recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Tesseractihemioctachoron

A **tesseractihemioctachoron** is the four dimensional analogue of the tetrahemihexahedron. It has 8 tetrahedral cells and 4 octahedral cells and is in the hexadecachoron regiment.

Its Bowers acronym is **tho**.

## See Also

**Self-intersecting regular polychora:** fix · gohi · gahi · sishi · gaghi · gishi · gashi · gofix · gax · gogishi
**Tesseractihemioctachoron:** **tho**
Pentagonal prism

A **pentagonal prism** is a prism with a pentagonal base. This makes it the cartesian product of a pentagon and a line segment.

It is also the truncated pentagonal hosohedron, and because of this has pentagonal prismatic symmetry (D5h).

The Bowers acronym for a pentagonal prism is **pip**.

## Structure and Sections

The planar cross section of a pentagonal prism taken parallel to the base is a pentagon.

## See Also

t
0

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_0 \{5,2\}}

t
1

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{5,2\}}

t
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_2 \{5,2\}}

t

0
,
1

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1} \{5,2\}}

t

1
,
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{1,2} \{5,2\}}

t

0
,
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{5,2\}}

t

0
,
1
,
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1,2} \{5,2\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
2
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,2\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
3
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,3\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
4
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,4\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
5
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,5\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
6
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,6\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
7
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,7\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
8
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,8\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,
∞
}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,\infty\}}

t

0
,
1

{
2
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle {t}\_{0,1} \{2,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

Template:Variant Nav t01 X 5
Small hexadecagram

A **small hexadecagram** is a two-dimensional star polygon with sixteen edges, and every third vertex connected. Its Bowers acronym is **shed**.

It has the name number of sides, but a different winding number, to the hexadecagon (1), hexadecagram (5) and great hexadecagram (7).

## See Also

Template:Variant Nav frac 16 3

t
0

{

8
3

}

{\displaystyle t\_0 \{\frac{8}{3} \}}

t
1

{

8
3

}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{\frac{8}{3} \}}

t

0
,
1

{

8
3

}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1} \{\frac{8}{3} \}}
Quantum immortality

**Quantum immortality** is a thought experiment in quantum mechanics about the subjective experience of observers whose death depends on a quantum event in the many-worlds interpretation.

In its weak form, quantum immortality holds that every conscious observer in the multiverse will have observed a history that did not result in its death (since if it had died previously, it would be unable to observe). If the observer's death was very likely in the past, then, it would also recall a series of unlikely coincidences that resulted in its survival. The strong form also holds that this occurs going forwards: that any conscious thought will never cease, instead continuing on in the branches of the multiverse where survival occurs, no matter how improbable.

Quantum immortality thus provides an experimental method of distinguishing between interpretations of quantum mechanics: in a repeated experiment where death depends on a random quantum event, continued survival suggests that there is a multiverse, whilst death suggests that wave function collapse occurs. This only works for the experimenter - bystanders are still unable to distinguish the two.
Paraverse

### Inhabitants

Possibly an extremely large or infinite number of them; most universes uninhabited though

A **Paraverse** is a type of multiverse in which universes have no intrinsic connection to a shared set of laws of physics or even mathematics. Despite being very large or even infinite in size, almost all of the universes within a paraverse are completely inhospitable to life. Some of them might have no strong nuclear force and cause matter to rip itself apart; others might not have the mathematical concept of limits and Zeno's Paradox becomes real - no action can occur because it requires an infinite number of steps.

Since they are on the same level as multiverses, megaverses contain an infinite number of them in addition to their infinite multiverses.
Surpeton pentavolume

The **surpeton pentavolume** of a shape is the sum of all of that shape's peta. It can be considered to be the total extent of all of the shape's 5-subfacets in five-dimensional space. The surpeton pentavolume of a polyteron is typically just called its **pentavolume**.

It has dimensions of [length]5.
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex

Universe → **Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex**

The **Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex** is a supercluster complex. It contains the following superclusters:

* Laniakea Supercluster
* Perseus-Pisces Supercluster
* Sculptor Supercluster
* Pisces-Cetus A Supercluster
* Pisces-Cetus B Supercluster

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces%E2%80%93Cetus\_Supercluster\_Complex
2. ↑ http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/supercls.html
Pentagonal dihedron

A **pentagonal dihedron** is a 3-D polyhedron with two pentagonal faces which share their edges and vertices. In normal Euclidean space, it is degenerate, but can exist as a tiling of the sphere where each face makes up a hemisphere.

## See Also

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{5,2\}}

{
5
,
3
}

{\displaystyle \{5, 3\}}

{
5
,
4
}

{\displaystyle \{5,4\}}

{
5
,
5
}

{\displaystyle \{5,5\}}

{
5
,
6
}

{\displaystyle \{5,6\}}

{
5
,
7
}

{\displaystyle \{5,7\}}

{
5
,
8
}

{\displaystyle \{5,8\}}

{
5
,
∞
}

{\displaystyle \{5,\infty\}}

{
5
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{5,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

t
0

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_0 \{5,2\}}

t
1

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{5,2\}}

t
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_2 \{5,2\}}

t

0
,
1

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1} \{5,2\}}

t

1
,
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{1,2} \{5,2\}}

t

0
,
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{5,2\}}

t

0
,
1
,
2

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1,2} \{5,2\}}

{
0
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{0,2\}}

{
1
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{1,2\}}

{
2
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{2,2\}}

{
3
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{3,2\}}

{
4
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{4,2\}}

{
5
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{5,2\}}

{
6
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{6,2\}}

{
7
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{7,2\}}

{
8
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{8,2\}}

{
∞
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{\infty,2\}}

{

π
i

λ

,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{\frac{\pi i}{\lambda},2\}}
Stringshard

**Stringshard** is a building material of unknown origin that is frequently used for construction projects spanning entire universes, multiverses, or even larger -verses. It is notable for a series of physics- and logic-defying properties that make it ideal for such a role.

