recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
TrES-4b

TrES-4b is an exoplanet located 1,400 light-years away from Earth and is one of the largest exoplanets ever discovered after WASP-12b, WASP-17b and CT Chamaeleontis b (though the latter may be a brown dwarf), GQ Lupi b and HD 100546 b. It was announced in 2007, by the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey, using the transit method. TrES-4b orbits its star every 3.543 days, and it eclipses when viewed from Earth. The planet is 0.919 times as massive as Jupiter but 1.799 times the diameter, the largest planet ever found at the time, giving it an average density of only about 0.333 g/cm³. TrES-4's orbital radius is 0.05091 AU, giving it a predicted surface temperature of about 1782 K. It is not currently known why TrES-4 is so large. A 2008 study concluded that the GSC 06200-00648 system (among others) is a binary star system, allowing even more accurate determination of stellar and planetary parameters.

## Discovery

TrES-4b was discovered in 2006, and announced in 2007, by the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey, using the transit method.

## Orbit Characteristics

A 2008 study concluded that the GSC 06200-00648 system (among others) is a binary star system, allowing even more accurate determination of stellar and planetary parameters.

TrES-4 orbits its primary star every 3.543 days and eclipses it when viewed from Earth.

The study in 2012, utilizing a Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, have determined the planetary orbit is probably aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, a misalignment equal to 6.3°.
J1407-B

J1407-b is a planet 434 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Centaurus. It resides in a young solar system (On a cosmic scale) Which is only about 16 million years old. It has rings that are 640 times bigger than the rings of Saturn. The rings are about 180 million km in diameter, which is bigger than the distance from the Sun to Earth. Scientist don't completely understand how the planet got rings of such an enormous size. The planet orbits a star called 1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6 (also known as 1SWASP J140747). It may not be a planet and could possibly be a brown dwarf (A failed star).

## Discovery

The discovery of the J1407 system and its unusual eclipses were first reported by a team led by University of Rochester astronomer Eric Mamajek in 2012. The existence and parameters of the ring system around the substellar companion J1407b were deduced from the observation of a very long and complex eclipse of the parent star lasting 56 days during April and May 2007. J1407-b has never been observed since then, suggesting it is in a highly eccentric orbit.

## Characteristics

The planet is sometimes described as a “Super-Saturn”. The orbital period of J1407b is estimated to be somewhere between 3.5 to 13.8 years, and it has a probable mass between 13 and 26 Jupiter masses, although the true mass is very uncertain. The ringed planet can be ruled out as being a star with mass of over 80 Jupiter masses at greater than 99% certainty. The ring system is estimated to have a mass similar to that of Earth. An unexplained major gap in the rings at about 61 million km (0.4 AU) from its centre could be indirect evidence of an exomoon with a mass of up to 0.8 Earth masses.

J1407b is the first planet/brown dwarf to be discovered with an extensive ring system. Cleared gaps in the rings indicate that natural satellites (“exomoons”) have accreted from denser ring. The young age of the stellar system and the high mass of the ring system (roughly the mass of Earth) are more consistent with it being an early protomoons, rather than a long-term stable ring system in an evolved planetary system (such as Saturn's rings).

The planet has not been observed since its transit in 2007, suggesting it is in a highly eccentric orbit around the star. Such an eccentric orbit could disrupt the ring system of the planet. Dynamical simulations ran by astronomers Steven Rieder and Matthew Kenworthy indicate that in order for the planet's ring system to be stable, the rings must orbit it in a retrograde motion, opposite to the direction J1407b orbits its star. This retrograde solution for the ring system of the planet allows for longer ring lifetimes, as well as further constraints to the age of the ring system. The rings may be replenished over timescales as a result of processes that produce additional debris around J1407b, such as the tidal disruption of comets.

From the Earth's point of view, the ring system of J1407b would have an angular diameter of about 3.7 milliarcseconds across. For comparison, if Saturn were as many light years away as J1407b, its rings in full breadth would be about 0.006 milliarcseconds.
COCONUTS-2b

COCONUTS-2b is a planet located 35 light-years away from Earth. It is the furthest planet from its host star ever discovered. It takes over 1 million years to complete one orbit, and it is, 7000AU from its star.

COCONUTS-2b was discovered in 2011 as a free-floating brown dwarf, but in 2021 it was discovered that it was in fact orbiting L 34-26 and is a gas giant rather than a brown dwarf. At 35 light-years, it is the closest directly imaged planet to Earth known to date.

Due to its large orbital separation, COCONUTS-2b is a great laboratory to study the atmosphere and composition of young gas-giant exoplanets. Astronomers estimate the planet’s temperature to be around 161°C.

