recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Servus Corporis

**Servus Corporis** was the name given to the personal attendant (or Body Slave) of a Roman slave owner (called a *Dominus* or *Domina*). A slave who worked in the capacity of personal assistant or secretary who attended his or her master's person was known as an *Amanuensis*, which means "within hands reach". A female Body Slave was also known as an *Ancillae*, which means "hand-maidens"

## Description

A Body Slave would accompany their master wherever they went. Male slaves would accompany a Dominus while female slaves accompanied a *Domina*. A Body Slave would perform mundane tasks for their masters.

The male slaves may have been chosen for their certain skills such as music, poetry or accounting (most likely a slave of Greek descent), or may have been simply used as a bodyguard. Body Slaves would often achieve a "closer" relationship with their master, gaining a kind of working relationship with them, often aiding them in their decision making.

Wealthy Romans (such as Marcus Licinius Crassus or Gaius Julius Caesar) may have occasionally had multiple Body Slaves, as a way to display their own wealth.

## Known Body Slaves

* **Tiro**, the former Body Slave of Senator Marcus Tullius Cicero. Tiro would achieve his freedom, later becoming a successful author in his own right. Died in 4 BC.
Tiberius Ivinius

**Tiberius Ivinius** is a minor character in the fourth season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman Centurion under the command of Proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus during the Third Servile War in 72 BC, serving in the *Legio I Gallia Cisalpina*.

He, alongside most of his century, was killed by the rebels during the Battle of Mutina.

## Background

### Early Life

Ivinius was born sometime before 110 BC, into a plebeian family in Rome.

In early 72 BC, Ivinius marched with newly elected proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus to Cisalpine Gaul, commanding his own legionary of eighty men.

In the *Legio I Gallia Cisalpina*, Ivinius was placed into the Second Cohort

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Ivinius was well experienced in Roman combat, having served under Sulla in the Social War a decade earlier.
Thrace

**Thrace** is the homeland of Spartacus and Sura, as well as Drenis and Byzo. It is a country filled with multiple villages of what Romans would consider barbarians, living in their own communities without larger cities. One is who is from Thrace is often called a **Thracian**, which later becomes a nickname for Spartacus himself. The specific location of the homeland of the Thracian tribe of the Maedi, Spartacus' people, is found in the modern Bulgarian Blagoevgrad Province, along the banks of the the Strymon River between Rupel Pass and Kresna Gorge. Thrace, in the lifetime of Spartacus, was divided into several tribal kingdoms that arose from the division of the old Odrysian Kingdom under the Sapaean and Astean dynasties. All these kingdoms, given their proximity to the Roman Province of Macedonia, were clients of the Republic of Rome, and would frequently supply contingents of warriors to fight in the Roman Auxilia.

In the 270's BCE, an army of Gauls of Boii and Volcae extraction, known as the **Aegosage** tribe, were defeated in a war with the Macedonian King Antigonos II Gonatas. After their defeat at the Battle of Lysamachia in 277 BCE, many retreated inland in Thrace, where, under kingship of a chieftain named Comontorius, established a settlement east of the Haemus Mountains that would become the centre of the Kingdom of Tylis, in what is now the Stara Zagora Province in south-central Bulgaria. This Celto-Thracian state survived until 212 BCE, when it destroyed during the reign of King Cavarus in a raid by neighbouring Thracian tribes.
Assyria

**Assyria**, also called the **Assyrian Empire**, was a Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant that existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC (in the form of the Assur city-state) until its collapse between 612 BC and 609 BC – spanning the periods of the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age.

At its height in the 8th Century B.C. it dominated Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and conquered Egypt. The homeland of the Assyrians, though, lies in modern northwestern Iraq. Most of the area of modern Syria was occupied at the time of the Third Servile War by the Aramaean peoples, Semitic tribes who maintained kingdoms which had paid tribute first to the Assyrians, then the Persians, and then the Greco-Macedonian empires of the Antigonids, the descendants of Alexander's general Antigonus, and the empire of the Seleucids, descendants of Alexander's general Seleucus. The Greeks and Romans tended to refer both to the Aramaeans and the Assyrians indifferently as "Syrians" in view of Assyria's historical dominance of the region.
Oleimnion

**Olemnion** (real name unknown) is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Numidian who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

He was crucified on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus in 71 BC following the Battle of the Silarus River.
Polonix

**Polonix** is a minor character in the fifth season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Greek born slave and Gladiator belonging to the Ludus of Gaius Aurelius Scaurus.

## Background

### Third Servile War

After the defeat of Spartacus in 71 BC, Capua's next Gladiatorial games served to also celebrate the defeat of Spartacus and his rebellion. Polonix was among the Gladiators in Scaurus' Ludus to partake in the games.
Sardinia

Sardinia was the location of the ancient Nuraghic Civilization between the mid-Second to First Millennium BCE. Sardinia is believed to have been the original homeland of the Sherdana, a tribe identified as part of a maritme coalition known to history as the Sea People, whom harassed Egypt and many nations in the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Second Millennium BCE. During the early First Millennium BCE, Phoenicians established enclaves on the island, such as the coastal towns of Sulcis, Nora, Caralis and Tharros. After the Carthaginian defeat of the First Punic War, the indemnity set by the Romans caused the Carthaginian government to delay the payment of their large mercenary army, leading to the Mercenary War in Punic North Africa which occurred from 240-238 BCE. The Romans cynically took advantage of the war by annexing Sardinia and Corsica. Though the Sardinian Nuraghs in the island's interior and the coastal-dwelling Phoenicians maintained their distinctive cultures for a numer of years afterward.
Rudiarius

The **Rudiarius** was an unofficial Gladiator type in Ancient Rome.

