recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
PH1011

**PH1011**, or **Physics 1A**, is the first module in the first year physics course. It is split into three main topics - **Properties of Matter**, **Waves and Optics**, and **Mechanics**.

## Properties of Matter

* Lecture 1 - Properties of Matter
* Lecture 2 - Thermal Physics and Temperature
* Lecture 3 - The Kinetic Theory of Gases I
* Lecture 4 - The Kinetic Theory of Gases II
* Lecture 5 - Statistical Mechanics
* Lecture 6 - Thermodynamics and Molar Specific Heats
* Lecture 7 - Heat Transfer
* Lecture 8 - Forces Between Atoms
* Lecture 9 - Properties of Phases
* Lecture 10 - The Electron I
* Lecture 11 - The Electron II
* Lecture 12 - X-Rays
* Lecture 13 - Atomic Structure
* Lecture 14 - Radioactivity I
* Lecture 15 - Radioactivity II
* Lecture 16 - Energy From Atoms I
* Lecture 17 - Energy From Atoms II
* Lecture 18 - Subatomic Particles (non-examinable)

## Waves and Optics

### Ray Optics (Geometrical Optics)

* Lecture 1 - Electromagnetic Radiation
* Lecture 2 - What is Light, and How is it Generated?
* Lecture 3 - Ray Optics (Snell's Law, T.I.R)
* Lecture 4 - Ray Optics (the action of a lens)
* Lecture 5 - Imaging with One Lens
* Lecture 6 - Magnifying Glass, Imaging with Two Lenses
* Lecture 7 - Optical Instruments, Mirrors for Imaging

### Oscillations and Waves

* Lecture 8 - Simple Harmonic Oscillation (Mass on spring)
* Lecture 9 - Simple Harmonic Oscillation (Pendulum)

### Wave Optics

* Lecture 10 - Waves
* Lecture 11 - Linear Superposition of Waves
* Lecture 12 - Standing Waves
* Lecture 13 - Two Beam Interference in Young's Slits
* Lecture 14 - Intensity Variation with Phase Difference in Two-Beam Interference
* Lecture 15 - Examples of Two-Beam Interference
* Lecture 16 - Multiple Beam Interference - The Diffraction Grating

## Mechanics

* Lecture 1 - Straight Line Motion
* Lecture 2 - Vectors
* Lecture 3 - Motion in 2D and 3D
* Lecture 4 - Newton's Laws of Motion
* Lecture 5 - Friction
* Lecture 6 - Work and Energy I
* Lecture 7 - Work and Energy II
* Lecture 8 - Impulse and Momentum
* Lecture 9 - Collisions

### Workshops and Labs

Six compulsory workshops are also offered in order to consolodate understanding in a class environment. There are two per topic. Labs are compulsory practical sessions, and operate every week.
Concepts

This page covers notes and concepts which do not merit their own pages, because I am lazy.

## Laws

### Newton's Laws

* An object will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by an external force
* **F = ma**
* All actions have an equal and opposite reaction.

### Laws of Thermodynamics

* Two bodies in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third body are in equilibrium themselves
* Energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system
* Entropy in an isolated system constantly increases
* Entropy approaches a constant as temperature approaches 0.

## Principles

### Pauli Exclusion Principle

* The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two particles can occupy the same set of quantum numbers in a given system. This is most commonly seen in chemistry, when considering the states of electrons in an atom (this is why there can only be two atoms per subshell!). Fermions obey this rule, whilst bosons do not.

## Conversions

* The **electron volt, eV** is found by E(j) = E(ev) x 1.6x10-19.
* **g** is sometimes used as a measure of acceleration; it has a value of 9.81ms-1.

## Symbols

∝ (proportion) ± (plusminus) √(root) ∫(integral) ∞(infinity) ∂(roe) α(alpha) β(beta) γ(gamma) ∆δ(deltas) π(pi) θ(theta)
Properties of Matter

**Properties of Matter** is the first lecture within the **Properties of Matter** section of PH1011. It covers a brief history of matter concepts, Dalton's atomic theory of matter, the mole and Avogadro's number.

Previous: N/A

Next: Thermal Physics and Temperature

## Content

### Historical Understandings of Matter

The Greeks are credited with the first concepts of matter as a scientific and understandable concept rather than a mere physical constant. *Democritus* put forth the theory that all matter was either atoms or empty space; Aristotle disagreed - believing instead that all things are a combination of the four "elements" of fire, water, earth and air. Unfortunately this proved to be the more popular theory and hobbled scientific endevour for the next few thousand years.

The concept of the atom was reiterated later (~1800) by Dalton, a chemist working with gases. Dalton recognised that elements react in simple proportions and that masses of constituents are conserved through reactions. These observations allowed Dalton to propose an atomic theory in which:

* All matter is atoms
* All atoms of one element are identical
* Atoms can't be created, destroyed or separated into parts
* Simple whole number ratio combinations of atoms allow for formation of compounds
* Chemical reactions involve separation or combination of atoms.

This theory remains roughly correct if imperfect.

### The Mole

The mole is defined as the number of atoms present in a 12g sample of carbon-12. Molar masses are the mass associated with one mole of a given substance, whether it be atoms or molecules or any other measurable quantity. Avogadro's number is the number of particles in a mole - **6.022x1023**. The atomic mass unit or **Dalton** is = mass C12/12 = 1.66x10-27kg.

