History of the United States (1788-1829)

*For other eras, see History of PSUS.*

## The Birth of a Republic

### 1787 Constitutional Convention

On May 25th, 1787, Delegates from the 13 newly formed States met in Philadelphia to discuss and ratify the new United States Constitution. The constitution was signed by all delegates, however only after heavy discussion and argument.

John Brown of New Hampshire made a radical proposition to the Delegates. That the new constitution should outlaw slavery in its entirety. Almost immediately, Geild V. Lapogus from Virginia along with Thomas Jefferson refused any amendment, Jefferson stating ***"The day Slaves are outlawed is the day Virginia leaves the union!"***, and Lapogus stating ***"The negro is nothing but a farm hand, a farm hand you northern states also benefit from"***. The amendment to ban slavery failed, with Brown almost thrown out of the building.

Geild V. Lapogus, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Alexander Hamilton, Clinton Wilson, Marquis de Lafayette, James Madison, John Brown, William Ellery, Ezekiel Samoset, George Washington, Thomas Posey, Timothy Van Ritter, Benedict Hampton, Cassius Lee, Samuel Adams, Aaron Burr, Gregory Anderson, and Ulysses Luther all signed the constitution.

### The First Political Parties and Factions

The government was divided over the single issue of the constitution. Strong supporters of the new Jeffersonian Constitution slowly formed a faction in the government that would eventually become the *Federalists.* Hesitant supporters and opponents of the Jeffersonian Constitution became the *Anti-Federalists.* The Federalists eventually split into the Federalists (who favored a strong central government), and the Anti-Federalists (moderates who favored a smaller central government). The Anti-Federalist Party eventually died out after the rejection of the Hampton Constitution, with most of them joining the Democratic-Republicans.

### The Death of Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson in his Virginia Home in early January of 1788 was informed on Alexander Hamilton's odd claim he had published in one of his New York newspapers. Hamilton had proclaimed that it was in fact him who wrote the constitution, that Jefferson had infact stolen his work. Outraged, Thomas Jefferson immediately challenged Alexander Hamilton to a duel.

Later that week, Hamilton arrived in Virginia for the duel. And on January 16th, 1788, after a failure to talk the issue out, Thomas Jefferson was shot dead by Alexander Hamilton, the bullet piercing his right lung. He requested before his death that Geild V. Lapogus run for Governor of Virginia, stating on his deathbed "Lagopus will be governor". "

### Constitutional Troubles

While the constitution had already been ratified, Lafayette requested that the delegates meet once more in the same building to discuss the Alternative Constitution. The Alternative Constitution was drafted by Benedict Hampton in the months following the convention, designed as a replacement to the late Jefferson constitution.

Lafayette decided it would be best to vote on which constitution to ratify. Hampton and Samuel Adams argued for the Alternative Constitution, while Lapogus and Burr argued for the Jefferson Constitution. "If Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, and I can agree on something, you know its the right thing to do" was the word of Alexander Hamilton shortly before the voting process. In a 10 to 7 vote, the Jefferson Constitution was re-ratified.

Ulysses Luther attended the Constitutional conventions attempting to convince the delegates to enact a larger Federal Government but ultimately he was unsuccessful.

## 1788 Election

 Party
 Home state
 Electoral vote
 Percentage

### Campaign Trail

Soon after the convention, Thomas Jefferson announced his intention to run for President as a Democratic-Republican. Soon after, Delegate Andrew Jackson announced he would also run, running under the Anti-Federalist party. Finally, the Federalist Cassius Lee announced he would also run as a Federalist.

Jefferson and Lee campaigned hard against each other, with both of them making false statements and claims on each other.

In support of Jefferson, Lagopus wrote and published the infamous "Lagopus Article", fake article showing a United States set in 1790, in a world where Cassius Lee won and the USA was dissolved. The Article was met with disapproval by the Federalist Party and no comment from Jefferson.

Shortly after the article was published, former General of the Continental Army George Washington announced he would run for President. Jefferson, recognizing his inability to win against someone as popular as Washington, dropped out and endorsed the General. However Jefferson did not see Washington's victory.

### Results

In November, Americans permitted to vote left their homes to go to the ballot box, to elect the first US President. On the ballot was 5 candidates for the American People to choose.

Nathaniel Gotham (Independent), Andrew Jackson (Anti-Federalist), Cassius Lee (Federalist), Samuel Adams (Anti-Federalist), and George Washington (Independent). The Democratic-Republicans, following Jefferson's endorsement of Washington and his killing, did not run a candidate.

The results of the Presidential Election are as follows:

 Cassius Lee (Federalist)
 Samuel Adams (Anti-Federalist)
 Nathaniel Gotham (Independent)

\*William Ellery (D-R) became governor of Rhode island with 52.9% of the vote, beating out Ulysses Lee (F) who had 47.1%.

* This was one of the closest elections of the New Country.
* Timothy Van Ritter (F) was elected Govenor of Delaware with 88.9%, beating write-in candidate John Brown.
* Alexander Hamilton (F) was elected Govenor of New York with 64.7% of the vote, beating Cassius Lee (F) who had 35.3%
* And finally Aaron Burr (D-R) was elected Governor of Pennsylvania with 76.5%, , beating write-in candidate John Brown.

But at the same time, 3 Elections for Senator also took place. All 3 Candidates ran unopposed. They were Clinton Wilson (P) in Pennslyvania, Gregory Anderson (D-R) in Massachusetts, and Benedict Hampton (D-R) in Maryland.

## First Washington Administration (1789-1793)

Washington, as President, was incredibly closed off from the public. By December of 1789 his approval rating had dropped to 52%, from 70% at the begining of his presidency. In July 1790, that dropped to 49%. By August, it had plumitted to just 39%. Meanwhile, Vice President Jackson's approval rating was up to 66%.

In just the opening months of 1790, 3 candidates had already declared intention to run in 1792, those being Clinton Wilson, the Senator from Pennslyvania (Free People's Party), Benidict Hampton, the Senator from Maryland (Democratic-Republican), and Aaron Burr, the Governor of Pennslyvania (Independent)

### The Kasich Scandal / Kasichgate

Washington, realizing his declining approval, decided to start working on passing new laws and executive orders. In 1791 alone, President Washington signed 5 executive orders of varying degree, and made multiple speeches that were published in notable newspapers. However, a scandal began in April 1791 that could potentially end the President's chances at a second term.

President Washington made it a priority to keep in close contact select European Nations. Prussia was one of them. Jacob Kasich, a Democratic-Republican from Pennslyvania, was chosen to be Minister to Prussia. But on April 19th, 1791, it was announced that Kasich had been fired from the position, replaced by Clinton Wilson of the same state. This came as a surprise, as nothing had happened in the past week that could have pointed towards the firing. 2 days later, Kasich made a public statement to *"The Republican"*, a newspaper organization, in where Kasich revealed that the firing followed his public endorsement of Senator Benedict Hampton in the 1792 Presidential Race. On April 24th, Kasich leaked letters sent by Washington to him. ***"Why should I give you some cabinet minister when you aren't even supporting me this race?"*** is what was stated by the President. This letter, along with 3 others, were leaked to both *"The Republican"* and The “*Massachusetts Times".* Both organizations published articles on the matter (Image Right). On April 31st Washington released a statement to the Democratic-Republicans, stating ***"What is the reason that you don't support me? I support France which you support. I supported the Tariff Act which your Presidential Candidate proposed. Many of my appointments have been DR. I have tried my best to unite this country but it is all up to you if you want to divide this nation!"***. Geild V. Lapogus soon after declared support for Washington, but by this point, the scandal had already stained Washington's approval rating. A poll was conducted in the last days of April, in where Benedict Hampton lead Washington 54% to 46%.