## Description

The title served more as a status signifying a freed Roman Gladiator. The title took its name from the Rudis, a wooden sword given to the freed Gladiator, marking him as a freed man.

Despite having earned their freedom through his combat in Arena, what marked this gladiator apart was the fact that they chose to continue fighting, this is what made them a *Rudiarius* (plural rudiarii).

You could also be called a rudarius or rudiarii if you worked within the gladiator world, for example trainers (for example, a *Doctore*) may be called rudiarii if they continued to train after they had earned their freedom. The same for managers, match referees and anyone associated with the sport in some capacity.

Because of the fact these gladiators had already earned their freedom but continued to fight, the crowd were always warm them. To earn your freedom and continue shows many things, bravery, love for combat, some might even say stupidity. but for the Rudiarii, for whatever reason they did not want to leave the amphitheatre, at least not quite yet, and not in this way.

* Through combat and success the rudiarius gladiator had earned their freedom, and now as a free man but still willing to fight, they brought a level of experience to the amphitheatre. With a track record of likely success there was likely a confidence in a rudiarius gladiator that was hard to match by many other gladiators.
* The answer to this question is not so straight forward, there are in fact many answers to it, which we can explore below.

A free man might continue to fight for money and financial gain. Not all successful gladiators had paid of their debts. Alternatively it could be they wanted to use their status to earn bigger money in the amphitheatre, and not only retire, but retire well.

The fame is another reason for a free man to continue fighting, the very popular gladiators were highly revered and lived out their days with a certain level of fame that was likely addictive to them. For this reason, we probably saw a lot of rudarii return to the amphitheatre to rekindle their glory days in the spotlights.

## The Rudis

*Main Article: Rudis*
The rudis was a symbol of freedom to the gladiators, and was typically a wooden sword that was awarded to them. This symbol marked their status as a now, free man, but it was told that the gladiator should carry this with them at all times, to ensure they did not revert back to slavery.

## Known Rudiarii

* Ucceius
* Trius
Shroud of Distrust

Shroud of Distrust

## Plot

Spartacus and his armies attack and plunder the town of Forum Annii. Storming through the streets, Spartacus sees one of the rebels attempting to force himself on a young woman. After attacking and threatening the man, Crixus calls out to him, telling him the man is one of his men. Spartacus becomes enraged that Crixus would allow his men to act in such a way towards the vulnerable, with Crixus recalling how the Romans treat their own slaves, how many of their men were treated. The morning of the siege, Spartacus recieves many stories of atrocities committed among Crixus and Gannicus' men.

## Cast

* Spartacus
* Crixus
* Gannicus
* Castus
Olbius

**Olbius** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River, dying shortly before Spartacus himself.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: Olbius was an incredibly skilled fighter, having survived many battles in Spartacus' rebellion.
Thromos

**Thromos** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. He was killed in the Battle of the Silarus River in 71 BC alongside his twin-brother Odaus.

## Background

### Early Life

Thromos was born into the Thyni tribe in south-eastern Thrace, and was the twin brother of Odaus. As young adults, they already well versed in combat, even besting a number of Roman legionaries before they were both ultimately enslaved and taken to Rome.

Thromos was separated from his brother after being purchased by a Roman nobleman in Campania. Meanwhile, Odaus was purchased by a Roman living in Apulia.

### Third Servile War

Thromos wouldn't see his brother for over a decade until 73 BC, when Thromos heard of the rebel Spartacus and his victory over Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber at Mount Vesuvius.

Thromos immediately headed eastwards until he found Spartacus' army, bringing a number of other escaped slaves with him.

## Traits and Skills

* **Skilled Combatant**: Having been trained as a pastores, Thromos was a very skilled fighter, able to hold his own against numerous opponents during the rebellion.
* **Bilingual**: Other than his native tongue, Thracian, Thromos was also fluent in Latin and Greek.
Omarco

**Omarco** is a recurring character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Gladiator from Phoenicia who later escaped from the ludus of Lentulus Batiatus along with Spartacus and Batiatus' other gladiators, and joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.
Nylius

**Nylius** is a recurring character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Greek born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic. He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Background

### Early Life

Nylius was born in 112 BC in the Roman controlled Greek city of Ambracia. His parents were both slaves, and as such, Nylius was a *Verna* (a homegrown slave). Eventually, his dominus sold Nylius and a handful of other slaves, also *Vernae*, to the Cilician pirates. He and the others were brought straight to Apulia in southern Italia, where he was eventually sold to **Gnaeus Pollius Vicricius**, a wealthy Roman living in Lucania. Over the next few decades, Nylius tended his masters lands as a Pastores, herding his dominus' stock and protecting it from thieves with many other slaves. Over these years, he would enter into a *contubernia* with another of Vicricius' slaves, Tinorea.

