recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Dinosaur Park Formation Albanerpetontid

The Dinosaur Park Formation Albanerpetontid is an unnamed genus of Amphibian from Alberta, Texas, and Utah during the Campanian.

## Description

The holotype specimen, RTMP 95.181.70 is known from a partial premaxilla. it has also been reported from Texas and Utah, but information on these specimens doesn't seem to exist online. It was Originally classified by Gardner (2000) as a species of *Albanerpeton*, *A. gracilis**.* However*,* Daza et al. found *Albanerpeton* was paraphylethic. They also encouraged that every Mesozoic taxon should belong to their own genus.

## Classification

this phylogeny was recovered by Daza et al (2020)

## References

* http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon\_no=156366
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanerpeton
Cancer (crab)

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Omnivorous

*Cancer* is a genus of crab that has lived worldwide since the Miocene.

## Classification

Some of the earliest *Cancer* are *Cancer fujinaensis*, and is thus thought to have evolved in the north Pacific, probably during the Miocene, spreading across the globe and into the Atlantic by the Pliocene or Pleistocene, crossing the equator and the Straits of Panama.

## Species

* *C. bellianus* (toothed rock crab)
* *C. borealis* (Jonah crab)
* *C. irroratus* (Atlantic rock crab)
* *C. johngarthi*
* *C. pagurus* (edible/brown crab)
* *C. plebejus* (Chilean crab)
* *C. porteri* (boco)
* *C. productus* (red rock crab)
* *†C. allisoni*
* *†C. amphioetus*
* *†C. anthonyi*
* *†C. araneus*
* *†C. bainbridgensis*
* *†C. beaumonti*
* *†C. branneri*
* *†C. brewerii*
* *†C. burtini*
* *†C. carniolicus*
* *†C. cassivelaunus*
* *†C. chaneyi*
* *†C. coosensis*
* *†C. davidi*
* *†C. dorsipes*
* *†C. durhami*
* *†C. fissus*
* *†C. fujinaensis*
* *†C. gabbi*
* *†C. garthi*
* *†C. gracilis*
* *†C. granti*
* *†C. jordani*
* *†C. nancei*
* *†C. macrocheilus*
* *†C. maculatus*
* *†C. magister*
* *†C. marri*
* *†C. meticurensis*
* *†C. modestus*
* *†C. parvidens*
* *†C. pelagicus*
* *†C. proavitus*
* *†C. productus*
* *†C. punctulatus*
* *†C. raninus*
* *†C. reversus*
* *†C. rhomboides*
* *†C. santosi*
* *†C. solitarius*
* *†C. spinosus*
* *†C. strigosus*
* *†C. styriacus*
* *†C. szontaghi*
* *†C. tomowoi*
* *†C. vancalsteri*
* *†C. villabersiani*
* *†C. whitfieldi*
* *†C. yanceyi*
* *†C. zahrae*

## References

* https://twitter.com/TomHoltzPaleo/status/1263815470081335297
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer\_(genus)
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020\_in\_arthropod\_paleontology
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=22355
Dusicyon

From the Otago Museum collection.

*Dusicyon* is an extinct genus of canid that lived in South America from the Late Pleistocene to 1876.

## Paleoecology

When humans started inhabiting the areas *Dusicyon* lived in, their pelts grew in price and they were pushed out of their habitat. The last subspecies of *Dusicyon* to go extinct was *D. australis* in 1876, thousands of years after the other taxa went extinct.
Diphydontosaurus

*Diphydontosaurus* is an extinct genus of Gephyrosaurid that lived in England and Italy during the Late Triassic.

## Description

*Diphydontosaurus* was small, measuring up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) long. Its claws were long and sharp, which helped it catch prey, and peg-like teeth adapted to catching and consuming insects. These are shared with other primitive rhynchocephalians, such as *Gephyrosaurus* and *Planocephalosaurus*.

## Paleoecology

*Diphydontosaurus* lived in the Bristol Channel region, England and in Italy. The Bristol Channel dates back to the Triassic, ~205 millin years ago. These deposits allowed for its paleoenvironment to be accurately reconstructed in 2012. In the regions that *Diphydontosaurus* lived, numerous rocky, small caves that sat on a limestone bed existed, and were likely eroded by acidic rain. *Diphydontosaurus* is very well known from these deposits, since they could have drowned after a rainstorm or monsoon. Other animals also found in the caves were a sauropodomorph, smaller sphenodontians (of which *Diphydontosaurus* belongs) and other fauna of varying sizes. In the caves, the small sphenodontians likely fed on insects. Diphydontosaurus existed from 231–200 million years ago.

## Classification

*Diphydontosaurus* is known from many mostly complete skeletons, so its rynchocephalian classification is certain. Oliver Rahut (2012) found it was the second most basal of the group, sitting after *Gephyrosaurus* and more basal than *Planocephalosaurus*. They find the following:

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphydontosaurus
Cretalamna

Credit: Mcraelodon (?).

*Cretalamna*, often misspelled *Cretolamna*, is an otodontid shark that lived from 103-46 million years ago from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene Epoch.

## Description

Known from many teeth, *Cretalamna* is thought to be a relative of the largest sharks, *Carcharocles angustidens*, and *Carcharocles megalodon*.

## Species

* *C. appendiculata*
* *C. lata*
* *C. borealis*
* *C. biauriculata*
* *C. maroccana*
* *C. nigeriana*
* *C. arambourgi*
* *C. catoxodon*
* *C. deschutteri*
* *C. ewelli*
* *C. gertericorum*
* *C. hattini*
* *C. sarcoportheta*
* *C. bryanti*
* *"C." aschersoni*
* *"C." twiggsensis*
CAGS-IG01-004

CAGS-IG01-004 is an unnamed genus of Troodontid that lived in China during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

Specimen CAGS-IG01-004 is known from skull material as well as partial post-cranial remains. It has small teeth, with the Carinae being absent of serrations, the quadratojugal bone doesn't contact the squamosal, and there seems to be an apparent lack of a post-orbital bone, although this could be due to taphonomy.

