Pujades 29

Pujades Chronicle of Catalonia 1609

### Chapter 29

*Referring to how Sicanus reigned, who passed to Sicily; and of Ceres his wife.*

1. After Sicorus died, Sicanus succeeded in the dominion of Spain, according to Bartolomé Casaneo and Garibay. Of this King Beuter makes the same note that he made of Sicorus above: saying that he was called Sic after a duke, and Anus after his name. This Sicanus was the son of Sicorus, according to Beuter himself, Viladamor, Tarafa, Medina, Annius, Berosus, Sedeño and Lucio Marinéo. And he began his reign in the year 726 of the Deluge, according to Damian Goes, and Felipe Garcia; or in the year 727 after the Flood, and 1591 before the coming of Christ, according to Tarafa. Mtro Florian de Ocampo does not put his account in this place, but it can be inferred from the preceding and following chapters. Annius puts Sicanus in the time of Mamelus king of Assyria, and specifies that he was in the years 583 of the settlement of Spain, and according to Juan Pineda in the year 2382 of the Creation of the world.

As soon as Sicanus began to reign, with news that in Italy there were great wars and discords among the Italians and among the Spaniards, who had passed to those countries several times, and especially with those who had gone with Atlant Italus, he determined to go there in person to quiet them: and especially the Aborigines, and Oenotrians. He then went to Sicily, which then began to be named Sicania, leaving the name of Trinacria that it had until that time; and we touch it very in passing, because it is out of our purpose, referring to the overwritten authors, and to the compendium of the fifth book of the second by Titus Livius, Juan Pineda who follows Diodorus, and Solinus. I will only notice what Lucio Marinéo, Master Pedro Juan Nuñez, Aretio and the Bishop of Gerona say: that those who gave Sicania its name were Spaniards, coming from the banks of Segre in our Catalonia; which is something worth noting for her glory. Although Mtro Antonio de Nebrija has a different opinion.

2. Hartman Schadel of Nuremberg writes in the Chronicle that this Sicanus had for his wife named Céres, who was the first in Sicily who taught men the seeds, and how to sow them, cultivate the land, unite the oxen, reap and thresh; because before they only lived on acorns and other wild fruits, as it seems from Antonio Verderio, speaking of that woman Céres in his book of the images of the Gods; and it is specifically noted by Sicilia, Polidorus, Virgil and Jacobo Bergomense. And it must be said like this, because Schadel there only talks about Sicily. And also because the other historians claim that Abidis was the first to teach these things in Spain, as will be said below when we will write about him. If they didn't mean to say that Céres taught them, and Abidis perfected them. Because above in chapter nineteen it is said that Céres was the first who taught this to those of Ceret and Roussillon. But note here that the Céres who taught the Roussillons to cultivate must be different from her who taught the Sicilians; for she, as we have seen in chapters eighteen and nineteen, was a wife of Osiris Jupiter, and not of Sicorus, and from one to the other, according to a good account, there are 130 years of difference.

3. After the said things on the mainland of Italy and in Sicily, Sicanus returned to Spain full of victories, and died after 32 years of his reign according to Garibay, or 31 years according to Annius, Florian, Beuter, Medina, Goes, Viladamor, Garcia and Canon Tarafa. Although Pineda does not give him but 28 to 29 years of reign.

[Stevens, Anderson and Beawes all agree on 31 years for Sicanus (1583-1552 BC per Stevens, 1587-1556 BC per Anderson). Swinton says 32 years, also calling him "a prince said to have been liberal and magnanimous". In *Defloratio* Sicanus rules from the 8th year of Mamelus, out of 30, to 'a little while later' than an event in the 4th year of Sparetus (Sumu-abum of Babylon), meaning at least 26 years for Sicanus. Assuming 31 years is correct, I date Sicanus in Spain from 1821-1790 BC.

Anderson further says "*From him some of his People were call'd Sicani, who marching with Sicanus in Person into Italy fought with the Ligurians, Oenotrians, Lestrigonians, &c. He was in Sicily encounter'd by the Cyclopes who could not suffer the Sicani, but they were forc'd to submit, and that Island was call'd Sicania after him.*"]

### Chapter 30

*Treating on Siceleus, and on the passage he made to Italy*.

