recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Mammalia

Mammals are a group of Amniotes that have hair and feed their young milk. All mammals have hair at some point during their development, and most mammals have hair their entire lives.

   Adults of some species lose most or all of their hair but, even in mammals like whales and dolphins, hair is present at least during some phase of ontogeny. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting an animal know when it is in contact with an object in its environment. Vibrissae are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, hair affects appearance through its color and pattern. It may serve to camouflage predators or prey, to warn predators of a defensive mechanism (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; gender, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; or the presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a white-tailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others).

Mammals are typically characterized by their highly differentiated teeth. Teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (a condition called diphyodonty). Other characteristics found in most mammals include: a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts; a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; a highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate genders with the gender of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization.
Sponges

Sponges are an exclusively aquatic and, with a few exceptions, a filter-feeding group of animals.The group consists of approximately 15,000 extant species in three distinct groups:

* the glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida)
* the calcareous sponges (Class Calcarea)
* the demosponges (Class Demospongiae)

Adult sponges can be asymmetrical or radially symmetrical and come in a variety of sizes, colors, and shapes, including arboresecent (tree-like), flabellate (fan-shaped), caliculate (cup shaped), tubular (tube shaped), globular (ball shaped), and amorphous (shapeless) among others.  Sponges occupy both freshwater and marine environments, from shallow to abysmal depths, and are common in coral reef, mangroves, and seagrass ecosystems.  In some places (e.g., Lake Baikal, Russia) sponges dominate benthic communities and along the pacific cost of North America they form modern sponge reefs.
Arthropoda

An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda, and include the insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin, often mineralised with calcium carbonate. The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages. The rigid cuticle inhibits growth, so arthropods replace it periodically by moulting. Their versatility has enabled them to become the most species-rich members of all ecological guilds
 in most environments. They have over a million

described species,
making up more than 80% of all described living animal species, some of
which, unlike most animals, are very successful in dry environments.
They range in size from the microscopic crustacean *Stygotantulus* up to the Japanese spider crab. Arthropods' primary internal cavity is a hemocoel, which accommodates their internal organs, and through which their haemolymph - analogue of blood - circulates; they have open circulatory systems. Like their exteriors, the internal organs of arthropods are generally built of repeated segments. Their nervous system is "ladder-like", with paired ventral nerve cords running through all segments and forming paired ganglia in each segment. Their heads are formed by fusion of varying numbers of segments, and their brains are formed by fusion of the ganglia of these segments and encircle the esophagus. The respiratory and excretory systems of arthropods vary, depending as much on their environment as on the subphylum to which they belong.

## Subphylums

†Trilobitomorpha - Includes classes Agnostida, Asaphida, Corynexochida, Harpetida, Nectaspida, Redlichiida, Lichida, Odontopleurida, Phacopida, Proetida and Ptychopariida.

Chelicerata - Includes classes Arachnida, Pycnogonida and Merostomata.

Myriapoda - Includes classes Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Pauropoda and Symphyla.

Crustacea - Includes classes Branchiopoda, Remipedia, Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda, Ostracoda and Malacostraca.

Hexapoda - Includes classes Insecta and Entognatha.
Ерёма

*Ерёмы/Кая больше нет. Он умер от агрессивной формы лейкоза (рака крови).*

## Ерёма

### Имена

Ерёма (имя в приюте) - **Кай** (имя, данное в семье)

### Здоровье

Здоров, привит, кастрирован

**Ерёма** - светло-рыжий щенок с большими ушами.

## Ссылки

### Официальный сайт приюта

1. Ерёма ищет дом (недействительная ссылка)

### ВКонтакте

1. Потрясающей красоты щенок Ерёма ищет дом!
2. Ерёма и Оникс едут ДОМОЙ!
3. Ещё одна чудесная домашняя история
4. Новость, которую мы с трудом решились озвучить...
Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).

Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates, the extant members of which all fall into Teleostomi.
Polyplacophora

Polyplacophorans are most commonly known as chitons. They are also sometimes known as sea cradles or "coat-of-mail shells", or more formally as loricates, and occasionally as polyplacophores.

Chitons have a dorsal shell, which is composed of eight separate shell plates or valves. These plates overlap somewhat at the front and back edges, and yet articulate well with one another. Because of this, although the plates provide good protection for impacts from above, they nonetheless permit the chiton to flex upward when needed for locomotion over uneven surfaces, and also allow the animal to slowly curl up into a ball when it is dislodged from the underlying surface. The shell plates are surrounded by a structure known as a girdle.

Chitons live worldwide, in cold water, warm water, and in the tropics. Most chiton species inhabit intertidal or subtidal zones, and do not extend beyond the photic zone. They live on hard surfaces, such as on or under rocks, or in rock crevices. Some species live quite high in the intertidal zone and ar

e exposed to the air and light for long periods. Others live subtidally. A few species live in deep water, as deep as 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Chitons are exclusively and fully marine. This is in contrast to the bivalves, which were able to adapt to brackish water and fresh water, and the gastropods which were able to make successful transitions to freshwater and terrestrial environments.
Vertebrata

The Vertebrata, or vertebrates, is a very diverse group, ranging from lampreys to humans. It includes all craniates, except hagfishes, and are characterized chiefly by a vertebral column, hence their name. The majority of the extant vertebrates are the jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, but lampreys are jawless vertebrates. However, in Late Silurian or Early Devonian times, about 420 to 400 million years ago, the situation was reverse, and the majority of the vertebrate species were jawless fishes (the "ostracoderms", presumably more closely related to the gnathostomes than to lampreys). The decline of the jawless vertebrates and the subsequent rise of the gnathostomes took place about 380 million years ago.

