recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Akum phonology

## Consonants

### Non-click consonants

Many consonants also have palatalized and labialized variants, but due to a lack of documentation it's unknown whether or not these are phonemic. Only /r/, /b/, /g/, /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ occur at the end of a syllable, and /ŋ/ only occurs in this position.

### Click consonants

 Voiced | ɡʘ ⟨𑨣⟩
 Nasal | ŋʘ ⟨𑨣𑨸⟩

## Tone

Akum has three tones: high, mid, and low.
Aiton phonology

## Initial consonants

Morey reports the following initial consonants:

Aiton, like some other Tai languages, have a "minimal three-way contrast in voicing". It also only allows vowels to be voiced stops when they are in bilabial and dental/alveolar places of articulation. According to Morey, "[m] and [n] are variants for /b/ and /d/, respectively". Aiton, has voiced /r, l, w, j/ and four voiced nasals in its sound inventory. It does not have voiceless sonorants.

## Final consonants

Aiton has the following final consonants:

-[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.

## Tones

Aiton today uses three tones, however it originally used five but two have merged with other tones. The first tone still used today is 'mid/high level', the second tone is 'high level then falling' and the third is 'mid falling'. Originally the fourth tone, 'mid rising', has merged with the first tone. The fifth tone, 'mid falling glottalised', has merged with the third tone.

## Vowels

Aiton has a vowel system of only seven vowels, /i, ɯ, u, ɛ, ɔ, a, aa/, which is the smallest out of all the Tai languages spoken in Assam. From these seven vowels, Aiton allows only nine possible sequences.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Morey, S. (2008). North East Indian Linguistics. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India.
Akkadian phonetics and phonology

## Vowels

Akkadian vowels

The existence of a back mid-vowel /o/ has been proposed, but the cuneiform writing gives no good proof for this. There is limited contrast between different u-signs in lexical texts, but this scribal differentiation may reflect the superimposition of the Sumerian phonological system (for which an /o/ phoneme has also been proposed), rather than a separate phoneme in Akkadian.

All consonants and vowels appear in long and short forms. Long consonants are represented in writing as double consonants, and long vowels are written with a macron (ā, ē, ī, ū). This distinction is phonemic, and is used in the grammar, for example *iprusu* ('that he decided') versus *iprusū* ('they decided').

## Stress

The stress patterns of Akkadian are disputed, with some authors claiming that nothing is known of the topic. There are however certain points of reference, such as the rule of vowel syncope, and some forms in the cuneiform that might represent the stressing of certain vowels; however, attempts at identifying a rule for stress have so far been unsuccessful.

Huenergard (2005:3-4) claims that stress in Akkadian is completely predictable. In his syllable typology there are three syllable weights: *light* (V, CV); *heavy* (CVC, CV̄, CV̂), and *superheavy* (CV̂C). If the last syllable is superheavy, it is stressed, otherwise the rightmost heavy non-final syllable is stressed. If a word contains only light syllables, the first syllable is stressed.

A rule of Akkadian phonology is that certain short (and probably unstressed) vowels are dropped. The rule is that the last vowel of a succession of syllables that end in a short vowel is dropped, for example the declinational root of the verbal adjective of a root PRS is *PaRiS-*. Thus the masculine singular nominative is *PaRS-um* (< *\*PaRiS-um*) but the feminine singular nominative is *PaRiStum* (< *\*PaRiS-at-um*). Additionally there is a general tendency of syncope of short vowels in the later stages of Akkadian.

## References

1. ↑ Sabatino Moscati et al. "An Introduction to Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages Phonology and Morphology". (section on vowels and semi-vowels)
Botolan phonology

## Vowels

Botolan has four vowels. They are:

* /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘f**a**ther’
* /e/ a close-mid front unrounded vowel similar to German ‘**E**lefant’
* /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘mach**i**ne’
* /u/ (written as ‘o’) a close back unrounded vowel similar to English ‘fl**u**te’

There are five main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, /ij/, and /iʊ/.

## Consonants

Below is a chart of Botolan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Note: Consonants /d/ and /ɾ/ can sometimes interchange as they were once allophones.

## Stress

Stress is phonemic in Botolan. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. *hikó* (I) and *híko* (elbow).

## Historical sound changes

Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Tagalog have /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Botolan. Compare *hiko* and *bayo* with the Tagalog *siko* and *bago*.
Bwaidoka phonology

## Consonants

* /t/ can be pronounced as alveolar [t], or dental [t̪] when preceding central or back vowels.
* /ɡ/ can be pronounced as a voiced plosive [ɡ], or as a fricative [ɣ] on an unstressed syllable.
* /j/ can be pronounced as either [j] or as [ð] in free variation.

## Vowels

* Vowel sounds /i, o, u/ do not occur following labialized consonants.
* /e/ may fluctuate freely from [e] to [ə] in syllable-final, and with [ɛ] as the first vowel sound on stressed syllables.
* /a/ may fluctuate freely from [a] to [ə] on unstressed syllables and as the second vowel sound on stressed syllables.
* /o/ may fluctuate freely from [o] to [ɔ] on unstressed syllables and as the second vowel sound on stressed syllables.
Aklanon phonology

Aklanon has 21 phonemes. There are 17 consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, l, r, w, y, the glottal stop ʔ, and a distinct phoneme argued by Zorc (2005) to be a close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ]. There are five vowels, with the three native i, a, and u, which is a typical for a Bisayan vowel inventory, and the additional e and o for loanwords and common nouns.

## Consonants

/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ from loanwords can also be heard as palatal stops [c, ɟ]. /l/ can also be heard as [ɫ] and can also alternate with [d].
Badaga phonology

Badaga has five vowels qualities, /i e a o u/, each of which may be long or short and until the 1930s were contrastively half and fully retroflexed, for a total of 30 vowel phonemes. Current speakers only distinguish retroflection for a few vowels.

