recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Gyps

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Gyps* is an extant genus of Old World vultures that live in Europe, Asia and Africa since the Late Pliocene.

## Description

*Gyps* have slim heads, long and slender s-curved necks, a coat of downy feathers and a ruff formed by long buoyant feathers at the base of its neck. *Gyps* also have a compressed surface on the crown of their beaks, and large nostrils set transverse to their beaks. Each wing has six or seven feathers, ranging from the first feather being the shortest and fourth smallest from the rest .

## Notable Specimens

* Pompeii: The genus *Gyps* is known from countless fossil specimens, one of which, a 3D head cast of *G. fulvus* from the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius during the Pleistocene. Scientists estimate this specimen perished  of asphyxiation in ash or steam, then engulfed in a cold pyroclastic flow (~100° celsius). The specimen showed no evidence of decomposition, indicating that the pyroclastic flow entered through the oral cavity of the bird; coating its insides; helping in long-term preservation. The block the specimen was recovered from a block of matrix, which was scanned in 2014 and a 3D cast was produced. The cast details anatomical features of G. fulvus in the Pleistocene, such as the beak and the head. The characteristics were compared to other Gyps species to ID the fossil. They concluded the specimen was an adult male over 5 years in age; estimated to weigh 7 kilograms .

## Species

* *G. fulvus* (griffon vulture)
* *G. bengalensis* (white-rumped vulture)
* *G. coprotheres* (cape vulture)
* *G. indicus* (Indian vulture)
* *G. tenuirostris* (slender-billed vulture)
* *G. rupelli* (Rüppell's vulture)
* *G. africanus* (white-backed vulture)
* *G. himalayensis* (Himalayan vulture)
* †*G. melitensis* (Maltese vulture)
* †*G. brochenskii*

## Gallery

The head at various stages of scanning (scale: 5 centimeters).Various angles of the complete model.Various details and textures on the mummified casts' surface.
**Credit: TetZoo on Twitter.**
## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyps
2. ↑ https://www.4vultures.org/perfectly-preserved-griffon-vulture-vulture-fossil-from-the-late-pleistocene-found-in-italy/
3. ↑ https://twitter.com/TetZoo/status/1319622746859540481
Gresslyosaurus

*Gresslyosaurus* is an extinct genus of plateosaurian sauropodomorph that lived in Germany during the Late Triassic.

## History

It is named after Amanz Gressly, the discoverer and excavator of the holotype from Niederschöntal, which is now called Füllinsdorf. Originally, they were identified as *Belodon* but were later confirmed as the first Swiss dinosaur. The erection of *Gresslyosaurus* followed by three additional species, of which only one remains. Heer (1865) briefly synonymized it with *Teratosaurus*, which was rejected. Galton (1986) reexamined the remains and sunk them within *Plateosaurus*, which had been accepted until only recently. Gressly worked closely with Louis Agassiz until he was admitted to extended psychiatric care several times. Most notably, his admission to an insane asylum following a mental breakdown where Gressly had thought that he was slowly transforming into his *Gresslyosaurus*. This detail was provided by Heer (1865) and unsourced, though his personal relation to Gressly suggests that some truth may be in such a claim. The discovery of *Gresslyosaurus* was minor in Gressly's life, so the reason for this is unclear and Gressly's attachment to the genus remained mysterious until his death by a stroke in April 1865. Galton (1986)'s analysis was heavily criticized. One of such in 2003 noted great differences in the vertebrae. Rauhut and Furrer (2020) erected *Schleitheimia*, which may be the same taxon as *Gresslyosaurus*. They found that although data from *Gresslyosaurus* is sparse, they exhibit taxonomic differentiation and may either be a new taxon, or the same as their own (in which case, *Gresslyosaurus* takes priority). Further analysis is in preparation.

## Classification

Rütimeyer (1856) coined the name *Dinosaurus gresslyi* in an abstract, but was remixed as *G. ingens* due to *Dinosaurus* being preoccupied. Lydekker (1888) sunk the taxon into *Zanclodon*, but von Huene (1908) suggested the removal of all sauropodomorph material from *Zanclodon*, of which he thought was a theropod, and placed the remains into *Plateosaurus*. In the twentieth century, numerous authors declared it valid and invalid, culminating with modern work demonstrating plausible validity.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresslyosaurus
* https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/02/gresslyosaurus-eldritch-dinosaur-that.html
Goblin shark

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Species

†*M. lineata*
†*M. maslinensis
M. owstoni*

### Synonyms

*Striatolamia*?*Scapanorhynchus owstoni*[*citation needed*]

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Mitsukurina*, the goblin shark, is a genus of deep sea shark that lives worldwide since the Middle Eocene.

## Description

*Mitsukurina* are pale pink, with long rostrums, elongated bodies and protrusible jaws. One specimen hauled from 919/1099 meters off the Gulf of Mexico was a female carrying no pups, who was 5.4-6.17 meters (17-20.2 feet) long, larger than the average size of goblin sharks.

## Classification

Mitsukurinidae, containing *Mitsukurina*, dates to the Aptian (Cretaceous period, 125-113 million years ago). Mitsukurina emerges during the Middle Eocene, 49-37 million years ago. Extinct species include *M. lineata* and *M. maslinensis*. *Striatolamia macrota* may also have been a *Mitsukurina* species. Since S. owstoni is the last of an ancient lineage, it retains primitive traits, often described as a "living fossil".

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsukurina
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin\_shark
3. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232665547\_First\_record\_of\_the\_goblin\_shark\_Mitsukurina\_owstoni\_Jordan\_family\_Mitsukurinidae\_in\_the\_Gulf\_of\_Mexico
4. ↑ http://strata.geology.wisc.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class
5. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?vid=ISBN047175644X&redir\_esc=y
6. ↑ https://sjpp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13358-011-0025-4
7. ↑ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41031699#page/141/mode/1up
8. ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942
9. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?vid=ISBN9781412941648&redir\_esc=y
Endoceras

Speculative bioluminescence in Endoceras by Gabriel Ugueto.

