recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Appeal To Novelty Fallacy

**Appeal to Novelty**

**Definition: The fallacy in which something is true because it is a new concept or looks modern. This fallacy causes people to accept the “truth” of a new idea or concept without any specific evidence, but just by its newness people assume that it’s true. This fallacy convinces many people that the introduction of a new concept is true without even necessarily testing its truth.**

**This is also not a rational way of thinking because what makes something true is the facts behind the concept or idea not its moderness.**

**Real World Example:**

**The shoe company, Nike, just released new running shoes that look so modern and even a bit futuristic, so they will probably make me, run faster too!**

**Example from Film:**

**In the second movie, The Hunger Games, the citizens of different districts are chosen to take part in a survival game. The new concept that is introduced in the second movie is that the past winners of the games will now compete against each other. This new concept excites the different districts, especially the upper class, and to them this new concept for the game creates more acceptance towards it.**
Tautology

**Definition:** Coming from Greek, “tauto” means the same, and the other half of the word,“logos”, means a word or an idea, thus tautology literally means repeating the same words or ideas. Tautology in grammar is the repetitive and redundant use of similar phrases and words. A tautology is the expression and restatement of the same thing, saying, idea or words at least two times in a phrase, sentence, or paragraph using different words. Typically tautologies are used to emphasize the repeated word or idea to the audience.

**Example:** “If I perish, I perish” (Esther 4:15)

The tautology in this verse from the Bible is the repetitive use of the word perish.
Tranquil

Tranquil

The word tranquil has a very straightforward definition: free from commotion, calm, and quiet. This adjective is used to describe peaceful places that we find ourselves, such as nature, or more specifically, a calm-water lake. On the other hand, the noun form, tranquility, is the state of being peaceful or serene. And this word is used when there is calming action taking place, such as sleeping or relaxing. One instance of a tranquil text would describe relaxing in a hot tub on a bright summer’s day, just relaxing and enjoying life.

Examples: Two examples of tranquility can be found in the haiku by Matsunaga Teitoku located in the Anthology of The Classic Tradition of Haiku.

“For all alike

The cause of the noontime napping

Is the summer moon”

This example acts as two separate examples since it incorporates two aspects of my definition of tranquility. The haiku above demonstrates both the peaceful aspect of nature by mentioning summer and by talking about the calming action of napping.
Nonchalant

Nonchalant (Adj.) :

Definition: To be nonchalant includes acting unexcited, and not showing any significant amount of joy, despair, etc. in any given situation. Additionally, nonchalance can mean that an individual is indifferent, not taking sides or forcefully supporting opinions or beliefs, instead deciding to remain somewhat separated from his/her predicament. Finally, acting nonchalant entails a degree of casualness, not caring very much about surroundings or duties and instead acting in a very relaxed, calm, unconcerned manner.

Ex. 1: “Practise in everything a certain nonchalance that shall conceal design and show that what is done and said is done without effort and almost without thought.”

- Balthasar Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier

Ex. 2: (He is nonchalant)
Confirmation Bias Fallacy

**Definition**: Confirmation Bias is the tendency to seek out information that confirms a person’s existing opinion and to reject the information that does not support his/her opinion.  Confirmation bias occurs when people filter out useful information or undervalue information that does not support their opinion.  Contaminating information with confirmation bias can lead a person to make bad decisions, all relevant information must be considered to make an informed decision.

**Real world example:** There are examples of confirmation bias in every day in politics.  One great example of confirmation bias is the way that the media covers the White House.  The different networks report on the same stories each day but to the viewers it is painfully obvious if the network or correspondent is pro or anti Trump.  For example, Fox News applauded President Trump for visiting the hurricane disaster in Puerto Rico and assisting with distributing supplies while the Washington Post covered the story differently when they referred to Trump as “tone deaf” and having a sense of superiority for tossing paper towels into the crowd.

**Example in a film**- In Dumb and Dumber when Lloyd asks his dream girl Mary Swanson what the chances are that they end up together and she tells him “one in a million”  Lloyd uses confirmation bias which filters out the terrible odds, and he only hears that there is indeed a chance and excitedly responds “so you’re telling me there’s a chance”.

https://youtu.be/yCFB2akLh4s
Alliteration

Alliteration is a literary device when a series of words have the same first consonant sound. These sequence of words can be in a row or just close together. Alliteration provides rhythm and flow to the writing, which is why it is often used for poetry.  Alliteration can be used rhetorically as a mode to help the reader remember important parts in the passage due to the repeating consonant sounds. The repetition of  in marketing makes brand names and commercials easier to remember.

Example: “Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams, no mortal ever dared to dream before.”

*The Raven* by Edgar Allen Poe

The picture above depicts alliteration because of the repetition of the letter "p" at the beginning of each word.
Lego Star Wars III Wiki

## Welcome to the Lego Star Wars III Wiki!

Welcome to the Lego Star Wars III Wiki! The Wiki about Lego Star Wars III anyone can edit!