Note on transcription: rhoticity ⟨◌˞⟩ indicates half-retroflexion; doubled ⟨◌˞˞⟩ it indicates full retroflexion.

## References

1. ↑ Emenau (1931) reports no tokens of /i˞˞/, but suggests this is an accidental gap.
Awngi phonology

## Vowels

The central vowel /ɨ/ is the default epenthetic vowel of the language and almost totally predictable in its occurrence. Likewise, /æ/, normally an allophone of /a/, is fossilized in some words and might be justified as a separate phoneme.

## Consonants

* Palatal and velar together in Awngi form only one place of articulation, which is called palato-velar.
* Post-stopped fricatives are assumed to be single segments in Awngi for phonotactic reasons.
* /h/ is found word-initially in loanwords, but it can also be left out.
* /r/ does not occur word-initially. It is pronounced as a flap [ɾ] when not geminate.
* Between vowels, /b/ is pronounced as a voiced bilabial fricative [β].
* /d/ is pronounced retracted, with slight retroflexion.
* /ɢ/ and /ɢʷ/ are usually pronounced as voiced uvular fricatives [ʁ] and [ʁʷ].
* Although /d͡z/ and /d͡ʒ/ are phonetically realized as fricatives [z] and [ʒ] in many environments, they are very much the voiced counterparts of the voiceless affricates with respect to phonological rules.
* The labialization contrast in the palato-velar and uvular consonants is found only before the vowels /i, e, a/ and word-finally.

## Tones

Palmer and Hetzron both identified three distinctive tone levels in Awngi: high, mid and low. The low tone, however, only appears in word-final position on the vowel a. A falling tone (high-mid) appears on word-final syllables only. Joswig reanalyzes the system as having only two distinctive tone levels, with the low tone being a phonetic variant of the mid tone.

## References

1. ↑ Joswig (2006), p. 786
2. ↑ Joswig (2006), p. 792
3. ↑ Hetzron, R. (1969) *The Verbal System of Southern Agaw.* University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
4. ↑ Joswig (2010), p. 2
5. ↑ Joswig (2010), p. 9
6. ↑ Joswig (2010), p. 15
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Hetzron (1997), p. 478-479
8. ↑ see Hetzron (1969), p. 7f
9. ↑ Palmer (1959), p. 273
10. ↑ Hetzron (1969), p. 6
11. ↑ Joswig (2009)
Bambara writing

## Latin orthography

### Alphabet

* A – a – [a]
* B – be – [b]
* C – ce – [t͡ʃ]
* D – de – [d]
* E – e – [e]
* Ɛ – ɛ – [ɛ]
* F – ef – [f]
* G – ge – [g]
* H – ha – [h]
* I – i – [i]
* J – je – [d͡ʒ]
* K – ka – [k]
* L – ɛl – [l]
* M – ɛm – [m]
* N – ɛn – [n]
* Ɲ – ɲe – [ɲ]
* Ŋ – ɛŋ – [ŋ]
* O – o – [o]
* Ɔ – ɔ – [ɔ]
* P – pe – [p]
* R – ɛr – [r]
* S – ɛs – [s]
* T – te – [t]
* U – u – [u]
* W – wa – [w]
* Y – ye – [j]
* Z – ze – [z]

### Other letters

* kh – [ɣ] (used for loanwords from other African languages)
* -n – nasalises vowel
* sh – she – [ʃ] (regional variant of s)

## N'ko orthography

### Vowels

* ߊ – a – [a]
* ߋ – e – [e]
* ߌ – i – [i]
* ߍ – ɛ – [ɛ]
* ߎ – u – [u]
* ߏ – o – [o]
* ߐ – ɔ – [ɔ]

### Consonants

* ߓ – ba – [b]
* ߔ – pa – [p]
* ߕ – ta – [t]
* ߖ – ja – [d͡ʒ]
* ߗ – ca – [t͡ʃ]
* ߘ – da – [d]
* ߚ/ߙ – ra – [r]
* ߛ – sa – [s]
* ߜ? – ga – [g/ʀ/ɣ]
* ߜ – gba – [ɡ͡b]
* ߝ – fa – [f]
* ߞ – ka – [k]
* ߟ – la – [l]
* ߡ – ma – [m]
* ߢ – nya/ɲa – [ɲ]
* ? – nga/ŋa – [ŋ]
* ߣ – na – [n]
* ߥ – wa – [w]
* ߦ – ya – [j]
* ߤ – ha – [h]
* ߒ – nasal vowel – [-̃]

### Tones

* ߫ – short high
* ߬ – short low
* ߯ – long high
* ߰ – long low
Bilua phonology

The consonant and vowels sounds of Bilua.

## Consonants

The voiced stops and affricate sounds /b d ɡ dʒ/ can occur as prenasalized allophones, when occurring intervocalically [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ ⁿdʒ]. Other consonant allophones include [w tʃ] for /β dʒ/.

## Vowels

 Mid | e (ɛ)

Four vowel sounds /i u e o/ have allophones but only in diphthongs as [ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ].
A-Hmao phonology

## Tones

 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8

* On the basis of the 8 tones of A-Hmao language, in the eastern region, the 4th, 6th, and 8th tones are broken up partially or entirely into two categories. At most, it can be up to 11 tones. Basically, nouns and quantifiers are part of the first category, and they are higher in pitch. Other word classes are part of the second category, and they are lower in pitch.
* The A-Hmao language displays extensive tone sandhi. Similar to other branches of the West Hmongic languages, the tone sandhi happens on the second syllable when the first syllable of a disyllable word is level tone (1st and 2nd tone).
Ahom phonology

## Consonants

The Tai Ahom consonants have been reconstructed as the following, by analyzing old texts:

The semi-vowel /w/ is missing from the system, however it is an allophone of /b/ that occurs only in the word final position. Consonants found in the word final position are: /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, j, b [w]/.

