At-a-glance/Norse mythology

Main article:

Norse cosmology
See also:

At-a-glance/Greek mythology

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetic\_Edda

## Table

See also: Gylfaginning, List of dwarfs in Norse mythology & Encyclopedia Mythica

Each stripe in the table below is 30 years.

If the text is too small you can zoom in by pressing ctrl +

## Images

See also: Mandala

The island of Atlantis floating like an ark upon the waters of Khaos.

Each "heaven" absorbs light from the "sun" within it and re-emits it at a longer wavelength thereby becoming the "sun" of the heaven below it. Therefore, each world is colder than the world above it.

## Genealogies

From Wikipedia: Yngling

The **Ynglings** were the oldest known Scandinavian dynasty, originating from Sweden.

* It can refer to the clans of the **Scylfings** (Old Norse *Skilfingar*), the semi-legendary royal Swedish clan during the Age of Migrations, with kings such as Eadgils, Onela and Ohthere (Aðils, Åle and Ottar). When *Beowulf* (Boðvar Bjarke) and *Ynglingatal* were composed sometime in the eighth to tenth centuries, the respective scop and skald (poet) expected his audience to have a great deal of background information about these kings, which is shown in the allusiveness of the references.

* *Ynglings* also refers to the Fairhair dynasty, descending from the kings of Oppland, Norway. According to surviving early sources, such as *Ynglingatal* and *Íslendingabók*, these kings were descended from the Swedish Scylfings of Uppland, Sweden.

* The House of Munsö, a Swedish dynasty, also falls under the definition of *Yngling*. The earliest kings of this dynasty that historians generally agree are historical are Eirik the Victorious and Olof Skötkonung.

Some early kings were likely mythical, whereas others may have been real. Egil, Ottar, Ale and Adils are mentioned in several sources and are very likely to be real kings.

### Names

In the Scandinavian sources *Yngling* means *descendant of Frey* of Vanaheim, and in the *Gesta Danorum* of Saxo Grammaticus they are called the *sons of Frey*.

* In *Beowulf* they are called *Scylfings*. In *Skáldskaparmál* Snorri Sturluson hints at a less divine origin for this dynasty:
	+ *One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Land.*
		- In the 13th century, the official Swedish/Scandinavian term for the modern-day Southern Finland was "Eastern Land", Österland, i.e. the eastern half of Sweden at the time.
			* In *Ynglinga Saga* in 1220 AD, Snorri Sturluson discusses marriages between Swedish and Finnish royal families.

According to *Orkneyinga Saga* in 1230 AD, *Nór* founded Norway. He was a direct descendant of Fornjótr, the King of *"Gotland, Kvenland and Finnland"*.

* In 1220 AD (c.), in the Skáldskaparmál section of Edda, Sturluson discusses King Halfdan the Old, Nór's great-grandson, and nine of his sons who are the forefathers of various royal lineages, including *"Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended"*.
	+ Many Scandinavian historians name Halfdan the Old as an ancestor to Rollo, the Viking conqueror who founded Normandy and took the name Robert I (the first) after converting to Christianity. He was William the Conqueror's great-great-great-grandfather.

In 1387 AD, *Hversu Noregr byggðist* ('How Norway was founded') is an account of the origin of various legendary Norwegian lineages. It too traces the descendants of the primeval Finnish ruler Fornjotr back through Nór and his siblings, Góí and Gór; Nór being here the eponym and first great king of Norway, and then gives details of the descendants of Nór and of his brother Gór in the following section known as the Ættartölur ('Genealogies', a.k.a. Fundinn Noregr, 'Founding of Norway'). The Hversu account is closely paralleled by the opening of the Orkneyinga saga.

* The 'genealogies' also claim that many heroic families famed in Scandinavian tradition but not located in Norway were of a Finn-Kven stock, mostly sprung from Nór's great-grandson Halfdan the Old.
	+ Almost all the lineages sprung from Halfdan are then shown to reconvert in the person of Harald Fairhair, the first king of "all Norway". This information can be confirmed in other sources.
		- The 'Ættartölur' account ends to a genealogy of Harald's royal descendants down to Olaf IV of Norway with the statement that the account was written in 1387, and with a list of the kings of Norway from this Olaf back to Harald Fair-hair.

Another origin for the name *skilfing* is possible: Snorri described Erik and Alrik, the sons of *Skjalf* to be the de facto ancestors of this Norse-Finnish clan.

*The kings who resided at Upsal had been the supreme chiefs over the whole Swedish dominions until the death of Agne, when, as before related, the kingdom came to be divided between brothers (Alrek and Erik). After that time the dominions and kingly powers were spread among the branches of the family as these increased; but some kings cleared great tracts of forest-land, and settled them, and thereby increased their domains.*[1]
### From Sweden to Norway

According to Snorri Sturluson, the dynasty led the settlement of the Swedish provinces and established themselves as the kings of its provinces, accepting the overlordship of the Swedish king at Uppsala, until the dynasty all but exterminated itself with Ingjald and his downfall. A survivor Olof Trätälja was the ancestor of the Norwegian branch.