1. After king Sicanus, he was succeeded by his son Siceleus in the kingdom of Spain, according to Berosus the Chaldean, Juan Sedeño, Lucio Marinéo and Garibay. Who began to reign in the year 757 after the Flood, according to Beuter, Goes and Garcia: in 1560 before the coming of the Messiah according to Tarafa and Medina: in 614 after the settlement of Spain, according to Annius; and in the year 2310 of the Creation of the world according to Pineda, leaving the diversity of accounts and opinions held by Florian de Ocampo.

This King was very hard-working, courageous, friendly, liberal, and of great companies. And after he began to reign he sent many Spanish people to Italy, and he also went to help Jason or Jasius, son of Electrà, at that time, of whom we have mentioned above. The occasion of this war and what happened in it, I stop telling, because it was not in our land; and I refer to Florian and Medina. It is enough to know that when he arrived in Italy he protected and defended Jasius, and after his death he also protected his son Cosibantus. And finally he also died in Italy, leaving the Spaniards ordered not to abandon Cosibantus; and for this reason many Spaniards remained in Italy, who named themselves Siceleans: and Annius and Tarafa say that they gave name to the island of Sicily; but the truth is what we will say below. This king Siceleus reigned 40 years according to Goes and Garcia, or 42 according to Pineda, or 44 according to the other authors already alleged.

[*Defloratio* has the start of Siceleus "a little while after" the 4th year of Sparetus, 1796 BC, when Jasius, already king of Celtica, inherited the crown of Tuscany. Siceleus' son Lusus succeeds him around the 13th year of Ascatades or Ipiq-Adad of Eshnunna, a little after Jasius was assassinated in 1750 BC by his brother Dardanus in the Italian conflict, and succeeded in Tuscany by Coribantus. Siceleus thus ruled from 1790 to 1750 BC, 40 years. He is assigned 44 years by Stevens (1552-1508 BC), Swinton and Beawes; and 45 years by Anderson (1556-1511 BC).]

### Chapter 31

*Treating on king Lusus, from whom Lusitania took its name.*

1. Lusus reigned in Spain, surviving King Siceleus, according to Berosus and Casaneo, and was his son, according to Annius, Juan Sedeño, Lucio Marinéo, Juan Pineda, Garibay, Tarafa and Medina. And the beginning of his reign was in the year 1516 before the Nativity of Christ our Lord, according to the account kept by our Canon Tarafa, and in 1502 BC according to Antonio Viladamor, in 801 after the Flood according to Goes and García, or in 802 according to Pedro Antonio Beuter. It is true that Annius keeps another account, saying that it was the beginning of the government of this King in the year 801 after the Flood, 758 of the population of Spain, and 1516 BC, in the time of Ascatadius king of Syria.

2. Of this king Lusus, Tarafa and Medina write that at the time of the death of his father Siceleus he was in Italy, and the Spaniards who were then there proclaimed him King. Whence he came to Spain with many people, and mainly with many Spaniards who followed him. After they arrived in the beloved homeland, according to Compte, they settled some parts of it: firstly those of the Pyrenees mountains, which coming down from Puigcerdá are called Lusanés, the towns taking the name of their king Lusus; in which Berga and Bagá are included. They also settled that part called Lusitania, taking the name of the King himself; and that is the land, which today we call Portugal. Although Mariana, despite the fact that he mentions Lusus at different times, he does not name him King.

[The later Gallic Lusitanians were descended from colonists sent to occupy Lusitania by Marcomir I of Sicambria, around 435 BC.]

3. It is read of this Prince that he was very superstitious, devoted to his gods, and given to gentile superstitions; and that for this reason he added many ceremonies to the prayers and sacrifices that had remained in the land since the time of Osiris, who had instituted many as explained above in chapter eighteen.

4. And all the aforementioned authors having agreed on this, in the rest referring to his death they are disagreeable, because some say that he died after 31 years of reign, as Sedeño, Goes, Garibay, Florian, Medina, Garcia and Viladamor. Annio and Beuter say that he reigned 30 years, and Pineda says 37.

