Canada

Country in North AmericaTemplate:SHORTDESC:Country in North America

Coordinates: 60°N 95°W﻿ / ﻿60°N 95°W﻿ / 60; -95

Fatal error: The format of the coordinate could not be determined. Parsing failed.

**Canada** (French: [kanadɑ]) is a country located in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra. Consequently, its population is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

Various indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Beginning in the 16th century, the British and French established colonies, the first being the colony of Canada established by France in 1535. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, British North America gained and lost territory until, by the late 18th century, it controlled most of what comprises Canada today. On July 1, 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were federated to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion named Canada. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming contemporary Canada. Canada achieved independence gradually beginning with responsible government in the 1830s and culminating with the patriation of the Constitution in 1982. In 1931, Canada achieved near-total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster, except for the power to amend its constitution.

Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the tenth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

Canada is a developed country and has the fifteenth-highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the tenth-highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie, and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the G7 (formerly G8), the Group of Ten, the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

## Etymology

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of *Canada*, the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word *kanata*, meaning "village" or "settlement". In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona. Cartier later used the word *Canada* to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as *Canada*.

From the 16th to the early 18th century "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named the Canadas; until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, *Canada* was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference, and the word *Dominion* was conferred as the country's title. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the *Canada Act*, which refers only to *Canada*. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day. The term *Dominion* is also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though after the Second World War the term *federal* had replaced *dominion*.

## History

### Indigenous peoples

 File:Langs N.Amer.png
Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis, the last being a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. The term "Aboriginal" as a collective noun is a specific term of art used in some legal documents, including the Constitution Act 1982.

The first inhabitants of North America are generally hypothesized to have migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 14,000 years ago. The Paleo-Indian archaeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Canadian indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.

The indigenous population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. As a consequence of European colonization, the population of Canada's indigenous peoples declined by forty to eighty percent, and several First Nations, such as the Beothuk, disappeared. The decline is attributed to several causes, including the transfer of European diseases, such as influenza, measles, and smallpox to which they had no natural immunity, conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency.

Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in the exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade. The Crown and indigenous peoples began interactions during the European colonization period, though the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers. However, from the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged indigenous peoples to assimilate into their own culture. These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration and relocations. A period of redress is underway, which started with the appointment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada by the Government of Canada in 2008.

### European colonization

The first known attempt at European colonization began when Norsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD. No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in the name of King Henry VII of England. Then Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I. In general the settlements appear to have been short-lived, possibly due to the similarity of outputs producible in Scandinavia and northern Canada and the problems of navigating trade routes at that time.

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English colony. French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). Among the colonists of New France, *Canadiens* extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.

 File:Benjamin West 005.jpg
The English established additional settlements in Newfoundland, beginning in 1610 and the Thirteen Colonies to the south were founded soon after. A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War. Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the *Quebec Act* of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time that the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies. The *Proclamation* and the *Quebec Act* in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution.

After the successful American War of Independence, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the newly formed United States and set the terms of peace, ceding British North American territories south of the Great Lakes to the new country. The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of Loyalists the settlers who had fought against American independence. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. New Brunswick was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes which led to the incorporation of Saint John, New Brunswick to become Canada's first city. To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the *Constitutional Act* of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.

The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815–50. New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic-speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.

The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The *Act of Union* merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). In 1867, the same year as Canadian Confederation, Britain declined to purchase for Canada the Alaska territory that was to that point tenuously held by Russia. With the United States purchasing Alaska instead, clearly demarcated borders for Canada, although there would continue to be some disputes about the exact demarcation of the Alaska-Yukon and Alaska-BC border for years to come.

### Confederation and expansion

 File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif
Following several constitutional conferences, the *Constitution Act* officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.

To open the West to European immigration, parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway), opening the prairies to settlement with the *Dominion Lands Act*, and establishing the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory. In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, parliament created the Yukon Territory. Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.

### Early 20th century

 File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the Constitution Act, 1867, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps, which played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war. Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when the Unionist Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with conscription was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain, and the 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.

 File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg
The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s. On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939, by King George VI, seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada's independence.

The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. In all, over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during World War II and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded. Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, the Allied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944. Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany.

The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union. Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec in 1944, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.

### Contemporary era

 File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg
The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a crown colony ruled by a British governor. After two bitter referendums, Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.

Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the Maple Leaf Flag in 1965, the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969, and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971. Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.

Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the *Canada Act*, the patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, although the Queen retained her role as monarch of Canada. In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.

At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a secular nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970 and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990. This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West. A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.

In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students; and the Oka Crisis of 1990, the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and indigenous groups. Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including the UNPROFOR mission in the former Yugoslavia.

Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to join the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan Civil War, and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.

## Geography and climate

 File:Canada Köppen.svg
Canada occupies much of the continent of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south, and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. Greenland is to the northeast and to the southeast Canada shares a maritime boundary with the Republic of France's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the last vestige of New France. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, however, Canada ranks fourth, the difference being due to it having the world's largest proportion of fresh water lakes. Of Canada's thirteen provinces and territories, only two are landlocked (Alberta and Saskatchewan) while the other eleven all directly border one of three oceans.

Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole. Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 243,042 kilometres (151,019 mi); additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi). Three of Canada's arctic islands, Baffin Island, Victoria Island and Ellesmere Island, are among the ten largest in the world.

Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield. Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 greater than 100 km2 (39 sq mi)—which is more than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.
There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains.

 File:MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg
Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.

Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).

## Government and politics

<templatestyles src="Multiple\_image/styles.css" />

-nanpx-nanpx-nanpx
Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The Canadian monarchy is a separate legal institution from the monarchy of the United Kingdom, though the two offices are held by the same individual. The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also monarch of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's 10 provinces. As such, the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (at present Julie Payette), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.

The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited. In practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons of Canada and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (at present Justin Trudeau), the head of government. The governor general or monarch may, though, in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.

 File:Canadian parliament MAM.JPG
Each of the 338 members of parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, either on the advice of the prime minister or if the government loses a confidence vote in the House. Constitutionally, an election may be held no more than five years after the preceding election, although the Canada Elections Act limits this to four years with a fixed election date in October. The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75. Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2015 election: the Liberal Party of Canada who currently form the government, the Conservative Party of Canada who are the Official Opposition, the New Democratic Party, the Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party of Canada.

 File:Cansenate.jpg
Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons. Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces. The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.

The Bank of Canada is the central bank of the country. In addition, the Minister of Finance and Minister of Industry utilize the Statistics Canada agency for financial planning and economic policy development. The Bank of Canada is the sole authority authorized to issue currency in the form of Canadian bank notes. The bank does not issue Canadian coins; they are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint.

### Law

The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to the UK, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government—though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.

 File:Medal-Viki.jpg
The Indian Act, various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and native peoples. Most notably, a series of eleven treaties known as the Numbered Treaties were signed between the indigenous and the reigning Monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921. These treaties are agreements with the Canadian Crown-in-Council, administered by Canadian Aboriginal law, and overseen by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Development. The role of the treaties and the rights they support were reaffirmed by Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982. These rights may include provision of services, such as health care, and exemption from taxation. The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.

 File:Ottawa - ON - Oberster Gerichtshof von Kanada.jpg
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since December 18, 2017 by Chief Justice Richard Wagner. Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions.

Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces. However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

### Foreign relations and military

 File:Public Domain Image of Canadian UN delegation.jpg
Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions. Canada's foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security is carried out through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions. Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its global image. The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises.

Canada was a founding member of the United Nations and has membership in the World Trade Organization, the G20 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Canada is also a member of various other international and regional organizations and forums for economic and cultural affairs. Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976. Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in 2000 and the 3rd Summit of the Americas in 2001. Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).

