recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Ilokelesia

*Ilokelesia aguadagrandensis*

***Ilokelesia*** is a genus of abelisaurid found in 1991, preserved in the layers of the earliest Late Cretaceous of the Río Limay Formation, Neuquén Group, located near Plaza Huincul, Neuquén Province, Argentina.

The specimen, consisting of very fragmentary elements of the skull and the axial and appendicular skeleton, was described by Coria et al. in late 1998.

## Description

The genera name's etymology is derived from the Mapuche language, *ilo* meaning "flesh" and *kelesio*, "lizard"; while the specific descriptor reflects the name of the locality where the fossil was found, Aguada Grande.

*Ilokelesia*, a medium-sized theropod measuring 5.3 metres in length, is characterized by features of the skull, namely of the quadrate and postorbital bones. The vertebral series also has distinctive characters setting it apart from other abelisaurs, such as reduced processes on the cervical vertebrae and dorsal vertebrae lacking pleurocoels.

I. aguadagrandensis was considered the most basal abelisaur described at the time, sharing characters, such as an expansion of the postorbital bone above the orbit and a flange of the same bone inside the orbit, with Abelisauridae and Noasauridae; but it was considered to retain primitive features for Abelisauria, such as an opening in the quadrate bone and a T-shaped postorbital. A subsequent analysis has placed it within Abelisauridae, as a brachyrostran carnotaurine.

## References

* https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1759313
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233682785\_A\_new\_abelisauroid\_theropod\_from\_northwestern\_Patagonia
* https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/e06-025
* http://www.arca.museus.ul.pt/ArcaSite/obj/gaia/MNHNL-0000773-MG-DOC-web.PDF
* https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2016.09.001
* https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/52024/CONICET\_Digital\_Nro.bb3aab98-664b-4ce7-9a06-8bfce03c8ae1\_A.pdf;jsessionid=F90D5A68AB105DF16D554AF53C9DD296?sequence=2
Labocania

*Labocania anomala*

**Labocania** is a genus of carnivorous theropod, possibly tyrannosauroid , dinosaur from Baja California, Mexico, which lived 73 million years ago, in the Campanian stage of the late Cretaceous Period.

## Discovery

In the summer of 1970, the National Geographic Society & the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History organised a joint paleontological expedition, led by geologist William J. Morris, to the Arroyo del Rosario in Baja California. While prospecting, volunteer Harley James Garbani discovered the skeleton of a theropod north of Punta Baja near Cerro Rayado. Garbani excavated the site in 1970 and 1971.
The type species, **Labocania anomala**, was described and named by Ralph Molnar in 1974. The generic name references the La Bocana Roja Formation, named after la Bocana Roja, "the red estuary". The specific name means "anomalous" in Latin, in reference to the distinctive build.

The holotype, LACM 20877, was found in a layer of the La Bocana Roja Formation, dating from the late Campanian, about 73 million years old. It consists of a very fragmentary skeleton with skull elements, including a right quadrate, a left frontal, a piece of the left maxilla, a fragment of the dentarium, a chevron, the upper parts of both ischia, the middle shaft of the right pubis, most of the second right metatarsal, a pedal phalanx and several loose teeth. The elements were not articulated, dispersed over a surface of about two square metres, and strongly weathered. The remains were mixed with the ribs of Hadrosauroidea.

## Description

Though its exact size is hard to establish, Labocania was probably a medium-sized carnivore, about 6 meters (20 ft) long. Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at seven metres, its weight at 1.5 tonnes in 2010. The cranial elements are very robust, and the frontals in particular are strongly thickened. The teeth of the maxilla are gradually recurving and rather flat; those of the premaxilla do not have a D-shaped cross-section.

## Classification

Because Labocania is based on fragmentary material, its affinities are uncertain. Molnar noted certain similarities between Labocania and tyrannosaurids, especially in the form of the ischium which features a low triangular obturator process and a circular lateral scar on the upper end, but he did not assign Labocania to any family, placing it as Theropoda incertae sedis. Molnar especially compared Labocania with Indosaurus and "Chilantaisaurus" maortuensis, later made the separate genus Shaochilong. Labocania was considered as a possible tyrannosauroid in the 2004 review of the group by Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., who, however, pointed out that the similarities with the Tyrannosauridae were shared with the Coelurosauria in general — no tyrannosauroid synapomorphies were present — and that Labocania also showed some abelisaurid traits such as the thick frontals and a reclining quadrate. On the other hand, the L-shaped chevron and the flattened outer side of the second metatarsal indicated a position in the Tetanurae.
Fukuisaurus

*Fukuisaurus lambert*

***Fukuisaurus tetoriensis*** (meaning "Fukui lizard") is a genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was an ornithopod which lived in what is now Japan. It was one of the most basal hadrosaurs, being even more primitive than Altirhinus. It was discovered in 2003.

## Discovery and naming

Remains of *Fukuisaurus* were discovered in 1989, in Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, in rocks from the Kitadani Formation, dating to the Barremian. The type species, *Fukuisaurus tetoriensis*, was described in 2003 by Yoshitsugu Kobayashi and Yoichi Azuma. The genus name refers to Fukui; the specific name to the geological Tetori Group. The type specimens or cotypes are FPDM-V-40-1, a right maxilla, and FPDM-V-40-2, a right jugal. Further elements of a skull and a right sternal plate had been recovered. Since 2003 much more extensive finds have been made and much of the skeleton is now known.

