Full Metal Jacket

1987 US war drama film by Stanley KubrickTemplate:SHORTDESC:1987 US war drama film by Stanley Kubrick

* Stanley Kubrick
* Michael Herr
* Gustav Hasford
* Matthew Modine
* Adam Baldwin
* Vincent D'Onofrio
* Lee Ermey
* Dorian Harewood
* Arliss Howard
* Kevyn Major Howard
* Ed O'Ross
* Natant
* Harrier Films
* Warner Bros. Template:No wrap
* Columbia-Cannon-Warner Distributors Template:No wrap
* June 17, 1987 (1987-06-17) (Beverly Hills)
* June 26, 1987 (1987-06-26) (United States)
* September 11, 1987 (1987-09-11) (United Kingdom)
* United Kingdom
* United States

***Full Metal Jacket*** is a 1987 war drama film that was directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Michael Herr and Gustav Hasford. The film is based on Hasford's 1979 novel *The Short-Timers* and stars Matthew Modine, Lee Ermey, Vincent D'Onofrio and Adam Baldwin.

The storyline follows a platoon of U.S. Marines through their boot camp training in Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, primarily focusing on privates Joker and Pyle, who struggle under their abusive drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman. The second half of the film portrays the experiences of two of the platoon's Marines in Vietnamese cities Da Nang and Huế during the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War. The film's title refers to the full metal jacket bullet used by military servicemen.

Warner Bros. released *Full Metal Jacket* in the United States on June 26, 1987. The film received critical acclaim, grossed $46.4 million against a budget of $16 million, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Kubrick, Herr, and Hasford. In 2001, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 95 in its poll titled "AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills".

## Plot

During the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, a group of recruits arrive at Parris Island. The drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman uses harsh methods to turn the recruits into combat-ready Marines. Among the recruits is the overweight and dim-witted Leonard Lawrence, whom Hartman nicknames "Gomer Pyle", and the wisecracking J.T. Davis, who receives the name "Joker" after interrupting Hartman's introductory speech with an impression of John Wayne.

When Pyle shows ineptitude in basic training, Hartman pairs him with Joker, under whose supervision Pyle starts to improve. One day, Hartman discovers a jelly doughnut in Pyle's footlocker. Hartman blames the platoon for Pyle's infractions and adopts a collective punishment policy; he will punish the entire platoon, except for Pyle, for every mistake Pyle makes. One night, the recruits haze Pyle with a blanket party, in which Joker reluctantly participates. Following this, Pyle appears to reinvent himself as a model recruit, showing particular expertise in marksmanship. This pleases Hartman but worries Joker, who believes Pyle may be suffering a mental breakdown after seeing Pyle talking to his rifle.

The recruits graduate and receive their Military Occupational Specialty assignments. Joker is assigned to military journalism while most of the others—including Pyle—are assigned to the infantry. During the platoon's final night on Parris Island, Joker discovers Pyle in the toilets, loading his rifle, executing drill commands and loudly reciting the Rifleman's Creed. Pyle's voice awakens the platoon and Hartman confronts Pyle and orders him to surrender the rifle. Pyle kills Hartman and commits suicide, while Joker helplessly watches in horror.

In January 1968, Joker, who is now a sergeant, is a Da Nang-based war correspondent for *Stars and Stripes* alongside combat photographer Private First Class Rafterman, who wants to go into combat as Joker claims he has. At the Marine base, Joker is mocked for not having a thousand-yard stare, indicating his lack of war experience. The North Vietnamese Army unsuccessfully attempts to overrun the base as the Tet Offensive begins.

The following day, the journalism staff is briefed about enemy attacks in South Vietnam. Joker and Rafterman are sent to Phu Bai, where they meet the Lusthog Squad and Joker is reunited with Sergeant "Cowboy", with whom he went through boot camp. Joker accompanies the squad during the Battle of Huế, when the enemy kills platoon commander "Touchdown". After the Marines declare the area secure, a team of American news journalists and reporters enters Huế to interview Marines about their experiences in Vietnam and their opinions about the war.