## Vowels

Vowels can occur in syllable medial and final positions only. The following vowel inventory has been reconstructed:

## Tones

The language had a tone system, but because the Ahom script did not visualize any tones, the tones are now unknown.
Bola phonology

Phonology of the Bola language:

Consonant sounds

/t/ is realized as sounds /s, ʃ/ when only occurring in front of /i/. The voiced stops /b d ɡ/ can often sound prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] among various speakers. /ɣ/ can be pronounced as a glottal fricative [h] among younger speakers.

Vowel sounds

/i/ before vowel sounds /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/ is pronounced as a glide sound [j].
Awadhi phonology

## Vowels

Awadhi possesses both voiced and voiceless vowels. The voiced vowels are: /ʌ/, /aː/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /e/, /eː/, /o/, /oː/, **/ɛ/, /ɛː/, /ɔ/, /ɔː/, /æ/, /æː/, /ɑ/, /ɑː/**. The voiceless vowels, also described as "whispered vowels" are: /i̥/, /ʊ̥/, /e̥/.

### Vowel Combinations

Three vowel combinations
 /ɪeʊ/
 /ʊɪaː/
 /aːeʊ/
 /ʌɪaː/
Arbore phonology

The phonology of Arbore was described by Hayward (1984). He lists the following phonemes:

## Consonants

All consonant phonemes except /h, ʃ, ŋ, p, ʔ/ can be geminated.

## Vowels

All vowel phonemes can be vowel length and nasal vowel.

## References

1. ↑ Hayward 1984, p. 51, the phoneme characters are altered to reflect the sound values according to the IPA
2. ↑ Hayward 1984, p. 54
Akatek phonology

## Vowels

Akatek has 5 vowels:

Vowel length is distinctive, so one can say that the total number of vowels is 10.

## Consonants

Akatek has 24 consonants, including the glottal stop:

/p/ is realized as [pʰ] word-finally, [p] everywhere else.

Examples: **pom** [pom] *copal*, **xopan** [ʃopan] *hollow*, **sip** [sipʰ] *tick*
/k/ is realized as [kʰ] word-finally, [k] everywhere else.

Examples: **kaapʼ** [kaːɓ̥] *two*, **mooke** [moːke] *tinaja*, **chʼok** [t͡ʃʼokʰ] *zanate*
/t/ is realized as [tʰ] before plosive consonants, [t] everywhere else.

Examples: **teʼ** [teʔ] *tree*, **satkan** [satʰkan] *sky*, **pʼit** [ɓit] *song*
/ɓ/ is realized as [ɓ̥] word-finally, [ɓ] everywhere else.

Examples: **kaapʼ** [kaːɓ̥] *two*, **pʼeyʼpʼal** [ɓejɓal] *the walking (thing)*
/x/ is realized as [h] word-initially, [x] everywhere else.

Examples: **xos** [hos] *egg*, **ajane** [ʔaxane] *foot*
/n/ is realized as [m] before /p/ and /ɓ/, but [ŋ] before alveolar and velar consonants, [n] everywhere else.

Examples: Examples: **inpʼit** [imɓit] *my song*, **ante** [ʔaŋte] *to cure*, **naa** [naː] *house*
Barawana phonology

## Vowels

Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:

 Mid | e ẽ e̥

* Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
* /a/ is heard as a back sound [ɑ] when after /w/.

## Consonants

* Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal [t̪, ɲ] before and after /i/.
* /d/ is realized as an affricate [d͡ʒ] before front vowels.
* /ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized [ɫ] in free variation.
Afade phonology

## Vowels

Afade has a large inventory of consonants, including ejectives, implosives, and labial-velar stops. The vowels of Afade are /i u e **ø** ɤ o **ə** ɛ **œ ʌ** ɔ **æ** a ɑ **ɒ**/. /a/ is front, rather than central.

## References

1. ↑ Bouny, P. 1977. Inventaire phonetique d'un parler Kotoko: le Mandagué de Mara. In Caprile, Jean-Pierre (ed.), Etudes Phonologiques Tschadiennes, 59–77. Paris: Société d'Études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.
Alutiiq orthography

* a - [ä]
* c - [t͡ʃ]
* e - [ə]
* f - [f]
* g - [x]
* gw - [xʷ]
* hm - [m̥]
* hn - [n̥]
* hng - [ŋ̊]
* i - [i]
* k - [k]
* kw - [kʷ]
* l - [l]
* ll - [ɬ]
* m - [m]
* n - [n]
* ng - [ŋ]
* p - [p]
* q - [q]
* r - [χ]
* s - [s]
* t - [t]
* u - [u]
* w - [w]
* y - [j]

After voiceless consonants, the voiceless nasals are written without h-.

## Other letters

* aa - [aː]
* ai - [ai]
* au - [au]
* ia - [ia]
* ii - [iː]
* iu - [iu]
* ua - [ua]
* ui - [ui]
* uu - [uː]
Akpes phonology

## Vowels

Abesabesi exhibits seven oral and five nasal vowels. While an ATR distinction exists for the oral mid vowels (/o/ vs. /ɔ/ and /e/ vs. /ɛ/), nasal vowels do not differentiate +ATR from -ATR (/ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/).

## Consonants

Abesabesi's consonant inventory consists of 29 consonants. While 20 of these consonants are frequently used in lexemes, nine only appear marginally (indicated in parentheses). Many of these marginal consonants are labialized equivalents of stops, nasals, and fricatives, such as /bʷ/, /mʷ/, and /hʷ/. Agoyi treats these consonants as a result of deleted rounded vowels.
The phoneme /ʃ/ can be realized as [ʃ] or as the affricate [t͜ʃ].
Akoye phonology

Akoye has a small phonemic inventory, which is not well described.

