Cambridge, Massachusetts

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**Cambridge** (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and part of the Boston metropolitan area. As of July 2014[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Lowell. According to the 2010 Census, the city's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997. Situated directly north of Boston, across the Charles River, it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town's founders.Template:Rp

Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Lesley University, and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge, as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.

## History

*See also: Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts*
 File:Formation of Massachusetts towns.svg
In December 1630, the site of what would become Cambridge was chosen because it was safely upriver from Boston Harbor, making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband Simon were among the town's first settlers. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. The settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne".Template:Sfnp Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as **Newe Towne** by 1632, and as **Newtowne** by 1638.

Located at the first convenient Charles River crossing west of Boston, Newe Towne was one of a number of towns (including Boston, Dorchester, Watertown, and Weymouth) founded by the 700 original Puritan colonists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony under Governor John Winthrop. Its first preacher was Thomas Hooker, who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found Hartford and the Connecticut Colony; before leaving, they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England.Template:Sfnp

The original village site is now within Harvard Square. The marketplace where farmers sold crops from surrounding towns at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled) remains within a small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets.

The town comprised a much larger area than the present city,Template:Sfnp with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now Newton) in 1688, Cambridge Farms (now Lexington) in 1712Template:Sfnp or 1713, and Little or South Cambridge (now Brighton) and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now Arlington) in 1807.Template:Sfnp In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected.

In 1636, the Newe College (later renamed Harvard College after benefactor John Harvard) was founded by the Massachusetts Bay Colony to train ministers. According to Cotton Mather, Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court (the Massachusetts legislature) primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher Thomas Shepard. In May 1638, the settlement's name was changed to **Cambridge** in honor of the university in Cambridge, England.Template:Sfnp

Newtowne's ministers, Hooker and Shepard, the college's first president, the college's major benefactor, and the first schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton were all Cambridge alumni, as was the colony's governor John Winthrop. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. In 1650, Governor Thomas Dudley signed the charter creating the corporation that still governs Harvard College.

 File:Washington taking command of the American Army at Cambridge, 1775 - NARA - 532874.tif
Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles (13 km) by road from Boston, the colony's capital. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with most of the town comprising farms and estates. Most inhabitants were descendants of the original Puritan colonists, but there was also a small elite of Anglican "worthies" who were not involved in village life, made their livings from estates, investments, and trade, and lived in mansions along "the Road to Watertown" (today's Brattle Street, still known as Tory Row).

Coming north from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3, 1775,Template:Sfnp now reckoned the birthplace of the U.S. Army. Most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24, 1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, which enabled Washington to drive the British army out of Boston.

 File:Cambridge 1873 WardMap.jpg
Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly, with the construction of the West Boston Bridge in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to Boston, so that it was no longer necessary to travel eight miles (13 km) through the Boston Neck, Roxbury, and Brookline to cross the Charles River. A second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts.

In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution. It was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. The Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day.

Soon after, turnpikes were built: the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the Middlesex Turnpike (Hampshire St. and Massachusetts Ave. northwest of Porter Square), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, the town was connected to the Boston & Maine Railroad,Template:Sfnp leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring Somerville from the formerly rural parts of Charlestown.

 File:1852 Middlesex Canal (Massachusetts) map.jpg
Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846Template:Sfnp despite persistent tensions between East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, and Old Cambridge stemming from differences in culture, sources of income, and the national origins of the residents. The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the city's downtown around that time.

Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present character—streetcar suburban development along the turnpikes, with working-class and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle-class housing on the old Cambridgeport and Mid-Cambridge estates, and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three major changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and Alewife Brook; the ice-cutting industry launched by Frederic Tudor on Fresh Pond; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries.

For many decades, the city's largest employer was the New England Glass Company, founded in 1818. By the middle of the 19th century it was the world's largest and most modern glassworks. In 1888, Edward Drummond Libbey moved all production to Toledo, Ohio, where it continues today under the name Owens-Illinois. The company's flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors. There is none on public display in Cambridge, but the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Sandwich Glass Museum on Cape Cod also have a few pieces.

In 1895, Edwin Ginn founder of Ginn and Company built the Athenaeum Press Building for his publishing text book empire.

By 1920, Cambridge was one of New England's main industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 residents. Among the largest businesses in Cambridge during the period of industrialization was Carter's Ink Company, whose neon sign long adorned the Charles River and which was for many years the world's largest ink manufacturer. Next door was the Athenaeum Press. Confectionery and snack manufacturers in the Cambridgeport-Area 4-Kendall corridor included the Kennedy Biscuit Factory (later part of Nabisco and originator of the Fig Newton), Necco, Squirrel Brands, George Close Company (1861–1930s), Page & Shaw, Daggett Chocolate (1892–1960s, recipes bought by Necco), Fox Cross Company (1920–1980, originator of the Charleston Chew, and now part of Tootsie Roll Industries), Kendall Confectionery Company, and James O. Welch (1927–1963, originator of Junior Mints, Sugar Daddies, Sugar Mamas and Sugar Babies, now part of Tootsie Roll Industries).

Only the Cambridge Brands subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town, still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street. The Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company (1886), the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company (1880, now in Chelmsford, Massachusetts) and the New England Glass Company (1818–1878) were among the industrial manufacturers in what are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge.

As industry in New England began to decline during the Great Depression and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began to become an intellectual, rather than an industrial, center. Harvard University had always been important as both a landowner and an institution, but it began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. When Radcliffe College was established in 1879 the town became a mecca for some of the nation's most academically talented female students. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's move from Boston in 1916 reinforced Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States.

After the 1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples. In Cambridge Highlands, the technology company Bolt, Beranek, & Newman produced the first network router in 1969, and hosted the invention of computer-to-computer email in 1971. The 1980s brought a wave of high-technology startups. Those selling advanced minicomputers were overtaken by the microcomputer.Template:Citation needed Cambridge-based VisiCorp made the first spreadsheet software for personal computers, Visicalc, and helped propel the Apple II to major consumer success. It was overtaken and purchased by Cambridge-based Lotus Development, maker of Lotus 1-2-3. (This was in turn replaced in the market by Microsoft Excel).

The city continues to be home to many startups. Kendall Square was a major software hub through the dot-com boom and today hosts offices of such technology companies as Google, Microsoft, and Amazon. The Square also now houses the headquarters of Akamai.

