Mich Syr Book III

**Chronicle of Michael the Syrian Book III** (1195), translated from French version and annotated by Ras Feqade, 2022

### Chapter 1 - which starts in the time of Abraham, ie. in the year 3336 since the first man.

Abraham went to Egypt at the age of 81 years. He begat Ismael from Hagar. Ismael survived 130 years, up to the year 62 of Jacob. In this era **Samiram** began to reign over the Assyrians, during 46 years; and she built tells against the Deluge. In another place, we have found, regarding these tells, that after the Deluge, the people being multiplied over the Earth, they left themselves to go worship the demons that gave oracles in the idols, the stars of the firmament, the birds, the animals and even the fountains. They made statues for the dead, placed them over their tombs and worshipped them. In seeing a tell impiety, God commanded a great tempest that gathered all the images of the demonic and perverse cults, and buried them under the dust. There were many tells, and many villages just as their inhabitants were buried under the tells with the demons they worshipped; they are buried there now, and sometimes they appear on these tells, to those who, in their aberration, have recourse with them.

[In Bed. it says with different numbers that Abraham was 85 when he went to Egypt and bore Ishmael, who was 138 in the 60th year of Jacob; and that Shamiram reigned 41, 46, 12 or 52 years. BH says only that he begat Ishmael at age 85, the first 'Year of the Promise' "concerning Egypt"; that Ishmael lived to be 130, and that Shamiram ruled 46 or 45 years.

The chronology as known from Jub. is that Abraham and Sarah went to Egypt when he was 80 (only 1956 years After Adam, or 2107 BC); stayed 7 years to 2100 BC, during which time they probably hired Hagar as an Egyptian servant; and that Ishmael was born 2 years after they returned to Bethel in Canaan, in 2098 BC when Abraham was 89.

The standard number of years for Semiramis (aka Shamgan, or Gansaman, queen of Meskiag-nuna of Ur), as seen in Euseb. and *Defloratio*, is 42, being in my calculation 2254-2212 BC, and actually ending 25 years before Abraham was born, but by the time of Jerome they were miscalculated to be contemporaries.]

Therefore, Samiram became the wife of Ninus, king of the Assyrians; she erected the tells, in a way to provide people a refuge against the waters of the Deluge.

Abraham, aged 99 years, circumcised the flesh of his foreskin; and in the year 100 of Abraham was born Isaac, according to the Promise that had been made for him by God. The 430 years of the Servitude in Egypt, just as Paul writes it, are counted to start from the year 75 of Abraham, the year when he left the house of his father, as he had received the command from God.

[Jub. makes Abraham 103 when Isaac was born in 2084 BC. The 'Year of the Promise' when the Lord blessed Abraham in Harran was indeed when he was 75, in 2112 BC. It places the Exodus 459 years later, in 1653 BC, so perhaps St Paul's oft-discussed figure of 430 years should start rather with Isaac's birth.]

In the year 115 of Abraham, he made to mount Isaac, his son, onto the altar; some say Isaac was 17, others that he was 30 years; most chroniclers agree on the number 15; and that is correct. Abraham survived 175 years, until the year 15 of Jacob.

[We know from Jub. that the incident with Isaac on the altar took place in 2060 BC, when Abraham was 127 and Isaac was 24; and that Abraham passed in 2003 BC at the age of 184, when Jacob was 14.]

#### From Chaldaean Teachings

In the year 45 of Abraham ended the 40th Jubilee, according to the Hebrews. That was the year 3290.

[This can't be right, because a jubilee would have to be over 82 years, but a jubilee is actually 49 years, so the 40th jubilee ended in 2103 BC, while Abraham and Sarah were in Egypt and he was 84, based on the canonical *Book of Jubilees*.]

In this time began to reign the first [king of the Sicyonians] who was Aegialeus, during 13 years. The second who reigned over the Sicyonians was Europos, during 45 years.

[This is taken from Eusebius but is missynchronized, partly on account of the 'Mycenean gap' when the records of much of Europe ca. 1550-1250 BC went missing, probably at the time of Alexander. Aigealeus at Sicyon may be identified with Arcad the Canaanite who moved to Arcadia in *Defloratio*, somewhere between the 3rd and 45th year of Belus (Eusebius says 15th of Belus for Aigealeus), and he is thus calculated for c. 2353-2301 BC (52 years as in Euseb.) followed by Europs 2301-2256 BC,]

In Egypt began to reign the 13th king, in the 14th dynasty, ***Sysynos***, during 44 years. After him reigned in Egypt the 14th king, in the 15th dynasty, ***Taracos***, during 44 years.

