Couillard

***Les Antiquitez et Singularitez du Monde*** Book II by Antoine Couillard (1557) (extracts) translated from Middle French by Ras Feqade I

### Noah, surnamed Janus, makes retention of honor & superintendence of the Monarchy. Chapter 33.

The three Princes of the world were therefore in the year 1759 thus divided, as we have said: but not so soon to possess their great regions, at least in sovereign title. For how much this great patriarch and Monarch felt himself, in making such a partition voluntarily deprived of the total among his children, as having for his great old age all need of happy rest: If, with zeal aspiring to an honorable title, and great religion, he wanted to retain the usufruct and honor, during his life, of the Monarchy, and retain by right of supreme and sovereign authority his children under such obedience and fear, accompanied, however, with great gentleness and humanity, to make them keep the paternal honor, and to avoid that, under the color of the favor he brought them by having relinquished himself too quickly, they would not have him in contention. It is no wonder, then, if not only the great lords, in whatever stage of old age they may be, but also the smallest want each in his position to hold his place, and show the face of father, master, or Lord, on what they possess, without despoiling them or dispossessing them, so that before it is time to invest and seize their children, so much may they be their beloved ones. It is a certain thing, however, that he did not make such retention for affection, that he had to keep in himself alone all the honors with which he was filled, but well in order to perpetuate them in his posterity, to make it seem, by example of virtue, that it was divinely commanded to him, to attend until death to the duty he was bound to do, as sovereign Prince & Monarch. This seemed enough, when from that time, looking out of great prudence and from all sides at the affairs of the public (by whom the surname Janus was given to him, as many hold: but for the contrariety of opinions I will not affirm it), he decided to do a review of his people, in this certainly (as I believe) divinely inspired: & this, in order to return by sea to circumnavigate & surround the earth. And his will was so for three laudable reasons; the first, in order to show his children (whom he loved perfectly) the art of navigation, in which by great experience he was very dexterous and well learned from before the deluge. The second, that by his diligence, vigilance, & instruction, they have true & certain knowledge of the situation, Cosmography, & limits of the earth. And the third, and principal, because he hoped, in making this future voyage, to descend from sea to land, and to apportion those regions and places, which he would see to be the cleanest and most convenient, some small number of people to go there to live, to grow, and to multiply.

[The year 1759 refers to the Year of the world after Adam (AA), as calculated from Akiva's Masoretic-based figure of 1656 AA for the Deluge, plus 103 years after the Deluge. The correct figure for the Deluge may be derived from the older Samaritan Pentateuch as 1308 AA, in agreement with *Kufale*; Couillard like *Defloratio* and most European sources omits 200 years from dates after the Deluge, thus the 103 years should be taken as 303 years, and the indicated year is actually 1611 AA, corresponding in my calculations with 2452 BC.

The immediately preceding chapters roughly describe the terms of the First Partition (2494 BC based on *Kufale*), but the date derived here, 2452 BC, seems better to match the Second Partition, which has been dated to 2453 BC on the basis of Michael Syrus.]

### Of the families of Noah, assembled to deliver from the department. Chapter 34.

This intention was hardly retained in the weighing of the Monarch, for his affection for the growth of the republic. For as soon as the division of the land was made, and before his three children, and other principal captains of their families (who honored the virtues of this Sovereign Prince by every kind of praise) had left the place where they were, he made it open to them, and voluntarily obedient to this his will, they brought their children with all diligence to come before this great lord, and the children of their children multiplied since the deluge, so that he recognize (as he knew well how to do) the men more worthy not only of ruling and governing the provinces, but also those who would find themselves better educated and teaching the skills and arts necessary to properly establish the maintenance of human society, in the department he intended to make of it. But how could one write with what joy this great Prince was moved, and still more the virtuous Princess & Spouse, when in this notable & general assembly, which was made in the same year 1759, they had the unspeakable pleasure, to see their posterities, who arrive in the crowd, in all humility to obey and do the will of their father, Lord, and Emperor? But also consider what a great delight most of them had, to see these great personages, their progenitors, of whom they had heard and talked so much, without ever having seen them. But to show that in the Court of Princes any order of preeminence must be kept, Noah ordered that Shem, his eldest son, be called first.

### Of the display of the posterities of Noah. Chapter 35.

Following this command, the first princes of the world, Sem, Cam, & Japhet, presented themselves in such reverence & humility, as they should, & offered themselves and their children to the pleasure & service of their lord and father. Sem presented Helam, Assur, Arphaxad, Lud, & Aram. Japhet called after Sem, presented Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Mosoch & Tiras. And Cam brought Cus, Mixrain, Phut, & Canaan. And after them came the 25 sons of the Monarch, born since the flood, of which in the twelfth chapter of this part we have spoken. And that done, & all the said Princes retired by the superior's leave, their other children came subsequently each in their order, & offered & presented them & their lineages multiplied by great lineages & troops, who passed in fairly well ordered crew, according to their mode, in front of the majesty of the Monarch, who looked very carefully at their countenances, gestures, and ways of doing things, in order then afterwards to provide for them, and to use them according to what he had deliberated in faith. And in line with this, having joyfully with a tear in his eye, gave them his blessing, promising to allocate to each of them so great a province, that they would have the means of living in peace: and under this hope they were relieved, each the part of the country places, where they had their most continual residences.

### Of the second voyage of Noah on the sea to show his children their dominions. Chapter 36.

This satisfaction, which this sacred prince had, to have seen so many of his generations, gave him the greatest heart to make the journey undertaken, which was to circumnavigate and surround by sea and for the second time the entire earth. And preferring this to all other business, made without diverting in a short time his apparatuses of several ships and vessels, which were no less well ordered to surely make the navigation, than equipped and provisioned with the things required in so long a journey. And all put in such a crew, that the governors reported none to remain, this monarch worthy of all praise took leave to the great regret so much of the most notable lady in the world his wife, whom he made & constituted regent over the rest of the people left by him, that also virtuous princesses, wives of his sons, & other ladies, who in a way of saying despair not only at seeing their husbands leave, for a long time, still hopeless, never to return, but (& which more was their grievance) never to see their own children again, both sons and daughters, charge to the sea with the express intention of leaving them on islands and unknown lands, in order to be and remain wandering through the deserts, as prey to savage beasts. O wonderful regret! O heart harder than steel (said these poor women destitute of their so dear children) to see the prince of the world himself containing his own blood, and exposing it without any pity to all hazards and dangers, both marine and terrestrial ! And how much this monarch was full of virtue & magnanimity, if seeing the lamentations & (in a manner of speaking) howls & terrible cries of these poor women & children, he could not contain himself from sighing, nature prompting him to this act. But that did not prevent the virility of the mind from commanding power over human frailty, so much so that he concluded on his own not to abandon this great enterprise. In which certainly he is to be honored and extolled perpetually, since he did it according to the will of the Lord, and for the multiplication of the human race. Thus, the holidays taken with pitiful & tearful kisses from the elect of the monarch, who were (when all is said) the flower of all his children & of their posterity, the mayors and captains veiled the part that it is pleasing to God. This departure was in the year 1760, & after the flood 104 years.

[The indicated year corresponds to 2451 BC]

### On the instruction of navigation, which Noah gave to his children: and declarations of the winds, which blow over the sea. Chapter 37.

Our people, to embark themselves were assembled in the mouth of the river Tanais, which descends from the mountains and forests of Riphea, and separates Asia and Europe...

[Remainder not translated at present. The Tanais or Tina is the modern Don River.]

### Of the principal islands of the world, where Noah made his navigation: and firstly of those of Asia. Chapter 38.

So this great monarch, having thus exposed the art of navigation to his people, showed them thenceforth by having greater experience, by the long and strange navigations which they made. The first of which was in the Mediterranean sea called Pontus Euxinus, where are the isles Thinias or Daphnisia, & the rocks Erithinese or Hellespont, where is the isle Tenedos, in the Aegean sea, & in the Icarian sea, in the Mirthoyen Sea, the isles on the side of Lycia, the isles near Syria, in the isle of Cyprus, in the Hyrcanian Sea, or Abacuc, at the Gulf of Arabia, the isles of the Red Sea at the Stachalites Gulf, at the Gulf of Persia, in the great southern sea of India, the islands of the Cannibals, the islands of the Satyrs, and the islands of the great sea Eastern Ocean: which are the principal parts of the seas surrounding the regions of Asia. And it was shown to Shem, because it was his dominion.

[This describes the itinerary of Noah's expedition departing Tanais and following the coastline of Shem's inheritance (Asia) along the Black Sea and Mediterranean, stopping at all islands, until reaching the Nile Delta at Rhinocura, the beginning of Ham's inheritance, as also described by Le Maire (AD 1512) and Magnus. It is far less likely that Noah followed the coast of Shem up the Red Sea and around the Indian and Pacific oceans as implied here, and quite impossible that he could have explored the landlocked Caspian coast of Hyrcania on the same expedition.]

### Of the seas and islands of Africa, shown to Ham. Chapter 39.

After having seen the seas of the part of Asia, they came upon the coast of Africa: where there are many great and wonderful islands, likewise the part of the Analitic Gulf, to the promontory Aromata, to the Barbaric Gulf, the isles of the coast of Barbary and Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, the isles of the Cyrenes, the isles of the Sea of Egypt, the isles of the great Western ocean sea near Africa, and to the district of Gibraltar, the Fortunate Isles, called Canaries, the isles near Libya, the isles of the Western Sea, and to the great Gulf of Africa.

[This would imply that Noah explored the entire northern coastline of Africa from Cape Guardafui on the Horn, as far around as the Canaries and the point where the western coastline turns eastward. This again seems exaggerated; more feasibly, he explored only the Mediterranean coast from Rhinocura to Gadir (later site of the Pillars of Hercules.)

### Of the seas and islands of Europe, shown to Japheth. Chapter 40.

The rest that the monarch wanted to show Japheth, the seas and isles of Europe, likewise the isles of the Mediterranean Sea, the isles around Candy, the isles of Achaea, the Cyclades isles, the isles near Epirus, the isles near Macedonia in the Ionian and Aegean Seas, the isles near Thrace, under the western Bosphorus, the isles in the Aegean Sea, the isles near Mysia in the Euxine Sea, the isles of Sicily, Sardinia, the Ionian Sea, the isles of the Ligustic Sea, the isles near Liburnia, Dalmatia, the Barbaric isles, the isles of the sea of Gallia Narbonensis, where the monarch descended such a number of people, who repaired toward the coast of the Rhone and in Languedoc, the isles of the Ocean sea near Hispania Tarraconensis, the isles in the great Atlantic or Western Sea, the isles in the great Germanic Ocean sea, the isles near England, Scotland, Ireland, Zealand, near Denmark, the isles called Trimoantes. And finally the monarch was transported to the isles near Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he found the mouth of a river crossing the land of Italy, the length of which he ascended: and seeing the country beautiful to stay there, disembarked there, and stopped on the shore of this river, which he called Janiculum (At present it is the Tiber) and left there such a small number of people. This was in the year 106 after the deluge, and of the world 1762.

[The third leg of the voyage would have followed the Mediterranean coast of Europe from Gadir back toward Tanais, leaving colonists at the mouths of the Rhone and Tiber, excluding as less likely that they ventured beyond Gadir as far as Denmark. This would place Noah's founding a settlement in Italy in 2449 BC, two years after departing from Tanais.