In 1976, Harvard's plans to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three-month moratorium and a citizen review panel. In the end, Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977. This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when Biogen opened a lab in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute (a Harvard spinoff) to abandon Somerville and Boston for Cambridge. The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and Genzyme; laboratories for Novartis, Teva, Takeda, Alnylam, Ironwood, Catabasis, Moderna Therapeutics, Editas Medicine; support companies such as Cytel; and many smaller companies.

By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most costly housing markets in the Northeastern United States. While considerable class, race, and age diversity persisted, it became harder for those who grew up in the city to afford to stay. The end of rent control in 1994 prompted many Cambridge renters to move to more affordable housing in Somerville and other cities or towns.

Until recently, Cambridge's mix of amenities and proximity to Boston kept housing prices relatively stable despite the bursting of the United States housing bubble. Cambridge has been a sanctuary city since 1985 and reaffirmed its status as such in 2006.

## Geography

 File:Charles River Cambridge USA.jpg
According to the United States Census Bureau, Cambridge has a total area of 7.1 square miles (18 km2), of which 6.4 square miles (17 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) (9.82%) is water.

### Adjacent municipalities

Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by:

* the city of Boston to the south (across the Charles River) and east
* the city of Somerville to the north
* the town of Arlington to the northwest
* the town of Belmont and
* the city of Watertown to the west

The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of Somerville passes through densely populated neighborhoods which are connected by the MBTA Red Line. Some of the main squares, Inman, Porter, and to a lesser extent, Harvard and Lechmere, are very close to the city line, as are Somerville's Union and Davis Squares.

Through the City of Cambridge's exclusive municipal water system, the city further controls two exclave areas, one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a 2009 listed American Water Landmark located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook watersheds, which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including Lexington, Lincoln, Waltham and Weston.

### Neighborhoods

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#### Squares

Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares", as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as squares. Each square acts as a neighborhood center. These include:

* Kendall Square, formed by the junction of Broadway, Main Street, and Third Street, has been called "the most innovtive square mile on the planet", owing to its high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. Technology Square is an office and laboratory building cluster in this neighborhood. Just over the Longfellow Bridge from Boston, at the eastern end of the MIT campus, it is served by the Kendall/MIT station on the MBTA Red Line subway. Most of Cambridge's large office towers are located in the Square. A biotech industry has developed in this area. The Cambridge Innovation Center, a large co-working space, is in Kendall Square at 1 Broadway. The Cambridge Center office complex is in Kendall Square, and not at the actual center of Cambridge. The "One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, but not actually in Kendall Square.
* Central Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street, and Western Avenue. Containing a variety of ethnic restaurants, it was economically depressed as recently as the late 1990s; it underwent gentrification in recent years (in conjunction with the development of the nearby University Park at MIT), and continues to grow more costly. It is served by the Central Station stop on the MBTA Red Line subway. **Lafayette Square**, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of the Central Square area. Cambridgeport is south of Central Square along Magazine Street and Brookline Street.
* Harvard Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and JFK Street. This is the primary site of Harvard University and a major Cambridge shopping area. It is served by a Red Line station. Harvard Square was originally the Red Line's northwestern terminus and a major transfer point to streetcars that also operated in a short tunnel—which is still a major bus terminal, although the area under the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended. The Harvard Square area includes **Brattle Square** and **Eliot Square**. A short distance away from the square lies the Cambridge Common, while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Agassiz, after the famed scientist Louis Agassiz.
* Porter Square, about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues. It includes part of the city of Somerville and is served by the Porter Square Station, a complex housing a Red Line stop and a Fitchburg Line commuter rail stop. Lesley University's University Hall and Porter campus are in Porter Square.
* Inman Square, at the junction of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in Mid-Cambridge. It is home to restaurants, bars, music venues and boutiques. Victorian streetlights, benches and bus stops were recently added to the streets, and a new city park was installed.
* Lechmere Square, at the junction of Cambridge and First streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. It is the MBTA Green Line's northern terminus, at Lechmere Station.

##### Gallery

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Areas of CambridgeCentralsquarecambridgemass.jpgCentral SquareHarvard square 2009j.JPGHarvard SquareCambridge MA Inman Square.jpgInman Square
#### Other neighborhoods

 File:Neighborhood Map of Cambridge, MA.png
Cambridge's residential neighborhoods border but are not defined by the squares.

* East Cambridge (Area 1) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the east by the Charles River, on the south by Broadway and Main Street, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. It includes the NorthPoint development.
* MIT Campus (Area 2) is bordered on the north by Broadway, on the south and east by the Charles River, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
* Wellington-Harrington (Area 3) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and west by Hampshire Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Referred to as "Mid-Block".Template:Clarify
* The Port, formerly known as Area 4, is bordered on the north by Hampshire Street, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Prospect Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Residents of Area 4 often simply call their neighborhood "The Port" and the area of Cambridgeport and Riverside "The Coast". In October 2015, the Cambridge City Council officially renamed Area 4 "The Port", formalizing the longtime nickname, largely on the initiative of neighborhood native and then-Vice Mayor Dennis Benzan. The port is usually the busier part of the city.
* Cambridgeport (Area 5) is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by River Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
* Mid-Cambridge (Area 6) is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and Somerville, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Peabody Street, and on the east by Prospect Street.
* Riverside (Area 7), an area sometimes called "The Coast", is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by JFK Street, and on the east by River Street.
* Agassiz (Harvard North) (Area 8) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and east by Kirkland Street, and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue.
* Neighborhood Nine or Radcliffe (formerly called Peabody, until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by that name) is bordered on the north by railroad tracks, on the south by Concord Avenue, on the west by railroad tracks, and on the east by Massachusetts Avenue.

The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of the higher elevations within the area bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue.
* Brattle area/West Cambridge (Area 10) is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street, on the south by the Charles River and Watertown, on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins Branch Library, and on the east by JFK Street. It includes the sub-neighborhoods of Brattle Street (formerly known as Tory Row) and Huron Village.
* North Cambridge (Area 11) is bordered on the north by Arlington and Somerville, on the south by railroad tracks, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by Somerville.
* Cambridge Highlands (Area 12) is bordered on the north and east by railroad tracks, on the south by Fresh Pond, and on the west by Belmont .
* Strawberry Hill (Area 13) is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond, on the south by Watertown, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by railroad tracks.

#### Climate

In the Koppen-Geiger classification Cambridge has a warm continental summer climate (Dfa) that can appear in the southern end of New England's interior. Abundant rain falls on the city; it has no dry season. The average January temperature is 26.6 °F (- 3 °C), making Cambridge part of Group D, independent of the isotherm. There are four well-defined seasons.