## Taxonomy

Hwang et al. (2004) said this specimen was similar to *Almas ukhaa* (at the time unnamed, IGM 100/1323). Mickey Mortimer believes that CAGS-IG01-004 may represent a second specimen of *Liaoningvenator curriei*.

## References

* https://theropoddatabase.com/Troodontidae.htm#Troodontidae
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiota\_of\_the\_Yixian\_Formation
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298258561\_A\_NEW\_TROODONTID\_FROM\_THE\_LOWER\_YIXIAN\_FORMATION\_OF\_CHINA\_AND\_ITS\_AFFINITIES\_TO\_MONGOLIAN\_TROODONTIDS
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas\_ukhaa
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoningvenator
Charnia

*Charnia* is an extinct genus of frond-like lifeforms that lived in England during the Late Ediacaran.

## Description

*Charnia* may look like a plant but it is now being described as an animal due to research and definitive evidence it is an animal. It is the first known fossil found from the Precambrian and this creates a harder time finding anything about the species. It is said that it is related to the modern day sea pen having resemblance in the way it moves and its performance. It also lived 570-550 million years ago. It is hinted it lived near Europe and potentially near North America[*citation needed*] as most of the fossils were found there it leads to many to assume and some factual resemblance.

## Synonyms

* *Glassnerina*
* *Rangea grandis*
* *Rangea sibirica*
Capra

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Herbivorous

*Capra* is a genus of goat that has lived in Eurasia and Africa since the Early Pleistocene.

## Species

* *C. caucasica* (West Caucasian tur/zebuder/zac)
* *C. hircus* (domestic goat)
* *C. cylindricornis* (East Caucasian tur)
* *C. falconeri* (markhor)
	+ *C. f. falconeri*? (Astore/Astor markhor)
	+ *C. f. heptneri* ?(Bukharan markhor)
	+ *C. f. megaceros*? (Kabul markhor)
	+ *C. f. cashmiriensis*? (Kashmir markhor)
	+ *C. f. jerdoni*? (Sulaiman markhor)
* *C. aegagrus* (wild goat)
	+ *C. a. aegagrus* (bezoar ibex)
	+ *C. a. blythi* (Sindh ibex/Turkman wild goat)
	+ *C. a. chialtanensis* (Chiltan ibex/goat)
	+ *C. a. turcmenica* (bearded goat)
* *C. sibirca* (Siberian ibex)
	+ *C. s. sibira* (Altai ibex)
	+ *C. s. alaiana* (Tian Shan ibex)
	+ *C. s. hagenbecki* (Obi/Mongolian ibex)
	+ *C. s. sakeen* (Himalayan ibex)
* *C. pyrenaica* (Spanish ibex)
	+ *C. p. hispanica* (Southeastern Spanish/Beceite ibex)
	+ †*C. p. lusitanica* (Portugese ibex)
	+ †*C. p. pyrenaica* (Pyrenean bex)
	+ *C. p. victoriae* (Western Spanish/Gredos ibex)
* *C. walie* (Walia ibex)
* *C. ibex* (Alpine ibex)
* *C. nuniana* (Nubian ibex)
* †*C. primaeva*

## Synonyms

* *C. hircus cretica*
* *C. aegagrus hircus*
* *C. depressa* (=*C. hircus*)
* *C. mambrica* (=*C. hircus*)
* *C. reversa* (=*C. hircus*)
* *C. i. ibex*
* *C. i. nubiana*
* *C. i. walie*
* *C. i. sibirica*
* †*C. camburgensis*?

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra\_(genus)
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=42759
* https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/chauvet/en/salle-brunel-sud/notice/ibex-skull-cave-floor
Cambroraster

*Cambroraster* is an extinct genus of hurdiid that lived in Canada during the the Middle Cambrian.

## Description

*Cambroraster* is known from hundreds of specimens, decribed in 2019, being almost 30 centimeters long, large for it's era. *Cambroraster* has a horseshoe-shaped carapace, and sifted through sand with it's barbed claws. The jaws of *Cambroraster* were filled with rows of hook shaped teeth lined in a circle. Another specimen, this time from China, may represent another species. The species has not been named. Cambroraster has a segmented tail, with a small fluke on the tip.

## Paleoecology

*Cambroraster* likely sifted through sediment with it's combing claws in search of small animals to devour. *Cambroraster* would then scoop them up into rows of hooked teeth to be eaten.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambroraster
* https://twitter.com/CambroJoe/status/1421150422925029376
Dasyleptus

USNM 617238, D. sp.. Credit: Skye McDavid.

*Dasyleptus* is an extinct genus of archaeognathan insects that lived in Illinois, France, Germany, Switzerland, China, Russia, Kansas and New Mexico from the Carboniferous to the Triassic.

## Description

*Dasyleptus* was an archaeognathan insect related to silverfish, and would have resembled them in life.  Fossils have been found in the Carbondale Formation in Grundy County, Illinois.

## Species

* *D. artinskianus*
* *D. brongniarti*
* *D. lucasi*
* *D. noli*
* *D. rowlandi*
* *D. sharovi*
* *D. sinensis*
* *D. triassicus*

## References

1. ↑ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=193854
2. ↑ C. J. Durden. 1978. A dasyleptid from the Permian of Kansas, *Lepidodasypus sharovi* n. gen., n. sp. (Insecta: Thysanura: Monura). *The Pearce-Sellards Series* **30**:1-9
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 USNM Museum Plaque
4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monura
Denazinosuchus

Denazinosuchus and Akainacephalus. Credit: Andrey Atuchin.

