Korean

## Alphabet

**Welcome to the Korean for English speakers course!**

### Hangeul

The Korean script, Hangeul, may seem intimidating, but don't worry; it's actually a lot like the alphabet we use in English, a small set of characters representing the sounds of the language. Of course, it's not perfect, but in general it matches spoken Korean better than English does.

### Syllable Blocks

Unlike English, written Korean is organized into syllable blocks. Each block represents a single syllable and consists of two to four letters. The Korean word for ‘hello,’ 안녕하세요, is composed of 12 letters organized into five syllable blocks. Annyeonghaseyo!

Both letters and syllable blocks are written from left to right and from top to bottom.

### Basic Vowels

We begin with the six basic vowels of Korean: ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅡ, and ㅣ. Their names are 아, 어, 오, 우, 으, and 이, respectively, where the letter ㅇ, or ieung, remains silent, acting as a place holder. In the same way, you may just add an ㅇ to get the name of any other vowel. Note that ‘ㅏ,’ ‘ㅓ,’ and ‘ㅣ’ are written to the side of the initial consonant while ‘ㅗ,’ ‘ㅜ,’ and ‘ㅡ’ are written beneath the initial consonant.

 ㅓ
 ㅣ
 ㅜ
 ㅗ
 ㅡ

‘어’ is a short ‘o’ sound, difficult for many American English speakers, similar to the ‘u’ ‘cup’ or to the o in yogurt for British speakers.

‘으’ is also difficult, being rare in English, although it is a short ‘u’ something close to the uh in uh-oh.

### Iotized Vowels

By adding an additional dash we get a y-sound.

 ㅕ
 ㅠ
 ㅛ

### Diphthongs

Korean has two way of forming diphthongs. The first is to add an ㅣ to the base vowel.

 ㅔ
 ㅢ
 ㅒ
 ㅖ

Due to recent sound changes, 애(얘) and 에(예) are pronounced the same in most Korean dialects.

의 is usually pronounced something like "we" on its own.

The second set of diphthongs is formed by adding an ㅗ or an ㅜ.

 ㅙ
 ㅚ
 ㅝ
 ㅞ
 ㅟ

Due to sound changes, 왜, 외, and 웨 sound the same in most modern Korean dialects.

**NOTE**: You will sometimes be asked to **translate** a word or two here. Hover over the words and you will see their translations.

## Alphabet 2

### Basic Consonants

ㄱ, ㅂ, and ㄷ represent both voiced and unvoiced sounds (g/k, b/p, and d/t), depending on the surrounding sounds. With these sounds, there should be no air coming from your mouth.

ㄹ is like Spanish r, where the tip of the tongue strikes the palate very briefly. When it is a final consonant introduced below, it is pronounced like an l.

ㅅ in most situations sounds like an s, but before ㅣ or "iotized" vowels it sounds more like "sh".

### Aspirants

 ㅍ
 ㅌ
 ㅊ
 ㅎ

Aspirants are consonants followed by a puff of air. Hold a small sheet of paper in front of your mouth. Notice that the paper moves when you pronounce the English words ‘pen’ and touch’ due to the aspiration.

### Tense Consonants

 ㅃ
 ㄸ
 ㅉ
 ㅆ

Tense consonants are pronounced with extra emphasis. Sometimes regular ㄱ, ㅂ, ㅈ, ㅅ, and ㄷ sound become tense in the middle of words, especially for younger speakers.

### Final Consonants

Korean only have a few possible sounds at the end of a syllable, so many consonants' pronunciations change.

 ㅌ
 ㅍ
 ㄴ
 ㅁ
 ㅇ
 ㄹ (/l/ sound)

But the final consonant retains its basic consonant sound if it is immediately followed by a vowel in the next syllable block. ㄹ has the /ɾ/ sound.

When two consonants appear in the final position, only one of them is pronounced:

 ㄴ
 ㄹ
 ㅁ
 ㅍ

When followed by a vowel, final consonants (except ㅇ and ㅎ) move to the start of the next syllable. Consonants revert back to their original pronunciations and pairs are split, allowing both to be pronounced. ㅇ does not move, and ㅎ disappears before a vowel. Tense consonants (ㄲ, ㅆ) are not pairs.

 웃음
 영어
 관용어
 놓이다
 닭이
 많이
 엮음

ㄶ and ㅀ will cause the ㄷ, ㄱ, and ㅈ on the next syllable to sound like ㅌ, ㅋ, and ㅊ respectively.

 않고
 많지

### Assimilation

Many consonants change their pronunciations when a consonant at the end of one syllable influences or is influenced by the consonant at the start of the next.

*Nasal sounds:* ㄴ, ㅁ, *final* ㅇ

## Alphabet 3: Loan Words

### Loan Words

Before we wade into Korean grammar and vocabulary, let's get some more alphabet practice with some words you should already know.

### Anglicization vs Korean

We introduce two of the most famous Korean companies, Samsung and Hyundai. Don't be surprised that some companies and given names don't fit the romanization we're using.

Korean has had several standard systems of romanization over the years, with Revised Romanization currently the official system in use by South Korea and in this course. It came about in the 90s, so proper nouns and words that had previously entered English often make use of one of the older systems.

This gives us Samsung and Hyundai rather than "samseong" and "hyeondae".

### Transliteration

Transliteration into Korean is based on Korean approximation of English pronunciation.

Sometimes sentence final 'r' is dropped, subsumed into the vowel, like in British pronunciation.

Sometimes single syllables become split since Korean doesn't really do consonant clusters, so 3 syllable United becomes 5 syllable 유나이티드.

Of course, non-English words may be transliterated based on native language pronunciation, as in 파리 for Paris.

## Basics 1

### To Be

In this lesson we're going to learn how to make some sentences using the verb ~이다, corresponding to the English verb *to be*. Let's get started!

#### Nouns

Korean nouns do not decline for number, case, or gender. The noun is the noun. Period. Simpler than English.

However, Korean is an agglutinating or agglutinativelanguage. Rather than changing the base noun depending on its use in a sentences, extra pieces called *particles* are added to introduce more meaning. In general these pieces are added to the end of the word.

While that may seem scary, agglutinating languages usually have very clear rules so that people don't get confused when a basic word becomes buried inside a larger piece. The same is true for Korean. This means that you don't have to worry about memorizing exceptions to the rules, like we do in English!

#### The and A(n)

Korean does not have articles, and only context tells you whether you would need a "the" if said in English. The article "a(n)" is not used.

#### And

One common piece is and. Unlike in English where there is one word for "and" that can function in all situations, Korean has several. We introduce two here; both of which are used with nouns.

 ~와
 ~과

### Topic and Subject

The most common, and trickiest, particles represent the topic and the subject of a sentences. These two particles represent two different, but overlapping, ideas.

* The subject marker shows who is doing the action.

 ~가

* The topic marker shows what the speaker is talking about.

 ~는

Note: 는 is often contracted to ㄴ in spoken language. (남자는 → 남잔)

The topic marker adds emphasis, contrast, or limits what is being talked about. 저 (meaning "I") becomes 제 before the subject particle 가.

 Contrasting topic
 Subject

은/는 can be used with general statements as well because you only want to talk about the notion as a group, and nothing else.

 General subject

A sentence may have several topics. Why a topic is not considered as a special case of a subject will be explained later.

#### Copula

The verb ~이다 is the only verb that is agglutinative.

 Y is X.

In the speech level (more about that later) we're using at this point in the course, this verb will always be realized as ~입니다 for a statement.

#### To Not Be

Korean has a separate verb, 아니다, which means "not to be." This verb is not agglutinative, and it comes after the thing that the subject is not, or a complement. The complement particle is also 이/가. At this point, this will always be realized as 아닙니다.