Tinorea had once become pregnant with Nylius' child, but believing it would cause Nylius to neglect his duties, Vicricius forced Tinorea to drink Silphium, causing a miscarriage.

### Third Servile War

In 73 BC, after hearing word of Spartacus' victory over Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber at Mount Vesuvius, Nylius and Vicricius' other slaves planned to escape and join Spartacus' rebellion.
Paccius

**Gaius Paccius**, or simply **Paccius**, is a recurring character in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman Gladiator who escaped from the ludus of Lentulus Batiatus along with Spartacus, Crixus and other gladiators in 73 BC. Following this, he joined Spartacus' rebellion against Rome.

In 71 BC, Paccius was captured during the Battle of the Silarus River, and afterwards was crucified along the Appian Way, on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

## Background

### Early Life

Paccius was born in Capua and took many professions before being recruited into the Roman Legions, serving in the legions of Gaius Marius during the Social. After Marius' exile, Paccius and many other Legionaries found themselves enslaved. Some years later, Paccius was brought back to Capua, having been purchased by Lanista Lentulus Batiatus.

For over a decade, Paccius was trained as a Gladiator, becoming one of the Ludus' veteran members, alongside Oenomaus. Paccius also befriended Trius before he gained his freedom.

### Death

Along with thousands of other captured rebels, Paccius was Crucified along the Appian Way. Paccius himself was crucified outside the city of Forentum.
Quintus Quinio

**Quintus Quinio** is a Minor Character in the fifth season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman Legionary under the command of Marcus Licinius Crassus during the Third Servile War, serving in the Second Cohort of the Legio I Licinii Crassi, one of two Legions personally funded and created by Crassus in 72 BC.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.
Quintus Nelius

**Quintus Nelius** was a wealthy Roman noble living in the city of Abellinum during the Third Servile War. A number of his slaves fled to Spartacus' rebellion in 73 BC.

## Background

### Early Life

Nelius lived in the city of Abellinum, and owned many slaves in his villa.

Two of his slaves were Amanthea and Nattia. Both, including many other of Nelius' slaves, fled from his villa, and out of the city in late 73 BC, to join Spartacus' rebellion.
Rufinia

**Rufinia** (real name unknown) is a mentioned character in the fourth season of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Numidia who lived in the city of Capua in 73 BC. She was a trained gladiatrix who fought against Alleivria in the underground fighting pits.

## Background

Rufinia was born in Numidia in 118 BC. Following the end of the Jugurthine War in 106 BC, Rufinia was captured and enslaved by Roman troops under the command of Quaestor Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Once she was brought to Italia, Rufinia was sold to Gaius Ofidius Gaurus in Capua, the owner of numerous brothels in both Capua and Tarracina. Displeased with Rufinia's performance in one of his Capuan brothels, he sent Rufinia to the mines. After only a week in these mines, Rufinia was bought by another Roman, Lucius Lucilius. Instead of becoming a concubina or prostitute, Rufinia was instead forced to train in the underground pits in Capua, and became a gladiatrix.

Despite several victories in these pits, Rufinia ultimately lost and was killed by another fighter, Alleivria. In 71 BC, during a campfire in the rebel encampment, Allovera mentioned Rufinia, and how several other women had been forced to fight to the death in the pits for the Roman crowds.
More will Fall

**More will Fall** is the third episode of the second season of *Spartacus*.

## Plot

As Spartacus and his army are storming through Nola, he oversees Gannicus and Castus terrorising Roman citizens. He finds Crixus and his men killing the guards and stationed soldiers, and tells Crixus to control his men. Crixus tells Spartacus that Gannicus and Castus lead their own men, and that he and they can do what they please when they plunder towns and cities. Spartacus leaves the city with his men back to their camp, leaving Crixus, Gannicus and Castus to plunder and take personal spoils.

Spartacus spends the night with Tresura, and gladly takes her advice to speak with his generals, and find some common ground in order to keep their forces together. Spartacus admits that he had been feeling his army falling apart ever since defeating Cossinius and Furius. Spartacus meets with Crixus first. Crixus tells Spartacus that while they are allies and friends, their army was always split, and only the battles had made their army seem as one, and that soon enough all of Spartacus' generals would split from the main army.

Two rebels, Eynascius and Arrildus arrive, telling Spartacus that Romans have appeared near camp. He meets with Murrius, who had been living just outside Nola when the rebels attacked the city.

## Cast

* TBA as Spartacus
* TBA as Castus
* TBA as Gannicus
* TBA as Crixus
* TBA as Furudix
* TBA as Eynascius
* TBA as Arrildus
* TBA as Murrius
* TBA as Luria
Sextus Velinius

**Sextus Velinius** is a Recurring character in the first season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman and citizen of Capua.

