Hearst Castle

## Hearst San Simeon Estate

**Hearst Castle** is a National Historic Landmark and California

Historical Landmark mansion located on the Central Coast of California, United States. Designed by architect Julia Morgan, it was a residence for newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst between 1919 and 1947. Hearst died in 1951, and it became a California State Park in 1958. Since that time, it has been operated as the Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument, where the estate, and its considerable collection of art and antiques, is open for public tours.

Hearst formally named the estate "La Cuesta Encantada" ("The Enchanted Hill"), but usually called it "the Ranch." Hearst Castle and grounds are also sometimes referred to as "San Simeon," without distinguishing between the Hearst property and the adjacent unincorporated area of the same name.

### Official name

Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument

## History

The Hollywood and political elite often visited in the 1920s and 1930s, usually flying into the estate's airfield or taking a private Hearst-owned train car from Los Angeles along the coastal railroad route. Among Hearst's guests were Charlie Chaplin, Cary Grant, the Marx Brothers, Charles Lindbergh, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, James Stewart, Bob Hope, Calvin Coolidge, Franklin Roosevelt, Dolores del Río, and Winston Churchill. While guests were expected to attend the formal dinners each evening, they were normally left to their own dwellings during the day while Hearst directed his business affairs. Since "the Ranch" had so many facilities, guests were rarely at a loss for things to do. The estate's theater usually screened films from Hearst's own movie studio, Cosmopolitan Productions.

Construction continued at Hearst Castle through 1947. William Randolph Hearst died in 1951, and in 1958 the Hearst Corporation donated the estate to the state of California. Hearst Castle joined the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1972, and became a United States National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.

One condition of the Hearst Corporation's donation of the estate was that the Hearst family would be allowed to use it when they wished. Patty Hearst, a granddaughter of William Randolph, related that as a child, she hid behind statues in the Neptune Pool while tours passed by. Although the main estate is now a museum, the Hearst family continues to use an older Victorian house on the property as a retreat – the original house built by George Hearst in the late 19th century. The house is screened from tourist routes by a dense grove of eucalyptus trees to provide maximum privacy for the guests. In 2001, Patty Hearst hosted a Travel Channel show on the estate, and Amanda Hearst modeled for a fashion photo shoot at the estate for a Hearst Corporation magazine, *Town and Country*, in 2006.

Hearst Castle was the inspiration for the "Xanadu" mansion of the 1941 Orson Welles film *Citizen Kane*, a fictionalization of William Randolph Hearst's career. Hearst Castle was not used as a location for the film. Instead the film used Oheka Castle in Huntington, New York, as well as buildings in San Diego's Balboa Park. Commercial filming is rare at Hearst Castle, and most requests are turned down. Since the property was donated to the state of California, only two projects have been granted permission: Stanley Kubrick's *Spartacus*, which used the castle to stand in as Crassus' villa, and Lady Gaga's music video for "G.U.Y."

Hearst Castle was included as one of America's "10 Amazing Castles of America" by the now defunct Forbes Traveler.com. Forbes said, "Quite possibly the nation's most famous castle, William Randolph Hearst went to great lengths to bring back the best of European architecture – most notably ceilings from churches and monasteries – which were pieced back together in California to create his highly eclectic Central Coast getaway."

## Location

Hearst Castle is located near the unincorporated community of San Simeon, California in San Luis Obsipo county. The estate itself is five miles (eight km) inland atop a hill of the Santa Lucia Range. The region is sparsely populated because the Santa Lucia Range abuts the Pacific Ocean, which provides dramatic seaside vistas but few opportunities for development and hampers transportation. The surrounding countryside visible from the mansion remains largely undeveloped. Its entrance is approximately five miles north of Hearst San Simeon State Park.

Hearst Castle was built on Rancho Piedra Blanca that William Randolph Hearst's father, George Hearst, originally purchased in 1865. The younger Hearst grew fond of this site over many childhood family camping trips. He inherited the ranch from his mother Phoebe Hearst in 1919. Although the large ranch already had a Victorian mansion, the location selected for Hearst Castle was undeveloped, atop a steep hill whose ascent was a dirt path accessible only by foot or on horseback over five miles (eight km) of cutbacks.