[*Lusus* reign in Spain began around the 13th year of 'Ascatades of Babylonia', ie Ipiq-Adad of Eshnunna, in 1750 BC. His successor Siculus is omitted by *Defloratio* / *Manethonian Supplement*. The English authors also disagree about his reign length, with Stevens allotting him 31 years (1508-1477 BC), Anderson 29 years (1511-1482 BC), Swinton 30 and Beawes 33 years. Taking 31 as the most popular figure would give Lusus a reign to ca. 1719 BC, but it seems likelier that his successor Siculus ruled 64 years (see below), leaving Lucus only 22 years, 1750-1728 BC.]

Here Florian and Garibay remember that Troy was founded at this time. Whence the reader can deduce, how it would be possible that Hercules of whom we have spoken above, was called to go to destroy Troy, as I have already contested in chapter twenty-three.

[Dardanus, having assassinated Jasius in 1750 BC, was driven into exile in Samothrace during the reign of Lusus, and was granted land in Asia Minor, founding Dardania (later Troy) in ca. 1728 BC. It was the second Hercules, the Greek Alcaeus, who lived 1248-1196 BC and was involved with Troy.]

### Chapter 32

*Treating on king Ulus or Siculus, who passed to Sicily and gave it a name; and of the founding of Argentona.*

1. Already above in chapter twenty-eight I have noticed the opinion of Juan de Mariana, who says that no mention should be made of Sicorus, Sicanus, Siceleus and Lusus; but behind Atlant, Siculus was to be placed as his successor, who remained as Governor, or Lieutenant in Spain, when Atlant passed to Italy; and after his death he received the kingdom. The others who follow the order that I have placed here in four chapters, say that Ulus succeeded Lusus, and that he did not want to get used to being named King, but Sic, according to the interpretation that is made above, and Fr Juan Pineda notes it in this place. Hence came the naming of him Siculus, as Annius, Beuter, and Lucio Marinéo write more of those already mentioned; with whom the name of Siculus is named by many, and notably by Dr. Bartolomé Casaneo, and by the others who will be mentioned below. Whereof Florian de Ocampo, Viladamor and Annius de Viterbo say he was the son of Lusus, although Mariana, as I have said, writes that he was the son of Atlas. He began to reign in the year before our Lord Jesus Christ 1473 according to Juan Sedeño, or in 1474 BC according to Garibay, and of the settlement of Spain 690, and 831 after the Flood according to Florian, who keeps all this account. However, according to Tarafa it should not have been on this account, but in the year 1485 BC, and 832 after the Flood, according to Goes, Garcia and Beuter. Annius says that it was the year 832 of the Flood, 689 of the population of Spain, and 1469 BC.

2. This King, according to Florian and Viladamor, was very inclined to have many armed people, and at the point of war, and many ships by sea, in whose greatness he excelled and surpassed all those of his time. And for this reason the Gentiles had him and considered him the god of the sea, worshiping him as such and named him Neptune, or son of Neptune, according to Medina and Jacobo Bergomense.

3. At the time of his reign, the nations of Italy on the mainland and in Sicily, who were neighbors to the Spaniards who lived there, again made them uneasy about the possession of the land. For which reason he went to Italy, and was first in Sicily. He favored the Spaniards, conquering their enemies, and subdued their lands. And when he wanted to return to Spain, so that those who remained in Italy might be more powerful, he left many of his people and companions to each other, who called themselves the Siculi. Later these came to be more in number than the old who were before; and the old names began to be lost, and those of the Siculi to be frequented: and thus that part of the land of Italy came to be called Sicily, leaving the first names, which were Trinacria and Sicania, whereby it was formerly known; as the aforementioned authors say, and it is read in the compendium of Titus Livius.

[Anderson: "*Ulus or Siculus Junior surnamed Neptune. He had many Ships and Gallies at Sea and pass'd into Italy and Sicily to aid the Spaniards in those Regions who were in war with the Cyclopes.*"]

4. Some fairly educated claim that Aulot or Olot, a town in the Pyrenees mountains, above Besalú, was the foundation of this king Ulus; and that for him was called Ulot, and after changing the word they have called Aulot or Olot. The ruins and aqueducts of this town are good signs of its former nobility. But whether or not it is so old, it remains a more mature advice.

