Canada Goose

## Description

The Canada goose (Branta canadensis) is a large wild goose native to the arctic and temperate regions of North America. Like most geese, the Canada goose is primarily herbivorous and normally migratory; often found on or close to fresh water. These birds are extremely adept at living in human-altered areas and have established breeding colonies in urban and cultivated habitats, which provide food and few natural predators. The success of this common park species has led to its often being considered a pest species because of its excrement, its depredation of crops, its noise, its aggressive territorial behavior toward both humans and other animals, and its habit of stalking and begging for food, the latter a result of humans disobeying artificial feeding policies toward wild animals.

## Appearance

Canada geese have a white mark on their beak, near their chin. Another distinctive feature of these birds is a white U-like band on their rump. The male of a breeding pair is usually bigger. The feet, legs, and beak of Canada geese are black. They have a blackish-brown tail and blackish rump. The back and scapulars are darker brown. The breast, abdomen, and flanks vary from light gray to dark chocolate brown in color, either being mixed with a black neck or separated from it by a white ring.

## Distribution

The Canada goose is a native North American species, being also introduced to the UK, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. These animals can be found at different elevations from alpine to coastal regions. The habitat of Canada geese is open areas with short grass. As a general rule, these animals avoid areas with obstructions such as tall grass, to be able to watch for predators. They live near water bodies such as coastlines, rivers, marshes, or ponds. They can also be frequently found in agricultural or urban areas. They breed in Canada and the northern United States while their migration reaches as far as northern Europe.

## Behavior

They are diurnal, being active during the day. The geese spend a lot of time grazing and foraging. Canada geese forage for food on land as well as in the water. The geese are very social animals, forming large nesting colonies meanwhile making the nests at a certain distance from each other. Pair of nesting geese can either choose to live solitary or to use the same breeding area as other pairs do. During the breeding season, Canada geese form long-term pairs. During this period, males aggressively defend the nesting site and the goslings, not allowing humans and other animals to approach it. In the autumn, these birds congregate into large flocks, consisting of family groups, to migrate southward to their wintering grounds.

## Diet

Canada geese are herbivores (folivores, granivores and algivores). Their usual diet includes grass, leaves, roots, seeds, berries, and algae. During the periods when nutrients are needed such as breeding season or rearing of the chicks, Canada goose can also consume mollusks, small fish, aquatic invertebrates, crustaceans, and insects.

## Reproduction

Canada geese are monogamous, mating once in a lifetime, usually during the second year of their lives. Normally, the breeding season takes place in April-May, sometimes extending into June in areas with a colder climate. When the nesting site is chosen, the female builds the nest and lays 4-7 eggs whereas the male stands guard. Then the female incubates the eggs for about 28 days. As soon as hatched out, the chicks are able to feed, walk, swim and dive. They leave the nest in 1-2 days but stay with their parents for the first year of their lives. The parents help the young to find food, leading the chicks to feeding areas. Depending on the subspecies, chicks of Canada goose are able to fly within 7-9 weeks after hatching out.

## Population

### Population threats

The major threats to Canada goose population include toxic pesticides and lead poisoning due to swallowing lead shots. Another serious threat is oil and gas exploration in the Arctic regions where these birds breed. On the other hand, they are threatened with habitat loss because of urban and infrastructure development. Although they are hunted for food and sport around North America, this doesn’t affect the overall population of Canada goose.

### Population number

The global population is estimated between 5.000.000 and 6.200.000 individuals. The European population is estimated at 1.000-5.000 breeding pairs, which equates to 2.000-10.000 mature individuals. According to the estimate of the year 2000, the population of Canada goose is around 4-5 million individuals only in North America. In the IUCN Red List, Canada goose is classified as a species of Least Concern (LC) with increasing population.

### Ecological niche

These birds are prey species for predators of their habitat. Also, they serve as seed dispersers due to feeding on a wide variety of plants.

## Fun Facts

Canada geese have monocular vision. Moreover, their excellent eyesight helps them during flight, allowing them to see around 180 degrees both horizontally and vertically.

When migrating, they can travel 1000 kilometers distance in one day. Considering that the circumference of the earth is 40008 kilometers, they could travel around the world in about 40 days.

A male of Canada goose is called gander while the female – goose. The young are called goslings.

A group of Canada goose can be called a “string of geese”, “chevron” as well as “flock”.

Goslings of Canada goose start communicating with their parents before hatching out when they are still in the egg.

Year after year, these birds nest in the same area, often using the same nest as their parents did.

A flock of flying geese has a V-like formation. When a member of the flock is injured, others stay with it until the bird dies or is able to rejoin the flock.