Consonants are /p kp t k, f θ s x, m ŋm n ŋ, ʋ w ɹ ɰ/ and maybe /j/. The first six are usually voiced to [b ɡb ɾ ɡ v ð] after a monophthongal vowel, though sometimes the voicing is blocked for unknown reasons.

Consonants
 Tap/Flap | **ⱱ** ⟨v⟩

Vowels are /i e ə ɑ o u/. Diphthongs (/ɑi, əi, oi, ɑu/) are said to be rare, though vowel sequences are common, so these are perhaps not equivalent.

The most complex syllable is CCVV: /mtəəpə/ 'hair', /əəkwɑi/ 'eye'.

Tone plays a role: /ə̀ɡənə/ 'sky', /əɡə́nə/ 'lid'; /pɑɑ́/ (sp. bird), /pɑ̀ɑ/ 'body'.

## References

1. ↑ /j/ is not given in the invertory, but is illustrated in the examples.
2. ↑ Perhaps /aj/ vs. /ai/?
Advanced and retracted tongue root

In phonetics, **advanced tongue root** (**ATR**) and **retracted tongue root** (**RTR**) are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in Western and Eastern Africa but also in Kazakh and Mongolian. ATR vs RTR used to be suggested to be the basis for the distinction between tense and lax vowels in European languages such as German, but that no longer seems tenable.
Awabakal phonology

Awabakal ceased to be a spoken language since long before the creation of recording equipment, and part of the revival process has been the reconstruction of the phonology. Therefore, the exactness of the language's sounds will never be historically precise. This process has, however, produced one which will be satisfactory for the purpose of revitalisation.

## Consonants

 y – like English y, tongue not as close to the top palate | [j] – but the tongue is mid-centralised
Abkhaz alphabet

yurtyfyujfyjj

juufvghbbbbf

1. Gallery

CyrillicGeorgianLatin
## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Pedersen uses the pre-1996 reform alphabet in which these were not considered separate letters. See the transliterations in note 4.1 on page 3
2. ↑ Prior to the 1996 reform ⟨у⟩ indicated labialization after certain letters which is transliterated as ⟨°⟩ in the TITUS system
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 ISO 9 and TITUS transliteration not provided by T. Pedersen
Bai phonology

The Jianchuan dialect has the following consonants, all of which are restricted to syllable-initial position:

The Gongxing and Tuolou dialects retain an older 3-way distinction for stop and affricate initials between voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated and voiced. In the core eastern group, including the standard form of Dali, the voiced initials have become voiceless unaspirated, while other dialects show partial loss of voicing, conditioned by tone in different ways. Some varieties also have an additional uvular nasal [ɴ] that contrasts phonemically with [ŋ].

Jianchuan finals comprise:

* pure vowels: i e ɛ ɑ **ɔ** o u v̩ **y** **ø** **œ** ɯ **ɤ** **ɨ** **ə**
* diphthongs: ɑo iɛ iɑ io iɯ ui uɛ uɑ
* triphthong: iɑo

All but u, ɑo and iɑo have contrasting nasalized variants.
Dali Bai lacks nasal vowels. Some other varieties retain nasal codas instead of nasalization, though only the Gongxing and Tuolou dialects have a contrast between -n and -ŋ.

Jianchuan has eight tones, divided between those with modal and non-modal phonation. Some of the western varieties have fewer tones.
Adyghe orthography

## Labialised consonants

Гу [ɡʷ], Гъу [ʁʷ], Дзу [d͡zʷ], Ку [kʷ], Къу [qʷ], КIу [kʷʼ], ПIу [pʷʼ], ТIу [tʷʼ], Хъу [χʷ], Цу [t͡sʷ], Шъу [ʃʷ], ШIу [ʃʷʼ], Iу [ʔʷ].

In some dialects: Кхъу [q͡χʷ], Ху [xʷ], Чъу [t͡ɕʷ].

## Orthography rules

* The letter ⟨ы⟩ [ə] is not written after a ⟨у⟩ [w], ⟨й⟩ [j] or a labialised consonant. For example: унэ [wəna] "house" instead of уынэ, илъэс [jəɬas] "year" instead of йылъэс, шӏу [ʃʷʼə] "well" instead of шӏуы, цумпэ [t͡sʷəmpa] "strawberry" instead of цуымпэ.
* In case the letter ⟨у⟩ is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wə] ⟨уы⟩. For example: унэ [wəna] "house" instead of уынэ, урыс [wərəs] "Russian" instead of уырыс, куу [kʷəwə] "deep" instead of кууы. When it's related to a consonant it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [əw]~[u] ⟨ыу⟩. For example: чэту [t͡ʃaːtəw] "cat" instead of чэтыу, бзу [bzəw] "bird" instead of бзыу, дуней [dəwnej] "world" instead of дыуней.
* In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel ⟨э⟩ [a], instead of the letter ⟨у⟩ there is a ⟨о⟩. For example: гъогу [ʁʷaɡʷ] "road" instead of гъуэгу, машӏо [maːʃʷʼa] "fire" instead of машӏуэ, шъо [ʃʷa] "you (plural)" instead of шъуэ.
* In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel ⟨а⟩ [aː] or ⟨и⟩ [i/əj], the labialised consonant letter is written fully. For example: цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqa] "shoes", гуащэ [ɡʷaɕa] "princes", шъуи [ʃʷəj] "yours (plural).
* In case the letter ⟨о⟩ is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wa] ⟨уэ⟩. For example, о [wa] "you" instead of уэ, орэд [warad] "song" instead of уэрэд, онтэгъу [wantaʁʷ] "heavy" instead of уэнтэгъу, зао [zaːwa] "war" instead of зауэ, ныо [nəwa] "old woman" instead of ныуэ.
* In case the letter ⟨е⟩ is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [ja] ⟨йэ⟩. For example: еӏо [jaʔʷa] "he says" instead of йэӏо, еплъы [japɬə] "he sees" instead of йэплъы, мые [məja] "apple" instead of мыйэ, бае [baːja] "rich" instead of байэ, шъэжъые [ʂaʐəja] "knife" instead of шъэжъыйэ. When it's related to a consonant it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [aj]~[e] ⟨эй⟩. For example, : делэ [dajla] "fool" instead of дэйлэ, къедж [qajd͡ʒ] "read" instead of къэйдж, непэ [najpa] "today" instead of нэйпэ.
* In case the letter ⟨и⟩ is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [jə] ⟨йы⟩. For example: илъэс [jəɬas] "year" instead of йылъэс, иунэ [jəwəna] "his house" instead of йыуын, шӏои [ʃʷʼajə] "dirty" instead of шӏойы, дэи [dajə] "bad" instead of дэйы. When it's related to a consonant it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [əj]~[i] ⟨ый⟩. For example: сиӏ [səjʔ] "I have" instead of сыйӏ, уиунэ [wəjwəna] "your house" instead of уыйуынэ, къины [qəjnə] "hard" instead of къыйны.

## Vowels

The vowels are written ⟨ы⟩ [ə], ⟨э⟩ [a] and ⟨а⟩ [aː].

Other letters represent diphthongs: ⟨я⟩ represents [jaː], ⟨и⟩ [jə] or [əj], ⟨о⟩ [wa] or [o], ⟨у⟩ represent [u] or [w] or [wə] and ⟨е⟩ represents [aj] or [ja].
Amstetten dialect phonology

## Vowels

Vowel phonemes

The Amstetten dialect is very unusual among the world's language varieties in that it can be analyzed as featuring five phonemic vowel heights. Phonetically speaking, the vowels typically transcribed with ⟨æ, ɶ, ɒ⟩ in IPA constitute a series of open-mid vowels ([ɛ, œ, ɔ] in narrow transcription), one-third the distance between the open central /a/ and the close /i, y, u/ in the formant vowel space. The vowels transcribed with ⟨ɛ, œ, ɔ⟩ and ⟨e, ø, o⟩ also differ from the cardinal vowels; the first series is close-mid ([e, ø, o] in narrow transcription), two-thirds the distance between /a/ and /i, y, u/. The remaining /e, ø, o/ are near-close ([e̝, ø̝, o̝] in narrow transcription), a series of very high vowels that approach /i, y, u/ in their articulation. Among those, the back [o̝] is somewhat more central [ö̝] than the neighboring [u] and [o].
Alveolar consonant

**Alveolar** consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth. Alveolar consonants may be articulated with the tip of the tongue (the apical consonants), as in English, or with the flat of the tongue just above the tip (the "blade" of the tongue; called laminal consonants), as in French and Spanish.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants. Rather, the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized like English palato-alveolar *sh*, or retroflex. To disambiguate, the *bridge* ([s̪, t̪, n̪, l̪], *etc.*) may be used for a dental consonant, or the under-bar ([s̠, t̠, n̠, l̠], *etc.*) may be used for the postalveolars. [s̪] differs from dental [θ] in that the former is a sibilant and the latter is not. [s̠] differs from postalveolar [ʃ] in being unpalatalized.

The bare letters [s, t, n, l], etc. cannot be assumed to specifically represent alveolars. The language may not make such distinctions, such that two or more coronal places of articulation are found allophonically, or the transcription may simply be too broad to distinguish dental from alveolar. If it is necessary to specify a consonant as alveolar, a diacritic from the Extended IPA may be used: [s͇, t͇, n͇, l͇], *etc.*, though that could also mean extra-retracted. The letters ⟨s, t, n, l⟩ are frequently called 'alveolar', and the language examples below are all alveolar sounds.

(The Extended IPA diacritic was devised for speech pathology and is frequently used to mean "alveolarized", as in the labioalveolar sounds [p͇, b͇, m͇, f͇, v͇], where the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge.)
Aymara phonology

## Vowels

Aymara has three phonemic vowels /a i u/, which, in most varieties of the language, distinguish two degrees of length. Long vowels are indicated with a diaeresis in writing: *ä*, *ï*, *ü*. The high vowels are lowered to mid height when near uvular consonants (/i/ → [e], /u/ → [o]).

## Stress

Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable, but long vowels may shift it. Although the final vowel of a word is elided except at the end of a phrase, the stress remains unchanged.

## Syllable structure

The vast majority of roots are bisyllabic and, with few exceptions, suffixes are monosyllabic. Roots conform to the template (C)V(C)CV, with CVCV being predominant. The majority of suffixes are CV, though there are some exceptions: CVCV, CCV, CCVCV and even VCV are possible but rare.

The agglutinative nature of this suffixal language, coupled with morphophonological alternations caused by vowel deletion and phonologically conditioned constraints, gives rise to interesting surface structures that operate in the domain of the morpheme, syllable, and phonological word/phrase. The phonological/morphophonological processes observed include syllabic reduction, epenthesis, deletion, and reduplication.
Angami phonology

## Consonants

This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.

 m
 kʷʰ
 kʷ
 ɡʷ
 ɻ

Angami syllables may be of the form V, CV, or CɻV. Attested clusters are /pʰɻ/, /pɻ/, /kʰɻ/, /kɻ/.

## References

1. ↑ Blankenship states that [f] is an allophone of /p/. However, in the text only [pf] is found. It is not clear if these are in free variation, or if one is perhaps an allophone of /pʰ/.
2. ↑ In Kohima, but not Khonoma dialect.
Blackfoot phonology

## Consonants

Blackfoot has nineteen consonants, of which all but /ʔ/, /x/, /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length. One of the two affricates /k͡s/ is unusual for being heterorganic.

## Vowels

### Monophthongs

Blackfoot has a vowel system with three monophthongs, /i o a/.

The short monophthongs exhibit allophonic changes as well. The vowels /a/ and /o/ are raised to [ʌ] and [ʊ] respectively when followed by a long consonant. The vowel /i/ becomes [ɪ] in closed syllables.

