Rarely Patronus Charm

> This ancient and mysterious charm conjures a magical guardian, a projection of all your most positive feelings. The Patronus Charm is difficult, and many witches and wizards are unable to produce a full, corporeal Patronus, a guardian which generally takes the shape of the animal with whom they share the deepest affinity. You may suspect, but you will never truly know what form your Patronus will take until you succeed in conjuring it.
>
> Miranda Goshawk's overview of the Patronus Charm, Wonderbook: Book of Spells

The **Patronus Charm** (*Expecto Patronum*) was the most famous and one of the most powerful defensive charms known to wizardkind. It was an immensely complicated and extremely difficult spell that channelled the caster's positive emotions into a powerful protection and evoked a partially-tangible positive energy force known as a **Patronus** (pl. **Patronuses**) or **spirit guardian**. It was the primary protection against Dementors and Lethifolds, against which there were no other defences.

## Patronus Charm

### Incantation

*Expecto Patronum*
(ex-PEK-toh pa-TRO-num)

### Effect

Conjures a spirit guardian

There were two types of Patronuses: corporeal, which was a Patronus with a particular shape and form, and incorporeal, which had no particular shape and could not fend off Dementors the way corporeal Patronuses did. However, some wizards like Remus Lupin chose to cast incorporeal Patronuses to hide their identity.

# =History

### Early history

It is evident from old woodcuts and scrolls that the Patronus Charm had been used since ancient times. Therefore, it is unknown who created it, or when it was first invented. The charm also has a long association with those fighting for lofty or noble causes (those able to produce corporeal Patronuses were often elected to high office within the Wizengamot and Ministry of Magic).

According to legend, one of the most famous Patronuses of all time was a lowly mouse, which belonged to a young wizard called Illyius. Illyius cast the Patronus Charm when his village was being attacked by the Dark wizard Raczidian and his army of Dementors. Despite the mouse's diminutive size, it shone with a brilliant light, bringing the Dementors to a halt as it nimbly moved through the ranks of fleeing villagers. Enraged, Raczidian decided to enter the fray himself. He tried to summon a Patronus to ward off Illyius's mouse.

However, Raczidian failed to remember that only the pure of heart could produce a Patronus. Thus, for the first time in history, it was revealed what happened when a competent, but unworthy wizard or witch attempted the spell. Maggots shot out of Raczidian's wand and quickly devoured him as they engulfed his entire body. The villagers then hailed Illyius as a hero.

### Second Wizarding War

> And out of the end of his wand burst, not a shapeless cloud of mist, but a blinding, dazzling, silver animal. He screwed up his eyes, trying to see what it was. It looked like a horse. It was galloping silently away from him, across the black surface of the lake. He saw it lower its head and charge at the swarming dementors...
>
> Harry Potter's stag Patronus fending off hundreds of Dementors, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

 File:Stag Patronus.png
Harry Potter took Anti-Dementor lessons with Remus Lupin in order to learn the advanced charm and was one of the youngest to attempt this charm with actual results. During a Quidditch match against Ravenclaw in 1994, he cast his very first corporeal Patronus, when several Slytherin students were impersonating Dementors. He performed the charm again in June when he, along with Hermione Granger and Sirius Black, were being attacked by over a hundred Dementors, and cast a corporeal Patronus powerful enough to drive them all away.

In 1995, Harry cast the charm against a Boggart that he thought was a Dementor during the third task of the Triwizard Tournament. The following summer, he and Dudley Dursley came under attack by two Dementors, and Harry managed to drive them away with the charm, leading to him being put on trial for underage magic in an attempt to discredit him.

 File:B5C27M1 Harry Teaching Dumbledores Army Patronus Spell.jpg
Harry also taught the members of Dumbledore's Army the charm, some of which were successful in casting it.

The charm was used frequently to ward off Dementors, such as when The Trio escaped from the Ministry of Magic after obtaining the Horcrux locket, and during the Battle of Hogwarts. Severus Snape also conjured his Doe Patronus to guide Harry to the hiding place of the Sword of Gryffindor.