5. Siculus died, having reigned for about 60 years, according to Annius, Goes and Garcia, or 61 according to Medina, or 62 according to Pineda and Garibay.

[Stevens says 61 years from 1477-1416 BC, Anderson 64 years from 1482-1418 BC. Beawes neglects to supply any reign length for Siculus, but mentions his wars in Italy and Sicily and expelling Dardanus with his party to Samothrace, whence they settle Dardania. However, this seems from the chapter above to have occurred mostly in the reign of Lusus (1750-1728 BC).

The *Manethonian Supplement* to *Defloratio* notes the accession of the next king, Testa Lybius Triton, in the 'second year of Menophis'. However this document has omitted all the Egyptian pharaohs from 1693-1391 BC, between 'Aegyptus' (Sobekhotep III, who is also conflated here with Ramesses I and given an additional 30 years) and 'Menophis' (Amenhotep III), in addition to featuring a gap in all records between 1545 and 1345 BC, and it has then reassigned the remaining years after 'Menophis' arbitrarily to the 19th dynasty pharaohs from 1290-1200 BC, Zetus (Seti I) through Amenemnes (Amenmesse). The result of all these complicated changes, when adjusted for, is that the beginning of Testa's reign in Hispania may be calculated to correspond with 1664 BC. Siculus is not mentioned at all, thus the last fixed date being the accession of Lusus in 1750 BC, 86 years before Testa, the difficulty remains of fixing the end of Lusus and the beginning of Siculus. If Lusus reigned 31 years along with most sources, this was in 1719 BC, and Siculus reigned no more than 55 years. On the other hand, if we accept Anderson's 64 years for Siculus, it means he acceded in 1728 BC, the same year Dardanus founded Dardania, the later Troy. The founding of Troy is correctly placed in the 6th year of Aegyptus / Sobekhotep III by the *Supplement*, but incorrectly in the last year (of 41) of Ascatades / Ipiq-Adad II (1721 BC) by *Defloratio*. Since this event marks where *Supplement* was supposed to synchronize with *Defloratio*, the error of placing it 7 years too late in the latter is clearly what caused later sources to calculate ca. 93 years between Lusus and Siculus, and add the difference to Lusus' reign.]

6. Our canon Tarafa says in this place that Argantonius, king of Tarifa, once lived: but Pliny says that he was king of Tartesia, and that he lived one hundred and twenty years; although there is no shortage of saying he lived one hundred and fifty years, and others that he lived three hundred years. But leaving this aside, Tarafa says he believes the settlement of Argentona, which we have between Badalona and Mataró, was founded by this Argantonius; perhaps moved by the similarity of the word. What I can say and confess is that until today I have not found anything else about the foundation of this town. But I will not dare to verify that Argantonius lived at that time; because others put him in a more modern time, as it seems from Mariana, and we will touch on again below in its place and time.

[Arganthonius of Tartessos seems to have driven the Phoenicians to Cadiz in ca. 622 BC, and thus indeed belongs over 1000 years later.]

### Chapter 33

*Treating on King Testa, the cities he founded, and the coming of the Greek Zacintos.*

