Restr̈ian

Restr̈ian is the classical language of Ferlihari Island, employed in religious, official, and ceremonial contexts, as well as in writings, rituals, festivals, and more. For details about the spoken and commonly used language in Ferlihari, please refer to the Ferliharian (language) page.

This page will elucidate the Restr̈ian alphabet, grammar, and numerical system, in addition to offering text in Restr̈ian, a dictionary (Restrian to English), and for the history of Restr̈ian, please refer to Restr̈ian (language).

## Alphabet

#### Alphabet (Latin Letters)

a b b' ʧ d d' e ë g g̈ i ɪ j j’ k l m n o ɔ p q r r̈ s t ʊ w j z

## Grammar

### Basic Information

**Syllable structure**: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

(The configuration of syllables pertains to the number of consonants that can be present on either side of the vowel. In a syllable structure represented as (C)V, it indicates that a syllable must contain one vowel and has the option of an initial consonant. This structure allows for patterns like "tito," "raleo," and "ala." Languages with this uncomplicated structure include Swahili and Fijian. On the other hand, a syllable structure such as (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) permits more intricate words like "strips" and "trainers." Most European languages exhibit these more intricate structures.)

**Stress pattern**: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable

(The stress pattern pertains to which syllable within a word receives emphasis. In English, there is no fixed stress pattern; emphasis can be placed on any syllable: VIGorous (first), emPLOYment (second to last), hoTEL (last). While most of the world's major languages lack a fixed pattern, some do have one. Finnish words are stressed on the first syllable, Greek on the second to last syllable, and Persian on the last syllable. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) employs the ˈ symbol before the syllable to denote primary stress. For example, the word "siho" /siˈho/ would be pronounced as siHO.)

**Main word order:** Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). This is the same as English.

**Adjective order:** Adjectives are positioned before the noun.

**Adposition:** prepositions

(Adpositions are linguistic elements that convey spatial or temporal relationships (such as "in," "on," "under," "towards," "before") or indicate different semantic functions (like "of" and "for"). When adpositions are positioned before the noun phrase, they are termed prepositions, as in the English example: "on the table." Conversely, when they appear after the noun phrase, they are referred to as postpositions. Languages employing postpositions in this manner include Chinese and Turkish.)

### Articles

Restr̈ian encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

### Nouns

d’iz /ɗiz/
the cat
Else: Prefix dʁwu-
dr̈wud’iz /dʁwuɗiz/
 Indefinite
Else: Prefix ja-
yad’iz /jaɗiz/
a cat
Else: Prefix usti-
ustid’iz /ustiɗiz/
some cats

### Pronouns

#### Possessive determiners

 2nd singular
 3rd singular masc
 3rd singular fem
 1st plural inclusive
 1st plural exclusive
 2nd plural
 3rd plural
their

### Verbs

Restr̈ian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

zrawlpt kri /zrɔlpt kri/
will drink

#### Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as *I am learning*.

Restr̈ian uses an affix for progressive:

Else: Prefix ɢo-
g̈okri /ɢoˈkri/
is drinking

#### Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as *I learn (something new every day)*, as opposed to actions that happen once (*I learned something*).

Restr̈ian uses an affix for habitual:

Else: Prefix ʤda-
jdakri /ʤdaˈkri/
I drink

#### Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.

Restr̈ian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Else: Prefix lo-
lokri /loˈkri/
have drunk

## Numbers

Restr̈ian has a base-10 number system:

1 - slurk

2 - garn

3 - b’o

4 - sna

5 - ï

6 - jiymü

7 - eb

8 - mla

9 - jawp

10 - sple

100 - e

1000 - që

## Derivational morphology

###### Adjective to Adverb:

* If the adjective starts with a vowel, use the prefix "tʁw-."
* If the adjective does not start with a vowel, use the prefix "tʁwe-."

This rule helps transform adjectives into adverbs, allowing you to describe how an action is performed based on the quality expressed by the adjective.

###### Adjective to Noun (the quality of being [adj]):

* Add the prefix "zbʊ-."

This rule is used to create nouns that represent the quality or state described by the adjective.

###### Adjective to Verb:

* If the adjective starts with a vowel, use the prefix "l-."
* If the adjective does not start with a vowel, use the prefix "lɪ-."

This rule enables the transformation of adjectives into verbs, indicating the action of making something possess the quality of the adjective.

###### Noun to Adjective (having the quality of [noun]):

* If the noun starts with a vowel, add the prefix "ingj-."
* If the noun does not start with a vowel, add the prefix "ingja-."

It allows you to create adjectives that describe the quality of something based on the noun.

