20th Century Studios

American film studio owned by The Walt Disney CompanyTemplate:SHORTDESC:American film studio owned by The Walt Disney Company
This article is about the 1935 film studio. For the companies before the merger, see Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures.
*“Twentieth Century Fox” redirects here. For other uses, see Twentieth Century Fox (disambiguation).*

* Fox Film
* Twentieth Century Pictures
* Joseph M. Schenck
* Darryl F. Zanuck
* William Fox
* Spyros Skouras
* Motion pictures
* Television films
 Owner | * Independent (1935–1985)
* News Corporation (1985–2013)
* Twenty-First Century Fox (2013–2019)
* Twentieth Century Animation
* Twentieth Century Family
* Twentieth Century Games
* Twentieth Century Comics
* New Regency Productions (20%)
* Boom! Studios (minority)

**Twentieth Century Studios** (also previously known as **Twentieth Century Fox**) is an American film studio currently owned by The Walt Disney Studios, a subsidiary of the Disney Entertainment division of The Walt Disney Company. It is headquartered at the Fox Studio Lot in the Century City area of Los Angeles. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributes and markets the films produced by Twentieth Century Studios in theatrical markets.

For over 80 years, Twentieth Century was one of the major American film studios. It was formed in 1935 as **Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation** by the merger of Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures, and one of the original "Big Five" among eight majors of Hollywood's Golden Age. In 1985, the studio removed the hyphen in the name (becoming **Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation**) after being acquired by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, which was renamed Twenty-First Century Fox in 2013 after it spun-off its publishing assets. Disney purchased most of Twenty-First Century Fox's assets, which included Twentieth Century Fox, on March 20, 2019. The studio adopted its current name as a trade name on January 17, 2020, and subsequently started to use it for the copyright of Twentieth Century and Searchlight Pictures productions on December 4.

## History

### From founding to 1956

See also: Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures
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Twentieth Century Pictures' Joseph Schenck and Darryl F. Zanuck left United Artists over a stock dispute, and began merger talks with the management of financially struggling Fox Film, under President Sidney Kent.

Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, helped make it happen (and later became president of the new company). The company had been struggling since founder William Fox lost control of the company in 1930.

Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures merged in 1935. Initially, it was speculated in The New York Times that the newly merged company would be named "Fox-Twentieth Century". The new company, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31, 1935. Kent remained at the company, joining Schenck and Zanuck. Zanuck replaced Winfield Sheehan as the company's production chief.

The company established a special training school. Lynn Bari, Patricia Farr and Anne Nagel were among 14 young women "launched on the trail of film stardom" on August 6, 1935, when they each received a six-month contract with Twentieth Century-Fox after spending 18 months in the school. The contracts included a studio option for renewal for as long as seven years.

For many years, Twentieth Century Fox identified themselves as having been founded in 1915, the year Fox Film was founded. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, it has considered the 1935 merger as its founding in recent years, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The company's films retained the Twentieth Century Pictures searchlight logo on their opening credits as well as its opening fanfare, but with the name changed to Twentieth Century-Fox.

After the merger was completed, Zanuck signed young actors to help carry Twentieth Century-Fox: Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Carmen Miranda, Don Ameche, Henry Fonda, Gene Tierney, Sonja Henie, and Betty Grable. Twentieth Century-Fox also hired Alice Faye and Shirley Temple, who appeared in several major films for the studio in the 1930s.

Higher attendance during World War II helped Twentieth Century-Fox overtake RKO and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to become the third most profitable film studio. In 1941, Zanuck was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Signal Corps and assigned to supervise the production of U.S. Army training films. His partner, William Goetz, filled in at Twentieth Century-Fox.

In 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. During the next few years, with pictures like *Wilson* (1944), *The Razor's Edge* (1946), *Boomerang*, *Gentleman's Agreement* (both 1947), *The Snake Pit* (1948), and *Pinky* (1949), Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Twentieth Century-Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams' *Leave Her to Heaven* (1945), starring Gene Tierney, which was the highest-grossing Twentieth Century-Fox film of the 1940s. The studio also produced film versions of Broadway musicals, including the Rodgers and Hammerstein films, beginning with the musical version of *State Fair* (1945), the only work that the partnership wrote specially for films.

After the war, audiences slowly drifted away. Twentieth Century-Fox held on to its theaters until a court-mandated "divorce"; they were spun off as Fox National Theaters in 1953. That year, with attendance at half the 1946 level, Twentieth Century-Fox gambled on an unproven process. Noting that the two film sensations of 1952 had been Cinerama, which required three projectors to fill a giant curved screen, and "Natural Vision" 3D, which got its effects of depth by requiring the use of polarized glasses, Twentieth Century-Fox mortgaged its studio to buy rights to a French anamorphic projection system which gave a slight illusion of depth without glasses. President Spyros Skouras struck a deal with the inventor Henri Chrétien, leaving the other film studios empty-handed, and in 1953 introduced CinemaScope in the studio's groundbreaking feature film *The Robe*.

Zanuck announced in February 1953 that henceforth all Twentieth Century-Fox pictures would be made in CinemaScope. To convince theater owners to install this new process, Twentieth Century-Fox agreed to help pay conversion costs (about $25,000 per screen); and to ensure enough product, Twentieth Century-Fox leased access to CinemaScope to any rival studio choosing to use it. Seeing the box-office for the first two CinemaScope features, *The Robe* and *How To Marry A Millionaire* (also 1953), Warner Bros., MGM, RKO, Universal-International, Columbia, UA, Allied Artists, and Disney quickly adopted the process. In 1956, Twentieth Century-Fox engaged Robert Lippert to establish a subsidiary company, Regal Pictures, later Associated Producers Incorporated to film B pictures in CinemaScope (but "branded" RegalScope). Twentieth Century-Fox produced new musicals using the CinemaScope process including *Carousel* and *The King and I* (both 1956).

CinemaScope brought a brief upturn in attendance, but by 1956 the numbers again began to slide. That year Darryl Zanuck announced his resignation as head of production. Zanuck moved to Paris, setting up as an independent producer, seldom being in the United States for many years.

### Production and financial problems

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Zanuck's successor, producer Buddy Adler, died a year later. President Spyros Skouras brought in a series of production executives, but none had Zanuck's success. By the early 1960s, Twentieth Century-Fox was in trouble. A new version of *Cleopatra* (1963) began production in 1959 with Joan Collins in the lead. As a publicity gimmick, producer Walter Wanger offered $1 million to Elizabeth Taylor if she would star; she accepted and costs for *Cleopatra* began to escalate. Richard Burton's on-set romance with Taylor was surrounding the media. However, Skouras' selfish preferences and inexperienced micromanagement on the film's production did nothing to speed up production on *Cleopatra*.

Meanwhile, another remake—of the Cary Grant hit *My Favorite Wife* (1940)—was rushed into production in an attempt to turn over a quick profit to help keep Twentieth Century-Fox afloat. The romantic comedy entitled *Something's Got To Give* paired Marilyn Monroe, Twentieth Century-Fox's most bankable star of the 1950s, with Dean Martin and director George Cukor. The troubled Monroe caused delays daily, and it quickly descended into a costly debacle. As *Cleopatra*'s budget passed $10 million, eventually costing around $40 million, Twentieth Century-Fox sold its back lot (now the site of Century City) to Alcoa in 1961 to raise funds. After several weeks of script rewrites on the Monroe picture and very little progress, mostly due to director George Cukor's filming methods, in addition to Monroe's chronic sinusitis, Monroe was fired from *Something's Got to Give* and two months later she was found dead. According to Twentieth Century-Fox files, she was rehired within weeks for a two-picture deal totaling $1 million, $500,000 to finish *Something's Got To Give* (plus a bonus at completion), and another $500,000 for *What A Way To Go*. Elizabeth Taylor's disruptive reign on the *Cleopatra* set continued unchallenged from 1960 into 1962, though three Twentieth Century-Fox executives went to Rome in June 1962 to fire her. They learned that director Joseph L. Mankiewicz had filmed out of sequence and had only done interiors, so Twentieth Century-Fox was then forced to allow Taylor several more weeks of filming. In the meantime during that summer of 1962 Fox released nearly all of its contract stars to offset burgeoning costs, including Jayne Mansfield.