 Y is not X.

#### PLURAL MARKER 들

There is a plural suffix, 들, but using 들 is often optional. It can be omitted if plurality is implied within the sentence, and is otherwise necessary for animate nouns/people but uncommon with inanimate nouns.

들 is not used when making a general statement.

 남자들은 사람입니다.

#### 의

As an exception, 의 as a particle (meaning *of*) can also be pronounced 에.

#### \*Where is the subject?

When the subject (or any other sentence component) is well implied in the context, you may freely drop it in Korean, though you will mostly see and be asked to submit full sentences here since translation exercises do not come with any context. If you come across an incomplete sentence in this course, then the dropped component is probably people in general (often translated to *one* or *you*), or something very obvious even without context.

## Basics 2

### Existence

Korean has a set of basic verbs that indicate existence. Two of the most common verbs, they form a class of their own and are used in many compound verbs and phrases.

#### 있다 and 없다

The two verbs are 있다 and 없다.

 없다

In our current speech level, these verbs become 있습니다 and 없습니다.

 빵이 없습니다.
 제가 공원에 있습니다
 제가 공원에 없습니다

When used with place, the place is always marked with 에.

#### To Have

있다 and 없다 are the most common verbs used to translate "to have" and "not to have" into Korean, respectively. There are other verbs that mean "to possess," "to own," or "to hold," but those are usually more formal and less frequently used. Instead, most Koreans use 있다 and 없다.

The basic sentence is similar to the ones above, with the item marked with 이/가, the owner marked with 은/는, and the location marked with 에.

 저는 차가 없습니다.
 저는 집에 신문이 있습니다.
 저는 집에 신문이 없습니다.

Grammatically the word order does not matter as long as proper markers are used and the verb is at the end. However, the order shown in the examples above is the most common, and what is emphasized tends to come later in the sentence when you change the order.

### 있다 Adjectives

있다 and 없다 can be used to create a wide range of compound adjectives in Korean. This is similar to adjectives ending in -ful or -less in English.

These compound adjectives can be broken down into their respective parts and still function the same way.

 맛없다

## Common Phrases

### Phrases

Here we will introduce some of the most basic pleasantries you will use while speaking the Korean language. We'll introduce more later in the course as we delve further into Korean grammar.

#### Speech Level

Korean has 7 speech levels.

Don't let it scare you away!

Now that that fact has sunk in a little, let me alleviate your fears. Only 4 of the levels are common in daily speech today. You only hear some of the others among the older generation or in historical movies/dramas.

Unlike in some languages where different speech levels use different words, Korean speech levels mainly just affect the endings of the verbs and the pronouns that go along with them.

We'll introduce each level in due time. For now we're using 합쇼체, one of the most common levels. This is what you'd use talking to a stranger, when doing public speaking, among coworkers, to a teacher, and to customers/clients. In some dialects, including some popular in North Korea, this form is even common in more casual conversation, especially among men.

Throughout these Tips&Notes, we usually talk about verbs in the infinitive, which always ends with ~다. Everything that comes before ~다 is the verb stem.

More on this form in Verbs 1.

#### Chinese Loanwords

Korean, like most languages in East Asia, has a lot of loanwords from Chinese.

Chinese loanwords, Sino-Korean, are very pervasive. They make up about half of the Korean vocabulary. However, similar to the overwhelming amount of Latin/French based vocabulary in English, many of these words are uniquely Korean, either because of a change in meaning or because two Chinese roots were put together to make a new Korean word.

Unlike in Japanese, where one Chinese character (한자) may have multiple pronunciations, in Korean it is more standardized. Each 한자 usually has one pronunciation and the conversions between Chinese and Korean follow a logical system. If you speak some Chinese, you may soon be able to guess the meanings of some Korean words.

안녕 for example, comes from ānníng, with 안녕하세요 meaning "be safe!" 안 has kept the Chinese pronunciation while 녕 has slightly changed. Most borrowings that include pinyin *-ing* have become *영*.

It should be noted that most of these words were initially borrowed hundreds of years ago, so they don't match Mandarin pronunciation 100%. Sometimes the Korean is closer to Cantonese or Shanghainese.

#### Phrases

Most pleasantries (hello, thank you, excuse me, etc) in Korean are a single word. You don't need to form a whole sentence when the listener knows what you mean, and so often just the verb is used

#### Thank You

A few words on thank you. We have two versions here in Phrases 1, 고맙다 and 감사하다.

In most cases, the two are interchangeable. When there is a difference, 감사하다, a Sino-Korean word, has a more formal connotation and is used more in public speaking (with notable exceptions including the news) while 고맙다, a native Korean word, is less formal. In the speech level we're using now that's not an issue, but when you drop to a lower level 고맙다 often takes precedence.

Also 감사하다 literally means "to thank," while 고맙다 is "to be thankful," so that can also lead to some differences in usage.

#### Sorry and Excuse Me

죄송하다 is a more formal form of apology. We'll introduce the other form later on in the course when we get to the next speech level.

실례하다 is the word you'd use if you're trying to get past someone on a crowded subway or if you bump into someone. 실례합니다 literally means "I am being rude," so in other situations there are other alternatives that we will be teaching later on.

#### Nice to Meet You

Nice to meet you, 만나서 반갑습니다, is a set phrase that literally means "Glad to have met."

## Regular Verbs

### Verbs

It's time to learn how to make sentences using more than just "to be." We'll start off in Lesson 1 with simpler sentences and then build up to more complicated sentences.

#### Declarative

In 합쇼체, all verbs end with -ㅂ니다/-습니다 in the declarative mood. (As you might have already noticed, you can get the stem by dropping -다, or -다 is the ending for the base form of any verb.)

 웃다

#### Word Order

English word order is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), while Korean is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). SOV word order can be difficult for an English speaker at first, but eventually you get used to it.

Because of the particles that are added onto the nouns, it is sometimes possible to rearrange those parts of a sentence and still be grammatically correct, although the emphasis of the meaning may be slightly changed. The verb, however, is always at the end.

#### Topic

If the subject is the topic (like in Basic 1), the subject disappears. Otherwise, 이/가 may still be present along with 은/는 in the same sentence. 은/는 is translated to "regarding."

 저는 (topic) 차가(subject) 있습니다.
 저는 여자가좋습니다.

#### And vs With

In Basic 1, we learned that 와/과 and 하고 mean "and," but they have another usage, "with."

소년하고 소녀가 같이 갑니다.

The boy and the girl go together.

소년이 소녀하고 (같이) 갑니다.

The boy goes with the girl.

While 같이 means "together," it often comes after 와/과 or 하고 when it is used as "with."

 함께

#### To and From

In Lesson 2 we introduce some verbs of motion along with the particles that go with them.

 ~에서
 ~으로 (after a consonant except ㄹ)
 ~로 (after a vowel or ㄹ)

In general the word order with these sentences is Subject-From-To-Verb.

#### Direct Objects

The object of the verb is marked with ~을/를.

 ~를

Note: 를 is often contracted to ㄹ in spoken language. (남자를 → 남잘)

#### Instrumental

In addition to *toward*, ~으로/로 can also mark instrumental. When used after a place and with a verb of motion, it is "toward," but in other cases it is often translated as "with."

 ~로

#### At

Similar to ~으로, ~에/에서 can have another meaning when not used with a verb of motion.

Both ~에/에서 in this case mean *in* or *at*.

 ~에

If you are interested, you can read Ash-Fred's comment here for further explanation:

Link

#### Speaking a Language

When talking about speaking a language, there are two options, ~를 하다 and ~로 말하다.

