French Chronology

"OLD CHRONOLOGY OF THE KINGS OF FRANCE" in "Legends of the History of France" Vol. 17 (1853) by Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy

Translated from French and annotated by Ras Feqade, AD 2021 [in progress]

## I. Antediluvian Kings

[De Plancy's scheme lists Adam, Seth, Enos, Cainan, Malaleel, Jared, Enoch, Mathusalem, Lameth, and Noah as antediluvian kings of France "and other places". Of course they were the paternal line of righteous patriarchs, including in the times of the wicked pharaohs of the Old Kingdom. They were not actually kings of France, so this section is not translated here.

## II. Postdiluvian Kings, Up to Paris

### 11. Japheth

This is the first of our princes of whom the painters have taken the scepter in hand. He was son of Noah. Up until him, the King of the Franks had extended his empire over the rest of the globe; the other princes were not but his vassals. Noah gave Europe to Japheth, Asia to Shem, and to Ham Africa.

The children of Noah prodigiously peopled the Earth; an hundred years after the departure of the Ark, the Tower of Babel was raised, when came the confusion of the languages.

[Reference here to 'Franks' is of course absurdly anachronistic, and the interval between the deluge and the tower or ziggurat being begun at Eridu or Babel seems rather to have been 288 years, otherwise this is essentially correct. *Defloratio* has an obscure line that Japheth went to "Atalaa" which may possibly mean North America.]

### 12. Gomer

Noah, who had planted the vine, crowned with vine branches his grandson Gomer, gave him for arms a ship, and sent him by sea to seek fortune.

Noah had been surnamed Gallus, signifying, in those times, Conqueror of Waters, because of the Deluge. Gomer, who set out, took the same name, and those who accompanied him were called Galli or Gauls. He landed around the year 2200 BC in the port of Ostende, settling in the country that one has called from his name Gauls, founding there Courtray, Chartres, Noyon, Bourges, Perigueux, and sent colonies beyond the Alps.

[In *Defloratio*, "Comerus Gallus" settled Italy (where Noah had already been ruling) in the 10th year of Nimbrotus as king of Babylon, ie. Enmerkar as king of Uruk after the tower was abandoned, thus in 2414 BC. It further says the people were called Galli or Gauls after his name. The name 'Gaul' actually seems to be from a different derivation than Galli, however. Also, these Galli along with Gomer seem to have inhabited Italy at first, but later it adds that the Samothei (Proto-Celts in France) were called "Galli" after Galathes, son of Hercules. There is also an account attributed to Conrad of Salisbury (c. 1160) that Noah, along with Japheth, Gomer, and Samothes (whom he wrongly identifies as Meshech) landed at Nantes and settled Brittany, then the rest of France. However since most accounts have Noah and Gomer settling Italy, it is more likely only Samothes who landed at Nantes and founded the dynasty ruling France, consistent with *Defloratio*. All "kings of France" listed here before Samothes should thus be excluded.]

### 13. Samothes

Surnamed Dis, which signifies rich and sufficient in all things, he was son or brother of Gomer; this is the first king of the Gauls who has resided (here) without interruption, and it is believed that he reigned for 180 years, for people still enjoyed a long life. He is portrayed as half naked, with a good face, a radial crown, a hand of justice. His domains reached from the Ocean to the Alps and from the Rhine to the Pyrenees. He founded Sens, Autun, Bayeux, gave laws and cultivated letters. Some scholars assert that Samothes invented rhyme. His name is held in such great reverence, that the Gaulish priests and philosophers took the title of Samotheans, according to the remarks of Francois Lepetit, until the moment as we will see soon, when they were called Druids.

[Samothes Dis is also known in other sources as having been one of the three foremen, who was over the Japhethites, at Babel, ie Eridu. *Annio* makes him a son of Japheth, and several have mistakenly assumed he is Meshech, others Ashkenaz or Javan. The ancient Philonic Antiquities call him Phenech, son of Dodanim (ie Rhodes), son of Javan, and this is the most likely ancestry of Samothes. He must have received part of Madai's inheritance between the Rhine and Pyrenees after the latter abandoned it in favor of the Araxes valley in Asia, as related in Jubilees. *Defloratio* says Samothes established his kingdom there 12 years into the post-tower dispersion, ie. 2412 BC.

The chronicle published by Antoine Couillard (1557) covers most of his reign, calling him 'Javan Samothes Dis' who first left colonists in Greece and came overland via Italy to the Yonne valley and Sens as he says, 152 years after the deluge. Corrected to 352 years, this would indicate 2403 BC, but Couillard's account seems to have shifted most dates during Nimrod's reign 8 or 9 years later, so most likely, he came by sea to Nantes in 2012 BC. In Couillard's account, Samothes' people first dwelt between the Seine and Loire; the region between the Seine and Rhine was dominated by the wild beasts, which in 2385 BC (ie 2393 BC) Samothes, along with his neighbors Gomer and Tubal, recommended allowing to be settled by Tuiscon (ie Ashkenaz), who had been on the east of the Rhine since 2398 BC. They sent missions to 'the Monarch' in Armenia; Tuiscon having secured approval for this boundary adjustment entered the region between the Rhine and Seine 4 years later, 2389 BC. The following year, 2388 BC, Samothes added a new eastern province with capital at Hedua (Autun). An 1840 text by Morellet et al mentions that Chinon, near Autun, was named for Samothes' wife, China.]

Samothes had a deep veneration for snake eggs, which he inspired to the priests of Autun. The Druids of this city later pretended that the snake eggs they sold to captains and nobles had a power capable of balancing and subduing even one of the most malicious demons.

[Holinshed (1577) reports that Samothes taught his people "the understanding of the sundry courses of the stars, the order of inferior things, with many other matters incident to the moral and political government of man's life: and to have delivered the same in the Phoenician letters"... and that Britain's first name was Samothea after him, but more likely the name Samothea referred primarily to his holdings on the continent, while southern England began to be colonised by his people.

Pierre Cocqualt in his "Chronological Table of Rheims" (1650) dates Samothes in years after the flood, from 299 until 356 (57 years), which should be from 343 until 500 (157 years). The account related by Aylett Sammes (1676) generally follows Holinshed, but says Samothes ruled only 46 years.

*L'Atlas des Temps* by Jean-Louis d'Amiens (1685) adds that after reigning around 100 years, in the 54th year of Belus (2314 BC), he gave the Laws of Politics, and reigned another 47 years, for a total of 147, until the 42nd year of Ninus. *Defloratio* has Samothes, Tuyscon and Tubal all giving their laws in the fourth year of Ninus, which equates to 2302 BC, and has Samothes reigning to the 51st year of Ninus, or 2255 BC, thus a total reign of 157 years, 2412-2255 BC.