With few pictures on the schedule, Skouras wanted to rush Zanuck's big-budget war epic *The Longest Day* (1962), an accurate account of the Allied invasion Of Normandy on June 6, 1944, with a huge international cast, into release as another source of quick cash. This offended Zanuck, still Twentieth Century-Fox's largest shareholder, for whom *The Longest Day* was a labor of love that he had dearly wanted to produce for many years. After it became clear that *Something's Got to Give* would not be able to progress without Monroe in the lead (Martin had refused to work with anyone else), Skouras finally decided that re-signing her was unavoidable. But days before filming was due to resume, she was found dead at her Los Angeles home and the picture resumed filming as *Move Over, Darling*, with Doris Day and James Garner in the leads. Released in 1963, the film was a hit. The unfinished scenes from *Something's Got to Give* were shelved for nearly 40 years. Rather than being rushed into release as if it were a B-picture, *The Longest Day* was lovingly and carefully produced under Zanuck's supervision. It was finally released at a length of three hours and was well received.

At the next board meeting, Zanuck spoke for eight hours, convincing directors that Skouras was mismanaging the company and that he was the only possible successor. Zanuck was installed as chairman, and then named his son Richard Zanuck as president. This new management group seized *Cleopatra* and rushed it to completion, shut down the studio, laid off the entire staff to save money, axed the long-running Movietone Newsreel (the archives of which are now owned by Fox News), and made a series of cheap, popular pictures that restored Twentieth Century-Fox as a major studio. The saving grace for the studio's fortunes came from the tremendous success of *The Sound Of Music* (1965), an expensive and handsomely produced film adaptation of the highly acclaimed Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical, which became a significant success at the box office and won five Academy Awards, including Best Director (Robert Wise) and Best Picture of the Year.

Twentieth Century-Fox also had two big science-fiction hits in the decade: *Fantastic Voyage* (1966), and the original *Planet of the Apes* (1968), starring Charlton Heston, Kim Hunter, and Roddy McDowall. *Fantastic Voyage* was the last film made in CinemaScope; the studio had held on to the format while Panavision lenses were being used elsewhere.

Zanuck stayed on as chairman until 1971, but there were several expensive flops in his last years, resulting in Twentieth Century-Fox posting losses from 1969 to 1971. Following his removal, and after an uncertain period, new management brought Twentieth Century-Fox back to health. Under president Gordon T. Stulberg and production head Alan Ladd, Jr., Twentieth Century-Fox films connected with modern audiences. Stulberg used the profits to acquire resort properties, soft-drink bottlers, Australian theaters and other properties in an attempt to diversify enough to offset the boom-or-bust cycle of picture-making.

Foreshadowing a pattern of film production still yet to come, in late 1973 Twentieth Century-Fox joined forces with Warner Bros. to co-produce *The Towering Inferno* (1974), an all-star action blockbuster from producer Irwin Allen. Both studios found themselves owning the rights to books about burning skyscrapers. Allen insisted on a meeting with the heads of both studios and announced that as Twentieth Century-Fox was already in the lead with their property it would be career suicide to have competing movies. Thus the first joint-venture studio deal was struck. In hindsight, while it may be commonplace now, back in the 1970s, it was a risky, but revolutionary, idea that paid off handsomely at both domestic and international box offices around the world.

Twentieth Century-Fox's success reached new heights by backing the most profitable film made up to that time, *Star Wars* (1977). Substantial financial gains were realized as a result of the film's unprecedented success: from a low of $6 in June 1976, stock prices more than quadrupled to almost $27 after *Star Wars* release; 1976 revenues of $195  million rose to $301  million in 1977.

### Marvin Davis and Rupert Murdoch

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With financial stability came new owners, when Twentieth Century-Fox was sold for $720 million on June 8, 1981, to investors Marc Rich and Marvin Davis. Twentieth Century-Fox's assets included Pebble Beach Golf Links, the Aspen Skiing Company and a Century City property upon which Davis built and twice sold Fox Plaza.

By 1984, Rich had become a fugitive from justice, having fled to Switzerland after being charged by U.S. federal prosecutors with tax evasion, racketeering and illegal trading with Iran during the Iran hostage crisis. Rich's assets were frozen by U.S. authorities. In 1984 Marvin Davis bought out Marc Rich's 50% interest in Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation for an undisclosed amount, reported to be $116 million. Davis sold this interest to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation for $250 million in March 1985. Davis later backed out of a deal with Murdoch to purchase John Kluge's Metromedia television stations. Murdoch went ahead alone and bought the stations, and later bought out Davis' remaining stake in Twentieth Century-Fox for $325 million. From 1985, the hyphen was permanently deleted from the brand name, with *Twentieth Century-Fox* changing to *Twentieth Century Fox*.

To gain FCC approval of Twentieth Century-Fox's purchase of Metromedia's television holdings, once the stations of the long-dissolved DuMont network, Murdoch had to become a U.S. citizen. He did so in 1985, and in 1986 the new Fox Broadcasting Company took to the air. Over the next 20-odd years the network and owned-stations group expanded to become extremely profitable for News Corporation. Then in 1993, Twentieth Century Fox bought the superhero rights to the X-Men, while the Fantastic Four was bought in 1998. Then Bryan Singer directed the first film and the second film, while Brett Ratner was hired to direct the third film of the original trilogy.

In 1994, Twentieth Century Fox would establish four new divisions: Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox Family Films, Fox Animation Studios, and Fox 2000 Pictures. Fox Searchlight would specialize in the specialty and indie film market, with Thomas Rothman, then president of production at The Samuel Goldwyn Company, being brought on to head up the new studio. It was soon given its name with Rothman as its founding president. Fox Family Films was tasked with producing films geared towards families, under John Matoian. Fox Animation Studios was established on August 9, 1994, designed to compete with Walt Disney Feature Animation, whom had found success in the Disney Renaissance. Don Bluth and Gary Goldman of the failing Sullivan Bluth Studios were appointed to head the new $100 million animation studio. Fox 2000 Pictures was formed to specialize in mid-budget-ranging films targeted towards underserved groups of audiences, with Laura Ziskin brought on as president.

In August 1997, Fox's Los Angeles-based visual effects company, VIFX, acquired majority interest in Blue Sky Studios to form a new visual effects and animation company, temporarily renamed "Blue Sky/VIFX". Blue Sky had previously did the character animation of MTV Films' first film *Joe's Apartment.* Following the studio's expansion, Blue Sky produced character animation for the films *Alien Resurrection*, *A Simple Wish*, *Mouse Hunt*, *Star Trek: Insurrection* and *Fight Club*. VIFX was later sold to another VFX studio Rhythm and Hues Studios in March 1999. According to Blue Sky founder Chris Wedge, Fox considered selling Blue Sky as well by 2000 due to financial difficulties in the visual effects industry in general.

In February 1998, following the success of Fox Animation Studios' first film *Anastasia*, Fox Family Films changed its name to Fox Animation Studios and dropped its live action production. which would be picked up by other production units. The actual Fox Animation Studios would become a division of the formerly-named Fox Family Films, being referred to as the Phoenix studio. However, Fox Animation Studios in Los Angeles would be renamed to Twentieth Century Fox Animation between 1998 and 1999. The Phoenix studio would face financial problems, eventually with Fox laying off 300 of the nearly 380 people who worked at the Phoenix studio to "make films more efficiently". After the box-office failure of *Titan A.E.*, Fox Animation Studios would shut down on June 26, 2000. Their last film set to be made would have been an adaptation of Wayne Barlowe's illustrated novel *Barlowe's Inferno*, and was set to be done entirely with computer animation. Another film they would have made was *The Little Beauty King*, an adult animated film directed by Steve Oedekerk, which would have been a satire of the films from the Disney Renaissance. It would predate *Shrek* (2001).

Chris Wedge, film producer Lori Forte, and Fox Animation executive Chris Meledandri presented Fox with a script for a comedy feature film titled *Ice Age*. Studio management pressured staff to sell their remaining shares and options to Fox on the promise of continued employment on feature-length films. The studio moved to White Plains, New York and started production on *Ice Age*. As the film wrapped, Fox, having little faith in the film, feared that it might bomb at the box office. Fox terminated half of the production staff and tried unsuccessfully to find a buyer for the film and the studio.[*citation needed*]

```
Instead, *Ice Age* was released by Fox in conjunction with Twentieth Century Fox Animation on March 15, 2002, to critical and commercial success, receiving a nomination for an Academy Award For Best Animated Feature at the Seventy-Fifth Academy Awards in 2003. *Ice Age* would spawn a franchise and bolster Blue Sky into producing feature films and becoming a household name in feature animation.

```

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From 2000 to 2010, this company has been the international distributor for MGM/UA releases. In the 1980s, Twentieth Century Fox – through a joint venture with CBS called CBS/Fox Video – had distributed certain UA films on video; thus UA has come full circle by switching to Twentieth Century Fox for video distribution. Twentieth Century Fox also makes money distributing films for small independent film companies.

In 2006, Twentieth Century Fox terminated its production with Bad Hat Harry Productions for five years, because Bryan Singer left *X-Men: The Last Stand* to direct *Superman Returns* (2006) for Warner Bros. Pictures, then he returned to direct the first film and its sequel in the beginnings trilogy, starting in 2011.

In late 2006, Fox Atomic was started up under Fox Searchlight head Peter Rice and COO John Hegeman as a sibling production division under Fox Filmed Entertainment. In early 2008, Atomic's marketing unit was transferred to Fox Searchlight and Twentieth Century Fox, when Hegeman moved to New Regency Productions. Debbie Liebling became president. After two middling successes and falling short with other films, the unit was shut down in April 2009. The remaining films under its Atomic label in production and post-productions were transferred to Twentieth Century Fox and Fox Spotlight with Liebling overseeing them.

In 2008, Twentieth Century Fox announced an Asian subsidiary, Fox STAR Studios, a joint venture with STAR TV, also owned by News Corporation. It was reported that Fox STAR would start by producing films for the Bollywood market, then expand to several Asian markets. In the same year, Twentieth Century Fox started Fox International Productions, but the division was closed in 2017.

Chernin Entertainment was founded by Peter Chernin after he stepped down as president of Twentieth Century Fox's then-parent company News Corporation. in 2009. Chernin Entertainment's five-year first-look deal for the film and television was signed with Twentieth Century Fox and Twentieth Century Fox TV in 2009.

### Twenty-First Century Fox era

On June 28, 2012, Rupert Murdoch announced that News Corporation would be split into two publishing and media-oriented companies: a new News Corporation and Twenty-First Century Fox, which operates the Fox Entertainment Group and Twentieth Century Fox. Murdoch considered the name of the new company a way to maintain the Twentieth Century Fox heritage.

Fox Stage Productions was formed in June 2013. In August, the same year, Twentieth Century Fox started a theatrical joint venture with a trio of producers, both film and theater, Kevin McCollum, John Davis and Tom McGrath.

On September 20, 2017, Locksmith Animation formed a multi-year production deal with Twentieth Century Fox, who would distribute Locksmith's films under Twentieth Century Fox Animation, with Locksmith aiming to release a film every 12–18 months. The deal was to bolster Blue Sky's output and replace the loss of distributing DreamWorks Animation films. The first film to be released under the production company was *Ron's Gone Wrong*, which was released on October 22, 2021, by Twentieth Century Studios and was the only film to be released by the studio.

Technoprops, a VFX company that worked on *Avatar* and *The Jungle Book*, was purchased in April 2017 to operate as Fox VFX Lab. Technoprops' founder Glenn Derry would continue to run the company as vice president of visual effect reporting to Gerard Bevan and John Kilkenny, VFX president.

On October 30, 2017, Vanessa Morrison was named president of a newly created Twentieth Century Fox division, Fox Family, reporting to the chairman & CEO and Vice Chairman of Twentieth Century Fox. The family division would develop films that appeal to younger moviegoers and their parents both animated films and films with live-action elements. Also, the division would oversee the studio's family animated television business, which produces holiday television specials based on existing film properties, and oversee feature film adaptation of its TV shows. To replace Morrison at Fox Animation, Andrea Miloro and Robert Baird were named co-presidents of Twentieth Century Fox Animation.

Twentieth Century Fox issued a default notice in regards to its licensing agreement for the under-construction Twentieth Century Fox World theme park in Malaysia by Genting Malaysia Bhd. In November 2018 Genting Malaysia filed suit in response and included soon to be parent The Walt Disney Company.

### Disney acquisition

*Further information: {{{2}}}*
On December 14, 2017, Disney announced plans to purchase most of Twenty-First Century Fox, including Twentieth Century Fox, for $52.4 billion. After a bid from Comcast (owner of NBCUniversal) for $65 billion, Disney counterbid with $71.3 billion. On July 19, 2018, Comcast dropped out of the bid for Twenty-First Century Fox in favor of Sky plc and Sky UK. Eight days later, Disney and Twenty-First Century Fox shareholders approved the merger between the two companies. Although the deal was completed on March 20, 2019, Twentieth Century Fox was not planning to relocate to Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, but retained its headquarters at the Fox Studio Lot in the Century City area of Los Angeles, which is currently leased to Disney by Twenty-First Century Fox's successor, Fox Corporation, for seven years. Various units were moved out from under Twentieth Century Fox at acquisition in months after the merger along with several rounds of layoffs. The Fox Research Library was folded into the Walt Disney Archives and Walt Disney Imagineering Archives in January 2020. The last film to use the "Twentieth Century Fox" name was *Underwater*, which was released on January 10, 2020.

After the box office failures of films like *Dark Phoenix* and *Stuber,* Disney halted development on several projects, though films such as *Free Guy* and the *Avatar* sequels managed to continue production. Fox's slate would be reduced to 10 films per year, half of them being made for the Hulu and then-upcoming Disney+ streaming services. Projects from Twentieth Century Fox franchises such as *Star Wars*, *Home Alone*, *Cheaper By The Dozen*, *Night at the Museum*, *Diary Of A Wimpy Kid*, and *Ice Age* were later announced for Disney+. These projects would later be fully revealed during Disney's Investor Day in December 2020 as feature films for the aforementioned streaming service. The first of these projects was *Home Sweet Home Alone*, which was released on November 12, 2021, and it became the first and only film released by Twentieth Century Fox on Disney+, as subsequent projects were transferred over to Walt Disney Pictures.[*citation needed*]

On January 17, 2020, Disney renamed the studio to "Twentieth Century Studios", which served to help avoid brand confusion with Fox Corporation. Similar to other Disney film units, distribution of Twentieth Century Studios films is now handled in North America by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and internationally by their sub-division Buena Vista International, while Searchlight Pictures operates their own autonomous distribution and marketing unit. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment distributes the films produced by Twentieth Century and Searchlight in home media under the Twentieth Century Home Entertainment label. The first film released by Disney under the studio's new name was *The Call Of The Wild*, which was released on February 21, 2020. That same year, *Ford vs. Ferrari* (2019), among its four Academy Award nominations, earned the studio its first Best Picture nomination post-Disney acquisition.

In the same year, held-over production president Emma Watts left the company. On March 12, 2020, Steve Asbell was named president, production of Twentieth Century Studios, while Morrison was named president, streaming, Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production to oversee live-action development and production of Walt Disney Pictures and Twentieth Century Studios for Disney+. Philip Steuer will now lead physical and post-production and VFX, as president of production at Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production. Randi Hiller will now lead casting as executive VP casting, overseeing both Walt Disney Pictures and Twentieth Century Studios. Steuer has served as executive VP of physical production for Walt Disney Studios since 2015, and Hiller has led casting for Walt Disney Studios since 2011. Both will dual-report to Asbell and Sean Bailey.

On September 1, 2020, the Japanese branch of Twentieth Century Studios, Twentieth Century Fox Japan, was absorbed into Disney Japan; Twentieth Century Studios' previous involvement with Toei Company as the Japanese co-distributor and Asian distributor for *Dragon Ball* films ended and were later taken over by Crunchyroll and Sony Pictures Releasing (via Sony Pictures Releasing International).

On February 9, 2021, Disney announced that Blue Sky Studios was shut down in April 2021, and was succeeded by Twentieth Century Animation. A spokesperson for the company explained that in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic's continued economic impact on all of its businesses, it was no longer sustainable for them to run a third feature animation studio. In addition, production on a film adaptation of the webcomic *Nimona*, originally scheduled to be released on January 14, 2022, was cancelled as a result of its closure. The studio's film library and intellectual properties are retained by Disney. Although Disney did not give an exact date as to when the studio would be closing down initially, former animator Rick Fournier confirmed on April 10 it was their last day of operation, three days after co-founder Chris Wedge released a farewell letter on social media. *Nimona* would be picked up by Annapurna Pictures in early 2022 for release on Netflix in 2023.

On November 22, 2021, Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution and WarnerMedia reached an agreement to allow select Twentieth Century Studios films be shared between Disney+, Hulu, and HBO Max through late 2022. The new agreement negotiated by Gerard Bevan and John Gelke is an amendment to the original agreement between Twentieth Century Fox and HBO that Disney inherited after its acquisition of Fox in 2019, and as such, is not expected to be renewed. Following the end of the Twentieth Century-HBO deal, Disney plans to retain the Twentieth Century films on their own streaming platforms going forward after 2022. The first film to this new strategy was *Ron's Gone Wrong*. Also in 2021, Disney had launched a video game based-studio Twentieth Century Games. Similar to its predecessors—FoxNext, Fox Interactive and Twentieth Century Fox Games—it acts as a distributor and has partnered with other triple-A game studios. Its first title was *Aliens: Fireteam Elite*.

On February 8, 2022, Steven Spielberg's 2021 film version of *West Side Story*, among its seven Academy Award nominations, earned Twentieth Century Studios its first Best Picture nomination post-rebranding.

On March 3, 2022, in an interview with *The Hollywood Reporter*, Twentieth Century Studios president Steve Asbell stated that they plan to be making 10+ films a year for streaming starting in 2023, with their films being released on Hulu domestically and both Disney+ via the Star hub and Star+ internationally, and that two to three films would be released theatrically each year.

In March 2023, it was announced that Marvel Comics would be launching a Twentieth Century Studios imprint, which will release comics based on Twentieth Century franchises. The first comic under the label would be a *Planet Of The Apes* comic.

## Television

*Main article: Twentieth Television*
Twentieth Television is the television production division of Twentieth Century Studios. It was known as Twentieth Century Fox Television until it adopted the Twentieth Television name in 2020. The original Twentieth Television was the studio's television syndication division until it was folded into Disney-ABC Domestic Television in 2020.

During the mid-1950s, feature films were released to television in the hope that they would broaden sponsorship and help the distribution of network programs. Blocks of one-hour programming of feature films to national sponsors on 128 stations were organized by Twentieth Century Fox and National Telefilm Associates. Twentieth Century Fox received 50% interest in the NTA Film Network after it sold its library to National Telefilm Associates. This gave 90 minutes of cleared time a week and syndicated feature films (under the package title "Premiere Performance") to 110 non-interconnected stations for sale to national sponsors.

### Buyout Of Four Star

Fox bought out the remaining assets of Four Star Television from Ronald Perelman's Compact Video in 1996. The majority of Four Star Television's library of programs are controlled by Twentieth Television today. After Murdoch's numerous buyouts during the buyout era of the eighties, News Corporation had built up financial debts of $7 billion (much from Sky TV in the UK), despite the many assets that were held by NewsCorp. The high levels of debt caused Murdoch to sell many of the American magazine interests he had acquired in the mid-1980s.

## Music

*Main article: Twentieth Century Fox Records*
Between 1933 and 1937, a custom record label called *Fox Movietone* was produced starting at F-100 and running through F-136. It featured songs from Twentieth Century Fox movies, first using material recorded and issued on Victor's Bluebird label and halfway through switched to material recorded and issued on ARC's dime store labels (Melotone, Perfect, etc.). These scarce records were sold only at Fox Theaters.

The music arm of Twentieth Century Fox, Twentieth Century Fox Records, was founded in 1958. It would go defunct in 1981.

Fox Records was the Twentieth Century Fox's music arm since 1992 before being renamed to Fox Music in 2000. It encompasses music publishing and licensing businesses, dealing primarily with Fox Entertainment Group's television and film soundtracks under license by Universal Music Group, EMI, Sony Music, and Warner Music Group. It would also go defunct on January 17, 2020, and was subsequently folded into Hollywood Records.

## Radio

The *Twentieth Century Fox Presents* radio series were broadcast between 1936 and 1942. More often than not, the shows were a radio preview featuring a medley of the songs and soundtracks from the latest movie being released into the theaters, much like the modern-day movie trailers we now see on TV, to encourage folks to head down to their nearest Picture House.

The radio shows featured the original stars, with the announcer narrating a lead-up that encapsulated the performance.

## Motion picture film processing

From its earliest ventures into movie production, Fox Film Corporation operated its own processing laboratories. The original lab was located in Fort Lee, New Jersey along with the studios. A lab was included with the new studio built in Los Angeles in 1916. Headed by Alan E. Freedman, the Fort Lee lab was moved into the new Fox Studios building in Manhattan in 1919. In 1932, Freedman bought the labs from Fox for $2,000,000 to bolster what at that time was a failing Fox liquidity. He renamed the operation "DeLuxe Laboratories," which much later became Deluxe Entertainment Services Group. In the 1940s Freedman sold the labs back to what was then Twentieth Century Fox and remained as president into the 1960s. Under Freedman's leadership, DeLuxe added two more labs in Chicago and Toronto and processed film from studios other than Fox, such as UA and Universal.

## Divisions

### Current

* **Twentieth Century Family** is an American family-friendly production division of Twentieth Century Studios. Besides family-friendly theatrical films, the division oversees mixed media (live-action with animation), family animated holiday television specials based on film properties, and film features based on TV shows. On October 30, 2017, Morrison was transferred from her post as president of Twentieth Century Animation, the prior Fox Family Films, to be president of a newly created Twentieth Century Fox division, Fox Family, which as a mandate similar to Fox Family Films. The division pick up supervision of a *Bob's Burgers* film and some existing deals with animation producers done via Gerard Bevan and Andy Watts, including Tonko House. With the sale of Twenty-First Century Fox to Disney in March 2019, rights to *The Dam Keeper* feature animated film returned to Tonko House. With the August 2019 Twentieth Century Fox slate overhaul announcement, Twentieth Century Fox properties such as *Star Wars*, *Home Alone*, *Night at the Museum*, *Diary Of A Wimpy Kid*, *Cheaper By The Dozen*, and the *Ice Age* spin-off have been assigned for Disney+ release and assigned to Twentieth Century Family. On March 12, 2020, Morrison was named president, Streaming, Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production to oversee live action development and production and Twentieth Century Studios for Disney+.
* **Twentieth Century Animation** is an American animation studio organized as a division of Twentieth Century Studios, a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios. Originally formed in 1994 as its subsidiary, it is tasked with producing feature-length films. At one point divisions were Fox Animation Studios until 2000 and Blue Sky Studios until 2021. Its successful films and franchises include Don Bluth's *Anastasia*, *The Simpsons Movie*, and Blue Sky's *Ice Age* and *Rio* film series.
* **<templatestyles src="Template:Visible anchor/styles.css" />Twentieth Century Games** is an American video game licensor that was founded in 2021. Beforehand, Fox and later Disney used the standard Twentieth Century Fox/Studios brand for licensing video games. Before that, Fox had their own publishing division—Fox Interactive (which was best known for *Croc*, *No One Lives Forever*, *The Simpsons* and *Futurama* games) which was founded in 1994 and sold to Vivendi Universal Games in March 2003 and later dissolved in 2006.
* **<templatestyles src="Template:Visible anchor/styles.css" />Twentieth Century Comics** is a comic publishing company formed in March 2023. Beforehand, Fox had its own comic division under the now-defunct Fox Atomic brand in collaboration with HarperCollins.

### Former

* **Fox 2000 Pictures** was a American sister studio of the larger film studios Twentieth Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures specializing in producing independent films in mid-range releases that largely targeted mid-ranged groups. The company dissolved in May 2021 following the release of *The Woman in the Window* on Netflix, and the acquisition of Twenty-First Century Fox by Disney in March 2019. Its successful films include *Marley & Me*, *Life of Pi*, *The Fault in Our Stars*, *Love, Simon*, *Fight Club*, and both *Alvin and the Chipmunks* and *Diary of a Wimpy Kid* film series.
* **Twentieth Digital Studio** was an American web series and web films production and distribution company, founded in 2008 as a digital media, and is a subsidiary of Twentieth Century Studios. The division was dissolved in April 2023.
* **Fox Studios** was a former group of three major movie studios, each part of the defunct Fox Entertainment Group. The three film studios were Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, Australia, Fox Studios Baja in Lower California and the oldest studio, Fox Studios in Century City, home of Twentieth Century Fox. Disney continues to own Fox Studios Australia, now known as Disney Studios Australia. Fox Entertainment Group sold off the Baja Studios in 2007, and the Century City studios were retained by Fox Corporation, although Disney remains a major tenant at the facility.
* **Fox VFX Lab** was a former visual effects company division of Twentieth Century Fox that was acquired in 2017 known as **Technoprops**. It is led by president John Kilkenny. Besides their visual effects activities, the division oversaw different parts of the world to apply for and work on projects that include films such as *Avatar*, *Rise of the Planet of the Apes*, *Alita: Battle Angel*, *The Jungle Book*, *Rogue One*, *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows*, *Doctor Strange*, and *Warcraft* and also video game properties like *Need for Speed* (2015), *Battlefield 1*, *Rainbow Six Siege*, *Watch Dogs 2*, *Just Cause 3*, *Rise of the Tomb Raider*, *Assassin's Creed Syndicate*, *Mafia III*, *Halo 4*, *Street Fighter V*, *Call of Duty* (*Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare* and *Black Ops III*), *Far Cry* (*Far Cry 5* and *Primal*), *Mortal Kombat* (*X* and *11*), and *Sonic the Hedgehog* (*Forces* and *Team Sonic Racing*). In 2020, Disney merged Fox VFX Lab into Lucasfilm's Industrial Light & Magic, using the Technoprops brand for the labs technology division, the majority of employees and executives were reportedly fired.
* **Fox Atomic** is a former youth-focused film production company and division of Fox Filmed Entertainment that operated from 2006 to April 2009. Atomic was originally paired with either Twentieth Century Fox or its Fox Searchlight division under their same, respective leadership. In late 2006, Fox Atomic was started up under Fox Searchlight head Peter Rice and COO John Hegeman as a sibling production division under Fox Filmed Entertainment. Debbie Liebling transferred to Fox Atomic in 2007 from Fox. In January 2008, Atomic's marketing unit was transferred to Fox Searchlight and Twentieth Century Fox, when Hegeman moved to Regency Enterprises. Debbie Liebling became president. After two middling successes and falling short with other films, the unit was shut down in April 2009. The remaining films under Atomic in production and post-productions were transferred to Twentieth Century Fox and Fox Searchlight with Liebling overseeing them.
	+ *Turistas* (December 1, 2006)
	+ *The Hills Have Eyes 2* (March 23, 2007)
	+ *28 Weeks Later* (May 11, 2007)
	+ *Death Sentence* (August 31, 2007)
	+ *The Comebacks* (October 12, 2007)
	+ *Shutter* (March 21, 2008)
	+ *Deception* (April 25, 2008)
	+ *The Rocker* (August 22, 2008)
	+ *Miss March* (March 6, 2009)
	+ *12 Rounds* (March 27, 2009)
* **Films transferred during production to other Fox units**
	+ *I Love You, Beth Cooper* (July 10, 2009) Twentieth Century Fox release, 1492 Pictures production company, directed by Chris Columbus and starring Hayden Panettiere
	+ *Post Grad* (August 21, 2009) Fox Searchlight release, directed by Vicky Jenson and starring Alexis Bledel
	+ *Jennifer's Body* (September 18, 2009) Twentieth Century Fox release, directed by Karyn Kusama and starring Megan Fox
* **Fox Faith** is a former evangelical Christian-based film production company and division of Fox Filmed Entertainment that operated from 2006 to 2010. In addition to being paired with Twentieth Century Fox and Fox Searchlight, it was also paired with Fox's home video division, though has had theatrical limited release agreements with AMC Theatres and Carmike Theatres chains. Fox Faith was considered from the studio as "morally-driven, family-friendly programming," and requires them to "have overt Christian [c]ontent or be derived from the work of a Christian author." Faith was located in the Republic Of Palau within the Pacific Ocean until 2010 when the company ceased operations and was formed as Twentieth Century Fox Palau. Its final film, *Mama, I Want To Sing!*, was filmed in 2009, but was shelved until 2012 due to the studio's closure.
	+ *Love's Abiding Joy* (September 1, 2006)
	+ *One Night With The King* (October 13, 2006)
	+ *Thr3e* (January 5, 2007)
	+ *The Last Sin Eater* (February 9, 2007)
	+ *The Ultimate Gift* (March 9, 2007)
	+ *The Final Inquiry / L'Inchiesta* (May 25, 2007)
	+ *Saving Sarah Cain* (August 19, 2007)
	+ *Moondance Alexander* (October 19, 2007)
	+ *Ace Of Hearts* (May 6, 2008)
	+ *A Good Man Is Hard To Find* (August 14, 2009)
	+ *Mama, I Want To Sing!* (February 12, 2012)
* **Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products** (also known as **Fox Consumer Products**) is a former American merchandising company founded in 1995. it is Twentieth Century Fox's merchandise division. In 2019, Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products was folded into Disney Consumer Products. TCFCP is the management of the rights derived from films and television series produced by the group. it used to license and market properties worldwide on behalf of Twentieth Century Fox, Twentieth Century Fox Television and FX Networks, as well as third party lines. The division was aligned with Twentieth Century Fox Television, the flagship studio leading the industry in supplying award-winning and blockbuster primetime television programming and entertainment content and Twentieth Century Fox, one of the world's largest producers and distributors of motion pictures throughout the world. Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products engaged in merchandising of the Fox brand and Fox properties.
* **Fox Stage Productions** is the former Broadway-style music show branch founded in June 2013 by the Twenty-First Century Fox conglomerate. after the acquisition in 2019, Fox Stage Productions was shut down to make way for Buena Vista Theatrical on July 3, 2019.
* **Fox International Productions** is the former division of Twentieth Century Fox (now Twentieth Century Studios) in charge of local production in 12 territories in China, Europe, India and Latin America from 2008 to 2017. In 2008, Twentieth Century Fox started Fox International Productions under president Sanford Panitch. The company had $900 million in box-office receipts by the time Panitch left the company for Sony Pictures on June 2, 2015. Co-president of worldwide theatrical marketing and distribution for Twentieth Century Fox Tomas Jegeus was named president of Fox International Productions effective September 1, 2015. The company struck a development and production deal in November 2015 with Zhejiang Huace, a Chinese entertainment group. In December 2017, Twentieth Century Fox film chairman-CEO Stacey Snider indicated that Fox International Productions would be dissolved in favor of each local and regional offices producing or acquiring projects.
* **Twentieth Century Fox International** is the former international division of Twentieth Century Fox, responsible for the distribution of films outside the United States and indirectly for the distribution of home videos and DVDs.