 한국어로 말하다

#### Compound Verbs

A lot of verbs can be broken up into two pieces. For example, 노래 means *a song*, and 하다 means *to do*, and they form a new word "노래하다", "to sing." You can, of course, say 노래를 하다 (lit. to do a song). There are some special verbs that repeat the same things.

 춤추다
 꿈꾸다

자다 can stand alone without 잠, but 추다 or 꾸다 always needs an object.

#### Negative

Korean has two ways to negate a verb.

 -지 않다

They are almost the same, but do not use 안 before 있다 or 없다. In other cases, you can safely ignore the differences at this level and use either at any time.

#### Indirect Object

These particles are used as to/from in the sense of *giving things to* or *getting things from* someone.

 ~에게서

## Descriptive Verbs

### Adjectives

Verbs are more dominant in Korean than they are in English. In fact, for the most part adjectives don't really exist in Korean. Instead, Korean has descriptive verbs. In the most common speech levels, including the one that we're using now, these verbs act exactly the same as all other verbs.

 나쁩니다
 먹습니다
 좋습니다

As you can see, unlike in English, where we have to add other words in order to form a full thought using an adjective, Korean descriptive verbs are already fully loaded with "is."

#### Adjectives

But what about using adjectives without "to be?" Using the verbal roots, there is a way to transform all Korean verbs into modifiers, which we'll introduce in the Modifiers unit. Action verbs and description verbs can all undergo this process, but they do so in slightly different ways.

#### Height

There is not really a direct translation of "tall" or "short" into Korean. However, there is an easy work around.

높다 means high and 낮다 means low. When talking about buildings, trees, mountains, and so on, it is possible to say that something is high/low rather than tall/short.

When talking about people, you reference their height directly along with big/small. This is usually done by referencing the person in question as the topic, following by 키 as the subject and then the descriptive verb, for something like this:

저는 키가 작습니다.- I am short. (Literally something like: "As for me, the height is small.")

When the meaning is understood, it is sometimes possible to drop the 키 and just say 저는 작습니다.

#### Hot and Cold

English has one word for hot and one for cold. Korean, on the other hand, makes a distinction between several different words.

Hot

 덥다

Cold

 춥다

#### 비열하다

This word means *to be vulgar and ignoble*. For simplicity's sake, we will translate it as *to be mean* here, but keep in mind that it is only used in limited circumstances; you don't usually say it in a playful way.

## Demonstratives

In this lesson we're going to focus on Korean demonstratives, those words we use to specify whether we're talking about this one or that one.

#### Three Way Split

Korean has a three way split in demonstratives while English only have two, which can be confusing at first, but is easy once you get the hang of it.

 그
 저

저 roughly corresponds to yonder.

#### This and That

이, 그, and 저 are the basic demonstratives, used just like this and that in English.

 그 개
 저 개

Note

Since Korean has no corresponding word for *the*, it is sometimes (actually very often) impossible to tell whether it is an apple or the apple that they are talking about, from the context. Then chances are it is an apple, as it is normal to use 그 in lieu of *the* in such cases.

 그 빵
 저 빵

이, 그, and 저 are used in compound words to express other ideas. When combined with 것, this compound is a noun that corresponds to "this/that one" in English. It combines with particles just like any other noun.

 그것
 저것

#### Here and There

For here/there, there is a slight change in the stems, but the basic meaning stays the same.

 거기
 저기

Note 여기, 거기, and 저기 are nouns. Most of the time, you need an adverbial particle 에 after them, but it is usually omitted. When they are used as nouns, they can be translated to this place, that place, and that place (over there), respectively.

#### 쪽 and 편

쪽 and 편 indicate "way," "side," or "direction."

 그쪽/그편
 저쪽/저편

쪽 can be used both literally, as in which side of the street something is on, and figuratively, as in which side of a debate.

Note 이/그/저+쪽/편 is also a noun.

#### 만큼

만큼 is a particle that means as much as

 그만큼
 저만큼

Note 그것, 거기, 그쪽/그편, and 그만큼 can also mean the thing, the place, the way, and "as much as the thing," respectively, like the demonstrative 그.

There are a few more possible combinations that we'll introduce a little later.

## Formal Moods

Moods in Korean include declarative, which we have already been using, imperative, propositive, and interrogative. While English often forms these using extra words, Korean packs this information into the endings of the verbs.

#### Imperative

The imperative mood is used to give orders. In 합쇼체, this is formed by taking the verb stem and adding -(으)십시오. There is no word corresponding to *please* in Korean. Both answers with or without *please* will be accepted, and you may ignore *please* in reverse translations.

 Ending in ㄹ, with ㄹ deleted
 Ending in a consonant bar ㄹ
 (negative)

The negative imperative mood is formed by adding -지 말다to the verb stem before conjugation, giving us 가지 마십시오, 만들지 마십시오, and 앉지 마십시오, here in 합쇼체.

#### Propositive

The propositive mood is used to make suggestions, similar to "Let's…" in English. In 하오체, this mood is formed by adding -(으)ㅂ시다 to the verb stem.

 -ㅂ시다
 Ending in ㄹ, with ㄹ deleted
 Ending in a consonant bar ㄹ
 (negative)

The negative propositive mood is similar to the negative imperative.

#### Interrogative

The Interrogative mood is used to ask questions. In 합쇼체, this mood is formed by adding -(스)ㅂ니까 to the verb stem.

 Ending in ㄹ, with ㄹ deleted
 Ending in a consonant
 (negative)

The negative interrogative mood is not formed with -지 말다, but with -지 않다 like the negative declarative mood.

Note

While 않다 is simply the negation of a verb, 말다 means the speaker does not allow the listener(s) to do something. You may consider the propositive mood as the first person plural imperative mood here.

#### Questions Words

Unlike in English, word order does not have to change when asking a question. Question words can simply go into the sentence where the word they replace would have been. Just like declarative (or any other) sentences, it is possible to move the question words for emphasis.

See Ash-Fred's comment here:

Link

#### Forms of Address

Korean has a complicated system for forms of address. You should not call a stranger, superior, or an elder only by their name. 당신 is commonly used in translations, but is not common in spoken Korean. People will usually use the title or status of the person as a form of address, followed by -님(without a space). For example, in a store, customers are often referred to as 손님 (customer/guest + -님). When the person is much older than you, you could also say 선생님 (lit. teacher; not just in a store but at any time). When speaking to someone politely in a situation where their name must be used, such as in a store or airport calling someone by name over a loudspeaker, it is common to add 님 after their name (with a space).

In short, you can't really translate *you* into Korean; *you* could be mom, teacher, driver, pastor, or anything. Furthermore, some nouns, such as *singer* (가수), sound weird when followed by -님. As you may or may not imagine, there are really some times when we Koreans avoid talking just because we don't know how to address someone. Anyway, since it is practically impossible for us to add every single title or status as an accepted answer for *you*, only title-neutral pronouns such as 당신, 선생님, 너 (introduced later), etc. will be accepted in English-to-Korean exercises. (You will eventually have to get used to how to call someone outside Duolingo or any online materials.) In Korean-to-English exercises, if a title is used in lieu of the second person pronoun, translate it as *you*.

## Polite Speech

In this lesson we will introduce another speech level in Korean, 해요체.

#### 해요체

해요체, which we'll translate as polite speech, is our second speech level. It's potentially the easiest. Many Korean textbooks focus on 해요체 for good reason. You can use this form in a wide variety of situations. It is less formal than 합쇼체, but still polite, so you can use it with strangers, especially those your age or younger. It is also used in conversations between classmates and coworkers, and sometimes between friends. Many travel phrasebooks use 해요체, so feel no fear using this level with taxi drivers, waiters, and tour guides.