## Describe your topic

This topic is about the game Lego Star Wars III The Clone Wars which was released on February 8th 2010. It is found on Xbox 360 and also the Wii.

## Latest activity

Photos and videos are a great way to add visuals to your wiki. Find videos about your topic by exploring Fandom's Video Library.

File:Placeholder
Eponym

Definition: A name of a legend or real person whom writers associate with some other person, object, institution, or thing. Simply, it is a famous person who’s name is given to someone or something else[Literary Device: Eponym, https://literarydevices.net/eponym/]

Example: When Homer derived the name of the ancient epic, “The Odyssey” from a major character, “Odysseus”

Pic:
Didactic

(adj.) Something that is didactic is meant for means of instruction and is intended to teach. More specifically, it’s usually meant for moral instruction. Didactic things are educational, informative, and often moralistic.

Examples

1. “While the soup is simmering, in a small saucepan, heat about 1/2 inch of olive oil over medium heat until shimmering-hot. Working in batches of a few leaves at a time, add the sage to the hot oil and watch them crisp up; it will only take 10 to 15 seconds.”- Chrissy Teigen's Cravings: Recipes for All the Food You Want to Eat
2. “If you can keep your head when all about you, are losing theirs and blaming it on you, if you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too;...If you can fill the unforgiving minute, with sixty seconds’ worth of distance run, yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it, and—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!”- Rudyard Kipling, If
The Straw Man Logical Fallacy

Definition:

The straw man fallacy is a version of an opponent’s argument that is misrepresented or simplified so that it is easier to reprimand. The reason why is it called the straw man fallacy is because just as a straw man is an incorrect representation of a farmer, so too is one’s view of the opponent’s claim when they are using the fallacy. The straw man fallacy is not merely an argument that you dislike or find inconvenient, but rather one that you misinterpret. Using this fallacy will do the opposite of what you are trying to achieve; you discredit your argument rather than your opponents. It can hurt you, so be careful!

Real World Example:

The straw man fallacy is a very common mistake people make in an academic environment and more commonly in a recreational environment.  People, intentionally and unintentionally, use this fallacy to gain ground in arguments and can be seen from the pickup basketball game at the park to a political debate on live television. While it does go unnoticed some of the time, picking up on the fallacy and clearly restating your claim is the best way to avoid your opponent to gain ground on you by using the fallacy.

Example from film or literature:

Film characters (and even some politicians) often use the straw man fallacy to instill fear in order to persuade others to follow them. A great example of the straw man fallacy comes from the musical, Beauty and the Beast, where the local star Gaston is trying to rally his troops to kill the beast. He misrepresents what Belle says about the beast and claims that he will wreak havoc on their village if they let him wander free so it’s time to take some action. He puts fear in the town by exaggerating and misinterpreting the beast’s motives which is a perfect example of the straw man fallacy from a film/literature.

Visual:
Conceited

Definition: Conceited is an adjective that describes the idea of having an excessively favorable opinion of one’s self or an exaggerated sense of self-importance. A conceited person has an inflated self-image and perceives himself or herself as a very interesting topic for conversation. These people also talk about their accomplishments and how great they are very often. In literature, it can be identified when the passage seems to have its focus on the narrator or one who is speaking, and highlighting all of their achievements.

Example: “I’m a gum chewer, normally, but when I heard about Wonka’s contest, I laid off the gum and switched to candy bars. Now of course, I’m right back on gum. In fact, I’ve been working on this piece for over three months solid. I’ve beaten the record set by my best friend, Cornelia Prinzmetal” - Violet Beauregarde (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory).
Pensive

Pensive describes someone being extremely thoughtful in the contemplative sense. It is not passive; the subject is introspective and reflects upon him/herself for an extended amount of time. In tone, the setting is usually still and noiseless, which allows the subject to muse.

Pensive poem: “Country Thoughts” by Shirley J. McCall

COUNTRY THOUGHTS

I never cease to wonder

At the many shades of green

Fields of grass and wooded copse

Make such a pleasant scene

The wild life hides convincingly

With subtle camouflage

Squirrels darting here and there

These sights are free of charge

A quiet moment to reflect

Watch nature in the wild

The peace of rural countryside

Is there for man and child.

The changing seasons all bring forth

A multitude of things

To please the eye and soothe the brow

Of citizens and kings

**Let’s treasure all our heritage**

Preserve some land to roam

Leave room for us to wander

Round this isle we call our home.