 File:President Donald Trump and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Joint Press Conference, February 13, 2017.jpg
Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner. Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba, and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie. Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.

Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.

During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989, and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair.

 File:GuardKandahar.jpg
In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force. In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them. In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.

The nation employs a professional, volunteer military force of approximately 79,000 active personnel and 32,250 reserve personnel. The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force. In 2013, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately C$19 billion, or around 1% of the country's GDP. Following the 2016 Defence Policy Review, the Canadian government announced a 70% increase to the country's defence budget over the next decade. The Canadian Forces will acquire 88 fighter planes and 15 naval surface combatants, the latter as part of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy. Canada's total military expenditure is expected to reach C$32.7 billion by 2027.

### Provinces and territories

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (*Eastern Canada* refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as health care, education, and welfare. Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.

**Clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals**
Error: Image is invalid or non-existent.

## Economy

Canada is the world's tenth-largest economy as of 2016[update], with a nominal GDP of approximately US$1.52 trillion. It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Group of Eight (G8), and is one of the world's top ten trading nations, with a highly globalized economy. Canada is a mixed economy, ranking above the US and most western European nations on The Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom, and experiencing a relatively low level of income disparity. The country's average household disposable income per capita is over US$23,900, higher than the OECD average. Furthermore, the Toronto Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization, listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$2 trillion as of 2015[update].

 File:What did Canada export in 2014.png
In 2014, Canada's exports totalled over C$528 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $524 billion, of which approximately $351 billion originated from the United States, $49 billion from the European Union, and $35 billion from China. The country's 2014 trade surplus totalled C$5.1 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.

Since the early 20th century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one. Like many other developed countries, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce. However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector, in which the forestry and petroleum industries are two of the most prominent components.

Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy. Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The vastness of the Athabasca oil sands and other assets results in Canada having a 13% share of global oil reserves, comprising the world's third-largest share after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, canola, and other grains. Canada's Ministry of Natural Resources provides statistics regarding its major exports; the country is a leading exporter of zinc, uranium, gold, nickel, aluminum, steel, iron ore, coking coal and lead. Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries.

Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA). In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to Investment Canada, to encourage foreign investment. The Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994.

### Science and technology

 File:STS-116 Payload (NASA S116-E-05364).jpg
In 2015, Canada spent approximately C$31.6 billion on domestic research and development, of which around $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. As of 2015[update], the country has produced thirteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine, and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists. It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms. Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.

The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the Soviet Union and the United States, with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch. Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST. Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961. In 1984, Marc Garneau became Canada's first male astronaut, followed by Canada's second and first female astronaut Roberta Bondar in 1992.

## Demographics

 File:Quebec-Windsor Corridor.svg
The Canada 2016 Census enumerated a total population of 35,151,728, an increase of around 5.0 percent over the 2011 figure. Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase. Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world, driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification. The Canadian public as-well as the major political parties support the current level of immigration. In 2014, a total of 260,400 immigrants were admitted to Canada. The Canadian government anticipated between 280,000 and 305,000 new permanent residents in the following years. a similar number of immigrants as in recent years. New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees, accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.

Canada's population density, at 3.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.6/sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north, and approximately 95% of the population is found south of the 55th parallel north. About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the contiguous United States border. The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. An additional 30 percent live along the British Columbia Lower Mainland, and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.

In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years; by 2011, it had risen to approximately 39.9 years.

As of 2013[update], the average life expectancy for Canadians is 81 years. The majority of Canadians (69.9%) live in family households, 26.8% report living alone, and those living with unrelated persons reported at 3.7%. The average size of a household in 2006 was 2.5 people.

### Education

According to a 2012 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Canada is one of the most educated countries in the world; the country ranks first worldwide in the number of adults having tertiary education, with 51 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree. Canada spends about 5.3% of its GDP on education. The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than 20 000 USD per student). As of 2014[update], 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 75 percent.

Since the adoption of section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982, education in both English and French has been available in most places across Canada. Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education provision. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years, contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent. The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students perform well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, science, and reading.

### Ethnicity

According to the 2016 census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by English (18.3%), Scottish (13.9%), French (13.6%), Irish (13.4%), German (9.6%), Chinese (5.1%), Italian (4.6%), First Nations (4.4%), Indian (4.0%), and Ukrainian (3.9%). There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands, encompassing a total of 1,525,565 people. Canada's indigenous population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed an indigenous identity in 2006. Another 22.3 percent of the population belonged to a non-indigenous visible minority. In 2016, the largest visible minority groups were South Asian (5.6%), Chinese (5.1%) and Black (3.5%). Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent. In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups. Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act, and this is the definition that Statistics Canada also uses.

### Religion

Canada is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs. Canada has no official church, and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism. Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state. With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life, Canada has become a post-Christian, secular state. The majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives, but still believe in God. According to the 2011 census, 67.3% of Canadians identify as Christian; of these, Roman Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 38.7% of the population. Much of the remainder is made up of Protestants, who accounted for approximately 27% in a 2011 survey. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (accounting for 6.1% of Canadians), followed by Anglicans (5.0%), and Baptists (1.9%). Secularization has been growing since the 1960s. In 2011, 23.9% declared no religious affiliation, compared to 16.5% in 2001. The remaining 8.8% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%) and Hinduism (1.5%).

### Languages

 File:Bilinguisme au Canada-fr.svg
A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English and French (the official languages) being the mother tongues of approximately 56% and 21% of Canadians, respectively. As of the 2016 Census, just over 7.3 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (1,227,680 first-language speakers), Punjabi (501,680), Spanish (458,850), Tagalog (431,385), Arabic (419,895), German (384,040), and Italian (375,645). Canada's federal government practices official bilingualism, which is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages in consonance with Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Federal Official Languages Act English and French have equal status in federal courts, parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.

The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec. Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in New Brunswick, Alberta, and Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec. New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.

Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official. There are 11 indigenous language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects. Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term. Several indigenous languages have official status in the Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.

Additionally, Canada is home to many sign languages, some of which are Indigenous. American Sign Language (ASL) is spoken across the country due to the prevalence of ASL in primary and secondary schools. Due to its historical relation to the francophone culture, Quebec Sign Language (LSQ) is spoken primarily in Quebec, although there are sizeable Francophone communities in New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba.

## Culture

 File:Canflagcartoon.jpg
Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a "just society" are constitutionally protected. Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all its people. Multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments, and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many commentators speak of a culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture. However, as a whole, Canada is, in theory, a cultural mosaic—a collection of regional ethnic subcultures.

Canada's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on selective immigration, social integration, and suppression of far-right politics, has wide public support. Government policies such as publicly funded health care, higher taxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing of capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, strict gun control, and the legalization of same-sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values. Canadians also identify with the country's health care institutions, peacekeeping, the National park system and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

 File:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg
Historically, Canada has been influenced by British, French, and indigenous cultures and traditions. Through their language, art and music, Indigenous peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity. During the 20th century, Canadians with African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture. Canadian humour is an integral part of the Canadian identity and is reflected in its folklore, literature, music, art, and media. The primary characteristics of Canadian humour are irony, parody, and satire. Many Canadian comedians have achieved international success in the American TV and film industries and are amongst the most recognized in the world.

Canada has a well-developed media sector, but its cultural output; particularly in English films, television shows, and magazines, is often overshadowed by imports from the United States. As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).