### Diphthongs

There are three additional diphthongs in Blackfoot. The first diphthong **ai** is pronounced [ɛ] before a long consonant, [ei] (or [ai], in the dialect of the Blackfoot Reserve) before /i/ or /ʔ/, and elsewhere is pronounced [æ] in the Blood Reserve dialect or [ei] in the Blackfoot Reserve dialect. The second diphthong **ao** is pronounced [au] before /ʔ/ and [ɔ] elsewhere. The third diphthong **oi** may be pronounced [y] before a long consonant and as [oi] elsewhere.

## Length

Length is contrastive in Blackfoot for both vowels and consonants. Vowel length refers to the duration of a vowel and not a change in quality. The vowel /oo/ is therefore the same sound as /o/ only differing in the length of time over which it is produced.

 *áak**oo**kaawa* |  |  | 'she will sponsor a Sundance'

Consonants can also be lengthened with the exception of /ʔ/, /x/, /j/ and /w/.

 *soká'p**ss**iwa* |  |  | 'he is good'

## Pitch accent

Blackfoot is a pitch accent language and it is a contrastive feature in the language. Every word will have at least one high pitched vowel or diphthong but may have more than one. Note that high pitch here is used relative to the contiguous syllables. Blackfoot utterances experience a gradual drop in pitch therefore if an utterance contains a set of accented vowels the first will be higher in pitch than the second but the second will be higher in pitch than the syllables directly surrounding it. Pitch is illustrated in the Latin-based orthography with an acute accent.

 *máátaissikópiiwa* |  |  | 's/he's not resting'

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Frantz 2017, pp. 1–2
2. ↑ Frantz 2017, p. 2
Affricate consonant

An **affricate** is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, often spelled *ch* and *j*, respectively.
Bonan phonology

Bonan phonology has been heavily influenced by Tibetan. Consonants possess a [±aspirated] contrast. Initial consonant clusters of mostly falling sonority are present in native words, as are heavy diphthongs, though the content of both is heavily restricted. The possible word-initial consonant clusters in Bonan are [mp, nt, nt͡ɕ, ntʂ, ŋk, tʰχ, χt͡ɕ, rt͡ɕ, lt͡ɕ, ft, fk, ʂp, ʂk].

Ñantoq Baoan has ten vowels /a, e, ə, i, ɵ, u, **ɜ, ɔ, ɑ, ɨ**/, with long counterparts for all except /ə/.
Binary number

A **binary number** is a number expressed in the **base-2 numeral system** or **binary numeral system**, a method of mathematical expression which uses only two symbols: typically "0" (zero) and "1" (one).

The base-2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Each digit is referred to as a bit, or binary digit. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices, as a preferred system of use, over various other human techniques of communication, because of the simplicity of the language.
The St.-Bernard Nana

**Nana** is a St. Bernard who appears in Disney's 1953 animated feature film *Peter Pan*. She is the Darling family's nursemaid.

## Background

### Personality

Nana is very caring toward Wendy, John, and Michael Darling and treats them as her own puppies. They cherish her as an important relative. When she was taken to her dog house for the night, it was considered a cruel punishment for them. Even when George took her there, he felt sorrow after seeing her saddened face. She is in charge of Wendy, John, and Michael's health, giving them medicine presumably every night.

## Biography

### *Peter Pan*

Nana is first introduced as the Darling family's nursemaid. She was first seen doing her daily duties; cleaning the nursery and putting away Wendy, John, and Michael's toys and games. When Wendy is told she must grow up, she was shocked by the decision. When George begins to storm out the room, he trips over her. Both fall, but the rest of the family only comforts Nana. George is shocked and sends Nana to her dog house. As she was being dragged by her collar, Michael holds onto her tail trying to stop George from taking her to her dog house, but Mary kindly stops him by picking him up and she waves at him sadly. She is heartbroken, as she never sleeps in her dog house. George feels sympathy for her but claims Wendy, John, and Michael are not puppies and she is truly a dog. During the song "You Can Fly", when Peter Pan took Wendy, John, and Michael on a trip to Neverland, Nana spots them flying out the nursery window with him. She is horrified and tries to stop them. Michael spreads some of Tinker Bell's pixie dust onto her. She begins to fly but is held back by the leash still attached to her collar and is left waving at them. At the end, when the children return home, she is happy to be taken back to the nursery, as George finally realizes he's been too hard on her and Wendy. She joins Wendy, George, and Mary as they watch Peter Pan fly away on the Jolly Roger.

## Trivia

* In the original book, Nana is a Newfoundland.
* Originally, Nana was going to journey to Neverland alongside Wendy, John, and Michael and have a comical subplot chasing after Tinker Bell. She was also intended to be the film's narrator. While she was dropped from that side of the story, she was given a notable role in the opening and ending of the film, becoming a beloved character from it.
Awara phonology

## Consonants

Awara consonants can be categorized into labial, coronal, and a dorsal. These are further split into voiced stops, voiceless stops, nasals, and voiced spirants. Many of the consonants in Awara have different sounds (for example voiced lateral /l/ can also be pronounced as [r], and the special character *b* represents not only a voiced labial stop [b], but also a voiced fricative [v] or a glide [w]).

## Vowels

There are 6 vowels in Awara. The vowels /e, i, u/ generally appear before the consonants /m/ and /l/, but they can sometimes appear after them. The vowels are split into three categories: front vowels (I and e), middle/central vowels (A and a), and back vowels (u and o). The front vowels in Awara are generally lax. There are a few allophones for vowels in Awara. [I] is usually pronounced as [t] in addition to [I].