While patrolling Huế, a booby trap kills Crazy Earl, the squad leader, leaving Cowboy in command. The squad becomes lost and Cowboy orders Eightball to scout the area. A Viet Cong sniper wounds Eightball and the squad corpsman Doc Jay. Believing the sniper is drawing the squad into an ambush, Cowboy unsuccessfully attempts to radio for tank support. The squad's machine-gunner Animal Mother disobeys Cowboy's orders to retreat and attempts to save his comrades. He discovers there is only one sniper but Doc Jay and Eightball are killed when Doc Jay attempts to indicate the sniper's location. Cowboy moves the rest of the squad to an abandoned building for cover. While radioing for support, the sniper shoots and kills Cowboy.

Animal Mother assumes command of the squad and leads an attack on the sniper. Joker finds the sniper, a teenage girl, and attempts to shoot her but his rifle jams. Rafterman shoots the sniper, mortally wounding her. As the squad converges, the sniper begs them to shoot her, prompting an argument about whether to kill her or leave her to suffer. Animal Mother decides to allow a mercy killing only if Joker performs it. After some hesitation, Joker kills her. The Marines congratulate Joker on his kill and he displays the thousand-yard stare. The Marines march toward their camp singing the "Mickey Mouse March". Joker states via narration that despite being "in a world of shit", he is glad to be alive and is no longer afraid.

## Cast

* Matthew Modine as Private/Sergeant J. T. "Joker" Davis, a wise-cracking young recruit. On set, Modine kept a diary that in 2005 was adapted into a book and in 2013 into an interactive app.
* Vincent D'Onofrio as Private Leonard "Gomer Pyle" Lawrence, an overweight, slow-minded recruit who is the subject of Hartman's mockery. D'Onofrio heard from Modine of the auditions for the film. D'Onofrio recorded his audition using a rented video camera and was dressed in army fatigues. According to Kubrick, Pyle was "the hardest part to cast in the whole movie"; Kubrick, however, quickly responded to D'Onofrio and cast him in the part. D'Onofrio was required to gain 70 pounds (32 kg).
* Lee Ermey as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, a harsh, foul-mouthed and ruthless senior drill instructor. Ermey served as a U.S. Marine drill instructor in the Vietnam War and used this experience to ad lib much of his dialogue.
* Adam Baldwin as Animal Mother, a combat-hungry machine gunner who takes pride in killing enemy soldiers. Arnold Schwarzenegger was first considered for the role but turned it down in favor of a part in *The Running Man*.
* Arliss Howard as Private/Sergeant "Cowboy" Evans, a friend of Joker and a member of the Lusthog Squad.
* Kevyn Major Howard as Rafterman, a combat photographer.
* Dorian Harewood as Eightball, a member of the squad.
* Tim Colceri as Doorgunner, a ruthless helicopter door gunner who suggests Joker and Rafterman write a story about him. Colceri, a former Marine, was originally slated to play Hartman, a role that went to Ermey. Kubrick gave Colceri this smaller part as a consolation.

Additional characters include Ed O'Ross as Lieutenant Walter J. "Touchdown" Schinoski, the first platoon leader of the Lusthog Squad; John Terry as Lieutenant Lockhart, the editor of *Stars and Stripes*; Bruce Boa as a POG Colonel who dresses down Joker for wearing a peace symbol on his lapel. Kubrick and his daughter Vivian make uncredited appearances as photographers at a Vietnam massacre site.Template:Citation needed

## Production

### Development

In early 1980, Kubrick contacted Michael Herr, author of the Vietnam War memoir *Dispatches* (1977), to discuss work on a film about the Holocaust but Kubrick discarded that idea in favor of a film about the Vietnam War. Herr and Kubrick met in England; Kubrick told Herr he wanted to make a war film but had yet to find a story to adapt. Kubrick discovered Gustav Hasford's novel *The Short-Timers* (1979) while reading the *Virginia Kirkus Review*. Herr received the novel in bound galleys and thought it is a masterpiece. In 1982, Kubrick read the novel twice; he concluded it is "a unique, absolutely wonderful book" and decided to adapt it for his next film. According to Kubrick, he was drawn to the book's dialogue, which he found "almost poetic in its carved-out, stark quality". In 1983, Kubrick began researching for the film; he watched archival footage and documentaries, read Vietnamese newspapers on microfilm from the Library of Congress, and studied hundreds of photographs from the era. Initially, Herr was not interested in revisiting his Vietnam War experiences, and Kubrick spent three years persuading him to participate, describing the discussions as "a single phone call lasting three years, with interruptions".