## Discovery

COCONUTS-2b was discovered in 2011 by a team led by Zhoujian Zhang. It is the closest directly imaged planet to the Solar System. Two factors which made this planet easy to be directly imaged was its proximity to its star, being, 7500 times further from its star than Earth is from the Sun. Secondly because the system is very close to us, it's easier to image the planet. The planet COCONUTS-2b is located at such a great distance from it that when it was first noticed, astronomers did not believe that it was bound to the star. Only new work by Hawaiian scientists has shown that the planet is gravitationally bound to the star. Astronomers estimate that COCONUTS-2b completes a full revolution in its huge orbit in 1.1 million years – a record among all known exoplanets. The temperature on COCONUTS-2b is 160 ° C, making it one of the coldest exoplanets that have been observed directly.
Titania

Titania is the largest of the moons of Uranus and the eighth-largest moon in the Solar System at a diameter of 1,578 kilometres (981 mi). Discovered by William Herschel in 1787, it is named after the queen of the fairies in Shakespeare's *A Midsummer Night's Dream*. Its orbit lies inside Uranus's magnetosphere.

Titania consists of approximately equal amounts of ice and rock, and is probably differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle. A layer of liquid water may be present at the core–mantle boundary. Its surface, which is relatively dark and slightly red, appears to have been shaped by both impacts and endogenic processes. It is covered with numerous impact craters reaching up to 326 kilometres (203 mi) in diameter, but is less heavily cratered than Oberon, the outermost of the five large moons of Uranus. It may have undergone an early endogenic resurfacing event which obliterated its older, heavily cratered surface. Its surface is cut by a system of enormous canyons and scarps, the result of the expansion of its interior during the later stages of its evolution. Like all major moons of Uranus, Titania probably formed from an accretion disk which surrounded the planet just after its formation.

Infrared spectroscopy conducted from 2001 to 2005 revealed the presence of water ice as well as frozen carbon dioxide on Titania's surface, suggesting it may have a tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere with a surface pressure of about 10 nanopascals (10−13 bar). Measurements during Titania's occultation of a star put an upper limit on the surface pressure of any possible atmosphere at 1–2 mPa (10–20 nbar).

The Uranian system has been studied up close only once, by the spacecraft Voyager 2 in January 1986. It took several images of Titania, which allowed mapping of about 40% of its surface.
Proteus

Proteus as taken by Voyager 2

Proteus was discovered on the sixteenth of June 1989 by Stephen P. Synnott. It is the second-largest moon of Neptune and the twentieth-largest in the solar system. Despite being an icy body, its shape is not an ellipsoid, but more like an irregular polyhedron with several slightly concave facets and relief as high as 20 km (12mi). Its surface is dark, neutral in color, and heavily cratered. Proteus's largest crater is Pharos, which is more than 230 km (140 mi) in diameter. There are also a number of scarps, grooves, and valleys related to large craters. Proteus is probably not an original body that formed with Neptune. It could have accreted later from the debris formed when the largest Neptunian satellite Triton was captured.
Wasp-8b

Wasp-8b is an exoplanet located 293 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Sculptor. The star is similar to the Sun and is a binary system with a companion Red Dwarf which orbits 4.5 arcseconds away. This system is the closest of the WASP-discovered systems. If it were possible to stand on its surface, you would experience a gravitational pull of approximately 4.3g, resulting in difficulty breathing and eventual brain damage. The planet orbits in a retrograde orbit, meaning, it orbits the opposite direction of the rotation of its star. The average temperature is 950 K, but this oscillates due to eccentricity. Wasp-8b is one of the least-irradiated hot Jupiters observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope.

## Discovery

Wasp-8b was discovered orbiting the star Wasp-8 on April 1, 2008 by the Transit method. It was discovered by SuperWASP.

## Orbital Characteristics

The planet orbits WASP-8 at an average distance of just 0.08 astronomical units (12,000,000 km) and a year passes in slightly more than 8.1 days on WASP-8b, which is somewhat farther from its parent star than other hot Jupiter planets. However, WASP-8b's orbit also has a relatively high eccentricity of 0.3, which, at periastron, brings it as close to its star as said similar planets are.

One thing that stands out extremely about WASP-8b is its orbit-spin angle to its star of 123°: This implies that the planet actually orbits retrograde to the spin of the parent star.
Muphrid

Muphrid is a star located 37 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Boötes. Muphrid is a suspected spectroscopic binary with a reported period of 494 days, but the companion was not confirmed through speckle interferometry. This measurement does not rule out a low mass stellar companion of spectral class M7. Muphrid is a subgiant that has begun the process of evolving from a main sequence star into a red giant. It has about 1.7 times the mass of the Sun and 2.7 times the Sun's radius. The estimated age of this star is about 2.7 billion years. Based on its spectra, it has a significant excess of elements heavier than helium. In fact, the ratio of iron to hydrogen is considered close to the upper limit for dwarf stars in the galactic disk.

Muphrid appears close to the prominent star Arcturus in Earth's sky, and Arcturus is in fact its closest stellar neighbour, as both stars are nearly identical in distance from the Sun. The two stars are about 3.24 light-years apart, and each would appear bright in the other's sky. Arcturus would appear at roughly magnitude -5.2 (about 120 times brighter than it appears from Earth, or close to twice the brightness of Venus) in the night sky of a hypothetical planet orbiting Muphrid, while Muphrid would appear at about magnitude −2.4 in the sky of a hypothetical planet orbiting Arcturus, or over twice the brightness of Sirius in the night sky.
Alpha Centauri A

All stars in the Alpha Centauri system compared to the Sun

Alpha Centauri A is one of the Closest Stars to Earth at 4.37 light-years. It is part of a triple binary system. It consists of Alpha Centauri A, Alpha Centauri B and the closest Proxima Centauri. To the naked eye, the three stars appear as 1 star with a magnitude of -0.27. It is very similar to the Sun, emitting a similar Yellowish colour. It is 10% more massive than the Sun and 22% larger. Not only that, but it is the fourth-brightest star in the night sky (excluding the Sun) behind Arcturus.

