Theory of Planned Behaviour

*The Theory of Planned Behaviour is a theory about how beliefs lead to intentions and behaviour. It was developed by Icek Ajzen in the 1980s and builds on the Theory of Reasoned behaviour. Their is quite some overlap and at times complementarity with the Social Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura.*

### **The Theory**

In short, "according to the theory, human behavior is guided by three kinds of considerations: beliefs about the likely consequences or other attributes of the behavior (behavioral beliefs), beliefs about the normative expectations of other people (normative beliefs), and beliefs about the presence of factors that may further or hinder performance of the behavior (control beliefs). In their respective aggregates, behavioral beliefs produce a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the behavior; normative beliefs result in perceived social pressure or subjective norm; and control beliefs give rise to perceived behavioral control, the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior. In combination, attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perception of behavioral control lead to the formation of a behavioral intention. Finally, given a sufficient degree of actual control over the behavior, people are expected to carry out their intentions when the opportunity arises. Intention is thus assumed to be the immediate antecedent of behavior. However, because many behaviors pose difficulties of execution that may limit volitional control, it is useful to consider perceived behavioral control in addition to intention. To the extent that people are realistic in their judgments of a behavior’s difficulty, a measure of perceived behavioral control can serve as a proxy for actual control and contribute to the prediction of the behavior in question."

### **Main theoretical references**

* Ajzen I. (1985) From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In: Kuhl J., Beckmann J. (eds) Action Control. SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3\_2
* Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
* Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-683. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x

### **Main examples**

* (Give the publications that show empirical research using the theory, use APA style)

### **Examples in realist evaluation**

*Research/evaluation project*

(Realist research or evaluation project that has used this theory)

* Name of the project; the evaluator(s); the funder; timing; link to a relevant website.

*Academic publications*

* (Give the reference of realist evaluations that have used this theory, use APA style)

*Grey Literature*

* (Give the reference of realist evaluations from the grey literature that have used this theory, use APA style)

1. ↑ Ajzen, I. (2002), Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior, *Journal of Applied Social Psychology*, 32(4), 665-683.