## Description

*Fukuisaurus* was a relatively small ornithopod. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 4.5 meters and its weight at 400 kg. Being a bipedal, optionally quadrupedal, animal, it was similar in general build to *Iguanodon*, *Ouranosaurus* and *Altirhinus*. According to the describers *Fukuisaurus* was exceptional in that its skull was not kinetic: the tooth-bearing maxilla would be so strongly fused to the vomer that a sideways chewing motion would have been impossible.

## Classification

*Fukuisaurus* was assigned by its describers to Iguanodontia, although the presence of a posterolateral process of the sternum indicated that it likely also belongs to Styracosterna. Their cladistic analysis showed that *Fukuisaurus* was more derived than *Iguanodon* and *Ouranosaurus*, but less derived than *Altirhinus*. Ramírez-Velasco et al. (2012) found *Fukuisaurus* to be a basal member of Hadrosauroidea, while Bertozzo et al. (2017) recovered it as a non-hadrosauroid styracostern.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Fukuisaurus is one of the few dinosaurs discovered in Japan. This island nation was once connected to the huge Asian continent. However, there are not many sites in Japan where the layers of exposed rock are of the right age to contain fossils, and those that are the right age don't seem to have many fossils. This small plant-eater seems to be related to the Iguanodon.

Known from fragmentary cranial and post-cranial remains, this dinosaur has not yet been adequately described. At present its name is not an accepted genus in the paleontological community.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* *Fukuisaurus* appears in *Jurassic World: Alive* as a rare.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20030813041534/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_fukui.html
Compsosuchus

*Compsosuchus solus*

***Compsosuchus*** (meaning "pretty crocodile") is an extinct genus of abelisaurian dinosaur. It lived during the Late Cretaceous. It lived in India. Known only from a neck vertebrae, the species is often considered a normen dubium.

## Discovery and naming

*Compsosuchus* was described in 1933 by von Huene and Matley. The type species is *C. solus*. The genus is often considered a *nomen dubium*.

## Description

The type, and only specimen of *C. solus*, a few neck bones, was discovered in the Lameta Formation. It is based on an axis with an articulated axial intersection. There is one problem, the specimen appears to be lost. This axis resembles that of *Allosaurus* in the position of the upper pleurocoel, in having a cylindrical axial intersection (rather than tapered) in ventral view, an axial intersection less than twice the length of the axial intersection, and a broad neural canal. These apomorphies are shared with *Allosaurus* and might mean that *Compsosuchus* is not an Abelisaur but an Allosaur.

The holotype has morphology very similar to *Masiakasaurus* and is about twice as large. Like it, the pneumatic foramen are large, rounded and adjacent to the parapophysis. However, it differs through the atlantal intercentrum, which is slightly more upturned and (proportionally) less projected odontoid. Carrano et al. (2011) find that the Indian theropod fauna it is a part of seems to be taxonomically oversaturated.

## Classification

Though often considered an abelisaurid, *Compsosuchus* is often thought to have been an abelisaurid dinosaur closely related to *Carnotaurus* and *Indosaurus*. However, *Compsosuchus* is now considered a nomen dubium in Noasauridae

## JPInstitute.com Description

Compsosuchus was a small meat-eating dinosaur that lived in India. Since only a few of its neck bones have been uncovered, not much is known about it. The bones seem to indicate that it was a member of the dinosaur family that includes Allosaurus, but most scientists believe that the allosaur family had gone extinct by the time that Compsosuchuslived.

It is interesting to note that, if in fact Compsosuchus was an allosaur, its small size may indicate that this type of dinosaur had to find a different environmental niche in order to survive.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20030803072946/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_comps2.html
Azendohsaurus

***Azendohsaurus*** (in Greek "reptile of Azendoh") is an extinct genus of herbivorous archosauromorph reptile, which lived at the end of the Triassic period, approximately 223 million years ago, in the Carnian, in Africa. Remains of the type species, A. laaaroussi, were found in the Argana Formation, in the Atlas Mountains, in Morocco. The earliest fossil bones consist of a partial jaw with teeth. Its generic name is due to the village of Azendoh, close to the place of discovery.

Azendohsaurus was previously considered to be a dinosaur, both as an ornithischian and as a prosauropod. Subsequent research (including new material from Madagascar) suggests that Azendohsaurus is in fact not a dinosaur, but a non-archosauriform archosauromorph that evolved independently in many craniodental features resembling those of herbivorous dinosaurs.

The type species, A. laaroussi, was described by J. M. Dutuit in 1972. The second species, A. madagaskarensis, was described in 2010. A. laaroussi is only known from teeth and jaws, both of which have advanced features of several groups of dinosaurs. leaf-like teeth with denticles. However, A. madagaskarensis is known from more complete skeletal material, some of which shows basal cracateristics typical of archosauromorphs.
Lukousaurus

‘’Lukousaurus yini

Lukousaurus is an archosauromorph based on most of a small skull's snout, displaying distinctive lachrymal horns, found in the Early Jurassic-age Lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan, China. and was described by Chung Chien Young in 1948. The generic name refers to the Lugou Bridge, lit. “crossroads”, near Beijing, where the Sino-Japanese War started. L. yini is tentatively classified as a theropod dinosaur by some allied to ceratosaurs, by others a coelurosaur. Its skull is rather robust for its size though the teeth were described by the author as typically theropodan. It may, however, be a crurotarsan.

