开关控制.人员传感器.应用

Template:Needs Translating

**以下译文来自122-27-王一皓**

1 COURSE DESCRIPTION 课程描述
Now that you understand the basics of available occupancy sensor technologies, you have the tools needed to begin their application.
课程描述：现在，你可以理解占用传感器技术的基础知识，这是你开始自己的应用设计所需的工具。
2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 学习目的
1）At the end of the course, participants will be able to:utilize occupancy sensors to satisfy energy codes based on the popular energy standards, International Energy Conservation Code and ASHRAE/IES 90.1.
在课程结束后，学员将能够在现行的能源标准，国际节能规范和ASHRAE/ IES90.1的基础上，利用占位感应器达到令人满意的节能效果。
2）workstations, erecognize suitable applications for occupancy sensors, including special applications (stairwells, mergency lighting) and design systems using an appropriate process.
知道什么场所适合应用占空传感器，包括特殊的应用（楼梯间、应急照明）和设计一个适当改进过的系统。
3）specify occupancy sensor settings and coverage area.
能详细的说明占用传感器的设置和覆盖区域。
4）match occupancy sensor technology to actual application needs and place sensors for maximum effectiveness.
使占用传感器的实际应用需求和最大经济效益得到匹配。

ENERGY CODES AND STANDARDS 节能法规和标准

123456

Most commercial building energy codes require that lighting be turned OFF when it is not being used. In indoor applications, qualifying approaches include scheduling, occupancy sensing and a signal from another building system.
能源守则要求大多数商业建筑在不使用的时候关闭照明设施，对于室内应用的限制条件包括照度、占用传感器和其他建筑物发出的信号。
According to ASHRAE/IES 90.1, if the enclosed space is 10,000 sq.ft. or smaller, the maximum coverage area for each control is 2,500 sq.ft., or 10,000 sq.ft if the space is larger. The sensor must turn the lights OFF within 30 minutes of the space being vacated.
根据ASHRAE/IES 90.1，如果封闭空间小于等于10000sq.ft.，每个控制单位的控制面积不能超过2500sq.ft.如果10000sq.ft有较大的区域出现闲置，传感器在空间被腾空后不超过30分钟的时间内关闭灯光。
The latest generation of energy codes require occupancy sensors in a growing list of applications. The newest standard, ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2010, further requires manual-ON or auto-ON to 50% operation.
最新的能源法要求应用具有越来越多的占用传感器，最新的标准ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2010, 手动开启或者自动开启的操作要达到50%。
DESIGN PROCESS 设计过程
The first step to applying occupancy sensors to a space is to understand the space needs and characteristics.
第一步是理解占用传感器的空间需求和特点。
APPLICATIONS 应用
Occupancy sensors are ideally suited to installation in smaller, enclosed spaces (but can be interconnected for larger space control), spaces that operate on an unpredictable schedule, and spaces that are intermittently occupied—that is, left unoccupied for two or more hours per day.
占用传感器非常适合与安装在很小的封闭空间（也可以多个结合一起控制较大的空间），适用于不能预知出现什么操作的空间，而且是间歇使用，也就是说每天都有两个或者更多小时不会使用。

```
Ideal applications include offices, classrooms, copy rooms, restrooms, storage areas, conference rooms, warehouse aisles, break rooms, corridors, filing areas and other spaces.