The Order of the Phoenix would send out messages with their Patronuses, such as Kingsley Shacklebolt and Arthur Weasley, who in 1997 delivered warnings.

## Nature

> Well, when it works correctly, it conjures up a Patronus, which is a kind of anti-Dementor — a guardian which acts as a shield between you and the Dementor. The Patronus is a kind of positive force, a projection of the very things that the Dementor feeds upon — hope, happiness, the desire to survive — but it cannot feel despair, as real humans can, so the Dementors can't hurt it. But I must warn you, Harry, that the Charm might be too advanced for you. Many qualified wizards have difficulty with it.
>
> Remus Lupin explaining to Harry Potter the charm's nature, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

The Patronus represented that which was hidden, unknown but necessary within the personality. When a human was confronted with inhuman evil, such as the Dementor, they must draw upon resources they might never have needed, and the Patronus was the awakened secret self that lay dormant until needed, which must now be brought to light.

Patronuses took forms that their casters might not expect, for which they had never felt a particular affinity, or (in rare cases) even recognised. Every Patronus was as unique as its creator, and even identical twins had been known to produce very different Patronuses.

Given these animals' long affinity with humans, it is perhaps unsurprising that among the most common Patronuses when cast (although it must be noted that any corporeal Patronus was highly unusual) were dogs, cats, and horses.

The unusual witches and wizards who produced a Patronus that took the form of their favourite animal was an indicator of obsession or eccentricity. Here was a wizard who may not have been able to hide their essential self in common life, and may have paraded tendencies that others might have preferred to conceal. Whatever the form of their Patronus, one would be well-advised to show respect, and occasionally caution, towards a witch or wizard who produced the Patronus of their choice.

Remus Lupin owned a spellbook which detailed the casting of the Patronus Charm.

## Casting

Template:Dialogue a-b
To successfully cast the spell, one began by mustering the happiest memory they could think of; the happier the memory, the better the charm would work. Alternatively, one could imagine a scenario that would act as a very happy memory, as Harry did for his D.A.D.A. O.W.L. The next step was to begin drawing circles with their wand so as to increase the power of their spell. They must then say the incantation, *Expecto Patronum*; the Patronus would come from the tip of the wand and could be directed towards a target by pointing one's wand at said target.

The vast majority of witches and wizards were unable to produce any form of Patronus, and to create even an incorporeal one was generally considered a mark of superior magical ability. Rubeus Hagrid was an example of a wizard who could not conjure any form of Patronus, as the charm was too difficult for him. Alternatively, Minerva McGonagall was the only person seen to be able to produce three Patronus charms at once.

 File:POA Remus Hogwarts Express against Dementor.gif
It was possible to disguise the form one's Patronus took, which was done both by Severus Snape to hide his love for Lily Evans, and by Remus Lupin, who felt it would give away his condition.

Some witches and wizards may have been unable to produce a Patronus at all until they had undergone some kind of psychic shock.

Although it was extremely hard to fully conjure a Patronus, in an alternate reality, fourth-years in Defence Against the Dark Arts class were tasked with casting this charm.

## Difficulty

> That's very, *very* advanced magic.
>
> The difficulty and complexity of the charm, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

The Patronus Charm was widely regarded as advanced magic, far beyond N.E.W.T.-level; in 1994 Remus Lupin stated that the charm was "*ridiculously advanced*". It was very complex, and many qualified wizards and witches had trouble with it. In fact, Harry Potter was one of the youngest known wizards able to cast a Patronus; he was taught how to do so in early 1994 at the age of thirteen by Remus Lupin.

In a Dumbledore's Army lesson, Harry taught the members how to use the charm. Some were even successful in casting a corporeal form, though Harry said this might be because there was no Dementor to make them frightened and thus impede their efforts. However, three members were later able to cast corporeal Patronuses in the presence of Dementors. Being able to cast a patronus, whilst fighting Dementors or not, was not required to graduate from Hogwarts, so it was something that was taught under special circumstances.