[BH spells them Sosonos and Tarkos. The next pharaoh after Antef II Wahankh, called Hysqos in the last Book, would be Antef III, who is assigned 6 years 2008-2002 BC on account of hieroglyphic records. He is better known in *Defloratio* as Typhon; Osiris Apis returned from Europe in 2002 BC to occupy the throne once more as Mentuhotep III, during which time he managed to send an expedition to "Punt", ie Kush, however he was finally assassinated in 1995 BC at age 278, by the same Typhon or Antef III who had joined with his enemies, the Khetis and Curetans. Before Typhon could enjoy the throne again, however, Apis' son Mentuhotep IV Nebtawyre, also called Hercules Libycus, would avenge him and defeat all opponents, from Egypt to Spain. This chronicle is thus unaware of further accurate history in Egypt, and here substitutes two much later names from Egyptian history, probably those of Senusret II 1897-1890 BC and Taharqa 690-664 BC.]

In the year 71 of Abraham took place the war of the king Kodorlaghomor with the kings of the country of Sodom, that had served him 14 years, until Abraham established himself in the land of Canaan, the 10th year [of the Promise]. In this era, Hebron was founded by the Canaanites.

[Jub. places this war in 2099 BC, when Abraham was 88, and 13th 'year of the promise'. Kudur-lagamar (whose Elamite name appears here quite recognizably) was probably not the senior leader of the alliance, but rather Amraphel, who is the same as Aralius and Lugal-anne-mundu of Adab, who had seized Sodom 14 years earlier, thus in 2113 BC. Jub. also mentions the founding of Hebron for 2109 BC, a year after Abraham and Sarah arrived in Canaan from Harran.]

Among the children of Nahor, brother of Abraham, was birthed Aram, also called Kamuel, from who descended the Arameans of Mesopotamia, according to what Jacques of Edessa says. He says of the first Aram, who was one of the sons of Shem: "He lived in the east and from him descended the Elamites and the Assyrians." Thereby he wishes to show that the language is older than that of the Hebrews. Now... [lacuna...]

**Zameios** reigned over the Assyrians in the time of Abraham.

[BH calls him Zmaros; Eusebius calls him Zhames Ninyas, and *Defloratio* Zameis-Ninias, all agreeing that he ruled 38 years and was son of Ninus and Semiramis. At least one MS has spelled his name Nanias, and he corresponds to the king Nanni of Ur on the SKL, whom I place as governor of Ur for 38 years, 2212-2174 BC, which includes when Abram and Sarah were born there. While Uruk and Lagash were contesting Sumer including Ur, Nanni did not control Nippur or the hegemony of Sumer, nor until 2182 BC, toward the end of his reign when he defeated Uruk as suggested on the SKL and the *Tummal*; he seems to have defeated Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk -- in addition to defeating and beheading Ham himself, who invaded Syria from Bactria in c. 2175 BC per *Defloratio*. However Nanni or his son Meskiag-Nanna did not hold hegemony for Ur long before Lugal-kinishe-dudu's successor Argandea of Uruk (Arius or Lugal-kisalsi) apparently ended it again in 2174 BC and seized Nippur, Ur, and all Sumer (though SKL includes Argandea with Uruk before Nanni).]

The first king began to reign over the Cretans: Cres, a native, who is Cretos son of Aphra, from whom Crete takes its name. He was one of the Curetes who, according to what they say, had hidden and fed [Zeus] who was about to be killed by his father Chronos.

[Jerome has a similar annal for Zameis Ninyas' first year (ie 2212 BC), and that the Curetes built Knossos and a temple on Crete. 'Zeus' and 'Chronos' here is also a confused reference to the somewhat earlier Titanomachy (2263 BC) when the Zeus or Jupiter in this case is Dionysus of Tritonia (Libya) son of Hammon, who drove out Ham aka Chronos or Saturn, not his father.]

In the first year of the Promise, the great famine occurred. Abraham descended to Egypt; and Ismael was born from Hagar. Isaac, the child of the Promise, was born when Abraham was aged 100 years, in the year 25 of the Promise. Beforehand God the Word had appeared to Abraham. He appeared to him in a human form as He planned to show people later by the Incarnation. Abraham, by his prophecy, showed in advance the calling of the gentiles. That took place in the year 30 of the Promise.

The year 40 of the Promise was the year 3300 since Adam...