```

理想的应用包括办公室，教室，复印室，休息室，储藏区，会议室，仓库过道，打破室，走廊，备案区等空间。
This public restroom is a good example. A ceiling-mounted dual-technology (PIR/ultrasonic) sensor is located about 2 ft. out from the stall door to cover the entire space.
这个公共厕所就是一个很好地例子，安装在天花板上的双技术传感器（PIR/ultrasonic），在门口2英尺出设置，可以覆盖整个空间。
Multiple sensors can also be wired for coverage of areas larger than the coverage zone of a single sensor.
多个传感器也可以通过有线连接覆盖比单个传感器更大的面积。
In this open office application featuring partitioned cubicles, ceiling-mounted ultrasonic sensors wired in parallel work together to cover the entire area as if it were a single unit. Only one sensor is required to turn the lights ON and keep them ON.
在这个开放的板间房办公区域，天花板上的超声波传感器通过并联连接在一起覆盖整个区域，他们就好像单一的单元，只要有一个传感器接收到信号，就会把灯打开。
MAJOR SENSOR VARIABLES 主要的传感器参数
Technology ：Choose method of motion detection that will best meet the application need.
技术：选择动态监测的方法，将最好的满足应用需求。
Sensitivity：Determine how sensitive the sensor should be to movement so that it effectively detects minor and major motion without nuisance switching (false-on/off).
灵敏度：确定什么是输入传感器的信息，使得它可以有效地检测主要动态，不被干扰。
Coverage area：Specify range (ft.) and coverage area (sq.ft.) for the motion detector based on the desired level of sensitivity.
覆盖区域：指定范围和覆盖区域是基于灵敏度的期望水平的动态监测区域。
Mounting：Locate the sensor for maximum effect
安装：找到传感器能发挥最大功能的位置。
Time delay：Determine how long the sensor should wait before turning out the lights when the space is unoccupied to be convenient for users but also maximize energy savings.
时间延时：确定传感器该在多久之后关闭没有人活动的区域的照明，即方便的用户，也最大限度的节约了等待使用者时依旧开灯所消耗的能源。
Cut off：Determine whether the occupancy sensor’s coverage area must be tuned so that it will not monitor adjacent areas that should not be monitored (such as a hallway outside a controlled private office).
隔断：确定占用传感器所覆盖的区域是否需要调整，以便它不会监控不需要监控（例如外控的私人办公室走廊）的相邻区域。

Special features：Specify special features for the sensor based on available offerings from manufacturer and application need.
特殊功能：制造商和具体应用的需求可以加在传感器的上面。

！@#￥
！Aaa
~~

CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY: PIR选择正确的技术：PIR
PIR occupancy sensors sense the difference in heat between moving people and their background.
PIR感应器可以感知人的移动和他们与背景之间的温度差。
They can be installed on ceilings or walls, including as a wall switch replacement, and used in both indoor and outdoor applications
他们可以应用在天花板和墙壁上，包括替换掉墙壁上的开关，也可以在室内和室外使用。
They are well suited to smaller, enclosed spaces such as private offices, utility closets and storage rooms; spaces requiring limited coverage such as warehouse aisles and corridors; and relatively confined outdoor spaces such as building perimeter lighting.
他们非常适合较小的封闭空间，如私人办公室，公用厕所和储藏室；要求的空间覆盖范围有限，如仓库过道和走廊；对密闭的室外空间，如建筑周边照明。

CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY: PIR
PIR sensors require a line of sight between the sensor and the primary task area; there should be no obstructions, such as a door swinging open. In the left office, the sensor has an unobstructed line of sight to the task area, in this case the desktop. In the right office, the occupant's body is blocking the sensor's view of the task area, in this case the laptop keyboard, and therefore an ultrasonic or dual-technology (PIR/acoustic) sensor would be recommended to minimize false-OFF switching
选择正确的技术：PIR
红外传感器需要传感器与主任务区域之间的视线没有障碍物阻隔，如门打开时产生的摆动。在左侧处时，传感器具有无障碍视线到任务区域，也就是在这种情况下的桌面。在右侧处，乘客的身体阻碍了传感器到任务区的视线，比如在这种情况下，笔记本电脑的键盘，并且因此超声波或双技术（PIR/music）传感器将以键盘区域最小的逻辑来控制开关。

While line of sight sensing can be limiting, it also enables the field of view to be limited at the factory by design or in the field through adjustment.
同时，传感器的检测线会被限制，这也使得试场要在工厂通过设计或调整他的场限制。
For example, the sensor could be adjusted to avoid detecting motion in an adjacent traffic area. Or it could be designed for narrow coverage for spaces such as corridors and warehouse aisles.
例如，该传感器可以进行调整，以避免在相邻的交通区域检测运动。或者，它可以设计为覆盖面窄的空间，如走廊和过道的仓库。

