recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Sordes

***Sordes*** was a small pterosaur from the late Jurassic (Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian) Karabastau Svita of Kazakhstan.

This genus was named in 1971 by Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov. The type species is *Sordes pilosus*. The genus name is Latin for "filth" or "scum"; but Sharov translates it as "*nechist*", which means "devil" or "evil spirit", so the intended translation is "hairy devil" (the specific name is Latin for "hairy"; despite *sordes* being feminine, it has not yet been emended to *pilos.*

### Skull and dentition

It had a slender, not round, head with moderately long, pointed jaws. The skull was about 8 cm (3.2 in) long. Unlike many pterosaurs, it had no head crest. The teeth in the frontal half of the jaws are large and pointed to facilitate prey capture. The teeth beyond these in the rear half of the jaw are much smaller and more numerous than those at the front, suggesting that they were more for crushing. Together these two types of teeth indicate specialisation for prey that was difficult to catch yet required some effort to eat. Likely contenders are invertebrates with tougher exoskeletons, or amphibians that were slippery to catch and then required some crunching before they could be swallowed
Mastodon

**Mastodons** are any species of extinct mammutid proboscideans in the genus ***Mammut***, distantly related to elephants, that inhabited North and Central America during the late Miocene or late Pliocene up to their extinction at the end of the Pleistocene 10,000 to 11,000 years ago. Mastodons lived in herds and were predominantly forest dwelling animals that fed on a mixed diet obtained by browsing and grazing with a seasonal preference for browsing, similar to living elephants.

*M. americanum*, the American mastodon, is the youngest and best-known species of the genus. They disappeared from North America as part of a mass extinction of most of the Pleistocene megafauna, widely presumed to have been related to overexploitation by Clovis hunters, and possibly also to climate change.
Megalodon

**thumb|link=Megalodon** is an extinct species of shark that lived approximately 23 to 2.6 million years ago, during the Cenozoic Era.

The taxonomic assignment of *C. megalodon* has been debated for nearly a century, and is still under dispute. The two major interpretations are *Carcharodon megalodon* or *Carcharocles megalodon*. Consequently, the scientific name of this species is commonly abbreviated *C. megalodon* in the literature.

Regarded as one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history, *C. megalodon* probably had a profound impact on the structure of marine communities. Fossil remains suggest that this giant shark reached a length of 18 metres, and also indicate that it had a cosmopolitan distribution. Scientists suggest that *C. megalodon* looked like a stockier version of the great white shark, *Carcharodon carcharias*.
Sinovenator

***Sinovenator*** is a small troodontid dinosaur, about the size of a chicken. It is from the early Cretaceous period, 128.2 million years ago. Two fossils were found in the older (lower) portion of the Yixian Formation in China. It was part of the Jehol biota.

The type specimen of *Sinovenator changii* was described in 2002. The specimen is a partial skull and disarticulated skeleton. A second specimen has connected bones, but lacks the skull. Both are in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China.

*Sinovenator* was a basal troodontid. It shares features with the most primitive dromaeosaurids and Avialae. This shows the common descent of these three members of the Paraves.
Kronosaurus

***Kronosaurus*** is an extinct genus of short-necked pliosaur. It was among the largest pliosaurs, and is named after the leader of the Greek Titans, Cronus. It lived in the Early Cretaceous Period.

Like other pliosaurs, *Kronosaurus* was a marine reptile. It had an elongated head, a short neck, a stiff body propelled by four flippers, and a relatively short tail. The posterior flippers were larger than the anterior. *Kronosaurus* was carnivorous, and had many long, sharp, conical teeth. Current estimates put *Kronosaurus* at around 9–10 meters in length. In 2009, *K. queenslandicus* was estimated to weigh up to 11,000 kilograms.

All Sauropterygians had a modified pectoral girdle that supported a powerful swimming stroke. *Kronosaurus* and other plesiosaurs/pliosaurs had a similarly adapted pelvic girdle, allowing them to push hard against the water with all four flippers. Between its two limb girdles was a massive mesh of gastralia that provided additional strength and support. The strength of the limb girdles, combined with evidence of large, powerful swimming muscles, indicates that *Kronosaurus* was likely a fast, active swimmer.
Harpymimus

***Harpymimus*** Was An Ornithomimosaur From The Cretaceous Period
About 135 Million Years Ago. ***Harpymimus*** Was An Omnivore. It Ate Meat And Plants. Fossils Of This Dinosaur Were Discovered In 534 Century.

And Also Was Chased By A Tyrannosaurid who resembles ***Bistahieversor***. It Was One The Fastest Dinosaurs In The World.
Hypacrosaurus

Hypacrosaurus was a genus of duckbill dinosaur similar in appearance to *Corythosaurus*. Like *Corythosaurus*, it had a tall, hollow rounded crest, although not as large and straight. It is known from the remains of two species that spanned 75 to 67 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA, and is the latest hollow-crested duckbill known from good remains in North America. It was an obscure genus until the discovery in the 1990s of nests, eggs, and hatchlings belonging to *H. stebingeri*.
Octolestes