### Chapter 2

In the year 19 of Isaac, Abraham had a vision; and of children born to his brother Nahor.

In the year 134 of Abraham, 34 of Isaac, Sarah died at the age of 127 years. Abraham took Ketura, being aged 142 years.

[In the chronology of Jub. Sara passed in 2024 AA, which is 2039 BC, when Abraham was 148, Isaac 45; she being 10 years younger than Abraham was thus 138, though Genesis reads 127. He married Ketura 3 years later, in 2036 BC. Clementine tradition says Ketura was daughter of the 'king of the desert', Yaftur (KM) or Baktur (CT), one of the 12 kings who had helped Melchizedek build Jerusalem in 2072 BC.]

Isaac at the age of 38 years took Rebecca. In the year 60 of Isaac, Rebecca went to find Melchizedek to ask the Lord about her womb. He told her: "There are two peoples in your belly; one people will be greater than the other people."

Annianius says that Isaac, at the age of 60 (others say 100) begat Esau, who is Edom, from whom the Edomites descend, and Jacob, from whom the Israelites came.

[Isaac married Rebecca the same year his father married Ketura, 2036 BC aged 48, and begat Esau and Jacob in 2017 BC, aged 67.]

Abraham died in the year 76 of Isaac, 15 of Jacob. Isaac survived 180 years, until the year 31 of Levi.

[In Jub. Abraham died when Isaac was 81, Jacob 14; Isaac died in 1901 BC at age 183, when Levi was 35.]

Abimelec was the friend of the family of Isaac. This is the same who, in the year 100 of Abraham, had met with him. The Scripture calls him king of Gadar, from the name of his city, and here king of the Palestinians, because of the many people over whom he reigned.

[Jub. does not mention Abraham's meeting with Abimelek king of Gerar, which may be a later confusion; only that of Isaac in 1982 BC. Gerar would centuries later be occupied by Philistines, which is an anachronism at this time.]

When Jacob was aged 82 years, he begat Levi. He survived in all 147 years. He was aged 77 when Isaac blessed him and sent him to Harran. He returned to his father Isaac in the year 10 of Levi. In the year 3 of Levi, Joseph was born. In the year 20 of Levi, Joseph, aged 17, was sold; he was slave 10 years and prisoner during 3 years, he became minister of Pharaoh 30 years; he governed Egypt during 80 years and died at the age of 110.

[Jub. has Levi born 1936 BC, in Harran, when Jacob was 81; Jacob lived until 1875 BC, age 142; he had fled to Harran in 1948 BC at age 69, and returned to Canaan in 1928 BC, when Levi was 8. Joseph was born in 1929 BC when Levi was 7, and he was sold into Egypt in 1914 BC aged 15 when Levi was 22. In 1899 BC, Pharaoh Amenemhat II made his son Senuset II co-Pharaoh, with Joseph as prime minister or vizier; Senusret II then became sole Pharaoh in 1897 BC. Senusret II is the only pharaoh in this 12th dynasty whose vizier's name is not found in any Egyptian records. However the famed depiction of Semitic shepherds entering Egypt in Senusret II's 6th year (ie. 1891 BC), after the famine started, fits right in with what we should expect. Joseph died in 1821 BC, aged 108, although there were apparently other prime ministers starting with Senusret III (1880 BC). At any rate, 5 years after Joseph's death, 1816 BC, Queen Sobekneferu ruled in Egypt, and in another 3 years, 1813 BC, she had licensed the prosperous Semitic (Hebrew) merchants and shepherds who had settled Goshen to have their own Pharaoh, with the decidedly Semitic name Yakbim. This began what is known as the 14th dynasty, but in the past and even to this day there has been much confusion between the 14th dynasty and the 15th, later Amorite invaders known as the Hekashasu or Hyksos.]

After the death of Isaac, the children of Esau took in their pay Moab, Ammon and Aram and they came to attack Jacob and his children at Hebron. Jacob won. He beat him taking steps and killed him. The children of Esau fell before the children of Jacob, and their helpers fled. Jacob went down to Egypt at the age of 130, the 2nd year of the famine.

[The battle where Jacob and Israel defeated Esau and Edom was in 1901 BC. Jacob and Israel entered Egypt in 1891 BC, when he was 126, and in the 6th year of Pharaoh Senusret II.]

Levi, aged 47 years, begat Caath. He survived in all 137 years. In his time happened the deluge that took place in the days of Ogyges. While **Balaios** reigned over Assyria, the city of Memphis was built in Egypt... The fourth shepherd king, ***Apophos***, began to reign in Egypt during 14 years. He is who had dreams, and conferred authority on Joseph.

