Amazon (company)

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American electronic commerce and cloud computing companyTemplate:SHORTDESC:American electronic commerce and cloud computing company[[Category:**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Pagetype/config' not found.**s with short description]]

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**Amazon.com, Inc.** (Template:IPAc-en), is an American multinational technology company based in Seattle that focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. It is considered one of the Big Four tech companies, along with Google, Apple, and Facebook. It's been referred to as "one of the most influential economic and cultural forces in the world."

Amazon is known for its disruption of well-established industries through technological innovation and mass scale. It is the world's largest online marketplace, AI assistant provider, and cloud computing platform as measured by revenue and market capitalization. Amazon is the largest Internet company by revenue in the world. It is the second largest private employer in the United States and one of the world's most valuable companies.

Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington, in July 1994. The company initially started as an online marketplace for books but later expanded to sell electronics, software, video games, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization. In 2017, Amazon acquired Whole Foods Market for Template:USD13.4 billion, which vastly increased Amazon's presence as a brick-and-mortar retailer. In 2018, Bezos announced that its two-day delivery service, Amazon Prime, had surpassed 100 million subscribers worldwide.

Amazon distributes downloads and streaming of video, music, and audiobooks through its Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Music, and Audible subsidiaries. Amazon also has a publishing arm, Amazon Publishing, a film and television studio, Amazon Studios, and a cloud computing subsidiary, Amazon Web Services. It produces consumer electronics including Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo devices. In addition, Amazon acquisitions include Ring, Twitch, Whole Foods Market, and IMDb. Among various controversies, the company has been criticized for technological surveillance overreach, a hyper-competitive and demanding work culture, tax avoidance, and anti-competitive practices.

## History

*Further information: History of Amazon*
 File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg
Jeff Bezos founded Amazon in July 1994. He chose Seattle because of technical talent as Microsoft is located there. In May 1997, the organization went public. The company began selling music and videos in 1998, at which time it began operations internationally by acquiring online sellers of books in United Kingdom and Germany. The following year, the organization also sold video games, consumer electronics, home-improvement items, software, games, and toys in addition to other items.

In 2002, the corporation started Amazon Web Services (AWS), which provided data on Web site popularity, Internet traffic patterns and other statistics for marketers and developers. In 2006, the organization grew its AWS portfolio when Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which rents computer processing power as well as Simple Storage Service (S3), that rents data storage via the Internet, were made available. That same year, the company started *Fulfillment by Amazon* which managed the inventory of individuals and small companies selling their belongings through the company internet site. In 2012, Amazon bought Kiva Systems to automate its inventory-management business, purchasing Whole Foods Market supermarket chain five years later in 2017.

## Board of directors

 File:Jeff Bezos 2016.jpg
As of November 2019[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, the board of directors is:

* Jeff Bezos, President, CEO, and Chairman
* Rosalind Brewer, Group President, and COO, Starbucks
* Jamie Gorelick, partner, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale, and Dorr
* Daniel P. Huttenlocher, Dean of the Schwarzman College of Computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Judy McGrath, former CEO, MTV Networks
* Indra Nooyi, former CEO, PepsiCo
* Jon Rubinstein, former Chairman, and CEO, Palm, Inc.
* Thomas O. Ryder, former Chairman, and CEO, Reader's Digest Association
* Patty Stonesifer, President, and CEO, Martha's Table
* Wendell P. Weeks, Chairman, President, and CEO, Corning Inc.

## Merchant partnerships

In 2000, U.S. toy retailer Toys "R" Us entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its own independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.

In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with Borders Group, under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service. Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.

On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with DC Comics for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including *Superman*, *Batman*, *Green Lantern*, *The Sandman,* and *Watchmen*. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these titles from their shelves.

In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the United States Postal Service to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and New York because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into Dallas, Houston, New Orleans and Phoenix by 2014.

In June 2017, Nike confirmed a "pilot" partnership with Amazon to sell goods directly on the platform.

As of October 11, 2017[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, AmazonFresh sold a range of Booths branded products for home delivery in selected areas.

In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$ 104.44 million (₹ 759 crore) in financial year 2017–18.

In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with Apple Inc. to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.

## Products and services

*Main article: List of Amazon products and services*
Amazon.com's product lines available at its website include several media (books, DVDs, music CDs, videotapes and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics, beauty products, gourmet food, groceries, health and personal-care items, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, jewelry, watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, sporting goods, tools, automotive items and toys & games.Template:Citation needed In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in San Francisco, CA as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city. Amazon has separate retail websites for some countries and also offers international shipping of some of its products to certain other countries.

Amazon.com has a number of products and services available, including:

* AmazonFresh
* Amazon Prime
* Amazon Web Services
* Alexa
* Appstore
* Amazon Drive
* Echo
* Kindle
* Fire tablets
* Fire TV
* Video
* Kindle Store
* Music
* Music Unlimited
* Amazon Digital Game Store
* Amazon Studios
* AmazonWireless

## Subsidiaries

*See also: List of Amazon locations*
Amazon owns over 40 subsidiaries, including Zappos, Shopbop, Diapers.com, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), Audible, Goodreads, Teachstreet, Twitch and IMDb.

### A9.com

A9.com, a company focused on researching and building innovative technology, has been a subsidiary since 2003.