Amelia Bones and potential members of the D.A. were all very impressed when Harry Potter revealed that he could cast not only a Patronus Charm but a corporeal one to boot, which was notably more difficult than casting an incorporeal one, from as early as his third Hogwarts school year. Given that the success of the charm was directly reliant on the caster retaining a particular mental state, it was more difficult to cast in emotionally trying circumstances. For instance, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger all had difficulty casting their Patronuses when under the negative influence of Salazar Slytherin's Locket, one of Lord Voldemort's Horcruxes, and after witnessing the death of Fred Weasley in the final battle. This feature of the Charm was particularly unfortunate, since the Charm's primary use was to defend against Dementors, which were specifically equipped to mentally unhinge people.

Self-confidence may also play an important role in casting the spell. In 1994, Harry was able to cast the spell successfully, driving off a large number of Dementors in the process (which, according to Severus Snape, was only achievable by a very powerful wizard), thus saving Sirius Black and a younger version of himself, seemingly without recalling a happy memory. Harry cast the charm when he realised that he had already done it, although he could potentially have had the required 'happy memory' upon realising that he had already saved all three of their souls.

### Worthiness

> While there is a widespread and justified belief that a wizard who is not pure of heart cannot produce a successful Patronus (the most famous example of the spell backfiring is that of the Dark wizard Raczidian, who was devoured by maggots), a rare few witches and wizards of questionable morals have succeeded in producing the Charm...
>
> The worthiness needed to produce a Patronus, Pottermore

 File:Raczidian'sDemise.png
It was a general belief held by the wizarding world that only those who were pure of heart were able to cast Patronuses. This, however, was untrue, as several characters with negative personality traits were able to cast a fully-fledged Patronus. However, generally Dark witches and wizards would not try to produce a Patronus, not having any need for one. If attempting to, most Dark wizards would be devoured by maggots coming from their wand and consuming the caster.

For this reason, Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters were not able to cast a Patronus Charm (not that it was necessary, as they already had the Dark creatures under their control via their affinity to darkness, and would have no use for Patronuses). Draco Malfoy numbered among those unable to cast the Patronus Charm. Severus Snape was the only Death Eater capable of casting the charm.

Some witches and wizards of questionable morals, such as Dolores Umbridge, were able to produce corporeal Patronuses. Merula Snyde could only conjure an incorporeal Patronus, though it should be noted that she was only a fourth-year at the time and it was an advanced spell; the only other wizards known to produce a corporeal Patronus by that age were Harry Potter, Nymphadora Tonks, and Jacob's sibling. Patricia Rakepick was a Dark witch who sadistically tortured Merula Snyde with the Cruciatus Curse and murdered Rowan Khanna with the Killing Curse, yet was able to cast a corporeal Patronus in the form of a lioness.

## The Patronus

A successfully conjured Patronus could take two forms: **incorporeal** and **corporeal**. Both types varied greatly in their appearances and strength.

### Incorporeal

> A thin wisp of silver escaped his wand and hovered like mist before him.
>
> Description of Harry Potter's incorporeal shield Patronus, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

 File:Sheild patronus.gif
An incorporeal Patronus was one that did not resemble any living creature and had few distinguishing features. if any. Incorporeal Patronuses resembled a burst of vapour or smoke without any clearly defined form shooting from the tip of the wand.

While they might be partially effective at halting Dementors (but not repelling them) and shielding the caster from them, incorporeal Patronuses were not "fully-fledged" Patronuses, and were regarded as a simpler and weaker version of the Charm. However, being able to cast even an incorporeal Patronus was still seen as an impressive feat.