Alpha Centauri A is the primary component in the system, is slightly larger and more massive than the Sun. Like the Sun, it is a main sequence star of the spectral type G2V, and it exhibits coronal variability due to star spots coupled with the effect of rotation.

## Star System

Alpha Centauri AB orbit a barycentre somewhere between Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B. Proxima Centauri then orbits this barycentre at a distance of 8700 AU. The A and B components of Alpha Centauri have an orbital period of 79.762 years. Their orbit is moderately eccentric, as it has an eccentricity of almost 0.52; their closest approach or periastron is 11.2 AU, or about the distance between the Sun and Saturn; and their furthest separation or apastron is 35.6 AU, about the distance between the Sun and Pluto. The most recent periastron was in August 1955 and the next will occur in May 2035; the most recent apastron was in May 1995 and will next occur in 2075.
Kuiper Belt

The Kuiper Belt is a circumstellar disk in the outer solar system. It extends from the orbit of Neptune (30AU) to roughly 50AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger—20 times as wide and 20–200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies or remnants from when the Solar System formed. While many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed “ices”), such as methane, ammonia, and water. The Kuiper belt is home to most of the objects that astronomers generally accept as dwarf planets: Orcus, Pluto, Haumea, Quaoar, and Makemake. Some of the Solar System's moons, such as Neptune's Triton and Saturn's Phoebe, may have originated in the region.

The Kuiper belt was named after Dutch astronomer Gerard Kuiper, though he did not predict its existence. In 1992, minor planet Albion was discovered, the first Kuiper belt object (KBO) since Pluto (in 1930) and Charon (in 1978). Since its discovery, the number of known KBOs has increased to thousands, and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist. The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for periodic comets, those with orbits lasting less than 200 years. Studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable and that comets' true place of origin is the scattered disc, a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun.

The Kuiper belt is distinct from the hypothesized Oort cloud, which is believed to be a thousand times more distant and mostly spherical. The objects within the Kuiper belt, together with the members of the scattered disc and any potential Hills cloud or Oort cloud objects, are collectively referred to as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Pluto is the largest and most massive member of the Kuiper belt and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO, surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc. Originally considered a planet, Pluto's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt, and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs, known as “plutinos,” that share the same 2:3 resonance with Neptune.

The Kuiper belt and Neptune may be treated as a marker of the extent of the Solar System, alternatives being the heliopause and the distance at which the Sun's gravitational influence is matched by that of other stars (estimated to be between 50000 AU and 125000 AU).
Achernar

Achernar is a star located 139 light-years from Earth in the constellation Eridanus. It is the brightest star in the constellation and the ninth-brightest star in the night sky. Of the ten apparent brightest stars in the nighttime sky, Alpha Eridani is the hottest and bluest, due to Achernar being of spectral type B. Achernar has an unusually rapid rotational velocity, causing it to become oblate. The secondary is smaller, of spectral type A, and orbits Achernar at a distance of roughly 12 AU. Achernar’s temperature and radius are difficult to determine because the star is losing mass thousands of times faster than the Sun.

In ancient times, Achernar was located even further south than it is today. Around 3400 BCE, its declination was 82°40’, placing it within 7.5 degrees of the south celestial pole. Around 1500 BCE, it was at declination -76, invisible to ancient Egyptians. By Ptolemy’s time (100 CE) it moved to declination -67 and was still invisible from Alexandria. Achernar is the only first-magnitude star not mentioned in Ptolemy’s *Almagest.*

## Name

The name Achernar comes from the Arabic phrase *ākhir an-nahr*, meaning “the end of the river.” The name was originally used for Theta Eridani, which now has the proper name Acamar, derived from the same phrase. Eridanus is one of the Greek constellations and, since the Greeks could not see Achernar, it was Acamar that marked the celestial river’s end.

The name was officially approved for Alpha Eridani A by the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) on June 30, 2016. It is informally used for the entire star system, but formally only applies to the primary component.

The Chinese know Achernar as *Shuǐ Wěi yī* (水委一), or the First Star of Crooked Running Water, referring to the asterism known as Crooked Running Water, which Achernar forms with Wurren (Zeta Phoenicis) and Eta Phoenicis.

The Boorong people of northwest Victoria in Australia called the star *Yerrerdetkurrk*. Yerrerdetkurrk was the mother-in-law of Totyarguil, represented by the constellation Aquila, who never let him see her, heeding the local cultural taboo.
Canopus

Canopus is a star located 310 light-years away from Earth in the Constellation Carina. It is the brightest star in the constellation and the second-brightest in the night sky. It has an apparent magnitude of -0.74 and is only outshone by Sirius. Canopus is 10,000 times as luminous as the Sun and has expanded to be 71 times its radius. Its temperature is around 7,400K. Canopus is a source of X-rays, most likely from its corona. Canopus is not visible from most northern locations, never rising above the horizon for observers north of the latitude 37° 18’ N. European observers became familiar with the star, as well as with its bright southern neighbours Alpha Centauri and Achernar, through the work of the English geographer and explorer Robert Hues, who described the three southern first-magnitude stars in his *Tractatus de Globis* (1592).

