recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Kamateros

**Kamateros** (Καματηρός) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople which achieved the peak of its power during the Angelos dynasty. Several members of the family were scholars and literary patrons, and others enjoyed successful ecclesiastical careers. The feminine form of the name is **Kamatera**.

## History

The Kamateroi have been a family dedicated to the civil service since their inception. The earliest attested member is Petronas Kamateros, who lived in the first half of the ninth century and was the governor of the Crimea. Throughout the next centuries, the family produced several notable civil functionaries and reached their apogee in the late twelfth century. John Kamateros was Manuel Komnenos' Logothete of the Course. Andronikos Kamateros served as Eparch of Constantinople, and his son Basil was Isaac II's Logothete of the Course. Indeed, Andronikos' daughter Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera was married to Emperor Alexios III Angelos, and she is a common ancestress of the Laskarids through her second daughter Anna.

That illustrious recent past, which includes two Ecumenical Patriarchs (Basil II and John X), has made the Kamateroi one of the most influential and powerful of the civilian families of Constantinople. Whereas Theodore II has the Mouzalones and John III had Demetrios Tornikes, Isaac II and Alexios III had placed their faith in the Kamateroi
Electorate of Cologne

### Expected Successor

Otto of Wassenburg (Dutch faction), Henry Premyslid (Premyslid faction), Pierre de Rivière (Luxembourg faction)

### Succession

Election by the Cathedral Chapter of Cologne or appointment by the Pope

## Other Information

### Economy

Ravaged

The **Electorate of Cologne** (German: *Kurfüstentum Köln* or *Kurköln*), also known as the **Archbishopric of Cologne**, is an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, whose ruler also holds an electoral vote.
Choumnos

**Choumnos** (Χοῦμνος) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The family has been linked to the imperial bureaucracy since the 11th century, and Nikephoros Choumnos served Romanos VI Melissenos and his son and successor Theodore III Laskaris as Grand Logothete.

The feminine form of the name is **Choumna**.
Nestongos

The **Nestongos** family (Greek: Νεστόγγος) is one of the major Byzantine aristocratic families. They are often identified with the landed military aristocracy, being important landowners in Thrace and Bulgaria and seeing its members prominently serve as high ranking officials under the Western army. The feminine form of the name is **Nestongina**, and its plural form is **Nestongoi**.

The family achieved prominence under the patronage of Theodore II Laskaris. Unlike most of his New Men, the Nestongoi were already aristocrats by the time of Theodore II's rise to the purple, cousins to his father John III. However, they had fallen into disgrace when a conspiracy against the Emperor was discovered and put down. Nevertheless, the Nestongoi faithfully served Theodore in the civil war and later, and were rewarded accordingly by the restoration of their previous dignity. General George Nestongos, later Domestic of the West, was part of Theodore II's inner circle and received the hand of the emperor's cousin Maria Angelina Vatatzaina in marriage.
List of Egyptian and Ligurian monarchs

This is a list of **Egyptian** and **Ligurian monarchs**.

The Kingdom of Egypt was established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade as a Crusader state. Once they were evicted from Egypt, Boniface II relocated to Italy as the Duke of Montferrat. His descendants eventually conquered Genoa and styled themselves as the Dukes of Genoa and Kings of Liguria, also sporadically claiming the Crown of Sardinia.

## List of monarchs

### **House of Aleramici**

 **Maurice I**
*The Tempest*
 **Boniface II** | 1242–1252
 **Maurice II** | 1252–1283
 **Boniface III** | 1283–
(incumbent)
Baibars

الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري‎

**al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari** (Arabic: الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري‎, *al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī*) (1223/1228 –1287), of Turkic Kipchak origin, commonly known as **Baibars** (Arabic: بيبرس‎, *Baybars*) – nicknamed **Abu al-Futuh** (أبو الفتوح; English: *Father of Conquest*, referring to his victories) — was the fourth sultan of Egypt in the Mamluk Bahri dynasty.

He is best known for his part in reversing the string of territorial losses suffered by the Mamluks within the Middle East at the hands of the Crusaders, the Romans and the Mongol Khans.

Born in Cumania, in the Modern day region of the Ukraine and Caucuses, as a child Baibars was sold into slavery, one of many thousands transported southwards in that lucrative trade. There he was purchased by the Egyptians to be trained, first as a bodyguard and later as a battlefield commander of the Mamluks. It was due to his successes on the battlefield that he gained the favor of the Vice-Sultan **Saif ad-Din Qutuz,** whom he aided in palace intrigues, first to seize power from the Sultan, then from his patron less than a year later.

Commanding a realm that was surrounded on all sides by enemies, Baibars became known for quick, decisive and ultimately brutal action, crushing any threats to his rule. It can be attributed to his son and successors easy transition to power was due to this efficient and final removal of his enemies, taking the Mamluk Sultanate from a kingdom scarred from its repulsion of the crusader states established during the fourth crusade facing challenges to its independence from the ever ambitious Crusader States of the Holy Land, to a regional powerhouse capable of challenging the Mongol Hordes and retaking lost territories.
Margarites

The **Margarites** (Greek: Μαργαρίτης) family is one of the major Byzantine aristocratic families and is regarded as one of Theodore II Laskaris's New Men. The feminine form of the name is **Margaritissa**.

