise,

 Thou, O Kithæron, when the morrow comes,

     Our full-moon festival,

 Shalt fail not to resound 1128

     The voice that greets thee, fellow-citizen,

   Parent and nurse of Œdipus;

 And we will on thee weave our choral dance,

 As bringing to our princes glad good news. 1132

 Hail, hail! O Phœbus, smile on this our prayer.

 ANTISTROPH

 Who was it, child, that bore thee?

 Blest daughter of the ever-living Ones,

 Or meeting in the ties of love with Pan, 1136

     Who wanders o’er the hills,

     Or with thee, Loxias, for to thee are dear

 All the high lawns where roam the pasturing flocks;

 Or was it he who rules Kyllene’s height; 1140

     Or did the Bacchic God,

     Upon the mountain’s peak,

 Receive thee as the gift of some fair nymph

     Of Helicon’s fair band, 1144

 With whom he sports and wantons evermore?

 ŒDIP. If I must needs conjecture, who as yet

 Ne’er met the man, I think I see the shepherd,

 Whom this long while we sought for. With the years 1148

 His age fits well. And now I see, besides,

 My servants bring him. Thou perchance canst say

 From former knowledge yet more certainly.

 CHORUS I know him well, O king! For this man stood, 1152

 If any, known as Laius’ faithful slave.

 Enter Shepherd

 ŒDIP. Thee first I ask, Corinthian stranger, say,

 Is this the man?

 MESS. The very man thou seek’st. 1156

 ŒDIP. Ho, there, old man. Come hither, look on me,

 And tell me all. Did Laius own thee once?

 SHEP Not as a slave from market, but home-reared.

 ŒDIP. What was thy work, or what thy mode of life? 1160

 SHEP Near all my life I followed with the flock.

 ŒDIP. And in what regions didst thou chiefly dwell?

 SHEP Now ’twas Kithæron, now on neighbouring fields.

 ŒDIP. Know’st thou this man? Didst ever see him there? 1164

 SHEP What did he do? Of what man speakest thou?

 ŒDIP. This man now present. Did ye ever meet?

 SHEP My memory fails when taxed thus suddenly.

 MESS. No wonder that, my lord. But I’ll remind him 1168

 Right well of things forgotten. Well I know

 He’ll call to mind when on Kithæron’s fields,

 He with a double flock, and I with one,

 I was his neighbour during three half years, 1172

 From springtide on to autumn; and in winter

 I drove my flocks to mine own fold, and he

 To those of Laius. [To SHEPHERD] Is this false or true?

 SHEP Thou tell’st the truth, although long years have passed. 1176

 MESS. Come, then, say, on. Rememberest thou a boy

 Thou gav’st me once, that I might rear him up

 As mine own child?

 SHEP Why askest thou of this? 1180

 MESS. Here stands he, fellow! that same tiny boy!

 SHEP A curse befall thee! Wilt not hold thy tongue?

 ŒDIP. Rebuke him not, old man; thy words need more

 The language of reproaches than do his. 1184

 SHEP Say, good my lord, what fault have I committed?

 ŒDIP. This, that thou tell’st not of the child he asks for.

 SHEP Yes, for he speaks in blindness, wasting breath.

 ŒDIP. Thou wilt not speak for favour, but a blow... [Strikes him. 1188

 SHEP By all the Gods, hurt not my feeble age.

 ŒDIP. Will no one bind his hands behind his back?

 SHEP O man most wretched! what, then, wilt thou learn?

 ŒDIP. Gav’st thou this man the boy of whom he asks? 1192

 SHEP I gave him. Would that day had been my last!

 ŒDIP. That doom will soon be thine if thou speak’st wrong.

 SHEP Nay, much more shall I perish if I speak.

 ŒDIP. This fellow, as it seems, would tire us out. 1196

 SHEP Not so. I said long since I gave it him.

 ŒDIP. Whence came it? Was the child thine own or not?

 SHEP Mine own ’twas not, but some one gave it me,

 ŒDIP. Which of our people, or beneath what roof? 1200

 SHEP Oh, by the Gods, my master, ask no more!

 ŒDIP. Thou diest if I question this again.

 SHEP Some one it was in Laius’ household born.

 ŒDIP. Was it a slave, or some one born to him? 1204

 SHEP Ah, me! I stand upon the very brink

 Where most I dread to speak.