[In the *Testament of Levi* he says he begat Kohath at age 35, which would be 1901 BC, the same year of Jacob's battle with Edom, and of Isaac's death. 137 years would put Levi's death in 1799 BC. The deluge of Ogyges in Greece is missynchronized here and can be placed ca. 2051 BC on the basis of *Defloratio* and other evidence.

BH says in the days of Isaac, the 5th king of the Assyrians Aris ruled 30 years, and the 15th king of the Egyptians Setis 19 years. Bed. says "Aghaparos" was king of the Assyrians in Joseph's 35th year, and K'ebron king of the Egyptians in Joseph's 38th year. These all seem to be incomplete attempts at synchronization. Aris of BH seems to refer to Arius or Argandea of Uruk, whose 30 years after Nanni Zameis are assigned to 2174-2144 BC, before Abram had even left Ur. After Arius would be Aralius, who is Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab, c. 2144-2099 BC; his defeat by Abraham in 2099 BC is mentioned in Michael's text, but the name of Aralius or Amraphel has seemingly dropped out of all versions. The "era of Baleus Xerxes" followed on from there, 2099-2069 BC, corresponding to Lugal-Zaggesi. More likely, this Baleus Xerxes, and the following two "eras" corresponding to the Akkadian kings, namely Armatritis and Belochus, have been skipped over directly to Baleus II, better known as Ur-Nammu, who would govern Ur from 2002 BC, including throughout the 25 year Gutian occupation, before becoming king of all Sumer 1976-1958 BC. Bed.'s Aghaparos must correspond to Ur-Nammu's successor Altades or Shulgi of Ur who ruled 1958-1910 BC, whom Jerome also wrongly synchronizes for 3 years before Chebron; this sequence is continued below with mention of the next two "eras", Mamitus (Amar-suen of Ur) and Mancaleus (Ishbi-erra of Isin).

Memphis had been occupied before the deluge and had surely long since been rebuilt by the Misraimites, so the claim it was built then is perplexing.

Apophos is Apepi who reigned 1585-1552 BC, the fifth of the Hyksos kings. That would be during Joshua's conquest of Canaan, but the sequence of these times would be badly confused in later eras. The name Setis in BH would usually refer to Seti I, 1290-1279 BC, but could be a corruption of Salitis, ie. Sakir, the first Hyksos king 1653-1634 BC who was usually listed with the "shepherd kings"... The name K'ebron in Bed. properly refers to Thutmose II (1493-1479 BC) who was much later.]

Caath, aged 60 years, begat Amram. He survived in all 133 years.

[In *Testament of Levi*, Levi says his grandson Amram was born the same year as his daughter Jochebed, when he was 64, ie 1872 BC, when Kohath was 29; Amram married his aunt Jochebed when Levi was 94, 1842 BC. Kohath's 133 years would mean he lived until 1768 BC.]

Amram begat Moses at the age of 77, in the year 350 of the Promise.

[Jubilees has Amram return in 1760 BC to Goshen from Hebron in Canaan, where some Hebrews had remained since Joseph passed in 1821 BC; he begat Moses in Goshen in 1733 BC, the year the oppression began. If *Testament Levi* is correct about Amram's birth, he was already 139 when Moses was born. Some renegade Benjaminites seem to have been active enough during the years of oppression in Goshen, to have their own state in Syria, a client of Yamkhad, from 1714 to 1683 BC.]

Amram died in the year 67 of Moses, 13 years before the departure from Egypt.

[The year 67 of Moses and 13 before the Exodus would be 1666 BC, meaning Amram lived to 206 if *Test. Levi* is correct.]

Amram survived 137 years. Joseph survived 110 years. In the year 6 of Amram, 286 of the Promise, Joseph died. After his death the Hebrews were enslaved in the extreme manner that is written. In the year 57 of Amram, he begat Mariam; in the year 68 he begat Aaron. In this era ***Amenophtes*** began to reign, during 43 years. That one began to make the children of the Hebrews drown in the Nile.

[Joseph's death in 1821 BC would be when Amram was 51. The enslavement and oppression of the Hebrews in Goshen actually began the year Moses was born in 1733 BC, when Sobekhotep III, actual Pharaoh of the Oppression revoked the title of the last reigning 14th dynasty pharaoh Yakob. Shiphrah, one of Moses' midwives in *Exodus* 1, appears on a list of slaves of Sobekhotep III, again confirming the chronology is correct.

