recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Cephalaspis lyelli

Cephalaspis (meaning "head shield") is a probably monotypic genus of extinct osteostracan agnathan vertebrate. It was a trout-sized detritivorous fish that lived in estuaries of the early Devonian.

The genus Cephalaspis has long been used as a wastebasket taxon since Agassiz
 erected it in 1835 for four species, C. lyelli, C. rostratus, C. lewisi
 and C. lloydi. Later, it was eventually determined that the last three
 species were portions of what would eventually be described as the heterostracan Pteraspis rostratus. C. lyelli, named after Sir Charles Lyell,
 would be left to be the type species of the genus. Other researchers
would continue adding other similar-looking osteostracans throughout the
 decades until, in 2009, Sansom reevaluated Osteostraci, and determined
that only C. lyelli could be reliably placed within Cephalaspis, and
that probably all other species would eventually need to be reexamined
and be placed into other genera. In the same 2009 study, Sansom also
determined that Cephalaspis sensu stricto
 was the sister-taxon of cornuate osteostracans, i.e., all osteostracans
 that either have, or have ancestors that had defined corners on the
head-shields.
Included species
The
 following is a list of species that have been included into
Cephalaspis; most likely do not belong to the genus, but have not been
formally moved.
• †Cephalaspis lyelli (Agassiz, 1835) (type species)
• †"Cephalaspis" aarhusi (Wangsjö, 1952)
• †"Cephalaspis" agassizi (Lankester, 1868)
• †"Cephalaspis" brevirostris (Denison, 1952)
• †"Cephalaspis" broughi (Wangsjö, 1952)
• †Cephalaspis cradleyensis (Stensiö, 1932)
• †"Cephalaspis" dissimulata (Wangsjö, 1952)

Like its relatives, Cephalaspis was heavily armored, presumedly to defend against predatory placoderms and eurypterids,
 as well as to serve as a source of calcium for metabolic functions in
calcium-poor freshwater environments. It had sensory patches along the
rim and center of its head shield, which were used to sense for worms
and other burrowing organisms in the mud.
Diet
Because
 its mouth was situated directly beneath its head, Cephalaspis was
thought of as being a bottom-feeder, akin to a heavily armoured catfish or sturgeon.
 It moved its plow-like head from side to side, Cephalaspis easily
stirring sand and dust into the water, along with revealing the hiding
places of its prey, digging up worms or crustaceans hidden in the mud
and algae, as well as sifting through detritus (inferred from its lack
of jaws and inability to bite).
Ichthyostega stensioei

This sea creature was one of the first vertebrates (animals with backbones) to develop a set of legs and lungs and take a step on dry land. About 365 million years ago, Ichthyostega developed the ability to breathe air and ventured out of the sea. One of the earliest known amphbians, Ichthyostega still did its share of swimming, but it had four legs and could move around on land. It led the march that resulted in dozens, and then ultimately millions, of animal species living on land.

> **Let There Be Legs!** Ichthyostega was one of the first known tetrapods (creatures with four legs), Its legs, complete with toes, were the result of evolutionary transformation from fins over many thousands of years.
>
>

> **Munchies:** Though it could walk, Ichthyostega spent most of its time in the water, powered by its wide tail. Its upper teeth, which were more than one-half inch long, stabbed into prey, while its smaller, lower teeth ground victims into tiny pieces.
>
>

Creature Features
 **Sound off:** | ICK-thee-oh-STAY-ga

## Land Lubber

Before the Devonian period (408-360 million years ago), only plants, bacteria and a few arthropods (ancient crab-like creatures) lived on land. But all of that changed when Ichthyostega stepped out. This creature started its life with gills, yet over time developed lungs and the ability to breathe air, becoming one of the world's first amphibians. It paved the way for all land-living vertebrates, from frogs to bears and even to humans. This creature's direct descendants had all died out by about 360 million years ago.

**Did You Know?**

> **Swamp Thing:** Some think that Ichthyotega was too heavy, and its legs too weak, for it to walk well on high and dry land. These experts say that the amphibian used its legs to wade through shallow swamps that covered Greenland 365 million years ago.
>
>

> **Smooth Skin:** This ancient amphibian had skin typical of its modern relatives-slimy to help keep in moisture when exposed to the sun. Some say it had small scales in places, leftovers from its ancestors, which were fish.
>
>

**Timeline:**

Trading Card
 **Defense:** | 3
Eudibamus cursoris

*Eudibamus cursoris* was a small, fast-moving lizard that lived during the Permian period, roughly 290 million years ago. It is the earliest-known animal that walked on two legs (it was facultatively bipedal; it ran on two legs when it needed to).

**Speed**: David Berman (of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History) estimated that Eudibamus could run about 15 miles per hour (24 kph). This plant-eater likely used its speed to avoid its predators.

**Anatomy**: Eudibamus' hind legs were long, and its front legs were short and weak (the hind legs were 64% longer than the front legs and 34% longer than its trunk). It also had a long tail. Eudibamus was 10.3 inches (26.1 cm) long.

**Fossils and Name**: Fossils of this synapsid were found in a quarry near Gotha, Germany, in 1993. Eudibamus was named by Robert Reisz, et al. Eudibamus was not a dinosaur, but another, much earlier type of reptile. Dimetrodon was a contemporary of Eudibamus.

**Classification**: Class Reptilia (reptiles), order Eosuchia, suborder Bolosaurida, family Bolosauridae, Genus Eudibamus, species *E. cursoris*.

**RELATED LINKS**
Animals of the Permian period, before the time of the dinosaurs.

Other fossils found in Europe.
Falcatus falcatus

Falcatus is an extinct genus of
Falcatidae which lived during the early Carboniferous Period in Bear
Gulch bay and what is now Montana.

