Liopleurodon

### Attributes

Large body; long snout; sharp, protruding teeth; four large flippers; short neck; short tail; a strong sense of smell

## Biography

### Locations

Europe

***Liopleurodon*** (name meaning "*Smooth-Sided Teeth*") is a genus of large pliosaur that originated during the Late Jurassic period in what is now Europe. Arguably the largest member of pliosaur family, measuring 15 meters long and weighing 50 tons, its body would have cruised silently through the shallow and deep seas, propelled by its flapping flippers.

In the episode "*Cruel Seas,*" a pair of *Liopleurodon* was brought to the park from Late Jurassic Europe, 149 million years ago. They reside in the Marine Enclosure and managed to have some offspring.

## Facts

### Era & Discovery

The apex predator of its time and region, *Liopleurodon* lived in Europe during the Late Jurassic Period from 166 to 155 million years ago. While *Allosaurus* ruled the Jurassic on land, *Liopleurodon* dominated the seas of the Jurassic. It lived alongside animals such as *Cryptoclidus*, *Hybodus*, *Leedsichthys*, *Metriorynchus*, and *Ophthalmosaurus*. *Liopleurodon* was first discovered by Henri Émile Sauvage in 1873.

### Physical Attributes

A massive marine predatory animal with four flippers and capable of living for over 100 years, *Liopleurodon* was a very large pliosaur, in fact, it was the largest of its family. Measuring an enormous 49 feet (15 m) in length and weighing in at 50 tons (110,000 lbs.), *Liopleurodon* is among the largest and most powerful carnivorous animals that had ever existed. The coloration of *Liopleurodon* was very similar to that of a great white shark: black scales on the top half of its body, probably to camouflage it from prey above it, while on the other half of its body were grey to white scales that would camouflage it from prey below it.

*Liopleurodon* possessed the fundamental characteristics of the typical pliosaur; such as a large, heavy, bottle-nose shaped skull supported by a short neck and four large flipper limbs. Their short neck helped them be more powerful and that's when they could tear off chunks of flesh. Its large jaws carried a row of protruding, needle-sharp teeth. Liopleurodon were bullet-resistant animals, but due to the warmer conditions of their home in the Jurassic, if a Liopleurodon were to stay in colder waters for too long, it would presumably die from the cold conditions.

Capable of detecting the distress of their prey from a distance, *Liopleurodon* also had powerful nostrils, a directional and very acute sense of smell, which were used to pinpoint the scent of its prey. Two separate chambers in their nose worked in the same way as a pair of ears, pinpointing exactly where the smell was coming from. A sophisticated tracking device stirring among the largest carnivorous jaws ever known. Each of *Liopleurodons* four slippers measured over 10 feet (3 m) long. By alternately flapping its flippers up and down, it gave them enough power to guide and propel their huge bulk effortlessly through the Jurassic waters.

### Behavior & Traits

*Liopleurodon* was a solitary creature, only getting together during mating season. However, some *Liopleurodon* lived in pods of three or so, generally not attacking one another, while others seemed to either stray off or hunt alone. However, their size alone also made *Liopleurodon* fiercely territorial about their hunting areas, and even between a male and female fighting for space, confrontations almost always ended in violence. They were known to have most likely given live birth to their offspring. Much like young sharks, juvenile *Liopleurodon* lived in shallow waters until they were old enough to fend for themselves.

When they were at the surface, they could take one giant gulp of air and then descend to the depths to hide. Underwater, they could hold their breath for over an hour. This species of pliosaur lived a more aquatic lifestyle than other plesiosaurs, like *Cryptoclidus*, due to its large size. Adult *Liopleurodon* were constantly in danger of being beached if they got to close to the islands.

Being one of the largest carnivores to have existed, *Liopleurodon* was the apex predator of every area it lived in. They had a variety of prey consisting of sharks, marine crocodiles, ichthyosaurs, other pliosaurs, and the largest fish that ever lived, *Leedsichthys*. *Liopleurodon* were carnivorous creatures which would devour both small and large animals in their underwater environment. When confronting large objects in the waters, *Liopleurodon* would react aggressively by ramming and biting, whether it was an inanimate object or a living animal. *Liopleurodon* were seen to rub their bodies along smaller objects to try and get a reaction to see if the object was living food that could be taken and devoured. Not even terrestrial prey, such as *Eustreptospondylus*, was safe from the large marine reptile. It would also occasionally scavenge carcasses. Because of its reputation, other predators would flee upon seeing *Liopleurodon* and would only attack individuals when they were wounded.

## Trivia

* No *Liopleurodon* specimen was ever 15 meters in length or 50 tons. Estimates of real *Liopleurodon* say it was 6-12 meters in length with an estimated weight of fewer than 2 tons and the largest pliosaur, *Pliosaurus funkei*, is estimated to have been only 10-15 meters long.
* *Liopleurodon* was one of the largest marine creatures brought back to the park.