Due to the Earth’s axial precession, Canopus will come within 10 degrees of the south celestial pole around the year 14,000 CE.

## Name

Canopus has been the traditional name of Alpha Carinae since ancient times. It appeared in Claudius Ptolemy’s *Almagest* in the 2nd century CE. It has also been spelled Canobus, Kanopus and Kanobos.

The name formally applies only to the component Alpha Carinae A. The origin of the name is uncertain. It is generally believed that it comes from the Greek *Κάνωβος* (*Kanôbos*), which was the name of the mythical navigator for Menelaus of Sparta during the Trojan War. In Greek mythology, after the destruction of Troy in 1183 BCE, Menelaus’ fleet stopped in Egypt on their way home, and Canopus was bitten by a snake. Menelaus erected a monument in his honour in the Nile Delta, where the town of Canopus later developed. In Homeric myths, it was Menelaus who founded the town and named it after his pilot.

The second possible derivation of the name is from the Egyptian Coptic *Kahi Nub*, meaning “Golden Earth.” This is a reference to the appearance of Canopus close to the horizon in Ancient Egypt.

The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) on June 30, 2016.

Canopus has been known by many other names across different cultures. In English, it was also known as Suhail, Soheil or Soheila, derived from the Arabic *suhayl*, meaning “smooth plain.” Different spellings included Süheyl/Süheyla (Turkish), Souhail, Suheyl, Sohil, Suhilon, Sahil, Sihil, and Suhayeel. The star shared this name with Lambda Velorum, Gamma Velorum, and Zeta Puppis. Today, Zeta Puppis is formally named Naos, Gamma Velorum is informally known as Regor, and Lambda Velorum has kept the name Suhail.
Melnick 42

Melnick 42 is a star located 162,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Dorado. It is a blue-supergiant star in the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic cloud. Although it is only 21 times the size of the sun, it is one of the hottest stars in the Tarantula nebula at 47,300K it is one of the most luminous stars in the Tarantula nebula at 3.6 million sun luminosities. Although it is given a supergiant luminosity class, it is effectively a main sequence star still burning hydrogen in its core. It is thought to be less than a million years old.
Denebola

Denebola is a star located 35.9 light-years away from Earth in the Constellation Leo. It is the second-brightest star in the constellation after Regulus. Denebola is an A-type main sequence star with 75% more mass than the Sun and 15 times the Sun's luminosity. Its apparent magnitude is 2.14, making it readily visible to the naked eye. Denebola is a suspected Delta Scuti type variable star, meaning its luminosity varies very slightly over a period of a few hours. Denebola shows excess emissions in the infrared. Observations with the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) in the 1980s attributed these to circumstellar dust. The star is surrounded by an isothermal dust shell with a temperature of about 120 K (-153° C) and a radius of 39 astronomical units from the star. The radius of the debris disk was resolved in images obtained with the Herschel Space Observatory and released in 2010. Such disks contain populations of colliding planetesimals, which supply the dust, and make the host stars candidate locations for exoplanets. There is still no direct evidence of any planets orbiting Denebola, but their existence has not been ruled out either.
Dione

Dione with Saturn in the Background

Dione is the fourth-largest moon of Saturn and the 15th largest moon in the solar system. It was discovered on March 30th 1684 by Giovanni Cassini. It is named after the Titaness Dione of Greek mythology. Dione is composed primarily of water-ice and is very similar to its neighbouring moons Rhea and Tethys which also orbit close to Saturn. Dione completes an orbit of Saturn every 2.7 days, despite orbiting at about the same distance as Earth’s Moon does from Earth! Despite the moon being discovered in 1684, and initially called Saturn IV (being the 4th moon from Saturn), it wasn’t until 1847 that its name was changed to Dione to avoid confusion after additional moons around Saturn were discovered. Dione is also in resonance with the two nearby inner moons, Mimas and Enceladus, ⁣helping to tidally heat Enceladus (and Dione) due to the 1:2 resonance. Similar to other moons like Jupiter's moon Europa, data from the Cassini spacecraft suggests that Dione has a global liquid water ocean ~65 km thick under an icy shell that is ~100 km thick; likely the result of tidal heating.
Capella

Capella is a star located 43 light-years from Earth in the constellation Auriga. It is the sixth-brightest star in the night Sky and the third-brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere after Arcturus and Vega. It is one of the brightest X-ray sources in the sky, thought to come from the Corona from Capella Aa. Although it appears as a single star, it is actually a quadruple star system consisting of two binary pairs, made up of the stars Capella Aa, Capella Ab, Capella H and Capella L. The primary pair, Capella Aa and Capella Ab, are two bright-yellow giant stars, both of which are around 2.5 times as massive as the Sun. The other pair are around 10,000 AU away from Capella Aa and are both faint cool red dwarfs. Capella Aa and Capella Ab have exhausted their core hydrogen, and cooled and expanded, moving off the main sequence. They are in a very tight circular orbit about 0.74 AU apart, and orbit each other every 104 days. Capella Aa is the cooler and more luminous of the pair, it is 78 Sun Luminosities and 12 times the Sun's radius. An ageing red clump star, it is fusing helium to carbon and oxygen in its core. Capella Ab is slightly smaller and hotter, it is 72.7 times as luminous as the Sun and 8.83 times its radius.
Spindler

The **Spindler** is a level 7 basic mace.

