recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Biomolecules

## Biological Importance of Chemistry

Bio Molecules are the lifeless molecules that create life in living beings .

## Carbohydrates

The most commonly found configuration of a Carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y

The conditions for an organic compound to be a carbohydrate are :-

1) The compound should be optically active .

2) The compound should be a polyhydrous compound with one ketone or aldehydic group .

3) It can also be a compound which can be hydrolysed to fulfill the above 2 conditions .

**Simple Carbohydrates**

Also called as monosaccharide , these are the basic units of carbohydrates . Monosaccharides , containing aldehyde are called as aldoses and containing ketones are called as ketoses .

Active Carbon

**Complex Carbohydrates**

**a) Oligosaccharides**

A carbohydrate , that on hydrolysis gives two to ten monosaccharide units is called as oligosaccharide .

**b) Polysaccharides**

A carbohydrate that on hydrolysis yields large number of monosaccharide units is called polysaccharide .

**Glucose**

C6H12O6 (Aldohexose)

**Fructose**

C6H12O6 (Ketohexose)

**Disaccharides**

**a) Sucrose**

Glucose + Fructose

C1 of α D Glucopyranose C2 of β D Fructofuranose

**b) Maltose**

Glucose + Glucose

C1 of α Glucopyranose C4 of α Glucopyranose

**c) Cellobiose**

C1 of β Glucopyranose C4 of β Glucopyranose

**d) Lactose**

C1 of β Galactopyranose C4 of β Glucopyranose

**Polysaccharides**

**a) Starch**

Polymer of Gkucopyranose . (C6H10O5)

**b) Cellulose**

**c) Glycogen**

## Proteins

Proteins are high molecular weight polymers containing Nitrogen , and on hydrolysis yield alpha - amino acids . All proteins contain elements like C , H , O , N , S and some other elements like Co , Mn , Zn , Fe , Cu ,etc.

Proteins on hydrolysis give H2N - CH(R)-COOH .

## Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts which catalyzes chemical reactions in our body .

## Lipids

Lipids are fats , have limited solubility in water .

## Hormones

Hormones are secretions by the endocrine glands

## Vitamins

1. A :
2. B1 : Tymine
3. B2 : Riboflavin
4. B5 : Nicotinamide
5. B6 : Mixture of Pyrodoxine , Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine .
## Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acids are the substances of heredity . The polynucleotide chain (polyester linkage) is the backbone of nucleic acid molecule . It is an ester of phosphoric acid with sugar .

The prefix ribo stands for 5 carbon atom carbohydrate 1

Ribose is a compound having 5 carbon atoms in furanose cyclic structure . In Deoxy Ribose there is absence of oxygen at C2 position . These sugars have been used in the structure of respective nucleic acids below :

**Polynuceotide Chain**

The polynucleotide chain of nucleic acid has Sugar molecule (Ribose or deoxyribose) and a base is attached to the sugar molecule . Between two successive sugar-base molecules a -O-P-O- bonding is present and on the Phosphorous atom , there are another 2 Oxygen atoms attached .

**Base Group**

The base group attached on DNA are adenine and guanine , containing purine ring and cytosine and thymine which contain pyradimine ring .

In RNA , the bases attached are adenine , guanine , cytosine and uracil .
March 2013 : Chemistry

**Chemistry**

**70 Marks**

**3 Hours**

NOTE:

1. All Questions are compulsory
2. Answers to the two sections are to be written on same answer sheet .
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks
4. Write balanced chemical equations and draw neat and labelled diagrams , wherever necessary
5. Use of Logarithmic Table is allowed .
6. Answer to every question must be started on a new page .