1. The king Ulus or Siculus was succeeded by Testa, according to Casaneus, who by surname was named Triton, as Manethon says in the Supplement of Berossus. This Testa was from an African nation, as Annius writes. And so Garibay notes very well that the first line of the Kings of Spain in Siculus ended, and a second and new one began with this King Testa. Tarafa, Lucio Marinéo and Annius, after having said that Testa was African, specify following Manetho that he was a native of Tritania in Libya. And since ancient historians do not state the cause why it happened in his reign as a foreigner, that is why Medina advises that some have wanted to say he would be a relative of Siculus. Florian says that some wanting to conjecture the cause of this succession, they said that because Siculus died without children, the Spaniards having chosen a King, as they did not choose nor were accustomed to choose the richest or most powerful, but those with the greatest virtue, advice and wisdom, so that they reigned well; and that as they knew about Testa's goodness and independence, although of a strange nation, they chose him for their King and Lord. He also mentions that others by conjecture say that as the Spaniards already had lordships in different parts of the world, perhaps they would also have it where Testa lived, perhaps employed by the Governor or Captain. And thus, lacking the succession of the line in Spain, perhaps as a most profitable relative, the succession fell and belonged to him. It also seems to me that if Testa was African and from Libya, as we have said here, Osíris Jupiter, Hercules, Híspalus and Hispan having come from there, as we have spoken of each respective one in their place, it was easy for kinsmen and relatives to stay there; and when Siculus died childless, Testa was called, as the closest relative. However, as Juan de Mariana and others have as a fabulous thing that Testa, nor the others until Abidis, have reigned in Spain; and one thing and another all are conjectures, I do not know well what to affirm, but it is to mention everything, so that no one is hurt, and the reader with a single book understands everything that is written about this.

[Beawes also discounts Testa and his successors until Gargoris as a fable, stating that after Siculus' "Decease without Issue, it remained a Commonwealth for above a Century, and then became subject to Bacchus, Son to Semele..."]

The reign of Testa, says Florian, began around the year 1412 before the coming of Christ, which according to his account and that of Pedro Antonio Beuter, Damian Goes and Felipe Garcia, corresponds to that of 893 after the Flood, and 752 after the population of Spain; or according to Tarafa and Medina 1424 before Christ, in the reign of Menophis of Egypt according to Annius, who agrees in this account with Tarafa, and in the rest with the others. During his reign Testa built and populated some towns, and notably one according to Beuter, in the place where he landed when he came; whereof, conforming to the same Beuter, Annio, Tarafa and Florian, they say that he named it Testa, and that it was the head of the towns that later were called Contestani or Contestanos. Beuter says that later with the coming of Teucer to Spain he named it Teucria, and adds, following this same Tarafa, that later it was called Cartagena. Florian is well pleased that Cartagena was from the Contestanos towns, but not that it was Contestania, but what is now called Consentaina in the kingdom of Valencia, and Garibay also understands it that way: and we have already established the foundation of Cartagena earlier according to some other writers, and we will also return to mention below in chapter twenty-five, according to the opinion of others.

[Anderson: "*Mean time, about 67 Years after the Ingress of Joshua, a Lybian of the Offspring of Triton call'd TESTA seiz'd upon Gadir and all its Neighbourhood, calling himself King of Spain. Some think that the Inhabitants on the Banks of the Mediterranean, where are now Murcia and Carthagena were from him called Contestans.* Anderson's synchronization with Joshua is slightly off; in fact the Exodus and 40 years of the Hebrews in the desert were entirely while Testa ruled in Hispania.]

2. Close to those times, which Juan de Mariana wants to be in the time of Siculus or shortly after, and more than two hundred years before the Trojan War, which would be the 35th year of this Testa according to Florian, Sedeño, Garibay and Viladamor, following Manethon and Annius, many Greeks came to Spain, coming from the island of Zazinto, which was later named Jasanto: and as those already mentioned say, and with them Medina, they founded the city of Sagunto, whereof we've made mention of it above in chapters eleven and nineteen, and we'll touch on it below in chapter thirty-seven. They also built a temple to the goddess Diana, near the place that today is called Cape Dénia, which was highly venerated by the Gentiles; and there they instituted many modern sacrifices, changing much of what Osiris, Hercules, and Lusus had taught. The remarkableness and beauty of that temple are shown by the said authors, and Beuter and Tarafa.

[Stevens calls them Zarinthians, Anderson calls the Greek island Zanta; the reference is to the island of Zakynthos, on the Adriatic side of Greece.]

3. There is no more written about this Testa, but that he died after 74 years of reign a little more or less, and what happened to him in the reign of Romus, as we will say below.

[Stevens and Anderson agree that Testa ruled 74 years, 1416-1342 BC according to Stevens, 1418-1344 BC per Anderson. *Manethonian Supplement* places Testa Lybius Triton from around the 2nd year of 'Menophis' (=1664 BC) until Romus in the 35th year of 'Zetus' (=1590 BC), showing 74 years is correct.]

