Clint Eastwood

American actor and filmmakerTemplate:SHORTDESC:American actor and filmmaker

**Clinton Eastwood Jr.** (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor, film director, producer, and composer. After achieving success in the Western TV series *Rawhide*, he rose to international fame with his role as the "Man with No Name" in Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone's "*Dollars Trilogy*" of Spaghetti Westerns during the mid-1960s, and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five *Dirty Harry* films throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These roles, among others, have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity. His accolades include four Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, three César Awards, and an AFI Life Achievement Award.

An Academy Award nominee for Best Actor, Eastwood won Best Director and Best Picture for his Western film *Unforgiven* (1992) and his sports drama *Million Dollar Baby* (2004). His greatest commercial successes are the adventure comedy *Every Which Way but Loose* (1978) and its action comedy sequel *Any Which Way You Can* (1980). Other popular Eastwood films include the Westerns *Hang 'Em High* (1968) and *Pale Rider* (1985), the action-war film *Where Eagles Dare* (1968), the prison film *Escape from Alcatraz* (1979), the war film *Heartbreak Ridge* (1986), the action film *In the Line of Fire* (1993), and the romantic drama *The Bridges of Madison County* (1995). More recent works are *Gran Torino* (2008), *The Mule* (2018), and *Cry Macho* (2021). Since 1967, Eastwood's company Malpaso Productions has produced all but four of his American films.

In addition to directing many of his own star vehicles, Eastwood has also directed films in which he did not appear, such as the mystery drama *Mystic River* (2003) and the war film *Letters from Iwo Jima* (2006), for which he received Academy Award nominations, the drama *Changeling* (2008), and the biographical sports drama *Invictus* (2009). The war drama biopic *American Sniper* (2014) set box-office records for the largest January release ever and was also the largest opening ever for an Eastwood film.

Elected in 1986, Eastwood served for two years as the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. In 2000, Eastwood received the Italian Venice Film Festival's Golden Lion award, honoring his lifetime achievements. Bestowed two of France's highest civilian honors, he received the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1994, and the Legion of Honour medal in 2007.

## Early life

Eastwood was born on May 31, 1930, at Saint Francis Memorial Hospital in San Francisco, California, to Ruth (*née* Runner; 1909–2006) and Clinton Eastwood (1906–1970). During her son's fame, Ruth was known by the surname of her second husband, John Belden Wood (1913–2004), whom she married after the death of Clinton Sr. Eastwood was nicknamed "Samson" by the hospital nurses because he weighed 11 pounds 6 ounces (5.2 kg) at birth. He has a younger sister, Jeanne Bernhardt (b. 1934). He is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry. He is descended from *Mayflower* passenger William Bradford, and through this line is the 12th generation born in North America. His family relocated three times during the 1930s as his father changed occupations, residing in Sacramento in 1935, according to census records. Contrary to what Eastwood has indicated in media interviews, they did not move between 1940 and 1949. Settling in Piedmont, California, the Eastwoods lived in an affluent area of the town, had a swimming pool, belonged to a country club, and each parent drove their own car. Eastwood's father was a manufacturing executive at Georgia-Pacific for most of his working life. As Clint and Jeanne grew older, Ruth took a clerical job at IBM.

Eastwood attended Piedmont Middle School, where he was held back due to poor academic scores, and records indicated he also had to attend summer school. From January 1945 until at least January 1946, he attended Piedmont High School, but was asked to leave for writing an obscene suggestion to a school official on the athletic field scoreboard and for burning an effigy on the school lawn, on top of other school infractions. He transferred to Oakland Technical High School and was scheduled to graduate mid-year in January 1949, although it is not clear if he did. "Clint graduated from the airplane shop. I think that was his major," joked classmate Don Kincade. Another high school friend, Don Loomis, echoed "I don't think he was spending that much time at school because he was having a pretty good time elsewhere." "I think what happened is he just went off and started having a good time. I just don't think he finished high school," explained Fritz Manes, a boyhood friend two years younger than Eastwood, who remained associated with him until their falling out in the mid-1980s. Biographer Patrick McGilligan notes that high school graduation records are a matter of strict legal confidentiality.

Eastwood held a number of jobs, including lifeguard, paper carrier, grocery clerk, forest firefighter, and golf caddy. Eastwood said that he tried to enroll at Seattle University in 1951, but instead was drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War. "He always dropped the Korean War reference, hoping everyone would conclude that he was in combat and might be some sort of hero. Actually, he'd been a lifeguard at Fort Ord in northern California for his entire stint in the military," said Eastwood's former longtime companion Sondra Locke. Don Loomis recalled hearing that Eastwood was romancing one of the daughters of a Fort Ord officer, who might have been entreated to watch out for him when names came up for postings. While returning from a prearranged tryst in Seattle, Washington, he was a passenger on a Douglas AD bomber that ran out of fuel and crashed into the ocean near Point Reyes. Using a life raft, he and the pilot swam 2 miles (3.2 km) to safety.

## Career

### 1950s

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According to a CBS press release for *Rawhide*, the Universal-International film company was shooting in Fort Ord when an enterprising assistant spotted Eastwood and invited him to meet the director, although this is disputed by Eastwood's unauthorized biographer, Patrick McGilligan. According to Eastwood's official biography, the key figure was a man named Chuck Hill, who was stationed in Fort Ord and had contacts in Hollywood. While in Los Angeles, Hill became reacquainted with Eastwood and managed to sneak him into a Universal studio, where he introduced him to cameraman Irving Glassberg. Glassberg arranged for an audition under Arthur Lubin, who, although very impressed with Eastwood's appearance and stature, then 6'4" (193 cm), disapproved of his acting, remarking, "He was quite amateurish. He didn't know which way to turn or which way to go or do anything". Lubin suggested that he attend drama classes and arranged for Eastwood's initial contract in April 1954, at $100 per week. After signing, Eastwood was initially criticized for his stiff manner and delivering his lines through his teeth, a lifelong trademark.

In May 1954, Eastwood made his first real audition for *Six Bridges to Cross* but was rejected by Joseph Pevney. After many unsuccessful auditions, he was eventually given a minor role by director Jack Arnold in *Revenge of the Creature* (1955), a sequel to the recently released *Creature from the Black Lagoon*. In September 1954, Eastwood worked for three weeks on Arthur Lubin's *Lady Godiva of Coventry*, won a role in February 1955, playing "Jonesy", a sailor in *Francis in the Navy* and appeared uncredited in another Jack Arnold film, *Tarantula*, where he played a squadron pilot. In May 1955, Eastwood put four hours' work into the film *Never Say Goodbye* and had a minor uncredited role as a ranch hand (his first western film) in August 1955 with *Law Man*, also known as *Star in the Dust*. Universal presented him with his first television role on July 2, 1955, on NBC's *Allen in Movieland*, which starred comedian Steve Allen, actor Tony Curtis and swing musician Benny Goodman. Although he continued to develop as an actor, Universal terminated his contract on October 23, 1955.

Eastwood joined the Marsh Agency, and although Lubin landed him his biggest role to date in *The First Traveling Saleslady* (1956) and later hired him for *Escapade in Japan* (1957), without a formal contract Eastwood was struggling. On his financial advisor Irving Leonard's advice, he switched to the Kumin-Olenick Agency in 1956 and Mitchell Gertz in 1957. He landed several small roles in 1956 as a temperamental army officer for a segment of ABC's *Reader's Digest* series, and as a motorcycle gang member on a *Highway Patrol* episode. In 1957, Eastwood played a cadet in *West Point* series and a suicidal gold prospector on *Death Valley Days*.

In 1958, he played a Navy lieutenant in a segment of *Navy Log* and in early 1959 made a notable guest appearance as Red Hardigan on *Maverick* opposite James Garner as a cowardly villain intent on marrying a rich girl for money. Eastwood had a small part as an aviator in *Lafayette Escadrille* (1958) and played a major role as an ex-renegade of the Confederacy in *Ambush at Cimarron Pass* (also 1958), a film Eastwood considers the low point of his career.

In 1958, Eastwood was cast as Rowdy Yates for the CBS hour-long western series *Rawhide*, the career breakthrough he had long sought. Eastwood was not especially happy with his character; Eastwood was almost 30, and Rowdy was too young and cloddish for his comfort. Filming began in Arizona in the summer of 1958. It took just three weeks for *Rawhide* to reach the top 20 in TV ratings and although it never won an Emmy, it was a major success for several years, and peaked at number six in the ratings between October 1960 and April 1961. The *Rawhide* years (1959–65) were some of the most grueling of Eastwood's career, often filming six days a week for an average of 12 hours a day, but some directors still criticized him for not working hard enough. By late 1963, *Rawhide* was beginning to decline in the ratings and lacked freshness in the scripts; it was canceled in the middle of the 1965–66 season. Eastwood made his first attempt at directing when he filmed several trailers for the show, but was unable to convince producers to let him direct an episode. In the show's first season, Eastwood earned $750 an episode. At the time of *Rawhide*'s cancelation, he received $119,000 an episode as severance pay.

