Western Gorilla

## Description

The Western gorilla is a massive primate species with a short muzzle, proportionately large hands and the projecting brow ridge. They lack tails, having small ears and eyes, large nostrils and jet black skin. They have quite a large thumb and nails on all digits. They have large muscles on their jaws as well as strong, broad teeth. The whole body, with the exception of the face, ears, hands, and feet, is covered with dark tough fur. The fur of Western gorillas is brown to grey in color. Older male gorillas are called "silverbacks" due to the hair on their back and rump, which is originally grey, loosing with age.

## Distribution

The animals occur in tropical jungles, forests, lowland swamps and secondary forests of West Central Africa.

## Behavior

These primates are highly social animals, gathering in groups of 5-15 individuals. A group usually consists of females with their young and one dominant male. They get around by walking on their four limbs. Western gorillas are active by day. They construct day and night nests where they rest and sleep. Their nests are soft cushions, built on the ground or in trees, out of branches and leaves. Lightweight gorillas tend to hang out of tree branches, using their arms. Normally, these animals are quite peaceful, friendly and shy. However, they emit loud growling sounds and can be extremely dangerous, when threatened or attacked. In order to scare away intruders or demonstrate their strength, male gorillas stand straight, beating their chests with their fists. Nevertheless, they don't tend to hit the opponent, instead preferring to retreat and then charge again.

## Diet

These gorillas are herbivorous (folivorous) animals. Their diet primarily consists of juicy stemmed plants, complemented by berries, ferns, bark and leaves.

## Reproduction

They have polygynous mating system with the only dominant male, mating with females of the group. They breed all year round. Gestation period lasts 251-289 days, yielding a single baby, rarely - twins. The infant is kept belly-to-belly to its mother, until the age of 2 month, when the baby is mature and strong enough to be able to cling onto the mother's fur. Weaning takes place at the age of 3 years. Male gorillas are sexually mature at 8-9 years old, while females, a bit earlier - at the age of 7-8 years.

## Population

### Threats

These animals are primarily threatened by human activities. For over a century, Western gorillas have suffered from degradation of their tropical rainforest habitat. They have been persecuted, hunted for meat and big games and captured for commercial trade. On the other hand, excessive collection by zoos and research institutions has brought to sharp decline of their population, making the animal an endangered species. Presently, one of the most notable threats to this species is Ebola virus: despite the conservation status, outbreaks of this virus are still a serious concern for Western gorillas' population.

### Number

The overall number of their population is presently unknown, but decreasing. On the IUCN Red List, the Western gorilla is mentioned as Critically Endangered (CR) species.

### Ecological niche

Western gorillas are an important link in the ecosystem of their habitat. They are key seed dispersers of tropical rainforests, creating suitable places for the seeds to grow and thus sustaining a number of plant species. By doing this, they benefit many other animals of the area and even help sustain the habitat of humans, who live in and around the forests.

## Fun Facts

According to scientific studies, gorillas can show emotions such as grief, and even have individual personalities.

In 2005, these animals were first time seen using tools, when performing a task. Before crossing swampy areas with muddy water, they would use sticks to determine the water depth.

These highly intelligent primates are able to learn sign language.

They build nests or beds, where they spend their time, resting or sleeping. Young individuals usually nest in trees while older gorillas tend to construct their nests on the ground.

These animals have very little water requirements. They don't drink water from rivers or lakes, instead attaining all needed moisture from their food as well as morning dew.

Their arms are considerable longer than their legs, so when a gorilla walks on all four limbs, it remains upright.