En:Help:Japanese

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This page is designed to answer questions regarding Japanese and its use on Wikipedia. If you have trouble viewing Japanese, please see the Help:Installing Japanese character sets page for assistance for your particular operating system.

## Japanese orthography

*Bài chi tiết: Japanese writing system*
Japanese orthography|text is written with a mixture of kanji, katakana and hiragana syllabary|syllabaries. Almost all **kanji** originated in China, and may have more than one meaning and pronunciation. *Kanji* compounds generally derive their meaning from the combined kanji. For example, Tokyo (東京) is written with two kanji: "east" (東) + "capital" (京). The kanji, however, are pronounced differently from their Chinese relatives. For example, in modern mandarin Chinese, these two kanji would be "Dongjing". The name was chosen because Tokyo was to be the eastern Capital (political)|capital of Japan, relative to its previous capital city, Kyoto (京都). (Some other kanji compounds use characters chosen primarily for their pronunciations. Such characters are called *ateji*.) In addition to native words and placenames, kanji are used to write Japanese family names and most Japanese given names.

Centuries ago, hiragana and katakana, the two kana syllabaries, derived their shapes from particular kanji pronounced in the same way. However, unlike *kanji*, kana have no meaning, and are used only to represent sounds. **Hiragana** are generally used to write some Japanese words and given names and grammatical aspects of Japanese. For example, the Japanese word for "to do" (する Bản mẫu:Transl) is written with two *hiragana*: Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl) + Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl). **Katakana** are generally used to write loanwords, foreign names and onomatopoeia. For example, Bản mẫu:Transl was borrowed from the English "lettuce", and is written with three katakana: Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl) + Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl) + Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl). The onomatopoeia for the sound of typing is Bản mẫu:Transl, and is written with 4 *katakana*: Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl) + Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl) + Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl) + Bản mẫu:Script (Bản mẫu:Transl). It is common nowadays to see many businesses using *katakana* in place of *hiragana* and *kanji* in advertising. Additionally, people may use *katakana* when writing their names or informal documents for aesthetic reasons.

Roman characters have also recently become popular for certain purposes in Japanese. (see *rōmaji*)

## Japanese pronunciation

*Bài chi tiết: Japanese phonology*
Throughout Wikipedia, a modified version of the widely accepted Hepburn romanization is used to represent Japanese sounds in Roman characters. The following are some basic rules for using Hepburn to pronounce Japanese words accurately.

### Vowels

* The vowel *u* is similar to that of the *oo* in *moon*, although shorter and without lip-rounding. In certain contexts, such as after "s" at the end of a word, the vowel is devoiced, so *desu* may sound like *dess*.
* Japanese vowels can either be long (mora (linguistics)|bimoraic) or short (monomoraic). The Macron (diacritic)|macron denotes a long vowel.
	+ Long *a*, *o* and *u* sounds are usually written with macrons as *ā*, *ō* and *ū*. The notation "ou" or "oo" is sometimes used for a long "ō", following kana spelling practices.
	+ Long *e* and *i* sounds are usually written *ei* /*ee* and *ii*, but in neologisms are instead written with macrons as *ē* and *ī*.
	+ Circumflexes (*âêîôû*) occasionally appear as a typographical alternative to macrons, especially in older texts.

Japanese vowels can be approximated in English language|English as follows:

 General American

### Moraic *n*

* An *n* before a consonant is moraic (its own mora (linguistics)|mora).
* A moraic *n* followed by a vowel or *y* is written *n'* to distinguish it from mora that begin with the consonant *n*.
* The moraic *n* has various phonetic realisations:
	+ Before an *n*, *t*, *d* or *r*, it is pronounced [n].
	+ Before a *k* or *g*, it is pronounced [ŋ].
	+ Before an *m*, *b* or *p*, it is pronounced as [m]. It is written as *m* in some versions of Hepburn romanization|Hepburn, but as *n* in Wikipedia’s modified Hepburn.
	+ It is otherwise pronounced as [ɴ] or [ɯ̃].

### Consonants

* Consonants other than *f*, *r*, *g*, and *n* at final or before *r* are generally pronounced as in English.
* The consonant *f* is Bilabial consonant|bilabial: the teeth are not used, and the sound is much softer than the "f" of English. [tō**f**u] "*tōfu*"
* The consonant *r* is a flapped or tapped consonant. To an English speaker's ears, its pronunciation lies somewhere between a flapped *t* (as in American and Australian English *be**tt**er* and *la**dd**er*), an *l* and a *d*. [ki**r**ei] "*beautiful*"
* The consonant *n* at final or *n* before *r* is Uvular consonant|uvular: This consonant is a sound made further back, as of making a nasal sound at the place to articulate the French voiced uvular fricative|ʁ. [shi**n**ryaku] "*invasion*"
* Gemination|Double consonants (*kk*, *tt*, etc.) basically indicate a slight, sharp pause before and stronger emphasis of the following sound, more similar to Italian language|Italian than English. Spelling anomalies:
	+ double *ch* is written as *tch* (sometimes *cch*),
	+ double *sh* is written as *ssh* and
	+ double *ts* is written as *tts*.

When a consonant is followed by another of the same letter, the first consonant is written with a chiisai (made-smaller) *tsu* (つ/ツ). Exception: Double n. In this case, being as *n* (ん/ン) is a single consonant, it can be written by itself. (Ex: Woman: Onna-おんな)

## Japanese names

*Bài chi tiết: Japanese name*
In Japan the given name always comes after the family name:

* *Example:* 福田康夫 (Bản mẫu:Transl). 福田 ("Bản mẫu:Transl") is the family name.

However, to reflect the Western convention of listing the given name first and the family name last, some Japanese people born since the establishment of the Meiji era (1868-09-08) conform to the "given name, family name" order in western texts. So 福田康夫 (Bản mẫu:Transl) is listed as "Yasuo Fukuda". On Wikipedia, normally Western order is used for people born from the first year of Meiji (1868) onward.