Firstly, it is completely independent of attractive and repulsive forces unless modified. When placed in a certain way, one can "lock" a piece of stringshard into a specific location in space and make it completely immovable. A particularly clever civilization can also configure its gravitational interaction so that all objects experience the same acceleration towards it, regardless of mass or distance, and thus allow for the construction of attached objects that are so large they would normally collapse into black holes.

Secondly, it is almost completely indestructible even at the quantum level. Stringshard is made of quantum string and quantum foam, carefully bent and then compressed in such a way as to reshape the entire universe around it. It is impossible to destroy stringshard without destabilizing the entire universe it's part of, and to do that you need entire -verses worth of energy compacted down into one attack.

Thirdly, it can be locked to a point in time and then used to pin other objects to that point, erasing them from the entire timeline except for the tiniest, most imperceptible fraction of a second.

Though stringshard normally appears colorless in its base form, it is trivial for an advanced civilization to modify its interaction with photons to give it any imaginable hue.
Spring constant

A **spring constant** is a constant that is proportional to the size of a force that varies with displacement. This can be of a spring, but may also be of any force that varies as

F
→

=
−
k

x
→

{\displaystyle \vec{F} = -k\vec{x}}

 (following Hooke's law), with k being the spring constant.

It has dimensions of [mass][time]-2.

## Potential

Because force is the negative gradient of potential, the potential energy of a particle moving under a Hooke's law force with a spring constant k is

1
2

k

x
2

{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2} k x^2}

 (plus an arbitrary constant, which can be set to zero). Any potential of this form gives rise to simple harmonic oscillations.
Quadruple torus

A **quadruple torus** is a topological surface with four holes, formed from the connected sum of four tori. It has an orientable genus of 4 and an Euler characteristic of -6.

## Structure and Sections

All orientable manifolds with four holes (i.e. with an Euler characteristic of -6) are homeomorphic to the quadruple torus due to the classification theorem of closed surfaces.

## See Also

S

2

{\displaystyle \mathbb S^{2}}

T

2

{\displaystyle \mathbb{T}^2}

2

T

2

{\displaystyle 2\mathbb{T}^2}

3

T

2

{\displaystyle 3\mathbb{T}^2}

4

T

2

{\displaystyle 4\mathbb{T}^2}

## References

1. ↑ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Genus.html
2. ↑ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EulerCharacteristic.html
3. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface\_(topology)#Classification\_of\_closed\_surfaces
Quaterniverse

A quaterniverse is a type of hypercomplexverse similar to the complexverse such that all events in its spacetime are elements of a real quaternionic module rather than vectors in a real vector space. An

n

{\displaystyle n}

-dimensional quaternionic spacetime is a real spacetime with

4
n

{\displaystyle 4n}

 real dimensions. Other physical quantities of objects within the -verse may take on quaternionic values as well. For example, objects may have an arbitrary quaternionic velocity, energy, or mass in some sense (two exotically-massed objects with different masses

p

{\displaystyle p}

 and

q

{\displaystyle q}

 such that

p

{\displaystyle p}

 and

q

{\displaystyle q}

 both square to a negative real number may behave identically, but they might pertain a characteristic that make their masses different).

As quaternion multiplication is noncommutative, there are two ways to interpret scalar multiplication, left and right.
Spherisquare

A **spherisquare** is a five-dimensional rotatope constructed from the product of a ball and a square. This means that it can be considered to be a prism with a spherinder as a base. It is composed of four spherinders connected to a curved 4-D cell.

## Structure and Sections

The spherisquare's sections can either be an unchanging spherinder or a square expanding to a cubinder and back.

### Subfacets

* 4 spheres (2D)
* 4 balls (3D)
* 4 spheritubes (3D)
* 4 spherinders (4D)
* 1 spheritubinder (4D)
* 1 spherisquare (5D)
Rhombicosidodecahedral prism

24 pentagons

12 pentagonal prisms

2 rhombicosidodecahedra

A (small) **rhombicosidodecahedral prism** is a uniform convex polychoron created from taking the prism of a small rhombicosidodecahedron.

Its Bowers acronym is **sriddip**.

## Structure and Sections

### Structure

A rhombicosidodecahedral prism is composed of 2 rhombicosidodecahedra, 12 pentagonal prisms, 20 triangular prisms and 30 cubes.

### Subfacets

* 120 points (0D)
* 300 line segments (1D)
* 40 triangles (2D)
* 180 squares (2D)
* 24 pentagons (2D)
* 30 cubes (3D)
* 20 triangular prisms (3D)
* 12 pentagonal prisms (3D)
* 2 rhombicosidodecahedra (3D)
* 1 rhombicosidodecahedral prism (4D)
Sheetshard

**Sheetshard** is a material with a nonstandard interaction with time and timelines, similar in nature to metamesonium, stringshard, and arhadalite. Sheetshard is composed of a singularity in the multiversal field, anchored by shaped and folded quantum foam within universes compressed into temporal-degenerate matter, that has extent not only within the multiverse but also across multiverses; that is, the same piece of sheetshard can exist in multiple multiverses simultaneously. The name "sheetshard" reflects its appearance if visualised by projecting the across-multiversal dimension into a spatial dimension.

Like stringshard, sheetshard is fixed in both space and time when set, and forms part of the boundary conditions of the universes it is anchored in and multiverses it is suspended in. A piece of sheetshard exhibits backwards causality that ensures that events convene such that it is destroyed and created at its fixed temporal boundaries, regardless of manipulation of the timeline prior to the creation of the sheetshard by other time travellers that would nullify its existence.