## Background

In 73 BC, Velinius aided in leading a small force of soldiers to find and capture Spartacus and the remaining Gladiators of Lentulus Batiatus. After failing and being forced to retreat, Velinius and the remained of his men came under the command of Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber when he was dispatched to defeat Spartacus and his growing rebellion.
Titus Ippius Auma

**Titus Ippius Auma**, or simply **Auma**, was a Sicilian freedman and a resident of Capua. He has one son, Lucius Auma, who served as a guard for Lanista Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus.

## Background

Auma was a slave of a Roman official named Titus Ippius. At some point around 110 BC, Auma bought his freedom, settling in the city of Capua where he married the daughter of a fellow freedman. Titus and his wife had a son together, Lucius. When Lucius came of age, he found employment as a guard at the Ludus owned by Lanista Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus.

In 73 BC, Auma and his wife received word of Lucius' death, having been killed when Batiatus' Gladiators escaped.
Osyntus

**Osyntus** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Brundisium.

## Background

### Early Life

Osyntus was born somewhere in northern Thrace and taken into slavery at a young age when he was captured by Roman soldiers. When he was taken to Italy, he was sold to a wealthy Roman somewhere in Campania.
Quintus Marcius Rufus

**Quintus Marcius Rufus** (*kʷiːntʊs ˈmar.ki.ʊs ˈruː.fʊs*) is a recurring character in the fifth season of ***Spartacus***. He was a commander of Marcus Licinius Crassus during the Third Servile War.

He was killed by the rebel Spartacus in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Background

### Early Life

Rufus was born into a wealthy family of the Roman Republic.

### Third Servile War

Rufus was recruited by marcus Crassus when he was given command of his eight legions to take against Spartacus.

Crassus gave Rufus command over two of his legions, and they would be used to defeat Gannicus and castus, who had taken 12,500 rebels with them. Rufus had made a successful victory over the two rebel leaders, but his men were forced to retreat when Spartacus made a surprise attack, where Rufus was nearly killed.

### Death

Rufus was present at the final battle at the Silarus river. Not long during the battle, Spartacus had made his way towards Crassus' position with a handful of rebels. Spartacus managed to kill to of Crassus' centurions, and before he could engage Crassus, Rufus appeared, using his spear, Rufus put up a worthy fight against spartacus, but was defeated, almost having his face sliced in half.

## Traits and Skills

Rufus was a trained and skilled fighter, better skilled than most of Crassus' soldiers. He was a promising tactician, able to lead an army against Spartacus' former commander Gannicus.

## Personality

Rufus was a typical Roman, but he, like Crassus, did not underestimate Spartacus and his army, not after several of his friends had been killed by the rebels in earlier battles in Campania.

## Appearance

Rufus was tall with a long face covered with a light stubble. He had short hair like most Romans soldierd did and wore a set of armor fit for someone of his rank.
Naphnion

**Naphnion** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Sicilian born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion in 72 BC.

After the Battle of the Silarus River, Naphnion was captured and crucified on the Appian Way, on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: As a *Pastores*, Naphnion was experienced in hand to hand combat.
Octhyion

**Octhyion** is a minor character in season 0 of ***Spartacus***. He was a former Gladiator later made to fight in Capua's fighting pits.

## Background

In 85 BC, Octhyion is pitted against Deinionus, and easily bests the disgraced Gladiator.

Batiatus chooses Oenomaus, one of his best Gladiators to face off against Octhyion, betting a large amount of coin.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat Prowess**: Octhyion was one of the most skilled fighters in the pits, killing all of his opponents before 85 BC. Being a former Gladiator, Octhyion was able to stand toe to toe with Oenomaus for a time before being killed.
Spartacus (season 3)

The third season of the ***Spartacus** television series*.

## Synopsis

Spartacus and his army move north towards the Alps. Fearful of them marching on Rome itself, the Senate send their two Consuls, Gellius and Clodianus to defeat the threat. Spartacus meanwhile has fallen into conflict with Crixus.

## Cast

### Main Cast

* **Richard Armitage** as **Spartacus**, a Thracian who is condemned to slavery and the arena as a Gladiator for abandoning the Roman army. He goes on to lead the greatest slave rebellion in history, against Rome itself.
* **Travis Fimmel** as **Crixus**, a Gallic gladiator who becomes one of Spartacus' closest friends and generals in the rebellion.
* **Rhys Ifans** as **Oenomaus**, a Germanic gladiator who becomes one of Spartacus' closest friends and generals.
* **Damian Lewis** as **Gannicus**, a Gallic gladiator who becomes one of Spartacus' generals in the rebellion
* **Ben Batt** as **Castus**, a Roman gladiator who becomes one of Spartacus' generals in the rebellion
* **Hayley Atwell** as **Tresura**, a Thracian priestess and the wife of Spartacus, who becomes enslaved alongside him, later supporting him in the rebellion and leading to her own religious cult.
Samdia

**Samdia** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a slave from Iberia who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans. She was killed in 71 BC during the Battle on the Milea Ridge.

## Background

### Early Life

Samdia was born in Hispania and taken into slavery at an early age. Taken to Italy, she was then sold to a wealthy Roman in Campania.
Thraex

The **Thraex** was a gladiator fighting style representing the Thracian enemies of the Roman Republic. The style was adopted two hundred years before the begining of the Roman Empire as a replacement for the Gallus style, when Gaul became part of the Roman Empire thus making it 'politically incorrect' to portray allies as enemies.