Section 1

Q.1) Select and write the appropriate Answer from the given alternatives for each sub-question : [7]

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Q.1) Select and write the appropriate Answer from the given alternatives for each sub-question : [7]

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Genetics & Evolution

 Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance,
Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome
theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing
over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal
disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

 Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA;
DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and
regulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

 Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative
anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism
of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;
Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
Rockhopper

**Rockhopper** (commonly abbreviated as **RH**, or referred to by his title, **Captain Rockhopper**) is a friendly pirate who docks at irregular intervals at Club Penguin Island, usually with gifts, or knowledge.
His ship is only docked at the Beach on special Club Penguin parties or events. He keeps a journal of his adventures, and sells rare items brought over from Rockhopper Island and other places. When he comes to Club Penguin Island, he gives away a free item and sells other items to member penguins in the Rockhopper's Rare Items catalog. The catalog includes items such as pirate hats like the Puffle Bandana, telescopes, backgrounds, furniture, and other wares.

## Information

### Appeared

Pirate Party 2014, Merry Walrus 2014 (sprite), Puffle Party 2015 (sprite), 10th Anniversary Party

### Clothes Items

Rockhopper's Coat, Rockhopper's Beard, Rockhopper's Hat
March 2012 : Physics

**Physics**

**70 Marks**

**3 Hours**

NOTE:

1. All Questions are compulsory
2. Answers to the two sections are to be written on same answer sheet .
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks
4. Draw neat and labelled diagrams , wherever necessary
5. Use of Logarithmic Table is allowed .
6. Answer to every question must be started on a new page .

Section 1

Q.1) Select and write the appropriate Answer from the given alternatives for each sub-question : [7]

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Section 2

Q.1) Select and write the appropriate Answer from the given alternatives for each sub-question : [7]

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Genetic basis of Inheritance

## Genetic terminologies

It briefly discusses the genetic terms and symbols

cross

ratio-3:1

## Monohybrid Cross

A cross between two pure (homozygous) parents in which inheritance pattern of only one pair of contrasting characters is studied is called monohybrid cross

**Phenotypic ratio -** 3:1

**Genotypic ratio -** 1:2:1

## Mendel's law of Inheritance

**Law of dominance :** In a cross between two pairs of contrasting charachters ,that appears in F1 generation is termed as dominant

**Law of Segregation :** Members of allelic pair remains non ambigous ans separate or segregate during gamete formation

## Dihybrid Cross

A cross between two pure (homozygous) parents inwhich the inheritance pattern of two pairs of contrasting charachters is cosidered is called as dihybrid cross

**Phenotypic ratio -** 9:3:3:1

**Genotypic ratio -** 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1

## Deviations from Mendelian Inheritance

On the basis of different observations,different patterns of inheritance or gene interactions are discussed in this topic

## Test Yourself !

You are now ready to take a test on the topic .

Take a 30 minute test Here : Test : Genetic Basis of Inheritance
Compounds containing Nitrogen MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Acceleration due to Gravity

< Previous................................................................................................................................................Next >

To find the equation for 'g'

Let m = Mass of body

g = acceleration due to gravity

G = Universal Gravitationa; Constant

M = Mass of Earth

R = Distance of body from centre of Earth

For a body on the earth , **Weight = Gravitaional Force**

< Previous................................................................................................................................................Next >
Finding Largest/smallest Number

A block of data beginning from **D050** , contains hex numbers . Find the **largest** Number in the block and store it at the end of the block . The block length is stored in **D04F**

A block of data beginning from **D050** , contains hex numbers . Find the **smallest** Number in the block and store it at the end of the block . The block length is stored in **D04F**
Magnetization & Magnetic Intensity

< Previous................................................................................................................................................Next >

a torroid with iron core on it . As current flows through the torroid it sets up a magnetic field around itself . This magnetic fild now magnetizes the iron core .

Magnetic Field due to torroid Bo = μonI

Magnetc Field due to iron core BM = μoMz

Now , B = B0 + Bm

.....B = μonI + μoMz

Magnetic Intensity (H) is a quantity used in describing magnetic field strength of a field . It is defined as follows :

B0 = μoH= μonI ; i.e. H = nI

Now , B = μonI + μoMz

B = μoH + μoMz

B = μo(H + Mz)

The relation between magnetization(Mz) and intensity(H) is given as :

Mz = XH ; where X is the magnetic susceptibility of the substance (iron core in example)

Now , B = μo(H + Mz) = B = μo(H + XH)

B = μo(1+X)H

B = μoμrH

μ = μ0μr = μo(1+X)

< Previous................................................................................................................................................Next >
Magnetism MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Diversity in Living World

 What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of
species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos, Herbaria,
Botanical gardens.

 Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens;
Viruses and Viroids.

 Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).

 Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five
salient features and at least two examples).
Chemistry : List of Diagrams

## Slid State

1. Anisotropy
2. Bravais Lattices
3. Defects
4. Band Gap Diagram
5. Guoy's Method

## Electrochemistry

1. Electrolysis
2. Salt Bridge
3. Daniel Cell
4. Standard Hydrogen Electrode
5. Calomel Electrode
6. Dry Cell
7. Lead Storage Battery
8. Hydrogen Fuel Cell
9. Corrosion
10. Cathodic Protection

## General Principles and Isolation of Metals

1. Concentration Processes
2. Reverberatory Furnace
3. Ellingham Diagram
4. Refining Processes
5. Vertical Retort Furnac
6. Blast Furnace
7. Electrolytic Cell for extraction of Aluminium
8. Bessemer Converter
9. Electrolytic Refining of Blister Copper

## p-block

1. Haber Process
2. Structures of Compounds (p-block)
3. Contact Process
4. Structures of Compounds (d-block)
NEET Study Schedule

This is perhaps one of the most easiest schedules that you can follow to ace your NEET Exams ( National Eligibility cum Entrance Test ) .

Here is a Simple Monthly schedule . This schedule has to be followed every Month . There are separate schedules for Class 12 and Class 11 . It has been designed according to Maharashtra State Board Student's Convenience .

If you come across a chapter that hasn't been taught to you yet , then you may skip the chapter and study something else .

Following a pre-defined schedule is important because the syllabus of NEET is so vast that you will find it confusing to decide what to study .

## How to Follow

Each day , you need to find only 3 hours in order to follow this schedule . 1 hour for Physics, 1 hour for Chemistry and 1 hour for Maths . You are supposed to solve MCQs during these 1 hour sessions .

If you are willing to expand up to 6 hours , then you can get around 2 hours for each subject , which we strongly recommend for miraculous scores .

## Schedule

Check the study schedule here

............................................................................................................................................................

Rest Days of Month : Revision of entire Syllabus / Relaxation

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

## Schedule For Class 11

Questions Answered :

How to study for NEET UG ? Timetable for NEET .

How to set study schedule for NEET UG Exam .?
Data Structures

## Types of Data Structures

1. Arrays
2. Linked Lists
3. Trees
4. Stack
5. Queue
6. Graph

## Data Structure Operations

1. Traversing
2. Searching
3. Inserting
4. Deleting
5. Sorting
6. Merging

## Algorithms for Array Operations

1. Traversing an Array
2. Inserting & Deleting elements of an Array
3. Sorting an Array
4. Searching :
	1. Linear Search
	2. Binary Search

## Pointers

Pointers are memory locations that store the address of another location .

## Pointer Arrays

An array of memory that stores addresses of different locations is called as a pointer array .

## Linked Lists

In a linked list , an element contains two attributes , 1) Data stored in the location , 2) Address o fthe Next location .
Application of Derivatives

## **1) Rate Measurer**

When an equation is differentiated with respect to time , we can measure the rat of change .

## **2) Tangents and Normals**

**Slope of tangent** = dy/dx = tanθ

**Slope of Normal** = -dx/dy = -1/tanθ

**Equation of Tangent** : y - y1 = m ( x - x1 ) m = dy/dx

**Equation of Normal** : y - y1 = m ( x - x1) m = - dx/dy

**length of Tangent** = y1 sqrt (1 + (dx/dy)2)

**length of Normal** = y1 sqrt (1 + (dy/dx)2)
Differentiation MCQs

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Electrochemistry MCQs

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Application of Derivatives MCQs

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Coordination Compounds

## Werner's Theory

Werner's Theory states that :

1. The principle valence is called as primary valence . The primary valence is also the oxidation numer of central element . The Secondary valence is the number of elements surrounding the central element or Co-ordination Number of central element .
2. Every Metal tends to satisfy both , primary and secondary valence .
3. Every Metal has a fixed number of secondary valence .
4. The secondary valence is always directed towards fixed positions in space (because they form co-ordinate covalent bonds)

## Ligands

Ligands are the groups that form the co-ordination sphere . These groups form coordinate covalent bonds with the central metal .