#### Regular Verbs

With regular verbs, start with the stem and add -아요 or -어요, and that's it!

 -어요

Simply add the ending that matches the final vowel in the stem. Note that ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅗ, ㅘ, and ㅛ end in ㅏ or ㅗ pronunciation-wise. The other vowels (vowels that do not end in ㅏ or ㅗ) match with -어요. (No verb stem has ㅛ as its final vowel in contemporary Korean.) When the verb stem ends in a vowel, a further contraction may be needed. Final ㅏ or ㅓ does not repeat itself, and final ㅡ is dropped. When ㅡ is dropped, the second vowel from the right becomes the new final vowel and then -ㅏ요 or -ㅓ요 comes accordingly. (If the stem consists of only one syllable, -ㅓ요 is used.) Final ㅣ + -어요, final ㅗ + -아요, and final ㅜ + -어요 can be contracted to ㅕ요, ㅘ요, and ㅝ요, respectively. (오다 is always contracted to 와요.)

#### Irregular Verbs

There are a fair number of irregular verbs in this speech level, but they are each fairly regular.

ㅂ-Irregular Verbs

When a verb stem ends with ㅂ, the ㅂ disappears and is replaced with 우. Apart from regular verbs, there are only two exceptions where ㅂ is replaced with 오, one of which is 돕다 *to help*. 우-/오- + -어요/-아요 is always contracted here.

 돕다 *to help* | 돕-
 잡다 *to hold* | 잡-

ㄷ-Irregular Verbs

Only found among action verbs. When a stem ends in ㄷ, the ㄷ is replaced with ㄹ. Apart from regular verbs, there are no exceptions.

 받다 *to receive* | 받-

ㅅ-Irregular Verbs

When a stem ends in ㅅ, the ㅅ is replaced with 으. Remember that when ㅡ is dropped, the second vowel from the right becomes the new final vowel. Apart from regular verbs, there are no exceptions. No further contraction can be done.

 낫다 *to get well* | 낫-
 웃다 *to laugh* | 웃-

ㅎ-Irregular Verbs

Only found among descriptive verbs. 좋다 is the only regular descriptive verb whose stem ends in ㅎ. The ㅎ disappears, and final ㅏ/ㅓ + -아요/-어요 becomes ㅐ요 for all verbs found in this course. Exceptions are rare.

 좋다 *to be good* | 좋-

르-Irregular Verbs

When a stem ends with 르, the 르 is replaced with ㄹㄹ and the first ㄹ is attached to the end of the previous syllable. Apart from regular verbs, there are no exceptions.

 따르다 *to follow* | 따르-

여-Irregular Verbs

All verbs that end in 하다 are 여-irregular verbs. -아요 becomes -여요 which gives 하여요. 하여요 is usually contracted to 해요.

~이다

~이다 *to be* is ~이에요 in 해요체. ~이에요 can be contracted further to ~예요 if it comes right after a vowel.

 is an apple

You can technically use ~이에요 after a vowel, but no one does.

#### 잠그다

잠그다 means *to lock*, but in Korean it is only used with an object that is directly locked. You cannot lock a room but a door of the room. The door can be locked, but you cannot be locked.

#### 낫다

In English, you recover from a disease. In Soviet Korea, a disease recovers from you; the disease is the subject, and the patient is usually the topic. You can drop the subject if you don't have to specify what the disease is.

 저는 나아요.

## Food

### **Food**

Time to learn a little bit about the very important topic of Food!

#### **Meals**

In Korean the names of meals mirror the times of day. **아침 식사** is literally the "morning meal." However, in everyday speech people drop the 식사.

#### **A Korean Meal**

In Korea, meals are usually served family style in the middle of the table. Also in the center are smaller dishes of **반찬**, side dishes. Kimchi is the most famous 반찬, and comes in dozens of varieties. But, side dishes can also include things like potato salad, Korean pancakes, and steamed egg.

#### **밥**

Rice, **밥**, is a staple in Korean cuisine. In fact, it isn't uncommon to say 밥을 먹어요 to mean simply "to eat" rather than "to eat rice." Rice has been so important that Korean has multiple words for rice where English has only one. 밥 means specifically **cooked rice**.

#### **귤**

Most of the fruits and vegetables popular in Korea are popular around the world. One specialty in Korea that we couldn't fail to mention here is **귤**, which can be satsuma, tangerine, or mandarin, depending on the translation. In any case, they are small, juicy oranges. In Korea you can find 귤 on many menus, as juice, as candy, in chocolate, or just fresh as dessert.

#### **Meats/Fish**

Unlike in English, Korean terms for meat are pretty simple. Simply take the animal name and add 고기, and you're done.

Fish is very popular in Korea, and Koreans can be very specific about what fish they are eating. In general, 물고기 is used to talk about fish as an animal and 생선 is the fish you'd find in the grocery store.

#### **Eggs**

Koreans love eggs. Not just chicken eggs, but also quail eggs and fish eggs are popular in Korean dishes. Here we've taught two words, **달걀** and **계란**. Both refer specifically to chicken eggs, being combinations of **chicken** and **egg**. 계란 is originally from Chinese, and there has been a push in some circles to prioritize native Korean 달걀.

#### **Korean Foods**

We know that Korean food has become more internationally well known in recent years, so you'll want to know all you need to get by at your favorite Korean restaurant. This lesson serves only as the first step, so we have just introduced a few of the most common basics.

* **라면**: ramen. You can easily find instant 라면 in any grocery store, but even better is to go to a restaurant where the chef expertly creates a delicious bowl full of noodles, meats, and vegetables with a savory broth.
* **치킨**: chicken? Actually this is fried chicken, which Korea has made its own. Fried chicken in Korea is a treat to be experienced. Usually in a sauce, most commonly garlic, soy sauce, and a type of spicy bbq.
* **치맥**: chicken and beer. A common pairing. You won't find this word in the dictionary because it is just a colloquial portmanteau of 치킨 and 맥주.
* **불고기**: bulgogi, thinly sliced beef, seasoned, and often cooked at the table.
* **김치**: kimchi, preserved vegetables. Most people think of spicy fermented cabbage, but that's just one type of kimchi. Some kimchi is cabbage, but there are also radish, scallion, and cucumber kimchis. Some are spicy, but some are salty or vinegary.
* **김**: laver, dried seaweed sheets. In Korea you can get a small packet of 김 to eat on its own or with white rice.
* **김밥**: kimbap/gimbap, white rice and fillings rolled up inside sheets of 김. Unlike sushi, 김밥 is usually cooked and rarely includes fish, aside from canned tuna. Common ingredients include egg, daikon, carrot, cucumber, crab stick, and ham. Some more inventive 김밥 includes bulgogi, tuna salad, and spicy chicken.
* **Note** Since the Korean alphabet does not match one for one with the English alphabet, it is difficult to spell some Korean foods. When multiple spellings exist, we will accept all common spellings.

#### **만**

The particle **만** means *only*. The topic, subject, and object particles come after it.

#### **Hungry/Thirsty**

In Korea, you do not say that you are hungry or thirsty, but 저는 배가 고파요 or 저는 목이 말라요. Literally, this means "My stomach is hungry" and "My throat is dry."

#### **과자**

There is no exact translation for this word in English. Snacks are not necessarily 과자, and crackers are only a kind of 과자. So here's the definition.

*Crackers* will be the primary translation in this course.

#### **English Transliteration**

As Korean generally does not have consonant clusters, English words with clusters have the vowel 으 added when needed. This also happens also when a word ends with a consonant, although ch and j sounds often wind up as 치 or 지 instead. See 샌드위치

Sometimes R's are simply dropped, more British style, as in 햄버거.