### Chapter 34

*Treating on King Romus, who founded Valencia, and about the coming of Dionisius Líbicus, named Yacus Bacchin.*

1. After the days of King Testa, Romus succeeded him: of whom Annius, Manethon in the Supplement of Berosus, Lucio Marinéo and Bartolomé Casaneo make mention. And it was his succession in the year 1394 before Christ, 825 after the population of Spain, and 969 after the Flood, according to Annius, Sedeño and Florian; although Tarafa thinks he was in the year 1350 BC, which is a difference of consideration. And Florian and Viladamor say there is no news of whom this Romus was son. But Beuter in his Chronicle, Medina, Garibay and Tarafa say he was the son of Testa.

2. Shortly after Romus began to reign, he built a city, which he called Roma from its name, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, some half a league inland, on the banks of the Túria River, which kept that name until the Romans came to Spain, and zealots from their city of Rome did not want another to be called like it, and they changed the name of Roma to Valencia, which has the same meaning. About the time this name change was made, I will speak below in its place, which will be in chapter twenty of book three.

3. During the life of this king, Romus, in the year 1325 BC (according to Garibay, Pedro Antonio Beuter, Florian, and Viladamor) there entered Spain through Andalusia, a large number of people from Greece, men and women, bringing as captain a man named Dionisius Líbicus, and by another name Yacus. It is written of these people that they did not have fixed homes, but lived in the fields and forests, howling both in times of pleasure, and in times of sacrifices and devotions. In whose way of howling and shouting they called Yacus, and some others Bacchin, for whose sake Yacus was named Bacchin, or corruptly Bacchus. About which and about his sacrifices, apart from what the aforementioned writers say, the curious will be able to see St Augustine, and the Additions of Luis Vives in the book of the *City of God*.

[Anderson: *Some say that in the third Year of Romus, Liber Pater or Bacchus conquer'd Spain, and built Nebrissa in Baetica, the Birth Place of the Historian Antony Nebrissensis.* Stevens also mentions "Dionysius Bacchus" coming into Spain in Romus' time. Beawes, as noted above, rejects Romus as fabulous, but places "Bacchus son to Semele" as ruler of Spain following a commonwealth of over a century, who then left "his son Lisias: but he soon dying without any issue, the natives elected his favourite Licinius for their chief, without the royal dignity, and he being afterward rejected for his tyranny, was succeeded by Gargoris..."

St. Jerome also calls Liber son of Semele, daughter of Cadmus, and says "Dionysius, also called father Liber, fighting against the Indians, founded the city of Nysa by the Indus river." This tale, as in other classical accounts, allows us to identify the name "Liber" (which much later became a Latin cult) with none other than Labarna, one of the early Hittite rulers, who ruled from c. 1593-1551 BC in Hatti, Asia Minor, and rebuilt Kanesh or Nesha on the Halys river. At some point he annexed Kizzuwatna on the Mediterranean coast, giving him an outlet to the sea, whence he could perhaps have campaigned in Hispania.]

4. Once Dionísius was in Spain, he founded some towns in Andalusia, and in Aragon the city of Jaca, in memory of his name; because although some named it Laca, Florian fully satisfies. It is true that he claims to have heard this from the enlightened Antonio de Nebrija, who was his teacher, followed by Beuter and our Medina.

5. Yacus Bacchin pulling his way through the Pyrenee mountains, he entered the parts of Catalonia, where, due to the etymology of its name, we think he would found some towns that are today in it, although with some change of the name, such as they are: Baccacium, which today is called Bagá; and Baccula, today named Banyoles, according to the places of Master Pedro Juan Nuñez, which will be claimed below in the first chapter of the second book. And Yacus Bacchin passing his way further through those mountains, he reached Conflent, and there he founded Escoro, Auleta and Yaza, which today is called You, and Opol in Roussillon, as Francisco Compte says. With these settlements made, Dionisius Líbicus, Yacus Bacchin or Bacchus, left Spain with the people he had left over.