Pensive image:
Polysyndeton

A polysyndeton is the use of multiple coordinating conjunctions, such as "and", "or", "but", and "nor", in quick succession. The conjunctions are often placed where they are not needed and can be replaced by commas. They join words and phrases while creating rhythm and emphasis on specific things with the repetition of several conjunctions.

example: Joshua 7:24 in the Bible

"**And** Joshua, **and** all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, **and** the silver, **and** the garment, **and** the wedge of gold, **and** his sons, **and** his daughters, **and** his oxen, **and** his asses, **and** his sheep, **and** his tent, **and** all that he had."
Cynical

The word **cynical** is used to indicate a pessimistic and / or jaded attitude. It indicates a perspective that people are selfish, driven almost exclusively by self interest, with little regard  for those around them. A cynical text would depict a world view that was skewed towards negativity.

EX - The old women had become world-wearied and jaded after many years of life and little positive experience with people.
Begging the Question

**Definition:**

Begging the question, also known as
circular reasoning, is when the author assumes the conclusion of the argument
to be proven within the argument’s premise. This device is considered an
informal logical fallacy because there is a lack of proof in order to validate
the premise. However, begging the question can be considered logically valid if
not caught as a fallacy, but is still nevertheless unpersuasive in general
since it does not have a solid base as its argument rooted in cold, hard facts.

**Textual Example:**

Smoking can kill you because smoking is deadly.

**Visual Example:**

   For more information, see here.
Hopeless

A word used to describe something as inadequate or incompetent. It describes the feeling of despair. This feeling may appear when it seems as if there is no chance of success.

“The Democratic party nominated the one available Democrat who had the smallest chance of beating him - Horatio Seymour, lately governor of New York, an excellent statesman, but at that time hopeless as a candidate because of his attitude during the war.”

http://sentence.yourdictionary.com
Anadiplosis

Anadiplosis:

The term "anadiplosis" is a Greek word that translates into "to reduplicate". This term, which is often used in rhetorical applications, refers to the repetition of a word or a string of words in successive clauses so that the second clause begins with the same word which marks the end of the previous clause. In simpler terms: x -> y, y -> z.

Literary Example:

We also rejoice in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; perseverance, character; and character, hope. And hope does not disappoint us." —Romans 5:3–5

Visual Example:
Respectful

Tone Word-Respectful

Definition: To be respectful is to view and have admiration towards someone or something due to their abilities. Being respectful may also emphasize being generous to someone whom you view as deserving of your thoughtfulness and having a generous attitude towards them. To be respectful is to also support someone and treat them in a kindhearted manner because they have done the same for you and deserve it.

Text: As Charles Darnay expresses his love for Miss Manette to Dr. Manette, he does so respectfully. Darnay speaks to Dr. Manette and says, " '...being one day so happy as to make her my wife, I must at any time put any separation between her and you, I could or would breathe a word of what I say now...If I had any such possibility...I could not now touch this honoured hand.' " As Darnay said this to Dr. Manette, Dr. Manette responded by saying, " 'You speak so feelingly and so manfully, Charles Darnay, that I thank you with all my heart, and will open all my heart - or nearly so.' " - *A Tale of Two Cities* by Charles Dickens, Page 139

As seen in this text, Charles Darnay is respecting Dr. Manette's relationship by coming to tell him about his feelings towards his daughter, so he can see what his opinion and thoughts are about it. Darnay is also being respectful towards Dr. Manette because he is being thoughtful about Dr. Manette's relationship with his daughter and implying that he will not separate them or come in between their relationship.

Visual:

https://img.clipartfest.com/1e45e34a2e4efe37741a9d0a1f5c158d\_random-acts-of-holding-the-door-open-clipart\_300-269.jpeg
Elegiac

1. relating to an elegy, a form of lament and suffering that can be expressed most commonly as a poem or other art form. to be elegiac is to be melancholic or mournful in expressing a loss or grief.
2. In Sophocles' *Oedipus the King,* as Oedipus learns of his incestual relationship with his mother, he laments that he is "polluted and unclean" and "[drives]...pins through his eyeballs...until they [are] pulp" (Sophocles). As soon as Oedipus sees the truth of his actions, he makes himself blind because of his remorse and inexplicable suffering.
3. Robert Motherwell's "Elegies to the Spanish Republic" is a series of paintings expressing public lamentation.
Hopeful

Hopeful is when people desire for a certain outcome or have an expectation they want to be fulfilled. The aspect of being hopeful comes from possibilities that make one have a slight glimmer of relief and purpose. Some characteristics that help identify hopeful are determination in a person, or a sense of imagination a person might have because they are envisioning something that can’t happen, though they hope it will. Sometimes, one gets one’s hopes up and feels let down when what they expected doesn’t happen.

EX: A person may feel hopeful when they get a callback for an audition, have a job opportunity or get good news about a relative that was hurt.

Quotes: The monster in Frankenstein is hopeful and pleads to his master to make a new partner for him so he won’t be lonely. He has hope that he can finally have someone to love.