Vowel Phonemes
 Mid
 Low

## Syllables

Syllables in Awara will generally follow a CVC pattern, this can be split to patterns like V, CV, or VC. The rule is consonants must always be separated by a vowel, the common vowel order of a word in Awara would be V followed by CV which is then followed by VC. So, a word in Awara will follow a pattern like this “VCVCVC.” Different patterns appear at different places. For example, “V syllables can never occur at the end of the word, VC syllables occur word initially and sometimes medially but never at the end, and CVC and CV can occur anywhere in a word.”

## Stress

Awara uses a pitch accent system this is common in many Papuan languages. Awara itself has three different patterns of stress, one primary and two secondary or alternate patterns. The primary pattern stresses the first and third syllables, while the main focus of the stress falls on the last syllable that is stressed.

Example:

/Ayi/ -> a.yi 'grandmother'. In this word the 'yi' is stressed.

## Reduplication

In Awara reduplication is usually applied to bisyllabic words. The word *matekmatekrn∆* 'little things' is the only exception to this rule, as its base is trisyllabic, expanded by the derivative suffix*-n∆ which shows reduplication.* There are two types of reduplication in Awara. The first one duplicates an already existing word with its own meaning and lowers the semantic category of the word. An example of this is *halu* and *haluhalu*: *halu* means 'beach', and the reduplicated form *haluhalu* means 'sand', i.e. what is *on* the beach. The second type of reduplication copies bases that by themselves have no meaning. For example *gak* by itself has no meaning but *gakgak* refers to a tree species.

## Pronouns

Awara pronouns are linked to verbs, for this the verb endings are changed to reflect whether the action is about you someone else or more than one person. An example of this would be changing the verb for sew into he will sew it, the verb for sew is bup in order to change this into will sew we need to add pik after it. This changes the word to bupik which means 'he will sew'.

p,b verbs
 2s

p,b verb endings
 2s
Babatana phonology

The following represents the Sisiqa dialect:

## Consonants

* Voiced stops are typically plainly released word-initially, but prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] when intervocalically.
* The fricative /z/ can be heard as an affricate [dz] in free variation within word-initial position.

## Vowels

* The central vowel /ə/ can vary between three sounds [ə], [ɨ] and [ø].
Burarra phonology

## Consonants

In most cases, fortis and lenis refers to the voicing in consonants where *fortis* is voiceless and *lenis* is voiced. In this case, plosives are distinguished by intra-oral peak pressure and stricture duration. Fortis consonants are usually longer in duration and have a greater intra-oral pressure while lenis consonants can often be pronounced as fricatives or approximants. The Burarra language also allows for the clustering of consonants.

## Vowels

Burara has a five vowel system.

Vowel chart
 Open-mid
 Open

The vowels can be realized as:

/i/: close-mid front vowel, [e], or [ɪ]

/a/: low central vowel or schwa

/ɛ/: [ɛ] or [e]

/o/: [o] or [ɔ]

/u/: schwa, a lowered open-mid back rounded vowel, a lowered [ö], or [ʊ]
American Sign Language phonology

Sign languages such as American Sign Language (ASL) are characterized by phonological processes analogous to, yet dissimilar from, those of oral languages. Although there is a qualitative difference from oral languages in that sign-language phonemes are not based on sound, and are spatial in addition to being temporal, they fulfill the same role as phonemes in oral languages.

Basically, three types of signs are distinguished: one-handed signs, symmetric two-handed signs (i.e. signs in which both hands are active and perform the same or a similar action), and asymmetric two-handed signs (i.e. signs in which one hand is active [the 'dominant' or 'strong' hand] and one hand is held static [the 'non-dominant' or 'weak' hand]). The non-dominant hand in asymmetric signs often functions as the location of the sign. Almost all simple signs in ASL are monosyllabic.
Kenai's Entire Village

**Kenai's Entire Village** is a location. It is the residence of Kenai and His Entire Tribe.

## Information

### ***Brother Bear***

When Kenai and his brothers, Denahi and Sitka, return from catching salmon, they tie their basket in a tree. However, due to Kenai's poor tying job, the basket falls open onto the ground. However, the brothers proceed to the village, where the tribe gathers for Kenai's Totems Ceremony. **Afterward, the tribe discovers that bears have made off with their basket. Kenai gets the blame for not tying up the basket properly, so he resolves to hunt down the bear and retrieve the basket.** Later, after Sitka's death, the tribe gathers at the village for his own funeral Kenai decides to hunt down the bear to avenge Sitka, and Denahi pursues him, hoping to stop him. Meanwhile, Tanana speaks to the Great Spirits, who are dancing overhead, and tells Sitka that his brothers need his guidance. **After Kenai transforms into a bear permanently, he returns to his village to place his pawprint on the Wall of his ancestors.**
Berber phonology

Most northern Berber languages have the four vowels *a*, *i*, *u* and *ə*, but the last one has partially sub-phonemic status, since it is predictable based on the syllable structure in certain languages. Vowel length and stress are generally not phonemic. Tuareg and Ghadames, however, have both the long vowels *a*, *i*, *u*, *e*, *o* and the short vowels *ə* and *ă* (also transcribed as *ä*/*æ*). For Proto-Berber, the short vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and the long vowels /aa/, /ii/, /uu/, /ee/ are reconstructed, whereas /oo/ probably was not in the protolanguage.

Concerning syllable structures, Tuareg permits almost only V, VC, CV, CVC, but many northern dialects may have more complex consonant clusters as well. The accent is so far under-researched, as the only detailed analysis is the one offered by Heath 2005 for Tuareg.
Achi phonology

## Consonants

* Voiceless plosives can have aspirated allophones [pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ], either when preceding a consonant or in word-final position.
* A pharyngeal fricative sound [ʕ] can be heard before vowels or in word-initial or intervocalic environments preceding vowels.
* A uvular consonant /χ/ can also be heard as velar [x] in some environments. /n/ when preceding a velar consonant can be heard as a velar nasal [ŋ].
* Sonorants /l r j/ when preceding a voiceless consonant or in word-final position can occur sounding voiceless [l̥ r̥ j̊].
Ahtna phonology

Athabaskan languages are primarily prefixing. Many prefixes are presented together. There is limited suffixation and often one word has as much meaning as an English language sentence. Verbs are very complex therefore creating many different meanings or analysis of verbs. Some verbs include syntactic principles in addition to and/or replacement of morphological principles when constructing a word.