### Amazon Maritime

Amazon Maritime, Inc. holds a Federal Maritime Commission license to operate as a non-vessel-owning common carrier (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its own shipments from China into the United States.

### Annapurna Labs

In January 2015, Amazon Web Services acquired Annapurna Labs, an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M.

### Audible.com

Audible.com is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital audiobooks, radio and TV programs and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.

### Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services

Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services is a subsidiary of Amazon and it applied for a freight forwarding license with the US Maritime Commission. Amazon is also building out its logistics in trucking and air freight to potentially compete with UPS and FedEx.

### Brilliance Audio

Brilliance Audio is an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in Grand Haven, Michigan. The company produced its first 8 audio titles in 1985. The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount. At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month. It operates as an independent company within Amazon.

In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette. The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track. It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.

### ComiXology

ComiXology is a cloud-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013[update]Template:Dated maintenance category. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.

### CreateSpace

CreateSpace, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.

### Eero

Eero is a company that manufactures mesh-capable routers. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in San Francisco. Amazon announced it would buy Eero in 2019.

### Goodreads

Goodreads is a "social cataloging" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Chandler. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their own groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members and over 10 million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.

### Health Navigator

In October 2019, Amazon finalized the acquisition of Health Navigator, a startup developing APIs for online health services. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of PillPack for under $1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.

### Junglee

Junglee is a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started off as a virtual database that was used to extract information off the internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.

Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012 as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browse-able, whereby the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.

### Kuiper Systems

Amazon announced in April 2019 that they would fund and deploy a large broadband satellite internet constellation called "**Project Kuiper**". It is expected to take up to a decade to fully deploy all 3,236 satellites planned for the full constellation in order to provide internet to "tens of millions of people who lack basic access to broadband internet." Amazon has not announced if they intend to sell broadband service directly to consumers, but they will "offer broadband service through partnerships with other companies."

The satellites will use an orbit with a height between Template:Cvt. Kuiper will work in concert with Amazon's previously announced large network of 12 satellite ground station facilities (the "**AWS Ground Station unit**") announced in November 2018. Amazon filed communications license documents with the U.S. regulatory authorities the FCC in July 2019, which included information that the wholly owned Amazon subsidiary that intended to deploy the satellite constellation was Kuiper Systems LLC, based in Seattle, Washington. The Kuiper System will consist of 3,236 satellites operating in 98 orbital planes in three orbital shells, one each at 590 kilometers (370 mi), Template:Cvt, and Template:Cvt orbital altitude. The Kuiper System includes high-performance satellites, terrestrial gateways, internetworking technologies, and a range of customer terminals."

In December 2019, information became public that Amazon is asking the FCC to waive requirements that SpaceX and OneWeb had to follow in order to get their large satellite internet constellations licensed. The FCC has not yet ruled on the request.

The president of Kuiper Systems is Rajeev Badyal, a former vice president of SpaceX's Starlink satellite internet constellation. During 2020 the Kuiper team will move to a larger R&D facility in Redmond, Washington.

### Lab126

*Main article: Amazon Lab126*
Lab126, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the Kindle, became a subsidiary in 2004.

### Ring

*Main article: Ring (company)*
Ring is a home automation company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its WiFi powered smart doorbells, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for $1 billion USD in 2018.

### Shelfari

Shelfari was a social cataloging website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, tag and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008. Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with Goodreads and closing down Shelfari.

### Souq

*Main article: Souq.com*
Souq.com is the largest E-Commerce platform in the Middle East based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. On March 28, 2017, Amazon confirmed it would be acquiring Souq.com for $580 million. Souq.com is now a subsidiary of Amazon, and acts as Amazon's arm into the Middle East region.

### Twitch

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Twitch is a live streaming platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. The service was first established as a spin-off of a general-interest streaming service known as Justin.tv. Its prominence was eclipsed by that of Twitch, and Justin.tv was eventually shut down by its parent company in August 2014 in order to focus exclusively on Twitch. Later that month, Twitch was acquired by Amazon for $970 million. Through Twitch, Amazon also owns Curse, Inc., an operator of video gaming communities and a provider of VoIP services for gaming. Since the acquisition, Twitch began to sell games directly through the platform, and began offering special features for Amazon Prime subscribers.

The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major esports competitions on the service, leading GameSpot senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the ESPN of esports". As of 2015[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.

### Whole Foods Market

 File:Whole Foods Market Cranbrook Village Ann Arbor Michigan.JPG
Whole Foods Market is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.

On August 23, 2017, it was reported that the Federal Trade Commission approved the merger between Amazon.com and Whole Foods Market. The following day it was announced that the deal would be closed on August 28, 2017.

## Supply chain

Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and New Castle, Delaware. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of crossdock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees. Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress.

Lauwin-Planque - Lauwin-Park (02).JPGAmazon.fr fulfillment center LIL1 in Lauwin-Planque, France.Amazon España por dentro (San Fernando de Henares).JPGAmazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, SpainAmazon warehouse Glenrothes.jpgAmazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, ScotlandAmazon.de 1204 - panoramio.jpgAmazon.de fulfillment center in GermanyAmazonIchikawaFC (78316917).jpgAmazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, JapanAmazon fulfillment center, Macon.jpgAmazon fulfillment center in Macon, Georgia, United States
## Website

* English
* French
* German
* Spanish
* Italian
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Portuguese
* Dutch
 List of languages* Arabic
* English
* French
* German
* Spanish
* Italian
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Portuguese
* Dutch

The domain *amazon.com* attracted at least 615 million visitors annually by 2008. Amazon attracts over 130 million customers to its US website per month by the start of 2016. The company has also invested heavily on a massive amount of server capacity for its website, especially to handle the excessive traffic during the December Christmas holiday season.

Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.

Amazon's localized storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by top-level domain and country code:

### Reviews

*See also: Criticism of Amazon#Amazon reviews*
Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicate the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicate that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. Customers may comment or vote on the reviews, indicating whether they found a review helpful to them. If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.

When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach ... we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly ... to let truth loose".

There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by public relations companies on behalf of their clients and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.

### Content search

"Search Inside the Book" is a feature which allows customers to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the catalog. The feature started with 120,000 titles (or 33 million pages of text) on October 23, 2003. There are about 300,000 books in the program. Amazon has cooperated with around 130 publishers to allow users to perform these searches.Template:Citation needed

To avoid copyright violations, Amazon does not return the computer-readable text of the book. Instead, it returns a picture of the matching page, instructs the web browser to disable printing and puts limits on the number of pages in a book a single user can access. Additionally, customers can purchase online access to some of the same books via the "Amazon Upgrade" program.Template:Citation needed

### Third-party sellers

Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon. Associates receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs. In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after Google Ads. It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission. Amazon reported over 1.3 million sellers sold products through Amazon's websites in 2007. Unlike eBay, Amazon sellers do not have to maintain separate payment accounts; all payments are handled by Amazon.Template:Citation needed

Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the Amazon Web Services (AWS) XML service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched (rumored to be internally called "Project Genesis") to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history. In 2019, Amazon launched a bigger local online store in Singapore to expand its product selection in the face of intensifying competition with competitors in the region.

In July 2019 the 3rd U.S. City Court of Appeals in Philadelphia ruled that Amazon can be held accountable for faulty third-party sales. The decision ran counter to a past lower court ruling that had favoured Amazon. Heather Oberdorf had sued the company in 2016 over a dog leash that snapped, causing permanent loss of vision in one eye. If upheld, the decision would expose Amazon and similar platform businesses to strict liability lawsuits for defective products, which represents a major change in the law. The panel sent the case back to the lower court, to decide whether the leash was actually defective.

## Amazon sales rank

The Amazon sales rank (ASR) provides an indication of the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon. While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists. Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales. For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release point of sale data via the Nielsen BookScan service to verified authors. While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR, though Amazon states:

> Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources
>
>

## Multi-level sales strategy

Amazon employs a multi-level e-commerce strategy. Amazon started by focusing on business-to-consumer relationships between itself and its customers and business-to-business relationships between itself and its suppliers and then moved to facilitate customer-to-customer with the Amazon marketplace which acts as an intermediary to facilitate transactions. The company lets anyone sell nearly anything using its platform. In addition to an affiliate program that lets anyone post Amazon links and earn a commission on click-through sales, there is now a program which lets those affiliates build entire websites based on Amazon's platform.

Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their own websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.

Amazon also employs the use of drop shippers or meta sellers. These are members or entities that advertise goods on Amazon who order these goods direct from other competing websites but usually from other Amazon members. These meta sellers may have millions of products listed, have large transaction numbers and are grouped alongside other less prolific members giving them credibility as just someone who has been in business for a long time. Markup is anywhere from 50% to 100% and sometimes more, these sellers maintain that items are in stock when the opposite is true. As Amazon increases their dominance in the marketplace these drop shippers have become more and more commonplace in recent years.Template:Citation needed

In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical Amazon Books store in University Village in Seattle. The store is 5,500 square feet and prices for all products match those on its website. Amazon will open its tenth physical book store in 2017; media speculation suggests Amazon plans to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.

Amazon plans to open brick and mortar bookstores in Germany.

## Finances

Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products. As of 2018[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, Amazon.com is ranked 8th on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.

For the fiscal year 2018, Amazon reported earnings of US$10.07 billion, with an annual revenue of US$232.887 billion, an increase of 30.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 232.887 billion, thanks to continued business expansion.

Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results. Amazon's total employees now number 798,000.

## Controversies

*Main article: Criticism of Amazon*
Since its founding, the company has attracted criticism and controversy for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools; forming cloud computing partnerships with the CIA; leading customers away from bookshops; adversely impacting the environment; placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers; actively opposing unionization efforts; remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its 1-Click technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and price discrimination; and reclassifying LGBT books as adult content. Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the WikiLeaks website, works containing libel and material facilitating dogfight, cockfight, or pedophile activities. In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon. Companies like Groupon, eBay and Taap.it countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products. The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to Brad Stone, "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle." In July 2014, the Federal Trade Commission launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent. In 2019, Amazon banned selling skin-lightening and racist products that might effect the consumer health.

### Environmental impact

In 2018, Amazon's emitted 44,4 million metric tons of CO2.

In September 2019, Amazon workers organized a walk-out as part of the Global Climate Strike. An internal group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice said over 1,800 employees in 25 cities and 14 countries committed to participating in the action to protest Amazon's environmental impact and inaction to climate change. This group of workers petitioned Jeff Bezos and Amazon with three specific demands: to stop donating to politicians and lobbyists that deny climate change, to stop working with fossil fuel companies to accelerate oil and gas extraction, and to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2030.