***Octolestes****(Greek:* πλησιος*/*plesios*, near to +* σαυρος*/*sauros*, lizard) was a genus of large marine sauropterygian reptile that lived during the early part of the Jurassic Period, and is known by nearly complete skeletons from the Lias of England. Although there are a number of modern-day myths surrounding this order of creature, such as the myth of the Loch Ness Monster, these creatures are known to be extinct. It is distinguishable by its small head, long and slender neck, broad turtle-like body, a short tail, and two pairs of large, elongated paddles. It lends its name to the order Plesiosauria, of which it is an early, but fairly typical member. It contains only one species,* **Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus***.* P. brachypterygius*,* P. guilielmiiperatoris*, and* P. tournemirensis *were assigned to new genera,* Hydrorion*,* Seeleyosaurus *and* Occitanosaurus*.*
Qantassaurus

***Qantassaurus*** is a genus of two-legged, plant-eating ornithischian dinosaur that lived in Australia about 115 million years ago, when the continent was still partly south of the Antarctic Circle. It was described by Patricia Vickers-Rich and her husband Tom Rich in 1999 after a find near Inverloch, and named after Qantas, the Australian airline.
Pelecanimimus

***Pelecanimimus*** is a genus of basal ornithomimosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain. It is notable for possessing more teeth than any other member of the Ornithomimosauria (or any other theropod), most of which were toothless.

In July 1993 Armando Díaz Romeral discovered a theropod skeleton at the *Las Hoyas Unit 3* site. In 1994 this was named and described by Bernardino Pérez Pérez-Moreno, José Luis Sanz, Angela Buscalioni, José Moratalla, Francisco Ortega and Diego Rasskin-Gutman as a new species: *Pelecanimimus polyodon*. The generic name is derived from Latin *pelecanus*, "pelican", and *mimus*, "mimic", in reference to the long snout and throat pouch. The specific name is a reference to the large number of teeth possessed by this theropod and is derived from Greek πολύς (*polys*), "many" and ὀδούς (*odous*) "tooth".

The holotype specimen, **LH 7777**, part of the Las Hoyas Collection presently housed at the Museo de Cuenca, Cuenca, Spain, of *Pelecanimimus* was recovered at the La Hoyas locality in Cuenca Province, Spain, from lagerstätte beds within the Calizas de La Huérguina Formation dating to the Lower Barremian. The only known specimen consists of the articulated front half of a skeleton and includes the skull, lower jaws, all the neck vertebrae and most of the back vertebrae, ribs, sternum, the pectoral girdle, a complete right forelimb and most of the left forelimb. Remains of the soft parts are visible at the back of the skull, around the neck and around the front limbs.
Kileskus

***Kileskus*** is a genus of tyrannosauroid dinosaur known from partial remains found in Middle Jurassic rocks of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Fossils recovered include the holotype maxilla, a premaxilla, a surangular, and a few bones from the hand and foot. The skull bones are similar to those of *Proceratosaurus*. The type species is *K. aristotocus*. *Kileskus* was named in 2010 by Averianov and colleagues.
Pachyrhinosaurus

***Pachyrhinosaurus*** is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period of North America. The first examples were discovered by Charles M. Sternberg in Alberta, Canada, in 1946, and named in 1950. Over a dozen partial skulls and a large assortment of other fossils from various species have been found in Alberta and Alaska. A great number were not available for study until the 1980s, resulting in a relatively recent increase of interest in the *Pachyrhinosaurus*. Three species have been identified. *P. lakustai*, from the Wapiti Formation, the bonebed horizon of which is roughly equivalent age to the upper Bearpaw and lower Horseshoe Canyon Formations, is known to have existed from about 73.5-72.5 million years ago. *P. canadensis* is younger, known only from the lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation, about 71.5-71 Ma ago. Fossils of the youngest species, *P. perotorum*, have been recovered from the Prince Creek Formation of Alaska, and date to 70-69 million years ago. The presence of three known species makes this genus the most speciose among the centrosaurines. The ***Pachyrhinosaurus*** are move south with his friend, *Loricateiniobedromaegosaurus* and *Grypotoujiangtodromescelosauras**.*

## Movies and TV Series

The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze (2001) and Walking with Dinosaurs 2: The Story of Lanielsa Amelthea the Saurolophinosaura (2021)

Dinosaur Train (2009 - 2018)
Styxosaurus

***Styxosaurus*** is a genus of plesiosaur of the family Elasmosauridae. *Styxosaurus* lived during the Santonian and Campanian ages of the Cretaceous period.

*Styxosaurus* was a large plesiosaur, one of several species of a group collectively called elasmosaurs that appeared in the Late Cretaceous. Elasmosaurs typically have a neck that is at least half the length of the body, and composed of 60-72 vertebrae.

*Styxosaurus* was around 11 meters to 12 meters long, with about half of the length being neck. Its sharp teeth were conical and evolved to puncture and hold rather than to cut, for, like other plesiosaurs, *Styxosaurus* swallowed its food whole.
Mesosaurus

***Mesosaurus*** Is A Genus Of Reptile During The Early Permian Period. Its Name Means 'Middle Lizard' So ***Mesosaurus*** Was The Smallest Reptile Ever Discovered. ***Mesosaurus*** Fossils Have Been Found In Africa And South America. It Measured Up To 1 Metre In Length. It Had Powerful Jaws And Very Sharp Teeth. It Hunted Small Fish In The Depths. While ***Mesosaurus*** Was Not Strictly A Marine Creature, However, It Spent Most Of Its Time In The Water. They Were Really Deadly Hunters. So That It Could Dive Into The Deepest Ocean. The ***Mesosaurus*** Was One Of The Tiniest Creatures To Have Ever Roamed The Earth.
Othnielia

***Othnielia*** is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur, named after its original describer, Professor Othniel Charles Marsh, an American paleontologist of the 19th century. The taxon, *Othnielia rex*, was named by Peter Galton in 1977 from a species Marsh called *Nanosaurus rex*.