The name Amenophtes belongs to Amenhotep I 1526-1505 BC, a much later pharaoh; from this point, the list of pharaohs suffers from centuries of badly synchronized revision.]

Moses was born in the year 70 of Amram, 350 of the Promise. Moses survived 120 years.

Moses having been cast in the river, the daughter of king Amenophtes, who was called Thermotisa, ie. Ragusa, and whom the Hebrews call Maria (she whom Kamphara, king of Memphis took among his wives) found him, drew him from the waters, and made to raise him like her son. This Mari died and was buried in Egypt. The city of Myra, called Maru, was called from her name. When Moses had reached the age of 10, Jannes and Jambres taught him the sciences, as Artemonios shows it.

[Termut, the daughter of Sobekhotep III who rescued Moses may have been Dedetanuq. Bed.'s Armenian text adds that Jannes and Jambres were "sons of the Chaldean sorceror Barkobas (Barisbay)". According to *Jubilees*, Moses' father Amram taught him writing, apparently without him or Jochebed revealing their identity at the palace.

Morie's account of Nubia says Berua or Meroe, daughter of Baenkhons, for whom Meroe was named, was engaged to the noble Ramenpahti of Kush (also called meslene, viceroy). Morie and others failed to synchronize this with Moses and Sobekhotep, but in my computation that was exactly where it should be, and here confirmed by Michael.]

From the entry into Egypt until the Exodus there are 215 years.

[Jub. shows these dates as 1891 BC and 1653 BC, 238 years apart.]

In the year 22 of Moses, the king Amenophtes began to oppress the Hebrews by making them work bricks and build cities.

In the year 28 of Moses, he built Hermopolis, and made war with the Kushites; he captured Ragusa, daughter of the king Zoros, and took her amongst his wives.

[The oppression began the same year Moses was born, 1733 BC; the source of these legends is unclear. Bed. has a fuller account that the Ethiopians rebelled from the Egyptians and captured Moses' adoptive mother Hr'ak'usa, whereupon Moses made war on them for 10 years and captured their queen Thesbas (or in a later addendum, he defeated king At'iubas of the Philistines).

The Ethiopian chronology however seems to make this the time when the final Kushite king Piori I was defeated by Ram of Kosala (India) in 1696 BC, but by 1688 BC the recently arrived (1701 BC) Semitic tribes of Joktan had driven out the Kosalans and established a new dynasty started by Saba II Aknahus, who reigned throughout the time from 1688 BC until 1633 BC, when the Hebrews were in the Sinai desert.]

#### From Chaldean Teachings

[lacuna ...]

In effect, the daughter of Inachus who first reigned over the Thebans and Argoans, was Io, whose name the Egyptians changed, and call Isis. The Bosphorus takes her name of Io.

In her time ***Apis***, whom some call Serapis, was first called like a deity in Egypt.

[Bed. says that in the 75th year of Isaac, Apis was in his 17th year in Egypt. The 75th year of Isaac would be 2009 BC, when Apis was ruling Italy; and 17 years after he had left the thrones of Argos and Sicyon; his final reign in Egypt would be 2001-1995 BC, slightly later.]

In this era reigned the 17th dynasty, wherein reigned the kings called Shepherds, during 103 years. It's thought that they were called Shepherd kings because of Joseph and his brothers, because the first are placed in the era when the brothers of Joseph went down to Egypt; in other manuscripts we have found that the Shepherds who reigned were from the Phoenicians. Joseph tells it as well as according to the histories of Zamaris and Manetho.

[The "shepherd kings" might refer to the Hebraic 14th dynasty who were actual shepherds, 1813-1733 BC, or it could refer to the 15th dynasty, Canaanite Hyksos invaders who were seated in Lower Egypt soon after the Egyptian army was devastated in the Red Sea, 1653 BC, until the Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose drove them out in 1540 BC.]

Io, daughter of Inachus, having come to Pharos, island of the port, was called Isis Pharia.

At that time the great cities of Argos and Sicyon were founded in the Peloponnese.

[Sicyon's founding (as Aigialea), as we have seen, dates from 2353 BC, while that of Argos (as Inachia) may be calculated for 2141 BC, a bit too early for this synchronization.]

Year 174 of the Promise: the virgin Athena was famous near Lake Triton; the Greeks call her Minerva.

[*Defloratio* mentions this at the time of the Titanomachy, ie 2263 BC, still long before Abraham.]

Year 180 of the Promise: the king Ragagos flourished in Attica.