In 1985, Kubrick contacted Hasford and invited him to join the team; he talked to Hasford by telephone three to four times a week for hours at a time. Kubrick had already written a detailed treatment of the novel, and Kubrick and Herr met at Kubrick's home every day, breaking the treatment into scenes. Herr then wrote the first draft of the film script. Kubrick worried the audience might misread the book's title as a reference to people who did only did half a day's work and changed it to *Full Metal Jacket* after coming across the phrase in a gun catalogue. After the first draft was complete, Kubrick telephoned his orders to Hasford and Herr, who mailed their submissions to him. Kubrick read and edited Hasford's and Herr's submissions, and the team repeated the process. Neither Hasford nor Herr knew how much each had contributed to the screenplay, which led to a dispute over the final credits. Hasford said, "We were like guys on an assembly line in the car factory. I was putting on one widget and Michael was putting on another widget and Stanley was the only one who knew that this was going to end up being a car". Herr said Kubrick was not interested in making an anti-war film but "he wanted to show what war is like".

At some point, Kubrick wanted to meet Hasford in person, but Herr advised against this, describing *The Short-Timers* author as a "scary man, a big, haunted marine", and did not believe Hasford and Kubrick would "get on". Kubrick, however, insisted on the meeting, which occurred at Kubrick's house in England. The meeting went poorly, and Hasford did not meet with Kubrick again.

### Casting

Through Warner Bros., Kubrick advertised a casting search in the United States and Canada; he used videotape to audition actors and received over 3,000 submissions. Kubrick's staff screened the tapes, leaving 800 of them for him to review.

Former U.S. Marine drill instructor Ermey was originally hired as a technical advisor. Ermey asked Kubrick if he could audition for the role of Hartman. Kubrick, who had seen Ermey's portrayal of drill instructor Staff Sergeant Loyce in *The Boys in Company C* (1978), told Ermey he was not vicious enough to play the character. Ermey improvised insulting dialogue against a group of Royal Marines who were being considered for the part of background Marines, to demonstrate his ability to play the character and to show how a drill instructor breaks down individuality in new recruits. Upon viewing the videotape of these sessions, Kubrick gave Ermey the role, realizing he "was a genius for this part". Kubrick incorporated the 250-page transcript of Ermey's rants into the script. Ermey's experience as a drill instructor during the Vietnam War proved invaluable; Kubrick estimated Ermey wrote 50% of his character's dialogue, particularly the insults.

While Ermey practiced his lines in a rehearsal room, Kubrick's assistant Leon Vitali would throw tennis balls and oranges at him, which Ermey had to catch and throw back as quickly as possible while saying his lines as fast as he could. Any hesitation, slip, or missed line would necessitate starting over. Twenty error-free runs were required. "[He] was my drill instructor", Ermey said of Vitali.

Eight months of negotiations to cast Anthony Michael Hall as Private Joker were unsuccessful. Val Kilmer was also considered for the role, and Bruce Willis turned down a role due to filming commitments of his television series *Moonlighting*. Bill McKinney was considered for the role of Gunnery Sergeant Hartman. Denzel Washington wanted to be in the film but Kubrick did not send him a script.

### Filming

Kubrick filmed *Full Metal Jacket* in England in 1985 and 1986. Scenes were filmed in Cambridgeshire, the Norfolk Broads, in eastern London at Millennium Mills and Beckton Gas Works in Newham, and in the Isle of Dogs. Bassingbourn Barracks, a former Royal Air Force station and then British Army base, was used as the Parris Island Marine boot camp. A British Army rifle range near Barton, Cambridge, was used for the scene in which Hartman congratulates Private Pyle for his shooting skills. Kubrick worked from still photographs of Huế taken in 1968; he found an area owned by British Gas that closely resembled it and was scheduled to be demolished. The disused Beckton Gas Works, a few miles from central London, was filmed to depict Huế after attacks. Kubrick had buildings blown up, and the film's art director used a wrecking ball to knock specific holes in some buildings for two months. Kubrick had a plastic replica jungle flown in from California but once he saw it dismissed the idea, saying; "I don't like it. Get rid of it." The open country scenes were filmed at marshland in Cliffe-at-Hoo and along the River Thames; locations were supplemented with 200 imported Spanish palm trees and 100,000 plastic tropical plants from Hong Kong.

