recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Alesandria Petrovna

Ales

Al

### Eye color

One eye is completely red, the other has a purple sclera with a bright yellow iris and black slit pupil

## Appearances

### Portrayed by

Leon ;)

Alesandria Elvira Petrovna was born on the outskirts of a Yitcian town called, Kori. While Kori is quite an arboreal metropolitan area, the Petrovna family kept to themselves a few miles out of town. While Alesandria was loved fiercely by her parents and endlessly doted on, she wasn't ever around any other children and found herself lonely as she got older. At twenty years old, she set out to forge her own path and see the world. As she traveled, Alesandria ended up finding herself a group to be a part of. This group wouldn't last too long, however, as they were attacked and murdered--including Alesandria herself. She awoke, risen anew in a mausoleum north of <Deek> surrounded by hooded figures. Alesandria didn't stick around long enough to do anything but flee the scene. She made her way traveling north and found herself in Brightwood on the day of the <Tinkerer's Conference>.
The Throbbing Brook

The Throbbing Brook is the only brothel in the city of Brightwood. Run by <Melania Chanska>, it is Kal'ri Alcock's favorite place to get drinks and see her friends who perform there regularly. The bar is known for its take on the Slippery Nipple drink and performer <Candace Phlynneas>. Following <the revolution>, the tavern has earned much more community respect and is more popular than it ever was thanks to the effort put forward by the girls who work there and Melania herself to keep the rebel forces fed and safe.

### Player Character Experience

Although Kal'ri Alcock has never paid for any services from the employees at the Throbbing Brook, that hasn't stopped her from becoming the establishment's favorite patron. All of the employees take special care to make sure Kal'ri and her friends are well taken care of any of the many times the party comes to celebrate or relax.

The Throbbing Brook is also where Alesandria and <Taylor Teeters> kissed before he fled during the rebel's victory revelry. Directly following this, Alesandria and Theo went to the bathroom, did some <monkey dust>, danced, and then proceeded to go run to the <Batt's> and burn it down in the dead of night with Kal'ri and <El> in tow to watch and make sure they stayed safe.
Prime Video

**Prime Video** is a paid on-demand subscription program that is owned by Amazon and was launched on September 7, 2006. It is available in various countries and gives subscribers access to additional services otherwise unavailable or available at a premium to other Amazon customers. In January 2020, it was reported that Prime had more than 150 million subscribers spread across 19 countries worldwide.

The service is now home to *Wytches*, an animated horror series based on the comic series by Scott Snyder and Jock.

## References

1. ↑ Amazon Orders Animated Series Adaptation of Comic Book ‘Wytches’ (EXCLUSIVE) - Variety
A page about your topic

The Clinic was a drama that centred on the staff of the fictional Clarence Street Clinic in the affluent Dublin 4 area of Dublin, Ireland. Clarence Street Clinic is a multi-disciplinary health centre which allows for an equally diverse cast.

The first two seasons consisted of eight episodes; all subsequent seasons (seasons three-seven) ran for ten episodes.
RTE The Clinic Wiki

**Welcome to the RTE The Clinic Wiki!**
We're a collaborative community website about RTE The Clinic that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderAbout The ClinicPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
SmartRelay Switching Technology

Lichtlaerm Audio's SmartRelay Technology is a proprietary switching system that was added to Lichtlaerm pedals upon the company's relaunch on July 1, 2022.

## Features

### Clickless Footswitches

SmartRelay relies on custom-made clickless footswitches rated for up to one million switching cycles.

### Latching Function

A short press triggers normal on/off operation with relay based true bypass.

### Momentary Function

A long press or press-and-hold triggers momentary on/off operation.

### Configuration Memory

Pedals with SmartRelay will start up in its last known configuration after powering down.

### Bicolor LEDs

A single LED with a white side to indicate the pedal's overall on/off state and a blue side to indicate the pedal's secondary footswitch on/off state if applicable.

## History

### 2022

The first mention of the SmartRelay system was in a post made on July 3, 2022 featuring the relaunched the Key and the Gate. The post stated that "all our pedals have a new switching system: clickless soft switching that remembers its last state after disconnecting power and with a momentary function of you keep the button pressed."

A short video detailing the switching system was posted on July 12, 2022. This is the first time the system is referred to as the "SmartRelay" system.

SmartRelay demo video slide one, 2022-07-12SmartRelay demo video slide two, 2022-07-12SmartRelay demo video slide three, 2022-07-12SmartRelay demo video slide four, 2022-07-12
Pon Wiki

**Welcome to the Pon Wiki!**
A community for players and fans of the Gear Up table top role playing campaign and its world, Pon.

We're a collaborative community website about Pon that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important Articles

* Brightwood
* The Throbbing Brook
* Willard Dragonlace
* Albatrax Pain
* Ilvania
* Ilvanian Government
* Map of the World
* Map of Brightwood

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Wytches (comic series)

**Wytches** is a six-issue limited comic book series created by Scott Snyder and Jock, who wrote and illustrated the series respectively. All issues were published by Image Comics from October 2014 to March 2015. The comics also spawned a television adaptation at Amazon.

## Issues

### Volume 1

#### Wytches #1

Across the globe, century after century, men and women were burned, drowned, hanged, tortured, imprisoned, persecuted, and murdered for witchcraft. None of them were witches. They died protecting a terrible and hidden truth: witches, real witches, are out there. They are ancient, elusive, and deadly creatures that are rarely seen and even more rarely survived.

#### Wytches #2

A busload of children disappears in the woods. A strange bite grows on a girl’s neck. And the wytches are getting closer, creeping from the woods. Be there for the terrifying second chapter of the new smash hit, WYTCHES.

#### Wytches #3

A parent's worst nightmare: a beloved child lost in the woods. Behind the trees lurk horrors, and the brush conceals atrocity. No matter how desperate the search, understand that your prayers will fall on deaf ears. There is no escape from the Wytches.

#### Wytches #4

Now, with the true nature of the wytches revealed, Charlie descends into the Earth in a desperate race to save his daughter and his family from an inconceivable fate.

#### Wytches #5

In the first half of the opening arc's two-part finale, Charlie descends into the wytches' burrow itself to save his daughter from an unspeakable death. But what horrors await him deep beneath the earth? And what secrets...?

#### Wytches #6

As Charlie struggles to save Sailor from the wytches' grasp, the monsters' true hold over the Rooks family is revealed in this, the harrowing ending to the series' first arc!

### Volume 2

#### Wytches: Bad Egg Halloween Special (One-Shot)

"BAD EGG" Serving as both a stand-alone story in the WYTCHES world and a prequel to the highly anticipated WYTCHES, VOL. 2, “BAD EGG” tells the story of Seb and Jackson—two innocent teenagers reared on opposite sides of the eternal struggle between good and evil. Sebastian’s mother is a member of “The Irons,” the most ruthless Wytch hunters in history, while Jackson’s family are “High Horn” Wytches. Can these two boys find friendship amidst this age-old blood feud, or are their fates already sealed?
Crown

The **Crown** is a common Glyph depicting a crown with two triangular spikes, often with a circle in between them.

### Definition

1. ***predet, det, pron.*** all; every
2. ***adv.*** completely; entirely
3. ***n.*** a ruler
4. ***n.*** (when literalized) a crown
5. ***n.*** (chess) a king

### Origins

One of the earliest glyphs, though all but the first definition developed in May of 2023.
Town

### Appearance

Three half ovals representing houses. The central house is taller, possibly representing an administrative structure such as a town hall.

### Derived Glyphs

* 000002
* 000003
* 000005

### Origins

One of the earliest glyphs. Commonly used. Both definitions were established during its invention.