Amazon has introduced the Shipment Zero program, however Shipment Zero has only committed to reducing 50% of its shipments to net zero by 2030. Also, even that 50% does not necessarily mean a decrease in emissions compared to current levels because Amazon’s rate of growth needs to be taken into account.

That said, Amazon's CEO has also signed the Climate Pledge, in which Amazon would meet the Paris climate agreement goals 10 year ahead of schedule, and would be carbon-neutral by 2040. Besides this pledge, it also ordered 100 000 electric delivery trucks from Rivian.

Amazon funds both climate denial groups including the Competitive Enterprise Institute and politicians denying climate change including Jim Inhofe.

In November 2018, a community action group opposed the construction permit delivered to Goodman Group for the construction of a 160,000 square metres (1,700,000 sq ft) logisitics platform Amazon will operate at Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport. In February 2019, Étienne Tête filed a request on behalf of a second regional community action group asking the administrative court to decide whether the platform served a sufficiently important public interest to justify its environmental impact. Construction has been suspended while these matters are decided.

### Selling counterfeit items

On October 16, 2016, Apple filed a trademark infringement case against Mobile Star LLC for selling counterfeit Apple products to Amazon. In the suit, Apple provided evidence that Amazon was selling these counterfeit Apple products and advertising them as genuine. Through purchasing, Apple found that it was able to identify counterfeit products with a success rate of 90%. Amazon was sourcing and selling items without properly determining if they are genuine. Mobile Star LLC settled with Apple for an undisclosed amount on April 27, 2017.

### Sales and use taxes

*Main article: Amazon tax*
Amazon's state sales tax collection policy has changed over the years since it did not collect any sales taxes in its early years. In the U.S., state and local sales taxes are levied by state and local governments, not at the federal level. In most countries where Amazon operates, a sales tax or value added tax is uniform throughout the country, and Amazon is obliged to collect it from all customers. Proponents of forcing Amazon.com to collect sales tax—at least in states where it maintains a physical presence—argue the corporation wields an anticompetitive advantage over storefront businesses forced to collect sales tax.

Many U.S. states in the 21st century have passed online shopping sales tax laws designed to compel Amazon.com and other e-commerce retailers to collect state and local sales taxes from its customers. Amazon.com originally collected sales tax only from five states as of 2011[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, but as of April 2017[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, Amazon collects sales taxes from customers in all 45 states that have a state sales tax and in Washington, D.C.

### Income taxes

Amazon paid no federal income taxes in the U.S. in 2017 and 2018, and actually received tax refunds worth millions of dollars, despite recording several billion dollars in profits each year. CNN reported that Amazon's tax bill was zero because they took advantage of provisions in years when they were losing money that allowed them to offset future taxes on profits, as well as various other tax credits. Amazon was criticized by political figures for not paying federal income taxes.

### Comments by Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders

In early 2018, President Donald Trump repeatedly criticized Amazon's use of the United States Postal Service and its prices for the delivery of packages, stating, "I am right about Amazon costing the United States Post Office massive amounts of money for being their Delivery Boy," Trump tweeted. "Amazon should pay these costs (plus) and not have them bourne [sic] by the American Taxpayer." Amazon's shares fell by 6 percent as a result of Trump's comments. Shepard Smith of Fox News disputed Trump's claims and pointed to evidence that the USPS was offering below-market prices to all customers with no advantage to Amazon. However, analyst Tom Forte pointed to the fact that Amazon's payments to the USPS are not made public and that their contract has a reputation for being "a sweetheart deal".

Throughout the summer of 2018, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders criticized Amazon's wages and working conditions in a series of YouTube videos and media appearances. He also pointed to the fact that Amazon had paid no federal income tax in the previous year. Sanders solicited stories from Amazon warehouse workers who felt exploited by the company. One such story, by James Bloodworth, described the environment as akin to "a low-security prison" and stated that the company's culture used an Orwellian newspeak. These reports cited a finding by New Food Economy that one third of fulfilment center workers in Arizona were on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Responses by Amazon included incentives for employees to tweet positive stories and a statement which called the salary figures used by Sanders "inaccurate and misleading". The statement also charged that it was inappropriate for him to refer to SNAP as "food stamps". On September 5, 2018, Sanders along with Ro Khanna introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act aimed at Amazon and other alleged beneficiaries of corporate welfare such as Walmart, McDonald's and Uber. Among the bill's supporters were Tucker Carlson of Fox News and Matt Taibbi who criticized himself and other journalists for not covering Amazon's contribution to wealth inequality earlier.

On October 2, Amazon announced that its minimum wage for all American employees would be raised to $15 per hour. Sanders congratulated the company for making this decision.

### Working conditions

Former employees, current employees, the media, and politicians have criticized Amazon for poor working conditions at the company. In 2011, it was publicized that workers had to carry out tasks in 100 °F (38 °C) heat at the Breinigsville, Pennsylvania warehouse. As a result of these inhumane conditions, employees became extremely uncomfortable and suffered from dehydration and collapse. Loading-bay doors were not opened to allow in fresh air because of concerns over theft. Amazon's initial response was to pay for an ambulance to sit outside on call to cart away overheated employees. The company eventually installed air conditioning at the warehouse.