 ŒDIP. And I to hear:

 And yet I needs must hear it, come what may. 1208

 SHEP The boy was said to be his son; but she,

 Thy queen within, could tell thee best the truth.

 ŒDIP. What! was it she who gave it?

 SHEP Yea, O king! 1212

 ŒDIP. And to what end?

 SHEP To make away with it.

 ŒDIP. And dared a mother...?

 SHEP Evil doom she feared. 1216

 ŒDIP. What doom?

 SHEP ’Twas said that he his sire should kill.

 ŒDIP. Why, then, didst thou to this old man resign him?

 SHEP I pitied him, O master, and I thought 1220

 That he would bear him to another land,

 Whence he himself had come. But him he saved

 For direst evil. For if thou be he

 Whom this man speaks of, thou art born to ill. 1224

 ŒDIP. Woe! woe! woe! woe! all cometh clear at last.

 O light, may I ne’er look on thee again,

 Who now am seen owing my birth to those

 To whom I ought not, and with whom I ought not 1228

 In wedlock living, whom I ought not slaying. [Exit.

 STROPH. I

 CHORUS Ah, race of mortal men,

 How as a thing of naught

 I count ye, though ye live; 1232

 For who is there of men

 That more of blessing knows

 Than just a little while

 In a vain show to stand, 1236

 And, having stood, to fall?

 With thee before mine eyes,

 Thy destiny, e’en thine,

 Ill-fated Œdipus, 1240

 I can count no man blest.

 ANTISTROPH. I

 For thou, with wondrous skill,

 Taking thine aim, didst hit

 Success, in all things prosperous; 1244

 And didst, O Zeus! destroy

 The Virgin with her talons bent,

 And sayings wild and dark;

 And against many deaths 1248

 A tower and strong defence

 Didst for my country rise;

 And therefore dost thou bear the name of king,

 With highest glory crowned, 1252

 Ruling in mighty Thebes.

 STROPH. II

 And now, who lives than thou more miserable?

 Who equals thee in wild woes manifold,

 In shifting turns of life? 1256

 Ah, noble one, our Œdipus!

 For whom the selfsame port

 Sufficed for sire and son,

 In wedlock’s haven met: 1260

 Ah how, ah how, thou wretched one, so long

 Could that incestuous bed

 Receive thee, and be dumb?

 ANTISTROPH. II

 Time, who sees all things, he hath found thee out, 1264

 Against thy will, and long ago condemned

 The wedlock none may wed,

 Begetter and begotten

 In strange confusion joined. 1268

 Ah, child of Laius! ah!

 Would that I ne’er had looked upon thy face!

 For I mourn sore exceedingly,

 From lips with wailing full. 1272

 In simplest truth, by thee I rose from death,

 By thee I close mine eyes in deadly sleep.

 Enter Second Messenger

 SEC. MESS. Ye chieftains, honoured most in this our land,

 For all the deeds ye hear of, all ye see, 1276

 How great a wailing will ye raise, if still

 Ye truly love the house of Labdacus;

 For sure I think that neither Ister’s stream

 Nor Phasis’ floods could purify this house, 1280

 Such horrors does it hold. But all too soon,

 Will we or will we not, they’ll come to light.

 Self-chosen sorrows ever pain men most.

 CHORUS The ills we knew before lacked nothing meet 1284

 For plaint and moaning. Now, what add’st thou more?

 SEC. MESS. Quickest for me to speak, and thee to learn;

 Our godlike queen Jocasta—she is dead.

 CHORUS Ah, crushed with many sorrows! How and why? 1288

 SEC. MESS. Herself she slew. The worst of all that passed

 I must pass o’er, for none were there to see.

 Yet, far as memory suffers me to speak,

 That sorrow-stricken woman’s end I’ll tell; 1292

 How, yielding to her passion, on she passed

 Within the porch, made straightway for the couch,

 Her bridal bed, with both hands tore her hair,

 And as she entered, dashing through the doors, 1296

 Calls on her Laius, dead long years ago,

 Remembering all that birth of long ago,

 Which brought him death, and left to her who bore,

 With his own son a hateful motherhood. 1300

 And o’er her bed she wailed, where she had borne

 Spouse to her spouse, and children to her child;

 And how she perished after this I know not;