#### **Roots**

 우
 계
 면

## Pronouns

### **Pronouns**

Let's take a closer look at Korean pronouns!

#### **I**

"I" in Korean can be translated as either **저** or **나**. 저 is more formal, more humble, and is commonly used with 합쇼체 and with 해요체.

나 is less formal and is sometimes used with 해요체, especially when talking politely to an acquaintance or somebody younger.

#### **You**

**너** is the you-form of 나. It would be best to avoid using it except when being informal. In all formal scenarios, simply use somebody's title.

**너희** is a plural form of 너. **너네** is also used.

**당신** is

1. *you* in 하오체 (Quite obsolete; this course does not cover this formality level.)
2. *you* to call one's spouse, in a respectful manner
3. *you* in written language, in a respectful manner
4. *you* while arguing, in a disrespectful manner
5. *he* or *she* in an extremely respectful manner

#### **He and She**

Korean does not commonly use he/she in sentences. When necessary, especially in translations, Koreans will use **그는**/**그가** and **그녀는**/**그녀가** to mean he and she.

In a normal Korean conversation, once you have established the topic, you no longer need to have a subject, so you can drop the he/she completely.

#### **서로**

**서로** means "each other" and usually comes right after the noun.

#### **자기 자신**

**자기** and **자신** both mean "oneself," but have slightly different usages.

* 자기 is used in general, usually as an object.
* 자신 is used similar to 자기, but can also be used as after the subject for emphasis, as in 저(의) 자신 "I, myself" and it can means "for oneself"

The two can be used together as **자기 자신**, which can be used in all of the above circumstances.

#### **Possessives**

For both **I** and **you** the pronouns take a special form in two cases: possessive and with the particle 이/가.

 나
 너

Since 네 and 내 sound very similar thanks thanks to sound changes, some speakers, especially younger people, say 니/니가 instead of 네/네가, though it's not the standard language.

Generally speaking, the possessive form is interchangeable with the un-contracted version. However, in most cases 제 is much more common than 저의. However, 저가 is never acceptable as a subject.

#### Can you say 나 in 합쇼체 (-ㅂ니다)?

Definitely yes. 저 is for lowering oneself, and -ㅂ니다 is for raising the listener. If you are higher than the listener, you can raise them by using -ㅂ니다, but you don't have to lower yourself. On the other hand, it is weird to lower yourself and at the same time not raise the listener.

## Animals

#### **To Ride**

**타다** in Korean means "to ride." This is the same for an animal as it is for a vehicle. It can also be translated as "to take" as in "I take the bus to school."

#### **To Find**

**찾다** can be both "to find" and "to search/to look for." Generally, it can be understood from context which of the two is meant. One hint that works some of the time is simple present vs present progressive (찾아요 vs 찾고 있어요) something like "to find" vs "to be finding."

#### **Korean Animals**

We introduce two animals here that are not as well known as some of the others:까치 and 너구리.

**까치** is a magpie, a type of black and white bird similar to a raven or a crow. They are fairly common throughout Korea, even in urban areas.

**너구리** is a tanuki/mangut/raccoon dog, depending on the translation. They are small raccoon-like animal more closely related to the fox that can be found throughout East Asia. Sometimes 너구리 may also be used to mean simply raccoon.

#### **~이**

There are many animals in Korean that end with ~이.

This happens in part because of another piece of Korean grammar. Nouns ending with ~이 are similar to nouns ending in -er in English, meaning "the one that does X." For example 개구리 comes from 개굴+이, which would be like if the word for "frog" was "ribbit-er."

An exception is 거북이, which was formed by the 이 as from 이/가 becoming permanently attached to the original form of the noun, possibly. Both 거북 and 거북 are still in common usage.

#### **Rat/Mouse**

Languages group things differently. One example in Korean is **쥐**, which can mean both rat and mouse. If you want to be more specific, **생쥐** means "mouse" only.

#### **소**

**소** is a gender-neutral term for a single animal of the bovine species. *Ox*, *cow*, and *bull* are all accepted as a translation.

#### **부엉이**

Just like rat/mouse in English, Korean has two words for owl. **부엉이** is an owl with ear tufts, like Duo. **올빼미** is an owl without tufted ears.

#### **Fish**

Unlike in English, where fish can be both the animal and the meat, Korean has two different words. However, it isn't as cut and dry as the difference between "cow" and "beef".

**생선,** which we've already learned, means "fish" in terms of food. This may be a piece of cooked fish, a whole fish, or even a live fish waiting to be sold from a tank at a fish market.

**물고기** (literally "water" + "meat") refers to a fish as a living animal, usually not as something intended to be eaten.

#### **은/는**

The topic particle **은/는** can also come after an adverb or an adverbial phrase.

**은/는** still means *regarding* though it would be ungrammatical in English to say *regarding in Seoul*. Since *regarding Seoul* would also work fine, you may just say "서울**은** 사람이 많다."

#### **못**

The word **못** is another way to make a negative sentence, indicating the inability to do something.

운동을 안 하다/운동을 하지 않다= Not to exercise

운동을 못 하다=To be unable to exercise/cannot exercise

못 may imply that the inability is due to the person's own inferiority, that they are simply not up to the task of completing the verb.

Often 못 is used together with 잘, as in 저는 노래를 잘 못해요. "I cannot sing well"

There is another way to say "unable" that we will introduce later.

## Modifier: Present

### **Verbal Modifiers**

Let's learn how to use verbs to create **modifiers** for nouns.

#### **Modifiers**

As we've mentioned before, verbs play a significant role in Korean. So far we've focused on sentences like "The man goes." or "The man is bad." In this skill we'll learn how to say "The man who goes" and "The bad man."

These verbal modifiers are created using the verb stem and usually go in front of the noun, like adjectives do in English.

The process is similar, though slightly different, for descriptive and action verbs. Action verbs have three different forms (past, present, and future) and descriptive verbs have two (future and present). Here we'll focus on the present tense.

#### **Descriptive Verbs**

First we'll tackle descriptive verbs. (있다, 없다, and verbs that end with 있다 or 없다 are exceptions. They conjugate like action verbs here; see below.)

1. For a basic **descriptive verb** ending in a consonant we take the verb stem and add -은.

작다 → 작은

1. For a basic descriptive verb ending in a vowel, you simply add -ㄴ at the end of the syllable.

나쁘다 → 나쁜

1. For a descriptive verb ending in a ㄹ, the ㄹ is simply replaced by the ㄴ.

달다 → 단

1. For a ㅂ-irregular descriptive verb, the ㅂ changes to 우, just as we introduced in **Polite Speech** skill. The ㄴ is then added to the end of the new stem.

쉽다 → 쉬운

#### **Verbs**

**Action verbs** as well as 있다 and 없다 are much more straightforward to turn into modifiers than descriptive verbs. Simply take the verb stem and add -는.

* 가다 → 가는
* 먹다 → 먹는
* 있다 → 있는
* 맛없다 → 맛없는

A verb stem ending in ㄹ will drop the ㄹ.

* 날다 → 나는

This modifier can be translated in multiple ways in English, often as "doing" or "who/that/which is doing."

* 먹는 사람: The eating person/The person who is eating

However, it could be literally anything. In English we have which, who, where, when, whose, with which, etc., but they all can be translated to -(으)ㄴ or -는. If a sentence in the present tense modifies a noun, you can use it.

* 제가 먹는 샌드위치: The sandwich **which** I am eating
* 음식이 맛있는 한국: Korea **where** food is delicious
* 손이 큰 남자: A man **whose** hand is big
* 밥을 먹는 그릇: A bowl **with which** (one) eats rice (*or* A bowl **that** eats rice (?))

#### **가장**

***n.*** having a higher or stronger degree than anything/anyone else

가장 is used to make the superlative form of a descriptive verb, and is usually translated to *the most*. However, there is a slight difference between English and Korean here. By definition, only one of the group can receive the honorable title "가장". If there are two tallest people in the world of the exactly same height, there is no **가장** tall person.

#### **Roots**

* ~ㅇ아지 - diminutive form (mostly for baby animals)

## Conjunctions

### **Conjunctions**

**Conjunctions** are the pieces that link two parts of a sentence together. In Korean, these linking pieces are not stand alone words, but are added to the ends of verbs.

When starting a sentence with a conjunction, the suffix is usually added to a form of 그렇다 to create a stand alone word.

#### **And**

We're already learned 와/과 for **and**, but that pair only works to link nouns. When you want to link verbs, Korean has the suffix **~고**.

~고 is attached to the stem of the verb.

저는 먹고 마셔요=> I eat and drink.

Stand alone form: **그리고**.

#### **And then**

Another suffix that can be translated as "and" is **~서**. Unlike ~고, ~서 implies sequence of events. It can also be translated as "and so" or "and then."

To attach ~서, take the 해요 form of the verb, drop the 요 and attach ~서.

저는 먹어서 마셔요.=> I eat and drink/I eat and then I drink.

Note: This form is **not** attached to a verb conjugated for tense. The tense is indicated by the final verb.

Stand alone form: **그래서**

#### **If**

"If" in Korean is marked by **~(으)면**. This suffix is added to the base verb stem. ~면 follows stems ending in a vowel or a ㄹ. ~으면 follows stems ending in a consonant.

저는 먹으면 마셔요.=> If I eat, I drink.

#### **When**

"When," "while," or "as" is marked by **~(으)면서**. ~(으)면서 is attached to the stem in the same way as ~(으)면 above.

In formal writing, ~(으)면서 may be realized as ~(으)며.

저는 먹으면서 마셔요.=> I drink when/while/as I eat.

#### **But**

There are two ways to realize "but" in Korean. First we will discuss **~지만**.

* ~지만 is the closest the the English "but." It is attached directly to the verb stem, and indicated a contrast between the two clauses.

저는 먹지 않지만 마셔요.=>I do not eat, but I do drink.

Stand alone form: 하지만 (more colloquial)/그렇지만

* **~는데** is a bit trickier. This conjunction is not quite like any conjunction we have in English. The basic idea is that the first clause introduces background information for the second. Often, this is a contrast, and so we translate it as "but." Sometimes, however, it is simply indicating that the two are connected, and it can be translated as "and." In its stand alone form, it may be translated as "by the way."

~는데 is attached to action verb stems and ~은데 to descriptive verbs.

저는 먹는데 안 마셔요.=> I eat, but I do not drink.

저는 한국에 갔는데, 재미있었어요=> I went to Korea and it was fun.

Stand alone form: 그런데/근데 (spoken)

#### **Also**

**~도** is a particle that is used most often with nouns to mean "also" or "too". It replaces the subject/object particle.

#### **To Go To**

**~(으)러** means "in order to" and is only used to connect an action with a verb of motion. It indicates that you are going somewhere in order to complete an action.

~으러 is attached to verb stems ending in consonants and ~러 to vowels.

저는 먹으러 식당에 가요.=> I go to the restaurant to eat.

## Polite Moods

### **Polite Moods**

Moods in 해요체 are much simpler than in 합쇼체. Let's get started!

#### **Imperative**

To form the imperative in 해요체 you need to start with the verb stem and add (으)세요.

As you may now be used to, how this works depends on whether the stem ends with a vowel or a consonant.

* After a vowel, add -세요: 가세요
* After a consonant except ㄹ, add -으세요: 웃으세요
* When the last consonant is a ㄹ, drop it and add 세요: 만드세요

By dropping the ㄹ, verbs like 살다 and 사다 have the same imperative form, 사세요. The meaning is therefore derived from context.

Note: The usual declarative ending -아요/-어요 can be used in lieu of -(으)세요, but it is less formal.

#### **Propositive**

To make a proposition in 해요체 the same basic form is used as making a statement. It is common to add 같이 before the verb, basically saying "let's...together"

Note: Optionally you can say 우리 as the subject. Particles are usually not used with 우리 in this sense unless for emphasis.

#### **Interrogative**

When asking a question, the verb form does not change.

#### **다니다**

The primary meaning of the verb **다니다** is "to go," but it implies the person goes to the place regularly or frequently and has something to do there. Figuratively you can say 다니다 for your workplace or school. "저는 학교에 다닙니다." would most likely mean you attend school (as opposed to you just go there frequently), and you can also say that when you are asked what your job is. This verb can be transitive and intransitive, and it takes 을(를) and 에 as a particle after the place, respectively.

#### **원하다**

The Korean word **원하다** is used specifically for wanting **something**, not wanting **to do something**. We'll teach how to say that you want to do something sooner than later.

#### **How Much**

In Korean **얼마** means "how much." It can be used with the copula to ask "how much is it?" or as 얼마나 plus an adjective to mean "how much," "how long," etc.

## Adverbs: Degree

### **Adverbs of Degree**

As such a verb heavy language, Korean has a large number of adverbs. We've split them between several skills, here focusing on adverbs of degree.

#### **Adverbs**

Korean adverbs come before the verb.

When given the option between an adjective describing a noun or an adverb on the verb, Korean will use the adverb more often than we do in English. For example, to say "He reads many books" rather than the direct translation "그는 많은 책을 읽어요," the correct sentence would be "그는 책을 많이 읽어요"

#### **Emphasis**

There are various words used to give emphasis, like *very* in English. Here we are introducing a couple of them.

 특히
 엄청
 너무

There aren't really one-to-one translations for these, so here we accept what's listed above.

#### **Superlative**

The **superlative** form in Korean is formed using 가장 or 제일 plus the adjective/descriptive verb. Both can be used interchangeably, but **가장** means "the most," and **제일** means "number one."

Usually the phrase is 제일/가장 + Modifier form + Noun.

For example, 제일 맛있는 음식=the most delicious food

When forming a superlative in English, the noun is not always used, for example "This book is the best." In Korean, you would translate that as **이 책은 제일 좋은 책이에요** "This book is the best book" or **이 책은 제일 좋은 것이에요** "This book is the best one." Unlike in English where we actively seek to avoid repeating the noun, it is completely okay in Korean.

Link

#### **Comparative**

**Comparative** in Korean is introduced with the particle **보다**. 보다 can be translated as "than" and attaches to the end of the noun to which the first noun is being compared and usually comes right before the descriptive verb.

이 사과는 바나나**보다** 맛있어요.

This apple is more delicious **than** the banana.

Just using 보다 is enough to indicate the comparative form, but 더 is sometimes added before the descriptive verb for emphasis. Like English, the 보다 part can be omitted and simply adding 더 before the descriptive verb is enough.

이 사과가 더 맛있어요.

This apple is more delicious.

Note: Of course, you can change the word order. Since the topic normally comes first, when 보다 comes first instead, the other noun is usually followed by 이(가) rather than 은(는). Whether the word order is changed or not, 이(가) emphasizes the noun before it.

#### \**Negative*

There are some interesting adverbs that have a negative meaning in Korean that deserve special mention.

* **별로** means "not really/not particularly" and is usually used alongside the negated form of the verb.

별로 안 좋아요.=It is not too good/It is not very good.

별로 없어요.=There is not much.

* **거의** means "almost" and can be used either negatively or positively. It is mentioned here to contrast with 별로 above.

거의 없어요=There is almost nothing.

* **그리** means "so" or "that" and is used with negated or interrogative forms.