Some workers, "pickers", who travel the building with a trolley and a handheld scanner "picking" customer orders can walk up to 15 miles during their workday and if they fall behind on their targets, they can be reprimanded. The handheld scanners give real-time information to the employee on how quickly or slowly they are working; the scanners also serve to allow Team Leads and Area Managers to track the specific locations of employees and how much "idle time" they gain when not working.

In a German television report broadcast in February 2013, journalists Diana Löbl and Peter Onneken conducted a covert investigation at the distribution center of Amazon in the town of Bad Hersfeld in the German state of Hessen. The report highlights the behavior of some of the security guards, themselves being employed by a third party company, who apparently either had a neo-Nazi background or deliberately dressed in neo-Nazi apparel and who were intimidating foreign and temporary female workers at its distribution centers. The third party security company involved was delisted by Amazon as a business contact shortly after that report.

In March 2015, it was reported in *The Verge* that Amazon will be removing non-compete clauses of 18 months in length from its US employment contracts for hourly-paid workers, after criticism that it was acting unreasonably in preventing such employees from finding other work. Even short-term temporary workers have to sign contracts that prohibit them from working at any company where they would "directly or indirectly" support any good or service that competes with those they helped support at Amazon, for 18 months after leaving Amazon, even if they are fired or made redundant.

A 2015 front-page article in *The New York Times* profiled several former Amazon employees who together described a "bruising" workplace culture in which workers with illness or other personal crises were pushed out or unfairly evaluated. Bezos responded by writing a Sunday memo to employees, in which he disputed the *Times*'s account of "shockingly callous management practices" that he said would never be tolerated at the company.

In an effort to boost employee morale, on November 2, 2015, Amazon announced that it would be extending six weeks of paid leave for new mothers and fathers. This change includes birth parents and adoptive parents and can be applied in conjunction with existing maternity leave and medical leave for new mothers.

In mid-2018, investigations by journalists and media outlets such as *The Guardian* reported poor working conditions at Amazon's fulfillment centers. Later in 2018, another article exposed poor working conditions for Amazon's delivery drivers.

In response to criticism that Amazon does not pay its workers a livable wage, Jeff Bezos announced beginning November 1, 2018, all US and UK Amazon employees will earn a $15 an hour minimum wage. Amazon will also lobby to make $15 an hour the federal minimum wage. At the same time, Amazon also eliminated stock awards and bonuses for hourly employees.

On Black Friday 2018, Amazon warehouse workers in several European countries, including Italy, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, went on strike to protest inhumane working conditions and low pay.

*The Daily Beast* reported in March 2019 that emergency services responded to 189 calls from 46 Amazon warehouses in 17 states between the years 2013 and 2018, all relating to suicidal employees. The workers attributed their mental breakdowns to employer-imposed social isolation, aggressive surveillance, and the hurried and dangerous working conditions at these fulfillment centers. One former employee told *The Daily Beast* "It's this isolating colony of hell where people having breakdowns is a regular occurrence."

On July 15, 2019, during the onset of Amazon's "Prime Day" sale event, Amazon employees working in the United States and Germany went on strike in protest of unfair wages and poor working conditions.

### Conflict of interest with the CIA and DOD

In 2013, Amazon secured a Template:USD contract with the CIA, which poses a potential conflict of interest involving the Bezos-owned *The Washington Post* and his newspaper's coverage of the CIA. Kate Martin, director of the Center for National Security Studies, said, "It's a serious potential conflict of interest for a major newspaper like *The Washington Post* to have a contractual relationship with the government and the most secret part of the government." This was later followed by a Template:USD contract with the Department of Defence.

### Seattle head tax and houselessness services

In May 2018, Amazon threatened the Seattle City Council over an employee head tax proposal that would have funded houselessness services and low-income housing. The tax would have cost Amazon about $800 per employee, or 0.7% of their average salary. In retaliation, Amazon paused construction on a new building, threatened to limit further investment in the city, and funded a repeal campaign. Although originally passed, the measure was soon repealed after an expensive repeal campaign spearheaded by Amazon.

### Nashville Operations Center of Excellence

The incentives given by the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County to Amazon for their new Operations Center of Excellence in Nashville Yards, a site owned by developer Southwest Value Partners, have been controversial, including the decision by the Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development to keep the full extent of the agreement secret. The incentives include "$102 million in combined grants and tax credits for a scaled-down Amazon office building" as well as "a $65 million cash grant for capital expenditures" in exchange for the creation of 5,000 jobs over seven years.

The Tennessee Coalition for Open Government called for more transparency. Another local organization known as the People's Alliance for Transit, Housing, and Employment (PATHE) suggested no public money should be given to Amazon; instead, it should be spent on building more public housing for the working poor and the homeless and investing in more public transportation for Nashvillians. Others suggested incentives to big corporations do not improve the local economy.

In November 2018, the proposal to give Amazon $15 million in incentives was criticized by the Nashville Firefighters Union and the Nashville chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police, who called it "corporate welfare." In February 2019, another $15.2 million in infrastructure was approved by the council, although it was voted down by three council members, including Councilwoman Angie Henderson who dismissed it as "cronyism".