### Corporeal

Template:Dialogue a-b

 File:Doe next step module.jpg
A corporeal Patronus was one that was fully-formed, taking the shape of a bright, silvery, translucent animal. It was the strongest form a Patronus could take, being able to fully drive Dementors away. The specific animal forms that a corporeal Patronus took would vary from person to person and reflect each individual's innermost personality.

Patronus forms were subject to change if the caster went through an emotional upheaval of some sort, including falling in eternal, unchanging love. For example, Nymphadora Tonks's Patronus changed from its previous jack rabbit form to an ambiguous four-legged creature, which others guessed was a wolf because it would reflect her love for Remus Lupin, himself a werewolf. Another example was Severus Snape, whose Patronus was that of a doe, the same as Lily Evans, though this may have been the case all along rather than a change from its original form, as Snape was in love with Lily for most of his life.

Based on the fact that Patronuses were conjured by recalling happy memories, it stands to reason that a Patronus might change its form after one fell in love and the memories used to conjure the Patronus largely revolved around the person the caster was in love with. In addition, it seemed that some couples had "*complementary*" Patronuses (male and female forms of the same animal), such as Lily and James Potter. It is, however, unknown if this was a coincidence or not. If a wizard was an Animagus and could summon a corporeal Patronus, the two might take the same form. This was the case for Minerva McGonagall and James Potter.

Remus Lupin's Patronus took the form of a true wolf rather than a werewolf. Whether or not all werewolves would generate a similar Patronus is unknown. It stands to reason that it was likely due to Remus's best memories of his youth revolving around the acceptance he felt despite his condition, in which he felt more at home in his wolf form during those times, rather than cursed by it and also due to his nature as desiring a sense of belonging at his core, much like a true wolf.

Most Patronuses took the form of an ordinary animal. Magical creatures, such as Albus Dumbledore's phoenix Patronus, were uncommon. It was extremely rare for Patronuses to take the form of extinct animals. Hedley Fleetwood's woolly mammoth Patronus was a notable exception. Andros the Invincible was the only wizard capable of casting a Patronus the size of a giant, although whether it was a true giant or not is unknown.

### Uses

> As a pure, protective magical concentration of happiness and hope (the recollection of a single talisman memory is essential in its creation) it is the only spell effective against Dementors.
>
> The Patronus is the only known method of defence against a Dementor, Pottermore

There were two known uses for the Patronus Charm. The first and main use of the Patronus was to drive off certain dark creatures, such as Dementors and Lethifolds, and was the only known charm that would work against them. As Dementors fed on happy memories, causing humans to drown in their own sorrow and sadness, the Patronus acted as a shield of sorts, of which the Dementor would try to feed off instead — the Patronus was comprised exclusively of positive feelings and couldn't comprehend negative emotion, so the Dementor's influence couldn't affect it.

 File:HarryPotterDeath feature.jpg
The other use was devised by Albus Dumbledore, who invented a way of using the Patronus (corporeal and incorporeal) as a means of communication. They could deliver messages, speaking with the voice of the caster. This source of communication was believed to be exclusive to the members of the Order of the Phoenix. Using the Patronus for communication offered great advantages in security, as Patronuses identified the caster and were Dark Arts-proof. A prime example of this was when Minerva McGonagall used her feline Patronus to call for help to the other Heads of Houses in 1998, when she found out that Harry Potter had returned to Hogwarts in search of Rowena Ravenclaw's Diadem.

Multiple Patronuses could be cast for communication, as McGonagall was able to create three. Another was when Severus Snape used his Patronus to lead Harry Potter to a pool in the Forest of Dean in 1997, where he had laid the Sword of Gryffindor for Harry to retrieve. It is unknown if Snape had conjured the Patronus with instructions to follow, or if he was hiding and controlling it for this task. Harry's Patronus was able to follow both oral and physical commands. Patronuses also only remained active whilst the caster was focusing on them. If they were not protecting anyone, Patronuses seemed to take on the traits of the creature they resembled and generally followed their caster around. This made it unsure whether or not they were truly sentient.