### 1960s

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In late 1963, Eastwood's *Rawhide* co-star Eric Fleming rejected an offer to star in an Italian-made western called *A Fistful of Dollars* (1964), filmed in a remote region of Spain by a relatively unknown director, Sergio Leone. Richard Harrison suggested Eastwood to Leone because Harrison knew Eastwood could play a cowboy convincingly. Eastwood thought the film would be an opportunity to escape from his *Rawhide* image. He signed a contract for $15,000 in wages for eleven weeks' work, with a bonus of a Mercedes-Benz automobile upon completion. Eastwood later said of the transition from a TV western to *A Fistful of Dollars*: "In *Rawhide* I did get awfully tired of playing the conventional white hat. The hero who kisses old ladies and dogs and was kind to everybody. I decided it was time to be an antihero." Eastwood was instrumental in creating the Man with No Name character's distinctive visual style and, although a non-smoker, Leone insisted Eastwood smoke cigars as an essential ingredient of the "mask" he was attempting to create for the character.

*A Fistful of Dollars* proved a landmark in the development of Spaghetti Westerns, with Leone depicting a more lawless and desolate world than traditional westerns, and challenging American stereotypes of a western hero with a morally ambiguous antihero. The film's success made Eastwood a major star in Italy and he was rehired to star in *For a Few Dollars More* (1965), the second of the trilogy. Through the efforts of screenwriter Luciano Vincenzoni, the rights to *For a Few Dollars More* and the trilogy's final film, *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly* (1966), were sold to United Artists for about $900,000.

In January 1966, Eastwood met producer Dino De Laurentiis in New York City and agreed to star in a non-Western five-part anthology production, *The Witches* (*Le Streghe*, 1967), opposite De Laurentiis's wife, Silvana Mangano. Eastwood's 19-minute installment took only a few days to shoot, but his performance did not please critics; one wrote, "no other performance of his is quite so 'un-Clintlike'."

Two months later Eastwood began work on *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*, again playing the mysterious Man with No Name. Lee Van Cleef returned as a ruthless fortune seeker, with Eli Wallach portraying the Mexican bandit Tuco Ramirez. The storyline involved the search for a cache of Confederate gold buried in a cemetery. During the filming of a scene in which a bridge was blown up, Eastwood urged Wallach to retreat to a hilltop. "I know about these things," he said. "Stay as far away from special effects and explosives as you can." Minutes later confusion among the crew over the word "Vaya!" resulted in a premature explosion that could have killed Wallach.

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The *Dollars* trilogy was not released in the United States until 1967, when *A Fistful of Dollars* opened on January 18, followed by *For a Few Dollars More* on May 10, and *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly* on December 29. All three were commercially successful, particularly *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*, which eventually earned $8 million in rental earnings and turned Eastwood into a major film star being ranked for the first time on Quigley's Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in 1968 in fifth place. All three received poor reviews, and marked the beginning of a battle for Eastwood to win American film critics' respect. Judith Crist described *A Fistful of Dollars* as "cheapjack", while *Newsweek* called *For a Few Dollars More* "excruciatingly dopey". Renata Adler of *The New York Times* said *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly* was "the most expensive, pious and repellent movie in the history of its peculiar genre." *Time* magazine drew attention to the film's wooden acting, especially Eastwood's, though a few critics such as Vincent Canby and Bosley Crowther of *The New York Times* praised his coolness. Leone's cinematography was widely acclaimed, even by critics who disparaged the acting.

Stardom brought Eastwood more roles. He signed to star in the American revisionist western *Hang 'Em High* (1968) alongside Inger Stevens, Pat Hingle, Dennis Hopper, Ed Begley, Alan Hale Jr., Ben Johnson, Bruce Dern, and James MacArthur, playing a man who takes up a Marshal's badge and seeks revenge as a lawman after being lynched by vigilantes and left for dead. The film earned Eastwood $400,000 and 25% of its net box office. Using money earned from the *Dollars* trilogy, Eastwood's advisor Irving Leonard helped establish Eastwood's own production company, Malpaso Productions, named after Malpaso Creek on Eastwood's property in Monterey County, California. The 38-year-old actor was still relatively unknown as late as a month prior to the film's release, as evidenced by a July 1968 news item by syndicated columnist Dorothy Manners: "The proverbial man in the street is still asking, 'Who's Clint Eastwood?'" Leonard arranged for *Hang 'Em High* to be a joint production with United Artists; when it opened in August 1968, it had the largest opening weekend in United Artists' history. *Hang 'Em High* was widely praised by critics, including Archer Winsten of the *New York Post*, who called it "a western of quality, courage, danger and excitement."

Before *Hang 'Em High*'s release, Eastwood had already begun working on *Coogan's Bluff* (1968), about an Arizona deputy sheriff tracking a wanted psychopathic criminal (Don Stroud) through New York City. He was reunited with Universal Studios for it after receiving an offer of $1 million – more than double his previous salary. Jennings Lang arranged for Eastwood to meet Don Siegel, a Universal contract director who later became Eastwood's close friend, forming a partnership that would last more than ten years and produce five films. Shooting began in November 1967, before the script had been finalized. The film was controversial for its portrayal of violence. *Coogan's Bluff* also became the first collaboration with Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin, who scored several Eastwood films in the 1970s and 1980s, including the *Dirty Harry* films.

Eastwood was paid $750,000 for the war epic *Where Eagles Dare* (1968), about a World War II squad parachuting into a Gestapo stronghold in the alpine mountains. Richard Burton played the squad's commander, with Eastwood as his right-hand man. Eastwood was also cast as Two-Face in the *Batman* television show, but the series was canceled before filming began.

Eastwood then branched out to star in the only musical of his career, *Paint Your Wagon* (1969). Eastwood and Lee Marvin play gold miners who buy a Mormon settler's less favored wife (Jean Seberg) at an auction. Bad weather and delays plagued the production, and the film's budget eventually exceeded $20 million, which was high for the time. The film was not a critical or commercial success, but was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.

### 1970s

Eastwood starred with Shirley MacLaine in the western *Two Mules for Sister Sara* (1970), directed by Don Siegel. The film follows an American mercenary, who becomes mixed up with a prostitute disguised as a nun, and ends up helping a group of Juarista rebels during the reign of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. Eastwood again played a mysterious stranger – unshaven, wearing a serape-like vest, and smoking a cigar. Although it received moderate reviews, the film is listed in *The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made*. Around the same time, Eastwood starred as one of a group of Americans who steals a fortune in gold from the Nazis, in the World War II film *Kelly's Heroes* (also 1970), with Donald Sutherland and Telly Savalas. *Kelly's Heroes* was the last film Eastwood appeared in that was not produced by his own Malpaso Productions. Filming commenced in July 1969 on location in Yugoslavia and in London. The film received mostly a positive reception and its anti-war sentiments were recognized. In the winter of 1969–70, Eastwood and Siegel began planning his next film, *The Beguiled* (1971), a tale of a wounded Union soldier, held captive by the sexually repressed matron (played by Geraldine Page) of a Southern girls' school. Upon release the film received major recognition in France and is considered one of Eastwood's finest works by French critics. However, it grossed less than $1 million and, according to Eastwood and Lang, flopped due to poor publicity and the "emasculated" role of Eastwood.

Eastwood's career reached a turning point in 1971. Before Irving Leonard died, he and Eastwood had discussed the idea of Malpaso producing *Play Misty for Me*, a film that was to give Eastwood the artistic control he desired, and his debut as a director. The script was about a jazz disc jockey named Dave (Eastwood), who has a casual affair with Evelyn (Jessica Walter), a listener who had been calling the radio station repeatedly at night, asking him to play her favorite song – Erroll Garner's "Misty". When Dave ends their relationship, the unhinged Evelyn becomes a murderous stalker. Filming commenced in Monterey in September 1970 and included footage of that year's Monterey Jazz Festival. The film was highly acclaimed with critics, such as Jay Cocks in *Time* magazine, Andrew Sarris in the *Village Voice*, and Archer Winsten in the *New York Post* all praising the film, as well as Eastwood's directorial skills and performance. Walter was nominated for a Golden Globe Best Actress Award (Drama), for her performance in the film.

*Dirty Harry* (1971), written by Harry and Rita Fink, centers on a hard-edged New York City (later changed to San Francisco) police inspector named Harry Callahan who is determined to stop a psychotic killer by any means. *Dirty Harry* has been described as being arguably Eastwood's most memorable character, and the film has been credited with inventing the "loose-cannon cop" genre. Author Eric Lichtenfeld argues that Eastwood's role as Dirty Harry established the "first true archetype" of the action film genre. His lines (quoted above) are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force that catapulted the ownership of .44 Magnum revolvers to new heights in the United States; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan. *Dirty Harry*, released in December 1971, earned $22 million in the United States and Canada. It was Siegel's highest-grossing film and the start of a series of films featuring the character Harry Callahan. Although a number of critics praised Eastwood's performance as Dirty Harry, such as Jay Cocks who described him as "giving his best performance so far, tense, tough, full of implicit identification with his character," the film was also widely criticized as being fascistic. After having been second for the past two years, Eastwood was voted first in Quigley's Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in 1972 and again in 1973.