*Denazinosuchus* is an extinct genus of crocodilian that lived in New Mexico during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Denazinosuchus* is known from skulls, armour and a thigh bone, which is barely enough material to distinguish the crocodilian from the similar *Goniopholis*. *Denazinosuchus* is one of the most abundant and identifiable crocodile in the San Juan Basin, mostly because of the strange armour shapes. *Denazinosuchus*' armour is subrectangular, sparsely pitted and flat. *Denazinosuchus* was separated from *Goniopholis kirtlandicus* (now combined into *Denazinosuchus*) in 2003 by Spencer G. Lucas and Robert M. Sullivan's new description of the species.

## Paleoecology

*Denazinosuchus* lived in water, in environments with *Akainacephalus* in New Mexico during the Late Cretaceous.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazinosuchus
Diplosaurus

*Diplosaurus* is an extinct genus of Goniopholidid Mesoeucrocodylian that lived in western North America from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*D. felix* was named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877, named "double lizard", likely referring to the biconcave vertebrae Marsh notes is distinctive from modern forms. Karl Alfred von Zittel (1890) placed *D. felix* in *Goniopholis felix*, which is rejected today. Marsh named *D. felix* (lapsus *D. felise*), combined *Hyposaurus vebbii* (named by rival Edward Drinker Cope in 1874) into *D. vebbii* in 1877 and named *"D. nanus"* (now a nomen dubium) in 1895.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplosaurus
Dinheirosaurus

*Dinheirosaurus* is an extinct genus of Sauropod that lived in Portugal during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

*Dinheirosaurus* may have been a species of *Supersaurus*. *Dinheirosaurus* was confused with another unnamed diplodocid, but after reclassification, was considered a different genus. *Dinheirosaurus* lived alongside many other theropods, sauropods, one diplodocid, ankylosaurs and ornithopods.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinheirosaurus
Dilong

*Dilong* is an extinct genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in China during the Early Cretaceous.

## History

Xu Xing et al. (2004) named D. paradoxus from the Chinese 帝 dì, "emperor", and 龙 or 龍 lóng, "dragon". This is due to it's relations with *Tyrannosaurus*, with "long" being the Chinese equivalent of the western "saur". The epithet is a Latinization of the Ancient Greek παράδοξον, "against received wisdom".

## Description

IVPP 14243 is the holotype, being a near-complete and semi-articulate postcrania and crania. IVPP 1242, a near-complete skull and presacrals, TNP01109, a partial skull and IVPP V11579, a skull belonging to *D. paradoxus* or a related species are all referred  specimens. The type was 1.6 meters (5.2 feet) long, thought to be a juvenile, possibly being 2 meters (6.6 feet) long when mature. Protofeather impressions are found near the jaw and tail, differing from modern bird feathers. They lack a central shaft and mot likely insulated. The naming team speculated feathering in specific regions since some tyrannosaurid skin impressions show pebbly scales, possibly mixing the two integuments. They peculate it may correlate negatively with body, with feathered juveniles that lost their covering when they grew and no longer required insulation.

Andrea Cau (2021) speculates Dilong could be a senior synonym of *Yutyrannus* or *Sinotyrannus*. Cau also notes it, *Huaxiagnathus* and *Sinocalliopteryx* may represent parts of the ontogenetic series of proceratosaurids.

## Classification

It was first considered the basalmost and most primitive tyrannosauroids, but Turner et al. (2007) found it was not a tyrannosauroid by analyzing the group. Instead, they place it two steps above Tyrannosauroidea; being more advanced than *Coelurus* but more primitive than compsognathids. However, other studies place it as a tyrannosauroid, with some (including Carr and Williamson (2010)) finding this.

It was found to be a proceratosaurid in 2014; Brusatte et al. (2016) used both parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to place it as a slightly more advanced tyrannosauroid outside of proceratosauridae.

## Paleobiology

Braincase scans show it had a S-shaped brain that was protected by thin meninges, unlike *Tyrannosaurus* who has a linear brain and thicker meninges. This is likely related to size, as observed in crocodilians. A large flocculus suggests it was agile, having good balance. Small olfactory tracts suggest an unrefined sense of smell, not as refined as later tyrannosaurids such as Tyrannosaurus.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilong\_paradoxus
* https://theropoda-blogspot-com.translate.goog/2021/09/carcharodontosauri-ditalia.html?\_x\_tr\_sch=http&\_x\_tr\_sl=auto&\_x\_tr\_tl=en&\_x\_tr\_hl=en-GB&\_x\_tr\_pto=ajax,se,nv,elem
Coahuilaceratops

*Coahuilaceratops* is an extinct genus of Chasmosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Coahuilaceratops* is represented from a single partial skull from an adult individual and another juvenile individual, all collected from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation in a single location. The name *Coahuilaceratops* was published in 2010 but has appeared as a nomen nudum as far back as 2008. *Coahuilaceratops* is among the largest Chasmosaurs, rivaling the sizes of Triceratops and *Torosaurus*. *Coahuilaceratops* bears the largest horns on any dinosaur, being about 1.2 meter (4 feet).

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuilaceratops
DINO 19514

DINO 19514 is an unnamed genus of gekkotan squamate that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

DINO 19514 is disarticulated crania with maxillae, prefrontals, frontals, a parietal, a left jugal, a right postfrontal, a partial braincase, dentaries, a fused left postdentary and a squamosal. It was previously assigned to *Paramacellodus*, but analysis reveals it is not even a scincomorph taxon, where it is assigned a new taxon. An enlarged pineal foramen, a somewhat wide interorbital orbital frontals with more than 50% of the frontoparietal suture's width, a postfrontal fused to the postorbital and a parietal nuchal fossa that is wide. It was inserted into a large dataset to recover it as a stem gekkotan.

## References

https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SVP\_2021\_VirtualBook\_final.pdf
Dhole

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Cuon*, the dhole, is a genus of canid that has lived in Asia since the Middle Pleistocene.