## Description

L. yini is tentatively classified as a theropod dinosaur by some allied to ceratosaurs, by others a coelurosaur. Its skull is rather robust for its size though the teeth were described by the author as typically theropodan. It may, however, be a crurotarsan or a primitive crocodilian. Whatever Lukousaurus was, it was definitely an archosauromorph.

## History

The genus is described by Chung Chien Young in 1940. The generic name refers to the Lugou Bridge, lit. “crossroads”, near Beijing, where the Sino-Japanese War started. In either the late 1930s or in 1940, the front half of a fossilized skull, which became the holotype of Lukousaurus yini, was discovered in Dahungtien, China.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Lukousaurus was a small meat-eater that lived in China at the beginning of the age of dinosaurs.

Known from a partial skull discovered by the famous Chinese paleontologist C. C. Young, recent analysis has created some doubt as to whether this animal belongs in the dinosauria. Some scientists think it was an archosaur, which was a group of reptiles from which dinosaurs evolved during the Triassic Period.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20040214170312fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_lukou.html

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1940.mp203-4003.x
2. ↑ http://theropoddatabase.blogspot.com/2011/05/lukousaurus-in-nesbitts-matrix.html
3. ↑ https://sjg.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s00015-012-0094-4
4. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257316066\_CT\_scanning\_rapid\_prototyping\_and\_re-examination\_of\_a\_partial\_skull\_of\_a\_basal\_crocodylomorph\_from\_the\_Late\_Triassic\_of\_Germany
Estemmenosuchus

**Estemmenosuchus** is a dinocephalian Therapsid from the middle Permian (around 267 million years ago) of what is now Russia. Roughly 3–4.5 meters (10-15 ft) in length and weighing up to a tonne, it was most likely a herbivore.

Like other herbivorous therapsids at the time, it sported a rotund build with stocky, sprawling legs and a short tail. Its hallmark physical attribute, however, are a series of ornamental, crown-like bony projections on its robust skull, which gave it its genus name (meaning "crowned crocodile" in Greek). Most scientists believe that they were used in courtship displays and for fending off rivals among males, and ample evidence of sexual dimorphism in the genus is present in the fossil record. Its dentition consisted of enlarged canine teeth and smaller molars.

There are two known species of this animal: the larger (and type) species, *E. uralensis*, which has bony projections only from its cheekbones, and the more familiar *E. mirabilis*, which also possesses projections on the top of the skull, which vaguely resemble antlers.

## Description

   *Estemmenosuchus* was a large, clumsy-looking animal, the size of an adult bull, with a sprawling posture. The skull is high and massive, and possesses several sets of large horns, looking a little like the antlers of a moose, growing upwards and outwards from the sides and top of the head.

The skull superficially resembles that of *Styracocephalus*, but the "horns" are formed from different bones; in *Estemmenosuchus* the horns are located on the frontals and directed upwards, whereas in Styracocephalus the horns are formed by the tabular and extend to the rear.

Two species of *Estemmenosuchus* are known; they differ in size, shape of the skull, and shape of the horns.

## Appearance in other media

### Jurassic Park Franchise

*Estemmenosuchus* appeared in two Jurassic Park toy lines: Jurassic Park Series 2 as a prototype and The Lost World Series 1 in a set with *Scutosaurus*.
Bistahieversor

*Bistahieversor sealeyi*

**Bistahieversor** is a Tyrannosaurid from late Cretaceous New Mexico. It is estimated at 24 to 28 feet and weighed 1 or 2 tons. Its skull is shaped differently from other tyrannosaurids like Tyrannosaurs, Albertosaurus, and Daspletosaurus. *Bistahieversor* existed in the Late Cretaceous Hunter Wash member of the Kirtland Formation, which has been dated to 74.55 ± 0.29 Ma.

## History of discovery

The first remains now attributed to Bistahieversor, a partial skull and skeleton, were described in 1990 as a specimen of Aublysodon. Additional remains, consisting of the incomplete skull and skeleton of a juvenile, were described in 1992. Another, complete, skull and partial skeleton were found in the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness of New Mexico in 1998. In a 2000 paper, Thomas Carr and Thomas Williamson re-examined these four specimens and suggested that they did not belong to *Aublysodon*, but rather to one or more new species of *Daspletosaurus*. However, it was not until 2010 that Carr and Williamson published a thorough re-description of the specimens and found that they belonged to a new genus and species of more generalized tyrannosauroid, which they named *Bistahieversor sealeyi*. The name *Bistahieversor* comes from the Navajo Bistahí, or "place of the adobe formations" in reference to the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness where it was found, and eversor, meaning "destroyer."

## Description

Material from both adolescent and adult individuals has been found in the Kirtland Formation of New Mexico, United States. Adult Bistahieversor are estimated to have been around 9 meters (30 ft) long, weighing at least a ton. The snout is deep, indicating that the feature is not unique to more derived tyrannosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus. Geographical barriers such as the newly forming Rocky Mountains may have isolated the more southerly Bistahieversor from more derived northern tyrannosaurs.

*Bistahieversor* differs from other tyrannosaurs in the possession of 64 teeth, an extra opening above the eye, and a keel along the lower jaw. The opening above the eye is thought to have accommodated an air sac that would have lightened the skull's weight. *Bistahieversor* also had a complex joint at its "forehead" that would have stabilized the skull, preventing movement at the joint.