Following Sean Connery's announcement that he would not play James Bond again, Eastwood was offered the role but turned it down because he believed the character should be played by an English actor. He next starred in the loner Western *Joe Kidd* (1972), based on a character inspired by Reies Lopez Tijerina, who stormed a courthouse in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, in June 1967. During filming, Eastwood suffered symptoms of a bronchial infection and several panic attacks. *Joe Kidd* received a mixed reception, with Roger Greenspun of *The New York Times* writing that it was unremarkable, with foolish symbolism and sloppy editing, although he praised Eastwood's performance.

Eastwood's first western as director was *High Plains Drifter* (1973), in which he also starred. The film had a moral and supernatural theme, later emulated in *Pale Rider*. The plot follows a mysterious stranger (Eastwood) who arrives in a brooding Western town where the people hire him to protect them against three soon-to-be-released felons. There remains confusion during the film as to whether the stranger is the brother of the deputy, whom the felons lynched and murdered, or his ghost. Holes in the plot were filled with black humor and allegory, influenced by Leone. The revisionist film received a mixed reception, but was a major box-office success. A number of critics thought Eastwood's directing was "as derivative as it was expressive," with Arthur Knight of the *Saturday Review* remarking that Eastwood had "absorbed the approaches of Siegel and Leone and fused them with his own paranoid vision of society." John Wayne, who had declined a role in the film, sent a letter to Eastwood soon after the film's release in which he complained that, "The townspeople did not represent the true spirit of the American pioneer, the spirit that made America great."

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Eastwood next turned his attention towards *Breezy* (1973), a film about love blossoming between a middle-aged man and a teenage girl. During casting for the film Eastwood met Sondra Locke for the first time, an actress who would play major roles in six of his films over the next ten years and would become an important figure in his life. Kay Lenz got the part of Breezy because Locke, at age 29, was nearly twice the character's age. The film, shot very quickly and efficiently by Eastwood and Frank Stanley, came in $1 million under budget and was finished three days ahead of schedule. *Breezy* was not a major critical or commercial success.

Once filming of *Breezy* had finished, Warners announced that Eastwood had agreed to reprise his role as Callahan in *Magnum Force* (1973), a sequel to *Dirty Harry*, about a group of rogue young officers (among them David Soul, Robert Urich and Tim Matheson) in the San Francisco Police Department who systematically exterminate the city's worst criminals. Although the film was a major success after release, grossing $58.1 million in the United States (a record for Eastwood), it was not a critical success. *The New York Times* critic Nora Sayre panned the often contradictory moral themes of the film, while the paper's Frank Rich called it "the same old stuff".

Eastwood teamed up with Jeff Bridges and George Kennedy in the buddy action caper *Thunderbolt and Lightfoot* (1974), a road movie about a veteran bank robber Thunderbolt (Eastwood) and a young con man drifter, Lightfoot (Bridges). On its release, in spring 1974, the film was praised for its offbeat comedy mixed with high suspense and tragedy but was only a modest success at the box office, earning $32.4 million. Eastwood's acting was noted by critics, but was overshadowed by Bridges who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Eastwood reportedly fumed at the lack of Academy Award recognition for him and swore that he would never work for United Artists again.

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Eastwood's next film *The Eiger Sanction* (1975) was based on Trevanian's critically acclaimed spy novel of the same name. Eastwood plays Jonathan Hemlock in a role originally intended for Paul Newman, an assassin turned college art professor who decides to return to his former profession for one last "sanction" in return for a rare Pissarro painting. In the process he must climb the north face of the Eiger in Switzerland under perilous conditions. Mike Hoover taught Eastwood how to climb during several weeks of preparation at Yosemite in the summer of 1974 before filming commenced in Grindelwald, Switzerland on August 12, 1974. Despite prior warnings about the perils of the Eiger the film crew suffered a number of accidents, including one fatality. Despite the danger, Eastwood insisted on doing all his own climbing and stunts. Upon release in May 1975 *The Eiger Sanction* was marginally successful commercially, receiving $14.2 million at the box-office, and gained mixed reviews. Joy Gould Boyum of *The Wall Street Journal* dismissed the film as "brutal fantasy". Eastwood blamed Universal Studios for the film's poor promotion and turned his back on them to make an agreement with Warner Brothers, through Frank Wells, that has lasted to the present day.

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*The Outlaw Josey Wales* (1976), a western inspired by Asa Carter's 1972 novel of the same name, has lead character Josey Wales (Eastwood) as a pro-Confederate guerrilla who refuses to surrender his arms after the American Civil War and is chased across the old southwest by a group of enforcers. The supporting cast included Locke as his love interest and Chief Dan George as an elderly Cherokee who strikes up a friendship with Wales. Director Philip Kaufman was fired by producer Bob Daley under Eastwood's command, resulting in a fine reported to be around $60,000 from the Directors Guild of America – who subsequently passed new legislation reserving the right to impose a major fine on a producer for discharging and replacing a director. The film was pre-screened at the Sun Valley Center for the Arts and Humanities in Idaho during a six-day conference entitled *Western Movies: Myths and Images*. Invited to the screening were a number of esteemed film critics, including Jay Cocks and Arthur Knight; directors such as King Vidor, William Wyler, and Howard Hawks; and a number of academics. Upon release in the summer of 1976 *The Outlaw Josey Wales* was widely acclaimed, with many critics and viewers seeing Eastwood's role as an iconic one that related to America's ancestral past and the destiny of the nation after the American Civil War. Roger Ebert compared the nature and vulnerability of Eastwood's portrayal of Josey Wales with his Man with No Name character in the *Dollars* westerns and praised the film's atmosphere. The film would later appear in *Time*'s "Top 10 Films of the Year".

Eastwood was then offered the role of Benjamin L. Willard in Francis Coppola's *Apocalypse Now*, but declined as he did not want to spend weeks on location in the Philippines. He also refused the part of a platoon leader in Ted Post's Vietnam War film, *Go Tell the Spartans* and instead decided to make a third *Dirty Harry* film, *The Enforcer* (1976). The film had Callahan partnered with a new female officer (Tyne Daly) to face a San Francisco Bay area group resembling the Symbionese Liberation Army. The film, culminating in a shootout on Alcatraz island, was considerably shorter than the previous *Dirty Harry* films at 95 minutes, but was a major commercial success grossing $100 million worldwide to become Eastwood's highest-grossing film to date.

Eastwood directed and starred in *The Gauntlet* (1977) opposite Locke, Pat Hingle, William Prince, Bill McKinney, and Mara Corday. In this film, he portrays a down-and-out cop assigned to escort a prostitute from Las Vegas to Phoenix to testify against the mob. Although a moderate hit with the viewing public, critics had mixed feelings about the film, with many believing it was overly violent. Ebert, in contrast, gave the film three stars and called it "classic Clint Eastwood: fast, furious, and funny." In *Every Which Way but Loose* (1978) he has an uncharacteristic offbeat comedy role. His character, Philo Beddoe, is a trucker and brawler who roams the American West searching for a lost love (Locke) accompanied by his best friend, Orville Boggs (played by Geoffrey Lewis) and an orangutan called Clyde. The film proved surprisingly successful upon its release and became Eastwood's most commercially successful film up to that time. Panned by critics, it ranked high among the box-office successes of his career and was the second-highest-grossing film of 1978.

Eastwood starred in *Escape from Alcatraz* (1979), the last of his films directed by Siegel. It was based on the true story of Frank Lee Morris who, along with John and Clarence Anglin, escaped from the notorious Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in 1962. The film was a major success; Stanley Kauffmann of *The New Republic* praised it as "crystalline cinema" and Frank Rich of *Time* described it as "cool, cinematic grace".

### 1980s

Eastwood directed and played the title role in *Bronco Billy* (1980), alongside Locke, Scatman Crothers, and Sam Bottoms. Eastwood has cited *Bronco Billy* as being one of the most relaxed shoots of his career and biographer Richard Schickel argued that Bronco Billy is Eastwood's most self-referential character. The film was a commercial disappointment, but was liked by critics. Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* wrote that film was "the best and funniest Clint Eastwood movie in quite a while", and praised Eastwood's directing, intricately juxtaposing the old West and the new West. Released later in 1980, *Any Which Way You Can* was the sequel to *Every Which Way but Loose* and also starring Eastwood. The film received a number of bad reviews from critics, although Maslin described it as "funnier and even better than its predecessor". In theaters over the Christmas season, *Any Which Way You Can* was a major box office success and ranked among the top five highest-grossing films of the year.

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Eastwood directed and starred in *Honkytonk Man* (1982), based on the eponymous Clancy Carlile's depression-era novel. Eastwood portrays a struggling western singer Red Stovall who suffers from tuberculosis, but has finally been given an opportunity to make it big at the Grand Ole Opry. He is accompanied by his young nephew (played by real-life son Kyle) to Nashville, Tennessee, where he is supposed to record a song. Only *Time* gave the film a good review in the United States, with most reviewers criticizing its blend of muted humor and tragedy. Nevertheless, the film received a more positive reception in France, where it was compared to John Ford's *The Grapes of Wrath*, and it has since acquired the very high rating of 93 percent on Rotten Tomatoes. Around the same time, Eastwood directed, produced, and starred in the Cold War-themed *Firefox* (also 1982). Based on a 1977 novel with the same name written by Craig Thomas, the film was shot before but released after *Honkytonk Man*. Russian filming locations were not possible due to the Cold War, and the film had to be shot in Vienna and other locations in Austria to simulate many of the Eurasian story locations. With a production cost of $20 million, it was Eastwood's highest budget film to that time. *People* magazine likened Eastwood's performance to "Luke Skywalker trapped in Dirty Harry's Soul".