## Demographics

Template:Historical populations

As of the census of 2010, there were 105,162 people, 44,032 households, and 17,420 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,354.9 people per square mile (6,314.6/km²). There were 47,291 housing units at an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,840.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.60% White, 11.70% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 15.10% Asian (3.7% Chinese, 1.4% Asian Indian, 1.2% Korean, 1.0% Japanese), 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.10% from other races, and 4.30% from two or more races. 7.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race (1.6% Puerto Rican, 1.4% Mexican, 0.6% Dominican, 0.5% Colombian, 0.5% Salvadoran, 0.4% Spaniard). Non-Hispanic Whites were 62.1% of the population in 2010, down from 89.7% in 1970. An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a Cantabrigian.

In 2010, there were 44,032 households out of which 16.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.4% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the city, the population was spread out with 13.3% of the population under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,979, and the median income for a family was $59,423 (these figures had risen to $58,457 and $79,533 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[update]Template:Dated maintenance category). Males had a median income of $43,825 versus $38,489 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,156. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Cambridge has been ranked as one of the most liberal cities in America. Locals living in and near the city jokingly refer to it as "The People's Republic of Cambridge." For 2016, the residential property tax rate in Cambridge was $6.99 per $1,000. Cambridge enjoys the highest possible bond credit rating, AAA, with all three Wall Street rating agencies.

In 2000, 11.0% of city residents were of Irish ancestry; 7.2% were of English, 6.9% Italian, 5.5% West Indian and 5.3% German ancestry. 69.4% spoke only English at home, while 6.9% spoke Spanish, 3.2% Chinese or Mandarin, 3.0% Portuguese, 2.9% French Creole, 2.3% French, 1.5% Korean, and 1.0% Italian.

### Income

Template:Prose

*See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income*
Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

## Economy

 File:Cambridge Skyline.jpg
Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge's economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but educational institutions are its biggest employers today. Harvard and MIT together employ about 20,000. As a cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms Analog Devices, Akamai, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN Technologies) (now part of Raytheon), General Radio (later GenRad), Lotus Development Corporation (now part of IBM), Polaroid, Symbolics, and Thinking Machines.

In 1996, Polaroid, Arthur D. Little, and Lotus were Cambridge's top employers, with over 1,000 employees, but they faded out a few years later. Health care and biotechnology firms such as Genzyme, Biogen Idec, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Pfizer and Novartis have significant presences in the city. Though headquartered in Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge.

Other major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge include GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Shire, and Pfizer. Most of Cambridge's biotech firms are in Kendall Square and East Cambridge, which decades ago were the city's center of manufacturing. Some others are in University Park at MIT, a new development in another former manufacturing area.

None of the high-technology firms that once dominated the economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005, but by 2008 Akamai and ITA Software were. Google, IBM Research, Microsoft Research, and Philips Research maintain offices in Cambridge. In late January 2012—less than a year after acquiring Billerica-based analytic database management company, Vertica—Hewlett-Packard announced it would also be opening its first offices in Cambridge. Also around that time, e-commerce giants Staples and Amazon.com said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square. And LabCentral provides a shared laboratory facility for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies.Template:Citation needed

The proximity of Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cultural Survival, and One Laptop per Child.Template:Citation needed A group of start-up companies have emerged in Kendall Square since 2010.

In September 2011, the City of Cambridge launched the "Entrepreneur Walk of Fame" initiative. The Walk recognizes people who have made contributions to innovation in global business.

### Top employers

Template:Prose
As of 2015[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, the city's ten largest employers are:

### Museums

Template:Prose

* Harvard Art Museum, including the Busch-Reisinger Museum, a collection of Germanic art the Fogg Art Museum, a comprehensive collection of Western art, and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, a collection of Middle East and Asian art
* Harvard Museum of Natural History, including the Glass Flowers collection
* Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard
* MIT Museum
* List Visual Arts Center, MIT
* Semitic Museum, Harvard

### Public art

Cambridge has a large and varied collection of permanent public art, on both city property (managed by the Cambridge Arts Council) and the Harvard and MIT campuses. Temporary public artworks are displayed as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River, during winter celebrations in Harvard and Central Squares, and at university campus sites. Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression include the Central Square World's Fair, the annual Somerville-based Honk! Festival, and If This House Could Talk, a neighborhood art and history event.

Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months. The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by the performers, city administrators, private organizations and business groups. The Cambridge public library contains four Works Progress Administration murals completed in 1935 by Elizabeth Tracy Montminy: *Religion*, *Fine Arts*, *History of Books and Paper*, and *The Development of the Printing Press*.

 File:Longfellow National Historic Site, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG
 File:Wfm stata center.jpg
 File:Simmons Hall, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG
### Architecture

Template:Prose

*See also: List of tallest buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts*
Despite intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and the 20th century, Cambridge has several historic buildings, including some from the 17th century. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT.

**Notable historic buildings in the city include**:

* The Asa Gray House (1810)
* Austin Hall, Harvard University (1882–84)
* Cambridge City Hall (1888–89)
* Cambridge Public Library (1888)
* Christ Church, Cambridge (1761)
* Cooper-Frost-Austin House (1689–1817)
* Elmwood House (1767), residence of the president of Harvard University
* First Church of Christ, Scientist (1924–30)
* The First Parish in Cambridge (1833)
* Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church (1891–93)
* Harvard Lampoon Building (1909)
* The Hooper-Lee-Nichols House (1685–1850)
* Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site (1759), former home of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and headquarters of George Washington
* The Memorial Church of Harvard University (1932)
* Memorial Hall, Harvard University (1870–77)
* Middlesex County Courthouse (1814–48)
* Urban Rowhouse (1875)
* O'Reilly Spite House (1908), built to spite a neighbor who would not sell his adjacent land

*See also: List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts*
**Contemporary architecture**:

* Baker House dormitory, MIT, by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, one of only two Aalto buildings in the US
* Harvard Graduate Center/Harkness Commons, by The Architects Collaborative (TAC, with Walter Gropius)
* Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard, the only Le Corbusier building in North America
* Harvard's Science Center, Holyoke Center and Peabody Terrace, by Catalan architect and Harvard Graduate School of Design Dean Josep Lluís Sert
* Kresge Auditorium, MIT, by Eero Saarinen
* MIT Chapel, by Eero Saarinen
* Design Research Building, by Benjamin Thompson and Associates
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences, by Kallmann McKinnell and Wood, also architects of Boston City Hall
* Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard, one of the few buildings in the US by Pritzker Prize winner James Stirling
* Harvard Art Museums, renovation and major expansion of Fogg Museum building, completed in 2014 by Renzo Piano
* Stata Center, home to the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the Department of Linguistics, and the Department of Philosophy, by Frank Gehry
* The two MIT Media Lab buildings by I. M. Pei and Fumihiko Maki
* Simmons Hall, MIT, by Steven Holl

### Music

The city has an active music scene, from classical performances to the latest popular bands. Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including The Middle East, Club Passim, The Plough and Stars, and the Nameless Coffeehouse.