*Defloratio* says merely that some years before the general dispersion "Noa went to rule over Kitim, which is now called Italy", and that the Armenians regretted his departure. In his *Italian Chronography*, Annius indicates that Italy was desolate of inhabitants for a space of 108 years between the Deluge and the first coming of Janus, ie. Noah, the first king there. Correcting 108 to 308, it places the start of 'Weyn' Noah's reign in Italy at 2447 BC, two years later than stated here. Le Maire states that he departed the Tiber to populate the coasts of Greece 108 years after the flood.

Likewise the Swedish bishop Magnus asserted that Nimrod had founded his kingdom 24 years after the first Italian residents. The view of 16th century historians counted the 'Era of Saturn' under Nimrod as starting 131 years after the deluge, which actually refers to the Tower of Babel collapsing 331 years after the Deluge as known from *Kufale*, in 2424 BC. Magnus would thus place the first residents of Italy 24 years earlier, in 2448 BC, within a year of both Couillard and Annius. Nimrod had in fact claimed kingship in Babel as early as the 40th year of Reu (2443 BC) per Michael Syrus and Bar Hebraeus, thus only 4 to 6 years after Italy had settlers.

If Noah aka Janus stayed to rule in Kitim or Italy, it must have been his fourth son, Janus II or Bar-weyn, who returned to Tanais and Armenia with his brothers Ham, Shem and Japheth; but the two Januses were typically conflated in European memory.

Aventinus in the title header to his Chap. 18 (*Bavarian Chronicle*) indicates that Noah had founded Genoa, which Annius also mentions was associated with Janus, along with Janicula or Rome; but it is not specified when he founded it - thus it could refer to Barweyn Janus II, though it more likely was one of the first seats of Noah Janus I. In the slightly confused Napoleonic-era account of Deboileau, the Rhone mouth is indicated as a colony of Gomer (who per *Defloratio* arrived in Italy from Scythia to succeed Noah in the 10th year of Saturn, ie. 2414 BC).]

### Of the return of the Monarch Noah in Armenia. Chapter 43.

The Monarch sojourned in Italy a little time: for having there instructed the people and descended, to make only the negotiations needed for the necessity of their lives and habitations, his will was to return to Armenia, to give order to greater affairs. And reboarding in his vessels, which were taken in the mouth of the river of Janiculum, or the Tiber, and accompanied only by his three sons born before the deluge, and such others his most favored, whom he had reserved and destined to be employed at great things he held secretly, made will to reenter the Major Sea, and navigated the length of the shore and district, where is at present Constantinople, and had the wind so favorable (for he was conducted by the Lord) he was carried and placed at the same mouth of the river Tanais, which he had first departed: and from there to Armenia, where the company was received with incredible joy by the princesses and ladies, who would see their husbands and children upon the return. But as for the other people running from all parts to recognize those who had departed from the department brought down by the Monarch, and did not see their children so dear, who had been led: they made clamors (their hearts melted in tears) so great and pitiful, that the most constant, who gazed upon these poor creatures in such despair, were compelled to weep. This return was to Armenia, in the year 108 after the deluge, and of the world 1764.

[This account places Noah returning to Tanais and Armenia in 2447 BC, two years after founding the settlement at the Tiber, and the same year Annius has him beginning to rule Italy. More likely, it was rather Noah's fourth son Janus II or Barwein who returned to Armenia with Shem, Ham and Japheth at this time, while Noah governed Italy until Gomer's arrival in 2414 BC.]

### Of Shem, sent in his government of Asia. Chapter 44.

The feasts having been made, the Majesty of the Monarch, desiring the multiplication of peoples, thought of no other business than the deliberation of separating from him the first three children, and sending them to their governments, for the amplification and decoration of the provinces. Which, however, he did not want to do, without great and solemn deliberation. By conclusion of which, which was made into the city situated near Mount Ararath, now called Nicopolis, from that time begun to be founded by the Monarch. Shem, or otherwise Melchizedek, the righteous was sent, with twenty-five Dukes of his family, to dwell in the land Solima, now called Judea, which before the deluge had been possessed by glorious Seth, as we said in the 43rd chapter of the first book. He chose and elected for his continual abode the Mount of Tabor, however difficult of access it was for its height, but because it was the most renowned of all the mountains of the land of promise, both for its pleasant situation, and fertility of all fruits, which always grow there in abundance. At the foot of this mountain, on the side of Egypt, and fairly near the places where the cities of Scitopolis and Endor are now, Shem built a city, which he named Salem. It is not, however, Jerusalem, as some have wanted to say: For it is situated two days from it. This city was marvelously sumptuous: as it appears by the vestiges of the magnificent palaces and towers, which are still seen there, serving as caves for lions, and other cruel beasts. Thus Shem began to live there, the year 112 after the deluge, and from the world 1769.

[This account makes Shem the same as Melchizedek, and to have founded a city Salem in the region of Mt Tabor and the sea of Galilee in 2443 BC. The number of "dukes" who accompanied Shem, Japheth and Ham in these chapters should be probably discarded as information added at some later point, as they merely count the names available from *Genesis* 10.

In fact it is known from Syriac historians that Melchizedek was Shem's great-great grandson, son of Malikh, son of Cainan, son of Arphaxad, son of Shem, and that both Shem and the 15 year old Melchizedek, on the death of Noah, journeyed to Ararat to bring the coffins of Adam and Eve to the hill Golgotha in Jerusalem. This probably means rather when Noah departed Armenia in 2451 BC, meaning Melchizedek had been born ca. 2466 BC.

Thus in 2443 BC, after 8 years, Shem and / or Melchizedek settled in the promised land, before the Canaanites arrived and squatted there in c. 2417 BC. Melchizedek's father Malikh was also mentioned as a king in that region in the Armenian text of Mich. Syr., while Malikh's father Cainan may be the Cana mentioned in *Defloratio* as having been appointed by Janus as governor of the region 'from Damascus to the edge of Palestine' - which would also be part of the agreed inheritance of Cainan's father Arphaxad, and his father Shem. Melchizedek remained in the land centuries after the arrival of the Canaanites, as *Kufale* places his founding of Salem at Jerusalem in 2072 BC, while Abraham was there.]

### Of Japheth sent into Europe. Chapter 45.

By the same conclusion Japheth was in the year 114 after the Deluge sent into Europe, with 14 Dukes of his generation. And he passed by the mount Taurus, which separates Asia into two parts, to wit, the interior, which is from the south coast, and the exterior toward the north. A marvelous thing is written of the height, length, and breadth of this mountain: near which, in the place where Antioch is now, Japhet left some of his people, and spent two years there. And passing beyond came, in the year 116 after the deluge, into the province of Greece, a region of Europe: where he left also some people, whom he called Gomerites, in favor and praise of his son Gomer (later surnamed Comeras Galus) whom he instituted Prince over them. These are the ones whom the Greeks have long called Galathes. And very soon afterwards Japhet returned to Scythia, from present Tartary, near the mountains Riphei, which he then named Magoges, from the name of Magog his son. Which regions did Prince Japhet, of his good and virtuous nature, institute such laudable constitutions among the few people he had, that in a short time they increased and maintained themselves in such a political society, that they subjugated Asia, and made it tributary: as we will be able to say more fully, if this work is continued.

[Japheth is dispatched from Armenia in 2441 BC, not strictly to Europe but to the site of Antioch on the Mediterranean coast, which he seems to have founded. His sons Tubal and Tiras, said to have later embarked from Joppa and Tyre respectively, must have accompanied him into the region at this time; Joppa or Yapha has also been called the namesake of its founder Japheth.

After 2 years, in 2439 BC, Japheth is said to have visited Greece, and here the narrative becomes confused. It must have been his son Javan with the Javanites whom he left then in the Aegean, before proceeding to the Riphaean (Ural) Mountain region, where it seems from Swedish and Hungarian accounts that Magog and Gomer had already been since 2467 BC; it was perhaps rather Gomer's son Riphath whom Japheth installed there in 2439 BC.

*Defloratio* claims that Japheth later, around the 18th year of Saturn or 2406 BC, travelled with Triton and Getulus to the Atlas Mountains, and perhaps thence to 'Atalaa', which could mean North America. He does not appear in any further annals, though the 22nd century BC Amazon Queen Myrina in some sources is called a daughter of Japheth.]

### Of Ham sent into Africa. Chapter 46.

Cam, who by nature was evil, had since the preceding assembly always been detained by the Monarch near his majesty, in order to return him to some form of better life: however, in the year 118 after the deluge, he beseeched to be sent in his legation & government of Africa, accompanied by his families, led under him by thirty-five Dukes, chiefs, or Captains of his blood: who arrived & encamped on the coast & along a beautiful port sea, near the place where the city of Alexandria was first located. It was in the region formerly named Aeria, later Merse: it is now Lower & Upper Egypt, which contains several large provinces: of the singularities of which, together of the cities, which have since been built there, & flora in wealth, we will speak more fully, if our work continues. But we will leave Cam, who is always said to have proceeded badly with the introduction of his people, seated in Egypt in the year 118 after the flood, & of the world 1776: & we will return to the Monarch.

[It is possible that Ham left some colonists at the site of Alexandria, in Egyptian *Raqodesh*, as early as 2437 BC as indicated here. However he did not stay, for it is known that it was only a little after the tower collapsed in 2424 BC that he headed toward his inheritance beyond the Nile with the bulk of his descendants. The Sumerian epic *Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird* reports that Enmerkar (=Nimrod) built a wall against the Amorites in his 50th year, which in this case would seem to mean since the start of the tower in 2467 BC, thus the Amorites must have squatted with the other Canaanites by 2417 BC. *Defloratio* has Oceanus ie Misraim established on the Nile in 2409 BC and Cush at the source of the Blue Nile in 2406 BC, and going by Ethiopian accounts it seems Ham accompanied Cush and even served as first Emperor there. After that Ham returned to rule Egypt, later ruling Italy and later still Bactria before finally being beheaded in combat.]

### Of the sojourn of the Monarch in Armenia. Chapter 47.

This sovereign elder, full of honour, while his children, in industry and marvelous labor, began to erect their principalities, wanted to stay in Armenia minor, otherwise the Ararath land, of which we have spoken in the chapters of the deluge. This country is between the mountains of Thorel & Caucasus, extending from Cappadocia to the Caspian Sea, having towards the North the mountains called Ceraunes: & the greater Armenia is separated from the lesser by the said mountains. Each of which regions is so fertile in all kinds of cold, that the Monarch took a particular pleasure in instructing his people there, for the ornament and increase of his republic. For as his people grew and multiplied, he dispatched them in small bands, troops, and baggage, and sent them, and caused them to be conducted, to discover the lands and islands nearest to him, so that he may recover them when he would see the time to do this properly, had them camped, & lodged in small huts and cottages, which they made of branches, leaves, & other similar conveniences, according to the situation of the places, where they lived in liberty of their spirits, that they voluntarily exercise in the arts and sciences, which the Monarch has shown them, and daily inspect, and more and more, those who find them necessary for the preservation of their society. In which it has certainly been demonstrated, as nature has had great consideration and regard for the divine creation of men, not only bound, conjoined, and naturally by accommodation and freedom instructed in the arts and sciences, but also held and obliged to an inevitable necessity to live and converse in friendly company. These little things, then, were done and addressed by the Monarch, from the year 119, until the year 127 after the deluge, and of the world 1784.