*Endoceras* is an extinct genus of nautiloids that lived in the Americas, Asia and Europe from the Middle to the Late Ordovician.

## Description

*Endoceras* is known for their straight shells, which is slightly wider than high in the cross-section of mature specimens, but is also narrower laterally in young specimens. Straight and transverse sutures are observed in their shells. The characteristic large siphuncle is close the the ventral margin, which forms concave segments. These are especially in immature, where adults may have had tubular segments. They bear simple endocones; subcircular cross sections that are penetrated by a narrow tube that may have contained a diaphragm in life, similar to the proposed ellesmerocerid ancestor.

Mature *Endoceras* were likely ambush carnivores at the seafloor, while juveniles may have been actively mobile due to their compressed cross sections. They likely adjusted at the seabed to gain advantage, but would have remained still. On specimen at the Museum of Comparative Zoology measures 3 meters (9.8 feet) long, however, the most recent estimate places Endoceras at 5.7 meters (18.7 feet). However, one destroyed and unrecorded shell was measured at 9.1 meters (30 feet) long. It is because of this, (not counting the lost specimen), that *Endoceras* is regarded as the largest cephalopod.

## Classification

Named by Hall in 1847, *Endoceras* spanned much of North America and Europe, additionally in parts of Asia. *Endoceras* is similar to *Cameroceras* (leading some to believe the two belong to the same animal, in life), but differs from *Nanno* because the siphuncle fills all the apical portion of the shell where in *Endoceras*, it is ventral and coexists with the septa at the onset.

## Species

* *E. annuliferum*
* *E. aristides*
* *E. baffinense*
* *E. baylorense*
* *E. calvini*
* *E. champlainense*
* *E. deparcum*
* *E. eburneolum*
* *E. fulgur*
* *E. glaucus*
* *E. giganteum*
* *E. hageri*
* *E. hudsoni*
* *E. indigator*
* *E. knighti*
* *E. lamottense*
* *E. lawrencense*
* *E. logani*
* *E. magister*
* *E. microlobatum*
* *E. naekki*
* *E. perannulatum*
* *E. philipsburgense*
* *E. primigenium*
* *E. proteiforme*
* *E. raymondi*
* *E. richardsoni*
* *E. sansabaense*
* *E. seticornium*
* *E. tityrus*
* *E. trundlesense*
* *E. warthini*
* *E. yellvillense*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoceras
* http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon\_no=12734
Hanson Sauropodomorph B

Hanson Sauropodomorph B is an unnamed genus of Sauropodomorph Dinosaur that lived in Antarctica during the Early Jurassic.

## Description

It is known from pelvic and at least 2 sacral vertebrae. It was probably a close relative of *Leonerasaurus* of the contemporary Las Leoneras Formation of Argentina. It was an anchisaurian sauropodomorph, and was first showcased to the public at the Antarctic Dinosaur Exhibit of the Field Museum. It was unearthed near Mt. Kirkpatrick. It is currently on tour with The Field Museum's Antarctic Dinosaurs exhibit In Atlanta, Georgia.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonerasaurus
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson\_Formation
* https://twitter.com/Filoseratops/status/1439983522429620229
* https://twitter.com/Filoseratops/status/1439990152311361546
Han

Credit: Traheripteryx.

*Han* is an extinct genus of Trilobite that lived in China during the Middle Ordovician.

## History

*Han*'s name derives from many sources. The name *H. solo* being a reference to the character starring in the Star Wars movies, which he was dared to do. The publication that originally describes *Han* says *Han* is from the Han people, and *solo* meaning it was likely the one of the last trilobites. Interestingly, the Paleontologist that named *Han*, Samuel Turvey, also named the species *Geragnostus waldorfstatleri* after characters in the Muppet Show.

## Classification

Scientists thought *Han* was synonymous with the genus *Pseudorhaptagnostus*, but was distinguished by several key features.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han\_(trilobite)
Green River Scorpion

Photo by Jim Kirkland

The Green River Scorpion is an unnamed genus of true scorpion that lived in Colorado during the Middle Eocene.

## Description

This specimen was discovered by and prepared by Bill Hawes of DMNS. The taxon is currently on display at the Denver Museum.

## References.

https://twitter.com/Paleojim/status/1504642535943127044?s=20&t=v\_EbTCULmSltbF-5vAX-3g
Eryon

Credit: Satoshi Kawasaki.

*Eryon* is an extinct genus of crab that lived in Europe during the Jurassic.

## Description

*Eryon* are peculiar in shape, having a rigid carapace, a small segmented tail, two large pincers and four clawed feet. The mandibles are unusually large, and the antennae are also quite large.

## Paleoecology

In 2012, three small decapods were discovered inside the shell of *Harpoceras falciferum*. Each were about 3 centimeters long, positioned with their tails facing each other, the experts determined they were molting their exoskeletons inside an ammonite shell on the sea floor. *Eryon* lived in the calm shallow waters of the Tethys. Apparently, the trio was caught by loose sediment, and trapped in the loose shell. This herding behaviour is some of the first documented amongst crabs, according to the authors of the paper.

## Species

* *E. antiquus*
* *E. arctiformis*
* *E. barrovensis*
* *E. crassichelis*
* *E. ellipticus*
* *E. moorei*
* *E. neocomiensis*
* *E. oppeli*
* *E. perroni*
* *E. sublevis*
* *E. wilmcotensis*

## References

* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryon
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=22428
Fascifodina

The Toronto specimen.