“You must create a female for me. I am malicious because I am miserable...th[is] picture I present to you is peaceful and human...I swear to you my evil passions will have fled,” (Shelley,105-106).
Anachronism

An anachronism is an inaccuracy of chronology within a piece of literature.  Therefore, if any piece of information (date, time, cultural reference, historical impact, etc.)  is out of place in the timeline of history, then it is an anachronism.  Buy and large, these errors that occur are because of lack of research by the author.  One example of this in literature occurs in Act 2 Scene 1 of William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar.  Here, Brutus says, “Peace! Count the clock” and Cassius responds by saying, “The clock has stricken three.”  The time that this play is set in dates back to 44 AD.  The first mechanical clock, was invented in Europe at around the start of the 14th century.  Since this play is taking place back in 44 AD and the clock wasn’t invented yet, the reference Brutus makes is in fact an example of an anachronism.
Argument from Personal Incredulity

Evan Sheldon - Argument from Personal Incredulity

An argument from personal incredulity is a logical fallacy that arises when someone decides that a topic is invalid or did not happen, only based on the fact that they cannot understand that topic. If something is hard for someone to believe or comprehend personally, it does not mean that it is untrue or false as there are people with greater understandings of different topics that have facts and knowledge to support their claims. Also, if there is an absence of proof or truth, the situation or topic is not automatically false; therefore, when a situation or topic is deemed as false due to lack of proof, the “argument from personal incredulity” fallacy is being utilized. This fallacy is often used when dealing with topics in creationism such as the big bang. People begin to disregard the theory entirely because it is too difficult for them to understand, and since it is too complex for them, the whole theory must be false. An example of where this fallacy can been seen is in the american sitcom titled Ghosted starring Adam Scott and Craig Robinson. In the show, Robinson plays a ex-missing persons detective that disregards the idea that aliens exist due to his incapability to understand how that could be possible, and his reasoning is coming from an argument from personal incredulity.

Visual:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXX9koKOkTs

or

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw-oVrvIynM
Compassionate

Compassionate- the act of showing care or concern for others. Compassion can be shown through empathetic and sympathetic feelings or actions shared with another person. The act of being compassionate is not showing pity towards others.

"The Police Department

Changed their garments

And became the Please Department

And instead of clubs and cuffs,

Saying Please was quite enough.

“Please stop breaking down that door.”

“Please stop robbing that jewelry store.”

“Please stop stealing that motor scooter.”

“Please stop shooting off that gun.”

“Please stop forging checks for fun.”

“Please stop ripping off those tires.”

“Please stop setting things on fire.”

And if they needed more persuasion,

They took ’em down to the Please Station

Where the friendly Chief of Please

Said Please, Please, Please

On bended knees.

And they stopped all crime with ease

By politely saying “Please.”(Shel Silverstein)
Sanguine

Tone Word: Sanguine

Definition: A sanguine tone expresses optimism and positivity even though the situation(s) may seem dim and grave without a solution. Texts with a sanguine tone may include, but are not limited to, uplifting encouragement from character to character, cheerfulness, and upbeat. A story containing a sanguine tone may be set in a difficult period of time such as the Great Depression, but its characters are fortunately able to retain hope and find creative ways to live with limited resources.

Literary Text: A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

'The utmost good that I am capable of now, Miss Manette, I have come here to realise. Let me carry through the rest of my misdirected life, the remembrance that I opened my heart to you, last of all the world; and that there was something left in me at this time which you could deplore and pity.'

'Which I entreated you to believe, again and again, most fervently, with all my heart, was capable of better things, Mr. Carton!'

'Entreat me to believe it no more, Miss Manette, I have proved myself and I know better. I distress you; I draw fast to an end. Will you let me believe, when I recal this day, that the last confidence of my life was reposed in your pure and innocent breast, and that it lies there alone, and wll be shared by no one?'

'If that will be a consolation to you, yes' (pg. 157-158)

Visual: "*Disney's Beauty and the Beast"*
Abhorring

Definition:

An abhorrent tone is one that regards the subject
matter with hatred and disgust.  It is
different from both hatred and disgust in that it often invokes a visceral
feeling of repulsion and presents the subject as being totally alien from and
anathema to a commonly accepted reference point (eg. Democracy, the human race).

Ex:

*“[O]utside the ordered universe [is] that*
*amorphous blight of nethermost confusion which blasphemes and bubbles at the*
*center of all infinity—the boundless daemon sultan Azathoth, whose name no lips*
*dare speak aloud, and who gnaws hungrily in inconceivable, unlighted chambers*
*beyond time and space amidst the muffled, maddening beating of vile drums and*
*the thin monotonous whine of accursed flutes.*”

-- The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath – HP Lovecraft

Visual:
Diabolic

1. Diabolic- Diabolic is a word that has a negative connotation because it has a darker meaning. Being diabolic is having such evil intentions to either harm someone else creating a master plan of destruction. If a person is diabolic, they are seeking out opportunities to harm other people, or ruin their days; in general, they would bring bad things upon the world. A text could be diabolic because of the narrator's intentions expressed through the author’s writing.

