Regulatory law

**Regulatory law** refers to law promulgated by an executive branch agency under a delegation from a legislature. Discussed at Regulation (law) and Primary and secondary legislation. Regulatory law contrasts to statutory law promulgated by the legislative branch, and common law or case law promulgated by the judicial branch.

The law that governs conduct of administrative agencies (both promulgation of regulations, and adjudication of applications or disputes), and judicial review of agency decisions, is called Administrative law. Administrative law is promulgated by the legislature (and refined by judicial common law) for *governing* agencies.

The administrative agencies are to create procedures, applications, licenses, appeals and one other important thing called decision making. Administrative Procedure Act is responsible for all the Federal agency policies. Some states have started following the policies through law or by regulation

In parliamentary systems and presidential systems of government, **primary legislation** and **secondary legislation**, the latter also called **delegated legislation** or **subordinate legislation**, are two forms of law, created respectively by the legislative and executive branches of government. Primary legislation generally consists of statutes, also known as 'acts', that set out broad outlines and principles, but delegate specific authority to an executive branch to make more specific laws under the aegis of the principal act. The executive branch can then issue secondary legislation (mainly via its regulatory agencies), creating legally enforceable regulations and the procedures for implementing them.

## Canada

In Canadian law, primary legislation (also called statute law) consists of acts of the Parliament of Canada and the legislatures of the provinces, and of Orders in Council made under the Royal Prerogative. Secondary legislation (also called regulation) includes laws made by federal or provincial Order in Council by virtue of an empowering statute previously made by the parliament or legislature.

## Civil law jurisdictions

Civil law systems are almost universal in Europe, with the exceptions of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, as well as in Central and South America, much of Africa and Asia.

In all cases, a parliament will issue primary legislation, with lesser bodies granted powers to issue delegated legislation. A judicial review may be provided by a constitutional court.

## European Union

Each member state of the European Union (EU) has its own laws, and there is also overall EU law. The founding treaty, the 1957 Treaty of Rome, and all subsequent treaties, such as the Maastricht Treaty, Nice Treaty, and Lisbon Treaty, are the main primary legislation. The Treaty of Rome gives powers to make secondary legislation.

Member states must surrender some national jurisdiction powers to the European Union; these delegated powers are exercised by the Commission, Council and European Parliament acting in concert, having consulted the European Economic and Social Committee and the European Committee of the Regions. The powers are exercised via binding Regulations, Directives, Decisions, and non-binding Recommendations and Opinions.

* A **Regulation** is a law which is binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States without needing national implementation. EU citizens may have standing to pursue breaches of regulations and treaties, as in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen.
* A **Directive** is an order to Member States to pass legislation. It is "binding as to the result to be achieved", but Member States can choose their own form of implementation. EU citizens may have standing to pursue failures to implement, as in Francovich v Italy.
* A **Decision** is a law that addresses a specific issue. Addressees may challenge a decision via Judicial Review.

The Commission may take executive action in pursuance of policy, and may even act quasi-judicially in matters of EU competition law, a power defined in Article 101 and Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Privileged parties, such as Member States, EU Institutions, and those with specific standing, may initiate litigation. For example, the Commission may sue Member States for breaches of EU obligations, and Member States may sue Institutions or other Member States for breach of EU law.

## Hong Kong

Main articles: Subsidiary legislation in Hong Kong
## United Kingdom

### Primary legislation

In the United Kingdom, and other Commonwealth nations, primary legislation can take a number of different forms:

* An Act of Parliament.
* An Act of the Scottish Parliament, Measure or Act of the National Assembly for Wales or Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* An Order in Council made under the Royal Prerogative
* Church of England Measures – the instruments by which changes are made to legislation relating to the administration and organisation of the Church (UK only).

### Secondary legislation

Main articles: Delegated legislation in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, secondary legislation (also referred to as *delegated legislation* or *subordinate legislation*) is law made by an executive authority under powers delegated by an enactment of primary legislation, which grants the executive agency power to implement and administer the requirements of that primary legislation.

Forms of secondary legislation in the United Kingdom include:

* Statutory instruments – made in a variety of forms, most commonly Orders in Council, regulations, rules and orders. The form to be adopted is usually set out in the enabling Act.
* Special Procedure Orders – a form of delegated legislation to which special parliamentary procedure applies. Part of this procedure gives those people or bodies who are especially affected by the order the right to petition against it to either House.
* Hybrid instruments – statutory instruments which need to be approved by both Houses and affect some members of a group (whether individuals or bodies) more than others in the same group.

## United States

### Primary legislation

In the United States, primary legislation is, at the federal level, an Act of Congress, and the statute that delegates authority is called an *authorizing statute* or *delegation of rule making authority*.

### Regulatory law

Main articles: Regulatory law
A law promulgated by the executive branch agency of the United States Government as the result of primary legislation is called a *regulatory law*, as *legislation* is used only to refer to acts of the legislative branch, never the executive or the judicial branches. The body of law that governs the agency's exercise of rule making and adjudication powers is called "administrative law," primarily the Administrative Procedure Act.

In a 2013 majority opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia stated that

> [Legislative power] is vested exclusively in Congress [and judicial power] in the “one supreme Court” and “such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish”.... Agencies make rules... and conduct adjudications... and have done so since the beginning of the Republic. These activities take “legislative” and “judicial” forms, but they are exercises of—indeed, under our constitutional structure they *must be* exercises of—the “executive Power.”
>
>
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## Notes

1. ↑ In 2015, Italy's Constitutional Court for the first time involved itself in the core of parliamentary procedure, issuing a judgment (n. 32/2014) protecting the balance of power from the combined effects of maxi-amendments and confidence being asked of it by the government.