The Second World War

***1930-1945***

**The 30s and the road to world war 2**

In the 30s the Republic was in turmoil when the unemployment rate went up in 1931 the Government passed the security and employment Act passed by Pr. Emilio Portes Gil. This law made sure to put people to work and exercise the economy trough infrastructure and government-owned military factories put throughout the low industrialized area like the center of the country. the unanimous response of approval was given and accepted. This made immigration of White Americans towards Mexico increased. In overseas territories such as New Orleans, and the Panama Zone they were given a military-industrial complex status and subsidies towards low-income families. While Cuba was granted back statehood and again with 6 states increased the infrastructure and encouraged companies to make stores and production there. This improved a little Mexico and its employment along with making it a war machine.

   In 1935, some White Americans who came to Mexico began to act racially superior, Things escalated when they took over the town of Amarillo in Texas. The Mexican Ministry in northern Texas sent a militia to stop it, But attacks like this would become frequent. When the Northern states had an escalation in attacks and many white people were taking government offices which were discriminatory towards many Mestizo and other non-white. The people rioted towards this behavior, the Senate and the deputy chamber which were scared that another Mexican-American war would happen made a bill in which no one could be discriminatory towards any race and made sure to do a separate governmental building in which racial cases would be filed and dealt with immediately. By 1936 the Olympics

   were held and Mexico attended them along with the tensions that were carried in the "old continent". By November 1937 Mexico was Involved in the Spanish civil war they were very involved that they took in Spanish refugess and made sure to change the government headquarters to the Balearic islands and protected the islands and supported them. In 1938 the country was running out of funds and saw an opportunity in the natural resources the country had and how much wealth they could give. The Government then blame the foreign industries and foreign investors because they took away natural resources which could help the government, consequently, the people. So July they passed the Nationalization Act the law was passed to prevent such thing and declared that only certain national companies could take the resources in exchange for the industries to give 40% of their money earned to the state, By 1939 all actions done by fascist governments were taken and condemned especially by the Mexican Commission in the League of Nations. When the Spanish civil war ended, the new administration retained some of their navy in the Balearic islands and gave the republic a loan to which it can sustain.

**World War 2**

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, using the pretext of a simulated Polish attack on a German border post. The Polish plain offered an advantage for the movement of German armor, although forests and poorly constructed roads were problems that made the advance more difficult. Germany advanced using the blitzkrieg ('lightning war'). The United Kingdom and France gave Germany two days to withdraw from Poland. Once the deadline passed, on September 3, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany, quickly followed by France, South Africa, and Canada.

By May 1941 the Mexican government did not want to join in the conflict but most of the war happened within the Mediterranean and there was the protectorate that Mexico had in the Balearic islands. The nation was kept the chances of war at a minimum level, however, it took in many Jewish refugees. The war did also not help the cause

    when a German U-boat submerged a dreadnought at the Mediterranean and no compensation was given while the german navy kept doing this. This caused that Mexico declared war against Germany. It did not take long for the Soviet Union to declare war on Germany with operation Barbarossa, Then the U.S joined against the Axis on December 7th exclusively against japan and 2 weeks after, Mexico declared war on Japan.

    In 1942 Mexico grew its power over the industry, It created mandatory conscription and stated that all people who do not fit the requirements to the army help in the homefront like women, elder people, and children. The Plan eagle helped put the effort in the North American and pacific theater while the European theater was still incomplete but the safe passage of food and materials was completed. On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Five—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. The advance of Axis forces was halted by the Allies in 1942 following the defeat of Japan in several naval battles and by European Axis troops in North Africa and in the decisive battle of Stalingrad. In 1943, as a consequence of the various setbacks of the Germans in Eastern Europe, the Allied invasion of Fascist Italy, and the victories of the United States And Mexico in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and had to undertake the strategic withdrawal in all fronts. US authorities declared Guadalcanal safe on February 9. Forces from the United States, Mexico, New Zealand, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, began a long campaign to regain the occupied parts of the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the Dutch East

Indies, suffering some of the toughest resistance in the whole war. The rest of the Solomon Islands were recovered in that same year. In 1944 Following the Italian surrender, German troops took the defense of the Italic peninsula and established the Gustav Line in the southern Apennine Mountains, south of Rome. The Allies were unable to break this line and thus attempted to surround it with an amphibious landing at Anzio on January 22, 1944. The landing, called Operation Shingle, was quickly surrounded by the Germans and stopped dead, causing Churchill to comment: " Instead of throwing a wild cat ashore, all we have is a beached whale. " the western allies invaded France, at the same time that the Soviet Union recovered the territorial losses and both invaded Germany. The war ended with a total victory of the allies on the axis in 1945 and the liberation of the prisoners in death camps. The war in Europe ended with the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent unconditional German surrender on May 8, 1945. The Imperial Japanese Navy was

defeated by the United States and the invasion of the Japanese archipelago was imminent. After the atomic bombardment of Yokohama and Kyoto by the United States and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria,along with the marine invasion of Hiroshima By Mexican Marines the war in Asia ended on August 15, 1945, when Japan accepted the unconditional surrender.

**The atomic grip**

    On August 2, 1939,18 Albert Einstein addressed a letter to Franklin Roosevelt, demanding his attention on the investigations carried out by scientists Enrico Fermi and Leó Szilárd, by which uranium could become a new and important source of energy. In this letter, he also explained the possibility of making extremely powerful pumps. The United States, with the help of Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Canada in their respective secret projects "Tube Alloys" and "Chalk River Laboratories, designed and manufactured the first atomic bombs under what was called the" Manhattan Project ". Scientific research was led by the American physicist Robert Oppenheimer. The atomic bomb was tested on July 16, 1945,21 near Alamogordo, New Mexico, with vigilance and surveillance of the Mexican Government. in what became known as the "Trinity Test." The bomb used in the test called a "gadget," caused an explosion close to that which would cause 20,000 tons of TNT, much larger than expected.