Kubrick acquired four M41 tanks from a Belgian army colonel who was an admirer. Westland Wessex helicopters, which have a much longer and less-rounded nose than that of the Vietnam era H-34, were painted Marine green to represent Marine Corps Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw helicopters. Kubrick obtained a selection of rifles, M79 grenade launchers, and M60 machine guns from a licensed weapons dealer.

Modine described the filming as difficult; Beckton Gas Works was a toxic environment for the film crew, being contaminated with asbestos and hundreds of other chemicals. During the boot camp sequence of the film, Modine and the other recruits underwent Marine Corps training, during which Ermey yelled at them for 10 hours a day while filming the Parris Island scenes. To ensure the actors' reactions to Ermey' lines were as authentic and fresh as possible, Ermey and the recruits did not rehearse together. For film continuity, each recruit had his head shaved once a week.

While filming, Ermey had a car accident and broke several ribs, making him unavailable for four and a half months. During Cowboy's death scene, a building that resembles the alien monolith in Kubrick's *2001: A Space Odyssey* (1968) is visible, which Kubrick described as an "extraordinary accident".

During filming, Hasford contemplated taking legal action over the writing credits. Originally, the filmmakers intended Hasford to receive an "additional dialogue" credit but he fought for and eventually received full credit. Hasford and two friends visited the set dressed as extras but was mistaken by a crew member for Herr. Hasford identified himself as the writer upon whose work the film is based.

Kubrick's daughter Vivian, who appears uncredited as a news camera operator, shadowed the filming of *Full Metal Jacket*. She filmed 18 hours of behind-the-scenes footage for a potential "making-of" documentary that went unmade. Sections of her work can be seen in the documentary *Stanley Kubrick's Boxes* (2008).Template:Citation needed

## Themes

 File:Born to Kill helmet.jpg
Michael Pursell's essay "*Full Metal Jacket*: The Unravelling of Patriarchy" (1988) was an early, in-depth consideration of the film's two-part structure and its criticism of masculinity, saying the film shows "war and pornography as facets of the same system".

Most reviews have focused on military brainwashing themes in the boot camp section of the film while seeing the content in the film's latter half as more confusing and disjointed. Rita Kempley of *The Washington Post* wrote, "it's as if they borrowed bits of every war movie to make this eclectic finale". Roger Ebert saw in the film an attempt to tell a story of individual characters and the war's effects on them. According to Ebert, the result is a shapeless film that feels "more like a book of short stories than a novel". Julian Rice, in his book *Kubrick's Hope* (2008), saw the second part of the film as a continuation of Joker's psychic journey in his attempt to understand human evil.

Tony Lucia, in his 1987 review of *Full Metal Jacket* for the *Reading Eagle*, examined the themes of Kubrick's career, suggesting "the unifying element may be the ordinary man dwarfed by situations too vast and imposing to handle". Lucia refers to the "military mentality" in this film and also said the theme covers "a man testing himself against his own limitations", and concluded: "*Full Metal Jacket* is the latest chapter in an ongoing movie which is not merely a comment on our time or a time past, but on something that reaches beyond".

British critic Gilbert Adair wrote, "Kubrick's approach to language has always been reductive and uncompromisingly deterministic in nature. He appears to view it as the exclusive product of environmental conditioning, only very marginally influenced by concepts of subjectivity and interiority, by all the whims, shades and modulations of personal expression".

Michael Herr wrote of his work on the screenplay, "The substance was single-minded, the old and always serious problem of how you put into a film or a book the living, behaving presence of what Jung called The Shadow, the most accessible of archetypes, and the easiest to experience ... War is the ultimate field of Shadow-activity, where all of its other activities lead you. As they expressed it in Vietnam, 'Yea, though I walk through the Valley of the Shadow of Death, I will fear no Evil, for I Template:Em the Evil'."