 For Œdipus struck in with woeful cry, 1304

 And we no longer looked upon her fate,

 But gazed on him as to and fro he rushed,

 For so he comes, and asks us for a sword,

 Wherewith to smite the wife that wife was none, 1308

 The bosom stained by those accursed births,

 Himself, his children—so, as thus he raves,

 Some spirit shows her to him (none of us

 Who stood hard by had done so): with a shout 1312

 Most terrible, as some one led him on,

 Through the two gates he leapt, and from the hasp

 He slid the hollow bolt, and falls within;

 And there we saw his wife had hung herself, 1316

 By twisted cords suspended. When her form

 He saw, poor wretch! with one wild, fearful cry,

 The twisted rope he loosens, and she fell,

 Ill-starred one, on the ground. Then came a sight 1320

 Most fearful. Tearing from her robe the clasps,

 All chased with gold, with which she decked herself,

 He with them struck the pupils of his eyes,

 Such words as these exclaiming: “They should see 1324

 No more the ills he suffered or had done;

 But in the dark should look, in time to come,

 On those they ought not, not know whom they would.”

 With such like wails, not once or twice alone, 1328

 Raising the lids, he tore his eyes, and they,

 All bleeding, stained his cheek, nor ceased to pour

 Thick clots of gore, but still the purple shower

 Fell fast and full, a very rain of blood. 1332

 Such were the ills that fell on both of them,

 Not on one only, wife and husband both.

 His former fortune, which he held of old,

 Was rightly honoured; but for this day’s doom 1336

 Wailing and woe, and death and shame, all forms

 That man can name of evil, none have failed.

 CHORUS And hath the wretched man a pause of ill?

 SEC. MESS. He calls to us to ope the gates, and show 1340

 To all in Thebes his father’s murderer,

 His mother’s... Foul and fearful were the words

 He spoke. I dare not speak them. Then he said

 That he would cast himself adrift, nor stay 1344

 At home accursèd, as himself had cursed.

 Some stay he surely needs, or guiding hand,

 For greater is the ill than he can bear,

 And this he soon will show thee, for the bolts 1348

 Of the two gates are opening, and thou’lt see

 A sight to touch e’en hatred’s self with pity.

 The doors of the Palace are thrown open, and ŒDIPUS is seen within.

 CHORUS Oh, fearful, piteous sight!

       Most fearful of all woes 1352

       I hitherto have known! What madness strange

 Has come on thee, thou wretched one?

 What power with one fell swoop,

 Ills heaping upon ills, 1356

 Each greater than the last,

 Has marked thee for its prey?

 Woe! woe! thou doomed one, wishing much to ask,

 And much to learn, and much to gaze into, 1360

       I cannot look on thee,

       So horrible the sight!

 ŒDIP. Ah, woe! ah, woe! ah, woe!

       Woe for my misery! 1364

 Where am I wand’ring in my utter woe?

 Where floats my voice in air?

 Dread power, where leadest thou?

 CHORUS To doom of dread nor sight nor speech may bear. 1368

 ŒDIP. O cloud of darkest guilt

 That onwards sweeps with dread ineffable,

 Resistless, borne along by evil blast,

       Woe, woe, and woe again! 1372

 How through my soul there darts the sting of pain,

 The memory of my crimes.

 CHORUS And who can wonder that in such dire woes

 Thou mournest doubly, bearing twofold ills? 1376

 ŒDIP. Ah, friend,

 Thou only keepest by me, faithful found,

 Nor dost the blind one slight.

       Woe, woe, 1380

 For thou escap’st me not, I know thee well;

 Though all is dark, I still can hear thy voice.

 CHORUS O man of fearful deeds, how couldst thou bear

 Thine eyes to outrage? What power stirred thee to it? 1384

 ŒDIP. Apollo! oh, my friends, the God, Apollo!

 Who worketh all my woes—yes, all my woes.

 No human hand but mine has done this deed.

       What need for me to see, 1388

 When nothing’s left that’s sweet to look upon?

 CHORUS Too truly dost thou speak the thing that is.

 ŒDIP. Yea, what remains to see,

       Or what to love, or hear, 1392

       With any touch of joy?

 Lead me away, my friends, with utmost speed,

 Lead me away, the foul polluted one,

       Of all men most accursed, 1396

       Most hateful to the Gods.

 CHORUS Ah, wretched one, alike in soul and doom,

 Would that my eyes had never known thy face!

