5.4

## 5.4.1 - -fkeyk

Derived from the noun **tìfkeytok** *state, condition, situation*, this unaccented suffix produces some words with specialized, idiomatic meanings, such as **yafkeyk** *weather*. It is nonetheless widely productive, **kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?** *how’s the condition of the river today?*

## 5.4.2 - Hì(')-

From the adjective **hì’i** *small*, the accented prefix **hì-** or **hì’-** is used in a few words to form diminutives, but should not be considered productive (see 5.1.6), as in **hì’ang** *insect* (< **hì’** + **ioang** *animal*), **hìkrr** *moment, a short time* (< **hì** + **krr** *time*).

## 5.4.3 - -ìva

When the noun **ìlva** *flake, drop, chip* is used in compounds, the **l** drops, **txepìva** *ash, cinder*, **herwìva** *snowflake*.

## 5.4.4 - -nga'

This suffix, derived from the verb **nga’** *contain*, creates adjectives from nouns and describes something “containing” the noun, as in **txumnga’** *poisonous*. It is much less common than **le-**. It is possible for a noun to have both **le-** and **-nga’** derivations, **lepay** *watery* vs. **paynga’** *damp, humid.*

## 5.4.5 - -pin

Derived from the noun **’opin** *color*, this unaccented suffix is attached to color adjectives to form color nouns, **rimpin** *the color yellow* from **rim** *yellow*. A final **-n** in the color adjective will become **-m** by assimilation, **eampin** from **ean**.

## 5.4.6 - Pxi-

The adjective **pxi** *sharp* is prefixed to adverbs and adpositions of time to indicate immediacy. The prefix doesn’t take the accent, **pxisre** *immediately before*, **pxiset** *immediately, right now*.

## 5.4.7 - Sna-

A shortened form of the noun **sna’o** *group, set, clump, stand*, this prefix can be freely used with living things other than people to indicate a natural grouping, such as **snatalioang** *a herd of sturmbeest*, **snautral** *a stand of trees*. The prefix is used with non-living things to produce words, but this is not productive, **snatxärem** *skeleton*.

## 5.4.8 - -tsim

The noun **tsim** *source* can be suffixed to nouns to indicate the source or cause of some state, such as **sngumtsim** *worrisome matter, source of worry* from **sngum** *worry*, **yayayrtsim** *something confusing, source of confusion* from **yayayr** *confusion*, **ingyentsim** *mystery, riddle, enigma, conundrum* from **ingyen** *feeling of mystery or noncomprehension*. Note that it doesn’t change the accent. This form is not productive.

## 5.4.9 - Tsuk-

Derived from **tsun fko**, this unaccented prefix creates ability adjectives from transitive verbs, **tsukyom** *edible* (from **yom** *eat*). The negative simply takes the prefix **ke-**, which also causes no accent change here, **ketsuktswa’** *unforgettable* (from **tswa’** *forget*).

**5.4.9.1** In addition, intransitive verbs may be combined with **tsuk-**, with a looser relationship between the noun and resulting adjective, **fìtseng lu tsuktsurokx** *one can rest here, this place is "restable",* **lu na'rìng tsukhahaw** *one can sleep in the forest*.

## 5.4.10 - -tswo

This suffix may be freely used on any verb, and creates a noun meaning the ability to perform the action of the verb, **wemtswo** *ability to fight*, **roltswo** *ability to sing*. This suffix is related to the word **tsu’o** *ability*.

**5.4.10.1** The suffix **-tswo** is attached to the noun or adjective element of **si**-verbs, as in **srungtswo** *ability to help* and **tstutswo** *ability to close*.

## 5.4.11 - -vi

From the noun **’evi**, itself a shortened form of **’eveng** *child*, the unaccented suffix **-vi** is used rather loosely for the spawn of something bigger or a part of a larger whole, **txepvi** *spark* (< **txep** *fire*), **lì’fyavi** *expression, bit of language* (< **lì’fya** *language*). It may cause minor changes to the word it is attached to, **sänumvi** *lesson* from **sänume** *instruction, teaching*.

## 5.4.12 - "Kä-" and "Za-"

The two verbs of motion **kä** *go* and **za’u** *come* (reduced to just **za-**) are used in some compound verbs to indicate direction of motion, **kämakto** *ride out*. Note the distinction between **kä’ärìp** *push* and **za’ärìp** *pull* from **’ärìp** *move (something)*.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://naviteri.org/2011/04/yafkeykiri-plltxe-frapo-everyone-talks-about-the-weather/
2. ↑ http://naviteri.org/2011/05/weather-part-2-and-a-bit-more-2/
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://naviteri.org/2012/03/spring-vocabulary-part-2/
4. ↑ http://naviteri.org/2013/01/awvea-posti-zisita-amip-first-post-of-the-new-year/
5. ↑ http://naviteri.org/2011/03/%E2%80%9Creceptive-ability%E2%80%9D-and-hesitation/