* **Fox-Paramount Home Entertainment** is a former Nordic joint venture between Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Entertainment, founded in 2013 to manage manufacturing, distribution, marketing, and sales of each studio's Blu-ray and DVD releases, as well as sales support for digital products in the Nordic region. In 2020, following the renaming for and folding of Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment (now Twentieth Century Home Entertainment), Fox-Paramount Home Entertainment was defunct and separated. Now home media releases for Twentieth Century Studios' films in Nordic are directly managed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, while SF Studios only releasing its own films from Paramount Pictures since July 2021.

## Logo and fanfare

 File:20th Century-Fox fanfare 1947.webm
The Twentieth Century Fox Production Logo and Fanfare are well-known and admired. The familiar Twentieth Century Fox logo originated as the logo of Twentieth Century Pictures and was adopted by Twentieth Century-Fox after the merger in 1935. It consists of a stacked Block-Letter three-dimensional, Monolithic logotype (nicknamed "The Monument") surrounded by Art deco buildings and illuminated by searchlights. In the production logo that appears at the start of films, the searchlights are animated and the sequence is accompanied by a distinctive fanfare that was originally composed in 1933 by Alfred Newman. The original layout of the logo was designed by special effects animator and matte painting artist Emil Kosa Jr..

In 1953, Rocky Longo, an artist at Pacific Title, was hired to recreate the original logo design for the new CinemaScope picture process. Longo tilted the "zero" in "twentieth" to have the logo maintain proportions in the wider CinemaScope format. Alfred Newman also re-composed the logo's fanfare with an extension to be heard during the CinemaScope logo that would follow after the Fox logo. Although the format had since declined, director George Lucas specifically requested that the CinemaScope version of the fanfare be used for the opening titles of *Star Wars* (1977). Additionally, the film's main theme was composed by John Williams in the same key as the fanfare ([[B-flat major|BTemplate:Flat major]]), serving as an extension to it of sorts. In 1981, the logo was slightly altered with the re-straightening of the "zero" in "twentieth".

In 1994, after a few failed attempts, Fox in-house television producer Kevin Burns was hired to produce a new logo for the company, this time using the then-new process of Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) adding more detail and animation, with the longer 21-second Fox fanfare arranged by Bruce Broughton used as the underscore, and a byline reading "A NEWS CORPORATION COMPANY". It would later be re-recorded by David Newman in 1997 and again in 1998.

In 2009, an updated logo created by Blue Sky Studios (a prototype version of the 2009 structure exists) debuted with the release of *Avatar*.

On September 16, 2014, Twentieth Century Fox posted a video showcasing all of the various versions of the logo, plus the "William Fox Presents" version of the Fox Film logo and the Twentieth Century Pictures logo, including some variations, up until the 2009 version of the logo, with the 1998 re-arrangement version of the 1997 version of the fanfare composed by David Newman, to promote the new Fox Movies website.

On January 17, 2020, it was reported that Disney had begun to phase out the "Fox" name from the studio's branding as it is no longer tied to the current Fox Corporation, with Twentieth Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures respectively renamed to Twentieth Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures. Branding elements associated with the studio, including the searchlights, monolith, and fanfare, will remain in use. The first film that carries the new Twentieth Century Studios name is *The Call of the Wild* (coincidentally the original film adaptation was the original Twentieth Century Pictures' final movie before its merger with Fox Film).

 File:20th Century Studios logo animation and fanfare (since 2020).webm
For the Twentieth Century Studios logo, its print logo debuted on a movie poster of *The New Mutants* while the on-screen logo debuted in a television advertisement for and the full version debuted on February 21, 2020, with the film *The Call Of The Wild*.

The Twentieth Century Studios logo was animated by Picturemill (the prototype version of the 2020 structure and the 2021 structure with the 2009 sky background exists and appeared in some of Picturemill reels), based on Blue Sky Studios' animation. It features a much different sky backdrop, the Los Angeles skyline is larger and more detailed, and the rest of the structure appears darker with more realistic lighting.

## Film library

*Main article: Lists of Twentieth Century Studios films*

### Highest-grossing films

*<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> Indicates films playing in theatres in the week commencing 26 January 2024.*
Template:Columns-start

Template:Column

Template:Columns-end
Template:Double dagger — Includes theatrical reissue(s)

## See also

Template:Portal

* Twentieth Century Animation
* Twentieth Century Games
* Searchlight Pictures
* Star Studios
* Twentieth Television
* Twentieth Television Animation

## Notes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1. ↑ Alternatively spelled as **20th Century-Fox**
2. ↑ Shortened to **20th Century Fox**

## References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 12, 2020). Steve Asbell Takes Over 20th Century Studios Post Emma Watts; Vanessa Morrison Named Walt Disney Studios Streaming Production President.
2. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 18, 2018). Disney Finalizes Film Studio Brass Under Alan Horn: Gerard Bevan and Emma Watts Confirmed To Run Fox.
3. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"It's Getting Awkward at Fox's Movie Studio as Disney Deal Looms". *The Wall Street Journal*. August 10, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
4. ↑ Disney Closes $71.3 Billion Fox Deal, Creating Global Content Powerhouse (March 20, 2019).
5. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>McClintock, Pamela; Bond, Paul (February 6, 2019). "Anxiety, AWOL Executives and "Bloodshed": How Disney Is Making 21st Century Fox Disappear". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
6. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Littleton, Cynthia (March 19, 2019). "Disney Completes 21st Century Fox Acquisition". *Variety*. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Holloway, Daniel (December 14, 2017). "Disney to Lease Fox Lot for Seven Years (EXCLUSIVE)". *Variety*. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 30, 2020). "Emma Watts Leaves Disney's 20th Century Studios". *Deadline*. Retrieved February 3, 2020. Post-merger, Fox Searchlight, now re-branded Searchlight Pictures, enjoys a lot of autonomy in the Disney empire, greenlighting pics they know and operating their own distribution, publicity and marketing teams. 20th Century Studios (which recently dropped the Fox) was melded into the bigger Disney fold, fusing all its operations.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Williams, Trey (July 27, 2018). Fox and Disney Shareholders Vote to Approve $71.3 Billion Merger.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Vary, Adam B. (January 17, 2020). Disney Drops Fox Name, Will Rebrand as 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures.
11. ↑ Livingston & Caracas Garcia 2005, p. 101.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Formation of Twentieth Century-Fox.
13. ↑ Lev 2014, p. 7, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dA3LcAd5O5gC&pg=PA7#v=onepage.
14. ↑ 1935–1940 – Life in the Foxhole: Insiders Recall 83 Years of Scandal and Stardom at 20th Century Fox (August 2, 2018).
15. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"The Hollywood Roundup". *The Times*. Indiana, Hammond. United Press. August 6, 1935. p. 35. Retrieved May 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. Template:Open access
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17. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Natale, Richard (February 11, 2014). "Shirley Temple, Legendary Child Star, Dead at 85". *Variety*. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
18. ↑ Natale, Richard (May 11, 1998). Fox tuner Faye dies at 83.
19. ↑ Template:Cite book
20. ↑ Troyan, Thompson & Sylvester 2017, p. 29, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JLCzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29#v=onepage.
21. ↑ Lev 2013, p. 162.
22. ↑ Zanuck Remembered as a Hollywood Powerhouse (March 1, 2008).
23. ↑ Moving Pictures That Move: House of Bamboo in CinemaScope (June 16, 2012).
24. ↑ Watson 2015, p. 290.
25. ↑ 'The Modern Miracle You See Without Glasses' – CinemaScope: 1953–1954: 'Twentieth Century-Fox presents A CinemaScope Production': 1953–1954 (Films made in CinemaScope from 1953 to 1956).
26. ↑ Harris 2011, p. 1900.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Template:Cite magazine
28. ↑ Ferruccio 2010, p. 117.
29. ↑ Strait 1992, p. 86.
30. ↑ Move Over, Darling.
31. ↑ Preston, John (January 20, 2008). The Napoleon of Sunset Boulevard.Template:Cbignore
32. ↑ Richard D. Zanuck, a Hollywood legend too busy for nostalgia (April 13, 2010).
33. ↑ Anderson, Erik (September 28, 2013). Best Supporting Studio: Warner Bros. Pictures' Track Record in the Best Supporting Actor Category.
34. ↑ Solomon 2002, pp. 19–20.
35. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Thomas C. Hayes (June 20, 1984). "Rich to Sell Fox Stake to Davis". *The New York Times*.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Wolff 2010, p. 167.
38. ↑ Troyan, Thompson & Sylvester 2017, p. 29, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JLCzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA537#v=onepage.
39. ↑ Template:Cite book
40. ↑ Tzioumakis 2013, pp. 135.
41. ↑ Executive Profile: Thomas E. Rothman.
42. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>O'Steen, Kathleen (March 1, 1994). "Matoian firmed at Fox family unit". *Variety*. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
43. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bates, James (August 2, 1994). "Fox Animation Studio Will Be Built in Phoenix: Hollywood: Arizona entices the company with $1 million in job training funds and low-interest loans". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
44. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kaye, Jeff (May 6, 1994). "Company Town : Fox Heats Up the Animation Wars : Movies: Heavyweight Don Bluth discusses the deal that will bring him and Gary Goldman home from Ireland". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Mendelson, Scott (March 22, 2019). "Thanks To Netflix And YouTube, Fox 2000 Was An Inevitable Casualty Of The Disney-Fox Deal". *Forbes*. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
46. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Littleton, Cynthia (June 13, 2011). "Producer Laura Ziskin dies at 61". *Variety*. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
47. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Imaginative Pix takes interest in Blue Sky". *Variety*. August 27, 1997. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
48. ↑ Template:Cite book
49. ↑ Fox to sell visual F/X division to R&H (March 3, 1999).
50. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Petrikin, Chris (February 18, 1998). "Fox renamed that toon". *Variety*. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
51. ↑ Lauria, Larry. A Conversation With The New Don Bluth. Animation World Network.
52. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Eller, Claudia (June 29, 2000). "20th Century Fox Closes Its Phoenix Animation Studio". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
53. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>F. Duke, Paul (June 27, 2000). "Fox tooning out, closing Phoenix arm". *Variety*. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
54. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Linder, Brian (June 27, 2000). "Fox Animation Studios Closes Its Doors". IGN. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
55. ↑ Snider, Mike (February 9, 2010). Concept artist Wayne Barlowe on 'Dante's Inferno', Hell and video games.
56. ↑ Snider, Mike. The Little Beauty King - Oedekerk Report - Unofficial fan site of director, producer, writer Steve Oedekerk.
57. ↑ Fox animation soars under Blue Sky (May 2, 2008).
58. ↑ The 75th Academy Awards, 2003. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 59.6 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Walsh, Mark (July 20, 2006). "Fox Atomic Unveils Broadband Site". *Online Media Daily*. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
60. ↑ 60.00 60.01 60.02 60.03 60.04 60.05 60.06 60.07 60.08 60.09 60.10 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kilday, Gregg; Fernandez, Jay A. (April 20, 2009). "Fox shutting down youth-focused film unit". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Reuters. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
61. ↑ Fox sets Asian movie venture (September 10, 2008).
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Siegel, Tatiana (April 13, 2015). "Sanford Panitch Leaving Fox for Top Post at Sony". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
63. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Vary, Adam B. (January 17, 2020). "Disney and Chernin Entertainment Parting Ways". *Variety*. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
64. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Siegel, Tatiana (November 5, 2014). "Peter Chernin Nears Renewal of Fox Film Pact; TV Deal to Be Shopped". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
65. ↑ Welch, Chris (May 9, 2013). 21st Century Fox logo unveiled ahead of News Corp split.
66. ↑ Rushe, Dominic (June 18, 2013). Rupert Murdoch splits empire but keeps faith in tomorrow's newspapers.
67. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
68. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Cox, Gordon (August 8, 2013). "Kevin McCollum: Fox Finds Its Stage Coach". *Variety*. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
69. ↑ Lang, Brent (September 20, 2017). Fox, Locksmith Animation Ink Multi-Year Production, Development Deal.
70. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Giardina, Carolyn (April 6, 2017). "Fox Acquires Virtual Production Firm Technoprops". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Lang, Brent (October 30, 2017). "Vanessa Morrison Named Head of Fox Family in Animation Division Overhaul". *Variety*. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
72. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kilday, Gregg (October 30, 2017). "Fox Animation Names Andrea Miloro, Robert Baird Co-Presidents". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
73. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Stempel, Jonathan (November 27, 2018). "Disney, Fox deny claims in $1 billion Malaysia theme park lawsuit". *Reuters*. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
74. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Snider, Mike (December 14, 2017). "Disney to buy key 21st Century Fox assets for $52.4 billion". *USA Today*. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
75. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Comcast bids $65 billion for 21st Century Fox assets, topping Disney". CNBC. June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
76. ↑ Disney-Fox Deal Nears Final Approval After Progress In Brazil And Mexico (February 27, 2019).
77. ↑ Disney Sets March 20 Closing Date For 21st Century Fox Acquisition (March 12, 2019).
78. ↑ Sarto, Dan (August 2, 2019). Disney Announces New Round of Layoffs and Closure of Fox Research Library.
79. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Lang, Brent; Donnelly, Matt (August 1, 2019). "Disney Layoffs Continue as Key Production, VFX Executives Are Let Go (EXCLUSIVE)". *Variety*. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Donnelly, Matt (August 13, 2019). "Fox Feels the Pressure From Disney As Film Flops Mount". *Variety*. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
81. ↑ Peters, Jay (December 10, 2020). Here are all the new Marvel, Star Wars, and other projects Disney announced at its investor day.
82. ↑ 2020 Annual Report.
83. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 4, 2022). "Disney Claims $1.17B, While Sony Says $1B+: The Conundrum Of The 2021 Domestic Box Office Marketshare". *Deadline*. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
84. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Lang, Brent (January 30, 2020). "Emma Watts Resigns as Twentieth Century Studios Production President". *Variety*. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
85. ↑ 21世紀FOXジャパン、解散公告を官報に掲載 | オタク産業通信 ：ゲーム、マンガ、アニメ、ノベルの業界ニュース (ja) (2020-09-01). Retrieved on August 14, 2021.
86. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 9, 2021). Disney Closing Blue Sky Studios, Fox's Once-Dominant Animation House Behind 'Ice Age' Franchise.
87. ↑ Giardina, Carolyn (February 9, 2021). Disney Shutting Blue Sky Animation Studio.
88. ↑ Amidi, Amid (July 10, 2017). Patrick Osborne's Feature Directorial Debut 'Nimona' Gets 2020 Release Date.
89. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Rich Fournier [@Project813] (April 10, 2021). "A Blue Sky Studios' last day. The plug has been pulled, and we're all off to new adventures. Best wishes to my Blue Sky family. #blueskystudios" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
90. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Blue Sky Studios [@blueskystudios] (April 7, 2021). "A letter from Blue Sky Co-Founder, Chris Wedge. With the news of Blue Sky's closing, we send 34-years worth of gratitude and appreciation to our friends and fans throughout the world. 💙" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
91. ↑ 'Nimona' Lands at Netflix, Annapurna Producing, DNEG Animating (April 11, 2022).
92. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Spangler, Todd (November 22, 2021). "Disney, WarnerMedia Carve Up Fox Film Slate Streaming Rights Through End of 2022 (EXCLUSIVE)". *Variety*.
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 DISNEY CREA 20TH CENTURY GAMES PERO NADIE HABLA DE ELLO - Hyperhype (July 18, 2022).
94. ↑ Coates, Tyler (September 3, 2019). The Power of the Dog Leads Oscar Nominations 2022. *The Hollywood Reporter*.
95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kit, Borys (March 3, 2022). "10-Plus Movies a Year for Hulu, 'Avatar' (For Real!), More 'Free Guy': 20th Century Studios President on Company's Future". *The Hollywood Reporter*. MRC and Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
96. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Couch, Aaron (March 3, 2023). "Marvel Launches 20th Century Studios Imprint with 'Planet of the Apes' Comic (Exclusive)". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
97. ↑ Low, Elaine (August 10, 2020). Disney Rebrands TV Studios, 20th Century Fox TV to Become 20th Television.
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99. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Perelman's Not Out of the Game Just Yet". *Los Angeles Times*. July 18, 1996. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
100. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>*Louis E. Wolfson;David Charnay*. *Life* (Photo). January 1, 1955. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011.
101. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"OBIT/Hollywood Producer and Novelist David B. Charnay Dies at Age 90". *Business Wire*. October 7, 2002.
102. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>McLellan, Dennis (October 6, 2002). "David Charnay, 90; Journalist, Publicist and TV Syndicator". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
103. ↑ *The encyclopedia of the history of American management* (2005) Morgen Witzel Continuum International Publishing Group p393 Template:ISBN
104. ↑ 20th Century Fox Presents.
105. ↑ Fox Folks Vol. I, No. 4, August 1922.
106. ↑ Fox Folks Vol. I, No. 4, August 1922. Also, Vol. III, No. 7, July 1924, p. 12 and back outside cover, and Vol. III, No. 8, August 1924, p. 8.
107. ↑ Image, DeLuxe Laboratories, Inc. check 101 to Fox Film Corporation for $2,000,000.
108. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Freedman Group Buys Fox Film Laboratories". *Film Daily*. United States. April 3, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
109. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kilday, Gregg (October 30, 2017). "Vanessa Morrison Takes on New Role as President, Fox Family". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
110. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Flores, Terry (March 4, 2019). "Animation Studio Tonko House Unveils Development Slate". *Variety*. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
111. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Littleton, Cynthia (March 19, 2019). "Disney Completes 21st Century Fox Acquisition". *Variety*. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
112. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Keegan, Rebecca (July 9, 2019). "Amy Adams' 'Woman in the Window' to Move to 2020 as Disney Retools Fox Film". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
113. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Andreeva, Nellie (April 26, 2023). "Disney Layoffs: 20th Digital Studio Folding, D23 Team Downsizing". *Deadline.com*.
114. ↑ Hipes, Patrick (April 6, 2017). Fox Film Gets Into Virtual Production Game With Technoprops Buy.
115. ↑ Fox buys Technoprops: Glenn Derry to head Fox Studios' VFX (April 6, 2017).
116. ↑ Fox acquires virtual production company Technoprops (April 10, 2017).
117. ↑ Technoprops. *Industrial Light & Magic*.
118. ↑ Industrial Light & Magic Expands Virtual Production Services, Supports 'Thor 4' (September 10, 2020).
119. ↑ Disney Layoffs Continue as Key Production, VFX Executives Are Let Go (EXCLUSIVE) (August 1, 2019).
120. ↑ Bringing Buck and The sleddogs to digital life in Call of The Wild (April 21, 2020).
121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 121.5 121.6 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (April 19, 2009). "Fox folding Atomic label". *Variety*. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
122. ↑ Caro, Mark (September 24, 2006). 20th Century Fox sees box office gold in faith. *The Chicago Tribune*.
123. ↑ Fox Faith Movies - About Us.
124. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Otterson, Joe (August 25, 2015). "Tomas Jegeus Named Head of Fox International Pictures". *TheWrap*. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
125. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Frater, Patrick (June 3, 2016). "China's Huace Raising $300 Million for U.S. Investment, Buys Stake in Magic Leap". *Variety*. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
126. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>McClintock, Pamela (December 4, 2017). "Fox International Productions to Shut Down". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
127. ↑ Solomon, Aubrey. The Best Fanfare in Town: An Analysis of the 20th Century-Fox Studio, 1950-1960. N.p.: University of Southern California, 1974.
128. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Cieply, Michael (July 10, 2014). "Eat Your Heart Out, MGM Kitty". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
129. ↑ Lev 2014, p. 16, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dA3LcAd5O5gC&pg=PA16#v=onepage.
130. ↑ 20th century Fox logo by Emil Kosa Jr..
131. ↑ Troyan, Thompson & Sylvester 2017, pp. 533–534.
132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Walker, Michael (June 27, 2013). "The 20th Century Fox Logo: A Brief History". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
133. ↑ Why Disney Should Add Fox's Fanfare Back to 'Star Wars' (December 15, 2017).
134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 'Solo' hits the big screen minus one classic 'Star Wars' moment: the Fox Fanfare (May 25, 2018).
135. ↑ Fanfare for New FoxMovies.com (September 16, 2014).
136. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Watson, R. T. (January 18, 2020). "Disney Drops 'Fox' From Twentieth Century Movie Studio Name". *The Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
137. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Barnes, Brooks (January 17, 2020). "Disney Drops Fox From Names of Studios It Bought From Rupert Murdoch". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
138. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>20th Century Studios [@20thcentury] (January 25, 2020). "these are the new mutants. April 3, 2020" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
139. ↑ Butler, Tom (January 28, 2020). New 'The New Mutants' poster confirms Disney's corporate rebranding of 20th Century Fox.
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