Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah is a rogue and Radical Sunni Islamic Politician who was the Autocratic "Sole Prime Minister" of the Indo-Persian Empire. His regime as Prime Minister was responsible for the Indo-Persia Civil War and vast brutality.

## History

### Early Life

Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876, to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion near Karachi, now in Sindh, Pakistan but then within the Bombay Presidency of British India. Jinnah's family was from a Gujarati Khoja Shi’a Muslim background, though Jinnah later followed the Twelver Shi'a teachings. After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the Sunni sect of Islam. His sectarian affiliation at the time of his death was disputed in multiple court cases. Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background, his father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the princely state of Gondal (Kathiawar, Gujarat); his mother was also of that village. They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than Bombay. Jinnah was the second child; he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister Fatima Jinnah. The parents were native Gujarati speakers, and the children also came to speak Kutchi and English. Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers.

As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the Cathedral and John Connon School. In Karachi, he attended the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School. He gained his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. His official biographer, Hector Bolitho, writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket instead.

### Education in England

In 1892, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft, a business associate of Jinnahbhai Poonja, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, Emibai Jinnah. Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England. Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay.

Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring barrister joined Lincoln's Inn, later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln's over the other Inns of Court was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great lawgivers, including Muhammad. Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside (covering the wall at one end of New Hall, also called the Great Hall, which is where students, Bar and Bench lunch and dine) is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims. Jinnah's legal education followed the pupillage (legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from studying lawbooks. During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like Bentham, Mill, Spencer, and Comte. This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics. He became an admirer of the Parsi British Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta. Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in Finsbury Central. Jinnah listened to Naoroji's maiden speech in the House of Commons from the visitor's gallery.

The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. His suits were designed by Savile Row tailor Henry Poole & Co. He came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice. Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, "I will not travel in my pyjamas." In his later years he was usually seen wearing a Karakul hat which subsequently came to be known as the "Jinnah cap".

Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay.

### Barrister

At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career occurred when the acting Advocate General of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a Bombay presidency magistrate, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did. Nevertheless, as Governor-General of Pakistan, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 rupee per month.

As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 "Caucus Case". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a "caucus" of Europeans to keep Sir Pherozeshah Mehta out of the council. Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. Although Jinnah did not win the Caucus Case, he posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic. In 1908, his factional foe in the Indian National Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was arrested for sedition.

### Rising Political Career

In 1857, many Indians had risen in revolt against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government. Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in British India, as they constituted a quarter to a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus. Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite.

Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904. He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, who sought quick action towards independence. In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the Aga Khan called on the new Viceroy of India, Lord Minto, to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the "unsympathetic [Hindu] majority". Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper *Gujarati*, asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed. When many of the same leaders met in Dacca in December of that year to form the All-India Muslim League to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was "freakishly ironic" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, "came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done ... He said that our principle of separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself." In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the partition of Bengal, an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests.

Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the Imperial Legislative Council. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote. Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised probate law (with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the Wakf Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy. Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun.

In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the "greater national cause" of an independent India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity". Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War found officials little interested in Indian reforms. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become a great political rival of his, Mohandas Gandhi, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating *satyagraha*, non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi, and returned home to India in January 1915.

### Indo-Persian Invasion

A while after his return home, the Persian Army invaded India with help from White Russians in the region, Afghans, the Gurkhas of the Kashmiri Rifles, 27th (Bangalore), The 98th Infantry, the 13th Rajputs and the 63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry (who defected after the Battle of Tanga and the Zanzibar annexation). The invasion of India was a victory due to lack of contact between Britain and the Raj and help from Japan. After that Jinnah rose to power as he created the All India Muslim league as a Political Party in India as Gandhi did the same.

### Takeover of Indo-Persia as Sole "Prime Minister"

Amanullah Khan's wife Soraya Tarzi with Sayyed Khan of Khiva's wife Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh and Singh's friend Lina Schäfer founding women's organisation Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan and other reforms resulted in Local Afghan Tribes, Uzbek Tribes and Sunni Muslim Groups causing Turmoil. This in 1921 resulted in Al-Jinnah himself and the the Muslim League of India taking power as Prime Minister of the Empire and he banned Elections and appointed Afghan Tribal Leaders, Mullahs and The members of the Muslim League of India. They tried to influence Reza and the officials to impose strict Islamic Laws upon the country to appease the Sunni Muslims of the Empire. Reza knowing that a majority of his Persian people who are not Zoroastrian being Shia Islam and knowing that the Majority Population in India is Hindu knew it would not go so well, but Jinna imposed them anyway which caused riots and made Reza's laws to suppress socialist parties ineffective as they kept on rising and causing trouble in the Azerbaijan Region and the Maharajahnate of Jammu and Kashmir. Reza tried to oust Al Jinnah but it did not work at all.

After Reza ousting him and the Imperial Army of India arresting him for corruption and religious discrimination against non Sunni Islams, Jinna returned as he ousted Mahmoud Djam his co-Prime Minister and ruled as a Autocratic Dictator with the Muslim League being the only legal party in the country.

This had caused Multiple Uprisings in the Government, however Reza as an absolute Monarch then sent the guards to support the uprisings and oust Jinnah's coalition. This had resulted in a civil war that has the opposition against Jinnah was fighting against Jinnah's loyalists. Mohammad-Ali Shah, One of the Former Shahs of Persia and the King of the Kingdom of Kandy at the time was assassinated by Buddhist Rebels in the region for supporting the Insurrectionists of Al Jinnah. This resulted in his son the predecessor of Reza Shah, Ahmad Shah Qajar to take the throne as King of Kandy. The Civil war ended in 1932 when Jinnah was ousted by the opposition led by Zia'eddin Tabataba'i and Subhas Chandra Bose and exiled to the Maharajahnate of Morocco.

## Personal Life

Muhammad Ali Jinnah's mother Mithibai Jinnah was urging him to marry his 14 year old cousin Emibai. Jinnah complied with his mother's wishes and married Emibai at Paneli Village. Shortly after the wedding, Muhammad Ali Jinnah left for England to engage in higher academic studies, and a few months later Emibai died.

Affected by this tragedy, it was 25 years before Jinnah chose to marry again. Aged about 40, he took Rattanbai Petit (1900–1929) as his second wife on April 19, 1918. Rattanbai died on February 20, 1929. They had one daughter.

* Dina Jinnah (b. 1919)

Jinnah then married Agha Fatemeh Ahmadi Tabataba'i, the daughter of a Persian Mullah right before he was ousted from power.

## Cabinet

* **Deputy Prime Minister:** Liaquat Ali Khan
* **Foreign Minister:** Haji Faiz Muhammed Zikeria
* **Minister of Education:** Hossein Borujerdi
* **Armament Minister:** Zahid Hussain
* **Minister of Defense:** Abdul Badshah Khan
* **Minister of Intelligence:** fthqar Husain Memdoot
* **Chief of Staff:** Ibrahim Bek
* **Chief of Army:** Habibullāh Kalakāni
* **Chief of Navy:** Ali Rehman Khan
* **Chief of Air Force:** Asghar Khan
* **Chief of Military Police:** Purdil Khan