* **Example:**
* Given densityk = 862kgm-3, estimate the size of a potassium atom.
* Molar mass K = 39g/mol
* 1 square metre contains (862/0.039) 22102mol m-3
* 22012 x NA = 1.3x1028 atoms m-3; each atom must take up 1/(1.3x1028) = 7.5x10-29 m3
* Given this volume the length of each atom must be 3√(7.5x10-29 m3) = 4.2x10-10m

## Summary

The Greeks were good for science. Amounts of substances can be expressed in moles, the mole being 6.022x10-23 molecules/atoms/ect. Knowing this value allows calculation of atomic sizes, alongside other varied applications in both physics and chemistry.
CH1401

**CH1401** is the first compulsory module in first year chemistry courses, and deals with inorganic chemistry. It covers Thermodynamics and general chemistry. It is followed by CH1402 in the second semester.

## Topic 1: Atoms and Molecules

* Notes 1 - Atomic and Molecular Structure
* Notes 2 - Nuclear Chemistry
* Notes 3 - Waves
* Notes 4 - Classical and Quantum Mechanics
* Notes 5 - Orbitals
* Notes 6 - Periodic Trends
* Notes 7 - Bonding
* Notes 8 - Combining Orbitals
* Notes 9 - Bond Order
* Notes 10 - Drawing Molecules

## Topic 2: Thermodynamics and Kinetics

* Lecture 1 - Chemical Kinetics
* Lecture 2 - Thermodynamics
* Lecture 3 - Enthalpies: Thermochemistry
* Lecture 4 - Entropy and the 2nd and 3rd Laws
* Lecture 5 - Gibbs Energy and the Direction of Spontaneous Change in Chemical Reactions
* Lecture 6 - Equilibrium Change with Pressure and Temperature

## Topic 3: Solutions

* Lecture 1 -
* Lecture 2 -
* Lecture 3 -
* Lecture 4 -
* Lecture 5 -
* Lecture 6 -

## Topic 4

* Notes 1 - Elements and the Periodic Table
* Notes 2 - Compounds and Reactions
* Notes 3 - Descriptive Chemistry
* Notes 4 - Halogens
* Notes 5 - Oxides
* Notes 6 - Hydrides
Ray Optics (Snell's Law, T.I.R)

Previous: What is Light, and How is it Generated?

Next: Ray Optics (the action of a lens)

***Ray Optics (Snell's Law, T.I.R)*** is the third lecture within the **Waves and Optics** section of PH1011. It covers Snell's Law, refractive indexes, and reflection.

## Content

### Refraction, Reflection

Reflection refers to an incident ray of light hitting off a material boundary and rebounding at an angle equal to that of incidence, reflected in the normal. Refraction refers to light passing through the boundary and being bent (toward the normal when passing into a more dense medium, eg from air to water); in most situations both refraction and reflection occur, splitting an oncoming ray of light into minor components. This occurs at smooth material boundaries; each material has an associated refractive index which determines how much the angle is bent, with nvacuum at 1 and all other materials >1. Refraction must be practically considered with monochromatic light, as different wavelengths refract to different levels (blue bends the most and red bends the least).

### Snell's Law

**n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2**; the refractive index of a material multiplied by the sine of its angle will be equal on the other side of the boundary. The refractive index of a material is determined by the speed of light in the material; v=c/n. This gives air an index of close to 1, and refractive index as a value has no units. The bending of light occurs as one side of a wave incoming at an angle will slow before the other side, which will skew it. The change in speed occurs due to the fact that molecules have associated kinetic energy; even in a solid they do vibrate, and this oscillation radiates further light. The radiated light interferes with the incoming beam, causing a resultant beam with the same frequency but a lower wavelength and lower speed. Δf/f = Δλ/λ.

### Total Internal Reflection

Total internal reflection occurs when light is incident at an angle less than the critical angle (where light is refracted perpendicular to the normal; sinθc = nr/ni; derived as sin90 = 1). This is what allows fibreoptic cables to function.

## Summary

Reflection occurs when incident light rebounds back into the medium where it has come from; refraction occurs when it bends toward the normal in a denser medium. Snell's law equates angles and refractive indexes and refraction into a dense medium causes light to slow down, with slight change in wavelength. TIR occurs when light is incident at anything less than the critical angle.
Atomic Structure

***Atomic Structure*** is the thirteenth lecture within the **Properties of Matter** subtopic of PH1011. It covers initial concepts of the atom, Rutherford Scattering, nuclear density and various calculations.

Previous: X-Rays

Next: Radioactivity I

## Content

### Rutherford Scattering

Thompson discovered the electron in the 19th century, and concluded that the atom was likely to exist in a "plum pudding" model; a sea of electrons around apositive point charge. This was disproven when Rutherford fired alpha particles at gold foil - many were deflected instead of passing directly through. This allowed the current understanding of the atom to be mae - a very small nucleus surrounded mostly by empty space.

### Neutrons

Neutrons only exist stably in the nucleus itself - they will otherwise decay into a proton, neutron and anti-electron neutrino, with a half life of 10.3 minutes. Neutrons are approximately equal mass to protons (where electrons are 1/1840 amu) and carry no charge.

### Atoms

The density of the nucleus can be found by considering H - the radius is ~10-10m, with volume roughly equal to r3 - if the mass of the atom is equal to that of a proton then mass = 1.7x10-27. This gives density = m/V = 1.7x103. The density of an atom is concentrated almost entirely in the atomic nucleus - at ~ 1018kg/m3, it is perhaps the most dense matirial in existence. A similar density is found in neutron stars.

Atomic notation is given the form AZE; Z being the atomic number and A being the mass number.