## Patronuses and practitioners

> The majority of witches and wizards are unable to produce Patronuses and to do so is generally considered a mark of superior magical ability.
>
> Only a select few witches and wizards can cast a Patronus, Pottermore

## Patronus forms

Pottermore-patronus-quiz-badger.pngBadgerBassett Hound Patronus.pngBasset HoundBeagle-patronus.jpgBeagleBloodhound-patronus.jpgBloodhoundPatronus Cat2.jpgCatDoeDragon pm.jpgDragonEagle Patronus.jpgEagleElephant-patronus.jpgElephantFalcon-patronus.jpgFalconPatronus Fox2.JPGFoxFoxTerrier-patronus.jpgFox TerrierGoat Patronus.jpgGoatHummingbird-patronus.jpgHummingbirdRon's dog Patronus.jpgJack Russell terrierLeopard-patronus.jpgLeopardLeopardess Patronus.pngLeopardessLion-patronus.jpgLionLioness Patronus.pngLionessMole Patronus.pngMoleHermione Otter Patronus.pngOtterDumbledores phoenix patronus.jpgPhoenixPheasant-patronus.jpgPheasantPolar Bear Patronus.pngPolar BearPolecat Patronus.pngPolecatPython-patronus.jpgPythonRat-patronus.jpgRatPatronus rattlesnake.pngRattlesnakeRedSquirrel-patronus.jpgRed SquirrelRhinoceros-patronus.jpgRhinocerosRobin-patronus.jpgRobinRottweiler-patronus.jpgRottweilerSalmon-Patronus.pngSalmonShrew Patronus.pngShrewSiberianCat-patronus.jpgSiberian CatSnowy Owl Patronus.pngSnowy owlStag pm.jpgStagStBernard-patronus.jpgSt BernardSwift Patronus.jpgSwiftThestral Patronus.pngThestralTiger-patronus.jpgTigerTigress-patronus.jpgTigressVole-patronus.jpgVoleWeasel Patronus.pngWeasel
* Crocodile
* Panda
* Pekingese

## Etymology

*Patronus* is the nominative singular case meaning "protector", "guardian", or simply "patron" in Latin, specifically reflecting the entire role that the Patronus Charm plays. In archaic Latin, it meant "father", which is interesting, considering that Harry Potter's Patronus is the same as his father's Patronus and Animagus form, a stag. The Latin word *exspecto* is the first person singular form of *exspectare* meaning "to await", thus the charm's incantation translates into "I await a patron" (since *patronum* is the singular accusative form of *patronus*, meaning it is the case which a noun or an adjective describing the noun takes when it is the direct object of a sentence, which in the spell's translation, it is).

## Behind the scenes

> *[...]* the Patronus often mutates to take the image of the love of one's life (because they so often become the 'happy thought' that generates a Patronus).
>
> J. K. Rowling, Bloomsbury Live Chat