Based on number of donor atoms , Ligands can be classified as follows :-

a) **Monodentate Ligands :** Also called as Unidentate Ligands . Only one atom donates electrons for forming coordinate bond .

b) **Polydntate Ligands :** Also called as multidentate Ligands . Two or more atoms donate electrons for forming coordinate bonds . The structures of these Ligands look like "crab" or "chelates" , thus they are also called as chelating ligands . e.g. Ethylene Diamine , EDTA - Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate

c) **Ambidentate Ligands :** Two or more donor atoms are present , but while forming compound , only one atom forms coordinate bond with central metal .

## Coordination Chemistry

Complex Ion : A complex ion is more or less stable , charged aggrgate formed when an ion mostly of a metal is directly linked to a group of neutral molecules or ions .

**Coordination Entity :** A coordination entity constitutes central metal atom or ion bonded to a fixed number of ions or molecules .

**Coordination Sphere :** The central metal atom/ion and the coordinating groups(ligands) attached to it are written inside th square bracket and is together called as Coordination Sphere .

**Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes :** If all the ligands are the same , then it is a homoleptic complex . If the ligands differ , then Heteroleptic Complexes .

**Cationic Complexes :** The complexes in which the complex ion carries a net positive charge are called as cationic complexes .

**Anionic Complexes :** The complexes in which the complex ion carries a net negative charge are called as anionic complexes .

**Neutral Complexes :** The complexes in which the complex ion carries no net charge are called as Neutral complexes .

**Coordination Polyhedron :** The spatial arrangement of ligand atoms attached to the central metal/ion is known as coordination polyhedron .
Maths

## Syllabus

1. Mathematical Logic
2. Matrices
3. Trigonometric Equations
4. Pair of Straight Lines
5. Vectors
6. 3 D Geometry
7. Lines
8. Planes
9. Linear Programming Problems
10. Continuity
11. Differentiation
12. Application of Derivatives
13. Integration
14. Definite Integration
15. Application of Definite Integration
16. Differential Equations
17. Probability Distribution
18. Binomial Distribution

2. List of Theorems
3. Formulae

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

## Content

1. Formulas
2. Theorems
3. Solved Examples
4. Exercise Problems
5. Miscellaneous Exercises

Click Here : Practice these types Once !

## Help Tools from Us

1. Types of Sums
2. List of Theorems

## How to study during Boards

24th Feb : Go through all the kinds of Sums that you are not comfortable with . Practice a few .

Go here : Maths : Types of Sums

25th Feb :

Go here : Maths Theorems

Maths : Types of Sums

26th Feb : Go through a few marked sums
Microcontroller

## Introduction

The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system buiilt on a single integrated circuit . Microcontrollers were developed to meet the need for microprocessors to be put in low cost products . Building a complete microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces the cost of building simple products which use the microprocessors's power to implement their functins .

## Key Features of 8051 Microcontroller

1. 8 bit ALU
2. 4K
3. 128
4. Dual 16 bit timer event counter
5. 32 I/O lines
6. Addresses 64 kbytes of program memory
7. Powerful 111-instruction instruction set
8. Full featured serial port
9. Up to 12-MHz clock
10. Two external interrupts

## 8051 Architecture

The 8051 is a second generation 8-bit microcontroller . The 8051 has a significantly more powerful architecture than 8049 and 8048 .
Career Guidance : Commerce

Its the right time now to look deeper into your stream . Now it is not just science , arts or commerce but it is CA/Economist/MBA . It's time to think carefully on what part of your stream **Commerce** interests you the most .