 ŒDIP. Ill fate be his who loosed the fetters sharp, 1400

       That ate into my flesh,

       And freed me from the doom of death,

       And saved me—thankless boon!

       Ah! had I died but then, 1404

 Nor to my friends nor me had been such woe.

 CHORUS That I, too, vainly wish!

 ŒDIP. Yes; then I had not been

       My father’s murderer: 1408

 Nor had men pointed to me as the man

       Wedded with her who bore him.

 But now all god-deserted, born in sins,

 In incest joined with her who gave me birth; 1412

 Yea, if there be an evil worse than all,

 It falls on Œdipus!

 CHORUS I may not call thy acts or counsels good,

 For better wert thou dead than living blind. 1416

 ŒDIP. Persuade me not, nor counsel give to show

 That what I did was not the best to do.

 I know not how, on entering Hades dark,

 To look for my own father or my mother, 1420

 Crimes worse than deadly done against them both.

 And though my children’s face was sweet to see

 With their growth growing, yet these eyes no more

 That sight shall see, nor citadel, nor tower, 1424

 Nor sacred shrines of Gods whence I, who stood

 Most honoured one in Thebes, myself have banished,

 Commanding all to thrust the godless forth,

 Him whom the Gods do show accursed, the stock 1428

 Of Laius old. And could I dare to look,

 Such dire pollution fixing on myself,

 And meet them face to face? Not so, not so.

 Yea, if I could but stop the stream of sound, 1432

 And dam mine ears against it, I would do it,

 Closing each wretched sense that I might live

 Both blind, and hearing nothing, Sweet ’twould be

 To keep the soul beyond the reach of ills. 1436

 Why, O Kithæron, didst thou shelter me,

 Nor kill me out of hand? I had not shown,

 In that case, all men whence I drew my birth.

 O Polybus, and Corinth, and the home 1440

 I thought was mine, how strange a growth ye reared,

 All fair outside, all rotten at the core;

 For vile I stand, descended from the vile.

 Ye threefold roads and thickets half concealed, 1444

 The hedge, the narrow pass where three ways meet,

 Which at my hands did drink my father’s blood,

 Remember ye what deeds I did in you;

 What, hither come, I did?—the marriage rites 1448

 That gave me birth, and then, commingling all,

 In horrible confusion, showed in one

 A father, brother, son, all kindreds mixed,

 Mother, and wife, and daughter, hateful names, 1452

 All foulest deeds that men have ever done.

 But, since, where deeds are evil, speech is wrong,

 With utmost speed, by all the Gods, or hide,

 Or take my life, or cast me in the sea, 1456

 Where nevermore your eyes may look on me.

 Come, scorn ye not to touch my misery,

 But hearken; fear ye not; no soul but I

 Can bear the burden of my countless ills. 1460

 CHORUS The man for what thou need’st is come in time,

 Creon, to counsel and to act, for now

 He in thy place is left our only guide.

 ŒDIP. Ah, me! what language shall I hold to him, 1464

 What trust at his hands claim? In all the past

 I showed myself to him most vile and base.

 Enter CREON

 CREON. I have not come, O Œdipus, to scorn,

 Nor to reproach thee for thy former crimes; 1468

 But ye, if ye have lost your sense of shame

 For mortal men, yet reverence the light

 Of him, our King, the Sun-God, source of life,

 Nor sight so foul expose unveiled to view, 1472

 Which neither earth, nor shower from heaven nor light,

 Can see and welcome. But with utmost speed

 Convey him in; for nearest kin alone

 Can meetly see and hear their kindred’s ills. 1476

 ŒDIP. Oh, by the Gods! since thou, beyond my hopes,

 Dost come all noble unto me all base,

 In one thing hearken. For thy good I ask.

 CREON. And what request seek’st thou so wistfully? 1480

 ŒDIP. Cast me with all thy speed from out this land,

 Where nevermore a man may look on me!

 CREON. Be sure I would have done so, but I wished

 To learn what now the God will bid us do. 1484

 ŒDIP. The oracle was surely clear enough

 That I, the parricide, the pest, should die.

 CREON. So ran the words. But in our present need

 ’Tis better to learn surely what to do. 1488

 ŒDIP. And will ye ask for one so vile as I?

 CREON. Yea, now thou, too, wouldst trust the voice of God.

 ŒDIP. And this I charge thee, yea, and supplicate,

 For her within, provide what tomb thou wilt, 1492

 For for thine own most meetly thou wilt care;

 But never let this city of my fathers

 Be sentenced to receive me as its guest;

 But suffer me on yon lone hills to dwell, 1496

 Where stands Kithæron, chosen as my tomb

 While still I lived, by mother and by sire,

 That I may die by those who sought to kill.

 And yet this much I know, that no disease, 1500

 Nor aught else could have killed me; ne’er from death

 Had I been saved but for this destined doom.

 But for our fate, whatever comes may come:

 And for my boys, O Creon, lay no charge 1504

 Of them upon me. They are grown, nor need,

 Where’er they be, feel lack of means to live.

 But for my two poor girls, all desolate,

 To whom their table never brought a meal 1508

 Without my presence, but whate’er I touched

 They still partook of with me; these I care for.

 Yea, let me touch them with my hands, and weep

 To them my sorrows. Grant it, O my prince, 1512

       O born of noble nature!

 Could I but touch them with my hands, I feel

 Still I should have them mine, as when I saw.

 Enter ANTIGONE and ISMENE

 What say I? What is this? 1516

 Do I not hear, ye Gods, their dear, loved tones,

 Broken with sobs, and Creon, pitying me,

 Hath sent the dearest of my children to me?

 Is it not so? 1520

 CREON. It is so. I am he who gives thee this,

 Knowing the joy thou hadst in them of old.

 ŒDIP. Good luck have thou! And may the powers on high

 Guard thy path better than they guarded mine! 1524

 Where are ye, O my children? Come, oh, come

 To these your brother’s hands, which but now tore

 Your father’s eyes, that once were bright to see,

 Who, O my children, blind and knowing naught, 1528

 Became your father—how, I may not tell.

 I weep for you, though sight is mine no more,

 Picturing in mind the sad and dreary life

 Which waits you in the world in years to come; 1532

 For to what friendly gatherings will ye go,

 Or festive joys, from whence, for stately show

 Once yours, ye shall not home return in tears?

 And when ye come to marriageable age, 1536

 Who is there, O my children, rash enough

 To make his own the shame that then will fall

 On those who bore me, and on you as well?

 What evil fails us here? Your father killed 1540

 His father, and was wed in incest foul

 With her who bore him, and ye owe your birth

 To her who gave him his. Such shame as this

 Will men lay on you, and who then will dare 1544

 To make you his in marriage? None, not one,

 My children! but ye needs must waste away,

 Unwedded, childless, Thou, Menœkeus’ son,

 Since thou alone art left a father to them 1548

 (For we, their parents, perish utterly),

 Suffer them not to wander husbandless,

 Nor let thy kindred beg their daily bread;

 But look on them with pity, seeing them 1552

 At their age, but for thee, deprived of all.

 O noble soul, I pray thee, touch my hand

 In token of consent. And ye, my girls,

 Had ye the minds to hearken I would fain 1556

 Give ye much counsel. As it is, pray for me

 To live where’er is meet; and for yourselves

 A brighter life than his ye call your sire.

 CREON. Enough of tears and words. Go thou within. 1560

 ŒDIP. I needs must yield, however, hard it be.

 CREON. In their right season all things prospect best.

 ŒDIP. Know’st thou my wish?

 CREON. Speak and I then shall hear. 1564

 ŒDIP. That thou shouldst send me far away from home.

 CREON. Thou askest what the Gods alone can give.

 ŒDIP. And yet I go most hated of the Gods.

 CREON. And therefore it may chance thou gain’st thy wish. 1568

 ŒDIP. And dost thou promise, then, to grant it me?

 CREON. I am not wont to utter idle words.

 ŒDIP. Lead me, then, hence.

 CREON. Go thou, but leave the girls. 1572

 ŒDIP. Ah, take them not from me!

 CREON. Thou must not think

 To have thy way in all things all thy life.

 Thou hadst it once, yet went it ill with thee. 1576

 CHORUS Ye men of Thebes, behold this Œdipus,

 Who knew the famous riddle and was noblest,

 Who envied no one’s fortune and success.

 And, lo,! in what a sea of direst woe 1580

 He now is plunged. From hence the lesson draw,

 To reckon no man happy till ye see

 The closing day; until he pass the bourn

 Which severs life from death, unscathed by woe. 1584

THE END