## Classification

Bistahieversor is a genus of derived dinosaur currently classified in the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae. It is more derived than Teratophoneus but less derived than Lythronax. It forms the sister taxon of a group including Lythronax, Nanuqsaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Tarbosaurus, and Zhuchengtyrannus.

## Paleobiology

A 2020 study on the endocranial morphology of Bistahieversor found it resembled tyrannosaurids in several aspects and would likely have behaved similarly.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* Bistahieversor appeared in the Jurassic World toys.
Anatotitan

*Anatotitan copei*

* Timothy Bradley Artwork
* Robert F Walters Artwork

Anatotitan is also known as Edmontosaurus annectens is a species of Edmontosaurus.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Anatotitan is a lesser-known member of the duck-billed dinosaur family that lived in the last part of the age of dinosaurs. It was a typical member of this plant-eating family, with a large, broad duck-shaped bill that contained hundreds of teeth.

The type specimen was discovered in 1876 and named after famed collector Edward Drinker Cope, who organized many dinosaur-hunting expeditions in the late 19th century. One other member of the genus is known - A. longiceps, and both are mounted in the American Museum of Natural History. Like other hadrosaurs, Anatotitan was most likely a herd-dwelling animal.

## Dinosaur Field Guide Description

Anatotitan (duck titan"') was the largest non-crested duckbill in North America. Its name refers to its duck-like beak. Anatotitan is part of the Hadrosauridae, or duckbill family of dinosaurs, who are known for their amazing teeth-~-or as paleontologists
call it, their "dental battery" On each side of Anatotitan's jaw are three rows of sixty or more perfectly interlocking teeth-\_-that's 720 per mouth, compared to thirty-two in an adult human! Not only did Anatotitan have a lot of teeth, but when one fell out, another from inside its jaw would take its place! Teeth like these are called " evergrowing. Anatotitan ate plants and had to be on constant alert for predators such as Tyrannosaurus and Dromaeosaurus. Anatotitan could not outrun any of the meat-eaters and had to rely on out-maneuvering them--like a crafty football player-\_or traveling in large herds, where there was safety in numbers.

### Fun Facts

Anatotitan was finst found in 1904, and renamed in 1990. There are fewer than 10 known Anatotitan skeletons -far less than the hundreds of skeletons known for its closest relative, Edmontosaurus.

### Trivia

This is the "typical duckbill" made famous by the paintings of the "Father of Palepart Charles R Knight.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20040805160445fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_anato.html#
Algoasaurus

*Algoasaurus bauri*

Algoasaurus bauri ("Algoa Sea Reptile") is the only known species of the dubious extinct genus Algoasaurus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs that lived in the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous period between the Tithonian and Berriasian, between approximately 150 and 145 million years ago. years in what is today Africa. Its fossils have been found in South Africa, more precisely in the Kirkwood Formation. It was a neosauropod, and although it has frequently been assigned to the Titanosauridae, there is no evidence of this, and recent revisions have considered it an indeterminate sauropod.

The type species, A. bauri was named by paleontologist Robert Broom in 1904, from a dorsal vertebra, femur, and ungual phalanx. The fossils were recovered in 1903 by quarry workers who did not recognize them as such and many were turned into bricks and thus destroyed. The animal may have been around 9 meters in length in life.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Algoasaurus was a small African member of the long-necked sauropod family. Discovered in a rock quarry in 1903, the workman didn't realize the importance of the find and they destroyed the fossils and used most of them to make bricks! The few bones that were saved showed that this dinosaur might be related to Apatosaurus or maybe the huge Argentinosaurus.

Algoasaurus has never officially been described. Its location in South Africa suggests that it may be related to the titanosaurs, but bone similarities seem to place it closer to the diplodocids.

## Links

hhttp://web.archive.org/web/20031006001424/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_algoa.html#
https://web.archive.org/web/20080516102426/http://kids.yahoo.com/dinosaurs/302--Algoasaurus
Dracorex

*Dracorex hogswartia*

Robert F Walters Artwork

***Dracorex*** is a dubious extinct genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period. Its name means "dragon king", and its type species is *Dracorex hogswartia*, named after the *Harry Potter* franchise's Hogwarts Academy.

Much like *Stygimoloch*, *Dracorex* had large, protruding spikes on the back of its head, with two large horns of three behind the head. It had bumps and a long muzzle, with spikes on its nasal area. *Dracorex*, like *Homalocephale* and *Goyocephale*, had a flat dome, which led to the theory that it and *Stygimoloch* might be the growth stages of *Pachycephalosaurus* or, if *Stygimoloch* is valid, a female *Stygimoloch*.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* *Dracorex* is seen as a statue in a diorama at the Lockwood Manor in it's 1st Big Screen appearance in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.

* *Dracorex* has been confirmed to appear in Jurassic World: Alive.