Extant vertebrates comprise two clades: the Hyperoartia, or lampreys, and the Gnathostomata, or jawed vertebrates. In addition, there is a number of taxa of fossil jawless vertebrates which were formerly referred to as the "ostracoderms" ("shell-skinned") because most of them possess an extensive, bony endo- and exoskeleton. The "ostracoderms" lived from the Early ordovician (about 480 million years ago) to the Late Devonian (about 370 million years ago). The relationships of the various groups of "ostracoderms" has been the subject of considerable debate since the mid-nineteenth Century, and the theory of relationship proposed here is far from definitive, yet the best supported by the currently available data. The "ostracoderms" are represented by five major groups, four of which are almost certainly clades: the Heterostraci, Osteostraci, Galeaspida, Anaspida, and Thelodonti (the monophyly of the latter being debated). In addition, there are minor groups which only include a few species: the Arandaspida, Astraspida, Eriptychiida, and Pituriaspida. The Arandaspida, Astraspida, Eriptychiida, and Heterostraci are regarded as forming a clade, the Pteraspidomorphi. Some monospecific genera, Jamoytius, Endeiolepis, and Euphanerops, formerly referred to the Anaspida, are now removed from that clade and may be more closely related to lampreys. A large but still poorly known group, the Euconodonta, has recently been included in the Craniata, and possibly the Vertebrata. It is currently referred to as 'conodonts', but the only forms that can reliably be regarded as craniates belong to a

subgroup of conodonts known as euconodonts.
Osteoglossiformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Osteoglossiformes.

## Extant

* Suborder **Notopteroidei**
	+ Family **Gymnarchidae**
	+ Family **Mormyridae**
		- Subfamily **Mormyrinae**
		- Subfamily **Petrocephalinae**
	+ Family **Notopteridae**
		- Subfamily **Xenomystinae**
		- Subfamily **Notopterinae**
* Suborder **Osteoglossoidei**
	+ Family **Arapaimidae**
	+ Family **Osteoglossidae**
	+ Family **Pantodontidae**
Xenarthra

The superorder Xenarthra is a group of (mostly-extinct) placental mammals, found only in North, Central, and South America, as well as the Caribbean islands of Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago. The group’s extant species are represented by the giant and silky anteaters, tamanduas (or lesser anteaters), three- and two-toed sloths, and armadillos. The early origins of the order can be traced-back to the Paleocene, as early as 59 million years ago (MYA), in South America, and once included such prehistoric megafauna as the giant ground-sloths and glyptodonts. Xenarthrans developed extensively in South America, diversifying in form, size and niche during the landmass’s long period of isolation in the early to mid-Cenozoic Era. Some species migrated-out towards the Antilles by the early Miocene, and, about 9 MYA, had spread northward to Central and North America as part of the Great American Interchange. Nearly all of the formerly-abundant megafaunal xenarthrans—such as the aforementioned ground-sloths, glyptodonts (as well as the pampatheres, among others)—went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene.

Xenarthrans share several characteristics not present in other placental mammals; the word *xenarthra,* or "strange joints," was chosen for the group as their vertebral joints have extra articulations compared to other mammals, a trait referred to as *xenarthry*. Additionally, unlike most mammals, xenarthran anatomy features a fusion of the ischium and sacrum.
Craniata

The Craniata, or craniates, include all animals having a skull (or cranium, hence their name), be it cartilaginous or bony. A skull is a box of hard tissues which encloses the brain, olfactory organs, eyes, and internal ear. Craniates comprise all fishes - including such jawless fishes as hagfishes and lampreys - amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, including us. The earliest known undisputed craniates are jawless fishes which lived 480 millions years ago. Their evolutionary history took place first in the sea, then in fresh waters. Some craniates, the tetrapods or four-legged vertebrates, became terrestrial and arose about 370 millions years ago from fish ancestors. Now, the majority of the craniate species are represented by one group of fish, the actinopterygians, and the tetrapods. Other craniate groups (jawless fishes, sharks and chimeras, the coelacanth, lungfishes) are considerably depauperate, by comparison with their past diversity.

The Craniata fall into two major clades, the Hyperotreti, or hagfishes, and the Vertebrata. Since the early nineteenth Century, and until recently, the hagfishes were regarded as the sister-group of lampreys (Hyperoartia). The two groups were gathered into the clade Cyclostomi. However, lampreys share with jawed vertebrates, or Gnathostomata, a large number of morphological and physiological characteristics that occur neither in hagfishes, nor in non-craniate chordates (cephalochordates and tunicates). There is, therefore, a rather broad consensus over the theory that hagfishes are the sister-group of the Vertebrata (lampreys and gnathostomes).
Polypteriformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Polypteriformes.