*Fascifodina* is an extinct ichnogenus of flower, burrow or possible cephalopod that lived in Ohio and Toronto during the Late Ordovician.

## Description

The ichnogenus is known from several grooved rings in the sediment, which form short veniform crescents/horseshoes in a semi-elliptical pattern. Flower (1955) discovered *Fascifodina* in the Corryville Formation, with Osgood (1970) naming it and reinterpreting them as burrows, but not specifying what made them. The holotype is UCM 37362, referring to the University of Cincinnati Museum, which seems to be defunct and to have moved all collections (including *Fascifodina*?) to the Cincinnati Museum Center. Joe Moysiuk found another specimen in the Georgian Bay Formation. Both formations are roughly coeval. Tyler Greenfield suspects the fossils were made by orthoceratoids, since the patterns match the hypothesized arm crowns.

Strangely, the tracks have a strong resemblance to *Treptoceras* trace fossils, and as both reported areas are dominated by this cephalopod, it could be possible the plant and burrow interpretations are incorrect.

## Gallery

**Credit: Joe Moysiuk on Twitter.****Credit: Joe Moysiuk on Twitter.****Credit: Joe Moysiuk on Twitter.****Credit: Joe Moysiuk on Twitter.**The first Fascifodina fossil.Fascifodina as a flower trace.
## References

1. ↑ http://www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/R105/r105.pdf
2. ↑ https://strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/tracefossils/Fascifodina.html
3. ↑ https://www.cincymuseum.org/invertebrate-paleontology/
4. ↑ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89422#page/426/mode/1up
5. ↑ https://incertaesedisblog.wordpress.com/2020/02/16/reconstructing-fossil-cephalopods-endoceras/
6. ↑ Osgood, R. G. 1970. Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area. Palaeontographica Americana, 6 (41): 280-444.
Goniopholis

Credit: Mark Witton.

*Goniopholis* is an extinct genus of crocodile that lived in Europe and Africa from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*Goniopholis* is known from many fossils, including armour, skulls, eggs attributed to the genus in Portugal and various postcranial elements.

## Species

* *G. affinis*
* *G. baryglyphaeus*
* *G. brodiei*
* *G. crassidens*
* *G. kiplingi*
* *G. pugnax*
* *G. simus*
* *G. undidens*
* *G. vebbianus*

### Reassigned Species

* *"G." lucasii*
* *"G." kirtlandicus*
* *"G." paulistanus*
* *"G." hartti*
* *"G." felix* (=*Amphicotylus* and *Eutretauranosuchus*)
* *"G." gilmorei* (=*Amphicotylus* and *Eutretauranosuchus*)
* *"G." stovalli* (=*Amphicotylus* and *Eutretauranosuchus*)
* *"G." phuwiangensis*
* *"G." gracilidens*
* *"G." willetti* (=*Anteophthalmosuchus* or *Hulkepholis*)

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goniopholis
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=56414
Eustreptogyracanthus

"Eustreptogyracanthus" is a naked genus of gyracanthid fish that lived in Iowa during the Late Carboniferous.

## Description

"Eustreptogyracanthus" was named in a thesis by Daniel Snyder (2006) in a thesis. It was erected based on unique sculpturing of the pectoral fins, and is associated with scales and pectoral girdle elements, similar to related taxa. It was named with "Floydus" and "Aliuslater", being the only not named after Pink Floyd. It is a nomen nudum.

## References

https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1239&context=etd
Gojirasaurus

Credit: Jack Wood.

*Gojirasaurus* is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in the Triassic Period.

## Etymology

*Gojirasaurus*' name derives from the giant monster movie icon, Gojira, better known as the American Godzilla. The name means "Godzilla lizard" Strangely, a dinosaur named Godzillasaurus exists in the Heisei era of Godzilla films, as a suitable backstory to the classic movie monster.

## Description

The specimen of *Gojirasaurus* consists of only a tibia, leading some scientists to believe the specimen to grow much larger to sizes equivalent to its cousins, *Dilophosaurus* and *Ceolophysis*. *Gojirasaurus* was a typical coelophysoid; long legs, bipedal gait, long tail, long sharp-clawed arms and a slender skull full of sharp teeth. *Gojirasaurus* may have been covered in a light feathery filament.

However, the genus is separated from look-alike genera from several autapomorphies. Its tibia was about 469 millimeters, between the lengths of *Liliensternus* and *Dilophosaurus*. In 1997, Carpenter pointed out that the pelvis and ankle are immature, and thus the animal was immature. The tibia is more robust than *Coelophysis*. It was determined that the leg-bones are just related to size, and is not a true apomorphy. Rauhat attempted to identify *Gojirasaurus* in 2003 based on higher neural spines compared to other coelophysoids. This diagnoses would be considered invalid.

## Notable Specimens

* NMMNH P-4666: Consisting of only a pubis, the material was attributed to *Gojirasaurus* in 1994 by Hunt.
* UCM 47221: Consisting of ribs, a tooth, a scapula, gastralia, vertebrae, chevrons, a metatarsal, a tibia and a pubis. The vertebrae were classified as *Shuvosaurus* and the pubis/tibia belongs to a coelophysoid, similar to *Coelophysis*.

## Paleoecology

*Gojirasaurus* lived in the Cooper Canyon Formation in New Mexico, excavated in gray carbonaceous mustone dating to the Late Triassic. The animal was a mobile terrestrial predator. Animals that lived in the same area *Gojirasaurus* did include *Shuvosaurus* and *Rutiodon*.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287004648\_A\_Giant\_Coelophysoid\_Ceratosauria\_Theropod\_from\_the\_Upper\_Triassic\_of\_New\_Mexico\_USA
2. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kenneth-Carpenter-2/publication/287004648\_A\_Giant\_Coelophysoid\_Ceratosauria\_Theropod\_from\_the\_Upper\_Triassic\_of\_New\_Mexico\_USA/links/58c6e62aaca272bcc1ecd0c3/A-Giant-Coelophysoid-Ceratosauria-Theropod-from-the-Upper-Triassic-of-New-Mexico-USA.pdf
3. ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/carnivorous-dinosaur-pictures-and-profiles-4032323
Gunggamarandu

Credit: Eleanor Pease.