* *Dracorex* has been confirmed to appear in Jurassic World: Evolution.
Eolambia

*Eolambia caroljonesa*

Eolambia was a genus of large, herbivorous dinosaur that was closely related to the duck-billed hadrosaurs, although despite initial classifications, it is not considered to be a direct member of the group. It was large for its family, at around six metres (twenty feet) and is also considered to be quite advanced. Like all members of its family, it was a herbivore. It contains a single species, E. caroljonesa, named by paleontologist James Kirkland in 1998. The type specimen of Eolambia was discovered by Carole and Ramal Jones in 1993; the species name honors Carole. Since then, hundreds of bones have been discovered from both adults and juveniles, representing nearly every element of the skeleton. All of the specimens have thus far been found in Emery County, Utah, in a layer of rock known as the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Eolambia would have lived in a forested environment at the edge of lakes in a humid floodplain environment, feeding on gymnosperms, ferns, and flowering plants. The water levels in the lakes changed over time with cyclical wet and dry spells caused by the precession of the Earth, reflected by alternating bands in the sediments of the Mussentuchit Member. As a juvenile, Eolambia would have been preyed upon by large crocodylomorphs residing in the lake waters. With increasing age, however, they became impervious to the crocodylomorphs, and mature individuals (at least eight to nine years in age) were preyed on by large theropods such as the neovenatorid Siats.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Eolambia is the oldest known member of the family of duck-billed dinosaurs that we call lambeosaurs, and many believe it is also the earliest duck-billed dinosaur, which are also called hadrosaurs. Named in 1997 by Dr. James Kirkland, a Jurassic Park Institute scientist, it is a fairly recent discovery. Finding these type of early dinosaurs provide scientists with many clues about the evolution of dinosaurs. Since the duck-bills were the most abundant plant-eaters of the late Cretaceous, learning more about their ancestry and how they evolved is an important part of understanding the prehistoric world.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20040214170653fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_eolam.html
Aragosaurus

*Aragosaurus ischiaticus*

***Aragosaurus*** (meaning "Aragon lizard") was a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous period of Galve, Teruel, in the province of Aragón, Spain.

*Aragosaurus* was a large, quadrupedal plant-eating (herbivorous) dinosaur, which lived about 130-120 million years ago, in the Hauterivian-Barremian. It was about 60 ft (18 m) in length and about 28000 kg in weight.

Like other sauropods, it had a long neck, a long powerful tail, a small head and a bulky body. It was broadly similar to *Camarasaurus*. It is represented by a partial fossil, which was found in Spain and was named by Sanz, Buscalioni, Casanovi and Santafe in 1987. The type species is *A. ischiaticus*. Like *Camarasaurus*, *Aragosaurus* probably had a short, compact skull and a moderately long neck. The teeth were large and wide, and would have been useful for slicing through the leaves and branches of tall conifer trees. The forelimbs were only a little shorter than the hind limbs, and the tail was long and muscular.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Scientists have uncovered just enough of Aragosaurus to figure out that it was a large plant-eater similar to Camarasaurus. It would have had a rather large, square skull and a fairly short neck for a sauropod.

Study of Aragosaurus fossils indicate that it is almost identical in many ways to, Camarasaurus, its North American cousin. The evidence gleaned from these fossils indicates that it may have been slightly more gracile.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20030802074936/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_arago.html#
Coloradisaurus

*Coloradisaurus brevis*

***Coloradisaurus*** (meaning "Colorados [from Los Colorados Formation] lizard") is a genus of massospondylid sauropodomorph dinosaur. It lived during the Late Triassic period (Norian to Rhaetian stages) in what is now La Rioja Province, Argentina. It is known from the holotype PVL 5904, a nearly complete skull. It was discovered and collected from the upper section of the Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin.

## Taxonomy

Originally named *Coloradia* by Jose F. Bonaparte in 1978, this name had already been assigned to a moth, and so the animal was renamed. The genus was first named by David Lambert in 1983 and the type species is *Coloradisaurus brevis*. It may in fact be an adult specimen of *Mussaurus*. Cladistic analyses by Yates (2007), Yates *et al.* (2010, 2011) and Novas *et al.* (2011) found that *Coloradisaurus* is basal to the *Glacialisaurus*-*Lufengosaurus* clade within Massospondylidae.

## Description

The holotype of *Coloradisaurus* (PVL 3967) is a mostly complete skull found associated with an undescribed partial skeleton. While the right side of the skull is well-preserved with almost all bones intact, the left side is distorted and missing more bones. The holotype individual has been estimated to have been 3 m (10 ft) long with a mass of 70 kg (150 lb). A referred specimen (PVL 5904) is a partial skeleton including the most of the dorsal vertebrae and parts of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs. All of this material was discovered in 1971 at the La Esquina locality in the upper section of the Los Colorados Formation near Pagancillo, La Rioja Province, Argentina. The top of the Los Colorados Formation has been dated to 213 Ma, which would place *Coloradisaurus* in the Norian stage of the Late Triassic.

## Phylogeny

*Coloradisaurus* was classified as a plateosaurid in the original description by Bonaparte, but this pre-dated the use of phylogenetic analyses in paleontology. He later became opposed to cladistics and continued to consider *Coloradisaurus* a plateosaurid without testing its phylogenetic position. The analyses of Galton (1990), Galton & Upchurch (2004), and Upchurch et al. (2007) found it to be a plateosaurid, supporting Bonaparte's placement. However, the analyses of Benton et al. (2000) and Yates (2003) recovered it in a polytomy with other basal sauropodomorphs or as a massospondylid, respectively. Subsequent analyses such as Yates et al. (2010), Apaldetti et al. (2013; 2014), Wang et al. (2017), and Müller (2020) have reached the consensus that *Coloradisaurus* is a massospondylid most closely related to *Lufengosaurus* and *Glacialisaurus*. These three taxa share four synapomorphies found in the metatarsals and femur.

