Indian Wars

In 1586 it was decided that each nation and tribe should defend on its own the invaders rather fighting a civil war among the chaos to choose a leader.

## Indian Wars

Champlain's Battle with the Iroquois, Ticonderoga, July, 1609

# Ralph Hamor

On the Florida coast, the Leader of the upper Gulf Coast tribe called Karanecan. Attacked the spanish camp during the night, but They were all killed by the spanish army.

On May 15, 1617, Ralph Hamor and his brother Thomas Hamor arrive in Virginia with the colony's new deputy governor, Samuel Argall.

Following his victories in 1618 and 1619, Ralph Hamor arranges for the shipping of 900 slaves and livestock to Virginia in 1620.

Early 1621 - Ralph Hamor sails for London with a cargo of tobacco and sassafras root worth more than £4,500.

July 24, 1621 - Ralph Hamor is elected to the governor's Council.

1622 - Ralph Hamor returns to Virginia aboard the Sea Flower along with about 120 slaves.

March 22, 1622 - Despite being personally targeted, Ralph Hamor escapes death in a series of Indian attacks that kill more than 300 English colonists.

April 15, 1622 - Ralph Hamor is appointed commander of the settlement at Martin's Hundred.

April 19, 1622 - The governor commands Ralph Hamor to kill or enslave the whole population of Warrosquyoake to Jamestown.

In May 1614 Ralph Hamor, the interpreter Thomas Savage, & two guides visit Powhatan's town on the Pamunkey River. In the foreground Powhatan feels Hamor's neck for "the chaine of pearle" Powhatan had given Thomas Dale to designate the English envoy.

May 1622 - The governor dispatches Ralph Hamor to the Chesapeake Bay to obtain provisions from Indians who live along its tributaries. Ralph Hamor commands a ship sent to the Potomac River to obtain provisions, killing Indians who refuse to sell food and then seizing their supplies.

# Strategy

In 1606 King Philip III ordered Oñate to Mexico City until allegations against him could be investigated. Unaware of the order, Oñate resigned his office in 1607 because of the condition of the colony & financial problems. He remained in New Mexico to see the town of Santa Fe established.

King Philip III decided to continue supporting the colony. A new governor was appointed, & Oñate was summoned to Mexico City in 1608. In 1613 he finally faced charges of using excessive force during the Acoma rebellion, hanging two Indians, executing mutineers & deserters, & adultery.

He was fined, banished from New Mexico permanently, & banished from Mexico City for four years. He spent much of the rest of his life trying to clear his name, with some evident success. Eventually he went to Spain, where the king gave him the position of mining inspector. He died in Spain on or around June 3, 1626.

In 1628, the Mohawks defeated the Mohicans (a tribal civil war for power since 1614), pushing them east of the Hudson River. The Susquehannocks were supported by the Dutch and managed to win a protracted war with the Maryland settlers.

Recognizing the importance of securing the support of native populations, the French began to forge alliances with various indigenous tribes, In Europe, conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War continued to impact the New World through proxy wars and rivalries between European powers. The French, British, Dutch, and Spanish sought to strengthen their positions in the Americas, often through alliances with native tribes.

# Pocahontas

Born in 1591, Pocahontas was Powhatan's daughter and a skilled warrior. In 1607, during a battle with English colonists, she captured John Smith. Concerned about the colonists' threat, she convinced her father, to spare Smith's life. Smith returned with an armed force, prompting Pocahontas' surprise attack. Captured herself, she showed her strategic brilliance.

John Rolfe, saved Pocahontas and they developed a deep bond, marrying in 1614. Leading their people, they resisted John Smith's control attempts. In 1616, they journeyed to England to bridge Native-American relations, welcomed by King James VI and I. However, political intrigue unfolded. After their son's birth, King James VI and I ordered her death and the captivity of her companions, sending Chief Powhatan a grim message that "Barbarians have no place in England."

Chief Powhatan was consumed by grief, rage, and a burning desire for vengeance. Chief Powhatan rallied his tribes and launched a retaliatory war against the English colonists.

In 1624, the conflict escalated to a significant confrontation. The Powhatans, led by Opitchapam, marshaled a force of 800 bowmen against a meager 60 colonists. However, by strategically attacking and destroying the Powhatans' cornfields, the colonists forced a retreat and disrupted their adversary's momentum.

The war's dynamics were characterized by guerilla tactics, ambushes, and raids on English settlements. The Native Americans, leveraging their intimate knowledge of the terrain, exploited the element of surprise to their advantage. The colonists, caught off guard and facing a unified indigenous resistance, struggled to maintain their territorial control.

During the conflict, both sides endured significant casualties and endured immense hardships. The ferocity of the Native American resistance drew attention not only within the New World but also in Europe. Reports of the ongoing struggle resonated across the Atlantic, riots broke up in London demanding justice and freedom of indigenous populations.

The war reached its culmination in 1627, targeting various Native American tribes. Amid this turmoil, a fragile peace emerged in 1628, but it was more of a temporary truce than a lasting resolution. Skirmishes flared up again in 1629 and continued until a definitive peace was finally achieved on September 30, 1632.

Another Anglo–Powhatan War began on April 18, 1644, as the remnants of the Powhatan Confederacy under Opechancanough tried once again to drive out the settlers from the Virginia Colony. Around 400 colonists and 600 Powhatan were killed.

In February 1645, the colony ordered the construction of three frontier forts: Fort Charles at the falls of the James, Fort James on the Chickahominy, and Fort Royal at the falls of the York. In March 1646, the colony built Fort Henry at the falls of the Appomattox.

In August, Governor William Berkeley stormed the village where Opechancanough resided and captured him. All captured males in the village older than 11 were deported to Tangier Island. Opechancanough was taken to Jamestown and imprisoned. Very old and infirm, unable to even move without assistance, Opechancanough died in captivity in October 1646, killed by a settler assigned to guard him. By this time Necotowance had succeeded him as the last chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

# Massacre

In October 1646 the General Assembly of Virginia signed a peace treaty with Necotowance which brought the Anglo-Powhatan War to an end. In the treaty, the tribes of the confederacy became tributaries to the King of England, paying a yearly tribute to the Virginia governor.

At the same time, the Pequot tribe was defeated by colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Connecticut Colony. In the Dutch territory of New Netherland (New Jersey and New York) colonists defeated the Lenape people.

The tribes were scattered. When Totopotomoi succeeded Necotowance, it was no longer as paramount chief of the Powhatan but as chief of the Pamunkey. Totopotomoi worked as an ally with the colonial government to maintain peace. In 1656 he died in the Battle of Bloody Run fighting on the side of the colonists against encroaching hostile tribes.

On September 15, 1655, The Susquehannocks made a decisive victory against the Dutch settlements in Fort Amsterdam. Some of these settlements were completely abandoned, such as the Staten Island colony, while others were populated and equipped with better defenses.

The Dutch opened fire on a group of Esopus around a campfire, Esopus reinforcements raided Dutch settlements outside the stockade, destroying crops, killing livestock, and burning buildings. The war party later besieged the walled settlement of Wiltwijck.

The colonists received reinforcements from New Amsterdam. The war concluded July 15, 1660, when the Indians agreed to trade land for food. Tensions remained between the Esopus and the settlers, however, eventually leading to new war.

Esopus warriors completely destroyed the neighboring village of Nieu Dorp (Hurley, New York) unbeknownst to the colonists in Wiltwijck. They took the settlers completely by surprise and soon controlled much of the town.

Throughout July, colonial forces managed to gain the help of the Mohawk, who served as guides, interpreters, and warriors. By the end of July, the colonists had received sufficient reinforcements to march for the Esopus stronghold in the mountains to the north.

In 1662, colonists, wanting more, falsely accused Wahanganoche of murder. Found innocent of all charges by a specially convened session of the House of Burgesses, Wahanganoche was nevertheless murdered by colonists while attempting to return home from his trial.

The tribes of the Northern Neck of Virginia were effectively wiped out, the few that managed to escape the settlers were absorbed into other remaining tribes in the region.

The peace was shattered further when a small group of Doeg natives murdered two settlers known for mistreating and defrauding natives in general and pilaged the general area caused a series of escalations and confusions which lead into becoming the violence surrounding Bacon's Rebellion starting in 1676.

# End of the Wars

The conflicts that followed marked a series of struggles and interactions between European settlers and Native American tribes. These conflicts highlighted the tensions and complex dynamics arising from the clash of cultures and interests.

One notable chapter in this narrative was King Philip's War (1675–78), this devastating conflict erupted in New England between colonists and various local tribes, including the Nipmuc, Wampanoag, and Narragansett. The war witnessed brutal battles and intense clashes, resulting in significant casualties on both sides. The Native American tribes' coordinated resistance posed a formidable challenge to the colonists' expansion, but ultimately, the conflict ended in their defeat. King Philip's War marked a turning point, as the organized resistance of the indigenous tribes waned, and the English colonial presence solidified.

Following King Philip's War, subsequent conflicts continued to shape the course of history. The Tuscarora War (1711–15) unfolded in the Province of North Carolina, with the Tuscarora tribe clashing with colonial forces. The war ended with the defeat of the Tuscarora and the dispersal of their tribe.

Similarly, the Yamasee War (1715–17) took place in the Province of South Carolina, involving the Yamasee tribe and other indigenous groups against the colonists. The war was marked by violent confrontations and widespread devastation. The colonists managed to suppress the uprising, leading to the dispersal of several indigenous communities.

As organized resistance from the Native American tribes subsided, the establishment of colonies and further expansion of European settlements gained momentum. The end of "Indian" wars marked a significant shift in the balance of power, ultimately solidifying the dominance of European settlers in the America's.

# Imperialism

The period from 1568 to 1720 stands as a haunting reminder of the immense human cost inflicted by colonial ambitions, religious fanaticism, and cruelty. Amidst the pursuit of power, 6 million lives were lost in that period. This tragic legacy is a stark illustration of the birth of the term "Imperialism," a term that encapsulates the destructive force of domination and conquest.

During these years, the colonial march against native populations was marked by the thunderous sound of cannons and guns. The relentless violence saw one life after another fall victim to the insatiable appetite for control. Women were subjected to unspeakable horrors, villages were burned, and the natural world was ravaged to make way for urban sprawl, churches, and establishments that perpetuated inequality.

The establishment of Jamestown in 1607 marked the beginning of English colonization in North America. This colonization often involved forced displacement of Native American tribes and the destruction of their ancestral lands to create settlements and plantations.

In South America, similar patterns emerged as European powers established their presence on the continent. The quest for gold, land, and religious conversion drove colonizers to forcefully occupy territories inhabited by native populations. Indigenous communities were often subjected to violence, forced labor, and disease. Villages were burned to the ground, displacing people from their ancestral lands and erasing generations of cultural heritage.

Europeans constructed cities that were intended to reflect the dominance and influence of their respective nations. These cities included the establishment of casinos, where gambling and revelry often took place, and saloons, which served as social places. sexual hotels were build under the name "INN" with female slaves of Africa and native America used by men with no sense of respect.

The creation of these cities was frequently accompanied by the destruction of natural landscapes. Forests were cleared to make way for settlements, farmlands, and infrastructure. This transformation of the environment had far-reaching consequences, disrupting ecosystems and diminishing the resources that indigenous communities had relied upon for their sustenance.