Isotopes are atoms with a differing number of neutrons to their usual counterparts. Their relative abundance can be calculated if the atomic mass and relative atomic mass is known - **Average atomic mass = %1M1 + %2M2 + ... + %nMn**.

## Summary

The atom consists of a dense nucleus amongst quantised electron orbitals.
Work and Energy I

Previous: Friction

***Work and Energy I*** is the sixth lecture in the **Mechanics** section of PH1011. It covers the relationship between work done and kinetic energy, the work-energy theorem, instantaneous power and definitions of energy.

Next: Work and Energy II

## Content

### Motivation

The relationship of kinetic energy and gravitational energy can be found thus: from the derivative of v2 - dv2/dt = catch you later derivation

unfinished page

∫
The conservation of energy therefore states: ***Ekg = constant***.

Points proven by the above derivation:

* Forces acting in directions perpendicular to velocity have no effect
* Gravitational potential is affected only by the final and initial states; intermediate values have no bearing on the result
* The constant of motion is a scalar quantity, and the sum of the kinetic and potential energies.

### Work

Substituting in a generic constant force instead of the gravitational force gives (m/2)v2 = ∫Fr dt = F(rf - ri) = Fd. As the force is only relevant where acting parallel to velocity, **W = Fdcosθ**. Work is equal to the change in kinetic energy (due to the above derivation); this is stated in the work-kinetic energy theorem: ***W = ΔEk***.

An object with associated kinetic energy can do work on another object by losing some of its own kinetic energy; the work done on the pushing object is negative. Energy input into an object is positive work done; output is negative. If more than one force acts upon a body, the net work done is the sum of all fractional works done.

### Energy

Energy can be defined as a system's ability to do work; however this is not all encompassing, as it is dependent on distance and energies such as chemical energy have no dealings with position changes at all.

Instantaneous power is dW/dt - given here as **P = *F.v*** (Watts).

Gravitational potential energy is equal to the integral of F by r - eg Fgz = -d/dz Ug.

### Examples

* 1: Mass on a pendulum
* Setting Ug and Ek equal allows calculation of a maximum velocity so long as a maximum height is known (and maximum height can be calculated if a triangle is provided.

* 2: Mass sliding down a plane
* Finding the stopping distance of an object having slid down a slope requires first calculation of the final kinetic energy; from here W = Ek = Fd.

## Summary

The energy conservation law can be derived from derivation of velocity squared, using substituted forces, Newton's second law, the scalar rule and the product rule of derivation. This derivation can also be used to find the work done, which is dependent on displacement in the direction of velocity and the relative force. Instantaneous power is related here by Fv, and W = Fdcosθ.
Thermal Physics and Temperature

**Thermal Physics and Temperature** is the second lecture within the **Properties of Matter** section of PH1011. It covers thermal equilibrium, the laws of thermodynamincs, and ideal gases.

Previous: Properties of Matter

Next: The Kinetic Theory of Gases I

## Content

### Temperature

The 0th Law of Thermodynamics states that:

1. "If bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium with C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other."

Temperature scales are defined using fixed points - eg Celsius uses the freezing and boiling points of water, Kelvin uses absolute zero and the triple point of water (273.16K) - and temperatures between these values can be found through an interpolation. Suplying heat to an object increases its temperature as it increases the kinetic energy of the molecules, making them vibrate faster.

### Gaseous relationships

Gas thermometers require fixed volumes to allow the pressue to be measured. This is due to the ideal gas laws -

* Charles' Law; **V α T** at constant P
* Boyles' Law; **PV = constant** at constant T (also P α (1/V))
* Gay-Lussac's Law; **P α T** at constant V

A combination of these gives **PV α T** or **PV/T = constant**. However, these only hold true for ideal gases, with these properties:

* Individual particles have 0 volume
* No intermolecular forces are apparent
* All collisions are elastic
* Particles are in constant random motion

Most gases behave ideally around standard temperatures.

### Ideal Gas Equation

Avogadro hypothesised that equal volumes of gas at equal temperatures should contain the same number of molecules regardless of molecular mass ect. This agrees with experimental findings and gives the ideal gas equation - ***PV = nRT*** where n is the number of moles and R is the idea gas constant **8.3JK-1m-1**.

## Summary

Temperature is defined on fixed point scales. The three gas relationships can be combined to give a master constant. Avogadro was an absolute legend.
The Photoelectric Effect

**The Photoelectric Effect** is the second lecture within the **Quantum Phenomena** section of PH1012. It covers the experiment behind and use of the photoelectric effect.

Previous: *Introduction to Quantum Physics*

Next: *Particle Theory of Light*

## Content

### Experiment

The photoelectric effect describes incident light causing electrons to be emitted from a metal target. It only occurs above specific wavelengths of light - but this threshold frequency differs depending on the metal used. The battery is used to create a variable potential difference between the plates (the retarding voltage) which eventually reaches a stopping voltage beyond which current cannot flow through the circuit. The stopping voltge relates to the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons by **Ek max = eVo**.

### Maths

The threshold frequency is typically ~5x1014Hz, and is dependent on the metal but NOT on the intensity of the incident light. This disagrees with the wave theory of light, which states that energy ∝ intensity ∝ kinetic energy of electrons. However, when light is considered as a stream of particles energy conversion states that **hv = Ek + W + Ecollisions**. hv is the energy of a photon, W is the metal's work function (an inherent property), and Ecollisions is the energy that the electrons lose due to internal colisions before they exit the metal. Electrons with maximum kinetic energy are those who have fewest internal collisions.

This can be expressed as **Vo = hv/e - W/e**, which provides a straight line graph.