 File:SPSexpecto.PNG
 File:Patronusingames.jpg
 File:LEGOPatronus.jpg
 File:ExpectoPatronumPAS.png
 File:Spellpath expectopatronum 3 light.png
* Two Patronuses planned for the films but were ultimately cut included a Thestral and a Template:W.
* The Patronuses of James Potter and Minerva McGonagall match their respective Animagi form. These are the only characters whose Patronus and Animagus forms are known. However, not all Animagi have the same animal as their Patronus and Animagus.
	+ Similarly, Remus Lupin's Patronus is a wolf, but whether this is universal among werewolves or not is unknown.
* In Template:POA, when Dementors attack Harry, Hermione, and Sirius, Harry's Patronus is very weak and thin (based on the large amount of Dementors) yet the Dementors were still unable to pass through it. However, one Dementor made it vanish by gesturing at it.
* In the first chapter of Template:DH, a white peacock appears in the gardens of Malfoy Manor. Some fans believed this bird to be Lucius Malfoy's Patronus. However, J. K. Rowling stated that no Death Eater except Severus Snape could (or had a need to) conjure a Patronus, because Death Eaters fight alongside that which Patronuses fight against. This means that the peacock was in fact a living creature. It is stated in Template:DH that the creature was in fact an albino peacock.
* In Template:POA, the more moderate *Expecto Patronum* is a ball of light.
	+ In the console versions, it works as a guided-missile that can only be steered left or right, and accelerate.
	+ In the PC version, before being cast, a white ring goes up Harry's arm and if it reaches the top of the wand, Harry has to try the spell again, and it is used only to attack Dementors (it also produces lightning effects). At the climax of the game, a stag (Harry's Patronus) jumps out of the wand to drive away all the Dementors nearby attacking Harry and Sirius, and its during that battle in the console versions, Harry's Patronus changes into a stag with altered controls.
* In said video game, the first video game adaption of Template:DH, and Template:LEGO/Template:LEGO, the Patronus Charm appears to push the Dementors away with the first shot, and destroys them with the second shot.
* The lecture that Harry gives on Patronuses to Dumbledore's Army in Template:OOTP is extremely similar to the lecture Remus Lupin gave him in Template:POA.
* In Template:DH, Dolores Umbridge's Patronus seems to emanate a shield that keeps the Dementors separated from everyone in the courtroom. In addition, Kingsley Shacklebolt's Patronus is described in the novel as taking the form of a lynx; however, in the film it is depicted as a shimmering comet of light from which springs silvery images of witches and wizards screaming in terror, as Kingsley's voice details the death of Scrimgeour and the fall of the Ministry.
* In Template:LEGO, Voldemort, Lucius Malfoy, Walden Macnair, Barty Crouch Jnr, and an unnamed Death Eater can all cast the spell, despite the fact that Rowling stated that no Death Eater besides Severus Snape could produce a Patronus. This was most likely incorporated for gameplay purposes.
* According to W.O.M.B.A.T., it is possible that Patronuses vary in strength according to which animal's form they take. Later canon from Template:WBS, however, stresses that this is not the case and that the form of the animal has no correlation to the strength of the Patronus (see, for instance, Illyius and Symposia Rawle).
* J. K. Rowling stated that the happy memory that would produce the strongest Patronus for her would be the births of any of her three children, though a close fourth would be when she learned that Template:PS was going to be published. She has also stated that she'd like for her Patronus to be an otter, like Hermione's, but she has a feeling it might actually be a large dog. However, in a message on Twitter in 2014, she claimed it would be a pine marten. Additionally, in a 2000 interview, she stated that the Patronus Charm was her favourite spell in the series so far. Rowling later revealed that a pine marten was what she had tested as in the initial form of the Patronus test that was later posted on Pottermore. She took the test again in its final form and tested as a heron.
* Learning to cast a Patronus is one of the tasks given to the player in the final Chapter of the game Template:WBS. For learning the incantation and gesture, the player is given the Trophy "Expecto Patronum!" On the next page, the player is given the chance to cast a true Patronus, the form of which is apparently chosen randomly. Amongst the possible Patronuses are a bat, a bull, a cat, a goat, a horse, a rabbit, a scorpion and a snake. For discovering their Patronus, the player is awarded the Trophy "True Patronus."
* J. K. Rowling has stated the only way that a Patronus is able to change its current form is through eternal unchangable love.
* Although J. K. Rowling has stated that the plural form is Patronuses and not Patroni, the German translation always translates it as Patroni.
* On 22 September 2016, Template:PM unveiled the long-awaited and discussed option for members of the site to determine their patronus. This takes the form of a quiz of several questions that can only be taken once, at which point the member's Patronus is revealed and added to their member profile.
* When J. K. Rowling was asked about the form of Newton Scamander's Patronus, she said that it would be a spoiler to future films of the Fantastic Beasts series.
* On Template:PM (and in other releases), a few animals such as horses, cats, squirrells and swans, have Patronuses in different hair colours of the animal. It is unknown how hard the difference is to tell in-universe, since all Patronuses are silver in colour, and therefore all look the same (aside from their forms).