The family's founder was Constantine Margarites, a simple scout native to the theme of Neokastra who rose to become a senior military officer and general through Theodore II's patronage. After the Great Bulgar War, the family acquired large estates in Bulgaria and remains to this day an important aristocratic family in the Western army.
Stephen Arpados

**Stephen Arpados** (Greek: Στέφανος Αρπαδοσ, *Stephanos Arpados*; Hungarian: *István Árpád*; born c. 1272) is a Byzantine general and provincial military governor (*Doux*), as well as the head of the Arpados family and the most senior male claimant to the inheritance of the Árpád dynasty of Hungary.

## Biography

Stephen is the son of Emeric Árpad, *protosebastos*, and his wife Eugenia Kantakouzene Palaiologina. Through his father, he is the grandson and male line heir of King Emeric of Hungary and Maria Laskarina, who was emperor Theodore II Laskaris' aunt, making Stephen a cousin of the ruling Laskarid dynasty. Through his mother, Stephen is related to the powerful Kantakouzenos and Palaiologos families, as well as being a nephew of George Mouzalon. Through his sister Maria Kantakouzene Arpadina, Queen of Hungary, Stephen is brother-in-law to King Wenceslaus II.

Stephen joined military service in his adolescence and quickly rose to the ranks, due to both his family connections and personal competence. He was elevated to the rank of general in the Western army and became one of the rotative military governors of the Byzantine themes, mostly in the European side of the Byzantine Empire. Around 1300, Stephen was *Doux* of Epiros. By 1311, he was *Doux* of Arbanon. During the partition of Serbia, Stephen unilaterally opposed the Nemanjics in his capacity as Doux of Arbanon and consistently provided support and aid to the Serbian rebels and the Venetians. Stephen was later charged with a campaign to extend Byzantine territory to Lake Skandar. The campaign's failure resulted in his removal from office.
Pact of Gaeta

The **Pact of Gaeta** (1290/1291) was a pact concluded between the Holy Roman Emperor Theodoric I and Louis X of France, which brought to an end the dispute surrounding the Sicilian crown. The pact entailed:

**I.** Louis X, King of France, of Burgundy, and Alexander, Duke of Anjou, henceforth recognize Theodoric of Wittelsbach as the King of Sicily, as ordained by Alexander V, Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, et. al., who is suzerain of the aforementioned Kingdom of Sicily.

**II.** Alexander, Duke of Anjou, is invested once-more as King of Sardinia and Corsica; Theodoric, August Emperor of the Romans & King of Sicily pledges to aid Alexander, Duke of Anjou, in his claim to the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica.

**i.** The eldest son of Alexander, Duke of Anjou, is promised to Agnes of Wittelsbach, daughter of Theodoric, August Emperor of the Romans & King of Sicily.

**III.** Theodoric, August Emperor of the Romans & King of Sicily pledges aid to Louis X, King of France, of Burgundy, in the upcoming crusade in the form of men and finances.
Peace of Caesarea

The **Peace of Caesarea** (1286) was the peace agreement signed between the Byzantine Empire and the Latin Empire, which put an end to the Great Latin War.

The peace negotiations were held in the aftermath of the Battle of Seleucia. Although Byzantine emperor Skantarios Laskaris had been killed in action, the battle was a decisive Byzantine victory which forced the Latins to retreat from Armenian Cilicia and allowed the Byzantines to occupy that territory, with local noble support. The two delegations met at the Byzantine military port of Caesarea Maritima, which had been under siege by the Latin Empire since the beginning of the war. The Byzantine delegation was led by Nikephoros Choumnos.

The terms enforced by the Byzantines on their opponents led to the annexation of Antioch to the Byzantine Empire, the independence of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia as a Byzantine protectorate and the dissolution of the Latin Emperor, with emperor Bohemond's regalia being surrendered to the Byzantines and taken back to Constantinople. In return, Byzantine ownership of Caesarea Maritima was reduced to a one-mile radius from the city walls.

The Peace of Caesarea has been regarded as an excessively harsh peace agreement, eventually resulting in the collapse of the Crusader states nine years later in the Fall of Tripoli. The unwillingness of the Byzantine emperors to reforge their alliance with the Latins would have far-reaching negative consequences for the Byzantine grand strategy in Syria in the future.

## The terms

The most noble ambassadors of our lord Romanos, faithful to God, Emperor and Autocrat, Equal to the Apostles, Master of the Universe and Lord of Time, and his lord Bohemond Antioches, the most illustrious King of Syria and Jerusalem, gathered under the Lord's auspices and the blessing of the Virgin, hereby declare and announce;

* That Bohemond Antioches renounces all rights and claims to imperial dignity and rank, and surrenders his crowns and jewels to be sent to New Rome, the City of Constantine, home to the Emperors of past and present,
* That the Emperor recognizes his lord Leo of the Hethoum family as his rightful King of Armenia,
* That the Emperor takes direct possession of the city of Antioch and its environs,
* That the Emperor's possessions at Caesarea Maritima are redrawn and redistributed to the benefice of Bohemond Antioches.

Done and signed in the Year of the World 6793, the 1286th year of the Latin calendar, and the first of Emperor Romanos' reign.

## References

https://forums.sufficientvelocity.com/threads/before-the-fall.36591/page-40#post-8392570
Kingdom of Georgia

*Sakartvelos Samepo*

The **Kingdom of Georgia** (Georgian: საქართველოს სამეფო), sometimes known as the **Georgian Empire**, is the foremost Christian monarchy and power in the Caucasus. Emerging circa 1008, the kingdom reached its apogee with the Georgian Golden Age during the rule of Queen Tamar the Great, a time of cultural thriving and flourishing of architecture, painting, poetry and the arts, as well as military expansion and political prominence. The Golden Age came to an end with the Mongol invasions and conquests, and Georgia remains to this day a tributary realm of the Mongols.