### Uses

Whiteboard Texts: June 21, 2022July 9, 2022July 21, 2022July 21, 2022July 21, 2022Made by discord user nemomartin11#4247 on July 22, 2022A screenshot taken on April 22, 2023 showing various compounds containing the glyph.
Wytches 1

***Wytches #1*** is a horror comic from Scott Snyder and Jock that was published on October 8, 2014, by Image Comics. It is the first issue in the *Wytches* comic series.

## Synopsis

Across the globe, century after century, men and women were burned, drowned, hanged, tortured, imprisoned, persecuted, and murdered for witchcraft. None of them were witches. They died protecting a terrible and hidden truth: witches, real witches, are out there. They are ancient, elusive, and deadly creatures that are rarely seen and even more rarely survived. This October, superstar creators SCOTT SNYDER (SEVERED, Batman) and JOCK (SNAPSHOT, Batman) unveil WYTCHES, and introduce you to a world of unimaginable horror in a special EXTRA-SIZED FIRST ISSUE with 30 pages of story and no ads for just $2.99

## Characters

* Lucy Rook
* Charlie Rook
* Sailor Rook
Klavier Gavin

Klavier in Apollo Justice

### Appears in

Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney, Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney: Dual Destinies, Mixed Chocolate

### Debut

Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney

**Klavier Gavin** is a character from Ace Attorney. He is a confident and cool prosecutor who also was the lead vocalist and guitarist in his rock band, The Gavinners, before they disbanded.

## Profile

### Appearance

Klavier has light blonde hair in a drill-shaped ponytail, with many sharp edges on his haircut to highlight his personality. He has a warm, slightly tanned complexion, small dark blue eyes, a high-bridged nose, and silver piercings in his ears. He wears what appears to be tight black button-up shirt, a magenta jacket, and a large silver chain necklace that features the Gavinners symbol in the center. He also wears a chain belt, a few silver rings, and black pants.

### Personality

Klavier Gavin is one of the most moral prosecutors in all of Ace Attorney. He is shown to be generally honest and friendly, and is a perfectionist when it comes to his music. However, he does not show this same perfectionism towards his job as a prosecutor, much to Apollo Justice's annoyance. He is not concerned with exclusively getting guilty verdicts, and instead only tries to get the correct person convicted in court.

Despite not being German, Klavier Gavin often uses German words in his dialogue, such as calling Apollo "Herr Forehead".

## Relationships

### Apollo Justice

Klavier is very close to Apollo despite being rivals with him, and sees him more as a friend than a rival, in contrast to Apollo's competitiveness. He also likes to tease Apollo frequently, especially by calling him "Herr Forehead", in reference to an objection made by the latter about where a murder victim had been shot, as well as his large forehead.

### Regina Berry

Although having never met her in the canon Ace Attorney games, Klavier and Regina are siblings, and care for each other deeply. Klavier sees Regina as someone that he must protect.

### Ema Skye

Klavier Gavin seems to be fond of Ema Skye, although she hates him due to him not being similar to Miles Edgeworth at all.

## Trivia

* He may or may not canonically have a crush on or be in a relationship with Apollo Justice, as his song, "Guilty Love", has lyrics in the Japanese version of Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney, which features the line, "Where's this love headed? Better go ask the wind or better yet go ask Herr Forehead!". If this is truly meant to be implying some kind of romantic involvement with Apollo, it would make Klavier canonically achillean.
	+ One of his songs is also called "My Boyfriend Is The Prosecution's Witness".
* Klavier Gavin is referenced in an episode of the anime Lucky Star.
* Klavier is one of Snowy's personal favorite characters.
Wytches 4

***Wytches #4*** is a horror comic from Scott Snyder and Jock that was published on February 4, 2015, by Image Comics. It is the fourth issue in the *Wytches* comic series.

## Synopsis

Now, with the true nature of the wytches revealed, Charlie descends into the Earth in a desperate race to save his daughter and his family from an inconceivable fate.

## Characters

* Lucy Rook
* Charlie Rook
* Sailor Rook
单分子消除反应

有机化学中的1,2-**消除反应**（elimination）是一个很重要的反应，在有机合成中十分常用。其特例是双分子消除反应（

E
2

{\displaystyle \text{E} 2}

反应）、**单分子消除反应**（

E
1

{\displaystyle \text{E} 1}

反应）以及单分子共轭碱反应（

E
1
cb

{\displaystyle \text{E} 1 \text{cb}}

反应）。

β消除反应是有机分子中失去两个相邻碳上所连基团或原子的反应。单分子的消除是由一分子参与决速步的β消除。

## 卤代烃的单分子消除

卤代烷的消除指的是离去基团为卤素的情形。以三级溴丁烷的反应为例，它的机理是

从上述机理中我们不难看出：底物先发生自我解离，产生碳正离子，然后溶剂乙醇上带有孤电子对的氧进攻碳正离子β位的氢并与之结合，受攻击的加急上的氢原先所带的电子刘翔甲基和中心碳原子之间的化学键进而形成双键，最后带有正电荷的乙醇脱氢变为乙醇，反应结束。

这个机理是碳正离子机理，因此碳正离子越稳定，反应越容易发生，三级卤代烃生成的碳正离子比较稳定，分子内的消除往往是在三级卤代烃下进行的。

容易看出单分子的消除是动力学上的一级反应，热力学上的两步反应。

## Zaitsev 规则

单分子的消除也遵循 Zaitsev 规则：如果离去基团不处于末端位置，且离去基所连的碳的多个相邻碳上均有氢，那么消除反应会有一定的选择性，在综合很多例子和经验之后，Zaitsev 提出如下经验规律

在β消除反应中，主要产物是由含氢较少的β碳氢原子，生成取代较多的稳定烯烃。
这就是消除反应的区域选择性。

如果生成的烯烃存在顺反异构，那么会生成更稳定的反式烯烃。

## 竞争反应

单分子的消除反应的主要竞争反应是单分子亲核取代反应，这两个反应都是在酸性或中性条件下有利的，因此在设计实验时我们要设法减少我们不关心的另外一种反应的速率，例如

1. 要使得要抑制取代反应我们可以选择大位阻强碱和三级卤卤代烃进行反应。
2. 要使得要抑制消除反应我们可以选择强亲核性的小位阻的试剂和底物反应，通常溶剂选择极性溶剂。

这两个反应的第一部都是底物的自我解离，因此反应竞争的关键是第二步，消除反应中溶剂的阴离子（如氧原子）提供一堆电子去抢夺β氢，而在取代反应中，溶剂包围在碳正离子周围，溶剂的阴离子（如阳离子）和碳正离子中心碳结合形成鎓离子（如𨦡盐），然后脱去质子。因此亲核性强的或位阻小的试剂更容易靠近中心碳原子，可发生取代反应，强碱试剂更容易抢夺质子发生消除反应，而大位阻试剂不容易靠近中心碳（中心碳倍三个大基团阻挡）因此大部分情况下消除反应快一些。
Logoscript Wiki

**Welcome to the Logoscript Wiki!**
We're a collaborative community website about Logoscript that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderA page about your topicPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
分子内亲核取代反应

有机化学中的**亲核取代反应**（nucleophilic substitution）是一个很重要的反应，在有机合成中十分常用。其特例是双分子亲核取代反应（

S
N

2

{\displaystyle \text{S}\_\text{N} 2}

反应）、单分子亲核取代反应（

S
N

1

{\displaystyle \text{S}\_\text{N} 1}

反应）以及**分子内亲核取代反应**（

S
N

i

{\displaystyle \text{S}\_\text{N} \text{i}}

反应）。

分子内亲核取代反应主要有两种：成环反应和邻基参与的反应，他们都是分子内的反应，且反应机理都是按照

S
N

2

{\displaystyle \text{S}\_\text{N} 2}

反应进行。

## 成环反应

如果化合物中的某个位置有离去基团，另一个位置有可作为亲核试剂进攻离去基团的基团，那么亲核取代反应就可以在分子内发生，特别是长链烷烃的衍生物中两个具有上述特征的基团（在一条链上之间相隔大约六个碳左右）可以发生成环反应。

