Sample 2 - Fredrik

Our subsequent subject, continuing the thread of Scandinavian representation, is Fredrik, who was born and raised in Norway. His awareness of his lineage is exclusively associated with Norwegian origins.

Fredrik's genetic composition exhibits a level of clarity, yet it presents indications of minor migrations and interactions tied to Viking influences. The majority of his family lineage is comprised of individuals with Norwegian heritage, contributing to a notably uniform contemporary ancestry. Our investigation delves more profoundly into his remote ancestral connections, extending the exploration to encompass ancient origins.

The subject in question has asked that the percentages remains disclosed.

## Genetic History

### Genetic Makeup / Ethnicity

#### **Scandinavian**

* Rogaland, Norway
* Capital Region of Norway, Norway

*The Scandinavian peoples, also known as the North Germanic people, hailing from countries like Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland, are renowned for their rich cultural heritage, which includes the Viking legacy, breathtaking natural landscapes, and a strong emphasis on social equality and well-being.*

#### Germanic Europe

*His DNA shows presence of DNA from Central Europe, being the Germanic part of Europe. But no clear nationality or specific ethnicity has been shown.*

### Ancient Ancestry

#### Norwegian Vikings

*Norwegian Vikings were pioneering boat builders and adventurous sailors who signalled the start of the Viking Age in 793 AD by raiding the Catholic abbey of Lindisfarne in England. This was followed by raids in Northumbria, southern Wales and Ireland. Norwegian Vikings traveled to the Shetlands, the Orkneys, the Faroe Islands and Hebrides where they established settlements. Floki Vilgerdarson was the first Norseman to sail to Iceland in order to settle it. He sailed from Western Norway to the Shetland Islands where his daughter drowned. He then continued to the Faroe Islands where another daughter was wed and then took three ravens with him to find his way to Iceland which he named after seeing only snow and a great fjord full of ice. Erik the Red established settlements in Greenland and Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, discovered Vinland (present-day Newfoundland, Canada). King Harald Finehair is credited for unifying Norway from petty kingdoms into a single united kingdom which was the predecessor to the modern Kingdom of Norway.*

#### Vikings (Icelandic)

*The first Norseman to rest his feet on Icelandic soil was Naddoddr - who named the land of fire and ice Snaeland (Land of Snow). The second Norseman to arrive was Floki Vilgerdarson who took 3 ravens to help him find his way. Floki set his ravens free near the Faroe Islands. The first raven flew back to the Faroes, the second flew up in the air and returned to the ship. The third flew in front of the ship and followed its direction to Iceland. A harsh winter caused all of Floki's cattle to die, after which he cursed the cold country and named it Island (Iceland). The next brave Viking to reach the icy land was Ingolfur Arnarson who had instigated a blood feud in his homeland Norway and swore to settle wherever he drifted ashore. Archaeogenetic studies have shown these Vikings who colonized Iceland brought thousands of slave women from Ireland and Scotland to put down roots. Roughly half of the genetic material of early settlers was an even Norse/Gaelic mix. Even today, Icelanders draw 70 percent of their genes from the Norse and 30 percent from these original Gaelic sources.*

#### Angles

*The Angles were a Germanic tribe who inhabited a land called Angulus - the province between the Jutes and Saxons located between southern Denmark and northern Germany. Mentioned by Ptolemy and Tacitus, they were described as bordering the Longobards and Semnones. They were known by the Romans as inaccessible to attack as they lived behind ramparts of rivers and woods. Pope Gregory I writes about seeing Angle children he once saw in a Roman market as having angelic faces who should be co-heirs of the angels in heaven. Around the 5th century AD the Angles migrated to Britannia and founded the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia. The Angle kingdoms fell in the great assaults by the Danish Viking armies in the 9th century and became subjects of the Danelaw. The Saxon kings of Wessex eventually defeated the Danes and liberated the Angles. They united their royal houses with those of the Angles and the old Anglo-Saxon world thus ended and the dawn of the English people began. Some Angles remained in Angulus which is called Anglia today.*

### Paternal Haplogroup

**I-L22**

* Haplogroup I-L22 and modern Northern genetics

*23andme states that I-L22 is "extremely rare among 23andme users" (1/110.000)*

*Haplogroup I-L22 is a subgroup of haplogroup I, which is a major branch of the human Y-chromosome haplogroups. The Y-chromosome is passed down from fathers to their sons, making it a valuable tool for studying paternal ancestry and population migrations. Haplogroup I-L22 is specifically associated with certain genetic markers on the Y-chromosome that define its unique lineage.*

*Haplogroup I is most commonly found in Europe, with its highest frequencies in Scandinavia and the Baltic region. It is believed to have originated in Eurasia and is associated with the spread of early farming cultures and the migration of Indo-European speakers.*

*Haplogroup I-L22 is a more recent subclade of haplogroup I and is thought to have emerged relatively recently in human history. It's important to note that the understanding of Y-chromosome haplogroups is subject to ongoing research and refinement, so new information might have emerged since my last knowledge update in September 2021.*

*Y-chromosome haplogroups, including I-L22, are used by geneticists and anthropologists to trace the migrations and genetic history of various human populations. These studies can provide insights into ancient population movements, migrations, and even the relationships between different historical groups.*

* *About 33% of Norwegians fall under the I-M253 haplogroup*
* *Rough estimations based on these numbers imply that, including Fredrik, there are approx. 15 people in Norway carrying the I-L22 markers (without any additional mutations).*

### Maternal Haplogroup

**U5a**

* Haplogroup U5a and the Cheddar Man connection

*Maternal haplogroup U5a is a specific genetic lineage within the broader haplogroup U5, which is associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) passed down from mothers to their children. Haplogroup U5 is one of the most ancient and widespread maternal lineages in Europe, and it has been used to trace the migrations and ancestry of various human populations.*

*Haplogroup U5 is one of the oldest and most widespread mitochondrial haplogroups in Europe. It is believed to have originated in the region of the Middle East or Western Asia and then spread into Europe with the movements of ancient human populations. Haplogroup U5 has been a subject of interest for researchers studying human evolution and population history due to its deep ancestry and wide distribution across different regions.*

*Cheddar Man is a famous individual who lived in what is now the United Kingdom around 10,000 years ago, during the Mesolithic period. He is notable for being one of the oldest near-complete human skeletons found in Britain. In 2018, a groundbreaking scientific study used DNA analysis to reconstruct Cheddar Man's appearance and shed light on his genetic ancestry.*

*The Cheddar Man's genome revealed that he belonged to haplogroup U5a, specifically U5a1, a subclade of U5. This genetic information provided valuable insights into the population history of Britain and its ancient inhabitants. The presence of haplogroup U5a in Cheddar Man's DNA indicated a connection between his lineage and some of the earliest human settlers in the British Isles after the last Ice Age.*

*The discovery of Cheddar Man's U5a lineage challenged some preconceived notions about the appearances of ancient people in Britain. The DNA analysis revealed that he had dark skin and blue eyes, a combination that might not have been expected based solely on archaeological reconstructions.*

### Neanderthal Ancestry

*Fredrik has more Neanderthal DNA than 10% of other customers in 23andMe.*

*Fredrik inherited a small amount of DNA from his Neanderthal ancestors. Out of the 7,462 variants 23andMe tested, they found 207 variants in his DNA that trace back to the Neanderthals.*

*All together, Fredrik's Neanderthal ancestry accounts for less than ~2 percent of his DNA.*