## Description

“
*The spikes on this state-of-the-art morning star have been replaced by freely-rotating blades for extra damage. Ouch!*
## Acquisition

* Hellfire Mountains South (Dragon Pit)
* Hellfire Mountains North (Barrow)
* Desolate Wastelands (Lair of Golems)
* Valley of Gur-Mechina (Vampire Queen)
* Ruins of Thallis (Blacksmith).
IC 1101

IC 1101 is the second-largest galaxy ever discovered after the Alcyoneus Galaxy with a diameter of 4 million light-years, 36.4 times that of the Milky Way! Not only that but the supermassive black hole in the centre is the one of the biggest discovered too! It is located 1 billion light-years away from Earth and was discovered by William Herschel in 1790. Like many of the elliptical galaxies, it is populated by many metal-rich stars 7 billion years or more, which gives it a very yellowish colour, and at its centre is a powerful radio source created by the IC 1101\*, with 40 to 100 billion solar masses, being an ultramassive black hole, and one of the most massive black holes in the Universe. Despite the fact it has 100 trillion stars, it doesn't have much gas left to create new ones, so it is in slow decline.

## Physical Characteristics

The galaxy is classified as a supergiant elliptical (E) to lenticular (S0) and is the brightest galaxy in A2029 (hence its other designation A2029-BCG; BCG meaning *brightest cluster galaxy*). The galaxy's morphological type is debated due to it possibly being shaped like a flat disc, but only visible from Earth at its broadest dimensions. IC 1101 is considered a large galaxy characterized by an extensive, diffuse halo. Defining the size of a galaxy varies according to the method used in the astronomical literature. Photographic plates of blue light from the galaxy (sampling stars excluding the diffuse halo) yield an effective radius (the radius within which half the light is emitted) of 65 ± 12 kpc (212 ± 39 thousand ly)  based on an earlier distance measurement. The galaxy has a very large halo of much lower intensity “diffuse light” extending to a radius of 600 kpc (2 million ly).
Spica

Spica is a blue Main-Sequence star located 250 light-years from Earth in the Constellation Virgo. It is the brightest star in the constellation and the sixteenth brightest star in the night sky. It is a spectroscopic binary star and rotating ellipsoidal variable; a system whose two stars are so close together they are egg-shaped rather than spherical, and can only be separated by their spectra. The primary is a blue giant and a variable star of the Beta Cephei type.

Spica lies only 2.06° from the ecliptic, which means that it can be occulted by the Moon and, more rarely, by planets. The last occultation by a planet occurred on November 10, 1783, when the planet Venus passed in front of the star. The next planetary occultation (also by Venus) will take place on September 2, 2197.  The Sun and the planets pass near the star more often. The Sun comes within a little over 2 degrees north of Spica in mid-October every year, two weeks before the star’s heliacal rising (rising above the horizon at dawn after a period of invisibility). Venus passes near the star in late October or early November every 8 years.
TrES-2b

TrES-2b is a planet 702ly away from Earth. It was identified in 2011 that it was the darkest planet ever discovered reflecting <1% of light that touched it's surface, less of that than black acrylic paint and coal. Not only that, but the light that does reflect makes the planet glow a dim blood-red colour. This is because the reason for the colour is that it is so hot, it emits dim red light. The mass and radius of the planet indicate that it is most likely a Gas Giant with a composition similar to that of Jupiter. Unlike Jupiter though, it is very close to its parent star, meaning it is classed as a hot Jupiter. In 2008, it was discovered that the TrES-2 system is a binary system, which has a major effect on the stellar and planetary parameters. Scientists aren't sure what's causing the planet to be so dark, but they suspect that the chemical composition of its atmosphere contains some light-absorbing chemicals like vaporized sodium, potassium or titanium oxide. However, the presence of these chemicals aren't enough to explain the extreme darkness.
Wasp-17b

Wasp-17b is an exoplanet located 1,340 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Scorpius. Its discovery was announced on 11 August 2009. It is the first planet discovered to have a retrograde orbit, meaning it orbits in a direction opposite to the rotation of its host star. This discovery challenged traditional planetary formation theory. In terms of diameter, WASP-17b is one of the largest exoplanets discovered and at half Jupiter's mass. On 3 December 2013, scientists working with the Hubble Space Telescope reported detecting water in the exoplanet's atmosphere.