Since one piece of sheetshard exists in multiple multiverses, manipulating a piece of sheetshard in one multiverse causes a corresponding change along the sheetshard's entire length, greater in nearby multiverses. Because of the reverse causality of sheetshard, this means that whenever sheetshard is the full timeline of every multiverse that the sheetshard is present in is modified to ensure that the sheetshard exists in the same configuration at the same time and place in every multiverse. Pan-gigaversal civilisations often form around naturally occurring pieces of sheetshard, originating at one point along the sheet and then manipulating it to ensure that they are required in every multiverse to encode information specific to the civilisation on the sheet.

Higher-order sheetshards, like spaceshard, fluneshard and above, also exist, with the same piece of \*shard having extent across higher levels of parallel -verses. The ultimate limit of this sequence is omnishard, of which only a single example could exist, threaded through the entire omniverse.
Planeverse

A **planeverse** is a universe whose space is 2-dimensional. All objects in a planeverse exist in only two spatial dimensions (and usually one or more temporal dimensions as well). Life might be possible in a planeverse, but not according to Earth's biological principles; an organism in a planeverse would have a digestive tract that cut it in half, most likely killing it or otherwise rendering it unable to live very well.

The most classic example of a planeverse is Edwin A. Abbott's *Flatland*, a book about a square in a two-dimensional world of polygons and lines who is visited by a three-dimensional sphere and taught about how higher dimensions work.

## References

1. ↑ Abbott, Edwin A. (1884). *Flatland: A Romance in Many Dimensions*.
Main sequence star

A **main sequence star** is a star that generates energy by fusing hydrogen into helium; low-mass stars use the proton-proton chain, while higher-mass stars use the CNO cycle. Main sequence stars are very stable; while they may become gradually larger and brighter over time, over shorter timescales the internal pressure from fusion counteracts the force of gravity. They form the primary diagonal stripe on an H-R diagram, visible from top left (bright and hot) to bottom right (dim and cool).

Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence, generally between a few million years for the most massive Class O stars and a few trillion years for the least massive Class M stars. After exhausting their hydrogen fuel, low-mass M dwarfs generally die off, while others evolve into subgiants and from there go to later stages of stellar evolution.

## Properties of main sequence stars

**Brown dwarf classes**: **Y** · **T** · **L** · **M**
**Wolf-Rayet and carbon star classes**: **S** · **C** · **W**
**Stellar remnant classes**: **D** · **N** · **Ω**

## References

* Cram, Lawrence E., and Leonard V. Kuhi. *FGK Stars and T Tauri Stars*. NASA, 1989.
* Heap, S. R., Lanz, T., and Hubeny, I., *Fundamental Properties of O-Type Stars*
* Mamajek, E., *A Modern Mean Dwarf Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence*. 2019
* Silaj, J., Jones, C. E., et al; *The Hα Profiles of Be Shell Stars*. 2014
Reality fluid

**Reality fluid** is the ontological material responsible for determining which archverses in the omniverse correspond to real cosmologies, as opposed to alternate archverse chains and possible but nonexistent eventualities. Reality fluid is conserved, though there are ways to "destroy" reality fluid by spreading it perfectly evenly over the remainder of the omniverse.

For immeasurable civilisations, reality fluid becomes among the most important resources to obtain and handle. Effectively, all of a civilisation's actions are related to reality fluid manipulation - even a planetary civilisation deciding to move into space is causing additional reality fluid to flow into worlds where they choose to go into space. At the immeasurable level, reality fluid is directly manipulated with specialised ontological machinery, diagonalising over the possible actions a civilisation could take.
Szilassi polyhedron

The **szilassi polyhedron** is a 3-dimensional polyhedron that exists as a tiling of the torus. The császár polyhedron, another tiling of the torus, is its dual.

## Structure and Sections

The szilassi polyhedron has fourteen vertices, with every face's edges connected to every other face. This property is shared with the tetrahedron.

### Subfacets

* 14 points (0D)
* 21 line segments (1D)
* 7 hexagons (2D)
* 1 szilassi polyhedron (3D)
Pseudogonal hosohedron

A **pseudogonal hosohedron** is a regular hyperbolic tiling constructed similarly to the apeirogonal hosohedron. It is composed of infinitely many digonal faces that share their vertices and its vertex figure is some pseudogon. Its vertices are ultraideal points, meaning that they do not exist in the plane nor are ideal points.

## See Also

{
2
,
0
}

{\displaystyle \{2,0\}}

{
2
,
1
}

{\displaystyle \{2,1\}}

{
2
,
2
}

{\displaystyle \{2,2\}}

{
2
,
3
}

{\displaystyle \{2,3\}}

{
2
,
4
}

{\displaystyle \{2,4\}}

{
2
,
5
}

{\displaystyle \{2,5\}}

{
2
,
6
}

{\displaystyle \{2,6\}}

{
2
,
7
}

{\displaystyle \{2,7\}}

{
2
,
8
}

{\displaystyle \{2,8\}}

{
2
,
∞
}

{\displaystyle \{2,\infty\}}

{
2
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{2,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
2
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{2,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
3
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{3,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
4
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{4, \frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
5
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{5,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
6
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{6,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
7
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{7,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
8
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{8,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{
∞
,

π
i

λ

}

{\displaystyle \{\infty,\frac{\pi i}{\lambda}\}}

{

π
i

λ
1

,

π
i

λ
2

}

{\displaystyle \{\frac{\pi i}{\lambda\_1},\frac{\pi i}{\lambda\_2}\}}
Pentacontatetrapeton

The **pentacontatetrapeton** or **122 polytope** is a uniform polypeton constructed from the E6 group. It is a Gosset polytope.