## Extant

* Family **Polypteridae**
	+ Genus **Erpetoichthys**
		- Reedfish, *Erpetoichthys calabaricus*
	+ Genus **Polypterus**
		- Guinean Bichir, *Polypterus ansorgii*
		- Nile Bichir, *Polypterus bichir*
		- Congo Bichir, *Polypterus congicus\**
		- Saddled Bichir, *Polypterus endlicheri*
		- Mokèlé-Mbèmbé Bichir, *Polypterus mokelembembe*
		- Ornate Bichir, *Polypterus ornatipinnis*
		- Mottled Bichir*,* *Polypterus weeksii*
		- Barred Bichir, *Polypterus delhezi*
		- Shortfin Bichir, *Polypterus palmas*
		- Gray Bichir, *Polypterus senegalus*
		- Cross River Bichir, *Polypterus teugelsi*
		- West African Bichir, *Polypterus retropinnis*
		- Poll's Bichir, *Polypterus polli*

\*The Congo Bichir may be a subspecies of the Saddled Bichir
Synapsida

Synapsids include mammals and all extinct amniotes more closely related to mammals than to reptiles. Synapsids are

the dominant large terrestrial animals worldwide, and they have also invaded the oceans (whales, pinnipeds) and the air (bats). The oldest known synapsid is an ophiacodontid from the Middle Pennsylvanian (320 million years ago). By the Lower Permian, therapsids (the group that includes mammals and most of their Upper Permian and more recent relatives) had appeared. However, the oldest known mammal only dates back to the Triassic. The fossil record of synapsids is one of the most extensive of any groups of vertebrates. This fossil record has been used to illustrate the concept of evolution and to test macroevolutionary patterns. The largest gap in this fossil record is between the Permo-Carboniferous synapsids and therapsids.

The fossil record provides conclusive evidence that synapsids are the first amniotes to diversify. Synapsids quickly became the most diverse, widespread and most common amniotes in the Late Carboniferous, and they maintained this predominant position throughout the Paleozoic. Only during the Early Mesozoic are the synapsids eclipsed by the evolutionary radiation of reptiles. Within the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian, two different herbivorous and several faunivorous synapsid groups can be recognized. The fossil record suggests that during the Carboniferous and Early Permian, synapsids and other amniotes were restricted to the paleoequatorial and subequatorial regions. During the Late Permian, the distribution of synapsids, and of some of the other amniotes becomes cosmopolitan. However, the evidence for this pattern rests on rather weak negative evidence (i. e., no Permo-Carboniferous synapsids have been found outside paleoequatorial regions, but other areas have not been prospected intensively).

 Early synapsids had a sprawling posture and a small brain, like most early tetrapods. The parasagittal gait characteristic of most mammals appeared gradually because some therapsids were apparently capable of sprawling and parasagittal gait, and this character may have appeared in the hind limb before the fore limb. Early synapsids were moderately large (body length between 50 cm and 3 m) and most were carnivorous or insectivorous, but caseids and *Edaphosaurus* were herbivorous. Mammals include the largest tetrapods that ever lived (the blue whale is larger than any dinosaur), as well as very small species. Most mammals are viviparous, but the platypus (a monotreme) is oviparous, and most, if not all, non-mammalian synapsids were probably oviparous. All mammals have mammary glands, but the presence of these structures cannot be determined in extinct taxa. The oldest preserved synapsid hair appears to belong to a Middle Jurassic docodontan mammaliaform (a stem-synapsid) from China. However, hair is infrequently fossilized and the next oldest record is from a Paleocene multituberculate. Therefore, its real date of appearance is unknown. The position of this group has been debated, but they are probably mammals, so the presence of hair in multituberculates was predictible.
Notacanthiformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Notacanthiformes.

## Extant

* Family **Halosauridae**
	+ Genus **Halosaurus**
		- *Halosaurus ovenii*
		- Halosaur, *Halosaurus johnsonianus*
		- *Halosaurus carinicauda*
		- *Halosaurus guentheri*
		- *Halosaurus attentuatus*
		- *Halosaurus radiatus*
		- Australian Halosaur, *Halosaurus pectoralis*
		- *Halosaurus ridgwayi*
		- *Halosaurus sinensis*
	+ Genus **Halosauropsis**
		- Abyssal Halosaur, *Halosauropsis macrochir*
	+ Genus **Aldrovandia**
		- *Aldrovandia rostrata*
		- Gilbert's Halosaurid Fish, *Aldrovandia affinis*
		- *Aldovandia mediorostris*
		- Hawaiian Halosaurid Fish, *Aldrovandia phalacra*
		- *Aldrovandia gracilis*
		- *Aldrovandia oleosa*
* Family **Notacanthidae**
	+ Genus **Notacanthus**
		- Snubnosed Spiny Eel, *Notacanthus chemnitzii*
		- Shortfin Spiny Eel, *Notacanthus bonaparte*
		- Spiny-Back Eel, *Notacanthus sexspinis*
		- *Notacanthus spinosus*
		- *Notacanthus indicus*
		- *Notacanthus abbotti*
	+ Genus **Polyacanthonotus**
		- Smallmouth Spiny Eel, *Polyacanthonotus* *rissoanus*
		- Longnose Tapirfish, *Polyacanthonotus* *challengeri*
		- *Polyacanthonotus africanus*
		- *Polyacanthonotus merretti*
	+ Genus **Lipogenys**
		- *Lipogenys gillii*
	+ Genus **Leptocephalus**
		- *Leptocephalus giganteus\**

