Barbican Centre

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The **Barbican Centre** is a performing arts centre in the City of London and the largest of its kind in Europe. The Centre hosts classical and contemporary music concerts, theatre performances, film screenings and art exhibitions. It also houses a library, three restaurants, and a conservatory. The Barbican Centre is member of the Global Cultural Districts Network.

The London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra are based in the Centre's Concert Hall. In 2013, it once again became the London-based venue of the Royal Shakespeare Company following the company's departure in 2001.

The Barbican Centre is owned, funded, and managed by the City of London Corporation, the third-largest arts funder in the United Kingdom. It was built as The City's gift to the nation at a cost of £161 million (equivalent to £480 million in 2014) and was officially opened to the public by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 March 1982. The Barbican Centre is also known for its brutalist architecture.

## Performance halls and facilities

* **Barbican Hall**: capacity 1,943; home of the London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra.
* **Barbican Theatre**: capacity 1,156; designed exclusively by and for the Royal Shakespeare Company
* **The Pit**: flexible 200-seat theatre venue
* **Barbican Art Gallery** and the free new-commission gallery **The Curve**
* **Barbican Film**: 3 cinema screens with seating capacity of 288, 156 and 156
* **Barbican Library**: Public library with special collections in arts and music
* **Restaurants**: 3
* **Conference halls**: 7
* **Trade exhibition halls**: 2
* Informal performance spaces

The second-floor library is one of the five City of London libraries. It is one of the largest public libraries in London and has a separate arts library, a large music library and a children's library which regularly conducts free events. The Barbican Library houses the 'London Collection' of historical books and resources, some of which date back 300 years, all being available on loan. The library presents regular literary events and has an art exhibition space for hire. The music library has two free practice pianos for public use.

## History and design

 File:The Barbican.jpg
The Barbican Centre had a long development period, only opening long after the surrounding Barbican Estate housing complex had been built. It is situated in an area which was badly bombed during World War II.

The Barbican Centre, designed by Chamberlin, Powell and Bon in the Brutalist style, has a complex multi-level layout with numerous entrances. Lines painted on the ground help would-be audience members avoid getting lost on the walkways of the Barbican Housing Estate on the way to the centre. The Barbican Centre's design – a concrete ziggurat – has always been controversial and divides opinion. It was voted "London's ugliest building" in a Grey London poll in September 2003.

In September 2001, arts minister Tessa Blackstone announced that the Barbican Centre complex was to be a Grade II listed building. It has been designated a site of special architectural interest for its scale, its cohesion and the ambition of the project. The same architectural practice also designed the Barbican Housing Estate and the nearby Golden Lane Estate. Project architect John Honer later worked on the British Library at St Pancras – a red brick ziggurat.

 File:Barbican Silk Street - geograph.org.uk - 978.jpg
In the mid-1990s, a cosmetic improvement scheme by Theo Crosby, of the Pentagram design studio, added statues and decorative features reminiscent of the Arts and Crafts movement. In 2005-2006, the centre underwent a more significant refurbishment, designed by architects Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, which improved circulation and introduced bold signage in a style in keeping with the centre's original 1970s Brutalist architecture. That improvement scheme added an internal bridge linking the Silk Street foyer area with the lakeside foyer area. The centre's Silk Street entrance, previously dominated by an access for vehicles, was modified to give better pedestrian access. The scheme included removing most of the mid-1990s embellishments.

Outside, the main focal point of the centre is the lake and its neighbouring terrace. The theatre's fly tower has been surrounded by glass and made into a high-level conservatory. The Barbican Hall's acoustic has also been controversial: some praised it as attractively warm, but others found it too dry for large-scale orchestral performance.

In 1994, Chicago acoustician Larry Kirkegaard oversaw a £500,000 acoustic re-engineering of the hall "producing a perceptible improvement in echo control and sound absorption", music critic Norman Lebrecht wrote in October 2000 – and returned in 2001 to rip out the stage canopy and drop adjustable acoustic reflectors, designed by Caruso St John, from the ceiling, as part of a £7.5 mn refurbishment of the hall. Art music magazine *Gramophone* still complained about "the relative dryness of the Barbican acoustic" in August 2007.

