Roman Empire

Roman Empire is the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, North and South America, West Africa, South and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors.

## Leaders (Emperors, important people, revolutionsts, consuls)

* **Octavian Augustus (Gaius Octavius)** (810-750 BC)
* Quintis Camilius (750-722 BC)
* Amulius (722-674 BC)
* Nureno (674-630 BC)
* Augustus Pullo (630-618 BC)
* Titus Grandis (618-586 BC)
* Gallio (August 1 - March 15 586 BC)
* Publius Popidius Valens (586-550 BC)
* Caius (550-506 BC)
* Oppium Gramm (506-482 BC)
* **El Cid** (482-470 BC)
* **Tulli** (470-450 BC)
* Murkus (450-434 BC)
* Markus (434-414 BC)
* Oppius Hostilius (414-370 BC)
* Juventius (370-330 BC)
* Canus Coiedius (330-310 BC)
* Proculus Domitius Medullinus (280-228 BC)
* Numerius Gellius (228-200 BC)
* Frukag (200-140 BC)
* Vito (140-112 BC)
* **Aurelia** (112-52 BC)
* **Gaius Julius Caesar** (52 BC-212 AD)
* **Lucius Vandall** (unofficially) (6 BC-40 AD)
* **Gaius Julius Caesar II** (212-312 AD)

## 810-540 BC

At that moment Roman Empire was only medium country in Europe. Roman Empire during these years situated on an Apennine Peninsula, also had some few lands from west and east and took some Alps. Roman Empire wasn't expanding it's territory, but only building an economical and strong society to be ready for everything.

### Expedition to Dalmatia (804-800 BC)

Tribes on that land weren't so strong to defend it so Romans invaded that land quickly. One of the useful cities there is Salonae which was one of the trading post cities.

### To the Alps (797-777 BC)

In 797 BC Romans went to the North. It was pretty difficult for them to invade it

1. High mountains
2. Fast climate change
3. Strong Swissin tribe that migrated to Alps from Svevia (Romans called that land Germania Magna)

### To the "West Side" (740-680 BC)

At that moment First Roman Hunger began, people died, almost no food - very hard time for Romans. Expansion dragged on, The Romans began to recuperate.

## 540-430 BC

### Battle of Clavijo (533-483 BC)

The battle of Clavijo was fought between a mercenary army and Romans at a small town in eastern Iberia. The conquest was led by the well known traitor and future Emperor, El Cid. El Cid had managed to unite the rebel forces, and had plans for a small coastal town called Clavijo. There he had been joined by a band of mercenaries that had been hired to help him. The mercenary leader was a African by the name of Roderic, who had a reputation of leading extremely violent and brutal mercenary armies. El Cid's forces had been greatly outnumbered by the Malians, and they knew that they would most likely lose the battle. That was why El Cid sent a message to Roderic, asking him to cease fire, and saying that he was willing to negotiate terms for a surrender. Roderic never replied to the message. Instead, he launched a full scale defence on the small town of Clavijo. The battle lasted for 50 years. It went poorly for the Africans. Roderic was killed, and many other high ranking Africans were also killed. Many of the mercenaries were also killed. The battle was bloody, and hard to decide. The town of Clavijo was taken by Romans. El Cid remains popular and was a candidate for next election. The town of Clavijo had a population of about 30000. The citizens of the town were mostly women, children, and old men, with a small number of skilled workers. The battle of Clavijo had a major impact on the surrounding area, and the citizens of the surrounding villages were terrified. The fear of more violence caused many of them to flee their homes.

### Hurricane "Tullius" (480-472 BC)

In 480 BC, a massive storm system formed over the Atlantic Ocean that was so powerful that it altered the path of the moon. As a result, the seasons for the year were thrown off, and the crops failed.

After Romans decided to expand, they took Aquitania, Belgica and some Alps with the help of Tullius, famous the commander of Roman army at that moment. Tullius himself called that lands like that.

### Macedonian War (460-430 BC)

During 460 BC romans attacked Macedonian lands. Macedonians themselves were mixed withe Athenians, so Romans were basically fighting their "brothers". During the war Romans got northern part of Macedonia.