### Facial recognition technology and law enforcement

While Amazon has publicly opposed secret government surveillance, as revealed by Freedom of Information Act requests it has supplied facial recognition support to law enforcement in the form of the Rekognition technology and consulting services. Initial testing included the city of Orlando, Florida, and Washington County, Oregon. Amazon offered to connect Washington County with other Amazon government customers interested in Rekognition and a body camera manufacturer. These ventures are opposed by a coalition of civil rights groups with concern that they could lead to an expansion of surveillance and be prone to abuse. Specifically, it could automate the identification and tracking of anyone, particularly in the context of potential police body camera integration. Because of the backlash, the city of Orlando publicly stated it will no longer use the technology, but may revisit this decision at a later date.

### Access to NHS data

The UK government awarded Amazon a contract that gives the company free access to healthcare information collected by the UK's National Health Service. This will let people have their medical questions answered by Amazon's Alexa. The material, which excludes patient data, could also allow the company to make, advertise and sell its own products. The contract allows Amazon access to information on symptoms, causes and definitions of conditions, and “all related copyrightable content and data and other materials”. Amazon can then create “new products, applications, cloud-based services and/or distributed software”, which the NHS will not benefit from financially. The company can also share the information with third parties. The government said that allowing Alexa devices to offer expert health advice to users will reduce pressure on doctors and pharmacists.

### Collection of data and surveillance

17 February 2020 a Panorama documentary highlighted the amount of data collected by the company and the move into surveillance causing concerns of politicians and regulators in the US and Europe.

## Lobbying

Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and data protection and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the United States Congress, the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Reserve. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Amazon.com was a corporate member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.

In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the Federal Aviation Administration to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld lobbying firm in June. Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.

In 2019 it  spent $16.8m and had a team of 104 lobbyists, up from $14.4m and 103 lobbyists in 2018.

## See also

Template:Portal

* Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award
* Amazon Flexible Payments Service
* Amazon Marketplace
* Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN)
* Camelcamelcamel – a website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com
* List of book distributors
* Internal carbon pricing
* Statistically improbable phrases – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books