## Description

Dhole's are considered endangered and have less than 2,500 mature adults living. Dhole's have many different characteristics, like a convex skull and the lacking of a third lower molar. *Cuon* is going extinct due to habitat loss and the loss of suitable prey.

## Classification

### Evolution

The first study on *Cuon*'s origins was by Erich Thenius (1955), who concluded it was a post-Pleistocene descendant of a golden jackal-like ancestor. Bjorn Kurten (1968) wrote in his book Pleistocene Mammals of Europe that *Cuon majori* were near-indistinguishable from *Canis*. This species spanned several Asian islands, such as Sri Lanka, Borneo and possibly even Palawan, where the genus no longer ranges. The fossils record also indicates a presence in Beringia and Mexico.

## Species

* *C. alpinus* (dhole)
	+ *C. a. adjustus* (Burmese dhole)
	+ *C. a. alpinus* (red fox/Ussuri dhole)
	+ *C. a. fumosus* (Asiatic dhole)
	+ *C. a. hesperius* (Tian Shan dhole)
	+ *C. a. laniger* (Asiatic dhole)
	+ *C. a. lepturus* (Asiatic dhole)
	+ *C. a. sumatrensis* (Sumatran dhole/Sumatran wild dog)
	+ †*C. a. europaeus* (European dhole)
* †*C. majori*
* *C. sp. x Lycaon pictus*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=41204
Cryptoclidus

Credit: Connor Ashbridge on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Cryptoclidus* is a genus of cryptoclidid plesiosaur that lived in Europe, Russia and Cuba from the Middle to Late Jurassic.

## History

*C. simbirskensis* was named by N.N. Bogolubow (1909) from the black simbirsk clay from an unnamed locality in Ul'yanovsk, Russia. It is known from 4 vertebrae and a humerus, which made the species dubious in later revisions.

## Description

*Cryptoclidus is* known, among other remains, from a skull. The skull is 33.5 cm in length, and has suffered post-mortem crushing and disruption. The mandibles and palate are almost complete, and most of the endochronal braincase can be identified, but is largely obscured by the overlying bones.

## Paleobiology

The internal nares of *Cryptoclidus* are anteriorly placed compared to the external nares, as in *Rhomaleosaurus*, so it likely shared the latter's method of olfaction. Its interlocking teeth may have been used to strain small prey from the water, or to sift for buried prey in the sediment.

## Species

* *C. eurymerus*
* *C. richardsoni*
* *C. vignalensis*
* *C. cuervoi*
* *C. vignalensis*

### Reassigned Species

* *C. aldingeri* (=dubious)
* *C. caroli* (=dubious)
* *C. c. questadi*
* *C. kimmeridgensis*
* *C. oxoniensis*
* *C. simberskensis* (=dubious)
* *C. beaugrandi* (=dubious)

## References

* Brown, DS; Cruickshank, ARI; 1994 "The skull of the Callovian plesiosaur Cryptoclidus eurymerus, and the sauropterygian cheek." Palaeontology. 37.4 (1994): 941.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoclidus
* Bogolubow, N. N. 1909. Sur quelques restes de deux reptiles (*Cryptoclidus simbirskensis* n. sp. et *Ichthyosaurus steleodon* n. sp.) trouves par Mr. le Profess. P. Pavlow sur les bords de la Volga ´ dans les couches mesozo¨ıques de Simbirsk. Annuaire geologique et ´ mineralogique de Russie 11:42–64.
* http://plesiosaur.com/taxon.php?form=show&taxoID=00000000593
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=171861
Colepiocephale

Credit: Cesar Diaz on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Colepiocephale* is an extinct genus of Pachycephalosaur that lived in Canada during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Colepiocephale* was originally published in 1945 by Sternberg as *Stegoceras lambei*. The genus was renamed in 2003 by Sullivan. The remains were renamed for several autapomorphies, like lacking a posteriosquamosal shelf, a steep down-facing parietal and two incipient nodes hidden under the posterior boundary of the parietosquamosal border.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colepiocephale
Calcancora

*Calcancora* is an extinct genus of sea cumber echinoderms that lived in most of Europe and North/South America, spanning from the Triassic to the Paleogene respectively.

## Description

*Calcancora* is distinctively anchor-shaped, with a flat of hooked end on the behind of the animal. The animal is only several millimeters long.
Corythoraptor

The as yet unnamed Mongolian Giant Azcharid, a pterosaur that may have preyed on Corythoraptor.Qianzhousaurus
Corythoraptor: Corythoraptor is a genus of oviraptorid theropod from the latest Cretaceous of Asia. Food: it was an omnivore, so plants and small animals were probably on the menu. Enemies: Corythoraptor was prey for a variety of carnivorous dinosaurs and possibly large pterosaurs. Its main predator was probably the smallish tyrannosaur Qianzhousaurus.
Cercopithecoides

Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.

*Cercopithecoides* is an extinct genus of old world ape that lived in Africa from the Late Miocene to the Pleistocene.

## Description

*Cercopithecoides* were about the size of large extant colobine monkeys, with the largest males weighing about 50 kilograms (110 pounds). The type, *C. williamsi* is based on the partial skull and mandible of a male from Makapansat, South Africa. Fossils are found from Kenya, Tanzania and Angola .

*C. kimeui* is known from a skull known as KNM-ER398, a complete skull with a damaged left orbit and zygomatics, right P4, molar 3 on both sides and a worn canine. This was collected by Stephen Right Frost in Area 105 of Kenya, 1968. The This species has a narrow and inflated snout, with a thick, shallow mandible. They likely had a tough diet, due to extensive wear in their teeth .

Their diets are thought to have been leaf-based, with a substantial amount of grit in their diets, which would explain why *Cercopithecoides* teeth bear large puncture pits and abrasions. It is determined harder food was a supplemental addition the the ape's diet. The authors cite that consuming underground storage organs would explain the extensive pitting. *Cercopithecoides* was likely in direct competition with larger, also terrestrial, papionins .