## Discovery

A team of researchers led by David Anderson of Keele University in Staffordshire, England, discovered the gas giant, by observing it transiting its host star, WASP-17. Such photometric observations also reveal the planet's size. The discovery was made with a telescope array at the South African Astronomical Observatory. Due to the involvement of the Wide Angle Search for Planets SuperWASP consortium of universities, the exoplanet, as the 17th found to date by this group, was given its present name.
The Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. At about one-quarter the diameter of Earth, it is the fifth-largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest satellite in the Solar System relative to its major planet, and larger than any known dwarf planet. It lacks any significant atmosphere, hydrosphere, or magnetic field. Its surface gravity is about one-sixth of Earth's (0.1654 g). Jupiter's moon Io is the only satellite in the Solar System known to have a higher surface gravity and density.

Orbiting Earth at an average distance of 384,400 km, or about 30 times Earth's diameter, its gravitational influence very slowly lengthens Earth's day and is the main driver of Earth's tides. The Moon's orbit around Earth has a sidereal period of 27.3 days. During each synodic period of 29.5 days, the amount of visible surface illuminated by the Sun varies from none up to 100%, resulting in lunar phases that form the basis for the months of a lunar calendar. The Moon is tidally locked to Earth, which means that the length of a full rotation of the Moon on its own axis causes its same side to always face Earth, and the somewhat longer lunar day is the same as the synodic period. That said, 59% of the total lunar surface can be seen from Earth through shifts in perspective due to libration.

The most widely accepted origin explanation posits that the Moon formed 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth, out of the debris from a giant impact between the planet and a hypothesized Mars-sized body called Theia. It then receded to a wider orbit because of tidal interaction with the Earth. The near side of the Moon is marked by dark volcanic maria (“seas”), which fill the spaces between bright ancient crustal highlands and prominent impact craters. Most of the large impact basins and mare surfaces were in place by the end of the Imbrian period, some three billion years ago. However, because it has a large angular diameter, the full moon is the brightest celestial object in the night sky. The Moon's apparent size is nearly the same as that of the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun almost completely during a total solar eclipse.

The first artificial object to reach the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 uncrewed spacecraft in 1959; this was followed by the first successful soft landing by Luna 9 in 1966. The only human lunar missions to date have been those of the United States' Apollo program, which landed twelve men on the surface between 1969 and 1972. These and later uncrewed missions returned lunar rocks that have been used to develop a detailed geological understanding of the Moon's origins, internal structure, and subsequent history.
Gliese 504b

Gliese 504b is an exoplanet located 57.5 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. It is considered by NASA to be a Jovian planet, and it is located in the system of the solar analogue 59 Virginis (GJ 504), discovered by direct imaging using HiCIAO instrument and AO188 adaptive optics system on the 8.2 meter Subaru Telescope of Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii by Kuzuhara et al. Visually, GJ 504 b would have a magenta colour. If we could travel to this giant planet, we would see a world still glowing from the heat of its formation with a colour reminiscent of a dark cherry blossom, a dull magenta.

GJ 504b orbits its star at nearly nine times the distance Jupiter orbits the Sun, which poses a challenge to theoretical ideas of how giant planets form. GJ 504b is about four times more massive than Jupiter and has an effective temperature of about 237°C. It orbits the G0-type star GJ 504, which is slightly hotter than the Sun and is faintly visible to the unaided eye in the constellation Virgo. The star lies 57 light-years away and researchers estimate the system is about 160 million years old, based on methods that link the star's colour and rotation period to its age.
KIC 8462852

KIC 8462852 (also known as Tabby's Star) is a star 1,470 light-years away from Earth in the Constellation Cygnus. Unusual light fluctuations of the star, including up to a 22% dimming in brightness, were discovered by citizen scientists as part of the Planet Hunters project. One explanation for this is that an “uneven ring of dust” orbits Tabby's Star. Another explanation is that the star's luminosity is modulated by changes in the efficiency of heat transport to its photosphere, so no external obscuration is required. A third hypothesis, based on a lack of observed infrared light, posits a swarm of cold, dusty comet fragments in a highly eccentric orbit; however, the notion that disturbed comets from such a cloud could exist in high enough numbers to obscure 22% of the star's observed luminosity has been doubted. Another hypothesis is that numerous small masses in “tight formation” are orbiting the star. Furthermore, spectroscopic study of the system has found no evidence for coalescing material or hot close-in dust or circumstellar matter from an evaporating or exploding planet within a few astronomical units of the mature central star. It has also been hypothesized that the changes in brightness could be signs of activity associated with intelligent extraterrestrial life constructing a Dyson swarm; however, further analysis based on data through the end of 2017 showed wavelength-dependent dimming consistent with dust but not an opaque object such as an alien megastructure, which would block all wavelengths of light equally.

Tabby's star is the only star which has had large irregular dimmings, but other such stars include young stellar objects called YSO dippers, which have different dimming patterns. An example of such an object is EPIC 204278916. In January 2021, a distant stellar-mass companion was reported, making Tabby's Star a binary stellar system.
Bunky Miller

## Season History

**William 'Bill' "Bunky" Miller** was a houseguest on *Big Brother 2*.

## Biography

*Retrieved from CBS.com*

**Occupation:** Technical Writer

**Motto:** Create your own reality, go with the flow and flow with the flux, live and let live.

**Hero:** Bill Goldberg (professional wrestler)

**Favorite Food:** Potatoes

**Least Favorite Food:** Liver

**Favorite TV Show:** Will & Grace

**Least Favorite TV Show:** All in the Family

**Favorite Movie:** Top Gun

**Least Favorite Movie:** Octopussy

**Favorite Band/Singer:** Ricky Martin

**Least Favorite Band/Singer:** Willie Nelson

**Favorite Magazine:** WCW

**Favorite Sport:** Professional wrestling

**Favorite Color:** Purple

**Least Favorite Color:** Orange

## Player History - *Big Brother 2*

### Voting History

 Finale | *Jury Member* | Hardy Ames-Hill | Yes

### Trivia

* Bunky was the first ever houseguest to be nominated twice.
* Bunky was the first every houseguest to be a part of the jury.