Its Bowers acronym is **mo**.

## Structure and Sections

### Subfacets

* 72 points
* 720 line segments
* 2160 triangles
* 2160 tetrahedra
* 432 pentachora
* 270 hexadecachora
* 54 demipenteracts
* 1 pentacontatetrapeton

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1\_22\_polytope
2. ↑ https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/mo.htm
Pentadekasphere

A **pentadekasphere** is a 15-dimensional surface produced by finding the set of all points that are an equal distance from another point in 16-dimensional space. Do to it being curved, it is often represented embedded in 16-dimensional space. A pentadekasphere is the shape of the exterior of an hexadekorb. It is the 15-dimensional hypersphere.
Schläfli symbol

A **Schläfli Symbol** is a notation to define regular polytopes and tilings. They appear in the form

{
a
,
b
,
c
,
⋯
}

{\displaystyle \{ a, b, c, \cdots \} }

.

The first *X-1* entries define a polytope, and the *X*th entry defines how many are around each *X-2*-dimensional subfacet.

For example,

{
3
,
4
}

{\displaystyle \{3, 4\}}

 defines a polytope where there are four triangles (schläfli symbol

{
3
}

{\displaystyle \{3\}}

) around each vertex; in this case, an octahedron. As another example,

{
3
,
3
,
4
}

{\displaystyle \{3, 3, 4\}}

 defines a polytope where there are four tetrahedra (schläfli symbol

{
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle \{3, 3\}}

) around each edge; in this case, a tetrarss.

Regular polygons of *X* sides have the schläfli symbol

{
X
}

{\displaystyle \{X\}}

.

An *X*-dimensional polytope will always have a schläfli symbol with *X-1* entries, though not all schläfli symbols with *X-1* entries define an *X*-dimensional polytope; this is because tilings in *X* dimensions have *X* entries in their schläfli symbols.

To find the dual of a regular polytope, simply reverse its schläfli symbol. For example, the dual of the tesseract (

{
4
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle \{4, 3, 3\}}

) is the tetrarss (

{
3
,
3
,
4
}

{\displaystyle \{3, 3, 4\}}

). This also means that polytopes with palindromic schläfli symbols, such as the tetrahedron, are self-dual.
Paradox Space

**Paradox space** is the space outside of the omniverse containing everything that doesn't exist, outside of reality. It is called paradox space because the most overt generator of nonexistence is paradoxes, things that contain contradictions that prohibits them from ever forming inside the normal omniverse. In Holomanga's cosmology this corresponds to areas of the cosmos that do not follow the rules of classical logic.

The outer boundary of paradox space is the surface in the Box at which the concept of unreality fails to be meaningful; paradox space can be thought of as the container of the strictly nonexistent part of the Box, as reality is the container of the strictly existent part.

### Paradoxical manipulation

With Paradox Manipulation, anything is possible, even irrational and impossible things. Paradox Manipulation is the power to overcome and distort any rule of reality, logic or common sense. It is the sub-power of Omnipotence in which everything impossible becomes possible, relying on contradictions, since there is no need for a why, only a want, the entity overcomes and ignores the laws of reality, logic, common sense, concepts, making them able to make anything happen or not happen. The application of this power can be quite irrational to the lower entities, never making any sense as to how the entity is following such things. Often, Entities of this power are absolutely immune to almost or all existing powers, as the power itself operates entirely outside of logic, reason and understanding. Logic is invalid for this power.

## Contents

* The omniverse (as an inner boundary), beyond realm, godverses, outside, monocosm (barrel) and beyond.
* Paradoxes
* Nonexistant things
* Omniverse salted by nonexistence to be unreal by the principle of explosion
Pentagonal torus

A **pentagonal torus** is a three-dimensional shape made from the Cartesian product of a pentagon and a circle. This means that it can be constructed from stretching a pentagon into a ring shape, in the same way that a torus is formed from the Cartesian product of two circles.

## Variants

###

{
5
}
×

S

1

{\displaystyle \{5\} \times \mathbb{S}^1}

 - Pentagonal torus

If the pentagon and the circle have a different edge length, then two variables are required to determine the hypervolumes - the edge length a of the pentagon, and the diameter d of the circle.

* edge length =

5
π
d

{\displaystyle 5 \pi d}
* surface area =

5
π
a
d

{\displaystyle 5 \pi a d}
* surcell volume =

5
4

1

2

5

π

a
2

d

{\displaystyle \frac{5}{4} \sqrt{ 1 + \frac{2}{ \sqrt{5} } } \pi a^2 d}
Pentinder

A **pentinder** is a six-dimensional rotatope produced by the product of a tesseract and a disc.

It can also be considered to be a prism with the base as a tessinder.

## Structure and Sections

The pentinder has two sets of sections; in one a tesseract expands to a penteract then shrinks, while the other is an unchanging tessinder.

### Subfacets

* 16 circles (1D)
* 16 discs (2D)
* 32 tubes (2D)
* 32 cylinders (3D)
* 24 square tori (3D)
* 24 cubinders (4D)
* 8 cubic tori (4D)
* 8 tessinders (5D)
* 1 tesseractic torus (5D)
* 1 pentinder (6D)
Pentagram prismatic heptacosicosachoron

A **pentagram prismatic heptacosicosachoron** is a uniform polychoron. It has 120 vertices, 1200 edges, 2520 faces, and 720 cells.

Its Bowers acronym is "**paphicki**" and George Olshevsky gives it the nickname the "**small prismosaurus**".