This application presents a warehouse with high ceilings. The lighting in each aisle is configured as a separate control zone so that the sensors only trigger the lights in the aisle that is occupied. In this space, a ceiling-mounted PIR sensor is installed in each aisle and its coverage area defined for a narrow view.
此应用呈现的是一个高天花板仓库。每个过道的照明配置为一个独立的控制区，以使传感器仅触发灯在被占用的过道。在这个空间里，在天花板上的红外传感器安装在每个过道和它定义的覆盖区域的一个点。

In this warehouse example lighted by luminaires at a 30-ft. mounting height, specially designed PIR line-voltage high-bay sensors are connected directly to individual luminaires, providing an approximate 1:2 relationship between mounting height and area of coverage. The sensor turns ON its connected luminaire when occupancy is detected and OFF when the sensor no longer senses the occupant after the defined timeout period.
在这个例子中，仓库的照明灯具高30m，安装高度，专门设计的红外线电压高托架传感器直接连接到灯具，提供一个近似安装高度和覆盖区域之间的比为1:2的关系，当检测到占用时拨向ON，当没有检测到时拨向OFF，当超过了确认的周期是，传感器不再检测。
PIR sensors should be located so that the lights turn ON as soon as a person enters the space. They are less sensitive than ultrasonic sensors; sensitivity decreases the farther away the occupant is from the sensor.
PIR传感器的指示灯在一个人进入空间后亮起。跟超声波传感器比，它们不太敏感;距离越远灵敏度下降越厉害。

They are most sensitive to motion lateral to the sensor. Because PIR sensors respond to heat differential, a heat differential must exist. Additionally, to prevent false-ON switching (although the condition is rare in this case), they should not be mounted within 6-8 ft. of HVAC air diffusers and other heat sources.
它们是最敏感的运动横向于传感器的运动，因为红外传感器感应的是热差，热差是肯定存在。此外，为了防止假交换（虽然这种条件是很少存在的），他们不应该被安装在6-8英尺的暖通空调空气扩散器等热源旁。

**以下译文来自122-26-凌波**

CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY: ULTRASONIC
Ultrasonic sensor sensitivity, however, can be decreased due to three factors: distance, partition height and the ability of room surfaces to reflect the ultrasonic emission. Ultrasonic sensors work best in spaces with ceilings below 14 ft. Room surfaces such as heavy carpeting and sound-absorbing partitions and ceiling tiles may reduce coverage of the sensor, while hard surfaces will increase sensitivity. Additionally, ceiling-mounted sensor effective range declines proportionally to partition height. In spaces with fabric partitions and high partition heights, direct line of sight may be required for reliable detection. Finally, because these sensors respond to motion, to avoid false-ON switching , they should not be mounted on sources of vibration or within 6-8 ft. or air sources such as open windows and ventilation apertures.
超声波传感器的灵敏度降低，可能是取决于三个因素：距离，分段高度和房间表面反射超声波发射的的能力。超声波传感器的最好工作天花板下面14英尺处。比如厚重的地毯和吸音隔板的房间表面可能会降低传感器的覆盖范围，而坚硬的表面将增加灵敏度。此外，天花板上安装的传感器的有效范围按比例下降到隔板高度。在建筑物分区和高隔断高度空间，直视要求达到可靠的检测要求。最后，因为这些传感器的对动作敏感，为了避免错误的闭合开关，不应安装在6-8英尺内的震动源或比如敞开的窗 户和通风孔空气流通区域。
Upon entering this classroom, the ceiling-mounted ultrasonic sensor will detect the occupant and trigger the lights ON. Once the room is vacated, the sensor will turn the lights OFF after the user-defined timeout has expired. The ultrasonic sensor is well suited to coverage of a larger, open application like this, which also requires greater sensitivity. Manual-ON operation eliminates any possibility of false-ON switching. For even greater reliability against false-OFF, a dual-technology sensor (PIR/ultrasonic) could be used.
在进入这个教室的时候，天花板上安装的超声波传感器将检测到的居住者并触发的灯亮。一旦房间被腾空，传感器会在用户定义超时已经过期后把灯关掉，。超声波传感器是非常适合于一个更大的覆盖范围和像这样开放的应用，这也需要更高的灵敏度。手动操作消除了任何错误闭合开关的可能性。为了更可靠的避免错误，双鉴传感器（红外/超声波）可以被使用。