## Music

Kubrick's daughter Vivian Kubrick, under the alias "Abigail Mead", wrote the film's score. According to an interview in the January 1988 issue of *Keyboard*, the film was scored mostly with a Series III edition Fairlight CMI synthesizer and a Synclavier. For the period music, Kubrick went through *Billboard*'s list of Top 100 Hits for each year from 1962 to 1968 and tried many songs but found "sometimes the dynamic range of the music was too great, and we couldn't work in dialogue".

* Johnnie Wright – "Hello Vietnam"
* The Dixie Cups – "Chapel of Love"
* Sam the Sham & The Pharaohs – "Wooly Bully"
* Chris Kenner – "I Like It Like That"
* Nancy Sinatra – "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'"
* The Trashmen – "Surfin' Bird"
* Goldman Band – "Marines' Hymn"
* The Rolling Stones – "Paint It Black"

A single titled "Full Metal Jacket (I Wanna Be Your Drill Instructor)", which is credited to Mead and Nigel Goulding, was released to promote the film. It incorporates Ermey's drill cadences from the film. The single reached number two in the UK singles chart.

## Release

### Box office

*Full Metal Jacket* received a limited release on June 26, 1987, in 215 theaters. During its opening weekend, it accrued $2.2 million, an average of $10,313 per theater, ranking it the number 10 film for the weekend June 26–28. It took a further $2 million for a total of $5.7 million before being widely released in 881 theaters on July 10, 1987. The weekend of July 10–12 saw the film gross $6.1 million, an average of $6,901 per theater, and rank as the second-highest-grossing film. Over the next four weeks the film opened in a further 194 theaters to its widest release of 1,075 theaters; it closed two weeks later with a total gross of $46.4 million, making it the twenty-third-highest-grossing film of 1987. As of 1998[update], the film had grossed $120 million worldwide.

### Home media

*Full Metal Jacket* was released on Blu-ray on October 23, 2007. Warner Home Video released a 25th anniversary edition on Blu-ray on August 7, 2012.

Warner released the film on 4K Ultra HD in the UK on September 21, 2020, and in the U.S. on the following day. Other regions were slated for an October release. The 4K UHD release uses a new HDR remastered native 2160p that was transferred from the original 35mm negative, which was supervised by Kubrick's personal assistant Leon Vitali. It contains the remixed audio and, for the first time since the original DVD release, the theatrical mono mix. The release was a critical success; publications praised its image and audio quality, calling the former exceptionally good and faithful to the original theatrical release, and Kubrick's vision while noting the lack of new extras and bonus content. A collector's edition box set of this 4K UHD version was released with different cover art, a replica theatrical poster of the film, a letter from director Stanley Kubrick, and a booklet about the film's production among other extras.

## Critical reception

 File:Rleeermeygfdl.jpg
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews to give the film a score of 92% based on reviews from 83 critics and an average rating of 8.30/10. The summary states; "Intense, tightly constructed, and darkly comic at times, Stanley Kubrick's *Full Metal Jacket* may not boast the most original of themes, but it is exceedingly effective at communicating them". Another aggregator, Metacritic, gave it a score of 76 out of 100 based on 19 reviews, which indicates a "generally favorable" response. Reviewers generally reacted favorably to the cast—Ermey in particular— and the film's first act about recruit training. Several reviews, however, were critical of the latter part of the film, which is set in Vietnam, and what was considered a "muddled" moral message in the finale.

Richard Corliss of *Time* called the film a "technical knockout", praising "the dialogue's wild, desperate wit; the daring in choosing a desultory skirmish to make a point about war's pointlessness", and "the fine, large performances of almost every actor", saying Ermey and D'Onofrio would receive Oscar nominations. Corliss appreciated "the Olympian elegance and precision of Kubrick's filmmaking". *Empire*'s Ian Nathan awarded the film three stars out of five, saying it is "inconsistent" and describing it as "both powerful and frustratingly unengaged". Nathan said after the opening act, which focuses on the recruit training, the film becomes "bereft of purpose"; nevertheless, he summarized his review by calling it a "hardy Kubrickian effort that warms on you with repeated viewings" and praised Ermey's "staggering performance". Vincent Canby of *The New York Times* called the film "harrowing, beautiful and characteristically eccentric". Canby echoed praise for Ermey, calling him "the film's stunning surprise ... he's so good—so obsessed—that you might think he wrote his own lines". Canby said D'Onofrio's performance should be admired and described Modine as "one of the best, most adaptable young film actors of his generation", and concluded *Full Metal Jacket* is "a film of immense and very rare imagination".