Eastwood directed and starred in the fourth *Dirty Harry* film, *Sudden Impact*, which was shot in the spring and summer of 1983 and released that December. It is considered the darkest and most violent of the series. By this time, Eastwood received 60 percent of all profits from films he starred in and directed, with the rest going to the studio. *Sudden Impact* was his final on-screen collaboration with Locke. She plays an artist who, along with her sister, was gang-raped a decade before the story takes place and seeks revenge for her sister's now-vegetative state by systematically murdering the rapists. The line "Go ahead, make my day" (uttered by Eastwood during an early scene in a coffee shop) has been cited as one of cinema's immortal lines. It was quoted by President Ronald Reagan in a speech to Congress, and used during the 1984 presidential elections. The film was the second most commercially successful of the *Dirty Harry* films, after *The Enforcer*, earning $70 million. It received very positive reviews, with many critics praising the feminist aspects of the film through its explorations of the physical and psychological consequences of rape.

*Tightrope* (1984) had Eastwood starring opposite Geneviève Bujold in a provocative thriller, inspired by newspaper articles about an elusive Bay Area rapist. Set in New Orleans to avoid confusion with the *Dirty Harry* films, Eastwood played a divorced cop drawn into his target's tortured psychology and fascination for sadomasochism. *Tightrope* was a critical and commercial hit and became the fourth highest-grossing R-rated film of 1984. Eastwood next starred in the crime comedy *City Heat* (also 1984) alongside Burt Reynolds, a film about an ex-cop turned private eye and his former police lieutenant partner who get mixed up with gangsters in the Prohibition era of the 1930s. The film grossed around $50 million domestically, but was overshadowed by Eddie Murphy's *Beverly Hills Cop*.

Eastwood made his only foray into TV direction with the *Amazing Stories* episode *Vanessa in the Garden* (1985), which starred Harvey Keitel and Locke as a married couple. This was his first collaboration with Steven Spielberg, who later co-produced *Flags of Our Fathers* and *Letters from Iwo Jima*. He would revisit the Western genre when he directed and starred in *Pale Rider* (1985), a film based on the classic western *Shane* (1953) and follows a preacher descending from the mists of the Sierras to side with the miners during the California Gold Rush of 1850. The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, as the rider of the pale horse is Death, and shows similarities to Eastwood's western *High Plains Drifter* (1973) in its themes of morality and justice as well as its exploration of the supernatural. It was hailed as one of the best films of 1985 and the best western to appear for a considerable period, with Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune* remarking, "This year (1985) will go down in film history as the moment Clint Eastwood finally earned respect as an artist".

Eastwood co-starred with Marsha Mason in the military drama *Heartbreak Ridge* (1986), about the 1983 United States invasion of Grenada. He portrays a United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant veteran of the Korean War and Vietnam War who realizes he is nearing the end of his military service. Production and filming were marred by internal disagreements between Eastwood and long-time friend and producer Fritz Manes, as well as between Eastwood and the United States Department of Defense who expressed contempt for the film. At the time, the film was a commercial rather than a critical success, and has only come to be viewed more favorably in recent times. The film grossed $70 million domestically.

Eastwood starred in *The Dead Pool* (1988), the fifth and final film in the *Dirty Harry* series. It co-starred Patricia Clarkson, Liam Neeson, and a young Jim Carrey who plays Johnny Squares, a drug-addled rock star and the first of the victims on a list of celebrities drawn up by horror film director Peter Swan (Neeson) who are deemed most likely to die, the so-called "Dead Pool". The list is stolen by an obsessed fan who, in mimicking his favorite director, makes his way through the list killing off celebrities, of which Dirty Harry is also included. *The Dead Pool* grossed nearly $38 million, relatively low receipts for a *Dirty Harry* film. It is generally viewed as the weakest film of the series, though Roger Ebert thought it was as good as the original.

Eastwood began working on smaller, more personal projects and experienced a lull in his career between 1988 and 1992. Always interested in jazz, he directed *Bird* (1988), a biopic starring Forest Whitaker as jazz musician Charlie "Bird" Parker. Alto saxophonist Jackie McLean and Spike Lee, son of jazz bassist Bill Lee and a long time critic of Eastwood, criticized the characterization of Charlie Parker remarking that it did not capture his true essence and sense of humor. Eastwood received two Golden Globes for the film, the Cecil B. DeMille Award for his lifelong contribution, and the Best Director award. However, *Bird* was a commercial failure, earning just $11 million, which Eastwood attributed to the declining interest in jazz among black people. Carrey would appear with Eastwood again in the poorly-received comedy *Pink Cadillac* (1989). The film is about a bounty hunter and a group of white supremacists chasing an innocent woman (Bernadette Peters) who tries to outrun everyone in her husband's prized pink Cadillac. The film failed both critically and commercially, earning barely more than *Bird* and marking a low point in Eastwood's career.

### 1990s

Eastwood directed and starred in *White Hunter Black Heart* (1990), an adaptation of Peter Viertel's *roman à clef*, about John Huston and the making of the classic film *The African Queen*. Shot on location in Zimbabwe in the summer of 1989, the film received some critical attention but with only a limited release earned just $8.4 million. Eastwood directed and co-starred with Charlie Sheen in *The Rookie*, a buddy cop action film released in December 1990. Critics found the film's plot and characterization unconvincing, but praised its action sequences. An ongoing lawsuit, in response to Eastwood allegedly ramming a woman's car, resulted in no Eastwood films being shown in cinemas in 1991. Eastwood won the suit and agreed to pay the complainant's legal fees if she did not appeal.

Eastwood revisited the western genre in *Unforgiven* (1992), a film which he directed and starred in as an aging ex-gunfighter long past his prime. Scripts existed for the film as early as 1976 under titles such as *The Cut-Whore Killings* and *The William Munny Killings*, but Eastwood delayed the project because he wanted to wait until he was old enough to play his character and to savor it as the last of his western films. *Unforgiven* was a major commercial and critical success; Jack Methews of the *Los Angeles Times* described it as "the finest classical western to come along since perhaps John Ford's 1956 *The Searchers*. The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, (including Best Actor for Eastwood and Best Original Screenplay for David Webb Peoples) and won four, including Best Picture and Best Director for Eastwood. In June 2008 *Unforgiven* was ranked as the fourth-best American western, behind *Shane*, *High Noon*, and *The Searchers* in the American Film Institute's "AFI's 10 Top 10" list.

Eastwood played Frank Horrigan in the Secret Service thriller *In the Line of Fire* (1993), directed by Wolfgang Petersen and co-starring John Malkovich and Rene Russo. Horrigan is a guilt-ridden Secret Service agent haunted by his failure to save John F. Kennedy's life. The film was among the top 10 box office performers in that year, earning $102 million in the United States alone, and 25 years after he was first listed on Quigley's Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll, Eastwood was voted number one again. A few months after film wrapped, Eastwood directed and co-starred alongside Kevin Costner in *A Perfect World* (also 1993). Set in the 1960s, Eastwood plays a Texas Ranger in pursuit of an escaped convict (Costner) who hits the road with a young boy (T.J. Lowther). Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* wrote that the film marked the highest point of Eastwood's directing career, and the film has since been cited as one of his most underrated directorial achievements.

At the May 1994 Cannes Film Festival Eastwood received France's Ordre des Arts et des Lettres medal, and on March 27, 1995, he was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the 67th Academy Awards. His next film appearance was in a cameo role as himself in the children's film *Casper* (1995). He expanded his repertoire by playing opposite Meryl Streep in *The Bridges of Madison County* (also 1995). Based on the novel by Robert James Waller, the film relates the story of Robert Kincaid (Eastwood), a photographer working for *National Geographic* who, while photographing historic covered bridges in Iowa, meets and has an affair with an Italian-born farm wife, Francesca (Streep). Despite the novel receiving unfavorable reviews, *The Bridges of Madison County* film was a commercial and critical success. Roger Ebert wrote, "Streep and Eastwood weave a spell, and it is based on that particular knowledge of love and self that comes with middle age." The film was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Picture and won a César Award in France for Best Foreign Film. Streep was also nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.

Eastwood directed and starred in the political thriller *Absolute Power* (1997), alongside Gene Hackman (with whom he had appeared in *Unforgiven*). Eastwood played the role of a veteran thief who witnesses the Secret Service cover-up of a murder. The film received a mixed reception from critics. Later in 1997, Eastwood directed *Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil*, based on the novel by John Berendt and starring John Cusack, Kevin Spacey, and Jude Law. The film met with a mixed critical response.

Eastwood directed and starred in *True Crime* (1999). He plays Steve Everett, a journalist and recovering alcoholic, who has to cover the execution of murderer Frank Beechum (played by Isaiah Washington). *True Crime* received a mixed reception, with Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* writing, "his direction is galvanized by a sense of second chances and tragic misunderstandings, and by contrasting a larger sense of justice with the peculiar minutiae of crime. Perhaps he goes a shade too far in the latter direction, though." The film was a box office failure, earning less than half its $55 million budget and was Eastwood's worst-performing film of the 1990s aside from *White Hunter Black Heart*, which had a limited release.