[At face value, "the Monarch" still refers to Noah, Janus I; however following Annius and *Defloratio*, it seems rather that he ruled in Italy during these years, which correspond to 2436-2428 BC. The Monarch in Armenia at this time, if not Barwain Janus II, was probably Scythes, son of Araxa the daughter of Noah, as *Defloratio* says

*Scytha, with his mother Araxa, and some colonists especially selected to settle in Armenia, were left in that country, and Scytha was the first to bear the title of king.*
*Sabatius Saga was appointed Sovereign Pontiff in the region which extends from Armenia to Bactria, and which is still called Scythia Saga.*The religion or philosophy promoted by Scytha and Sabatius (Sebtah son of Kush) at this time was most likely Scythianism, as described by Classical historians as predominant in the "golden age" before the spread of idolatry.]

### Of the invention of letters, and praise of them. Chapter 48.

The very excellent idea, and more to be praised, than any other in this world, was by sacred mystery and celestial favor put into the mind of the Monarch, when he, considering the figures and things engraved, which by singular artifice were in use from the appearance of the deluge (as we said in the fourth to fifth chapter of the first book) not being sufficient to preserve the memory of past things, he found the form and characters of sixteen letters, which he used later in the country of Armenia: by means of which he amassed henceforth, as in a treasure which could not be greater, the things of eternal memory, not by the figures before said, but by the words kept in conjunction with those divine letters invented in favor of the posterity, & in order to make men of singularities more divine than human, & precious, & to make them so excellent, that they (by means of reason) differ from brute beasts, who know nothing, except what is present. Truly the invention and intelligence of letters has given man an invincible force against oblivion and the vileness of memory, which would have buried all science in the darkness of ignorance, if the light illuminating the divine letters and characters had not been consecrated, & occurred in the spirit of the divine Monarch. This place deserves a discourse without comparison, longer and more elegant, to give immortal praise of this so divine benefit: but because it is necessary to go beyond it, and because our promise is in charge of it, let us conclude that Father Noah retained in him for some time the intelligence of the sixteen letters, & without manifesting them, applied it wonderfully not only in the approval, but also in the love & frequency of them: well thinking that little would profit any discipline, if it was not stirred with continual & sovereign exercise. Letters were thus invented in the year 130 after the deluge, and of the world 1786.

[The claim here is that the first writing system of 16 letters was invented in the year corresponding to 2425 BC by 'the Monarch' -- ostensibly Noah, though it seems Scytha must have been Monarch in Armenia by this time, unless Noah invented them in Italy. This may be compared to the claim in Aventinus' *Deutschechronik* that Tuiscon in Germany (2399-2248 BC) invented a proto-Greek alphabet of 16 letters, as well as Hyginus' claim the Carmenta and her son Evander reduced the 24-letter Greek alphabet into the first 15 letters of the Latin alphabet around 1250 BC. Actual alphabets of only 16 letters are rarely attested, the main known example being the 'Younger Futhark' reduced to 16 runes in Scandinavia around AD 800 from the earlier 'Elder Futhark' of 24 runes.

Writing systems in use at this time, 2425 BC, potentially included some limited memory of Proto-Semitic glyphs and Egyptian hieroglyphic, both used before the flood, but both having well more than 16 characters. Nearly all later alphabets including Greek, Latin and runes, are now thought to descend from the former. If some additional alphabet of only 16 characters was introduced at this time, it must be unknown now. However the date given seems like a better match for the alleged introduction of Sumerian proto-cuneiform glyphs by Enmerkar (ie Nimrod, in a message to Scytha) as described in the epic *Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta*. This by my calculation was only one year before 2424 BC when the tower collapsed and the work was abandoned, which is associated with linguistic confusion, both in *Genesis* and in the Sumerian epic.]

### Of Reu, son of Phaleg, 16th in the direct line. Chapter 49.

Soon after, which was in the year 131 after the deluge, Phaleg, who was at the age of 30 years, begat Reu, 16th in the direct line. This was in the year of the world 1787.

[This was probably missynchronized long after the fact, for it is known from *Kufale* that Phaleg begat Reu in 2483 BC - at the age of only 13 years.

The year given here corresponds to 2424 BC and 1639 AA, where *Kufale* places the fall of the tower, but it is ironic that Couillard unlike nearly all other historians of his time does not place the alleged beginning of Saturn Nimrod's reign here at 131 years -- as we shall see below, for some inexplicable reason, his dates corresponding to the 'Era of Saturn' in *Defloratio* all seem to be shifted later by a few years, returning to match better the chronology in *Defloratio* with the 'Era of Jupiter Belus'.]

### Conclusion of the foundation and distribution of the realms and principalities. Chapter 50.

Now we are approaching the time, when our republic began to greatly increase in people: whereon the Monarch, having singular regard, and desiring to fulfill what he had promised to his children, which was to found and distribute to them kingdoms and principalities, sent messages or ambassadors to the regions, which Sem, Cam, & Japhet presided over their families, affectionately admonishing them with his will, which they had already heard from him, & expressly commanding them to discern & advise by inspection & knowledge of persons, which of their men they presented to him, sufficient and capable of being constituted in such dignity; that they would diligently make the preparations & provisions necessary for the voyages of their legations, which he intended to dispatch in the following year, that they would repair to (if it was possible) the part he would be, equipped & furnished enough each according to the order that they were assigned. To which they voluntarily obeyed, made their proclamations & assemblies so well & diligently, that in the year 37 after the deluge they arrived, honorably accompanied by their Princes & heads of families, in the court of the Monarch being then in Armenia near Mount Caucasus, so called in the Oriental language, for its whiteness. We will leave, for the sake of brevity, the welcomes, greetings, and feasts, which took place in this so great and noble assembly. Because it is necessary to get to the bottom of the cause, which was (for the incomparable importance of it) often put to the council. And how many unanimous voices they were in agreement with the division of the provinces, if there were endless quarrels, pursuits, and actions between the most conspicuous of the children of the first three Princes, and the children of the Monarch, like the Titans, & others born since the deluge: because there were several of them, desiring the same legation. For whoever wanted to commit in any part of Europe asked to live in Asia or Africa. However, the prudence of the Monarch gave such an order to the satisfaction of all, that they were provided, consecrated, and invested in the regions or provinces declared thereafter.

[37 being a misprint for 137, this chapter describes a final assembly with the "monarch" at Armenia supposedly in the year 2418 BC, before Nimrod is assigned the first tract in Sennear two years later. However this sequence of events is questionable, because it seems rather that Sennear was settled as early as 2483 BC, that the tower was begun in 2467 BC, and that Nimrod was claiming kingship there from 2443 BC. *Defloratio* seems to move the beginning of Nimrod's reign, as well as of the tower, to 2424 BC, the year the tower in fact fell, but note Couillard places Nimrod's reign later still by 8 years, in 2416 BC.]

### Of Assyria erected as the first principality, entrusted to Nembroth. Chapter 51.

The Monarch was so importuned by his grandson Cush (whom he loved very much, because he was an honorable man and of good morals, as much as he was the son of Cam) that he distributed the first principality to the son of Cush, named Nembroth, who was a Giant, fifteen feet tall, and a man who was certainly very belligerent, and of great skill and enterprise. This principality was formerly Assyria, otherwise Chaldea, province of Asia. Some have wanted to say that is it in Egypt: which is not to be believed, because Egypt is part of Africa. It is true that in Egypt there is a city called New Babylon, bound with Memphis, where the seat of the great Sultan is to be found: and is that city formerly called Alcayrum, Cairo, or Bubalis. Let us return to the province of Assyria, or Chaldea, which has towards the east the country of India, towards the south is in the country of Media, from the western side it has the river of the Nile, & towards the north Mount Caucasus, where is the Caspian gate, that is to say, a wonderful hole, path, or way artificially made in the base of the said mountain, crossing it under the earth at a length of eight leagues. We will speak hereafter of the cities, which were built in Assyria by Nembroth, who is said to have learned all the liberal arts, which he knew from his uncle Yonicum, son of Noah, and the first born after the deluge, of whom we began to speak in the sixty-fourth chapter of the first book. The despatch of this legation thus made, it was ordered to Nembroth to make the appliances of food and provision, and also to host the families, to leave Armenia. This he did in a short time, and took away his son Belus, since named Jupiter, and besides those who were of his lineage, he attracted a large number of men and women, both descended from Sem and from Japheth. Who, at the persuasion of Ietram, who presided over the line of Shem, and of Susam, who also preceded over the line of Japhet, followed Nembroth, who arrived in the said country of Assyria, the year 139 after the flood.

[*Defloratio* has the start of Nemrod Saturn's reign over 'Babylonia' at 131 years after the flood, 8 years earlier than Couillard (and Le Maire), whose date thus corresponds to 2416 BC; this marks an 8 year offset in Couillard and Le Maire's dates for the 'era of Saturn' in *Defloratio*.

Nemrod apparently had first claimed his kingship in 2443 BC, ie. when Reu was aged 40, per Michael Syrus, with the help of a crown weaver named Sasen or Susan. In some fragments this Sasen is called a king or priest of Azerbaijan or Saba whom Nemrod visited, but most likely he is the same as Susan son of Elam, son of Shem mentioned in *Kufale*, and probable founder of Susa.

The leaders of the Semites and Japhethites in Sennear have been identified variously in various sources over the centuries, but most likely they are Joktan and Samothes, respectively, as named in *Defloratio*. Couillard reintroduces Samothes below as the founder of Gallia, making him identical with Javan, but does not identify him as being the chief Susam of the Japhethites in these chapters. The 1st century work *Biblical Antiquities* call them Joktan and Phenech, the latter being a son of Dodanim, aka Rodis, son of Javan, and this seems like the most plausible identity for Samothes.

Yonicum is apparently another memory of Janus II or Barwain, as tales of him were passed along over the ages with different names.

Nemrod's capitals of Sennear were at Uruk or Erech, and Babili or Babel. In Nemrod's artificially constructed language Emegir (Sumerian), intended to resolve the increasing linguistic diversity, Babili was officially called Eridu, Uruk was Unug-Kullaba, and Sennear was Kiengir.]

### Nembroth camps on the plain of Sennear, the length of the Nile river. Chapter 52.

Nembroth, the people, captains, and families thus arrived, encamped in a country, by the scriptures called the Sennear fields, a land as fertile in all varieties of fruit, as otherwise in mode. For the countryside is located in a very healthy place for the air, which is always tempered with heat and cold. It is also bordered by the great river of the Nile, ...

[The entire remainder of this chapter is dedicated to describing the Nile, which is off-topic, since it does not in fact border the land of Sennear -- ie Sumer, later known as Babylonia and often confounded with Assyria.]