### Refrences

1. ↑ Big Brother 2 Houseguests: Bunky Miller (June 3, 2009). Retrieved on March 24, 2020.
Miranda

Miranda is the fifth-largest moon of Uranus and the nineteenth-largest in the Solar System. It is the smallest and innermost of Uranus' five round satellites. It was discovered by Gerald Peter Kuiper on February 16th 1948, and named after Miranda from William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*. Like the other large moons of Uranus, Miranda orbits close to its planet's equatorial plane. Because Uranus orbits the Sun on its side, Miranda's orbit is perpendicular to the ecliptic and shares Uranus' extreme seasonal cycle.

At just 470 km in diameter, Miranda is one of the smallest closely observed objects in the Solar System that might be in hydrostatic equilibrium (spherical under its own gravity). The only close-up images of Miranda are from the *Voyager 2* probe, which made observations of Miranda during its Uranus flyby in January 1986. During the flyby, Miranda's Southern Hemisphere pointed towards the Sun, so only that part was studied.

Miranda probably formed from an accretion disc that surrounded Uranus shortly after its formation, and, like other large moons, it is likely differentiated, with an inner core of rock surrounded by a mantle of ice. Miranda has one of the most extreme and varied topographies of any object in the Solar System, including Verona Rupes, a 20-kilometer-high scarp that is the highest cliff in the Solar System, and chevron-shaped tectonic features called *coronae*. The origin and evolution of this varied geology, the most of any Uranian satellite, are still not fully understood, and multiple hypotheses exist regarding Miranda's evolution.
Betelgeuse

Betelgeuse is located 548 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Orion. It is usually the tenth-brightest star in the night sky and, after Rigel, the second-brightest in the constellation of Orion. It is a distinctly reddish semiregular variable star whose apparent magnitude, varying between +0.0 and +1.6, has the widest range displayed by any first-magnitude star. At near-infrared wavelengths, Betelgeuse is the brightest star in the night sky. Classified as a red supergiant, Betelgeuse is one of the largest stars visible to the naked eye. If it were at the centre of our Solar System, it would nearly reach the orbit of Jupiter. Nevertheless, there are several larger stars in the Milky Way, including supergiants like Mu Cephei and the hypergiant, VY Canis Majoris. Less than 10 million years old, Betelgeuse has evolved rapidly because of its large mass and is expected to end its evolution with a supernova explosion, most likely within 100,000 years. In 1920, Betelgeuse became the first extrasolar star whose photosphere's angular size was measured. It is also surrounded by a complex, asymmetric envelope, roughly 250 times the size of the star, caused by mass loss from the star itself. Starting in October 2019, Betelgeuse began to dim noticeably, and by mid-February 2020 its brightness had dropped by a factor of approximately 3, from magnitude 0.5 to 1.7. By 22 February 2020, Betelgeuse stopped dimming and started to brighten again; and, as reported on 25 February 2022, has remained in a more normal brightness range. Infrared observations found no significant change in brightness over the last 50 years, suggesting that the dimming is due to a change in extinction rather than an underlying change in the luminosity of the star.
55 Cancri e

55 Cancri e is a carbon planet 41 light-years away from Earth. It orbits a K-type sun-like star. It is mostly composed of carbon which in turn, with the pressure and heat from the planet's formation, it is mostly made of diamond. The planet is worth about 26.9 Nonillion USD which is about 384 Quintillion times Earth's GDP. It is about 2 times the size of Earth and 8.63 times more massive. It was classed as the first super-Earth discovered around a main sequence star, predating Gliese 876 d by a year. 55 Cancri e takes less than 18 hours to complete an orbit and is the innermost-known planet in its planetary system. 55 Cancri e was discovered on 30 August 2004. However, until the 2010 observations and recalculations, this planet had been thought to take about 2.8 days to orbit the star. In October 2012, it was announced that 55 Cancri e could be a carbon planet. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Janssen for this planet. The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands. It honours the spectacle maker and telescope pioneer Zacharias Janssen. Later, in February 2016, it was announced that NASA's Hubble Space Telescope had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapour, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-Earth exoplanet was analysed successfully.
PDS 70c

The proto-planetary disk surrounding PDS 70

PDS 70c is an exoplanet located 369 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Centaurus. It is a gas-giant protoplanet orbiting a K type star. Its mass is 2 Jupiters, it takes 227.5 years to complete one orbit of its star, and is 34 AU from its star. Its discovery was announced in 2019. It is a part of a two planet system, the other planet being PDS 70b. PDS 70 c is in a near 1:2 orbital resonance with PDS 70 b, meaning that PDS 70 c completes nearly one revolution once every time PDS 70 b completes nearly two. It currently has a large moon-forming disk orbiting the planet called a circumplanetary disk. The researchers found that the disk around PDS 70c is quite substantial. It has enough mass to create three moons, the size of Earth’s moon. That could mean that this planet will have multiple moons in the future, just as the giant planets in our own solar system do.