### Symbols

 File:Beaver sculpture, Centre Block.jpg
Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and indigenous sources. The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's current and previous flags, and on the Arms of Canada. The Arms of Canada are closely modelled after the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version. The Great Seal of Canada is a governmental seal used for purposes of state, being set on letters patent, proclamations and commissions, for representatives of the Queen and for the appointment of cabinet ministers, lieutenant governors, senators, and judges. Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada goose, and common loon, the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and more recently the totem pole and Inuksuk. Canadian coins feature many of these symbols: the loon on the $1 coin, the Arms of Canada on the 50¢ piece, the beaver on the nickel. The penny, removed from circulation in 2013, featured the maple leaf. The Queen' s image appears on $20 bank notes, and on the obverse of all current Canadian coins.

### Literature

Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. There are four major themes that can be found within historical Canadian literature; nature, frontier life, Canada's position within the world, all three of which tie into the garrison mentality. By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world's best. Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity are reflected in its literature, with many of its most prominent modern writers focusing on ethnic life. Arguably, the best-known living Canadian writer internationally (especially since the deaths of Robertson Davies and Mordecai Richler) is Margaret Atwood, a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic. Numerous other Canadian authors have accumulated international literary awards; including Nobel Laureate Alice Munro, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English; and Booker Prize recipient Michael Ondaatje, who is perhaps best known for the novel *The English Patient*, which was adapted as a film of the same name that won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

### Visual arts

 File:The Jack Pine, by Tom Thomson.jpg
Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as Tom Thomson – the country's most famous painter – and by the Group of Seven. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39. The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists—Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley—were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston, and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. A. J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926. Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Since the 1950s, works of Inuit art have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.

### Music

The Canadian music industry is the sixth-largest in the world producing internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles. Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC. The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in 1970. The Canadian Music Hall of Fame established in 1976 honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements. Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years. The earliest, *The Bold Canadian*, was written in 1812. The national anthem of Canada, "O Canada", was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony, and was officially adopted in 1980. Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French before it was translated into English in 1906.

### Sport

 File:Canada2010WinterOlympicsOTcelebration.jpg
The roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the 1770s. Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse. Golf, tennis, skiing, badminton, volleyball, cycling, swimming, bowling, rugby union, canoeing, equestrian, squash and the study of martial arts are widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels.

Canada shares several major professional sports leagues with the United States. Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the National Hockey League, as well as three Major League Soccer teams and one team in each of Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association. Other popular professional sports in Canada include Canadian football, which is played in the Canadian Football League, National Lacrosse League lacrosse, and curling.

Canada has participated in almost every Olympic Games since its Olympic debut in 1900, and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics, the 1988 Winter Olympics, the 1994 Basketball World Championship, the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Most recently, Canada staged the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games.

## See also

* File:Flag of Canada.svgCanada portal
* File:Royal Standard of King Louis XIV.svgNew France portal
* File:North America 368x348.pngNorth America portal

* Index of Canada-related articles
* Outline of Canada
* Topics by provinces and territories
* File:Open book nae 02.svg *Canada* – Wikipedia book

## Notes

1. ↑ Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer' or 'Quebecois').
2. ↑ All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English
questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.

**Source 1:** Jack Jedwab (April 2008). "Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Retrieved March 7, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

**Source 2:** Don Kerr (2007). *The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population*. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