## Summary

Electrons can be forced to exit a metal when struck by incident light of high energy. Their release occurs independent of incident intensity, and their energy is determined by the energy of the incidnt photon, the number of internal collisions and the metal's workfunction.
Motion in 2D and 3D

Previous: Vectors

***Motion in 2D and 3D*** is the third lecture in the **Mechanics** section of PH1011. It covers a 3D overview of previous 2D vectors, and projectile motion.

Next: Newton's Laws of Motion

## Content

### Position and Velocity

Position vectors define the position of an object at any point in its motion through 3D space. This vector simply extends between the origin and the object.

The vector describing average velocity is a linear superposition of three 2D vectors, and is given as Δx/Δt*i* + Δy/Δt*j* + Δz/Δt*k*.

The instantaneous velocity vector is limited as Δt -> 0, however is again a simple superposition of 2D motion concepts. v(t) = dr(t)/dt = vx(t)*i* + vy(t)*j* + vz(t)*k*.

### Speed, Distance and Acceleration

The instantaneous speed is given by the magnitude of the velocity. In small time intervals the distance travelled is v(t)dt - therefore a total distance is the integral of v between the start and end times (**d = ∫titfv(t)dt).**

The average acceleration vector is similar to the average velocity vector - Δx/Δt*i* + Δvy/Δt*j* + Δvz/Δt*k*. The instantaneous acceleration vector is the sum of linear vectors again - *a* = ax(t)*i* + ay(t)*j* + az(t)*k*.

### Projectile Motion

Projectile motion is usually considered in only two dimensions, and can be described by a vertical superposition on the y axis and a horizontal motion on the x axis. The origin point of a projectile is usually taken to be where it has been fired from; from there it follows a trajectory dependent on the effects of gravity and air resistance. However, assumptions can be made to produce a simplified model:

* The object is a point mass
* Air resistance and planetary curvature/rotation is negligible
* Gravitational force is constant over short distances

Neglecting air resistance causes gravity to be the only force acting on the mass. This gives an acceleration vector of -g*j*. The three kinematic equations can be used to derive further equations for the mass's time of flight, trajectory shape, range and maximum height.

## Summary

Position vectors are the vecor between an object's location and its origin. Most 3D vectors are merely superpositions of their three linear components. Projectile motion uses simplifications to allow easy calculation of the path of a projectile.
X-Rays

***X-Rays** is the twelfth lecture in the Properties of Matter section of PH1011. It covers the properties of Xrays, the spectra they produce, and Mosely's realtionship.*

Previous: The Electron II

Next: Atomic Structure

## Content

### Properties and evidence for

Xrays can be produced from cathode rays, and often affect materials (eg causing phospor to glow) even when inhibited by a shield. They are unaffected by magnetic fields but do cast a shadow, and pass through objects depending on density. This led to use in medical imaging.

Xrays can also be used to study crystal structure; constructive interference occurs when ***2dsinθ = nλ*** (the Bragg equation). This can be used to find the distance between atoms in a lattice structure, eg in finding the structure of DNA.

### Xray Spectra

Firing electrons at a target causes EM rays (in this case, Xrays) to be produced, as acceleration or decelleration of a charge produces radiation and vise versa. The incident electron is deflected against the atom and loses energy, which is given out as an xray photon with energy *hf*. The frequency of the xray is the speed of light x its wavelength. When this is carried out multiple times it gives an xray spectrum, plotting intensity against wavelength. The spectrum has a cutoff wavelength, a broad continous curve and several sharp peaks which are dependent on the anode or target metal due to electron transitions within the atoms. This cause materials to have a unique signature, and thus be identifiable from xray spectra.

* **Example:** What is the cutoff wavelength for electron acceleration over 30kV?
* ***hf = hc/λo = eV***
* => λo = 6.63x10-34Js x 3x108ms-1/(1.6x10-19C x 30x103)
* = 4x10-11

### Mosely's Relationship

Mosely conducted an experiment in which he used different targets for the x rays, and found that the square root of the frequencies on the xray spectral lines corresponded to the element's atomic numbers. ***√f α (Z-1)*** => ***√f = a(Z-1)***. If given more than one element here, the formula can be given as *√f1/√f2 = (Z2-1)/(Z1-1)*.

Xrays depend on the charge on the nucleus, and therefore vary by atom. Nuclear charge determines the placement of electrons on the atom, which in turn determines chemical properties.

## Summary

Xrays are used in medicine as they can pass through less dense materials such as flesh, and also in crystal structure, as their refraction angles allow the distance between atoms to be calculated. They can be produced by firing electrons at an anode target (as the deceleration of a charge produces EM radiation) and the resulting spectra can be used to identify the metal target. Mosely found that the square roots of xray frequencies varied with atomic number-1, which allows identification of compounds via xray spectra.
Acte 21 : Complication - Nemesis -

***Acte 21 : Complication - Nemesis -*** est le vingt-et-unième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

Sailor Moon rencontre enfin son ravisseur, le Prince Diamond, et découvre qu'il est obsédé par par Neo-Queen Serenity. À Crystal Tokyo, Chibiusa, rongée par les remords, s'enfuit à travers l'espace-temps, mais est interceptée par Wiseman.
Newton's Laws of Motion

Previous: Motion in 2D and 3D

***Newton's Laws of Motion*** is the fourth lecture in the **Mechanics** section of PH1011. It covers Newton's Laws and the set up of free body diagrams.