## In the Arthurverse

Georgia has been, for the most part a non-entity, in the Arthurverse. Invaded by the Jochid Khanate in 1284 they were forced to send tribute to the Khans in Kiev starting in 1286. In 1294 the heir to the Kingdom of Georgia would be married to a daughter of the Latin Emperor Bohemond II, Isabella, and she would manage to bear him a son. In 1298, Georgia would briefly succeed in conquering Baku only to lose it in a decade during the chaos following the disastrous Battle of Van Lake in 1306, where the Georgian heir was slain. Left with but an infant grandson as his heir the King hovered near death's door but by 1312 he recovered and married Eudoxia Megale Komnena, risking a competing line for the throne to ensure the Bagrationi dynasty survives. Now the kingdom is recovering from Van Lake, dreaming of a renaissance...
Minőségmenedzsment

## Leírás

A minőségmenedzsment legújabb eredményeinek ismeretében és a korszerű szakirodalmi bázisra alapozva a tanulók számára rendszerezett módon foglalja egységes keretbe a minőségirányítás koncepcióját, a hozzá tartozó szabályozás logikáját és a gyakorlatban alkalmazható szempontrendszereket.

Online kérdések és válaszok

Fogalomtár

Ellenőrző kérdések
Electorate of Trier

### Expected Successor

Gerold of Chiny (French faction), Michael of Lorraine (Premyslid faction) or Simon Walramid (Luxembourg faction)

### Succession

Election by the Cathedral Chapter of Trier or appointment by the Pope

## History

### Established

772 (as an autonomous unit)
Between 1189 and 1212 (as an electorate)

## Other Information

### Economy

Ravaged

The **Electorate of Trier** (German: *Kurfürstentum Trier* or *Kurtrier*), also known as the **Archbishopric of Trier** (*Erzbistum Trier*) and by its French name of **Trèves**, is an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, whose ruler holds an electoral title and is able to vote in imperial elections.
List of Roman Augustae and Empresses

This is a list of women who were **Roman** or **Byzantine empresses**, i.e. the wives of Roman Emperors, and **Augustae**, i.e. the most senior ranking women at court.

The Byzantine Empire produced at least three empresses regnant: Irene of Athens, Zoe the Macedonian and Theodora. Sometimes Theodora, consort to Justinian I, and Eudoxia Laskarina, consort to Romanos VI Melissenos, are considered empresses in their own right. There was never an emperor consort, however; upon marriage, the husband assumed the full role and powers of an emperor regnant.

The Byzantine empress (*Basilissa*) and the Byzantine Augusta (*Augousta*) were two distinct titles, which could be held by the same woman. The former was always held by the wife of an emperor in perpetuity. The latter was a given and revokable office, and also a hierarchically superior title as the head lady of the imperial court. *Augustae* were often empresses consorts, but there were notable exceptions. The most recent example was Irene of Bohemia, empress consort to Romanos V Melissenos, who was outranked by the *Augusta* Dowager Empress Theodora Megali Komnena and the otherwise more junior co-empress consort Eudoxia Laskarina, who also held the title of *Augusta*.

This is a list of all Roman and Byzantine empresses and *Augustae* after the point of divergence in the Arthurverse. For a complete list of the previous rulers, Wikipediais recommended.

## List of Empresses

### **Melissenid dynasty**(1285–1312)

*(as Eirene)*
Elisabeth Ludowinger
Theodora Megali Komnena

## List of *Augustae*

### **Melissenid dynasty**(1285–1312)

Romanos VI Melissenos
(incumbent)
Romanos VI Melissenos
Theodore III Laskaris

### **Laskarid dynasty**(1312–)

(incumbent)
Romanos VI Melissenos
Theodore III Laskaris
George Mouzalon

## George MouzalonΓεώργιος Μουζάλων

**George Mouzalon** (Greek: Γεώργιος Μουζάλων, *Geōrgios Mouzalōn*, c. 1222, Adramyttion – 22 February 1281, Constantinople) was a high ranking Byzantine official and general who held the title and office of Grand Domestic from 1249 to 1281 and served as chief minister to Theodore II Laskaris and his successor, John IV.

Of humble origin, Mouzalon was raised as an imperial page at Constantinople, becoming a childhood companion of Theodore II, who preferred his company over the company of noble children. Mouzalon and Theodore II's friendship survived into adulthood and he became the Emperor's right hand man and at the head of his reformist platform. Mouzalon served as Theodore II's as chief minister from 1249 until the end of his life, heading the imperial government when the emperor was away in campaign. He pushed and implemented Theodore II's reformist agenda to restore the Byzantine bureaucracy as an administrative-minded technical body, favoring skilled men of humble origin such as himself rather than members of the entrenched aristocracy who wielded hereditary power. As Theodore II's chief minister, George Mouzalon was the most influential man in the Byzantine Empire for the entire duration of his life.