### Foundation of the tower Babylon, and confusion of the languages. Chapter 53.

Let us now return to Nembroth: who, knowing by great science the convenience of the plate of this place so pleasing and delicious, deliberated not only to stay there, but also, after advice taken with Ietram and Susam, (who had doubts of a second deluge) concluded to make a tower there, which could not be destroyed by fire or water: hoping that the summit of it would be up to the sky. And with the incredible labor of all their troop of people, who had nothing else to do, was this work so well carried out, that in a short time they raised their masonry (which was of terracotta, which we call commonly brick) so tall, wide, & thick, that never such a building was, nor will be seen. For the most approved have written, it is 3000 paces high. And we must now distinguish which steps should be understood: For if these are geometric steps, each of them is three feet, which would make 1500 fathoms in height, to take six feet for each fathom. If they are not simple, each step is taken for two feet, would only be a thousand fathoms. And if each step were taken for a single step of ascent, it is commonly only six inches high, the twelve are worth one foot, which would make a height of fifteen hundred feet, returning to 250 fathoms. And on this last opinion I want to stop myself for the same reason that it is necessary to have regard to the short lapse of time of the construction, which was only six years, and that it would have been impossible, in that few years, to set up a an edifice of 1500, or a thousand fathoms, which in such a large mass, freshly made, could hardly have supported itself. Moreover, it is written, that it was very wide below, and that in ascending it, by necessity, comes to diminish...

[Lengthy discussion of measurements omitted]

And here is what little knowledge I have of the work of this tower, which Nembroth, Susan, & Ietram raised, thinking in doing so not only (as it is written) to perpetuate their names & praises, but also to avoid that God overwhelmed them further by deluge, as we have said. However, this great Creator, knowing the malice of their hearts, descended upon them, and deprived them of their accustomed language: for though in all the universal earth there was only similar dictions or manners of speaking, He caused there to be so many divers languages, that some wrote in number of 72, that they did not understand each other: strong as the work of this incredible fortress & sumptuous edifice was divinely made & said place of confusion & ruin, in the year 146 after the flood, & of the world 1803.

[As known from *Kufale* the tower was built over 43 years, corresponding to 2467-2424 BC, or 288-331 years after the flood. *Defloratio* somewhat confusedly mentions the tower being *begun* by Nemrod 131 years after the flood, but does not explain specifically when it was abandoned. Couillard seemingly tries to resolve this by having it built over a space of 6 years, 140 to 146 years after the flood, which would correspond with 2415-2409 BC. This may be discarded as conflicting with *Kufale*, and the common tradition of 72 languages seen here is ultimately derived from the count of names in Genesis 10 and may likewise be discarded.]

### Of the foundation of Nineveh by Assur. Chapter 54.

At the time of the confusion of languages and the ruin of the tower of Babel, Assur son of Shem was one of the principal families of the people of Babylon. And because he murmured against the Lord, who had overthrown their tower, & prevented the enterprise of building it, God permitted war between him & Nembroth, & brought such great fear & fright to Assur, that he fled from the land of Sennear or Babylon & went to discover an uninhabited country of Assyria, where he founded a city, which he named by his name, & since was called Nineveh, as will be said. Also he founded the city of Chalem: and later between the two he built the city of Resen. Now these places are deserted, and have since been founded in this country the cities of Ctesiphon, Arbale, otherwise Gambarbela (of which in the fourth book will be spoken) Apollonia, & Sura. The river Eïcus and its fountains flow through this region of Assyria. The foundation of Nineveh was about the year 147 after the deluge, & of the world 1804.

[Nemrod's founding of Uruk and Akkad, mentioned in Genesis, can be dated to 2446 BC on the basis of *Kitab al Magall*, the 50th year of Peleg. Asshur may be the same as the Ngushur named on the *Sumerian Kinglist* as founder of Kish. As Genesis says, Asshur proceeded from Shinar and built cities on the upper Tigris including Nineveh -- and likely the city Asshur, at a different location. (Note some faulty translations of Genesis seem to make Nimrod himself the one who went to Assyria and built cities there.)

Couillard here attributes this move by Assur to a conflict with Nemrod indicated for 2408 BC. Since the start of Nemrod's reign was postdated 8 years to 2416 BC from where it should have been per *Defloratio*, probably this conflict between Asshur and Nemrod should likewise be moved 8 years earlier, placing it in 2416 BC, although either date could fit for the attempts of Nemrod as Enmerkar in Sumerian accounts, to assert dominance over neighboring states including Aratta, Hamazi and Lullubi, where Shubur ie Assyria is also mentioned among lands that became loyal to Inanna, that is to Uruk. Such conflicts of dominance do not seem to have been full fledged wars with battles, which would erupt in earnest in 2376 BC, but they did apparently involve Nemrod taking a large mass of troops to those places to back up his imperative.]

### Of Gomer, or Comerus, surnamed Galus, first king or prince of Italy. Chapter 55.

Following the said fact or privy council of the great monarch, he wished to create principalities in Europe. And because he had already twice circumnavigated the land by sea, and also that he knew by his arts and sciences the situation of this northern part, he divided it into four principal kingdoms: that is to say, Italy, Hiberia or Spain, Gaul, & Germania. And this decree thus made, the most suitable and favored of this great prince made the pursuits to have their legations and the first dispatch was made in Italy, where Gomer, otherwise Comerus, called Galus, eldest son of Japheth, was sent to go in good order: & he passed through a region of Asia, where he left some people, whom he named by his surname Galus. These are those who since have always been called the Galates, and the country Galatia. Then it came to be received in Italy: what he was, & to the great joy of the people, who 32 years before (as we have said) had been left along the river & country of Rithin, & to which country this people had already multiplied greatly. Wherefore Prince Comerus established his principal station there. And here is the truth of the beginning of the reign of the Rithins, since called Latins, now Italians: which was in the year 149 after the deluge, and of the world 1805 years.

[This would place the arrival of Gomer in Italy in 2406 BC. *Defloratio* also puts it in the 10th year of Nemrod, which would mean 2414 BC, again 8 years earlier. The figure given here of 32 years matches better with the earlier date, and with Annius giving Janus (Noah) 33 years of rule over Italy, suggesting that the 8 year shift in Couillard's dates is more recent than the notice of 32 years. Noah seems to have relinquished Italy to Gomer in 2414 BC and returned to Tanais or Armenia where he survived until 2405 BC, 350 years after the flood as stated in Genesis.

*Defloratio* further mentions a son of Gomer named Ganges said to have made his way from Bactria to the Ganges - and possibly beyond, if he is the Chi You of Asian history - but this is not connected with the Celtic Galatians, who historically did not settle Galatia in Asia Minor until the 3rd century BC.]

### Of Tubal, or Jubal, first prince or King in Hiberia, now Spain. Chapter 56.

Tubal, fifth son of Japheth, having seen the despatch of his eldest brother, and felt by the return of some who had accompanied him, that he was received so much and so humanely in the country of Rithin or Italy , was moved with great ardor & covetousness to ask from another principality & government & did so much, with the help of his father Japhet, & for the good love that the good father & monarch, his grandfather, had for him, that he obtained the principality of Hiberia, which we now call Spain: where he was sent, & with great joy received, in the year 151 after the deluge & of the world 1807.

[As known from *Kufale*, both Spain and Italy were within the original inheritance of Tubal. With his brother Gomer now ruling parts of Italy from Genoa to Rome, Tubal seems, from other sources, to have embarked from Jaffa and sailed first to Ravenna, where he left some colonists in Italy as well with his son Subres, before proceeding to Tarragona Spain, at first known as Tubalia - the name Hiberia or Iberia dating from his son and successor Iber. This seems to have occurred in 2412 BC, the 12th year of Saturn per *Defloratio*, although Couillard's date here again moves this 8 years later.]

### Of Samothes, surnamed Dis, first King of Gaul. Chapter 57.

The good Japheth had another and fourth son, called Javan, otherwise Samothes, and surnamed Dis, a man certainly very noble of courage, no less replete with high sciences, than good and praiseworthy morals and virtues: who seeing his two brothers brought up in so high dignity and principality, persuaded his grandfather and father to be sent as legate and prince of Gaul. Which easily, for his great virtue & prudence, was granted to him at first sight: & after his coronation, or else after the blessings given to him by his grandfather & father, he went up to sea with a good company & crew, & made sail to the country which is now Greece, and left people there, whom he named Yones, from the name of Yonichus, his uncle, who was a very knowledgeable man and a great astrologer (as we said in 64 of the first book, & 51 of this part) and by whom Samothes had been instructed. Then he went down to Italy, where he visited his eldest brother, & without staying there, crossed the mountains, and entered Gaul beforehand, until he came to station along a little river, which he named Yonne from the name of his people left in Greece. He arrived in this place the year 152 after the deluge, and from the world 1808.

[There are several competing accounts of Samothes' identity in sources, but as mentioned above, the likeliest is that implied in *Biblical Antiquities*, that he was a grandson of Javan and leader of the Japhethites at Babel. Couillard's account which has him entering Gaul overland via Greece and Italy, is confused; the version ascribed to 'Conrad of Salisbury' c. 1160 is to be preferred, that he arrived by sea disembarking at Nantes. As *Defloratio* says, this was soon after Tubal was established in Spain, but Couillard again places it 8 years too late, in 2403 BC.

The Javanites, who first settled the Aegean islands, were of course named for Javan, Samothes' grandfather, and not Yonichus aka Janus or Barwain.]

### Of Triton, sent as Lieutenant General of Africa, under Cam. Chapter 58.

Shortly after, Sabatius Saga, brother of Nembroth, a learned man, of good life and well-loved by the monarch, begged from him that Triton, his son, be lieutenant general of Africa under Cam father of Sabatius. And to him were delivered people and supplies, to more fully populate and found the country with towns and cities. He arrived there in the year of the world 1810, and after the flood 154.

[*Defloratio* mentions Triton as ruling Libya under the 18th year of Saturn (= 2406 BC) and about a century later as leaving it to his son Hammon. Apparently his domain extended as far west as lake Tritonis in Tunisia. Couillard's date here corresponds to 2401 BC, a discrepancy of 5 years. Triton's actual identity is another mystery -- rather than being son of Sebtah son of Kush (who as Pontiff in Armenia at the time may well have dispatched him), I suspect he ought to be identified with Sebtah's uncle, Put or Futh son of Ham, whose name is largely ignored in most histories, but can also be placed in Libya.]

### Of the foundation of the city of Sens, the first city of all the Gauls. Chapter 59.

Let us return to Prince Samothes: who finding, on the coasts of the Yonne river, a beautiful and fertile country, considering also this country to be between the two most beautiful rivers of Gaul, which are Seine and Loire, deliberated to make his abode there, and there began a city, which he named by his name, however soon after he moved. And the city was named Zenone, & later Senonense: whose province was for a long time vulgarly called Gaul Senonense, & later Celtica. Of the mutation of which names we will speak properly hereafter. And being thus dominator of provinces so large and so sparsely populated, he had patience for a time to let it multiply and grow. And during this some made in the rock the concaves of their little retreats, the cleaner places: & the others, their lodges & coverings of oars & wood, waiting for the opportunity of time to better edify, which was immediately undertaken: for Samothes still had in his company several people, who had worked on the building of the tower of Babylon, and who, during his parliament in Armenia, had come to report to him: who found in this river of Yonne the convenience of stone, sand, and wood, made on a mountain, where there is presently a Church of Saint Bon, a few buildings, at least to lodge their prince, and the most principal of families. At the conduct of which works, Samothes went about daily: and by the same means he (who was a great philosopher, and both through his grandfather, and his uncle, Yonichus, instructed in all the arts) gave his people good and notable lessons, not only to live in peace & concord, but also to plow the earth, & do necessary works for the necessities of life, & traffic among them. For could they not trade with other peoples, so long as their nearest were those who dwelt (as we have said) on the river Janiculum, or the country Rithin: it is now Romania, or Italy.