Couillard has Samothes giving his constitution in 2299 BC on the Loire at Orleans, 3 years after he says Samothes received gold and silver tribute there in 2302 BC. He further mentions the birth of Samothes' heir Magus in 2311 BC. Curiously, Book 2 of this detailed chronicle ends about ten years before the end of Samothes' reign, and Book 3 seems not to have been printed.

In *Ancient and Modern History of the Belgian Departments* by Marie-Louis-Joseph Deboileau (1806), Samothes is omitted or rather replaced by Gomer as the first king in France, who it says settled around Aigues-Mortes on the Mediterranean coast, and died at the age of 120 leaving 720 descendants who then elevated him as the deity This (Dis).]

### 14. Magus or Magion

Son of Samothes, reigned 50 years. He built Mainz, Worms, Rouen, and several other cities whose name ends in -magus, like Rothomagus, for he took a singular pleasure in building. It seems constant that he was also king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain; and what makes the fact very possible is that formerly, provided Nicolas Bertrand and Jean Lebon are given the confidence they deserve, England and Gaul, just as Italy and Sicily, were not separated by the sea, "as they have since been by great torments and impetuous forces of water."

[Holinshed mentions previous authors who had associated Magus with being the founder of the Magi, despite their being located in Persia in historic times. Holinshed also says four cities Magus built in Britain were Sitomagus, Neomagus, Niomagus and Noviomagus, with Neomagus identified as Chester and Niomagus as Buckingham. Sitomagus was at Thetford, there was a Noviomagus at Crayford and one at Chichester, and a Caesaromagus at Chelmsford, but the Latin parts of their names would obviously be added later. D'Amiens mentions Niomagus (Nion near Geneva), Rothomagus (Rouen), Noviomagus (Noyon in Picardy), Ninsomagus or Nijmegen in Gueldres, and Mainz (Mogontiacum), and credits him with 44 years. Magus seems to have ruled from 2255 to about 2205 BC, closer to 50. Cocqualt gives him and his successor Sarron together from 356 to 410 years after the flood, ie 54 years; Edme Beguillet (1779, English version in the 1825 *History of Paris*) gives Magus alone 54; while Sammes says Magus ruled 51 years.

Others possibly built during Magus are, in France: Argentomagus (Argentons), Carentomagus (Carentan), Brocomagus (Brumat), Catomagus (Cayenne), Casinomagus (Chassenons), Caturigomagus (Chorges), Condatomagus (Millau), Noviomagus (Nijon, and Lysee), Vernomagus (Vernons), Augustomagus (Senlis), Caesaromagus (Beauvais), Juliomagus (Angers), Vindomagus (Le Vigan), Brivomagus (Brimeiux). In Germany, all west of Rhine: Noviomagus (Speyer, and Neumagen), Marcomagus (Duren), Ricomagus (Remagen), Durnomagus (Dormagen), Drusomagus (Memingen), Juliomagus (Pfullendorf). Also in parts of western Lombardy originally included in Samothea: Scingomagus (Exilles), Bodincomagus (Monteu da Po), and Camillomagus (Redavalle).

These locations showed his domain extended to the original limits between Tubal's inheritance and the Rhine. The region between the Seine and Rhine had been assigned or leased to Tuiscon according to Couillard's account, which ends abuptly ca. 2265 BC; Tuiscon's control over that territory may have ended with his reign (2248 BC), however Magus' settlement there seems to have likewise ended soon after his reign, when Trebeta seized it.

Deboileau (wrongly) calls him Nagas, only son of Gomer, who ordered that the year begin on the 'sixth of the moon' in September, invented cabins, and founded Sens, Noyon, Rouen, Angers and St Hubert.]

### 15. Sarron

Son of Magus, great judge, valiant man, always armed with a javelin, built Angers, le Mans and such cities, founded universities and gave his name to the Sarronides sect of philosophers, who were hardly more than magicians. He went to visit the place in Armenia where Noah descended from the Ark, and on the return from this journey he drowned near Corinth, in the gulf that kept his name: *sinus Sarronius*.

[All sources agree that Sarron built Universities. Forcatulus says he founded one at Toulouse, ruled from the Seine to the Garonne, and was returning from Canaan where he had visited Isis when he drowned in the Saronic Gulf. Greek historiography recalls the Saron who drowned in the Saronic Gulf as king of Troezen, a city overlooking that Gulf. Holinshed indicates that Salisbury ie Old Sarum is associated with Sarron, and even Diodorus Siculus (300 BC) associates the Sarronide Druids with Stonehenge.

D'Amiens and Sammes give Sarron a reign of 61 years. He apparently ruled from 2205 until 2144 BC ("Arius 30") when he drowned in Greece. The Tuysconian prince Trebeta, as seen in other accounts, seizing the land and cities between the Rhine and Seine, including Trier, Metz, Mainz, Basel, Strasbourg, Speyer and Worms, synchronizes with Sarron's reign, and partly explains the new borders stated by Forcatulus. The old pre-dispersion allotment of Tubal had demarcated a line from the 'second tongue' (Italy), taken as south of a straight line connecting the northern tip of the Adriatic with Genoa, and 'everything beyond that into the third tongue', meaning another straight line continuing west from Genoa to the innermost point of the Bay of Biscay. Strikingly, several of the outposts named -magus lie right near this line running across Lombardy and southern France, but none south of it, suggesting the border between Samothea and Tubalia was surveyed in some fashion. Forcatulus' note of the Garonne now forming the border with Iberia thus indicates an exchange of territories at this time, with the University town Toulouse located roughly at the intersection of the old and new borderlines, presumably this was a peaceful exchange since there is no suggestion of conflict here.]

### 16. Drivus or Drijus

From the moment when Sarron was drowned, Drivus his son, or according to others his grandson, regent of the kingdom in his absence, found himself king by his birth. He began to reign in 1895 BC. He built the city of Dreux, reigned only 22 years, and left a high reputation for wisdom. The Samothean and Sarronide philosophers would want to be called Druids in his honor, a name that has remained to them.

[Usually called Dryus or Druis, he is agreed by all sources to have led the Druids, who would serve as a pagan priesthood continuing for centuries, and to have had his main Druid college or academy near Dreux. Some say he was son of Namnes, who had preceded his father Sarron in death. Cocqualt, Sammes and Beguillet give Druis 14 years; his reign can be dated from 2144 to 2131 BC, about 14 years. D'Amiens says he ruled only 8 years.]

### 17. Barde I

Bardus or Barde, son of Drivus or Drije, succeeded his father and reigned 50 years in peace. He invented rhetoric, taught poetry to his subjects, and had himself depicted with a harp. The Gallic poets took his name and made it famous.

[All accounts agree that Bardus founded the class of poets or minstrels known as bards. Cocqualt and Beguillet give him 63 years, his reign was thus from 2131 to 2068 BC. Sammes say he reigned 75 years, D'Amiens 69 years.]