### The Michigan-Indiana Compromise

Ulysses Luther (Federalist), the Governor of the Northwest Territory, suggested in May 1791 that the Northwest Territories should become a new, separate state due to the size of its population. Some Democratic-Republicans, specifically Jacob Kasich Real and Samuel Adams, disagreed with this proposal, saying that this would severely damage the balance of power between the North and South. They also argued that a single Northwestern State would be too large in terms of area.

A compromise was met, in which half of the Northwest Territory would become the state of Michigan while the Southwest Territory would become the State of Kentucky. However, President George Washington disagreed with this, preferring to have two Northwestern states instead. A new compromise was met, which split Michigan into Michigan and Indiana, while also splitting Kentucky into 2 new states, Mississippi and Kentucky. Kentucky would comprise of the Western counties of Virginia and the Southwest Territory, while Mississippi would comprise of Western Georgia. This was submitted to the Congress on June 1791.

### Cabinet

*See: George Washington#Cabinet and Executive Department*

## 1792 Election

 Party
 Home state
 Electoral vote
 Percentage

Prior to the election of 1972, public opinion of President George Washington was divided. Nearly all of the Federalists supported Washington when he expressed interest in running for a second term. A minority of Democratic-Republicans supported Washington, while the majority supported Benedict Hampton for President. Jacob Kasich Real and Samuel Adams were the most outspoken supporters of Hampton.

Incumbent George Washington (Independent), Benedict Hampton (Democratic-Republican), Thomas Posey (Democratic-Republican), Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican), and Clinton Wilson (Free People's) ran for the presidential election.

In the beginning of the election, Benedict Hampton was the clear front-runner. However, in the later stages of the election, many voters voted for Washington. Throughout the election, the results were always uncertain, and the election was considered to be quite close. The results for the Presidential Election are as such:

 Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican)
 Clinton Wilson (Independent)
 Thomas Posey (Independent)

Meanwhile, the Democratic-Republicans Aaron Burr, Samuel Adams, and William Ellery each won the Governor elections of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island respectively. The Democratic-Republicans Marquis De Lafayette and Andrew Jackson won the senate elections of Virginia and South Carolina.

## Second Washington Administration (1793-1797)

On March 4, 1793, George Washington was inaugurated as President for a second term, while Benedict Hampton was inaugurated as the Vice President. Attorney-General Samuel Adams administrated both oaths of office. However, this term was fairly uneventful, as little legislation was passed within Washington's second administration.

### Death of Gregory Anderson

On November 12th, 1796, Massachusetts Senator Gregory Anderson was challenged to a duel by the Marquis de Lafayette in response to him insulting Orlando Stock. The Marquis shot Anderson dead, leaving behind two sons, three daughters, and his wife.

### The Populist Party Formation

Shortly before the 1796 Election, Benedict Hampton announced that he will be creating a new party called the *Populist Party*, which promotes regionalism, a small government, and the interests of the farmers in agricultural lands. Anti-Washington Democratic-Republicans quickly joined this new party, while the Pro-Washington Moderate Democratic-Republicans stayed in the party. This created three major parties, starting the second party system.

### Cabinet

*See: George Washington#Cabinet and Executive Department*

## 1796 Election

With the creation of the Populist Party, the results of this election was always unclear. George Washington chose to not run for a third term, creating a precedent. The Federalists, who were the perceived frontrunners following the 1792 election, nominated Alexander Hamilton, a founding father and war veteran, as their candidate for President. Hamilton initially lead the polls with 54% of the vote, but fell behind later on in the campaign.

The Democratic-Republican Party nominated Alexander G. Milosevic, however in protest, and because Burr had won the most votes in the Primary, he ran as an independent. This angered Milosevic, who, along with Samuel Adams, split and created the Populist Party on January 19th, 1796. Milosevic ran as a Populist while Aaron Burr ran as the Democratic-Republican candidate. He was a well known politician who was the incumbent Governor of Pennsylvania. His nomination was not surprising. The Federalists didn't negotiate on a single candidate, with both Alexander Hamilton and Orlando Kraig Stock I running, splitting the vote. With its ever-decreasing popularity, the Free People's Party did not nominate any candidate. The results are as follows:

 Orlando Kraig Stock I (Federalist)
 Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)

* Aaron Burr (DR) won the Pennslyania Governor Election with 66.7%.
* Jacob Kasich (P) won the Pennslyania Senate Election with 86.4%.
* Jason S. Hobbs Jr. (DR) won the Kentucky Senate Election with 86.4%.

## Milosevic Administration (1797-1798)

After the election of President Milosevic, a cabinet was formed of top officials in the government, including Benedict Hampton, Andrew Jackson, and Jacob Kasich. Soon after the inaguration chaos broke out in the Barbary Coast, a situation allowing the President to prove his leadership capabilities.

### The Barbary War, January to February 1798

The President had gotten word that American Vessels of the Barbary Coast had been attacked by pirate forces. In response, Milosevic ordered the sending of 2 fleets of American vessels to the coast, lead by Secretary of the Navy Benedict Hampton. On January 13th, the first Battle commenced, where US Forces stomped the Pirates. On the 15th, a second battle began, in yet another US Victory. On February 1st and February 3rd, 2 more battles took place, in American victories. It looked as if the US had squashed the Pirates, until on February 6th, 1798, it was relayed to the President that both fleets had been captured by the Pirates, that they had lost the war. Milosevic's approval rating dropped to 41%.

### Milosevic's Decline in Mental Health

During the Barbary War, President Milosevic's mental health quickly deteriorated for unknown reasons. Milosevic started to issue a lot of executive orders without passing or vetoing a single bill from Congress. Firstly, he issued an executive order to kill all Barbary Pirates and take their loot. Afterwards, he started to order executions seemingly out of thin air. He ordered executions on Benedict Hampton, Jason S. Hobbs Jr., and Jacob Kasich Real, but all three fled in time and survived.

Plans of impeachment were already surfacing. His administration came to an end when he suddenly issued an executive order that immediately banned slavery. His approval rating had dropped to 7%. He was quickly impeached by the Senate, but he fled from the country before he could be put into trial in a court. Vice President Aaron Burr becomes President.

### Cabinet

*See: Cabinet of President Alexander G. Milosevic*

## First Burr Administration (1798-1801)

Aaron Burr become the Third US President with President Alexander G. Milosevic's impeachment. One of Burr's first acts as President was to legalize slavery again in executive order. He also sent an expedition to the Barbary Coast, with Van Ritter, Lewis Clark, Jacob Kasich Real, and Philip Hamilton in order to mitigate tensions on the coast. Afterwards, Burr banned all French and British people from entering the nation, once again through executive order. He later decided to support France in the Napoleonic Wars, by purchasing the territory of Louisiana from the french. In 1800, he split the land into 3 separate, new territories, those being the Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Dakota territories.

### Burr and Slavery

Although Burr legalized slavery, he was still against the practice of slavery. He authorized a referendum about putting restrictions on Slavery, known as the "Slave Act of 1799". The restrictions would include minimum wage laws, restrictions on working hours, establishing ways for a slave to be freed, and restrictions on physical punishment. Slaves would be given a minimum wage of 0.1$ per hour, could work for no longer than 10 hours, could no longer be beaten, and could be freed via the new "100$ Clause", which stated: ***"If a slave may present to their master the sum of 100$ before the end of year, they will have proven their worthiness of freedom and shall be a slave no longer"***

The North voted overwhelmingly to support the restrictions, while the South overwhelmingly voted against it. However, because of the higher population of the North, the regulations were passed in a landslide. Along with the Slave Act, a bill was submitted to congress that split the state of Kentucky into 2. The new state of "Slavetonne" was created out of the southern counties of Kentucky, and was to be populated with nearly 30,000 slaves who now qualified for freedom under the Slave Act. These slaves would not be given the right to vote immediately, with Burr stating ***"Upon the inaugural address of the 4th President of these United States, all freed slaves in Slavetonne shall be given right to cast their ballot"***.

## 1800 Election

 Party
 Home state
 Running mate
 Electoral vote
 Percentage

The Democratic-Republicans nominated Aaron Burr, the incumbent election for the 1800 Election. Aaron Burr chose his Vice President, Alexander Hamilton (Federalist), as his Running Mate. Meanwhile, the Populist Party nominated the Founding Father and Massachusetts Governor Samuel Adams, with Jacob Kasich Real as his running mate. This was the first election held after the First Amendment, which allowed Presidential Candidates to choose a running mate.

There were two major factors that impacted the results of the election: The Federalists and the South. The South disliked both candidates, as Burr had held a referendum that restricted slavery, while the now impeached Alexander G. Milosevic, a Populist, once banned slavery. Samuel Adams tried to distance himself from Milosevic, advertising his pro-plantation policies in the south. This gave him a bit more support in the south, which helped him edge a victory over Burr in Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina

But one of the 3 major parties did not run a candidate this year. The Federalists, declining in popularity due to a perceived need not to have them, did not run a candidate. As such, both Burr and Adams campaigned extensively for their support. Samuel Adams campaign as the better candidate for the Federalists, however, most still preferred Burr, as his running mate is a Federalist who appealed to their anti-slavery stance.

Late in the race, two independent candidates also joined. Thomas Posey, who was closer to the Democratic-Republicans, and Percy Williams, who was closer to the Populists, both joined the race without a running mate. But do to President Burr’s popularity, it was unlikely they would win any electoral votes, which they did not.

### Results

The results of the Presidential Election are as follows:

 Thomas Posey (Independent)
 Percy Williams (Independent)

* Ulysses Luther (Federalist) won the Michigan Governor Election with 90%.
* Onemore Time (Populist) won the Indiana Governor Election with 80% of the vote.
* Timothy Knight (Independent) won the Delaware Governor Election with 85% of the vote.
* Lewis Clark (Federalist) won the New Jersey Senate Election with 90% of the popular vote.
* François Lecuyer (Federalist) won the New York Senate Election with 94.7%.
* Jason H. Hobbs (Democratic-Republican) won the Kentucky Senate Election with 85%.
* Dr. Pepper (Independent) won the Rhode Island Senate Election with 85%.

### Aftermath

After the defeat, Samuel Adams resigned from his positions of Attorney-General and Massachusetts Governor and moved to Virginia. President Aaron Burr was inaugurated for a second term in March 4, 1801.

## Second Burr Administration (1801-1802)

### The Schwarzetöten Rebellion

On September 12, 1801, a rebellion led by William Shwarzetöten erupted in the Southern parts of Columbia, South Carolina. The rebellion consisted of Radical Pro-Slavery farmers who opposed the new slavery restrictions and the creation of the State of Slavetonne. The rebellion was very violent, with some rebels killing Blacks and putting their heads on pikes.

Federal troops were quickly sent to crush the rebellion. The troops were relatively successful in the urban areas, quickly driving the rebels away from the cities. However, after the rebellion moved and regrouped South, the troops were less effective in defeating the rebellion. On October, President Burr sent even more troops to South Carolina, occupying lands and surrounding the rebels.

### Anglo-American Relations

Prime Minister Henry Addington of the British Empire sent a letter to President Burr in March 1802, writing that

This seemed to indicate that the British Empire had blamed the United States for the death of the King. President Burr replied aggressively, with tensions quickly increasing. However, it was later discovered that there was a mistake in the letter, and Addington was removed from his position. The new Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, later clarified that there was a mistake.

Later in the month, President Burr sent Elbridge Gerr as the Ambassador to Britain, in order to discuss about border disputes between the United States and Britain. The border disputes in New Hampshire and Northern Massachusetts (Modern-Day Maine) were resolved.

On August 1, 1802, when Alexander Hamilton arrived at the White House, a major disagreement sparked between him and President Burr. This escalated into a violent conflict, with Vice President Alexander Hamilton shooting President Burr. Burr fell into a coma, and Alexander Hamilton was inaugurated as the 4th President.

## A. Hamilton Administration (1802-1803)

As stated by Burr, ***“Upon the inaugural address of the 4th President of these United States, all freed slaves in Slavetonne shall be given right to cast their ballot",*** freed slaves in Slavetonne have been awarded the right to vote. Alexander Hamilton appointed his son, Philip Hamilton, as his Vice President, which sparked controversy, with many calling Hamilton "The Brit-Loving King, Hamilton I". This caused further resentment in the South.

### The Great Dixie Rebellion

Upon hearing of the news, various Southern farmers across the states of Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi broke into rebellion. These revolts were collectively known as the *Great Dixie Rebellion*. The previous Shwarzetöten Rebellion became a part of this greater rebellion. On September, former President George Washington visited the farmers in Virginia and Kentucky. Due to his popularity, the rebels in the two states (who were relatively moderate) stopped their rebellion.

On October 1802, the leaders of the rebellion sent a public letter to President Hamilton, seeking compromise and peace. However, the White House didn't write a response to the letter written by the rebels. The rebellion continued to grow, while the Federal government was unable to control it.

### Napoleon and the British Empire

In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor of the French, militarized and planned an invasion of the British Empire, since most of the British troops were stationed in Canada after its failed revolution. One day, Senator from Kentucky Jason S. Hobbs Jr. led a militia and marched into Canada and destroyed an entire battalion of the British army without the usage of weapons. After he returned to America, he was crowned as a war hero, dramatically boosting his chances in the 1804 election.

### The Death of Hamilton

On October 3, 1803, Samuel Adams died of old age. Philip Hamilton, the Vice President at the time, was present when he died in his house in Virginia. However, a few days later, Alexander Hamilton has died from a stroke in the night, and his son was unable to visit him due to the distance. Philip Hamilton, now suddenly President, rushed to Washington DC.

## P. Hamilton Administration (1803-1805)

Philip Hamilton was sworn in as President in Virginia. Right when he entered office, his administration with faced with great criticism. Democratic-Republicans and Populists called the President Hamiltons "The Hamiltonian Dynasty", and sarcastically called Philip Hamilton "King Hamilton II, his Accidency".

### The Repealing of the Slave Act

In 1803, Hamilton made multiple executive orders which, to many surprise, repealed most of the recently passed Slave Act. Hamilton removed the right for blacks to vote in Slavetonne and removed the minimum wage clause. Soon, he renamed Slavetonne to “Burrton”, however he would have strong opposition.

Former President Aaron Burr stepped out of the hospital building on November 7th, 1803, awaking from his coma 2 days earlier. Upon picking up the nearest newspaper, he was appalled at what he saw. P. Hamilton had undone much of what he had built to do, including the repealing of the Slave Act. Burr ran towards the DC register and registered to run for President, choosing Former Ambassador to Britain Elbridge Gerr has his running mate.

On question of repealing the Slave Act, President Hamilton stated that while he supported the act to give black men the right to vote, he had to cave to the demands of the Dixie Rebellion. Soon enough, the revolt calmed and ended. But, with his approval in the North at just 13%, he decided to reinstate the Slave Act in January 1804.

## 1804 Election

 Party
 Home state
 Running mate
 Electoral vote
 Percentage

1804 was a chaotic time for the new republic. 3 Democratic-Republicans sought the Presidency: Marquis Lafayette, Aaron Burr, and Jason Hobbs, along with incumbent Philip Hamilton, a Federalist. However, during the lead up to the election, war hero and Senator Jason Hobbs switched parties to join a radical abolitionist party known as the Free People's Party, which sought to expand the Slave Act to abolish slavery entirely.

### Formation of the Republican Coalition

Both Federalists and Democratic-Republicans feared a potential Hobbs administration as it could potentially destroy the Union. As such, they united under a single, new, temporary coalition to beat Hobbs. They called it "The Republican Party". Hamilton agreed to merge his votes with Burr once the results were declared. Burr later renamed the party to the "Federalist-Republican" Party before the election.

### Results of the 1804 Election

The popular Hobbs had a strong lead, being at 91 out of the 182 electoral votes total. However, Burr lowered his lead by taking New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware from him. It looked as if Burr would win, until Democratic-Republican Marquis De Lafayette, who was leading in Virginia, pledged his electors to Hobbs. This pushed him over the 92 needed to win, and Hobbs was elected the next President of the United States.

    This became the first election in American history where a candidate won the electoral college without winning the Popular Vote, with Hobbs receiving 42.9% of the Popular Vote to Burr's 45.7%. This was also the first election in which a former President lost. In fact, this election was also the first election with two former Presidents running against each others at one point (prior to the coalition). Famously, Hobbs is recorded winning the state of Virginia by an incredibly close margin of 9 votes total, out of nearly 45,000 votes cast in the election.

Many voters claimed that there was "election fraud" due to the closeness of the election, and the abnormal lead of Jason Hobbs, as the Free People's Party has historically performed badly in elections. A conversation was leaked, that showed Lafayette agreeing to give his delegates to Hobbs after Hobbs promised to give Lafayette a "gift card".

 Aaron Burr (Federalist-Republican)

## Hobbs Administration (1805-1809)

### Anti-Hobbs Riots of 1805

On March 1805, shortly after Hobbs' inauguration, a group of farmers in South Carolina erupted into riots in response to Hobbs' election and inauguration. The rioters were led once again by William Shwarzetöten, who was the leader of the Shwarzetöten Rebellion of 1801, and one of the leaders of the Great Dixie Rebellion. By May, the state Capitol building has been surrounded and Governor Monroe Rent was expected to be overthrown.

President Jason S. Hobbs sent the Secretary of State Elbridge Gerr to South Carolina as an attempt of negotiation. Gerr returned two weeks later, and informed that the rioters had four demands:

1. Hold a referendum in the Western counties of Virginia to create a new state, so that the chaos of the 1804 election can be avoided.
2. Promise to not abolish slavery before 1830, as promised by the Burr Administration.
3. Lower the minimum wage back to $0.10.
4. Remove the bounty on William Shwarzetöten.

Hobbs accepted all the demands except for the third, which was accepted by the rioters. The riots stopped shortly afterwards.

### Slave Rebellions from the South

Many slaves were extremely disappointed by this, since they expected freedom under the Hobbs Administration. Slaves in Mississippi and Georgia began to riot against their local state governments. Several plantations was burned down, including Shwarzetöten's plantation. An 81 year old slave from South Carolina, called Alexander John Marston, was the leader of the rebellions.

### The White House Massacre

The Hobbs Administration strongly preferred negotiation over a violent crushing of the rebellions through the military. Therefore, on June 15, 1805, William Shwarzetöten and Alexander John Marston were invited to the White House for discussions. However, things were already tense right when the discussions started, with Marston demanding that Shwarzetöten be imprisoned. Shwarzetöten demanded that ***"Not a single penny of yours will enter my house until every single black man in America is enslaved and Slavetonne is abolished!"***

Upon hearing this sentence, Miyles Times, the Secretary of Treasury, pulled out a revolver. Shwarzetöten did the same, and President Hobbs drew out a musket. William Shwarzetöten shot Marston, while Times shot Schwarzentöten. Both Marston and Schwarzentöten were sent to the hospital. Marston was paralyzed, while Shwarzetöten made a full recovery. He returned to the White House shortly afterwards, and the violence continued.

William Shwarzetöten grabbed his pistol and aimed at President Hobbs. Miyles Times jumped in front of Hobbs, and the bullet hit his stomach. He eventually made a full recovery. Meanwhile, Elbridge Gerr shot at William Shwarzetöten out of a panic, presumably killing him.

### Shutdown of the Federal Government

In response, the Federal Government was temporarily shut down until July, the first time in American history. After the government's reopening, the administration avoided the issue of the slave rebellion entirely, for a few months.

## 1808 Election

 Party
 Home state
 Running mate
 Electoral vote
 Percentage

### The Formation of New Parties

Jason S. Hobbs, growing tired of the Free Peoples Party, created the National Progressive Party in Mid-1806. Many were upset with the Hobbs administration. On top of his anti-slavery positions, he was prone to dueling and was accused of corruption multiple times. So it came as a surprise to many when Hobbs announced his bid for President. He had originally intended to not run for a second term, but his Secretary of the Treasury, Miles Times, convinced him to run. Soon after, Marquis De Lafayette announced he would run again too. Then, former President Philip Hamilton also announced his bid under the new "National Liberal Party". But no one expected what would come next.

### The Return of Schwarzetöten

In the early hours of December 1807 many civilians of Georgia questioned who would represent them as Governor in the 1808 election, as no one had declared intention to run. Until on December 31st, 1807, William Schwarzetöten, the pro-slavery terrorist who attempted to assassinate President Hobbs in 1805, who was presumed dead, emerged from the register and announced his candidacy. Schwarzetöten's actions during the 1801 South Carolina Rebellion had made him a hero in the south among white slave owners, and he believed he was in a good position to challenge and defeat Hobbs. So on January 3rd, 1808, he officially announced he would run for President.