例子：

一般成环反应都在稀溶液中进行，且按照生成的环的稳定性来说，生成五元环的反应更易进行，其次是六元环、中环和大环，再次是三元环、四元环。

## 邻基参与的反应

由分子内邻近基团参与而发生的亲核取代反应称为邻基参与。一般分两步进行。

反应的一般机理是

最后形成外消旋体。
Prometheus

Versatile, MIDI switching tube amp

## Description

### Front Panel

* Power Switch - Power on/off
* Run Switch - Standby on/off
* Jewel - White LED
* Defeat Switch - Engages/bypasses preamp section
* Gate Switch - Engages/bypasses noise gate
* Loop Switch - Engages/bypasses effects loop
* Store Switch -
* Master - Master output volume
* Gate - Controls noise gate threshold
* Presence -
* Depth -
* Clean/Lead Switch - Selects Clean or Lead channel
* Clean channel controls:
	+ Volume - Channel output volume
	+ Bass - Channel bass frequency EQ level
	+ Mid - Channel mid frequency EQ level
	+ Treble - Channel treble frequency EQ level
	+ Gain - Channel input volume
* Lead channel controls:
	+ Volume - Channel output volume
	+ Bass - Channel bass frequency EQ level
	+ Mid - Channel mid frequency EQ level
	+ Treble - Channel treble frequency EQ level
	+ Gain - Channel input volume
* Bright On/Off Switch - Engages/bypasses bright capacitor
* Cut -

### Rear Panel

* 8 Jack (2x) - 8Ω speaker output
* 16 Jack - 16Ω speaker output
* MIDI Jack - MIDI controller input
* Send Jack - Effects loop send (preamp output)
* Return Jack - Effects loop return (power amp input)
* 9V DC Jack - 9 volt DC, center negative power output
* Footswitch Jack - Prometheus footswitch input
* V7 & V8 Trim
* Bias Adjustment Ports -
* V6 & V9 Trim
* Fuse Holders (2x)
* IEC Input - Power cable input
* Voltage Select -
化学冷知识和梗

梗

泼到了上面只能看出“sodium c...”张三认为是chloride（NaCl）/carbonate（Na2CO3）,加入逝量H2SO4鉴定，苦杏仁香气弥漫……（NaCN sodium cyanide）

### 割胆侠

图拉丁吧曾经有大佬组高端水冷（电脑主机），看到液态金属太贵，突然灵机一动，反正都是金属，为什么我不用汞呢？于是直播开贴把汞当成水冷液。结果刚开机没多久，就觉得意识不清，马上叫了救护车。

后来据说该大佬被割了胆囊，江湖人称“割胆侠”

### 意想不到的反应

2W+I2+2Fe＝2WIFe（化学制妻）

2Mo+O2+N2＝2MoON（人造月亮）

2Cu+2Al＝2Au+Cl2↑（冶金）

CO+2Fe＝COFFee

2CO2+4Fe=2COFFee+O2(工业制咖啡）

Ba＋2Na＝BaNaNa（工业制香蕉）

S＋Ti＋C＋K＝STiCK（工业制杖）

Mo+key+N＝MoNkey（工业制猴）

Monkey＝Money+K（工业制钱）

4Ca+4Pt=4Cat+P4（工业制猫）

2Fr+O2+2Hg=2Frg+H2（工业制青蛙）

2O2+I2+4N2=2ONION（工业制洋葱）

2Al+2Cu=Cl2+2Au（工业炼金）

### 你说啥？

镍 铥 锑 钡

Ni Tm Sb Ba

碘 钾 铀 氮

I K U N

氧化钙

CaO

钨 氘 氮 钔

W D N Md

### 化学式量

五水合硫酸铜（CuSO4·5H2O）——250

硫酸钡（BaSO4）——233

十八水合硫酸铝（Al2(SO4)3·18H2O）——666

### 一首小诗

此物不知何许金也，亦不详其金字，宅边有秘银矿，因以为号焉。闲静少言，不慕荣利。好稳定，不求化合；每有火炼，便欣然忘氧。性嗜他金，家贫不能常得。亲旧知其如此，或熔化而招之；合金辄尽，期在共晶。既合而退，曾不吝情去留。骸晶萧然，不蔽风日；金碎穿结，晶格屡空，晏如也。常以氧化自娱，颇示己志。降伏肠毒，以此行医。

赞曰：氢氢之二有言：“不戚戚于价贱，不汲汲于成名。”其言兹若金之铋乎？衔水杨酸医病，乐其无名之志，铯氡氏之民欤？氮磷族之民欤？

梗图
--

## 冷知识

### 环县与氰

氰气在自然界也是存在的，在石油分布区，从油层冒出来的气体，就很可能带有大量氰气。

1935年10月，中央红军翻越六盘山，马上就迎来万里长征的胜利，然而在六盘山山脚的耿湾镇一天夜间却发生了一起惨案，驻扎在镇外宿营地的红军将士一夜之间竟无声无息地突然死亡300多人，经调查初步断定是食物中毒。

教员扼腕顿足，无比愤怒，令保卫局即速查办谋害这些红军将士的凶手，然而却一直没找到。

50多年后的1989年，真相才被揭开，当年秋天兰州军区驻宁夏的某部给水团奉命到环县进行水质勘探调查，后震惊地发现：这里的泉水和沟水咸而苦涩，水中钾离子含量高得惊人，一吨水中纯钾含量高达2至3公斤，同时又发现这里的水中钠离子含量更高，并且这里有些地方的泉水和沟水溢出外流时，有不少气泡呈间歇状冒出来，且散发着一股难闻的气味，经检测其中带有大量氰气。而氰气与钾离子结合就生成氰化钾，与钠离子结合便生成氰化钠，正是这两种剧毒性化合物，造成了当年的惨案。

环县地处陕甘宁地台主体腹部西侧，有石油、天然气、石灰岩、白云岩、石英砂、煤、芒硝等多种矿藏。现已探明石油地质储量3亿多吨，为全国十大油田之一长庆油田的主产区，原油品位较高；县境内九连山和石梁地带有储量达2000万吨以上的优质石灰岩，由九连山水泥有限责任公司开采生产；县西北部已探明有C+D级储量达679.9万吨的白云岩，品位属特优，是生产金属镁的主要原料；车道乡刘园子有6层厚度330米的优质煤田，具有较好的开发前景。另外，甜水镇境内的石英砂，山城、耿湾、甜水等地的钾矿，也极具开发利用价值。

### 古法制砒霜

使用雌黄(As4S4)或者雄黄(As4S6)放与一块铁板上，在底下烧火。另取一凹形低温金属物品(因为散热快)如锅盖放在铁板上方。雌黄与空气发生燃烧反应生成二氧化硫和砒霜(As4O6)。砒霜易升华，因此会凝华在金属锅盖地步。但由于燃烧反应发生的并不彻底，古法砒霜不可避免的会混入硫化物，也就是雌黄和雄黄的混合物。

### 锑

⑴人类对锑的使用可以追溯到公元前3100年，埃及人用三硫化二锑(辉锑矿)当作眼影使用，在迦勒底的泰洛赫(伊拉克)曾出土一块可追溯到公元前3000年的锑花瓶碎片(敬告各位御主，请止步，此非圣遗物！)，锑在历史上常被误认为铅或锡，在中国古代曾被叫做“连锡”。锑的拉丁文是stibium(也有铅锑合金的含义)，缩写就是化学符号Sb，常见的英文名用antinomy（法 antimoine = anti monk），这个词有“反对僧侣”意，一说德国僧侣巴兹尔·瓦伦丁向寺院的猪丢了一些元素，这些猪被"净化"长得很漂亮肥硕，于是他认为这种元素有治疗作用，就把它给其他僧侣服用，最后全死于中毒。