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113. ↑ "Amazon can be held liable for third-party seller products: U.S. appeals court". 3 July 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-liability/amazon-can-be-held-liable-for-third-party-seller-products-u-s-appeals-court-idUSKCN1TY2HM.
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116. ↑ "Amazon.com Author Central". https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/help?topicID=200580390. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
117. ↑ "Amazon Sales Estimator". Jungle Scout. May 15, 2017. http://www.junglescout.com/estimator/.
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122. ↑ Rey, Jason Del (March 8, 2017). "Amazon just confirmed its 10th book store, signaling this is way more than an experiment". https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14850324/amazon-books-store-bellevue-mall-expansion.
123. ↑ "Einzelhandel: Amazon plant Offline-Filialen in Deutschland". Retrieved on June 4, 2018.
124. ↑ "SWOT Analysis Amazon". Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111203164606/http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
125. ↑ "Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List" (in en-US). http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/.
126. ↑ "Amazon: annual revenue 2017" (in en). https://www.statista.com/statistics/266282/annual-net-revenue-of-amazoncom/.
127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Streitfeld, David (January 30, 2020). "Amazon Powers Ahead With Robust Profit" (in en-US). *The New York Times*. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html/.
128. ↑ "2007 Annual Report". https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146.
129. ↑ "2008 Annual Report". https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7.
130. ↑ "2009 Annual Report". https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41.
131. ↑ "2010 Annual Report". https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478.
132. ↑ "2011 Annual Report". https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1.
133. ↑ "2012 Annual Report". https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4.
134. ↑ "2013 Annual Report". https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487.
135. ↑ Neate, Rupert (January 29, 2015). "Amazon reports $89bn in sales last year as shares jump 11% after hours" (in en).
136. ↑ Roettgers, Janko (January 28, 2016). "Amazon Clocks $107 Billion In Revenue In 2015" (in en-US).
137. ↑ "Amazon sales hit $136B in 2016; dollar hurts overseas business" (in en-US), *The Seattle Times* (February 2, 2017).
138. ↑ "Amazon 2017 sales jump by nearly a third" (in en-GB), *BBC News* (February 1, 2018).
139. ↑ "2018 Annual Report". http://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ\_AMZN\_2018.pdf.
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144. ↑ "Why Amazon Really Raised Its Minimum Wage to $15", *Wired* (2 October 2018).
145. ↑ Slatterly, Brennon. "Amazon 'Glitch' Yanks Sales Rank of Hundreds of LGBT Books". *PC World*. http://www.pcworld.com/article/162996/amazon\_glitch\_yanks\_sales\_rank\_of\_hundreds\_of\_lgbt\_books.html. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
146. ↑ Armstrong, Paul (November 28, 2000). "Amazon: 'Glitch' caused gay censorship error", CNN. Retrieved on July 28, 2012. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
147. ↑ Raice, Shayndi (December 20, 2011). "Groupon Launches Anti-Amazon Promotion of Sorts" (in en-US). https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/12/20/groupon-launches-anti-amazon-promotion-of-sorts/.
148. ↑ "Focus on Mobile Commerce – While some still cry, others fight back". *Internet Retailer*. http://www.internetretailer.com/commentary/2011/12/22/while-some-still-cry-others-fight-back. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
149. ↑ "What can retailers learn from Amazon, Groupon and eBay? – Mobile Commerce Daily – Multichannel retail support". *Mobile Commerce Daily*. December 20, 2011. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120207203932/http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
150. ↑ "Complaint, Federal Trade Commission v. Amazon.com, Inc.". PacerMonitor. https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/FGNCSIQ/Federal\_Trade\_Commission\_v\_Amazoncom\_Inc\_\_wawdce-14-01038\_\_0001.0.pdf. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
151. ↑ "Amazon pulls "racist" skin-lightening products" (in en-US). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-skin-lightening-products-with-high-mercury-levels/.
152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Jeff Bezos commits $10 billion to address climate change
153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 Business, Ahiza Garcia, CNN. "Amazon workers walk out to protest climate change inaction". https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/20/tech/amazon-climate-strike-global-tech/index.html.
154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 Ghaffary, Shirin (2019-09-20). "Here's why the Amazon climate walkout is a big deal" (in en). https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/20/20874497/amazon-climate-change-walkout-google-microsoft-strike-tech-activism.
155. ↑ Amazon Employees for Climate Justice (2019-09-09). "Amazon employees are joining the Global Climate Walkout, 9/20" (in en). https://medium.com/@amazonemployeesclimatejustice/amazon-employees-are-joining-the-global-climate-walkout-9-20-9bfa4cbb1ce3.
156. ↑ Matsakis, Louise (September 9, 2019). "Amazon Employees Will Walk Out Over Climate Change Inaction" (in en), *Wired*.
157. ↑ Amazon employees are joining the Global Climate Walkout, 9/20
158. ↑ Root, Tik (2019-07-10). "Following the Money That Undermines Climate Science" (in en-US), *The New York Times*.
159. ↑ Legum, Judd. "These corporations are quietly bankrolling Congress' top climate denier". https://popular.info/p/these-corporations-are-quietly-bankrolling.
160. ↑ "Apple Sues Mobile Star for Selling Counterfeit Power Adapters and Charging Cables through Amazon". http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2016/10/apple-sues-mobile-star-for-selling-counterfeit-power-adapters-and-charging-cables-through-amazon.html.
161. ↑ Milchen, Jeff (April 28, 2011). "To Help Main Street, Close the Internet Sales Tax Loophole". Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160315102652/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/apr2011/sb20110428\_074924.htm. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
162. ↑ "Amazon will start collecting sales tax nationwide starting April 1st". https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/24/15055662/amazon-us-sales-tax-collection-all-states. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
163. ↑ Isidore, Chris (February 15, 2019). "Despite record profits, Amazon didn't pay any federal income tax in 2017 or 2018. Here's why". https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/15/tech/amazon-federal-income-tax/index.html.
164. ↑ Amazon riled up the left for not paying federal taxes — and it’s in a position to offset future profits, too (MarketWatch)
165. ↑ Franck, Thomas (April 3, 2018). "Amazon shares turn negative after Trump bashes company for a fourth time in a week", *CNBC*.
166. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Amazon shares fall 6 percent as Trump renews attack" (in en-US), *U.S.*.
167. ↑ Manchester, Julia. "Fox's Shep Smith fact-checks Trump's Amazon claims: 'None of that was true'" (in en-US), *The Hill*.
