Amargasaurus

**Name:** *Amargasaurus* ‭(‬Amarga lizard‭)‬.
**Phonetic:** A-mar-gah-sore-us.
**Named By:** Leonardo Salgado‭ & ‬José Bonaparte‭ ‬-‭ ‬1991.
**Classification:** Chordata,‭ ‬Reptilia,‭ ‬Dinosauria,‭ ‬Saurischia,‭ ‬Sauropodomorpha,‭ ‬Sauropoda,‭ ‬Diplodocoidea,‭ ‬Dicraeosauridae.
**Species:** *A.‭ ‬cazaui‭ (‬type‭)‬.*
**Diet:** Herbivore.
**Size:** 10‭ ‬meters long.

**Known locations:** Argentina,‭ ‬Neuquén province‭ ‬-‭ ‬La Amarga Formation.
**Time period:** Barremian to Aptian of the Cretaceous.

**Fossil representation:** Quite well preserved individual that includes a partial skull,‭ ‬left fore and aft limb,‭ ‬left ilium,‭ ‬right shoulder,‭ ‬all cervical‭ (‬neck‭)‬,‭ ‬dorsal‭ (‬back‭)‬,‭ ‬sacral‭ (‬sacrum‭) ‬and some caudal‭ (‬tail‭) ‬vertebrae.

Although not as famous as some sauropods like *Brachiosaurus*,‭ ‬the distinctive appearance of *Amargasaurus* has made it a firm favourite amongst many who are interested in dinosaurs.‭ ‬Two rows of spikes,‭ ‬the largest of which are on the neck run all the way down the back of *Amargasaurus* from the head to the end of the tail.‭ ‬There are two main theories to what these spines looked like in life,‭ ‬the first one being that they were supports for a double sail.‭ ‬The second is that there was no skin sail at all,‭ ‬and that the spikes would have been covered by horn.‭ ‬This is based upon‭ ‬the idea that a skin sail would have made the neck too rigid to bend,‭ ‬although this would be more down to how much the neck had to bend in order for *Amargasaurus* to drink and feed.
Aside from what a living *Amargasaurus* looked like,‭ ‬another question would be why it had these enlarged spikes.‭ ‬Predator defence is a possibility but it seems unlikely as if this were the case you would expect the spines to have been enlarged and equally sized over at least the whole back of the body as well.‭ ‬If a sail was carried by the spines then thermoregulation is something to consider,‭ ‬however this is also unlikely as no other sauropod is known to have needed such a temperature regulation device.‭ ‬Also two sails close together would have shielded one another from the wind making them at best half as efficient as‭ ‬a‭ ‬single sail.
The most likely reason for the spines is that of species recognition and possibly display.‭ ‬Large spikes may have meant that an *Amargasaurus* was mature and ready to mate.‭ ‬The spines may have only been on the neck so that when a male *Amargasaurus* mounted a female he would not impale himself upon the female’s spines.‭ ‬Another theory suggests that the spines may have been rattled together in a form of auditory display by *Amargasaurus* shaking its neck from side to side.‭ ‬Again older individuals may have had larger spines that created more noise,‭ ‬signalling their seniority to younger individuals.‭ ‬Finally and briefly returning to the skin sail theory,‭ ‬a sail would have allowed *Amargasaurus* to more easily recognise others of its kind over long distance.‭ ‬A sail may have also become more brightly coloured during the breeding season signalling an individual’s level of fitness and readiness to mate.
The overall body shape of *Amargasaurus* has seen it classed as‭ ‬a diplodocid sauropod‭ (‬same group as *Diplodocus‭*)‬,‭ ‬and *Amargasaurus* is thought to have been most closely related *Dicraeosaurus* from Tanzania which also had spines along its back.‭ ‬Another interesting sauropod from‭ ‬the‭ ‬Cretaceous‭ ‬of‭ ‬South America is *Agustinia*.