Jim Hall, writing for Film4 in 2010, awarded the film five stars out of five and added to the praise for Ermey, saying his "performance as the foul-mouthed Hartman is justly celebrated and it's difficult to imagine the film working anything like as effectively without him". The review preferred the opening training segment to the later Vietnam sequence, calling it "far more striking than the second and longer section". Hall commented the film ends abruptly but felt "it demonstrates just how clear and precise the director's vision could be when he resisted a fatal tendency for indulgence". Hall concluded; "*Full Metal Jacket* ranks with *Dr. Strangelove* as one of Kubrick's very best". Jonathan Rosenbaum of the *Chicago Reader* called it "Elliptical, full of subtle inner rhymes ... and profoundly moving, this is the most tightly crafted Kubrick film since *Dr. Strangelove*, as well as the most horrific". *Variety* called the film an "intense, schematic, superbly made" drama that is "loaded with vivid, outrageously vulgar military vernacular that contributes heavily to the film's power" but said it never develops "a particularly strong narrative". The cast performances were all labeled "exceptional"; Modine was singled out as "embodying both what it takes to survive in the war and a certain omniscience". Gilbert Adair, writing for *Full Metal Jacket*, commented; "Kubrick's approach to language has always been of a reductive and uncompromisingly deterministic nature. He appears to view it as the exclusive product of environmental conditioning, only very marginally influenced by concepts of subjectivity and interiority, by all whims, shades and modulations of personal expression".

*Chicago Sun-Times* critic Roger Ebert called *Full Metal Jacket* "strangely shapeless" and awarding it two and a half stars out of four. Ebert called it "one of the best-looking war movies ever made on sets and stage" but said this was not enough to compete with the "awesome reality of *Platoon*, *Apocalypse Now* and *The Deer Hunter*". Ebert criticized the film's Vietnam-set second act, saying the "movie disintegrates into a series of self-contained set pieces, none of them quite satisfying" and concluded the film's message is "too little and too late", having been done by other Vietnam War films. Ebert praised Ermey and D'Onofrio, saying "these are the two best performances in the movie, which never recovers after they leave the scene". Ebert's review angered Gene Siskel on their television show *At The Movies*; he criticized Ebert for liking *Benji the Hunted* more than *Full Metal Jacket*. *Time Out London* disliked the film, saying "Kubrick's direction is as steely cold and manipulative as the régime it depicts", and that the characters are underdeveloped, adding "we never really get to know, let alone care about, the hapless recruits on view".

British television channel Channel 4 voted *Full Metal Jacket* fifth on its list of the greatest war films ever made. In 2008, *Empire* placed the film at number 457 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". In 2010, *The Guardian* ranked it 19th on its list of the "25 best action and war films of all time". The film is ranked 95 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list, which was published in 2001.

### Accolades

Between 1987 and 1989, *Full Metal Jacket* was nominated for 11 awards, including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, two BAFTA Awards for Best Sound and Best Special Effects, and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for Ermey. It won five awards, including three from overseas; Best Foreign Language Film from the Japanese Academy, Best Producer from the Academy of Italian Cinema, Director of the Year at the London Critics Circle Film Awards, and Best Director and Best Supporting Actor at the Boston Society of Film Critics Awards for Kubrick and Ermey respectively. Of the five awards it won, four were awarded to Kubrick and the other was given to Ermey.

## Differences between novel and screenplay

Film scholar Greg Jenkins has analyzed the adaptation of the novel as a screenplay. The novel is in three parts and the film greatly expands the relatively brief first section about the boot camp on Parris Island and essentially discards Part III. This gives the film a twofold structure, telling two largely independent stories that are connected by the same characters. Jenkins said this structure is a development of concepts Kubrick originally discussed in the 1960s, when he talked about wanting to explode the usual conventions of narrative structure.