### 18. Longho or Lango

Son of Barde I, he rose to the throne around the year 1818 BC and reigned 27 years. He is represented armed with a club, for he was a great observer of justice. He founded Namur and Langres. The Gauls were in his time quite ingenious. They invented sifters and sieves, chariots and carts, as well as cranks. There were some dyers, they made mattresses, and there is also evidence in this reign of the first factories of cutlery.

[Cocqualt gives Longho's reign length as 23 years, thus from 2068 until 2045 BC (ie until Armatritis' year 24, reading 34 in *Defloratio*). D'Amiens gives Longho 35 years of reign, and notes some authors consider Longho and his successor Bardus II to be one king, Longhobardus. He also says both were supposed to have been great conquerors in Italy, giving their name to Lombardy. These are both surely erroneous opinions, as neither Longho nor Bardus could have had much connection with the Germanic Longobardi, who first appear somewhat later as the Winnili, and only occupied Lombardy in the 500s AD. Sammes gives Longho 28 years. Beguillet asserts that he additionally conquered England and Germany, which seems exagerrated.

The Napoleanic-era history of Belgium by Deboileau, says "Longhes" was the seventh son of Bardus I, and lived only 67 years total.

Longho is agreed by all to be the founder of Langres, and it and Namur both being between the Seine and Meuse, it can be presumed that some territory was recovered from Trebeta under him, but this is not mentioned. In fact the seizure by the Ligurians of the lands in Lombardy up to the Danube and Alps at the expense of Samothea also seems to have occurred late in the reign of Longho, in 2049 BC (Armatritis 20 per *Defloratio*).]

### 19. Barde II

He succeeded Longho, 1791 BC. A colony of Gauls was established in his reign in Lombardy; they are called from the conjoined names of Longo and Barde 'Longobardi'. Barde II was a contemporary of Jacob.

[The only accurate info here is the probably coincidental synchronization with Jacob, who was indeed born together with Esau in the reign of Bardus II, in 2017 BC.

Holinshed ends his narrative of kings from this line with Bardus I, saying the 'giant' Albion seized Britain from the Samotheans after him, as Sammes also has it. Instead it seems more chronologically plausible that Albion, a grandson of Apis, did so during the reign of this Bardus II, ca. 2026 BC, being slain in the reign of his successor Lucus as Holinshed states in his Introduction -- or more likely, during Celtes, whom Holinshed has confused with Lucus, calling Lucus father of Galates. Elsewhere, Holinshed lists all the kings through Francus (names only) as governing Britain, placing the eruption of Albion's rule within the reign of Celtes. Sammes also maintains that kings of Celtica maintained at least nominal control over the island of Albion until Francus. By the time of Brutus' invasion at least the southern parts of Albion were still in the hands of the so-called 'giants', while if Irish records are correct, much of the interior had already been occupied before Brutus by the Britanni, descended from Nemed and Magog.

Sammes and D'Amiens say Bardus II reigned 37 years, which corresponds with 2045-2008 BC (ie until the 33rd year of Belochus in *Defloratio*), and D'Amiens further says in his reign, the city of Bourges was built at the same time of the floods of Ogyges in Attica, which seem to have begun slightly earlier, in 2051 BC. Beguillet gives him only 27 years.

Deboileau says Bardus II was the youngest brother of Longhes and thus the son of Bardus I; elsewhere he is usually called the son of Longho. Deboileau further asserts that the colony of Gauls was sent in this reign to Scandinavia, and there became the Longobardi, but this is equally confused. The Celts, it seems, did later colonize Norway under king Romus (1698 BC), but not likely in the time of Bardus II.]

### 20. Lucus or Luce

Son of the preceding, he succeeded him in the year 1754 BC. He only reigned 11 years. This was a pleasant king and a great hunter. One day when he had stopped at the place where is now the road from Huchette to Paris, he spotted the isle of the city. This isle pleased him, he made there to build a cabin, called by his name Lucotie, as they say repose of Lucus. This country took favor and was enlarged. Ptolemy calls the inhabitants Luceens or Lucenses. Soon this became a marshy city called Lutetia and later Lutetia Parisorum, Marsh of the Parisians. This is today Paris, where the inhabitants of Lutice heard well of the effort to rediscover it.

[Cocqualt and Sammes say Leucus was rather a regent for Celtes, and that Celtes was the only son of Bardus II. Sammes also says 11 years for Lucus' reign, which would be 2008-1997 BC. D'Amiens and Deboileau give roughly the same account as de Plancy above, with D'Amiens alloting Lucus 55 years.]

Lucus also built Leuze, near Tournai.

[Beguillet says he built Toul in Lorraine, where the Leuci tribe of Celts lived. Lucus' reign synchronizes with that of Gambrivius in Germania, who was said in Henninges 1598 to have built a fort at Cambrai, roughly between Leuze and Toul, suggesting a shifting border in this reign.]

### 21. Celtes-Jupiter

Or Jupiter-Celtes, for it hardly matters, as Scarron says, whether Celtes is before or is after.

Jupiter-Celtes then, was son of king Luce. He rose to the throne 1743 BC, and reigned 21 years, so accomplished in all things, that a part of his subjects took from him the name of Celts. He was a great warrior. He is represented sword in hand and his forehead wrapped in laurels. He made some conquests in Scythia. Those of his subjects who were colonized there kept the name of Celto-Scythes, as others were called Celtiberians, after those were fixed in Spain or Iberia,

*profugique a gente vetusta*
*Gallorum Celtæ miscentes nomen Iberis,*
according to Lucain. It seems that Celtes died without children.

[Cocqualt counts 82 years for the combined reigns of Bardus II, Lucus and Celtes. He, and all other sources, agree that Celtes had a daughter Galatea, who married Hercules Lybicus (aka Mentuhotep Nebtawyre) and produced prince Galathes. D'Amiens, as does *Defloratio*, mentions that a conflagration occurred in the Pyrenees during his reign. He quotes 52 years for both Celtes and Galathes together. Sammes says Celtes reigned only 13 years.

21 years as de Plancy gives would place Celtes from 1997 to 1976 BC, if Hercules himself ruled Celtica after him as stated in this and other sources; otherwise the 34 years ascribed to Hercules Ogmos below should be added to Celtes' reign bringing him to the start of Galathes' reign in 1942 BC

The invasion of Gallia by 'gigantes' from the British Isles by Albion and his brother Bergion, and their defeat and death near the mouth of the Rhone by Hercules, as related by Holinshed, must have been dring Celtes' reign, ca. 1985 BC.

Deboileau says Celtes sought to erase the name of Gomer (sic) and took the title of first king of Celtica; that he reformed the Celtic language and mandated the direction of writing from left to right, divided the population into priests, warriors, merchants and farmers, and ordained that the headmen in each canton elect a chief one day a year, and that each property be separated by at least three feet, and never occupied by the same family for two consecutive years. He says the Pyrenees fire led to the founding of Perpignan, and says Celtes ruled Celtica proper from the Garonne to the Seine and Marne, dying at age 107.

Celtes was partly contemporary with Gambrivius who ruled to 1967 BC and is also said to have conquered as far as Asia, meaning as far as the Don, the border of Sarmatia with Scythia. With copious references in Greek to Celtoscythia, it seems not unlikely that Gambrivius and Celtes engaged on a joint campaign in this region during those years, and that Celtoscythia was established at this time.]

### 22. Hercule

Surnamed Ogmios, on account of his great height, from the sentiment the most generally followed, nephew of the preceding king, and son of Salonius, brother of Celtes. It is true that this point is a little contested. But the royal genealogy never suffers, for if one adopts the advice of scholars who maintain that the king Hercule was son of Jupiter king of Crete, here were his other ancestors: Jupiter, king of Crete was son of Belus II surnamed Saturn, who was son of Arrius; who was son of Ninias, who was son of Belus I; who was son of Assur, first king of the Assyrians; who was son of Shem, son of Noah.

One depicts, as reasonable, Hercules-Ogmios with a bow and a club, for he made admirable prowess. He married Galatee, called also Celtine, daughter of Celtes-Jupiter, rose to the throne with her 1722 BC, reigned 34 years, and went to die in Spain, leaving the kingdom of the Gauls to Galatas his son.

[De Plancy's account of Hercules Ogmios seems curiously convoluted, as all other sources plainly call him Hercules Lybicus, the son of Osiris Apis, who was son of Ham and his second wife Rhea. After the death of his father Osiris in 1995 BC, it seems Hercules Lybicus first briefly ruled Egypt, as Mentuhotep Nebtawyre, then leaving Egypt to Amenemhat I, he traveled around the Mediterranean driving out the Curetan opponents of his father's regime. He is agreed to have left Celtica to his son by Galathea, Galathes, in addition to, at various times, leaving Spain to his son Hispalus and Italy to his son Tuscus, and as D'Amiens adds, the Balearics to his favorite captain Baleus. Cocqualt assigns 33 years to the tenure of Hercules and Galathea over Celtica, Sammes 19 years, Beguillet 35 years. 34 years as stated here would place them from 1976 to 1942 BC, when Hercules may have ruled Celtica in a personal union with Razenua (Italy), however the remaining sources do not include Hercules or Galathea as ruling Celtica, indicating rather that the throne passed directly from Celtes to his grandson Galathes. Beguillet says Hercules built Alisa in Burgundy (also mentioned in Jean Lemaire 1548), and had a son named Narbon who built Nimes. Hercules finally died in Spain in 1919 BC.

Mentuhotep "IV" Nebtawyre's tomb was never found in Egypt, but rather in Tarragona, Spain.]

### 23. Galatas I

Surnamed the elder, son of Hercule and Galatee, reigned 41 years with glory and vigor. He made some conquests in Greece, founded Gallipoli in the Peloponnese, and it is since him that the Greeks have called the Gauls Galatians, because of this same king of theirs. He died in the year 1647 BC.

[Seeing as Gallipoli is actually in Thrace and not Greece, it seems more plausible that these exploits took place in Moesia / Thrace rather than Greece proper. This campaign should not be confused with the historic incursion of Gauls into Anatolian Galatia, which was subsequent to Alexander's Empire.

Cocqualt allows 55 years for both Galates and his successor Narbon. Sammes has Galathes ruling for 49 years, which fits better, giving him 1942 to 1893 BC. D'Amiens, as noted above, counts 52 years between Galathes and his predecessor Celtes combined, observing that with Galates begins a new dynasty paternally descended from Hercules.

Beguillet says that Galathes was ceded the island of Sicily by Tuscus and went there after his reign, which is likely, but adds implausibly that he also went on to subdue Galatia.

The account of Deboileau states that Galatas' succession was not unopposed by Celtes; that the quarrel was settled by armed force and that the defeated party fled beyond the Rhine into Germany. He says to favor marriage, Galathes abolished the dowry, but allowed widows half the inheritance; and fixed the age of marriage for girls at twenty, when they could indicate their choice of husband by offering him a traditional vase full of water. He also allegedly established the coronation ceremony of raising the new king upon a shield bearing a javelin.]

### 24. Narbon

Only son of Galatas, and, like Longho, armed with a thorny stick, with a radial crown, Narbon reigned 22 years. He made his sojourn of choice in this part of Gaul that since him is called Narbonnaise. He greatly loved honey. It should also be said that he built the city of Narbonne, of which many scholars have wrongly attributed the foundation to a Roman named Quintus Marcius Narbon, who never imposed his name upon Narbonne, but on the contrary, received from a long sojourn he made in this city, the name that caused the error. Similarly we call Chrestien de Troyes a poet, who certainly did not build the capital of Champagne.

[All sources on Narbon agree that he founded Narbonne. Cocqualt as stated above leaves 55 years for both Galathes and Narbon. Sammes gives Narbon 18 years, adding the claim that he was governor in Britain in his father's reign. D'Amiens gives Narbon 20 years. Narbon seems to have ruled ca. 1893-1871 BC, about 22 years as stated here.

Deboileau's account states that 681 years after the deluge (or 881 years, = 1874 BC?), king Narbon gave the following famous law:

"Every woman convicted of adultery shall lose all property, as well as her person; she shall become slave of her husband, after running naked for one hour; the man, her accomplice, shall run naked at the same time and be beaten with rods. If a man and women are found in some closed space both naked, or the man's pants undone, they will be suspected of adultery; also condemned if there is some noise."As Deboileau goes on to relate, *"The women were furious; they stoned Narbon one day when he was off at hunting. Thence came the proverb, 'Remember King Narbon.* {Souviens-toi du roi Narbon.}"]

### 25. Lugdon

Or Lugdus, only son of Narbon, rose to the throne in the year 1625 BC, and governed 45 years. Like his father, he preferred a part of these states; it is that since named Lyonnaise Gaul. He founded Lyons, called in Latin Lugdunum, from the name of this monarch. This city was restored under the Roman domination and enlarged by Munatius Plancus, who refrained well from removing from it its royal name. Lugdus is also the founder of Leiden.

[All sources again are in agreement that Lugdus founded Lyons. Cocqualt assigns him 46 years, Sammes 51 years, D'Amiens 66 years (giving 1616 BC as his starting year), and Beguillet 36. His reign seems to have been 1871-c. 1846 BC, about 25 years.

Deboileau says in his reign, the Sarronides' name changed to Lubages, an annual mistletoe festival was instituted, and by giving the Druids an immoderate authority, "Lugdus riveted the irons that ruined his nation."

Though unmentioned in any French sources, on chronological grounds it can be deduced that part of Gallia was occupied by the Germans during Lugdon's reign, as the contemporary king Teutanes (1874-47 BC) is said to have had forts at Vannes, Sens, Saintes and Toulouse. The conquest by "Sesostris" ie. Senusret III of Egypt of CeltoScythia must also be placed concurrently, and meant a further loss of Celtic control in Europe at this time.]

### 26. Belgus

Belgius or Belge, 26th king, son of Lugdon. He reigned 34 years. He founded the city of Belges since called Bavay, and gave his name to Gallia Belgica, where he lived by choice. He carried, as the Belgians have always done since, a lion on his standards, because he had been brought from Spain one of these tame animals which served him as a guard.

[Cocqualt allots Beligius 26 years; Sammes 20 years; and D'Amiens 56. He ruled ca. 1846 to 1819 BC, about 27 years. *Defloratio* leaves only one year between the notices of Beligius, who is obviously misplaced, and of Jasius -- although the year Jasius began in Celtica is more or less fixed at 1819 BC (9th year of Mamelus, or Manamaltiel of Kisurra, and the year Cecrops established the Athenian monarchy).

The Belgian account of Deboileau additionally ascribes the founding of Beauvais to Belgius, third son of Lugdus, who is called 'a brave prince and warrior'. He states that by arrangement with his brothers, he retained only the territory between the Seine, Marne, and Rhine, ie. Belgica, and here Deboileau's account of the Gallic kings ends, being unconcerned with any further successors having reached Belgius.

His reputation as a warrior would perhaps suggest he secured the liberation of France from the Teutons, and even expanded to the Rhine again. Several accounts say he died without issue; though D'Amiens asserts that he had a daughter married to the Duke of Normandy; thus they looked rather for a male descendant of Hercules to continue his Herculean dynasty.]

### 27. Jasius-Janigena

This Jasius, 27th king of the Franks, is a kind of usurper, of whom one doesn't know much how to find the family. But he descended certainly from Noah. After the death of Belgus, who left no children, there were some great wars between the Gallic princes for the succession of the realm. While these little kings were fighting, Jasius, arriving from Italy, threw himself across with recruits from the Tuscans, Piedmontese and Spaniards, put everyone to reason, and proclaimed himself king of Gaul and Italy. He subsequently reigned 33 years, without having done anything, whereby he appeared to maintain power, when having gone to Tuscany, to punish his brother Dardanus, who held his place as viceroy, and who governed badly, he was assassinated in treason by the said lord his brother.

[No other accounts mention any such conflict and usurpation following Beligius; they concur rather that Jasius was sought from Italy as a scion of the Herculean line through Tuscus. *Defloratio* has Jasius first becoming crown prince of Tuscany (under Jupiter Camboblascon) in 1820 BC, then ruling Celtica from 1819 BC, inheriting Tuscany in the 4th year of Sparetus (or Sumu-abum of Babylon, ie 1796 BC); beginning to quarrel with Dardanus in the 20th year of Sparetus, 1779 BC, and being slain by Dardanus in the 13th year of Ascatades (Ipiq-adad of Eshnunna), in 1750 BC. This assassination reputedly took place when Jasius was visiting the baths at Viterbo in Tuscany. Jasius thus ruled in Celtica 69 years, and also over Tuscany in a personal union for 46 years. Cocqualt and Sammes allot 50 years to Jasius in Celtica. However D'Amiens has him ruling in Tuscany first, then acquiring Celtica, giving him a reign of 51 years in Tuscany and 18 in Celtica. He calls Dardanus (who had support from Romanessus king of the 'aborigines' south of the Tiber) the brother-in-law of King Jasius -- whose death at age 80 he dates to 1506 BC. The details of Iasus and Dardanus differ widely in Greek accounts, but some have Iasus showing up briefly on the throne of Argos, between Triopas and Agenor, around 1771 BC, during conflict with the Pelasgians. Dardanus is agreed to have fled to Samothrace and later founded Dardania, which became Troy.]

### 28. Allobrox

The country returned under its legitimate princes. Allobrox, son of Cavarin, son of Seguse, one of the children of king Narbon, left the retreat where the druids kept him hidden, and ascended the throne, as soon as it was learned of the death of Jasius, in the year 1513 BC. We note that he lived over a hundred years. He reigned 68 in great peace, built the city of Embrun, embellished Savoy and Piedmont, and founded many cities in Provence, Flanders and Dauphiné. The Savoyards, among whom he had been raised in secret, were called by the name Allobroges, whose etymology, on the whole, is worth more than that of those learned antiquarians, who claim that Allobroges is only a pleasant abbreviation of the words *with long breeches*, because of the long pants, breeches or culottes that the Savoyards have always worn, to protect oneself from the cold, and that today we call Cossack pants.

[Most sources agree that Corybantus succeeded his father Jasius in Tuscany after the assassination, but that Allobrox, called "another descendant of Hercules" was elected in Celtica. Only de Plancy has the specific lineage from Narbon. Allobrox ruled from 1750 to 1698 BC, or to the 35th year of Aegyptus (Sobekhotep III) in *Manethonian Supplement*, thus a reign of 52 years. Cocqualt gives Allobrox and Romus together a reign of 92 years, Sammes 68 years for Allobrox, and D'Amiens 64 years.]

### 29. Rhomus

Or Romans, son of Allobrox, built the cities of Romans and Valence in Dauphiné. He enlarged Rouen which, according to some, had only carried the name of King Magus its founder until then, and was called since this reign Rothomagus, from the confusion of the two names.

[Beguillet mentions that this king also founded Vermand, capital of the Viromandui tribe of Belgica.]

One adds that he sent a colony of Gauls to the North who settled in the northern regions of Europe, and returned to Neustria under Charlemagne. These are the North Romans or Normans, who had doubtless forgotten, when they reappeared in Neustria, that they were originally from the Gauls. Rhomus reigned 40 years.

[Cocqualt has 92 years between Allobrox and Romus, while Sammes gives Romus 29 years, and D'amiens 35 years. This last figure seems most correct, seeing as he ruled from the 35th year of Aegyptus / Sobekhotep III (1698 BC), who is allotted 68 years, until the second year of "Menophis", corresponding to 1664 BC in the *Supplement* chronicle, which was evidently indexed at some point by grossly misplaced Pharaonic reigns.

The later Norse seem to have entered Norway from Sweden around 300 AD, but the ancient name for part of southern Norway, Raumike, seems to bear witness of being from the name of this first Gallic colony sent there by king Romus in the early 17th century BC. This is thus more plausible than the assertion of Deboileau that colonists from Gaul were sent to Scandinavia still earlier under Bardus II, which is only based on the confusion of Bardus and his predecessor Longho, with the Germanic Longobardi tribe.]