## Let's Begin !

**Firstly,** Make a choice between your subjects . Are you into Maths or SP or IT ? Your current subjects are important and easiest way to choose your career .

Maths | SP | Other
Binomial Distribution MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Chemistry

## Syllabus

1. Solid State (4/6)
2. Solutions & Colligative Properties (5/7)
3. Chemical Thermodynamics (6/8)
4. Electrochemistry (5/7)
5. Chemical Kinetics (4/6)
6. General Principles & Isolation of Metals (3/5) #
7. p Block Elements (8/10) #
8. d & f Block Elements (5/6) #
9. Coordination Compounds (3/4) #
10. Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes & Haloarenes (4/6) #
11. Alcohols , Phenols & Ethers (4/6) #
12. Aldehydes , Ketones & Carboxylic Acids (5/7) #
13. Compounds containing Nitrogen (4/6) #
14. Biomolecules (4/6) #
15. Polymers (3/4)
16. Chemistry in Everyday Life (3/4) #

2. List of Derivations
3. List of Formulae
4. List of Reactions
5. List of Reaction Mechanisms
6. List of Diagrams
7. Most Important Questions
8. Chemistry Test Papers ( Includes boards as well as 10 prelim papers)
9. Scoring Guide

..........................................................................................................................................................

## What to Study ?

1. Theory
2. Definitions , Laws , Properties , Characteristics
3. Derivations
4. Chemical Reactions
5. Solved Numericals
6. Exercise Theory Questions
7. Exercise Unsolved Numericals
8. Exercise MCQ Questions

## How to prepare during Boards

### Aiming for 90% +

**Feb 26 :** Revise only those concepts that you don't know or are weak at

**Feb 27 :** Go through the textual questions of Organic Chemistry and chapters p block , d & f block

**Feb 28 :** Go through list of derivations Here : Chemistry : List of Derivations

Go through types of Questions Here : Chemistry

**Feb 29 :** Revise a few marked questions
Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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Q.1) Even a Carnot engine cannot reach 100% efficiency bcause :

a)We can't find ideal sources b)We can't prevent radiation c)We can't reach absolute zero d)We can't eliminate friction .

* Select :
* a
* b
* c
* d

\_\_

 Wrong

 Answer : c

 Wrong

 Answer : c

 Correct Answer !

 Wrong

 Answer : c

Q.2) The earth emits radiations in infrared region . The wavelength of maximum intensity is given by :

a)Kirchoff's Law b)Wien's Law c)Stefan's Law d)Rayleigh Law

* Select :
* a
* b
* c
* d

\_\_

 Wrong

 Answer : b

 Correct Answer !

 Wrong

 Answer : b

 Wrong

 Answer : b
## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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 Q1) According to Newton's Law of cooling , rat of cooling is directly proportional to (Δθ)n ; where n = \_\_\_\_ .

a)1 b)2 c)4 d)0

* Select :
* a
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* d

\_\_

 Correct Answer !

 Wrong

 Answer : a

 Wrong

 Answer : a

 Wrong

 Answer : a
## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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 Q2) According to Newton's Law of cooling , rat of cooling is inversely proportional to (Δθ)n ; where n = \_\_\_\_ .

a)1 b)2 c)-1 d)0

* Select :
* a
* b
* c
* d

\_\_

 Wrong

 Answer : c

 Wrong

 Answer : c

 Correct Answer !

 Wrong

 Answer : c.
Udani

**Udani** is the capital of Cinzaverdia. It has a population of about /50'000/. It is located on Halfway Island, and was constructed specifically to become the capital city after the Cinzaverdian Civil War in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as a compromise between Lusophone and Anglophone inhabitants of the country who supported Santo André and Diamond City as capital, respectively. The city officially became the capital in 1992.
Instruction Set

(For mobile users) **NOTE:** This page works best in Desktop Mode . Go Here : http://hscboards.wikia.com/Instruction\_Set?useskin=oasis

## Addressing Modes

1. Direct Addressing : Address appears after the opcode of the insttruction in 2nd & 3rd bytes .
2. Register Addressing : The Operand includes two registers within which operations are performed . .
3. Immediate Addressing : The Operand includes a value .
4. Register Indirect Addressing : A memory location is accessed by Register M .
5. Implied Addressing : Consists of no Operand .