## References

1. ↑ D. Michael Jackson (2013). *The Crown and Canadian Federalism*. Dundurn. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4597-0989-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016187. "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data"". *Statistics Canada*. November 22, 2017. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Data is an aggregate of single and multiple responses. Total ethnic origin responses are the sum of single and multiple responses for each ethnic origin. Total response counts indicate the number of persons who reported a specified ethnic origin, either as their only origin or in addition to one or more other ethnic origins. The sum of all ethnic origin responses is greater than the total population estimate due to the reporting of multiple origins.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
5. ↑ Statistics Canada (June 14, 2018). "Population estimates quarterly". Retrieved June 14, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
6. ↑ Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Population size and growth in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census". Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2017, Canada". International Monetary Fund. April 2018. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
8. ↑ "Gini coefficients before and after taxes and transfers: In the late 2000s". OECD. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
9. ↑ "OECD Economic Surveys". OECD. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
10. ↑ "2017 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
11. ↑ ISO 8601 is the official date format of the Government of Canada: Translation Bureau, Public Works and Government Services Canada (1997). "5.14: Dates". *The Canadian style: A guide to writing and editing* (Rev. ed.). Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-55002-276-6. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> The dd/mm/yy and mm/dd/yy formats also remain in common use; see Date and time notation in Canada.
12. ↑ James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1991). *Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism*. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-313-26257-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Alan Rayburn (2001). *Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
14. ↑ Paul R. Magocsi (1999). *Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples*. University of Toronto Press. p. 1048. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
15. ↑ Victoria (1841), *An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada*, J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble, p. 20, archived from the original on April 12, 2016<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
16. ↑ O'Toole, Roger (2009). "Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context". In Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly. *Holy nations and global identities: civil religion, nationalism, and globalisation*. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). *Canada and the British Empire*. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
18. ↑ John Courtney; David Smith (2010). *The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics*. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Christoph Beat Graber; Karolina Kuprecht; Jessica C. Lai (2012). *International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues*. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-0-85793-831-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
20. ↑ "Native American, First Nations or Aboriginal? | Druide". *www.druide.com*. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
21. ↑ Thomas D. Dillehay (2008). *The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory*. Basic Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7867-2543-4. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
22. ↑ Brian M. Fagan; Nadia Durrani (2016). *World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction*. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-34244-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
23. ↑ Rajiv Rawat (2012). *Circumpolar Health Atlas*. University of Toronto Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4426-4456-4. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
24. ↑ Hayes, Derek (2008). *Canada: an illustrated history*. Douglas & Mcintyre. pp. 7, 13. ISBN 978-1-55365-259-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
25. ↑ Macklem, Patrick (2001). *Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada*. University of Toronto Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8020-4195-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
26. ↑ Sonneborn, Liz (January 2007). *Chronology of American Indian History*. Infobase Publishing. pp. 2–12. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). *Dying and Death in Canada*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
28. ↑ Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall. *A population history of North America*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 978-0-521-49666-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
29. ↑ O'Donnell, C. Vivian (2008). "Native Populations of Canada". In Bailey, Garrick Alan. *Indians in Contemporary Society*. Handbook of North American Indians. **2**. Government Printing Office. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-16-080388-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
30. ↑ Ingeborg Marshall (1998). *A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-7735-1774-5. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
31. ↑ True Peters, Stephanie (2005). *Smallpox in the New World*. Marshall Cavendish. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7614-1637-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
32. ↑ Z. Laidlaw; Alan Lester (2015). *Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism: Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World*. Springer. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-137-45236-8. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
33. ↑ Ray, Arthur J. (2005). *I Have Lived Here Since The World Began*. Key Porter Books. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-55263-633-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
34. ↑ Preston, David L. (2009). *The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783*. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8032-2549-7. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
35. ↑ J.R. Miller (2009). *Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada*. University of Toronto Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4426-9227-5. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
36. ↑ Tanner, Adrian (1999). "3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'". *Innu Culture*. Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
37. ↑ Asch, Michael (1997). *Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference*. UBC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
38. ↑ Kirmayer, Laurence J.; Guthrie, Gail Valaskakis (2009). *Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada*. UBC Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7748-5863-2. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
39. ↑ "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action" (PDF). *Trc.ca*. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. 2015. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
40. ↑ Reeves, Arthur Middleton (2009). *The Norse Discovery of America*. BiblioLife. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-559-05400-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
41. ↑ The Canadian Encyclopedia (July 1, 2008). "John Cabot". Historica Canada. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
42. ↑ "John Cabot's voyage of 1497". Memorial University of Newfoundland. 2000. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Hornsby, Stephen J (2005). *British Atlantic, American frontier: spaces of power in early modern British America*. University Press of New England. pp. 14, 18–19, 22–23. ISBN 978-1-58465-427-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
44. ↑ Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay (1993). *The Voyages of Jacques Cartier*. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8020-6000-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
45. ↑ Baten, Jörg (2016). *A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present*. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9781107507180.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
46. ↑ Rose, George A (October 1, 2007). *Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries*. Breakwater Books. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-55081-225-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
47. ↑ Ninette Kelley; Michael J. Trebilcock (September 30, 2010). *The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy*. University of Toronto Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
48. ↑ Howard Roberts LaMar (1977). *The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West*. University of Michigan Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-690-00008-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
49. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (September 30, 2011). *The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History*. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
50. ↑ Phillip Alfred Buckner; John G. Reid (1994). *The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-8020-6977-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
51. ↑ Nolan, Cathal J (2008). *Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization*. ABC-CLIO. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-313-33046-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
52. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
53. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
54. ↑ Eric Nellis (2010). *An Empire of Regions: A Brief History of Colonial British America*. University of Toronto Press – University of British Columbia. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4426-0403-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
55. ↑ Leahy, Todd; Wilson, Raymond (September 30, 2009). *Native American Movements*. Scarecrow Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8108-6892-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
56. ↑ Newman, Peter C (2016). *Hostages to Fortune: The United Empire Loyalists and the Making of Canada*. Touchstone. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4516-8615-9. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
57. ↑ McNairn, Jeffrey L (2000). *The capacity to judge*. University of Toronto Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8020-4360-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
58. ↑ Richard Colebrook Harris; et al. (1987). *Historical Atlas of Canada: The land transformed, 1800–1891*. University of Toronto Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780802034472. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
59. ↑ "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". *cchahistory.ca*. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
60. ↑ Colin Read (1985). *Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada*. MQUP. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7735-8406-8. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
61. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
62. ↑ Evenden, Leonard J; Turbeville, Daniel E (1992). "The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier". In Janelle, Donald G. *Geographical snapshots of North America*. Guilford Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-89862-030-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
63. ↑ Farr, Niko. "The Alaska Boundary Dispute". *The Canadian Encyclopedia*. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
64. ↑ Dijkink, Gertjan; Knippenberg, Hans (2001). *The Territorial Factor: Political Geography in a Globalising World*. Amsterdam University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-90-5629-188-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
65. ↑ Bothwell, Robert (1996). *History of Canada Since 1867*. Michigan State University Press. pp. 31, 207–310. ISBN 978-0-87013-399-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
66. ↑ Bumsted, JM (1996). *The Red River Rebellion*. Watson & Dwyer. ISBN 978-0-920486-23-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Building a nation". *Canadian Atlas*. Canadian Geographic. Archived from the original on March 3, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
68. ↑ "Sir John A. Macdonald". Library and Archives Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
69. ↑ Cook, Terry (2000). "The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior". *The Archivist*. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
70. ↑ Tennyson, Brian Douglas (2014). *Canada's Great War, 1914–1918: How Canada Helped Save the British Empire and Became a North American Nation*. Scarecrow Press (Cape Breton University). p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8108-8860-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 Morton, Desmond (1999). *A military history of Canada* (4th ed.). McClelland & Stewart. pp. 130–158, 173, 203–233, 258. ISBN 978-0-7710-6514-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
72. ↑ Granatstein, J. L. (2004). *Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace*. University of Toronto Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8020-8696-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 McGonigal, Richard Morton (1962). *The Conscription Crisis in Quebec – 1917: a Study in Canadian Dualism*. Harvard University Press. p. Intro.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
74. ↑ Bryce, Robert B. (June 1, 1986). *Maturing in Hard Times: Canada's Department of Finance through the Great Depression*. McGill-Queen's. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7735-0555-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
75. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
76. ↑ Humphreys, Edward (2013). *Great Canadian Battles: Heroism and Courage Through the Years*. Arcturus Publishing. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-78404-098-7. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Goddard, Lance (2005). *Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands*. Dundurn Press. pp. 225–232. ISBN 978-1-55002-547-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
78. ↑ Bothwell, Robert (2007). *Alliance and illusion: Canada and the world, 1945–1984*. UBC Press. pp. 11, 31. ISBN 978-0-7748-1368-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
79. ↑ Phillip Alfred Buckner (2008). *Canada and the British Empire*. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–138. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
80. ↑ Boyer, J. Patrick (1996). *Direct Democracy in Canada: The History and Future of Referendums*. Dundurn. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4597-1884-5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
81. ↑ Mackey, Eva (2002). *The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada*. University of Toronto Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8020-8481-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
82. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
83. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
84. ↑ Sarrouh, Elissar (January 22, 2002). "Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development" (PDF). *Social Policy Series, No. 1*. United Nations. pp. 14–16, 22–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
85. ↑ "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982". *Canada.ca*. Government of Canada. May 5, 2014. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
86. ↑ "A statute worth 75 cheers". *The Globe and Mail*. Toronto. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
87. ↑ Couture, Christa (January 1, 2017). "Canada is celebrating 150 years of… what, exactly?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931, in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it. All but one Dominion – that would be us, Canada – chose to accept every resolution. Our leaders couldn't decide on how to amend the Constitution, so that power stayed with Britain until 1982.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
88. ↑ Trepanier, Peter (2004). "Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition" (PDF). *Canadian Parliamentary Review*. Canadian Parliamentary Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
89. ↑ Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain, eds. (2004). *Canadian Politics* (4th ed.). Broadview Press. pp. 250–254, 344–347. ISBN 978-1-55111-595-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
90. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
91. ↑ Lance W. Roberts; Rodney A. Clifton; Barry Ferguson (2005). *Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000*. McGill-Queen's Press – MUniversity of Manitoba. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-7735-7314-7. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
92. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
94. ↑ Leblanc, Daniel (August 13, 2010). "A brief history of the Bloc Québécois". *The Globe and Mail*. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
95. ↑ Betz, Hans-Georg; Immerfall, Stefan (1998). *The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies*. St. Martin's Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-312-21134-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
96. ↑ Schmid, Carol L. (2001). *The Politics of Language : Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective*. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-803150-5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
97. ↑ "Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
98. ↑ Sourour, Teresa K (1991). "Report of Coroner's Investigation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
99. ↑ "The Oka Crisis". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2000. Archived from the original (Digital Archives) on August 21, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
100. ↑ Roach, Kent (2003). *September 11: consequences for Canada*. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 15, 59–61, 194. ISBN 978-0-7735-2584-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
101. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
102. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
103. ↑ Aidan Hehir; Robert Murray (2013). *Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention*. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-137-27396-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
104. ↑ Thomas Juneau (2015). "Canada's Policy to Confront the Islamic State". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 "Canada". *The World Factbook*. CIA. May 16, 2006. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
106. ↑ Alan Gallay (2015). *Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763: An Encyclopedia*. Taylor & Francis. pp. 429–. ISBN 978-1-317-48718-0. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
107. ↑ Robert A. Battram (2010). *Canada in Crisis: An Agenda for Survival of the Nation*. Trafford Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4269-3393-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
108. ↑ *Canadian Geographic*. Royal Canadian Geographical Society. 2008. p. 20.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
109. ↑ "Geography". *statcan.gc.ca*. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
110. ↑ "The Boundary". International Boundary Commission. 1985. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
111. ↑ "Canada Facts: 25 Interesting and Fun Facts - not only for Kids". Retrieved June 27, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
112. ↑ *National Atlas of Canada*. Natural Resources Canada. 2005. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7705-1198-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
113. ↑ Bailey, William G; Oke, TR; Rouse, Wayne R (1997). *The surface climates of Canada*. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7735-1672-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
114. ↑ "The Atlas of Canada – Physical Components of Watersheds". December 5, 2012. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
115. ↑ Robert William Sandford (2012). *Cold Matters: The State and Fate of Canada's Fresh Water*. Biogeoscience Institute at the University of Calgary. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-927330-20-3. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
116. ↑ Etkin, David; Haque, CE; Brooks, Gregory R (April 30, 2003). *An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada*. Springer. pp. 569, 582, 583. ISBN 978-1-4020-1179-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
117. ↑ Shoalts, Adam (2011). "Canada's Worst Natural Disasters of All Time". Canadian Geographic. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
118. ↑ Jessop, A. *Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 5906*. Natural Resources Canada. pp. 18–. GGKEY:6DLTQFWQ9HG. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
119. ↑ The Weather Network. "Statistics, Regina SK". Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
120. ↑ "Regina International Airport". *Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010*. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
121. ↑ Queen Victoria (March 29, 1867). "Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on February 3, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
122. ↑ Smith, David E (June 10, 2010). "The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?" (PDF). *The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options*. Queen's University. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 MacLeod, Kevin S (2012). *A Crown of Maples* (PDF) (2nd ed.). Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
124. ↑ David Johnson (2018). *Battle Royal: Monarchists vs. Republicans and the Crown of Canada*. Dundurn. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4597-4015-0. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
125. ↑ "The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities". Queen's Printer. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
126. ↑ *Commonwealth public administration reform 2004*. Commonwealth Secretariat. 2004. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-11-703249-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 Forsey, Eugene (2005). *How Canadians Govern Themselves* (PDF) (6th ed.). Queen's Printer. pp. 1, 16, 26. ISBN 978-0-662-39689-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille. "House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
129. ↑ "'A cabinet that looks like Canada:' Justin Trudeau pledges government built on trust". *Toronto Star*. November 4, 2015. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
130. ↑ Johnson, David (2006). *Thinking government: public sector management in Canada* (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 134–135, 149. ISBN 978-1-55111-779-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
131. ↑ "The Opposition in a Parliamentary System". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
132. ↑ "About Elections and Ridings". Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
133. ↑ O'Neal, Brian; Bédard, Michel; Spano, Sebastian (April 11, 2011). "Government and Canada's 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
134. ↑ Ann L. Griffiths; Karl Nerenberg (2003). *Handbook of Federal Countries*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7735-7047-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
135. ↑ "CBC News: Election 2015 roundup". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
136. ↑ "Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories". Intergovernmental Affairs Canada. 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
137. ↑ "Differences from Provincial Governments". Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories. 2008. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
138. ↑ "About". Statistics Canada. 2014. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
139. ↑ Emily Gilbert; Eric Helleiner (2003). *Nation-States and Money: The Past, Present and Future of National Currencies*. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-134-65817-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
140. ↑ George S. Cuhaj; Thomas Michael (2011). *Coins of the World: Canada*. Krause Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4402-3129-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
141. ↑ Adam Dodek (2016). *The Canadian Constitution*. Dundurn – University of Ottawa Faculty of Law. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4597-3505-7. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
142. ↑ Andrea Olive (2015). *The Canadian Environment in Political Context*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4426-0871-9. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
143. ↑ Dr. Vishnoo Bhagwan; Dr. Rajani R. Shirur; Bhushan Vidya (2004). 2, ed. *World Constitutions*. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 549–550. ISBN 978-81-207-1937-8. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
144. ↑ Bakan, Joel; Elliot, Robin M (2003). *Canadian Constitutional Law*. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 3–8, 683–687, 699. ISBN 978-1-55239-085-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 Patterson, Lisa Lynne (2004). "Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 2004–2006" (PDF). 1. Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament: 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
146. ↑ "Treaty areas". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. October 7, 2002. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
147. ↑ Gary Brent Madison (2000). *Is There a Canadian Philosophy?: Reflections on the Canadian Identity*. University of Ottawa Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7766-0514-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
148. ↑ "Current and Former Chief Justices". *Supreme Court of Canada*. December 18, 2017. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
149. ↑ Richard Yates; Penny Bain; Ruth Yates (2000). *Introduction to law in Canada*. Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon Canada. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-13-792862-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
150. ↑ Sworden, Philip James (2006). *An introduction to Canadian law*. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 22, 150. ISBN 978-1-55239-145-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
151. ↑ "Ontario Provincial Police". OPP official website. 2009. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
152. ↑ Royal Canadian Mounted Police. "Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure" (PDF). Queen's Printer. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 Adam Chapnick (2011). *The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations*. UBC Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-7748-4049-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
154. ↑ Allen Sens; Peter Stoett (2013). *Global Politics 5e*. Nelson Education. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-17-648249-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
155. ↑ Richard Sobel; Eric Shiraev; Robert Shapiro (2002). *International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis*. Lexington Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7391-0480-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
156. ↑ "Millennium Development Goals: A sprint to 2015 and the way forward". *Canadian Government Executive*. 2014. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
157. ↑ "International Organizations and Forums". Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
158. ↑ Dominique Clément (2016). *Human Rights in Canada: A History*. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-77112-164-4. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
159. ↑ Peter McKenna (2012). *Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy*. University of Toronto Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4426-1108-5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
160. ↑ Ibp Usa (July 31, 2015). *Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities*. Int'l Business Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7397-1615-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
161. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
162. ↑ "Canada". United States Department of State. 2014. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
163. ↑ James Bickerton; Alain-G. Gagnon (2014). *Canadian Politics: Sixth Edition*. University of Toronto Press. p. 423. ISBN 978-1-4426-0703-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
164. ↑ James, Patrick (2006). Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J, eds. *Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy*. Lexington Books. pp. 213–214, 349–362. ISBN 978-0-7391-1493-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
165. ↑ Karl R. DeRouen (2005). *Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies*. University of Alabama Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-85109-781-4. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
166. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
167. ↑ *Canada's international policy statement: a role of pride and influence in the world*. Government of Canada. 2005. ISBN 978-0-662-68608-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
168. ↑ Finkel, Alvin (1997). *Our lives: Canada after 1945*. Lorimer. pp. 105–107, 111–116. ISBN 978-1-55028-551-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
169. ↑ Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006). *Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-1-55111-816-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
170. ↑ Terry M. Mays (December 16, 2010). *Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping*. Scarecrow Press. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7516-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
171. ↑ Farnsworth, Clyde H (November 27, 1994). "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
172. ↑ Jerome Klassen; Greg Albo (January 10, 2013). *Empire's Ally: Canada and the War in Afghanistan*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-1-4426-6496-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
173. ↑ Vagnoni, Giselda (February 5, 2007). "Rich nations to sign $1.5 bln vaccine pact in Italy". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