### Parks and recreation

 File:Alewife Brook Reservation.jpg
Consisting largely of densely built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland. Easily accessible open space on the university campuses, including Harvard Yard, the Radcliffe Yard, and MIT's Great Lawn, as well as the considerable open space of Mount Auburn Cemetery, partly compensates for this. At Cambridge's western edge, the cemetery is known as a garden cemetery because its landscaping (the oldest planned landscape in the country) and arboretum. Although known as a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within Watertown. It is also an Important Bird Area (IBA) in the Greater Boston area.

Public parkland includes the esplanade along the Charles River, which mirrors its Boston counterpart; Cambridge Common, a busy and historic public park adjacent to Harvard's campus; and the Alewife Brook Reservation and Fresh Pond in western Cambridge.

## Government

### Federal and state representation

Template:Party colorTemplate:Party colorTemplate:Party colorTemplate:Party color

 Democratic | 39,558
 Republican | 2,380
 Unaffiliated
 Minor Parties
 Total

Cambridge is split between Massachusetts's 5th and 7th U.S. congressional districts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat Katherine Clark, who replaced now Senator Ed Markey in a 2013 special election; the 7th is represented by Democrat Ayanna Pressley, elected in 2018. The state's senior United States Senator is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The governor of Massachusetts is Republican Charlie Baker, elected in 2014.

Cambridge is represented in six districts in the Massachusetts House of Representatives: the 24th Middlesex (which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington), the 25th and 26th Middlesex (the latter of which includes a portion of Somerville), the 29th Middlesex (which includes a small part of Watertown), and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk (both including parts of the City of Boston). The city is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the First Suffolk and Middlesex district, which contains parts of Boston, Revere and Winthrop in Suffolk County; the Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex district, which includes Everett and Somerville, with Boston, Chelsea, and Revere of Suffolk, and Saugus in Essex; and the Second Suffolk and Middlesex district, containing parts of the City of Boston in Suffolk County, and Cambridge, Belmont and Watertown in Middlesex County.

### Template:AnchorCity government

*See also: Cambridge, Massachusetts municipal election, 2013*
 File:CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg
Template:AnchorCambridge has a city government led by a mayor and a nine-member city council. There is also a six-member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools. The councilors and school committee members are elected every two years using the single transferable vote (STV) system. Cambridge is one of a small number of local governments in the U.S. to use ranked-choice voting; by 2019, the State of Maine and about 18 local governments have adopted similar systems.

The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves, and serves as the chair of city council meetings. The mayor also sits on the school committee. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Rather, the city manager, who is appointed by the city council, serves in that capacity.

Under the city's Plan E form of government, the city council does not have the power to appoint or remove city officials who are under direction of the city manager. The city council and its individual members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager.

Louis DePasquale is the City Manager, having succeeded Lisa C. Peterson, the Acting City Manager and Cambridge's first woman City Manager, on November 14, 2016. Peterson became Acting City Manager on September 30, 2016, after Richard C. Rossi announced that he would opt out of his contract renewal. Rossi succeeded Robert W. Healy, who retired in June 2013 after 32 years in the position. In recent history, the media has highlighted the salary of the city manager as one of the highest for a Massachusetts civic employee.

*\* = current mayor*

*\*\* = former mayor*

### County government

Cambridge was a county seat of Middlesex County, along with Lowell, until the abolition of county government. Though the county government was abolished in 1997, the county still exists as a geographical and political region. The employees of Middlesex County courts, jails, registries, and other county agencies now work directly for the state. The county's registrars of Deeds and Probate remain in Cambridge, but the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their operations transferred to Woburn. Third District court has shifted operations to Medford, and the county Sheriff's office awaits near-term relocation.

## Education

Template:Prose

 File:MIT Main Campus Aerial.jpg
 File:Dunster House.jpg
### Higher education

Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center. Its colleges and universities include:

* Cambridge School of Culinary Arts
* Harvard University
* Hult International Business School
* Lesley University
* Longy School of Music of Bard College
* Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Radcliffe College (now merged with Harvard College)

At least 129 of the world's total 780 Nobel Prize winners have at some point in their careers been affiliated with universities in Cambridge.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is also based in Cambridge.

### Primary and secondary public education

* Amigos School
* Baldwin School (formerly the Agassiz School)
* Cambridgeport School
* Fletcher-Maynard Academy
* Graham and Parks Alternative School
* Haggerty School
* Kennedy-Longfellow School
* King Open School
* Martin Luther King, Jr. School
* Morse School (a Core Knowledge school)
* Peabody School
* Tobin School (a Montessori school)

Five upper schools offer grades 6–8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools:

* Amigos School
* Cambridge Street Upper School
* Putnam Avenue Upper School
* Rindge Avenue Upper School
* Vassal Lane Upper School

Cambridge has three district public high school programs, the principal one being Cambridge Rindge and Latin School (CRLS).

Other public charter schools include Benjamin Banneker Charter School, which serves grades K–6; Community Charter School of Cambridge in Kendall Square, which serves grades 7–12; and Prospect Hill Academy, a charter school whose upper school is in Central Square though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public School District.

### Primary and secondary private education

 File:Cambridge Public Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG
Cambridge also has several private schools, including:

* Boston Archdiocesan Choir School
* Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
* Cambridge Montessori school
* Cambridge Friends School
* Fayerweather Street School
* International School of Boston (formerly École Bilingue)
* Matignon High School
* Shady Hill School
* St. Peter School

## Media

### Newspapers

Cambridge is served by the *Cambridge Chronicle*, the oldest surviving weekly paper in the United States. Another popular online newspaper is Template:AnchorCambridge Day.

### Radio

Cambridge is home to the following commercially licensed and student-run radio stations:

### Television and broadband

Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the city since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge's public access television facility and three television channels, 8, 9, and 96, on the Cambridge cable system (Comcast). The city has invited tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility, though services from American satellite TV providers are available. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to "examine options to increase competition, reduce pricing, and improve speed, reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses."

## Infrastructure

#### Road

 File:Harvard Square at Peabody Street and Mass Avenue.jpg
Several major roads lead to Cambridge, including Route 2, Route 16 and the McGrath Highway (Route 28). The Massachusetts Turnpike does not pass through Cambridge, but provides access by an exit in nearby Allston. Both U.S. Route 1 and Interstate 93 also provide additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in Boston. Route 2A runs the length of the city, chiefly along Massachusetts Avenue. The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston, including the Longfellow Bridge and the Harvard Bridge, eight of which are open to motorized road traffic.

Cambridge has an irregular street network because many of the roads date from the colonial era. Contrary to popular belief, the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns, and were shaped by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas. Today, the major "squares" are typically connected by long, mostly straight roads, such as Massachusetts Avenue between Harvard Square and Central Square, or Hampshire Street between Kendall Square and Inman Square.

#### Mass transit

 File:Central MBTA station.jpg
Cambridge is served by the MBTA, including the Porter Square Station on the regional Commuter Rail; the Lechmere Station on the Green Line; and the Red Line at Alewife, Porter Square, Harvard Square, Central Square, and Kendall Square/MIT Stations. Alewife Station, the terminus of the Red Line, has a large multi-story parking garage (at a rate of $7 per day as of 2015[update]Template:Dated maintenance category).

The Harvard Bus Tunnel, under Harvard Square, connects to the Red Line underground. This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912, and served trackless trolleys (trolleybuses) and buses as the routes were converted; four lines of the MBTA trolleybus system continue to use it. The tunnel was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s.

Besides the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency (CRTMA) shuttles which are supported by some of the largest companies operating in city, in addition to the municipal government itself.

#### Cycling

Cambridge has several bike paths, including one along the Charles River, and the Linear Park connecting the Minuteman Bikeway at Alewife with the Somerville Community Path. A connection to Watertown is under construction. Bike parking is common and there are bike lanes on many streets, although concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many of the lanes. On several central MIT streets, bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk. Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian traffic is heavy.

While *Bicycling Magazine* in 2006 rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling, it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best and was called by the magazine "Boston's Great Hope". Boston has since then followed the example of Cambridge, and made considerable efforts to improve bicycling safety and convenience.

Cambridge has an official bicycle committee. The LivableStreets Alliance, headquartered in Cambridge, is an advocacy group for bicyclists, pedestrians, and walkable neighborhoods.

#### Walking

 File:Weeks Footbridge Cambridge, MA.jpg
Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge. In 2000, of US cities with more than 100,000 residents, Cambridge had the highest percentage of commuters who walked to work. Cambridge's major historic squares have changed into modern walking neighborhoods, including traffic calming features based on the needs of pedestrians rather than of motorists.

#### Intercity

The Boston intercity bus and train stations at South Station, Boston, and Logan International Airport in East Boston, are accessible by subway. The Fitchburg Line rail service from Porter Square connects to some western suburbs. Since October 2010, there has also been intercity bus service between Alewife Station (Cambridge) and New York City.

### Police department

*Main article: Cambridge Police Department (Massachusetts)*
In addition to the Cambridge Police Department, the city is patrolled by the Fifth (Brighton) Barracks of Troop H of the Massachusetts State Police. Due, however, to close proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth (Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as well. The campuses of Harvard and MIT are patrolled by the Harvard University Police Department and MIT Police Department, respectively.

### Fire department

 File:Cambridge Engine 2 Ladder 3 firehouse jeh.jpg
The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department. Established in 1832, the CFD operates eight engine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and two paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city. The Acting Chief is Gerard Mahoney.

### Water department

Cambridge is unusual among cities inside Route 128 in having a non-MWRA water supply. City water is obtained from Hobbs Brook (in Lincoln and Waltham) and Stony Brook (Waltham and Weston). The city owns over 1,200 acres (486 ha) of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of their watershed. Water from these reservoirs flows by gravity through an aqueduct to Fresh Pond in Cambridge. It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of 176 feet (54 m) above sea level at the Payson Park Reservoir (Belmont). The water is then redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the city. A new water treatment plant opened in 2001.

The city used MWRA water during the old plant's demolition and the new plant's construction.Template:Citation needed In October 2016, the City of Cambridge announced that, due to drought conditions, they would begin buying water from the MWRA. On January 3, 2017, Cambridge announced that "As a result of continued rainfall each month since October 2016, we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water. We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if 'average' rainfall continues this could continue for several months."

### Public library services

*Main article: Cambridge Public Library*
Further educational services are provided at the Cambridge Public Library. The large modern main building was built in 2009, and connects to the restored 1888 Richardson Romanesque building. It was founded as the private Cambridge Athenaeum in 1849 and was acquired by the city in 1858, and became the Dana Library. The 1888 building was a donation of Frederick H. Rindge.

## Sister Cities – Twin Towns

*See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States*
Cambridge has six official sister cities with active relationships:

* Template:Flagdeco Coimbra, Portugal (est. June 1982)
* Template:Flagdeco Gaeta, Lazio, Italy (est. December 1982)
* Template:Flagdeco Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan (est. October 1983)
* Template:Flagdeco San José Las Flores, Chalatenango, El Salvador (est. March 1987)
* Template:Flagdeco Yerevan, Armenia (est. April 1987)
* Template:Flagdeco Galway, County Galway, Ireland (est. March 1997)

Since the 2010 Haiti earthquake Cambridge has been in the process of developing a relationship with Les Cayes, Haiti, but the damage wrought then and by Hurricane Matthew in 2015 have delayed the process.

Cambridge has ten additional official sister cities that are not active:

* Template:Flagdeco Dublin, Ireland (October 1983)
* Template:Flagdeco Ischia, Campania, Italy (June 1984)
* Template:Flagdeco Catania, Sicily, Italy (February 1987)
* Template:Flagdeco Kraków, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland (October 1989)
* Template:Flagdeco Santo Domingo Oeste, Dominican Republic (May 2003)
* Template:Flagdeco Southwark, Greater London, UK (June 2004)
* Template:Flagdeco Yuseong District, Daejeon, Korea (February 2005)
* Template:Flagdeco Haidian District, Beijing, China (March 2005)
* Template:Flagdeco Cienfuegos, Cuba (May 2005)

## See also

* Hezekiah Usher, first bookseller in the thirteen colonies.
* Kerry Quarter
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

## Notes

Template:Notelist

1. ↑ Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874.
2. ↑ Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of Belmont in 1859; the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867.
3. ↑ The name of today's nearby Sheraton Commander Hotel refers to that event.

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ Cambridge Historical Commission. "Frequently Asked Questions". City of Cambridge. http://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/aboutchc/faqpage. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
2. ↑ "Mayor Marc C. McGovern". https://www.cpsd.us/school\_committee/school\_committee\_members/mayor\_marc\_c\_\_mc\_govern. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
3. ↑ "U.S. Census Bureau Quickfacts: Cambridge city, Massachusetts". https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/cambridgecitymassachusetts. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
4. ↑ "Cambridge". Collins Dictionary. n.d.. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cambridge?showCookiePolicy=true. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
5. ↑ "Massachusetts QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". USDOC. July 8, 2014. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html.
6. ↑ "Cambridge (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". USDOC. July 8, 2014. Population, 2010. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html.
7. ↑ Template:Cite book
8. ↑ [1] Accessed December 1, 2016.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?". Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Template:Cite book
12. ↑ Template:Cite book
13. ↑ Template:Cite book
14. ↑ Template:Citation
15. ↑ William P., Marchione (2011). "A Short History of Allston-Brighton". *Brighton-Allston Historical Society*. Brighton Board of Trade. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120220031829/http://www.brightonbot.com/history.php. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
16. ↑ (1) "Annexation And Its Fruits" (January 15, 1874), p. 4. Archived from the original on January 15, 1874.
(2) "Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns" (March 26, 1892), p. 11. Retrieved on August 21, 2010. Archived from the original on March 27, 1892.
17. ↑ (1) Template:Cite book
(2) Harvard News Office (May 2, 2002). "This month in Harvard history". *Harvard Gazette*. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.02/02-history.html. Retrieved April 28, 2012. . (This source gives May 12, 1638, as the date of the name change; others say May 2, 1638, or late 1637.)
18. ↑ Template:Cite book
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(2) Template:Cite book
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22. ↑ "Kennedy, F. A., Steam Bakery – Cambridge, Massachusetts – U.S. National Register of Historic Places". *waymarking.com*. http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM55Y9\_Kennedy\_F\_A\_Steam\_Bakery\_Cambridge\_MA.
23. ↑ "Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Squirrel Brand Nuts". *cambridgehistory.org*. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140430114806/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/squirrel.html.
24. ↑ "Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – George Close Company". *cambridgehistory.org*. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/gclose.html.
25. ↑ "Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Daggett Chocolate". *cambridgehistory.org*. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/daggett.html.
26. ↑ "Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Fox Cross Co.". *cambridgehistory.org*. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/foxcross.html.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – James O. Welch". *cambridgehistory.org*. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/jwelch.html.
28. ↑ "Locations – Akamai". https://www.akamai.com/us/en/locations.jsp. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
29. ↑ "How Cambridge became the life sciences capital". http://www.betaboston.com/news/2016/03/17/how-cambridge-became-the-life-sciences-capital/.
30. ↑ Template:Cite journal
31. ↑ dmclean@wickedlocal.com, Danielle McLean. "Housing prices soar after years of stability in Cambridge", *Cambridge Chronicle & Tab*.
32. ↑ (1) "City Council Policy Order Resolution O-16". City of Cambridge. May 8, 2006. http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cityClerk/PolicyOrder.cfm?item\_id=13247.
(2) Mason, Melanie; Mishak, Michael J.; Powers, Ashley (April 21, 2013). "In immigrant-rich Cambridge, arrest baffles locals". *Los Angeles Times*. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-boston-bombings-cambridge-20130421,0,2121257.story.
33. ↑ (1) No Writer Attributed (September 18, 1969). ""Cambridge: A City of Squares" Harvard Crimson, September 18, 1969". Thecrimson.com. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/9/18/cambridge-a-city-of-squares-pcambridge/. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
(2) "Cambridge Journal: Massachusetts City No Longer in Boston's Shadow". Travelwritersmagazine.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231041/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/Cambridge.html. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
34. ↑ Cambridge@wickedlocal.com, Natalie Handy. "Area Four in Cambridge renamed 'The Port'". http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/article/20151020/NEWS/151029350.
35. ↑ "Climate Cambridge: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Cambridge – Climate-Data.org". https://en.climate-data.org/location/1734/.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Cambridge (city), Massachusetts". *State & County QuickFacts*. U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 "Massachusetts – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 From 15% sample
39. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
40. ↑ "QT-P8: Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010". 2010 Census. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
41. ↑ "U.S. Census, 2000". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?\_event=Search&geo\_id=16000US2418750&\_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2418750&\_street=&\_county=cambridge&\_cityTown=cambridge&\_state=04000US25&\_zip=&\_lang=en&\_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&\_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&\_submenuId=factsheet\_1&ds\_name=ACS\_2007\_3YR\_SAFF&\_ci\_nbr=null&qr\_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&\_keyword=&\_industry=. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
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43. ↑ "People's Republic, the". The Hub. http://www.universalhub.com/glossary/peoples\_republic\_the.html.
44. ↑ "FY16 Property Tax Information – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". City of Cambridge. http://www.cambridgema.gov/finance/propertytaxinformation/fy16propertytaxinformation.aspx. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
45. ↑ "Cambridge Earns Three Triple A Ratings for Fiscal Management for 15th Consecutive Year – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". City of Cambridge. http://www.cambridgema.gov/citynewsandpublications/news/2013/03/cityofcambridgeearnsthreetriplearatingsforfiscalmanagement.aspx. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
46. ↑ (1) "Selected Economic Characteristics 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS\_13\_5YR\_DP03&prodType=table. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
(2) "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS\_13\_5YR\_DP05&prodType=table. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
(3) "Households and Families 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS\_13\_5YR\_S1101&prodType=table. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Top 25 Cambridge Employers: 2008". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120320003737/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/data/labor/top25/top25\_2008.html.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 (1) "2015 Top 25 Employers". City of Cambridge. January 6, 2015. http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/factsandmaps/economicdata/top25employers/top25employers2011topresent/2015. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
(2) "Top 25 Employer List for 2015". City of Cambridge. January 6, 2015. http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/News/2016/1/top25employerlistfor2015.
49. ↑ "Novartis doubles plan for Cambridge" (October 27, 2010). Retrieved on April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. "Already Cambridge's largest corporate employer, the Swiss firm expects to hire an additional 200 to 300 employees over the next five years, bringing its total workforce in the city to around 2,300. Novartis's global research operations are headquartered in Cambridge, across Massachusetts Avenue from the site of the new four-acre campus."
50. ↑ "Novartis Doubles Plan for Cambridge", *Boston Globe* (October 27, 2010). Retrieved on February 23, 2012.
51. ↑ Arnold, Chris (October 31, 2013). "What Happens When The Pace of Startups Slows Down", NPR. Retrieved on November 6, 2013.
52. ↑ Kirsner, Scott (September 20, 2012). "LabCentral, a new hatchery for science-oriented startups, is seeking space in Kendall Square". Retrieved on August 16, 2013.
53. ↑ "Google Offices". https://www.google.com/corporate/address.html. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
54. ↑ "Philips Research North American Headquarter Moves to Cambridge". *Fortune*. http://fortune.com/2015/05/19/philips-rd-mit/. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
55. ↑ Huang, Gregory. "Hewlett-Packard Expands to Cambridge via Vertica's "Big Data" Center". http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/23/hewlett-packard-expands-to-cambridge-via-verticas-big-data-center/?single\_page=true.
56. ↑ "Staples to bring e-commerce office to Cambridge's Kendall Square". http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x690035936/Staples-to-bring-E-commerce-office-to-Cambridges-Kendall-Square.
57. ↑ "Amazon Seeks Brick-And-Mortar Presence in Boston Area". https://www.wbur.org/news/2011/12/22/amazon-boston.
58. ↑ (1) "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
(2) Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?", *Boston Globe*. Retrieved on December 1, 2016.
59. ↑ Pierce, Kathleen (September 16, 2011). "Stars of invention". Retrieved on October 1, 2011. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012.
60. ↑ "CAC Public Art Program". City of Cambridge. March 13, 2007. http://www.cambridgema.gov/CAC/Public/overview.cfm. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
61. ↑ "Office for the Arts at Harvard: Public Art". Ofa.fas.harvard.edu. http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/visualarts/pubart.php. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
62. ↑ "MIT Public Art Collection Map". Listart.mit.edu. http://listart.mit.edu/map. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
63. ↑ "Honk Fest". http://honkfest.org/.
64. ↑ "The Cambridge Historical Society". http://cambridgehistory.org/discover/ifthishousecouldtalk/index.html.
65. ↑ "Street Arts & Buskers Advocates". http://www.buskersadvocates.org/.
66. ↑ "Street Arts and Buskers Advocates". Harvardsquare.com. http://harvardsquare.com/Home/Arts-and-Entertainment/Street-Arts-and-Buskers-Advocates.aspx. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
67. ↑ Heggemeyer, Amy (2006). "Elizabeth Tracy". General Services Administration. http://www.wpamurals.com/TracyEl.htm. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
68. ↑ Bloom, Jonathan (February 2, 2003). "Existing by the Thinnest of Margins. A Concord Avenue Landmark Gives New Meaning to Cozy". *Boston Globe*. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7763789.html.
69. ↑ "City of Cambridge map". City of Cambridge. 2007. http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge\_Content/documents/CambridgeStreetMap18x24\_032007.pdf.
70. ↑ "Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of October 17, 2018". Massachusetts Elections Division. https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/enrollment\_count\_20181017.pdf. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
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72. ↑ "Index of Legislative Representation by City and Town, from". Mass.gov. http://www.malegislature.gov/. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
73. ↑ "Massachusetts Election Statistics". http://electionstats.state.ma.us/. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
74. ↑ "Cambridge Municipal Elections". City of Cambridge. http://www.cambridgema.gov/Departments/electioncommission/cambridgemunicipalelections. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
75. ↑ Erin Durkin (November 5, 2019). "Ranked-choice voting adopted in New York City, along with other ballot measures". "Ranked-choice voting is now in use or approved in 18 other cities around the country, including San Francisco, Minneapolis and Cambridge. The state of Maine also uses it."
76. ↑ "Plan E". City of Cambridge. http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge\_Content/documents/planE.pdf.
77. ↑ "DePasquale era begins with councillor vote affirming multi-year city manager contract | Cambridge Day". http://www.cambridgeday.com/2016/11/07/depasquale-era-begins-with-councillor-vote-affirming-multi-year-city-manager-contract/.
78. ↑ Saltzman, Amy. "BREAKING: Rossi to retire as Cambridge city manager in June". http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/news/20160311/breaking-rossi-to-retire-as-cambridge-city-manager-in-june.
79. ↑ "Cambridge city manager's salary almost as much as Obama's pay" (August 11, 2011). Retrieved on December 30, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011.
80. ↑ (1) Moskowitz, Eric (February 14, 2008). "Court move a hassle for commuters", *Boston Globe*. Retrieved on July 25, 2009. "In a little more than a month, Middlesex Superior Court will open in Woburn after nearly four decades at the Edward J. Sullivan Courthouse in Cambridge. With it, the court will bring the roughly 500 people who pass through its doors each day – the clerical staff, lawyers, judges, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, and others who use or work in the system."
(2) Breitrose, Charlie (July 7, 2009). "Cambridge's Middlesex Jail, courts may be shuttered for good", *Wicked Local News: Cambridge*. Retrieved on July 25, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. "The courts moved out of the building to allow workers to remove asbestos. Superior Court moved to Woburn in March 2008, and in February, the Third District Court moved to Medford."
81. ↑ "Schools". http://www3.cpsd.us/Schools/Schools. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
82. ↑ "Cambridge Public Schools at a Glance 2012–2013" (PDF). http://www3.cpsd.us/media/theme/Pro-Cambridge/network/10516/media/CPS%20Redesign/documents/Schools\_at\_a\_glance\_2012\_13.pdf?rev=1. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
83. ↑ "The Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School". Banneker.org. March 1, 2012. http://www.banneker.org/. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
84. ↑ "Community Charter School of Cambridge". Ccscambridge.org. http://www.ccscambridge.org/. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
85. ↑ "Fayerweather Street School – Prek to 8th grade in Cambridge MA". http://www.fayerweather.org/.
86. ↑ (1) "Cable Television in the City of Cambridge". *Cambridge Consumers' Council*. 2013. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120508210917/http://www.cambridgema.gov/consumercouncil/cambridgecableinformation.aspx. Retrieved April 3, 2013. "Comcast is currently the only cable operator that has sought a license with Cambridge. The City of Cambridge has approached other operators, more than once, about seeking a license to operate a cable TV system in Cambridge, but they have informed us that Cambridge is not part of their business plan; however, City officials stand ready to negotiate with any willing operator."
(2) "Cable TV franchise agreements in Massachusetts". Commonwealth of Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs & Business Regulation (OCABR). http://www.mass.gov/ocabr/government/oca-agencies/dtc-lp/competition-division/cable-tv-division/municipal-info/cable-television-licenses.html.
87. ↑ "Broadband Task Force – City Manager's Office – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". http://www.cambridgema.gov/cmanager/broadbandtaskforce. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
88. ↑ "> Schedules & Maps > Subway > Alewife Station". MBTA. http://www.mbta.com/schedules\_and\_maps/subway/lines/stations/?stopId=10029. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
89. ↑ "Charles River TMA Members". *CRTMA*. January 1, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121127055722/http://charlesrivertma.org/members.htm. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
90. ↑ "Dr. Paul Dudley White Bikepath". http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/bikepaths\_dudley.gif. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
91. ↑ (1) "Sidewalk Bicycling Banned Areas – Cambridge Massachusetts". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120419060953/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike\_ban.html. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
(2) "Traffic Regulations for Cyclists – Cambridge Massachusetts". City of Cambridge. May 1, 1997. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120521205927/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike\_reg.html. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
92. ↑ Template:Cite journal
93. ↑ Fiske, Brian. "Urban Treasures". *Bicycling Magazine*. http://www.bicycling.com/article/1,6610,s1-2-16-14593-9,00.html.
94. ↑ (1) Katie Zezima (August 9, 2009). "Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield", *The New York Times*. Retrieved on August 16, 2009.
(2) "A Future Best City: Boston". Rodale Inc. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100211195827/http://www.bicycling.com/article/0%2C6610%2Cs1-2-13-17078-1%2C00.html. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
(3) "Boston gear up for influx of new bicycle riders", *Boston Globe* (July 13, 2011). Retrieved on July 15, 2011.
(4) McGrory Brian (July 15, 2011). "Make Boston bicycle-free", *Boston Globe*. Retrieved on July 15, 2011.
(5) "Drivers, bicyclists clash on road sharing", Turner Broadcasting System (October 18, 2010). Retrieved on July 15, 2011.
(6) Filipov, David (July 29, 2009). "Hub's bike routes beckon, white knuckles and all", *Boston Globe*. Retrieved on July 15, 2011.
95. ↑ Cambridge, City of. "Bicycle Committee – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". City of Cambridge. http://www.cambridgema.gov/boardsandcommissionsdirectory/boardsandcommissionsdirectory/bicyclecommittee.
96. ↑ "LivableStreets: Rethinking Urban Transportation". LivableStreets Alliance. http://www.livablestreets.info. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
97. ↑ "The Carfree Census Database: Result of search for communities in any state with population over 100,000, sorted in descending order by % Pedestrian Commuters". Bikesatwork.com. http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state\_select=ALL\_STATES&lower\_pop=100000&upper\_pop=99999999&sort\_num=2&show\_rows=25&first\_row=0. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
98. ↑ "City of Cambridge Pedestrian Plan". CambridgeMA.gov. http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Transportation/programs/currentprograms/pedestrianplan. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
99. ↑ Thomas, Sarah (October 19, 2010). "NYC-bound buses will roll from Newton, Cambridge". *Boston Globe*. http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/10/warren\_mbta\_welcome\_world\_wide.html. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
100. ↑ "Station H-5, SP Brighton". Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093603/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+&+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp\_divisions\_field\_services\_troops\_troop\_h\_msp\_field\_troop\_h\_station\_h5&csid=Eeops.
101. ↑ "Station H-4, SP Boston". Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093602/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+&+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp\_divisions\_field\_services\_troops\_troop\_h\_msp\_field\_troop\_h\_station\_h4&csid=Eeops.
102. ↑ "City of Cambridge Fire Department: About Us". cambridgema.gov. http://www.cambridgema.gov/cfd/aboutus.aspx. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
103. ↑ "Cambridge Watershed Lands & Facilities". .cambridgema.gov. http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CWD/wat\_lands.cfm. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
104. ↑ (1) "Water supply system". http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge\_Content/documents/CWD\_March\_2010.pdf. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
(2) "Is Fresh Pond really used for drinking water?". Cambridge Water Department. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130302040328/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CWD/fpfaqs.cfm.
105. ↑ "Water Treatment". https://www.cambridgema.gov/Water/wateroperationsdivision/watertreatment.
106. ↑ "Cambridge to begin buying water from MWRA", *Boston Globe*.
107. ↑ "Cambridge Continues Temporary MWRA Water Usage – Water – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/link.aspx?\_id=68DCA993566D4B90A695CB129313F620&\_z=z.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 "Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister Cities". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232916/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities.aspx.
109. ↑ "Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City San José Las Flores, El Salvador". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232913/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/sanjoselasfloreselsalvador.
110. ↑ "Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City Yerevan, Armenia". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232919/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/yerevanarmenia.
111. ↑ "Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities". *Yerevan Municipality Official Website*. 2013. http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
112. ↑ "Template:Citation error" (in Armenian). yerevan.am. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page\_name=news. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
113. ↑ "Cambridge Peace Commission :: the Cambridge-Haiti Sister City Committee". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232909/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/lescayeshaiti.
114. ↑ "A message from the Peace Commission". Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150202232905/http://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/newsandpublications/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2Fpeace%2Fnewsandpublications%2Fnews%2F2008%2F02%2Finformationoncambridgessistercities.
115. ↑ "Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City Cienfuegos, Cuba". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232819/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/cienfuegoscuba.

### Sources

*See also: Bibliography of the history of Cambridge, Massachusetts*
Template:Refbegin

* Template:Cite EB9
* Template:Cite EB1911
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	+ Cambridge article by Rev. Edward Abbott in Volume 1, pages 305–358.
* Eliot, Samuel Atkins. *A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1630–1913*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Cambridge Tribune, 1913.
* Template:Cite journal
* Paige, Lucius. *History of Cambridge, Massachusettse: 1630–1877*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1877.
* *Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Mid Cambridge*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1967. Template:ISBN.
* *Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Cambridgeport*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1971. Template:ISBN.
* *Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Old Cambridge*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1973. Template:ISBN.
* *Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1977. Template:ISBN.
* *Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: East Cambridge* (revised edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1988. Template:ISBN
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## External links

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* Template:Official website
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