For spaces where line of sight to occupants is blocked by obstructions or where occupants are not moving for long periods of time, sensors that utilize dual-technology can be effective.
The two types of dual-technology sensors are PIR/ultrasonic and PIR/acoustic. These sensors can be more effective at preventing false-OFF switching than PIR sensors, and preventing false-ON switching than ultrasonic sensors.
对于居住者视线被障碍物阻碍或居住者很长一段时间没有移动过的空间，利用双鉴传感器会很有效。两类双鉴传感器分别是PIR /超声波和红外/声，这些传感器在防止误断开关上比PIR传感器更有效，并且在防止错误闭合开关上比超声波传感器更有效。
Stairwells may be unoccupied for a significant part of operating hours, but must remain ON for safety and security reasons. Manufacturers are now offering bilevel luminaires with integral occupancy sensors that raise light levels to 100% when the stairwell is occupied and either switch or dim to a preset lower level unoccupied (e.g., from 10 FC to 1 FC). This approach is now mandated in energy codes based on the ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2010 standard.

```
楼梯井可能不被占用作为工作时间的重要一部分，但必须保持安全。制造商现在提供的带有整体占空传感器的双层式住宅光源，这种传感器可以提高光照水平到100%，当楼梯井被占用，转换或暗淡到预定没被占用的水平（例如，从10 FC到 1 FC）。这种方法是基于ASHRAE 90.1-2010能效强制性标准/ IES。

```

Personal/portable sensors are available for automatic shutoff control of individual workstations. The sensor is connected to a power strip for simultaneous control of lighting and plug loads such as computer monitors, task lights, radios and space heaters.
个人/便携式传感器可用于个人工作区的自动开关。这种传感器被连接到一个电源板作为同步照明控制和同步插件负载控制，比如计算机显示器、工作灯、工作灯、无线电和空间加热器。

While emergency lighting is typically not controlled by occupancy sensors, products are available that provide viable solutions.
For example, UL 924-compliant power packs/controllers enable occupancy sensors and other connected input devices to control emergency lighting in tandem with standard lighting. The controller senses the power line and turns emergency lighting OFF with the standard lighting if normal power is being supplied and forces emergency lighting ON if normal power is interrupted.
然而应急照明通常不被占空传感器控制，产品可提供可行的解决方案。例如，UL 924标准的电源/控制器使感应器和其他连接输入设备与标准灯泡串联来控制应急照明。控制器的电源线把应急照明变成了标准的照明取决于应急照明是否正常电力供应和应急照明是否正常电源中断。

Incandescent, halogen and LED light sources are friendly with frequent switching, which has no undesirable impact on lamp life. Fluorescent and HID lamps experience additional wear and tear during startup, however. As the operating cycle (expressed in hours/start) decreases, energy savings increase (see graphic, revealing results of a Lighting Research Center study) but lamp life decreases, particularly for popular instant-start systems.
白炽灯，卤素灯和LED光源频繁切换流畅，这对灯的寿命没有不良影响。然而荧光灯和HID灯在启动过程中经历额外的磨损和撕裂，尽管操作周期降低（表现在小时/开始上），节约能源增加（见图表，显示一种照明研究中心的研究结果）但灯寿命降低，特别是对流行的即时启动系统。

While lamp life may decline, typically the amount of OFF time mitigates the reduction in actual calendar life, while the additional energy savings more than offsets the cost of additional lamps as the primary cost of owning a lamp is energy.
To an extent, lamp life is controllable using the occupancy sensor time delay setting. Shorter time delays translate to higher energy savings but shorter lamp life; the opposite applies for longer time delays (up to 30 minutes maximum). For an optimal balance, lamp manufacturers recommend a minimum time/start of 15 to 20 minutes.
而灯的寿命会下降，通常关闭时间多少可以减缓实际日历寿命的减少，节能就好比减少了灯的成本，因为一个灯的主要成本是能源。
在某种程度上，灯的寿命正在可控的使用占空传感器延时设置。较短的延迟时间转化为更高的节能但是灯寿命更短；相反，适用于较长的时间延迟（最多30分钟）。为了达到一个最佳的平衡，灯具制造商推荐的最小时间/启动15到20分钟。