168. ↑ Wohlfeil, Samantha (September 6, 2018). "Workers describe pressures at Amazon warehouses as Bernie Sanders gears up to make the corporation pay". Inlander. https://www.inlander.com/spokane/workers-describe-pressures-at-amazon-warehouses-as-sen-bernie-sanders-gears-up-to-make-the-corporation-pay/Content?oid=12226281. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 Matsakis, Louise (September 6, 2018). "Bernie Sanders and the Truth About Amazon, Food Stamps, and Tax Breaks", *Wired*.
170. ↑ Bloodworth, James (September 17, 2018). "I worked in an Amazon warehouse. Bernie Sanders is right to target them". Retrieved on September 22, 2018.
171. ↑ Robertson, Adi (September 5, 2018). "Bernie Sanders introduces "Stop BEZOS" bill to tax Amazon for underpaying workers". https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/5/17819450/bernie-sanders-stop-bezos-amazon-worker-pay-corporate-welfare-tax-bill. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
172. ↑ Gibson, Kate (September 5, 2018). "Bernie Sanders targets Amazon, Walmart with 100% tax". CBS. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-amazon-walmart-with-100-tax/. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
173. ↑ Delaney, Arthur (August 31, 2018). "Why Bernie Sanders and Tucker Carlson agree on food stamps", *The Huffington Post*. Retrieved on September 14, 2018.
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176. ↑ An Amazonian's response to "Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace" August 16, 2015
177. ↑ Amazon under fire for staffing practices in Randstad contract|Business intelligence for recruitment and resourcing professionals Template:Webarchive. Recruiter.co.uk (August 2, 2013). Retrieved on August 16, 2013.
178. ↑ Edwards, Jim (August 5, 2013). "Brutal Conditions In Amazon's Warehouse's Threaten To Ruin The Company's Image". *Business Insider*. http://www.businessinsider.com/brutal-conditions-in-amazons-warehouses-2013-8. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
179. ↑ 179.0 179.1 "Inside Amazon's Warehouse", *The Morning Call* (September 18, 2011). Retrieved on March 15, 2018.
180. ↑ "Amazon gets heat over warehouse", *Morning Call* (September 25, 2011). Retrieved on March 15, 2018.
181. ↑ Yarrow, Jay; Kovach, Steve (September 20, 2011). "10 Crazy Rules That Could Get You Fired From Amazon Warehouses". *Business Insider*. http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-warehouse-rules-2011-9. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
182. ↑ O'Connor, Sarah (February 8, 2013). "Amazon unpacked". *Financial Times*. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/ed6a985c-70bd-11e2-85d0-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
183. ↑ "Kritik an Arbeitsbedingungen bei Amazon". tagesschau.de. https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/amazon136.html. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
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185. ↑ Paterson, Tony (February 14, 2013). "Amazon 'used neo-Nazi guards to keep immigrant workforce under control' in Germany – Europe – World", *The Independent* (London). Retrieved on February 20, 2013.
186. ↑ "Amazon to investigate reports temporary staff in Germany were mistreated". http://globalnews.ca/news/392864/amazon-to-investigate-reports-temporary-staff-in-germany-were-mistreated/. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
187. ↑ "Exclusive: Amazon makes even temporary warehouse workers sign 18-month non-competes", *The Verge* (March 26, 2015). Retrieved on March 28, 2015.
188. ↑ "Amazon to remove non-compete clause from contracts for hourly workers", *The Guardian* (March 27, 2015). Retrieved on March 28, 2015.
189. ↑ Kantor, Jodi (August 15, 2015). "Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace" (in en-US), *The New York Times*.
190. ↑ Cook, John (November 8, 2017). "Full memo: Jeff Bezos responds to brutal NYT story, says it doesn't represent the Amazon he leads" (in en-US), *GeekWire*.
191. ↑ "Amazon increases paid leave for new parents". November 2, 2015. http://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/amazon-increases-paid-leave-for-new-parents/. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
192. ↑ Picchi, Aimee (April 19, 2018). "Inside an Amazon warehouse: "Treating human beings as robots"", *CBS MoneyWatch*.
193. ↑ Sainato, Michael (July 30, 2018). "Accidents at Amazon: workers left to suffer after warehouse injuries", *The Guardian*.
194. ↑ Peterson, Hayley (September 11, 2018). "Missing wages, grueling shifts, and bottles of urine: The disturbing accounts of Amazon delivery drivers may reveal the true human cost of 'free' shipping". https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-delivery-drivers-reveal-claims-of-disturbing-work-conditions-2018-8.
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196. ↑ Partington, Richard (October 2, 2018). "Amazon raises minimum wage for US and UK employees". https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-us-uk-employees. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
197. ↑ Soper, Spencer (October 3, 2018). "Amazon Warehouse Workers Lose Bonuses, Stock Awards for Raises".
198. ↑ Hamilton, Isobel Asher (November 23, 2018). "'We are not robots': Thousands of Amazon workers across Europe are striking on Black Friday over warehouse working conditions", *Business Insider*.
199. ↑ "'Colony of Hell': 911 Calls From Inside Amazon Warehouses", *The Daily Beast* (March 11, 2019).
200. ↑ Chen, Michelle (July 16, 2019). "Amazon Prime Day deals aren't worth the moral cost of exploiting their workers", *NBC News*.
201. ↑ Business, Amy Woodyatt and Barbara Wojazer, CNN. "Amazon workers go on strike in Germany as Prime Day begins". https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/business/german-amazon-workers-strike-prime-day-scli-intl/index.html.
202. ↑ "The CIA, Amazon, Bezos and the Washington Post : An Exchange with Executive Editor Martin Baron". *The Huffington Post*. January 8, 2014.
203. ↑ Streitfeld, David (August 17, 2013). "Expecting the Unexpected From Jeff Bezos" (in en-US), *The New York Times*.
204. ↑ "Amazon puts high-profile Seattle plans on ice over proposal to tax large employers" (in en-US), *The Seattle Times* (May 2, 2018).
205. ↑ "'Show of force': Business-backed opponents of Seattle head tax outspent supporters 2 to 1" (in en-US), *The Seattle Times* (July 13, 2018).
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207. ↑ "Will Amazon be Naughty or Nice?", *Tennessee Tribune* (December 13, 2018). Retrieved on December 21, 2018. "PATHE does not want Metro to give Amazon a dime. They want the city to build at least 5,000 more affordable homes to address the “Amazon effect” on the local housing market. And they want a new transit referendum that focuses on the needs of working people and better public bus service."
208. ↑ "Did Tennessee taxpayers get a good deal with $102M Amazon payment?", *The Tennessean* (November 19, 2018). Retrieved on February 11, 2019.
209. ↑ "Metro employees feel 'left behind' after no pay raise", *News Channel 5* (November 29, 2018). Retrieved on December 12, 2018.
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212. ↑ "Yes, Amazon is tracking people".
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214. ↑ "Orlando Stops Using Amazon's Face-Scanning Tech Amid Spying Concerns" (in en-USA) (June 26, 2018).
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217. ↑ BBC iPlayer - Panorama - Amazon: What They Know About Us
218. ↑ Amazon: How Bezos built his data machine
219. ↑ "Amazon's Lobbying Expenditures".
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222. ↑ Kang, Cecilia (December 27, 2015). "F.A.A. Drone Laws Start to Clash With Stricter Local Rules" (in en-US), *The New York Times*.
223. ↑ "Client Profile: Amazon.com". https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2019&id=D000023883.

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