174. ↑ Blomfield, Adrian (August 3, 2007). "Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt". *The Daily Telegraph*. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
175. ↑ "Military Strength of Canada". Global Firepower. 2017. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
176. ↑ "Canadian military spending by the numbers". *Ottawa Citizen*. September 3, 2014. Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
177. ↑ "Military expenditure of Canada". SIPRI. 2011. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
178. ↑ "More soldiers, ships and planes for military in Liberal defence plan". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 7, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
179. ↑ G. Bruce Doern; Allan M. Maslove; Michael J. Prince (2013). *Canadian Public Budgeting in the Age of Crises: Shifting Budgetary Domains and Temporal Budgeting*. MQUP. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7735-8853-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
180. ↑ Jason Clemens; Niels Veldhuis (2012). *Beyond Equalization: Examining Fiscal Transfers in a Broader Context*. Fraser Institute. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-88975-215-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
181. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. April 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
182. ↑ "Latest release". World Trade Organization. April 17, 2008. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
183. ↑ "Index of Globalization 2010". KOF. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
184. ↑ "Index of Economic Freedom". The Heritage Foundation/*The Wall Street Journal*. 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
185. ↑ "Jonathan Kay: The key to Canada's economic advantage over the United States? Less income inequality". *National Post*. December 13, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 "Canada". *OECD Better Life Index*. OECD. 2014. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
187. ↑ "TMX Group Equity Financing Statistics – September 2014". TMX. September 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
188. ↑ Center for International Studies (2014). "What did Canada export in 2014?". *Harvard Kennedy School*. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
189. ↑ "Imports, exports and trade balance of goods on a balance-of-payments basis, by country or country grouping". Statistics Canada. 2014. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
190. ↑ Grant, Tavia (February 10, 2010). "Canada has first yearly trade deficit since 1975". *The Globe and Mail*. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
191. ↑ "Canada's Trade Deficit Widens". *The Wall Street Journal*. February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
192. ↑ R. Cole Harris; Geoffrey J. Matthews (1987). *Historical Atlas of Canada: Addressing the twentieth century, 1891–1961*. University of Toronto Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8020-3448-9. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
193. ↑ "Employment by Industry". Statistics Canada. January 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
194. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
195. ↑ Brown, Charles E (2002). *World energy resources*. Springer. pp. 323, 378–389. ISBN 978-3-540-42634-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
196. ↑ "World proven crude oil reserves by country". Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. 2012. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
197. ↑ 197.0 197.1 Britton, John NH (1996). *Canada and the Global Economy: The Geography of Structural and Technological Change*. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 26–27, 155–163. ISBN 978-0-7735-1356-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
198. ↑ Brendan Marshall (2014). "Facts & Figures 2014" (PDF). The Mining Association of Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
199. ↑ "Mapping Canada's Top Manufacturing Industries  : Industry Insider". *www.ibisworld.com*.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
200. ↑ Dr David Mosler; Professor Bob Catley (2013). *The American Challenge: The World Resists US Liberalism*. Ashgate Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4094-9852-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
201. ↑ William Kerr; Nicholas Perdikis (2014). *The Economics of International Commerce*. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-78347-668-8. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
202. ↑ Morck, Randall; Tian, Gloria; Yeung, Bernard (2005). "Who owns whom? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada". In Eden, Lorraine; Dobson, Wendy. *Governance, multinationals, and growth*. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-84376-909-5. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
203. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
204. ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "The Daily – Spending on research and development, 2015 (intentions)". *statcan.gc.ca*. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
205. ↑ "Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates". Science.ca. Archived from the original on January 5, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Note that this source was published before 2011 and as such does not include Ralph M. Steinman.
206. ↑ "Rockefeller University scientist Ralph Steinman, honored today with Nobel Prize for discovery of dendritic cells, dies at 68". Rockefeller University. October 3, 2011. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
207. ↑ "Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research". *The Globe and Mail*. September 26, 2012. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
208. ↑ "Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies". Branham Group Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
209. ↑ "Internet Usage and Population in North America". Internet World Stats. June 2014. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
210. ↑ "Canadian Space Milestones". Canadian Space Agency. 2016. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
211. ↑ Joseph A. Angelo (2009). *Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy*. Infobase Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4381-1018-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
212. ↑ Philippe Bidaud; Erick Dupuis (2012). "An overview of Canadian space robotics activities". *Field Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines*. University Pierre Et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France, September 6–8, 2011: World Scientific. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-981-4374-27-9. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
213. ↑ "The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada". Newswire. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
214. ↑ "Black Brant Sounding Rockets". Magellan Aerospace. 2013. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
215. ↑ "Gold Medal 2014 Recipients – Canada's Astronauts and the Canadian Space Agency". The Royal Canadian Geographical Society. 2017. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
216. ↑ 216.0 216.1 Peter H. McMurry; Marjorie F. Shepherd; James S. Vickery (2004). *Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment*. Cambridge University Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-521-84287-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
217. ↑ Press, Jordan (February 8, 2017). "Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver now home to one-third of Canadians: census". *CTV News*. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
218. ↑ "2016 Census: Population and dwelling counts". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
219. ↑ Campion-Smith, Bruce (February 8, 2017). "Canada's population grew 1.7M in 5 years, latest census shows". *Toronto Star*. Toronto. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
220. ↑ "Energy Efficiency Trends in Canada, 1990 to 2008". Natural Resources Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
221. ↑ Barry Edmonston; Eric Fong (2011). *The Changing Canadian Population*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
222. ↑ Zimmerman, Karla (2008). *Canada* (10th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 James Hollifield; Philip Martin; Pia Orrenius (2014). *Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Third Edition*. Stanford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8047-8627-0. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
224. ↑ Roderic P. Beaujot; Donald W. Kerr (2007). *The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population*. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
225. ↑ Gary P. Freeman; Randall Hansen; David L. Leal (2013). *Immigration and Public Opinion in Liberal Democracies*. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-21161-4. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
226. ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Permanent and temporary immigration to Canada from 2012 to 2014". *statcan.gc.ca*. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
227. ↑ "Supplementary Information to the 2016 Immigration Levels Plan". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
228. ↑ "Immigration overview – Permanent and temporary residents". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2012. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
229. ↑ Herbert G. Grubel (2009). *The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society*. Fraser Institute. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-88975-246-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
230. ↑ "Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan". Canada News Centre. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
231. ↑ Alan Simmons (2010). *Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives*. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-55130-362-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
232. ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses". *www12.statcan.ca*. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
233. ↑ 233.0 233.1 OECD (2014). *OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Canada 2004*. OECD Publishing. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-92-64-10778-6. Archived from the original on September 3, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
234. ↑ Custred, Glynn (2008). "Security Threats on America's Borders". In Moens, Alexander. *Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States*. Fraser Institute. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-88975-235-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
235. ↑ "Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions". Statistics Canada. 2001. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
236. ↑ Martel, Laurent; Malenfant, Éric Caron (September 22, 2009). "2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
237. ↑ "Canadian population creeps up in average age". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. September 28, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
238. ↑ "2013 Human Development Index and its components – Statistics" (PDF). UNDP. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
239. ↑ 239.0 239.1 Meg Luxton (2011). "Changing Families, New Understandings" (PDF). Vanier institute (York University). p. 6 (PDF p 12). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 "Education at a Glance 2014" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
241. ↑ "Government expenditure on education as % of GDP (%)". World Bank. 2015. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
242. ↑ "Financial and human resources invested in Education" (PDF). OECD. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
243. ↑ Irving Epstein (2008). *The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Children's Issues Worldwide*. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-313-33617-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
244. ↑ Vicente Montesinos; José Manuel Vela (2013). *Innovations in Governmental Accounting*. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-4757-5504-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
245. ↑ "Overview of Education in Canada". Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
246. ↑ "Creating Opportunities for All Canadians". Department of Finance Canada. November 14, 2005. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
247. ↑ "Comparing countries' and economies' performances" (PDF). OECD. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
248. ↑ "Canadian education among best in the world: OECD". CTV News. December 7, 2010. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
249. ↑ "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
250. ↑ "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". *2006 Census: Topic-based tabulations*. Statistics Canada. June 12, 2008. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
251. ↑ 251.0 251.1 251.2 "Census Profile, 2016 Census". *Statistics Canada*. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
252. ↑ Pendakur, Krishna. "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market". Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
253. ↑ "Classification of visible minority". *Statistics Canada*. Government of Canada. July 25, 2008. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
254. ↑ Richard Moon (2008). *Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada*. UBC Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-7748-1497-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
255. ↑ Jamie S. Scott (2012). *The Religions of Canadians*. University of Toronto Press. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-4426-0516-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
256. ↑ Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (2013). *Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report*. University of Essex – Routledge. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-134-72229-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
257. ↑ Lance W. Roberts (2005). *Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7735-2955-7. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
258. ↑ Paul Bramadat; David Seljak (2009). *Religion and Ethnicity in Canada*. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4426-1018-7. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
259. ↑ Kurt Bowen (2004). *Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7735-7194-5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
260. ↑ Derek Gregory; Ron Johnston; Geraldine Pratt; Michael Watts; Sarah Whatmore (2009). *The Dictionary of Human Geography*. John Wiley & Sons. p. 672. ISBN 978-1-4443-1056-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
261. ↑ Bruce J. Berman; Rajeev Bhargava; Andr Lalibert (2013). *Secular States and Religious Diversity*. UBC Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7748-2515-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
262. ↑ Betty Jane Punnett (2015). *International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management*. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-317-46745-8. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
263. ↑ David M. Haskell (2009). *Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals*. Clements Publishing Group. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-894667-92-0. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