Below is a simplified cladogram after Galton & Upchurch (2004), reflecting its early placement as a plateosaurid.

Below is a simplified cladogram after Müller (2020), showing its current position as a massospondylid.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
Loricosaurus

*Loricosaurus scutatus*

Loricosaurus scutatus is the only known species of the dubious genus Loricosaurus (lat. “lizard with lorica”) of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur, which lived at the end of the Cretaceous period, approximately 71 million years ago, in the Maastrichtian. Found in the Province of Neuquén, Argentina in the Río Colorado Formation or Allen Formation. Due to the presence of armor, it was initially thought to be an ankylosaurid, but today it is considered an armored titanosaurid. Loricosaurus' armor has caused some controversy. When Huene first described it, he considered it to be from an ankylosaur. Later, it was discovered that it did not belong to the ankylosaurs, but rather belonged to the titanosaurs. Considered a synonym of Neuquensaurus or Saltasaurus . In 1929, von Huene described Loricosaurus based on some armor osteoderms found in Argentina. The type species, Loricosaurus scutatus , is now considered possibly a synonym of Neuquensaurus.
Atlascopcosaurus

***Atlascopcosaurus*** (meaning "Atlas Copco lizard") is a genus of herbivorous basal euornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the present Australia.

## Classification

The type specimen, NMV P166409, was found in 1984 at the Dinosaur Cove East site at the coast of Victoria, in layers of the Eumeralla Formation dating from the early Cretaceous, Aptian-Albian. This holotype consists of a piece of the upper jaw, a partial maxilla with teeth.[2] Nothing else is known about it; as the rest of the skeleton remains undiscovered it can only be inferred from closely related species that the genus represents a small bipedal herbivore. By extrapolation it has been estimated that it was about two to three metres (6.5–10 ft) long and weighed roughly 125 kg. Because the teeth are not species-specific and the maxilla fragment is little informative, the taxon is today commonly seen as a *nomen dubium*.

The type species, *Atlascopcosaurus loadsi*, was named and described by Tom Rich and Patricia Vickers-Rich in 1988/1989. The generic name refers to the Atlas Copco Company who had provided equipment for the dig that discovered this dinosaur in 1984. The project revealed 85 fossil bone fragments of various species. This opened the door for more excavation and, along with other companies, Atlas Copco helped over ten years excavate about sixty metres of tunnel in a cliff wall at the sea shore. The specific name, loadsi, honours William Loads, the state manager for Atlas Copco at the time, who assisted during the dig.

*Atlascopcosaurus* was in 1988 assigned to the Hypsilophodontidae. These are today seen as an unnatural (paraphyletic) group and *Atlascopcosaurus* is now simply considered a basal member of the Ornithopoda.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Atlascopcosaurus was a small, primitive-looking plant-eater from Australia known only from a jaw fragment and a few teeth.

It is a good example of how scientists can learn a great deal about a dinosaur from a very small amount of fossil material. Atlascopcosaurus'teeth are similar enough to other members of the hypsilophodont family to place it in that group, but different enough to establish a new genus.

The distinction that leads scientists to believe that it was a separate genus is the number of ridges on the teeth and their placement in the jaw.

Atlascopcosaurus was named for a sponsor of the expedition that discovered the dinosaur - the Atlas Copco Corporation.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031006003457fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_atlac.html
Diplotomodon

*Diplotomodon horrificus*

***Diplotomodon*** (meaning "double cutting tooth") Leidy, 1868 was a dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey. It is only known from a single tooth, and may in fact be *Dryptosaurus*.

## Description

*Diplomotodon* is known from holotype ANSP 9680 from near Mullica Hill in Navesink or Hornerstown Formation Maastrichtian-aged marine deposits. Joseph Leidy (1865) originally named it *Tomodon*, unaware of the genus of snake already occupying that name. After renaming it *Diplomotodon*, he suggested it was a fish. The holotype tooth is 3 inches long, is broad, flat and symmetrical and is non-recurved. Edward Drinker Cope (1870) concluded it was not a fish, but a carnivorous dinosaur. Ralph Molnar (1990) suggested it was synonymous with *Dryptosaurus*. Onwards it was considered a dinosaur. One strange conclusion was by Halsey Wilkinson Miller (1955), who placed it in Mosasauridae. David Weishampel (2006) placed it as tetanurae indeterminate. Today, it is generally known as a nomen dubium.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Diplotomodon was one of the first dinosaurs discovered in North America, but for nearly a hundred years its remains were thought to belong to a fish! It is hard to believe that a dinosaur and a fish could be confused with each other but only a single tooth of this creature has been found. From this one piece of evidence we know that it was a medium sized meat-eater that lived in what is now New Jersey at the end of the age of dinosaurs.