Next: Friction

## Content

### Newton's Laws

(See Concepts#Laws)

* **1st Law:** *v* = constant <=> *F* = 0; an object's velocity will remain constant in the absence of external forces.
* **2nd Law:** *F* = m*a*; a net force will cause acceleration in that direction, and the acceleration will be inversely proportional to the object's mass.
* **3rd Law:** FA->B = -FB->A; every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The force exerted on one body by another will be matched by the force of the second body on the first.

Newton's Laws are *only* valid in inertial reference frames.

### Free-body Diagrams

Free body diagrams are those in which only a point mass and its associated forces are considered. The point mass is represented as a dot and the forces are represented as arrows pointing away from it, labelled with the force's symbol and what it acts to and from (eg ***n*S->B**; the normal force of a surface acts upon a box, B). Various common forces are the weight (Earth -> Object), normal (surface -> Object, in a perpendicular direction to the surface plane and with equal magnitute to the relevant component of weight), tension (rope -> object, caused by pulling an object via rope), and friction (surface -> box again, acting along the surface).

### Examples

This is most commonly seen as a mass sliding down a frictionless surface; the only forces in play are weight and the normal, which must be found using trigonometry to calculate their values from a known angle of slope.

It is also often used in examples with masses moving over a pulley; the pulley is assumed to be without mass or friction, and its string inextensible and massless. Two separate free body diagrams must be drawn; one per mass. Taking different direction for the y axis of the masses allows both accelerations to be equal, and therefore the string tension to be the same as well. These two resulting equations can be used to calculate the unknown quantities, and also show that the string tension is only equal to the total mass x gravity when the masses are equal.

## Summary

Newton's Laws state that objects won't change velocity without external force, will accelerate with external force and will react equally when acted upon. Free body diagrams must have a point mass and its relevant forces, and are the easiest way of making calculations simply.
Acte 20 : Crystal Tokyo - King Endymion -

***Acte 20 : Crystal Tokyo - King Endymion -*** est le vingtième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

L'hologramme de King Endymion, le futur de Tuxedo Mask, leur explique que Crystal Tokyo a été attaqué par la secte Black Moon et que Chibiusa est la fille d'Usagi et Mamoru. Pendant ce temps-là, Sailor Moon est la prisonnière de Prince Diamond.
Acte 8 : Minako - Sailor V -

***Acte 8 : Minako - Sailor V -*** est le huitième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

Après que Sailor V eut aidé les guerrières à se débarrasser de Zoisite, elle se présente officiellement comme la Princesse de la Lune, la Princess Serenity. Kunzite, l'un des généraux du Dark Kingdom, tend un piège à Sailor V afin de s'emparer du Cristal d'argent.
Hopscotch

## Background

The app "Hopscotch" is a coding app. It is based like Scratch, with similar block systems. Several blocks are added, removed, and changed for convenience and learning experiences It is intended to introduce future programmers and coders into the world of coding.

## More Information

Hopscotch is a mobile app on iOS platforms. Currently, projects can only be made on iPads, but the editor update for iPhones is coming very soon (it is being tested in the Hopscotch Beta). It is mainly for young children to strengthen their knowledge about coding, although anyone can use Hopscotch! Many things have been created on this wonderful app. There are lots of music, art, games, stories, and various other things. What is great about Hopscotch is that it is a child friendly community!

**If you are a parent or a guardian who is thinking about getting Hopscotch, please do! You are giving your child a great advantage.** Here are some reasons that you might want to use Hopscotch:

1. It's a fun way to learn how to code.

2. You can communicate and collaborate with your favorite Hopscotchers, or even friends in real life!

3. There are tons of awesome games and projects to play.

4. It is kid friendly, so you don't need to worry about any inappropriate things.

5. You can make your own games!

6. A very unique and fun way to learn math.

7. There will always be someone to help you.

8. It's a stepping stone if you want to code advanced languages in the future.

Don't understand how to use the interface? No worries! Try watching a video on YouTube by Hopscotch.

Have fun with Hopscotch! We love it, and we know you will too!

## Community

Many diverse people use Hopscotch. Although most users are children, there are people of many ages and other differences. As of late December, there are over 3000 users on the forum. These Hopscotchers publish projects on Hopscotch, help each other with code, and more.

## Controversy

### **LGBT**

LGBT (or **Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender**) has caused some controversy on the forum after a Hopscotcher started a movement to educate people about LGBT. The controversy revolved around certain religions that banned homo/bisexuality. The words "gay", "lesbian", and similar were removed from the filter by Liza soon after this event.

### **Emotional Posts**

Around March 2016, some people had started making emotional posts to tell about their struggles. However, this escalated quickly. People stated that these posts were not compliant with the rule of being happy, along with its harsh wording. However some other people had claimed that emotional posts were indeed okay as long as they were not very harsh.

This controversy had resulted in the suspension of 2 Hopscotchers majorly involved.

## Code

Hopscotch doesn't use typed out code like most advanced languages do. Instead, it uses colorful blocks which tell the object or character what to do, similar to Scratch. It is easier to get into, as there is no syntax, nor memorizing tricky tags.
Acte 15 : Intrusion - Sailor Mars -

***Acte 15 : Intrusion - Sailor Mars -*** est le quinzième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

Mamoru surnomme la mystérieuse petite fille aux cheveux roses Chibiusa, ce qui signifie « petite Usagi ». Un nouvel ennemi apparaît, la secte Black Moon, dont le leader, Prince Diamond, semble déterminé à s'emparer du Cristal d'argent. Rei se retrouve en danger.
Le bal masqué

***Le bal masqué*** est le quatrième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

Tout le monde ne parle que du bal masqué organisé par la Princesse du Royaume D. et de son fabuleux trésor. Alors que Luna pense qu'il s'agit du Cristal d'argent tant convoité, Usagi, Rei et Ami se déguisent pour se rendre au bal.