264. ↑ "Tabulation: Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. January 7, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
265. ↑ "Canada's Changing Religious Landscape | Pew Research Center". Pewforum.org. June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
266. ↑ Hans Mol, "The secularization of Canada." *Research in the social scientific study of religion* (1989) 1:197–215.
267. ↑ Mark A. Noll (1992). *A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada*. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780802806512. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
268. ↑ "'No Religion' Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians: Report". *HuffPost*. May 15, 2013. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
269. ↑ "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights". Statistics Canada, Dated 2006. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
270. ↑ 270.0 270.1 "Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2016 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". Archived from the original on October 15, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
271. ↑ "Official Languages and You". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
272. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
273. ↑ Jeremy Webber (2015). *The Constitution of Canada: A Contextual Analysis*. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-78225-631-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
274. ↑ Peter Auer (2010). *Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and methods*. Walter de Gruyter. p. 387. ISBN 978-3-11-018002-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
275. ↑ Hayday, Matthew (2005). *Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism*. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-7735-2960-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
276. ↑ Heller, Monica (2003). *Crosswords: language, education and ethnicity in French Ontario*. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 72, 74. ISBN 978-3-11-017687-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
277. ↑ "Aboriginal languages". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
278. ↑ Olive Patricia Dickason (1992). *Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times*. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-8061-2439-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
279. ↑ Fettes, Mark; Norton, Ruth (2001). "Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada". In Castellano, Marlene Brant; Davis, Lynne; Lahache, Louise. *Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise*. UBC Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7748-0783-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
280. ↑ Russell, Peter H (2005). "Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?". In Hocking, Barbara. *Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination*. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-85575-466-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
281. ↑ "Sign languages". Canadian Association of the Deaf – Association des Sourds du Canada. 2015. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
282. ↑ Jepsen, Julie Bakken; Clerck, Goedele De; Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam (2015). *Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook*. De Gruyter. p. 702. ISBN 978-1-61451-817-4. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
283. ↑ Bailey, Carole Sue; Dolby, Kathy; Campbell, Hilda Marian (2002). *The Canadian Dictionary of ASL Canadian Cultural Society of the Dead*. University of Alberta. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-88864-300-1. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
284. ↑ Rand Dyck (2011). *Canadian Politics*. Cengage Learning. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-17-650343-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
285. ↑ Stephen L. Newman (2012). *Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States*. SUNY Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7914-8584-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
286. ↑ Shibao Guo; Lloyd Wong (2015). *Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada: Theories, Policies and Debates*. University of Calgary. p. 317. ISBN 978-94-6300-208-0. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
287. ↑ Sonia Sikka (2014). *Multiculturalism and Religious Identity: Canada and India*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-7735-9220-9. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
288. ↑ 288.0 288.1 "A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006–2009". Government of Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
289. ↑ Theodore Caplow (2001). *Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New Century*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7735-2304-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
290. ↑ Franklin, Daniel P; Baun, Michael J (1995). *Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach*. Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-56324-416-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
291. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
292. ↑ **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**
293. ↑ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). *What Canadians think about almost everything*. Doubleday Canada. pp. 8–28. ISBN 978-0-385-65985-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
294. ↑ Nanos Research (October 2016). "Exploring Canadian values" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
295. ↑ "Focus Canada (Final Report)" (PDF). The Environics Institute. Queen's University. 2010. p. 4 (PDF page 8). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
296. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R (2002). *Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-8020-3630-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
297. ↑ Wisdom Tettey; Korbla P. Puplampu (2005). *The African Diaspora in Canada: Negotiating Identity & Belonging*. University of Calgary. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-55238-175-5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
298. ↑ Tim Nieguth (2015). *The Politics of Popular Culture: Negotiating Power, Identity, and Place*. MQUP. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7735-9685-6. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
299. ↑ Katja Lee; Lorraine York (2016). *Celebrity Cultures in Canada*. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-77112-224-5. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
300. ↑ Mary Vipond (2011). *The Mass Media in Canada* (4 ed.). James Lorimer Company. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-55277-658-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
301. ↑ Ryan Edwardson (2008). *Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood*. University of Toronto Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8020-9519-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
302. ↑ David Monaghan (2013). "The mother beaver – Collection Profiles". The House of Commons Heritage. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
303. ↑ 303.0 303.1 Canadian Heritage (2002). *Symbols of Canada*. Canadian Government Publishing. ISBN 978-0-660-18615-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
304. ↑ Barry M. Gough (2010). *Historical Dictionary of Canada*. Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
305. ↑ Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (2012). "Consolidation – Formal Documents Regulations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
306. ↑ "The Great Seal of Canada – Anthems and Symbols – Canadian Identity". Canadian Heritage. 2013. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
307. ↑ Ruhl, Jeffrey (January 2008). "Inukshuk Rising". *Canadian Journal of Globalization*. **1** (1): 25–30.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
308. ↑ 308.0 308.1 Allen G Berman (2008). *Warman's Coins And Paper Money: Identification and Price Guide*. Krause Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-4402-1915-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
309. ↑ "Phasing out the penny". Royal Canadian Mint. 2015. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
310. ↑ W. J. Keith (2006). *Canadian literature in English*. The Porcupine's Quill. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-88984-283-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
311. ↑ William H. New (2002). *Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada*. University of Toronto Press. pp. 259–261. ISBN 978-0-8020-0761-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
312. ↑ K. V. Dominic (2010). *Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature*. Pinnacle Technology. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-61820-640-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
313. ↑ K. V. Dominic (2010). *Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature*. Pinnacle Technology. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-61820-640-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
314. ↑ Reingard M. Nischik (2000). *Margaret Atwood: Works and Impact*. Camden House. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-57113-139-3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
315. ↑ William H. New (2012). *Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada*. University of Toronto Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8020-0761-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
316. ↑ *Broadview Anthology of British Literature, The. Concise Edition, Volume B*. Broadview Press. 2006. p. 1459. GGKEY:1TFFGS4YFLT. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
317. ↑ Robert Giddings; Erica Sheen (2000). *From Page To Screen: Adaptations of the Classic Novel*. Manchester University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7190-5231-6. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
318. ↑ Marylin J. McKay (2011). *Picturing the Land: Narrating Territories in Canadian Landscape Art, 1500–1950*. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7735-3817-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
319. ↑ Brock, Richard (2008). "Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape". *Canadian Journal of Environmental Education*. **13** (2): 50–61. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
320. ↑ Hill, Charles C (1995). *The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation*. National Gallery of Canada. pp. 15–21, 195. ISBN 978-0-7710-6716-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
321. ↑ Newlands, Anne (1996). *Emily Carr*. Firefly Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-55209-046-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
322. ↑ Pamela R. Stern (June 30, 2010). *Daily life of the Inuit*. ABC-CLIO. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-313-36311-5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
323. ↑ Geoffrey P. Hull; Thomas William Hutchison; Richard Strasser (2011). *The Music Business and Recording Industry: Delivering Music in the 21st Century*. Taylor & Francis. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-415-87560-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
324. ↑ Archibald Lloyd Keith Acheson; Christopher John Maule (2009). *Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes*. University of Michigan Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-472-02241-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
325. ↑ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). *Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood*. University of Toronto Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8020-9759-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
326. ↑ Frank Hoffmann (2004). *Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound*. Routledge. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-135-94950-1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
327. ↑ Adam Jortner (2011). *The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier*. Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-19-976529-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
328. ↑ "O Canada". Historica-Dominion. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
329. ↑ "Hymne national du Canada". Canadian Heritage. June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
330. ↑ Henry Roxborough, "The Beginning of Organized Sport in Canada", *Canada* (1975) 2#3 pp 30–43
331. ↑ "National Sports of Canada Act". Government of Canada. November 5, 2015. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
332. ↑ Canadian Heritage (2013). "Canadian sport participation – Most frequently played sports in Canada (2010)" (PDF). *Publications.gc.ca*. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
333. ↑ Sergiy Butenko; Jaime Gil-Lafuente; Panos M. Pardalos (2010). *Optimal Strategies in Sports Economics and Management*. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 42–44. ISBN 978-3-642-13205-6. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
334. ↑ Don Morrow; Kevin B. Wamsley (2016). *Sport in Canada: A History*. Oxford University Press. pp. xxI–intro. ISBN 978-0-19-902157-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
335. ↑ Bill Mallon; Jeroen Heijmans (2011). *Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement*. Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8108-7522-7. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
336. ↑ Paul Charles Howell (2009). *Montreal Olympics: An Insider's View of Organizing a Self-financing Games*. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7735-7656-8. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
337. ↑ John Horne; Garry Whannel (2016). *Understanding the Olympics*. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-317-49519-2. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
338. ↑ David Blevins (2012). *The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia: Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Soccer*. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1222. ISBN 978-0-8108-6130-5. Archived from the original on June 27, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
339. ↑ Milena M. Parent; Jean-Loup Chappelet (February 20, 2015). *Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management*. Taylor & Francis. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-135-10437-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
340. ↑ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development (January 2006). *The economic impact of the 2010 Vancouver, Canada, Winter Olympics on Oregon and the Pacific Northwest: hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, August 5, 2005*. U.S. G.P.O.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
341. ↑ Zuzana Fromm (2006). *Economic Issues of Vancouver-Whistler 2010 Olympics*. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-197843-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
342. ↑ *Temporary Importations Using the FIFA Women?s World Cup Canada 2015 Remission Order*. Canada Border Services Agency. 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
343. ↑ Peterson, David (July 10, 2014). "Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games". *The Globe and Mail*.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