*Gunggamarandu* is an extinct genus tomistomine crocodylimorph that lived in southeast Queensland during the Pliocene or Pleistocene.

## Description

The Crocodylimorph was a large carnivorous animal. Similar to many false gharials, it was a generalistic carnivore. *Gunggamarandu* is the southernmost tomistominae, related to the false gharial. *Gunggamarandu maunala* is known from a large, incomplete cranium that possesses a unique combination of features that distinguishes it from other crocodylians. Phylogenetic analyses place *Gunggamarandu* in a basal position within Tomistominae, specifically as a sister taxon to *Dollosuchoides* from the Eocene of Europe. These results hint at a potential ghost lineage between European and Australian tomistomines going back more than 50 million years. The cranial proportions of the *Gunggamarandu maunala* holotype specimen indicate it is the largest crocodyliform yet discovered from Australia. The newly named species, known from a partial skull that was unearthed in Queensland’s Darling Downs region, belongs to a group called the tomistomines. Before this, tomistomines had never been found in Australia.

## References

* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91717-y
* https://theconversation.com/prehistoric-river-boss-is-the-largest-extinct-croc-species-ever-discovered-in-australia-162667
* https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jun/14/prehistoric-giant-river-boss-crocodile-identified-by-queensland-scientists
* https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/australia-crocodile-river-boss-queensland-b1865313.html
Groenlandaspis

Credit: Nix Illustration.

*Groenlandaspis* is an extinct genus of arthrodiran fish that lived in Greenland, Europe, Australia and Antarctica from the Early Devonian to the Carboniferous.

## Description

*Groenlandaspis* was described from east Greenland, with at least 6 species recognized as valid from Greenland, Australia, Europe and Antarctica. It was a speciose genus that ranged a large span. *G. pennsylvanica* and *Turrisaspis* are both known from the Catskill Formation

## Species

* *G. mirabilis*
* *G. antarctica*
* *G. riniensis*
* *G. disjectus*
* *G. pennsylvanica*
* *G. potyi*
* *G. seni*
* *G. thorezi*

## References

* https://www.nature.com/articles/254569a0
* https://fossiilid.info/15079?mode=in\_baltoscandia&lang=en#
* http://www.devoniantimes.org/who/pages/groenlandapsis.html
* http://www.devoniantimes.org/who/pages/groenlandapsis.html
* https://nixillustration.com/science-illustration/2020/groenlandaspis/
Francevillian biota

Various microorganisms from the Francevillian B Formation.

The Francevillian biota, also called the Gabon macrofossils or "Gabonionta", is an unnamed genus or several genera of enigmatic microorganisms that lived in Gabon, Africa during the Middle Paleoproterozoic.

## History

Macrofossils discovered by a team lead by Abderrazak El Albani from the shales of the Franceville basin, Francevillian B Formation, with up to 40 individuals found within a square meter date to 2.1 billion years old. These likely survived on the beds in shallow water in colonies. Geochemistry indicates they lived under an oxygenated water column of a prograding delta. This makes it possible that the Francevillian biota may have had aerobic respiration. El Albani et al. (2014) described these as colonial organisms that may have affinities within eukaryotes, adjacent to microbial mats and unlike any known structures in the fossil record. They not that the complexity of the organisms and presence of sterane suggests being eukaryotes. Philip Donoghue suggests a conservative approach, and is reluctant to jump to such a conclusion. Adolf Seilacher suggests that these are instead inanimate pseudofossils composed of inorganic pyrites. El Albani et al. (2014) disputes this, since pyritized and unpyritized structures are indicated through traces with lightly pyritized forms. These suggest formation in a single event at the same time ad the sediment. This is further demonstrated by uniform distribution of sulfur isotope ratios in the sample. Pyrite flowers crystallize slowly, so the ratio would vary in the structure. Pollen-like structures suggest that the walls of such formations bore organic material. Natural History Museum Vienna informally calls these the "Gabonionta" in 2014.

## Description

Organisms here reach up to 17 centimeters (6.7 inches) in size, with most being flat and discoidal. Some are circular and elongate. A spherical-ellipsoid central body is bounded by radial structures. They bear signs of being 3D and having coordinated cell growth, with cell-cell communication being assumed to have existed before multicellularity arose. El Albani et al. (2014) describes multiple forms with distinct morphologies. One is a convoluted tube with a "string of pearls"-like structure that end in a "flower", which is similar to dictyostelid slime molds, which are made of many smaller organisms that form colonies to migrate. However, dictyostelids are terrestrial, so they are no comparable. They most resemble the Ediacaran *Nemiana* and *Beltanelloides*. They are therefore assigned to Life indet.

## Paleoecology

This biota disappears in overlying black shale, which El Albani et al. (2014) attributes to extinction. This would mean a formation at the Great Oxidation Event and extinction when oxygen dropped during the Lomagundi Excursion Event. This would make these organisms the first known experiments in multicellularity of any organism.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francevillian\_biota
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070892/
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection\_no=224218&is\_real\_user=
Fendusaurus

"Fendusaurus" is a naked genus of prosauropod dinosaur that lived in Nova Scotia during the Early Jurassic.