## Résumé

Tout le monde ne parle que du bal masqué organisé par la Princesse du Royaume D. et de son fabuleux trésor. Alors que Luna pense qu'il s'agit du Cristal d'argent tant convoité, Usagi, Rei et Ami se déguisent pour se rendre au bal. Usagi y aperçoit Tuxedo Mask et danse même avec lui.

Ami et Rei découvrent que que Nephrite, l'un des généraux du Dark Kingdom, est lui aussi à la recherche du Cristal d'argent, a pris possession de l'assistante de la princesse D. Rejointes par Sailor Moon qui a un diadème encore plus puissant, elles parviennent à repousser leur ennemis et sauver la princesse dont le trésor n'est finalement qu'une sculpture.
Tuxedo Mask

Tuxedo Mask

**Tuxedo Mask** est l'identité secrète de Mamoru Chiba, réincarnation du Prince Endymion. C'est le petit-ami et futur mari de Sailor Moon.

## Apparence

*Tuxedo Mask*est vêtu d’un smoking et d'un chapeau haut-de-forme noirs, ainsi qu'une cape noire doublée de soie rouge et un masque blanc. La rose rouge est son emblème.

## Biographie

### Saison 1

Tuxedo Mask est un homme masqué mystérieux à la recherche du puissant Cristal d'argent pour retrouver la mémoire. Il a des rêves récurrents de sa vie antérieure et d'une belle princesse et finit par découvrir la véritable identité de cette princesse.

On l'aperçoit pour la première fois dans l'épisode 1 *Usagi, Sailor Moon* où il aide Sailor Moon à détruire la youma.

## Pouvoirs et capacités

### Attaques

* Tuxedo Smoking Bomber
* Rose
Sailor Chibi Moon

Sailor Chibi Moon

**Sailor Chibi Moon** est la forme Guerrière Sailor de Chibiusa Tsukino. C'est la fille de Sailor Moon et de Tuxedo Mask.

## Apparence

Tous comme pour les autres personnages, l'apparence de Sailor Chibi Moon dans le nouvel anime se rapproche de son apparence dans le manga.

Elle a les cheveux roses coiffés en macarons comme sa mère et les yeux rouges. Elle porte la fameuse tenue de Sailor avec un noeud rouge sur son col marin, une jupe courte à noeud rose, des bottes roses à talons et des gants blancs. Sans oublier la tiare que toutes les Sailors portent et les mêmes barrettes en perles que sa mère.

## Biographie

Sailor Chibi Moon est une apprentie Guerrière Sailor.

## Pouvoirs et capacités

En tant que future Gardienne de la Lune, elle maîtrise l'immense pouvoir de cette dernière.

### Attaques

* Moon Princess Halation (avec Sailor Moon)
* Pink Sugar Heart Attack
* Rainbow Double Moon Heart Ache (avec Super Sailor Moom)

## Le saviez-vous ?

* C'est la septième Guerrière Sailor à apparaître dans la série.
* Son identité secrète est Chibiusa Tsukino.
* Elle a une chatte qui se prénomme Dianne .
Basic Web Design Tutorial

"I hate the blacks." - Racist Toad

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Minako Aino

**Minako Aino** est le nom civil de Sailor Venus. C'est une collégienne de 14 ans.

### Apparence

Dans l'anime, Minako a la même apparence que dans le manga.

Elle a les cheveux blonds longs attachés en demi-queue de cheval par un noeud rouge et une frange. Ses yeux sont bleus. Son uniforme de collégienne se compose d'une chemise blanche à col marin bleu et noeud rouge, d'une jupe plissée bleue qui lui arrive à la hauteur des genoux, de chaussettes blanches, et de chaussures à talons et à brides noires.

## Biographie

### Saison 1

Sailor Venus et Artemis se présentent officiellement aux autres Sailors dans l'épisode *Minako, Sailor V*. C'est elle qui apprend aux autres guerrières qu'elles ont déjà affronté 10 000 ans auparavant. Kunzite, envoyé par le Dark Kingdom, tend un piège à Sailor VenI s.

## Le saviez-vous ?

* Son nom signifie : « Belle enfant de l'amour ».
Anonymous

**Anonymous** is a hopscotcher that started in November of 2015. He is also a leader on the forum, as well as an admin on the wikia.

## What Does He Do on Hopscotch?

Anonymous is a music lover, and he posts music a lot. He is a rookie in text art, and hopes to explore the world of coding.

## Featured Projects on Hopscotch

### Music Kit

He has currently 2 features. One of them, called "Music Kit" is a music project, where there is a piano and some displayed songs. The attempt was to hopscotchify the song "Imagine" by John Lennon. Anonymous decided to add some tweaks, and successfully got featured!

### Flight of the Bumblebee

Another Project that got onto featured was "Flight of the Bumblebee". Another attempt to hopscotchify  a music piece, he takes Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov's piano piece and recreates it. The project was not entirely successful, due to some notes that could not be reached. It also has an illuminati easter egg.

## What Does He Do on The Forum?

On the forum, he can be a troll. But most times, he likes helping other people. He has created loads of topics with useful information. He's also a leader on the forum, and is always ready to help! If your looking for music help, a funny roast session, forum tricks or ways to use the forum, check out his topics!

## What does He Do on the Wikia?

On the Wikia, Anonymous likes to make and edit articles. He's on a lot, and he contributes almost every day. Message him on his message wall if you require any assistance!

