Personal endings

There are two types of personal endings

1. created from verb болу - basic endings added to nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numbers that are used too form most verb tenses
2. used to form the past tense of the verb and consitional mood

## Personal endings - affirmative ***болу*** - I am / You are...

Personal endings created from verb болу are basic endings that are added to the stem of verb, noun, adjective, and numbers. These endings are used to form most verb tenses (exept from past tenses and conditionals).

I know this might look complicated, but let's look at it slowly and it will be all clearer and simpler.

Let's start with general overview. The endings have strong relationship with personal pronouns themselves

* м**е**н - м**і**н (men - min)

* **б**із - **м**із (biz - miz)

* с**ен** - с**ің** (sen - siń)

* сіз - сіз (siz - siz)

Additionally, there is always a pair of suffixes, as it depends on the vowel harmony , i.e.

* if the last syllable in the word contains back (thick / hard) vowel, then the suffix will contain back vowel as well (in above table left from the pair, containing vowel ы / a)
* if the last syllable in the word contains front (thin / soft) vowel, then the suffix will contain front vowel as well (containing і / e).

For 'you' 2nd person singular (2SG) -**с**ы**ң** / -**с**і**ң**, which is similar to personal pronoun '**с**е**н'**. THe first consonant is the same and the last consonant is very similar. The same situation is for 'You' (2SG-POL): -**с**ы**з** / -**с**і**з** for  '**с**і**з'**.

Now let's compare you in singular and plural:

* 2SG: 'сен' changes to 2PL: 'сен**дер'** (we have plural suffix -дер), so for 2SG personal ending we will also add plural suffix (in agreement with vowel harmony): from -сың / -сің it will change to -с**ы**ңд**а**р / -с**і**ңд**е**р (pay attention that in 2PL there are two back vowels: **ы**and **а**, or two front vowels: **i** and **e**).
* 2SG-POL: 'сіз' changes to 2PL-POL: 'сіздер' (again 2 front vowels), endings -сыз / -сіз change to -сыз**дар** / -сіз**дер**

Third person both in singular and plural (he, she, it, they) from do not have personal enging.

   The first person (1SG) follows -МІн (-MIn) 3-way variants (see progressive consonant assimilation for variants in M and vowel harmony for variants of I):

* -мын/-мін - for words ending in vowels and sonorants.
* -бын/-бін - for words ending with voiced consonants '**ж'** and '**з'**
* -пын/-пін for words ending in voiceless consonants and voiced consonants (б, в, г, д).

Note: the rules of adding correct ending is the same as instrumental case of nouns.

When creating sentence "I am...", remember about Kazakh sentence structure SOV (subject-object-verb).

Subject - I (highlighted in yellow)

Object - singer (highlighted in green)

Verb - to be (I am - which in this case is only a personal ending added to the object) (highlighted in blue)

### Plural

   The first person (1PL) follows -МІн (-MIz) 3-way variants (see progressive consonant assimilation for variants in M and vowel harmony for variants of I):

* -мын/-мін - for words ending in vowels and sonorants '**й', 'р', 'у',** and **'л'**.
* -бын/-бін - for words ending with voiced consonants '**ж'** and '**з'**, as well as sonorants '**м', 'н',**and '**ң'**(highlighted in yellow, as this is important difference between first person singular and first person plural)
* -пын/-пін for words ending in voiceless consonants and voiced consonants (б, в, г, д).

    When creating a plural statement "We are..." / "You are..." / "They are..." the plural suffix is added before the personal ending. However, if the noun has general meaning, the plural suffix can be omitted.

Біз заңгер-лер-міз --> Біз заңгерлерміз - We are laywers

Сендер дәрігер-лер-сіңдер --> Сендер дәрігерлерсіңдер - You are doctors

### Examples

#### **I am... = мен (men) + -бін / -бын - after voiced consonants 'ж' or 'з'**

 Мен сіздің көмекшіңіз**бін** | I'm your assistant

#### **We are... = біз + -біз / -быз - after voiced consonants 'ж' or 'з' and sonorants 'м', 'н', and 'ң'**

 Біз Қытайдан**быз** | We are from China

#### **We are... = біз + -піз / -пыз - after voiced unconsonants**

 Біз таныс**пыз** ба?
 Біз әріптес**піз** | We are colleagues

#### **You are... (plural, informal) = сендер + -сыңдар / -сіңдер**

 Сендер кім**сіңдер**?
 Сендер босс**ыңдар** ма?
 Сендер заңгер емес**сіңдер** | You are not lawyers

#### **You are... (plural, formal) = сіздер + -сыздар / -сіздер**

 Сіздер жұмыста**сыздар** ма?
 Сіздер таныс**сыздар** ма?
 Сіздер заңгер емес**сіздер** | You are not lawyers