## Discovery

Observations taken with the Keck II Telescope at Mauna Kea, Hawaii, revealed the presence of young exoplanets PDS 70b and PDS 70c in this system. It was possible to estimate the mass of PDS 70c (1-3 Jupiter masses), as well as its distance to star PDS 70 (34AU).
Gray ikizlerin doğumu

## 1990

Felicia Gray, Bay Gray tarafından hamile kaldı, hamile olduğunu Bay Gray operasyona çıktıktan bir kaç ay sonra öğrenen Felicia eşine süpriz yapmak istedi ancak Bay Gray kendisine sahte bir ölüm hazırlayıp ortadan kaybolacaktı, kocasının 'öldüğünü' duyan Felicia doğuracağı haberini eşine asla veremedi bu sırada Felicia eşinin ve arkadaşlarının kaptanlığını yapan Robin Lee ve onun eşi Jane Lee dışında kimsesi yoktu ve onların da doğumdan haberi vardı.

## 23 Ocak 1991

Felicia doğurmak üzereydi doğuma neredeyse geç kalacakken taksiyle hastaneye yetişti ikiz çocuklardan biri neredeyse ölü doğacaktı ve kayıtlara kazara ölü olarak girildi, Felicia doğum sırasında öldü,

Robin dostunun çocuklarını yalnız bırakmak istemedi o yüzden sorup soruşturup Stephen Lee'yi buldu ve evlat edindi ancak diğer ikizini ölü bildiği için Felix Gray'in yaşadığından haberdar değildi

Karısının ölüm haberini alan Bay Gray bir şekilde geri dönerekdiğer oğlu Felix Gray'i aldı ve Rose ile evlendi ve ondan bir kız çocuğu oldu Violet Gray-Jackson, ancak onun da tıpkı Robin Lee gibi ikizlerden sadece birinin yaşadığını sandığı için Stephen Lee'nin hayatta olduğundan haberi yoktu
HD 106906-B

HD 106906-B is a planet 336 light-years away from Earth. It is well known for being extremely far from its parent star. It is on Average 738 times further away from its star than Earth is from the Sun, or 110 Billion Km away. HD 106906-b is 11 times the mass of Jupiter and 1.1 times the size. Its orbital period is about 3,000 Earth Years. HD 106906-b is quite a young planet at only 13,000,000 Years old, therefore, it is quite hot at its surface at over 1,500°C. The planet's star is surrounded by a debris disk oriented 21 degrees away from HD 106906 b; this disk is about 65 AU from the binary on its interior and ranges asymmetrically from approximately 120 to 550 AU from the binary at its outer edge. The measurements obtained thus far are not adequate to evaluate its orbital properties. If its eccentricity is large enough, it might approach the outer edge of the primary's debris disk closely enough to interact with it at periastron. In such a case, the outer extent of the debris disk would be truncated at the inner edge of HD 106906 b's Hill sphere at periastron. The discovery team evaluated the possibility that HD 106906 b is not gravitationally bound to HD 106906, but is seen close to it along our line of sight and moving in the same direction by chance. The odds of such a coincidence were found to be less than 0.01%.
CoRoT-7b

CoRoT-7b is a planet 489ly away from Earth in the constellation Monoceros. It was discovered on February 3rd 2009 by transit method. Until the discovery of Kepler-10b in 2011 it was the smallest exoplanet ever discovered with a measured diameter. It was also the first terrestrial planet ever to be discovered. With a diameter 1.58 times that of Earth which would give it a mass of 3.95 times that of Earth's. It has a very short orbital period, only being 20 Hours. Because of this it is very hot there at about 1,530°C. Because it is so hot there it vaporizes the rock on its surface and during the day it rains lava! But during the night, the lava freezes mid-air to make it rain rock! There is another planet in the same system, CoRot-7c, which has a mass of 8.4 times that of Earths and orbits at an average distance of 6.9 million km away from its star.

## Discovery

CoRoT-7b was found by observing its parent star's periodic decrease in apparent magnitude caused by the planet's transit in front of the star as seen from Earth. Measuring this dip in brightness, together with a size estimate for the star, allows calculating the planet's size. The space mission CoRoT observed the star CoRoT-7, in the stellar field LRa01, from October 15, 2007, to March 3, 2008. During this period, 153 periodic transit signals of 1.3 h duration with a depth of 3.4 × 10−4 were registered. After 40 days of data acquisition, the Alarm mode pipeline algorithm detected the shallow signal of CoRoT-7b, starting the follow-up observations from the ground to get a confirmation of the planetary nature of the transiting object.

The discovery of CoRoT-7b was announced a year later on February 3, 2009, during the CoRoT Symposium 2009 in Paris. It was published in a special issue of the journal *Astronomy and Astrophysics* dedicated to results from CoRoT.