As an abstract polytope, it is isomorphic to the pentagon prismatic heptacosicosachoron (the "great prismosaurus"), which has pentagonal prismatic cells instead of pentagrammic prismatic cells.

## Structure and Sections

   The relationship between the circumradius and edge length of a small prismosaurus is

1
l

{\displaystyle 1l}

 for edge length

l

{\displaystyle l}

.

The vertex figure of a small prismosaurus is an excavated dodecahedron.

### Hypervolumes

* vertex count =

120

{\displaystyle 120}
* edge length =

1200
l

{\displaystyle 1200l}

### Subfacets

* 120 points (0D)
* 1200 line segments (1D)
* 1800 squares (2D)
* 720 pentagrams (2D)
* 720 pentagrammic prisms (3D)
* 1 pentagram prismatic heptacosicosachoron (4D)

## References

1. ↑ http://www.polytope.net/hedrondude/sishi.htm
2. ↑ https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/paphacki.htm
Rapidity

Rapidity is a dimensionless quantity in special relativity defined as a function of the velocity. At low speeds, it is proportional to velocity, but at high speeds, rapidities still add, as opposed to velocity which requires a Lorentz transform to calculate. It is defined such that

tanh
⁡
# ρ

v
c

{\displaystyle \tanh \rho = \frac{v}{c}}

.

## Lorentz transform

Using rapidities, a Lorentz boost to a velocity

v

{\displaystyle v}

 has the simple form

[

c

t
′

x
′

]

=

[

cosh
⁡

ρ

−
sinh
⁡

ρ

−
sinh
⁡

ρ

cosh
⁡

ρ

]

[

c
t

x

]

{\displaystyle \begin{bmatrix} ct' \\ x' \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}
 \cosh{\rho} & -\sinh{\rho} \\
 -\sinh{\rho} & \cosh{\rho} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} ct \\ x \end{bmatrix}}

. This form makes it clear that a Lorentz transform is a hyperbolic rotation of spacetime coordinates in the xt plane, with the rapidity representing the hyperbolic angle of rotation.

By performing two successive Lorentz transforms, it is possible to show that

ρ
1

⊕

ρ
2

=

ρ
1

ρ
2

{\displaystyle \rho\_1 \oplus \rho\_2 = \rho\_1 + \rho\_2}

, so the relativistic addition formula for rapidities is simply their sum.

## Related parameters

Since

tanh
⁡
# ρ
β

{\displaystyle \tanh \rho = \beta}

, the Lorentz factor is

cosh
⁡
# ρ
γ

{\displaystyle \cosh \rho = \gamma}

 and the product of these is

sinh
⁡
# ρ
β
γ

{\displaystyle \sinh \rho = \beta \gamma}

.

## Classical limit

In the classical limit,

tanh
⁡
# ρ
ρ

{\displaystyle \tanh \rho = \rho}

 so

# ρ

v
c

{\displaystyle \rho = \frac{v}{c}}

. This means that, down to a constant, rapidity behaves like velocity in the classical regime.
Tetradecagon

A **tetradecagon** is a 2-dimensional polygon with fourteen edges. The Bowers acronym for an tetradecagon is **ted**.

## Structure and Sections

### Hypervolumes

* vertex count =

14

{\displaystyle 14}
* edge length =

14
l

{\displaystyle 14 l}
* surface area =

7
2

cot
⁡

(

π
14

)

l

2

{\displaystyle \frac{7}{2}\cot\left( \frac{\pi}{14} \right) {l}^{2}}

### Subfacets

* 14 points (0D)
* 14 line segments (1D)
* 1 tetradecagon (2D)

## See Also

t
0

{
14
}

{\displaystyle t\_0 \{14\}}

t
1

{
14
}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{14\}}

t

0
,
1

{
14
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1} \{14\}}

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetradecagon
2. ↑ http://www.polytope.net/hedrondude/polygons.htm
Polyhedron

A **polyhedron** is a 3-dimensional shape made of points, line segments, flat faces, and a single cell. A polyhedron is an example of the more general polytope, in three dimensions.

## Uniform Polyhedra

A uniform polyhedron is one where each vertex is surrounded by the same types of edges and faces, and each face is a regular polygon. The types of uniform polyhedra are:

* Platonic solids - Convex and regular
* Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra - Star and regular
* Archimedian solids - Other convex uniform polyhedra, excluding the prisms and antiprisms
* Prisms - Cartesian products of polygons and line segments
* Antiprisms
Pentagon prismatic heptacosicosachoron

A **pentagon prismatic heptacosicosachoron** is a uniform polychoron. It has 120 vertices, 1200 edges, 2520 faces, and 720 cells.

Its Bowers acronym is "**paphacki**" and George Olshevsky gives it the nickname the "**great prismosaurus**".

As an abstract polytope, it is isomorphic to the pentagram prismatic heptacosicosachoron (the "small prismosaurus"), which has pentagrammic prismatic cells instead of pentagonal prismatic cells.

## Structure and Sections

   The relationship between the circumradius and edge length of a great prismosaurus is

1
l

{\displaystyle 1l}

 for edge length

l

{\displaystyle l}

.

The vertex figure of a great prismosaurus is the dual of an echidnahedron.