It was a 25–30 cm or 10-12 inches long "cladodont-toothed stethacanthid shark"
 The first material known from the genus were the prominent fin spines
that curved anteriorly over the head of the animal. When first described
 in 1883 from the St. Louis Limestone, these remains were given the name *Physonemus falcatus*. However, in 1985, fossils of a new type of condrichthyan from Montana were described that displayed a high degree of sexual dimorphism. The same spines that were previously named *P. falcatus* were found on one of the morphs, identified as the male due to the presence of valvae.
Opabinia regalis

Opabinia
 regalis is an extinct, stem group arthropod found in the Middle
Cambrian Burgess Shale Lagerstätte of British Columbia, Canada. It
flourished from 505 million years ago to 487 million years ago during
the Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era. It measured 2-3 inches in
length and is presumed to have been a carnivore. Fewer than twenty good
specimens have been described; 3 specimens of Opabinia are known from
the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they constitute less than 0.1% of the
community. Opabinia was a soft-bodied animal, averaging about 5.7 cm in
length, and its segmented body had lobes along the sides and a
fan-shaped tail. The head shows unusual features: five eyes, a mouth
under the head and facing backwards, and a proboscis that probably
passed food to the mouth. Opabinia probably lived on the seafloor, using
 the proboscis to seek out small, soft food.

Charles Doolittle Walcott found in the
Burgess Shale nine almost complete fossils of Opabinia regalis and a few
 of what he classified as Opabinia media, and published a description of
 all of these in 1912. The generic name is derived from Opabin pass
between Mount Hungabee and Mount Biddle, southeast of Lake O'Hara,
British Columbia, Canada. In 1966–1967, Harry B. Whittington found
another good specimen, and in 1975 he published a detailed description
based on very thorough dissection of ...

All the recognized Opabinia specimens found
 so far come from the "Phyllopod bed" of the Burgess Shale, in the
Canadian Rockies of British Columbia. In 1997, Briggs and Nedin reported
 from South Australia a new specimen of Myoscolex that was much better
preserved than previous specimens, leading them to conclude that it was a
 close relative of Opabinia—although this interpretation was later
questioned by Dzik, who instead concluded that Myoscolex was an annelid
worm.

Opabinia looked so strange that the
audience at the first presentation of Whittington's analysis laughed.
The length of Opabinia regalis from head to tail ranged between 4
centimetres and 7 centimetres. The animal also had a hollow proboscis,
whose total length was about one-third of the body's and projected down
from under the head and then curved forwards and upwards. The proboscis
was striated like a vacuum cleaner's hose and probably flexible, and it
ended with a claw-like structure whose in.

The way in which the Burgess Shale animals
were buried, by a mudslide or a sediment-laden current that acted as a
sandstorm, suggests they lived on the surface of the seafloor. Opabinia
probably used its proboscis to search the sediment for food particles
and pass them to its mouth. Since there is no sign of anything that
might function as jaws, its food was presumably small and soft.
Whittington, believing that Opabinia had no legs, thought that it
crawled on its lobes and that it could also have.
Casea broilii

Casea is an extinct genus of pelycosaur synapsids which was about 1.2 metres long from Texas, United States and Aveyron, France. It was slightly smaller than the otherwise very similar
 Caseoides. Casea was one of the first amniote herbivores, sharing its
world with animals such as Dimetrodon and Eryops. It was possibly also
aquatic.

 Casea had a heavy, round body and a small skull. Its rib cage was greatly expanded, presumably to make space for a large, plant-fermening gut as well as proportionally large lungs. Like other caseids, it lacked
 teeth in its lower jaw, and had blunt teeth in the upper jaw. These
adaptations indicate that Casea was a herbivore, feeding on relatively
tough plants, such as ferns. Like most derived caseids it had
paddle-like limbs and osteoporotic bones, indicating adaptations for an
aquatic lifestyle.

 Casea was named in 1910 by the paleontologist S. W. Williston. The genus name honors the paleontologist E. C. Case and the type species honors the paleontologist Ferdinand
Broili.
Organisation Shinkiro

Shinkiro est une organisation de ghoules qui a fait son apparition en 2018 qui a très vite pris de l'importance en faisant divers crimes: prises d'otages, meurtres organisés, attentats... Ce groupe a pour but de se faire connaître par n'importe quels moyens, principalement la terreur, afin de pouvoir accomplir les objectifs de chacun des membres avec le slogan suivant: "Le sang de nos victimes n'est que l'encre de notre constitution".

**CRÉATION DE SHINKIRO**

Cette organisation à vu le jour lorsque que **Sukkufo** fit la rencontre de **Helzra**, le chef de celle-ci Tout deux partirent à la recherche de nouveaux membres qu'il avaient besoin. C'est ainsi qu'ils firent la rencontre de **Yukio**, un membre très fidèle ainsi que leur ami. De nombreuses personnes accueillies moururent au cours de combats: s'engager dans Shinkiro, c'est risquer sa vie pour espérer apprivoiser son futur.

**LIEU DE VIE**

Là où vivent tous les membres c'est partout dans la ville, mais le lieu de rendez-vous principal est le bâtiment en ruine à côté de la tour radio, souvent suspecté. De nombreuses ghoules innocentes s'y aventurent mais ne ressortent jamais en vie.
Kashmirosaurus ornatus

Kashmirosaurus
 is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian known from
Permo-Carboniferous deposits in the region of Kashmir. It was originally
 named by English paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward in 1905 as a
species of Archegosaurus called Archegosaurus ornatus. More recently,
the species has been recognized as being distinct from Archegosaurus,
and it was placed in its own genus Kashmirosaurus in 1996. An additional
 species of Archegosaurus, A. kashmiriensis, was named in 1960 from the
same deposits in Kashmir, and is now considered synonymous with
Kashmirosaurus ornatus.
Meganeuropsis americana

There really is no other way to describe ***Meganeuropsis* (large nerved)**
 other than a giant dragonfly, or rather griffinfly. This insect lived
in the Late Permian, although so far only known from the US, and was
likely a descendant of the even larger *Meganeura*. One fossil attributed to it contains the largest fossilized insect wing ever found.

## Paleoecology

Although the Great Dying had commenced at this point, *Meganeuropsis* was not much smaller than its ancestor, with it having a 70 cm wingspan while *Meganeura* had somewhere over 75 cm. Due to the sheer drop of both oxygen levels and food supply, how this creaturewas able to sustain itself is unknown. While *Meganeuropsis* seems
 to have become quite hardy to adapt, it too succumbed to the Permian
extinction. This was the last of griffinflies, so when it went, the
whole group did, along with a third of all insects.

*Meganeuropsis* likely lived like modern dragonflies, albeit
accounting its gargantuan size there was a lot more on the menu.
Including its regular meals, this griffinfly probably also feasted on
small lizards and similar creatures. Its young were just as voracious,
devouring the young of the amphibians that were left. However, it just
couldn't handle the loss of food and it went extinct, spelling the doom
of the griffinflies.
Eoarthropleura devonica

Eoarthropleura was a genus of millipede -like creatures which lived between the Late Silurian and Late Devonian
 periods. Fossils, mainly of cuticle fragments, have been found in
Europe (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany and Shropshire, England) and North
 America (New York, USA and New Brunswick, Canada).
Michelinoceras primum

***Michelinoceras*** is the oldest known genus of the
Michelinocerida, more commonly known as the Orthocerida, characterized
by long, slender, nearly cylindrical orthocones with a circular cross
section, long camerae, very long body chambers, and a central or near
central tubular siphuncle free of organic deposits. Septal necks are
straight; connecting rings cylindrical and thin. Cameral deposits are
well developed. A radula has been found in one species, with seven teeth
 per row. It had ten arms, two of which formed longer tentacles.

## Range

Michelinoceras ranges from late in the Early Ordovician to the
Devonian with more poorly known species from the Carboniferous to the
Late Triassic included in the genus. The earliest known for sure is
Michelinoceras primum found in Cassinian age strata near the top of the
El Paso Group in southern New Mexico and west Texas. A less well known
species of Michelinoceras, M. primum?, comes from further down in the
same formation, near the beginning of the Cassinian.

## Taxonomy and derivation

Michelinoceras named by Foeste in 1932 is the ancestral and
characteristic genus of the Michelinoceratidae, established and
described by Flower in 1946; derived from empty siphuncle
Baltoceratidae.
Brontoscorpio anglicus

Brontoscorpio
 anglicus is a species of fossil scorpion. Its remains were discovered
in Upper Silurian-aged sandstone from Trimpley, Worcestershire, and the
species was described on the basis of an incomplete single free finger
of a pedipalp, almost 10 centimetres long. The complete animal is
estimated to have been at least 90 centimetres long.

The remains were found in terrestrial sediments, but it is believed, that due to its size, *Brontoscorpio* had to enter the water to molt. Possibly it lived a semi or fully aquatic life.
Coelacanthus granulatus

Coelacanthus is a genus of
extinct coelacanths that first appeared during the Permian period. In
fact, this was the first genus of coelacanths ever described, as the
order Coelacanthiformes is named after it.

They bear a superficial similarity to the living *Latimeria*,
 though they were smaller, and had more elongated heads. Individuals
grew up to 3 feet in length, and had small lobed fins, suggesting that *Coelacanthus* were open-water predators.

*Coelacanthus* was a long-lived genus with a worldwide distribution. The various species survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and the last eventually died out during the Late Jurassic, around 145 million years ago.
Estemmenosuchus mirabilis

Estemmenosuchus (meaning "crowned crocodile" in Greek) is an extinct genus of large, early omnivorous therapsids. It is believed and interpreted to have lived during the middle part of the Middle Permian
 around 267 million years ago. The two species, E. uralensis and E.
mirabilis, are characterised by distinctive horn-like structures, which
were probably used for intra-specific display. Both species of Estemmenosuchus are from the Perm
 (or Cis-Urals) region of Russia. Two other estemmenosuchids,
Anoplosuchus and Zopherosuchus, are now considered females of the
species E. uralensis. There were many complete and incomplete skeletons found together.

Estemmenosuchus had a sprawling posture and could reach a body length of
 more than 3 m (10 ft). Its skull was long and massive, up to 65 cm (26
 in) in length, and possessed several sets of large horns, somewhat
similar to the antlers of a moose,
 growing upward and outward from the sides and top of the head. The
animal had a sprawling posture as indicated by analysing its shoulder joints.
The skull superficially resembles that of Styracocephalus, but the "horns" are formed from different bones; in Estemmenosuchus the horns are located on the frontals and protrude upward, whereas in Styracocephalus the horns are formed by the tabular and extend aft.

Estemmenosuchus is interpreted to have lived some 267 million years ago.
 Two species have been identified, from the Ocher Assemblage Zone
Belebei Formation at the Ezhovo locality near Ochyor in the Perm region of the Russia in 1960. They were found with the Biarmosuchians Eotitanosuchus olsoni and Biarmosuchus tener in channel flood deposits of the young Ural Mountains. They differ in size, shape of the skull, and shape of the horns.
Originally
 all specimens were included in Estemmenosuchus uralensis, but it was
since realised that there were a number of different species. However,
not all palaeontologists agree that these were different species.
According to Ivakhnenko (1998) Anoplosuchus and Zopherosuchus are
synonyms of Estemmenosuchus uralensis.

Thermoregulation
It has been
suggested that the animal had a fairly constant internal temperature.
Its large size and compact build gave a small surface-to-volume ratio
and suggests it would not gain (or lose) temperature quickly. This
phenomenon is called gigantothermy and was probably an important factor in temperature regulation in most therapsids.
Skin
P. Chudinov reported skin impressions belonging to Estemmenosuchus in 1968. The skin was descripted as being "glandular" like that of a hairless mammal or a frog.
STH Escape Eggman Island Saga

Escape Eggman Island Saga is the second story arc from the Sonic the Hedgehog series which follows from the New Beginning Saga and the second part of season 1. This Saga aired in Japan during the summer of 1998 while the English Dub aired sometime mid July of 1998.

The main plot is that Sonic is captured by Robotnik and sent to his prison on the Robotnik Island to be executed. Sonic teams up with a young flying squirrel named Ray and his best friend Mighty the armadillo to escape the island in one piece.

### Plot

#### Sonic's capture

Many months after Sonic first defeated Robotnik, The Freedom Fighters live in a period of peace until Robotnik rears his head. One night when Sonic decided to take a run in Green Hill Zone, he spots a plate of chilli dogs lying around on the floor. When he eats them he's suddenly knocked unconscious as Robotnik captures him and takes him many miles away from South Island. Sonic awakes the next morning being extradited into Robotnik Island, a Super Prison he's built with the help of his Badniks. Due to foiling his plans their last encounter, Robotnik sets Sonic to be destroyed by the mad Doctor in several hours. While awaiting in his cell, he befriends a Armadillo named Mighty and his best friend, a young flying squirrel named Ray. Learning that they were kidnapped along with many others on the Island, the trio decide to work together and escape while freeing many other kidnapped mobians. Mighty breaks the 3 out of their cell with his strength and the crew begins with their plans of leaving the Island.
Proterogyrinus pancheni

Proterogyrinus was an extinct genus of early tetrapods from the order Embolomeri. Fossils have been found in Scotland, UK, and West Virginia, United States and date back to the Serpukhovian (mid-Carboniferous period) from about 331-323 million years ago. The genus was originally named by renowned vertebrate paleontologist Alfred Sherwood Romer
 in 1970. A comprehensive redescription was later published by Canadian
 paleontologist Robert Holmes in 1984. The generic name
"Proterogyrinus" is Greek for "earlier wanderer" or "earlier tadpole". This name was chosen by Romer in keeping with a trend of naming long-bodied early tetrapods (such as Eogyrinus and Crassigyrinus) with the suffix "-gyrinus".

Romer
 hesitated from designating Proterogyrinus as a true embolomere, because
 its intercentra (the forward portion of each vertebra) were smaller
than its pleurocentra (the rear portion). He used the group Anthracosauria
 to encompass embolomeres and their close relatives such as
Proterogyrinus. However, other sources prefer a wider definition of
Embolomeri similar in usage to Romer's Anthracosauria, thus counting
Proterogyrinus as an embolomere.

In most respects Proterogyrinus resembled other embolomeres such as Archeria, with a moderately elongated skull that was taller than that of other early tetrapods such as colosteids and temnospondyls. They were similar in size and shape to other prehistoric amphibians such as Crassigyrinus and Eryops, about two and a half meters (7–8 feet) long. This would have put them in line with the largest modern lizards. Members of the genus had strong limbs with several fully-ossified ankle and wrist bones. This would have given Proterogyrinus the ability to walk and hunt on land. However, the presence of lateral line grooves and otic notches which likely held spiracles
 show that they were probably more well-adapted for the water. The tail
was long and tall, and was likely a powerful method of locomotion. The
eyes were positioned high on the skull, supporting the idea that
Proterogyrinus had an active lifestyle near the surface of the water.
Inostrancevia alexandri

Inostrancevia
 is an extinct genus of carnivorous therapsids, containing the largest
members of the family Gorgonopsidae, predators characterized by long,
saber-tooth-like canines. The various species inhabited northern Russia
during the Upper Tatarian, a Russian regional stage equivalent to the
Wuchiapingian stage of the Late Permian period, dating from
approximately 260 to 254 million years ago. It is known from several
skulls and two almost-complete skeletons.

The first fossils were found in the Sokolki Assemblage Zone of the Kutuluk and Salarevo Formations in the Oblast of Arkhangelsk as part of the Northern Dvina River excavations led by Amalitsky
 during the end of the 19th century. Two nearly complete skeletons were
found alongside several other skeletal remains, one of which was mounted
 and exhibited in Saint Petersburg in 1900 with the other following a few years later. Proper descriptions of the findings were published posthumously in 1922.

The species in Inostrancevia were the largest gorgonopsids known; known
individuals have total body lengths reaching up to 3.5 m (11.5 ft) and
long, narrow skulls up to 60 cm (24 in) long. This animal had an average
 mass of 300 kg (661.3 lbs).

Like several other gorgonopsids, Inostrancevia was characterized by strongly developed canine teeth,
 with those of the upper jaw up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long, the root
corresponding to half its length. Their bodies were slender, with rather
 short legs. Inostrancevia shared its habitat with Scutosaurus which it likely preyed upon.

Inostrancevia was named by the Russian paleontologist Vladimir P. Amalitsky in honour of the Russian geologist Aleksandr Inostrantsev.
Crassigyrinus scoticus

Crassigyrinus (meaning "thick tadpole") is an extinct genus of carnivorous stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland and possibly Greer, West Virginia. The type specimen was originally described as Macromerium scoticum and lacked a complete skull.
 With subsequent discoveries, Crassigyrinus is now known from three
skulls, one of which is in articulation with a fairly complete skeleton,
 and two incomplete lower jaws. Crassigyrinus grew up to 2 meters in
length, coupled with tiny limbs and unusually large jaws. Crassigyrinus
is taxonomically enigmatic, having confused paleontologists for decades with its apparent fish-like and tetrapod features. It was traditionally placed within the group Labyrinthodontia along with many other early tetrapods. Some paleontologists have even considered it as the most basal Crown group tetrapod, while others hesitate to even place it within the Tetrapoda superclass. Crassigyrinus had unusually large jaws, enabling it to eat other animals it could catch and swallow. It had two rows of sharp teeth
 in its jaws, the second row having a pair of fangs. Crassigyrinus had
large eyes, suggesting that it was either nocturnal, or lived in very
murky water.

Crassigyrinus had a streamlined body up to 2 meters in length. Its limbs
 were tiny and virtually useless, implying that the animal was almost
completely aquatic. Crassigyrinus had unusually large jaws, equipped
with two rows of sharp teeth,
 the second row having a pair of palatal fangs. Studies have shown that
Crassigyrinus may have been able to open its mouth as wide as 60
degrees, which suggests that it was a powerful predator with a strong
bite. This strongly suggests that it was ideally suited for catching
fish, and the animal was probably a fast-moving predator.
Several
thickened bony ridges ran along the dorsal midline of the snout and
between the eyes, and several paleontologists have suggested that they
helped the skull
 to withstand stress when the animal bit prey. Crassigyrinus had large
eyes, suggesting that it was either nocturnal, or lived in very murky
water. It possessed large otic (spiracular) notches, probably
accommodating a spiracle rather than a tympanic membrane.
Its peculiar stunted forelimbs were tiny and the humerus was only 35 mm long (the whole animal was about 1.5 m long). Various foramina on the humeral surfaces are very similar to those seen in Ichthyostega, Acanthostega, and lobe-finned fishes like Eusthenopteron.
 The hindlimbs were much larger than the forelimbs, and in the pelvis
the ilium lacked a bony connection to the vertebral column (a classic
feature of aquatic tetrapods). The tail, only known from a few vertebrae
 fragments, is assumed to have been long and laterally compressed.
Dimetrodon grandis

Before dinosaurs ruled
the Earth, a different type of big lizard dominated what is now North
America. Dimetrodon was the largest land predator 260 million years ago.
 This reptile had two types of sharp teeth that were advanced for its
time and a tall "sail" on its back that helped control the creature's

body temperature.

> **Shear Terror:** Dimetrodon
>
>
>  had two kinds of teeth in its jaws-sharp canines for stabbing and
> jagged teeth for cutting. When its mouth snapped shut around prey, the
>
>
>
> creature slid its lower jaw backward to slice the meat.
>
>

> **Side Step:** Though
>
>
>  it looked like one, Dimetrodon was not a dinosaur. The biggest
> difference was in its legs-they grew from its sides, like a crocodile; a
>
>
>
>  dinosaur's legs came straight down from underneath its body.
>
>

Creature Features
 **Sound off:** | die-MET-row-don

## Just Warming Up

The
 huge sail on Dimetrodon's back covered long spines that rose from the
lizard's backbone. The wide surface area of the sail was packed with
blood vessels that collected heat from the sun, warming the creature by
as much as 11'F within 90 minutes. Dimetrodon turned this heat into
energy so it could move around quickly while hunting. At night, the sail
 released heat quickly so the reptile could rest.

> **Mammalsaur:** Dimetrodon's
>
>
>  specialized teeth were more advanced than those of many dinosaurs that
> appeared 30 million years later. This has led scientists to believe this
>
>
>
>  reptile was more closely related to mammals than to dinosaurs.
>
>

> **Cool Off:** If
>
>
>  this reptile's body became too hot, it would have stopped functioning
> and died. Dimetrodon crawled into the shade or turned its wide sail
>
>
>
> toward a breeze to cool itself.
>
>

### Early to Rise...

1. As

 the sun rises one morning during the Permian Period, a Dimetrodon props
 itself up and turns its sail to face it. The blood vessels in the sail
collect heat quickly and distribute it to the creature's vital organs.

1. Full

 of energy after 90 minutes, the Dimetrodon runs in search of prey.
Finding another reptile resting in the sand, the predator pounces.
Without the aid of a sail, the victim doesn't have enough energy to flee
 so it becomes Dimetrodon's breakfast.
Dimetrodon---the mammal-like reptile that is often mistaken for a dinosaur.

**Trading Card**
 **Defense:** | 3

Dimertrodon has both a common trading card and a Titanium Power card.

**Titanium Power**
 **Defense:** | 10
Coccosteus grossi

Coccosteus ("seed bone") is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm.
 Its fossils have been found throughout Europe and North America. The
majority of these have been found in freshwater sediments, though, such a
 large range suggests that they may have been able to enter saltwater.
The largest specimens were about 40 centimetres (16 in), although the
average length was 20 to 24 centimetres (7.9 to 9.4 in).
Like all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had a joint between the armour of the body and skull. It also had an internal joint between its neck vertebrae
 and the back of the skull, allowing for the mouth to be opened even
wider. Along with the longer jaws, this allowed Coccosteus to feed on
fairly large prey. The up-and-down movement of the skull also allowed
for more water to be pumped through the gills.
 Possibly, the creature supplemented its diet with organic material
filtered from mud using the gills. As with all other arthrodires,
Coccosteus had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws, forming a beak.
The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind
away at each other. Overall the creature looked similar to its gigantic
 cousin Dunkleosteus, save that its eyes were closer to the end of its snout than in its larger relative.

C. cuspidatus
This is the type species, and is an important index fossil in the continental Devonian sequence of northern Scotland deposited in the Orcadian Basin. It is only present at and below the Upper Eifelian Achanarras limestone leve
Paradoxides minor

Paradoxides
 is a genus of large to very large trilobites found throughout the world
 during the Mid Cambrian period. One record-breaking specimen of
Paradoxides davidis is 37 cm. It has a semicircular head, free cheeks
each ending with a long, narrow, recurved spine, and sickle-shaped eyes,
 providing almost 360° view, but only in the horizontal plane. Its
elongated trunk was composed of 19-21 segments and was adorned with
longish, recurved lateral spines. Its pygidium was comparatively small.
Paradoxides is a characteristic Middle Cambrian trilobite of the
'Atlantic' fauna. Avalonian rocks were deposited near a small continent
called Avalonia in the Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean. Avalonian beds are now
in a narrow strip along the East Coast of North America, and in Europe.

The exoskeleton of Paradoxides is large to
very large, relatively flat, oval to inverted egg-shaped, and about one
and a half times longer than wide, with the greatest width across the
genal spines. The headshield is close to semicircular with long spines
developing from the corners of the cephalon. As usual in trilobites, the
 dorsal suture runs along the top of the eye. As in all Redlichiina,
this suture runs from the back of the eye slightly outward to the rear
margin of the cephalon opposite

The larval development of Paradoxides was
already described by Barrande. The earliest stage is a disc with three
pairs of spines on the margin. Genal spines are placed at halflength
directed at about 45° outward and backward, curving slightly further
backwards and almost a third of the diameter of the protaspis long.
Sharply pointed intergenal spines, about 50% of the disc diameter long,
are positioned at the back of the future cephalon, are straight and
pointing backwards and 15° outward ...

Like in many early trilobites, the thorax
of Paradoxides consists of so-called nonfulcrate segments, that allow
the animal to roll, providing protection from front, rear, top, and
bottom, while leaving access to the soft ventral side of the animal from
 each of the sides. Complete specimens of Paradoxides have been found
with the free cheeks and the fused palate and lip upside down and front
to back beneath the remainder of the exoskeleton. This suggests that in
moulting, the body was arched above.

A number of species previously assigned to the genus Paradoxides have since been transferred to other genera.

Fossils of Paradoxides have been found in
Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Italy, Morocco,
Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the
United Kingdom, and the United States.
Gigantoscorpio willsi

Gigantoscorpio
 willsi is an extinct species of scorpion which existed during the
Mississippian epoch between 346.7 million and 330.9 million years ago.
Its type specimen is BMNH In. 42706a,b, In. 42707, which is a 3D body
fossil of its exoskeleton found near modern-day United Kingdom. It grew
up to 3 ft long, almost 10 times bigger than the largest scorpion alive
today.
Hibbertopterus scouleri

Hibbertopterus is a genus of giant eurypterid, a group of extinct aquatic arthropods, that lived during the Devonian and Carboniferous.
Hibbertopterus is a member of the family Hibbertopteridae, large bizarre Eurypterids found from the Upper Devonian to the end of the Permian
 period. They were sweep feeders, inhabiting freshwater swamps and
rivers, feeding by raking through the soft sediment with blades on their
 anterior appendages to capture small invertebrates. Their morphology
was so unusual that they have been thought to be an order separate from Eurypterida. Recent work however confirms them to be a derived member of the suborder Stylonurina, with the genus Drepanopterus being a basal member of their superfamily.
The genus contains eleven species, including the type species H. scouleri from the Carboniferous of Scotland.

Hibbertopterus was the largest known stylonurine eurypterid. A carapace referred to Hibbertopterus scouleri from Carboniferous Scotland
 measures 65 cm wide. Hibbertopterus being very wide relative to its
length, the animal in question would likely have measured just short of 2
 meters in length. Very deep-bodied in comparison to eurypterids of
other families, the mass of Hibbertopterus would likely rival that of
other giant arthropods, if not surpass them.
Hibbertopterus is
defined as a hibbertopterid eurypterid in which the walking legs have
basal extensions but do not have longitudinal posterior grooves in any podomere. The telson was hastate, with a median keel composed of two lateral shoulders separated by a median indentation.
A fossil trackway discovered in West Lothian, Scotland, reveals that Hibbertopterus was capable of at least limited terrestrial locomotion.The
 track found was roughly six metres long and a metre wide, and suggests
that the eurypterid responsible was 1.6 metres in length, consistent
with other giant sizes attributed to Hibbertopterus. The tracks
indicate a lumbering, jerky and dragging movement. Scarps with
crescent-shapes were left by the outer limbs, inner markings were made
by the keeled belly and the telson
 carved a central groove. The slow progression and dragging of the tail
indicate that the animal responsible was moving out of water.
The
presence of terrestrial tracks indicate that Hibbertopterus was able to
survive on land at least briefly, possible due to the probability that
their gills could function in air as long as they remained wet.
Additionally, some studies suggest that eurypterids possessed a dual
respiratory system, which would allow short periods of time in
terrestrial environments.

It
 is believed that some of the genera within the Hibbertopteridae
represent synonyms of each other. Two of the genera in the family, Campylocephalus and Vernonopterus,
 are clearly hibbertopterids but known from very incomplete specimens.
Further discoveries may point to that some of them are synonymous with
Hibbertopterus.
Hyneria lindae

Hyneria is a genus of large prehistoric predatory lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period around 360 million years ago.

The genus name Hyneria is a reference to the village of Hyner, Pennsylvania, near where the first specimen was found. The species epiphet H. lindae is derived from the name of the wife of Keith Stewart Thomson, who described this fish.

Hyneria
was a large fish, estimated at 2.5–3.7 m (8.2–12.1 ft) in total length,
 its skull had heavy, ornamented dermal bones and its lower jaw was
relatively long and shallow, the teeth were stout with those of the premaxilla forming fangs upwards of 5 cm (2 in). Its body was covered by cycloid
 scales. It had large sensory canals to aid in detection of possible
prey, as the freshwater environment it inhabited likely was murky and
had low visibility.

The
original fossils came from two localities in Pennsylvania, United
States, one found between the villages of North Bend and Hyner and
another near Emporium. They consisted of a disarticulated partial skull and fragments of the shoulder girdle. The fossils were found in the Catskill Formation of the Red Hill Shale, dating to the upper Devonian.
 These were the only remains known until 1993 when a renewed collecting
 effort discovered abundant new material. Hyneria is considered the
largest and most common lobe-finned fish found in the Red Hill Shale.
Cacops woehri

Cacops,
 a genus of dissorophid temnospondyls, is one of the most distinctive
Paleozoic amphibians that diversified in the equatorial region of Pangea
 during the Kungurian stage of the early Permian. Dissorophids were a
group of fully terrestrial, often heavily armored faunivores. This,
along with their relatively large size and geographical range suggest
that they were able to coexist with amniotes as predators during the
early Permian. Dissorophidae has four distinct clades differentiated
largely on the morphology of the osteoderms, the Eucacopinae, the
Dissorophinae, the Aspidosaurinae, and the Platyhystricinae. Cacops is
one of the few olsoniforms whose ontogeny is beginning to surface.
Cacops fossils were almost exclusively known from the Cacops Bone Bed of
 the Lower Permian Arroyo Formation of Texas for much of the 20th
century. New material collected from the Dolese Brothers Quarry, near
Richards Spur, Oklahoma in the past few decades has been recovered,
painting a clearer picture of what the animal looked and acted like.

* American paleontologist Samuel W. Williston

 used the details of the species Cacops aspidephorus to first describe
its features. However, because of the poor preservation of specimens
collected from the Cacops Bone Bed in Texas, other researchers who
collected specimens from other localities have described many of Cacops’
 features with more certainty. Features that distinguish Cacops from
other dissorophids include a large dorsal process of the quadrate and a
shortened posterior skull.

* Cacops aspidephorus is the most famous

dissorophid, in part due to a majority of its skeleton having been known
 for over a century. Over 50 specimens have been found in the Cacops
Bone Bed in Baylor County, Texas, which is now flooded by the dammed
Lake Kemp. However, many of the specimens are covered in calcite, which
penetrates the bone tissue, resulting in poor preservation. "Trematopsis
 seltini" from the Vale Formation of Texas was originally described as a
 trematopid by Olson but was later.

* Ontogeny
Partial

 growth series of both Cacops morrisi and Cacops woehri are known.
Overall changes to the shape of the skull are minimal, indicating that
the shallower skull of C. woehri is a valid feature for differentiating
between the taxa throughout ontogeny. Of the two, the ontogeny

* Predation
The

 skull of Cacops has several features associated with predatory
behavior. In particular, transverse flanges on the pterygoid that extend
 below the level of the marginal tooth row have been interpreted to be
adaptive for capturing and holding struggling prey; this feature is al

* Locomotion
The

 locomotion of Cacops aspidephorus has been explored through two studies
 by David Dilkes. Two series of osteoderms of the presacral vertebral
column affect the biomechanics of the axial skeleton. Cacops have an
internal series, which consist of an osteoderm fused to the distal
Protorosaurus speneri

Protorosaurus ("first lizard") is a genus of lizard-like early archosauromorph reptiles. Members of the genus lived during the late Permian period in Germany and Brazil. Once believed to have been an ancestor to lizards, Protorosaurus is now known to be one of the oldest members of the lineage that would eventually lead to archosaurs such as crocodilians and dinosaurs.

Protorosaurus
 grew up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) in length, and was a slender, lizard-like
animal, with long legs and a long neck. Its body form suggests that it
was fast-moving, although it may have fed primarily on insects.
Protorosaurus was closely related to Czatkowiella from the Early Triassic of Poland.

In 1914, a new ceratopsian dinosaur found by Lawrence Lambe was again given the name Protorosaurus (in this sense meaning "before Torosaurus"). When Lambe found that the name had already been used for the early archosauromorph, he renamed his ceratopsian Chasmosaurus.

In Geopark of Paleorrota, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 3 vertebrae and some bones of the animal were found.
The Broken Ear

The title card

## Next Season

Objective Moon

*The Broken Ear* is the second season made for The Adventures of Tintin, with seven 13 minute episodes produced by Belvision and R.T.F., and Raymond Leblanc with permission from Hergé.

This season was made in 1959 and aired the same year in French, and aired in English in 1962 on the BBC. Unlike later adaptations, this and King Ottokar's Sceptre are very faithful to the books. The music used is classical music from many different composers, but some music was possibly composed, arranged, or recorded by M. Saulnier. Technical collaboration was by Anne-Marie Ullmann and J. de Brabander. Extra pictures were drawn by Hergé's assistant, Bob de Moor, and the animation is made using paper cut-outs. The music used is classical music from many different composers, but some music was possibly composed, arranged, or recorded by M. Saulnier. Technical collaboration was by Anne-Marie Ullmann and J. de Brabander.

## Cast

### English

* Gerald Campion - Tintin
* Deryck Guyler - additional voices
* Peter Hawkins - narration

## Trivia

* After this season, R.T.F. decided to not renew their contract with Belvision.
Rugmonsters

NatureRules1's TV spoof of Rugrats.

* Tommy Pickles - *Dimetrodon grandis*
* Chuckie Finster - *Dinogorgon rubidgei*
* Phil DeVille - *Scutosaurus karpinskii*
* Lil DeVille - *Edaphosaurus cruciger*
* Angelica Pickles - *Diplocaulus salamondroides*
* Dil Pickles - *Coelurosauravus jaekeli*
* Susie Carmichael - *Cacops woehri*
* Spike the Dog - *Diictodon galeops*
* Didi Pickles - *Cameroceras trentonense*
* Charlotte Pickles - *Megalograptus welchi*
* Stu Pickles - *Helicoprion bessonowi*
* Drew Pickles - *Eurypterus remipes*
* Grandpa Lou Pickles - *Rhizodus hibberti*
* Chaz Finster - *Pterygotus anglicus*
* Howard DeVille - *Dunkleosteus terrelli*
* Betty DeVille - *Paradoxides minor*
* Lucy Carmichael - *Edestus vorax*
* Sergei - *Opabinia regalis*
* Monkeys - *Petrolacosaurus kansensis*
* Igor - *Crassigyrinus scoticus*
* Scar Snout - *Inostrancevia alexandri*
* Reptar - *Ichthyostega stensioei*
* Rex Pester - *Stethacanthus altonensis*
* Dr. Lipschitz - *Cheirurus ingricus*
* Coco LaBouche - *Cephalaspis lyelli*
* Jean Claude - *Ottoia prolifica*
* Mr. Yamaguchi - *Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis*
* Robosnail - *Leviathan (Atlantis: The Lost Empire)*
* Fifi - *Dicynodon huenei*
* Boris Kropotkin - *Pikaia gracilens*
* Kira Finster - *Platyhystrix rugosus*
* Kimi Finster - *Eryops megacephalus*
* Siri - *Caleidocrinus turgidulus*
* Toa - *Diraphora bellicostata*
* Principal Pangborn - *Proterogyrinus pancheni*
* Minka Kropotkin - *Guiyu oneiros*
* Cynthia - *Archeolimulus*
* Harold Frumpkin - *Precambrian Worm*
* Sumo Singers - *Bohemiatupus elegans*
* Dactar - *Wyvern (Draconis vipera)*
* Ranger Margaret - *Elginia mirabilis*
* Ranger Frank - *Geikia elginensis*
Megarachne servinei

In 1980 a scientist discovered a fossil of what he thought was the biggest spider to ever live. As large as a small dog, Megarachne had a heavily armored body, giant eyes and a leg span of up to 20 inches! For many years, the life of this huge swamp-dwelling creature was a mystery. Only now do we know the true story-Megarachne was actually a giant prehistoric sea scorpion.

> **What Big Eyes Do You Have!** Megarachne's large compound eyes measured up to half an inch in diameter. When the creature was underwater, its eyes probably poked up from the water like a crocodile's.
>
>

> **In Good Company:** Like modern spiders and scorpions, Megarachne had a pair of feeding appendages at the front of its mouth called Chelicerae, which it used to pass food into its mouth.
>
>

 **Sound off:** | meg-a-RAK-nee

## Spider or Scorpion?

The first Megarachne fossil was locked away soon after its discovery. Since no one could examine the specimen, they couldn't prove that it really was a prehistoric spider. Finally, in 2004, a British spider expert was allowed to study the fossil, and he quickly found that Megarachne actually belonged to the family of prehistoric sea scorpions known as eurypterids. Unlike spiders, which have eight small eyes, Megarachne had two big ones. And it had a hard shell with ridges across its back-unlike any spider known to science.

> **Clean Sweep:** Though most eurypterids were predators, scientists believe Megarachne was a "sweep feeder." Its feeding appendages had long combs on them, like baleen plates in a whale's mouth, which Megarachne used to sift through mud and water and filter out food.
>
>

> **Time to Change:** Megarachne most likely lived on land and in the water, like a crab. It probably molted, or shed, its outer shell in water-its bare legs would have been too soft to support its weight until its new exoskeleton hardened.
>
>

**Did You Know?**

**Trading Card**
 **Life:** | 110

Megarachne servinei is a extinct species of land eurypterid (sea
scorpions) that lived in Argentina during the Carboniferous period.
Moh

Nobody knows quite what Moh is, and his past is somewhat foggy. What is known is that when he was a child, his parents got a divorce, and each went into their own pocket dimensions. Due to the nature of time in pocket dimensions, this causes Moh to be both 8 and 47 years old at the same time.

He lived in a human school for about a year, until he was kicked out.

He has become obsessed with Jeff after finding him on the ground one day, and considers Jeff his best friend. Another very close friend of his is Leggy-Boi. He also considers Tippmann his friend, though Tippmann finds Moh annoying. He has a strong distaste for Emo Kid and Elfboy.
Crapsman

Crapsman is the brother of Tippmann, being once part of the Bowling Buddies along with his brother. He had a long history of misconduct with his brother. This came to a head when he celebrated Christmas in September, eventually ending up getting him banned from the Bowling Buddies, and banished to The Great Forge, and forced to concede to a life of upgrading weapons for others until further notice. He has currently been there around 4,000 years.