Republic of China

**The Xinhai Revolution, 1911**

The Xinhai Revolution is celebrated annually in the Republic of China and proves as the beginning of Modern China. Following the Wuchang Uprising, a series of secessions followed, resulting in fierce fighting for a while. Yuan Shikai, infamous commander of the Qing Beiyang Army, made a deal with Republican President Sun Yat Sen, agreeing to force the Xuangtong Emperor to abdicate in exchange for Yuan to be given the position of President. Much of the Revolutionary comrades of Sun Yat Sen were skeptical of whether Yuan would actually heed for democracy or not, however went along anyway.

**Yuan Shikai Sworn in as President, 1912**

Following the success of the Xinhai Revolution and the abdication of the Xuangtong Emperor, Yuan Shikai was elected as the new President by the Nanjing Provisional Senate on Feburary 14th, 1912, and was officially sworn in on March 10th.

**China During The 'The War to End All Wars', 1914-1918**

The Republic of China remained mostly neutral throughout World War 1, with its maximum participation being the sending of hundreds of thousands of laborers towards Europe in order to aid the Entente's war efforts against Germany. In 1915, the 2nd of December, Yuan Shikai suddenly declared himself as Emperor [with support from his son, Yuan Keding]. Almost immediately he faced resistance from Revolutionary counterparts along with his own military comrades. After extreme pressure, Yuan Shikai abdicated as Emperor 'Hongxian'. The Republic was shortly restored, with Yuan reigning for a total of 83 days. After his death on the 6th of June, Li Yuanhong ascended as the new President of the Republic and restored the National Assembly and Provisional Consitution.

**Origins of the Chinese Communist Party, 1919-1925**

On May the 4th of 1919, groups of students in Beijing began protests against the government, criticizing it on its inability to gain territory from the Versailles Conference, which only fueled national unrest and hatred towards the West, which granted Chinese cores towards Japan. During the May Fourth Movement, left-winged radical ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained momentum in Chinese intellectuals.

On July 23rd, 1921, the Chinese Communist Party was officially founded. When Sun Yat Sen had died in March of 1925, his successor, the rightist aligned Chiang Kai Shek took power. Almost immediately, he initiated nationwide purges against the CCP, devastating its ranks. The 'Red Army' was formed by the CCP in response to massive KMT military maneuvers against it, this is noted as the beginning stages of the Chinese Civil War, which would rage until the War of Resistance.

**The Northern Expedition, 1928**

In order to properly reunite China and recapture Beijing, the KMT, under the leadership of Chiang Kai Shek, launched a military campaign, which proved successful and Beijing was seized from the warlords, effectively reuniting China.

**The Eight Years War of Resistance, 1937-1945**

The Chinese Civil War came to a grinding halt when Chiang Kai Shek was directly forced by some of his own officers to sign a truce with the Communists in order to unite against a greater threat: Japan, who was looming in on the Chinese mainland, which was torn apart and ready to be conquered. After the Marco-Polo Bridge Incident on July of 1937, Japan began an all out invasion of China. Chiang Kai Shek managed to rally virtually every political group and warlord standing in China against Japan, forming a united front. For many years the Chinese resisted Japan, suffering heavy losses, such as the Battle of Nanjing, where KMT forces were forced to retreat.

The War of Resistance would come to a close when Japan surrendered after the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

**The Chinese Civil War Resumes 1945-1949**

When the War of Resistance was over, Chinese Unity fell apart and the country split in two: The Communists, and the Kuomintang. The KMT had numerical superiority, while the Communists had lesser amounts, and their troops were not as well trained as the KMT forces were. The Soviet Union would promptly withdraw from Manchuria, leaving most of the Japanese equipment and Manchurian territory for the CCP to take for themselves. A KMT expedition, backed by support from America would be launched, proving crucial in delaying a complete CCP takeover of Manchuria. Further reinforcements of elite troops would secure much of the region from CCP, however a tough stalemate would occur.

KMT and CCP authorities met in Mukden, Manchuria, to negotiate for potential peace. Peace deals broke down, however, and led to the more hard line Communists taking control of the CCP, who wanted to take China from the KMT by brute force. Several KMT counter offensive against previous CCP attacks were launched, with more support from America in order to cut off Communist troops in Manchuria from their main supplylines. The attacks worked, with the CCP's presence in Manchuria dissolving. Soviet support began amassing towards CCP through communist Mongolia, which would strengthen the CCP's northern positions. A temporary truce was signed, which allowed for both sides to reorganize their forces. Internal reorganizations were made on the KMT's side, both in the Army and the Party.

The truce soon ended, and fighting resumed. The KMT's ranks had

been replenished, especially in the party itself. Further promises were made, guaranteeing an election date that would occur and finally restore order. This promise was not acceptable by the general public, so the KMT's leadership had to react fast. In 1947, elections were hastily introduced, which had a legislative Assembly gathered in Nanjing to elect a Provisional President and form a new Provisional Government in order to keep the KMT's position in the territory that it controlled concrete. The Assembly elected Song Jiaoren, who survived an assassination attempt orchestrated by Yuan Shikai in 1913, to power. He was rather liked by the population and so the elections gave the KMT stability.

**The Civil War Ends, Age of Reconstruction and Democracy Begins, 1949-2019**

Further offensives by Kuomintang forces during the last months of 1949 would prove devastating towards the CCP, and after one last major offensive, the Red Army crumbled, and the CCP capitulated, with all party members being detained and put under arrest.

The Age of Reconstruction began, with Song Jiaoren implementing massive reforms economically and politically. After he passed away in 1950, the task of rebuilding China would be left to General Heong Lee, who had been appointed by Song Jiaoren as Marshal of China. In 1976, the Provisional Elections would be reintroduced after Marshal Heong Lee passed away. Weung Xian was elected as the new Provisional President, alongside a National Assembly based in Beijing, though later it would be moved back to the historical Republican capital, Nanjing. The National Assembly was reorganized into the Nanjing Assembly in 1984, with Weung Xian winning again as Provisional President. In 1995, Heung Lee was elected as General Marshal of the Republic, still continuing the Jiaoren Economic Movement.

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Democracy would be restored once again, with elections happening in 2019, with Leung Zhang being elected as President. The original flag of the Republic would be readopted.