## Further reading

<templatestyles src="Template:Refbegin/styles.css" />

* Marsh, James H. (2000). *The Canadian Encyclopedia* (2nd ed.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-0-7710-2099-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

**History**
* Careless, J. M. S. (2012). *Canada: A Story of Challenge* (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-67581-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Francis, RD; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B (2009). *Journeys: A History of Canada*. Nelson Education. ISBN 978-0-17-644244-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Taylor, Martin Brook; Owram, Doug (1994). *Canadian History*. 1 & 2. University of Toronto Press.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" />ISBN 978-0-8020-5016-8, <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" />ISBN 978-0-8020-2801-3

**Geography and climate**
* Rumney, Thomas A. (2009). *Canadian Geography: A Scholarly Bibliography*. Plattsburgh State University. ISBN 978-0-8108-6718-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Stanford, Quentin H, ed. (2008). *Canadian Oxford World Atlas* (6th ed.). Oxford University Press (Canada). ISBN 978-0-19-542928-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

**Government and law**
* Jacob, Joseph W. (2007). *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Democracy for the People and for Each Person*. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4269-8016-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Malcolmson, Patrick; Myers, Richard (2009). *The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada* (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0047-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Morton, Frederick Lee (2002). *Law, politics, and the judicial process in Canada*. Frederick Lee. ISBN 978-1-55238-046-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

**Social welfare**
* Finkel, Alvin (2006). *Social Policy and Practice in Canada: A History*. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-475-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Thompson, Valerie D. (2015). *Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada*. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-927406-31-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Burke, Sara Z.; Milewski, Patrice (2011). *Schooling in Transition: Readings in Canadian History of Education*. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9577-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* James, Patrick; Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J. (2006). *Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy*. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1493-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Conrad, John (2011). *Scarce Heard Amid the Guns: An Inside Look at Canadian Peacekeeping*. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-55488-981-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Granatstein, J. L. (2011). *Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace* (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1178-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

**Economy**
* Easterbrook, W.T.; Aitken, Hugh G. J. (2015). *Canadian Economic History*. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. ISBN 978-1-4426-5814-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* *Economic Survey of Canada 2016*. OECD Economic Surveys. 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> – (Previous surveys)
* Council of Canadian Academies (2012). *The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012*. Council of Canadian Academies. ISBN 978-1-926558-47-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

**Demography and statistics**
* Statistics Canada (2008). *Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867–1967*. Federal Publications (Queen of Canada).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Carment, David; Bercuson, David (2008). *The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics*. MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-7854-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* **Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**

**Culture**
* Cohen, Andrew (2007). *The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are*. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-2181-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Magocsi, Paul R (1999). *Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples*. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Vance, Jonathan F. (2011). *A History of Canadian Culture*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-544422-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

**Indigenous peoples**
* Dickason, Olive Patricia; McNab, David T. (2009). *Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times* (4th ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542892-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
* Ladner, Kiera L.; Tait, Myra, eds. (2017). *Surviving Canada: Indigenous peoples celebrate 150 years of betrayal*. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Arp Books. ISBN 978-1-894037-89-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

## External links

**Listen to this article** (info/dl)
noicon

Spoken Wikipedia
This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Canada" dated 2008-01-04, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
**More spoken articles**

Find more about**Canada**at Wikipedia's sister projects

* File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svgDefinitions from Wiktionary
* File:Commons-logo.svgMedia from Wikimedia Commons
* File:Wikinews-logo.svgNews from Wikinews
* File:Wikiquote-logo.svgQuotations from Wikiquote
* File:Wikisource-logo.svgTexts from Wikisource
* File:Wikibooks-logo.svgTextbooks from Wikibooks
* File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg[[voy:Canada#**Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 863: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**|Travel guide]] from Wikivoyage
* File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svgLearning resources from Wikiversity

Overviews
* Canada from UCB Libraries GovPubs
* Canada at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
* Canada from BBC News
* Canada from the CIA's *The World Factbook*
* Canada profile from the OECD
* Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada from Library and Archives Canada
* Key Development Forecasts for Canada from International Futures

Government
* Official website of the Government of Canada
* Official website of the Governor General of Canada
* Official website of the Prime Ministers of Canada

Travel
* Canada's official website for travel and tourism
* Official website of Destination Canada

Studies
* A Guide to the Sources from International Council for Canadian Studies

**Lua error in Module:Authority\_control at line 665: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).**