### 2000s

Eastwood directed and starred in *Space Cowboys* (2000) alongside Tommy Lee Jones, Donald Sutherland and James Garner. Eastwood played one of a group of veteran ex-test pilots sent into space to repair an old Soviet satellite. The original music score was composed by Eastwood and Lennie Niehaus. *Space Cowboys* was critically well-received and holds a 79 percent rating at Rotten Tomatoes, although Roger Ebert wrote that the film was, "too secure within its traditional story structure to make much seem at risk." The film grossed more than $90 million in its United States release, more than Eastwood's two previous films combined. Eastwood played an ex-FBI agent chasing a sadistic killer (Jeff Daniels) in the thriller *Blood Work* (2002), loosely based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Michael Connelly. The film was a commercial failure, grossing just $26.2 million on an estimated budget of $50 million and received mixed reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes describing it as, "well-made but marred by lethargic pacing".

 File:AngelinaJolieClintEastwoodCroppedMay08.jpg
Eastwood directed and scored the crime drama *Mystic River* (2003), a film dealing with themes of murder, vigilantism and sexual abuse and starring Sean Penn, Kevin Bacon and Tim Robbins. The film was praised by critics and won two Academy Awards – Best Actor for Penn and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins – with Eastwood garnering nominations for Best Director and Best Picture. The film grossed $90 million domestically on a budget of $30 million. In 2003, Eastwood was named Best Director of the Year by the National Society of Film Critics.

The following year, Eastwood found further critical acclaim with *Million Dollar Baby*. The boxing drama won four Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress (Hilary Swank) and Best Supporting Actor (Morgan Freeman). At age 74, Eastwood became the oldest of eighteen directors to have directed two or more Best Picture winners. He also received a nomination for Best Actor, as well as a Grammy nomination for his score, and won a Golden Globe for Best Director, which was presented to him by daughter Kathryn, who was Miss Golden Globe at the 2005 ceremony. A. O. Scott of *The New York Times* lauded the film as a "masterpiece" and the best film of the year.

Eastwood directed two films about World War II's Battle of Iwo Jima released in 2006. The first, *Flags of Our Fathers*, focused on the men who raised the American flag on top of Mount Suribachi and featured the film debut of Eastwood's son Scott. This was followed by *Letters from Iwo Jima*, which dealt with the tactics of the Japanese soldiers on the island and the letters they wrote home to family members. *Letters from Iwo Jima* was the first American film to depict a war issue completely from the view of an American enemy. Both films received praise from critics and garnered several nominations at the 79th Academy Awards, including Best Director, Best Picture, and Best Original Screenplay for *Letters from Iwo Jima*. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards Eastwood received nominations for Best Director in both films. *Letters from Iwo Jima* won the award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Eastwood next directed *Changeling* (2008), based on a true story set in the late 1920s. Angelina Jolie stars as a woman reunited with her missing son only to realize he is an impostor. After its release at several film festivals the film grossed over $110 million, the majority of which came from foreign markets. The film was highly acclaimed, with Damon Wise of *Empire* describing *Changeling* as "flawless". Todd McCarthy of *Variety* magazine described it as "emotionally powerful and stylistically sure-handed" and that the film's characters and social commentary were brought into the story with an "almost breathtaking deliberation". For the film, Eastwood received nominations for Best Original Score at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, Best Direction at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards and director of the year from the London Film Critics' Circle.

Eastwood ended a four-year "self-imposed acting hiatus" by appearing in *Gran Torino* (also 2008), which he also directed, produced and partly scored with his son Kyle and Jamie Cullum. Biographer Marc Eliot called Eastwood's role "an amalgam of the Man with No Name, Dirty Harry, and William Munny, here aged and cynical but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose". *Gran Torino* grossed almost $30 million during its opening weekend release in January 2009, the highest of his career as an actor or director. *Gran Torino* eventually grossed over $268 million in theaters worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of Eastwood's career so far (without adjustment for inflation).

Eastwood's 30th directorial outing came with *Invictus* (2009), a film based on the story of the South African team at the 1995 Rugby World Cup with Morgan Freeman as Nelson Mandela, Matt Damon as rugby team captain François Pienaar and Grant L. Roberts as Ruben Kruger. The film was met with generally positive reviews; Roger Ebert gave it three and a half stars and described it as a "very good film... with moments evoking great emotion," while *Variety*'s Todd McCarthy wrote, "Inspirational on the face of it, Clint Eastwood's film has a predictable trajectory, but every scene brims with surprising details that accumulate into a rich fabric of history, cultural impressions and emotion." For the film, Eastwood was nominated for Best Director at the 67th Golden Globe Awards.

### 2010s

 File:Clint Eastwood at 2010 New York Film Festival.jpg
In the Eastwood-directed *Hereafter* (2010), he again worked with Matt Damon, who portrayed a psychic. The film had its world premiere on September 12, 2010, at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival and had a limited release later in October. *Hereafter* received mixed reviews from critics, with the consensus at Rotten Tomatoes being, "Despite a thought-provoking premise and Clint Eastwood's typical flair as director, *Hereafter* fails to generate much compelling drama, straddling the line between poignant sentimentality and hokey tedium." Around the same time, Eastwood served as executive producer for a Turner Classic Movies (TCM) documentary about jazz pianist Dave Brubeck, *Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way* (also 2010), to commemorate Brubeck's 90th birthday.

Eastwood directed *J. Edgar* (2011), a biopic of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, with Leonardo DiCaprio in the title role. The film received mixed reviews, although DiCaprio's performance as Hoover was widely praised. Roger Ebert wrote that the film is "fascinating", "masterful", and praised DiCaprio's performance. David Edelstein of *New York Magazine*, while also praising DiCaprio, wrote, "It's too bad *J. Edgar* is so shapeless and turgid and ham-handed, so rich in bad lines and worse readings". Eastwood starred in the baseball drama *Trouble with the Curve* (2012), as a veteran baseball scout who travels with his daughter for a final scouting trip. Robert Lorenz, who worked with Eastwood as an assistant director on several films, directed the film.

During Super Bowl XLVI, Eastwood narrated a halftime advertisement for Chrysler titled "Halftime in America" (2012). The advertisement was criticized by several U.S. Republicans, who claimed it implied that President Barack Obama deserved a second term. In response to the criticism, Eastwood stated, "I am certainly not politically affiliated with Mr. Obama. It was meant to be a message about job growth and the spirit of America."

Eastwood next directed *Jersey Boys* (2014), a musical biography based on the Tony Award-winning musical. The film told the story of the musical group The Four Seasons. Eastwood directed *American Sniper* (also 2014), a film adaptation of Chris Kyle's eponymous memoir, following Steven Spielberg's departure from the project. The film was released on December 25, 2014. *American Sniper* grossed more than $350 million domestically and over $547 million globally, making it one of Eastwood's biggest movies commercially. His next film, *Sully*, starred Tom Hanks as Chesley Sullenberger, who successfully landed the US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson River in an emergency landing, keeping all passengers on board alive. Released in the United States in September 2016, it became another commercial success for Eastwood, grossing over $238 million worldwide. He directed the biographical thriller *The 15:17 to Paris* (2018), which saw previously non-professional actors Spencer Stone, Anthony Sadler and Alek Skarlatos playing themselves as they stop the 2015 Thalys train attack. The film received a generally negative reception from critics, who were largely critical of the acting by the three leads. Eastwood next starred in and directed *The Mule*, which was released in December 2018. He played Earl Stone, an elderly drug smuggler based on Leo Sharp, Eastwood's first acting role since *Trouble with the Curve* in 2012.

On May 24, 2019, it was announced that Eastwood would direct *The Ballad of Richard Jewell*, based on the life of heroic security guard Richard Jewell, who was wrongly suspected in the 1996 Olympic bombing. Later retitled simply *Richard Jewell*, Eastwood directed and produced the film, through Warner Bros., his tenth straight film with the company. Jonah Hill and Leonardo DiCaprio were originally set to star in the film in 2014, when it was to be directed by Paul Greengrass, but DiCaprio and Hill would ultimately serve only as producers on Eastwood's film. The film stars Paul Walter Hauser in the titular role, along with Sam Rockwell, Kathy Bates, Jon Hamm, and Olivia Wilde in supporting roles. Filming began on June 24, 2019, and *Richard Jewell* was released on December 13, 2019.

### 2020s

In October 2020, it was announced that Eastwood would direct, produce, and star in *Cry Macho*, an adaptation of the 1975 novel of the same name, for Warner Bros. Pictures. Production of the film took place in New Mexico between November and December 2020. It was released on September 17, 2021, to mixed reviews.

