Energy

**Energy** is required to move or heat an object. The laws of physics state that matter cannot be created or destroyed and only converted between mass and energy (e=mc2). Living organisms require energy to live, move, function and stay alive. Technology needs energy to function. The entire cosmos is composed of energy and matter.

There are four fundamental states of matter: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. There are four fundamental forces: electromagnetic, gravitational, weak and strong interaction (nuclear). Energy is carried by some forces, or is released by radioactive decay of the weak force, or released when particles of matter that have binding energy are dislodged from each other. The strong force is approximately 137 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak force, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation.

Energy is measured in joules (J) which is the energy transferred to an object; this is work done (force times displacement) or *input*. A watt (W) is 1 joule per second, used to quantify the rate of energy release, which is the power *output*. For example, a supernova blast can release around 1044W of heat energy.

The Kardashev scale measures the total annual renewable and non-renewable primary energy (found in nature and not yet engineered) in Mtoe (*t*onne of *o*il *e*quivalent) which is converted into TWh (terawatt hours) and divided to get an average hourly power output in TW.

The TNT equivalent is used to compare the energy yield and therefore destructiveness of explosives. For example, a nuclear bomb can yield 1 kiloton of TNT.

### Binding energy

**Binding energy** is the amount of energy required to dislodge particles from each other, and this *separation energy* is responsible for the release of energy. This is measured in electronvolts (1 eV = 1.6×10−19 J). Because binding energy = mass change × *c*2, exponentially higher amounts of energy is required to dislodge particle bonds higher up the scale.

### Non-renewable energy

These are **non-renewable** or natural resources that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption.

A fossil fuel power station is a thermal power station which burns a fossil fuel like coal or gas to produce electricity. They are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming.
An oil refinery is an petrochemical industry plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into energy-generation products such as petroleum, gasoline, diesel, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel and fuel oils.
Energy released is 6.3 x 106 J per kg of nitroglycerin, 1.9 x 107 J per kg of wood, 3.2 x 107 J per kg of bituminous coal, 4.6 x 107 J per kg of fuel oil and 1.4 x 108 J per kg of liquefied hydrogen.

Deep ocean mining techniques will be used to mine for materials on the ocean floor. By 2040, prospecting and undersea construction will be done using fleets of automated and remote-controlled robots. When ships or mining platforms are positioned above an area of interest, resources will be brought to the surface through hydraulic suction or continuous bucket line systems. A target of deep ocean mining is methane hydrate which is the largest natural gas resource on planet earth. Deposits for methane hydrate consist of concentrated methane trapped within crystals of frozen water.
Nuclear fusion (of hydrogen into helium, the same as in an engine of a star) can also be used in fusion power stations but this is only realized around Type I. There is enough hydrogen in the Earth's oceans to sustain fusion reactors at the rate of 2kg/s for millions of years. Hydrogen to helium fusion is 0.7 % efficient and releases 6.3 x 1014 J per kg of fuel, whereas hydrogen to iron fusion is 0.9 % efficient and releases 8.3 x 1014 J per kg. Fusion creates minimal pollution and a by-product of fusion is helium gas. Fusion plants are safer and cannot have meltdowns.

Cold fission and cold fusion may be used in late Type I or beyond.

### Renewable energy

**Renewable** energy is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale.

Currently, the average hourly total energy consumed by mankind leads to 0.73 on the Kardashev scale. In comparison 100 to 140 TW of energy gets captured by plant photosynthesis, out of a total of 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation. Of the 340 W/m2 of solar radiation received by the top of Earth's atmosphere (TOA), about 100 W/m2 is reflected back to space, leaving 240 W/m2 of solar energy input to the Earth.

In spite of the enormous transfers of energy into and from the Earth, it maintains a relatively constant temperature because there is little net gain or loss. Earth emits via atmospheric and terrestrial radiation to space about the same amount of energy as it receives via all forms of electromagnetic radiation, so Earth's energy budget has a net zero gain.

Antimatter, nuclear fission and fusion have much higher energy densities than (bio)chemical fuels and renewables, and therefore a very small amount of material is needed to gain a very large amount of energy. However because of the astronomical amount of renewables available to a planet, solar system or galaxy, advancing civilizations make use of both forms of energy especially once renewable-gathering becomes more efficient.

The Earth receives about one billionth of the Sun's energy, and humans use about one millionth of it. So we consume about one millionth of a billionth of the Sun's total energy. More efficient gathering of this energy could initially come from space-based solar power, and eventually from Dyson spheres which could also be placed around cosmic objects like black holes and quasars to gather astronomical amounts of energy.

### Exotic energy

**Exotic energy** is the term to classify all types of 'unnatural' **energy** that follow the new laws of physics once the quantum dimension (7d) is discovered. All these energy types have an associated exotic matter. Exotic energy and matter are also found naturally in neutron stars or black holes or cosmic events such as supernovas.

 Quantum fluctuation is a random change in the amount of energy in a point in spacetime, making up the quantum foam.
 Temporal energy is related to instances of time travel. Can take many forms, such as found in spacetime anomalies or rifts, or as radiative energy produced by quantum singularities found in black holes, releasing chroniton particles.
 Zero point energy | An "aether" of fluctuating matter fields, whose quanta are fermions, and force fields, whose quanta are bosons.

### Exotic energy generation

 Hawking's Knot
 Stellification engine
 Black hole accretion
 Tapping into natural cosmic energy release events
* Novas release around 1037W
* Supernovas release around 1044W
* Hypernovas release around 1045W
* Gamma-ray bursts release around 1043W to 1047W
* Black hole mergers or Hawking radiation of quantum black holes release up to 1047W
* Quasars release up to 1055W

Compare:

* Matter
* Magic
* Entropy