### Hypervolumes

* vertex count =

120

{\displaystyle 120}
* edge length =

1200
l

{\displaystyle 1200l}

### Subfacets

* 120 points (0D)
* 1200 line segments (1D)
* 1800 squares (2D)
* 720 pentagons (2D)
* 720 pentagonal prisms (3D)
* 1 pentagon prismatic heptacosicosachoron (4D)

## References

1. ↑ http://www.polytope.net/hedrondude/sishi.htm
2. ↑ https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/paphacki.htm
Poincaré disk

A truncated order-7 triangular tiling displayed on the Poincaré disk model

The **Poincaré disk** is a two-dimensional space that follows the axioms of hyperbolic geometry, defined as the open unit disk with the Poincaré metric (

d

s
2

=

d

x
2

d

y
2

(
1
−

x
2

−

y
2

)
2

{\displaystyle ds^2 = \frac{dx^2 + dy^2}{(1 - x^2 - y^2)^2}}

). It is a very widely used model of hyperbolic geometry (as the **Poincaré disk model of hyperbolic geometry**) and can be considered to be a conformal mapping of a hyperbolic plane to the open unit disk.

Hyperbolic straight lines (the analogue of Euclidean lines in hyperbolic space) are mapped to circles partially inside the disk that intersect the boundary circle orthogonally and diameters, horocycles are mapped to circles that are inside the disk and are tangent to the boundary circle (the tangent point is the ideal point), and hypercycles are mapped to circles partially inside the disk that do not necessarily intersect the boundary circle orthogonally and chords.

The three dimensional analogue of the Poincaré disk is called the **Poincaré ball**. More generally, the n-dimensional analogue of the Poincaré disk is the **Poincaré n-ball** and (the general object is called the **Poincaré hyperball**).
Pluto

**Pluto** was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in February 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun. From 1992, its status as a planet was questioned following the discoveries of several objects of similar sizes in the Kuiper belt.

In January 2005, Eris, a dwarf planet in the Scattered Disc which is 27% more massive than Pluto, was discovered. This led the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term "planet" formally in August 2006, during their 26th General Assembly. That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet.

Pluto is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System, and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun. It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small—about one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume. It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune, but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding. Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.5 AU).

## Moons

Pluto has five known moons: Charon (the largest, with a diameter just over half that of Pluto), Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body.
The Barrelplex

**The Barrelplex** is the name for the Altarca containing this wiki's cosmological elements not otherwise specified to belong to any other Altarca, such as Essence-Omnion. It describes our local Altarca, in which our universe is located.

It contains an infinite number of Soupcount Archverses, including Secodes, Transcendentem Continuums, Transcendentems, Beyond Bubbles, and the Monocosms inside those, including The Barrel (the "default" Monocosm).
Picotechnology

**Picotechnology** is technology that operates on the scale of picometres, around 10-12 m. This is smaller than the typical size of an atom (10-10 m), which means that use of picotechnology requires the ability to manipulate the interior of an atom; one example of picotechnology is manipulating the energy states of electrons to create a metastable state, or the creation of exotic atoms.

A device capable of performing general manipulation on the picoscale is called a picofabricator. A picofabricator would be able to create new atoms with any desired structure or chemical properties.

A further development of picotechnology is femtotechnology, which operates on the scale of femtometers (10-15 m) - within the atomic nucleus itself.
Singularitarian growth regime

The **singularitarian growth regime** begins when a civilization solves the barriers that allow for easy intelligence amplification, such as through the development of a universal nanofabricator. A simple example is a computational civilisation that uses its accelerated thought to develop a faster substrate, and then uses that accelerated thought to develop an even faster substrate, and so on.

Growth rates during the singularitarian regime are hyperbolic, rather than exponential – growth tends to infinity in finite time, with a larger singularitarian economy being easier to expand, rather than harder. In practice, due to resource constraints, this growth eventually hits a limit, given by the physics of the substrate that the singularitarian economy is occurring on; the matter left behind is called computronium, econotronium, or utilitronium. This regime ends very quickly; a civilisation can pass through it entirely in a few hours.
Resistance

Resistance is a physical quantity measuring the difficulty of passing an electric current through a component. It has dimensions of [current]-2[mass][length]2[time]-3.

The idealised circuit element possessing only resistance is called the resistor. Resistance is related to the voltage and current across a resistor by Ohm's law,

# R

V
I

{\displaystyle R = \frac{V}{I}}

.

## Complex Impedance

In an AC circuit, a physical quantity called impedance can be used. This is a complex number, with a real part and an imaginary part. The magnitude of impedance is the amplitude of the voltage across a component, and the argument of impedance is the phase shift in voltage.

For an AC circuit with voltage oscillating with frequency

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

, the impedance of a resistor with resitance

R

{\displaystyle R}

 is

R

{\displaystyle R}

, the impedance of an inductor with inductance

L

{\displaystyle L}

 is

i
ω
L

{\displaystyle i \omega L}

, and the impedance of a capacitor with elastance

1
C

{\displaystyle \frac{1}{C}}

 is

−

i

ω
C

{\displaystyle - \frac{i}{\omega C}}

.

## Resistances

The following are the resistances of some resistors

 3.0×102 Ω
 9.9×1010 Ω
Sphere

A **sphere** is a 2-dimensional surface produced by finding the set of all points that are an equal distance from another point in 3-dimensional space. A unit sphere is a sphere that ensures all points on the sphere are distance one from the center. Because it is curved, it is often represented embedded in 3-dimensional space. A sphere is the shape of the exterior of a ball. It is the 2-dimensional hypersphere. Spherical geometry does not follow all of Euclid's axioms.

The sphere of radius *r* and center *c* is the set of all points that are at the same distance *r* from point *c* in 3-dimensional Euclidean space:

# S

{

x
∈

R

3

d
(
x
,
c
# )
r

}

{\displaystyle S=\left\{x\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}|d(x,c)=r\right\}}

where

d
(
x
,
c
)

{\displaystyle d(x,c)}

 is euclidean metric for three-dimensional space:

d
(
x
,
c

# i
1

3

(

x

i

−

c

i

)

2

{\displaystyle d(x,c)={\sqrt {\sum \_{i=1}^{3}(x\_{i}-c\_{i})^{2}}}}

.