###### Noun to Adjective Relating to Noun (e.g., economy → economic):

* If the noun starts with a vowel, use the prefix "n-."
* If the noun does not start with a vowel, use the prefix "nɪ-."

This rule helps create adjectives related to a noun, often used to describe characteristics or attributes associated with the noun.

###### Noun to Verb:

* Add the prefix "gjʊ-."

This rule is used to turn nouns into verbs, indicating the action or process associated with the noun.

###### Verb to Adjective:

* If the verb starts with a vowel, use the prefix "inχr-."
* If the verb does not start with a vowel, use the prefix "inχri-."

It allows you to create adjectives that describe the result or state produced by the action of the verb.

###### Tending To:

* Add the prefix "i-."

This rule is used to indicate a tendency or inclination toward a particular action or quality.

###### Verb to Noun (the act of [verb]):

* Add the prefix "ʊ-."

It helps create nouns that represent the action or process described by the verb.

###### Verb to Noun That Verb Produces (e.g., know → knowledge):

* Add the prefix "slo-."

This rule is used to create nouns that represent the result or product of the action expressed by the verb.

###### One Who [verb]s (e.g., paint → painter):

* Add the prefix "ɪ-."

It helps create nouns that refer to a person or entity who performs the action denoted by the verb.

###### Place Of (e.g., wine → winery):

* If the noun starts with a vowel, use the prefix "ɗ-."
* If the noun does not start with a vowel, use the prefix "ɗe-."

This rule is used to create nouns that indicate a place or location associated with the noun.

###### Diminutive:

* Add the prefix "dɛ-."

It is used to create nouns or adjectives that convey a smaller or less significant version of the base word.

###### Augmentative:

* If the noun starts with a vowel, use the prefix "g-."
* If the noun does not start with a vowel, use the prefix "gʊ-."

This rule is used to create nouns or adjectives that express a larger or more significant version of the base word.

## **Restr̈ian - English Dictionary**

Key: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech. definition(s)