### 30. Paris

His son, succeeded him, in the year 1405 BC. He enlarged considerably the city of Lutece, which since carried the name of Paris. This is all that is known about this monarch. Paris, in that time, had not but a bridge made of a great tree overturned at the place where today is the St. Michel Bridge.

[Paris is allotted 39 years by Cocquault and Sammes, 29 by Beguillet, and 40 by D'Amiens. De Plancy says 33 years in the next section.

In the *Supplement*, Paris rules from the 2nd year of 'Menophis' of 40, which is 1664 BC, until the accession of Lemannus in the first year of 'Zetus', corresponding to 1625 BC, indicating that 39 years is correct.]

## III - From Paris to Sicamber

### 31. Leman

Paris had reigned thirty-three years. Leman, his son, reigned 62. Visiting his kingdom, he gave his name to the lake between Lausanne and Geneva, also called Lake Geneva, and which romantics call with spirit the Ocean on the Mountain.

[Cocqualt allows 82 years between Lemannus and his successor Olbius combined. D'Amiens and Beguillet give Lemanus 67 years. Sammes has both figures, giving Lemannus 62 in his chart, and 67 in his accompanying text.

In *Manethonian Supplement*, Lemannus is noted in the first year of "Zetus", corresponding to 1625 BC, and Lemannus' successor Olbius is mentioned approximately around the 28th year of "Ranses", which calculates to 1542 BC. This thus gives Lemannus alone an 82 year reign.]

The Helvetic Gauls, finding themselves too numerous in their country, went to settle along the Rhine and took the name of A-Lemans, later Allemandes, as one would call people from Lake Leman: *a Lemanno lacu.*

This is proved by these verses of the poet Gontier:

*Qua sibi vicinas Alemania suspicit Alpes,*
*Nomen ab Alpino ducens ut fama Lemanno.*
King Leman is depicted with a large ax. He was so brave that some chroniclers give him the surname of Hercules.

[Lemannus has been somewhat confused with the earlier German Emperor Alman 'Hercules' who had reigned ca. 1847-1783 BC; the Allemanni or Helveti were already named for that Alman and his son Helvetus. Lake Geneva was on the frontier of Celtica with Allemania (Helvetia) at this point, so Lemannus may be a cognomen, signifying this Celtic king perhaps campaigned in an area that was already called 'Leman'.]

### 32. Olbi

Son of Leman, Olbi took the sceptre and sword, in the year 1316 BC. He carried war as far as Asia, and founded many cities that he called from his name. Bibracte his brother, regent of the Gauls in his absence, built Toulouse around that time.

[Cocqualt, as stated above, gives 82 years for both Lemannus and Olbius combined. D'Amiens says Olbius reigned 16 years, Beguillet 15, and Sammes 5. De Plancy, saying below that Galatas II acceded in 1278 BC, thus allows Olbi a reign of 38 years.

The *Supplement*, as stated, mentions Olbius around the 28th 'year of Ranses', c. 1543 BC. However it is difficult to say how long he reigned, because precisely at this moment occurs the gap in the *Supplement*, which earlier scholars did not detect, but had resulted in the omission of all Celtic kings and history from the record between Olbius and Galathes II, who acceded in ca. 1318 BC. After the gap appeared in the main record, likely in the 4th century BC, events before and after the gap were artificially conflated into the reign of 'Ranses' according to the scheme of Manetho.

Beguillet says this king founded Olbia or Olby in Gallia Narbonensis. D'Amiens likewise says he is attributed the founding of Olba in Provence, but he asserts this, and the places in Asia, were more likely founded by Galathes II who named them for his father Olbius. This can be ruled out on account of the over 200 year gap between them.

The founding of Cyzicus in Asia Minor is placed by Jerome in the 11th year of Aegius of Athens, as he says 1271 BC, but as this information is from before the same gap in the records, it can be dated to 1532 BC. The neighboring 'barbarian' kingdom of Bebryces in Bithynia also seems to have appeared around the same time, and the similarity of this name with Bibracte may be more than a coincidence. The Bebryces may represent the renewed Celtic foothold in the east begun by Olbius, and when the record resumes in 1318 BC, we find Galates II ruling not only Celtica, but also the Cimmerian conglomeration in eastern Europe.]

### 33. Galatas II

Surnamed the Younger, began to reign 1278 years before Jesus Christ. He left with a large army, subjugated the Tartars, Poles, Hungarians, Prussians, Russians and other barbarians who refused him obedience. He built Galata, today Pera, near Constantinople. The Gauls, his subjects, brought to the Greeks theology, philosophy, and rhetoric. He reigned 25 years.

[Cocqualt assigns Galates 42 years; d'Amiens 35 years; Beguillet 50 years, Sammes 48 years. The *Supplement* says Galathes Junior ruled from the 13th year of 'Ranses', the same year as Ilus of Troy, with Galathas' successor Namnes in the last year of 'Ranses', who is assigned 66 years interrupted by the 'gap'. This would suggest about 52 years for Galathes, seeming to correspond to the years after the gap, 1318-1267 BC.

D'Amiens says Galathes "*subdued the Sarmatians who at that time inhabited Poland, Russia, Prussia, Muscovy, Tartary, where in all he founded towns in the name of his father Olbius, and extended as before into Asia*", allegedly giving his name to Galatia (which the Celts only founded after Alexander the Great). Beguillet says he not only conquered the Sarmatians but subdued England, naming it Albion after his father. Sammes also mentions the theory that the name Albion is associated with Olbius, but this is dubious, as it seems to have had this name since Albion son of Neptune, 700 years earlier, and it appears Galathes was not in fact the son of Olbius in any case. Nevertheless Albion seems to have continued as at best a nominal vassal of Celtica throughout this time, and until the reign of Francus.

Galathes appears in Aventinus as Galter, said to have been king of the Germans, ie the Cimmerians, attacking Asia during the reign of Ylsing in Bavaria (1298-1245 BC). (However, he later names 'Prichs' as Ylsing's contemporary counterpart over the Cimmerians.) Saxo and Magnus likewise call him Gelder or Galder, king of the Saxons, who perished in a naval battle between Balder of Zeeland and Hother of Swedia, probably supporting the latter as Saxo says. This may be dated to about 1298 BC, in which case we may assume Galathes II in fact reigned over Celtica, Germany and Cimmeria, for only about 20 years, 1318-1298 BC, and was succeeded by Ylsing, who should perhaps be inserted in the list of rulers of Celtica between Galathes and Namnes, 1298-1267 BC, and by Prichs in Cimmeria.]

