Gwalharan (Umbralan-gwali language)

> Korshin Nora Ødenberg.
>
> -Isolde Kwame III to Nora visiting The Gwalharin empire 1883

Gwalharan or simply Gwali-Umbralan is a general language spoken by the Gwalharin peoples of Umbral and Korandi in Central Thandorikar. Its predominantly spoken in Northern Thandorikar and in the Umbralan subcontinent. First spoken by the Gwalharin in the 8th century the language still persists to date with few changes being made throughout its years of use by the indigenous peoples of Thandorikar.

## Spelling and phonology

**Consonant inventory:** b, d, g, k, m, n, p, t, ŋ, ɾ, ʃ
 Stop
 Fricative
Approximant

**Vowel inventory**: a, e, i, o, u
 High-mid
 low

Spelling rules
 ʃ
 ŋ

### Syllable structure: (c)v(c)

**Stress pattern**: Second — stress is on the second syllable

## Grammar

Nouns: nouns from plural with seperate plural word
**tigid /tiˈgid/**
 Plural
**Else: Suffix -ob**
**tigidob /tiˈgidob/**
*dogs*

Articles
 **Indefinite** | **te/te/**
*The*

**Pronouns**
 2nd singular
 3rd singular masc
 3rd singular fem
 1st plural inclusive
 1st plural exclusive
 2nd plural
 3rd plural
*they, them, theirs*

Possessive determiners
 2nd singular
 3rd singular masc
 3rd singular fem
 1st plural inclusive
 1st plural exclusive
 2nd plural
 3rd plural
*their*

Verbs
**pige /piˈge/**
 Plural
**pigeu /piˈgeu/**
 Past
**ka pige /ka piˈge/**
 Future
**pi pige /pi piˈge/**
*will learn*

**Progressive aspect**
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as *I am learning*.

Gwalharan uses an affix for progressive:
**Else: Suffix -eɾb**
**pigerb /piˈgeɾb/**
 **Habitual** | **Suffix -a**
**pigea /piˈgea/**
*learns*

Derivational morphology
Else: Suffix -uk
**Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj])** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ndto
Else: Suffix -andto
**Adjective → verb (to make something [adj])** = Suffix -eɾʃ
**Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun])** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾg
Else: Suffix -aɾg
**Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic)** = Suffix -ag
**Noun to verb** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -ed
**Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb])** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -id
**Tending to** = Suffix -a
**Verb → noun (the act of [verb])** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾb
Else: Suffix -uɾb
**Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge)** = Suffix -un
**One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter)** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -ed
**Place of (e.g. wine → winery)** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
Else: Suffix -eg
**Diminutive** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nkʃi
Else: Suffix -inkʃi
**Augmentative** = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tmu
Else: Suffix -atmu

## Number system

**Numbers**Gwalharan has a base 10 number system
* 2 - ge
* 3 - te
* 4 - bo
* 5 - na
* 6 - dosh
* 7 - dar
* 8 - shu
* 9 - pib
* 10 - dotrersh
* 100 - nagsh
* 1000 - upu

## Dictionary

**The dictionary**
Key: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech. definition(s)
* a /a/ v. try (test out), test
* agke /agˈke/ adj. violet
* ankid /anˈkid/ n. gardener
* apshi /apˈʃi/ adj. light blue
* atde /atˈde/ n. store, shop, business

B
* babtursh /babˈtuɾʃ/ v. throw, toss, cast, shoot, propel, fire (detonate weapon), blast, hurl
* bagkash /bagˈkaʃ/ n. storm, turmoil
* baknog /bakˈnog/ v. bite
* banktu /bankˈtu/ n. pile, heap, mound
* barb /baɾb/ n. view, opinion, panorama
* bashtang /baʃˈtaŋ/ n. public
* be /be/ pron. what
* bedgu /bedˈgu/ v. call (cry out), call (request the attendance of)
* bema /beˈma/ n. bow (decorative material)
* beng /beŋ/ n. day, light
* berg /beɾg/ n. authority
* betdi /betˈdi/ n. corner
* bibred /biˈbɾed/ adj. right, correct, valid
* bignik /bigˈnik/ adj. smart, intelligent, clever
* bimak /biˈmak/ adv. probably
* bindmu /bindˈmu/ n. cloak
* bir /biɾ/ v. search, look up, scan
* bitde /bitˈde/ v. hang, drape
* bodne /bodˈne/ n. rod, shaft, bar, pole, axle
* bok /bok/ det. your
* bonan /boˈnan/ v. remember, recognize
* bonshu /bonˈʃu/ v. collect, congregate, accumulate, compile
* bortandto /boɾˈtandto/ n. danger
* bubshi /bubˈʃi/ adj. brown
* buk /buk/ adv. as
* bupa /buˈpa/ n. hint
* bushper /buʃˈpeɾ/ adj. yellow

D
* dad /dad/ v. decide, choose
* dak /dak/ v. play (have fun)
* danmu /danˈmu/ pron. everyone
* darb /daɾb/ prep. at
* dartsho /daɾtˈʃo/ n. pain
* debn /debn/ n. neck, collar
* ded /ded/ v. drive, chase
* degsh /degʃ/ n. area, region, territory
* denbok /denˈbok/ v. fire (from job), discharge
* derg /deɾg/ n. rice
* dib /dib/ v. pass, cross, occur
* dignub /digˈnub/ adj. famous
* dindmo /dindˈmo/ n. light
* diptu /dipˈtu/ v. hurt, injure
* dito /diˈto/ n. rank (military), rank (position)
* dogng /dogŋ/ v. cut, shave, tear, rip
* donampsha /doˈnampʃa/ v. cause, induce, generate
* dorag /doˈɾag/ n. color
* doshti /doʃˈti/ v. travel
* dotuke /doˈtuke/ adj. aroused (sexually)
* dugna /dugˈna/ v. work (function), perform
* dungdeshuk /duŋˈdeʃuk/ adv. previously
* dusht /duʃt/ n. mouth, language, edge, border, boundary, fringe

E
* ebi /eˈbi/ v. try (strive)
* egush /eˈguʃ/ adj. wet, damp, damp, moist
* endmog /endˈmog/ interj. well
* esh /eʃ/ n. square

G
* gabshak /gabˈʃak/ n. earthquake
* gage /gaˈge/ n. buttocks, ass
* gaksh /gakʃ/ v. accuse
* gankti /gankˈti/ v. chase
* ganor /gaˈnoɾ/ n. berry
* gapsh /gapʃ/ adv. again
* gash /gaʃ/ n. age
* gatong /gaˈtoŋ/ adj. certain, sure
* gedesht /geˈdeʃt/ v. count
* geksharg /gekˈʃaɾg/ adj. powerful
* gengab /geˈŋab/ v. torture
* gentshina gakte /gentˈʃina gakˈte/ n. throat
* geterb /geˈteɾb/ n. treatment
* gidur /giˈduɾ/ n. town, population, city
* gik pendbu /gik pendˈbu/ n. earring
* ginggra /giŋˈgɾa/ adj. clean, neat, elegant
* giptshu /giptˈʃu/ n. base, ground
* gishme /giʃˈme/ n. chicken
* gogetra /goˈgetɾa/ n. interview
* gomkad /gomˈkad/ n. swamp
* gongno /goŋˈno/ v. suck
* gorsh /goɾʃ/ adj. sick, ill, unwell
* gu /gu/ prep. like
* guk /guk/ n. shame, stigma
* gundsho tenor /gundˈʃo teˈnoɾ/ n. eyelid
* guntshipsh /guntˈʃipʃ/ n. chance, odds
* gurg /guɾg/ adj. big, great (very large), massive, enormous, heavy
* gush /guʃ/ n. claw

I
* ig /ig/ prep. beyond
* ing /iŋ/ v. be (exist)
* irtib /iɾˈtib/ adj. thick, wide, broad, dense
* itbush /itˈbuʃ/ n. fin (of fish)

K
* kagsh /kagʃ/ n. scene
* kamnge /kamnˈge/ n. support
* kantanurb /kanˈtanuɾb/ n. cost
* karar /kaˈɾaɾ/ n. chest
* kashtu /kaʃˈtu/ pron. anything
* ked /ked/ v. save, rescue, liberate
* keksheg /kekˈʃeg/ n. winery
* kendti /kendˈti/ n. rumor, gossip
* ker /keɾ/ n. shirt, blouse
* kertu /keɾˈtu/ n. rag
* ketri /keˈtɾi/ n. fear
* kibsha /kibˈʃa/ n. abuse
* kigsh /kigʃ/ n. slope, slant
* king /kiŋ/ n. door
* kish /kiʃ/ n. flame
* kogsh /kogʃ/ n. event (occurrence), incident
* konea /koˈnea/ adj. offensive
* konto /konˈto/ n. item
* kor /koɾ/ art. the
* kosh /koʃ/ n. cat
* koshtra /koʃˈtɾa/ n. daughter
* kub /kub/ n. star, sun, celebrity
* kugru /kuˈgɾu/ n. sap
* kuna /kuˈna/ v. avoid
* kur /kuɾ/ v. leave (depart), depart

N
* nab /nab/ n. nation
* nagsh /nagʃ/ num. hundred
* namptag /nampˈtag/ v. pick
* napto /napˈto/ n. girlfriend
* nashupsh /naˈʃupʃ/ adv. so, very, really, therefore, thus
* nedga /nedˈga/ n. hag (old woman)
* nek /nek/ v. produce (manufacture), spawn
* nenu /neˈnu/ n. media
* nersh /neɾʃ/ n. sex
* nesht /neʃt/ n. society
* nidgong /nidˈgoŋ/ n. court (of law)
* ning /niŋ/ n. staff
* nir /niɾ/ n. recipe
* nitkutke /nitˈkutke/ n. bath, pool
* nokna /nokˈna/ v. defecate
* nonkti /nonkˈti/ adv. otherwise
* notna /notˈna/ n. south
* nudugsh /nuˈdugʃ/ n. medicine
* nun /nun/ n. crack, fracture
* nupsh /nupʃ/ n. bell
* nushur /nuˈʃuɾ/ n. pen, pencil

O
* od /od/ n. youth
* omngi /omnˈgi/ n. weather, climate
* osht /oʃt/ n. season (quarter of the year)

P
* pagagng /paˈgagŋ/ adv. then
* pamo /paˈmo/ n. trunk (of tree), stem
* par purkad /paɾ puɾˈkad/ n. psychologist
* patkirg /patˈkiɾg/ adj. cold, crisp
* pek /pek/ num. third
* penshopra /penˈʃopɾa/ v. investigate, inspect, inquire, examine, probe
* persh /peɾʃ/ n. tire
* pi /pi/ adv. not
* pigbiga tash /pigˈbiga taʃ/ n. copyright
* pikorko /piˈkoɾko/ adj. slow, late
* pini /piˈni/ v. edit
* pishomak /piˈʃomak/ n. trousers, pants
* pod /pod/ n. shore, coast, beach
* pondne /pondˈne/ n. report
* potesht /poˈteʃt/ v. cough
* puksh /pukʃ/ n. weapon
* pungneg /puŋˈneg/ v. bid
* pura /puˈɾa/ n. cloud
* putrar /puˈtɾaɾ/ n. menu

R
* rak /ɾak/ v. hear
* rang /ɾaŋ/ v. stand, stay, remain
* rashi /ɾaˈʃi/ n. female
* re /ɾe/ prep. out, outside
* rek /ɾek/ adj. serious, sober
* rerbuk /ɾeɾˈbuk/ adv. quickly
* retba /ɾetˈba/ adj. strong, tough, sturdy, robust
* rig /ɾig/ v. cook (heat food), cook (prepare food)
* rinmarb /ɾinˈmaɾb/ n. service
* rirnud /ɾiɾˈnud/ prep. over
* ritrod /ɾiˈtɾod/ v. research
* rok /ɾok/ n. half
* rorb /ɾoɾb/ num. second
* ru /ɾu/ v. might
* rung /ɾuŋ/ n. shoulder
* rush /ɾuʃ/ v. stab, pierce

S
* shabipor /ʃaˈbipoɾ/ n. throne
* shagsh /ʃagʃ/ adj. best
* shankusht /ʃanˈkuʃt/ n. desk
* sharg /ʃaɾg/ v. rest, relax
* shed /ʃed/ v. drink, sip
* shen /ʃen/ v. balance, poise
* sherg /ʃeɾg/ adv. actually
* shib /ʃib/ adj. full
* shigsh /ʃigʃ/ v. catch, grab, arrest
* shiksh /ʃikʃ/ v. remove, take out, deprive, take away, erase
* shisht /ʃiʃt/ n. country (nation)
* shodtak /ʃodˈtak/ v. warn, alert
* shopab /ʃoˈpab/ n. aunt
* shub /ʃub/ v. combine
* shundtan /ʃundˈtan/ adj. gay, homosexual
* shupra /ʃuˈpɾa/ v. hope, wish
* shute /ʃuˈte/ v. grow up, sprout

T
* tai /taˈi/ v. surprise, astonish
* tamshi /tamˈʃi/ v. attack
* tapnish goshashug /tapˈniʃ goˈʃaʃug/ n. dictionary
* tash /taʃ/ n. right, entitlement, privilege
* tebn /tebn/ adj. poor, weak, fragile
* tempshogng /tempˈʃogŋ/ n. church, chapel
* teshkru /teʃˈkɾu/ n. shit
* tig /tig/ n. soup
* tigid /tiˈgid/ n. dog
* tinbarb /tinˈbaɾb/ n. existence
* tirb /tiɾb/ n. cabinet, drawer
* tobn /tobn/ n. birth
* tod /tod/ v. like
* tondbosh /tondˈboʃ/ n. ticket
* torun /toˈɾun/ interj. no
* tubn /tubn/ adj. good, superb, innocent, fine (okay), moral
* tumud /tuˈmud/ n. liar

U
* u /u/ adv. well
* uksh /ukʃ/ adj. next
* untu /unˈtu/ n. beverage
* urshurb /uɾˈʃuɾb/ n. analysis