Ligne 225 KV - (Marmagne-Chaingy)

### Nombre de pylônes:

415 pylônes :364 pylônes à cadre + 3 chats + 1 chat à double ternes + 2 nappes + 2 portiques + 41 pylônes à 6 triangles + 2 pylônes à 3 triangles + 2 pylônes à 2 triangles

## Détails:

### Date de création:

1927 : section de Chaingy à ReuillyEntre 1950 et 1959 : de Reuilly à Marmagne

## Présentation :

La ligne Marmagne-Chaingy est une ancienne ligne à très haute tension qui reliait l'agglomération d'Orléans au poste d'interconnexion de Marmagne près de Bourges. Elle faisait partie de la première liaison à 220 KV réalisée en France mais a quasiment disparu aujourd'hui.

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## Historique :

Cette ligne faisait partie du vaste programme mis en place par la Compagnie de chemin de fer du Paris-Orléans (PO) pour l'électrification de ses grandes lignes, qui devait lui permettre de faire des économies appréciables sur le charbon. Elle trouve son origine lors de la construction du barrage d'Eguzon sur la Creuse, qui à son inauguration le 5 Juin 1926 était alors le plus puissant d'Europe.

Le PO réalisa dès 1926 une première interconnexion entre Paris et l'usine d'Eguzon avec l'achèvement des deux lignes à 90 KV qui alimentaient la voie ferrée Paris-Toulouse (électrifiée à ce stade de Paris à Vierzon seulement ). Grâces aux accords passés avec la société parisienne UDE (Union D'Electricité), la compagnie ferroviaire décida de passer à l'étape supérieure en créant en parallèle une liaison de transport d'énergie à haute capacité partant de la centrale hydraulique et débouchant au poste de Chevilly près de la capitale. Le premier tronçon de cet axe fut la ligne Chaingy-Eguzon, construit avec des pylônes à cadre et des câbles de section 200mm². Elle fut mise en service en 1927 et exploitée d'abord sous une tension de 150 KV.

L'UDE décida en 1929 de construire la ligne Chaingy-Chevilly avec des pylônes à 3 triangles et la même section de 200mm². Mais en prévision des exportations des futures centrales du Massif central, celle-ci fut réalisée en technique 220 KV. Elle entra en service en 1932 et c'est fort logiquement que l'on éleva la tension de la ligne Eguzon-Chaingy au même seuil. Ainsi naissait la toute première liaison française à 220 000 volts.

La ligne est interrompue au niveau de Reuilly au cours des années 1950 pour être déroutée vers le poste de Marmagne. Celui-ci était desservi initialement par la double liaison 225 KV Chevilly-Le Breuil (barrage de l'Aigle) et se développe alors avec d'autres grandes lignes partant vers Bayet, Eguzon et Arnage (Le Mans). Pour réaliser ce raccord; une section de 20 km est construite avec des pylônes à 6 triangles et la tension passe probablement à 225 KV à cette époque.

La ligne n'évoluera plus jusqu'à la fin du XXe siècle mais deviendra ensuite obsolète suite au développement du réseau 400 KV chargé d'évacuer la production des centrales nucléaires de la région. La totalité des pylônes à cadres est déposée en 2000 de Reuilly à Chaingy et le circuit porté par la section à 6 triangles est mis hors tension (le deuxième circuit est toujours utilisé pour la ligne Marmagne-Mousseaux).

## Description du tracé :

La ligne d'origine avait un tracé suivant une direction Nord-Sud tandis que le tronçon pour la dérouter vers Marmagne était orienté Est-Ouest. Elle évoluait en grande partie dans la forêt de Sologne.

* Elle partait du poste de Chaingy, près d'Orléans, et se dirigeait vers le Sud-Ouest avant d'atteindre la Loire. Elle franchissait le fleuve à l'aide de 2 pylônes à 2 triangles puis tournait vers le Sud-Est.
* Elle passait par Mareau-aux-Près puis Mézières-lez-Cléry avant de pénétrer dans la forêt de Sologne. Elle suivait un tracé quasiment rectiligne jusqu'à l'A71.
* Elle croisait l'autoroute une première fois près de La Ferté-Saint-Aubin puis la longeait sur plusieurs kilomètres avant de bifurquer vers le Sud pour la traverser à nouveau vers Lamotte-Beuvron.
* La ligne franchissait ensuite le Beuvron puis tournait légèrement vers le Sud-Est au niveau de la D923. Elle cheminait ensuite à travers les étangs autour de Saint-Viâtre.
* Elle croisait la D724 et la ligne de chemin de fer du Blanc-Argent au Sud-Ouest de Salbris puis longeait brièvement la D60.
* Arrivée au niveau de Vierzon, elle croisait la D9076 et quittait enfin la forêt de Sologne. Elle franchissait ensuite le Cher puis parcourait une dizaine de kilomètres avant de tourner à angle droit près de Reuilly. A partir d'ici, elle était montée sur des pylônes à 6 triangles, couplée avec la ligne Marmagne-Mousseaux.
* La ligne franchissait la voie ferrée Paris-Toulouse et l'Arnon au Nord de Reuilly et traversait alors la plaine du Berry en suivant un tracé rectiligne jusqu'à Marmagne. Elle tournait ensuite à 90 degré pour entrer dans le poste par le Nord.

## Note :

Le PO s'est vraisemblablement inspiré de la STEC (Société de Transport d'Energie du Centre) ou de la société *Energie Electrique de la Basse Isère* pour le design des pylônes de sa première grande ligne d'interconnexion. En effet, seules ces deux société d'électricité ont utilisé le pylône à cadre à l'époque, pour construire un réseau à 120/150 KV qui se déployait dans l'actuelle région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. La ligne Chaingy-Eguzon semble être la seule de ce type réalisée par une autre compagnie.