Another way to mitigate this effect is through lamp and ballast selection. Programmed-start ballasts are rapid-start ballasts that start fluorescent lamps with less wear and tear on the lamp cathodes, which increases lamp life. As a result, programmed-start ballasts can provide up to 100,000 starts, ideal for occupancy sensor installations.
In addition, lamp manufacturers have begun offering linear fluorescent lamps that provide extended life even at short operating cycles. In 2011, for example, Sylvania began offering several extended-life lamps rated at 36,000-40,000 hours at 3 hours/start on a programmed start ballast, 24,000-37,500 hours at 1 hour/start and 12,000-31,000 hours at 15 minutes/start
另一种减轻这种影响的方法是通过灯和镇流器的选择。程序起动镇流器是阴极较少磨损的启动荧光灯的快速启动镇流器它能增加灯的寿命。因此，程序起动镇流器可以提供高达100000的启动，理想用于占空感应装置。此外，灯具制造商已经开始提供线性荧光灯，提供延长生命甚至在很短的运行周期。在2011年，例如，该公司开始提供一些延长寿命的灯在额定36000-40000小时3小时/启动程序启动镇流器，1小时/启动和12000-31000小时15分钟/小时开始24000-37500。

Besides lamp life, another important issue is how quickly the lamp starts after being activated. Occupancy sensors are not friendly with most HID lamps, for example, because the lamps can take several minutes to start. Incandescent, halogen, LED and instant-start fluorescent are instant-ON sources. Programmed-start fluorescent, which can take up to a second or longer to achieve full brightness, may be problematic in some applications, despite providing extended lamp life. In a warehouse, for example, where fast-moving lift trucks are common, the lights must come ON instantly. In response, programmed-start ballast start times are getting shorter—as short as half a second.
除了灯的寿命，另一个重要的问题是被激活后灯启动的多快。感应器与大多数的HID灯不适合，例如，因为灯会需要几分钟才能启动。白炽灯，卤素灯，LED和瞬时启动荧光是即时启动光源。程序启动荧光，它可能需要一秒或更长的时间才能达到最大亮度，在某些应用中可能是有问题的，尽管灯的寿命有了延长。在一个仓库里，例如，在快速移动的起重车是常见的，灯光必须立即亮。对此，程序启动镇流器启动时间变得更短为半秒。

Important design decisions include how many occupancy sensors are needed to cover a space adequately, subsequent zoning of the lights, and where to put the sensors. The coverage area will depend on the sensor's effective range, maximum sensitivity, user-adjustable sensitivity setting, mounting configuration (ceiling or wall), and environmental factors affecting sensitivity. In a small space such as shown here, one sensor may easily provide sufficient coverage.
重要的设计决策，包括需要充分覆盖一个空间的占用传感器的数量，灯光的后续分区，和放置传感器的位置。覆盖范围将取决于传感器的有效范围，最大灵敏度，用户可调节灵敏度设置，安装配置（天花板或墙壁），和环境因素影响的敏感性。在一个小空间，如图所示，一个传感器可以提供足够的覆盖范围。
In a large space, the lighting can be partitioned into zones, each controlled by one sensor; the sensors are networked together by low-voltage wiring and control the lights in unison. For reliable detection of minor motion such as keyboard typing, sensors should be located in zones that overlap by at least 20%. This overlap may be increased depending on the height and characteristics (i.e., whether soft fabrics are used) of the partitions. Note that reducing the number of sensors to reduce cost can result in improper performance from the sensor installation. It is recommended to use the optimal number of sensors for the application to achieve the desired results.
在一个大空间，照明可分为区，各由一个传感器控制；传感器网络连接在一起，通过低压接线和控制灯一致。对于轻微的运动如键盘打字的可靠检测，传感器应位于重叠至少20%的区域。这种重叠可能取决于分区高度和特性的增加（即，是否使用软布）。注意，减少传感器的数量，降低成本，从传感器的安装中可能会导致不正确的性能。，为达到预期结果，建议使用最佳数量的用于应用的传感器。