## Description

"Fendusaurus" is known from a dissertation by Timothy J. Fedak (2006), which proposes the name to represent a skull, FGM998GF13-II. Found by a team from Princeton University, referred specimen include: FGM998GF13-I, FGM998GF13-III, FGM998GF69, FGM998GF9 and FGM998GF18. These include femora and coracoids, which differ, but are credited as intraspecific variation. They were once attributed to cf. *Ammosaurus*. These femora and coracoids help identify individuals, with Fedak finding each block represents at least one individual. It is known from the Hettangian-aged McCoy Brook Formation, Wasson Bluff, Nova Scotia. This is the richest sauropodomorph site in North America, which is similar to other North American and Asian formations, lacking any *Anchisaurus*. It was assigned to Massospondylidae.

All specimens include somewhat crushed vertebrae with appendicular material. They distinguish from *Anchisaurus* due to ilium and sacral vertebrae morphology. Fedak also speculates several species may have been present based on the femora and coracoids. Extreme cervical vertebrae elongation, four-vertebrae sacrum that has a dorsosacral and caudosacral, an elongate postacetabular process on the ilium and an expanded anterior distal process on the tibia distinguish it from sauropodomorphs.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs
FMNH P25112

Credit: Matt Wedel

FMNH P25112 is an unnamed genus of Diplodocid Sauropod from the late Jurassic Morrison.

## Description

FMNH P25112 is known from a partial skeleton, including a good portion of the axial skeleton.

## Phylogyny

FMNH P25112 was recovered in various positions by Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015). Under equal weighting it is recovered as the basalmost Diplodocine, but under implied weighting it is recovered as *Brontosaurus*. With the former it possesses 3 autapomorphies, and with the later it possesses 4. Here it is recovered as a Diplodocine.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodocidae
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393826/
Eutrephoceras

*Eutrephoceras* is a genus of nautilus that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Miocene.

## Description

A specimen of *E. dekayi*, YPM No. 30394 (prev. YPM 30394), was identified from N.H. Landman (1982) after discovery from the Trail City Member, Fox Hills Formation. This specimen is notable for preserving the shell's colouration in life. This shows that Eutrephoceras dekayi had a stripe pattern that curls down with the shell.

## Paleoecology

*Eutrephoceras* was a primary food source for the large turtle, *Archelon*, in the Western Interior Seaway.

## Species

* *E. ahltenense*
* *E. alcesense*
* *E. allani*
* *E. allionii*
* *E. altifrons*
* *E. angolaense*
* *E. antarcticum*
* *E. astierianum*
* *E. azraqensis*
* *E. balcombensis*
* *E. bellerophon*
* *E. berryi*
* *E. blanki*
* *E. boissieri*
* *E. bouchardianum*
* *E. burundukhajense*
* *E. campbelli*
* *E. carolinense*
* *E. carolinensis*
* *E. charpentieri*
* *E. claramontanum*
* *E. clementinum*
* *E. dartevellei*
* *E. darupense*
* *E. decorum*
* *E. dekayi*
* *E. depressum*
* *E. donbassicum*
* *E. dorbignyanum*
* *E. douvillei*
* *E. dubaleni*
* *E. expansum*
* *E. eyerdami*
* *E. faxoense*
* *E. flammeum*
* *E. geelongensis*
* *E. globosum*
* *E. hacobjani*
* *E. hallidayi*
* *E. hannai*
* *E. indicum*
* *E. insigne*
* *E. irritilasi*
* *E. izumoensis*
* *E. japonicus*
* *E. johnsoni*
* *E. jonesi*
* *E. justum*
* *E. kummeli*
* *E. laverdei*
* *E. lentiforme*
* *E. leonei*
* *E. marksi*
* *E. merteni*
* *E. montanaense*
* *E. montanensis*
* *E. montmollini*
* *E. moskvini*
* *E. municeps*
* *E. nodai*
* *E. oregonense*
* *E. parisiense*
* *E. perlatus*
* *E. planoventer*
* *E. quadrilineatum*
* *E. reesidei*
* *E. rotundum*
* *E. sloani*
* *E. soyaense*
* *E. spengleri*
* *E. sphaericum*
* *E. stephensoni*
* *E. subfleuriausianum*
* *E. sublaevigatum*
* *E. subrotundum*
* *E. tawaense*
* *E. traubi*
* *E. tumescens*
* *E. umbilicare*
* *E. urbanum*
* *E. uzense*
* *E. vastum*
* *E. victorianum*
* *E. waageni*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrephoceras
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=13198
* https://zero.sci-hub.se/4675/600b832bcac5e8b68626c891957636d7/10.2307@1306311.pdf
Grusimimus

"Grusimimus", also known as "Tsurumimus", is a naked genus of ornithomimid theropod dinosaur that lived in Mongolia during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

"Grusimimus" is known from the Hauterivian–Barremian-aged Shinekhudag Formation, Mongolia, where Rinchen Barsbold (1997) erected an informal name to house a skull (GIN 960910KD). It was found in 1996 and examined by Barsbold. Kobayashi and Barsbold (2002) created an abstract and poster, and Barsbold published a thesis referring to it as Ornithomimosauria indeterminate. They found it was phylogenetically close to *Harpymimus*, and possibly more derived. A more recent phylogenetic study recovered a position closer to *Beishanlong* and *Garudimimus*.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs
Eocarcharia

Credit: Vitor Silva.

*Eocarcharia* is an extinct genus of carcharodontosaurid dinosaur that lived in Niger during the Early Cretaceous.

## History

It's name eludes to the later *Carcharodontosaurus*, which also lived in northern Africa. The genus name translates to "dawn shark" due to its basal position and the binomial name translates to "fierce-eyed", because of the low crests.

## Description

*Eocarcharia* is a basal genus of carcharodontosaurid, with robust fore and hind limbs. The front arms are tipped in three curved claws, the thumb being the largest and the greatest curved. Like other carcharodontids, *Eocarcharia* has shark-like teeth. The skull has two low crests hanging over the eyes. The crests had a large swollen lump of bone, giving the animal a fierce glare. Not much is currently known about *Eocarcharia*, as only a few fragments of its skull have been found. *Eocarcharia* was named by palaeontologist Paul Sereno in 2008.