* a /a/ v. go, pass, continue, happen, occur, expire, excel
* aj’ /aʄ/ v. taste
* ar̈ /aʁ/ n. thumb
* aw /aw/ adv. that
* aws /ɔs/ n. arrow (sign)
* azd /azd/ v. whistle
* b’i /ɓi/ pron. his, it (masc)
* b’olz /ɓolz/ adv. less
* ba /ba/ n. mouth, beak, lip
* bawmni /bɔmˈni/ n. size, amount, quantity, capacity
* begaw /beɢɔ/ interj. what
* boʻë /boˈʔɛ/ v. bring, lead, fetch
* br̈awz /bʁɔz/ n. intervention
* br̈ü /bʁʊ/ num. billion
* bür /bʊr/ v. lend, loan
* chlema /ʧleˈma/ n. drug, medicine
* chlill la /ʧlill la/ n. tomorrow
* chtasda /ʧtasˈda/ n. feeling
* chtoch /ʧtoʧ/ n. west
* d’awnbla /ɗɔnˈbla/ v. mix, weave, join
* d’esmokh /ɗesˈmoχ/ n. grocer
* d’igyo /ɗiˈgjo/ n. dress, skirt, uniform
* d’iz /ɗiz/ n. cat
* d’ol /ɗol/ n. torch, candle
* d’ustna /ɗustˈna/ adj. whole, entire
* dëd’iz /dɛˈɗiz/ n. kitten
* di'ën /di'ɛn/ adv., n. how
* dinr̈ët /dinˈʁɛt/ n. trade
* drë /drɛ/ n. wave (ocean), surge
* dri /dri/ n. kitchen, cuisine
* dridar /driˈdar/ prep. like
* dronsi /dronˈsi/ n. riot
* dr̈wawlz /dʁwɔlz/ n. band (musical group)
* dr̈wüp /dʁwʊp/ adj. general
* e /e/ num. hundred
* edz /edz/ v. investigate, inspect
* ep /ep/ prep. along
* ësts /ɛsts/ n. bird
* ëzt /ɛzt/ n. dog
* g̈ag̈ /ɢaɢ/ adv. away
* g̈aw /ɢɔ/ adv. as
* g̈ë /ɢɛ/ n. village, suburb
* g̈ërl /ɢɛrl/ v. remember
* g̈ïlgr̈ü /ɢɪlgˈʁʊ/ n. dinner
* glabn /glabn/ v. break, burst, shatter, smash, split, destroy
* glel /glel/ v. compare
* glu /glu/ adv. today
* g̈o /ɢo/ n. throne
* g̈üldlï /ɢʊlˈdlɪ/ v. see, understand, grasp, distinguish, envision, examine
* gyawgch /gjɔgʧ/ adj. thin (narrow)
* gyüchta /gjʊʧˈta/ v. weigh
* gyür /gjʊr/ adj. thin (slender), slim
* i /i/ det. my
* ïdorkt /ɪˈdorkt/ n. berry, bean
* ïglün /ɪˈglʊn/ n. ruler
* ikalch /iˈkalʧ/ n. second (time), moment
* ill /ill/ n. idea, concept, dream
* ingyadomz /ingjaˈdomz/ adj. painful
* ingyalad /ingjaˈlad/ adj. powerful
* ingyatr̈wimz /ingjatˈʁwimz/ adj. rich
* inkhrichlawr̈k /inχriˈʧlɔʁk/ adj. final
* ïpr̈irl /ɪpˈʁirl/ n. runner
* ïrplaww /ɪrˈplɔw/ n. plan, strategy (plan)
* ïskra /ɪsˈkra/ n. hunter
* istr̈ /istʁ/ n. queen
* ïwër /ɪˈwɛr/ n. liar
* ïzbüchto /ɪzbʊʧˈto/ n. muscle
* j’awsg /ʄɔsg/ adj. fat, big, obese
* j'ëm /ʤʔɛm/interj. hello
* j’ïkh /ʄɪχ/ v. know (a fact), know (be acquainted with)
* j’iyaw /ʄiˈjɔ/ n. paper, magazine, contract
* j’ü /ʄʊ/ v. would
* jawlps /ʤɔlps/ n. university
* jdo /ʤdo/ n. gate, port
* jë /ʤɛ/ adj. firm
* ji /ʤi/ v. be (exist)
* jiltsë /ʤiltˈsɛ/ v. like
* jü /ʤʊ/ n. color, hue
* khatkrontrell /χatkronˈtrell/ n. spirit
* khë /χɛ/ pron. your
* khi /χi/ v. might
* kma /kma/ n. nature, habit, essence
* kmi /kmi/ n. face, forehead, brow, side, front, facade, surface
* kna /kna/ adj. famous
* kno /kno/ n. planet
* kr̈asp /kʁasp/ n. window
* kr̈ë /kʁɛ/ adv. out
* kr̈i /kʁi/ v. work (be employed), work (toil)
* kr̈ïntre /kʁɪnˈtre/ adj. boring
* kr̈u /kʁu/ n. spring (season)
* kr̈we /kʁwe/ n. frog
* kr̈wogrïnkyo /kʁwogrɪnˈkjo/ n. bell
* ksogchï /ksogˈʧɪ/ n. level (degree, stage), rank (position)
* kstibz /kstibz/ v. embrace
* küp /kʊp/ v. is
* la /la/ n. day, date
* latsdaw /latsˈdɔ/ n. page
* lë /lɛ/ v. provide, cater
* lej’it /leˈʄit/ n. underwear
* li wëts /li wɛts/ n. glasses
* lisp spraw /lisp sprɔ/ n. history
* lu /lu/ adj. true, honest, pure
* lüy /lʊj/ v. keep (store), store
* mlï /mlɪ/ adv. down
* na /na/ n. fiction
* nawr̈dr̈ /nɔʁdʁ/ n. event (occurrence), incident
* nerera /nereˈra/ v. has
