AoE2 Campaigns

* Stirling is a strategically important city, known as Gateway of the Highlands
6. Forge an Alliance
	* Has the Scottish Allies (Yellow) as an allied faction
7. The Battle of Falkirk
	* Unlike the scenario the real life battle, which occurred in 1298 BC, was a crushing defeat to the Scots and led to William's self imposed exile and losing his title as the Guardian of Scotland
	* British were led by Edward I, known as Edward Longshanks
	* Following the battle William left for France to gather support
	* The Scots primarily had spearmen during the battle arranged in schiltrons, hedgehog like clusters of spearmen, with supporting archers and knights
	* Falkirk is a small town nowadays and culturally important
	* A William Wallace hero unit makes an appearance
	* Falkirk is close to Stirling

### Joan of Arc

1. An Unlikely Messiah
	1. Player (Franks) - Blue
		* Joan the Maid
			+ Died at age 19
		* Sieur de Metz
		* Sieur Bertrand
	2. Burgundy (Burgundians) - Purple
		* During the year Joan was active Phillip III, also known as Phillip the Good, ruled Burgundy and eventually had the Burgundians withdraw from the war in 1435 with the Treaty of Arras
	3. Highwaymen (Franks) - Green
	4. Chinon (Franks) - Orange
	5. Army of France (Franks) - Yellow
	6. English (Britons) - Red
		* Joan was not actually a peasant, she came from a fairly well-off land-owning family
		* Based off of the real life escort of Joan by the two knights.
		* Metz often got irritated with Joan during the journey as she stopped and prayed at every church they passed, even in enemy territory
		* The Dauphin referred to throughout the campaign was Charles VII
2. The Maid of Orleans
	1. Player (Franks) - Blue
		* Joan the Maid
		* Duke D'Alençon
			1. His father was killed at Agincourt
			2. Supported noble rights in nobles rebellion
			3. Full name is Jon II D'Alençon
	2. Burgundy (Burgundians) - Purple
		* Not actually present at the siege
	3. Northern English (Britons) - Red
	4. Orleans (Franks) - Grey
	5. Blois (Franks) - Cyan
	6. Chinon (Franks) - Yellow
	7. Southern English (Britons) - Orange
		* Orleans has a population of about 110,000 and is located in central France
		* The Siege of Orleans occurred 1428 - 1429
		* The British were led by Thomas Montagu, Earl of Salisbury, who died in the battle when his tower was struck by cannon
		* The French were led by Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orleans
		* Joan was wounded by an arrow during the siege
		* La Hire participated in the battle, but is not in the mission
		* Both Blois and Chinon are small towns today
3. The Cleansing of the Loire
	1. Player (Franks) - Blue
		* Joan of Arc
		* La Hire
	2. Burgundy (Burgundians) - Purple
	3. English (Britons) - Red
	4. Fastolf's Army (Britons) - Orange
		* Sir John Fastolf
		* Based of the Loire campaign of 1428 and 1429
		* Fastolf actually did survive the Battle of Patay, and additionally was one of the few commanders to evade capture during a major engagement of the campaign
		* He became a scapegoat of sorts following the battle and was temporarily stripped of his knighthood, though there is no evidence of cowardice on his part
		* Was a noted writer, tactician, and businessman as well
		* Likely inspired Falstaff, a recurring Shakespearean character
		* John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, known as the English Achilles and Terror of the French, was captured at the battle
		* La Hire was the French commander at Patay
4. The Rising
	1. Player (Franks) - Blue
		1. Joan of Arc
	2. Troyes (Orange) - Britons
		1. A small town today
	3. Chalon (Green) - Franks
		1. Known today as Chalon-sur-Saône
	4. Rheims (Yellow) - Britons
		1. Reims in French and today is a fairly large city of about 160,000 people
		2. Located in Northern France
	5. English Guards (Red) - Britons
		* There was no actual battle in real life
		* All three garrisons surrendered after British commanders decided to reinforce Paris instead of the three cities
5. The Siege of Paris
	1. Player (Franks) - Blue
		* Joan of Arc
		* Lord de Graville
			+ Named Jean V Malet de Graville, was a commander of crossbowmen
		* Jean de Lorraine
			+ Fictional character, named Jean le Lorraine from a Mark Twain novel about Joan of Arc
	2. Burgundy (Burgundians) - Purple
	3. English (Britons) - Red
	4. Compeigne (Franks) - Cyan
	5. King's Men (Franks) - Yellow
		* Occurred in 1429
		* The garrison of the city was British but led by Burgundian commanders. The occupiers actually had the support of the majority of the city's population, as the British respected the city's rights and the inhabitants feared Charles VII would take them away.
		* Paris was taken in 1420 by Henry V
		* The French outnumbered the English more than 3-1
		* Charles VII did not actually let down Joan, he actually assaulted the city with her and took command of the attackers after Joan was wounded by a crossbow bolt
		* Several attempts were made to take the city in the following decade but finally in 1436 Paris was peacefully taken by the French after the Burgundians withdrew from the war
6. The Perfect Martyr
	1. Player (Franks) - Blue
		* Guy Josselyne - Fictional narrator of the campaign
		* La Hire
		* Constable Richemont
			+ Of Breton descent and eventually became Arthur III of Brittany when he inherited it shortly before his death
			+ The title of Constable is the second highest military rank, second only to king
			+ Fought at the Battle of Pattay (Cleansing of the Loire) but not at the Battle of Castillon (A Perfect Martyr)
		* Jean Bureau
			+ Lead commander of the battle and Master Gunner of Artilleries in the French army
			+ Helped make France's artillery force the greatest in Western Europe
	2. Burgundy (Burgundians) - Purple
	3. English (Britons) - Red
	4. Shrewsbury (Britons) - Orange
		* Shrewsbury comes from the title of the English commander at the battle, John Talbot, First Earl of Shrewsbury
		* Died during the battle charging with his knights into French artillery fire, demonstrating the age of the knight was ending
		* Lavishly praised by Shakespeare in his plays
		* Based on the Battle of Castillon (1453), which was a French victory and helped lead to the end of the war
		* Occurred in Gascony, a subregion of Aquitaine that is in Southeastern France
		* French artillery played an important role in their victory, and the balance of power in Europe shifted to France