## Paleobiology

*Eocarcharia* lived in the Elrhaz formation, with other species such as other theropods and potential competitors such as; *Kryptops* and *Suchomimus*, sauropod *Nigersaurus taqueti*, and potential prey items such as, ornithopods *Ouranosaurus nigeriensis*, *Lurdusaurus arenatus*, and *Elrhazosaurus nigeriensis*.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app53/app53-015.pdf
2. ↑ https://paulsereno.uchicago.edu/discoveries/eocarcharia\_dinops/
3. ↑ https://www.newswise.com/articles/new-meat-eating-dinosaur-duo-from-sahara-unveiled
Ha Noosi Sauropodomorph

Credit: Skye McDavid.

The Ha Noosi Sauropodomorph (MNHN.F.LES400) is a undescribed genus of basal Sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived in Lesotho during the Early Jurassic, around 190 mya.

## Description

The specimen consists of a well persevered, dorsoventrally-compressed skull. The individual was likely an adult or subadult when it died. The teeth of the animal were well adapted to consume a wide variety of plant matter. MNHN.F.LES400 lived in the Elliot Formation.
Hensodon

Credit: Nix Illustration.

*Hensodon* is an extinct genus of pycnodontiform fish that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

Two distinct *Hensodon* forms are known from fossils. One, presumed male, has a double-prong arrangement with relatively straight horns, while the presumed female bears two recurved horns arranged similar to a rhinoceros. *Hensodon* are very similar in shape to angelfish, with very large heads and spiny pectoral girdles.
FMNH P25118

various bones of FMNH P25118 arrows indicating autapomorphies.

Morrison FMNH P25118 is an unnamed species (probably genus) of Camarasaurid Sauropod that lived in The United States during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

This taxon is known from FMNH P25118, a right scapulocoracoid, around 20 presacral vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, a scapula, a coracoid a sacrum. This specimen was used as the paratype for *"M." (Morosaurus?) grandis* = *Camarasaurus grandis*? It differs from other Camarasaurid taxa in "a single vertical lamina supports posterior dorsal hyposphene from below, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina of posterior dorsals expands vertically, posterior dorsal prespinal lamina is rough, wide, and dorsally restricted, a relatively short scapula, compared to minimum width, the presence of a subtriangular process on the ventral edge of the scapular blade, and a deep notch close to the glenoid of the coracoid *Camarasaurus* has been a taxon long overlooked in Morrison Sauropod studies, so the taxon is overlumped, and according to Tschopp et. al. paraphyletic with the valid *Cathetosaurus/Camarasaurus lewisi. Camarasaurus* actually represents 6-7 known genera.

## Phylogeny

This cladogram was recovered by Tschopp et. al. (2014)

## References

* Tschopp et al., 2014 poster
* https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Takehito-Ikejiri/publication/40662548\_Anatomy\_of\_Camarasaurus\_lentus\_Dinosauria\_Sauropoda\_from\_the\_Morrison\_Formation\_Late\_Jurassic\_Thermopolis\_central\_Wyoming\_with\_determination\_and\_interpretation\_of\_ontogenetic\_sexual\_dimorphic\_and\_indi
Eucyon

Eucyon (small) and a wolf (large).

*Eucyon* is an extinct genus of omnivorous canid that lived during the Miocene that lived from 10.3–3.6 ma and existed for 6.7 ma.

## Description

*Eucyon* was about as large as modern coyotes or jackals, and was specialized to an omnivorous lifestyle. A prevailing theory states that *Eucyon* and *Canis lepophagus* evolved via linear evolution. On average, *Eucyon* weighed about 15 kilograms (33 pounds).

## Species

* *E. adoxus*
* *E. davisi*
* *E. intrepidus*
* *E. monticinensis*
* *E. odessanus*
* *E. skinneri*
* *E. zhoui*
* *E. khoikhoi*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucyon
* https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab022
Huaxiadraco

Before formal naming or identification, this organism was known as the following on this wiki:
**Jiufoutang Tapijarine**

## Huaxiadraco

Sinopterus and Huaxiadraco. Credit: Zhao Chuang.

## Statistics

### Synonyms

*"Huaxiapterus" corollatus**"Huaxiapterus" benxiensis*

### Diet

Piscivorous

*Huaxiadraco* is an extinct genus of Tapejarid Pterosaur that lived in China During the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

This taxon was described by Lü et al. 2006 as a species of *Huaxiapterus, H. corollatus*. In 2007 and 2016 he referred 2 new genera to *Huaxiapterus*. *"H." corollatus* is known from specimen ZMNH M8131, a nearly complete skeleton. *"H." benxiensis* is known from BXGM V0011. 2 possible species are known, *"H." atavismus*, and *"H."* sp. nov.. *"H." atavismus* is based on specimen XHPM 1009, a small, probably immature specimen. The specimen is different from relatives by a grove in digits II and III, a trait found only in rhamphorhynchoids otherwise. *"H." atavismus* was later refered to *Sinopterus*, *"S." atavismus,* but that is called into question, with some authors believing it to be more basal than both *Sinopterus*, and by proxy this genus, until a more complete phylogeny is performed with *"H." atavismus* the position will remain hard to determine. Finally, PMOL-AP00030 was placed in a polytomy with *"H." corollatus*, and *"H." benxiensis* by D-X Liu et. al. 2014, but they tentatively referred it to Tapijarinae indet.. Pêgas et al. (2023) synonymized *Huaxiapterus* with *Sinopterus*, as well as assigning *"H." corollatus* to a new taxon, *Huaxiapterus*, synonymizing *"H." benxiensis* with their new genus and referred D2525 and BMPC 103-105 to the type; the original holotype was left.