Determining the mounting configuration and location for a sensor is a critical design decision. The mounting configuration, in particular, affects the available coverage area. Wall switch (wallbox) sensors are appropriate for smaller, enclosed spaces such as private offices, copy rooms, residences and closets with a clear line of sight between the sensor and the task area. They are especially suitable for retrofits in existing buildings.
确定传感器的安装配置和位置是一个关键的设计原则。安装配置，特别是，影响有效覆盖面积。墙壁开关（Wallbox）传感器适合在较小的封闭空间，如在传感器和任务区之间无障碍物遮挡视线的私人办公室，复印室， 住宅和壁橱。它们尤其适用于现有建筑的改造。

Ceiling-mounted sensors are appropriate for covering large areas such as open offices, partitioned spaces such as restrooms, narrow spaces such as corridors and warehouse aisles, and other spaces such as conference rooms, restrooms, copy rooms, file rooms and garages. If installed in a warehouse aisle, the sensor should be set back from the aisle so that it does not detect motion in cross aisles. If installed in an open office featuring cubicles or workstations, the maximum horizontal spacing between ultrasonic sensors may need to be de-rated based on the partition height. If the partitions are higher than 48 in., for example, the range of ceiling-mounted ultrasonic sensors can be effectively reduced by 50%. Consult the manufacturer on recommended spacing between sensors for partitioned areas.
安装在天花板上的传感器是适合大面积覆盖如敞开的办公室，分区的空间如洗手间，狭窄的空间如走廊、过道等空间的仓库，比如会议室，休息室，复印室，档案室和车库。如果安装在仓库过道，传感器应远离过道，以至不会在通过过道时检测运动。如果安装在一个开放的办公室，使小卧室和工作区富有特色，超声波传感器的最大水平间距基于分区的高度可能需要降级。如果分区高度大于48。，例如，天花板内安装超声波传感器范围可以有效减少50%。咨询生产厂家推荐的分区之间的间距传感器。

High wall- and corner-mounted sensors are similarly appropriate for coverage of large areas that feature obstacles, while limiting the coverage to 180° to avoid monitoring adjacent areas.
高高的墙和角安装的传感器也同样适合大面积覆盖，功能障碍，同时限制到180°覆盖避免监测邻近地区。
Improper mounting location is a leading cause of application problems with occupancy sensors, making sensor location a critical design decision.
Sensors should be located so that they have the least possibility of nuisance switching and activate the lights as soon as a person enters the space. This typically involves sensor placement above or close to the main areas of activity in the space.
Another aspect of location is orientation. For example, the receiving side of ultrasonic sensors should be positioned toward the area of greatest traffic in a space.
Manufacturers can provide application support including project layout and sensor location services.
不正确的安装位置是感应器的应用问题的一个主要原因，使得传感器的位置成为一个关键的设计决策。传感器的位置应使他们有损害开关与激活灯的最小可能性，一旦有人进入的空间。这通常涉及到传感器的位置高于或接近活动的主要领域，另一个方面是定位位置。例如，超声波传感器接收端应朝向最大的交通领域在空间。制造商可以提供应用支持，包括项目布局和传感器的位置服务。

If PIR, the sensor should have an unobstructed view of the primary task area, turn the lights ON immediately when an occupant enters the room (if auto-ON), be placed a sufficient distance from heat sources such as HVAC apertures, monitor only the space with the controlled lighting, and provide sufficient coverage based on the sensor's sensitivity.
如果是PIR，传感器应使的首要任务地区一览无遗，立即开灯，当乘客进入房间（如汽车），放置距离热源足够的距离位置如空调孔，只监视照明控制的空间，并提供充分基于传感器的灵敏度的范围。
If ultrasonic, the sensor should be placed at a height of 14 ft. or below, be placed a sufficient distance from sources of airflow such as ventilation apertures, and monitor only the space containing the controlled lighting and not adjacent traffic areas. In the conference room shown here, two ultrasonic sensors are mounted in the corner next to the doors where the wall meets the ceiling, providing reliable coverage across the space while ensuring that the sensors do not detect motion in the adjacent corridor.
如果是超声波，传感器应放置在一个高度14英尺以下，放置离气流源足够的距离，如通风孔和只监视空间包含控制照明和不相邻的交通区。在这里展示的会议室，两个超声波传感器安装在临近门的角落，这角落墙和天花板相接，提供可靠的空间范围，同时确保传感器不在相邻的走廊检测运动。