## 430-350 BC

### Roman Northern Gallia (430-413 BC)

After succesful to western Gallia Romans started attacking the north. Later they annexed unknown Gallic and Celtic Lands including Svevia.

### To the Black Sea (400-374 BC)

To gain a foothold on European lands and maintain hegemony romans decided to expand further to the east. Their first task was to get the territories and build a gulf between the Black Sea and Mediterranean sea. After the task was completed, there was the idea of making a city that united the gulf, and that idea came to reality and in 374 BC the city of New Rome (Constantinople ot Byza) was founded. Taking north Black sea territories wasn't hard for romans.

### Iberian Question (367-358 BC)

"*The great rolling hills of the Iberian peninsula verily seem to have no end, but we know that there is a sea surrounding this place, and with a sea there is a goal. All of Hispania must be brought into the fold, from the Pillars of Hercules, to the mountains of Pyrene, if we are to ensure the Mediterranean trade routes and protect our western borders from invasion." -* Roman ruler said it before he ordered to conquer Iberia.

#### **Massalian Littoral (367-364 BC)**

*"Securing the trade routes of the north western Mediterranean requires the control of the Hispanian coast, and will give us a foothold for further expansion into Iberia."* Roman Empire conquered subjects that own all territories in so-**Indicetia**, **Cessetania**, **Ilercavonia**, and **Edetania**

#### **The Punic Coast (364-361 BC)**

*"Carthage's lands in southern Hispania hold vast mineral deposits and excellent harbor cities, they will serve as an excellent foothold in the region."* Roman Empire got the provinces of **Contestania Septentrionalis**, **Contestania Meridionalis**, **Bastetania**, and **Mastiania.**

#### **Pillars of Hercules (361-360 BC)**

*"Whoever dominates the strait known as the Pillars of Hercules can control access to the rich trade routes that lie in the mysterious north, circumventing the overland trade routes of Gaul."* Further conquest of **Baetica Gaditanus**, **Malacitia**, and **Baetica Hispalensis.**

#### **Across the Baetis (360-358 BC)**

*"Beyond the Pillars of Hercules and the river Baetis is the famous port of Tartessus. Securing the surrounding lands will cement our hold on the rich coastal routes of southern Iberia."* Major expansion to the western coast of Iberia.

## 350-250 BC

### Finishing the unfinished (350-342 BC)

After long and tough 9 years of conquest of Iberia Romans wanted that peninsula fully annexed to them. Northern tribes along with fled Svevians were fully ready for defending. The conquest was dragged on for another 8 years until the tribes surrendered.

### Into the nowhere (342-317 BC)

Romans made a very difficult decision to expand to the east. They were sure that these places are very dangerous because nothing was really known here. It was a 'lost land'. In 340 BC romans took Jutland. In 335 BC central part of Eastern Europe was taken. In 328 BC Western Anatolia and Greek islands were conquered. In 323 BC Roman failed to conquer Britannia but in 317 BC they succeded and established ***Provincia Britannia.***

### The Great Rest (317-250 BC)

Lasting from 317-250 BC, known as such because of the lack of military activity during that period of time. As a result the Roman people were tired of fighting and wanted a period of peace and rest.

During this time, the Romans focused on internal matters and made efforts to consolidate their power. They constructed several new roads, created new institutions and administrative procedures to better manage the empire.

This period of internal consolidation was also marked by a shift in Roman values away from the militaristic and expansionist attitudes, and towards more peaceful and contemplative ideals, which would go on to shape Roman society and culture for centuries to come.

## 250-150 BC

### "Asia" under Roman feet (250-235 BC)

    In 250 BC Roman Empire started a massive attack on Seleucid Empire in which Romans prevailed by pushing Seleucid Empire back to Persia and also took southern Phrygian lands.