그녀는 그리 안 나빠요.=She is not [so/that] bad. 그게 그리 나빠요?=Is it that bad?

#### **Roots**

* 제일 - number one (第一)
* 특 - special (特)
* 상당 - quite (相当)
* 굉장 - imposing (宏壯)
* -히 - -ly

## Numbers 1: Native Korean

Korean has two sets of numbers, **Native Korean** and **Sino-Korean**. Before that scares you away, let's take a closer look at Native Korean Numbers.

#### **Usage**

Native Korean numbers are used for numbering things, just as you would any number system. In contrast, Sino-Korean numbers are used in specific cases, such as dates, telephone numbers, addresses, and counting money.

Native Korean can be used for counting as well. When taking pictures, you may hear Koreans say "하나, 둘, 셋!" before snapping the photo.

Native Korean has the numbers 1-10, then 11-19 simply combine 10 and the small number, so 11 would be "ten-one." There are separate words for each of the tens, which are used to create compounds the same way that 10 is.

Some of the tens are derived from their "base" as in English, 여덟/eight=> 여든/eighty, but others have no obvious relationship.

#### **Irregulars**

Native Korean has five numbers that take a "short" form before a counter.

 2
 3
 4
 20

#### **Counters**

What are these **counters** we've mentioned? Think of words in English like paper or milk. Usually we cannot say "a paper" or "a milk," except in some limited circumstances. We have to be specific, "a sheet/piece/pack of paper" or "a cup/glass/carton/jug of milk." Now apply that to every noun in Korean.

The most common counter is 개 and can be used in most situations. As a non-native Korean speaker, you can often get away with using 개 in cases where Koreans would use a specific counter. Exceptions include 명 for people, 마리 for animals, and some food terms where more specificity is required.

The general usage is Noun+Number+Counter+Particle in a sentence.

* 사람 한 명이 있어요=There is one person

Particles can sometimes be attached to the noun instead of the counter.

Usually in writing the number and counter are written separately, with a space, but without a space when using a numeral (두 명 vs 2명).

Other word orders are also possible in some circumstances, but less popular:

* Number+Noun (한 사람)
* Number+Counter+의+Noun (한 명의 사람)
* Noun+Number (사람 하나)

#### **Age**

Age in Korean is marked with the counter 살. 저는 스무 살이에요=I am twenty

In Korea, age is calculated differently than in most other countries. It is based on the traditional Asian lunar cycle. A baby is one when it is born and turns two on New Year's Day. Depending on who you are talking to, this may be either January 1st or Lunar New Year. Therefore, most of us are 1 or 2 years older in Korea than we are at home.

#### **Large Numbers**

Although Native Korean was the original number system, it now only goes up to 99 in regular language. Larger numbers are said in Sino-Korean except in some more academic cases, mostly poetry, as the large Native Korean numbers are fairly archaic.

For these numbers of 100, some people may mix the two forms. 150, for example, could be said with 100 in Sino-Korean and 50 in Native Korean. This is more common in speaking than in writing.

It is not uncommon for numbers over 19 to be said in Sino-Korean, especially by children who do not yet have the trickier Native Korean digits memorized.

 20
 30
 40
 50
 60
 70
 80
 90

#### **Ordinal Numbers**

Ordinal Numbers (first, second, third) are created by combining the Native Korean number with 번째. This uses the short form for those numbers that have one, except for 1, which uses 첫 instead of 한, giving us 첫 번째 for "first."

## Phrases2

### **Phrases Part Two**

In this lesson we'll learn a few more set phrases, some words common in conversations, and some exclamations.

#### **Please**

As we've already seen, Korean doesn't need a separate word for please, you can just politely ask someone to do something using ~주세요. However, there is **제발**, which is the literal translation of please. It's use is much more limited than the English, as it seems a bit like you're pleading.

There is also **부탁하다** which means to "request" or to "ask a favor."

#### **Cheers**

There are two popular toasts in Korean.

* 건배: Cheers, the usual thing to say when clinking together your glasses.
* 위하여: "Here's to", more of a toast. It's common to just say 위하여, but you can add whatever you're toasting to before the 위하여. This comes from the verb 위하다 "to do for the sake of"

#### **Goodbye**

안녕 can mean "hi" or "bye", but if you want to say a more formal "goodbye" there are two different ways, depending on who's going and who's staying.

* 안녕히 가세요: Both are based on 안녕히 "safely." 안녕히 가세요 is said to someone who is leaving, literally "go safely"
* 안녕히 계세요: This is said to someone who is staying behind, literally "stay safely"

#### **처음 뵙겠습니다**

A common way of saying that you're glad to have met someone, this literally means something along the lines of "I saw you first."

뵈다 is a formal way of saying "to see" and can also be used in a formal "see you later" as 나중에 봬요.

#### **Later**

We introduce here two ways of saying "later"

* 나중에: This is a more generic word for "later" and is used much the same as in English.
* 이따가: This could be "later" but also "in a little while." It cannot be used with past tense. It usually indicates something that will be done within the next few hours.

#### **Exclamations**

 대박
 아이고
 우아
 그냥
 화이팅
 진짜

## Occupations

#### **Work**

Think about all the different meanings of "work" in English. It can be you job, the things you do at your job, or the place where you do your job.

Korean is a little more discrete. All of the below words could be "work" or "job" in English, but have more concrete meanings in Korean. Not all are taught in this lesson, but we include them in this list for completeness.

 직업
 직장
 업무
 일자리

#### **적**

적 is a noun that doesn't translate well into English on its own, but is used in phrases to talk about having done something.

The phrase is constructed as follows:

Past modifier of verb + 적이 + 있다

or

Past modifier of verb + 적이 + 없다

For example:

저는 고래를 본 적이 있습니다=I have seen a whale.

저는 한국에 간 적이 없습니다=I have not been to Korea.

#### **Already**

Korean has two words that both mean already, 이미 and 벌써.

What is the different between the two? 이미 is more generic, while 벌써 indicates an aspect of surprise.

#### **Going to Work**

We have three verbs here with the root 근.

* 출근하다 is to go in to work for the day
* 퇴근하다 is to finish work for the day
* 근무하다 is to work. This verb may be used with ~에 instead of ~에서 as it means more closely "to be on duty" than "to work." It is more formal, and therefore used most frequently in writing, but also in the military.

## School

### **School**

School is in session!

In this skill we introduce some of the basic vocabulary needed to talk about school. The course currently doesn't include much about college, but we have some of that planned for our eventual Tree 2.0

#### **Schools and Students**

 초등학교
 중학교
 고등학교

We introduce here the names of four levels of school, with translations based (more or less) on the American school system. Different countries, and sometimes different school districts within a country, use different names for these, so please report missing translations.

To talk about the students going to one of these schools, replace ~교 with ~생. For kindergarteners, you can just add ~생 to the end of 유치원.

#### **Teachers**

We've already seen 선생님, the general term for teacher, with the honorific ~님 built right in.

You can add the school, the subject, or other descriptors before 선생님 to specify type of teacher. For example, 초등학교 선생님 would be an elementary school teacher, while 영어 선생님 would be an English teacher.

Two common descriptors followed by 선생님 are 담임 and 교장.

* 담임 comes from 한자 that mean "to be in charge" and refers to the "homeroom" or "head teacher", often in contrast to administrators, aides, or special subject teachers that do not oversee a specific group of young learners.
* 교장 comes from 한자 that mean "school" and "leader", referring to the principal or headmaster.

#### **Classes**

English can be very vague when we use the word "class." Is it the space? the time period? the material being learned? or the people?

Korean is not vague. Let's take a look at some of the words that may be difficult to parse at first.