[Samothes is generally agreed to have founded an early capital at Sens, probably after Brittany and Normandy were occupied first. The summit with the Church of Saints Florence and Bond is in Paron, overlooking the Yonne across from Sens. Romania as a name for Italy is rare, even in Middle French.]

### Of Saruch, son of Reu, or Ragau, the 17th in the direct line. Chapter 60.

In the year after the flood 163, and of the world 1819, Reu aged 32 years old, begat Saruch.

[This would put the birth of Serug in 2392 BC, whereas calculating from *Kufale*, Reu or Ragu begat Serug at Ur in 2376 BC, and at the age of 107.]

### Of the children of Cam. Chapter 61.

After having spoken of the five first principalities or kingdoms, we will speak of several others in detail, and out of necessity it is necessary to do so summarily. Because if we wanted to treat it distinctly, our work would be more long and tedious than delectable. It will therefore be enough for us to say, that from Sem, Cam, & Japheth, there were several children above named, who had other children, each of whom asked the monarch for his legation & government: & among others the children of Cam, that is to say, Cush, father of Nembroth, was sent to Ethiopia, and from him descend the Ethiopians: from Mesrain, the Egyptians: from Phut, the Phuteans, otherwise the Libyans: & from Canaan, the Canaanites.

[*Defloratio* has Oceanus or Misraim establishing Egypt in the 15th year of Nemrod (2409 BC), and mentions Cush settling Ethiopia and Triton Libya in an entry under his 18th year, 2406 BC. Couillard evidently places this sometime between the last date given for Serug's birth equating to 2392 BC, and the next date in the text equating to 2385 BC.

Chapters 62, 63, 64 and 65 similarly list the children of Canaan, Japheth, Javan and Shem respectively, as in Genesis 10, along with Couillard's 16th century identifications, not all of whom are strictly accurate, and are thus omitted for brevity.]

### Of the first people of Gallia Belgica, otherwise Germania, or the Allemanni, by Tuiscon. Chapter 66.

Prince Samothes, surnamed Dis, having spent 18 years in Senonoise Gaul, which ended in the year 170 after the deluge, and from the world 1826, deliberately dispatched some of his most familiar friends to go overseas, partly to let his ancestors and father know of his fortunes and adventures, and also to give certain assurances of them, and to make his recommendations for his uncle, son of the Monarch, born since the deluge, who was a Giant, & named Tuiscon: who for a long time had carried so great a line of friendship to the children of Japheth, his nephews, that Comerus Gallus, King of Italy, and Samothes, both of them, desired him very close to them: even in the province of Belgian Gaul, which was as yet inhabited only by beasts. And for this cause, after speaking from one to the other, & also to Tubal, King of Hiberia, their brother, the ambassadors embarked, & in a short time were conducted by sea to Armenia. Where the Monarch received them, like the one who on all the things of the world wishes to know some news of the state of the children so distant and dispersed: children, I say, because they were descended from him. And with all diligence he summoned his Princes to feast them. To which the good Japheth did not want to fail: for having arrived, he saw cause for great joy, because the ambassadors alone discovered their main charge to persuade Tuiscon to obtain the principality and dominion of Belgian Gaul. Which Japheth knew how to do well: For without speaking to him, he wanted to act as brother & friend, & went to the Monarch: and after having repeated to him the multitude of good deeds, which he had already done towards the children, & by rendering him mercies and graces immortal, again exposing the fact of his legation, begging him to have Tuiscon so highly recommended in this matter, that he was preferred to all others. This was generously granted to him: for the firm certainty of the sincerity of Tuiscon's heart, and the loftiness of his courage, was known enough by the Monarch, who held him worthy of becoming the head of a large enterprise. He was therefore summoned, and having heard the messengers, all joyfully accepted the government of so great a province, and did not cease until his dispatch was made, both in number of people, and ammunition for ships, victuals, and things concerning such a long trip & urgent business. Of which the best crew possible, after taking leave, which was not without great tears & lamentations of the Princesses Titea & her daughters, veiled this part, & without making any stay never ceased until he reached Belgium Gaul. We will leave the joys of his coming announced to his three nephews, Comeras, Tubal, & Samothes: & also how he began to found & populate towns & cities: & it will be enough for us, for the present, to say, that by the command of Noah, who had kept secret the invention of the letters & characters (of which we spoke in the 48th chapter) he brought them to his nephews, who immediately understood them: & arrived in his province of Belgium in the 22nd year after Samothes made his entry into Celtic Gaul, which was after the deluge 174, and of the world 1830.

[*Defloratio* states that in the 25th year of Nemrod (= 2399 BC), *Thuyscon succeeded in establishing the settlements of that great people the Sarmatians; and Moesa, with the sons of Ister, established the Moesians in the country which extends from Mount Adula to the southern region near the sea.* This is greatly amplified in Aventinus which explains that Meshech (Moesa) and the sons of Joktan (Ister) were subject to Tuyscon (probably Askenaz son of Gomer), who settled on the east side of the Rhine.

Couillard's account has Samothes, and his neighbors Tubal and Gomer, sending ambassadors to the monarch in Armenia in 2385 BC, with the result that Tuiscon occupied the future Belgica (between the Rhine and Seine) four years later in 2381 BC. If these dates were shifted forward 8 years like the accessions of Nemrod and Samothes, it means the ambassadors were sent to the monarch (who was still Scythes) in 2393 BC, and Tuiscon occupied Belgica in 2389 BC, about ten years after being established on the Rhine.]

### Of the foundation of the city of Authun. Chapter 67.

From that time our province of Celtic Gaul, where Samothes ruled to the delight of all, began to increase so much in people, that in the year 175 after the flood, & of the world 1831 (it was 22 years only after the foundation of the city Senonense) he wanted to discover another province: & having seen, and considered the fertility, convenience, & good base of the present province called Burgundy, he began to build a city, which he named Hedua, it is Authun: & there with time he gave the intelligence of letters to many personages of name, who were great philosophers: For (as we have said) he was very knowledgeable . And he even gave them to understand the revolutions and movements of the stars, their prefinite stations, and the course of their changes, which consist of numbers, pitches, and measures. Likewise the compasses, qualities, & quantity of the earth of the abysses, & depths of the sea: the force, & virtue of fire: with the nature of the effect of all things proceeds from artifice & divine power. Certainly the intelligence of the true, whole, and pure philosophy depends on divine love, and must be of curiosity so ardent and attentive, employed and joined to the other sciences, that on all things the lovers of these contemplate, marvel, adore, & support the Creator of celestial bodies, who is God. Finally these philosophers were so well instructed by their king and preceptor, that they governed in such good order this republic of Hedua, that in a short time it was made, from small, to large. And afterwards Samothes taught them the art of navigating, which had been shown to him by his grandfather Noah.

[Samothes is indicated to have founded Hedua or Autun as an eastern capital in 2380 BC, or better 2388 BC considering the 8 year shift in Couillard's dates from the Era of Saturn in *Defloratio*.

An 1840 text by Morellet et al mentions that Chinon, near Autun, was named for Samothes' wife, China, while de Plancy (1853) writes: *Samothes had a deep veneration for snake eggs, which he inspired to the priests of Autun. The Druids of this city later pretended that the snake eggs they sold to captains and nobles had a power capable of balancing and subduing even one of the most malicious demons.*]

### Of the deliberation, made by the Monarch, of going to visit populated lands. Chapter 68.

Since the departure of Tuiscon, the Monarch always had a singular desire to leave the country of Armenia, to go and visit his grandchildren, the Kings of Spain, Gaul, and Italy, for the good report that their ambassadors had made to him. With which Princess Titea was not happy, & took great pains to deprive him of this fantasy. But he, who was a whole man, to do the duty of a sovereign monarch, deliberated and agreed in a meeting of Princes to do this, ordering that he would return from all the regions that he had populated and caused to be populated. And the good Titea, his wife, seeing that it was a forced thing in her eyes to give her consent, she deliberated to accompany her lord and husband, and begged him earnestly: which he gladly granted. And from then on he made a division of his people of Armenia, & retained the greater part of them, to (while making his journey) leave them & divide into small bands, in order to populate the regions which he would find uninhabited: and of this company were many of his children born since the deluge.

[The king of Armenia had been Scythes up to this point, but here in this chapter the title surely refers to Janus II Barwain, the 4th son of Noah, who prepared to depart Armenia and visit the east at this time.]

### Of Sabatius Saga, called Saturn, first King of Armenia: who was son of Cush and brother of Nimrod. Chapter 69.

The other part of the people, who stayed and remained in Armenia, were not left without a shepherd: for the Monarch elected and constituted for their King and sovereign leader a great and able personage, filled with good morals, named Sabatius Saga, & surnamed Saturn, who was son of Cush, eldest son of Cam: & left him to rule with him, his mother Araxa the great, daughter of the good patriarch Noah. And being well, & joyously received from the people, & from the principals of the families, who were to remain there, put them in good possession & ownership of the kingdom of Armenia, & of what extended to the land of the Bactrians, which is now Scythia, or Tartary. It was in the year 176 after the flood, & of the world 1832.

[This account seemingly has 'the Monarch' leaving Armenia to Sebtah, son of Cush and Araxa, in 2379 BC, which should be adjusted by 8 years to 2387 BC. This must be the year when Scytha left the throne to Sebtah (who was already Pontiff), as stated plainly by *Defloratio* in a postdated entry appearing some time after the 56th year of Belus, ie. 2312 BC:

*At this period Jupiter Belus began to be affected by a desire for conquest. A short time before this, Araxa and her son Scytha had occupied the whole of the region which lies to the west of Armenia, and extends to Sarmatia in Europe. When they quitted Armenia, they left there Sabatius-Saga with the title of king.*If Araxa was mother to both Scytha and his successor Sebtah, Cush was likely father to Scytha as well. Alternatively, in Couillard's text above "his mother Araxa" could be construed as meaning the monarch's mother rather than Sebtah's, which would also accord perfectly if "the monarch" had correctly been understood as Scytha rather than Noah at some point in the transmission. Le Maire's text unambiguously states that Araxa is Sebtah's mother, meaning Scytha and Sebtah were indeed brothers and Cush must have been married to Araxa the daughter of Noah (although 'Qarnabil daughter of Bethuel son of Tiras' was asserted to be the name of Cush's wife by the Persian historian al-Tabari, AD 915).]

### The Monarch's departure: of the first people of Hyrcania. Chapter 70.

The good and holy patriarch having put such order, as we have said, in the kingdom of Armenia, the apparatus of the required ships and provisions were made in haste, and he departed from there with his prudent wife, followed by several of their children, & great number of people: & had the wind so favorable that in a few days they were carried & driven to the country of Hyrcania, a region of Asia: & arrived there in the 38th year of the reign of the tyrant Nembroth, after the deluge 177 years, & of the world 1833. The Monarch, finding this country beautiful and fertile, wanted to people it, and founded several cities there: the most famous of which today make Hyrcania, a metropolitan city, Adrapsa, and Sacae.

[This is described by *Defloratio* in the era of Saturn Nemrod as follows:

*In the 38th year the Armenian Sagas, whose population had increased rapidly, took possession of all the Caspian regions, Armenia, and Bactria. Janus then led the Janean colonists into Hyrcania...*The "38th year of Nemrod" corresponds with 2386 BC when Barwain settled Hyrcania on the Caspian as per *Defloratio*, and not 2378 BC by Couillard's figures above. In fact it seems Nemrod's reign had already ended in 2398 BC, and Lugalbanda's in 2393 BC, and that Dumuzid was now king in Uruk and Sennear, but the scheme of *Defloratio* conflates both Lugalbanda and Dumuzid with Nemrod's post-tower reign as the 'Era of Saturn Nymbrot', followed by the Era of Belus aka Gilgamesh.]