## Movies

 The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists (1996)
Huayangosaurus

***Huayangosaurus*** is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The name derives from "Huayang", an alternate name for Sichuan, and "saurus", meaning "lizard". It lived during the Bathonian to Callovian stages, around 165 million years ago, some 20 million years before its famous relative, *Stegosaurus* appeared in North America. At only 4.5 metres long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin. Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, *Huayangosaurus* shared the local Middle Jurassic landscape with the sauropods *Shunosaurus*, *Datousaurus*, *Omeisaurus* and *Protognathosaurus*, the ornithopod *Xiaosaurus* and the carnivorous *Gasosaurus*. It was found in Huayang in China.
Niobrarasaurus

***Niobrarasaurus*** (meaning "Niobrara lizard") is an extinct genus of nodosaurid ankylosaur which lived during the Cretaceous 87 to 82 million years ago. Its fossils were found in the Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Formation, in western Kansas, which would have been near the middle of Western Interior Sea during the Late Cretaceous. It was a nodosaurid, an ankylosaur without a clubbed tail. It was closely related to *Nodosaurus*.

The type species, *Niobrarasaurus coleii*, was discovered and collected in 1930 by a geologist named Virgil Cole. It was originally described by Mehl in 1936 and named *Hierosaurus coleii*. It was then re-described as a new genus by Carpenter *et al.* in 1995. In 2002 the type specimen was transferred to the Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Hays, Kansas. It has been estimated to be 5 meters (16 feet) in length and around 227-453 kg (500-1.000 lbs) according to Thomas Holtz. Paul gave a higher estimation of 6.5 meters (21.3 ft) and 4 tonnes (8.800 lbs).
Sarcosuchus

***Sarcosuchus*** is an extinct genus of crocodyliform and distant relative of the crocodile that lived 112 million years ago. It dates from the early Cretaceous Period of what is now Africa and South America and is one of the largest crocodile-like reptiles that ever lived. It was almost twice as long as the modern saltwater crocodile and weighed up to 8 tonnes.

The first remains were discovered during several expeditions led by the French paleontologist Albert-Félix de Lapparent, spanning from 1946 to 1959, in the Sahara Desert. These remains were fragments of the skull, vertebrae, teeth and scutes. In 1964, an almost complete skull was found in Niger by the French CEA, but it was not until 1997 and 2000 that most of its anatomy became known to science, when an expedition led by the American paleontologist Paul Sereno discovered six new specimens, including one with about half the skeleton intact and most of the spine.

## Movies

The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration (2003)
Pyroraptor

***Pyroraptor*** is a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of France. It is known from a single specimen. It was found in 1992 in the south of France, in Provence, and is known only from a few bones. It was named *Pyroraptor olympius* by Allain and Taquet in 2000. The name means "Olympic fire thief", because its remains were discovered after a forest fire. The type specimen consists of the distinctive foot claws, as well as fossilized teeth, arm and vertebrae. It lived during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian faunal stages of the Late Cretaceous, approximately 70.6 million years ago.
Nundasuchus

***Nundasuchus*** is an extinct genus of archosaur, possibly suchian, known from the Middle Triassic Manda beds of southwestern Tanzania. It contains a single species, ***Nundasuchus songeaensis***, known from a single partially complete skeleton and skull.

*Nundasuchus* lived in what is now Tanzania, Africa around 240 million years ago and was a carnivore and apex predator, feeding on prey such as early reptiles and synapsids. Incapable of particularly fast movement, it was most likely an ambush predator targeting weak or juvenile animals in a group at close range. It was around 2.7/3 meters long and has been described as having steak knife-like teeth and bony plates on its back. Its legs were situated underneath its body. This trait is more reminiscent of later theropod dinosaurs than it is of *Nundasuchus's* crocodilian and reptilian cousins, suggesting a connection between crocodilian reptiles and more developed theropod dinosaurs from the later Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
Muzquizopteryx

***Muzquizopteryx*** is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of what is now Coahuila, Mexico.

In the nineties José Martínez Vásquez, a worker at the chalk quarry of El Rosario, uncovered a skeleton of a pterosaur. This he handed to a quarry official, who had it bricked in on the face of an office wall as a decorative piece. After its unique scientific value had been recognised in 2002, the specimen was acquired by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Subsequently it was studied by a combined team of the University of Karlsruheand the University of Heidelberg, in this financially supported by the Volkswagen company. The specimen was scientifically reported in 2004.

In 2006 the type species *Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis* was named and described by Eberhard Frey, Marie-Céline Buchy, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Arturo González-González and Alfredo di Stefano. The generic name is derived from the Múzquiz district and a Greek πτέρυξ, *pteryx*, "wing". The specific name is derived from the state of Coahuila.

*Muzquizopteryx* is based on holotype **UNAM IGM 8621**, found in the El Rosario layers, early Coniacian-aged rocks. It consists of a nearly complete, articulated skeleton that includes soft tissue remains, among them long fossilised tendons along both sides of both lower arms. The specimen represents an adult individual.

In 2012 a second specimen was reported, MUDE CPC-494, again uncovered by a quarry worker, perhaps at the same site, and sold to a private collector. It was later acquired by the Museo del Desierto Saltillo. It consists of the right upper wing of a subadult individual, with about 81% of the length of the holotype. As its provenance probably consists of slightly older layers from the late Turonian and the remains are limited, it was referred to a*Muzquizopteryx* sp.

*Muzquizopteryx* was relatively small for a pterodactyloid pterosaur, with a wingspan of around two metres. It had an elongated head with a convex upper profile, ending at the back of the head in a backward pointing short rounded crest. The jaws were toothless. The arms were very robust with the humerus featuring a large hatchet-shaped deltopectoral crest, indicating a strong wing musculature. The pteroid bone was long and pointed towards the neck, supporting a flight membrane.

*Muzquizopteryx* was by its describers assigned to the Nyctosauridae. It would then be the oldest known member of the group and the smallest known; indeed the smallest adult Late Cretaceous pterosaur discovered until 2006. As *Nyctosaurus* is sometimes included with the Pteranodontidae, *Muzquizopteryx* too might be considered a member of that group under some classifications.
Hippopotamus gorgops

***Hippopotamus gorgops*** lived in Africa from the Miocene to the Pleistocene. Modern hippos have eyes placed high on the skull, but *H. gorgops* took things a step further and had what could be described as short eye stalks, making it even easier for the creature to see its surroundings while (almost) fully under water. It was much larger than modern hippos, it was 14 feet long and 7 feet tall at the shoulder.
Majungasaurus

***Majungasaurus*** is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. The genus contains a single species, ***Majungasaurus crenatissimus***. This dinosaur was briefly called *Majungatholus*, a name which is now considered a junior synonym of *Majungasaurus*.

Like other abelisaurids, *Majungasaurus* was a bipedal predator with a short snout. Although the forelimbs are not completely known, they were very short, while the hindlimbs were longer and very stocky. It can be distinguished from other abelisaurids by its wider skull, the very rough texture and thickened bone on the top of its snout, and the single rounded horn on the roof of its skull, which was originally mistaken for the dome of a pachycephalosaur. It also had more teeth in both upper and lower jaws than most abelisaurids.

Known from several well-preserved skulls and abundant skeletal material, *Majungasaurus* has recently become one of the best-studied theropod dinosaurs from the Southern Hemisphere. It appears to be most closely related to abelisaurids from India rather than South America or continental Africa, a fact that has important biogeographical implications. *Majungasaurus* was the apex predator in its ecosystem, mainly preying on sauropods like *Rapetosaurus*, and is also one of the few dinosaurs for which there is direct evidence of cannibalism.

Its main prey was Rapetosaurus.

## Jurassic World The Game

Majungasaurus was unlocked in Stage 1 in the game.
Saurophaganax

Saurophaganax is a genus of allosaurid dinosaur from the Morrison Formation of Late Jurassic Oklahoma, USA. Some paleontologists consider it to be a species of *Allosaurus*. *Saurophaganax* represents a very large Morrison allosaurid characterized by horizontal laminae at the bases of the dorsal neural spines above the transverse processes, and "meat-chopper" chevrons. The maximum size of *S. maximus* has been estimated at anywhere from 10.5 metres to 13 m in length, and around 3 tonnes in weight.
Minotaurasaurus

***Minotaurasaurus*** is a genus of ankylosaurine ankylosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It was named in 2009 by Clifford A. Miles and Clark J. Miles and the type species is *Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani*. The generic name is explained by the describers as meaning "man-bull reptile"; the specific epithet honours Vilayanur S. Ramachandran who purchased the fossil for $10,000 from the trader Hollis Butts, based in Japan, and made it available to science. It is known only from a complete skull of unknown provenance, but probably recovered from the Gobi Desert. While it had a distinctive armored bull-like head and a more primitive braincase, it shares the typical features of an ankylosaurid.

A controversy has surfaced around the provenance of this skull. Some paleontologists claim that this fossil was removed from the Gobi desert without the permission of the Chinese government and sold without proper documentation. V.S. Ramachandran, who purchased the fossil in Tucson, Arizona, says that he would be happy to repatriate the fossil to the appropriate nation, if someone shows him "evidence it was exported without permit". For a short time, the specimen was on loan to the Victor Valley Museum in Apple Valley, California, but in 2007, Ramachandran reacquired it.

A 2014 study by Victoria Arbour, Philip Currie, and Demchig Badamgarav concluded that *Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani* is probably a junior synonym of *Tarchia kielanae*.
Talarurus

***Talarurus*** is an extinct genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur that lived approximately 90 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Mongolia. *Talarurus* was a hippopotamus-sized, heavily built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore, that could grow up to an estimated 6 m long. Like other ankylosaurs it had heavy armour and a club on its tail. Along with *Tsagantegia*, *Talarurus* is one of the oldest known ankylosaurines from Asia and one of the better-known ankylosaurs from Mongolia.
Monkonosaurus

***Monkonosaurus*** (meaning "Monkon lizard") is a dubious genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous-aged Loe-ein Formation of Tibet (or the Early Cretaceous Lura Formation of China). Some sources place it as alive during the Oxfordian - Albian stages, around 163 - 100 million years ago, although *Monkonosaurus* was probably only alive during the Late Jurassic (163 – 152.1 ± 0.9 million years ago), making it among the earliest known stegosaurs along with *Chungkingosaurus* and *Bashanosaurus*.

Its cousin is Stegosaurus.
Scutosaurus

S

   cutosaurus was a genus of armor-covered pareiasaur that lived around 254–252 million years ago in Russia, in the later Permian period. Its genus name refers to large plates of armor scattered across its body. It was a large anapsid reptile that, unlike most reptiles, held its legs underneath its body to support its great weight.

## Movies

 The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure (1994)
Suchomimus

***Suchomimus*** is a genus of large spinosaurid dinosaur with a crocodile-like skull that lived between 121–113 million years ago, during the late Aptian stage of the Cretaceous period in Niger, Africa. The only species named in the genus is ***Suchomimus tenerensis***.

The length of the type specimen of *Suchomimus*, a subadult, was initially estimated at 11 m. In 2007, its weight was estimated at between 2.6 and 5.2 tonnes. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul gave lower estimations of 9.5 metres and 2.5 tonnes.

The describers established some unique derived traits or autapomorphies of *Suchomimus*. The praemaxilla has an upward branch excluding the maxilla from the bony nostril. The neural spines on the rear dorsal, sacral and front tail vertebrae are expanded in side view. The upper corners of the humerus are robust. The humerus has a boss above the condyle that contacts the radius, that is hook-shaped.

Unlike most giant theropods, *Suchomimus* had a very long, low snout and narrow jaws, formed by a forward expansion of the premaxilla and the anterior ramus of the maxilla. The jaws have about 122 conical teeth, pointed but not very sharp and curving slightly backward, with fine serrations. The tip of the snout was enlarged sideways and carried a "rosette" of longer teeth, seven per side in the skull and about the same number in the corresponding part of the lower jaw. Further back, there are at least twenty-two teeth per upper jaw side in the maxilla, while the entire lower jaw side carries thirty-two teeth in the dentary bone. The upper jaw shows a prominent kink just behind the rosette, protruding to below; this convexly curved part of the maxilla has the longest teeth of the entire skull. The skull is reminiscent of that of crocodilians that eat mainly fish. The internal bone shelves of the maxillae meet each other over a long distance, forming a closed front palate rigidifying the snout. The nostrils are long, narrow and horizontally positioned; the same is true of the larger antorbital fenestra. The rear of the skull is poorly known but a short quadrate, separated from the quadratojugal by a large *foramen quadraticum*, shows it must have been low. The lower jaws are very elongated and narrow, forming a rigid structure as their dentaries touch each other at the midline, reinforcing the mandible against torsional forces.
Indominus Rex

***Indominus rex*** was the latest attraction in Jurassic World. The hybrid was created by combining the genetic traits of multiple species. Some of the known species that were used in the creation of the hybrid are *Tyrannosaurus*, *Velociraptor*, *Carnotaurus*, *Giganotosaurus*, *Majungasaurus*, *Rugops*, and *Therizinosaurus* as well as modern animals like cuttlefish, tree frogs, and a pit viper snake. she served as the main antagonist of the film *Jurassic World*.

## Description

Did you know that the name Indominus rex means 'fierce' or 'untamable king'? The birth of the Indominus rex was achieved by genetically modifying existing DNA in the Hammond Creation Lab. The Indominus rex's roar can reach an estimated 140-160db - the same level of as a 747 taking off and landing! The distinct head ornamentation of the Indominus rex is an ultra-tough bony osteoderm that protects the cranium from attackers!

Fuse to
Saurornithoides

***Saurornithoides*** (/sɔːˌrɔːrnɪˈθɔɪdiːz/ *saw-ROR-ni-THOY-deez*) is a genus of carnivorous troodontid maniraptoran dinosaur, which lived during the Late Cretaceous period. These creatures were predators, which could run fast on their hind legs and had excellent sight and hearing. The name is derived from the Greek stems *saur~* (lizard), *ornith~* (bird) and *eides* (form), referring to its bird-like skull.

   *Saurornithoides* is a member of the troodontids, a group of small, bird-like, gracile maniraptorans. All troodontids have many unique features of the skull, such as closely spaced teeth in the lower jaw, and large numbers of teeth. Troodontids have sickle-claws and raptorial hands, and some of the highest non-avian encephalization quotients, meaning they were behaviourally advanced and had keen senses. *Saurornithoides* was a rather small troodontid. Though a possible adult, the type specimen has a midline skull length of 189 millimetres, compared to 272 millimetres for *Zanabazar junior*, itself estimated at 2.3 metres long. It had large eye sockets and stereoscopic vision, allowing for good depth perception. It probably had good vision in light and very good night vision. It had a long, low head, a depressed muzzle, sharp teeth and a relatively large brain. Swift and smart, like its North American cousin *Troodon*, *Saurornithoides* probably scoured the Gobi Desert, looking for small mammals or reptiles to eat. Like other troodontids, it had an enlarged retractable claw on the second toe of each foot, that in this case was of moderate size though rather curved.

A juvenile specimen of *S. mongoliensis* was described in 1993 and gave insights into the life history of the species as well as its relatives; the highly ossified hindlimb suggested that *Saurornithoides* and other troodontids were well developed at birth and that they probably required little to no parental care.

A revision of the genus in 2009 provided a differential diagnosis, a list of traits in which *Saurornithoides* differed from certain relevant relatives, especially concentrating on determining its place in the evolutionary tree. That *Saurornithoides mongoliensis* might be more derived, higher in the tree, than *Sinornithoides* and *Sinusonasus*, is indicated by the lack of a *fenestra promaxillaris*, a small opening at the front side of the snout, and the possession of large denticles on the rear tooth edges as well as the presence of the high number of six sacral vertebrae. That *S. mongoliensis* might be more basal, lower in the tree, than *Zanabazar* and *Troodon*, is shown by the presence of a *recessus tympanicus dorsalis*, the upper one of three small openings on the side of the braincase, in the inner ear region.

Also see Troodon.
Repenomamus

***Repenomamus*** (Latin: "reptile" (reptilis), "mammal" (mammalis)) is a genus of opossum- to badger-sized gobiconodontid mammal containing two species, ***Repenomamus robustus*** and ***Repenomamus giganticus***. Both species are known from fossils found in China that date to the early Cretaceous period, about 125-123.2 million years ago. *R. robustus* is one of several Mesozoic mammals for which there is good evidence that it fed on vertebrates, including dinosaurs, though it is not possible to determine if it actively hunted live dinosaurs or scavenged dead ones. *R. giganticus* is among the largest mammals known from the Mesozoic era.
Protoceratops

***Protoceratops*** is a genus of sheep-sized herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur, from the Upper Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia. It was a member of the Protoceratopsidae, a group of early horned dinosaurs. Unlike later ceratopsians, however, it was a much smaller creature that lacked well-developed horns and retained some primitive traits not seen in later genera.

*Protoceratops* had a large neck frill which was likely used as a display site to impress other members of the species. Other hypotheses about its function include protection of the neck and anchoring of jaw muscles, but the fragility of the frill and the poor leverage offered by possible attachment sites here makes these ideas implausible. Described by Walter W. Granger and W.K. Gregory in 1923, *Protoceratops*was initially believed to be an ancestor of the North American ceratopsians. Researchers currently distinguish two species of *Protoceratops*, based in part by their respective sizes.

In the 1920s, Roy Chapman Andrews discovered fossilized eggs in Mongolia that were interpreted as belonging to this dinosaur, but which turned out to be those of *Oviraptor*.

## Movies

The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water (2002)
Othnieliosaurus

Othnielosaurus is also called Nanosaurus, this little herbivore is 5 feet long and a plant-eating dinosaur who can run fast.

This dinosaur a genus of neornithischian dinosaur that lived about 155 to 148 million years ago, during the Late Jurassic-age. Its fossils are known from the Morrison Formation of the south-western United States
Spinoraptor

**Spinoraptor** is a hybrid of *Spinosaurus* and *Utahraptor.*

*Spinoraptor* appears as a creatable hybrid in Jurassic World: The Game. It can be created by fusing a level 40 Utahraptor and a level 40 Spinosaurus. It is probably unlocked by entering a code from its brawlasaur toy (see "Toys" tab for more information).

   Fused to:
Rhabdodon

***Rhabdodon*** (meaning "fluted tooth") is a genus of herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur that lived in Europe approximately 70-66 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. It is similar in build to a very robust "hypsilophodont" (non-iguanodont ornithopod), though all modern phylogenetic analyses find this to be an unnatural grouping, and *Rhabdodon* to be a basal member of Iguanodontia. It was large amongst its relatives, measuring 4 m (13 ft) long and weighing 250 kg (550 lb), with some specimens possibly reaching up to 6 m (20 ft) long.

## Series and movies

* Dinosaur Train
* Dinosaur planet
Hylaeosaurus

***Hylaeosaurus*** is a herbivorous ankylosaurian dinosaur that lived about 136 million years ago, in the late Valanginian stage of the early Cretaceous period of England.

*Hylaeosaurus* was one of the first dinosaurs to be discovered, in 1832 by Gideon Mantell. In 1842 it was one of the three dinosaurs Richard Owen based the Dinosauria on. Four species were named in the genus, but only the type species *Hylaeosaurus armatus* is today considered valid. Only limited remains have been found of *Hylaeosaurus* and much of its anatomy is unknown. It might have been a basalnodosaurid, although a recent cladistic analysis recovers it as a basal ankylosaurid.

*Hylaeosaurus* was about five metres long. It was an armoured dinosaur. It carried at least three long spines on its shoulder and shorter spines at the side of its neck.

## Movies

The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists (1996)
Omega 09

**Omega 09**, also referred to as the ***Tyrannosaurus* defense project**, is a purple *Tyrannosaurus rex* with spikes down its back and on the sides of its face with more prominent brows. It has "cracks" in which light will occasionally flash and also has electricity pulsing from the animal as seen when it steps, attacks, gets up, or roars. It is unknown if Omega 09 is a hybrid or simply a genetically enhanced *T. rex*. Its only appearance so far is *Jurassic World: The Game*.
Quaesitosaurus

***Quaesitosaurus*** (meaning "extraordinary lizard") is a genus of herbivorous nemegtosaurus sauropod containing only the type species, ***Q. orientalis***, described in 1983. It lived from 72 to 71 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous epoch in the Barun Goyot Formation. With long, low and horse-like with frontally located peg-teeth, the skull of *Quaesitosaurus* is similar enough to the skull of *Diplodocus* and its kin to have prompted informed speculation that the missing body was built like those of diplodocids.
Metriorhynchus

***Metriorhynchus*** is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform that lived in the oceans during the Middle to Late Jurassic. *Metriorhynchus* was named by the German palaeontologist Christian von Meyer in 1830. *Metriorhynchus* was a carnivore that spent much, if not all, its life out at sea. No *Metriorhynchus* eggs or nests have been discovered, so little is known of the reptile's life cycle, unlike other large marine reptiles of the Mesozoic, such as plesiosaurs or ichthyosaurs which are known to give birth to live young out at sea. Where *Metriorhynchus* mated, whether on land or at sea, is currently unknown. The name *Metriorhynchus* means "Moderate snout", and is derived from the Greek *Metrio*- ("moderate") and -*rhynchos* ("snout").
Heterodontosaurus

***Heterodontosaurus*** is a genus of omnivorous heterodontosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Early Jurassic, 200–190 million years ago. Its only known member species, ***Heterodontosaurus tucki***, was named in 1962 based on a skull discovered in South Africa. The genus name means "different toothed lizard", in reference to its unusual, heterodont dentition; the specific name honours G. C. Tuck, who supported the discoverers. Further specimens have since been found, including an almost complete skeleton in 1966.

Though it was a small dinosaur, *Heterodontosaurus* was one of the largest members of its family, reaching between 1.18 m (3 ft 10 in) and possibly 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) in length, and weighing between 2 and 10 kg (4.4 and 22.0 lb). The skull was elongated, narrow, and triangular when viewed from the side. The front of the jaws were covered in a horny beak. It had three types of teeth; in the upper jaw, small, incisor-like teeth were followed by long, canine-like tusks. A gap divided the tusks from the chisel-like cheek-teeth. The body was short with a long tail. The five-fingered forelimbs were long and relatively robust, whereas the hind-limbs were long, slender, and had four toes.

*Heterodontosaurus* is the eponymous and best-known member of the family Heterodontosauridae. This family is considered a basal (or "primitive") group within the order of ornithischian dinosaurs, while their closest affinities within the group are debated. In spite of the large tusks, *Heterodontosaurus* is thought to have been herbivorous, or at least omnivorous. Though it was formerly thought to have been capable of quadrupedal locomotion, it is now thought to have been bipedal. Tooth replacement was sporadic and not continuous, unlike its relatives. At least four other heterodontosaurid genera are known from the same geological formations as *Heterodontosaurus*.
Parasaurolophus

***Parasaurolophus*** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now North America during the Late Cretaceous Period, about 76.5–73 million years ago.It was a herbivore that walked both as a biped and a quadruped. Three species are recognized: *P. walkeri* (the type species), *P. tubicen*, and the short-crested *P. cyrtocristatus*. Remains are known from Alberta (Canada), and New Mexico and Utah (USA). The genus was first described in 1922 by William Parks from a skull and partial skeleton found in Alberta.

*Parasaurolophus* was a hadrosaurid, part of a diverse family of Cretaceous dinosaurs known for their range of bizarre head adornments. This genus is known for its large, elaborate cranial crest, which at its largest forms a long curved tube projecting upwards and back from the skull. *Charonosaurus* from China, which may have been its closest relative, had a similar skull and potentially a similar crest. Visual recognition of both species and sex, acoustic resonance, and thermoregulation have been proposed as functional explanations for the crest and the *Grypotoujiangtodromescelosaurus* are gracing on plants with *Parasaurolophuses*. It is one of the rarer hadrosaurids, known from only a handful of good specimens. The *Parasaurolophuses* and the *Gryotoujiangtodromeseclosauras* are move south with the *Pachyrhinosaurus*. They were walk all fours and the *Parasaurolophuses* are walk all twos.

## Movies and TV Series

The Land Before Time (1988)

The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists (1996)

The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire (2000) and Walking with Dinosaurs 2: The Story of Lanielsa Amelthea the Saurolophinosaura (2021)

Dinosaur Train (2009 - 2018)
Rahonavis

***Rahonavis*** is a genus of bird-like theropods from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, about 70 mya) of what is now northwestern Madagascar. It is known from a partial skeleton (UA 8656) found by Catherine Forster and colleagues in Maevarano Formation rocks at a quarry near Berivotra, Mahajanga Province. *Rahonavis* was a small predator, at about 70 centimetres (2.3 ft) long and 0.45-2.27 kg (1-5 lbs), with the typical *Velociraptor*-like raised sickle claw on the second toe. It was originally the first African coelurosaur until the Nqwebasaurus was discovered in 2000.

The name *Rahonavis* means, approximately, "cloud menace bird", from Malagasy *rahona* (RA-hoo-na, "cloud" or "menace") + Latin *avis* "bird". The specific name, *R. ostromi*, was coined in honor of John Ostrom.
Kelmayisaurus

***Kelmayisaurus*** (Greekifor "Karamay lizard") s an extinct genus of carnivorous carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Cretaceous. It was estimated to grow 9 to 11 meters (30-36 feet) its name refers to the petroleum-producing city of Karamay in the Xinjiang province of western China near where it was found.
Pinacosaurus

***Pinacosaurus*** is a genus of medium-sized ankylosaur dinosaurs that lived from the late Santonian to the late Campanian stages of the late Cretaceous Period (roughly 80–75 million years ago), in Mongolia and China.

The type species *Pinacosaurus grangeri* was named in 1933. *Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus* named in 1999, is a second possibly valid species, differing from the type species in details of the skull armour. Of *Pinacosaurus grangeri* many skeletons have been found, more than of any other ankylosaur. These predominantly consist of juveniles that perhaps lived in herds roaming the desert landscape of their habitat.