The volume *V* inside a sphere of radius *r* can be calculated using expression:

# V

4
3

π

r

3

{\displaystyle V=\frac{4}{3}\pi r^{3}}

.

The surface area of a sphere is:

# S
4
π

r
2

{\displaystyle S = 4 \pi r^2 }

.

## Generalizations

Generalization of sphere for euclidean spaces of arbitrary dimension is hypersphere (n-sphere).

Speaking even more generally, for a metric space (*M*,*d*), where *M* is a set and *d* is a metric (distance function), the sphere *S* of radius *r* and center *c* is the set:

# S
{
x
∈
M

d
(
x
,
c
# )
r
}

{\displaystyle S=\{x\in M|d(x,c)=r\}}

.

## See Also

S

2

{\displaystyle \mathbb S^{2}}

T

2

{\displaystyle \mathbb{T}^2}

2

T

2

{\displaystyle 2\mathbb{T}^2}

3

T

2

{\displaystyle 3\mathbb{T}^2}

4

T

2

{\displaystyle 4\mathbb{T}^2}

S

2

{\displaystyle \mathbb S^{2}}

R
P

2

{\displaystyle \mathbb{RP}^2}

2

R
P

2

{\displaystyle 2\mathbb{RP}^2}

3

R
P

2

{\displaystyle 3\mathbb{RP}^2}
Square-octagonal duoprism

A **square-octagonal duoprism** is the shape created from the Cartesian product of a square and an octagon.

Its Bowers acronym is **sodip**.

## See Also

t

0
,
2

{
4
,
2
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{4,2,3\}}

t

0
,
2

{
4
,
2
,
4
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{4,2,4\}}

t

0
,
2

{
4
,
2
,
5
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{4,2,5\}}

t

0
,
2

{
4
,
2
,
6
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{4,2,6\}}

t

0
,
2

{
4
,
2
,
7
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0, 2} \{4, 2, 7\}}

t

0
,
2

{
4
,
2
,
8
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{4,2,8\}}

Template:Variant Nav t02 X 2 8
Rectified hecatonicosachoron

The **rectified hecatonicosachoron**, the **rectified 120-cell**, or, in Bowers' naming system, the **rahi**, is a uniform polychoron created by rectifying a hecatonicosachoron. It is composed of 600 tetrahedral cells plus 120 icosidodecahedral cells, and its Schläfli symbol is

t
1

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{5,3,3\}}

.

## Structure

Three icosidodecahedra and two tetrahedra meet at each vertex. The tetrahedra exclusively meet at vertices and never along their edges.

## See Also

t
0

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_0 \{5,3,3\}}

t
1

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{5,3,3\}}

t
2

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_2 \{5,3,3\}}

t
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_3 \{5,3,3\}}

t

0
,
1

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1} \{5,3,3\}}

t

1
,
2

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{1,2} \{5,3,3\}}

t

2
,
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{2,3} \{5,3,3\}}

t

0
,
2

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2} \{5,3,3\}}

t

1
,
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{1,3} \{5,3,3\}}

t

0
,
1
,
2

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1,2} \{5,3,3\}}

t

1
,
2
,
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{1,2,3} \{5,3,3\}}

t

0
,
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,3} \{5,3,3\}}

t

0
,
2
,
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,2,3} \{5,3,3\}}

t

0
,
1
,
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1,3} \{5,3,3\}}

t

0
,
1
,
2
,
3

{
5
,
3
,
3
}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1,2,3} \{5,3,3\}}
Pentagram

The **pentagram** is a star polygon with five edges, with every second vertex missed by the edges going around it. The Bowers acronym for the pentagram is **star**. It is topologically the same as a pentagon.

## Structure and Sections

### Hypervolumes

* vertex count =

5

{\displaystyle 5}

* edge length =

5
l

{\displaystyle 5l}

* surface area =

1
4

25
−
10

5

l
2

{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{25 - 10\sqrt{5}} l^2}

### Subfaces

* 1 null polytope (-1D)
* 5 points (0D)
* 5 line segments (1D)
* 1 **pentagram** (2D)

## See Also

t
0

{

5
2

}

{\displaystyle t\_0 \{\frac{5}{2} \}}

t
1

{

5
2

}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{\frac{5}{2} \}}

t

0
,
1

{

5
2

}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1} \{\frac{5}{2} \}}

t
0

{

5
3

}

{\displaystyle t\_0 \{\frac{5}{3} \}}

t
1

{

5
3

}

{\displaystyle t\_1 \{\frac{5}{3} \}}

t

0
,
1

{

5
3

}

{\displaystyle t\_{0,1} \{\frac{5}{3} \}}
Rogue planet

Artist's conception of a Jupiter-sized rogue planet

**Rogue planets** (alternatively, **interstellar planets**) are planemos that do not orbit a star, but have not formed in the same way stars usually form. They are former planets that have been ejected from the solar systems from which they formed. Like planets, rogue planets do not undergo hydrogen fusion and can have natural satellites. Rogue planets may orbit a galactic center or be extragalactic.