### Crimea through Scythians and Bosphorus (235-211 BC)

The Crimean Peninsula was under control of the Roman Empire. The territory under Roman control mostly coincided with the Bosporan Kingdom. Rome started to dominate the Crimea peninsula (then called *Taurica*) in the 3rd century BC. The initial area of their penetration was mainly in eastern Crimea (Bosporus kingdom) and in the western city of Chersonesos. The interior was only nominally under Roman rule.

In ancient times Crimea was known as "Chersonesus Taurica", from the name of the Tauri, who were descendants of the Cimmerians. Many Greek colonists settled in Taurica: their most renowned colony was Chersonesos.

The main Roman settlement was Charax, a castrum probably built around 227–220 BC, and the main naval Roman base was in Chersonesos.When the Romans arrived at Taurica, they set up their camp and built a fortress and a temple of Jupiter Dolichenus on the coast of the harbor of Balaklava, then called *Symbolon Limen*.

### Lands of "Lituania" (210-178 BC)

*"As a ruler, I have seen the vast expanse of the Roman Empire stretch out before me, and I know the strength and determination of our glorious army, who have conquered great lands and brought them under Roman rule. Today, we stand at the crossroads of history, and I am proud to tell you that a great victory has been won, one that will further secure the power and reach of our empire. The Baltic nation of Lithuania has long been a formidable opponent, but my army has marched to victory after victory against them, and they have finally been brought to heel. The wealth and resources of Lithuania will now belong to Rome, and its people will be absorbed into our empire. This is a victory that will be spoken of for generations to come. It is a testament to the power of our Rome, and the unwavering strength of our people. Let us remember this day, and rejoice in the glory of our empire!"*

Roman Empire conquered Lithuanian and baltic lands.

### Western "Provincia" (178-150 BC)

The navy of Roman Empire wasn't that strong that time because mostly all Roman invasions were being made on the land and by land. After successfully restoring all ships and improving them, romans started the conquest.

The first were the lands of Scandinavia, romans took the coasts to establish trade routes. In 164 BC all the southern coasts were taken.

Later the romans continued expansion towards Scottlandia and Celtica, the conquest ended in 157 BC.

After both successful invasions Romans discovered some island that was a volcano. Romans called it "terra glacialis" or "Icelandia". Seven long years took romans to establish their presence there and in 150 BC the city of Nortlandia was founded.

## 150-120 BC

### Sarmatia - frightening and unexplored (143-136 BC)

Romans made a good decision on conquest of Eastern lands and unknown Sarmatia. They have got a lot of grain and cattle production.

### Glacialis ignotum terras (136-120 BC)

In 127 BC Icelandia was fully established under Roman control.

In 126 BC Roman ships accidentally found the new island, approximately bigger than Iceland. In 125 BC first ports were built near the coasts of southern Grunlandia.

In 120 BC all north of Grunlandia was conquered.

## 120-52 BC

### Roman Mesopotamia (120-106 BC)

Romans established their presence in the lands near Tigris and Euphrates river system that benefitted from the area’s climate and geography. After Romans declared war on Seleucid Empire, getting another victory, also completely kicking them out of Europe.

### Judean unity of two borders (106-92 BC)

Romans decided to unite their territories by asking the Kingdom of Judea to join Roman Empire. Negotiations lasted a long time, but eventually, Judea agreed by signing the Unity Сovenant.

### Scandinavia est nostri (92-74 BC)

"We have to finally get the land of scandinavia and make sure about safety of vikings as we stand along with these brave people. Glory to Rome!" Aurelia said, before appointing the Roma-Scandinavia Council.

### Grunlandian question (74-68 BC)

The conquest of a bigger island was going good enough, so Roman Empire decided to temporarily abandon the north.

### "Eastern Alps" (68-56 BC)

During the conquest of the East, Roman infantry found some pretty high heels for just heels, so they were accusing that were Ural mountains, which would be difficult to conquer further.

### "Provincia Uralia" (56-54 BC)

In 56 BC Celtic missionary arrived to the closest base to mountains and organized an expedition to the east through the southern part of mountains. Later they arrived to the eastern part of mountains and set up couple of settlements. The main one was Shellians (Urspontem). In 55 BC referendum on establishing the new province Uralia was held. In 54 BC the new province was established.

### Last Years (54-52 BC)

The last years of the rule of Aurelia were very peaceful and very wealthy. Roman Empire was almost at the peak of economic development, but the rivalry was developing too. Aurelia had a lot of heirs, but the Gaius Julius had the best claim on ruling the Roman Empire. In 53 BC Julius was agitating on electing him as the next ruler of the Roman Empire. In 52 BC Aurelia passed away and the new ruler of the country was Gaius Julius Caesar.

## 52-30 BC

### Seleucid flee (52-48 BC)

Romans finally destroyed Seleucid Empire.

### Central "Tartaria" with Aral sea. (48-42 BC)

Roman conquered the land that they called "Tartaria". Getting further to the East.

### Further to Africa (42-37 BC)

Julius Caesar ordered to explore sandy lands thinking that there is something that will make the empire richer. Expedition was dragged on for 6 years.

### Egypt Massacre (37-34 BC)

In occupied Egyptian lands rebels started revolting. They started to kill all romans and non-Egyptians. Four long years Egypt was closed from the world and the citizens inside it were suffering everyday.

### Ignoring the prerequisites (34-30 BC)

"Why do we need to obey some decision that was made 30 years ago? we must conquer all parts of that big island no matter what!" - Caesar said. Roman Empire conquered western Grunlandia.

## 30-15 BC

### Conquest of Urals (30-26 BC)

Finally Roman Empire conquered the Ural mountains, therefore establishing new trade routes.

### Searching for India (26-22 BC)

Roman philosophers and cartographers were sure about the land of India being a rich land, but weren't sure where that land was. So they first of all captured collapsed small countries left from Seleucid Empire.

### Struggle through Sahara (22-19 BC)

Romans expanded further to the south of Africa but the huge and impassable desert of Sahara delayed the progress.

### West Africa first colonies (19-17 BC)

Every year Roman navy was getting better and better which allowed ships to sail over long distances. Some ships made it to the western coast and 3 colonies were established.

### Roman Grunlandia (17-15 BC)

These were the final years of Roman conquest of Greenland (or Grunlandia). The whole island was under control of Roman Empire.

## 15 BC-30 AD

### Colonies around Africa (15-14 BC)

Because of the malaria disease in the central parts of Africa romans decided not to colonize this land for now. Instead they made colonies straight on the coasts. Later they found a whole island that was very rich in resources. So in 14 BC northern part of the island Madagascar was colonized.

### Arabian question (14-13 BC)

The whole arabian peninsula was very diverse both culturally and politically. So then Julius Caesar signed a treaty that forbids cultural and religious insults towards people in arabian peninsula and other colonized territories. People from old and non-colonized lands didn't like that.

### Expansion to India (13-11 BC)

Romans colonized western Indian lands. There was a lot of resources, just as people said.

### Revolt in Rome (10 BC)

In 10 BC in the centre of Rome the revolt broke through. The resistance was restrained.

### Promontorium bonae spei (9-8 BC)

In 9 BC Roman explorers and scientists sailed to the southern part of Africa. They established colonies in South-Western and South-Eastern coasts of Africa in 8 BC.

### Assassination of Caesar (7 BC)

The first assassination of Caesar broke out. It was unsuccessful. The name of a man called Lucius Vandall was spreading across the whole Roman Empire.

### Vandalls! (6 BC)

The Vandalls were founded. This is the first time rebels were a centralized organization. Rome definitely didn't like that.

### The Great Embassy (5-3 BC)

The Revolt was still going and Lucius had an idea to travel to different Roman lands and spread knowledge and information, it was successful. He called it "The Great Embassy".

In 4 BC lands surrounding Gibraltar gulf have been taken by Vandalls

In 3 BC Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, Carthage, were occupied by Vandalls

### Actions of Vandalls (1 BC-15 AD)

In 1 BC Jesus Christ was born.

In 1 AD North Germania, Ireland was occupied by Vandalls.

From 2-5 AD Breton, Siam and Judea was captured.

In 8 AD Crimea was captured