### Of Nachor son of Saruch, 18th in the direct line. Chapter 71.

Saruch, son of Reu, in his 30th years of age, begat Nahor, year 193 after the deluge, & of the world 1849.

[This would put the birth of Nahor in 2362 BC, which is still slightly missynchonized: it is known from *Kufale* that Serug begat Nahor at Ur in 2319 BC, at the age of 57.]

### Of the death of the tyrant Nembroth: & of Belus, or Jupiter his son, second King of Babylon. Chapter 72.

Two years later died the tyrant Nembroth, who had, not only on his subjects, but also on his neighbors, exercised all kinds of cruelty and tyrannies: even given great alarms, and caused great damage to the good Saturn, King of Armenia, his brother, since the departure of the holy patriarch. And there succeeded in the Babylonian Monarchy Belus, his son, who was the first named Jupiter: to whom he gave express command to destroy King Saturn, his uncle. Which he did, as we will say in its place, the death of Nembroth was in the 56th year of his reign, in the year 195 after the flood, and of the world 1851.

[This would have Belus aka Bilgamesh succeeding Nemrod aka Enmerkar in 2360 BC, still 8 years too late, since the 56 years of the Era of Saturn Nymbrotus in *Defloratio* correspond with 2424-2368 BC. In fact, it was Dumuzid and not Enmerkar whom Bilgamesh succeeded in 2368 BC, confirmed by the notation of "Dumuzid MU 100" on the Sumerian King list, originally meaning that he ruled until Year 100, since the Tower of Babel or *abzu* was begun in 2467 BC (See Development of Sumerian King List). Nemrod was a rival of Scytha, as confirmed in Sumerian literature such as *Enmerkar and Ensuhkeshdanna*, while Sebtah Saga had been pontiff; the rulers of Scythia and Sumer would continue to be arch-rivals for a couple of centuries.

*Defloratio* says of Saturn (in this case meaning Nemrod, not his brother Sebtah, since both brothers were called 'Saturn'): "*He built the tower, but did not finish it; and he did not build the city of which he had marked out the site* [ie. Eridu]*, because, after he had reigned 56 years, he was never seen again upon the earth; he had been removed from it by the gods.*"

Nemrod in fact seems to have ruled from 2443 until 2398 BC, 45 years, being slain in Armenia in a skirmish with Hayk son of Togarmah, and succeeded by Lugalbanda, recorded by Sumerians as the actual father of Bilgamesh.]

### Of the departure of the Monarch from the land of Hyrcania. Chapter 73.

When the good Prince Noah had done in Hyrcania what he had seen fit to do, he left as many people there, who had grown with him in 18 years, as he spent there, and gave them one of the Titans, his son, a man very valiant, & of great virtue, for their lord & Prince: & with the rest of his people entered the vessels & ships, & left from there, the year 213 after the deluge, & from the world 1869.

[This would indicate that Noah departed from Hyrcania in the year 2342 BC, after 18 years. However, as noted above Barwein (Janus II) arrived in Hyrcania in 2386 BC. If he was there 18 years, it means he departed Hyrcania in 2368 BC, likely overland as the Caspian Sea is landlocked. The chronicle "Pseudo Methodius" describes Jonitus, fourth son of Noah, as spending time in the far east where he established "Heliochora" meaning Land of the Sun. My analysis of Ancient Chinese annals puts the Battle of Banquan where Huang-di in his 39th year defeated Shennong, in 2342 BC, precisely the same year indicated here. I would thus posit that Barwein alias Shennong spent the years 2368 to 2342 BC in 'Heliochora' and returned from there after being defeated by Huang-di at Banquan. Vietnamese tradition says Shennong also left a grandson Loc Duc in Northern Vietnam who was their first patriarch.]

### Of Thare, son of Nachor, 19th in the direct line. Chapter 74.

Nachor, having reached the age of 29, begot Thare, the year 222 after the flood, & of the world 1878.

[This puts the birth of Terah in 2333 BC, whereas the correct date in *Kufale* corresponds to 2257 BC, when Nahor was 62.]

### Of the first peoples of Mesopotamia, and Arabia Felix. Chapter 75.

Leaving Hyrcania, the Monarch sailed straight to a country called Mesopotamia, where he sojourned for a long time, and thereafter in Arabia Felix: in which provinces in the 48 years he was there, he founded several cities, peopled them, and instituted there princes and governors. And during this Belus, surnamed the first Jupiter, who was the most powerful prince in the world, made continual war, oppressions, and tyrannies to the good Saturn, King of Armenia, his uncle, who used his goods and forces to resist him, but in the end it was impossible, as will be said. So the Monarch, having given orders in Arabia, set out from there, in the year of the world 1899, and after the flood 243.

[This means Barwein departed from Arabia Felix (Yemen) in 2312 BC, the same year where *Defloratio* puts it, confirming that Couillard's 8 year shift from *Defloratio* that characterized the Era of Saturn is no longer in effect.

*Defloratio*, after stating under Nemrod's 38th year (2386 BC) that Janus led the Janean colonists into Hyrcania, continues: "*and the Janili into Mesopotamia, towards the sea below Babylon.*" Pseudo Methodius states that in Nemrod's 3rd year (=2421 BC), Jonitus with the help of skilled Japhethite architects built Jonitum in the land of Etham. Both Janili of *Defloratio* and Pseudo-Methodius' Jonitum probably refer to Awan having been founded by Barwain in the land of Elam, surely where he later would have fled from Heliochora in 2342 BC, but the date in Pseudo Methodius, 2421 BC, probably is confused for the year that Susan son of Elam founded Susa.

Janus is next mentioned in *Defloratio* in this entry: *In the 45th year of Belus* (=2323 BC)*, Janus led some colonies out into Arabia Felix; after his own name and surname, he called the one Noa and the others Janinese.* This act may have been part of the terms of the conclusion of the Joktanite-Scythian war which is reconstructed to have been waged along the Don since 2374 BC. Then, following this, under Belus' 56th year (2312 BC), "*Janus having settled a number of colonies on the banks of the river which flows through Arabia Felix, and called them after himself, Janineae, passed over into Africa, to the kingdom of Triton.*"

Thus from piecing together all these sources, we can propose summarizing Barwain's itinerary during these years as follows:

* 2386-2368 BC - Hyrcania

* 2368-2342 BC - China

* 2342-2323 BC - Awan

* 2323-2312 BC - Yemen.]

### Of the death of the virtuous Comerus Galus, First King of Italy. Chapter 76.

In this same year, the very virtuous prince & king of the country Rithin, now called Italy, went from life to death, to the great regret of his people, whom he had instructed in all good morals, and founded several towns and castles, during 94 years that he reigned there: for (as we have said) he entered there in the year of the world 1805. He was certainly a Prince of great wisdom, as much in divine sciences as in human and philosophical ones. He therefore died in the year 243 after the flood, & of the world 1899.

[This disagrees with the data of Annius, who inserts a son and successor of Gomer called Ochus Veius Curulis, unmentioned in *Defloratio*, who ruled 50 years until 2312 BC, the same year indicated here. That would put the end of Gomer's reign in 2362 BC, meaning he had ruled 52 years since 2414 BC -- although Annius gives him 58, which would put the end of his reign in 2356 BC and leave Ochus only 44 years.

*Defloratio* says of Gomer: "*In the third year of the reign of Belus* [=2365 BC]*, Comerus, faithful to the customs of Scythia, of which he was a native, taught the Italians to found cities with chariots or carts, hence the people were called Veii, from the Saga word Veia, which means a chariot. If a town thus constituted be a small one, it is called Veitula; if a large one, it is called Ulurdum; and if a metropolis, it is called Cyochola. Comerus taught men to enclose the inhabited places which were called after him.*" This date is closer to 2362 BC than 2356 BC for the start of Veius, which does not necessarily indicate a greater likelihood for either date.]

### Of the birth of Magus, son of king Samothes. Chapter 78.

In the year of the world 1900, was born Magus, son of Samothes, the Queen being in the city of Senonense, where great feasts were made. She had already had several children, who died young. Wherefore we will make no further mention of it.

[Chapter 77 is omitted in the text without explanation. This puts the birth of Magus, heir of Samothes and future king of Samothea, in the year 2311 BC.]

### Of the voyage of the Monarch, made to Africa or Libya. Chapter 79.

We have said before, how the good Sabatius Saga begged for his son Triton the government of Africa, under Cam who was grandfather of Saga, otherwise the first Saturn. And he had already dwelt there in great peace, 89 years, when he knew his great-grandfather to be in the part of Arabia: where he sent to him the principal of his friends, to entreat him, while making his general journey, to pass by Libya, which is in Africa. Which he did, & was no less welcome there, than feasted with great & solemn joy. And God knows how the princess Titea was relieved to see so much in the grace of her people, & thus to triumph over that one, who was the son of one of the sons of her son Cam: & to also know Triton so humane & debonair, that he never wanted to allow the Monarch to depart from that region: not that it was by command, but by an instant request to give him so much pleasure to stay there for a long time. Truly his residence was also very needed for the country: For he gave orders, that the country be provided in a short time with cities and citizens, and that all the arts necessary to human life were open to them, and almost common to them all.

[As noted above, *Defloratio* indicates that Janus (ie Barwain) departed Yemen to visit Triton in Libya in 2312 BC, the same year where Couillard evidently has it, being 89 years after he claimed Triton was sent there.]

### Of the usurpation of Italy by Cam. Chapter 80.

While the Monarch was staying in Libya, Cam, who was in Egypt, was informed of the death of that great personage Comerus Galus, of whom we have spoken not long ago. And overcome by such covetousness to show himself and reign in several places, and not being satisfied with the lot of all Africa to which he was assigned by his division, he made, from the obituary onward, his preparations to come by sea to Italy, region of Europe: where he brought a corrupt people of bad morals called Aborigines. He arrived there a year after the death of Comerus Galus, expelled his children, and not merely usurped the dominion, but also stripped and deprived the people of all their liberties, and so much tyranny, that this poor people was compelled to persuade the patriarch & Monarch Noah who was still with King Triton in Libya, where he spent five years. It is likely that he was no less stricken with the new affliction of this people than with the death of Comerus Galus, whom he so longed to see. He immediately despatched the ambassadors, promising to give prompt assistance to the Rithini, or Italians.

[On the basis of my calculations from reign length data given by Michael Syrus, it is estimated that Ham ruled Egypt (as Kheti) until 2323 BC, leaving it to Meryibtawe. He may have waited on the island of Crete with the Curetans before invading Italy in 2312 BC, described in *Defloratio* thus: "*In the 56th year of Belus [=2312 BC], Chemesenuus came into Italy in the direction of the Comeri. Comerus had ceased to be seen on the earth; Chemesenuus seized upon the reins of government over the colonies, and began to degrade the people’s morals by his impieties and offenses.*"

If Annius is correct about Ochus Veius, Gomer had already departed some 44 to 50 years earlier; Couillard has Cam arrive in 2311 BC, a year after Gomer's supposed death in 2312 BC. Thus it was perhaps Ochus of whose demise Camesenus and Barwain were to hear that year, after the latter arrived in Libya.]