6. At that time in the life of King Romus, the robbery of Europa, daughter of King Agenor, took place in the city of Sidon by King Xanthus of Crete, whom they called Jupiter, as can be seen in St Augustine. Cadmus, brother of Europa, was looking for her in many parts of the world; and among others he arrived in Spain: where, passing through the parts of Roussillon and Cerdaña, in the wild mountains of the Pyrenees, he named the plain of Canigó after him, and thus today it is still called the Plá de Cadi. Likewise for him, and from his name the mountains of the Pyrenees, which at the end of Cerdanya twist towards the South, entering through Catalonia towards the banks of the Segre river, were named after Cadi, which is the same as Cadmus: the Greeks saying Cadmus, and the Latin Cadino, as Francisco Compte writes.

7. King Romus, in whose time what we have just said happened, died having ruled 33 years, according to Annius, Goes, Garcia and Garibay, 29 according to Medina, or 28 according to Tarafa.

[Stevens and Anderson agree that Romus, son of Testa, ruled Spain 33 years, 1342-1309 BC in Stevens and 1344-1311 BC in Anderson. Pujades' date above, 1394 BC, seems like an error.

In *Manethonian Supplement*, Romus is the last Spanish king before the major gaps, and the figure of 33 years seems to have been miscalculated, ignoring the gaps, on the basis of the mention of the next king in Spain after the gaps, Palatuus, who acceded ca. 1318 BC. Thus while Romus' start may be placed in 1590 BC, it is uncertain for how long he reigned. Probably Bacchus or Labarna of Hatti conquered Spain next, followed as Beawes says by his son Lisias and his favorite Licinius. If this Licinius was before the gap, he could not be the same as Cacus Lucinius, who appears soon after the gap.

Per Irish records, in ca. 1531 BC, 5000 Fir Bolg escaped Greece, stealing 1,139 pinnaces and sailing to Hispania or Celtiberia briefly, where the king was named Magmor or Madhmor, and then on to Ireland. After this Magmor or Madhmor, we are in the 'dark ages' of the gap until Palatuus in 1318 BC.]

It seems something worth noting here, that those who will read Canon Tarafa's notice, if they read him translated into Spanish, that that translation is not good insofar as it speaks of Oscus, and calls him from Barcelona. Because in the Latin notebooks it says: Oscus Vetulonensis, which means Oscus Vetulonese: this is from Vetulonia, which was in Italy, according to Annius in the first book, and in the second of the *Institutions*, and about Manethon, and in the *Annonian Questions*, which is explained by saying that Vetulonia was what is now called Viterbo. The occasion of the error persuaded me that it must have been that the Castilians frequently put the b for the v, as in this; for *vosotros* (you) they say *bosotros*, for *venganza* they say *benganza*, and in many others: and for this reason the translator for *Vetulonese* wrote *Betulonese*; and as the corruptions are always increasing, not only was *Betulonese*, but even to say *Barcelona*. Say it on purpose, because if anyone has read that book in vulgar, it is not surprising that here we do not make special mention of this Oscus king of Italy, of whom Tarafa says he founded Huesca in Aragon: because as it is not ours, we will not give him to Barcelona what is not owed, making those who are not natural to it. And neither will we stop as to what Tarafa says that Betulonia in Catalonia, and Bétis in Andalusia, took their name from this Oscus Vetulonense, since we already have it attributed to Bétis king of Spain, as can be seen in his life, chapter 16.

[The original notice of this Oscus is in the only fragment to survive from the gaps in the *Supplement*, as evidently part of the gap ahould be placed before him, and the other part after him. Thus it is difficult to say at what point within the intervening period, ca. 1545-1345 BC he would have appeared. The entry there reads: "*In his* (unknown king) *23rd year, Caeculus surnamed Saturnus Junior reigns amongst the Aborigines. And in the third year thereafter Oscus begins to reign amongst the Tyrrhenians, whose ensign was a serpent. He sent forth many colonies from Vetulonia, where was to arise a great family grouping.*" The unknown king is presented as 'Ranses' in the surviving copy, but neither the entries before or after this can refer to the same reign, as the enumeration is reset at least twice.]

* **Chapter 35**