Apodiformes

Traditionally, the bird order **Apodiformes** contained three living families: the swifts (Apodidae), the treeswifts (Hemiprocnidae), and the hummingbirds (Trochilidae). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this order is raised to a superorder **Apodimorphae** in which hummingbirds are separated as a new order, Trochiliformes. With nearly 450 species identified to date, they are the most diverse order of birds after the passerines.

## Contents

* 1Description
* 2Evolution
* 3Taxonomy
* 4See also
* 5References

## Description[edit]

As their name ("footless" in Greek) suggests, their legs are small and have limited function aside from perching. The feet are covered with bare skin rather than the scales (scutes) that other birds have. Another shared characteristic is long wings with short, stout humerus bones. The evolution of these wing characteristics has provided the hummingbird with ideal wings for hovering.

The hummingbirds, swifts, and crested swifts share other anatomical similarities with one another, as well as similarities (notably as to the skull) with their probable closest living relatives, the owlet-nightjars. The owlet-nightjars are apparently convergent with the closely related Caprimulgiformes, which form a clade Cypselomorphae with the Apodiformes.

## Evolution[edit]

The Apodiformes evolved in the Northern Hemisphere. *Eocypselus*, a primitive genus known from the Late Paleocene or Early Eocene of north-central Europe, is somewhat difficult to assign; it is considered a primitive hemiprocnid. This would suggest that the major apodiform lineages diverged shortly after the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. However, the perching adaptation of the foot of *Eocypselus* on which this theory rests may just as well be a symplesiomorphy. Most researchers believe that presently this genus cannot be unequivocally assigned to either the Apodiformes or the Caprimulgiformes. The Early Eocene *Primapus*, found in England, is similar to both a primitive swift and the aegialornithids, which are in some aspects intermediate between swifts and owlet-nightjars. Fossil evidence demonstrates the existence of swifts during that period in Europe. At that time, most of Europe had a humid, subtropical climate, possibly comparable to modern-day southern China. For a map of Early–Middle Eocene Earth, see the Paleomap project; here note that both the Caucasus mountains and the Alps did not exist yet and aegialornithids were possibly present in North America. By the late Eocene (around 35 MYA), primitive hummingbirds started to diverge from the related jungornithids; the Middle Eocene *Parargornis* (Messel, Germany) and the Late Eocene *Argornis*, found in today's southernmost Russia, belong to this lineage. *Cypselavus* (Late Eocene – Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) was either a primitive hemiprocnid or an aegialornithid.

The placement of the Aegialornithidae is not quite clear. Various analyses place them sufficiently close to the Apodiformes to be included here, or into the unique owlet-nightjar lineage in the Cypselomorphae.

## Taxonomy[edit]

**ORDER APODIFORMES**

* **Family** †**Aegialornithidae** Lydekker 1891 [Primapinae Harrison 1984c]
	+ Genus †*Primapus* Harrison & Walker 1975
	+ Genus †*Aegialornis* Lydekker 1891
* **Suborder Apodi**
	+ Genus †*Procypseloides* Harrison 1984c
	+ Genus †*Laputavis* Dyke 2001b
	+ Genus †*Scaniacypselus* Harrison 1984
	+ **Family** †**Eocypselidae** Harrison 1984
		- Genus †*Eocypselus* Harrison 1984 *Parargornis messelensis* fossil
	+ **Family Hemiprocnidae** Oberholser 1906 (treeswifts)
	+ **Family Apodidae** Olphe-Galliard 1887 (swifts)
* **Suborder Trochili**
	+ Genus †*Palescyvus* Karchu 1988
	+ **Family** †**Cypselavidae** Mourer-Chauviré 2006
		- Genus †*Argornis* Karchu 1999
		- Genus †*Cypselavus* Gaillard 1908
		- Genus †*Parargornis* Mayr 2003
	+ **Family** †**Jungornithidae** Karchu 1988
		- Genus †*Jungornis* Karchu 1988
	+ **Family Trochilidae** Vigors 1825 (hummingbirds)