### Of the death of Triton King of Libya. Chapter 81.

The Monarch, having reached the point of his departure from Libya, where he had stayed five and a half years, was again forced to stay there, because King Triton, attacked by a serious illness, died, to the great regret of the Monarch, who immediately provided for the action of the republic, & constituted Hammon, son of Triton, King of the province of Libya, governor & lieutenant general of Africa: & married him with Rhea his daughter, whom he had brought from Armenia, who was the most beautiful Princess, who was then in the world. And the wedding solemnized according to their custom, this young King was advised by his people, and by the principal of his friends, to do so much towards the Monarch, as to make him stay here, in order to wear a face, and keep him from the strength of Belus, who had hated & done several acts of violence to the defunct King. Which, not without annoyance, the Monarch granted: Because it really annoyed him, that he did not go abroad, to go and give orders to the people of Italy afflicted by the tyrannies of Cam. However, he waited a while longer to attend to the policing of the kingdom, & to the instruction of the young King Hammon, his son-in-law. And at that time Noah, for example from the iron & metal mine, which was in use before the flood, found the gold & silver mine, & the invention of making ingots & other jewels from it.

[This puts the end of Triton's reign in 2306 BC, which is more precise than *Defloratio* where it is left open between 2312 BC and 2306 BC, the accession of Ninus, with these words:

*At no distant period, Triton left the kingdom of Libya to his son Hammon, who married Rhea, the sister of Chemesenuus, the Saturn of the Egyptians.*Rhea as sister of Ham was thus the daughter of Noah, and a sister also of Barwain who was then visiting Libya; but we cannot assume she arrived there with him and not previously.]

### Of the death of Belus Jupiter, second king or monarch of Babylon: and of Ninus, his son who succeeded him. Chapter 82.

In the same year as the death of Triton, which was the year after the deluge 249, and of the world 1905, Belus the first, surnamed Jupiter, after having ruined his uncle Sabatius Saga, King of Armenia, & not at all however expelled from his kingdom, died, and there succeeded him in the monarchy of Babylon Ninus, his son, first of this name: to whom he gave charge of everything to ruin & exterminate Sabatius Saga: so much he had a long hand, and too badly, his hatred against him inveterate. Ninus in first marriage married a Princess or Queen of Chaldea, who died young, after having a child, Trebeta, who was later a Prince of renown. Ninus married Semiramis, & at his new event greatly amplified the city of Assur, and named it by his name Nineveh: where he caused the statue of Belus his father to be made, which he caused to be worshiped by his people. And from there came the first idolatry.

[The accession of Ninus 249 years after the flood is confirmed by *Defloratio* and indeed had been known to historians since the time of Xenophon. This actually refers to Meskiang-Nuna of Ur, placing his accession 449 years after the flood, ie. in 2306 BC.

Conflated into the 'Era of Jupiter Belus', along with Bilgamesh of Uruk (2368-2342 BC) were his son Ur-Nungal (2342-2339 BC) and the usurper Mesannepada of Ur (2339-2306 BC), father of Meskiang-Nuna. The dynastic shift from Uruk to Ur in 2339 BC is thus completely ignored in *Defloratio* and European histories, though it is alluded to by Michael the Syrian. The real Ninus in my reconstruction therefore never ruled in Nineveh, nor in Asshur, actually a distinct location, and was probably a fairly weak ruler at Ur, who somehow managed to be mythicised as a great conqueror.]

### Of Cam, who sent his ambassadors to his Father Noah. Chapter 83.

Cam, having been advised that the Monarch his father had received the complaints of the Rithin people, sent to him the most favorable, to make him understand that the domination he had taken was for the public benefit, & that his journey had been very necessary, because the children of Comerus Galus were not sufficient to govern a province already so populous: & that for this cause, the said lord his father should not be upset. And since he found himself very well, he begged him to leave it to him. Which, however, the Monarch would not grant: but dismissed the ambassadors with gifts and presents of gold and silver bullion, as much to present to Cam, as to King Samothes, to whom he had a singular friendship.

[Janus II or Barwain, still in Tritonia, is once again referred to as 'the Monarch' and 'Noah', since the two Januses were never distinquished as distinct in this tradition.]

### Of the foundation of the city of Lorris by Samothes. Chapter 84.

In the fourth year of the reign of Ninus (it was the year 253 after the deluge, & of the world 1909) Samothes, who above all other princes was considered excellent in virtue, received the gifts & present of gold and silver ingots sent to him by the monarch his grandfather, wherefore he was very happy. He would have already reigned in Celtica Gaul for 108 years, during which time his people had greatly increased: and also had founded between the rivers of Seine & Loire several cities. I would be too ungrateful, if in this place I did not recite, that he always took a singular pleasure in our country of Gatinais, neighbor and land of Senonense, then full of woods and deserts. At the extremity of which country, on the side of the Loire, the forest three leagues wide by two, he had a castle or house built, of which the vestiges are still visible, where he often came for the pleasure of hunting, and it was there then, that he received the ingots sent to him, accompanied by his young son, who was only nine years old, and who (for some contempt, which had been done to him) began to shout. Whereby Samothes, holding a gold ingot, presented it to him and said: Here, there is the gold: laugh. Which the child did: whereby Samothes named this place Lorris [the gold laugh], & caused there to be built and erected a city: by the ancient appearances of which one can still see, how much greater and sumptuous it was in the past, than it is not at present.

[This account places the founding of Lorris, a town 29 miles east of Orleans, in 2302 BC. Even if true, it seems however too much to think whatever name it had at that time could have been interpreted in Middle French as 'the gold laugh' (*l'or riz*). If this was Samothes' 108th year it better matches the data in *Defloratio* than above, where he was claimed to have started in 2403 BC on account of the '8 year shift'.]

### Of the first political institutions. Chapter 85.

Three years later (it was the year of the world 1912) Samothes held a general assembly of the princes and principal subjects in the city of Lorris: by the advice and deliberation of which, he instituted several laws and political ordinances that he commanded to be perpetually and customarily guarded. And because it might seem to many readers that I would like to praise the antiquity of this little town of Lorris in bias, I will base myself only on the vestiges of antiquities, part of which I have seen and had demolished, to build the new city: & the others that still presently remain there, show visibly walls & buildings so old, that in all Gaul there are none found in such a way: But let us return to speaking of the monarch.

[*Defloratio* generally mentions constitutions enacted by Tuiscon, Tubal and Samothes in the 4th year of Ninus, or 2302 BC. However in the case of Samothes, we have two other discrepant dates: *L'Atlas des Temps* by Jean-Louis d'Amiens (1685) claims it was in the 54th year of Belus, or 2314 BC; and Couillard here places it in 2299 BC at the site of Lorris, 3 years after it was founded, which seems more likely.]

### Of the journey of the holy patriarch Noah in Hiberia, which we call Spain. Chapter 86.

The holy patriarch Noah, after the death of Triton yet remained with his son Hammon for ten years & until the year 259 after the flood, which was the year of the world 1915, left Africa, & embarked at sea with great triumph & crew. For the whole country had done its best to provide for him, and he had the wind in his sails, and so much so, that in a few days, and that same year, he arrived in Spain, where he was so much desired. And there was with incredible joy received by his nephew Tubal, who had reigned in Spain for 115 years, with great sufficiency and politic, which he kept and caused to be kept by several laws and constitutions that he had established. Whereof the monarch & princess Titea his wife, were very happy; because (in truth) the prince is happy, who loves and keeps sufficient, that whereby kings are kept in their authority and majesty.

[This indicates that Barwain sailed from Tritonia to Tubalia in 2296 BC, again in agreement with *Defloratio*. Again Tubal's 115th year matches better his start per *Defloratio* than above.]

### Of the sojourn which the monarch made in Hiberia, or Spain. Chapter 87.

The welcome feasts were no less solemn than rich in superfluity of all kinds of meat. For at that time all kinds of beasts and birds were in abundance: because the countries were still little inhabited. And an end given to this solemnity, the majesty of the monarch wished to hear the activity of the republic of Hiberia, and increased the laws, constitutions, and ceremonies that were then kept by decree-of Tubal: & having remembrance of his two daughters-in-law Noëla & Noegla, wives of Cam and Japhet, founded two towns in this region, which he named after them. These places are now vacant. And after having stayed here for 8 years, the good Samothes, King of Gaul, once again advised him of the tyranny and cruelty that Cam exercised in Italy. Wherefore he deliberated hastily to go there, not without passing through Gaul, in order to visit Samothes, of the virtue and prudence of which he had already and so often been informed.

[Barwain visits Tobalia from 2296 BC to 2288 BC, then continuing to Gallia or Samothea. The two towns he founded are in the northwestern corner of Spain where are now hamlets called Noya and Navia.]

### Of the voyage of the Monarch into Gaul & Italy. Chapter 88.

So the monarch, his wife, & their train set out from Hiberia, after leaving with tears shed, & crossed the sea, to enter Gaul, & came down to the place where Bourdeaux is at present: and without stopping they passed through Aquitanic Gaul, and gained the Loire river, which they passed to the right or east of present Orleans, and drew straight to Lorris, and from there to Senonense, or Samothes, who had already reigned 115 years in Gaul and awaited them with marvelous apparatus. And their arrival was no less joyous than solemn. The monarch rested in this place and its vicinity only three months, then was taken to Hedua, otherwise Authun: where the reception and celebrations surpassed the former: & after having spent three more months there, the ardent desire he had to help the people of Italy, made him depart, & in winter time passed the mountains and shot straight to the country Rithin, in the province called Tuscany, which is part of Italy: & arrived in a small city founded & built by Comerus Galus, named Vetulonia, & at present Viterbo, the year 268 after the deluge, & of the world 1924.

[Barwain thus arrives in Tuscany, now ruled by Ham as Saturnia, in 2287 BC, in agreement with *Defloratio*. Couillard's figure of Samothes' 115th year, unlike in Chapter 84, now suddenly agrees with his later date for Samothes' start above reflecting the 8 year shift.]

### Of the first people of the island of Sicily. Chapter 89.

Cam was no less astonished than surprised to see his father and mother in their venerable old age arrive in a country so strange from their first home. And how much he hated the paternal presence, if he made it his duty to honorably feast and receive them in a fine assembly of people: part of which, who was good and innocent, after the feast publicly rose in pitiful voices, and remonstrated at the monarch the tyrannies of Cam. And the others who lived under him, and followed him in the pleasures, excused him and supported him: so much so that the good patriarch Noah, having heard them on one side and on the other, did not want to believe lightly: however took the sovereignty of the government, and deferred for some time the correction of Cam, whom he left in his authority as lieutenant or governor, hoping by that to restore him to well and happily live. And yet the good Noah, leaving the virtuous Titea his wife, set out from Vetulonia, & went to explore the isle anciently named Sicania, & at present Sicily: then returned, & was more fully informed than before of the old & recent wickedness of Cam: & understood that, without fearing God, he led the people to all corruption & vices of adultery, homicide, larceny, & other infamies, which he exercised with this Aboriginal people, whom he had brought. Wherefore the monarch, after three years, sent for Cam, his son, to whom he remonstrated in all gravity and seriousness the faults committed by him, and that he found no hope of good in him: and commanded him to leave the Rithin country, or Italy, and go to live on the island of Sicily discovered by him. To which he would gladly have contradicted, if he had been stronger. But he could not, so powerful and effective was the paternal command: additionally that the monarch had the favor of the innocent and good people, who were already in great number: because then, it was 163 years that Noah had there seated the first people: thusly Cam, having for the penalty of his misdeeds a banishment (which is not meant to be torture, but only a port or refuge from punishment, & place of safety) accompanied by a certain legion of men, women and children delivered to him, first went to live on the island of Sicily, where he arrived in the year 271 after the deluge, & of the world 1927.

[This confirms that Barwain exiled Camesenus to Sicily in 2284 BC, in agreement with *Defloratio* that in the 19th year of Ninus, 2287 BC,

"*Janus crossed into Italy, and found that there also Chemesenuus was degrading the youth more than expected.*
*He bore his conduct patiently for three years; after which he ordered him to leave Italy with a few of the colonists, whom he placed under his command. Next, he divided the colonies which were then established in Italy. The Comeri who had become demoralized, the assembled strangers and immigrants, received orders to settle in the mountain regions beyond the river Janiculum. To reign over them, he gave them his daughter Crana, with the title of Helerna, i.e., a queen elected and raised to the throne by universal suffrage. Now Janus had sent his two last children Cranus and Crana and all their descendants into Italy, when he sent Comerus thither. This family became a numerous people in consequence of their rapid increase, and are still known in our own days by the name of Janigenes, or descendants of Janus; Janus, however, gave them the surname of Razenua, the sacred spirit of procreation, in opposition to the wickedness of Chemesenuus. In this way Janus showed his desire to separate his own descendants from the aborigines, and settled them beyond the Janiculum, on the sea-coast.*"The aborigines who were sent to live south and east of the Tiber are also sometimes referred to with the names "Curetes", as well as "gigantes" in reference to their relatively robust and primitive stature, which may be because they included some Titans, descendants of Noah and his wife born after the flood, who were thus of a purer lineage from Seth with less hybrid admixtures than the modern-style offspring of the wives of Shem, Ham and Japheth. However Cranus who would succeed Barwain, and his sister Helerna Crana, were probably children of Barwain, rather than Noah.

Camesenus was expelled to Sicily in 2284 BC; 163 years of Italy's settlement points back to 2447 BC, the year indicated by Annius. Sicily may then have been known as Trinacria, an even older name than Sicania. *Brydone's Tour through Sicily & Malta*, 1840, p. 73-74 bears witness to an ancient inscription in the town of Acireale, to the effect that it had been founded as 'Camesena' by Camesenus himself, also known as Saturn and Cronos, etc.]

### Of the foundation of Janiculum, at present Rome. Chapter 90.

The monarch seeing himself alone in Italy, restored the people to freedom, which Comerus Galus, their first King had left. Certainly it is the property of a prince at his new advent not only to promise freedom, but also to preserve his subjects there, who find it so excellent that they do not want to flee or fear death, to be restored there. He also reduced by his prudence the people who were living badly and corrupted, to a very good and holy life, reserved some number of Aborigines, who followed the morals of their preceptor Cam, whom he wanted to divide and separate from the good ones, and made them cross the river Janiculum, or the Tiber, to make their home there. And because they asked him for his daughter Crana, to be their Queen, he granted them, and made her their princess and regent. And on the very place where he had seated this people on this side, which is on the part of Tuscany, on the river Janiculum, he founded a town or city, which he again named from the name of the river Janiculum, and later Maticanum, & by long succession of time was named Rome, as we say in his order. And he chose here the perpetual seat of his kingdom, the fourth year of his reign alone in Italy, after the deluge 275, & of the world 1931.

[This indicates that Barwain made Janiculum, the future Rome, his capital in 2280 BC, while the parallel passage in *Defloratio* reads:

"*In the 22nd year of Ninus [=2284 BC], Janus, who had founded Janiculum in Thusia, during the sojourning of Chemesenuus in Italy, determined to make it his fixed abode, and extended his possessions to the Arno. Having placed colonies there, he called them Aryn-Janae, i.e., solemnly named or dedicated by Janus. Janus enacted laws and taught them to the people in Vetulonia, where also, he was chief ruler.*"]
### Of the political constitutions, made by the monarch in the city of Vetulonia, at present Viterbo. Chapter 91.

The following year the monarch, leaving to his wife Titea & others, the charge of the building of the city of Janiculum, retired to Vetulonia, it is Viterbo: where he assembled a great number of people, & here gave them their form and manner of living, as much humanly as spiritually: for he taught them not merely the order he held in the divine ceremonies and sacrifices, but also gave them laws and political and human constitutions: showed them and caused to be shown the art of ploughing, cultivation, and sowing, and also the sciences of physics, astronomy, and others: of which he wrote several volumes of books for them, and even more so than Comerus Galus had not done, who had been educated there from his youth. Therefore order given this part, he sent a number of people under a captain, to inhabit the shore of the river Aruns, at the place where the city of Florence is presently located, which began to be built the year after the deluge 284, & of the world 1936.

[Barwain's constitution for Italy (Razenua) is thus placed in 2279 BC, and the founding of Florence in 2271 BC, going by Couillard's count of years after the deluge; his count of years after the world inexplicably diverges at this point by 1652 rather than 1656, and would place the founding of Florence in 2275 BC.]

### Of the divorce of the marriage of King Hammon, and of Rhea, who left him for jealousy, and came to return to Cam, her brother, in Sicily. Chapter 92.

We have above said, that the good father Noah & his wife, had in their department of the region of Libya, which is in Africa, given Rhea their daughter in marriage to king Hammon, who were 33 years in good peace & love one with the other, without ever having any children, of whom there be memory. For which cause Hammon fell in love with a beautiful lady named Almanthea, & had by her in adultery a son named Dionysius, whom he sent secretly to nourish & instruct in the city of Nisa, region of Arabia. However, the things were not done so secretly that Queen Rhea was not informed of them: & she took the matter so criminally, that out of jealousy & despair she left & abandoned King Hammon her husband. And how much she knew that her father Noah was in Italy, she did not want to go down there, well thinking that (the cause of her departure being discovered) she had been hastily returned to her husband: but she had herself returned by sea and taken to Cam, her brother, whom she knew had been chased to the island of Sicily: who was very happy at her coming, and received her very honorably. And having sojourned here a few days, their approaches were no less lascivious than shameful, and their kisses warmer than they should have been. And by the menu the baits and attractions were so well intertwined, that Cam was no less taken by her beauty, than she on her part showed him the line of love. For if there ever was a woman in this world who knew how to enchant and madden a man of her love, and who learned the art of flattering and attracting, this one knew it perfectly: also she did so much to avenge the wrong that her husband had done to her, she married her brother Cam: for the marriages of brother and sister were then permitted: not that it was lawful to leave one husband to marry the other. This marriage was made after the deluge 286 years, and of the world 1938.

[The marriage of Cam and his sister Rhea is dated to 2269 BC by his deluge year count, or 2273 BC by his world year count -- which is likelier, as it matches the figure of 33 years since Hammon was married in 2306 BC. *Defloratio* describes the events in this wise:

* (Mentioned between Belus' 56th and 62nd year, 2312-2306 BC): "*unknown to Rhea, a young girl named Amalthea became by [Hammon] the mother of Dionysius, who by his orders was brought up at Nysa, a town in Arabia.*"
* (Mentioned between Ninus' 4th and 10th year, 2302-2296 BC) : "*In Libya, a dispute arose between Rhea and Hammon, in consequence of the relations which had existed between the latter and Amalthea. Rhea wished to know where Dionysius was, so that she might put him to death. The quarrel was one which lasted long...*"
* (Mentioned between Ninus 19th and 22nd year, 2287-2284 BC) : "*Chemesenuus had left Italy. His sister Rhea came to meet him and married him...*"
Of the numerous interpretations proposed over the centuries for the location of Nysa where Dionysus took refuge, I favor the one placing it at the source of the Blue Nile, in the territory of Kush.

Cam was also previously married, to Noella, mother of Africans; there is no word on what became of her.]

### Of the voyage of Cam and his wife Rhea. Chapter 93.

However soon this marriage was consummated, Rhea never left her brother and husband Cam in peace, unless he secretly gathered together his brothers born since the flood, who were called Titans, some of whom had been brought by him to Italy, and the others by the good Patriarch Noah, who knew nothing of the divorce of his daughter Rhea, whom he always expected to be in Libya. And the things were so well conducted, that by sea Cam, his wife, and a great company of men-at-arms, well furnished with ships equipped and supplied with arms, food, and things necessary for the war, took land in six months in Libya, and fought a cruel battle with Hammon: who, taken unawares, could not resist them, but was vanquished, and at all difficulty could he escape, to avoid the fury of Cam, whom he did not fear so much, as the cruelty of his wife Rhea, still stricken from jealousy. For the rage of which she desired to be avenged no less, than by death of her husband Hammon. Who found a way to flee to Crete, which we call Candia otherwise. This victory was the year after the deluge 287, and of the world 1939.

[*Defloratio*:

"*...both of them were joined by the Titans, then marched against Hammon, fought with him, and drove him from his kingdom; and further, forced him to retire into Crete.*"This refers to the start of the Titanomachy, a conflict still remembered in Diodorus' time. Couillard seems to indicate that it occurred in 2268 BC by his deluge date, or more likely 2272 BC by his world date.]

### Of the birth of Osiris, surnamed the second Jupiter. Chapter 94.

While Cam & his wife remained victorious seizing the kingdom of Libya, & having remained there for a year, Rhea, who was no less joyful than audacious at the ruin of her first husband, bore a son to Cam, who was named Osiris, & since surnamed Jupiter. He was born the year after the deluge 290, & from the world 1940.

[*Defloratio*:

"*Chemesenuus reigned in Libya, and had, by his sister Rhea, a son called Osiris, to whom he gave the surname of Jupiter.*"Here the text diverges even more in the dates, as if the deluge had been 1650 AA. Thus the year indicated for the birth of Apis (aka Osiris) is 2265 BC by the deluge count, 2271 BC by the world count.

It seems from the multiplicity of sources that this long-lived figure became pharaoh on four occasions, governing large areas in Europe in the meantime, and had a variety of names including Apis, Jupiter, Mentuhotep, and Osiris. The name Osiris of course referred to a deity that had been worshipped before the flood, and was originally known as Khentyamentiu, first of the westerners - a deified remembrance of Cain. Ironically Apis was of the pure line of Seth, both of his parents being children of Noah and his wife with no admixture from the other wives aboard the Ark.]

### Of Abram, who would be named Abraham, son of Thara, 20th in the direct line. Chapter 95.

Thara, having lived 70 years, begat Abram, who would in his place be named Abraham. He was born in one of the cities of the province of Babylon or otherwise Chaldea: and this city was named Ur of the Chaldeans, and at present Orchoe, or Orchoa. The birth of Abraham was in the year 293 after the deluge, and of the world 1945. And here, according to all the professors, ended the second age.

[Here the text reverts to the 4 year discrepancy as if the flood were counted as 1652 AA. This would place the birth of Abram in either 2262 or 2266 BC, however relying on *Kufale*, it seems he was born in 2187 BC, 70 years after his father Terah was born in 2257 BC.

At this point Couillard's chronological narrative is abruptly ended along with Book II, and no continuation or Book III has come to light to me so far. A final chapter is devoted to a flowery conclusion, which is lacking further data, and is omitted from translation.]

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