Mesopotamian kings

This list shows how the Mesopotamian kings in Berosus and other traditional classical sources correlate with kings known from cuneiform.

(See also: Development of Sumerian King List; Egyptian pharaohs)

### "Kings of Babylonia" 2424-1721 BC

The classical list of proto Berosus (or proto-Ctesias) generally follows, at least in the first section, the fortunes of Ur, rather than of Nippur as documented in the cuneiform Sumerian King List, which also contains many extraneous names of local governors. The times when Nippur was ruled by different lines of kings to those of Ur, are indicated below.

* **Saturn Nymbrotus** - Enmerkar of Uruk 2424-2398 BC

Subsumed by Proto-Berosus with Nymbrotus, but in other sources:

(Khalbator - Lugalbanda of Uruk) 2398-2392 BC (in Bar Konai)
(Kambiros - Mebarasi of Kish) 2381-75 BC (in Bar Hebraeus, Michael Syrus)
(Arpazad - Dumuzid of Uruk) 2392-68 BC (Bar Heb, Mich Syr)
("seven years interregnum" - Aga of Kish 2375-2368 BC (Bar Heb, Mich Syr)
* **Jupiter Belus** - Gilgamesh of Uruk 2368-2342 BC

Subsumed by Proto-Berosus with Belus:

[Ur Nungal of Uruk 2342-2339 BC]
(Samiros - Mesannepada of Ur) 2339-2306 BC (Bar Heb, Mich Syr., misplaced after Kambiros)
* **Ninus** - Meskiagnuna of Ur 2306-2254 BC

Ruling Nippur during this time:

(Sebtah / Elamites 2303-2267 BC)
* **Q. Semiramis** - Shamgan (Gansaman) of Ur 2254-2212 BC

Subsumed by Berosus with Semiramis:

[Elulu of Ur, Balulu of Ur]
Ruling Nippur during this time:

(Cosdron, Tsaheron - Kalbum of Kish 2267-37 BC) - in Ps. Methodius, Mich. Syr.
[Hadanish of Hamazi 2237-c.2207 BC]
* **Ninyas (Nanni) Zameis** - Nanni of Ur 2212-2174 BC

Ruling Nippur during this time:

[Enshakushanna of Uruk c.2207-2189 BC]
[Lugal Kinishe dudu of Uruk 2189-2182 BC]
* **Arius** - Argandea (Lugal Kisalsi) of Uruk 2174-2144 BC
* **Aralius** (called king of Assyrians in text) - Lugal Annemundu of Adab 2144-2099 BC
* **Baleus Xerxes** - Lugal Zaggesi of Umma 2099-2069 BC

Ruling Nippur during this time:

[Sharumiter (Hidaar) of Mari] 2099-2092 BC
[Puzur-Nirah of Akshak] 2092-2089 BC
[Q. Kugbau of Kish] 2089-2083 BC
[Ur Zababa of Kish] 2083-2077 BC
* **Armatritis (Manithrus)** - Sargon, Rimush, Manishtushu of Akkad 2069-2041 BC
* **Belochus** (called king of Assyrians in text) - Naram Suen of Akkad 2041-2022 BC

Subsumed by Berosus with Belochus:

[Sharkalishari of Akkad 2022-2005 BC]
* **Baleus II** - Ur Nammu of Ur 2005-1958 BC

Ruling Nippur during this time:

[Ilulu of Akkad 2005-2002 BC]
[Gutians 2002-1977 BC]
[Utuhengal of Uruk] 1977-76 BC
* **Altades** - Shulgi of Ur 1958-1910 BC
* **Mamitus** - Amar Suen of Ur 1910-1901 BC

Subsumed by Berosus with Mamitus:

[Shu-suen of Ur ] 1901-1893 BC
[Ibbi-suen of Ur] 1893-1871 BC
* **Mancaleus** - Ishbi-Erra of Isin 1870-64 BC

Subsumed by Berosus with Mancaleus:

[Shu-ilishu of Isin] 1864-54 BC
[Iddin-dagan of Isin] 1854-1842 BC
* **Sferus** - Ishme Dagan of Isin 1842-25 BC
* **Mamelus** - Manamaltiel of Kisurra 1828-1797 BC
* **Sparetus** - Sumu-abum of Babylon 1799-85 BC

Under him and his successors, Babylon came to replace Nippur as the capital of Southern Mesopotamia; meanwhile the traditional classical list shifts northward here.

* **Ascatades** - Ipiq Adad of Eshnunna 1763-1721 BC

### "Kings of Assyria" 1721-820 BC

From this point the Manethonian Supplement continues the above list from the Defloratio text, but now listing "Kings of Assyria", who are indeed Assyrian kings.

(\* = traditional name dropped out of current form of Manethonian Supplement, but is in other versions of Berosus)

[Omitted: Erishum II 1722-1712 BC]

* **Amyntes** - Shamshi-adad I 1712-1680 BC
* **Belochus II** - Ishme dagan I 1680-1670 BC

[rival claimants & civil war 1670-1664 BC]

* **Belopares** - Belubani 1664-1654 BC
* **Lamprides** - Libaya 1654-1638 BC
* (**Sosares**)\* - Sharma Adad I 1638-1626 BC
* (**Lampares**)\* - Iptar suen (Likud-shamash) 1626 -1615 BC
* **Pannias** - Bazaya 1615-1588 BC

Long, ancient gap in records 1588-1270 BC, as seen in Manethonian Supplement

* **Sosarmes** - Shalmaneser I 1270-1241 BC

[Omitted: Tukulti-Ninurta I, Ashur-nadin-apli, Ashur Nirari III]

* (**Mithraeus**)\* - Enlil-kudurri-utsur 1196-1191 BC
* **Tautanes** - Ninurta Apal Ekur 1191-1178 BC
* **Teuteus** - Ashur Dan I 1178-1134 BC

[Omitted: Ninurta Tukulti-Ashur, Muttakil nusku]

* **Tymeus** - Ashur resh ishi I 1132-1114 BC
* **Dercilus** - Tiglath pileser I 1114-1075 BC
* **Eupales** - Asharid apal ekur 1075-1073 BC

Manethonian supplement stops here and the remaining names added to other versions of Berosus seem to have many gaps:

* **Laosthenes**\* - Ashur Bel Kala 1073-1055 BC
* **Prietiades / Pyrithidias**\* - Eriba Adad II 1055-1054 BC

[Omitted: Shamshi Adad V, Ashurnasirpal I, Shalmaneser II, Ashur-nirari IV, Ashur-rabi]

* **Ophrateus**\* - Ashur Resh Ishi II 971-967 BC

[Omitted: Tiglath-pileser II]

* **Ophratones / Ofraganeus**\* - Ashur Dan II 935-912 BC

[Omitted: Adad nirari II]

* **Tonos concoleros**\* - Tukulti-ninurta II 891-884 BC

Usually said to be same as last king, Sardanapalus, but should be placed here.

* **Acrazanes / Ascrazapes**\* - Ashurnasirpal II 884-859 BC

[Omitted: Shalmaneser III]

* **Sardanapalus** \* - Ashur Daninpal 826-820 BC

He was a pretender to the throne and not really the last king of Assyria, which continued to have kings until 605 BC.

It appears likely that a cuneiform Mesopotamian kinglist drawn up c. 820 BC and ending with this claimant, was transliterated into the Phoenician alphabet, a partial copy of which was transliterated into the early Greek-Italic alphabet resulting in misreading and corruption of some names.

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