## Stereotypes about Anonymous

* Many people think that Anon has a relationship with the hacktivist group, and that is not true. Although he chose his name to simply mean "Anonymous", people have thought differently.
* Anonymous does not troll **that much**. From time to time, you may see him throwing puns and making jokes, but he's not a 24/7 troller. Don't think that he'll make jokes at you every minute, he won't.

## Fun Facts about Anonymous

* He has another account, but will not reveal!
* He has never made games on his account!
* His name username used to be Follow4LikesOfficial, which is why people call him F4LO.
Оптимус Прайм

**Оптимус Прайм (англ. Optimus Prime)** — предводитель автоботов, четырнадцатый Прайм.

## Биография

Оптимус бывши Орионом Паксом был библиотекарем и восхитился Мегатроном став его учеником но после когда мегатрон потребовал звания Прайма и совет старейшин отказал Мегатрону и принял слова Ориона Мегатрон пошёл войной на всех кто встал у него на пути

## Технические характеристики

альт-форма Прайма огромный грузовик тягач (с прицепом)
PH1012

**PH1012**, or **Physics 1B**, is the second module in the first year physics course. It is split into three main topics - **Quantum Phenomena**, **Mechanics II**, and **Lasers** - and follows directly from PH1011.

## Content

### Quantum Phenomena

* Lecture 1 - Introduction to Quantum Physics
* Lecture

## Mark Breakdown

* 50% exam
* 25% labs
* 15% group project
* 10% class test
Hopscotchify Meaning

## What does Hopscotchify mean?

On the forum, you might see people using the term "Hopscotchify". It's really simple to know what it means, and if you don't, you're in luck!

## Meaning

To Hopscotchify something is to make something in hopscotch. -ify is a suffix derived from Latin, with the meanings “to make, cause to be, render”. So in this case, Hopscotchify means "to make, in Hopscotch".

You can say "I'm going to Hopscotchify this game", or "I Hopscotchified this music piece."

It's a shorter way of saying "I'm going to make this game in Hopscotch", or "I made this music piece in Hopscotch".

## Origin

The first known use of the term Hopscotchify was from Anonymous, in December. He used the term relating to music. Later on, he also used it to create the Hopscotch Book (by CreativeCoder, Anonymous, LotsaPizza, Rawrbear) and it won to be the title.

You can read the book on the Hopscotchified Topic on the forum.
Prince Endymion

Le prince Endymion est la précédente vie de Mamoru Chiba

    Il était le prince de la Terre et l'époux de la princesse Sérénity à l'époque du Silver Milenium.

## Apparence

Le prince Endymion était très beau et très intelligent, il vivait dans le royaume de la Terre. Il a les cheveux noirs, les yeux bleu clair. Il portait un uniforme noir, avec des bottes hautes et toujours avec une épée sur le côté gauche, et une cape noire avec le fond rouge.

## Sailor Moon Crystal.

La princesse Sérénity a toujours été intéressée par la planète Terre et fascinée. Elle allait de temps en temps sur la Terre pour sentir la brise dans ses cheveux et voir les prairies verdoyantes pleines de fleurs et d’arbres.
Lors d'une de ses visites, elle voit le prince Endymion et il la voit aussi et ils tombent amoureux.
Mais ils ont dû se cacher, car les habitants de la Lune et ceux de la Terre ne peuvent pas entretenir de relation, car c'est la loi de Dieu et c'était également interdit. Beryl les observait et était remplie de jalousie puisqu'elle était secrètement amoureuse du Prince.

Un jour, une force maléfique est venue de nulle part, d'où est sortie une créature appelée Reine Metalia qui a lavé les célébrations des habitants de la Terre avec l'obéissance du cristal d'argent.
Le seul qui pouvait être sauvé de cette force était le prince Emdymion. J'essaie de sauver sa bien-aimée Serenity mais Beryl qui voulait assassiner la princesse Serenity, Endymion a sacrifié sa propre vie.
Terrorisée et pleine de douleur, Sérénité, pris une épée et se suicida elle-même pour mourir aux côtés de son bien-aimé Emdymion.

La reine Serenity, la mère de la princesse Serenity, a utilisé son sceptre, le sceptre lunaire, pour vaincre l'ennemi. Une fois vaincu, il envoya tous les habitants des deux royaumes, ainsi que Luna et Artemis, sur la Terre pour renaître et espérer se revoir et maintenir la paix et la tranquillité pour tous.

## Act 9

Dans l'épisode 9, l'homme au masque de queen renaît. Mamoru Chiba se souvient que Sailor Moon était la Princesse de la Lune et se souvenait de sa renaissance sur Terre et Sailor Moon était la Princesse Serenity et qu'elle se souvenait de son passé.

Rappelez-vous que Mamo-Chan était son petit ami au Silver Millennium.
Luna

Luna

**Luna** est la chatte gardienne de de Sailor Moon. Elle conseille Usagi Tsukino.

## Apparence

C'est un chat noir et elle a un croissant de lune jaune sur le front. Elle a les yeux rouges comme dans le premier anime.

## Biographie

### Saison 1

Luna apparaît dès l'épisode 1, *Usagi, Sailor Moon*, quand cette dernière marche dessus sans faire exprès sur le chemin de l'école. Usagi vérifie alors qu'elle va bien et lui enlève le pansement qu'elle a sur le front pour découvrir un étrange croissant de lune.