 반
 학급
 교시
 교실
 수업

Each school has several 학년, numbered 1학년 and up. (The numbers start over again from 1 in middle and high school). At anything other than a very small school, each 학년 will have several 반, numbered 1반 and up, of students in different homerooms with different 담임 선생님.

학급 is more abstract, but the best to describe it would be "collection of students."

For the other words, each day has several 교시, each 교시 you have a 수업 in a 교실.

#### **Roots**

 등
 분
 필

## Future Tense

### **Future**

The time has finally come to learn the last of Korean's three verb tenses, the future tense.

#### **Forming the Future**

Unlike present and past, the future tense in Korean is a compound tense, formed using more than one word.

The basic idea is that the future tense is formed by taking the **future verbal modifier** (explanation below) and then adding 것 and the copula ~이다.

As we've seen before, 것 has various forms and contractions. With the future tense, the two most common are 것 and 거. While 할 것입니다 (will do) might be more common in writing, 할 겁니다 is common in speaking without necessarily decreasing the politeness or formality of your sentence.

#### **Future Verbal Modifier**

Future tense verbal modifiers have several forms, all of which end with ~ㄹ.

1. For verb stems ending with a vowel, simply add ㄹ to the final syllable. 하다=>할
2. For verb stems ending with a consonant, add 을. 먹다=>먹을
3. For verb stems ending with a ㄹ, do nothing, just use the stem. 만들다=>만들
4. For ㄷ special case verbs, those where the final ㄷ becomes a ㄹ, add 을 to the end of the stem. 듣다=>들을

It's as simple as that.

저는 한국어를 공부할 것입니다=I will study Korean.

#### **Honorific**

If you're wondering where to add the **honorific** in the future tense, it is always on the future tense verbal modifier. You do not need to add the honorific ~시다 to the copula following 것.

#### **Planned Future**

There is a second form of the future, using **예정**. This is formed much the same way as the main form of the future tense, although 것 is replaced with 예정.

This form of the future is for something you are planning to do, somewhere along the lines of "I'm going to..." in English.

저는 편의점에 갈 예정입니다=I'm going to go to the convenience store.

## Calendar

### **Calendar**

Talking about dates in Korean is a mixture of some pretty straightforward, easy vocabulary and some that will take some getting used to. It'll make more sense with practice, so don't worry

#### **Dates**

Korean dates start with the year, then the month, then the day. A good rule of thumb when telling time or giving an address in Korean is that start with the biggest and work your way down to the smallest unit.

For dates, it is common to add 년, 월, and 일 after the numbers:

2015년 10월 22일

#### **월**

Koreans often have a hard time memorizing the names of the months in English. Thankfully the Korean is much easier!

Simply use the Sino-Korean number plus 월 (month), and you're done! However, there are two exceptions.

 October

Note that 6 and 10 in 6월 and 10월 are not pronounced as would be expected. Instead the final consonant, the 받침, is dropped.

#### **Days**

Earlier, in the **Time** skill, we learned how to count days in native Korean words. They can also be used for dates, usually in the lunar calendar.

 Second
 Third
 Fifteenth
 Twentieth
 Twenty-first
 Thirtieth

Note that the first day is 초하루 rather than 하루, being the only exception. Just for reference, 보름달 and 그믐달 mean the full moon and the old moon, respectively.

#### **다음**

Earlier we learned that 다음 means *the next*. When paired with the copula ~이다 and following a noun, 다음 takes the meaning "comes after".

 화요일은 월요일 **다음**이에요.

#### **Days of the Week**

Korean days of the week can be a little tricky, but they make sense eventually.

Basically, all the days are formed as X요일. The 7 days are then composed of different elements or substances. Signs in Korean will drop the ~요일 so a store open Monday-Friday would say 월-금.

When asking "what day of the week" you would simply ask 무슨 요일 or "which 요일".

Do Monday and Sunday, moon and sun, look familiar? That's because both English and Korean names are originally descended from the Latin, named after the gods/heavenly bodies. The other 5 are also related to the names of planets in Korean. 화요일? dies Martis. 화성. Mars.

#### **매 and 마다**

Korean has two ways of saying "each" or "every", although their uses are slightly different.

* 매 appears **before** a noun, usually a time related noun that comes from Sino-Korean. It fuse with some nouns as one word, such as 매일/every day , 매주/every week, 매월/every month, 매년/every year.
* 마다 appears **after** a noun, usually a time noun, but not necessarily. It always attaches to the noun it follows. Rather than 일 or 월, it prefers the native Korean 날 or 달. 마다 can also attach to a person, 학생마다/each student.
* Both 매 and 마다 can be used with a number to indicate every X amount of time. 매 4주/4주마다 "every 4 weeks"
* Sometimes both are used at once, as emphasis. 매 주마다 "every week"

Koreans have a lot of traditional celebrations based on time, which we'll briefly introduce here.

* **백일** The 100 days celebration is to commemorate the 100th day after a child's birth. This was a day to celebrate that a new baby had officially survived the most dangerous first 100 days of life. This often marked the time that a baby and its mother would rejoin society after recuperating following the birth.
* **돌** The 1st anniversary of a child's birth. Living in a time without modern medicine, infancy was difficult. The 1st anniversary of birth was a huge milestone, celebrated with a feast, prayers, and ritual.
* **환갑** Koreans traditionally used the same calendar as China, with a zodiac featuring 12 years. Everyone knows that. But there are also 5 elements, so every 12 years is a cycle under one element. It takes 60 years to go through all 12 cycles of the zodiac under all 5 elements, do you're 60th birthday is an important one, celebrating going full circle through the entire zodiac.
* **동갑** Age is important to Koreans. It can determine your social status and the speech level you use with someone. One aspect used to refer to age, that is unfamiliar to most English speakers, is 동갑. The best translation is "same age". People who are truly 동갑 are usually born in the same lunar year, so they are the same age under the Korean system of counting. As a reminder, you are one at birth and two at the next Lunar New Year. Koreans will often say that two people who are 동갑 are "friends" because of the ties this creates, even if they've never actually met.

## Medicine

#### **Medicine**

The doctor is in!

This lesson teaches some vocab related to getting sick and getting treated.

In this lessons we have two words for pain, 아픔 and 고통.

* 아픔 is a general native Korean word for "pain" or "soreness" or even "sickness"
* 고통 is a more specific Sino-Korean word, that means "pain" or "agony." It may be more formal or place more emphasis.

#### **~음**

아픔 might look familiar. That's because it's related to the adjective 아프다 (to be sick/to be in pain). Many nouns may be formed from adding ~음 or ~ㅁ to the end of a verb or verbal adjective.

Another example is 죽음 "death", from the verb 죽다 "to die".

A lot of times, these form nouns that may be used independently. However, sometimes this forms part of a grammar pattern without an easy to translate noun. We won't see any of that here though now.

#### **~과**

The ending ~과 serves a dual purpose when talking about medicine. Usually formed from Sino-Korean roots, much like Latin roots in English medical terms, much medical terminology ends with ~과.

This may be translated as a field of medicine, such as 치과 "dentistry". However, this may also be translated as "department of dentistry." All medical terms ending with ~과 function the same way.

We can also add ~학 at the end of one of these words. Usually adding ~학 doesn't change the English meaning, but it can be understood as "the study of X"

So a 내과의사 (doctor of internal medicine) works in the 내과 (department of internal medicine) and studied 내과학 (internal medicine).

## Home

#### **마루**

We will translate 마루 as *floor* in the course, but it refers to a specific kind of wooden floor usually found in traditional Korean houses.

## Sports

#### **Sports**

Sports! From the beautiful game of football/soccer to the European sport of tennis, this skill will cover many of the sports enjoyed by people around the world.