### Remaining in Sweden

However, both Snorri (as in the earlier quote) and Saxo described the clan as remaining in Sweden after this date.

Saxo on the Battle of Bråvalla (ca 750):

*Now the bravest of the Swedes were these: Arwakki, Keklu-Karl (Kelke-Karl), Krok the Peasant, (from Akr), Gudfast and Gummi from Gislamark. These were **kindred of the god Frey**, and most faithful witnesses to the gods. Ingi (Yngwe) also, and Oly, Alver, Folki, all sons of Elrik (Alrek), embraced the service of Sigurd Hring; they were men ready of hand, quick in counsel, and very close friends of Ring. They likewise held the god **Frey to be the founder of their race**. Amongst these from the town of Sigtun (Old Sigtuna) also came Sigmund, a champion advocate, versed in making contracts of sale and purchase; besides him Frosti surnamed Bowl: allied with him was Alf the Lofty (Erect?spear-thrower?) from the district of Upsala (Old Uppsala); this man was a swift spear-thrower, and used to go in the front of the battle.*
Moreover, both in Icelandic sources and in the *Gesta Danorum*, king Sigurd Hring would become the ancestor of the houses of Ragnar Lodbrok

* and would thus be the semi-legendary ancestor of the House of Munsö through Björn Ironside,
* and the Danish royal house through Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye.
* Ragnar's eldest son Ivar the Boneless was the leader of the Great Heathen Army and appears to have been the founder of the Uí Ímair dynasty of the Kingdom of York and Kingdom of Dublin.

### The family tree

This is the mythic Yngling family tree based on *Historia Norwegiæ*, *Ynglinga saga*, *Beowulf* and other Old Norse sources. The names of Swedish kings are shown in bold.

**Notes:**

1. ↑ Nerthus is often suggested to be the same woman as Njörðr's unidentified sister, by whom he begat Frey and Freyja.
2. ↑ The *Lokasenna* and the *Skáldskaparmál* identify Gymir with Fornjot’s son Ægir, but Rudolf Simek contests this.
3. ↑ Assuming Narfi (son of Loki) is identical with Narfi.
4. ↑ Þornbjörg appears in *Gautreks saga* and in *Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar*.
5. ↑ Ingeborg appears in the Tyrfing Cycle, e.g. *Orvar-Odd's saga* and *Hervarar saga*.
6. ↑ Áli's inclusion here is based on *Beowulf*, the oldest source.
7. ↑ Eanmund is only attested in *Beowulf*.

### The name Scylfing

In Old English several kings who are generally identified as Ynglings are called **Scylfings**.

The genealogy is given as:

Ohthere (*Ottar*) also occurs as the father of Aedgils (*Adils*) in Ynglingatal. There Skilfing (*Skilfingr*) appears as a synonym of Yngling, in a line on *Egil*, the father of *Ottar*, so that Ongentheow is considered identical to *Egil*.

ór landi fló
Týs óttungr
Tunna ríki,
en flæming
farra trjónu
jötuns eykr
á Agli rauð.
Sás of austr
áðan hafði
brúna hörg
of borinn lengi,
en skíðlauss
**Skilfinga** nið
hœfis hjörr
til hjarta stóð.[2] | The fair-haired son of Odin's race,
Who fled before fierce Tunne's face,
Has perished by the demon-beast
Who roams the forests of the East.
The hero's breast met the full brunt
Of the wild bull's shaggy front;
The hero's heart's asunder torn

Likewise in the *Skáldskaparmál* the Scylfings are described as an eastern family and *East King* was a conventional kenning for a Swedish king.

However, in the *Ættartolur*, (the genealogies attached to **Hversu Noregr byggdist**), the Skilfings are of Norwegian origin and include a family identified as *Skjöldungs*. In the eddic poem *Grímnismál* (stanza 55), *Skilfing* appears as one of Odin's names, the information there also appearing in the *Gylfaginning*..

#### Beowulf

In the Old English poem *Beowulf*, the word *Scylfing* occurs twice in the singular and twice in the plural. For alliterative purposes the name could be extended, such as the form *Heathoscylfing* 'Battle-Scylfing', which occurs once in the singular and twice in the plural. A Scylfing whose name is partly missing but ends in *-ela* married the sister of Hrothgar and Halga. Specifically identified as Scylfings are Ongentheow, king of Sweden, and by extension his subject Wiglaf son of Weohstan. Wiglaf and Weohstan belonged to the family of the Wægmundings to which Beowulf and his father Ecgtheow also belonged. Another extended form is *helm Scylfinga*. This literally means 'Scylfings'-helmet'; it is a kenning meaning both "ruler of the Scylfings" and "protector of the Scylfings". The *Beowulf* poet uses it to refer to Ongentheow's son Onela.