⑵锑的主要作用是阻燃剂，占总消费量的六成，阻燃剂主要是氧化锑，合金占两成，其他方面占两成。合金主要是与铅(蓄电池电极，枪弹丸)，与锡铝铜(耐磨轴承合金)，锑的化合物多见于兽药，比如硫苹果酸锑锂，作为反刍动物的皮肤调剂，对角质组织有调节滋养的作用，这大概就是猪变漂亮的原因。其他应用：比如高品位灰锑矿可以精炼得到生锑(三硫化二锑)，燃点很低，用于安全火柴和拉发装置，也作为汽车刹车片稳定剂。比如高纯度的锑用来合成各种Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体化合物(InSb GaSb 红外)，硅锗N型掺杂。

⑶锑的毒性，生活中的锑主要来自塑料盒纺织品中的阻燃剂，无铅焊锡中会添加锑(暴论：无铅就是狗屎！)，汽车刹车片的磨损向大气中释放锑。锑是生产PET聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯锑的缩聚催化剂，故PET瓶底下的三角形里是1(还有增塑剂是问题)。锑的毒性主要是对酶活性的抑制，这和同族的砷很相似，三价毒性大于五价，吸入锑灰是致命的！所以不要擅自重复视频里的实验操作。

⑷中国是锑资源最为丰富的国家，占有总储量的52%，其余国家是俄罗斯，玻利维亚，塔吉克斯坦，南非以及其余国家(小声：华钰矿业从17年低就在塔国布局锑、金开采业务)。然后湖南冷水江锡矿山(发现之初错把锑当锡)是世界锑都。

⑸锑的低熔点和易升华造成它很早被发现，让它在炼金术上拿到两个符号（这里贴出的是Unicode编码）：锑升华 U+1F72C，辉锑矿U+1F72B，都是倒置的♀的变化。

⑹子弹使用的铅锑合金有一定讲究，铅和锑的含量比例会影响合金的硬度，也会加入其他元素来调节硬度。一般而言，对铸铅弹头来说，初速越高，膛压越大，合金硬度要越高，不然会导致枪管严重挂铅（针对裸铅弹，被甲弹不用这么讲究）。

1. ↑ bilibili用户
2x910（96176704）在BV1jE41117Yo的评论
Katrese "Kat" Woods

### Sibling[s]

Kayla Woods [older sister], Younger Brother, Younger Sister, Isis Woods [younger sister], Baby Brother

Katrese "Kat" Woods is the best friend of Gabrielle "Gabe" Kleckner and is a real person. She is set at age 11, but her true age is 26. Katrese is an Digidestined partnered to Dokunemon. She is the daughter of a unknown named father and Katrina McDonald and is the younger sister of Kayla Woods and is the older sister of a younger brother, two younger sisters one being named Isis Woods, and a baby brother. She lives with her mother and siblings with the exception of Kayla.

## Description

Katrese is a kind and caring girl who always cares deeply for her friends. Whenever somebody is sad or crying, she always tries her best to comfort them like when Gabrielle was sad about Pete dying, Katrese comforted her. Unfortunately, Katrese is capable of having grand mal seizures if she's not on the right medication. Katrese is a very considerate person who always thinks of others. Katrese is very protective of her partner Digimon, Dokunemon who in turn is very protective of her human partner.

## Story

Katrese is the daughter of an unknown father and Katrina Woods and is Katrina's middle child. She has an older sister, Kayla who is off working at a job and lives with her mother, younger brother, younger sisters, and baby brother. When first meeting Gabrielle at Jardon during her first year, she approached Gabrielle wanting to be her friend and Gabrielle then became friends with Katrese and the two became best friends. Unlike Gabrielle's parents who care for her deeply, Katrese's mother neglects Katrese's care and is very abusive towards her using her as a tool for money to pay for vacations. Due to being verbally and physically abused by her mother and stepfather, Katrese often came to school with dirty clothes and often cried a lot. She relied on Gabrielle who often tried to comfort her hating to see her best friend sad or crying. Katrese's younger brother often beats Katrese attempting to kill her while their mother does nothing to help Katrese and Katrese often comes to school with bruises. During her time in the Digimon Dimension, Katrese and Dokunemon helped fight the Digimon Emperor. Dokunemon was targeted by the Digimon Emperor once when he decided to use a Dark Spiral on her, but she was protected by Katrese. After Ken redeemed himself and when Arukenimon and Mummymon were trying to lure Ken into the van, when Arukenimon took an interest in her best friend, Gabrielle, she got very pissed and told Arukenimon to leave Gabrielle alone or she would be very sorry. Katrese then stated that she was not going to let the evil Digimon hurt her best friend.
Fennekin (Kari's)

This Fennekin is the only Pokémon owned by Kari Kamiya and is Kari's First-Partner-Pokémon. She is Kari's Pokémon partner. Kari rescued her from having her heart eaten by Kimeramon whom Ken Ichijouji (The Digimon Emperor) told it to eat Fennekin's heart for it to more powerful and for Ken's own sick pleasure of him enjoying individuals being killed or being in pain.

## History

Fennekin first appeared when she was being pursued by the Digimon Emperor and Kimeramon whom the Emperor wanted Kimeramon to eat Fennekin's heart so it could get stronger. She was rescued by Kari and her partner Digimon Gatomon's DigiArmor of light form, Neferitimon whom then Fennekin chose Kari to be her trainer. Kari then agreed and suddenly in a flash of light, a hot pink PokéDex appeared and landed in Kari's hand officially making her a Pokémon Trainer. Even though, Fennekin was traveling with her new trainer, Kari and Kari's partner Digimon, Gatomon, she was still a target to the Digimon Emperor whom wanted to capture her to either turn her into of his slaves or have Kimeramon eat her heart out and the Emperor also wanted to steal Kari's PokéDex, D-3 Digivice, and partner Digimon, Gatomon but they were protected by Kari, the Digidestined, and their allies from other dimensions.

## Personality

Unlike her trainer, Fennekin is very friendly towards others and hopes that Kari will regain her friendships with Gabrielle and the other allies that came to help. She encourages Kari to make up and become friends with Gabrielle instead of bullying her. Even though Fennekin and Kari don't have the same opinions, she is still loyal to her trainer and is still very protective of Kari whom in turn is very protective of her. Fennekin and Kari have a very strong bond.
消除反应

有机化学中的**消除反应**（elimination）或消去反应是一个很重要的反应，在有机合成中十分常用。

分类
--

消除反应是指有机分子中消去两个原子或基团的反应。根据消去的位置不同可分为

1. α消除或1,1-消除：消去的两个原子或基团连在同一个碳原子上。
2. β消除或1,2-消除：消去的两个原子或基团连在相邻的碳原子上。
3. 依次可称γ消除（1,3-消除）或1,n-消除。