\**L. giganteus* is more probably the larvae of *N. chemitzii.*
Archosauria

Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians. This group

also includes all extinct dinosaurs, extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosauria, the archosaur clade, is a crown group that includes the most recent common ancestor of living birds and crocodilians. It includes two main clades: Pseudosuchia, which includes crocodilians and their extinct relatives, and Ornithosuchia, which includes birds and their extinct relatives (such as non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs).
Annelida

Annelida is a group commonly referred to as segmented worms, and they are found worldwide from the deepest

marine sediments to the soils in our city parks and yards. Through most of the 20th century Annelida was split into three major groups; Polychaeta, Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) and Hirudinea (leeches). Earthworms and leeches are the familiar annelids for most people, but polychaetes comprise the bulk of the diversity of Annelida and are found in nearly every marine habitat, from intertidal algal mats downwards. There are even pelagic polychaetes that swim or drift, preying on other plankton, and a few groups occurring in fresh water and moist terrestrial surroundings. Around 9000 species of polychaetes are currently recognized with several thousand more names in synonymy, and the overall systematics of the group remains unstable.

It is now recognized that Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, comprised of several thousand species, form a clade and should be referred to either as Oligochaeta or Clitellata. Moreover, it is possible that this group may well belong inside Polychaeta, thus making Polychaeta synonymous with Annelida. Echiura (spoon worms), at one time regarded as an annelid group, has been excluded from Annelida for many years. Evidence now suggests they are in fact annelids, though their placement within the group is unresolved. The former phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera have also recently become regarded as a single, clearly annelid, group, and are now known by the original name, Siboglinidae. Undoubted annelid fossils, such as *Canadia*, are known from the Burgess Shale deposits.

Until relatively recently the most commonly used system to divide polychaetes was as 'Errantia' and 'Sedentaria'. This was essentially a system of convenience with no real intention of depicting evolutionary relationships. This classification was supplanted in the 1960s and 1970s by ones which split polychaetes into as many as 22 orders with no explicit linkage between them. A recent cladistic analysis of Annelida and other groups has resulted in a new classification of polychaetes, with the group split into two main clades Scolecida and Palpata. Scolecida is a small group of less than 1000 named species, and these worms are all burrowers of one form or another, with bodies reminiscent of earthworms. Palpata comprises the vast majority of polychaetes and is divided into Aciculata and Canalipalpata. Aciculata contains about half of the polychaete species and largely encompasses the old taxonomic group Errantia. Representatives of this lineage are characterized by having internal supporting chaetae, or aciculae, in the parapodia. It includes major groups such as Phyllodocida and Eunicida, which tend to be mobile forms with well developed eyes and parapodia for rapid locomotion. Canalipalpata, a group with more than 5000 named species, is distinguished by having long grooved palp structures that are used for feeding. Canalipalpata is divided into Sabellida, Spionida and Terebellida. Most of these groups’ members live in tubes and use their palps to feed in various ways.
Annelida (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the phylum Annelida.

## Extant

* Superclass **Aclitellata**
	+ Class **Polychaeta**
		- Order **Myzostomida**
		- Order **Amphinomida**
		- Order **Eunicida**
		- Order **Phyllodocida**
		- Order **Sabellida**
		- Order **Spionida**
		- Order **Terebellida**
		- Order **Capitellida**
		- Order **Cossurida**
		- Order **Opheliida**
		- Order **Orbiniida**
		- Order **Questida**
		- Order **Scolecidaformia**
	+ Class **Aphanoneura**
* Superclass **Clitellata**
	+ Class **Oligochaeta**
		- Order **Haplotaxida**
		- Order **Lumbriculida**
		- Order **Moniligastrida**
	+ Class **Hirudinea**
		- Order **Rhynchobdellida**
		- Order  **Arhynchobdellida**
	+ Class **Branchiobdellida**
		- Order **Branchiobdellinae**
Sarcopterygii (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the class Sarcopterygii.

## Extant

* Subclass **Actinistia**  (Coelacanths)
	+ Order **Coelacanthiformes** (Modern And Most Recent Coelacanths)
		- Family **Latimeriidae**
			* West Indian Ocean Coelacanth, *Latimera chalumnae*
			* Indonesian Coelacanth, *Latimera menadoensis*
* Subclass **Dipnoi** (Lungfishes)
	+ Order **Ceratodontiformes** (Australian Lungfishes)
		- Family **Ceratodontidae** (Australian Lungfish)
			* Queensland Lungfish, *Neoceratodus forsteri*
	+ Order **Lepidosireniformes** (South American And African Lungfishes)
		- Family **Lepidosirenidae** (South American Lungfish)
			* South American Lungfish, *Lepidosiren paradoxa*
		- Family **Protopteridae** (African Lungfish)
			* Marbled Lungfish, *Protopterus aethiopicus*
			* Gilled African Lungfish, *Protopterus amphibius*
			* West African Lungfish, *Protopterus annectens*
			* Spotted African Lungfish, *Protopterus dolloi*
Diapsida

Diapsids are by far the most speciose group of amniotes, with about 14 600 extant species. They have invaded all major habitats, from the polar circles (many migratory birds) to deserts (many lizards) and even the ocean (sea

snakes, sauropterygians). Diapsids include most flying vertebrates (birds) and most poisonous chordates (snakes and the Gila Monster).