1. On November 9, 1938, Hitler commenced the Kristallnacht where he raided and decimated thousands of Jewish businesses overnight. Jewish men were separated from their families, and abruptly taken to concentration camps where they would live until their were liberated by the Allies.
2. https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2016/05/15/18/hitler-getty.jpg
Irreverent

III. Irreverent

Definition: An irreverent person is someone who shows a lack of due respect. When someone is

irreverent he or she is commonly “badmouthing” or making fun of something that is very highly respected.

Irreverent is also a word commonly used to describe something done disrespectfully in a church service, as

reverence is a major aspect of a church ceremony.

Examples: • The man went over to the church grave yard and began to throw eggs at the tombs.

• In the middle of the church prayer a man yelled out a vulgar sentence using all of the curse words he could possibly fathom.

Visual:

This is beer.
Egotistical

2.  Egotistical- An egotistical person is obsessed with himself, they think that they are the only important person. If they ever consider another person, they would be thinking about someone else being lesser than them.  An egotistical person is extremely conceited, boastful and narcissistic.

1. The story of Narcissus is an example of a person so egotistical that they drowned by staring at their own reflection in a lake for so long.
2. "I am God's vessel. But my greatest pain in life is that I will never be able to see myself preform live." -Kanye West
Anxious

Anxiety is defined as a state of worry or unease. This condition is typically associated with an imminent event with a varying outcome. Anxiety can cause both mental and physical feelings of distress.

“My mind turned by anxiety, or other cause, from its scrutiny of blank paper, is like a lost child—wandering the house, sitting on the bottom step to cry.”

-Virginia Woolf, *A Writer’s Diary*
Gambler's Fallacy

The Gambler's Fallacy is also known as the Monte Carlo Fallacy, and it is a belief that if something happens more often in a certain period of time, it is less likely to happen during a different period of time in the future, or vice versa. It could also be defined as the belief that the onset of one random event is less or more likely to happen after the occurrence of several other events. The fallacy was named after an event in a Monte Carlo Casino in 1913. During a game of roulette, the ball landed in black 26 times consecutively.

Millions of francs were lost by people who were betting against black, as they reasoned that once the streak of black ended, the streak of red would begin and they would win. This was simply not true and therefore, the fallacy was named.

This type of fallacy can be found in everyday life with something as simple as a coin flip. If one person flips a coin 20 times, and it lands on heads every time, the other person might be inclined to believe that it will finally land with the tail's side up. However, there is still a 50/50 chance, no matter what sequence of heads or tails happens beforehand. This fallacy can also be found in Stephen King's novel, *The Song of Susannah*, in which King himself talks about his own near fatal car accident. He talks about how the odds of a car accident happening in a certain area are small because there was just a car accident there a few days ago. This is the kind of thinking that pertains back to the Gambler's fallacy.
Romanticism

Romanticism- The over idealization of a subject or idea. It is "marked by the imaginative or emotional appeal of what is heroic, adventurous, remote, mysterious or idealized". Romanticism is mostly seen through a romantic tone, which may appear impractical yet hopeful. "Romantic." Merriam-Webster., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2017

“Women want the fairytale. Not all women, of course, but most women grow up dreaming about the kind of man who would risk everything for them, even knowing they might get hurt.” - Nicholas Sparks

Photo: This picture depicts an over idealized utopian society.

Ideal Utopian Society "Utopias & Dystopias." Utopias Dystopias. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.
Ad Lazarum

An appeal to poverty, or ad lazarum, is jumping to the conclusion that a position is correct merely because it has to do with poverty in some shape or form. This appeal is particularly popular when people try to contrast what they consider the greed or excess of the upper class with what they deem to be the morality of the poor. However, saying that a destitute person is more appreciative than those who are better off is appealing to poverty, and it is therefore, fallacious. This is not necessarily true, and it does not make sense if the claim is not about impoverishment. Indeed, this appeal especially fallacious if money has nothing to do with the topic at hand.

Real World Example

* Society can often be convinced by the morality of someone because of his or her poverty. Saying that priests are humbled because of their poverty so everyone should listen to them (especially concerning a topic that has nothing to do with money) is fallacious.

Example in Literature

* In Fitzgerald’s story The Rich Boy he writes, “Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. They think, deep in their hearts, that they are better than we are because we had to discover the compensations and refuges of life for ourselves. Even when they enter deep into our world or sink below us, they still think that they are better than we are. They are different. ” This is an appeal to the poor because the rich is portrayed in a negative, arrogant light while the poor are painted as wise, experienced and hardworking.

Visual Example
Risible

Is when a character is able to create laughter. This illustrates that the character has a very fun presence. The character that has this tone can often prate. This reveals how the character is a people pleaser and will often try to make people happy through humorous statements around them even when he/she is going through a hard time and it shows how he/she will try his/her very best to get a laugh out of his/her companions.