### Patronuses in the films

* In Template:OOTP, Harry's Patronus physically attacks the Dementors by charging at them, as depicted in the books, with the first successful patronus shield he conjured being used to force a Boggart in the form of a Dementor back into its trunk. Additionally, Patronuses produced by the members of Dumbledore's Army make noises and are capable of interacting with physical objects, such as Ron's dog Patronus knocking over Neville Longbottom. In Template:DH, Umbridge's Patronus was heard hissing.
* There was a noted change in appearance of Patronuses in general in the *Order of the Phoenix* film. In films 5-8, Patronuses appear to be very wispy and airy, while in the third film they look more substantial, solid and brighter.
* In Template:DH, during the infiltration of the Ministry of Magic, Umbridge's Patronus was very clearly seen several times in the same scene and often looked less like a cat and more like a reanimated, feline corpse, with the skeletal features visible. This is odd for a Patronus, as they usually look quite 'alive' and well, and its twisted form may be a nod to both Umbridge's nature and the circumstances under which it was cast.
* In Template:POA, the Patronus in its powerful wave-like form emits a deep reverberating sound. In Template:DH, this effect was also used when Aberforth Dumbledore protected Hogwarts from Dementors.

## Appearances

Template:Imagecat

* Template:POA Template:1st
* Template:GOF Template:C
* Template:OOTP
* Template:DH
* Template:DH
* Template:DH
* Template:FB
* Template:JKRS Template:Mention
* Template:PM
* Template:WW
* Template:LEGO
* Template:LEGO
* Template:LEGO
* Template:LEGO
* Template:HPK
* Template:HPS
* Template:WBS
* Template:HPV Template:Mention
* Template:HPV Template:Mention
* Template:MHP
* Template:HM
* Template:WU
* Template:PAS
* Template:MA
* Template:HL

## Notes and references

Template:Reflist
Template:Defence Against the Dark Arts

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Template:WW
2. ↑ "The Rules" at AccioQuote!
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 JKR Official Site (Text only, accessed 8 February, 2012 via the Wayback Web Archive)
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Template:POA
5. ↑ Template:POA
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Template:WBS
7. ↑ Template:POA
8. ↑ Template:POA
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Template:POA
10. ↑ Template:GOF
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Template:OOTP
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Template:DH
13. ↑ Template:POA
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Template:OOTP
15. ↑ Hagrid couldn't produce a Patronus. It's a very difficult spell. by J.K. Rowling on Twitter
16. ↑ Template:CC
17. ↑ J.K. Rowling and the Live Chat, Bloomsbury.com, July 30, 2007 (2.00-3.00pm BST) at Accio Quote!
18. ↑ Template:HM
19. ↑ Template:HM
20. ↑ Pottermore describes "non-corporeal" Patronuses as "incorporeal".
21. ↑ .@tigs25 Your Patronus only changes if it's eternal love, unchanging - part of you forever. by J.K. Rowling on Twitter
22. ↑ Template:COS
23. ↑ "Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet Interview with J. K. Rowling" retrieved from Accio Quote!
24. ↑ Template:HPLE
25. ↑ In Template:HM, the options for the Patronus and Animagus form of Jacob's sibling are different.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 The Leaky Cauldron - J.K. Rowling July 30, 2007 Bloomsbury.com chat
27. ↑ J.K. Rowling and the Live Chat, Bloomsbury.com, July 30, 2007
28. ↑ *Harry Potter: A Blue Peter Special* interview, transcript available here
29. ↑ Twitter account of J.K. Rowling
30. ↑ AOL Live Interview - October 19, 2000
31. ↑ Discover your Patronus on Pottermore
32. ↑ See this YouTube video's comments
33. ↑ My Pottermore - Patronus
34. ↑ Twitter - Newt Scamander's Patronus