当两个消除的位置间隔变大时，分子可能成环，此时机理也可使用分子内亲核取代反应——成环反应解释，例如

消除反应多种多样，β消除有如下几类：

1. 双分子消除反应（

E

2

{\displaystyle {\text{E}}2}

反应）。
2. 单分子消除反应（

E

1

{\displaystyle {\text{E}}1}

反应）。
3. 单分子共轭碱消除反应（

E

1

cb

{\displaystyle {\text{E}}1{\text{cb}}}

反应）。

例如醇失水、卤代烃失卤化氢都是消除反应的典型例子。
双分子消除反应

有机化学中的1,2-**消除反应**（elimination）是一个很重要的反应，在有机合成中十分常用。其特例是**双分子消除反应**（

E
2

{\displaystyle \text{E} 2}

反应）、单分子消除反应（

E
1

{\displaystyle \text{E} 1}

反应）以及单分子共轭碱反应（

E
1
cb

{\displaystyle \text{E} 1 \text{cb}}

反应）。

通式
--

β消除反应是有机分子中失去两个相邻碳上所连基团或原子的反应。分子间的消除是由两分子参与决速步的β消除。

这里以饱和碳原子上的消除反应为例说明双分子的消除反应，反应有如下通式

这里

X

−

{\displaystyle \ce{X^-}}

一般是卤素离子，也可以是其他的离去基团，

B

−

{\displaystyle \ce{B^-}}

是带负电子的攻击基团。

## 机理及立体化学

卤代烷的消除指的是离去基团为卤素的情形。从上述机理中我们不难看出：试剂先去攻击底物同离去基碳原子相邻位碳上的氢，然后形成一个过渡态，过渡态中，攻击基团、两个相邻的碳原子、离去基团处于反式同一平面，这时双分子β消除的重要特点也是反应的易发生的主要条件之一，形成过渡态之后，离去基团和碳之间的键逐渐断裂，离去基带着一个电子离开，攻击基团将氢核夺走，氢核的电子流向两个碳之间参与形成碳碳双键，反应结束。

这个过程中是**反式共平面消除**，原因是在过渡态形成的过程中，两个碳逐渐由

sp
3

{\displaystyle \text{sp}^3}

杂化转变为

sp
2

{\displaystyle \text{sp}^2}

杂化，每个碳都要形成一个p轨道，而只有在共平面的条件下，两个垂直的p轨道才能重叠形成

π

{\displaystyle \pi }

键，而这时底物只能取两种构象——交叉构象反式消除和重叠构象顺式消除，但是后者不稳定，因此进行反式消除。

容易看出双分子的消除是动力学上的二级反应，热力学上的一步反应。

## Zaitsev 规则

如果离去基团不处于末端位置，且离去基所连的碳的多个相邻碳上均有氢，那么消除反应会有一定的选择性，在综合很多例子和经验之后，Zaitsev 提出如下经验规律：

在β消除反应中，主要产物是由含氢较少的β碳氢原子被取代得到的，生成取代较多的稳定烯烃。
这就是消除反应的区域选择性。

例如，2-溴-2-甲基-丁烷在乙醇和氢氧化钾的溶剂中可以消除，主要产物是2-甲基-2-丁烯。

Zaitsev 规则是经验规律，它的实质是要尽可能生成稳定的烯烃，在上面的例子中，2-甲基-2-丁烯比副产物1-甲基-2-丁烯要稳定，但是在某些条件下由于位阻或刚性因素，在反式共平面的条件下很难生成两种烯烃中较稳定的那种，这时只能求其次生成不稳定的烯烃，这种现象在环状化合物中比较常见，例如下面的例子：

消除时环己烷衍生物可能不是优势构象消除，这时消除的速率会很慢。

反式共平面消除总是要比生成稳定烯烃更重要，在另一些特殊情况下，无论怎样都不会反式共平面消除时才不得不使用顺式消除，这时的消除速率很慢：

桥环卤代烃的桥头位置后方位阻很大，攻击基团不容易接近，故他只能进攻桥上的氢。

## 竞争反应

分子间的消除反应的主要竞争反应是双分子亲核取代反应，这两个反应都是在碱性条件下有利的（一些亲核试剂同时也具有碱性），因此在设计实验时我们要设法减少我们不关心的另外一种反应的速率，例如

1. 要使得要抑制取代反应我们可以选择大位阻强碱（如叔丁醇钾）和三级卤原子进行反应，并调高反应温度以及碱的浓度。
2. 要使得要抑制消除反应我们可以选择强亲核性的小位阻的弱碱和底物反应。
Статья о системе SPECIAL

## S.P.E.C.I.A.L

Расшифровывается как:

1. ***S - Strength***
2. ***P - Perception***
3. ***E - Endurance***
4. ***C - Charisma***
5. ***I - Intelligence***
6. ***A - Agility***
7. ***L - Luck***

```
Неотъемлемая часть игры в Fonline RolePlay, именно от этих семи параметров зависит то, каким будет Ваш игровой опыт.

```

```
Каждый из этих параметров гармонично вписывается в мир игры и влияет на взаимодействие с ним, ниже указаны бонусы за 1 очко.

```

## **S**trength (Сила)

Грубая физическая сила. В первую очередь отвечает за мышечную массу персонажа. Каждый вложенный пункт увеличивает Очки Жизней на 3, рукопашный урон на 2, дальность броска на 3 гекса и максимально переносимый вес на 10кг. Влияет на лексему персонажа.

 Легкое оружие
 Тяжелое оружие
 Рукопашная
 Холодное оружие
 Метательное оружие
 Ремонт
 Выживание
 Шахтёрство
 Лесозаготовка
 Фермерство

## **P**erception (Восприятие)

Наблюдательность, внимательность и восприятие. Каждый вложенный пункт увеличивает дистанцию видимости на 5 гексов, дистанцию слуха на 2 гекса и даёт дополнительные 4% к шансу попасть в цель.

## **E**ndurance (Выносливость)

Запас прочности персонажа. Каждый вложенный пункт увеличивает Очки Жизней на 5, устойчивость к яду на 5, устойчивость к радиации на 2, уровень лечения на 1, регенерацию Очков Действия на 0,23 и увеличивает пул отрицательных Очков Жизней на 5. Влияет на лексему персонажа.

 Рукопашная
 Холодное оружие
 Секс

## **C**harisma (Харизма)

Обаяние и внешность. Отображает уровень внешней привлекательности персонажа для окружающих. Каждый вложенный пункт увеличивает пул отрицательных Очков Жизней на 10. Влияет на лексему персонажа.

 Торговля
 Секс

## **I**ntelligence (Интеллект)

Идентификатор умственного развития персонажа. Влияет на расчёт получаемых при каждом уровне очков навыков по формуле: [5 + (УРОВЕНЬ ПЕРСОНАЖА)\*(ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ ПЕРСОНАЖА)]

## **A**gility (Ловкость)

Подвижность, гибкость и реакция. Каждый вложенный пункт увеличивает Класс Брони на 5 и регенерацию Очков Действия на 0,57. Влияет на лексему персонажа.

## **L**uck (Удача)

Везучесть персонажа. Каждый вложенный пункт увеличивает шанс критического урона на +3%, защиту от критического урона на +1%, защиту от несчастных случаев на +2%, защиту от поскальзывания на +9,5%.

 Наука
 Сбор мусора
 Рыбная ловля
Najimi

A **Najimi** is a classification of autism critter native to the island nation of Japan. Certain Najimis are well known with their ability to communicate with humans. Infant Najimis are docile, not being able to move without assistance from other organisms. As they grow, Najimis gain the ability to move, and are also docile. There seem to be no physical differences between infant and adult Najimis.

Najimis are very opinionated critters, able to form complex thoughts and feelings, rare for most other species. Najimis are typically well-versed in popular culture, as well as current events. Najimis have a sort of hive mind and typically agree with eachother on most occasions. Most Najimis, when born, stick in groups of three. One to make opinionated statements, one to agree, and one to stand silently and watch. Najimis typically are most active during weekdays.