Usagi revoit Luna quand elle se rend dans sa salle de jeux préférée, le Crown. Puis, dans sa chambre quand elle la réveille en lui griffant le visage. Quand Usagi se réveille, Luna se met à parler, lui apprend qu'elle est une Guerrière Sailor et lui donne sa broche de transformation. Une fois Usagi transformée en Sailor Moon, Luna la guide jusqu'à Morga, envoyée par le Dark Kingdom. C'est encore Luna qui explique à Sailor Moon comment combattre leur ennemie en utilisant son Moon Tiara Boomerang.

Luna guidera Sailor Mercury, Sailor Mars et Sailor Jupiter de la même façon, en leur remettant les objets qui leur permettent de se transformer.
Acte 25 : Confrontation - Death Phantom -

***Acte 25 : Confrontation - Death Phantom -*** est le vingt-cinquième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

Sailor Pluto stoppe le temps et sauve la Terre in extremis, mais le paie de sa vie. Sa mort provoque une vive émotion chez Black Lady qui se libère de l'emprise de Wiseman, récupère le Cristal d'argent et se transforme en Sailor Chibi Moon pour la première fois. Sailor Moon, les autres guerrières, Tuxedo Mask et le Prince Diamond affrontent Wiseman.
Usagi Tsukino/Usagi Tsukino (1er anime)

**Usagi Tsukino**  (ou **Bunny Rivière** dans l'anime) est la protagoniste centrale de la série ainsi que la Princesse de la Lune : Princess Serenity (Serenity venant de Séléné, la déesse grecque de la Lune). Elle est avant tout une Sailor Senshi, Sailor Moon, et devient leur chef lors de sa réincarnation (lors du Silver Millenium, il s'agissait de Sailor Venus).

## Apparence

Usagi est une fille âgée de 14 à 16 ans, blonde aux yeux bleus, dont les cheveux sont coiffés *à la façon odango,* c'est à direretenus en deux petits chignons (comme des boulettes de dango)sur le sommet de son crâne qui, chacun, laissent échapper une longue queue de chevallui descendant à mi-cuisse. Elle porte généralement son uniforme scolaire ou une tenue de marin lorsqu'elle est transformée.

## Personnalité

Usagi est d'un naturel pleurnichard, maladroit, et enfantin. Elle aime dormir, manger, jouer aux jeux vidéos et et arrogante envers ses parents et un peu méchante et montre une affection pour les lapins. Elle est amoureuse de Mamoru Chiba (Tuxedo Mask).
Acte 10 : Moon - Lune -

***Acte 10 : Moon - Lune -*** est le dixième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

Luna décide d'emmener les guerrières sur la Lune pour qu'elles découvrent leurs vies antérieures. Quand Sailor Venus parvient à sortir une épée de se socle, l'hologramme de Queen Serenity, la mère de la Princess Serenity, apparaît pour leur raconter ce qu'il s'est passé.
Acte 19 : Time Warp - Sailor Pluto -

***Acte 19 : Time Warp - Sailor Pluto -*** est le dix-neuvième épisode de *Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal*.

## Synopsis

Chibiusa amène Sailor Moon, Sailor Venus, Tuxedo Mask, Luna et Artemis au xxxe siècle grâce à sa clé du temps, où ils font la connaissance de Sailor Pluto, qui garde la Porte du temps et découvrent Crystal Tokyo dans un bien triste état.
Black Lady

> Black Lady est la version méchante de Chibiusa .
>
>

## Apparence

Black Lady est la forme adulte de Chibiusa . Sa tête est couronné de deux couettes en formes de macarons . Elle porte une robe noir . En dessous de cette robe se trouve une légère chemise rouge . Elle porte aussi un léger foulard rouge quelle tient la plupart du temps dans ses mains . Elle a aussi des boucles d'oreilles noire en forme de cristal . Elle a une lune noire dessiner sur son front. Elle a des yeux rouge tout comme small lady et porte un collier noir avec plusieurs cristaux de couleurs argentées.

## Biographie

#### Tome 4

Black Lady apparaît pour la première fois à la dernière page du tome 3 de "Sailor Moon Pretty Guardian" elle se fait alors contrôlé par Wiseman .

#### Tome 5

Chibiusa se transforme complètement en Black Lady dans se tome , à ce moment précis ,Sailor Pluto voit apparaître une tempête , c'est un chaos sans précédant qui vient bouleverser l'espace-temps ( se chaos montre l'arriver de Black Lady).Tuxedo Mask va alors essayer de trouver Chibiusa et il découvre alors la nouvelle Small Lady .Wiseman ensorcelle alors Endymion pour qu'il tue Usagi. Après un long combat entre Black Lady et Sailor Moon . Sailor Pluto sous les conseilles de la chatte Diana va secourir les autres Sailor mais cette affront va lui coûter la vie après qu'elle est transgressé ses propres codes en arrêtant le temps . Voyant son amie de toujours mourir devant elle , Black Lady redevient alors Small Lady ( Chibiusa) .

## Anecdote

* Elle est la forme méchante est cruelle de Chibiusa .
* Elle incarne la jalousie qu'éprouvait Chibiusa vis à vis d'Usagi, mais aussi l'envie de celle-ci de grandir et de devenir une adolescente, bien qu'elle soit immortelle .

* Tout comme Chibiusa , Black Lady est amoureuse de Endymion .
* Elle est au service de Wiseman.

## Mot dune des auteurs

Je vous remercie d'avoir lue cette page fandom , je suis désolée si il y a des fautes d'orthographe (je n'ai jamais été forte en français) si vous avez des question a posé(e) sur le personnage de Black Lady n'hésitez pas à poser des question en commentaire . J'espère que je ne suis pas la seule a aimez se personnage bien qu'ils soit souvent détester par les fan.