## Equipment

The Thraex is armed with:

* Sica: A curved thrusting sword.
* Parmula: A rectangular shield, half the size of the scutum.

* Manica: Cotton or metal segments tied onto the striking arm for protection.

* Griffin Helmet: A helmet with a small griffin on the top, resembling a Thracian deity.

## Fighting Technique

The Thraex fighting style was suited for men who had long and toned bodies, resembling the tall and slender Thracian warrior. They fight with a fast paced and agile style that well matches the slower but heavily armored Murmillo. The smaller parmula shield allows for the Thraex to move at a greater speed than an opponent carrying the larger scutum, while still remaining protected.

The sica sword allows them to hook onto an enemy's shield and pull it out of the way, to then thrust at their opponent's exposed body. The arm guard worn on the striking arm allows the Thraex to attack without worrying about losing that arm.

## Traditional Opponents

The Thraex fought against the enemies of Thrace for re-enactments of their rivalries.

* Murmillo: The Romans
* Hoplomachus: The Greeks
Publius Gavius

**Publius Gavius** is a mentioned character in the fifth season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman merchant of Sicilia who was later convicted of helping Spartacus, and crucified in the city of Messana (modern day Messina)

## Background

### Early Life

Gavius was born in the city of Cosa sometime before 100 BC. He would eventually live on Sicilia and became a merchant on the island.

### Third Servile War

During the Third Servile War, he spied on Sicily for the rebel Spartacus, to watch out for the cilician ships as they brought Spartacus and 2,000 other rebels with him.

### Death

When the cilician pirates betrayed Spartacus, Gavius was also betrayed and handed over to Roman authorities. Convicted of helping Spartacus and his rebellion, he was given a public excecution.

## Trivia

* Historically, it is unknown if Gavius truly aided Spartacus during the rebellion
Thessela

**Thessela** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a Greek born slave from the Ludus owned by Lanista Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus along with the other slaves and Gladiators, and joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

After Spartacus' defeat in 71 BC, Thessela was among the handful of others to settle in Thurii. To begin a new life, Thessela adopted the name and identity of **Antia Cenaea**, a Roman woman who had been killed by the rebellion. Thessela and Digananus would eventually marry and have a son together named Tiberius.

In 60 BC, Gaius Octavius (father of future emperor Augustus) came to Thurii in 60 BC to quell a slave uprising. Both Thessela and Digananus decided to house Roman citizens in their villa, an act that allowed them to avoid detection from Octavius' investigation.

Thessela died in 8 BC, having lived a long and mostly peaceful life. Before her death, she sent a letter to Tiberius, revealing her true identity, one that Tiberius took to his grave.

## Background

### Early Life

Thessela was born in 99 BC, in Athens, Greece, and taken into slavery at a young age. She spent most of her life in Capua, eventually being bought by Lanista Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus in 79 BC, and put to work as a house slave.

During her years enslaved to Batiatus, Thessela would form a romantic relationship with Drapaes, one of the Gladiators. She was one of the house slaves who helped Spartacus and the other gladiators escape in 73 BC.

### Third Servile War

#### Surviving the Rebellion

Thessela would hear of Drapaes' death from fleeing rebels. Though struck with guilt, Thessela had no choice but to flee for her life. She decided to travel light instead of in a large group. She eventually found Angania, Digananus and a few others. Knowing they were fleeing south, the group decided there was only one place to go; back to Thurii.

#### Death

Thessela died in 8 BC, at the age of 91. Her body was cremated by Roman customs.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Along with her native Greek, Thessela was also fluent in Latin.
Timeline

* 72 BC
	+ **Battle of Mount Garganus**
		- Crixus is killed
	+ **Battle of Lentula**
	+ **Battle of Picenum**
		- Captured Romans are forced into Gladiatorial combat by the rebels
	+ **Battle of Mutina**

* 71 BC
	+ Consulship of **Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura** and Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes
	+ **Battle of Ariminum**
	+ **Battle of Potentia**
	+ **Battle of Mount Camalatrum**
	+ **Battle of Cantenna**
		- Gannicus and Castus are killed
	+ April: **Battle of the Silarus River**
		- Crucifixions along the Appian Way
	+ **Battle of Etruria**
		- Publipor is killed
		- Remaining rebel forces are captured and killed by Pompey

* 70 BC
* 69 BC
* 68 BC
* 67 BC
* 66 BC
* 65 BC
* 64 BC
* 63 BC
* 62 BC
* 61 BC
* 60 BC
	+ Consulship of **Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer** and **Lucius Afranius**
* 59 BC
* 58 BC
* 57 BC
* 56 BC
* 55 BC
* 54 BC
* 53 BC
	+ *6 May* - **Battle of Carrhae**
		- Marcus Licinius Crassus is killed
* 52 BC
* 51 BC
* 50 BC
* 49 BC
* 48 BC
* 47 BC
* 46 BC
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	+ *15 March* - Gaius Julius Caesar is assassinated
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	+ *16 November* - Birth of Tiberius Claudius Nero (future Emperor Tiberius)
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### **First Century AD**

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	+ *19th of August* - Death of Augustus
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	+ *16 March* - Death of Emperor Tiberius
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	+ Thrace becomes a Roman province
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	+ Eruption of Vesuvius. Pompeii is destroyed.
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### **Second Century AD**

* 100 AD
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Silarus River

The **Silarus River** (modern day **Sele River**) is a river located in southwestern Italy. It spans 460 miles, flowing through the region of Campania.