### Directing

 File:Gran Torino Shooting (4298193376).jpg
Beginning with the thriller *Play Misty for Me*, Eastwood has directed over 30 films, including Westerns, action films, musicals and dramas. He is one of few top Hollywood actors to have also become a critically and commercially successful director. *The New Yorker*'s David Denby wrote that, unlike Eastwood,

From the very early days of his career, Eastwood was frustrated by directors' insistence that scenes be re-shot multiple times and perfected, and when he began directing in 1970, he made a conscious attempt to avoid any aspects of directing he had been indifferent to as an actor. As a result, Eastwood is renowned for his efficient film directing and ability to reduce filming time and control budgets. He usually avoids actors' rehearsing and prefers to complete most scenes on the first take. Eastwood's rapid filmmaking practices have been compared to those of Woody Allen, Ingmar Bergman, Jean-Luc Godard, and the Coen brothers. When acting in others' films, he sometimes takes over directing, such as for *The Outlaw Josey Wales*, if he believes production is too slow.Template:R/ref In preparation for filming Eastwood rarely uses storyboards for developing the layout of a shooting schedule. He also attempts to reduce script background details on characters to allow the audience to become more involved in the film, considering their imagination a requirement for a film that connects with viewers. Eastwood has indicated that he lays out a film's plot to provide the audience with necessary details, but not "so much that it insults their intelligence."

According to *Life* magazine, "Eastwood's style is to shoot first and act afterward. He etches his characters virtually without words. He has developed the art of underplaying to the point that anyone around him who so much as flinches looks hammily histrionic." Interviewers Richard Thompson and Tim Hunter commented that Eastwood's films are "superbly paced: unhurried; cool; and [give] a strong sense of real time, regardless of the speed of the narrative", while Ric Gentry considers Eastwood's pacing "unrushed and relaxed". Eastwood is fond of low-key lighting and back-lighting to give his films a "noir-ish" feel.

Eastwood's frequent exploration of ethical values has drawn the attention of scholars, who have explored Eastwood's work from ethical and theological perspectives, including his portrayal of justice, mercy, suicide and the angel of death.

## Personal life

### Relationships, marriages, affairs and children

Eastwood has had numerous casual and serious relationships of varying length and intensity over his life, many of which overlapped. Shortly after he met future wife Maggie Johnson on a blind date in spring 1953, Eastwood had a relationship that resulted in a daughter, Laurie (born 1954), who was adopted by Clyde and Helen Warren of Seattle. Although the identity of Laurie's biological mother is not publicly known, biographer Patrick McGilligan said she belonged to a theatre group Eastwood participated in. Eastwood continued having affairs while married to Johnson, including a 1959 to 1973 liaison with stuntwoman Roxanne Tunis that produced a daughter, Kimber (born 1964).

Johnson evidently tolerated the open marriage with Eastwood, and eventually they had two children, Kyle (born 1968) and Alison (born 1972). In 1975, Eastwood and married actress Sondra Locke began living together. Locke claimed that Eastwood sang "She Made Me Monogamous" to her and confided he'd "never been in love before". Nine years into their cohabitation, Eastwood officially divorced Maggie Johnson, but Locke remained married to husband Gordon Anderson for the rest of her life.

In an unpublicized affair, Eastwood sired two legally fatherless children, Scott (born 1986) and Kathryn (born 1988) with Jacelyn Reeves, a flight attendant. When Locke and Eastwood separated in 1989, Locke filed a palimony lawsuit. In the early- to mid-1990s, Eastwood had a relationship with actress Frances Fisher that produced a daughter, Francesca (born 1993). Eastwood was married for the second time in 1996 to news anchor Dina Ruiz, who gave birth to their daughter Morgan that same year. Ruiz and Eastwood's marriage lasted until 2013.

Eastwood refuses to confirm his exact number of offspring.

### Properties

In 2010 at age 80, Eastwood spent approximately $20 million to build himself a 15,949-square-foot compound in Carmel-by-the-Sea. His California real estate portfolio also includes a 6,136-square-foot Spanish style mansion in Bel-Air, the 1,067.5 acre Rising River Ranch in Burney, an apartment in Burbank, as well as a large but understated house located next door to his longtime primary Bel-Air residence. Eastwood is known to have purchased property in two other states. He owns a 5,700-square-foot house in Sun Valley, Idaho and a 1.13-acre, oceanfront manor in Kihei, Hawaii. The latter was featured in an episode of the 2012 reality show *Mrs. Eastwood & Company*.

Eastwood previously occupied homes in Studio City, Sherman Oaks, Tiburon and Pebble Beach.

### Health and leisure activities

 File:ClintEastwoodGolfing (cropped B).jpg
Eastwood has held a lifelong distaste for tobacco and tobacco companies, and smokes only when required to do so by a film role. He has also been conscious of his health and fitness since he was a teenager, and practices healthy eating and daily Transcendental Meditation.

He opened an old English-inspired pub called the Hog's Breath Inn in Carmel in 1971. Eastwood sold the pub in 1999 and now owns the Mission Ranch Hotel and Restaurant in Carmel-by-the-Sea.

He is an avid golfer and owns the Tehàma Golf Club. He is an investor in the world-renowned Pebble Beach Golf Links west of Carmel and donates his time to charitable causes at major tournaments. Eastwood is an FAA licensed fixed wing and rotary craft private pilot and often flies his helicopter to the studios to avoid traffic.

### Spiritual beliefs

In 1973, Eastwood told the film critic Gene Siskel, "No, I don't believe in God". Eastwood has said that he finds spirituality in nature (as suggested by his Western, *Pale Rider*, 1985), stating that "I was born during the Depression and I was brought up with no specific church. We moved every four or five months during the first 14 years of my life, so I was sent to a different church depending on wherever we lived. Most of them were Protestant, but I went to other churches because my parents wanted me to try to figure out things for myself. They always said, 'I just want to expose you to some religious order and see if that's something you like'. So although my religious training was not really specific, I do feel spiritual things. If I stand on the side of the Grand Canyon and look down, it moves me in some way."

"Of course, it would be wonderful to talk with my parents again, who are, of course, deceased. It makes the idea of death much less scary. But then again, if you think that nothing happens after you die, maybe it makes you live life better. Maybe you're supposed to do the best you can by the gift you're given of life and that alone."

### Other personal interests

 File:Hog Breaths Inn.jpg
Eastwood has been conscious of his health and fitness since he was a teenager, and practices healthful eating habits. As a young man making a name for himself during the production of *Rawhide*, Eastwood would be featured in magazines and journals, which often documented his health-conscious lifestyle. In an August 1959 edition of *TV Guide*, for example, Eastwood was photographed doing push-ups. He gave tips on fitness and nutrition, telling people to eat plenty of fruit and raw vegetables, to take vitamins, and to avoid sugar-loaded beverages, excessive alcohol, and overloading on carbohydrates.

On July 21, 1970, Eastwood's father died of a heart attack at the age of 64. The death, described by Fritz Manes as "the only bad thing that ever happened to him in his life", came as a shock to Eastwood, since his grandfather had lived to be 92. It had a profound impact on Eastwood's life; from then on he became more productive, working with a greater sense of urgency and with more speed and efficiency on set. Although Eastwood had always been a health and fitness enthusiast, he became more so after his father's death. He abstained from hard liquor, adopted a more rigorous health regimen, and sought to stay fit. However, he still favored cold beer and opened a pub called the Hog's Breath Inn in Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1971. Eastwood eventually sold the pub and now owns the Mission Ranch Hotel and Restaurant, also located in Carmel-by-the-Sea.

In 1975, Eastwood publicly proclaimed his participation in Transcendental Meditation when he appeared on *The Merv Griffin Show* with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder of Transcendental Meditation. He has meditated every morning for years.

## Politics

 File:Ronald Reagan and Clint Eastwood.jpg
Eastwood is a former Republican who has sometimes supported Democrats, and has long shown an interest in California politics; he is currently a registered Libertarian.

He won election as the nonpartisan mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in April 1986. He earned $200 per month in that position which he donated to the Carmel Youth Center. While in office, he helped to make ice cream legal to consume on city streets, added public restrooms to the public beach, and a city library annex building was built. He served for two years and declined to run for a second term. In 2001, Governor Gray Davis appointed him to the California State Park and Recreation Commission, where he led opposition to an extension of the toll six-lane 16-mile (26 km) freeway extension of California State Route 241 through San Onofre State Beach.

Eastwood endorsed Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election. He delivered a prime time address at the 2012 Republican National Convention, where he drew attention for a speech he delivered to an empty chair representing President Barack Obama, which he later regretted. On February 22, 2020, Eastwood announced that he would be endorsing Democrat Michael Bloomberg in the 2020 presidential election. "The best thing we could do is just get Mike Bloomberg in there," Eastwood said. Eastwood said that he wishes that Trump would act "in a more genteel way, without tweeting and calling people names. I would personally like for him to not bring himself to that level."

## Musical interests

Eastwood is an audiophile and owns an extensive collection of LPs which he plays on a Rockport turntable. He has had a strong passion for music all his life, particularly jazz and country and western music. He dabbled in music early on by developing as a boogie-woogie pianist and had originally intended to pursue a career in music by studying for a music theory degree after graduating from high school. In late 1959, he produced the album *Cowboy Favorites*, released on the Cameo label, which included some classics such as Bob Wills's "San Antonio Rose" and Cole Porter's "Don't Fence Me In". Despite his attempts to plug the album by going on a tour, it never reached the *Billboard* Hot 100. In 1963, Cameo producer Kal Mann told him that "he would never make it big as a singer". Nevertheless, during the off season of filming *Rawhide*, Eastwood and Paul Brinegar – sometimes joined by Sheb Wooley – toured rodeos, state fairs, and festivals. In 1962, their act, entitled Amusement Business Cavalcade of Fairs, earned them as much as $15,000 a performance. Eastwood has his own Warner Bros. Records-distributed imprint, Malpaso Records, as part of his deal with Warner Brothers. This deal was unchanged when Warner Music Group was sold by Time Warner to private investors. Malpaso Records, which has released all of the scores of Eastwood's films from *The Bridges of Madison County* onward, has also released the album of a 1996 jazz concert he hosted, titled *Eastwood after Hours – Live at Carnegie Hall*.