The early history of diapsids is poorly documented. Until the late seventies, the oldest known diapsids were the Upper Permian (250 Myr old) younginiforms from South Africa and Madagascar, and a few other contemporaneous diapsids of uncertain affinities. However, recent work has extended the fossil record of diapsids to the Pennsylvanian (about 300 Myr ago), and greatly increased our knowledge of the diversity of early diapsids. The oldest known crown-diapsids (saurians) date from the Late Upper Permian.

Extant diapsids are classified into either lepidosaurs (lizards and Sphenodon) or archosaurs (birds and crocodiles). Both of these clades are very successful and speciose, and archosaurs include some of the most fascinating vertebrates that ever lived, such as the pterosaurs (flying reptiles of the Mesozoic) and the many extinct groups of dinosaurs. Indeed, the present diversity of archosaurs, even though it compares favourably with many other clades, is a mere shadow of what it was in the mesozoic.

Diapsida was named after the two fenestrae (holes) found in the temporal region of the skull of most early and some extant diapsids. The lower temporal fenestra is between the jugal, postorbital, squamosal, and quadratojugal. The upper temporal fenestra is between the postorbital, parietal, and squamosal. Some diapsids have lost the lower fenestra (lizards) or even both fenestrae (snakes, amphisbaenids), but their early ancestors had both fenestrae.
Tardigrada

Tardigrades, also known as water bears or moss piglets**,** are aquatic, eight-legged, microscopic animals. They were discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773. The name *Tardigrada* (meaning "slow stepper") was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani. They have been found everywhere, being capable of living in most enviroments. Tardigrades are one of the most resilient known animals, with individual species able to survive conditions that would be fatal to nearly all other life, even being able to survive in space. About 1,150 species of tardigrade are known. The group includes fossils dating from 530 million years ago (The Cambrian period).

Usually, tardigrades are about 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long when they are fully grown. They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each with four to eight claws also known as "disks". Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates.
Albuliformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Albuliformes.

## Extant

* Family **Albulidae**
	+ Subfamily **Albulinae**
		- Genus **Albula**
			* Bonefish, *Albula vulpes*
			* Roundjaw Bonefish, *Albula glossodonta*
			* Sharpjaw Bonefish, *Albula argentea*
			* West African Bonefish, *Albula goreensis*
			* Eastern Pacific Bonefish, *Albula esuncula*
			* Threadfin Bonefih, *Albula nemoptera*
			* Longjaw Bonefish, *Abula virgata*
			* Pacific Shafted Bonefish, *Abula pacifica*
			* Smallscale Bonefish, *Albula oligolepis*
			* Cortez Bonefish, *Albula gilberti*
			* Korean Bonefish, *Albula koreana*
	+ Subfamily **Pterothrissinae**
		- Genus **Pterothrissus**
			* Japanese Gissu, *Pterothrissus gissu*
		- Genus **Nemoossis**
			* Longfin Bonefish, *Nemoossis belloci*
Onychophora

Onychophora (from Greek, *onyches*, "claws"; and *pherein*, "to carry"), commonly known as velvet worms, is a phylum of elongated, soft-bodied, many-legged bilaterans. They prey upon smaller animals such as insects, which they catch by squirting an adhesive slime. Approximately 200 species have been described, although many more likely exist. The two extant families of velvet worms are Peripatidae and Peripatopsidae. They show an unusual distribution, with the peripatids being equatorial and tropical, while the peripatopsids are all found in the southern hemisphere. It is the only phylum within animalia that is wholly endemic to terrestrial environments. Velvet worms are considered close relatives of the Arthropoda and Tardigrada. This makes them of palaeontological interest, as they can help reconstruct the ancestral arthropod. In modern zoology, they are particularly renowned for their curious mating behaviour and for bearing live young.

Members of the two families differ in their number of legs (generally greater in peripatids), the position of their gonopore (on a more posterior body segment in peripatopsids), and their reproductive habits.

###
Cephalopoda

Cephalopodais an ancient and very successful group of the Mollusca. Cephalopods have been among the dominant large predators in the ocean at various times in geological history. Two groups of cephalopods exist today: The Nautiloidea with a few species of the pearly nautilus, and the Coleoidea, containing the squids, cuttlefishes, octopods and vampire squids, which is represented by about 700 species. Cephalopods are the most active of the molluscs and some squids rival fishes in their swimming speed. Although there are relatively few species of living cephalopods, they occupy a great variety of habitats in all of the world's oceans. Individual species are often very abundant and provide major targets for marine fisheries.

 Cephalopods first appeare
 about 500 million years ago in the Upper Cambrian Period. Although considerable uncertainity still exists, the two extant lineages may have separated 470 MYA with the possible origin of the Bactritida or earlier. The long separation of the two lineages has, today, resulted in lineages with cephalopods that are very different in structure.
Mollusca

The **molluscs** or **mollusks** compose the large phylum of invertebrate animals known as the Mollusca. Around 85,000

extant species of molluscs are recognized. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. They are highly diverse, not just in size and in anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and in habitat. The phylum is typically divided into 9 or 10 taxonomic classes, of which two are entirely extinct. Cephalopod molluscs, such as squid, cuttlefish and octopus, are among the most neurologically advanced of all invertebrates—and either the giant squid or the colossal squid is the largest known invertebrate species. The gastropods (snails and slugs) are by far the most numerous molluscs in terms of classified species, and account for 80% of the total. The scientific study of molluscs is called malacology.