## Design

Hearst first approached American architect Julia Morgan with ideas for a new project in April 1919, shortly after he took ownership. Hearst's original idea was to build a bungalow, according to a draftsman who worked in Morgan's office who recounted Hearst's words from the initial meeting:

> "*I would like to build something up on the hill at San Simeon. I get tired of going up there and camping in tents. I'm getting a little too old for that. I'd like to get something that would be a little more comfortable.*"
>
>
>

After approximately one month of discussion, Hearst's original idea for a modest dwelling swelled to grand proportions. Discussion for the exterior style switched from initial ideas of Japanese and Korean themes to the Spanish Revival that was gaining popularity. Morgan had used this style when she worked on the *Los Angeles Herald Examiner* headquarters in 1915. Hearst was fond of Spanish Revival but dissatisfied with the crudeness of the colonial structures in California. Mexican colonial architecture had more sophistication, but he objected to its abundance of ornamentation. The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego held the closest approaches in California to the look Hearst desired. Turning to the Iberian Peninsula for inspiration, he found Renaissance and Baroque examples in southern Spain more to his tastes. Hearst particularly admired a church in Ronda, Spain and asked Morgan to pattern the Main Building towers after it. He decided to substitute a stucco exterior in place of masonry in deference to Californian traditions.

By late summer 1919, Morgan had surveyed the site, analyzed its geology, and drawn initial plans for the Main Building. Construction began in 1919 and continued through 1947 when Hearst stopped living at the estate due to ill health. Morgan persuaded Hearst to begin with the guest cottages, because the smaller structures could be completed more quickly.

The estate is a pastiche of historic architectural styles that Hearst admired in his travels around Europe. Hearst was a prolific buyer who did not purchase art and antiques to furnish his home, but rather he built his home to get his collection out of warehouses. This led to out of place elements, such as the private cinema, whose walls were lined with shelves of rare books. The floor plan of the Main Building is chaotic due to his habit of buying centuries-old ceilings that dictated the proportions and decor of various rooms.

Hearst Castle featured 56 bedrooms, 61 bathrooms, 19 sitting rooms, indoor and outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, a movie theater, an airfield, and the world's largest private zoo. Zebras and other exotic animals still roam the grounds. Morgan, an accomplished civil engineer, devised a gravity-based water delivery system that transports water from artesian wells on the slopes of Pine Mountain, seven miles (11 km) east of Hearst Castle, to a reservoir on Rocky Butte, a knoll less than a mile southeast from Hearst Castle.

One highlight of the estate is the outdoor Neptune Pool, located near the edge of the hilltop, which offers an expansive vista of the mountains, ocean, and the main house. The Neptune Pool patio features an ancient Roman temple front, transported wholesale from Europe and reconstructed at the site. Due to drought conditions and leaks in the pool, the pool was drained. After a long-term restoration project to fix the leaking, the pool was refilled in August 2018.

Hearst was an inveterate tinkerer who would tear down structures and rebuild them on a whim. For example, the Neptune Pool was rebuilt three times before Hearst was satisfied. As a consequence of Hearst's persistent design changes, the estate was never completed in his lifetime.

Although Hearst Castle's ornamentation is borrowed from historic European themes, its underlying structure is primarily steel reinforced concrete. The use of modern engineering techniques reflects Morgan's background as a civil engineering graduate of the University of California, Berkeley and the first female architecture graduate of the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Morgan designed tiles for the castle and used several tile companies to produce them: Solon & Schemmel (San Jose), Grueby Faience Company (Boston), Batchelder (Pasadena), and California Faience (Berkeley). Albert Solon and Frank Schemmel came to Hearst Castle to perform the tile work. Camille Solon, son of Marc-Louis-Emmanuel Solon and brother of Albert Solon of Solon and Schemmel Tile Company, designed the mosaics of blue-and-gold Venetian glass tile used in the property's indoor Roman Pool and he also designed and painted the murals in the Gothic Study of Casa Grande.

During Hearst's ownership, a private power plant supplied electricity to the remote location. Most of the estate's chandeliers have bare light bulbs, because electrical technology was so new when Hearst Castle was built.

## Size

The total square footage of the buildings on the estate exceeds 90,000 square feet (8,300 m²). The area of Casa Grande, the "castle," is 68,500 square feet (5,634 m²). The areas of the guest houses on the property are:

* Casa del Mar: 5,350 square feet (546 m²)
* Casa del Monte: 2,550 square feet (213 m²)
* Casa del Sol: 3,620 square feet (242 m²)

## See also

* List of largest houses in the United States

## References

1. ↑ "State Park Notes". *Planning and Civic Comment* **24** (3): 58. September 1958. https://archive.org/stream/planningciviccom25natirich#page/n219/mode/2up. "The Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument was dedicated and opened to the public June 2".
2. ↑ Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wilson: *Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty*, 2007, p. xi
4. ↑ "The top houses from the movies".
5. ↑ Filming Locations for Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus (1960), in Spain and California..
6. ↑ Dodge, Shyam (April 15, 2014). "Lady Gaga denies claim she 'wasted 356K gallons of water to fill massive pool at Hearst Castle' during worst drought in California history". *MailOnline.com* (Daily Mail). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2605249/Lady-Gaga-denies-claim-wasted-356K-gallons-water-massive-pool-Hearst-Castle-worst-drought-California-history.html#ixzz36z0T3B6U.
7. ↑ 10 Amazing Castles of America - ForbesTraveler.com (2009-03-07).
8. ↑ News Release: Hearst Castle and Vikingsholm named by Forbes Travel.com. California Department of Parks and Recreation (February 10, 2009). See also In Pictures: Great American Castles. Forbes.com (December 10, 2010).
9. ↑ Land to Table: California Grass-Fed & Grass-Finished Beef | The Land Report.
10. ↑ Hearst Castle history
11. ↑ Garden and Vistas - Tour Information Archived 2010-08-30 at the Wayback Machine. from HearstCastle.org
12. ↑ "Drought forces Hearst Castle to pool resources". *San Luis Obispo Tribune*. February 4, 2014. https://newsela.com/articles/hearst-pool/id/2619/.
13. ↑ Ami Lieu (July 2, 2014). Drought prompts Hearst Castle to close restrooms, drain pool. *Social Wanderer*. KCET.
14. ↑ Hearst Castle gala celebrates reopening of Neptune Pool (en).
15. ↑ Brown, Patricia Leigh. "Taking a Dip in History: A Pool Party at Hearst Castle", *The New York Times*, 2018-10-23. (in en-US)
16. ↑ Guide to the Camille Solon Drawings Collection, 1900-1952.
17. ↑ Facts and Stats from the official Hearst Castle website

## Sources

* Lewis, O. (1958). Fabulous San Simeon; a history of the Hearst Castle, a Calif. state monument located on the scenic coast of Calif., together with a guide to the treasures on display. San Francisco: California Historical Society.
* Collord, M., & Miller, A. (1972). Castle fare: featuring authentic recipes served in Hearst Castle. San Luis Obispo, CA: Blake Printery.
* Boulian, D. M. (1972). Enchanted gardens of Hearst Castle. Cambria, Calif: Phildor Press.
* Martin, C. (1977). Hearst Castle: mythology, legend, history in art. Cambria, Calif: Galatea Publications.
* Coffman, T. (1985).
* Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
* Blades, J., Nargizian, R. A., & Carr, G. (1993). The Hearst Castle collection of carpets: fine rug reproductions. Santa Barbara, Calif: Jane Freeburg.
* Kastner, V. (1994). Remains to be seen: remains of Spanish ceilings at Hearst Castle. San Simeon, CA: Hearst San Simeon State Historic Monument.
* Loe, N. E. (1994). Hearst Castle: an interpretive history of W.R. Hearst's San Simeon estate. [S.l.]: ARA Services.
* Sullivan, J. (1996). Castle chronicles: "sketching around Hearst Castle". Los Osos, Calif: The Bay News?.
* California. (2001). Hearst Castle: Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument. Sacramento, CA: California State Parks.

## External links

* California State Parks web page
* The Mosaics of Hearst Castle
* National Geographic Theater at Hearst Castle – Featuring the Hearst Castle Experience