## Data Transfer Group

* MOV
* MVI
* LXI
* LDA
* STA
* LHLD
* SHLD
* LDAX
* STAX
* XCHG

**Move**

Instruction : MOV A,B

Addressing Mode :Register Addressing

Bytes : 1

Flags Affected : None

**Move Immediate**

**Load HL pair**

**Load Accumulator Direct**

Instruction : LDA , D050 ; Value stored in D050 is moved to Accumulator

**Store Accumulator Direct**

Instruction :STA , D050 ; The value stored in accumulator is moved to D050

**Load H and L Registers Direct**

Instruction :LHLD D050 ; Contents of D050 are stored in L and that of D051 is stored in H register

Addressing Mode :

Bytes : 3

Flags Affected :None

**Store H and L Registers Direct**

Instruction : SHLD D050 ; Contents of L rgister are stored in D050 and of H rgister are stored in D051

Addressing Mode :

Bytes :3

Flags Affected :

**Load Accumulator Indirect**

Instruction :LDAX D ; Contents of Register D are stored in Accumulator .

Addressing Mode :

Bytes : 3

Flags Affected :

**Store Accumulator Indirect**

Instruction : STAX D  ; COntetns of Accumulator are stored in register D

**Exchange H and L with D and E pairs**

Instruction : XCHG H is exchanged with D and L is exchanged with E ;

Addressing Mode :

Bytes :1

Flags Affected :

## Arithmetic & Logic Group

* ADD
* ADI
* ADC
* ACI
* SUB
* SUI
* SBB
* SBI
* INR/DCR
* INX/DCX
* DAD
* DAA

**Add with Carry**
Instruction :ADC B ; Adds Accumulator and Register and Carry Flag

**Subtract and Borrow from Accumulator**
**Decimal Adjust Accumulator**

Instruction :DAA  ; Binary Number obtained after adding is converted into BCD

Example : 04 + 08 gives 0C in binary Sum , but it gives 12 in BCD sum . Thus DAA instruction converts 0C to 12 . DAA should always follow an addition instruction only . It does not work with any other instruction inclluding subtraction .
* ANA
* ANI
* ORA
* ORI
* XRA
* CMP
* CPI
* RLC
* RRC
* RAL
* RAR
* CMA
* CMC
* STC

**Compliment Carry**
**Set Carry**
## Branching Group

* JMP
* JZ / JNZ
* JC / JNC
* JPO/JPE
* JP/JM
* CALL
* Ccondition
* RET
* Rcondition
* RST
* PCHL

**Load Program Counter with HL pair**
Instruction : PCHL

## Machine Control Group

* PUSH
* PUSH PSW
* POP
* POP PSW
* XTHL
* SPHL

**Exchange HL with SP**
**Move HL to SP**
* IN port
* OUT port
* EI
* DI
* HLT
* NOP
* RIM
* SIM
* SOD
* SDE
* XXX
* R7.5
* MSE
* M7.5
* M6.5
* M5.5
Differential Equations MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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.
Continuity

## Functions

A function which is a continuous graph , is a continuous function . In case of a disruption , the function is discontinuous .

For a function to be continuous at a point , the value of the function at that point should be equal to the limiting value . For a function to be discontinuous at a point , the value of the function at that point should be different from the limiting value .

## Causes of Discontinuity

1) Limit does not exist . ( this has 3 reasons refer [[1]] )

2) The value of function at that point is different than the limiting value (if limit exists)

## Continuity of a Function at a point

The limiting value is obtained by evaluating the limits , and the actual value of the function is obtained by substituting directly in the given equation . We need to check the limiting value and the actual value of the function to decide its continuity . If both the values are same at a given point , then the function is continuous at that particular point .

The continuity of a function at the end point of a graph is checked by considering only one side from where the graph is approaching the point . e.g. if the graph begins from x = 2 ; then the limiting value for a point x = 2 , will be its Right hand limit , since the point is being approached from the right hand side .

## Continuity of a function in a given Interval

An Interval can be Open or Closed . An open interval is defined from A to B, excluding A and B (a,b) . A closed interval is defined from A to B , including A and B [a,b].

If the interval is open , (a,b) , we need to check continuity at all points . If the interval is closed , [a,b] , we need to check continuity at all points including the end points .

## Types of Discontinuity

1) When Limit Exists (Removable Discontinuity)

2) When Limit does not Exist (Non Removable Discontinuity)

When limit exists in a discontinuous function , the function can be made continuous by simply redefining the function , where functional value = limiting value .
Career Guidance : Science

Now , Its the right time now to look deeper into your stream **Science** . Now it is not just science , arts or commerce but it is Engineering / Medical / Pharma / Pure Science or transfer to Arts / Commerce. It's time to think carefully on what part of your stream interests you the most .

## Let's Begin !

**Firstly,** Make a choice between your subjects . Are you into PCM or PCB or PCMB ? Your current subjects are important and easiest way to choose your career .

**Select your Current Subjects to proceed : PCM | PCB | PCMB**
Career Guidance

**Select your Current Stream to Proceed :**

(You may consider reading this page before proceeding)

## A General Advice

**Firstly ,** When you look out for a career , make sure that your choice between Science , Arts and Commerce is 100% sure . If you are in Science then you can pursue Commerce or Arts if you find interest in it . But you cannot move from Arts and Commerce to Science . So , make this choice 100 % clear . If you have made the choice then select the option above .

**Secondly,** Its the right time now to look deeper into your stream . Now it is not just science , arts or commerce but it is Engineering/Medical/Pharma/Pure Science , Economist/CA/MBA and Teaching/Historian , Artist , etc. It's time to think carefully on what part of your stream interests you the most .

**Thirdly ,** You need to dig even more deeper and define your profession precisely . Under Engineering you have CSE, EXTC ,ELE , Mechanical , Civil ,etc. Under medical , we have dental , gynaecology , cardiology , etc. Under Commerce , there are variety of jobs related to accounting . and under Arts , you hav to decide which art , you are going to pursue .

Selecting among these options might look difficult but you can keep 2-3 options in mind , simultaneously .

These Three Steps are crucial for deciding your path ahead , and we at **HSC Boards Wiki** will take you through the path to decide your Career , precisely . Select your stream above . All the Best !
Integration MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Human Health and Diseases MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Career Guidance : PCB

Now, your main task is to select between medicine or dental studies, biochemistry, biotechnology, microbiology,agricultural and dairy science. Options are also available in the paramedical and allied fields such as Nursing, Physiotherapy, Occupational therapy, Audiology, Speech Therapy, Medical Lab Technology, Optometry, Nutrition and Dietetics, Pharmacy etc.

Doctor

Pure Science (Research/Teaching)

Pharmacy
Maths MCQs

1. Mathematical Logic MCQs
2. Matrices MCQs
3. Trigonometric Equations MCQs
4. Pair of Straight Lines MCQs
5. Vectors MCQs
6. 3 D Geometry MCQs
7. Lines MCQs
8. Planes MCQs
9. Linear Programming Problems MCQs
10. Continuity MCQs
11. Differentiation MCQs
12. Application of Derivatives MCQs
13. Integration MCQs
14. Definite Integration MCQs
15. Application of Definite Integration MCQs
16. Differential Equations MCQs
17. Probability Distribution MCQs
18. Binomial Distribution MCQs,
DC Power Supplies

## Half Wave Rectifier

The **Half wave rectifier** is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage. In the **Half wave rectifier** circuit shown above the transformer serves two purposes. It can be used to obtain the desired level of dc voltage (using step up or step down transformers).