The three most universal features defining modern molluscs are a mantle with a significant cavity used for breathing and excretion, the presence of a radula, and the structure of the nervous system. Other than these things, molluscs express great morphological diversity, so many textbooks base their descriptions on a "hypothetical ancestral mollusc". This has a single, "limpet-like" shell on top, which is made of proteins and chitin reinforced with calcium carbonate, and is secreted by a mantle covering the whole upper surface. The underside of the animal consists of a single muscular "foot". Although molluscs are coelomates, the coelom tends to be small, and the main body cavity is a hemocoel through which blood circulates; their circulatory systems are mainly open. The "generalized" mollusc's feeding system consists of a rasping "tongue", the radula, and a complex digestive system in which exuded mucus and microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called cilia play various important roles. The generalized mollusc has two paired nerve cords, or three in bivalves. The brain, in species that have one, encircles the esophagus. Most molluscs have eyes, and all have sensors to detect chemicals, vibrations, and touch.
Osteoglossoidei (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the suborder Osteoglossoidei.

## Extant

* Family **Arapaimidae**
	+ Genus **Arapaima**
		- Arapaima, *Arapaima gigas*
		- *Arapaima agassizii*
		- *Arapaima mapae*
		- *Arapaima lepostoma*
	+ Genus **Heterotis**
		- African Bonytongue, *Heterotis niloticus*
* Family **Osteoglossidae**
	+ Genus **Osteoglossum**
		- Arawana, *Osteoglossum bicirrhosum*
		- Black Arawana, *Osteoglossum ferreirai*
	+ Genus **Scleropages**
		- Southern Saratoga, *Scleropages leichardti*
		- Asian Bonytongue, *Scleropages formosus*
		- Australian Bonytongue, *Scleropages jardinii*
		- *Scleropages inscriptus*
* Family **Pantodontidae**
	+ Genus **Pantodon**
		- Freshwater Butterflyfish, *Pantodon buchholzi*
Viruses

**Viruses** are most often considered replicators rather than forms of life. They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life", since they possess genes, evolve by natural selection, and replicate by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. However, viruses do not metabolise and require a host cell to make new products. Virus self-assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it may support the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic molecules.

## Classification

Viral classification starts at the level of order and continues as follows, with the taxon suffixes given in italics:

* Order (-virales)

* Family (-viridae)

* Subfamily (-virinae)

* Genus (-virus)

* Species

Species names generally take the form of [Disease] virus.

## Orders

* **Caudovirales** are tailed dsDNA (group I) bacteriophages.

* **Herpesvirales** contain large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses.

* **Ligamenvirales** contains linear, dsDNA (group I) archaean viruses.

* **Mononegavirales** include nonsegmented (-) strand ssRNA (Group V) plant and animal viruses.

* **Nidovirales** are composed of (+) strand ssRNA (Group IV) viruses with vertebrate hosts.

* **Picornavirales** contains small (+) strand ssRNA viruses that infect a variety of plant, insect and animal hosts.

* **Tymovirales** contain monopartite (+) ssRNA viruses that infect plants.

Other variations occur between the orders: Nidovirales, for example, are isolated for their differentiation in expressing structural and nonstructural proteins separately.
Taxonomy

Taxonomy is a branch of the biological sciences. It is the classification of all living organisms. This helps scientists define which species are more related and how their evolutionary line may appear. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular taxon) and given a taxonomic rank. The Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus is regarded as the father of modern taxonomy, as he developed a system known as Linnaean classification for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. Before Linnaeus, organisms were grouped with other organisms with similar looks and behaviour. For example birds and bats would have been grouped together and whales and fishes may have been grouped together.
Testudines

Several different scientific names are used for turtles including Chelonia, Chelonii, Testudines, and Testudinata.

The earliest fossils are from the beginning of the age of dinosaurs, in the late Triassic. The Testudines reached its greatest diversity by the end of the Cretaceous. Today only 260 species representing 13 families survive. Although turtles are abundant in the tropics, they also are quite diverse in temperate regions and have been recorded in Arctic waters.

 Records from Olduvai Gorge indicate that people have eaten turtles for at least 2 million years. We have had a severe impact on turtles, causing the extinction of many forms, especially land tortoises. Today the problem is quite serious with many land tortoises, sea turtles and aquatic forms facing extinction. Loss and degradation of habitat and continued killing of reproductive females on the nesting beach and removal of their eggs are the biggest problems. Turtles (including tortoises and terrapins) are characterized by a shell that completely encloses both of the limb girdles. The shell is composed of a dorsal carapace of dermal bone that incorporates endochondral contributions from the vertebrae and ribs and a ventral plastron of clavicles and interclavicles anteriorly and abdominal ribs posteriorly. No turtles have teeth on their jaws, and all have the external ear supported by a large, semicircular quadrate.
Brachiopoda

Brachiopods are marine animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, while the front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection. Two major groups are recognized, articulate and inarticulate. Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple opening and closing muscles, while inarticulate brachiopods have untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles used to keep the two halves aligned. In a typical brachiopod a stalk-like pedicle projects from an opening in one of the valves, known as the pedicle valve, keeping the animal anchored to the seabed but clear of silt that would obstruct the opening.