### Saladin

1. An Arabian Knight
	1. Player (Saracens) - Green
	2. Egyptians (Saracens) - Red (Ally -> Enemy -> Ally)
	3. West Franks (Franks) - Blue
	4. East Franks (Franks) - Cyan
		* Shirkuh - Saladin's uncle and the commander Saladin served under during his time fighting the crusaders in Egypt
		* Abbuyid Dynasty - Dynasty that Saladin established, encompassed Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and the south-west coast of the Arabian Peninsula
		* The crusader invasions of Egypt occurred in the 1160s AD during the Second Crusade and pitted the Kingdom of Jerusalem, with the Templars and Hospitallers, against the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, which was eventually disposed of by Saladin, who then led Egyptian forces to victory
		* The AoE2 campaign largely depicts Saladin as a very civil and humane ruler, but is reality he was a cunning and brutal leader who showed mercy on occasion but ultimately had to match the crusaders' viciousness to defeat them
		* Saladin was of Kurdish descent
2. Lord of Arabia
	1. Player (Saracens) - Green
	2. Aqaba (Saracans) - Yellow (Ally)
		* Coastal city in modern day Jordan. actually controlled by Reynald
	3. Medina (Saracens) - Orange (Ally)
	4. Reynald's Bandits (Franks) - Red
	5. Reynald's Pirates (Franks) - Blue
		* Reynald de Chatillon (Hero)
	6. Reynald's Raiders (Franks) - Cyan
		* Reynald de Chatillon was ruler of Oultrejordain, essentially the Kingdom of Jersusalem east of the river Jordan.
		* He was one of the wealthiest lords in the kingdom, and was known for the brutal raids he conducted in Cyprus and on Saladin's forces, being one of the few crusaders to pursue an offensive strategy against him
		* Reynald, along with Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, actually defeated Saladin soundly at the Battle of Montgisard in modern day Israel, crippling his army and forcing him back to Egypt, severely limiting his military actions for the next 10 years as a rebuilt his forces.
3. The Horns of Hattin
	1. Player (Saracens) - Green
	2. English (Britons) - Red
	3. Hospitallers (Teutons) - Orange
	4. Jerusalem (Franks) - Blue
		* Reynald de Chatillon
	5. Knights Templar (Teutons) - Yellow
		* Knights Hospitallers -
			+ Flags is an inverse of England's, also used the cross of Malta as a symbol, which is comprised of a black field with 4 silver v-like arrowheads in a cross shape
			+ Founded in Jerusalem in the 12th century and was headquartered there, later moved to Cyprus, Rhodes, Valletta, and St. Petersburg
			+ Its patrons were Mary and John the Baptist
			+ Napoleon's capture of Malta around 1800 effectively ended the order's existence as even a somewhat influential order
		* Knights Templar -
			+ Symbol is a red cross with curved edges, sometimes on a field of black on top of white
			+ Over 90% of its order was comprised of non-combatants, of which many held financial duties, with the order establishing an impressive financial system across Europe and pioneered early banking.
			+ In the early 14th century Pope Clement V disbanded the order and had many of its members burned at the stake, likely due to the influence of King Louis IV of France, who owed the order large sums
		* The Battle of Hattin occurred in 1187 in what is now southern day Israel
		* The Piece of the True Cross carried by the bishop of Acre was sent to Damascus following the battle.
		* Templars and Hospitallers were beheaded and other soldiers who could not pay a ransom were sold as slaves, only nobles and commanders were given descent treatment.
4. The Siege of Jerusalem
	1. Player (Saracens) - Green
	2. Jerusalem (Byzantines) - Blue
	3. Hospitallers (Teutons) - Orange
	4. Knights Templar (Teutons) - Yellow
		* The Siege of Jerusalem occurred in 1187 CE
		* Archers of the Eyes - Nubian archers who were believed to be accurate enough to blind men with arrows and not kill them.
		* Dome of the Rock was called Temple of the Lord by crusaders.
5. Jihad!
	1. Player (Saracens) - Green
	2. Hebron (Saracens) - Cyan (Ally)
		* Considered one of the four holy cities on Judaism, also sacred in Islam. It is believed to be the burial place of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who's bodies claimed to have been found by crusaders and quickly sealed up once more.
		* Safed and Tiberius are the other two in addition to Jerusalem
		* Is the second largest city in the West Bank, with a good number of Israeli settlements on the outskirts.
		* Fell to crusaders in 1099 initially and became a Frankish controlled city within the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and then passed back and forth between crusaders and Ayyubid forces.
		* It's final capture was in 1187 by Saladin and supposedly with Jewish assistance in return to being allowed to rebuild their synagogue and resettle the city.
	3. Tiberius (Persians) - Blue
		* City on the Sea of Galilea in modern day Israel.
		* Founded by the Romans and named for Emperor Tiberius, became a very important Jewish center following the destruction of Jerusalem
		* Muslim inhabitant were forced from the city during the Arab-Israeli war
	4. Ascalon (Teutons) - Orange
		* Depopulated town on the Mediterranean coast of modern day Israel, near Gaza, depopulated shortly after WWII
		* Heavily contested during the crusades
		* Today the modern day port city of Ashkelon lies near the ruins
	5. Tyre (Sicilians) - Yellow
		* City in southern Lebanon, does not have a large population nowadays
		* Founded by the Phoenicians as an island fort/port. When Alexander built a causeway to take the city this causes and to buildup in such a way as the cause the island to become permanently connected with the mainland.
	6. Tripoli Guards (Franks) - Purple
		* Tripoli is the second largest city in Lebanon, originally a coastal Phoenician colony
		* Tripoli is home to the largest crusader castle, which is still relatively intact today, called the Citadel of Tripoli
6. The Lion and the Demon
	1. Player (Saracens) - Green
	2. Persian Outpost (Persians) - Purple (Ally)
	3. Franks (Franks) - Blue
		* Led by Phillip II
	4. Jerusalem (Franks) - Grey
		* Led by Guy de Lasignan
	5. Richard the Lionhearted (Britons) - Red
		* Also known as Richard I
		* God's Own Sling
		* Bad Neighbor
		* Both trebuchets were actually French
	6. Knights Templar (Teutons) - Yellow
	7. Genoese (Italians) - Cyan
		* The real Siege of Acre lasted from 1189 to 1191 CE and was a loss for the Saracens, and following the siege the inhabitants were slaughtered
		* Additionally, Saladin was not actually leading the defence, but attacking the besieging crusaders from behind, attempting to break the siege
		* Following the battle Richard defeated Saladin in several subsequent battles, leading to the two signing a treaty that effectively ended the Third Crusade that ended with Jerusalem remaining in Saracen control.
		* Acre remained the capitol of the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1291 when it fell to the Mamelukes
		* The crusaders were led by Guy de Lusignan of Jerusalem, Phillip II of France, Richard II of England, and Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, son of Barbarossa. who died on his way to the holy land
		* Acre is located in modern day northern Israel