## Consonants

The consonants in Kari's IPA phonology and practical orthography are shown in the following table*.*

## Vowels

The vowels in Kari's practical orthography and phonology are as follows*.*

 Mid |  | oː ⟨oo⟩
 Low | æ ⟨ae⟩

There is some variation in pronunciation of words according to dialect.
Sitka's Own Funeral

**Sitka's Own Funeral** is an event in which Tanana's-Tribe mourns the death of Sitka and releases his spirit to the heavens. After a fight with a bear, Sitka falls off a Glacier to his death. His tribe holds a funeral service for him, during which Tanana burns his totem and guides his soul to be with The The Great Spirits overhead.

## History

### Background

When Kenai provokes a fight with a bear, Denahi and Sitka come to his rescue. However, the bear overpowers them, and Sitka breaks apart the Glacier they are standing on in order to save his brothers. Though the bear survives the fall, Sitka perishes.

### The funeral

Sitka's tribe holds a funeral for him at their village. His brothers, Denahi and Kenai, present Sitka's clothes and totem to their Shamans/Shawoman, An Wisest-Shawoman Tanana, who burns them in a ceremonial pyre. She then guides Sitka's Super Spirit to Join for Real Magical-Great Spirits, who are dancing overhead. Though Denahi is saddened by the funeral, Kenai is inflamed with anger and hatred, and leaves the funeral early to prepare for another fight with the bear that had killed Sitka.

## Media

Brother Bear - Sitka's Funeral SoundtrackSitka's funeral
The Regular-Dalmatian-Pup Rolly

**Rolly** is The Obese-Dalmatian Pup who first appeared in the 1961 animated film *101 Dalmatians*. Rolly is named for his “rolly-polly” physique. With a hefty appetite, he is the largest of Pongo and Perdita’s litter.

## Background

### Personality

Rolly is known for his excessively large appetite. He can be gentle and carefree at times, but after his family, food may be his true love. Even after just eating, Rolly can be seen asking for food and the only one of the puppies constantly starving. He may even put his life in jeopardy for a decent meal every now and then.

### Physical appearance

Rolly is a obese dalmatian puppy with a red collar.

## Biography

### *One Hundred and One Dalmatians*

Rolly is one of Pongo and Perdita's fifteen puppies. He is the heaviest of the puppies and is constantly hungry. He is usually heard asking his parents for food, even after being rescued from Jasper and Horace by his parents. When the Dalmatians attempt to disguise themselves by rolling in soot to look like Labradors, Pongo quickly sends Rolly back, as Rolly was only half covered. At the end when the puppies returned home, Rolly was seen yet again asking his mother for dinner.

### *101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure*

Rolly has adapted perfectly to his life with the other 84 puppies and retains his gluttonous appetite as seen when he tries to eat two bowls of Kanine Krunchies. Later on, Rolly and his siblings are kidnapped, and when they are rescued by Patch, Rolly acts as his second-in-command. He is the first one to bounce off one Lars' paintings they used as a trampoline to exit the warehouse through the open roof window. They use a tram to escape Cruella, but Rolly begins slipping out and gets captured by Cruella herself. Patch's quick thinking enables him to rescue his brother, and they all return home safely.

## Trivia

* As with all the males in the original 15 Dalmatian puppies, Rolly wears a red collar in the original film and in *101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure*. He also wears the blue collar in his cameos on *House of Mouse*.
* His name is most likely a reference to Disney Imagineer, Rolly Crump.
* He is very similar to Budderball from the *Air Buddies* series, as all five love food and have gluttonous appetites.
Map Of-Treasure Planet

**The Map-Of-Treasure Planet** is a holographic spherical projector in *Treasure Planet*.

## Biography/Background

### Treasure Planet (Film)

The map that leads to Treasure Planet once belonged to Captain Flint, and given to Jim Hawkins by Billy Bones from John Silver. **It apparently could only be opened by someone possessing a certain quality, shared by Captain Nathaniel Flint and Jim Hawkins--the latter had simply been fiddling with it and activated it by accident. The details of this quality are never explained, but seems to be something innate, since Jim is later able to open it casually.** When activated, the sphere projects a large holographic map of the whole galaxy which can be interacted like a touch-screen: once the user pushes the current location, the map moves and shows a route for the Treasure Planet. Once on the planet, it shows a green line floating in the sky which ultimately leads to the treasure. **When John Silver tried to open it, he couldn't, forcing him to bring Jim along. The Map also turned out to be a key to the very center of Treasure Planet and to the portal system Flint had used to pillage and raid ships. After B.E.N. revealed the Flint’s booby trap to blow the planet up, causing everyone to try and escape, Jim came up with the idea to hoverboard his way to the sphere and use it to relocate on another planet away from Treasure Planet in time to escape the upcoming destruction. He succeeded in doing so, and the crew was able to survive the explosion while Treasure Planet blew up in its place, most likely taking the Map along with it.**

## Gallery

### Screenshots

The Map 8.jpgThe Map 9.jpgThe Map 10.jpgJim opens the mapThe Map 11.jpgThe Map 1.jpgThe Map 2.jpgThe Map 3.jpgThe Map 4.jpgThe Map 5.jpgThe Map 6.jpgThe Map 7.jpgTreasure Planet 1.jpgTreasure Planet 2.jpgThe Map 12.jpgThe Map 13.jpgTreasure Planet 28.jpgThe Map 15.jpgTreasure Planet 31.jpgTreasure Planet 35.jpgThe Map 16.jpgTreasure Planet 41.jpg