#### In Norse tradition

##### *Hyndluljóð*

The eddic poem *Hyndluljóð*, in stanza 16 speaks of descendants of an ancient king named **Halfdan the Old**:

>
> > Hence come the Skjöldungs, hence the Skilfings,
> >
> > Hence the Ödlings [*Ǫðlingar*], hence the Ylfings, ...[4]
> >
> >
>
>

##### *Skáldskaparmál*

In the *Skáldskaparmál*, Snorri Sturluson speaks of the second group of nine sons of Halfdan the Old, from whom many families of legend descend, one of these sons being Yngvi, purported ancestor of the Yngling lineage. But neither Skylfings or Skjöldungs are specifically derived from these sons. Snorri continues with examples of famous descendants of three of those lineages, followed by: "Of the house of the Ylfings was Eirík the Eloquent (*Eiríkr inn málspaki*)." But Ylfings have not been previously mentioned. Then follows the names of four ancestors of four lineages not descended from Halfdan, which include Yngvi and the Ynglings a second time. There is obvious confusion or corruption in this passage or its source. The fourth lineage is identified:

> One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Region.
>
>

A connection with the east might mean a connection to Sweden, but the vagueness of expression suggests Snorri knows no more about these Skilfings than he has written.

Snorri also gives *Skilfing* as a kenning for "king" and it appears as a kenning for "sword" in the *thulur* found in some versions of the *Skáldkskaparmál*.

##### *Ættartǫlur*

The Ættartǫlur connected to *Hversu Noregr byggdist* are a longer variant of the genealogical passages in the *Skáldskaparmál*, also speaking of Halfdan the Old and lineages descended from him and of other notable lineages, but in much greater detail. In this list of the sons of Halfdan, Yngvi the ancestor of the Ynglings is missing and Skelfir the ancestor of the Skilfings appears in his place. This might be a remembrance of an earlier identity or connection of the Swedish Ynglings and the Swedish Scylfings in *Beowulf*. But nothing in the following genealogy is *necessarily* Swedish though possible Swedish parallels do appear, particular the names Alrek and Eirík as discussed below.

There are many oddities in this account.

It claims Skelfir was king of Vörs (*Vǫrs*), modern Voss in northern Hordaland in southwestern Norway, but Halfdan's inheritance was in southeastern Norway.

Skelfir was the father of Skjöld (*Skjǫldr*). The account ends by saying that lineage of Skelfir was called the Skilfing lineage or the Skjöldung lineage, seemingly identifying the two. But Skjöldungs are normally the legendary royal family of the rulers of Denmark and no connection with Denmark is made here. Indeed, the *Ættartǫlur* later twice gives a quite different list of descendants of the Danish Skjöld who is there made a son of Odin as commonly in Norse texts. Skjöld as son of Skelfir might be related to English traditions of Scyld being a son or descendant of Sceafa (as discussed under **Sceafa**), though here too (at least in *Beowulf*) the connection is to Danish matters, not to Norway.

This Norwegian Skjöld, ancestor of the Norwegian Skjöldungs, is father of Eirík, father of Alrek (*Alrekr*), father of Eirík the Eloquent, whom the *Skáldskaparmál* presented as an Ylfing. These two mentions are the only occurrences of Eirík the Eloquent in Norse texts. But what seems to be the same figure appears prominently in book 5 of Saxo Grammaticus' *Gesta Danorum* as Ericus disertus. This Ericus disertus is indeed a Norwegian, but his father is not named Alrek but rather Regnerus pugilex, that is Ragnar the Champion. The *Gesta Danorum* then somewhat forcibly identifies Ericus disertus with Eirík, a legendary king of Sweden, a king who in the *Ynglinga saga* and elsewhere has an elder brother (rather than a father) named Alrek. See **Alrek and Eirík** for details.

In the *Ynglinga saga* the mother of the Swedish kings Alrek and Eirík is named Skjálf, which might also be an eponym for Skilfing.

Returning to the *Ættartǫlur*, there Eirík the Eloquent is father of Alrek, father of Víkar (*Víkarr*), father of Vatnar. This Víkar is the famous Víkar, king of Hördaland, who was sacrificed to Odin by Starkad. The chain of descent from Alrek to Víkar to Vatnar is also found in *Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka* ('The saga of Hálf and his heroes'). However *Gautreks saga* gives an entirely different ancestry and different descendants to Víkar. See **Víkar** for details.

This genealogy may have been based on attempts to ascribe a Norwegian origin to both Swedish Scylfings and Danish Skjöldungs and also be related to Saxo's account of the Norwegian Ericus desertus. If so, as it stands, it has been edited to remove material that would obviously conflict with the standard genealogies of the Skjöldungs and Ynglings which also appear in the *Ættartǫlur*.

## References

* wikisource:Heimskringla

Prose Edda:

* wikisource:Prose\_Edda/Gylfaginning
* wikisource:Prose\_Edda/Skáldskaparmál
* wikisource:Prose\_Edda/Háttatal

## Notes

1. ↑ Married Freyr
2. ↑ (Elf) youngest of the elder children of Ivaldi
3. ↑ Married Drott sister of Dan
4. ↑ also called Hymdallr
5. ↑ Daughter of Hersir (lord)
6. ↑ Married Dana daughter of Danp
7. ↑ Married Freyr