### Genghis Khan

1. Crucible
	1. Player (Mongols) - Orange
	2. Genghis Khan (Mongols) - Yellow (Ally)
		* Genghis Khan (Hero)
		* Genghis Khan was born in 1162 CE and lived until 1227 CE
	3. Kereyids (Mongols) - Blue (Ally)
		* Practiced Nestorian Christianity, which disappeared from the region during Timur's conquests and subsequent Islamization
		* More commonly called the Keraites
		* Controlled much of modern Mongolia before being absorbed into the Mongol Empire
	4. Uighurs (Tatars) - Cyan (Ally)
		* More commonly called the Uyghurs, pronounced (Wégersz)
		* Reside in Xinjiang
		* At its greatest extant, the Uyghur Khanate controlled much of what is modern day Mongolia as well as much of the areas surrounding it in China, Russia, and other countries
	5. Ungirrads (Mongols) - Grey (Ally)
		* Part of the Keraites
	6. Naiman (Mongols) - Green (Ally --> Enemy?)
		* Still an extant ethnic group, the majority of the modern Naiman population is in Western Mongolia
		* Initially opposed the Mongols and following a large defeat they fled into Kara-Khitan lands. Was targeted especially as they provided refugee to several enemies of Genghis Khan who had fled his earlier conquests
		* Eventually they were assimilated into the Mongol, Tatar, and Kazak tribes/empires surrounding them
	7. Tayichi'uds (Mongols) - Purple (Ally --> Enemy?)
		* Were enemies of the Naimans and were an early conquest of the Mongols
		* They were defeated rather quickly and quickly assimilated into the Mongol empire ethnically and politically
	8. Kara-Khitai (Mongols) - Red
		* Also spelled Qara-Khitai
		* At its greatest extant the empire occupied large portions of central Asia North of Tibet
		* The elites were heavily influenced by Chinese culture, as many were refugees from previous Chinese dynasties
		* Eventually the Dynasty was usurped by a Naiman prince named Kushluk (Kuchlug) fleeing the Mongols in the early 13th century, and eventually was destroyed by the Mongols.
		* Ornlu the Wolf
		* Temüjin - original name for Genghis Khan
2. A Life of Revenge
	1. Player (Mongols) - Orange
	2. Kara-Khitai (Mongols) - Red
	3. Kusluk (Mongols) - Green
		* Naiman prince who continuously fled Timujin until he was captured by hunters and handed over to Timujin who had him beheaded
	4. Tayichi'uds (Mongols) - Purple
3. Into China
	1. Player (Mongols) - Orange
	2. Engineers (Chinese) - Blue
	3. Jin (Chinese) -Yellow
		1. Jin means "gold" in Chinese, and by far the strongest faction at this time in China
		2. Utilized heavy cavalry in real life
		3. Based in modern day Manchuria and Korea
	4. Hsi-Hsia (Chinese) - Green
		* Were a Tangut people who were based out of north-western China
	5. Tanguts (Chinese) - Red
		* Tanguts are a Sino-Tibetan people who inhabited western China
	6. Song (Chinese) - Cyan
		* The Song, also known as the Sung, were quite weak militarily at the time of the Mongol conquests
		* Controlled most of southern and central China
		* Genghis Khan actually never conquered China in his life time. He led the horde when it conquered to the Hsi-Hsia but he died during the conquest of the Jin. His son Ogedai allied with the Song to defeat the Jin, and Timujin's grandson Khubilai eventually conquered the Song.
4. The Horde Rides West
	1. Player (Mongols) - Orange
		1. Subotai (Hero)
			* Primary general and strategist under Genghis and Ogedai. He led the Mongol war effort across nearly every major front.
	2. Khwarazm (Persians) - Yellow (Ally --> Enemy)
		* The invasion was spurred by the Khwarazm's execution of Mongol traders and humiliation of its envoys
		* The campaign against the Khwarazm was successful because of the ability of the Mongols to strike from the north after moving through the Kyzyl-Kum desert, which was considered impassible at the time, which also occurred with a simultaneous decoy attack from the more predictable eastern route into Persia which led to the bulk of its forces being stationed there. The two armies later met at Samarkand
		* The Shah was in reality neither assassinated nor killed at all during the Mongol conquest, as he fled to an island in the Caspian sea where he later died of disease.
		* 2 - 15 million are believed to have died during the invasion of the Khwarazm, many of them civilians who were killed and their skulls pilled up throughout the emprie.
		* Many leaders of the Persians, such as the governor of Samarkand who killed the traders and mistreated the envoys, were killed by having molten silver poured down their eyes and throat.
		* The Khwarazm did use elephants, which were easily dispatched by Mongolian catapults.
	3. Russians (Slavs) - Red
		* The Russians/Slavs, known as the Kievian Rus at the time, were not invaded at the same time as Persia, but afterwards
		* The Mongol invasion of the Rus went relatively unchallenged as it was a highly fragmented region, but the ivnasion led to the breakup of the eastern Slavs into three separate groups, the Russians, the Ukrainians, and the Belarusians. It also led to the decline of Kiev as center of Rus power and culture, and the rise of Muscovy in it's place.
	4. Kipchaks (Cumans) - Green
		* The Kipchaks/Cumans were invaded for housing Merkit (Turkic nomad) refugees. The Mongol's conquest of Eastern Europe was due partially to the Mongols pursuing Cuman refugees as they moved from place to place following their defeat.
		* The Kupchaks were very similar to the Cumans culturally and at its greatest extant the Kipchak-Cuman confederation stretched over a massive portion of Central Eurasia
5. The Promise
	1. Player (Mongols) - Orange
	2. Bohemians (Bohemians) - Green
	3. Polish (Poles) - Blue
	4. Germans (Teutons) - Red
		* Like during the battle of the Kalka River the Mongols lured the Poles and Germans into a trap to defeat them. They were goaded into a dry plain which the Mongols had covered in fuel. It was then sent alight, blinding the German and Polish knights with smoke and throwing the army into disarray, leading to a disastrous defeat. This battle was the battle of Legnica and occurred in 1241 CE in modern day western Poland.
		* The invasion of Poland was less about conquering the region but instead was meant to weaken and distract Hungary's neighbors, allowing them to more easily invade that region.
		* Bohemia is comprised of much of modern day Czechia's territory
6. Pax Mongolia
	1. Player (Mongols) - Orange
		* Subotai (Hero)
	2. Hungary (Magyars) - Purple
		* Europe was ultimately spared because of the death of Ogedai, which required the Mongols to return to Mongolia and elect a new leader.
		* Depicts of the Battle of Mohi (1241), which occurred near the Tisza river and what is now Miskolc, Hungary. this period was known as the First Mongol Invasion of Hungary.
		* The Second Mongol Invasion of Hungary, which occurred in 1285 CE, was a decisive Hungarian victory, largely due to the reforms of King Bela IV, who moved Hungary away from a military comprised largely of light cavalry with small wooden forts defending the country, to one of heavy cavalry and stone castles. Additionally, he opened up officer and other military positions to the middle class, creating more of a meritocracy.
		* Hungary was ruled at the time by King Bela IV
		* Hungary specifically was targeted because it granted asylum to many Cumans, including Kotyan or Koten, who had fled from the steppes following their defeat at the hands of the Mongols
		* Batu Khan was the primary leader of the Mongols in Europe at this time and during the battle, with Subotai being his second. Batu would later go on to form the Golden Horde
		* this is considered the first battle in which gunpowder was used in Europe. with Chinese Fire Lances and grenades being used.
		* Overall, the Mongol invasions severely weakened Eastern Europe and the Persia, causing both to fall into a period of decline, allowing for Western European and Turkic powers to fill the vacuum

### Barbarossa

1. Holy Roman Emperor
	1. Player (Teutons) - Red
		* Frederick Barbarossa had a large red beard and is also known as Frederick I
		* Barbarossa was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1155, and lived from 1122 to 1190 CE
		* Franconia - Located in central Germany, this region was Barbarossa's center of power prior to becoming emperor, its flag is an inverse of Poland's, like Monaco's and Indonesia's
	2. Cumans (Cumans) - Grey (Ally)
	3. Austria (Goths) - Blue
		* Prior to Barbarossa conquering the area, it was under Ostrogoth and Visigoth control
	4. Bavaria (Teutons) - Green
		* Modern German state, comprising the southeast quadrant, its northwest quadrant is Franconia
		* It's flag is comprised of a blue and white diamond pattern, and the the state contains the cities of Munich and Nuremburg
	5. Bohemia (Bohemians) - Cyan
		* Comprises the majority of western modern-day Czechia and parts of surrounding countries. Like Czechia, it's capital and center of power was historically Prague. Moravia, capital at Brno, comprises the majority of eastern Czechia and the third historical region, Silesia, capital at Ostrava, is in the northeast corner of the country
		* It's flag is the same as Poland's and its coat of arms was a white lion, upright and holding a sword, on a red background.
	6. Burgundy (Burgundians) - Purple
		* In the modern day is a central French administrative region, with a relatively rural population and it's capital at Dijon
		* Historically the Burgundians were initially centered in what is now southeastern France, but later on before it got fully absorbed by France and Germany. it was centered primarily in the lowlands.
	7. Saxony (Teutons) - Yellow
		* Modern German state, located in the east, with the cities of Dresden and Leipzig located in it. Its flag is similar to Poland's, but with green instead of red
	8. Lorraine (Teutons) - Orange
		* The icon for the scenario is the Holy Roman Imperial Orb
2. Henry the Lion
	1. Player (Teutons) - Red
		* Ostiedlung - Term referring to the expansion of Germans eastward into Slavic territory, especially Poland, during Barbarossa's reign and those of other German rulers.
		* Barbarossa invaded Poland twice, but neither was about seizing territory but more about settling political disputes in the region
	2. Bavaria (Bohemians) - Green
	3. Saxony (Bohemians) - Yellow
	4. Henry the Lion (Teutons) - Orange (Ally --> Enemy)
		* Henry the Lion, also known as Henry III, Duke of Saxony, was also Duke of Bavaria later on courtasy of Barbarossa
		* Historically, Henry the Lion did not directly rebel and go to war with Barbarossa, but instead in 1176 refused to provide troops to assist Barbarossa in his invasion of Italy and instead using them in his own Ostiedlung. Barbarossa blamed his failure to take Italy on Henry and banished him from the Holy Roman Empire.
	5. Poland (Poles) - Blue
3. Pope and Antipope
	1. Player (Teutons) - Red
	2. Cremona (Teutons) - Yellow (Ally)
		* Cremona is a province in the modern region of Lombardy, Italy, with a capital at Crema.
	3. Milan (Franks) - Blue
		* Historical and current capital of Lombardy and the Lombard League, which was formed in the 12th century with the support of the pope in Rome to counter German expansion into Italy.
	4. River Guard (Teutons) - Purple
	5. Crema (Italians) - Green
		* Crema experienced a particularly brutal siege in 1159 CE, in which the city was completely destroyed and many of its population slaughtered. The German's tied some prisoners to their siege engines hoping the defenders would hesitate to fire upon them, but the defenders fired anyways.
		* The two popes who competed in the 1159 election was Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV.
4. The Lombard League
	1. Player (Teutons) - Red
	2. Henry the Lion (Teutons) - Orange (Ally)
	3. Padua (Italians) - Green
		* Located in the Veneto region of Italy to the west of Venice
	4. Venice (Byzantines) - Purple
		* Located in the Veneto region of Italy and built on 126 islands
		* Its symbol often the Lion of St Mark, who is located on it's flag and coat of arms
		* The Republic of Venice lasted for 1100 years, from around 700 AD to 1800 AD, getting its start in the salt trade
		* At it's height, Venice controlled a good portion of northeast Italy, along with portions of the modern Croatian coast and a good number of Greek islands
		* Provided a good portion of crusader naval power
	5. Verona (Franks) - Yellow
		* Also located in the Veneto, and currently is the largest city
		* Lombard became a term used in Italy for bankers and throughout Europe, in a pejorative sense for the most part
		* The Lombard League largely formed as a result of Barbarossa's defeat of Milan
		* Treaty of Constance - Established the Holy Roman Emperor and Pope as essentially equals and ending the wars in Italy, signed due to Barbarossa's campaign in Italy against the Lombard League largely being a failure
		* Sicily and the Byzantines were also part of the Lombard League
5. Barbarossa's March
	1. Player (Teutons) - Red
		* Barbarossa drowned in the Göksu River in 1190 CE following the sack of Konya
		* Of his 12,000 to 100,000 men, only 5,000 stayed in the holy land following his death, joining the siege of Acre
		* Did not attack Constantinople directly to gain passage, but rather Philippopolis, near Constantinople
	2. Gallipoli (Byzantines) - Cyan (Ally)
		* Peninsula within the Bosporus strait
	3. Hospitallers (Teutons) - Orange (Ally)
		* Frankish Paladins (Hero)
	4. Constantinople (Byzantines) - Blue (Ally -> Enemy -> Ally)
		* Became capital of the (Eastern) Roman Empire in 330 CE during the reign of Constantine the Great
		* Theodosian Walls - Double walls built outside of the original walls, with the inner walls formed the strongest defensive structure of antiquity.
	5. Saracen Army (Saracen) - Green
	6. Seljuks (Turks) - Yellow
		* The Seljuk Empire formed in the mid 11th century and was finished around 1300 AD, when it was replaced with the Khwarazmian Empire
		* It's crowning achievement was the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, significantly diminishing Byzantine power and leading the Turkification of Anatolia.
6. The Emperor Sleeping
	1. Player (Teutons) - Red
		* Emperor in a Barrel (Hero)
	2. Henry the Lion Hearted (Britons) - Orange (Ally)
		* Henry the Lion Hearted (Hero)
	3. Damascus (Persians) - Yellow (Ally -> Enemy)
	4. Saladin (Saracens) - Green (Ally -> Enemy)
		* Archers of the Eyes (Hero)
	5. Jerusalem (Saracens) - Blue
		* Dome of Rock is built over the Foundation Stone, which is above the Well of Souls
		* It was built at the former site of the Second Temple in the late 7th century CE.
		* The earliest religious structure built by a Muslim ruler and earliest surviving example of Islamic architecture

## The Conquerors

### Atilla the Hun

1. The Scourge of God
	1. Player (Huns) - Yellow
		* Atilla the Hun (Hero)
		* Atilla lived from 406 to 453 AD
		* Led the Huns starting in 434 AD following the death of his older brother Bleda, but for a time the two co-ruled in a peaceful manner, contrary to the campaign's sequence of events, though it was rumored he was murdered on a hunting trip with Atilla.
		* The Scourge of God was one of Atilla's nicknames, in Latin it is "Flagellum Dei"
		* The Hunnic invasion of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire coincided with Alaric's campaign in the Western Roman Empire.
	2. Bleda's Huns (Huns) - Pink (Ally -> Enemy)
		* Bleda the Hun (Hero)
		* Zerco(n) - Moorish dwarf that served as a jester to Bleda and later Atilla.
	3. Scythians (Mongolians) - Green (Enemy -> Neutral -> Ally)
		* Scythian Scout (Hero)
		* The Scythians were already fully assimilated by this point and were known as the Sarmatians, who inhabited in what is now known as Chechnya but did expand into Eastern Europe for a time.
		* They were eventually defeated and absorbed into the Hunnic Empire/Confederation
	4. Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantines) - Blue (Neutral)
	5. Persians (Persians) - Red
		* The Persians were ruled by the Sasanian dynasty at this time
		* In reality the Persians defeated the Huns, forcing them to turn their focus to the Roman Empire.
		* The Iron Boar gaia "Hero" is featured in the scenario
2. The Great Ride
	1. Player (Huns) - Yellow
		* Based on the Hunnic invasion of the Balkans, which occurred while Bleda was still alive.
	2. Scythians (Mongolians) - Orange (Ally)
		* Scythian Wild Woman (Hero)
	3. Thessalonica (Byzantines) - Purple (Neutral)
		* Modern day Thessaloniki, northeast Greece
	4. Adrianople (Byzantines) - Grey
		* Modern day Edirne, Turkey., located in the European portion
	5. Dyrrhachium (Byzantines) - Cyan
		* Modern day Durrës, Albania, a coastal city in reality
	6. Naissus (Byzantines) - Green
		* Modern day Nis, Serbia
	7. Sofia (Byzantines) - Red
	8. Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantines) - Blue
3. The Walls of Constantinople
	1. Player (Huns) - Yellow
		* Loosly based on the Third Invasion of the Balkans and the Battle of the Utus, the last major battle between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Huns.
	2. Constantinople (Byzantines) - Blue
	3. Marcianapolis (Goths) - Green
		* Located near modern day Varna, Bulgaria, was destroyed by the Huns, but later rebuilt by the Byzantines before being destroyed for the last time by the Avars.
	4. Philippopollis (Byzantines) - Red
		* Modern-day Plovdiv, Bulgaria

1. A Barbarian Betrothal (4)
	1. Player (Huns) - Yellow
	2. Burgundy (Burgundians) - Purple (Enemy ->Ally?)
		1. At the time of Atilla the Burgundians were still an Eastern Germanic tribe and not yet an established kingdom. The Burgundians were divided in their support of Atilla and the Romans
	3. Metz (Franks) - Red
		1. Located in Northwestern France and is famous for the extensive use of yellow limestone in many of its older buildings. Has about 120,000 residents
	4. Orleans (Franks) - Cyan
	5. Western Roman Empire (Byzantines) - Blue
		1. In reality Metz was sacked in **451** CE and Orleans besieged shortly after. It was about the surrender before the Western Roman army arrived, forcing Atilla to retreat
		2. The Gepids, who originally inhabited what is now modern day Hungary, Romania, and Serbia, assisted the Huns during this campaign and covered his retreat following the failed siege of Orleans.
2. The Catalaunian Fields (5)
	1. Player (Huns) - Yellow
	2. Ostrogoths (Goths) - Red (Ally)
		* Following the fall of Rome in 476 CE the Ostrogoths established a kingdom in Pannonia or modern day Hungary and Serbia, led by Theodoric the Great
		* The Ostrogoths and Visigoths are both believed to have originated from Scandinavia originally and to have established a homeland in modern day Poland prior to being pushed into the Roman empire
		* Theodoric the Great was sent to Byzantium as a captive while young and received a Byzantine education. He served under the rule of Zeno of the Eastern Roman Empire, and eventually subjugated Italy and the Visigoths, becoming king of both for a time/
	3. Franks (Franks) - Grey (Natural)
	4. Alans (Huns) - Cyan
		* Originally from the Caucuses/Chechnya region, the Alans were a barbarian tribe that migrated extensively throughout Europe, though not all Alans left their homeland.
		* Some Alans settled in what is now modern-day Hungary, in a region eventually called *Jászság,* so called because they were known as the Jasz. Eventually they were absorbed by the Hungarians culturally, though a county in modern-day Hungary, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, still bears the name.
		* The descendants of the Alans who remained in the Caucuses reside in the area now known as Ossetia or Alania. Additionally, the city of Iasi in Romania may be derived from the term Iasi used by the Romanians to refer to the Alans.
		* Essentially ceased as an independent political and military power following the battle
		* The Alans were skilled cavalrymen
	5. Visigoths (Goths) - Green
		* Eventually sacked Rome in 410 under the leadership of Alaric.
		* Following the fall of Rome the Visigoths became the dominant political power in what is now southern France and most of Spain until 711 when the majority of the Kingdom fell to Umayyad invaders. Between the fall of Rome and the Muslim conquests the Visigoths were engaged in a series of wars against the Byzantines.
		* Established the Visigothic code, which importantly removed legal distinctions between Visigoths and Romans, with all inhabitants now being knows as hispani living in the Visigothic Kingdom. Many of its statutes would become the basis of medieval law in Spain.
		* The Visigoths were led by Theodoric I during the battle, during which he died.
	6. Western Roman Empire (Byzantines) - Blue
		1. The battle of the Catalaunian Plains occurred in modern day Northeastern France in 451 and was an ultimately inconclusive battle, with the Huns westward migration halted and heavy casualties on both sides. Much of Gaul was sacked leading up to and after the battle
		2. Aetius, known as the "last of the Romans" led the Roman forces during the battle.
3. The Fall of Rome (6)
	1. Player (Huns) - Yellow
		* Atilla the Hun (Hero)
	2. Western Roman Empire (Byzantines) - Blue
		* Pope Leo I (Hero)
	3. Patavium (Britons) - Purple
		* Patavium is now known as Padua
	4. Aquileia (Celts) - Red
		* Was essentially completely destroyed by the Huns, and many of its inhabitants fled and founded what would later be known as Venice
	5. Mediolanum (Teutons) - Green
		* Mediolanum is now known as Milan. Was completely destroyed by the Huns
	6. Verona (Franks) - Orange

### El Cid

1. Brother Against Brother
	1. Player (Spanish) - Red
		* Bavieca - El Cid's horse
	2. King Sancho (Spanish) - Yellow (Ally)
		* King Sancho died in 1072, having ruled Castille from 1065, Leon only in the year he died, and Galicia from 1071.
		* Though the boundaries of Castille and Leon are not completely clear, it is believed they encompassed much of central Spain up to the central portion of the peninsula's northern coast, with Castille being the eastern half and Leon to western.
		* Sancho and Alfonso were both sons of Ferdinand I, as was King Garcia, who ruled Galicia, which encompassed northwestern Spain and portions of northern Portugal.
	3. Serfs (Spanish) - Yellow (Ally)
	4. King Alfonso (Spanish) - Blue (Ally)
	5. King Sancho's Champion (Spanish) - Yellow
	6. King Alfonso's Army (Spanish) - Blue
2. The Enemy of my Enemy
	1. Player (Spanish) - Red
	2. Toledo (Saracens) - Yellow
	3. The Imam (Saracen) - Purple
	4. Motamid (Saracens) - Cyan
	5. Moorish Rebels (Saracen) - Green
	6. Spanish Rebels (Spanish) - Orange
3. The Exile of the Cid
	1. Player (Saracens) - Red
	2. Motamid (Saracens) - Cyan (Ally)
	3. King Alfonso's Army (Spanish) - Blue (Ally -> Enemy -> Ally)
	4. Berenguer (Franks) - Purple
4. Black Guard
	1. Player (Saracens) - Red
	2. King Alfonso's Army (Spanish) - Blue (Ally)
	3. Black Guard Army (Berber) - Cyan
	4. Black Guard Navy (Berber) - Yellow
	5. Yusuf (Berber) - Green
5. King of Valencia
	1. Player (Spanish) - Red
	2. Denia (Saracens) - Green (Ally)
	3. Lerida (Saracens) - Orange (Ally)
	4. Valencia (Spanish) - Yellow (Ally)
	5. Berenguer (Franks) - Purple
6. Reconquista
	1. Player (Saracens) - Red
	2. Dead el Cid (Spanish) - Red (Ally)
	3. Black Guard Army (Berber) - Cyan
	4. Black Guard Navy (Berber) - Yellow
	5. Yusuf (Berber) - Green

### Montezuma

1. Reign of Blood
	1. Player (Aztecs) - Green
	2. Tepanaca (Mayans) - Orange
	3. Tlatiluco (Aztecs) - Red
	4. Xochimilco (Mayans) - Purple
2. The Triple Alliance
	1. Player (Aztecs) - Green
	2. Texoco (Mayans) - Purple (Ally -> Enemy)
	3. Tlacopan (Aztecs) - Yellow (Ally -> Enemy)
	4. Tlaxcala (Aztecs) - Red
3. Quetzalcoatl
	1. Player (Aztecs) - Green
	2. Tabasco (Mayans) - Orange (Ally)
	3. Tlaxcala (Aztecs) - Red
	4. Cortez (Spanish) - Blue
4. La Noche Triste
	1. Player (Aztecs) - Green
	2. Conquered Aztecs (Aztecs) - Yellow
	3. Cortez (Spanish) - Blue
	4. Tlaxcala (Aztecs) - Red
5. The Boiling Lake
	1. Player (Aztecs) - Green
	2. Cortez (Spanish) - Blue
	3. Tlaxcala (Aztecs) - Red
6. Broken Spears
	1. Player (Aztecs) - Green
	2. Cortez Army (Spanish) - Blue
	3. Cortez Navy (Spanish) - Purple
	4. Tlaxcala (Aztecs) - Red

## Battle of the Conquerors

#### Tours (732)

1. Player (Franks) - Red
	1. Charles Martel
2. Frankish Villages (Franks) - Grey
3. Berbers (Berbers) - Yellow
4. Moors (Saracens) - Green

#### Vinlandsaga (1000)

1. Player (Vikings) - Red
	1. Erik the Red
2. Britons (Britons) - Blue
3. Skraelings (Celts/Scraelings) - Purple
4. Greenland (Vikings) - Green
	1. Penguin (Hero)
	2. Aethelfrith/Lonely Hermit/Bert (Hero)

#### Hastings (1066)

Factions:

1. Player (Franks) - Blue
2. Harold Hardraade (Viking) - Cyan
3. Harold's Raiders (Goths) - Yellow
4. Harold the Saxon (Goths) - Orange
5. Saxon Navy (Goths) - Red

Historical Info:

* Occurred in East Sussex
* English throne was vacant due to the death of the childless Edward the Confessor
* William was first cousin, once removed to Edward, and was supposedly promised the throne in his will
* William was a bastard, and as a result had a lot of controversy surrounding his rise to the Duchy/Dukedom. This meant his early years were full of warfare and political strategizing, making him a very capable leader and commander.
* Harold Godwinson's father accepted Edward's decision to make William king, but eventually Harold became a critical advisor to Edward, and claimed that Edward declared him king on his deathbed.
* Harold crowned himself the day of Edward's death, and was likely the first king crowned at Westminster Abbey.
* Edward was Harold's brother in law
* Harold's father was the Earl of Wessex
* Harald Hardrada claimed the throne because of an agreement between his father and Edward
* Harald was King of Norway and William was Duke of Norway
* The Battle of Stamford Bridge occurred near York and to many historians marked the end of the Viking Age.
* Harald Hardrada was joined by Harold's brother Tostig, who had been exiled to northern England. Both were killed at Stamford Bridge
* Harold won at Stamford bridge due to his disciplined Huskarls (Housecarls), the element of surprise from Harold's quick mobilization and march North, as well as the Vikings leaving a lot of their armor back at the ships
* William was able to defeat Harold at Hastings largely due to the exhaustion and fatigue his troops experienced at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
* William was rumored to be dead at Hastings and his army nearly routed as a result, but according to legend he turned to his army and lifted his visor, showing his distinct, clean-shaven face.
* William utilized heavy cavalry and mercenaries in his army
* Following Hastings William spent some time quelling rebellions and establishing authority across England, but ultimately spent the vast majority of his life afterwards in continental Europe.

#### Manzikert (1071)

1. Player (Turks) - Purple
2. Cappadocia (Byzantines) - Red
3. Galatia (Byzantines) - Yellow
4. Pisidia (Byzantines) - Green
5. Byzantine Army (Byzantines) - Blue
6. Saracens (Saracens( 0 Cyan

#### Agincourt (1415)

Factions:

1. Player (Britons) - Red
	1. Henry V
2. Amiens (Franks) - Cyan
3. French Knights (Franks) - Blue
4. Frevent (Franks) - Yellow
5. Harfleur (Franks) - Purple
6. Voyennes (Franks) - Green

Historical Info

* Welsh longbowmen used Yew wood in their bows
* Harfleur is now a part of modern day La Havre
* Calais is a French city on the Straight of Dover
* The English actually took Harfleur, but had to return because of widespread dysentery among troops
* Amiens has about 134,000 people
* Emmanuel Macron was born in Amiens and it suffered greatly in both World Wars, changing hands frequently in both
* Occurred on October 25, which became Saint Crispin's Day.
* Henry ordered a mass slaughter of prisoners, fearing a French counterattack would encourage them to turn on their captors.
* The French lost because their heavy cavalry fought very poorly in the muddy battlefield and the longbows of the British easily punctured their armor.
* Stakes put in the ground by the British also provided good protection from the French attack

###### Lapento (1571)

1. Player (Spanish) - Red
2. Greek Villages (Byzantines) - Green (Neutral)
3. Turks (Turks) - Purple

###### Kyoto (1582)

1. Player (Japanese) - Cyan
2. Nobunaga (Japanese) - Yellow (Ally)
3. Hyogo (Japanese) - Blue
4. Kyoto (Japanese) - Green
5. Osaka (Japanese) - Red

###### Noryang Point (1598)

1. Player (Koreans) - Red
2. Admiral YI (Koreans) - Green (Ally)
3. Chinese (Chinese) - Orange (Ally)
4. Japanese Navy (Japanese) - Yellow
5. Japanese Raiders (Japanese) - Purple

## The Forgotten

#### Alaric

1. The Battle of Frigidus
	1. Player (Goths) - Green
	2. Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantines) - Purple (Ally)
	3. General Stilicho (Huns) - Red (Ally)
	4. Western Roman Empire (Romans) - Blue
	5. General Arbogast (Franks) - Cyan
2. Raising Hellas
3. Belly of the Beast
4. The Giant Falls
5. A Kingdom of Our Own

#### Dracula

1. The Dragon Spreads It's Wings
2. The Return of the Dragon
3. The Breath of the Dragon
4. The Moon Rises
5. The Night Falls

#### Bari

1. Arrival at Bari
2. The Rebellion of Melus
3. Loose Ends
4. The Best Laid Plans
5. The Onrushing Tide

#### Sforza

1. Mercenaries and Masters
2. His Own Man
3. Prodigal Son
4. Blood and Betrayal
5. Viva Sforza!

#### Prithviraj

1. Born of Fire
2. The Digvjaya
3. Hand of the Princess
4. The Fate of India
5. The Legend of Prithviraj

## The African Kingdoms

#### Tariq ibn Ziyad

1. Battle of Guadulate
2. Consolidation and Subjugation
3. Divide and Conquer
4. Crossing the Pyrenees
5. Razzia

#### Sundjata

1. Hunted
2. The Scorpion's Sting
3. Djeriba Gold
4. Blood of the River Banks
5. The Lion's Den

#### Fancisco de Almeida

1. The Old World
2. Lion of Africa
3. Ruins of Empires
4. Estado da India
5. A Son's Blood

#### Yodit

1. Path of Exile
2. The Right Partner
3. A Fallen Crown
4. Broken Stelae
5. Welcome Home

## Rise of the Rajas

#### Gajah Mada

1. The Story of Our Founders
2. Unconditional Loyalty
3. The Oath to Unify Nusantara
4. Serving the New King
5. The Pasunda Bubat Tragedy

#### Suryavarman I

1. Usurption
2. Quelling the Rebellion
3. A Dangerous Mission
4. Challenging a Thalassocracy
5. Nirvanapada

#### Bayinnaung

1. The Burmese Tigers
2. The Mandalay Cobra
3. The Royal Peacock
4. The White Elephant
5. The Old Tiger

#### Le Loi

1. The Dai Viet Uprising
2. The Mountain Siege
3. The Battle at Hanoi
4. The Move South
5. A Three-Pronged Attack
6. The Final Fortress

## The Last Khans

#### Tamerlane

1. Amir of Transoxiana
2. Gurkhan of Persia
3. Harbinger of Destruction
4. Sultan of Hindustan
5. Scourge of the Levant
6. A Titan Amongst Mortals

#### Ivaylo

1. A Most Unlikely Man
2. An Unlikely Alliance
3. Tsar of the Bulgars
4. Echoes of Heroes
5. Where the One-Eyed Man is King

#### Kotyan Khan

1. Raising the Banners
2. Battle at the Kalka River
3. Savings the Huts
4. Blood for Blood
5. A New Home

#### Pachacuti

1. A New Power Rises
2. The Field of Blood
3. War of Brothers
4. The Falcon's Tent
5. Like Father, Like Son

## Lords of the West

#### Edward Longshanks

1. Vain Ambition
2. A Man of God
3. Of Castles and Kings
4. Toom Tabard
5. Hammer of the Scots

#### The Grand Dukes of the West

1. A Kingdom Divided
2. The Wolf and the Lion
3. The Cleansing of Paris
4. An Unholy Marriage
5. The Hook and Cod Wars
6. The Maid Falls

#### The Hautevilles

1. Guiscard Arives
2. Roger in Sicily
3. Bohemond and the Emperor
4. Bohemond in the East
5. Wonder of the World

## Dawn of the Dukes

#### Jan Zizka

1. The One-Eyed Wanderer
2. Courage and Coin
3. The Iron Lords
4. The Golden City
5. The Emperor's Fury
6. Warrior of God

#### Algirdas and Kestituis

1. Family Affairs
2. No Man's Land
3. The Tatar Yoke
4. A Worthy Opponent
5. In the Shadow of the Throne

#### Jadwiga

1. A Matter of the Crown
2. Star of the Poles
3. Duel of the Dukes
4. The Siege of Vilnius
5. Vytautas' Crusade
6. The Fruits of Her Labor

## Dynasties of India

#### Babur

1. Pearl of the East
2. Last of the Timurs
3. Into India
4. Battle of Paniput
5. The Rajputs

#### Rajendra

1. The Successor
2. Deeds of the Father
3. Rising Star
4. Sacred Waters
5. Slaying the Vritra

#### Devapala

1. Dissatisfaction
2. Desire
3. Renunciation
4. Liberation?
5. Enlightenment

## The Mountain Royals

#### Tamar

1. Takeover
2. Yury's Revenge
3. The Protectorate
4. Tamar the Builder
5. The Queen in the Panther's Skin

#### Thoros II

1. Takeover
2. The Emperor's Revenge
3. Caught in the Crossfire
4. Blood Crestwaves
5. Of Turncoats and Traitors

#### Ismail

1. The Red Hats
2. Road to Royalty
3. Alexander Safavi
4. The Fallen Amir
5. Khata'i