Eastwood favors jazz (especially bebop), blues, classic rhythm and blues, classical, and country-and-western music; his favorite musicians include saxophonists Charlie Parker and Lester Young, pianists Thelonious Monk, Oscar Peterson, Dave Brubeck, and Fats Waller, and Delta bluesman Robert Johnson. He is also a pianist and composer. Jazz has played an important role in Eastwood's life from a young age, and although he never made it as a professional musician, he passed on the influence to his son Kyle Eastwood, a jazz bassist and composer.

Eastwood composed the film scores of *Mystic River*, *Million Dollar Baby*, *Flags of Our Fathers*, *Grace Is Gone*, *Changeling*, *Hereafter*, *J. Edgar*, and the original piano compositions for *In the Line of Fire*. He wrote and performed the song heard over the credits of *Gran Torino* and also co-wrote "Why Should I Care" with Linda Thompson and Carole Bayer Sager, a song recorded in 1999 by Diana Krall.

The music in *Grace Is Gone* received two Golden Globe nominations by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for the 65th Golden Globe Awards. Eastwood was nominated for Best Original Score, while the song "Grace is Gone" with music by Eastwood and lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager was nominated for Best Original Song. It won the Satellite Award for Best Song at the 12th Satellite Awards. *Changeling* was nominated for Best Score at the 14th Critics' Choice Awards, Best Original Score at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, and Best Music at the 35th Saturn Awards. On September 22, 2007, Eastwood was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music at the Monterey Jazz Festival, on which he serves as an active board member. Upon receiving the award he gave a speech claiming, "It's one of the great honors I'll cherish in this lifetime."

The scoring stage at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank was renamed the Eastwood Scoring Stage in the 1990s.

## Filmography

Eastwood has contributed to over 50 films over his career as actor, director, producer, and composer. He has acted in several television series, including his co-starring role in *Rawhide*. He started directing in 1971, and made his debut as a producer in 1982 with *Firefox*, though he had been functioning as uncredited producer on all of his Malpaso Company films since *Hang 'Em High* in 1968. Eastwood also has contributed music to his films, either through performing, writing, or composing. He has mainly starred in western, action, and drama films. According to the box office–revenue tracking website Box Office Mojo, films featuring Eastwood have grossed a total of more than $1.81 billion domestically, with an average of $38.6 million per film.

## Awards and honors

Eastwood has been recognized with multiple awards and nominations for his work in film, television, and music. His widest reception has been in film work, for which he has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (*Unforgiven* and *Million Dollar Baby*) the other being Warren Beatty (*Heaven Can Wait* and *Reds*). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award-winning performances: Gene Hackman in *Unforgiven*, Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in *Mystic River*, and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in *Million Dollar Baby*.

On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from AFI in 2009. On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Eastwood into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.

In early 2007, Eastwood was presented with the highest civilian distinction in France, Légion d'honneur, at a ceremony in Paris. French President Jacques Chirac told Eastwood that he embodied "the best of Hollywood". In October 2009, he was honored by the Lumière Award (in honor of the Lumière Brothers, inventors of the Cinematograph) during the first edition of the Lumière Film Festival in Lyon, France. This award honors his entire career and his major contribution to the 7th Art. In February 2010, Eastwood was recognized by President Barack Obama with an arts and humanities award. Obama described Eastwood's films as "essays in individuality, hard truths and the essence of what it means to be American."

Eastwood has also been awarded at least three honorary degrees from universities and colleges, including an honorary degree from the University of the Pacific in 2006, an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Southern California on May 27, 2007, and an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music at the Monterey Jazz Festival on September 22, 2007.

On July 22, 2009, Eastwood was honored by Emperor Akihito of Japan with the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon for his contributions to the enhancement of Japan–United States relations.

Eastwood won the Golden Pine lifetime achievement award at the 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival, along with Ryuichi Sakamoto and Gerald Fried.