Sergeant Hartman, who is renamed from the book's Gerheim, has an expanded role in the film. Private Pyle's incompetence is presented as weighing negatively on the rest of the platoon; unlike those in the novel, he is the only under-performing recruit. The film omits Hartman's disclosure he thinks Pyle might be mentally unstable—a "Section 8"—to the other troops; instead, Joker questions Pyle's mental state. In contrast, Hartman praises Pyle, saying he is "born again hard". Jenkins says a portrayal of the character of Hartman with a warmer social relationship with the troops would have upset the balance of the film, which depends on the spectacle of ordinary soldiers coming to grips with Hartman as a force of nature embodying a killer culture.

Some scenes in the book were removed from the screenplay or conflated with others. For example, Cowboy's introduction of the "Lusthog Squad" was markedly shortened and supplemented with material from other sections of the book. Although the book's third section was largely omitted, elements from it were inserted into other parts of the film. For instance, the climactic episode with the sniper is a conflation of two sections of Parts II and III of the book. According to Jenkins, the film presents this passage more dramatically but in less gruesome detail than the novel.

The film often has a more tragic tone than the book, which relies on callous humor. In the film, Joker remains a model of humane thinking, as evidenced by his moral struggle in the sniper scene and elsewhere. Joker works to overcome his own meekness rather than compete with other Marines. The film omits Joker's eventual domination over Animal Mother shown in the book.

The film also omits Rafterman's death; according to Jenkins, this allows viewers to reflect on Rafterman's personal growth and speculate on his future growth after the war.

## In popular culture

The line "Me so horny. Me love you long time", which is uttered by the Da Nang street prostitute to Joker, became a catchphrase in popular culture and was sampled by rap artists 2 Live Crew in their 1989 hit "Me So Horny" and by Sir Mix-A-Lot in "Baby Got Back" (1992).