### 34. Namnes

Or Nannès, son of Galatas, occupied the throne of Gaul for forty-five years. He built Nantes in Brittany, and founded on the island of Ouessant a college of druidesses who predicted the future.

We also see arising at that time, on the island of Sena or Sein, near the coast of Quimper, other druidesses who had the power to hold back the winds and stir up storms.

[D'Amiens agrees that Namnes ruled 45 years, Cocqualt gives him 39. Both agree that he built Nantes. Sammes says he ruled 44 years.
Beguillet, omitting his reign length, says Galathas II "*left a flourishing empire to his son Namnetes, who founded the colony of the Namnetes or Nantes. It was about this time that the Hercules of the Greeks was celebrated for his exploits, and that the Argonauts, on their return from Colchos, came by land into Gaul, where they formed an alliance with the Celts, and descended the Rhone from its source to the sea.*" This is a dubious claim, as the Argonauts were actually before the Athenian gap and Hercules after it.

The *Supplement* specifies that Namnes ruled the Celts from 'the next to last year of Ranses', which translates to 1267 BC when the pseudo-listing pf pharaohs is removed, and that their next king Remus ruled, after the 40 year 'era of Amenophis',in the 4th year of Ammenephus. This seems to confirm 45 years, and would thus date Namnes' reign 1267-1222 BC.]

### 35. Rhemus

It was in the year 1208 before the coming of the Messiah that Rhémus, son of Namnes, ascended the throne, where he sat for thirty-nine years. He founded the city of Reims.

There was a lot of talk in his day about the Trojan War. He sent to King Priam help of a few squadrons commanded by Hictar or Hagtor, which scholars interpret as ax-bearer. The Sieur de Mouceaulx claims, in truth, that the name of Hagtor means ax-torso, because the handle of his battle-ax was twisted; but the bulk of scholars prefer the first explanation, as more learned. Now, on arriving at Troy, Hictar or Hagtor found the city ruined, went back to sea, and landed at the Palus Méotides, where he lived in good harmony with some Trojans who had taken refuge there; so much so that he died there, leaving a son, named Francus or Francion, who was not a Trojan, as Ronsard said, but good Gallic blood. This Francus returned to Gaul, married the only daughter of King Rhémus and succeeded him.

[D'Amiens says Remus ruled 13 years, with the siege of Troy (1193 BC) beginning in his first year. Cocqualt and Sammes give Rhemus 40 years. All are otherwise consistent with the account given here. The *Supplement* would place Rhemus in 1222 BC (4th year of 'Ammenephus'), and his successor "Francus of the sons of Hector" 7 years after the Fall of Troy, 1176 BC, thus 46 years.

Heccar and Frank also appear as kings of Germany at this time in the account of Aventinus, and are thus important for synchronisation.]

### 36. Francus I

We must not believe therefore that the scepter had fallen in distaff, nor that the genealogy of the French kings is interrupted. The most general and probable feeling is that Francus or Francion was the son of Hagtor, who was the son of Boius, who was the son of Bibracte, who was the son of King Leman.

But if we prefer the version of those who claim that Francus was the son of Hector, we will say that Hector was the son of Priam, king of Troy, who by various proven generations descended from the valiant Hercules Ogmius, our twenty second king, and that the Trojans were originally only an emigration of Gauls, who are found everywhere.

[According to Aventinus, Frank is son of Heccar, son of Brenner, whose parentage is not specified, but succeeded Ylsing in Bavaria.]

Francus therefore married Rhème, only daughter of King Rhémus, and built the city of Troy in Champagne, which he fortified with three castles, which were as much a cause of its name as the memory of the town of Priam.

He had to fight against various princes who had been fortified in Gaul, under the previous weak reign. Oscus had taken over in Berry, Lemovix in Limousin, Gergester in Auvergne. Francus defeated them and took the city of Limoges, which Lemovix had built.

It is since Francus I that the Gauls began to be called Franks.

He wears three diadems for his arms, because he reigned in Asia, Pannonia and Gaul.

[de Plancy does not give a reign length for Francus, but it can be calculated that he considers it to have been from 1169 until 1114 BC, or 55 years. D'Amiens likewise says he ruled 55 years, while Cocqualt indicates he ruled 60 years.

Beguillet gives Francus no dates, but concludes his list with him, saying: *Francus, the son of Hector, the rival of Achilles, succeeded Remus, his father in law. He was also called Francion. After the burning of Troy, he fled into Pannonia, and built Sicambria, in honour of his grand aunt Sicambria, the sister of Priam. From thence he came into Gaul, where he married the daughter of Remus. Francus, in order to preserve the remembrance of his ancient country, founded a new Troy in Champagne. He afterwards built or embellished the city of the Lucotetians, in an island of the Seine, and gave it the name of the accomplished Paris.*

Sammes also gives no dates for 'Phranicus', who he says left Albion to the druids, and was reigning when Brutus arrived (1116 BC). However he counts 945 years from the beginning of Samothes to the end of Phranicus.

The *Supplement* indicates Francus 'of the sons of Hector' ruled the Celts from seven years after the fall of Troy, or 1176 BC. No further kings of the Celts are listed there.

Aventinus includes the same Frank as a King of Germany for 41 years, which would be 1176-1135 BC, followed by Wolfheim Siclinger, whom he indicates was son of Frank, but he is more probably the Skioldung Uffe or Olaf, son of Wermund of Dania, as known from Saxo. It seems Frank endured only in Sicambria (formerly Celtica) until 1119 BC and was followed there after 57 years by his son Sicamber.]

## IV. From Sicamber to Tongris

Here begins the dynasty of the Sicambres, of whom Sicamber was the chief.

### 37. Sicamber

son of Francus, only reigned over a small part of the Gauls, namely the Parisians and the Champenois. It is from this monarch that our ancestors also bore the name of Sicambres. Despite the victories of the previous king, there were under this reign more than twelve kings in Gaul. The Italian Brutus, son of the King of the Albans, had even come there to seek conquests. But he was obliged to go to England and gave his name to the country; although, if one believes Pierre de la Ramée, Great Britain was only called so because it was populated by Gallic Bretons. Sicamber ascended to the throne around the year 1114 BC and died after more than sixty years of reign. He wears for his coat of arms three silver crescents on a field of azure.

[D'Amiens and Cocqualt give Sicamber or Simcambre 62 years, he reigned c. 1119-1059 BC. Brutus landed in Britannia in 1116 BC, after spending time in Aquitaine. The main source for this, Geoffrey of Monmouth and the earlier Welsh edition, confirm the 12 petty kings of the Angou confederacy at that time under Carwed, one of whom was the Agathyrsi chieftain, Goffarus of Pictou. Outside of the Sicambrian area and Angou, the rest of Gallia was evidently controlled by princes Kels and Galther, sons of Olaf aka Uffe or Wolfheim of Franconia, of the Danish Skioldung line.]

### 38. Priam I

It is to the memory of the Trojan war that we owe the following names: Priam, son of Sicamber, reigned eighty years and, like his father, only ruled part of the Gauls, then divided among several Kings. It was during this reign that various princes founded Clermont en Auvergne, Moulins en Bourbonnais, Thérouenne, Poitiers, Tours and several other towns. Xantus founded Xaintes or Saintes, and was king of Saintonge. Agen was also built by a petty king named Agenidor.

[D'Amiens also gives him 80, but notes Taillepied gives him only 23 years. Cocqualt lists the remaining Sicambrian kings, but gives no further dates. 80 years would place him 1059-979 BC.]

### 39. Hector

Son of Priam the Sicamber, this king Hector made less noise than the other, although he reigned ninety years. He built, they say, the city of Vienne in Dauphiné, while Bassiève, king of Langres, imposed his authority on Bassigny.

[D'Amiens likewise gives Hector 90 years, noting that Taillepied gives him only 28. Thus he is assigned the years 979-889 BC. As we learn in the next section, it is during this time that his son Troius subjected as far as Austria and Hungary.]

### 40. Troius

During his father's lifetime, Troïus, son of Hector the Sicambre, ruled Austria and Hungary, where some provinces remained subject to the Gauls, natural rulers of Europe. When his father died, he left his son Bassibilan in his place and came with an army; he took back Belgium and received obedience from the French in the North, who gave his soldiers the name of Germans, as if they were cousins from the same germ. But some who hear languages other than Latin say that German, who is pronounced Ghermann in German, means man of war because this word war came to us from German. Others understand by the name of Germans, carried by various peoples of the North, *confederates*. Troius built Bonn, near Cologne, and died after 50 years of reign, leaving the throne to his son Torgot.

[D'Amiens also says Troirus ruled 50 years, but says that he, Torgot and Brabon were brothers, the last becoming first duke of Brabant. 50 years would place Troirus' reign in Sicambria 889-839 BC.]

### 41. Torgot

The Gauls were always divided between several petty kings, princes and magistrates. Torgot, Torgor or Torchot ruled only Belgium and Flanders. But he sent colonies to the Scythians, preferring to use his too numerous subjects in this way rather than to lead them to war; because he was very peaceful. He reigned only 48 years, however.

[d'Amiens agrees that Torgot's reign was 48 years, though as noted he says he was son of Hector I and brother of Troirus. Thus his reign over the Sicambri (who by this time occupied only Belgica) was 839-791 BC.

Britannia was ruled by King Lear 861-811 BC, and accounts of his reign concur that Gallia had twelve petty kings, the chief of whom, Aganippus, ruling from Paris, had married Lear's daughter Cordelia, and would help Lear retake his throne from his other sons in law, in 814 BC.]

### 42. Tongris

Tongris, son of King Torchot, reigned 65 years. He reconquered part of the domain of his ancestors, left Hungary to Gethilanor, his cousin, son of Bassibilan, built the city of Tongres, took over Champagne, lived on good terms with the Allemands, to whom he lavished the name of Germans. He died 719 years before the coming of Jesus Christ.

[D'Amiens says Tongris "*happily began his reign at the first Olympiad* [776 BC]*. And in the same year that Romulus founded Rome in Italy* [753 BC]*, Tongris laid the foundations of Tongres near Liege, where the peoples boast of their antiquity, & to have had this King of France for founder, who died after 65 years of reign.*" De Plancy above would seem to date the start of his reign from 784 BC. My dates for him work out to 791-724 BC, seemingly 67 years.

It is faintly possible that Gethilanor who was left in 'Hungary' (Pannonia) is the same as Gennan who became Herzog of Tantamo in 720 BC and converted to Judaism, but then again they could be different figures.

Allemands in French is a synonym for Germans, but here it may signify specifically the Allemanni of Helvetia, at times a neutral buffer state separating Sicambria from its Pannonian fief, were acknowledged as part of Germany or Franconia by the friendly Sicambrian king Tongris, likely in exchange for access to Pannonia.]

## V. From Tongris to Bazan.

### 43. Theuton

who is represented with his headdress like the Osages and armed with an enormous sword, succeeded Tongris, his father. He seized Gelderland, Holland and various parts of Germany, whose inhabitants were called by his name Theutons or Tudesques. Theuton, after a reign of fifty years, died 665 years before our salvation.

[D'Amiens: *Tongris was succeeded by his son Theuto, who carried his arms to Germany: whereof the peoples of the conquerors were called Theutonics, whom the Italians call Tudesques, the French Alemans, who are properly Austria & Bavaria. He died in the fifty-fourth year of his reign, leaving his son Agrippa to inherit the crown.*

54 years would put his reign from 724 until 670 BC. While he may have expanded into Holland and campaigned into Germania, the Germans had already long been called 'Teutones' from the ancient German king Teutanes, and 'Tuiscones' even longer since the first German ruler Tuiscon.]

### 44. Agrippa

his son, did nothing remarkable.

The Gauls were always divided. The highest prince then was Ambigat, who resided in Bourges and commanded most of France. Agrippa reigned 43 years. He had nothing else to do but rest.

[D'amiens: *Agrippa in his reign laid the foundations of a city on the Rhine, which was named Agrippina after the name of its founder, and later Cologne... Agrippa King of the French placed his Capital there, where he reigned for 43 years.* 43 years would put his reign from 670-627 BC.

The mention of Ambigat synchronizes with the German account of Aventinus, where Ambgot appears as the brother in law of King Mader II, whom Mader set as a viceroy of Gallia (except for independent Sicambria under Agrippa), as well as of Britannia and Celtiberia.]

### 45. Ambron

He reigned seventy-five years, and did no better than Agrippa his father. However, Ambigat sent his children Bellovese and Sigovese to Italy, which they populated with Gauls, and where they founded Como, Cremona, Vicenza, Pavia, Genoa, Mantua, Milan, and Venice.

[D'Amiens also says he ruled 75 years, which would place him 627-552 BC. Baldweiss and Sigweiss are also mentioned by Aventinus and Anderson; I have not yet discovered the original source or sources of their history.]

### 46. Thuringus

He reigned another 74 years, following in the footsteps of his father Ambron and his grandfather Agrippa. Marseille was founded under his reign (if it is not older). But it was not by him that it was built. He resided preferably in a part of Germany, which has since been called Thuringia.

[D'Amiens likewise says he ruled 74 years (ie 552-478 BC) and was the namesake for Thuringia. The Germanic Thuringians seem to first appear in records as the Hermunduri around 1 AD. It may be possible the -duri part of this name comes from Thuringus.

Marseille seems to have been founded by the Phocaeans, who then held the Thalassocracy with part of Spain, in 598 BC, which would actually be in Ambron's reign.]