[This is most likely Ogyges, who Jerome says reigned in Acta (Attica) the 26th year of Phoroneus of Argos, ca. 2076 BC; that calculates to year 36 of the Promise.]

Year 190 of the Promise: Joseph was sold by his brothers. Joseph received authority in the 1st year of the famine.

[As mentioned above Joseph was sold in 1914 BC, 198 years after the Promise to Abraham in Harran, and the 1st year of the famine was 1892 BC, but it seems he had also been vizier during the 7 good years starting in 1899 BC.]

Jacob died in the year 232 of the Promise.

Year 110 of Joseph in which he died.

Year 290 of the Promise.

[Jacob's death in 1875 BC would be 237 of the Promise, and Joseph's in 1821 BC would be 291 of the Promise, so this is relatively close.]

In the time of ***Amenophis*** lived the sage Prometheus who made people pass from stupidity to science. It was said that he trained them.

[Amenophis would normally refer to Amenhotep II 1425-1401 BC, or corrupt for Amenhotep I, either way long after the Exodus.]

In the year 12 of Amram, ***Maphros*** began to reign in Egypt during 12 years; and after him ***Mipharmunis*** during 24 years.

[Maphros is Thutmose I, 1505-1493 BC. Mipharmunis is uncertain and seems a corrupted doublet of Mispharmuthosis below.]

In the year 50 of Amram, ***Tymochamou*** began to reign in Egypt during 18 years.

[Tymochamou is uncertain; it may be corrupted for Manetho's Tuthmosis who is Thutmose IV, 1401-1391 BC.]

In the year 4 of the Servitude, ***Mispharmuthosis*** began to reign in Egypt during 23 years. In the year 17 **Manchaleus** began to reign over the Assyrians, during 30 years.

[Mispharmuthosis is Thutmose III, 1458-1425 BC. Manchaleus, who normally follows Mamitus below, seems to refer to Ishbi-Erra of Isin, who ruled 1870-1864 BC, though the 'Era of Mancaleus' seems to encompass all the years 1880-1850 BC.]

In this era Atlas, brother of Prometheus, began to flourish in astrology; because of his knowledge of stars, it was said that he carried the heaven.

In this era lived Syros, native of the country called by his name Syria, as well as his brother Cilicos, from whom Cilicia takes its name.

The Ethiopian people quit the river Indus to come live near Egypt.

[Jerome, on whom much of this missynchronization is based, seems to indicate this event for the 10th year of Orthopolis in Sicyon, ca. 1875 BC. This could refer to the people of Ophir, or Puru, on the Indus, who were defeated in the Rig Vedic Battle of Ten Kings around this time by the Aryans and Ebarats (Elam), and fled to Yemen.]

**Mamitos**, 15th king of the Assyrians, began to reign in the 1st year of Moses' birth, during 30 years; according to Andronicus, this was in the 73rd year of Moses.

[Mamitos refers to the neo-Sumerian king Amar-sin who ruled 1910-1901 BC, but the Era of Mamitus also includes his successors to 1880 BC; it should thus precede Mancaleus above.]

In the year 4 of Moses, ***Oros***, the 24th king, began to reign in Egypt, during 38 years. Andronicus says that before him, a certain ***Phosinos*** reigned in Egypt. If that is true, it's he who oppressed the Hebrews in the work of mud and bricks, who resisted Moses and Aaron, and who was drowned in the sea. It is written in effect: "In the 41st year of Moses Phosinos began to reign."

[Orus originally did refer to a pharaoh before the Exodus, Hor Awybre 1783-1775 BC, although in Manetho this name would be transferred to Horemheb, 1319-1292 BC.

Phosinos, Bed. Psan'os, BH Psonos, is one of the names ascribed to the Pharaoh of the Exodus, who was actually Merneferre Ay 1657-1653 BC. With the end of his reign, Egyptian power in the north crumbled to the Amorite Hyksos invaders under Sakir, because of the loss of the Egyptian army pursuing the Hebrews in 1653 BC, the year of the Exodus.

The French text inexplicably continues Moses' life with Chapter 5, omitting mention of Chapters 3 or 4. However, to continue this annotated translation would be a matter of unjumbling the gaps and poor synchronizations mostly sourced to Jerome, which could be done with so many mediaeval chronicles. As Book II contains the most valuable nuggets, the earliest post-diluvian Egyptian and Mesopotamian kings, and I have continued to elucidate the correct chronology as far as the Exodus in 1653 BC, it is unnecessary to continue further at this time.]

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