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rebecca Leung (January 27, 2004). "Clint Eastwood: Improving with Age". CBS News.
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271. ↑ 'American Sniper' as Eastwood's biggest film? (January 27, 2015).
272. ↑ American Sniper (2014) – Box Office Mojo.
273. ↑ In 'Sully,' New York Is Clint Eastwood's Latest Star. *The New York Times* (September 7, 2016).
274. ↑ Sully (2016).
275. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
276. ↑ The 15:17 to Paris (2018).
277. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 27, 2018). Clint Eastwood's 'The Mule' Kicks Its Way Onto December Release Calendar.
278. ↑ Brooks, Xan (September 11, 2014). Paul Greengrass set to direct Jonah Hill and Leonardo DiCaprio in Olympic terrorism drama. *The Guardian*.
279. ↑ Kit, Borys (May 24, 2019). Clint Eastwood's Richard Jewell Movie Moves From Fox to Warner Bros..
280. ↑ Sneider, Jeff (May 24, 2019). Disney Drops Clint Eastwood's 'Ballad of Richard Jewell' as WB Saves the Day.
281. ↑ Justin Kroll (October 2, 2020). Clint Eastwood Finds His Next Film, Coming On To Star And Direct 'Cry Macho' For Warner Bros.
282. ↑ Adrian Gomez (October 27, 2020). Clint Eastwood to bring 'Cry Macho' to NM for production.
283. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (June 25, 2021). Warner Bros Shuffles Fall Release Deck With 'Dune', 'Cry Macho' & 'The Many Saints Of Newark'.
284. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Denby, David (March 8, 2010). "Out of the West". *The New Yorker*. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
285. ↑ Munn, p. 160
286. ↑ 286.0 286.1 Kapsis and Coblentz, pp. 196–97 (interviewer Peter Biskind)
287. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 65 (interviewer Ric Gentry)
288. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 173 (interviewer Denise Abbott)
289. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 235 (interviewer Pascal Mérigeau)
290. ↑ 290.0 290.1 Kapsis and Coblentz, pp. 67–68 (interviewer Ric Gentry)
291. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 91 (interviewer David Thomson)
292. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 60 (interviewer Ric Gentry)
293. ↑ Fayard, Judy (July 23, 1971). *Who can stand 32,580 seconds of Clint Eastwood?*. p. 46. ISSN 0024-3019. https://books.google.com/books?id=OEAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
294. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 45 (interviewers Richard Thompson and Tim Hunter)
295. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 71 (interviewer Ric Gentry)
296. ↑ Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 143 (interviewer Milan Pavolić)
297. ↑ Sara Anson Vaux (2012). *The Ethical Vision of Clint Eastwood*. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Template:ISBN Template:OCLCTemplate:Page needed
298. ↑ Mahjouri, Shakiel. Clint Eastwood Brings His ‘Secret Daughter’ To ‘The Mule’ Premiere *Entertainment Tonight*. December 13, 2018.
299. ↑ Brow, Jason (December 13, 2018). Clint Eastwood's Secret Love Child Daughter: How She Found Her Dad & He Welcomed Her To Family.
300. ↑ Kindon, Frances (December 13, 2018). Clint Eastwood's secret daughter revealed and how they finally found each other.
301. ↑ Clint Eastwood Appears in Public With His Secret Daughter for the First Time *Inside Edition*. Aired December 14, 2018.
302. ↑ 302.0 302.1 302.2 Leonard, Tom (January 31, 2019). Is photo of Clint Eastwood's 8 children 'blended family harmony' or cruel abandonment?.
303. ↑ McGilligan, p. 139
304. ↑ 304.0 304.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Young, Josh (May 4, 1997). "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". *The Independent*.
305. ↑ Eden, Barbara (2011). *Jeannie Out of the Bottle*. Crown Archetype. ISBN 978-0307886958. https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9780307886941.
306. ↑ Thompson, p. 45
307. ↑ Radner, Hilary (2017). *The New Woman's Film: Femme-centric Movies for Smart Chicks*. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1317286486.
308. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Miller, Victoria. "Sondra Locke & Clint Eastwood: Inside Their Rocky Hollywood Romance". *Inquisitr*, December 14, 2018.
309. ↑ McGilligan, p. 348
310. ↑ Barnes, Mike (December 13, 2018). Sondra Locke Dead: Oscar-Nominated Actress Was 74.
311. ↑ Harrison, John (December 16, 2018). A Fond Farewell to Sondra Locke (1944 – 2018). *FilmInk*.
312. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Gilbey, Ryan (December 14, 2018). "Sondra Locke obituary". *The Guardian*.
313. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bradshaw, Peter (December 14, 2018). "Sondra Locke: a charismatic performer defined by a toxic relationship with Clint Eastwood". *The Guardian*.
314. ↑ Eliot, p. 252
315. ↑ McGilligan, p. 385
316. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
317. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Clint Eastwood After 70". *Parade*. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012.
318. ↑ Clint Eastwood dated Frances Fisher. *Zimbio*. Livingly Media, Inc..
319. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Clint's wife expecting". *Toronto Star*. Reuters. September 6, 1996. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
320. ↑ McGilligan, p. 534
321. ↑ KROFT QUESTIONS DON'T MAKE EASTWOOD'S DAY. - Free Online Library.
322. ↑ Firshein, Sarah (February 18, 2011). Clint Eastwood's 15,000-Sq-Ft Estate is Coming Along Nicely.
323. ↑ The House that 80-Year-Old Clint Eastwood Built.
324. ↑ 8025 Quatro, Carmel-By-The-Sea, CA 93923. Redfin.
325. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Dillon, Nancy (February 22, 2013). "Clint Eastwood is the latest celebrity to fall victim to 'swatting'". *New York Daily News*.
326. ↑ 846 Stradella Rd, Los Angeles, CA - 7 beds/5 baths.
327. ↑ Eastwood buys ranch *Inter Mountain News*, November 30, 1978
328. ↑ McGilligan, p. 286
329. ↑ David, Mark (January 17, 2017). Clint Eastwood Selling Spanish Mansion Off-Market in Pebble Beach (EXCLUSIVE).
330. ↑ Clint Eastwood's House in Los Angeles, CA (Google Maps) (November 18, 2007).
331. ↑ 844 Stradella Rd, Los Angeles, CA 90077. Redfin.
332. ↑ Clint Eastwood's House in Sun Valley, ID (Google Maps) (#2) (January 9, 2008).
333. ↑ 102 Wedeln Ln, Sun Valley, ID 83353
334. ↑ Clint Eastwood is Maui fan.
335. ↑ Celebrities Living in Hawaii
336. ↑ 4556 Makena Rd, Kihei, HI 96753. Redfin.
337. ↑ La Rosa, Erin (June 10, 2012). Mrs. Eastwood & Company Recap: Mayhem in Maui.
338. ↑ McGilligan, p. 105
339. ↑ Clint Eastwood's stunning home listed for nearly $10M (January 23, 2017).
340. ↑ 340.0 340.1 McGilligan, p. 108
341. ↑ 341.0 341.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Oates`
342. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Corliss, Richard (August 10, 1992). "The Last Roundup". *Time*.
343. ↑ 343.0 343.1 McGilligan, p. 204
344. ↑ 344.0 344.1 344.2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Headlam, Bruce (December 10, 2008). "The Films Are for Him. Got That?". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
345. ↑ Welcome to Mission Ranch. Mission Ranch Hotel and Restaurant.
346. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Weiss, Kenneth R. (June 14, 2007). "California rejects Clint Eastwood's Monterey golf course". *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
347. ↑ Clint Eastwood 'Makes Their Day'. The Stroke Association (March 18, 2002).
348. ↑ Schickel, p. 25
349. ↑ Eliot, p. 131
350. ↑ Gene Siskel, "Clint: The Cynical King who Outdrew the Duke," *Chicago Tribune*, January 7, 1973.
351. ↑ 351.0 351.1 Clint Eastwood on The Fence About God! Director Clint Eastwood Discusses His Religious Beliefs!.
352. ↑ Welcome to Mission Ranch. Missionranchcarmel.com.
353. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Corliss, Richard (August 10, 1992). "The Last Roundup". *Time*.
354. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Clint Eastwood talks to Jeff Dawson". *The Guardian*. London. June 6, 2008. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010.
355. ↑ 355.0 355.1 When Clint Eastwood Was Elected Mayor of Carmel, California (en) (April 7, 2016).
356. ↑ Ice Cream Is In Again Under Eastwood Rule (en-US) (October 1, 1986).
357. ↑ "Governor Schwarzenegger Appointments to the State Park and Recreation Commission" Template:Webarchive – California State Park and Recreation Commission. Retrieved: May 28, 2008.
358. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Andrews, Travis M. (August 4, 2016). "Clint Eastwood explains – and regrets – his speech to an empty chair". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
359. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Moreau, Jordan. (February 22, 2020). "Clint Eastwood Ditches Donald Trump for Mike Bloomberg in 2020 Election". *Variety*. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
360. ↑ 360.0 360.1 360.2 360.3 McGilligan, p. 114
361. ↑ 361.0 361.1 McGilligan, p. 115
362. ↑ 362.0 362.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Krall, Eastwood Team For 'crime'". *Billboard*. AllBusiness.com. March 11, 1999. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
363. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
364. ↑ Hollywood Foreign Press Association 2008 Golden Globe Awards For the Year Ended December 31, 2007. goldenglobes.org (December 13, 2007).
365. ↑ Clint Eastwood Receives Berklee Degree at Monterey Jazz Festival (news release). Berklee College of Music (September 24, 2007).
366. ↑ Hollywood's Sonic Temples (July 19, 2019).
367. ↑ Rowan, Terry (2015). *Who's Who In Hollywood!*. Lulu.com. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-329-07449-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=prqcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105.
368. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Zad, Martie (June 14, 1992). "'Rawhide's' Cattle Drives, Eastwood On Home Videos". *The Washington Post*. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
369. ↑ Clint Eastwood Movie Box Office Results.
370. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>French, Philip (February 25, 2007). "Interview: Clint Eastwood, 'I figured I'd retire gradually, just ride off into the sunset ...'". *The Guardian*. London. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
371. ↑ Eliot, p. 213
372. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (December 6, 2006). "Eastwood to share top billing in Hall of Fame". *San Francisco Chronicle*. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012.
373. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Eastwood receives French honour". *BBC News Online*. February 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
374. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Simmons, Christine (February 25, 2010). "Bob Dylan, Clint Eastwood get White House awards". *USA Today*. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
375. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bowen, Rebecca (September 13, 2007). "Berklee awards Clint Eastwood honorary doctorate". *Paste*. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
376. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"An honorary Trojan". *Los Angeles Times*. May 12, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
377. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Clint Eastwood receives Japanese decoration in LA". Allvoices. Kyodo News, via *Japan Today*. July 22, 2009. Archived from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
378. ↑ Clint Eastwood, Ryuichi Sakamoto And Gerald Fried To Receive Golden Pine Awards For Lifetime Achievement. ISFMF (October 18, 2013).

## Cited references

* Eliot, Marc (2009). *American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood*. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-33688-0. https://archive.org/details/americanrebellif00elio.
* Frayling, Christopher (1992). *Clint Eastwood*. London: Virgin. ISBN 0-86369-307-5.
* Hughes, Howard (2009). *Aim for the Heart*. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-902-7.
* *Clint Eastwood: Interviews*. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 1999. ISBN 1-57806-070-2.
* Kitses, Jim (2004). *Horizons West*. British Film Institute. ISBN 1-84457-050-9.
* McGilligan, Patrick (2015). *Clint: The Life and Legend (updated and revised)*. New York: OR Books. ISBN 978-1-939293-96-1.
* Munn, Michael (1992). *Clint Eastwood: Hollywood's Loner*. London: Robson. ISBN 978-0-86051-790-0.
* O'Brien, Daniel (1996). *Clint Eastwood: Film-Maker*. London: B.T. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-7839-X. https://archive.org/details/clinteastwood00dani.
* Schickel, Richard (1996). *Clint Eastwood: A Biography*. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-42974-6. https://archive.org/details/clinteastwoodbio00schi.
* Smith, Paul (1993). *Clint Eastwood: A Cultural Production: Volume 8 of American Culture*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1960-3.
* Zmijewsky, Boris; Pfeiffer, Lee (1982). *The Films of Clint Eastwood*. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-0863-9.

## Further reading

* Baldwin, Louis (1999). *Turning Points: Pivotal Moments in the Careers of 83 Famous Figures*. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0626-5.
* Cornell, Drucilla (2009). *Clint Eastwood and Issues of American Masculinity*. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-3013-6.
* Engel, Leonard (2007). *Clint Eastwood, Actor and Director: New Perspectives*. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-900-8. https://archive.org/details/clinteastwoodact0000unse.
* Gabbard, Glen O. (2001). *Psychoanalysis and Film*. London; New York: Karnac Books. ISBN 1-85575-275-1.
* Grunert, Andrea (2016). *Dictionnaire Clint Eastwood*. Paris: Vendémiaire. ISBN 978-2-36358-243-0.
* Ivy Press (2005). *Heritage Vintage Movie Poster Signature Auction 2005 Catalog #624*. Heritage Capital Corporation. ISBN 978-1-59967-004-1.
* Johnston, Robert K. (2007). *Reframing Theology and Film: New Focus for an Emerging Discipline*. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-3240-0.
* Johnstone, Iain (2007). *The Man with No Name: The Biography of Clint Eastwood*. London: Plexus. ISBN 978-0-85965-026-7.
* Locke, Sondra (1997). *The Good, the Bad & the Very Ugly – A Hollywood Journey*. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-688-15462-2.
* Stillman, Deanne (1981). *Getting Back at Dad*. Wideview Books. ISBN 978-0-87223-725-4.
* Thompson, Douglas (2005). *Clint Eastwood: Billion Dollar Man*. London: John Blake. ISBN 978-1-85782-572-5.

## External links

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* Clint Eastwood at IMDb
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* Clint Eastwood collected news and commentary at the *Los Angeles Times*

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