The theatre was built as the London home of the Royal Shakespeare Company, which was involved in the design, but decided not to renew its contract in 2002 after claiming a lack of performing space, plus the artistic director, Adrian Noble, wanting to develop the company's touring performances. The theatre's response was to extend its existing six-month season of international productions, "Barbican International Theatre Event", to the whole year. On 23 January 2013 Greg Doran, RSC artistic director, announced the Company's return to the Barbican Centre in a three-year season of Shakespeare's history plays.

The Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where the Barbican Centre theatrical performances are occasionally staged, and the City of London's Barbican Library, neither part of the centre, are also on the site. The Museum of London is nearby at Aldersgate, and is also within the Barbican Estate.

## The Barbican Centre in literature

The Barbican Centre features in Michael Paraskos's novel *In Search of Sixpence* as the home of the lead character, Geroud, and also a bar called 'The Gin Bar' loosely based on the Gin Joint bar at the Barbican Centre.

## Gallery

London Barbican Hall LSO a.jpgThe Barbican Hall of the Barbican CentreBarbican-arts-centre-large.jpgThe Barbican Centre and lakeside terracesBarbican Arts Centre stage door - geograph.org.uk - 1408504.jpgThe Barbican Centre stage doorBarbican Foyer.JPGThe Barbican Centre foyerBarbican Interior 1.JPGInterior of The Barbican CentreBarbican Interior 4.JPGEntrance of The Barbican CentreBarbican Interior 5.JPGShot of The Barbican Centre's ceilingBarbican Centre night 2011 2.jpgThe Barbican Centre at night
## Nearby railway stations

* Barbican tube station
* Farringdon station
* Liverpool Street railway station
* Moorgate tube station
* St Paul's tube station

## See also

* Barbican Centre, York
* Barbicania a feature-length film by Ila Bêka & Louise Lemoine
* Culture of London
* List of concert halls

## References

1. ↑ ""About Barbican", from the Barbican's website". Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2007. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mark Brown. "Royal Shakespeare Company to return to Barbican Centre | Stage". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
3. ↑ Mark Callaghan, "Beauty in the Beast: In Defence of Brutalism", *Architect Weekly*, 14 November 2013 on architectweekly.com
4. ↑ "Venue list: Hall" on barbican.org.uk
5. ↑ "Venue list: Theatre" on barbican.org.uk
6. ↑ See City of London libraries Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
7. ↑ "Barbican tops ugly buildings poll", BBC News, 22 September 2006, accessed 11 January 2007
8. ↑ Listing of the Barbican complex Archived 8 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine on cityoflondon.gov.uk accessed: 11 January 2007
9. ↑ "Concert-Hall Blues – Oh for an Acceptable Symphonic Environment", Lebrecht Weekly, 11 October 2000 on scena.org. Retrieved on 16 August 2007
10. ↑ August 2007 *Gramophone* quoted at *LSO CD Reviews*, on the London Symphony Orchestra's website, undated. Retrieved on 16 August 2007
11. ↑ "RSC ends Barbican era". *BBC News*. 12 May 2002. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
12. ↑ Shenton, Mark (22 October 2005). "Barbican box office upsurge follows identity make-over". *The Stage*. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2007. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
13. ↑ "The Barbican and RSC announce three-year collaboration" (Press release). 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
14. ↑ "Silk Street Theatre". *Barbican visitor information*. Barbican Centre. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
15. ↑ Michael Paraskos, *In Search of Sixpence* (London: Friction Fiction, 2015) ISBN 9780992924782

## External links

* The Barbican Centre official website
* The history of the Barbican Estate
* Stay with Barbican Centre hotels
* "Martin Kettle, "Good Old Barbican", *The Guardian* (London), 2 March 2002 Analysis of the Centre after 20 years.
* The Barbican Centre, QuickTime VR
* Interview with Alex Webb at The Barbican

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