Discovered in 1865, the single tooth upon which this genus was founded was at first thought to belong to a plesiosaur. Shortly after, it was classified as a fish and it remained a fish until 1952 when reexamination determined it to belong to a theropod, most likely a megalosaur. Most recently, it has been suggested that this is the tooth of Dryptosaurusand that the genus Diplotomodon is not valid.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031006214343fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_diplot.html
Karen Carr

Karen Carr is a wildlife and natural history illustrator based in Silver City, New Mexico. Her artwork has been featured in traditional and electronic media, in publications, zoos, museums and parks across the United States, Japan and Europe. She is the author or illustrator for many books for young people.
Kakuru

*Kakuru kujani*

***Kakuru*** is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the early Cretaceous Period.

## Discovery

*Kakuru* is known primarily from a single fossilized tibia, which had been fossilized through a rare process in which the bone through hydration turned to opal. The bone has been dug up at the opal fields of Andamooka, South Australia. The opalized tibia was exhibited by a gem shop in 1973 and by chance brought to the attention of paleontologist Neville Pledge. The owner at the time, a certain A. Fleming, allowed pictures and two casts to be made but eventually the specimen was sold at an auction to an anonymous buyer. It was presumed lost to science. In 2004 however, the South Australian Museum succeeded in procuring the fossil for $22,000.

*Kakuru* was formally named in 1980 by Pledge and Ralph Molnar. The type species is *Kakuru kujani*. The generic name is that of a Rainbow Serpent of Australian Aboriginal mythology. The specific name is that of the local aboriginal tribe, the Kujani or Guyani.

One of the casts is the plastoholotype, SAM P17926. The specimen was discovered in the marine Marree Formation dating from the Aptian. Apart from the tibia, the find included some small probable fibula fragments. Later a foot digit was referred that might have come from the same species, specimen SAM P18010, but the assignment is dubious. The tibia is broken into about ten larger pieces and roughly 33 centimetres long. It is very slender in build and shows the impression of the ascending process of the astragalus, an ankle bone itself lost. The process seems to have been very long and narrow.

*Kakuru* is believed to have been carnivorous, was bipedal and about two to three meters in length. This small dinosaur seems to have had long, slender legs.

## Phylogeny

Due to the paucity of the remains it has been difficult to establish the phylogenetic position of *Kakuru*. Molnar and Pledge gave no more precise determination than a Theropoda incertae sedis. The tibia provides two indications: its gracile form and the tall height and narrow width of the astragalar process. Both seems to point to the Coelurosauria, perhaps the Oviraptorosauria. However, in 2005 Oliver Rauhut pointed out that the Abelisauroidea also have a high ascending process of the astragalus.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Kakuru is a rare dinosaur discovery from Australia. Very little is known about this dinosaur, as only a few bones have been discovered. It appears that it was a small, swift meat-eater.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20040214164438fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_kakur.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080705164758/http://kids.yahoo.com/dinosaurs/221--Kakuru
Arctodus

Julius T. Csotonyi Artwork

### Height

5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 meters) (On four legs)11–12 feet (3.4–3.7 meters) (On two legs)

### Weight

900 kg (1,984.16 lbs) (0.99 tons)-957 kg (2,110 lb) (1.05 ton)

### Time

Pleistocene (Gelasian to Tarantian), 2.5-0.012 Ma

### Taxon

Ursidae, Tremarctinae

*Arctodus*, the short-faced bears, is an extinct genus of large bear that lived in North America from the Middle Pleistocene to the Early Holocene.

## Description

*Arctodus* was a large ursine carnivore, resembling other large bears of the modern era. Its body length was roughly 2.7-3.5 meters with a standing height of 3.05-3.5 meters; it stood 1.6-1.7 meters at the shoulder. The legs are proportionally longer than their current counterparts, particularly the forelimbs. The feet of *Arctodus* faced forward, letting it walk like most other quadrapeds rather than the "pigeon-toed" gait of other bear species.

*A. simus* was common during the North American fauna of its time. *A. pristinus* (ironically known as the "giant short-face bear") was smaller than *A. simus*. They were part of the 'greater megafauna'. A. simus is from the La Brea tar pits, being on of the largest terrestrial carnivores during this time. It went extinct during the ice age.

## Paleobiology

   It is often portrayed as a solitary animal, but its lifestyle is still much under debate. It was likely close to modern omnivorous bears. Scaling of the snout finds that it's snout was not comparatively short, regardless of the common name. Femoral shaft comparisons show that it was also not as long-legged as commonly depicted. Contemporary populations of *Ursus arctos* consumed less flesh than *Arctodus*. Some studies find that it was a massive omnivorous species that varied in diet when resource availability shifted, with others finding a higher concentration of nitrogen-15 in its bones, meaning it was highly carnivorous and required 16kg/day of flesh to survive. Nonetheless, it was probably an omnivore with a varied diet across range, size and maybe species, with skull morphology matching omnivorous bears. It is debated if the old view of *Arctodus* as an apex predator and kleptoparasite are contested based on new study and the idea that it may have been too fragile to attempt such brute force attacks.

## Behavior

Like most predators and its relatives (bears), seldom hunt their own food. But rather to scavenge from smaller predators, using its size to intimidate the predator contesting the meal. The amount of female remains found near caves suggests the genus used said caves for denning, mostly while pregnant.

Arctodus was a solitary animal, only meeting other individuals when mating or with cubs.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* The Arctodus is a Legendary cenozoic creature in Jurassic World: The Game.

* Arctodus appeared in Jurassic World: Alive as a rare creature.
A page about your topic

Adelaide

Overall Rating : A

Adelaide uses her frost spells to deal tremendous <explosive water> damage and to control enemy units. She is ideally paired with powerful ranged or combat units, both of which benefit from magic that slows, or even stops, their foes, leaving them vulnerable.