Example: An example of a character being risible would be in the New Testament Modernization project written by Alex, Zoe, and Elizabeth, and I because the disciples said and did things that a Christian would not normally do. The irony in the story created funny scenes and moments that the characters brought to the table. For example, the beginning of the modernization project states, “Jesus and his friends went into Church basement. He was especially sad that day, not because he dropped his new iPhone 7 into the toilet, but because he knew Judas was coming for him and he was not coming for hugs”(Garcia 1). This has a Risible tone because of the unusual characteristics that Jesus and his apostles were given.
Begging the Question Fallacy

**Begging the Question** - This fallacy assumes that a statement is self-evident when it actually requires proof. In other words, it uses a premise to support itself and is a form of circular reasoning. Begging the Question occurs whenever someone presents a debatable statement as if it were true and then makes conclusions based off of that debatable statement. A conclusion based off of such assumptions cannot be valid.

**Example (Real World)** - Love is the greatest thing in the world. Therefore, all people should love each other.

**Example (Film/Lit)** -

"Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it."

—Ferris Bueller, Ferris Bueller's Day Off

**Visual** -

1)  Are You Begging the Question? - Gentleman Thinker (YouTube Video))

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAXKc-rvMa8

For more information, see here.
Apostrophe

Apostrophe: The rhetorical device apostrophe is used when writers separate themselves from the main reality of the story to speak about an abstract notion or someone who is not presently in the scene. In some instances, especially in shakespeare, the author utilizes the interjection “O” when employing this device.  This literary device is usually in the form of an exclamation. The person that is speaking is not talking to an inanimate object or abstract idea rather, they are expressing their personal feelings at the time or to show the importance of the thing being addressed.

Ex: “ANTONY: O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,

That I am meek and gentle with these butchers!

Thou art the ruins of the noblest man

That ever livèd in the tide of times.”

-Julius Caesar William Shakespeare

Shakespeare uses this this device as a means of speaking to the inanimate object, the earth and expressing his feelings. Shakespear uses the word O in this passage as well.

Citations:

"Apostrophe Examples and Definition." Literary Devices. N.p., 30 Oct. 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.

"Apostrophe (rhetorical Device)." Apostrophe (rhetorical Device) - Memidex Dictionary/thesaurus. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.

Hyle Daley Follow. "Figurative Language - Apostrophe." LinkedIn SlideShare. N.p., 22 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.

A., Daniella. "Ap Lang Rhetorical Device - AP English Language with Hall at Adrian Wilcox High School." StudyBlue. N.p., 27 Feb. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
Violent

The word violent, as defined by the dictionary, is an adjective that concerns an action that is intended to hurt, damage, or stop someone or something. In J.K. Rowling’s, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, “[Harry’s broom] zigzags] through the air, every now and then making violent swishing movements that almost unseated him.” (Rowling 151) The word ‘violent’ can also be used as a hyperbolic way to describe something vivid, almost as if the bright color of a ‘violent’ object is intended to hurt the viewer with its brightness. For example, when Harry enters his friend’s room, he find that “nearly everything in [it] seemed to be a violent shade of orange.” (27)

The below images concern Ron’s violently bright bedroom, and Wormtail’s violent attempt to torture Nymphadora Tonks at the Second Battle of Hogwarts.
Chiasmus

Chiasmus

Definition: Chiasmus is a rhetorical device where one clause is repeated, but in a reverse order. Most of the time, the clause uses the same grammar and word choice, but just in a reversed way. However, sometimes the clause or concept can be slightly modified when reversed.

Example: “The instinct of a man is to pursue everything that flies from him, and to fly from all that pursues him.” (Voltaire)

Visual:

"How to Write Memorable Speech Lines (Chiasmus)." Six Minutes. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. <http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/chiasmus/>.
Slippery Slope

Definition: Slippery Slope is a logical fallacy when a person asserts that a certain set of events will inevitably occur without any justifications or further reasoning. Slippery Slope focuses the readers attention onto extreme hypotheticals rather than logical explanations. This fallacy appeals to the reader by leveraging fear. Overall, the authors argument jumps to conclusion with unsubstantiated proof of potential events.

Example: "We're spending too much money on your school tuition, before you know it we'll be broke and on the streets!" Jumping to a potential conclusion and skipping multiple hypothetical steps to an extreme situation that has low stakes of actually happening.
Metaphor

**Definition:** A metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implied and/or extended comparison between things that are unrelated and unalike but share some common characteristics. A metaphor is a phrase that illustrates a person, thing, place, or action as being something else, but that subject is not actually that something else. It is a term that refers to one thing by mentioning another for rhetorical effect. Metaphors typically illustrate hidden similarities between two subjects.

**Example:** “Let us settle ourselves, and work and wedge our feet downward through the mud and slush of opinion, and prejudice, and tradition, and delusion, and appearance, that alluvion which covers the globe, through Paris and London, through New York and Boston and Concord,through church and state, through poetry, philosophy and religion, till we come to a hard bottom and rocks in place, which we can call reality” (Walden 73).