Najimis reproduce asexually. All Najimis originated from the first Najimi, this subject is known as **Osana Najimi,** or Najimi Prime. All Najimis have the ability to reproduce, however, no other Najimis have the same physical qualities as Osana Najimi. Unlike Najimi Prime, Najimis have Large heads and small bodies. They do not scientifically qualify as scrimblos, as there is no evidence that they have gone through the scrimblofication process, invented by Dr. Henry Heisendorf.
Mudkip

This Mudkip was a baby Pokémon that was lost and looking around for its mother. It was killed by Kimeramon when the evil Digimon ripped its body open and ate its heart after the Digimon Emperor ordered Kimeramon to and it bled to death. James from Team Rocket attempted to rescue Mudkip, but was almost killed by Kimeramon whom The Digimon Emperor told it to eat his heart out too, but Gabrielle saved him just in time and Patrick and Pikachu sent Ken and Kimeramon packing. Patrick buried the Mudkip vowing to make Ken realize what he was doing.
环丙烷

**环丙烷**是分子式为C

3

H

6

{\displaystyle \ce{C3H6}}的环烷烃，是丙烯的同分异构体。

结构
--

环丙烷分子碳架呈平面三角形结构，六个氢均分为两组分布在碳架平面的上下两侧，环丙烷分子有一个不饱和度，有类似烯烃的性质。

环丙烷中的碳碳键比一般链烃中的碳碳单键要短一些，键极度弯曲，称为香蕉键。

## 构象和构型分析

环丙烷的构想在结构中我们已经说明了，考虑了氢的位置表示使它的稳定构象。

一取代环丙烷的构象比较简单，它只有一种结构且没有手性。二取代的环丙烷有顺反异构，两个取代基在同侧是顺式取代环丙烷，两个取代基在异侧是反式取代环丙烷。二取代的环丙烷，如果两个取代基相同，那么两个顺反异构体都没有手性，如果两个取代基不同，那么两个顺反异构体都有手性。手性的标注需要在两个手性碳上分别注明RS构型或DL构型，例如1-溴-2-甲基环丙烷的同分异构体

多取代的环丙烷使用顺反异构手段不方便，直接判断手性碳原子并写出RS构型即命名规则，如

## 化学性质

环丙烷的化学性质和烯烃类似，例如

1. 催化加氢：

C

3

H

6

H

2

→

Pd
 or
Ni

C

3

H

8

{\displaystyle \ce{{C3H6} + H2 ->[\ce{Pd} \text{ or } \ce{Ni}] C3H8}}
2. 使溴水褪色：

C

3

H

6

Br

2

→

r
.
t
.

CH

2

BrCH

2

CH

2

Br

{\displaystyle \ce{{C3H6} + Br2 ->[r.t.] CH2BrCH2CH2Br}}
3. 和氢卤酸反应：

C

3

H

6

HBr
⟶

CH

3

CHBrCH

3

{\displaystyle \ce{{C3H6} + HBr -> CH3CHBrCH3}}

环丙烷不稳定，一般反应都会开环，但是在特殊条件下也可以发生取代反应，如

和烯烃不同的是：环丙烷不易被高锰酸钾氧化，而烯烃可以。

## 取代环丙烷

取代环丙烷中最具代表性的是甲基环丙烷，它的一些化学反应也是开环反应，但是具有区域选择性，和氢卤酸加成时遵循马氏规则。

催化氢化的时候断裂的是没有和甲基直接相连的那个碳碳键，这是因为在催化剂表面这个碳碳键共容易被吸附（位阻小），但是如果选择颗粒十分小的催化剂，那么将不只有上面的一种产物，还会出现正丙烷。
As Above So Below

Shimmer Reverb

## History

### 2018

The first appearance of the As Above So Below is in a photo posted on September 7, 2018 of three prototypes that Daniel was selling to support Hambach Forest activists. There is no description beyond that it is a shimmer reverb pedal. The controls are labeled "Mix," "Level," "Above," and "Decay."

### 2019

Daniel mentions he had been working on a shimmer reverb in a poll posted on February 6, 2019 about whether to include self-oscillation or infinite decay on a softswitch but does not specifically name it as the As Above So Below.
Breathe//Die

Swedish Death Metal Distortion

## History

### 2020

On August 20, 2020 Lichtlaerm announced the Breathe//Die in collaboration with the band of the same name.

After two teaser videos were posted on December 10, the Breathe//Die was officially unveiled on December 13, 2020 with the following description:

> "We never wanted to go down the HM2 route as there are so many great pedals out there that do exactly this. But when our friends from @breathe\_die knocked we couldn't say no: this is our take on the infamous chainsaw sound made popular by Swedish Death Metal! A modern, high gain distortion different from the original that works just as well in front of an amp as it does as a preamp! We included an expander-style noise reduction, parametric mids and an independent, highly configurable boost that helps tightening up the sound and add saturation! We also added a parallel fx-loop to blend the saw with any other distortion or amp you can think of - of course with a phase switch to make sure there are no phase cancellations that take away from the newly created sounds!"
>
>

### 2021

After nearly five months of silence, Lichtlaerm made an announcement concerning inflated Lichtlaerm pedal prices online advising customers not to purchase from scalpers. The post noted that the Breathe//Die and The Key and the Gate were especially affected.

### 2023

On September 21, 2023, the Breathe//Die was relaunched as the Medusa.

## Videos

### 2020

* December 13 (Launch Day) - Dome, The Interface
* December 16 - Dome (vs Klirrton Grindstein)

### 2021

* January 10 - Dome (vs Boss HM2)
* February 3 - Dome (w/ Amber Spyglass)
Golden Compass

## Description

The Golden Compass is an unreleased pedal teased in 2019 and intended to complete the His Dark Materials trilogy of themed pedals. It was most likely a distortion pedal and may have been abandoned in favor of the .Ritual. or the Breathe//Die, which were the next distortions to be teased in late August 2020. The prototype features art by Hagiophobic (Fabian van Beek) with control knobs labeled "Bass," "Volume," "Treble," and "Gain" and switches labeled "High/Low" and "Doom/Fat."

## History

### 2019

The only mention of the Golden Compass was made in a Facebook post from December 10, 2019 also teasing prototypes of the other two His Dark Materials themed pedals, the Amber Spyglass and the Aesahaettr.
CrystalPalmon

CrystalPalmon who is usually in her CrystalLillymon form is Gabrielle "Gabe" Kleckner's main partner Digimon.

## Description

CrystalPalmon is a sweet Digimon who cares deeply for her friends and human partner. She is very protective of Gabrielle shown when she was fighting Kimeramon who Ken told to eat Gabrielle's heart. CrystalPalmon is determined to fight for what's right and believes in second chances showing when she and Gabrielle forgive Ken even for the creatures he has hurt and killed.

## Story

CrystalPalmon as an Kuramon was born when an CrystalLillymon gave birth to her egg. CrystalLillymon raised her egg with loving care and when it hatched into Yuramon, While living with her mother, she Digivolved into CrystalTogemon and then Digivolved into CrystalPalmon. The elders took interest in CrystalPalmon and decided to pair her up with Gabrielle, CrystalLillymon was reluctant to give up her daughter whom she loved so much. CrystalPalmon Digivolved into CrystalTogemon and then finally CrystalLillymon while fighting Ken in our, she was orginally killed by Ken as the Digimon Emperor when he was hired by Alyssa, Gabrielle and Patrick's sworn enemy who wants to keep it so Gabrielle could never become a Digidestined, she was reborn as an egg to a different CrystalLillymon who had given birth to her egg. During her time in the Digimon Dimension with Gabrielle, CrystalPalmon often stayed in her Rookie form or her ultimate form. She helped fight the Digimon Emperor. CrystalPalmon was only threatened by the Digimon Emperor once when he told Davis he was planning on enslaving Davis's friend, Gabrielle and her team including CrystalPalmon to get at Davis for humiliating him at the soccer game. CrystalPalmon often led Digimon, Pokémon, and other creatures to safety while Ken was throwing Dark Spirals at the Digimon, Pokémon, and other creatures who were fleeing in fear. She also helped when Ken was having Kimeramon eat the hearts of creatures including humans. CrystalPalmon also fought Arukenimon and Mummymon after Ken redeemed himself.
Wytches 6

***Wytches #6*** is a horror comic from Scott Snyder and Jock that was published on May 20, 2015, by Image Comics. It is the sixth and final issue in vol. 1 of the *Wytches* comic series.