## See also

* *Paths of Glory*
* Project 100,000
* Vietnam War in film
* Battle of Huế

## Notes

1. ↑ FULL METAL JACKET. British Board of Film Classification.
2. ↑ Full Metal Jacket (1987). British Film Institute.
3. ↑ AFI|Catalog - Full Metal Jacket. American Film Institute.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Full Metal Jacket (1987). Box Office Mojo.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Kubrick Keeps 'em in Dark with 'Eyes Wide Shut'". *Los Angeles Times*. September 29, 1998. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
6. ↑ Dittmar, Linda; Michaud, Gene (1990). *From Hanoi to Hollywood: The Vietnam War in American Film*. Rutgers University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780813515878. https://archive.org/details/fromhanoitoholly0000unse/page/31.
7. ↑ Awards Database Search.
8. ↑ AFI'S 100 Most Thrilling American Films. American Film Institute. "2001"
9. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>von Tunzelmann, Alex (June 24, 2010). "Full Metal Jacket: history unzipped". *The Guardian*. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
10. ↑ Full Metal Jacket Diary: A Q&A with Matthew Modine (March 4, 2013).
11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>LoBrutto, Vincent (1997). "Stanley Kubrick". Donald I. Fine Books.
12. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bennetts, Leslie (July 10, 1987). "The Trauma of Being a Kubrick Marine". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
13. ↑ Harrington, Amy (October 19, 2009). Stars Who Lose and Gain Weight for Movie Roles. Fox News Channel.
14. ↑ Template:Cite video
15. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Andrews, Travis M. (April 17, 2018). "How R. Lee Ermey created his memorable Full Metal Jacket role". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
16. ↑ Stice, Joel (July 31, 2014). 9 Famous Roles Almost Played By Arnold Schwarzenegger.
17. ↑ Lyttelton, Oliver (August 7, 2012). 5 Things You Might Not Know About Stanley Kubrick's 'Full Metal Jacket'.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>CVulliamy, Ed (July 16, 2000). "It Ain't Over Till It's Over". *The Observer*. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Clines, Francis X (June 21, 1987). "Stanley Kubrick's Vietnam". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `rose`
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Lewis, Grover (June 28, 1987). "The Several Battles of Gustav Hasford". *Los Angeles Times Magazine*. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `carlton`
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `cahill`
24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `ugodz`
25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Willis`
26. ↑ 5 Things You Might Not Know About Stanley Kubrick's 'Full Metal Jacket' (August 7, 2012).
27. ↑ 16 Hardcore Facts About Full Metal Jacket (June 26, 2017).
28. ↑ Nast, Condé (September 18, 2012). Denzel Washington GQ October 2012 Cover Story.
29. ↑ Movies, films TV locations in the UK Film and TV Set information, - Full Metal Jacket.
30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `watson`
31. ↑ Kent Film Office. Kent Film Office Full Metal Jacket Article.
32. ↑ Grove, Lloyd (June 28, 1987). Stanley Kubrick, At a Distance.
33. ↑ Modine; *Full Metal Jacket Diary* (2005)
34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `linfield`
35. ↑ Template:Cite journal
36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kempley`
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ebert`
38. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `JulianRice`
39. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Lucia, Tony (July 5, 1987). "'Full Metal Jacket' takes deadly aim at the war makers" (Review). *Reading Eagle*. Reading, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
40. ↑ Baxter 1997, p. 10.
41. ↑ Baxter 1997, p. 11.
42. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Music2`
43. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BOMojoRun`
44. ↑ Full Metal Jacket DVD Blu-ray.
45. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ronald Epstein (April 9, 2012). "WHV Press Release: Full Metal Jacket 25th Anniversary Blu-ray Book". *Home Theater Forum*. Archived from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
46. ↑ Medina, Victor (2020-08-14). Stanley Kubrick's 'Full Metal Jacket' Coming to 4K UHD (en-US).
47. ↑ Full Metal Jacket - 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray Ultra HD Review | High Def Digest.
48. ↑ Harlow, Casimir. Full Metal Jacket 4K Blu-ray Review (en-US).
49. ↑ Template:Citation
50. ↑ Full Metal Jacket Ultimate Collector's Edition [1987 (4K Ultra HD + Blu-ray)] (en).
51. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `tomatoes`
52. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `DailyBeast`
53. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `MetacriticScore`
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `RevTime`
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `RevVariety`
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `RevFilm4`
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `RevEmpire`
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `RevTimeOutlon`
59. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `RevNewYorkTimes`
60. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `RevChicagoReader`
61. ↑ Duncan 2003, pp. 12–13.
62. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Scott, A. O. (June 25, 2015). "Review: In 'Max,' a Shellshocked Dog Reverts to His Heroic Self". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
63. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Channel4`
64. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Empire500`
65. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Patterson, John (October 19, 2010). "Full Metal Jacket: No 19 best action and war film of all time". *The Guardian*. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
66. ↑ AFI list of America's most heart-pounding movies. American Film Institute.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Oscars1988`
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Oscars19882`
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BAFTA`
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `goldenglobes`
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `daviddidonatello`
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BostonSOFCA`
73. ↑ Jenkins 1997, p. 128.
74. ↑ Jenkins 1997, p. 123.
75. ↑ Jenkins 1997, p. 124.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Jenkins 1997, p. 146.
77. ↑ Jenkins 1997, p. 147.
78. ↑ Mariah Carey, Fergie Promise To 'Love You Long Time' – But Is The Phrase Empowering Or Insensitive? (July 30, 2008).
79. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Powers, Ann (December 8, 2010). "Love is lost on this phrase". *Chicago Tribune*. p. 66. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
80. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Knopper, Steve (March 14, 2003). "The Crew still has plenty of life left". *Chicago Tribune*. p. 8. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
81. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>McGowan, Kelly (July 19, 2017). "A restaurant named Me So Hungry: tasteless?". *USA Today*. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017.

## Bibliography

* Jenkins, Greg (1997). *Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation: Three Novels, Three Films*. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3097-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=LdtgrdX3VMsC.
* Baxter, John (1997). *Stanley Kubrick: A Biography*. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-638445-8.

## Further reading

* Duncan, Paul (2003). *Stanley Kubrick: The Complete Films*. Taschen GmbH. ISBN 978-3836527750.
* Kubrick, Stanley (1987). *Full Metal Jacket*. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394758237. https://archive.org/details/fullmetaljackets0000kubr.
* Modine, Matthew (2005). *Full Metal Jacket Diary*. Rugged Land. ISBN 978-1590710470.

## External links

Template:Wikiquote

* *Full Metal Jacket* at IMDb
* Template:Amg movie
* Template:Mojo title
* Template:Rotten Tomatoes
* Template:Metacritic film

Template:Stanley Kubrick
Template:Authority control

Cite error: `<ref>` tags exist for a group named "n", but no corresponding `<references group="n"/>` tag was found