The hand of the partial specimen KNM-ER 4420 of *C. williamsi* shows the reduction of the first metacarpal compared with the rest, as thumb reduction is one of the most important distinguishing factors between Old and New-World monkeys. *Cercopithecoides* is among the first occurrence of cercopithecid pollical reduction, similar to extant Asian colobines and the fossil genera *Microcolobus* and *Mesopithecus*, making *Cercopithecoides* the first African colobine known. The postcranial terrestrially of *Cercopithecoides* is very likely a secondary adaptation, as ancestral apes are thought to have been arboreal. The absence of pollical reduction in *Mesopithecus* implies either;

1. Independent thumb reduction in African and Asian colobines.
2. Several secluded colobine dispersal events from Africa.

Due to circumstances, authors consider the first hypothesis more likely .

## Species

* *C. williamsi*
* *C. bruneti*
* *C. kimeui*
* *C. alemayehui*
* *C. haasgati*
* *C. kerioensis*
* *C. meavae*

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-oides
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercopithecoides
3. ↑ https://nmkearthsciences.org/collection/KNM-ER398
4. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271218079\_Dental\_Microwear\_Analysis\_of\_Cercopithecoides\_Williamsi
5. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277084128\_The\_Hand\_of\_Cercopithecoides\_williamsi\_Mammalia\_Primates\_Earliest\_Evidence\_for\_Thumb\_Reduction\_among\_Colobine\_Monkeys
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=40863
Caririsuchus

*Caririsuchus* is an extinct genus of crocodylomorph that lived in Brazil during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

Remains of *Caririsuchus* have been recovered from the Romualdo Formation, in the Santana Group, Araripe Basin. The animal could grow about 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) long.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caririsuchus
Damalasaurus

Credit: Jack Wood.

*"Damalasaurus*" is a naked genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in China during the Early Jurassic.

## Description

It is unknown where *"Damalasaurus*" sits in the sauropod family tree. It is known from a rib found from the Middle Daye Group of Tibet, among other remains. Two informal species are assigned.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs
Contectopalatus

Credit: Dmitry Bogbanov.

*Contectopalatus* is an extinct genus of primitive icthyosaur that lived in Germany during the Middle Triassic.

## Validity

When the genus *Contectopalatus* was coined, some scientists like Maisch and Matzke thought it was valid, but other sources argued that *Contectopalatus* is a synonym for *Mixosaurus*. The fossil attributed to *Contectopalatus* was first named *Ichthyosaurus atavus*, then *Mixosaurus atavus*.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contectopalatus
Ctenacanthus

Credit: Julius Csotonyi.

*Ctenacanthus* is an extinct genus of ctenacanthiform shark that lived in the Americas during the Carboniferous.

## Species

* *C. amblyxiphias*
* *C. buttersi*
* *C. chemungensis*
* *C. cliftonensis*
* *C. concinnus*
* *C. costellatus*
* *C. elegans*
* *C. furcicarinatus*
* *C. major*
* *C. maranhensis*
* *C. nodocostatus*
* *C. terrelli*
* *C. tumidus*

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenacanthus
Dracula

Reconstruction of Dracula in the Altmühltal Dinosaur Museum (Denkendorf, Germany). Credit: Axel Schmidt.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

Dracula is a nickname given to an unnamed species of Azhdarchoid pterosaur that lived in Romania during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

The fossil of Dracula was first discovered in 2009 near the town of Sebeș in Transylvania. It was discovered by Dan Grigorescu near the intersection of two local streams in 1984. The bone wasn't identified as pterosaurian until 2011. The fragmentary jaw bone collected measured 18.8 cm, but if if it were scaled up would make the jaw alone over a meter long. Estimates for the wingspan place it over one meter longer than the contemporary *Hatzegopteryx*, making it the largest or second largest (with *Arambourgiania* being first) flying animal ever. One of the coauthors working on the paper describing and officially naming the taxon, Mátyás Vremir, died at age 41 on July 24, 2020, of cancer, leaving the manuscript describing Dracula only partially complete.

An exhibition at the Dinosaur Museum Altmühltal describes Dracula as being the heaviest pterosaur and as tall as a giraffe.

## Paleoecology

Dracula would have lived on Hatzeg island. Many organisms on Hatzeg followed Foster's Rule, many large animals got smaller and many small animals got larger. Dracula would have fed on the dwarf fauna of Hateg, including *Zalmoxes*, *Magyarosaurus*, *Telmatosaurus*, and *Balaur*. It is either from the Sebeș Formation or the Densuş-Ciula Formation.

## References

* https://www.livescience.com/62662-largest-pterosaur-jawbone-transylvania.html
* https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/meet-dracula-the-largest-pterosaur-found-to-date/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur\_size#Pterosaurs\_with\_largest\_wingspan
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s\_Vremir
* https://twitter.com/TetZoo/status/1422341131489185795
* https://dinopark-bayern.de/en/exhibitions/
Covidifructus

Covidifructus is an extinct genus of angiosperm that lived in Czechia during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

It is named after the COVID-19 pandemic that allowed for the description paper to be written and the specific epithet is after the numerous carpels. Zuzana Heřmanová, Jana Čepičková, Jiří Kvaček, Maria von Balthazar and Jürg Schönenberger (2022) named *Covidifructus*.

## Description

It is diagnosed by a gynoecium syncarpous, 10 carpels in radial symmetry, ovary superior with 10 locules, empty space present above the floral apex, irregular central ovary closure, the apical part of the locule with azile placentation, each of the 10 locules in an oblong ovule nearly completely filling the locule and dehiscence lines at the median-dorsal of each carpal. The holotype is National Museum Prague specimen No. NM-F 3200, a fruit 0.75 millimeters in diameter and 0.5 millimeters long. First analysis suggests affiliation to Dilleniaceae, but gynoecium character-based systematic assignment suggests an uncertain position in angiosperms.

## References

https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3525-a-fossil-multicarpellate-fruit
Dakotadon

Credit: Jack Wood.

*Dakotadon* is a dubious genus of Iguanodontid dinosaur that lived in South Dakota during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*Dakotadon* was originally described as *Iguanodon lakotaensis* by David Weishampel and Philip Bjork. The classification was controversial, and some argued *I. lakotaensis* was more basal than *Iguanodon bernissartensis* and related to *Theiophytalia*, while others such as David Norman suggested it was a synonym of *Iguanodon*. When studying the remains for a revision of the species in 2008, Gregory S. Paul gave the material a name; *Dakotadon*. It is known from a partial skull from the Barremian of the Lakota Formation.
Cretapsara

Credit: Franz Anthony.

*Cretapsara* is an extinct genus of crab that lived in Myanmar during the Cretaceous.

## History

*Cretapsara* was described by an international research team who used micro CT scanning to examine the crab. They named it "immortal Cretaceous spirit of the clouds and water".

## Description

*Cretapsara* is very modern looking, though living ~100 million years ago. It is the most complete fossil crab and second discovered in amber, along with the Chiapas amber crabs. It and *Callichimaera* represent a distinct family of Cretaceous crabs during the Cretaceous Crab Revolution. They created a full 3D models of *Cretapsara* to study. It resembles some shore crabs, but bears gills, evolving 50 million years before other aquatic crabs. It has a legspan of 5 millimeters and the holotype, LYAM-9, was a juvenile. They speculate it was either aquatic or a juvenile of a freshwater species.

## References

https://phys.org/news/2021-10-dinosaur-era-crab-fully-amber.html
Bubonic plague-like bacteria

This article was suggested to be split with *Yersinia*. If you oppose this idea, it can be discussed here.

## Bubonic plague-like bacteria

A cluster of bacteria on Atopopsyllus, the scalebar is 1 micrometer.

## Statistics

### Location

Caribbean, probably farther

The bubonic plague-like bacteria is a possibly extinct species of pathogen that lived in the Caribbean (possibly farther) during the Miocene.

## Description

Bacteria was found lumped and attached to the extinct flea *Atopopsyllus*. In the modern day, *Yersinia pestis* (the bubonic plague), is a rare bacteria spread through fleas, but was once a formidable pathogen, wiping out most of human civilization during the 1300s. This bacteria bears size, shape and characteristics that differentiate *Y. pestis* from other pathogens, leading researchers to believe the pathogen to be a relative of *Y. pestis*, more dangerous than it is today. They theorize it would have been a significant cause towards animal extinctions, as it is highly contagious, transmitting like the bacteria does today, 20 million years ago .

## References

1. ↑ https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/52/6/1234/869360#27495646
2. ↑ https://www.cnet.com/news/amber-entombed-flea-may-hold-ancestral-plague-bacteria/
Cynodesmus

*Cynodesmus* is an extinct genus of canid that lived during the Oligocene in North America.

## Description

*Cynodesmus* was the canid to resemble modern dogs and was the size of a modern coyote. The remains of *Cynodesmus* say that it was not well adapted to running and had a heavier jaw and had a more bulbous rump.

## Paleoecology

*Cynodesmus* was likely an ambush predator who used potentially retractable claws while attacking.

## Synonyms

Scientists recently re-evaluated the species under the genus *Cynodesmus* and determined the following genera were placed into *Cynodesmus*' two species:

* *Carpocyon*
* *Desmocyon*
* *Leptocyon*
* *Metatomarctus*
* *Osbornodon*
* *Otarocyon*
* *Paracynarctus*
* *Paratomarctus*
* *Phlaocyon*

Note: the genera above are still valid.
Diodon

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Location

Australia, Europe, North America, Africa and Asia

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Diodon*, known as porcupinefish or balloon fish, is a genus of blowfish that lives in Europe, Africa, Australia, North America and Asia since the Miocene, and possibly even the Oligocene.

## Description

*Diodon* is signature of having two-rooted mobile spines, which are heavily modified scales and having beak-like jaws used to crush prey. Once inflated, like true pufferfish, their spines stand directly upright. This is used to deter and pose difficulty to predators. Once *Diodon* is fully inflated, it could choke sharks during passing. In The Voyage Of the Beagle, Charles Darwin tells of a *Diodon* that had been found alive and bloated in the stomach of a shark, and had been known to chew out of its consumer to escape, which would have killed them in the process. *Diodon* may be venomous, having tetrodotoxin and ciguatera. *Diodon* differs from other blowfish by having mobile spines rather than fixed.

One fossil of cf. *Diodon* is a tooth 65-70 millimeters wide, and lived sometime in the Oligocene of North America. The tooth plate is much larger than any recorded blowfish, reaching just shy of 1.2 meters in length. The specimen was sold to a private collector, who has since said they are up to donating the specimen to a museum.

## Species

* *D. eydouxii* (Pelagic porcupinefish)
* *D. holocanthus* (Long-spined porcupinefish)
* *D. hystrix* (Spot-fin porcupinefish)
* *D. liturosus* (Black-blotched porcupinefish)
* *D. nicthemerus* (Slender-spined porcupinefish)
* †*D. tenuispinus*
* †*D. scyllai*
* †*Cf. D. n. sp.* (unnamed)

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodon
* https://twitter.com/CoastalPaleo/status/1263606468626001926
Ceratopsipes

Credit: Fragillimus335 on DeviantArt.

*Ceratopsipes* is an extinct ichnogenus of ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in Colorado in the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Ceratopsipes* roughly meaning 'three-horned king', was about 12 meters long and 15-20 tons heavy. The trackways were possibly created by *Triceratops*. Compared to other ceratopsians, this individual is unusually large.

## References

* http://trieboldpaleontology.com/ceratopsipes.html
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratopsipes
* https://www.deviantart.com/fragillimus335/art/The-Three-Horned-King-319964207
Deltadromeus

Credit: Cisiopurple on DeviantArt.

*Deltadromeus* is an extinct genus medium-sized theropod dinosaur that lived in Northern Africa during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*D. agilis* means 'agile delta runner'. It was unusually slender for a theropod of it's size, which leads to an often interpreted that it was a swift runner. *Deltadromeus* has no known crania, with a single fossil specimen described from the the Kem Kem Beds, which date to the mid-Cretaceous Period, about 95 million years ago. It was once thought to be synonymous with *Bahariasaurus*. SGM-Din2, a partial skeleton 8 meters (26 feet) long, is the holotype. It is little over a ton heavy.

## Classification

*Deltadromeus* is either categorized as a ceratosaur, or as within Avetheropoda. A South American theropod known as *Gualicho shinyae* was found to possess many similarities with *Deltadromeus*. Depending on the phylogenetic position of *Gualicho*, *Deltadromeus* may have been a neovenatorid carnosaur, a tyrannosauroid, or a basal coelurosaur if its close relation to *Gualicho* is legitimate. Other studies have considered it a ceratosaurian, more specifically a member of the family Noasauridae. A 2022 study suggests that it and *Gualicho* clade together to represent a group of basal ornithomimosaurs.

## Paleobiology

*Deltadromeus* was contemporaneous with *Carcharodontosaurus*, *Spinosaurus*, *Bahariasaurus*, abelisaurids, crocodylimorphs and pterosaurs. Though theropod teeth labelled as "*Deltadromeus*" are sold in rock shops, this assignment is dubious at best since there is no way to test their identity. *Deltadromeus* had lived through a highly volatile and hostile habitat. The Northern Africa had so many large and potentially dangerous predators, it is often depicted as 'the most dangerous place on Earth'.

## Notable Specimens

* FCDR01-4: Fossil *Deltadromeus* teeth from the Kem Kem.

## Gallery

**Credit: Joschua Knüppe.**FCDR01.FCDR02.FCDR03.FCDR04.

## References

1. ↑ https://eurekamag.com/research/009/226/009226569.php
2. ↑ https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/dino-directory/deltadromeus.html
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/DinoappendixSummer2008.pdf
4. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304013683\_NEW\_THEROPOD\_FAUNA\_FROM\_THE\_UPPER\_CRETACEOUS\_HUINCUL\_FORMATION\_OF\_NORTHWESTERN\_PATAGONIA\_ARGENTINA
5. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943716/
6. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30849426\_A\_New\_Abelisaurid\_Dinosauria\_Theropoda\_from\_the\_Lameta\_Formation\_Cretaceous\_Maastrichtian\_of\_India
7. ↑ https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(16)31269-6.pdf
8. ↑ https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/178/3/546/2667468
9. ↑ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/47517/
10. ↑ https://twitter.com/JamaleIjouiher/status/1544420813004328961/photo/1
11. ↑ https://medium.com/predict/scientists-reveal-the-most-dangerous-place-in-earths-history-562b88cb6681
12. ↑ http://www.educationalfossils.com/edfossils/fossil-collections-dinosaur.htm
El Carricito Nodosaurid

Credit: Digital Assets Department. General Directorate of Computing and Information and Communication Technologies - UNAM.

## Statistics

### Diet

Herbivorous

The El Carricito Nodosaurid is an unnamed genus of nodosaurid Ankylosaur that lived in Mexico during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

The El Carricito Nodosaurid resembles the Nodosaurid genus *Edmontonia* from the Northern United States and Canada, but it differs in the morphology of the shoulder spike, being broader than *Edmontonia* and pointed in a different direction than the taxon.

## Phylogyny

This Cladogram was modified from Thompson et. al. (2011):

## References

* http://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.16/num11/art86/art86.pdf
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontonia#/media/File:Edmontonia\_Scale.svg
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontonia
Dearcmhara

*Dearcmhara* is an extinct genus of ichthyosaur that lived in Scotland during the Middle Jurassic.

## Description

The holotype was found very damaged, and only had 4 bones preserved in the animals body. Scientists analyzed the bones, concluding that the marine reptile was a new species, and the genus *Dearcmhara* was erected. The animal lived on the island of Skye, Scotland, in a shallow sea. The holotype made up the back, tail and fins. The fin possess a triangular projection, and a deep depression were muscles and ligaments likely attached in life.
Capinatator

Credit: Marianne Collins.

*Capinatator* is an extinct genus of arrow worm that lived during the Middle Cambrian in Canada.

## Description

*Capinatator* is a flat worm, with a round head containing about 50 teeth for grasping prey for consumption. Each tooth is roughly 1 centimeter long. *Capinatator* represents a stage before arrow worms became planktonic predators.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capinatator
Zavera Drazo

## Zavera

***Servadi Zavera té Drazo*** est la cheffe de la milice secrète de la Gitabrie, ainsi qu'une Argosi nommée le Chemin du Chêne et de l'Acier.

## Physique

Servadi Zavera ressemble quelque peu à Furia Perfax, mais a des longs cheveux bouclés noirs qui la descendent jusqu'aux épaules. Elle arbore un regard sévère, résultant en des rides prématurés.

## Personnalité

Zavera se montre comme une personne déterminée et opiniâtre par rapport au fait que les Argosi devraient se ranger sur un côté à la place d'arpenter le monde en quête de paix. Elle peut aussi se montrer très cruelle, surtout à l'égard de Furia et de Kelen.

## Histoire

Servadi Zavera est premièrement apparue quand Kelen se réveilla ligoté en prison, juste après avoir sauvé Janucha Ghassan de sa fille, Cressia.

Zavera est convaincue que Kelen est un espion Jan'Tep, et lui demande de lui révéler ce qu'il sait sur Furia et les Argosi. Elle est sur le point de le menacer sérieusement quand heureusement, Janucha entre et la demande de partir.

Plus tard, elle et sa troupe surprend Kelen et Furia dans la montagne et sait qu'ils ont découvert l'existence des dragons mécaniques. Elle assène des coups à Furia et Kelen tente de la distraire avec son *arta valar* et *arta loquit*. Kelen découvre ensuite, grâce à son *arta precis*, que Zavera est une Argosi.

Peu après, Enna apparaît pour sauver sa fille et met Zavera hors d'état de nuire.
Eiggosaurus

"Eiggosaurus" is an unnamed genus of stegosaur that lived in Scotland during the Middle Jurassic.

## History

The animals leg bone was found in a block of stone found on a beach in Scotland by Dr. Elsa Panciroli when she was struggling to rejoin her research crew. The stone was mined by Dugie Ross, with his diamond-tipped saw and chisels. Scientist Dan Goldberg was enlisted to help transport the fragile femur, and was prepared by Nigel Larkin back at the lab. Susie Maidment helped identify the fossil as a stegosaurid, and Dr. Femke Holwerda helped compare the fossil to other dinosaurs of the time.

## Description

The specimen was published, labelled as NMS G.2020.10.1, determined to be stegosaurian based on anatomical comparison and osteohistological data (specifically, the cross-sectional geometry). In the bone microstructure is a high amount of remodeling and longitudinal canals (left from the primary cortical bone) distributed throughout. This opposes sauropods and theropods, but is consistent with thyreophorans and stegosaurs. The bone was identified as stegosaur, but no diagnostic features are present, which makes referring the fossil to any genera impossible.

The name "Eiggosaurus" was coined by press, meaning "Isle of Eigg lizard", where the specimen was discovered. The name is not formal, and will likely be published under a new name.

## Paleoecology

Known from local localities are *Loricatosaurus*, *Sarcolestes*, *Megalosaurus* and *Cetiosaurus*, with several indeterminate stegosaurs. "Eiggosaurus" presents insight into dinosaur distribution of the Middle Jurassic, Scotland.

## References

* https://twitter.com/SteveBrusatte/status/1298639223017398275
* https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/first-dinosaur-from-the-isle-of-eigg-valtos-sandstone-formation-middle-jurassic-scotland/E693241375EDAE51AE47243C4548AF53
* https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20200827/281539408339472
Diceratus

Diceratops. Credit: Nobu Tamura.

*"Diceratus"* is a dubious genus of Ceratopsian that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## Classification

In 2007, the name (now dubious) "*Diceratops*" was named by Andrey Sergeevich Ukrainsky. Unknown of the previous naming; Octávio Mateus erected *Diceratus*. Once "*Diceratops*" was made a synonym with "*Nedoceratops*", *"Diceratus"* became a synonym itself.

## Description

*"Diceratus"* is identical to "*Nedoceratops*": Lacking a nasal horn, with two upturned brow horns and a short frill.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedoceratops#History\_of\_discovery
* https://iknowdino.com/tag/diceratus/
Cloverly Ornithomimid

The Cloverly Ornithomimid is an undescribed genus of Ornithomimid Ornithomimosaur that lived in Montana and Wyoming during the Early Creatceous.

## History

In 1970, John Ostrom referred ornithomimid foot bones from the Cloverly formation to the species *Ornithomimus velox*. However, these remains are dated to the Early Cretaceous, about 115 million years ago, while *Ornithomimus* lived at the end of the Cretaceous, 66 million years ago. *The Dinosauria* lists these remains as indeterminate Ornithomimids. In 2001, Jack Horner wrote in his book *Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky* that these represented an undescribed genus of Ornithomimid. The Cloverly Ornithomimid is the oldest known Ornithomimid.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 *Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky* by Jack Horner, 2001
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 *The Dinosauria* by David Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmolksa. 2004
3. ↑ Ostrom, J. H. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum Bulletin 35:1-234
4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverly\_Formation
5. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimus
6. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimidae
Cretothereva

*Cretothereva* is an extinct genus of stiletto fly that lived in Brazil during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*C. antiqua* is known from the Crato Formation. It is the oldest known therevoid. The authors were unable to assign *Cretothereva* a subfamily, but note it probably represents a stem therevid lineage. This discovery places the origins of stiletto flies in South America, rather than North America.

## References

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121002871
Bugin Tsav Ornithomimid

Specimen originally labelled as Gallimimus in a caption.

The Bugin Tsav Ornithomimid is an unnamed genus of Ornithomimosaur that lived in Mongolia during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

The taxon is known from IGM 100/133 and IGM 100/134. IGM 100/33 is known from a skull and mandible, cervical, two proximal caudal, and fifteen distal caudal vertebrae, a mid caudal centrum, a sacrum, a scapula, a partial coracoid, one partial and one complete humeri, radii, an ulna, pubes, a partial illium, an ischium, femora, tibiae, fibula, astragalus, calcanea, and most of the feet and hands. IGM 100/134 is known from 2 sacral, and eight proximal caudal vertebrae, twelve chevrons, posterior ilium, pubes, distal ischium, femora, tibiae, fibulae, astragalai, calcanea, and parts of the hands and feet. Both taxa were originally identified as *Gallimimus*, but the manual unguals are more slender, narrow and less recurved than *Gallimimus*, and narrower unguals and shorter metacarpal I than *Anserimimus*.

## References

* https://theropoddatabase.com/Ornithomimosauria.htm#Ornithomiminae
* https://mongolia-guide.com/place/bugiin-tsav
Dinehichnus

*Dinehichnus* is an extinct ichnogenus of Dryosaurid Dinosaur that lived in Utah during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

Trackways are known from Saltwash Member outcrops of Boundary Butte, south Utah. *Dinehichnus* prints most often move parallel in groups. This insinuates *Dinehichnus* trackmakers were social. The prints preserve inward-oriented feet with splayed toes and heel marks.

## References

1. ↑ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=68659
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinehichnus