recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
A. J. Foyt IV

**Anthony Joseph Foyt IV** (born May 25, 1984) is an American football scout and former racing driver. He is a scouting assistant for the Indianapolis Colts, and drove in the IndyCar Series and briefly the NASCAR Busch Series. He is the third generation of the famous Foyt family.

He began his career racing karts. He moved up through the open wheel racing ranks, winning the 2002 Infiniti Pro Series. When Foyt made his first Indianapolis 500 race in 2003, he became the youngest driver to start in the event. He continued in IndyCar for two more years until his back was injured at the 2005 Indianapolis 500. Later that season he made several NASCAR Busch Series starts. He was scheduled to continue in the Busch Series in 2006, but the team was bought out and his contract prevented him from driving a non-Dodge car. He returned to IndyCar late that season. He has not raced since 2009, although he drove for his grandfather's A. J. Foyt Enterprises team in trials for the 2010 Indianapolis 500.
Brady Bacon

**Brady Bacon** (born January 26, 1990) is an American racecar driver. Nicknamed 'Macho Man', he currently drives in the USAC Sprint Car Series. He won the 2014, 2016, and 2020 national championships. He previously had raced for Kasey Kahne and was a developmental driver for Chip Ganassi Racing.

## Career (racing)

Bacon is a third generation driver who started racing at the age of 4 and moved his way up the ranks. In 2005, Bacon was the National Modified Midget Association Nationals Champion and earned Rookie Of The Year honors in the OCRS and SMRS. He was runner-up at the Knoxville Midget Nationals that year and won the Cornhusker Midget Challenge.
Bacon's 2008 USAC National Midget car
Bacon debuted in the USAC National Midget Car Series in 2006, scoring two straight 2nd-place finishes in his first two events and seven top 10 finishes total in 11 races. He also tallied six top 10 finishes in 10 USAC National Sprint Car events. That same year, he was the Southern Midget Racing Series champion and scored his first midget victory at Kokomo Speedway in Kokomo, IN. He signed with the Ganassi driver development program as well.

In 2007, Bacon was 4th in USAC National Sprint Car points and 8th in USAC National Midget points. He also finished fourth in Indiana Sprint Week and Indiana Midget Week points that year. He continued racing on both the national midget and sprint car toward for Kahne Racing until the end of 2008. He switched to the Mike and Megan Eubanks team starting in 2009 and mainly raced sprint cars in the American Sprint Car Series (ASCS) of 360 sprint cars. By 2011, he had won the rookie of the year for the Knoxville Nationals in a 410 sprint car and had a USAC National sprint car win.

Bacon took over ownership of the team in 2011 as Brady Bacon Racing. In 2012, he won twelve races including seven in ASCS action. In 2013, he married his girlfriend Xia Xianna Baker. That year he continued to race in selected events with his own team but mainly concentrated on racing in a 410 sprint for Hoffman Auto Racing. He finished third in the final USAC National Sprint Car points.
Bacon racing in a midget car in 2014
Bacon won the 2014 USAC National Sprint title. He won races at the open race at Bubba Raceway Park, Port Royal Speedway, Terre Haute Action Track, Eldora Speedway in the 32-race season.

In 2018, he became the first ever winner of a feature event at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway dirt track with a victory at the $15,000-to-win USAC BC39 midget race.
Torque Ball

**A type of ball and socket joint** called a "torque ball" is used at one end of the torque tube to allow relative motion between the axle and transmission due to suspension travel. Later American Motors Rambler models (1962 through 1966) used a flange and cushion mount in place of the ball and socket.
V16 engine

A **V16 engine** is a sixteen-cylinder piston engine where two banks of eight cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V16 engines are less common than engines with fewer cylinders, such as V8 and V12 engines. Each bank of a V16 engine can be thought of as a straight-8, a design that can be inherently balanced. Most V16 engines have a 45° bank angle.

The first use of a V16 engine was in the 1910 Antoinette VII experimental aircraft, followed by several cars in the 1930s. Today, the most common applications for V16 engines are railroad locomotives, marine craft, and stationary power generators.
Talladega Superspeedway

**Talladega Superspeedway**, nicknamed **“'Dega”**, and formerly named **Alabama International Motor Speedway** (**AIMS**) from 1969 to 1989, is a motorsports complex located north of Talladega, Alabama. It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base in the small city of Lincoln. A tri-oval, the track was constructed in 1969 by the International Speedway Corporation, a business controlled by the France Family. As of 2021, the track hosts the NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, and ARCA Menards Series. Talladega is the longest NASCAR oval, with a length of 2.66 miles (4.281 km), compared to the Daytona International Speedway, which is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long. The total peak capacity of Talladega is around 175,000 spectators, with the main grandstand capacity being about 80,000.
Lucas Oil Indianapolis Raceway

**Lucas Oil Indianapolis Raceway Park** (formerly **Indianapolis Raceway Park**, **O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis**, and **Lucas Oil Raceway**) is an auto racing facility in Brownsburg, Indiana, United States, about 10 miles (16 km) west of Downtown Indianapolis. It includes a 0.686-mile (1.104 km) oval track, a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) road course (which has fallen into disrepair and is no longer used), and a 4,400-foot (1,300 m) drag strip which is among the premier drag racing venues in the world. The complex receives about 500,000 visitors annually.
The Woodpecker and The Dog

TheCreativeSoul's Movies-Spoofs of "The Fox and the Hound". It Appeared on YouTube on September 17th 2022.

## Cast

Tod - Winston the Woodpecker (Animal Show)

Copper - Snoopy (Peanuts)

Big Mama - Edi (Animal Jam)

Dinky - ???

Boomer - ???

Widow Tweed - Jessie

Amos Slade - ???

Chief - ???

Vixey - Hortense the Hornbill (Animal Show)

Bear - ???

Badger - Seventeen (Numberblocks)

Porcupine - ???

Tod's Mother - Winnie Woodpecker (Woody Woodpecker)
Tony Stewart

**Anthony Wayne Stewart** (born May 20, 1971), nicknamed **Smoke**, is an American semi-retired professional stock car racing driver, current NASCAR team co-owner of Stewart-Haas Racing, and current co-owner of the Superstar Racing Experience. He is a three-time NASCAR Cup Series champion as a driver, winning titles in 2002, 2005, and 2011. As a team owner, he has won NASCAR Cup titles in 2011 with himself and in 2014 with Kevin Harvick as drivers. Throughout his racing career, Stewart has won racing titles in Indy, midget, sprint, and USAC Silver Crown cars. He is the only driver in history to win a championship in both IndyCar and NASCAR.

He last competed full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series (now known as the NASCAR Cup Series) during the 2016 season, driving the No. 14 Chevrolet SS for his team, Stewart-Haas Racing, under crew chief Mike Bugarewicz. From 1999 to 2008, he drove the No. 20 Joe Gibbs Racing car, under crew chief Greg Zipadelli with The Home Depot as the primary sponsor. While driving for car owner Joe Gibbs, Stewart won two Cup Series championships in 2002 and 2005. In 2011, Stewart became the first owner-driver since Alan Kulwicki to win the Cup Series championship. Stewart is the only driver to win the Cup Series championship under the old points system and the chase playoff format, and is the only driver to win the title under three different sponsorships (Winston in 2002, Nextel in 2005, and Sprint in 2011). He is also the first driver in the Cup Series to win the championship by a tiebreaker. On May 22, 2019, Stewart was voted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame, and on January 31, 2020, was inducted alongside the 11th Hall of Fame class. On November 21, 2021 he married NHRA Top Fuel Drag Racer Leah Pruett.
Piston ring

A **piston ring** is a metallic split ring that is attached to the outer diameter of a piston in an internal combustion engine or steam engine.

The main functions of piston rings in engines are:

1. Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is minimal loss of gases to the crank case.
2. Improving heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall.
3. Maintaining the proper quantity of the oil between the piston and the cylinder wall
4. Regulating engine oil consumption by scraping oil from the cylinder walls back to the sump.

Most piston rings are made from cast iron or steel.
Knoxville Nationals

The **NOS Energy Drink Knoxville Nationals** is an annual sprint car event held at Knoxville Raceway in Knoxville, Iowa. An Associated Press writer called winning the event "sprint car racing’s premiere title". It is nicknamed "The Granddaddy of Them All." The event is the biggest and most prestigious race of the year in sprint car racing. The Saturday finale is held on the second Saturday in August. The event is held for four days (Wednesday-Saturday) and is attended annually by approximately 25,000 fans. The event has the highest paying purse in sprint car racing at $1,000,000 which attracts roughly 100 race teams to compete.
Engine displacement

**Engine displacement** is the measure of the cylinder volume swept by all of the pistons of a piston engine, excluding the combustion chambers. It is commonly used as an expression of an engine's size, and by extension as a loose indicator of the power an engine might be capable of producing and the amount of fuel it should be expected to consume. For this reason displacement is one of the measures often used in advertising, as well as regulating, motor vehicles.

It is usually expressed using the metric units of cubic centimetres (cc or cm3, equivalent to millilitres) or litres (l or L), or – particularly in the United States  – cubic inches (CID, cu in, or in3).
V12 engine

A **V12 engine** is a twelve-cylinder piston engine where two banks of six cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V12 engines are more common than V10 engines. However, they are less common than V8 engines.

The first V12 engine was built in 1904 for use in racing boats. Due to the balanced nature of the engine and the smooth delivery of power, V12 engines were found in early luxury automobiles, boats, aircraft, and tanks. Aircraft V12 engines reached their apogee during World War II, following which they were mostly replaced by jet engines. In Formula One racing, V12 engines were common during the late 1960s and early 1990s.

Applications of V12 engines in the 21st century have been as marine engines, in railway locomotives, as large stationary power as well as in some European sports and luxury cars.
NASCAR

The **National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC** (**NASCAR**) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock car racing. The privately owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948, and his son, Jim France, has been the CEO since August 2018. The company is headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida. Each year, NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 48 US states as well as in Canada, Mexico, and Europe.
Jim Clark

**James Clark Jr.** OBE (4 March 1936 – 7 April 1968) was a British Formula One racing driver from Scotland, who won two World Championships, in 1963 and 1965. A versatile driver, he competed in sports cars, touring cars and in the Indianapolis 500, which he won in 1965. He was particularly associated with the Lotus marque.

Clark was killed in a Formula Two racing accident in 1968 in Hockenheim, West Germany. At the time of his death, aged 32, he had won more Grand Prix races (25) and achieved more Grand Prix pole positions (33) than any other driver. In 2009, *The Times* placed Clark at the top of a list of the greatest-ever Formula One drivers.
World 100

The **World 100** is a 100-lap dirt late model racing event held every year since 1971 at the 1/2 mile Eldora Speedway in Rossburg, Ohio. it is considered by many race fans to be the most prestigious dirt late model event in the United States. The event is held on the weekend following Labor Day in mid September. In 1971 the winner received $3,000, and each year since then, the winner's purse has been raised by $1,000. The 2022 edition has a winner's prize of $55,000. In addition, the winning driver and owner earn a pair of coveted globed trophies.

Qualifying for the World 100 feature race is a 3-day event. Typically, the Thursday and Friday before the World 100 is filled with the prototypical event schedule (hot laps, heat races, B-Main/Last Chance Qualifier, Feature event). Both Thursday and Friday have Twin Features. Drivers earn points based on their performances the first two days. On Saturday (the day of the World 100), drivers are seeded into their heat races based on the points accumulated through the previous two days. How they finish in their heat races immediately determines where the predetermined number of qualifying drivers will start. A random draw will then invert a selected number of qualifiers starting from first to the said position.

This process saw Hudson O'Neal, son of legendary driver Don O'Neal, become the youngest driver to start on the pole at 17-years-old in 2017.

In 2018, both Friday and Saturday racing were rained out and moved from September to Columbus Day weekend in October. The results from Thursday were carried over to the rain date, and drivers ran Friday's schedule the morning of the World 100, essentially making the day a double-header. Tim McCreadie won the marathon event, becoming the first driver from New York to win the World 100.

In 2020, because of Ohio regulations on COVID-19, the race was repurposed as the Intercontinental Classic, which was reduced to 67 laps and purses reduced as a result of being behind closed doors. It became a pay-per-view event with a flat $50,000 to win (reduced from 2019).
Kentucky Speedway

**Kentucky Speedway** is a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) tri-oval speedway in Sparta, Kentucky, which has hosted ARCA, NASCAR and Indy Racing League racing annually since it opened in 2000. The track is currently owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports, Inc. Before 2008 Jerry Carroll, along with four other investors, were the majority owners of Kentucky Speedway. Depending on layout and configuration the track facility has a grandstand capacity of 107,000.

The speedway has hosted the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, IndyCar Series, and the NASCAR Cup Series.
California State Fairgrounds Race Track

**California State Fairgrounds Race Track** has been the name of two dirt oval racing tracks located in Sacramento, California. The track was built in 1906 for horse racing on the site of the California Exposition. It was active for auto racing in 1907, 1912, and from 1946 until 1970. The Exposition moved to a new site north of Downtown Sacramento in 1968, and the old fairgrounds were closed and sold for development in 1970. The final day of the track was marred by tragedy when three drivers were killed in the 100-lap super-modified caged sprint car competition.

From 1949 to 1970, the track hosted the Golden State 100, a round of the AAA/USAC National Championship. The race was revived at the new Cal Expo site as a USAC Silver Crown race from 1989 until 2000. Motorcycle racing's Sacramento Mile continues to be held at the new California Exposition as part of the AMA Grand National Championship.

A 2.1-mile (3.4-km) road course was laid out in the parking lots surrounding the oval, and used for sports car racing between 1955 and 1969. It hosted a SCCA National Sports Car Championship round in 1955.
World of Outlaw Late Model Series

The **World of Outlaws Case Construction Late Model Series** is a Dirt Super Late Model touring series currently owned by World Racing Group, and is sanctioned by the World of Outlaws & DIRTcar. The series competes on dirt ovals across the United States, primarily throughout the east coast & the midwest. The series has also raced in Canada in previous years. The series is currently sponsored by Case Construction Equipment.

The cars feature a purpose-built chassis design specifically for dirt late model racing. With many chassis builders within the sport, chassis design and components are always employing new innovation and technology. The cars are powered by aluminum-head V8 engines (usually ranging between 400c.i. & 430c.i.) that produce over 800 horsepower.
Rockingham Motor Speedway

**Rockingham Motor Speedway** is a former racing motorsport venue in Rockingham, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom, near the town of Corby. It hosted professional and club races, as well as testing, track days, driver training, exhibitions and conferences. It claimed to be Europe's fastest racing circuit, and was the first banked oval constructed in Britain since the closure of Brooklands in 1939.

The venue entered administration in 2017, and hosted its final motor racing in November 2018. In 2021, the facility was purchased by Constellation Automotive for £80 million.
Jay Drake

**Jay Scott Drake** (born July 5, 1969 in Santa Maria, California) is an American auto racing driver.

Drake won the 1998 Turkey Night Grand Prix midget car race. Drake was the USAC National Sprint Car Champion in 2004. He also competed in 14 Indy Pro Series races in 2004 and 2005 with a best finish of third and finishing 9th in the 2005 point standings. Jay is currently the team manager for Keith Kunz Motorsports USAC Midget Team.
ARCA Menards Series

The **ARCA Menards Series** is an American stock car series, the premier division of the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA). It is considered a minor, semi-professional league of stock car racing, used as a feeder series into the three national touring series of NASCAR, and hosts events at a variety of track types including superspeedways, road courses, and dirt tracks. The series has had a longstanding relationship with NASCAR, including using former NASCAR Cup Series cars, hosting events in the same race weekend such as Daytona Speedweeks, and naming an award after NASCAR founder Bill France, Sr. However, the series was not officially affiliated with NASCAR until its buyout on April 27, 2018.

The series was known as the ARCA Permatex SuperCar Series from 1986 until 1991, the ARCA Hooters SuperCar Series from 1993 until 1995, and as the ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series from 1996 to 2000. The series was sponsored by real estate company RE/MAX as the ARCA RE/MAX Series from 2001 until 2009. Midwest-based home improvement company Menards began sponsoring the series in 2010 jointly with RE/MAX, and became the lone presenting sponsor in 2011, and from then until February 2019 the series was known as the **ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards**.
Super Dirt Week

**Super Dirt Week** is a modified racing event held annually on Columbus Day weekend in Central New York state.

The first event was scheduled over three days, from September 29, through October 1, 1972 at the New York State Fairgrounds. Inspection and qualifying races were conducted on Friday and Saturday, and the Championship race was held on Sunday.

In 1976 a fourth day was added to the schedule, and a 100 mile race the USAC Champ Cars was held on Saturday October 2. The date of the event was eventually changed to Columbus Day weekend, and expanded to 6 days and championships for 5 car classes. The Syracuse Mile remained the featured race track until 2015, and companion races were added over the week at the nearby race tracks in Elbridge, Weedsport, and Brewerton.

After the 2015 event the grandstands at the Syracuse Mile were torn down, with Oswego Speedway hosting the primary races.
Portsmouth Raceway Park

**Portsmouth Raceway Park** is a three-eights mile dirt track located approximately 1 mile west of Portsmouth, Ohio. The track was built in 1990 by Owner/Operator Boone Coleman. The track hosts weekly racing events throughout the summer months, including the classes, Late Model, Modified, Limited Late Model, and Bomber. In 2009 the track hosted its first televised event, The "Big Red Book" River Days Rumble, featuring the Lucas Oil Late Model Series. The series made two appearances at the track in 2010, featuring one televised event, the two day "Pepsi 75 – River Days Rumble" paying $20,000 to the winner. In 2012 the 'crown jewel' racing event, The Dirt Track World Championship, was hosted at the speedway. The race, the thirty-second annual running of the event, paid $50,000 to the winner and was televised on the SPEED Network and sanctioned by the Lucas Oil Late Model Series. The announcement was made during the D.T.W.C. weekend that the thirty-third annual hosting of the event would also take place at the speedway under Lucas Oil series sanction. The DTWC now pays $100,000 to win and Brandon Sheppard of New Berlin, IL is the defending champion (2019).
Exhaust System/Port

An **exhaust system** is used to guide reaction exhaust gases away from a controlled combustion inside an engine or stove. The entire system conveys burnt gases from the engine and includes one or more **exhaust pipes**. Depending on the overall system design, the exhaust gas may flow through one or more of:

* Cylinder head and exhaust manifold
* A turbocharger to increase engine power.
* A catalytic converter to reduce air pollution.
* A muffler (North America) / silencer (UK/India), to reduce noise.
Las Vegas Motor Speedway

**Las Vegas Motor Speedway**, located in Clark County, Nevada in Las Vegas, Nevada about 15 miles northeast of the Las Vegas Strip, is a 1,200-acre (490 ha) complex of multiple tracks for motorsports racing. The complex is owned by Speedway Motorsports, Inc., which is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Brad Sweet

**Bradley Sweet** (born December 31, 1985) is an American professional race car driver and a veteran of the World of Outlaws Sprint Car Series, driving the No. 49 for Kasey Kahne Racing, where he has earned the nickname 'The Big Cat'. Sweet was formerly a JR Motorsports development driver in the NASCAR Nationwide Series.
Stock cars

**Stock car racing** is a form of automobile racing run on oval tracks and road courses measuring approximately 0.25 to 2.66 miles (0.4 to 4.3 km). It originally used production-model cars, hence the name "stock car", but is now run using cars specifically built for racing. It originates from the United States and Canada; the world's largest governing body is the American NASCAR. Its NASCAR Cup Series is the premier top-level series of professional stock car racing. Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Brazil and the United Kingdom also have forms of stock car racing. Top-level races typically range between 200 and 600 miles (322 and 966 km) in length.

Top-level stock cars exceed 200 mph (322 km/h) at speedway tracks and on superspeedway tracks such as Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway. Contemporary NASCAR-spec top-level cars produce maximum power outputs of 860–900 hp from their naturally aspirated V8 engines. In October 2007 American race car driver Russ Wicks set a speed record for stock cars in a 2007-season Dodge Charger built to NASCAR specifications by achieving a maximum speed of 244.9 mph (394.1 km/h) at Bonneville Speedway. For the 2015 NASCAR Cup Series, power output of the competing cars ranged from 750 to 800 hp (560 to 600 kW).
Triple Crown

The "triple crown" is earned in USAC racing when a driver claims all three national championships (silver crown, sprint car, and midget car). Only two drivers, Tony Stewart (1995) and J. J. Yeley (2003), have achieved the triple crown in a single season. Five other drivers, Pancho Carter (1972–78), Dave Darland (1997–2001), Jerry Coons Jr. (2006–08), Tracy Hines (2000, 2002, 2015), and Chris Windom (2016, 2017, 2020) have claimed each of the three championships at least once in their careers. In 2012 Mike Curb and Cary Agajanian became the only car owners to win the triple crown by winning all three championships in the same year.
V8 engine

A **V8 engine** is an eight-cylinder piston engine in which two banks of four cylinders share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration.

The first known working V8 engine was produced by the French company Antoinette in 1904, while the American 1914–1935 *Cadillac L-Head* engine is considered the first automotive V8 engine to be produced in significant quantities. The popularity of V8 engines in cars was greatly increased following the 1932 introduction of the *Ford Flathead V8*.

In the early 21st century, use of V8 engines in passenger vehicles declined as automobile manufacturers opted for more fuel efficient, lower capacity engines, or hybrid and electric drivetrains.
Scott Dixon

**Scott Ronald Dixon** CNZM (born 22 July 1980) is a professional racing driver from New Zealand, who competes in the NTT IndyCar Series for Chip Ganassi Racing. Dixon has won the IndyCar championship six times: in 2003, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2020. He also won the 92nd Indianapolis 500 in 2008 from pole position. In the 2022 Indianapolis 500, he passed Al Unser (644) for most laps led all-time in the race. Dixon's 53 wins are the second-most in American open-wheel car racing history, after only A.J. Foyt, who won 67 races. All but one of Dixon's wins occurred under IndyCar Series sanctioning, making him the winningest driver in the series' history. He is also a three-time overall winner and one-time class winner at the 24 Hours of Daytona. Alongside his six series' titles, Dixon won at least one race for eighteen consecutive seasons between 2005 and 2022, and now has the record of winning a race in 20 seasons, breaking A.J Foyt's record of 18. He is the only driver to win the IndyCar championship in his inaugural year in the series.

In 2011, Dixon was selected in a worldwide poll among fans as one of the 33 greatest drivers in Indianapolis 500 history. Among other notable awards won by Dixon are the Jim Clark Trophy (1999, 2001, 2004 and 2019) and the Bruce McLaren Trophy (2003, 2008). In the 2009 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to motorsport, and in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was promoted to Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. He was New Zealand's Sportsman of the Year in 2008 and 2013.
410 Sprint Car Engine

A 410 cubic inch engine, a V-8 engine with 1,100 horsepower, being able to go up to 150 mph. (is capable of reaching 9,000 rpm) It costs around $40,000-$70,000 dollars to make a 410 engine. One different between the 360 and 410, is that the 410 can't have a dished wing, meanwhile, the 360 can.

These engines are normally used for the World of Outlaw racing.
Modified Stock Car

A typical early “modified stock car” was, as it name implies, generally a stock automobile, with the glass removed, a roll cage installed, and a souped-up motor. NASCAR began by organizing the modifieds, and ran its first race in Daytona Beach in February 1948 at the beach road course. (In June 1949, NASCAR organized its first “strictly stock” later model car race at Charlotte, NC, which evolved into its well know premiere division.)

What started out as minor modifications to the cars became visibly apparent as the bodies were channeled and lowered. The car builders started mixing and matching components from different car makers. Some modified classes are no longer based on any current production vehicles. Modified racing remained popular, particularly on the east coast, and grew away from "strictly stock" or "Late Models", and became akin to both stock cars, and open-wheel cars. Until the early 1970’s drivers would typically compete on both dirt and asphalt surfaces with the same car. Modified cars resemble a hybrid of open wheel cars and stock cars. The rear wheels are covered by fenders but the front wheels and engine are left exposed There are sanctioning bodies that control the rules for this class at most tracks. Each sanctioning body has their own set of guidelines provided in an annual rule book and their own registration fees.
Asheville–Weaverville Speedway

The **Asheville–Weaverville Speedway** near Weaverville, North Carolina was considered to be the site for old-school NASCAR races in both the Grand National and Winston Cup Series eras. From 1951 to 1969, the race course offered some wins from drivers like Richard Petty, Bob Flock, Fonty Flock, Lee Petty, Rex White, and Fireball Roberts. As a dirt oval track, the speedway helped served its purpose during the dirt-dominated formative years of NASCAR's premier series. The track was later paved over. Other NASCAR legends like Banjo Matthews, Ralph Earnhardt, Junior Johnson, and Cotton Owens had made notable appearances here.

The track was closed from the 1970s to racing, until North Buncombe High School was built on the property of the former track. In the 1970s and 1980s the track was used as softball fields and sports practice fields. The track itself had been disabled by first placing earthen barriers on opposite sides of the track, and later, concrete barriers at 8 locations around the track.

An anti-noise ordinance was used to shut down the track after years of racing; this fight was staged as early as the 1970 racing season when a group of citizens petitioned their city council to shut down the track. 75% of people who read the *Asheville Citizen* wanted that track to be closed in a poll done in the summer of 1987. However, by that time, the track had already been physically disabled for racing purposes. Urbanization and progress forced the property to be closed, demolished, and re-zoned for educational purposes.

The property is now occupied by North Buncombe High School with 1,117 students.
Jimmy Lang

**James Joseph Lang** (March 1851 – 14 July 1929) was a Scottish international footballer who represented Scotland twice from 1876 to 1878.

Lang was born in March 1851 in Scotland. Before his football career, he worked at the John Brown & Company's shipyard on the River Clyde in Glasgow, where he lost sight in one eye due to an accident in 1869.
Non-wing Sprint

There are several sanctioning bodies for wingless sprint cars. Once dominant United States Automobile Club (USAC) became USAC/California Racing Association (USAC/CRA) after taking over the Sprint Car Racing Association (SCRA). USAC/CRA remains popular on the West Coast, East Coast and in Indiana. However, lack of leadership in much of the US has resulted in a large number of groups and sanctioning bodies supporting wingless sprint cars.

Wingless sprint cars are considered the traditional sprint cars, dating back to the first sprint cars in the 1930s and 1940s (that ultimately evolved into Indy cars). Today, they are essentially the same car as a winged sprint car, only without wings. In fact, many of them have the "stub outs" in the frame for adding wings. They generally use the same 410 cubic inches (6,700 cc) and 360 cubic inches (5,900 cc) aluminum engines as their winged counterparts (although many local tracks have rules mandating steel blocks and some 305 cubic inches (5,000 cc) displacements, this is mostly a cost control). Some newer regional groups, specifically POWRi and Elite have chosen to allow open engines with no limit to engine size. Their tuning and gearing are different for performance at lower RPMs than winged cars. Chassis set ups and tires are also different.

While they do not have the same top speed as a winged car (because they lack downforce for traction), they are thought by many to be more entertaining to watch. Their relative lack of grip creates different driving characteristics than their winged counterparts, causing them to be more difficult to control through the corners. This, and the lack of roll-over protection a wing provides, makes them more dangerous than winged cars and their crashes are known for their spectacular nature.
Oswego Speedway

The **Oswego Speedway** is a 5/8 mile race track in Oswego, New York. It was built in 1951 and was paved with asphalt since the 1952. The track has held dates on several national tours - the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour, ASA National Tour, and USAC Silver Crown Series. Since 2016, it is temporarily covered with dirt at the end of the season in September to host Super DIRT Week, featuring the Syracuse 200 Super DIRTcar Series Big Block Modifieds. The track is the Labor Day Weekend home of the 200-lap, non-wing, big-block supermodified Budweiser Classic and Race of Champions (a modified touring series event).
Autódromo Ciudad de Rafaela

The **Autódromo Ciudad de Rafaela** is a motor racing circuit in Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina built in 1952 and paved in 1966.

The venue – owned by Atlético de Rafaela – hosted the *500 Millas Argentinas* race until 1971. The USAC *Rafaela Indy 300* race was held at the Autódromo in 1971, won by Al Unser in a Colt-Ford Turbo.
Engine power

**Engine power** is the power that an engine can put out. It can be expressed in power units, most commonly kilowatt, pferdestärke (metric horsepower), or horsepower. In terms of internal combustion engines, the engine power usually describes the *rated power*, which is a power output that the engine can maintain over a long period of time according to a certain testing method, for example ISO 1585. In general though, an internal combustion engine has a power take-off shaft (the crankshaft), therefore, the rule for shaft power applies to internal combustion engines: Engine power is the product of the engine torque and the crankshaft's angular velocity.
Atlanta Motor Speedway

**Atlanta Motor Speedway** (formerly known **Atlanta International Raceway** from 1960 to 1990) is a 1.54-mile entertainment facility in Hampton, Georgia, United States, 20 miles (32 km) south of Atlanta. It has annually hosted NASCAR Cup Series stock car races since its inauguration in 1960.

The venue was bought by Speedway Motorsports in 1990. In 1994, 46 condominiums were built over the northeastern side of the track. In 1997, to standardize the track with Speedway Motorsports' other two intermediate ovals, the entire track was almost completely rebuilt. The frontstretch and backstretch were swapped, and the configuration of the track was changed from oval to quad-oval, with a new official length of 1.54-mile (2.48 km) where before it was 1.522-mile (2.449 km). The project made the track one of the fastest on the NASCAR circuit. In July 2021 NASCAR announced that the track would be reprofiled for the 2022 season to have 28 degrees (previously 24 degrees) of banking and would be narrowed from 55 to 40 feet which makes racing at the track similar to restrictor plate superspeedways. As a result, superspeedway rules are used at the track, despite being significantly shorter than Daytona or Talladega. Despite the reprofiling being criticized by drivers, construction began in August 2021 and wrapped up in December 2021. The track has seating capacity of 71,000 to 125,000 people depending on the tracks configuration.
Formula Racing

**Formula racing** (known as **open-wheel racing** in North America) is any of several forms of open-wheeled single-seater motorsport. The origin of the term lies in the nomenclature that was adopted by the FIA for all of its post-World War II single-seater regulations, or formulae. The best known of these formulae are Formula One, Formula E, Formula Two, Formula Three, regional Formula Three and Formula Four. Common usage of "formula racing" encompasses other single-seater series, including the GP2 Series, which replaced Formula 3000 (which had itself been the effective replacement for Formula Two).

Categories such as Formula Three and FIA Formula 2 Championship are described as **feeder formulae**, which refers to their position below Formula One on the career ladder of single-seater motor racing. There are two primary forms of racing formula: the open formula that allows a choice of chassis or engines and the control or "spec" formula that relies on a single supplier for chassis and engines. Formula Three is an example of an open formula, while Formula BMW is a control formula. There are also some exceptions on these two forms like Formula Ford where there is an open chassis formula but a restricted single brand engine formula.
Sanair Super Speedway

**Sanair Super Speedway** is a motorsports park with a 0.826-mile (1.33 km) paved triangular oval race track, a quarter-mile dragstrip, a 1/3-mile oval, as well as a 0.12-mile mini-oval and 0.15-mile karting course. It also formerly had a 1+1⁄4-mile road course which has since ceased to be used. It is located in Saint-Pie, Quebec. It hosted the Molson Indy Montreal from 1984 to 1986. The dragstrip previously hosted the NHRA's *Le Grandnationals Molson* until Canadian fuel regulations, prohibiting leaded race fuel, forced the NHRA to quit holding a national event in the country. It currently hosts races in the American Canadian Tour Sèrie ACT Castrol.
Jimmy Owens

**Jimmy Owens** is a professional dirt late model driver from Newport, Tennessee. Owens after starting out as a modified driver before switching to Late Models. Owens raced as an "Outlaw" by choosing to race selected larger purse events and not racing on national tours for several years. He eventually raced changed to national tours on the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series and won its championship in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2020. Owens is nicknamed "The Newport Nightmare" and "The O Show."
Simona De Silverstro

**Simona de Silvestro** (born 1 September 1988) is a Swiss-Italian racing driver, who is currently employed by Porsche as a factory driver. She has previously driven for Amlin Andretti in the 2015/16 season of the FIA Formula E Championship as well as several years competing in the IndyCar Series. Her nicknames are the "Iron Maiden" and "Swiss Miss".
Knoxville Speedway

**Knoxville Raceway** is a semi-banked 1/2 mile dirt oval raceway (zook clay) located at the Marion County Fairgrounds in Knoxville, Iowa, United States. Races at the "Sprint Car Capital of the World" are held on Saturday nights from April through September each year. Some special events such as the Knoxville Nationals, 360 Knoxville Nationals and Late Model Knoxville Nationals are multi-day events. Weekly racing events at the track features multiple classes of sprint cars including 410 cubic inch, 360 cubic inch and Pro Sprints (previously 305 cubic inch). Each August, the Raceway holds the paramount sprint car event in the United States, the Knoxville Nationals. The track is governed by the 24-member fair board elected by Marion County residents.
Mario Andretti

**Mario Gabriele Andretti** (born February 28, 1940) is an Italian-born American former racing driver. One of the most successful drivers in the history of motorsports, Andretti is one of only two drivers to have won races in Formula One, IndyCar, the World Sportscar Championship, and NASCAR (the other being Dan Gurney). He has also won races in midget car racing and sprint car racing.

During his career, Andretti won the 1978 Formula One World Championship, four IndyCar titles (three under USAC sanctioning, and one in CART), and IROC VI. To date, he remains the only driver ever to win the Indianapolis 500 (1969), Daytona 500 (1967) and the Formula One World Championship, and, along with Juan Pablo Montoya, the only driver to have won a race in the NASCAR Cup Series, Formula One, and an Indianapolis 500. As of 2021, Andretti's victory at the 1978 Dutch Grand Prix is the last Formula One win by an American driver. Andretti had 109 career wins on major circuits.

Andretti had a long career in motorsports. He was the only person to be named United States Driver of the Year in three decades (1967, 1978, and 1984). He was also one of only three drivers to have won major races on road courses, paved ovals, and dirt tracks in one season, a feat that he accomplished four times. With his final IndyCar win in April 1993, Andretti became the first driver to have won IndyCar races in four different decades and the first to win automobile races of any kind in five.