Lifespans range from three to over thirty years. The larvae of inarticulate brachiopods are miniature adults, with lophophores that enable the larvae to feed and swim for months until the animals become heavy enough to settle to the seabed. The planktonic larvae of articulate species do not resemble the adults, but rather look like blobs with yolk sacs, and remain among the plankton for only a few days before leaving the water column upon metamorphosing.

Brachiopods live only in the sea, and most species avoid locations with strong currents or waves. The larvae of articulate species settle in quickly and form dense populations in well-defined areas while the larvae of inarticulate species swim for up to a month and have wide ranges. Brachiopods now live mainly in cold water and low light. Fish and crustaceans seem to find brachiopod flesh distasteful and seldom attack them. Among brachiopods, only the lingulids have been fished commercially, on a very small scale.
Xenarthra (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the superorder Xenarthra.

## Extinct Species

* Order **Cingulata (**Armoured New World Placental Mammals)
	+ Family **Glyptodontidae** (Glyptodonts)
	+ Family **Pampatheriidae** (Pampatheres)
* Order **Pilosa** (American Placental Mammals)
	+ Suborder **Folivora** (Sloths)
		- Family **Megatheriidae** (Megatheriid Ground Sloths)
		- Family **Mylodontidae** (Mylodontid Ground Sloths)
		- Family **Nothrotheriidae** (Nothrotheriid Ground Sloths And Aquatic Sloths)
Amiiformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Amiiformes.

## Extant

* Family **Amiidae**
	+ Genus **Amia**
		- Bowfin, *Amia calva*

## Extinct

* Family **Amiidae**
	+ Subfamily **Amiinae**
		- Genus **Amia**
			* *Amia lewesiensis*
			* *Amia depressa*
			* *Amia newberriana*
			* *Amia elegans*
			* *Amia exilis*
			* *Amia gracilis*
			* *Amia media*
			* *Amia uintaensis*
			* *Amia dictyocephala*
			* *Amia scutata*
			* *Amia macrospondyla*
			* *Amia selwyniana*
			* *Amia whiteavesiana*
			* *Amia morini*
			* *Amia fragosa*
			* *Amia pattersoni*
			* *Amia godai*
			* *"Amia" hesperia?*
		- Genus **Cyclurus**
			* *Cyclurus ignotus*
			* *Cyclurus macrocephalus*
			* *Cyclurus valenciennesi*
			* *Cyclurus olicocenicus*
			* *Cyclurus kehreri*
			* *Cyclurus fragosus*
			* *Cyclurus gurleyi*
			* *Cyclurus efremovi*
		- Genus **Pseudoamiatus**
			* *Pseudoamiatus heintzi*
	+ Subfamily **Amiopsinae**
		- Genus **Amiopsis**
			* *Amiopsis lepidota*
			* *Amiopsis damoni*
			* *Amiopsis prisca*
			* *Amiopsis woodwardi*
			* *Amiopsis dolloi*
	+ Subfamily **Solnhofenamiinae**
		- Genus **Solnhofenamia**
			* *Solnhofenamia elongata*
	+ Subfamily **Vidalamiinae**
		- Genus **Calamopleurus**
			* *Calamopleurus cylindricus*
			* *Calamopleurus mawsoni*
			* *Calamopleurus africanus*
		- Genus **Maliamia**
			* *Maliamia gigas*
		- Genus **Melvius**
			* *Melvius thomasi*
			* *Melvius chauliodous*
		- Genus **Pachyamia**
			* *Pachyamia latimaxillaris*
			* *Pachyamia mexicana*
		- Genus **Vidalamia**
			* *Vidalamia catalunica*
	+ Subfamily **???**
		- Genus **Nipponamia**?
			* Nipponamia satoi
Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes are a domain of Lifeforms with cells containing nucleolus's and often other organelles. There are 4 kingdoms in the domain Eukaryota. They are the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.

## Protista

They are protists. It includes the unicellular "animal-like" protozoa, the "plant-like" protophyta (mostly unicellular algae), and the "fungus-like" slime moulds and water moulds.

## Plantae

They are the "green plants." It includes flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns, clubmosses, hornworts, liverworts, mosses and the green algae.

## Fungi

They are the fungi. It includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and moulds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms.

## Animalia

They are the animals. All these organisms are motile. It includes the vertebrates (birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish); molluscs (clams, oysters, octopi, squid, snails); arthropods (millipedes, centipedes, insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs, lobsters, shrimp); annelids (earthworms, leeches); sponges; and jellyfish.
Saccopharyngiformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Saccopharyngiformes.

