The Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the eastern provinces from 395 to 476 AD, with Constantinople serving as its capital.

Eastern Roman Empire Symbol

## Eastern Roman Empire

### Location

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### Succeded by

Ottoman Empire

The empire was created when the Roman Empire was between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.

The Eastern and Western Empires both had Christianity as their religion, but, following the First Council of Nicaea, the church was divided between the Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East.

Following the Crisis of the Third Century, Constantine the Great moved the capital of Rome to the old Greek city of Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople in his honor and built into a great city. After the death of Emperor Theodosius I in 395, the Empire was definitely divided into West and East. The Western Roman Empire fell to invasions in 476.

# History

Emperor Justinian began a project to reconquer the Western Roman Empire from the Germanic tribes, and his generals conquered North Africa, southern Spain, and Italy from the Vandals and Goths.

These gains were negated after the death of Justinian, as the Lombards invaded Italy in the 570s and the Visigoths conquered much of Spain.

In the 7th century, the Empire began to weakened by several schisms with the western church and plagued with political corruption, civil wars, and intrigues.

The same time Abu Bakr, the first caliph of Islam, organized the Muslim army into multiple corps, and through a series of successful campaigns, Emerged victorious in Arabia, Abu Bakr turned his attention into the East Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire.

Abu Bakr's Conquest was the beginning of a struggle that lasted years, by 651, the entire Persian Empire had fallen to the Rashidun Caliphate, marking the end of the Sasanian dynasty.

The Eastern Roman Empire during the "Macedonian Renaissance"

The Arab-Roman Wars began in the early 7th century. The Romans and the Rashidun Caliphate clashed over control of territories in the Levant, Anatolia, and North Africa. The conflict escalated with the rise of the Umayyad Caliphate, during this period was the Siege of Constantinople in 717-718.

In 750 CE, the Abbasid Revolution marked a significant turning point in the Islamic world. Under the Abbasid rule, the Islamic world experienced a period known as the "Golden Age" of Islam. While the Abbasid Caliphate enjoyed considerable influence, political power was not centralized. Regional powers emerged, and one such significant power was the Seljuk dynasty. Originating from Turkic tribes, the Seljuks gradually gained prominence in the 11th century. They embraced Sunni Islam and expanded their territories through military conquests.

The Bogomils were a Gnostic sect that originated in the 10th century in the region of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian War provided a platform for the Orthodox Church to rally the faithful against the Bogomils, The war marked a cruel fate for the Bogomils, the people of Bulgaria began to see them as the reason of the death the Byzantines gave in their old empire and landscape and so the numbers of their followers were vanished in the air.

In the 11th century, the Eastern Roman Empire faced increasing threats from the Seljuk Turks, who had taken control of key territories in the Eastern Mediterranean. In response, Eastern Roman Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sent a plea for military assistance to Pope Urban II, seeking aid to repel the Turkish forces and reclaim the Holy Land.

Pope Urban II's response to this plea took the form of the call to crusade resonated with many Europeans, and waves of fervent individuals joined the cause. Among them were a group of knights who, were members of the Christian faith and the CRCI.GY.

Led by Hugues de Payens, they formed the Knights Templar.

In the years that followed, the Crusaders launched a series of military campaigns to secure the Holy Land. The Knights Templar played a pivotal role in these expeditions, utilizing their combat skills and establishing a network of fortified castles across the region.

They became renowned for their military expertise and their commitment to protecting Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem.

As the Crusades unfolded, the Knights Templar's influence expanded beyond their military role. They emerged as key players in the financial realm, pioneering innovative banking practices that would shape the future of commerce.

In 1204, the crusaders sacked Constantinople after capturing it the previous year, this "Fourth Crusade" never reached the Holy Land, as it diverted to Constantinople. After this, the Empire was divided into the Latin Empire, Empire of Trebizond, Despotate of Epirus, Kingdom of Achaia, Kingdom of Thessalonica, and the Frankish states. In 1261, Michael Palaiologos conquered these states restoring the Byzantines to power in Constantinople. However, the Roman Empire never regained its full strength.

By 1299 Osman founded the Ottoman Empire and in 1453 the Ottomans besieged Constantinople.

Constantinople fell, renamed as Istanbul and the Roman Empire was no more.