Adelaide’s Bonuses on start:

Hero Intelligence +10 Hero Knowledge +8 Adelaide’s Specialty:

1 star – Friendly Units deal 30% more damage to <frozen> enemy units.

2 star – The damage dealt by <Frost Ring> increases by 30%.

3 star – Cost of water magic is reduced by 10% (still effective with no Heroes on battlefield).

4 star – The duration of freeze caused by <Frost Ring> increases by 100%.

Adelaide’s Spells are:

Frost Ring (Ultimate, Water) – Deals 1815 (+Intelligence Bonus) water spell damage on enemy units within a very large range, and freezes to slowed down targets for 5 secs (scale with Spell level). Mana Cost: 45, CD time: 20 secs.

Frozen Arrow (Water) – Deals 1467 (+Intelligence Bonus) water spell damage to enemy units within a certain range, and slows them for 8 secs (scale with Spell level). Mana Cost: 20, CD time: 15 secs.

Ice Bolt (Water) – Deals 1493 (+Intelligence Bonus) water spell damage to enemy units within a certain range, and deals additional 747 (+Intelligence Bonus) water spell damage to slowed down targets (scale with Spell level). Mana Cost: 35, CD time: 20 secs.

Ice Wall (Water) – Summons 1 Ice Wall which freezes nearby enemy units for 8 secs (scale with Spell level). Mana Cost: 35, CD time: 32 secs.

Adelaide is the Hero who should be combined with offensive ranged units. Wood Elves, Marksman and Monks are the obvious choices but there are also other useful units for this Hero. Executing the right Spell combination is essential for Adelaide. Frozen Arrow -> Ice Bolt -> Frost Ring is the order that guaranties that your enemies will be frozen which giving enough time for your ranged units to finish them off. Adelaide is the Hero who needs your constant interaction so if you want to play battles on auto-combat it is better to avoid her.
Datousaurus

*Datousaurus bashanensis*

**Datousaurus** is a Primitive Sauropod from Middle Jurassic Asia, China. It was 45.9 feet (14 meters) and was over 20 tonnes. It was possibly a primitive Diplodocoid.

## Description

Its name means the "chieftain lizard" or "big-head lizard"; originally named using the Malay datu, after its Chinese nickname qiulong - literally "chieftain dragon" - but also a pun on its big head; da tou means "big head" in Chinese.

It was a rather large dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. It was a sauropod collected from the Lower Shaximiao Formation in Dashanpu, Zigong Sichuan province, China. It shared the local Middle Jurassic landscape with other sauropods such as Shunosaurus, Omeisaurus, Protognathosaurus, the ornithopod Xiaosaurus, the early stegosaur Huayangosaurus as well as the carnivorous Gasosaurus.

## Discovery and species

Datousaurus was named by Dong Zhiming and Tang in 1984. To date, only two partial skeletons have been discovered. Neither had an articulated skull, although one skull has been discovered that has been attributed to the genus.  D. bashanensis is the only established species.

Datousaurus was about 15 metres long. It had a deep large skull for a sauropod. The rarity of its fossils suggest that it may not have been as social as other sauropods or herbivores, which are often preserved in large numbers in a single deposit.

### Datousaurus and Shunosaurus

Datousaurus and Shunosaurus were both closely related animals with similar anatomies. However, Datousaurus's elongated vertebrae gave it a higher reach and its teeth were more spoon shaped. This may be a sign that these contemporaries fed on different plants and/or at different heights in the trees. This strategy may have reduced competition between the two genera. A similar pattern of height difference possibly associated with feeding behaviors is found in the diplodocids.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Datousaurus is a large, long-necked (sauropod) plant-eater from China. It is related to the Shunosaurus, which was the only sauropod to have a club on its tail. This was a medium-sized sauropod, but it appears to have been quite heavy.

The skull attributed to this dinosaur was found some distance from the rest of the body. Some scientists feel that the skull may actually be from a different genus than the body. The body is very close to diplodocid in structure and it may eventually be reclassified if it is discovered that the skull actually belongs to a different dinosaur.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* Datousaurus appears in the novelization of Jurassic Park III, as a carcass the Tyrannosaurus rex is eating.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20040214161653fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_datou.html#
Futabasaurus

*Futabasaurus lambert*

"***Futabasaurus***" is an informal name for a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Japan, known only from a partial shin bone discovered in the Coniacian-age Ashizawa Formation of the Futaba Group. It was coined by David Lambert in 1990 as a conversion from the Japanese nickname "Futaba-ryu", for an undescribed theropod. Dong Zhiming and coauthors briefly discussed the fossil shin bone it was based on that same year, publishing a photograph. They considered the bone to belong to an indeterminate tyrannosaurid. If the specimen is eventually described and named, it will require a different name, because the name **Futabasaurus** has since been used for a genus of plesiosaur.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Futabasaurus may be a Japanese member of the tyrannosaur family. In the Mesozoic Era - the era in which dinosaurs lived - Japan was connected to the rest of Asia. It is possible that Futabasaurus is really Tyrannosaurus bataar, the great meat-eater from Cretaceous Period China. However, only one bone has been found to date so it is difficult to determine exactly what this animal was or what it looked like. Overall, not many dinosaurs have been discovered in Japan.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20030813041643fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_futub.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20080705164828/http://kids.yahoo.com/dinosaurs/228--Futabasaurus