## History

The Greek site of Foce del Sele, a sanctuary complex dedicated to the goddess Hera (Roman Juno), is at the ancient mouth of the river, though little remains on the site; the relief friezes and other finds are now in the museum at Paestum. At this period the Sele represented the border of the Greek and Etruscan zones of influence along the coast.

The towns and communes bordering the River were Eburum, Paestum, Ursentum,

* As well as the town currently known as Oliveto Citra.

### Third Servile War

In early 71 BC, the rebel Gladiator Spartacus and his army were forced into a pitched battle against Marcus Licinius Crassus and his legions, either around the river or near it.
Pytirus

**Pytirus** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave of Greek descent who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

He was killed in 71 BC, against the Legions of Marcus Licinius Crassus.

## Background

Pyritus was born around 110 BC, in the region of Apulia. The child of two slaves, Pytirus was born a *Verna*. His great-grandfather Cition (also a *Pastores*), had been one of the many *Pastores* who joined a revolt in Apulia around 186 BC.

Growing to about 6ft during puberty, Pytirus was put to work as a *Pastores* (a slave shepherd), and put to work on his Dominus' estate, herd his masters cattle and protecting it from wild animals and thieves.

### Third Servile War

In early 72 BC, Pytirus, alongside most of the other slaves on his Dominus' estate decided to escape and join Spartacus' growing rebellion. Like many others, Pytirus was inspired to revolt from his worship of Dionysus.

Soon after joining the rebellion, Pytirus joined the Dionysian cult led by Spartacus' wife Tresura.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat prowess**: As a Pastores, Pytirus was a very experienced fighter
* **Bilingual**: Born a Verna, Pytirus' first language was Latin. But during his life as a slave, he would also learn his ancestral language Greek, becoming more fluent during the rebellion.
Nyctimus

**Nyctimus** is a recurring character in the first, second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Gladiator from Dacia who escaped from the ludus of Lentulus Batiatus along with Spartacus, Crixus, Gannicus and the other gladiators. He later fought in the slave rebellion against the Roman Republic during the Third Servile War. He was a close friend to Gannicus.

## Background

### Early Life

Born in Dacia around 100 BC, Nyctimus was captured during a raid against a Roman squadron, and handed over to the Cilician pirates to be sold in Italia. Taken to Apulia, Nyctimus spent a week travelling in chains across the Via Flaminia, along with hundreds of other slaves.

Once he was in Rome, he was brought south along the Via Appia to Capua, and sold to Lanista Lentulus Batiatus. Nyctimus was spent over a decade in Batiatus' Ludus training as a Gladiator, in the style of a Thraex.
Sanus

**Sanus** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was an slave from Hispania who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic. He was killed during the rebellions first full on battle against Marcus Licinius Crassus in 71 BC.

## Background

### Early Life

Born in Iberia in 108 BC, Sanus was enslaved in his adolescent years and eventually sold to a wealthy Roman living in Lucania, where he became a pastores on his masters lands, being trained to defend the latter's stock from thieves.

### Third Servile War

When Sanus heard that Spartacus and his army had defeated Praetor Claudius Glaber at Mount Vesuvius, he quickly escaped from his *Dominus*' land, eventually finding the rebels heading east.
Teibiros

**Teibiros** is a minor character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Thracian born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

## Background

### Early Life

Teibiros was born in southern Thrace, and taken into slavery in his adolescence by the Cilician pirates after being captured.

Teibiros would end up being purchased by a wealthy Roman in Lucania, and put to work on his Dominus' Latifundium, working as a *Pastores*, herding and protecting his masters stock from thieves and wild animals.

### Third Servile War

The day that Teibiros and the other slaves on his Dominus' Latifundium heard of the rebel Spartacus and his victory over Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, they planned their escape. One morning, before beginning their morning duties, they coordinated a time to kill the guards. After carrying it out, they all fled into the nearest countryside. For days, they headed northwards until they caught up to Spartacus and his forces heading southwards.

#### Death

Teibiros was ultimately killed during the Battle of the Silarus River, the final battle of Spartacus' rebellion.

## Traits and Skills

* **Combat skill**: As a trained *Pastores*, Teibiros was well experienced in hand to hand combat. These skills helped him survive most of the rebellion
* **Bilingual**: Other than his native Thracian, Teibiros was also fluent in Latin, later using both to communicate with the other rebels.
This is War

***This is War*** is the ninth episode of the first season of *Spartacus*.

## Synopsis

*Spartacus and his forces are stuck on Mount Vesuvius, having been pushed back by Glaber and his army. After a few days they have nearly run out of food, and their only way down the mountain has been blocked by Glaber's men.*

## Cast

* Spartacus
* Crixus
* Gannicus
* Castus
* Oenomaus
* Gaius Claudius Glaber
Atessotoutis

**Atessotoutis** is a recurring character in the second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Gallic born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

In 72 BC, Atessotoutis joined Crixus' army of rebels who split away from Spartacus' main force, and would survive the Battle of Mount Garganus alongside 10,000 others.