*Pinacosaurus* was about five metres long and weighed up to two tonnes. Its body was flat and low-slung but not as heavily built as in some other members of the Ankylosaurinae. The head was protected by bone tiles, hence its name. Each nostril was formed as a large depression pierced by between three and five smaller holes, the purpose of which is uncertain. A smooth beak bit off low-growing plants that were sliced by rows of small teeth and then swallowed to be processed by the enormous hind gut. Neck, back and tail were protected by an armour of keeled osteoderms. The animal could also actively defend itself by means of a tail club.Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,80–75 Ma
Torosaurus

***Torosaurus*** is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur that lived during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous period, between 68 and 66 million years ago. Fossils have been discovered across the Western Interior of North America, from Saskatchewan to southern Texas.

*Torosaurus* possessed one of the largest skulls of any known land animal. The frilled skull reached up to 2.77 metres in length. From head to tail, *Torosaurus* is thought to have measured about 7.6 to 9 m long and weighed four to six tonnes. *Torosaurus* is distinguished from the contemporary *Triceratops* by an elongate frill with large openings, long squamosal bones of the frill with a trough on their upper surface, and the presence of five or more pairs of hornlets on the back of the frill. *Torosaurus* also lacked the long nose horn seen in *Triceratops prorsus*, and instead resembled the earlier and more basal *Triceratops horridus* in having a short nose horn. Three species have been named, *Torosaurus latus*, *T. gladius* and *T. utahensis*. *T. gladius* is no longer considered a valid species, however.

Recently the validity of *Torosaurus* has been disputed. A 2010 study of fossil bone histology combined with an investigation of frill shape concluded that *Torosaurus* probably represented the mature form of *Triceratops*, with the bones of typical *Triceratops* specimens still immature and showing signs of a first development of distinct *Torosaurus* frill holes. During maturation, the skull frill would have been greatly lengthened and holes would have appeared in it. In 2011, 2012 and 2013 however, studies of external features of known specimens have claimed that morphological differences between the two genera preclude their synonymy. The main problems are a lack of good transitional forms, the apparent existence of authentic *Torosaurus* subadults, different skull proportions independent of maturation and the assertion that hole formation at an adult stage is not part of a normal ceratopsian maturation sequence.
Rapetosaurus

***Rapetosaurus*** (/rəˌpeɪtuːˈsɔːrəs/ *rə-PAY-too-SOR-əs*) is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur that lived in Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Only one species, ***Rapetosaurus krausei***, has been identified.

Like other sauropods, *Rapetosaurus* was a quadrupedal herbivore; it is calculated to have reached lengths of 15 metres (49 ft).

Its main predator is Majungasaurus.
Stegosaurus

***Stegosaurus*** is a genus of armored dinosaur. They lived during the Late Jurassic period, some 155 to 150 million years ago in what is now the western United States and Portugal. Due to its distinctive tail spikes and plates, *Stegosaurus* is one of the most recognizable dinosaurs. Several species have been identified in the upper Morrison Formation, represented by the remains of about 80 individuals.

A large, heavily built, herbivorous quadruped, *Stegosaurus* had a distinctive and unusual posture, with a heavily rounded back, short fore limbs, head held low to the ground, and a stiffened tail held high in the air. Its array of plates and spikes has been the subject of much speculation. The spikes were most likely used for defense, while the plates have also been proposed as a defensive mechanism, as well as having display and thermoregulatory functions.

*Stegosaurus* had a relatively low brain-to-body mass ratio. It had a short neck and small head, meaning it most likely ate low-lying bushes and shrubs. It was the largest known of all the stegosaurians and, although roughly bus-sized, it nonetheless shared many anatomical features with other stegosaurids.

## Movies and series

The Land Before Time (1988)

The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze (2001)

Jurassic World-fallen kingdom

Jurassic world camp cretaceous

Dinosaur Train [2002]

Dinotopia
Scaphognathus

***Scaphognathus*** was a pterosaur that lived around Germany during the Late Jurassic. It had a wingspan of 0.9 m.

At present *Scaphognathus* is known from three specimens, all of which originated in the Kimmeridgian-age Solnhofen Limestone. Physically it was very similar to *Rhamphorhynchus*, albeit with notable cranial differences.

For one, *Scaphognathus* had a proportionately shorter skull with a blunter tip and a larger antorbital fenestra. Its teeth oriented vertically rather than horizontally. The traditional count of them held that eighteen teeth were in the upper jaws and ten in the lower. S. Christopher Bennett, studying a new third specimen, SMNS 59395, in 2004 determined there were only sixteen teeth in the upper jaws, the higher previous number having been caused by incorrectly adding replacement teeth.

Comparisons between the scleral rings of *Scaphognathus* and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been diurnal. This may also indicate niche partitioning with contemporary pterosaurs inferred to be nocturnal, such as *Ctenochasma* and *Rhamphorhynchus*.

## Movies

 The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers (2007)
Prosaurolophus

***Prosaurolophus*** is a genus ofhadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America. It is known from the remains of at least 25 individuals belonging to two species, including skulls and skeletons, but it remains obscure. Around 9 m, its fossils have been found in the late Campanian-age Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta, and the roughly contemporaneous Two Medicine Formation in Montana, dating to around 75.5-71.0 million years ago. Its most recognizable feature is a small solid crest formed by the nasal bones, sticking up in front of the eyes.

The type species is *P. maximus*, described by American paleontologist Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History in 1916. A second species, *P. blackfeetensis*, was described by Jack Horner of the Museum of the Rockies in 1992. The two species were differentiated mainly by crest size and skull proportions.