Fallacies

## Logical Fallacies

A logical fallacy is the invalid or faulty reasoning in ones argument that may appear to be properly constructed if unnoticed.

### 1. Ad Hominem

This means "argument against the man, not the point". It is when you rebut an opponent's argument by insulting them instead of their argument. But do understand that a statement like "Your retarded" is not an Ad hominem its just a plain insult(a dumb one at that).

### 2. Straw Man

This is when one person alters their opponent's argument into something into something that they can better argue against.

### 3. Burden of proof fallacy

This is when someone tries to make their opponent(or anyone else) justify their "evidence" and or "proof"

### 4. Appeal to motive

This is when someone attempts to strike down an argument by arguing what the motives the person making the argument might have, instead of actually addressing the main point of the argument itself.

### 5. Appeal to popularity

This is when someone claims that if more people think one thing than another thing, then the one supported by the majority is correct.

### 6. Circular reasoning

This is when your opponent continue to go push their argument even after they have been proven wrong.

### 7. Non-Sequitur

This is when the conclusion of your opponents argument is completely different from their premise.

### 8. Red Herring

This is when someone attempts to shift the focus of the debate unto something else unrelated, to try and distract their opponent from the main topic.

### 9. Association fallacy

This is when someone claims that since this is true for A then it must be true for B(due not that this is somewhat logically sound if the right amount of evidence is provided.)

### 10. Argument from ignorance

This is when someone states that since there is insufficient evidence of something, it must not be true.

### 11. Equivocation

This is when someone uses two different meanings of a word to try to come to the same conclusion about that thing.

### 12. No Limits Fallacy

This is when someone states that because something has not demonstrated any limits it then must have none.

### 13. The Fallacy Fallacy

This is when people assume that because their opponent has committed a logical fallacy, their argument must therefore be wrong(do not that this can be true if their entire argument is based of a fallacy to begin with.)

### 14. Proof by example

This type of fallacy involves someone citing one example of something as proof of a general rule.

### 15. Biased sample

This is when a statistical survey only takes into consideration a sample of people or entities that are biased towards the conclusion. This only applies to matters of opinion and subjectivity, because even if the sample wasn't biased, this would not be an effective argument for an objective claim due to the appeal to popularity fallacy.

### 16. Half - truth

This is when someone presents a piece of evidence, but only presents some of it, ignoring critical factors that would cast the evidence in a whole different light, and would not necessarily support the person's conclusion.

### 17. Hasty generalization

This is an argument where someone takes an insufficient amount of evidence and attempts to form a conclusion from it, while ignoring or not being aware of contradictory evidence.

### 18. Poisoning the well

This is similar to ad hominem, except it is directed against other observers instead of your opponent. You say that there is something objectionable about a person, therefore people shouldn't listen to their arguments.

### 19. Argumentum ad nauseum, or argument from repetition.

This is when someone keeps making a claim over and over again, but either does not provide actual evidence, or provides evidence which is later debunked, but keeps making the claim. Eventually (or so he hopes), his opponent will get tired of arguing and he can declare victory.

### 20. Fallacy of exclusive premises.

This occurs when someone makes an argument with two negative premises.

### 21. Intentional Fallacy.

This is when someone tries to judge a work of art based on assumptions about the intent or purpose of the artist.

Note that these are not all fallacies that exists but all the fallacies you would realistically need for a debate.