Branches of philosophy

## Aesthetics

Aesthetics may be defined narrowly as the theory of beauty, or more broadly as that together with the philosophy of art.

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## Epistemology

Epistemology is the study of the nature and the extent of human knowledge.

## Ethics

The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.

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## Logic

Logic is the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. the relations that lead to the acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises). More broadly, logic is the analysis and appraisal of arguments.

## Metaphysics

It is not easy to say what metaphysics is. Ancient and Medieval philosophers might have said that metaphysics was, like chemistry or astrology, to be defined by its subject-matter: metaphysics was the “science” that studied “being as such” or “the first causes of things” or “things that do not change”. It is no longer possible to define metaphysics that way, for two reasons. First, a philosopher who denied the existence of those things that had once been seen as constituting the subject-matter of metaphysics—first causes or unchanging things—would now be considered to be making thereby a metaphysical assertion. Second, there are many philosophical problems that are now considered to be metaphysical problems (or at least partly metaphysical problems) that are in no way related to first causes or unchanging things—the problem of free will, for example, or the problem of the mental and the physical.

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## Phenomenology

Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object. An experience is directed toward an object by virtue of its content or meaning (which represents the object) together with appropriate enabling conditions.

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## Philosophy of mind

Philosophy of mind is the reflection on the nature of mental phenomena and especially on the relation of the mind to the body and to the rest of the physical world.

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## Philosophy of religion

Philosophy of religion is the philosophical study of the meaning and nature of religion. It includes the analyses of religious concepts, beliefs, terms, arguments, and practices of religious adherents.

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## Philosophy of science

Philosophy of science is the study of the elements of scientific inquiry from a philosophical perspective.

### Philosophy of mathematics

If mathematics is regarded as a science, then the philosophy of mathematics can be regarded as a branch of the philosophy of science, next to disciplines such as the philosophy of physics and the philosophy of biology.

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## Political philosophy

Political philosophy begins with the question: what ought to be a person’s relationship to society? The subject seeks the application of ethical concepts to the social sphere and thus deals with the variety of forms of government and social existence that people could live in – and in so doing, it also provides a standard by which to analyze and judge existing institutions and relationships.

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## Social Philosophy

Social philosophy distinguishes itself from political philosophy by emphasizing a more comprehensive whole of social relations beyond the narrowly circumscribed domain of politics. Social philosophy draws heavily from philosophical analyses of inequality, alienation, exploitation, and domination, often with a view towards using philosophy as an emancipatory vehicle and with a view to wide-reaching institutional considerations. In particular, these analyses find a comfortable home in a traditional axis running from Rousseau to Hegel to Marx to 20th century critical theory.

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## Value theory

Value theory, also known as axiology, involves various approaches that examine how, why, and to what degree humans value things and whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else.

1. ↑ https://iep.utm.edu/aestheti/
2. ↑ https://iep.utm.edu/epistemo/
3. ↑ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/
4. ↑ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/
5. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-mind
6. ↑ https://iep.utm.edu/religion/
7. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-science
8. ↑ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-mathematics/
9. ↑ https://iep.utm.edu/polphil/
10. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value\_theory