Later that year, Atessotoutis was killed during the Battle of Mutina under Spartacus' command, against proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus and his legions.

## Background

### Early Life

Atessotoutis was born in southern Gaul around 100 BC, and I enslaved when his tribe was attacked by Roman troops. Atessotoutis was sold to Cilician pirates who then sold him to a wealthy Roman living in Campania.

When Atessotoutis came of age, he was unknowingly sold to Marcus Licinius Crassus, working as a *Pastores* in one of his estates in Lucania
Marcus Urbio

**Marcus Urbio** is a minor character in the third season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman legionary under the command of consul Cornelius Lentulus in 72 BC, during the Third Servile War. Urbio was among the 300 Romans captured by Spartacus and his army following the Battle of Picenum, ultimately dying after the rebel leader forced him and the other captives to engage in Gladiatorial combat, in honorary games to Crixus.
Ucceius

**Ucceius** (legally known as **Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Ucceius**) is a Recurring in season 0 of ***Spartacus***., and a mentioned Character in the first season. He was a former Gladiator of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus, having gained his freedom around 90 BC. After gaining his freedom, Ucceius was employed as Batiatus' new Lorarius at his Ludus, training his Gladiators for almost two decades.

In 73 BC, Ucceius was killed by Oenomaus when the Gladiators escaped from the Ludus.

## Background

### Early Life

Ucceius was born in Sicilia around 110 BC. He was born a *Verna* (a house grown slave), the son of two slaves. His father was a *Pastores* and his mother worked as a House slave at their *Dominus*' Villa.

Around 100 BC, Ucceius was brought to Italia, and sold to Lanista Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus.

Ucceius fought in many Gladiatorial matches in the Arena, fighting in the Hoplomachus style. His skills became so great that eventually, he gained his freedom. After receiving his Rudis, Ucceius spoke with both Batiatus and Nemenius, agreeing to succeed the latter as Doctore.

For almost two decades, Ucceius served as Batiatus' Doctore, training all of the Gladiators there, including Spartacus, Crixus, Oenomaus, Gannicus and Castus.

## Traits and Skills

* **Quadrilingual**: Other than his native Sicilian, Ucceius was also fluent in Latin, Greek and Iberian.
* **Combat Skill**: As a Gladiator who won his freedom in the Arena, Ucceius was an incredibly skilled fighter, skills he later put to use to train many of Batiatus' Gladiators.
Paphia

**Paphia** is a minor character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. She was a Greek born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Romans.

She was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of Mount Cantenna, under Gannicus and Castus' command.

## Traits and Skills

* **Bilingual**: Paphia was fluent in Greek and Latin
Rebel Army (First Servile War)

The **rebels** were an armed force of over 200,000 escaped slaves who revolted against the romans during the First Servile War on the island of Sicily between 135 BC to 132 BC. during the rebellion, the rebels took over the cities of Tauromenium and Enna.

## History

The uprising was mostly caused by great changes in the ownership of land in Sicily following the final expulsion of the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War. Speculators from Italy rushed into the island and bought up large tracts of land at a low price, or became the occupiers of estates which had belonged to Sicilians of the Carthaginian party and had been forfeited to Rome after the execution or flight of their owners.The Sicilians of the Roman party also became rich out of the distress of their countrymen. An over-abundance of slaves caused them to be ill-fed by their masters, and they soon began to provide for themselves by robbery. The poorer Sicilians were the sufferers. Several decades of increasing tension finally broke out into war.

Eunus began the rebellion by taking over the city of Enna. The city became Eunus' centre of operations.
Octavius Vinicius

**Octavius Ofonius Vinicius** was a mentioned character in the first and second seasons of *Spartacus*. He was a Roman Lanista, having owned one of Rome's lesser known Ludus'. In 73 BC, following the break out of Gladiators from the Ludus of Lentulus Batiatus, Vinicius' ludus also experienced a break out, with only a small number of the gladiators escaping.

## Background

### Early Life

Octavius was a member of the lesser known patrician family, the Ofonii, and came to own one of Rome's lesser known Ludi, training his own number of Gladiators.

He was married to Vettia Annia, daughter of Gaius Vettius Annius, a former Editor of a number of Gladiatorial fights. He and Vettia would have one daughter together, Ofonia Vinicia.

In 73 BC, Vinicius heard word of Capuan Lanista Lentulus Batiatus, and how his own gladiators had escaped from his ludus. Unlike most lanistas in Rome, Vinicius was more wary of his own gladiators, living the closest to the Gates. He acted fast to secure his ludus to prevent any gladiators from escaping.

Sometime before word spread to Rome of Spartacus' victory over Praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, a number of Venicius' gladiators orchestrated a break out, led by one of his best gladiators, Trius. A few of the escaped gladiators were eventually caught and crucified outside the ludus, which the remaining gladiators were forced to witness.