This metaphor compares the opinions, judgments, and fabrications of society, all throughout the world, to thick, deep mud. Through this metaphor, we are able to sense the difficulty and hard work it would take to get through to the bottom of that “mud” and ascertain the truths of the world we ought to be focusing on, which lies past those lies and corruptions of society.
Pleonasm

A pleonasm is a literary device that uses a combination of words which adds unneeded complexity to the expression. A simple example is the phrase; "I saw it with my own two eyes" because the "own' is unnecessary, as the word "my" is already present. There is two types of pleonasm which are syntactic and semantic.

###

### Syntactic Pleonasm

A syntactic pleonasm is a word that is optional in its function in the sentence. A common example is the sentence, "I know that you are coming" because the word 'that' can be removed without making the sentence ungrammatical.

### Semantic Pleonasm

Semantic pleonasms are words or phrases that are useless in the context of the sentence and can be down without. One well known example would be the sentence "the plumber fixed our hot water heater" because a heater is obviously making hot water, and the word "hot" is not needed to convey the message. Another example is the phrase "actual fact" instead of "fact" because a fact is factual, and there is no need to provide the word "actual."
Apprehensive Tone

Apprehensive

1.To be apprehensive about something is to be worried that something bad will happen. It is to constantly be worried about the unknown. It is to feel uneasy about something terrible coming. A character in apprehensive text would seem uneasy and nervous about an unknown event.

2. "At first Ikemefuna was very much afraid. Once or twice he tried to run away, but he did not know where to begin. He thought of his mother and his three-year-old sister and wept bitterly. Nwoye’s mother was very kind to him and treated him as one of her own children. But all he said was: 'When shall I go home?' ” (Things Fall Apart).
Critical

Tone Word-Critical

Definition: To be critical is to point out the flaws or negative aspects about a person or thing. To be critical may include the action of judging something by analyzing it. Being critical can also be important when trying to improve something to make it work better or by pointing out someone's flaws to allow them to grow from their flaws.

Literary Text:

"You take this old guy, Grandma Jefa says, waving a hand at Grandpa Lalo sitting in the sun. He rolls his eyes at her and tugs his cap down. Can't keep a story straight to save his life. When we were young he used to say that the Aguilars were 100 percent Spanish, Basque even...now he's saying the Aguilars are half Hopi and the whole tribe came down to Mesilla, new Mexico to dance at his father's funeral. *Ridiculo, que no?"* -"Everyone's Abuelo Can't Have Ridden With Pancho Villa by Andrea Saenz, Page 31 in *Sudden Fiction Latino*

Throughout the entire text Grandma Jefa has a tone that is critical towards the expression and statements Grandpa Lalo makes. She criticizes his statements because she does not believe them and is tired of his fake stories. She criticizes his comments and describes them as being "ridiculous" (31).

Visual:

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/4b/f9/90/4bf990423ac994bb8479acae3dff0061.jpg
Annoyed

II. Annoyed

Definition: The word annoyed is most often used to describe something or someone that is slightly

irritating or bothersome. Things that are annoying are usually something that is a *commonly* repeated offense

such as someone constantly poking someone or constantly chewing with their mouth open. Annoyance is

not commonly used when something happens the first time, it is after continuous repeated actions.This is

used for something that is slightly irritating not something that is extremely painful.

Examples: • The dog continued to poop throughout the house until the nanny could not take it so she kicked the dog in the face.

• The boy continued to tap his foot on the table, driving his mother insane.

Visual:
Fucks

Formerly FucksUpRolls, his name was shortened by others to simply "Fucks" as an easier way to address him. Also goes by Wanks due to a joking name change on the Discord, though it stuck pretty well.

An American QM operating in Mountain Time Zone. He formerly ran Fugitive Mage Quest as a way to practice, though it was abandoned. He has yet to run a second quest. He is a very casual writefag who isn't around much unless he's summoned.

#### Fugitive Mage Quest

**Hiatus/Abandoned**

Living as a mage on the run, anons hurled lightning spears at crusaders and had strange magic rifts fuck with them. The crusades raged across Seire, a holy force bent on eradicating mages who weren't pledged to their god. Infected creatures inhabited the jungles of the world, preying on the magical forces in mages and within the world itself.
Premise

**Definition:** A premise is a statement that an argument claims will justify a conclusion. A premise supports, and serves as, the basis of an argument and conclusion as, in logic, an argument consists of two propositions, known as the premises, along with another proposition,known as the conclusion. The proof of the conclusion depends on the truth of the premises.