When Theodore II died in 1278, Mouzalon continued serving his son John IV as Grand Domestic and chief minister, effectively taking the reins of government and ruling in the name of the young and reclusive scholar emperor. Mouzalon opposed the palace coup carried out by Michael Palaiologos in 1281, which overthrew John IV in favor of his younger brother, Skantarios Laskaris. He organized the defense of Blachernae Palace against the Palaiologan mercenaries, refusing to leave John IV's side. Mouzalon's wife, daughters and infant grandsons were able to escape to the Golden Gate in the Theodosian Walls, but Mouzalon and his sons were killed in the fight and John IV taken captive. Historian George Pachymeres records that Mouzalon was betrayed by his fellow government minister and close friend George Akropolites, who reportedly stabbed him in the back. The veracity of the story, however, is disputed.

## Family

By his marriage to Theodora Kantakouzene Palaiologina, a niece of Michael Palaiologos, George Mouzalon was the father of:

* Theodore (1252–1281), who married Theophano Tornikissa and had two children, George and Demetrios. He was killed alongside his father by Michael Palaiologos.
* Eirene (1253–1313), a nun.
* Michael (1256–1281), who was killed alongside his father and brother.
* Antonina (1259–1310), who had been betrothed to John IV. Married Adrianos Philanthropenos, Grand Duke of Cyprus, with whom she had three children.
* Anna (1262–1311), who served as Zoste Patrikia to the *Augusta* Eudoxia Laskarina. She was childless.
Metochites

**Metochites** (Μετοχίτης) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Metochitissa**.

## History

A relatively new family, the Metochitoi have recently emerged in Constantinople, following the Scythian Siege, although their rise is not particularly linked to Theodore II Laskaris's favor (and thus they cannot be classified as his New Men), even though they certainly benefited from the Emperor's anti-aristocratic policies. The family's founder was Theodore Metochites, an archdeacon at the Ecumenical Patriarchate. He had a son, George, and a grandson, Theodore, both of whom served in the ecclesiastical bureaucracy.
Kourkouas

**Kourkouas** (Κουρκούας) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Kourkouaina**.

## History

Of Armenian descent, the Kourkouoi emerged in the tenth century as part of the high-ranking Anatolian military aristocracy, and frequently intermarried with dynatoi such as the Skleroi and the Phokades. After the Battle of Manzikert, they moved to Constantinople and shifted to the civil service, a transformation that was greatly rewarded when one of their own became the Ecumenical Patriarch Michael II in the 1140's. Since then, the family has been a near constant presence in the imperial and ecclesiastical bureaucracies
Hagiotheodorites

**Hagiotheodorites** (Greek: Ἁγιοθεοδωρίτης) was the name of one of the principal Byzantine aristocratic families of the 13th century. They rose to prominence through the patronage of Theodore II Laskaris, being one of his New Men, and were often bound to the civilian and ecclesiastical bureaucracy at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Hagiotheodoritissa**.

## History

The family's origins lie in the early 12th century, under the patronage of the Komnenid Emperors. Since their first appearance, the Hagiotheodoritoi have been civil and religious functionaries in the Byzantine Empire. The brothers Michael and John Hagiotheodorites were important courtiers favored by Manuel I Komnenos and rose to the highest offices, but the family became irrelevant once Manuel I passed away and the Komnenids collapsed five years later.

In the mid thirteenth century John Hagiotheodorites was made emperor Theodore II's Logothete of the Course, at the head of Byzantine post and intelligence and the senior officer in the Bureau of Barbarians. He was married to Euphrosyne, George Mouzalon's sister, and their children enjoyed privileged positions at the imperial court. One of their sons, Theodosios Hagiotheodorites, was an imperial page and died in the defense of his childhood friend John IV Laskaris, during Michael Palaiologos' coup. The family declined in importance thereafter, but are still prominent officials based out of Constantinople.
David VIII of Georgia

**David VIII** (Georgian: დავით VIII, c. 1270), of the Bragationi dynasty, is the current King of Georgia.

## Life

David VIII was the only child of George V and his wife Maria Megale Komnene, a daughter of Manuel Megas Komnenos, Megadux of Chaldia. He succeeded his father to the Georgian throne upon his death in 1289.

As an ally of Mamluk Sultan Barakah, David VIII was involved in a war against the Purple Horde in 1304 and 1305, when he ordered an invasion. The campaign, however, ended in catastrophic failure, with the heavy defeat inflicted upon the Georgians at the Battle of Van Lake. Among Georgian casualties was Crown Prince David, David VIII's only son and heir. His death left Georgia vulnerable to a succession crisis.

In 1307, while David VIII's health was debilitated and he was confined to bed, the Kurdish population of Baku rose in rebellion and declared themselves the Emirate of Baku, taking advantage of the King's deteriorated condition and the Georgian defeat at the Battle of Van Lake.

Following the deaths of his son in 1305 and his wife in 1311, David VIII re-married to his maternal cousin Eudoxia Megale Komnene, a daughter of the new Megadux of Chaldia.

## Family

By his first wife Olath Borjigin (1268 –1311), of the Toluid dynasty, David VIII had one son:

1. David, Crown Prince of Georgia (1287 –1305), who died at the Battle of Van Lake. He married Isabella de Poitiers, a daughter of Bohemond II of Syria, and had two children by her: Isabella (b. 1300) and David (b. 1304), Prince of Tiflis.

By his second wife Eudoxia Megale Komnene (b. 1296), David VIII has had one child:

1. Eudoxia (b. 1313).
Ali Abd Amal

## Amalالحامد علي عبد الامل

**al-Hamid Ali Abd** **Amal**(born 1280, Cairo), also known as **the Teacher** or **the Scholar**, is the current Sultan of Egypt and Syria, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, Amir of al-Iskandariyyah, Ibn Abu al-Futuh, Muad'Dib. He succeeded to the sultanate in 1312, after his father, Barakah, fell ill and died from a stroke whilst concluding the most recent conflict with his northern Byzantine neighbors.

Though not as martially inclined as his predecessors, as a prince Amal was deeply involved in his father's administrative reforms, purging the taxation system of its inefficiencies and corruption before it became too established, sponsoring expeditions along the eastern coastline of Africa and refounding of the House of Wisdom, rebuilding the structure which had once been burnt to ashes by the Mongol Invasions.

Domestically, his early reign was noted for the establishment of several official provinces or Emirites, each ruled by a directly appointed regional governor who in turn answered to the Sultan, whilst strengthening the centralized power of the Sultan's Egyptian heartlands through the growing palace bureaucracy and the marriage of himself to Nabilia bint Al-Hakim, the daughter of the Caliph, to whom he had take his eldest son and heir Ammar**,**into his household for education in an apparent move to merge the Bahri Dynastic power with the religious authority of the Caliph.
Stefan II of Serbia

## Stefan Uroš II

**Stefan Uroš II** (Serbian: Стефан Урош II, born c. 1240) was the last king of Serbia, having reigned from 1268 to 1312.

The first years of his long reign were marked by economic prosperity and the rebuilding of Serbia from the previous Mongol incursions and internal dynastic strife. In particular, hemp production flourished in the late 1270's, as Stefan invited Italian merchants and producers to establish hemp plantations in Serbia. By 1278, the royal revenues from hemp became the most important source of income of the Serbian monarchy.

Throughout his reign, Stefan II was a rival to the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople and sought to distance Serbia from Byzantine influence. Early in his life, he had been unsuccessfully promoted as a claimant to the imperial title during the Scythian Wars by his predecessor on the Serbian throne, Stefan I. In the Great Latin War, Stefan II allied himself with the Latin Empire against the Byzantines and invaded Albania, successfully occupying the city of Dyrrachium. Following the Battle of Seleucia, Stefan II was forced to negotiate a peace agreement with the new Byzantine emperor, Romanos V, which saw him vacate his conquests and a return to the *status quo*. In order to protect his independence against both the Byzantines and the Austrian Premyslids, who both had entered an alliance with the marriage of Romanos V to Irene of Bohemia, Stefan II placed Serbia as a tributary state to the Jochid khan in Kiev. He sought an alliance with the Kings of Sicily, in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade the Pope to call a Crusade against the Byzantines.

Towards the end of his reign, when his advanced age kept him from adequate ruling, Serbia was invaded by the |Venetian republic and the Teutonic Order. The war quickly involved the other regional powers in the Balkans, and after Byzantine and Austrian intervention the kingdom was divided into four principalities and the Serbian monarchy was dissolved. Stefan II and his children sought exile at the court of Wenceslaus II, at Vienna.
Treaty of Novara

The **Treaty of Novara** (1280) was an agreement signed between Louis X of France and Ottokar, Duke of Austria, acting in behalf of the Holy Roman Empire, that settled the Burgundian question. The treaty was signed in the Italian city of Novara, next to Milan, which had recently come under Austrian occupation. The agreement was negotiated in the aftermath of the French conquest of Burgundy, which had led to Louis X's coronation as King of Burgundy in 1279.

## The terms

I. King Louis shall be recognised as King of Burgundy, ruling those nobles currently sworn to him.

II. King Louis shall give only non-military support to Henri de Luxembourg.

III. The Free County of Burgundy shall be ceded to Luxembourg, which they shall rule as vassals of the King of Burgundy.

IV. Savoy shall grant Turin and Aosta to the son and daughter of Count Guigues as gratitude for helping him gain his seat. In order to keep these lands, they shall marry members of the Wettin-Wittelsbach faction. Who will be married is to be determined at a future date by the King of Hungary . Savoy will be suitably compensated with lands in France from the King's demesne.

## References

https://forums.sufficientvelocity.com/threads/before-the-fall.36591/page-16#post-8175251
Alexander, Emperor of Bulgaria

## Alexander Asen

Engraving of Alexander as a child in a Byzantine chronicle

**Alexander Asen** (Bulgarian: Александър Асен, *Aleksandǎr Asen*; c. 1238 – 1286, Princes' Isles) was the last ruler of the Second Bulgarian Empire, reigning from 1249 to 1266. His death marked the extinction of the Asen dynasty in the male line.

## Biography

Alexander was born as the illegitimate son of Ivan Asen, eldest son of the Bulgarian emperor Ivan Asen II. Nothing is known of his childhood, although he must have been recognized by his father and accessible to the Bulgarian nobility.

At age 11, Alexander Asen was crowned Emperor of the Bulgarians and Vlachs, after his father, grandfather and cousins had been slain in battle outside of Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor Theodore II Laskaris. Alexander was used as a figurehead by the Bulgarian nobility centered around Tarnovo and the Patriarchate of Bulgaria. While hus regents ruled in his behalf, he presided over a country which has fallen into complete social disarray and a brutal civil war, which would last for all of his reign. Upon coming of age, Alexander proved himself a weak and ineffective ruler, easily swayed by his many counselors and advisers. His response to the Byzantine invasion in the Great Bulgar War was lacking, and he was eventually deposed by his opponents at Tarnovo and delivered to the Byzantines in brown rags.

In Byzantine custody, Alexander Asen was taken to Constantinople in 1268 and paraded on the back of a mule in Theodore II's triumph. At his order Alexander was blinded by a set of mirrors shortly thereafter and sent into monastic exile on Prínkēpos, the largest of the Princes' Islands, where he would remain until his death.

Known for his incompetence and inadequacy at his time, modern historians have often offered Alexander Asen a kinder look as a young man limited in power by his own advisers, and with restricted access to the resources he would have needed to restore Bulgaria to its former self.
List of French monarchs

This is a list of **French monarchs**, i.e. men who have been Kings of France.

The title of "King of the Franks" (*Rex Francorum*) dates back to Clovis I and the Merovingian dynasty in the 5th century. Phillip II Augustus was the first to use the style and title of "King of France" (*Rex Franciae*). The Kings of France have also been Kings of Burgundy (*Rex Burgundiae*) since 1276, when Louis X was granted the Crown of Burgundy by Pope Nicholas III.

In the Arthurverse there have been no Queens regnant of France yet.

For a complete list of French monarchs predating the point of divergence, Wikipedia is recommended.

## List of monarchs

### **Capetian dynasty** (987–)

The Lion
*Le Borgne*
*Fleur de Lys*
Henri Brightflame
(incumbent)
Makrembolites

**Makrembolites** (Μακρεμβολίτης) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The family produced one empress, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, who reigned in the second half of the 11th century.

The feminine form of the name is **Makrembolitissa**.

## History

The family originated from Constantinople in the tenth century, more specifically from the city's Makros Embolos district. They first rose through prominence a hundred years later, when the then family patriarch John Makrembolites was brother-in-law to the Ecumenical Patriarch, Michael I Keroularios. Their most famous member was the Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, wife to both Constantine X Doukas and Romanos IV Diogenes, and sometime regent for the former's children.

Throughout the next centuries, they remained high ranking civilian bureaucrats and functionaries, unaffected by the rise of the Komnenids. In the recent past, the family has produced many a writer.
List of Sicilian monarchs

This is the list of **Sicilian monarchs**.

The Kingdom of Sicily was officially established in 1130 with the merging of the counties of Apulia and Sicily under the Hauteville dynasty, headed by Roger II. The Hohenstaufens succeeded the Hautevilles and brought the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire. The Sicilian Crown was ultimately divided in two, with continental Italy becoming the Kingdom of Naples under the Wittelsbach dynasty. The Hohenstaufens were toppled in 1306 and replaced by the House of Châtillon.

For a complete list of monarchs predating the Arthurverse point of divergence, Wikipedia is recommended.
Philanthropenos

The **Philanthropenos** (Greek: Φιλανθρωπηνός) family is one of the major Byzantine aristocratic families. They hold the island theme of Cyprus as hereditary governors and are a notable family among the ranks of the Byzantine navy. The feminine form of the name is **Philanthropene**.

## History

The family was established in the mid thirteenth century by Byzantine admiral Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos. He was a scion of the great Doukas family, but came from an impoverished branch. His family name derives from the monastery of Christ Philanthropos in Constantinople, next to which they made their home. As a Doukid cadet, the family is sometimes referred to as **Doukas Philanthropenos**.

The family rose to prominence through the favor of emperor Theodore II Laskaris and is therefore considered part of his New Men, in spite of their illustrious lineage. Their founder, Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos, served as a naval officer under Theodore II since before he ascended to the throne, having won his favor in his early Greek campaign during the Siege of Athens. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy, an office he occupied until his death. Following the capture of northern Cyprus, emperor Romanos V Melissenos awarded him and his lineage with rulership of the island as Grand Dukes (*megas doux*).

Alexios' grandson and namesake Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos married the purple-born princess Theodora Melissene Laskarina, daughter of Romanos VI Melissenos and Eudoxia Laskarina. Their marriage was motivated by Romanos VI's extensive naval expansion and renovation program, whose effectiveness was linked to Philanthropenos influence in the navy.
Taronites

**Taronites** (Ταρωνίτης) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Taronitissa**.

## History

The family was once the dynasty presiding over the Principality of Taron in Armenia, which was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire when the brothers Gregory and Bagrat ceded their sovereignty to the Emperor, in exchange for acceptance into his service and protection in 968. Children of the house ranked high as senior military officers and commanders throughout the eleventh century, but the family migrated to the civil service at Constantinople in the Komnenid era. Michael Taronites' marriage to Alexios I's sister showered favor upon the family, which rose to become one of the Constantinople's wealthiest and most influential.

Their power was called into action in the aftermath of Andronikos II Palaiologos' usurpation of the throne. The family patriarch Gregory Taronites was brother-in-law of Alexios Angelos, a son of Emperor Alexios IV and claimant to the purple. When Alexios marched to Constantinople and was defeated in single combat by Michael Palaiologos, Andronikos II's son, peace was made between the two rival factions and Gregory's daughters were given in marriage to Michael and his brother John Palaiologos. As a result, when Theodore II Laskaris retook Constantinople and became the sole Emperor, the Taronitoi were perhaps the house that suffered the most under his new order.
Church of Christ Pantognostis

The **Church of Christ All-Knowing** (Greek: Χριστός Παντογνώστης, *Christós Pantognóstis*) is an Orthodox Christian imperial basilica in the Blachernae district of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, and the epitome of the Laskarid renaissance and 13th and 14th century Byzantine architecture revival.

The church was first built between 1269 and 1277 at the command of Byzantine emperor Theodore II Laskaris to commemorate Byzantine victories over the Mongols, Crusaders and Bulgarians, and to celebrate knowledge and learning, which the emperor deemed to be the most important and incorruptible aspects of the Christian soul and eternity in the temporal plane.

The Church of Christ All-Knowing was modelled after the patriarchal basilica of Hagia Sophia, as many other churches of Constantinople. Following earthquakes in 1323, 1331 and 1346, the church suffered significant structural damage and part of its imponent dome finally collapsed in the deleterious 1354 earthquake, which also destroyed the town of Kallipolis and caused damage to other buildings and the walls at Constantinople. The basilica was extensively renovated and enlarged in the years following the Kallipolis earthquake. It is the third largest church of Constantinople, after the Hagia Sophia and the Church of the Holy Apostles.

A monastery and nunnery dedicated to Christ All-Knowing were also established by Theodore II Laskaris in a religious complex next to the basilica, which was the site of the secretive meeting between the monk John-Eusebios and the empress Eudoxia Laskarina during the Constantinople bread riots in 1312.

## Burials

The Laskarid imperial mausoleum is part of the basilica complex, as desired by emperor Theodore II. All Laskarid rulers and consorts are buried there. A separate mausoleum was constructed in the reign of Romanos V Melissenos to serve as the Melissenid imperial mausoleum. A number of Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople and relevant generals and statesmen are also buried in the basilica complex.
1243

Year **1243** (**MCCXLIII**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. It corresponded to the Byzantine years of 6751-6752 and the Islamic years of 640-641.

## Events

### Europe

##### Holy Roman Empire

* Otto VI, King of the Germans, and Wenceslaus I of Bohemia are placed under imperial ban by the Wittelsbach faction.
* Pope Innocent IV declares his support of Otto of Bavaria, resulting in the surrender of the Duchy of Saxony and several other princedoms.
* The War of the Three Ottos comes to an end with the surrender of the Welf faction. Otto VI is confirmed as Duke of Brunswick, but is forced to cede the Duchy of Pommerania to Christopher I of Denmark as an imperial vassal.

##### France

* The Anglo-French war resumes following the defeat of the Pale Rebellion. Henry III of England crosses into Brittany and lifts the siege of Rennes.
* The Battle of Loval takes place, resulting in a decisive English defeat.

##### Iberia

* Martin I is formally crowned King of Leon.
* War breaks out between the Kingdom of Castille and the Kingdom of Aragon over Valencia. The first battle is fought next to Torreblanca.

##### Byzantium

* A betrothal is concluded between Theodore Doukas Laskaris, eldest son of John III Doukas Vatatzes, and the Hungarian princess Isabella, daughter of Béla IV.

### Northern Africa

* Uthman, Sultan of Morocco, takes the city of Constantine with little opposition.
* The Battle of Sousse takes place, resulting in a pyrrhic victory for the Crusader forces led by Frederick I of Sicily against the Marinids.
* Uthman and Muhammad, Emir of Tripolis, announce an alliance.

## Deaths

* Margaret, Queen of France, in childbirth.
Kingdom of Lithuania

The **Kingdom of Lithuania** (Lithuanian: *Lietuvos Karalystė*) was formally established with the conversion of Lithuanian ruler Mindaugas I from paganism to Orthodox Christianity, come to the fore due to his alliance with Alexander Nevsky against the Livonian Order in the Northern Crusade, although it is recorded he claimed kingship before his baptism. Mindaugas went on to successfully establish a long lasting Christian and Lithuanian monarchy, which is one of the premier powers in the Baltic.

## In the Arthurverse

The Kingdom of Lithuania has played a very peripheral role throughout much of the Arthurverse. Its involvement begins in the year 1242 when then Grand Duke Mindaugas split Eastern Prussia between Lithuania in order to bring peace to the region. He then proceeded to break this peace in 1249 by mounting a full invasion of Livonia (modern day Latvia). This started the Northern Crusade which featured Lithuania's long conflict with the Livonian Order. This conflict would be a prolonged stalemate for its first six years as the Lithuanians and Livonians fought together and various opportunistic tribes that rose us against both of them. Then Alexander Nevsky led a invasion of Livonia in 1255 and the balance of power was changed forever. In 1256 Mindaugas was baptized as an Orthodox Christian and the two powers fought together against the Livonians until a peace treaty was signed later that year, ceding Dorpat and the surrounding lands to Novgorod. The only lasting impact of the Crusade on Lithuania would be its commitment to Russian Orthodoxy.

Lithuania would continue to be mostly irrelevant until the start of the 14th century with the reign of King Vaidevutis and the Second Polish Civil War. In the year 1302 they struck bargains with two of the main parties in Poland's Civil War: King Boleslaw VII (later to be known as The Heretic for his conversion to Orthodoxy and his alliance with Volyn) and King Casimir III (later to be known as the Tyrant for his brutal acts towards his foes and his supporters). While Casimir tried to betray the Lithuanian at the Battle at the Battle of the Three Armies, King Vaidevutis was able to withdraw his men in good order and later repel Casimir's men to take Prussia. Later, he would attempt to invade Masovia to further his war with Casimir but he was forced to withdraw by the supporters of Boleslaw VII. He would then attempt to gain land to north by "joining" Prince Mstislav VII in his effort to subdue Pskov but he was forced to back down. Future campaigns into Poland would prove futile and so the King has reluctantly decided to focus on internal affairs in the wake of a famine and a pagan resurgence.
List of Lithuanian monarchs

The **Lithuanian monarchy** was formally established with the conversion of Mindaugas I from paganism to Orthodox Christianity in 1256, although he had already laid out claims to kingship beforehand. His successful rule united several Lithuanian dukes under his command and formed the Kingdom of Lithuania.
Chadenos

**Chadenos** (Χαδηνὸς) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Chadena**.

The family has been in the civil service for the better part of a century and have found favor under John III Doukas Vatatzes and his son, Theodore II Laskaris, who employed Constantine Chadenos as General Logothete. The Chadenoi also have a presence in the ecclesiastical service.
Gabalas

**Gabalas** (Γαβαλάς) or **Gavalas** is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Gabalaina**.

## History

An old family, the Gabalades firstly rose to prominence when Anna Gabalaina married Emperor Romanos I's son and co-ruler Stephen Lekapenos. Although they diminished in importance thereafter (as Romanos I failed to consolidate his lineage and the Macedonians returned to the purple), they remained an important Byzantine family nevertheless, both in the imperial and the ecclesiastical bureaucracies.
List of Serbian monarchs

This is a list of **Serbian monarchs**, i.e. the men who were King of Serbia.

The Serbian monarchy was extinguished in 1312, as central authority collapsed and the kingdom balkanized in several successor states, and was partially occupied by the Most Serene Republic of Venice, the Byzantine Empire and Austria-Hungary.

For a list of Serbian monarchs predating the Arthurverse point of divergence, Wikipedia is recommended.
Tornikes

**Tornikes** (Greek: Τορνίκιος, *Tornikios*) is the name of a Byzantine Empire aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Tornikissa**.

## History

The family's origins lie in the Caucasus, although it is unknown whether Georgian and Armenian blood flows in their veins. The original Tornikioi came to Constantinople in the tenth century, and they claim that St. John Tornikes, a monk of Mount Athos, was one of its early members. The family first rose to prominence under Alexios III Angelos, who had Demetrios Tornikes appointed as the Logothete of the Course and his son Constantine the Eparch of Constantinople, and later his father's successor to his office. However, it would be Constantine's own son, Demetrios Tornikes, who would truly shine in service of John III Doukas Vatatzes, who had him named as his chief minister, effectively the head of the imperial bureaucracy.

The family declined in influence after Theodore II Laskaris came to the throne, but retained their importance. Demetrios' youngest son Niketas Tornikes served Theodora of Antioch, Queen of Armenia and Syria, as her master of ceremonies.
Battle of Leeds

The **Battle of Leeds** (September 1240) was one of the two main battles in the Pale rebellion. It was a crushing victory for the rebel forces which allowed Richard of Cornwall to resume his march across England and take London later that year.

## The battle

A Plantagenet army numbering some 12,000 men and commanded by the Earl of Derby was laying siege to the rebel town of York when Richard of Cornwall and his brother-in-law and ally Alexander II of Scotland marched with an army of 19,000 men to lift the siege. Derby opted to retreat south in order to link up with Henry III's host, unaware that the king had sailed to Wales. At Leeds, the exhausted and outnumbered loyalists were forced into battle by the rebel forces. It is reported that over a quarter of the loyalist army perished in the field. Once victorious, the rebels faced little opposition elsewhere in England until Henry III left Wales and met them at the Battle of Harefield.
Beatrice of Poland

**Beatrice of Poland** (born 1258), was the only daughter of King Wladyslaw IV of Poland and his wife, Beatrice of Bohemia, the Dowager Holy Roman Empress, often called Beatrice Augusta or Beatrice the Beauty.
In the wake of her father's invasion of the Holy Roman Empire, she married her cousin Rudolf of Hapsburg, Count Palatine of the Rhine and one of the seven Prince-Electors. Disaster overcame them in the form of the Hapsburg-Luxembourg feud, resulting in her husband's capture, her eldest son's death and the seizure of the Hapsburg patrimony by their Luxembourger foes. After several years as a Luxembourg prisoner, she was ransomed by her first cousin Wenceslaus II of Austria-Hungary. The two subsequently married and marched into her native Poland at the head of an army. A pretender presenting himself as her son, Albert of Hapsburg, hurriedly made terms with the invading Premyslids and married her elder step-daughter. Content with having brought Poland's anarchy to an end on favourable terms (which saw him acquired the rich duchy of Opole in Silesia), Wenceslaus renounced his Polish pretensions in favour of his new "son" and returned home. The new King's mother, real or feigned, remained behind to serve as his councillor and, so the Premyslids hoped, favourably-disposed co-regent, taking vows of chastity in order to permit Wenceslaus to contract a prompt remarriage elsewhere.

### Children

* Rudolph of Hapsburg, starved to death, father of Ulrike of Hapsburg, the Electress Palatine.
* Albert of Hapsburg, a ward of her brother in Poland, presumed dead in the civil wars that followed but emerging in the form of the pretender Albert of Hapsburg,
* Matilda of Hapsburg, betrothed first to the Archduke Frederick of Austria, later forced into a nunnery, ransomed by the Premyslids and betrothed secondly to Otto of Spanheim-Kraiburg, Prince of Bohemia.
* Two other daughters.