Trius and several other escaped gladiators would eventually escape the city by wearing the armour of the guards they killed.

Vinicius was slightly criticised for allowing his own gladiators to escape, while others were pleased that he hadn't been killed by his own slaves like so many other Roman masters.

Following Spartacus' defeat by Marcus Licinius Crassus in 71 BC, Vinicius travelled from Rome to Capua, witnessing Crassus' troops crucifying the thousands of captured rebels along the Appian Way.

### Later life

Vinicius spent the rest of his life as a lanista. Ofonia would eventually marry a Roman of another plebeian family. Ofonia's younger son would inherit Vinicius' ludus upon his death.

## Traits and Skills

* **Lanista**: Vinicius, despite being in charge of one of Rome's lesser known Ludi, Vinicius was still noted as an effective lanista, as many of his gladiators won or nearly one against those belonging to Rome's better known ludi and lanistas.

## Personality

Like most Romans, Vinicius had a typical power-hungry attitude.
Tiberius Cossa

**Tiberius Cossa** is a Minor Character in the fifth season of ***Spartacus***. He was a Roman Centurion under the command of Marcus Licinius Crassus in 71 BC.

## Background

### Early Life

Tiberius was born into a Plebeian family sometime before 100 BC, and joined the Roman Army at the age of eighteen. Around 80 BC, Tiberius was serving in a Garrison stationed in Pompeii, at the same time to city became a Roman colony.

In 72 BC, Cossa was conscripted into the Legio I Licinii Crassi, a newly raised Legion paid for by Marcus Licinius Crassus, richest man in the Republic.

### Third Servile War

Tiberius was promoted to the rank of Centurion in the *Legio I*. Later on, after Marcus Mummius disobeyed Crassus' orders and was defeated by Spartacus, Tiberius witnessed the punishment of Decimation being carried out on Mummius' troops.
Nilocinus

**Nilocinus** is a recurring character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Greek born slave who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

After the Battle of the Silarus River, Nilocinus was captured and crucified along the Appian Way on the orders of Marcus Licinius Crassus.
Zygotius

**Zygotius** is a recurring character in the third, fourth and fifth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a slave from Thrace who later joined Spartacus' rebellion against the Roman Republic.

He was killed in 71 BC during the Battle of the Silarus River.

## Traits and Skills

* Combat skill:
* **Bilingual**: Zygotius was fluent in both his native Thracian as well as Latin.
Transcript: The Last Battle

This transcript is for the ninth episode of the fifth season of ***Spartacus***, titled *The Last Battle*.

## Transcript

EXT. Battlefield,

Spartacus' rebel forces are in formation, a hundred ranks deep, all with stolen Roman weaponry and armour. A thousand yards away stands thousands of Roman troops, at least five Legions.
Stramos

**Stramos** is a minor character in the second, third and fourth seasons of ***Spartacus***. He was a Cilician pirate who with the pirates' leader Heracleo aided Spartacus' rebellion in 72 and 71 BC before Marcus Crassus became involved.

During Pompey's campaign to quell the pirates' power around the Mediterranean in 67 BC, Stramos would fight alongside his leader Heracleo and their fleet, eventually being captured and executed in 66 BC following the Battle of Coracesium.

## Background

### Early Life

Stramos was born in the city of Cragus off the southern coast of Asia Minor in 109 BC, and became a member of the Cilician Pirates early in his life thanks to his father and uncle. Unfortunately, both his father and uncle had been two pirates involved in the capture of Julius Caesar in his youth, and were later crucified by the Romans in 75 BC. Stramos remained with Orsino and Heracleo on board their fleet of ships, selling slaves to the slave ports of Neapolis.

Stramos was present with the other pirates as they made their deal with Spartacus to transport 2,000 rebels from southern Italy to Sicily. A small battle happened between the rebels and the Romans, and the pirates aided the rebels, Stramos with them. When the agreement between them and the rebels was broken, Stramos was involved, and captured a few of the rebels, which the pirates later sold back into slavery.

### Later Life and death

Stramos remained a pirate for another five years, still under Heracleo's command. However, Heracleo's fleet, including Stramos, were eventually forced into Pompey's war against the pirates in 67 BC. Stramos survived until the very end of this war, when the pirates were forced to take refuge inside the city of Coracesium. However, the Romans eventually forced their way into the city, capturing any and all pirates they found, including Stramos.

Unlike many of the pirates who were either quickly executed or crucified, Stramos along with a small clutch of men were chosen to be killed through Carnificina. Stramos was beaten to death. His body was then thrown into the sea along with the other executed pirates. His wife and son were taken into slavery by the Romans.

## Traits and Skills

* **Multilingual**: Like most of the other pirates, Stramos was fluent in several languages. Stramos spoke his native tongue, Luwian, as well as Greek, Latin and Iberian.

## Personality

Stramos, like the other pirates, had little regard for slaves and his only interest with them was making money selling them. He enjoyed his life at sea, only spending

## Appearance

Stramos had a stoic build with dark hair and beard. He wore a head piece that resembled a crown.