## Synopsis

As Charlie struggles to save Sailor from the wytches' grasp, the monsters' true hold over the Rooks family is revealed in this, the harrowing ending to the series' first arc!

## Characters

* Lucy Rook
* Charlie Rook
* Sailor Rook
Lichtlaerm Audio Wiki

**Welcome to the Lichtlaerm Audio Wiki!**
This wiki is dedicated to the archival and appreciation of Daniel Ringl's Lichtlaerm Audio effects pedals. The primary source of the articles on this wikia is Lichtlaerm Audio's social media pages with supplemental information from YouTube demos.

## Most Recent Release

On January 18, 2024, the Total Distortion Worship was officially released. Visit the TDW page for a full list of its features and history.Lichtlaerm Audio x Cult FX Total Distortion WorshipTDW tease 1, 2024/01/11TDW tease 3, 2024/01/11
## Products

Visit the Products page to view the full list of Lichtlaerm pedals, both in and out of production.

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Trugbild

Analog Chorus/Vibrato/Vinyl-emulation

## History

### 2019

In a post dated April 20, 2019, Daniel teases two new pedals which appear to be MKI versions of Trugbild and Gehenna. This post also marks Lichtlaerm's move to board-mounted jacks and relay-switching.

Trugbild's official announcement was in a post from July 11, 2019 along with the first official announcements of Gehenna and Leuchtfeuer MKII. Daniel describes it as "an analog chorus/vibrato/vinyl-emulation with tap tempo, highly customizable LFO and some other nice features."

The first batch of Trugbild pedals was completed on July 22, 2019.

Gehenna (left) and Trugbild (right) MKI ciricuits. 2019/04/20New matte black and silver enclosures for (from left to right) Leuchtfeuer MKII, The Key and the Gate MKIII, Gehenna, Trugbild, and Altar MKII, 2019/07/11Trugbild, 2019/07/22
### 2020

On August 13, 2020, a pair of B-stock pedals, a Trugbild and a Gehenna, were made available for sale at a discounted price with the proceeds benefitting Belarussian activists who being arrested and tortured for protesting their fascist government.

## Videos

### 2019

* October 22 - Melih Kaleciklioglu
* October 28 - PEDALBOARD ORG (reupload from Melih Kaleciklioglu)

### 2020

* January 23 - Masterlab Academy (with Altar, Gehenna)
* September 29 - Room89
* December 30 - JS Rivulet
亲电加成反应

**亲电加成反应**是一类特殊的有机化学中的加成反应，它是由缺电子的离子或分子和富电子的有机化合物（最常见的做底物的有机化合物是烯烃和炔烃）的一类加成反应。参与反应的缺电子的离子或分子被称为亲电试剂。缺电子的离子一般是氢离子，缺电子的分子常见的有硼化物（如硼烷）。

亲电加成属于离子型反应，烯烃亲电加成的中间产物是碳正离子。

亲电加成是烯烃的特征反应，因此我们以烯烃为例来说明该反应的机理和性质。

## 和氢卤酸的加成

烯烃和氢卤酸（一般用氢氯酸、氢溴酸或氢碘酸）的加成是亲电加成中最典型和最简单的一类，例如

CH

2

=

C

(

CH

3

)

2

HX
⟶

CH

3

CX

(

CH

3

)

2

{\displaystyle \ce{CH2=C(CH3)2 + HX -> CH3CX(CH3)2}}

它的反应机理是

可以看出：氢卤酸中卤原子和氢原子的电负性相差很大，因此会出现键的异裂，碳碳双键上的π电子趁机攻击缺电子的氢，促使氢卤酸中键的异裂，随后得到氢的烯烃会变为碳正离子，这是中间产物，这一步进展缓慢，是加成反应的决速步。随后卤素负离子去和碳正离子结合，形成卤代烃，反应结束。

由此可以得知：反应的速度氢碘酸>氢溴酸>氢氯酸，这是因为酸性越强，电离氢的能力越强，有利于第一步发生；另外双键上的电子云密度越高越容易发生反应，这是因为负电荷越多，攻击正电的氢离子的能力也越强。

末端炔烃和氢卤酸加成可以得到一卤代烯烃，进一步加成可以得到二卤代烷。后者加成比较困难，需使用碱性较强的碱进行反应（如叔丁醇碱），灯亮混合可以使大部分分子的反应停留在第一步，但是产率不高，可使用一些特殊的碱进行反应。觉听的加成也符合马氏规则，且是反式加成。非末端炔烃加成常常会得到两种混合物

### 马氏规则

在形成碳正离子之后，两个原形成双键的碳都有正电性，为什么第二步氢原子会被吸附到右侧的碳上呢？这是由于烷基是给电子基团，原来烯烃的双键上的π电子会向含氢多的碳上移动，因此氢离子就被吸附到含氢多的那个碳上了。这样的现象（即加成时缺电子的离子或分子加在含氢多的碳上）称为马氏规则（Markovnikov 规则）。当烯烃连有给电子基时，加成一般符合马氏规则，但是连有吸电子基时恰恰相反：

CH

2

=

CHCF

3

HX
⟶

CH

2

XCH

2

CF

3

{\displaystyle \ce{CH2=CHCF3 + HX -> CH2XCH2CF3}}

这里正是由于

CF

3

{\displaystyle \ce{CF3}}

是强吸电子基导致氢加在了含氢量少的那一个碳上。

### 重排反应

上述加成常常会伴有重排反应，原因是生成的碳正离子不稳定（可能是一级碳或对应的，二级碳）且有更稳定的相近的碳正离子构型（一般是二级碳或对应的，三级碳）可以转化（通过负氢或甲基的一次迁移），例如下面的重排就可以发生：

一般来说，在有机合成中重排是我们不希望看到的，会降低目标产物的纯度。

在上述反应中没有顺反选择性，因为碳正离子是平面结构，卤素离子可以从上下两面进攻，但是如果一侧存在位阻时大概率的卤素离子回家在另一边，环烯烃加成的产物以反式为主。

如果一个烯烃的碳碳双键直接相连了一个小环，如四、五元环，那么出于稳定性考量，会有环上烷基的迁移造成的重排反应发生，例如

## 水合反应

在酸性条件下，烯烃和炔烃会发生水合反应（即烃和水做加成反应，酸作催化剂），分别得到醇和酮（乙炔得到醛）。整个过程符合马氏规则，例如

炔烃的水合比较难发生（烯烃式的碳正离子不稳定），需要汞盐做催化剂，反应得到烯醇，但其不稳定会互变异构为酮（或醛），如乙炔的水合反应

注意水合反应要在酸性条件下发生，否则很难进行。

## 与卤素的加成

烯烃或炔烃可以和卤素进行加成，其机理是环正离子机理，例如烯烃和溴的加成的反应机理是

烯烃和溴的加成，溴分子先发生自身键的异裂，烯烃的双键趁机去攻击带有正电性的溴原子，由于溴原子体积庞大，它的原子半径可以比拟碳碳键的长度，因此溴离子在碳碳键的平行一侧形成环状正离子，称之为溴鎓离子，它是八隅体结构，这就是反应的第一阶段，它是反应的决速步。第二阶段带有负电性的溴原子从溴鎓离子中不含溴的一侧去进攻任何一个中心碳原子，从这个位置形成碳溴键，与此同时这个碳原子和带正电性的溴之间的化学键减弱，最后直至断裂，这一步反应很快，反应结束，最终生成一个反式加成的卤代烃。