## Full Wave Rectifier

A **Full Wave Rectifier** is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied. ac voltage.
Organisms and Environment - 1 MCQs

## Level 1

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## Level 2

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## Level 3

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## Level 4

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## Level 5

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## Level 6

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## Level 7

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## Level 8

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## Level 9

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## Level Ultimate !

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Current Electricity

## Kirchoff's Laws

**Kirchoff's Current Law**

It states that the sum of current at a junction is zero . The current flowing towards the junction is taken as positive and the current flowing away from the junction is taken as negative .

**Kirchoff's Voltage Law**

It states that the sum of EMFs and Voltages (IR) in a loop is equal to zero .

EMFs in the direction of the loop is taken as positive , while against the loop is taken as negative .

Voltages (IR) in the direction is loop is taken as negative and against the loop is taken as positive .

Note :

For MCQs , whenever there are a large number of voltages , EMFs or currents , use Kirchoof's Loop Laws

## Wheatstone's Network

The Wheatstone's Network consists of four resistances through which a galvanometer is connected . The unknown resistance can be calculated by the formula R1 / R2 = R3 / R4 , . i.e. Left/ Right = Left / Right .

Note : The middle resistance is ignored when the network is balanced .

## Wheatstone's Meterbridge

Wheatstone's Meterbridge and potentiometer work on the principle of Wheatstone,s Network .

Wheatstone's meterbridge consists of two L shaped wooden strips , between which , two resistors are connected . A Jockey , containing a centre - zero deflection galvanometer is connected at a point between the two resistors . A 1 m long wire is connected below the resistors .

The switch is turned on and the jockey is now tapped at point A . It is then tapped at point C . It should give deflections on either sides , if not adjust the rheostat . Now , start tapping the wire till you reach a point , where the deflection is zero . Take this distance as l . hence , the remaining distance is (100 - l) cm .

The wire AC has certain resistance , which is directly proportional to the length of the wire . Using this relation we can find the unknown resistance connected above on one of the wooden planks . The relation in Wheatstone's Meterbridge is :-

R1 / R2 = R3 / R4

## Potentiometer

A potentiometer is like an ideal voltmeter , because it does not draw any current from the circuit .

**Principle**

V α l

... Potential Gradient = Constant

**A) Comparison Method**

E1 / E2 = l1 / l2

**B) Combination Method**

E1 + E2 / E1 - E2 = L1 / L2

**C) Internal Resistance**

r = R [(l1 - l2) / l2]
Chemistry Revision

1. List of Formulae
2. Types of Questions/Numericals
3. Chemistry : Most Important Questions
4. List of Derivations
5. List of Diagrams / Graphs
6. List of Reactions
7. List of Reaction Mechanisms
8. Time Management

## Tips

1. Do written practice . Practice writing in situations of panic . This will give you strength and confidence to appear for the exam . **Written practice is highly recommended !**
2. Updating ........
Gene : its Nature , Expression and Regulation

## Griffith Experiment

Using the bacterium diplococcus pneumoniae , S-type and R-type strains were injected and different observations were doone .

## Hershey Chase Experiment

Hershey & Chase worked with viruses which infect bacteria and are composed of DNA and proteins .

## Semiconservative Replication of DNA

The process inwhich a DNA molecule produces exact copy or replica of itself is known as replication of DNA .

Mechanism of DNA replication comprises of activation of nucleotides , origin or initiation point , unwimdimg of dna strands and synthesis of new strands .

## Wobble hypothesis

According to this hypothesis,in codon-anticodon pairing. The third base may not be comlemetary.The third base of codon is called wobble base and this position is called as wobble position

## Transcription

It is formation of m-RNA on DNA template.In this process genetic information from DNA is copied into RNA

## Translation

It is the process in which the sequence of codons on the m-RNA strand is used and accorsingly the amino acids are joined to each other to form a polypeptide chain that makes protein

## Operon

Each operon is a unit of gene expression and regulation which includes the structural genes and their control elements

## Test Yourself !

You are now ready to take a test on this chapter .

Take a simple 30 minute test here : Test : Gene its Nature , Expression and Regulation