While they can often be indistinguishable, distinction between similarly-massed rogue planets and free-floating sub-brown dwarfs lies in their formation; sub-brown dwarfs form in ways stars usually form in and rogue planets form in ways planets usually form in.
Planck particle

A Planck particle is most commonly defined as a small black hole whose Compton wavelength is equal to its Schwarzchild radius. The Compton wavelength of a particle is equal to the wavelength of a photon whose energy is the same as the mass of that particle, and the Schwarzchild radius of a body is the radius of the event horizon of a black hole with the mass of said body. The former is defined as

h

m
c

{\displaystyle \frac {h}{mc}}

 and the latter is defined as

2
G
m

c
2

{\displaystyle \frac {2Gm}{c^2}}

, where

m

{\displaystyle m}

 is the mass of an object,

h

{\displaystyle h}

 is the Planck constant,

G

{\displaystyle G}

 is the gravitational constant, and

c

{\displaystyle c}

 is the speed of light. The mass of a Planck particle

λ

{\displaystyle \lambda}

 can now be defined as

# λ

h

m
c

=

2
G
m

c
2

{\displaystyle \lambda = \frac {h}{mc} = \frac {2Gm}{c^2}}

. Working backwards can show that the mass of a Planck particle will be

π

{\displaystyle \sqrt{\pi}}

 times the Planck mass, or about 38.6 micrograms and the radius of the Planck particle will be 5.72947×10-35 metres, a little over 3 Planck lengths. The lifetime of a Planck particle is about 4.826512×10−39 seconds, as it will evaporate due to Hawking radiation.
Rectangle

4 rectangles of different sizes, the one of the bottom left corner is a square.

A **rectangle** is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides and four equal angles (right angles (π∕2 rad) in Euclidean geometry (it can be less in hyperbolic geometry and can be more in spherical). It is a generalized example of a square because a rectangle all of the edges of a rectangle do not have to be equal in length. Another example of a generalized square is the rhombus, the rectangle's dual, because all of its angles do not have to be equal. A rectangle who has pairs of edges with *different* lengths is sometimes known as an **oblong**. Rectangles are parallelograms with four equal angles, parallelograms being quadrilaterals with two pairs of parallel sides that don't need right angles.

Rectangles are the cartesian product of two line segments, which don't need to be of equal length.
Saturn

Universe → Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex → Laniakea Supercluster → Virgo Supercluster → Local Group → Milky Way Galaxy → Orion-Cygnus Arm → Gould Belt → Local Bubble → Local Interstellar Cloud → Solar System → **Saturn**

## Saturn

Saturn with rings. The A ring (outermost visible), B ring (middle visible, noticeably wider and brighter than other rings), and C ring (innermost visible, noticeably darker in colour) are clearly visible.

## Atmosphere

### Composition

96.3%±2.4% hydrogen3.25%±2.4% helium

0.45%±0.2% methane

0.0125%±0.0075% ammonia

0.0110%±0.0058% hydrogen deuteride

0.0007%±0.00015% ethane

### Pressure

140 kPa

**Saturn** is the sixth planet from the Sun. It is a gas giant and the second largest, second most massive planet, and least dense planet in the Solar System (being less dense than water) and is well-known for its large and prominent ring system.

Saturn has 83 known moons.

## Properties

### Ring system

Saturn is well-known for its a prominent ring system. While the four giant planets in our Solar System possess rings, Saturn has the brightest and most extensive rings. While the system consisting of the main rings extends from 6,630 to 120,700 kilometres outward from Saturn's equator, the rings are on average only 20 meters thick.

Saturn has seven main rings, lettered from A to G. The most massive and brightest of the main rings is the B ring, the innermost of the main rings is the D ring, the widest and outermost of the main rings is the E ring, and the thinnest and most active of the main rings is the F ring.

The widest and most distant of Saturn's rings known is the tenuous and virtually invisible Phoebe ring that extends from 4,000,000 to over 13,000,000 kilometres from Saturn's center.

## Gallery

Photograph of Saturn with all seven main rings visible (from inner to outermost: D, C, B, A, F, G, E). The Earth and Moon are visible between the G and E rings to the lower right of Saturn.
Pentacomtelon

A **pentacomtelon** is a complex 1-dimensional polytope of 5 points on a complex line. These points have no natural ordering, so no interior can be defined. They can be represented as a pentagon embedded in the complex line.

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex\_polytope#Regular\_complex\_one-dimensional\_polytopes

## See Also

{
}

{\displaystyle \{\}}

3

{
}

{\displaystyle \_3\{\}}

4

{
}

{\displaystyle \_4\{\}}

5

{
}

{\displaystyle \_5\{\}}

6

{
}

{\displaystyle \_6\{\}}
Point

A **point** is a position, with a size equal to 0. This does not mean an entire region however. It is defined by Euclid as "that which has no part", which is an apt description - a point has no height, width, depth, or any other measure in any other dimension.

Furthermore, a point can also be thought of as a 'dimensionless' coordinate, meaning a coordinate without a definite numerical or algebraic value.

It is also the only zero dimensional shape, and any zero-dimensional space consists of a single point and nothing else. This means that it can be considered as a zero-dimensional space of infinite extent, in analogue with the plane.

A line can be thought of as consisting of an uncountably infinite amount of points placed directly adjacent to each other in the same direction.

Likewise, a plane can be thought of as consisting of an infinite amount of parallel lines that are infinitely close.

The point represents the idea of unity in many religions and ethnic groups.

## Structure and Sections

### Hypervolumes

* vertex count =

1

{\displaystyle 1}

### Subfacets

* 1 null polytope (-1D)
* 1 point (0D)

## Notations

* Toratopic notation:

.

{\displaystyle .}
* Tapertopic notation: 0

## Related shapes

* Dual: Self-dual
* Vertex figure: Null polytope
Preon star

A **preon star** is a hypothetical compact star stated to be composed of free-floating preons, hypothetical particles stated to compose elementary fermions. As the existence of preons contradicts the Standard Model of particle physics, the chance of preon stars existing in the Universe is extremely slim to none.

The maximum radius of preon stars is predicted to be roughly one meter.