修也可以用碘代替，中间体是碘鎓离子。和卤素的加成具有极高的立体专一性：反式加成。注意以上反应卤素是单一的化合物，如果是卤素的水溶液，参看下一小节。

## 和氢卤酸的反应

烯烃或炔烃可以和卤素的水溶液反应，以烯烃和氢溴酸的加成为例，它的机理是

第一步是决速步，和烯烃和溴的加成一致，第二步是水去进攻碳原子，这是因为溶剂中水要比溴多得多，最后脱氢形成反式加成的产物，最终的效果是氢溴酸加成到了烯烃上。这个加成也是符合马氏规则的。

如果溶剂不是水而是其它能溶解卤素的质子性溶剂，那么也有类似上面的加成，例如环己烯在氯和甲醇的溶液中加成，反应式为

应用马氏规则时为卤素是正离子接受双键的进攻进而形成卤鎓离子，而脱氢的质子溶剂作为负离子进攻环正离子。

## 羟汞化-去汞还原反应

烯烃或炔烃在乙酸汞的水溶液中可以发生加成，带着乙酸根的汞正离子显正电性，它发挥了加成反应中氢离子的作用，然后形成中间体三元环，随后水进攻碳原子再脱去氢得到一价乙酸汞和羟基加成到双键上的产物。之后用硼氢化钠还原一价乙酸汞基团为氢，反应由两个步骤组成。整个过程是符合马氏规则的反式加成且没有重排。例子：

在有机合成中常用（由于没有重排）。

## 烷氧化-去汞还原反应

和羟汞化-去汞还原反应类似，只不过是用了强吸电子基（例如三氟甲基）代替了乙酸根中的甲基，这样的目的是可以将水溶液换为醇，用于醚的生成。反应同样是没有重排的符合马氏规则的反式加成。例如

## 硼氢化-氧化反应

在THF溶剂中，用硼烷和烯烃反应可得到烷基硼，进一步分离，在碱性水溶液条件下加入过氧化氢氧化，便会得到一元醇，其加成的总体效果是氢和羟基分别两个碳碳双键的碳上，但是是反马氏规则的顺式加成，这个过程也没有重排发生，因此可用于有机合成。例如丙烯得到正丙醇反应过程的简单叙述如下

CH

3

CH

=

CH

2

→

BH

3

/

B

2

H

6

,
THF

B

(

C

3

H

8

)

3

→

H

2

O

2

,
OH

−

,

H

2

O

3

C

3

H

7

OH

{\displaystyle \ce{CH3CH=CH2 ->[\ce{+ BH3/B2H6, THF}] B(C3H8)3 ->[\ce{H2O2, OH-, H2O}] 3C3H7OH}}
Third Eye

## History

### 2020

The first appearance of the Third Eye was on September 30, 2020 in a post asking for fan opinions on whether future pedal designs should use tall or short 9mm potentiometers. The graphic, by Tristesse (Philip Kienzle), is of an eye emanating waves of light that had previously appeared on tee-shirts and would later be used on packaging. The pedal sported eight controls but only the "Depth" and "Pre-gain" labels were clearly visible.

Third Eye first look, 2020-09-30Third Eye first look, 2020-09-30Third Eye first look, 2020-09-30
烯烃

**烯烃**是一类特殊的有机烃类，它是含有碳碳双键的烃类，按照碳碳双键的数量和位置可分为单烯烃（仅含有一个碳碳双键）、共轭二烯烃（碳碳双键在彼此的烯丙位）、累积二烯烃（两个碳碳双键相邻）。碳碳双键之间的位置多于两个碳时的烯烃表现出的性质和多个单烯烃基本一致。这里主要介绍单烯烃。

命名
--

参见系统命名法。

## 结构和物理性质

单烯烃的两个碳碳双键的参与成键的碳都是

sp

2

{\displaystyle \ce{sp^2}}

杂化的，碳碳双键的长度要比碳碳单键的要短一些。碳碳双键是由一根σ键和一根π键构成，π键两个中心碳原子的p轨道通过侧面重叠而形成的，这导致了碳碳双键的两侧碳原子不能以σ键为轴进行自由旋转，因此烯烃中的两个中心碳原子都与不同的基团相连时会存在顺反异构体。

这种约束构型转化的键的键能很大，在常温下不易克服，需要加强热才能克服。此外Z型烯烃由于各个键的矩形成的偶极矩要比E型烯烃大（E型烯烃的键的矩会有一部分抵消，特别是对称的E型烯烃偶极矩为零），所以根据偶极-偶极相互作用，Z型烯烃的沸点比同类的E型烯烃的高，熔点低，同时E型烯烃较稳定。

烯烃的密度都小于水的密度，比相应烷烃的密度大。

比较烯烃的燃烧热可排出如下相对稳定性：

R

2

C

=

CR

2

>

R

2

C

=

CHR
>
RCH

=

CHR
>
RCH

=

CH

2

>

H

2

C

=

CH

2

{\displaystyle \ce{R2C=CR2 > R2C=CHR > RCH=CHR > RCH=CH2 > H2C=CH2}}

主要由于p-π的超共轭效应。

## 与卡宾的反应

电中性的含二价碳的化合物称为卡宾，卡宾不易分离得到，但可以瞬间存在，常常作为活性中间体。例如有

:

CX

2

,
:

CH

2

{\displaystyle \ce{:CX2, :CH2}}

等等。

制备卡宾通常在叔丁醇碱的条件下由卤代烃进行α消除得到，例如

CHCl

3

→

t
BuOK
,
t
BuOH

Cl

2

C
:
KCl

{\displaystyle \ce{CHCl3 ->[t\text{-}\ce{BuOK}, t\text{-}\ce{BuOH}] Cl2C: + KCl}}

卡宾可以和双键发生加成，产生三元环。例如

某些能和卡宾其类似作用的化合物称之为类卡宾如

ICH

2

ZnI
,

ICH

2

CuI

{\displaystyle \ce{ICH2ZnI, ICH2CuI}}

也畅通与有机合成中，它是通过

CH

2

I

2

{\displaystyle \ce{CH2I2}}

和

Zn
,
Cu

{\displaystyle \ce{Zn, Cu}}

反应得到的，它们和双键反应的一些例子有

## 自由基加成反应

烯烃除了有环正离子过渡态的离子型加成反应外还有自由基加成反应。典型的反应是和氢卤酸在过氧化物作催化剂的条件下的反应。最终结果表现为反马氏的加成反应。例如

CH

3

CH

=

CH

2

HBr

→

ROOR

/

h
v

CH

3

CH

2

CH

2

Br

{\displaystyle \ce{CH3CH=CH2 + HBr ->[\ce{ROOR}/hv] CH3CH2CH2Br}}

更多例子

## 氧化反应

### 双羟化反应

两个羟基加在碳碳双键上的反应称为双羟化反应，烯烃的顺式双羟化反应可以通过冷而稀的高锰酸钾溶液或者四氧化锇进行，以下是它们氧化烯烃为顺二醇的机理：

反式双羟化反应可以通过下面介绍的环氧化反应再开环得到。

### 环氧化反应

烯烃在过氧有机酸的条件下被氧化，生成环氧化合物。通式和机理是

该反应为顺式加成，反应的中间态是一个大螺环，因此在预测产物时要考虑反应中的位阻因素。

该反应的产物在酸性或碱性条件下可以得到反式邻二醇（外消旋体）：

### 氧化裂解

烯烃在强氧化剂臭氧的条件下烯烃会裂解为醛和酮，机理是

烯烃在酸性高锰酸钾加热的条件下得到酸和二氧化碳，即

C
n

H

2
n
1

HC

=

CH

2

→

Δ

KMnO

4

,

H

C

n
−
1

H

2
n
−
1

COOH

CO

2

H

2

O

{\displaystyle \ce{C}\_n \ce{H}\_{2n+1} \ce{HC=CH2} \ce{->[\ce{KMnO4, H^+}][\Delta]} \ce{C}\_{n-1} \ce{H}\_{2n-1} \ce{COOH + CO2 + H2O}}