## Extant

* Suborder **Cyematoidei**
	+ Family **Cyematidae**
		- Genus **Cyema**
			* Bobtail Eel, *Cyema atrum*
		- Genus **Neocyema**
			* *Neocyema erythrosoma*
* Suborder **Saccopharyngoidei**
	+ Family **Eurypharyngidae**
		- Genus **Eurypharynx**
			* Pelican Eel, *Eurypharynx pelecanoides*
	+ Family **Monognathidae**
		- Genus **Monognathus**
			* *Monognathus taningi*
			* *Monognathus bruuni*
			* *Monognathus jesperseni*
			* Paddletail Onejaw, *Monognathus ahlstromi*
			* *Monognathus isaacsi*
			* *Monognathus jesse*
			* *Monognathus bertini*
			* *Monognathus boehlkei*
			* *Monognathus herringi*
			* *Monognathus nigeli*
			* *Monognathus ozawai*
			* *Monognathus rajui*
			* *Monognathus rosenblatti*
			* *Monognathus smithi*
			* *Monognathus berteli*
	+ Family **Saccopharyngidae**
		- Genus **Saccopharynx**
			* Gulper Eel, *Saccopharynx ampullaceus*
			* *Saccopharynx harrisoni*
			* Whiptail Gulper, *Saccopharynx schmidti*
			* *Saccopharynx hjorti*
			* *Saccopharynx lavenbergi*
			* *Saccopharynx paucovertebratis*
			* *Saccopharynx ramosus*
			* *Saccopharynx thalassa*
			* *Saccopharynx trilobatus*
			* *Saccopharynx berteli*
Ornithischia

Ornithischia or Predentata is an extinct order of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. The name *ornithischia* is derived from

the Greek *ornitheos* (*ορνιθειος*) meaning 'of a bird' and *ischion* (*ισχιον*) meaning 'hip joint'. They are known as the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs because of their bird-like hip structure, even though birds actually belong to the 'lizard-hipped' dinosaurs (the saurischians).

Some commonly known Ornithischians include the horned dinosaurs (ceratopsians), armored dinosaurs (stegosaurs and ankylosaurs), *Iguanodon*, and the "duck-billed" dinosaurs (hadrosaurids). Being herbivores that sometimes lived in herds, they were more numerous than the saurischians. Many were prey animals for the theropods and were usually smaller than the sauropods.
Lepisosteiformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Lepisosteiformes.

## Extant

* Family **Lepisosteidae**
	+ Genus **Lepisosteus**
		- Longnose Gar, *Lepisosteus osseus*
		- Shortnose Gar, *Lepisosteus platostomus*
		- Florida Gar, *Lepisosteus platyrhincus*
		- Spotted Gar, *Lepisosteus oculatus*
	+ Genus **Atractosteus**
		- Cuban Gar, *Atractoseus tristoechus*
		- Alligator Gar, *Atractoseus spatula*
		- Tropical Gar, *Atractoseus tropicus*
Scyphozoa

the Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, sometimes referred to as the "jellyfish" (or sea

jellies - as they are not, in fact, fish).

The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word *skyphos* (σκύφος), denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the cup shape of the organism.
Scyphozoans have existed, in geological time, from the Ediacaran period to the present.
Life Wikia

## Welcome to Life Wiki

Life wiki is a database of life on earth and it's biology, feel free to come and add something should you be knowledgeable in some part of this field.

UPDATE: For anyone who actually sees this wiki, I know it's been a long time since the last update, but I'm working on it again now.

## Latest activity

Photos and videos are a great way to add visuals to your wiki. Find videos about your topic by exploring Wikia's Video Library.
Elopiformes (Taxonomy)

The complete classification of all organisms in the order Elopiformes.

## Extant

* Family **Elopidae**
	+ Genus **Elops**
		- Ladyfish, *Elops saurus*
		- Tenpounder, *Elops machnata*
		- West African Ladyfish, *Elops lacerta*
		- Machete, *Elops affinis*
		- Hawaiian Ladyfish, *Elops hawaiensis*
		- Senegalese Ladyfish, *Elops senegalensis*
		- Malacho, *Elops smithi*
* Family **Megalopidae**
	+ Genus **Megalops**
		- Indo-Pacific Tarpon, *Megalops cyprinoides*
		- Tarpon, *Megalops atlanticus*
Myxozoa

Myxozoa are microscopic metazoan parasites with a reduced body. The dimensions of the myxospore, the typical myxozoan stage in fish hosts, range between one hundredth and two hundredths of a millimeter. Myxospores consist of several cells, which are transformed to shell valves, nematocyst-like polar capsules with coiled extrudible polar filaments, and amoeboid infective germs. Myxospores develop in plasmodia (trophozoites), which can be very large and polysporic (generally histozoic in host tissue) or small and mono- or disporic (coelozoic in organ cavities). Myxozoans are parasites of fish, worms (oligochaetes and polychaetes) and bryozoans. A few representatives were found as parasites of amphibians and reptiles, and recent findings confirmed the ability of myxozoans to infect mammals and birds. Humans as potential hosts for myxosporea were also reported, however, myxospores were detected in fecal samples and probably just passed through the digestive tract.

Myxozoa contains two classes: Malacosporea and Myxosporea. Malacosporea includes only two genera (*Tetracapsuloides* and *Buddenbrockia*) with a total of three described species. Myxosporea includes about 2200 species in 60 genera.

Myxozoans were considered to be protists for more then one hundred years until the early nineties of 20th century. Then, the phylogenetic analysis of the primal myxosporean SSU rDNA sequence confirmed earlier hypotheses that myxozoans are multicellular organisms and placed Myxozoa inside Metazoa. However, SSU rDNA data failed to find the correct position of the Myxozoa within metazoan taxa. Myxozoan SSU rDNA appeared to be a fast-evolving sequence resulting in long-branches in phylogenetic trees. Therefore, the SSU rDNA data are insufficient to decide whether Myxozoa are closely related either to Bilateria, Cnidaria, or other taxa.