In American popular culture, Andretti's name has become synonymous with speed, similar to Barney Oldfield in the early twentieth century and Stirling Moss in the United Kingdom.
Steve Kinser

**Steve "The King" Kinser** (born June 2, 1954) is a former professional sprint car racing driver. He has won 20 championships in the World of Outlaws (WoO) series. Kinser left the World of Outlaws in 2006 to compete with the National Sprint Tour series, but returned to the World of Outlaws for the 2007 season. ESPN named him 25th on their top drivers of all-time in 2008. He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2017.
Grandview Speedway

**Grandview Speedway** is a one third-mile automobile race track located just east of Bechtelsville, Pennsylvania, United States. Featuring moderately high banks and a wide racing surface, it is suitable for close racing and passing. The track is sanctioned by NASCAR in the NASCAR Advance Auto Parts Weekly Series.
Stephen Leicht

**Stephen R. Leicht** (born January 9, 1987) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He has over 150 feature event wins in quarter midgets and go-karts, and was the 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 13 and 61 Toyota Supras for MBM Motorsports.
Parnelli Jones

**Rufus Parnell Jones** (born August 12, 1933) is an American former professional racing driver and racing team owner. He is notable for his accomplishments while competing in the Indianapolis 500 and the Baja 1000 desert race. In 1962, he became the first driver to qualify over 150 mph. He won the race in 1963, then famously broke down while leading the 1967 race with three laps to go in a turbine car. During his career as an owner, he won the Indy 500 in 1970–1971 with driver Al Unser, Sr.

Jones won races in many types of vehicles: sports cars, IndyCars, sprint cars, midget cars, off-road vehicles, and stock cars. He is also remembered for bringing the stock block engine to USAC Sprint car racing as one of the "Chevy Twins" with Jim Hurtubise. He is associated with the famous Boss 302 Mustang with his wins using the engine in the 1970s. Jones' son P. J. Jones was also a diverse driver, with IndyCar and NASCAR starts and a championship in IMSA prototype sports cars. His other son Page Jones was an up-and-coming driver before suffering career ending (and life-threatening) injuries in a sprint car at the 4-Crown Nationals, and has been in rehabilitation, working with his father-in-law. Following the death of 1960 Indianapolis 500 winner Jim Rathmann, Jones is now the oldest living "500" winner.
Super DIRTcar Series

The **Super DIRTcar Series Big Block Modifieds** is a North American big block modified touring series currently promoted by World Racing Group. The series primarily races on dirt ovals in the Northeastern United States and Canada along with select dates in Florida and North Carolina.

The cars feature big block V8 engines (up to 467 c.i.) that develops over 750 hp and a center-steer style chassis that weighs at least 2,500 lb with driver included.
Tony Kanaan

**Antoine Rizkallah "Tony" Kanaan Filho** (born 31 December 1974), nicknamed **TK**, is a Brazilian racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the Brazilian Stock Car Pro Series, driving the No. 6 Toyota Corolla E210 for Full Time Bassani and part time for Chip Ganassi Racing, driving the No. 1 Dallara Honda for the 2022 IndyCar Series season.

Kanaan won the 2013 Indianapolis 500 and the 2004 IndyCar Series championship. In that season he completed 3,305 laps, making him the first IndyCar Series driver to complete every possible lap in a season. He also led 889 laps in 13 separate races to establish an IndyCar Series record. He is also the only driver to lead the Indianapolis 500 in each of his first seven starts and won his first race on his 12th attempt. Kanaan has a total of 17 career race wins and 15 pole positions in the IndyCar Series. Kanaan also won the 24 Hours of Daytona in 2015, driving for Chip Ganassi Racing.

Kanaan drove the No. 14 Dallara Chevrolet for A. J. Foyt Racing from 2018 to 2020.
Spark plug

A **spark plug** (sometimes, in British English, a **sparking plug**, and, colloquially, a **plug**) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a ceramic insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily insulated wire to the output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed into the engine's cylinder head and thus electrically grounded. The central electrode protrudes through the porcelain insulator into the combustion chamber, forming one or more spark gaps between the inner end of the central electrode and usually one or more protuberances or structures attached to the inner end of the threaded shell and designated the *side*, *earth*, or *ground* electrode(s).

Spark plugs may also be used for other purposes; in Saab Direct Ignition when they are not firing, spark plugs are used to measure ionization in the cylinders – this ionic current measurement is used to replace the ordinary cam phase sensor, knock sensor and misfire measurement function. Spark plugs may also be used in other applications such as furnaces wherein a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are sometimes referred to as **flame igniters**
Compression ratio

The **compression ratio** is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine at their maximum and minimum values.

A fundamental specification for such engines, it is measured two ways: the **static compression ratio**, calculated based on the relative volumes of the combustion chamber and the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the top of its stroke.

The **dynamic compression ratio** is a more advanced calculation which also takes into account gasses entering and exiting the cylinder during the compression phase.
Reciprocating engine

A **reciprocating engine**, also often known as a **piston engine**, is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles; the steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution; and the Stirling engine for niche applications. Internal combustion engines are further classified in two ways: either a spark-ignition (SI) engine, where the spark plug initiates the combustion; or a compression-ignition (CI) engine, where the air within the cylinder is compressed, thus heating it, so that the heated air ignites fuel that is injected then or earlier.
Barney Oldfield

**Berna Eli** "**Barney**" **Oldfield** (January 29, 1878 – October 4, 1946) was an American pioneer automobile racer; his "name was synonymous with speed in the first two decades of the 20th century".

After success in bicycle racing, he began auto racing in 1902 and continued until his retirement in 1918. He was the first man to drive a car at 60 miles per hour (96 km/h) on a circular track.