* nïd’or /nɪˈɗor/ adj. logical
* nirb /nirb/ n. steel
* nitaw /niˈtɔ/ adj. big, great (very large), popular
* nolk /nolk/ v. improve, enhance
* nug̈ /nuɢ/ n. knee
* och /oʧ/ n. character
* olcha /olˈʧa/ adj. round, blunt
* orstorn /orsˈtorn/ n. pillow, cushion
* pawgs /pɔgs/ n. shadow
* pinblë /pinˈblɛ/ n. bee
* pr̈asp /pʁasp/ v. ban, prohibit
* pr̈ëyl /pʁɛjl/ n. task
* pr̈o /pʁo/ pron. her, it (fem)
* psawmno /psɔmˈno/ n. silk, thread
* psi /psi/ v. turn on
* psu /psu/ det. his
* pünü /pʊˈnʊ/ adj. ready, ripe
* qawkh /qɔχ/ n. thing, stuff, matter (substance, material), object, item
* qiq /qiq/ n. rice, cereal
* qud /qud/ n. nation
* qwd'ëb /cwed
* ral /ral/ v. laugh
* r̈awt /ʁɔt/ v. dig, scoop
* r̈ëp /ʁɛp/ n. note
* ri /ri/ v. spit
* rïn /rɪn/ v. accept, pardon
* r̈orn r̈ïmlat /ʁorn ʁɪˈmlat/ n. cafe
* r̈ül /ʁʊl/ prep. including
* sag̈ /saɢ/ v. stab
* sawba /sɔˈba/ v. shift
* saww /sɔw/ v. increase, expand, exacerbate
* sëlk /sɛlk/ v. lean, tilt, bow (greet)
* sildz /sildz/ v. catch, capture, seize, arrest, notice
* skra /skra/ v. hunt        skruybï /skrujˈbɪ/ n. garden, park, orchard
* slëw /slɛw/ adj. tiht, narrow, compact
* slodrilch /sloˈdril/ n. frost
* slostu /slosˈtu/ n. drawing
* slü /slʊ/ n. corpse
* smë /smɛ/ adj. cheap
* smïlk /smɪlk/ n. slope, slant
* smostrïr̈ts /smosˈtrɪʁts/ n. fence, wall
* snarg etsawkh /snarg etˈsɔχ/ n. music
* snïra /snɪˈra/ v. employ, enlist, recruit
* soi /soˈi/ v. invite
* splë /splɛ/ v. order
* splü /splʊ/ n. soap
* sprïti /sprɪˈti/ n. bulb (plant root)
* spyi /spji/ n. book, novel
* staswï /staˈswɪ/ n. scale (skin of reptiles)
* stïlcho /stɪlˈʧo/ v. serve, provide, treat
* straw /strɔ/ n. buttocks, ass
* stu /stu/ v. draw, mark
* styimse /stjimˈse/ n. pressure
* suj’ /suʄ/ n. distance, span
* sur /sur/ v. are
* sürk /sʊrk/ n. file
* tawrts /tɔrts/ n. pen
* tëps /tɛps/ v. leak, sink, drown, descend
* tirkt /tirkt/ n. uncle
* tokswë /tokˈswɛ/ adj. pink
* tr̈ë /tʁɛ/ n. reversal
* trenster /tren'ster/ adj. cold
* trïli / trIˈli/ n. table
* tr̈ïlki /tʁɪlˈki/ v. worry
* tr̈wa /tʁwa/ v. fly
* tr̈wegips /tʁweˈgips/ adv. suddenly
* tr̈wezt /tʁwezt/ n. unit
* tr̈wo /tʁwo/ adj. sorry
* tsanz /tsanz/ v. chase
* tsawp /tsɔp/ n. expression (facial)
* tsikh /tsiχ/ n. evidence, clue
* tü /tʊ/ n. beast
* tya /tja/ interj. welcome
* tyib’ /tjiɓ/ prep. throughout
* u /u/ num. first
* üdrël /ʊˈdrɛl/ n. division
* üg̈üldlï /ʊɢʊlˈdlɪ/ n. exam
* ükstüps /ʊksˈtʊps/ n. entrance
* ün /ʊn/ n. wood
* üpoj’ /ʊˈpoʄ/ n. growth
* üpoj’tib /ʊˈpoʄtib/ v. eat
* üsise /ʊsiˈse/ n. suggestion
* üstro /ʊsˈtro/ n. argument
* ütsomis /ʊtsoˈmis/ n. discovery
* üwüj’ /ʊˈwʊʄ/ n. proof
* wa /wa/ v. talk, speak
* waüz /waˈʊz/ v. travel
* wawr̈dr̈ /wɔʁdʁ/ v. swallow
* wedn /wedn/ n. trunk (of tree)
* wës /wɛs/ n. evening
* wid’ /wiɗ/ pron. something
* wir̈klaw /wiʁˈklɔ/ n. train
* wu /wu/ adv. up
* wültsi /wʊltˈsi/ v. name
* wuwsraw /wuwˈsrɔ/ v. stamp, press
* yawstr̈ /jɔstʁ/ n. lesson
* yez /jez/ n. bill, check
* yilts /jilts/ v. count
* yu /ju/ v. create, found
* za /za/ n. cost
* zbachi /zbaˈʧi/ n. will
* zbïbn /zbɪbn/ pron. she, it (fem)
* zbübëkh /zbʊˈbɛχ/ n. happiness
* zbülisp /zbʊˈlisp/ n. length
* zbütïg̈ /zbʊˈtɪɢ/ n. anger
* zdre /zdre/ n. weather, climate
* zdruʻdezd /zdruʔˈdezd/ v. execute
* zikh /ziχ/ adj. dry
* zlaj’ /zlaʄ/ n. state (province, country)
* zlo /zlo/ v. drop, collapse
* zra /zra/ adj. fun
* zrir̈ /zriʁ/ adj. large
* zud’ü /zuˈɗʊ/ v. listen