Bandwidth cap

A **bandwidth cap**, also known as a **band cap** or a **data cap**, is an artificial restriction imposed on the transfer of data over a network. In particular, it refers to policies imposed by an internet service provider in order to limit customers' usage of their services; typically, exceeding a data cap would require the subscriber to pay additional fees based on whether they have exceeded this limit. Implementation of a bandwidth cap is sometimes termed a **fair access policy**, **fair usage policy**, or **usage-based billing**.

U.S. ISPs have asserted that bandwidth caps are required in order to provide a "fair" service to their respective subscribers. The use of bandwidth caps has been criticized for becoming increasingly unnecessary, as decreasing infrastructure costs have made it cheaper for ISPs to increase the capacity of their networks to keep up with the demands of their users, rather than place arbitrary limits on usage. It has also been asserted that bandwidth caps are meant to help protect pay television providers that may also be owned by an ISP from competition with over-the-top streaming services.

Although often referred to as a "bandwidth cap", it is not the actual bandwidth (bits per second) that is limited, but the amount of data downloaded per month.

## Standard cap

Generally, each user of a network is expected to use high speed transmission for a short time, for example to download a megabyte web page in less than a second. Continuous usage, such as when sharing files or streaming videos can seriously impair service for others. In DSL, where the core network is shared but the access network is not, this concept is less relevant. However, it becomes more relevant in cable internet, where both the core network and the access network are shared, and on wireless networks, where the total network bandwidth is also relatively narrow.[*citation needed*]

## Example cap

In 2016, U.S. provider Comcast offered a service plan with a data cap of 1 terabyte. At contemporary data consumption rates, each member of a family of four would need to separately watch 100 movies in a month to approach the cap. In that case, typical data usage habits would not exceed that cap.

## Unlimited data

"Unlimited data" is a marketing promotion in which an Internet service provider offers access to Internet without cutting service at the bandwidth cap. However, after a user passes some bandwidth cap, the provider will begin bandwidth throttling to decrease the user's speed of access to data.

## By region

As of October 2015, there were 58 wired broadband providers in the US that used data caps, among them major wireless cell phone providers such as Verizon Wireless and AT&T.

Before 2010 there was a trend of providing unlimited data without bandwidth throttling. In the United States the Federal Communication Commission has fined service providers for offering unlimited data in a way that misled consumers. In June 2015, the FCC fined AT&T Mobility US$100,000,000 for misleading consumers. In October 2016 the FCC reached a settlement with T-Mobile in which they would pay US$48,000,000 for failing to disclose restrictions on their unlimited data plans.

## Justification

U.S. internet service providers have most recently asserted that bandwidth caps are needed in order to provide "fair", tiered services at different price points based on speed and usage.

In 2016, Sonic.net CEO Dane Jasper criticized the historical assertions that bandwidth caps are meant to conserve network capacity, arguing that the cost of actually delivering service had "declined much faster than the increase in data traffic". When it was first established in 2008, Sonic's infrastructure costs were equivalent to 20% of its revenue, but it had fell to only 1.5% by 2016 due to the lowering costs of equipment. Suddenlink CEO Jerry Kent made a similar assertion in an investor's call, stating that the "days" of having to make investments to keep up with customer demand were "over", and there would be "significant free cash flow generated from the cable operators as our capital expenditures continue to come down."

As most major U.S. internet providers own television providers, it has also been suggested that bandwidth caps are intended to discourage users from dropping their pay television subscriptions by placing *de facto* restrictions on the use of competing streaming video services that are delivered over the internet, such as Netflix. The lobbying group Internet Association additionally argued that data caps are meant to create "artificial scarcity", especially in markets where there is limited competition in broadband, also pointing out that some providers offer their own streaming video services that are exempted from bandwidth cap policies, such as Comcast's Stream TV. Comcast defended the exemption by stating that the service is not delivered over the public internet; it can only be used while connected to the provider's home Wi-Fi router.

## See also

* Bandwidth hogging
* Bandwidth management
* Bandwidth throttling
* Internet in Canada#Usage-based billing (UBB)
* Uncapping

## References

1. ↑ "How to Quickly Limit Wifi Speed for Others? | All-in-One". Retrieved 2017-06-14.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Willcox, James K. (October 19, 2016). "How Easy Is It to Burn Through a 1TB Data Cap?". *Consumer Reports*. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gikas, Mike (June 18, 2015). "AT&T and the truth about 'unlimited' data plans". *Consumer Reports*. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
4. ↑ Nick Reese (October 9, 2015). "Internet Providers with Data Caps". *Broadbandnow.com*. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
5. ↑ Goldman, David (October 21, 2015). "'Unlimited' data plans aren't really unlimited". *CNNMoney*. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
6. ↑ Federal Communications Commission (June 17, 2015). "AT&T Mobility Faces $100M Fine For Misleading Consumers". *Federal Communications Commission*. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
7. ↑ Federal Communications Commission (October 19, 2016). "FCC Reaches $48m Settlement with T-Mobile Over Unlimited' Data Plans". *Federal Communications Commission*. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "What big ISPs don't want you to know about data caps". *CIO*. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Broadband CEOs Admit There's No Real Reason For Data Caps Besides Boosting Profit". *Money*. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
10. ↑ Brodkin, Jon (May 14, 2014). "Comcast plans data caps for all customers in 5 years, could be 500GB". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
11. ↑ "Netflix Wants Help from U.S. Against Cable Data Caps". Bloomberg. June 27, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
12. ↑ "Comcast rolls out a new Stream TV app for its cable and internet TV customers". *TechCrunch*. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
13. ↑ "Comcast Wants to Limit Your Netflix Binges". *Bloomberg L.P*. Retrieved March 20, 2017.

## External links

* BroadbandReports.com review of Optimum Online policies