### The Pledging of Votes

In March of 1808 Hamilton of the NLP pledged his votes to Hobbs. Soon after, Schwarzetöten pledged his votes to Lafayette. But Schwarzetöten remaning time would not be long as on March 6th, 1808, Shwarzetöten was shot in the head by Miyles Times, the man he shot 3 years prior. His body was dumped in the river. William was finally dead.

### The Death of Lafayette

On October 31st, when elections were starting to begin, Hobbs and Lafayette met up in Washington to oversee the arrival of the 197 electors and the proper counting of the votes. Lafayette stayed in a nearby luxury hotel, however on that night he would not return home to bed. Historians still do not why, but on the cold night of November 1st, 1808, Lafayette was shot dead by President Hobbs in a duel. Lafayette's running mate, Governor Ulysses Luther was to receive the electoral votes Lafayette would have won.

On election day, the state of Pennsylvania was a keen state to watch. Both Luther and Hobbs held the state at one point in the week, with the leanings going back and forward for the entire election.

### Results

 William Schwarzentoten [Post Death] (Slavery)

### Aftermath

Many spoke against the practice of pledging electors, with some calling for a constitutional amendment prohibiting candidates under a certain popular vote percentage from pledging their electors. While an amendment was not passed the Electoral Commissions added a rule prohibiting the pledging of electors if both candidates had over 26% of the vote.

## Luther Administration (1809-1810)

Ulysses Luther was inaugurated as President in 1809.

### The War of 1810

Tensions had been rising over long-standing differences over territorial expansion in North America. The British supported Native American tribes who opposed US colonial settlement in the Northwest Territory, meanwhile the Americans sought to settle the Nebraska area. The British Navy has begun enforcing tighter restrictions on American trade with France, exacerbated by the impressment of men claimed as British subjects, even those with American certificates.

In an attempt to calm the situation, Francois Lecuyer, a frenchman and Governor, crossed the border to negotiate with British forces. However, he would not return home, as in April of 1810 he was executed by British forces. Newspaper headlines that week read this:***"Today, ex senator and governor Lécuyer was arrested and hanged without trial by British troops as he crossed the border on a diplomatic mission for peace, his wife, whom was raped and released by British troops reported that he was executed for being a "French scumbag who wass a threat to democracy" his funeral will be head shortly."***

Congress soon after drafted a Declaration of War against Britain, and the war began.

### Impeachment

Due to Luther's general desire for Moderate solutions and a Do-nothing Congress. Senator of Slavetonne Henry Williamson proposed the impeachment. Senator Miyles Times agreed, adding "I approve this notion. He has done nothing to help this country and has actively hurt this nation with his inactivity, we need a president that will actually work for the nation." The vote for his removal from office was passed in the Senate. Luther disgusted at this prospect fully committed to leading his Guerilla forces to fight the British never to be heard from again.

## First Gerr Administration (1810-1813)

Elbridge Gerr was inaugurated in his house as President after the impeachment. He nominated Miyles Times as the Vice President, and Lewis Clark as the Secretary of State.

### Guerrilla Warfare in the War of 1810

Since many civilians in the Northern states actively volunteered to fight the war, President Elbridge Gerr introduced a new form of warfare called "Guerrilla Warfare". The name was chosen because of the first syllable's resemblance with the President's last name, "Gerr". Groups of volunteers formed small militias that were organized around the Anglo-American border. They would move around frequently. Their main purpose was to help fend off potential invasions from the British through the use of ambushes. Vice President Miyles Times have volunteered to lead one of these militias. The government also directed its efforts at capturing Ontario.

### Failed Attempt at Compromise

Gerr and Times traveled to the South in an attempt to reach a compromise between the White farmers and the slaves. President Gerr negotiated with the farmers, while Vice President Times, a Black, negotiated with the freed slaves. Gerr, John Kenstonne (A slave owner), and Henry Williamson (Governor of Slavetonne) met in a room to reach a compromise. After discussions, a compromise was proposed:

* Rebuild the factories in the South
* Trial anyone who have done serious damage to any factory or building
* All freed slaves are given asylum in Slavetonne
* A half-acre of land is given for the freed slaves for harvest in Slavetonne
* Keep the restrictions on working hours and physical punishment in the Slave Act
* Repeal the other clauses in the Slave Act

This was accepted by Kenstonne but rejected by Williamson. It was submitted as a bill to the Congress, but the Senate rejected it.

### Slavery Act of 1811

After negotiating with freed slaves, Vice President Miyles Times created a better compromise to balance the interests of the slaves and the slave-owning farmers. The act was submitted to Congress, and it enacted a minimum wage of $0.50 to all slaves for work. If this wage was refused for a course of 3 years then the slave legally became free. The act also allowed the government to buy all revolting slaves from their masters and a flat price of $200. There would also be trial for anyone who has seriously damaged buildings and destroyed property including plantations. Citizenship will be given to all free slaves. It was eventually passed, and it was signed by the President.

However, this, combined with the War of 1810, rapidly increased the national debt.

### Reorganization of Territories

Gerr and Times submitted a bill to Congress that would reorganize state borders. It separated the State of Michigan into three, with the Western counties of Michigan being merged with the states of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska, forming the Western Territory. Modern-day Indiana merged with Southern Michigan to form the State of Illinois. The Northern counties remained as Michigan. The State of Missouri was turned into a territory.

After the independence of Texas from Spain, many in Texas wanted to merge with the United States. However, President Gerr, fearing that a war with Spain right after a war with Britain would lead to the downfall of the United States, rejected this offer. He signed a bill from Congress that issued an official proclamation, which stated that Texas is not a part of the United States.

Gerr also signed the **Act for a National Anthem**, which made *Hail Columbia* the official anthem.

### Negotiations with Britain

After negotiations with the British Republic, President Gerr signed the *Peace Treaty of Buffalo*, which ends the War of 1810. The United States also received $3 Million (approx. 20 Million in 2022) from Britain so that it could rebuild civilian infrastructure.

Additionally, Berr and Times both signed the *Anglo-American Agreement of 1811*:

* The Anglo-American border would be shifted to the Manitoba-Ontario border
* The United States will allow current British residents in given to live without American interference. British citizens will live under British law until death.
* The United States and the British Republic will sign a mutual extradition treaty.
* Oregon will become a jointly occupied territory
* The United States will pay 25% of taxes gained in territories North of the 49th parallel to the British Republic for 99 years.
* Tariffs on British goods that come into the United States are lowered.

As a result, the size of the United States doubled. The newly annexed lands, which had a low population, was organized into the *Hudson Territory*.

### Hudson Revolt and the Native Republic

The natives, upon hearing of this treaty, revolted against the United States, fearing that their land could be taken. Their ultimate goal was independence. After negotiations between Times and the leader of the revolt, The Black Hawk, a compromise was made. The Hudson territory would become the a commonwealth known as the *Native Republic of Hudson*. This commonwealth would be independent, but their laws would have to be signed by the President of the United States.

### State of the Union Address

The first State of the Union Address was made on December 18th, 1811. The speech was the following:

Our national debt has skyrocketed with the War of 1810 and the ending of the Slave Rebellion. However, our administration has been able to slowly repay our debts.
I signed the Slavery Act of 1811 into law, which provides a suitable compromise between different groups of people in our nation.
I also signed a treaty that gives us 3 Million and Western Canada. Western Canada has revolted, but peace is here again because we succesfully negotiated a Commonwealth.
However, one thing is certain - the nation is united once again. May the Year 1812 be bright.

## 1812 Election

### The Candidates

In the lead-up to the 1812 election, Gerr remained popular among many Americans, especially in the North. Former President Burr announced his bid for re-election in Mid-1812. Gerr supporters criticized Burr for being power-hungry, since this is the fifth time that he ran for a Presidential election. Prior to Luther's impeachment, National Liberal Philip Hamilton ran for President, with Democratic-Republican Andrew Jackson as his running mate. Miyles Times, who was not the Vice President at the time yet, ran for President with the National Progressive Party.

However, shortly after Gerr's ascension to office, he declared that he would run for a second term. Soon afterwards, Hamilton and Times dropped out, and Times became Gerr's nominee. Burr remained in the race as a Federalist-Republican. After the failed attempt at compromise in the South, Govenror of Slavetonne Henry Williamson ran on a platform of abolitionism and being Anti-Slavery, while John Kenstonne ran as an independent to represent the interests of Southern slave-owning farmers.

### Campaigning

Campaigning was never heavy in this election cycle. Gerr supporters only put up a few posters, while supporters of Burr barely did anything. A reason for this might be because Burr and Gerr had previously worked together, and many expected a Gerr victory.

### Death of Burr

During the election, Aaron Burr, aged 56, unexpectedly died from a heart attack while watching the results of the election from Washington DC. He pledged his electors to John Quincy Adams. In response, Gerr put out an official White House statement mourning his death. This significantly hurt Burr's and John Quincy Adams' chances of winning the election.

### Results

 Henry Williamson (Anti-Slavery Party)
 John Kenstonne (Slavery)
 John Quincy Adams [Post Burr's Death] (National Liberal)

Many consider this election a landslide victory for Elbridge Gerr. He received 176 electoral votes, which is 86% of the total number of electors.

Gerr supporters and Burr/Adams are mostly found in the same states, because they are mostly concentrated in the Central and Northern regions of the United States. Therefore, due to Gerr's popularity, Gerr managed to beat Adams in every state except for Slavetonne, Mississippi, and Georgia, meaning that Adams did not receive a single electoral vote.

### Texas and the Native Republic

The Texan Presidential election and the Presidential election of the Native Republic were also held in 1812. In Texas, Stephen F. Austin of the Texas Republican Party won the Presidential Election, with 66.7% of the popular vote and 44 electoral votes. Meanwhile, independent candidate John William, who was the runner-up, received 25% of the popular vote and the remaining 18 electoral votes.

Meanwhile, Black Hawk won the Presidential election of the Native Republic, receiving 8 electoral votes and 62.5% of the popular vote. Rising Sun received 37.5% of the vote and 4 electoral votes.

### Aftermath

Seeing that Gerr has a huge lead over him in the popular vote, John Quincy Adams decided to concede to Gerr, stating that ***"I would like to congratulate President Gerr on being the the first president since Washington to win re-election"***.

This election marked the final nail in the coffin for the Federalist-Republican Party, and started a period of National Liberal and National Progressive dominance. Due to the fact that National Liberals and National Progressives are very similar in policy, many perceived this era as practically an era of single-party rule. This period was known as the *Era of Good Feelings*, which lasted from 1813 to 1820*.*

Elbridge Gerr and Miyles Times, who were both reelected, were extremely pleased with the results. Therefore, they decided to host a gathering in the South Lawn of the White House. Any American was allowed to enter as long as they don't bring a weapon inside. Reportedly, the gathering went wild and most people became extremely drunk. President Gerr even shouted out certain secrets while being drunk, proclaiming that "Burr was never that good of a President in my opinion".

## Second Gerr Administration (1813-1817)

### Cabinet

Gerr appointed new members into the cabinet.

*See: Cabinet of President Elbridge Gerr*

### Tensions in New York

New York Governor Bartholomu declared that he has plans to invade the State of Vermont for unknown reasons. In response, Gerr issued an executive order that prohibits any state from invading another state. Bartholomu then declared that New York is independent from the Union. Gerr asked Congress to recall Governor Batholomu, which was successful. Bartholomu was quickly recalled, and Philip Hamilton was appointed as the temporary New York governor until a special election can be held.

### Economic Reforms

Elbridge Gerr signed into law a bill that establishes an economic supreme Court that votes on yearly budgets. Along with that it reviews economic actions to make sure that they won't inflate the debt too much or over-regulate the economy. These officials would be appointed by the Senate and can be recalled.

He also signed the *Act for Western Prosperity and National Wealth*. The act allows the Federal Government to sell lands in the Western Territory, as long as the number of people that an individual piece of land is sold to is less than 20, and the piece of land is smaller than half of one square mile. The price of each piece of land may not exceed $150 USD. (Approximately $1000 USD in today's money) This allowed the Federal Government to gain huge amounts of money, letting it quickly pay off its debts.

He eliminated the Central Bank of the United States with the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution.

### Crime

Attorney-General James K. Polk informed that the crime rate was steadily rising in various parts of the country. This was caused by a variety of factors, such as the increased use of violence after the Slave Rebellion, conflicts between settlers in Florida, the resulting chaos after Bartholomu's recall, and general incompetence in the police department. Gerr took 5 Million USD out of the funds collected from selling land in the West to address this issue, and gave states money in order to improve their crackdown on crime.

40% of the police funds to New York and Pennsylvania, 20% was given to Maryland, 15% was given to New Jersey, 8% was given to Florida, and 2% was given to Virginia. Ohio, Georgia, and Mississippi all received 5% of the funds.

### British Rebellion

Monarchist British settlers and French settlers revolted against the Native Republic in 1815. The rebellion was caused by the prohibition of settling and colonizing large pieces of land by the Native Republic, and general distrust and anger against the United States government. The response to this rebellion, called Operation Hudsonia, was very different from the traditional approach that the Gerr administration has took - the United States government directly used force to drive the rebels away. For example, Vice President Times proclaimed that ***"We have spoken softly. The time has come for us to slam them with a big stick."*** President Gerr signed the Hudsonian support act, which doubles the military spending of the government.

The American government negotiated with the British Republic not long afterwards, and the British Republic agreed to call on the rebels to cease their operations. They also accepted American attempts at driving the rebels into British North America.

### Anglo-American Common Market

A treaty was signed between the Americans and the British Republic, which set up a common market between America and Britain, getting rid of the tariff, giving the US free access to the British market. In a speech, Vice President Times also stressed that this was an agreement of equals. An act was submitted to Congress which implements this into law, which was voted in successfully in a landslide. This marked a new direction of Anglo-American foreign relations, as the United States and the British Republic's relations increased ever since this agreement.

## 1816 Election

### The Candidates

Incumbent President Elbridge Gerr originally did not plan to run for a third term. However, seeing that there wasn't a single unifying candidate that both the National Liberals and National Progressives can behind, he changed his mind and ran for a third term. Henry Williamson was renominated as the candidate for the Anti-Slavery Party, while the Slavery Party renominated John Kenstonne. This was a rematch of the 1812 election, except for the fact that John Quincy Adams didn't run in this election.

### Campaigning

There was virtually no campaigning in this election. With the landslide election in 1812, the Gerr administration expected a victory by a large margin. Williamson and Kenstonne were also regional candidates, and they did not campaign outside of their regions. Williamson had major support in Slavetonne, and minor support in the border states, while Kenstonne had strong support in the Deep South. However, voters in the border states who opposed Gerr begun to get behind Williamson, boosting his popularity and broadening his support.

### Results

There was no clear winner of the popular vote, and the popular vote was approximately drawn between Williamson and Gerr, with Gerr edging out Williamson by merely 12 votes. However, due to Williamson's regional concentration of support, and Gerr's broad support across the country, Gerr was able to win in a landslide in the electoral college. Gerr won approximately 72% of the electoral votes.

 John Kenstonne (Slavery)

### Governor Elections

* James K. Polk (Independent) won the New York Governor election, with 90.5% of the vote.
* James Monroe (NLP) won the Virginia Governor election, with 95.2% of the vote.
* Jefferson Marx (Independent) won the South Carolina Governor election, with 85.7% of the vote.
* No candidate won a majority in the Slavetonne Governor election. A special election would be held later.

### Congressional Elections

* John Quincy Adams (NLP) won the Massachusetts Senate election, with 95.2% of the vote.
* Jasper O’Brien of the Slavery Party won the Mississippi Senate election with 81%.
* Martin H. Pepper (Independent) won the Rhode Island Senate election with 95.2%.
* Gregory Anderson (NPP) won the Connecticut Senate election with 90.5%.
* Philip Hamilton (Federal Republican) won the New York Senate election with 95.2%.
* Abraham Johnston (Independent) won the Kentucky Senate election with 95.2%.

### Texan Republic and Native Republic

In Texas, Stephen F. Austin of the Texas Republican Party lost his bid for a third term to Sam Houston, a member of the Unionist Party. Houston is a supporter of integrating Texas into the United States. He won 61.9% of the popular vote, and Austin won 61.9% of the vote.

In the Native Republic, incumbent President Black Hawk defeated Rising Sun once again.

## Third Gerr Administration (1817-1821)

The third term of Elbridge Gerr was uneventful in comparison, as Gerr focused on maintaining the status quo, keeping peace within the country, and finding an appropriate successor to his policies and ideas.

### Gerr Doctrine

In 1818, Elbridge Gerr issued a doctrine that defined the foreign policy of the United States, which was as follows:

### State of the Union Address, 1819

Gerr issued his final State of the Union Address in December 1819.

However, I am sure that in these past ten years, we have accomplish unparalleled greatness. We hath stopped the war against Britain and created the Native Republic. We hath compromised with the slave owners and the freed slaves with the Slavery Act of 1811. We hath reorganized our territories and greatly reduced crime. We hath implemented economic reforms and defined our foreign policy.
Sadly, all things must come to an end - and that includes the decade of the Gerr Presidency. I have hope for America, and gentlemen, I hope you all have hope as well. Whoever the next leader may be, Times, or King, or Monroe, I can say that the nation is on the right path. Fortunately, I shall leave this office without regrets.

## 1820 Election

Gerr remained very popular when the race for the 1820 election started, with an approval rating that is often above 90%. Hence, Miyles Times used his position as Vice President to use the popularity of Gerr to his advantage, allowing him to easily become the frontrunner in the early stages of the election. He got a boost in the polls when Gerr officially endorsed him for President. He chose John Quincy Adams to be his running mate, maintaining the tradition of a NLP-NPP coalition.

Meanwhile, James Monroe of the National Liberal Party ran on a platform of moderate reform. Voters who seek change supported Monroe. He selected Henry Williamson as his running mate, in order to secure the Slavetonne vote. Lastly, Rufus King ran as a Federalist Republican, running on a platform of growing the federal government.

### Results

The race was extremely close, and there was no clear front-runner in the race. Most people were completely unsure about the results of the presidential election, even on election day. In the end, Miyles Times edged out a small victory over Monroe. The popular vote was extremely close, while Times had a small margin over Monroe in the electoral college.

Monroe, initially leading Times, was the favourite to win, however popular President Elbridge Gerr endorsed Times, pushing him over the edge. Third Party candidate Rufus King, initially with just 0.5% of the vote, chipped away at Monroe's lead, getting 16.8% of the vote on election night.

 Rufus King (Federalist-Republican)

## Times Administration (1821-1823)

After the election, Vice President Times was swept into the White House with high support from the natio. For the first year of the Times administration, the President remained with high approval, keeping many policies from President Gerr the same, and offending little to no one. He remained with a 60% approval rating. Until, in 1822, a young slave led a group of his fellow men in South Carolina.

### The Denmark Vesey Revolt of 1822

Across 3 seperate plantations in South Carolina, slaves led by Denmark Vesey revolted against their masters in a violent uprising. Slave masters and their families were held hostage by their slaves, with homes and equipment being burned down by the slaves. Denmark Vesey sent a letter to Washington DC, proclaiming: ***"If the United States government does not immediatly offer freedom to us rightfully free men, we shall be executing our former masters and march to the capitol of Slavetonne and declare independence from the United States of America. We also request our former masters be executed or imprisoned in the worst conditions for the remainder of their lives."***

President Times, faced with a rebellion, passed 'The Roman Act", a bill which granted the President the power to override congress in emergency situations. ***"The next year the president will be able to do almost anything without Congress's approval but as long as it is under the law of the United States of America to destroy any threat to it. These temporary measures will be lifted as soon as the threat to America and its freedom is dealt with."*** President Times used these newfound powers to use armed forces to put down the rebellion.

At the same time, Times was beginning his attempted reform of the United State government. He believed that the United States should have a ceremonial head-of-state, one without power who would serve only as a figurehead. Elbridge Gerr was the first candidate for this role, however he would refuse the position. Sadly, on July 16th, 1822, Elbridge Gerr would pass away at the age of 78 at his home in Massachusetts. Times then attempted to make a son of Gerr the ceremonial head of state, however Gerr's son had already passed away. George Washington's adoptive son was chosen instead. However, this attempt to proclaim a new head-of-state, along with the passage of the Roman Act, lead many to believe that President Times was attempting to form a monarchy.

### The Impeachment

Philip Hamilton, the senator from New York, proposed the articles of impeachment to the Senate. President Times, in response, denounced the impeachment effort, claiming falsehood in the impeachment attempt. He claimed congress was comitting treason against the United States of America, and he used the Roman Act against the senate. Times had members of the Senate, including Hamilton and Abraham Johnston, arrested and placed into custody. This only hightened fears of an American monarchy.

The senate was eventually released by Times to quell fears. Once outside the city, Philip Hamilton met up with John Quincy Adams, and inagurated him as the 10th President of the United States.

## Adams Administration (1823-1825)

Vice President John Quincy Adams had obtained the Presidency after the impeachment of President Times. Riots in the streets continued, however that was the least of the President's worries. Miyles Times had refused to give up the White House and the Presidential Powers, using a militia of 1,600 men to blockade the city of Washington DC and to prevent John Quincy Adams from entering. James Monroe, the Governor of Virginia and Adams' Vice President, who was in Louisiana campaigning for President, met up with Henry Williamson of Slavetonne and began a march eastward towards Washington DC in an attempt to retake it from Times.

### The Battle of Washington D.C. - June 13th, 1823

Monroe had a militia of 1,232 troops, mainly Monroeist veterans of the 1810 war. Philip Hamilton had amassed a militia of 985 men while in Richmond, and President John Quincy Adams had amassed 1009 soldiers. 3226 Monroeist soldiers marched on the capital city to face the 1600 Timesist soldiers.

Monroe and Adams approached from across the Potomac River and began a siege on a smaller Times army campment. The first mini skirmish resulted in a Monroe victory, with Times being pushed off of the river's edge. Monroe forces created camp as Hamilton surrounded the city with a larger army. However, Times ordered an immediate pushback on the Monroe army, and made a push around Maryland Avenue in an attempt to encircle Monroe forces inside the city. The second skirmish resulted in a Times victory, with the main Monroe force soon to be encircled. A 16 year old Robert E. Lee noticed this attempted encirclement, and warned Monroe who pushed back and won the third skirmish. Over the next hour more battles occurred, but Monroe kept advancing. Soon, Monroe was on Pennsylvania avenue. By the 10th skirmish in the battle, Monroe had successfully surrounded the White House and the Capitol. An artist among the Monroe forces painted 2 pictures of the battle, one depicting the White House Explosion, and another depicting the view over the Potomac River, as the city layed in rubble.

With Monroe taking the city, Miyles Times surrendered his forces and admitted defeat. Times was exiled to his homestate of Ohio and placed under orders to remain in the state. If he left Ohio, he would be arrested and placed in prison for the remainder of his life. But, even despite this chaotic end to the Times presidency, it would not be the most chaotic event this year would see.

## The Great American War

In August of 1823, just 2 months after the Battle of Washington D.C, while the American capital was being rebuilt from the devistating fight, President Adams received a message from Texas President Stephen F. Austin. The message read: ***"The Republic of Texas officially recognizes Miyles Times as the rightful President of the United States, and has declared a state of war exists between the United States and Texas in an attempt to reinstate the former Government. Texan troops have crossed the border and are currently marching on New Orleans. They have been met with little resistance so far".***

### The Battle of Louisiana

Texan troops marched into the state of Louisiana on August 19th, 1823. American troops, still stationed in the east, were ordered by President Adams to immediatly make way to the front line along the border, however, at current rates the soldiers would not arrive in time to save Louisiana. It was up to the citizens of their state to rise up and defend their home. On the 20th, Soldiers from Texas reached New Orleans on the coast. However, the Governor of the state had mobilized a large group of both state guard and civilians willing to fight to defend the city. On the outskirts of the town a makeshift wall had been assembled from sandbags and farm hay, and as Texan forces arrived at dawn on August 21st, 1823, the battle of New Orleans had begun.

The American militia had stationed on the outskirts of the city, with a secondary layer designed to hold back Texan Forces incase the first layer was breached also being in place. The American militia-men began firing on the aproaching Texans, with Lousiana Governor Thomas B. Robertson stating ***"Under no circumstance shall we let our great state fall into the hands of halfwitt Texans"*** . The initial defense was successful, with roughly 128 Texan soldiers killed or injured, compared to just 21 American casulties from long-range weapons. However, despite the low casulties, the American defenders were drastically outnumbered, with just 300 men defending their town from 2 thousand approching Texans. An hour into the Battle, American militia-men had to retreat to the second line. From there, Texan forces were able to strategically drive forces deeper into the city, until all militia forces had surrendered. Governor Thomas B. Robertson was executed by firing squad, his last words being ***"May god have bless my soul and my country, and may he aid our nation in our greatest battle."*** In total, 116 Americans had died, to 447 Texan casulties. Louisiana was now under the complete control of Texas.

## 1824 Election

 Party
 Home state
 Running mate
 Electoral vote
 Percentage

### Formation of New Parties

Following the impeachment of Times and the Battle of Washington DC, The National Progressive Party, which was heavily associated with Times and his ideals, collapsed from the inside. The National Liberal Party, the main rival of the NPP, absorbed the large majority of its members. The NLP rebranded itself based on its newfound complete dominance of the political landscape. The "Democracy Party of the United States" was formed, shortened to the "Democratic Party". But, at the same time as the formation of the Democrats, the disgraced Times formed his own, new party. Supporters of Times called this new party the "Whig" party, borrowing the name from the anti-monarchist Whig party in the United Kingdom, in an attempt to show Times was anti-monarchy all along.

### The Candidates

Heading into the election, the Democrats had two Presidential candidates. James Monroe, the Vice President and Commanding General of the entire U.S army, with former President and Senator Philip Hamilton as his running mate, and Martin Van Buren, the popular Governor of New York with Kentucky Senator and General Abraham Johnston as his running mate. An Democrat named Thomas Posey, who unsuccessfully ran for Kentucky Senate in 1820, ran an independent campaign. The Whig Party nominated Henry Clay, the Governor of Kentucky for President and Louis McLane, the Senator from Delaware for Vice President. The Federalist-Republican party, still dominated by Rufus King, the Governor of Connecticut, renominated him for President. James DeWolf, the Senator from Rhode Island, was chosen to be his running mate.

### Process of the Election

The Election was heavily dominated by the war. President John Quincy Adams had a high approval rating of 76%, with Monroe having an approval rating of 77% following the retaking of the capitol. Monroe was also Commanding General of the U.S Army, and President Adams was leading troops in Nevada along the Oregon line. In the later half of the election, Monroe was leading with nearly 60%. That was an increase of nearly 30% from mid 1822, when Rufus King was leading the polls with 36% to Monroe's 33% and Van Buren's 30%. Campaigning was minimal, as campaigning was frowned upon due to the war.

By election day, however, polls had tightened between the candidates, with Monroe only leading Van Buren by roughly 2%.

### Results

 Rufus King (Federalist-Republican)
 Henry Clay (Whig)
 Thomas Posey (Democratic)

## Monroe Administration

The Monroe Administration was mainly focused around the war. See *#The Great American War*.

## 1828 Election

 Henry Clay (Whig)
 Julius Pope (Independent)

## The Supreme Court

Now with the new government in full swing the Supreme Court was ready to be filled with the brightest minds of the 18th century, They would decide the future of America and thus they needed to be the best of the best

### First Resignation of a Justice

Ulysses Luther became one of the first justices to resign seeking to Govern the Northwestern Territory instead.

### First Death of a Justice

In June 1st 1790, Supreme Court Justice John Johnson Jr. was shot at his summer house in Georgia by a robber.

### Supreme Court under Gerr

On February 15th, 1813, President Elbridge Gerr appointed John Quincy Adams as a Supreme Court Justice.