## Classification

This phylogeny was recovered by Andres et. al. 2014.

* BXGM V0011.
* ZMNH M813, the holotype.
* BPMC 103.
1/3This phylogyny was recovered by Kellner et. al 2019, If this study is accurate then both this genus, as well as *Eopteranodon* would be lumped into *Sinopterus*

Pêgas et al. (2023) resolve several taxonomic issues, including the erection of a new taxon:

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268358224\_New\_data\_on\_the\_cervical\_morphology\_of\_the\_Chinese\_tapejarine
* https://www.pteros.com/pterosaurs/huaxiapterus.html
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiadraco
Hoplopteryx

*Hoplopteryx* is an extinct genus of redfish that lived the United States during the Cretaceous.

## Description

*Hoplopteryx* had an upturned mouth with large eyes and a unique fin distribution along the body. Studies suggest *Hoplopteryx* lived in shallow chalk seas.

## Species

* *H. antiquus*
* *H. brevis*
* *H. insculptus*
* *H. lewesiensis*
* *H. simus*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplopteryx
* http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon\_no=35794
Essexella

Reconstruction, anatomical cutaway and withdrawn position.

*Essexella*, known as "Blobs", is an extinct genus of anemone that lived in North America from the Middle to Late Carboniferous.

## Description

Being one of the most common fauna of the Mazon Creek beds, *Essexella* comprises ~42% of all recovered fossils from the Essex biota. Some specimens from the Francis Creek shale are encased in argillaceous ironstone fossiliferous concretions. Many *Essexella* are non-diagnostic, and are referred to as "Blobs" accordingly. Many fossils assume a blob-like shape. In 2002, Rob Shula wrote a poem about Blobs, titled "Ode to a Blob":

—Rob Shula
Some specimens have been nicknamed; “Blob A”, “Blob B” and “Blob with Character”. Most fossil hunters leave *Essexella* fossils untouched due to their low rarity. It was once believed to be a jellyfish, but subsequent reanalysis suggests that it is a type of anemone. Another tentative jellyfish from the same beds, *Reticulomedusa*, is reinterpreted as synonymous, being an oral disc of *Essexella*. *Conostichus* is also reinterpreted as being made by this genus.

## References

1. ↑ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=4552
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15342442557/
3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexella
4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexella
5. ↑ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1479
Eurafricanus

A Cro-Magnon skull, assigned to Homo-aproscopinus (Eurafricanus) cromagnonensis

*Eurafricanus* is a dubious subgenus of hominid that lived in Europe and Africa during the Late Pleistocene.

## History

This name was coined by Frassetto (1948) and referred to *Homo-aproscopinus*, to refer to European and African *Homo sapiens*. However, this model of human evolution is abandoned. In the first model *Homo-aproscopinus* has 2 species, and in the second model, the specialized genus names are dropped for a generalized *Homo* that divides into two species: *Homo sapiens* and *Homo neanderthalensis*. The former has 2 subspecies.

## References

https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap\_0037-8984\_1948\_num\_9\_1\_2828
Hindella

*Hindella* is an extinct genus of brachiopod that lived in North America during the Ordovician.

## Description

*Hindella* is known from countless "nests" found with the animals in life position, embedded in a slate of rock.

## References

* https://twitter.com/BryozoanNhm/status/1268791288180195328
* https://fossiilid.info/1834?mode=in\_baltoscandia&lang=en
Eumeralla megaraptoran

The Eumeralla megaraptoran is an extinct genus of megaraptoran that lived in Australia during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

The Eumeralla megaraptoran is known from one cervical vertebrae, which identified as bearing a striking resemblance to *Baryonyx*. It is initially categorized and referenced as a definitive Spinosaurid by numerous sources; however, the vertebrae might potentially belong to an unnamed megaraptoran, a probability that is theorized in 2019. Most of the neural arch is missing; the specimen is 4 centimeters long; and the material represents a juvenile. It was given the catalogue name of P22108 and NMV P221081.

## Classification

If the specimen is placed into a phylogenetic dataset accounting for spinosaur features, then the following is recovered:

However, the specimen in question is probably a megaraptoran.

## Paleoecology

The Eumeralla Formation of which this genus lived was comprised of mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. This combination of stones makes scientists think that the region was a vast floodplain, a very dense delta; wide strings of river systems, swamplands and a majority of shallow lakes, the common habitat that generally housed Spinosaurids and is why it was initially believed to have been one.

## References

* http://sciencythoughts.blogspot.com/2011/06/australian-spinosaurid.html
* http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/6/933
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51238670\_First\_spinosaurid\_dinosaur\_from\_Australia\_and\_the\_cosmopolitanism\_of\_Cretaceous\_dinosaur\_faunas
* https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/06/australian-spinosaur-unearthed/#:~:text=%27Spinosaur%27%20dinosaur%20a%20painstaking%20discovery&text=It%20was%20then%20painstakingly%20prepared,lived%20105%20million%20years%20ago
* http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/06/australian-spinosaur-unearthed
* https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0037122
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210678/
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273?journalCode=ujvp20
* http://rexmachinablog.com/2019/09/04/thailand-spinosaur-teeth/
Homo georgicus

Please do not edit this article unless this tag is removed, to avoid edit clashes. If the page has not been edited in a while, ask an admin what you should do.
The text on this page may have grammatical errors, incomplete data, broken images features and/or incorrect formatting.

## Homo georgicus

Facial reconstructions of (from left-to-right, bottom-to-top) Skull 3, 4, 2 and 5.

## Statistics

### Diet

Omnivorous

*Homo georgicus*, the Dmanisi hominins/Man/people, is a potential species of Hominin that lived in Eurasia and the Middle East during the Early Pleistocene.

## Notable Specimens

* Kocabaş/Kocabas calvaria: A specimen once assigned to *Homo erectus* from Turkey, found within solid travertine stone as it was being sawed into tile-sized slabs for market. It was assigned to this species because it shares many traits. The endocranial surface bears tuberculosis, being the earliest disease in ancient people. As this is more common in black and brown people who live in northern latitudes, this specimen supports the idea that reduced ultraviolet radiation was a climatic variable and an "adaptive challenge" in ancient hominins during Eurasian migrations. It shares traits with BH-1 (such as a lack of derived Neanderthal characters), so it may be a *H. georgicus*.
* Sarstedt, Sst IV-V: A fragmented left parietal (IV) and a nearly complete temporal with interior (V) identified from the waterlogged gravel pit faunal assemblage near Sarstedt, lower Germany. It was tentatively dated through the similar specimens Dmanisi 3444 and Sangiran 2. Czarnetzki et al. (2007) assigned the specimen to *Pithecanthropus erectus europaeus*. This proposal was ignored. It is stated to have been associated with no industry, but the site carries 9 artifacts that were unearthered over 3 years; bifacially worked scrapers and discoidal cores typical of the Middle Pleistocene. They bear various degrees of patination and gravel contusions. It is unknown if they represent a single assemblage, since these features indicate different taphonomic processes. They do not aid in dating the skeletal fragments and may have originated elsewhere.

## Gallery

Kocabaş calvaria.Kocabaş calvaria.Sarstedt technology.Sarstedt remains; A) lateral view of temporal, B) rear of occipital and C) tabula interna of the left parietal.
## References

1. ↑ https://anthropology.net/2013/02/11/the-bh-1-hominin-from-balanica-serbia/
2. ↑ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.20739
3. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259755549\_Dating\_the\_Homo\_erectus\_bearing\_travertine\_from\_Kocabas\_Denizli\_Turkey\_at\_at\_least\_11\_Ma
4. ↑ Czarnetzki, A., Gaudzinski, S., & Pusch, C. M. (2001). Hominid skull fragments from Late Pleistocene layers in Leine Valley (Sarstedt, District of Hildesheim, Germany). Journal of Human Evolution, 41(2), 133–140. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0484
5. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222412926\_The\_earliest\_settlement\_of\_Germany\_Is\_there\_anything\_out\_there
Fiordland moose

This article was suggested to be merged with *Alces*. If you oppose this idea, it can be discussed here.

## Statistics

### Diet

Herbivorous

The Fiordland moose (*Alces alces*) are a population of moose that were introduced to New Zealand in 1910, but are considered extinct.

## History

In 1910, 10 individuals (4 bulls 6 cows) were introduced to Fiordland, left in the wild to breed. This environment is deemed unsuitable for moose, and reported kills and low sightings lead to this population's possible failure. The last sighting of these moose occurred in 1952, with an individual captured via photograph. However, a single moose antler found in 1972 and DNA tests from hair collected in 2002 shows that they had belonged to a moose. Extensive search and automated cameras have failed to find any evidence of modern survival, except for bedding and antler marks and browsing signs. Because of these, the Fiordland moose may, or may not, have survived.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose#New\_Zealand
Hell Creek Lambeosaur

The Hell Creek lambeosaur is a possible genus of lambeosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

This genus is known from limb bones and fragmentary scraps, which may represent a known genus of lambeosaur from the Hell Creek Formation. Old faunal lists list *Parasaurolophus* in Hell Creek, but no reviews have elaborated or even mentioned this. The known material from limbs is elongate, with morphology that may distinguish it from *Edmontosaurus* but is also similar to *Lambeosaurus.* This taxon was once thought to be a saurolophine, but this was disproven by Brownstein and Bissell (2020). However, the material could also be misidentified, with further research needed to confirm or deny the lambeosaurine allegations.

## References

* https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/an-elongate-hadrosaurid-forelimb-with-biological-traces-informs-the-biogeography-of-the-lambeosaurinae/3AADDB876793B4A99950C56D74CE2CD8
* Weishampel et al. (2004)
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266459570\_The\_first\_lambeosaurin\_Dinosauria\_Hadrosauridae\_Lambeosaurinae\_from\_the\_Upper\_Cretaceous\_Ojo\_Alamo\_Formation\_Naashoibito\_Member\_San\_Juan\_Basin\_New\_Mexico
Heracles

Credit: Scott Reid (@DinosaurDrawing on Twitter).

*Heracles* is a large New Zealand-dwelling parrot that lived during the Early Miocene epoch around 16-19 million years ago.

## Etymology

The generic name Heracles derives from the Greek legendary hero of the same name, which translates to "Pride of Hera". The name *Heracles* was chosen to allude to another fossil parrot genus, *Nelepsittacus*, which was named after the mythical King Neleus, who was killed by Heracles. The specific name *inexpectatus* was chosen to reflect the surprise that the describers felt when they discovered a giant parrot fossil from the Miocene. The nickname/common name Squawkzilla is derived from the English word "squawk", an onomatopoeic word for the sound of a parrot, and the Japanese word Gojira, the name of a fictional giant monster which derives from the words gorira (gorilla) and kujira (whale).

## Description

*Heracles*, a 1 meter tall parrot, was easily out-competing all the other creatures on the island it lived on. Heracles, despite the size, had a large, sharp beak for killing prey. *Heracles*' beak was so big it could eat anything, even other parrots. Scientists suggest that Heracles could have climbed trees with its beak. *Heracles* was too big to fly, and was flightless as a result, remained on the ground until it went extinct.

## Paleoecology

*Heracles* is the largest parrot to have existed and lived alongside its tiny cousin, *Nelepsittacus*.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles\_inexpectatus