**Example:** The premise of Ronald Reagan’s “Evil Empire” speech was that the Soviet Union was an evil empire that, was morally corrupt, that threatened the righteous, Christian, loving pillars of American society, and was aggressive against our American rights. Reagan claimed that that premise justified his conclusion that it was right and imperative for the US to fight and eliminate that Soviet power with strong opposition and military force.
Giddy

GIDDY

The tone giddy refers to someone that is overly excited or worked up about something that he/she cannot contain his excitement. He/she may be thought of as hyper, resulting in an overload of energy. It is more of a light-hearted tone that is inspired through joyfulness. For example, children may be thought of as giddy because of their playfulness and silliness. Children are giddy when they eat too much candy to the point to which they become hyper.

***Alice In Wonderland* by Lewis Carroll**

“Sometimes, I’ve believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVRX61MjCKk&t=69s
Vapid

Vapid (adj.)

Definition:  Vapid can mean to lack liveliness, tang, briskness, or force.  Something or someone that is flat or dull can also be called vapid.  Another use of vapid would be to describe something or someone superficial and shallow.  A person that is vapid displays characteristics of shallowness. A text lacking depth or character can also be vapid.

Examples:

“I guess it makes sense ‘cause my life’s become as vapid as/ A night out in Los Angeles/ And I just wanna stay in bed” (Fun., ‘Why Am I The One’)

Cher Horowitz in the film ‘Clueless’ is vapid in the sense of superficial and shallow.
Historian's Fallacy

Definition: When someone judges the decision of someone else in the past in the light of knowledge that was not available at the time. In other words, by viewing their past actions through the lense of new information, assuming that they had the same perspective or information during their time, someone employs this fallacy indirectly. This is fallacious reasoning because there was no way that the people could have known the future information, so judging their decisions based off of the new reasoning isn't fair.

Format:

Claim X was made in the past.

Those who made the claim didn't know Y, which wasn't available to them at the time.

Claim Z was made judging claim X with the new information of Y.

Thus, Z was an irrational claim.

Example: *You shouldn't have taken the freeway! Then you could have avoided the crash and not have been late to dinner.*

In reality, they weren't aware that there was a crash, and thus didn't have the information necessary to make a smarter choice.

Example: *I can't believe that people in the 15th through 19th centuries thought that tobacco was good for you! If I lived then, I would not have smoked at all.*

While people during this period thought smoking was either a panacea, anesthetic, or good for teeth, they were believing this without the knowledge of the smoking- lung cancer link, later discovered in the 1940s and 50s.

Further Examples/ Explanations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcUicUf2HbE
Giulio de' Medici

**Giulio de' Medici** (May 26, 1478 - Sept 25, 1534) is the illegitimate child of Giuliano de' Medici and his mistress, Fioretta Gorini. He came to the Medici’s household as a young child after his mother was killed and therefore was sent to live with his father’s family after he was killed. He was therefore raised by his uncle and aunt Lorenzo the Magnificent and Clarice Orsini along with their children. He later joined his cousin, Giovanni de' Medici, when his uncle, Lorenzo had sent him to Rome to become a priest of the church.
Melancholic

Melancholy is a feeling of pensive sadness. When someone or something becomes melancholic, it is usually with no obvious cause. Melancholy can also be used in describing someone suffering from a severe form of depression.

“There's little of the melancholy element in her, my lord: she is never sad but when she sleeps; and not ever sad then; for I have heard my daughter say, she hath often dreamt of unhappiness, and waked herself with laughing.”

– William Shakespeare, *Much Ado About Nothing*
Appeal to Doubtful Authority

Appeal to Doubtful Authority is when one uses ideas or concepts of an inexperienced person to support one's argument. One would use this authority figure or non-expert as evidence to enhance there authority over the audience. It is essentially a random persons opinion that is being accepted as a professional's opinion.

A real world example of this is Jenny McCarthy, an Actress, who became an anti-vaccine activist once her son was diagnosed with autism. She speaks out against vaccines which has caused many parents to listen and not give their children vaccinations. Jenny McCarthy is not a doctor, but by being a celebrity it has only further promoted her cause and statues as an "Authority Figure". That is why Jenny McCarthy is clearly showing appeal to doubtful authority.

An example of appeal to doubtful authority in a commercial, is Justin Timberlake and Peyton Manning promoting *Sony* cameras. This is an example of doubtful authority because *Sony* is using these big celebrities to entice buyers, since they will believe if I get a *Sony* camera then I will be just like them. *Sony* is also pointing out that these celebrities know which camera brand is better because they see them everyday with paparazzi. **(Start video at 3.00)**

Finally, here is a visual example of appeal to doubtful authority...
Capricious

Definition:

A capricious tone is one that is carefree, where the
narrator is often given to flights of fancy and whim.

Ex:

*I made myself a snowball*
*As perfect as could be.*
*I thought I’d keep it as a pet*

*And let it sleep with me.*

*I made it some pajamas*

*And a pillow for its head.*

  *Then*
*last night it ran away,*

  *But*
*first—it wet the bed.*

-- “Snowball” -- Shel
Silverstein

Visual: