recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Ardaric

Successor
 Died
 Spouse
Giesmus
Thraustila

Ardaric (Latin: Ardaricus; 7 July 1154 - 28 September 1221) was king of the Gepids, a Germanic tribe, and a strong Roman ally. He was both famed "for his loyalty to Rome", Emperor Aetius was said to have held him above all other allied chiefs, and his enmity with the Huns, more specifically their king Bleda, with whom he shared a lifelong rivalry and hatred.

"The renowned king of the Gepidae, Ardaric, with his great army, and because of his great loyalty to Aetius and Rome, he shared his plans. Aetius held him above all the other chieftains." (Jordanes, *Getica*)
After Aetius's death, during the Anno Chao Ardaric supported  Parthenius in his war against the Huns. Ardaric's son Vastidus travelled with a quickly assembled army to support Parthenius while the king himself gathered a larger army and assembled nearby allied Germanic tribes, planning to personally attack the Hunnic lands directly. Though the Romans won a decisive victory at  Oescus his son Vastidus was killed in the battle.

Ardaric's war with the Huns
Joannes the Indolent

Predecessor
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 Religion

**Joannes** or **John** (Latin: *Iohannes*; 20 June 1219 - 21 May 1252) was Roman emperor from 1246 to 1252. His reign saw the collapse of Roman rule in much of the Empire. For this he was later nicknamed Joannes the indolent.

The young grand nephew of the previous emperor Constantine II, he was installed emperor with the support of Gelasius, who hoped the young, sickly, man would be an easily controllable emperor. This partially backfired, while Joannes was an effective puppet, he was not recognized by a many of the provinces or by the southern half of the empire, which, under Lucas Septimius Acindynus, formed the Southern Roman Empire. By the end of his reign all of these breakaway states had in all essence become independent states and kingdoms.

Emptied of any real power (effective power was in the hands of Gelasius and the *Comes Domesticorum* Diaco), and unable to solve the many problems affecting the empire, Joannes reign was one of collapse and decay. He is also described by sources to be a pious Christian.

In an effort to appease the rebellious provinces, in 1252 Gelasius decided to assassinate him and replace him with the more palatable Romanus. Though the plot succeeded it failed to sway any of the rebels.
Beppolenus

Predecessor
 Died
 Religion

**Beppolenus** (6 April 1312 – 5 October 1380), was Roman Emperor from 1340 to 1361. He ascended to the throne after the reign of Tiberius II and reigned until 1373, at which point, at the age of 61, he followed Tiberius' example and retired/resigned as emperor, and was succeeded by Belisarius II.
Flavius Firminus Probus

**Flavius Firminus Probus** (7 June 1153 - 1 February 1204) was a Roman statesman and governor of Mesopotamia from 1200 to 1204. He was a descendent of Marcus Aurelius Probus.

Probus was a long time ally of Aetius, and was very loyal to him. Upon receiving news of the Assassination of Gaudentius II, Probus and several nearby governors announced their support for Pelagius, Aetius' younger son. When Theodosius declared himself emperor, Probus and the other Pelgian governors began assembling their forces at Edessa. They planned to march south and crush Theodosius. Unfortunately they were betrayed by a mutiny of Christian officers, led by Marcian.

Probus was executed by the mutineers.

His one son, Marcus Firminus Probatius, escaped and fled to Britain.

He also had a daughter, Flavia, but it is unclear what happened to her.
Magnericus (Alemanni king)

**Magnericus** (German: *Magneric*) was an Alemannic king. Together with [[Semnon (Longiones king) | Semnon]], leader of the Longiones, he launched several raids into Roman territory. In 1030 Marcus Ceionius, the future emperor Marcus Verus, launched a counter offensive against the Germanic raids. Magnericus and Semnon attempted to ambush Ceionius' army at the Battle of the Tragisama, but this narrowly failed. In the battle Magneric's son, Imnachar, was killed. After the failed ambush Magnericus retreated to the hill fort of Taroduna where he was quickly besieged by the Romans. During the brief siege Magnericus is said to have been despondent over his son's death, and subsequently command fell to his subordinate Chrocus. After Semnon's defeat outside of Taroduna Chrocus surrendered to the Romans, and Magnericus came into Ceionius' captivity. He was later freed by Ceionius once peace had been settled.
Roman emperor

The **Roman emperor** was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 727 AUC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title *Augustus* or *Caesar*. Another title often used was *imperator*, originally a military honorific. Early emperors also used the title *Princeps Civitatis* ('first citizen'). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably *princeps senatus*, *consul,* and *pontifex maximus*.
Imnachar (Son of Magnericus)

**Imnachar** (latinized **Imnacharius**) was the son of the Alemannic king  Magnericus. He was killed leading cavalry at the Battle of the Tragisama. His killing is normally attributed to the future Armenian king Tiridates III of Armenia, who slew Imnachar with his own sword. This sword, a double-edged longsword, was later named Krak Aryan, or Firey Blood. This sword would go on to become the ceremonial sword of Armenian Kings, an important symbol of Armenian royalty.
Gallus Quintus Bonosus (Roman general)

**Gallus Quintus Bonosus** (986-1052) was a Roman general and statesman. He was known for his fondness of drinking, Marcus Verus is recorded to have said of Bonosus, "He was born, not to live, but to drink". Despite his fondness of alcohol he was a fierce military commander, and this earned him the nickname "*Ursus*" (the bear).

## Life

Bonosus was born in Hispania; his father was British, his mother a Gaul. His father died while he was still young, and Bonosus was raised by his mother. He had had an excellent military and civil service career, rising through the ranks of the Roman military. Aurelian gave Bonosus command of the Classis Germanica, the Roman fleet on the Rhine. During Verus' German Campaign he commanded the Rhenish fleet to great avail,
First Palmyrene Empire

The **First Palmyrene Empire** (in Latin: *Imperium Palmyrenum*) was short-lived empire that rebelled against the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Tenth Century. At it's height the empire included much of the eastern Mediterranean including Egypt, the levant, and parts of Anatolia. The empire took its name from its capital city, Palmyra, and was ruled by Zenobia. Aurelian later reconquered the region, destroying the Palmyrene Empire in the process. Palmyra would hundreds of years later revolt again and form the Second Palmyrene Empire during the reign of Marcian. The second empire lasted much longer than its predecessor.
Kingdom of Kush

The **Kingdom of Kush** (Egyptian: **𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉**, Assyrian:  *Ku-u-si*, Ancient Greek: Κυς and Κυσι; Coptic: ⲉϭⲱϣ; Hebrew: כּוּשׁ‎) also sometimes called **Cush**, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, along the Nile.

The kingdom was established after the collapse of the Bronze Age between, and the end of the New Kingdom in Egypt (which at its height had controlled parts of nubia. The kingdom was centered around Napata in its early stages. A few years before the founding of Rome (the exact date is unknown). Not too long after its founding the Kushite King Kashta conquered Egypt in the 1st century AUC, and kings of Kush reigned as pharaohs of the 25th dynasty of Egypt for a century, until they were driven out in 98 AUC.

In Classical antiquity, the Kushite capital moved to Meroe. The Kingdom of Kush with the capital Meroe was maintained until around the year 1100, when it weakened and collapsed due to internal revolt. The capital of the kingdom was eventually occupied and leveled by the Kingdom of Aksum. After the collapse of the Kushites the Nubians established three new Christianized kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia.

## Relationship with Rome

Kush had a mixed relationship with the Roman Empire. In the early Roman empire, during the reign of Augustus, the Kushites invaded Egypt, but they were repulsed by the Romans, who then invaded into Kush. After this brief conflict the two eventually developed somewhat friendly relations. In 1058, during the reign of Emperor Constantius Britannicus, the Kushite King Yesebokheamani launched an invasion into the Roman region of Dodecaschoenus, defeating the Roman forces there. It wouldn't be until 1060, during the reign of the Emperor Bassianus, future emperor Constantine would lead a Roman force to retake the region. Constantine then led a successful punitive campaign into Kush. While the campaign saw heavy Roman losses from attrition, many historians think the damage done by the Romans was a major factor in the collapse of Kush. However modern historians have moved somewhat away from this theory.
Constantine II (emperor)

Predecessor
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**Constantine II** (Latin: Marcus Claudius Constantinus; 17 September 1172 – 5 September 1246) was Roman emperor from 1245 to 1246. Constantine became emperor at the age of 73, after a lifetime in service of the empire. Because of his age his reign was very short.

On 29 November 1245, Emperor  Varronianus was overthrown by a conspiracy between the Pope, Gelasius, and  Alypius, the commander of the Custodes Domestici(Imperial Guard). As an olive branch to the supporters of Varronianus, Constantine, who was well liked by both the conspirators and Varronian supporters, was declared emperor. Though Constantine's ascension was not enough to appease everyone and was one of the major causes of the Third Isaurian Revolt that broke out in the months after his ascension to the throne.

Constantine II's brief reign was marred by his inability to assert his authority over the Roman military, which severely limited Constantine's capabilities as emperor. In part because of this, outside of the revolt Constantine's reign was largely uneventful, also partially thanks to the efforts of Varronian to stabilize the empire. Constantine, at the behest of Gelasius and his supporters, repealed most of Varronianus' reforms. After just ten months in office, Constantine died of natural causes on 5 September 1246. Gelasius replaced him with his grand nephew  Joannes, a sickly young man who functioned as a puppet for the Pope.
Praetorian Guard

Founded
 Country
 Size
 Garrison/HQ
 Notablecommanders

The **Praetorian Guard** (Latin: *Cohortes praetoriae*) was a unit of the Roman army. Not to be confused with the more generic "Praetorians", a term used for small escort units of various high ranking officials, the Praetorian Guard constituted the personal bodyguards of the Roman emperors.

Augustus, during the transition of Rome from republic to empire, formed the Praetorians into a permanent bodyguard. For about the next four hundred years the Praetorian Guard, under the command of one or multiple Praetorian prefects, repeatedly exerted influence upon imperial politics, and sometimes overthrew emperors and replaced them with new ones. Aurelian heavily reformed the guard in order to reduce their political influence: reducing its size, and dividing it between different commanders. During the reforms of Germanus the guard was split into two new formations the *Galilaei Praetoriani* and the *Ioviani Praetoriani*, for the Christian and Pagan co-emperors respectively, but once sole rulership was restored this division was brought to an end. During the Assassination of Gaudentius II the Praetorian Guard was largely wiped out. Afterwards in 1204, Heraclius reduced the status of the Praetorians; they were no longer to be part of palace life. By the time Theodosius had consolidated the empire the Castra Praetoria seems only housed a minor garrison of Rome. In 1211 Theodosius formed the Custodes Domestici as the main imperial bodyguard and a replacement for the Praetorians. By the beginning of Marcian's reign (1229–1241) the Praetorian Guard had become merely parade troops, and they would remain such for centuries afterwards.
Inuits

Los inuit es un nombre común para los distintos pueblos que habitan en las regiones árticas de América del Norte. La palabra significa «la gente» (en inuktitut, inuit), el singular es inuk, que significa «hombre» o «persona».

La palabra esquimal (eskimo en inglés) ha caído en desuso en Canadá, donde se considera despectivo y racista. Solo se utiliza oficialmente inuit. En Alaska y Siberia los pobladores yupik se siguen llamando esquimales, mientras que en Groenlandia se usan ambos términos.
Northern Qin dynasty

The **Northern Qin dynasty** was a dynasty, founded by the Zhu Ci, which ruled northern China from 1535 to 1661 AUC, during the second period of the Northern and Southern dynasties, and briefly over all of china from 1661 to 1666. It would be the last state, until the modern reunification of china, to rule over China in its entirety.

The dynasty began when Zhu Ci revolted against the Christian Dai dynasty. This revolt only partially succeeded, failing to capture the south, where a Dai rump state remained in power until 1661. Like the Tang before them the Qin suffered from powerful regional military governors known as *jiedushi,* who during the period became increasingly powerful and organized.

In 1661, amid internal Dai dynastic conflict, the Qin were able to capture the south and reunite China. However it would only be a short five years after this that the Qin collapsed because of several peasant and military revolts.

After the Qin collapse China as a whole wouldn't be reunited until modern times, however the north would be reunified by the invading Karakhanids in 1692, who formed the Heihan dynasty.
Basilica Magna

The **Basilica Magna** (Great Basilica), more formerly called the **Basilica Magna Bassiani** (Great Basilica of Bassianus), and also sometimes referred to as the **Basilica Nova**, was for a time the largest civil basilica in the center of Rome. Located on the Velia hill, which connected the Palatine with the Esquiline, it is not part of the Roman Forum proper, but was in the immediate vicinity of it.

It was built between during the reign of emperor Bassianus to be a place of worship for all religions and faiths, including Christians. This served as a way to celebrate the proclamation of the Edict of Antioch and the establishment of religious freedom in the empire.

Construction began on the northern side of the forum under in 1066 AUC, and was completed in 1070. The building was placed on the north side of the Via Sacra, close to the Temple of Venus and Rome. The interior included statues and idols of many gods and figures; This included two famous statues of Jesus and of the Virgin Mary both sculpted by the famed  Mettius Romanus. Unfortunately the statue of Jesus was destroyed during the Anno Chao. Specifically, historians suspect it was either during the wake of the Assassination of Gaudentius II, where it is thought pagan soldiers of Heraclius may have defaced it, or Mithraius' capture of Rome and the preceding riots that killed Heraclius. Constantine I also had a large statue of himself erected in the Basilica, the Colossus of Constantine.

After the takeover of the empire by Theodosius in 1212 the non-Christian statues and idols were destroyed or removed from the basilica which was turned into a place of solely Christian worship.

During the 14th century the temple became known as the "templum Romae".

It was heavily damaged by the earthquake of 1600, but the building was restored.
Battle of Aesontina

Location
 Theodosian forces
 40,000

The **Battle of Aesontina**, also called the **Battle of the Aesontius**, the **Battle of the Isontius**, the **Battle of Pons Sonti**, or the **Battle of the Aesontian Bridge** was the penultimate confrontation of the Anno Chao, many consider it to be the climax of the wars. It saw the armies of Theodosius and Mithraius meet on the banks of the Aesontius river, not far from Aquileia. The clash took place near the town of Fara Aesontina, by the Pons Sontii, the bridge over the aforementioned river. The bridge lay on the on the Via Gemina which connected Emona to Aquileia.
Vandal Kingdom of Africa

The **Vandal Kingdom** (Latin: *Regnum Vandalum*) or **Kingdom of the Vandals and Africans** (Latin: *Regnum Vandalorum et Africanorum*) was established by the Germanic Vandal people under Gelarith. It ruled in North Africa and parts of the Mediterranean from 1254 to 1287 AUC.

In 1254, a large number of Hasdingi Vandals, estimated to number 80,000 people, crossed by boat from Hispania to North Africa as apart of the Emperor Romanus' invasion of Africa. They advanced eastward, defeating the Southern Roman Empire in battle and capturing several cities along the coast. After the war had been won, Gelarith, possibly wanting more payment, betrayed the Romans and suddenly captured Hippo Regius begining the Third Vandalic War. The war culminated in a nearly year long Vandal Siege of Carthage, that ultimately resulted in a Roman victory. unable to take Carthage the Vandals made Hippo Regius their new capital. The fledgling kingdom took advantage of the Roman civil war following Diaco's overthrow of Romanus and conquered the islands of Mallorca and Sardinia in the western Mediterranean. The conquest of North Africa by the Vandals was a blow to the beleaguered Roman Empire as North Africa was a major source of revenue and a supplier of grain (mostly wheat) to the city of Rome.

Although remembered mainly for their barbarity and their persecution of Nicene Christians in favor of their Arian Christian faith, the Vandals were also patrons of knowledge and the arts. Under their rule, major construction projects occurred, schools thrived, and Africa became home to many of the most innovative writers and scientists of the period.

The Vandal Kingdom fell in 1287 when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Great Vandalic War and incorporated back into the Roman Empire.

## List of Vandal Kings of Africa

* Gelarith (1254–1261)
* Thrasamund (1261–1276)
* Fridamal (1276–1278)
* Ammatas (1278–1285)
* Gibamond (1285–1287)
	+ (Hoamer 1285, usurper)
Kavad I

**Kavad I** (Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭥𐭠𐭲‎ *Kawād*; 1226 – 19 March 1289) was the Sasanian King of Kings (Shahanshah) of Iran from 1241 until 1289.

Inheriting a declining empire where the authority and status of the King had largely ended, Kavad was able to reorganize the country. His reign saw a great Persian resurgence, and the re-expansion of its territory. He is regarded as one of the most illustrious Sasanian kings. He was succeeded by his son Xerxes I who further strengthened the empire.
Krak Aryan

**Krak Aryan** (*Fire Blood* in Armenian) is the ceremonial sword of Armenian royalty.

## History

### Origin

While Armenia was occupied by the Sassanids the future King Tiridates III served in the Roman army. At the battle of the Tragisama he dueled a

Diocles remarked that he had fire in his blood to show such determination

Upon launching his revolt against the Sassanids, Vardan Mamikonian took up the sword, the first Armenian outside the Arascids to carry it, saying, "There is fire in the blood of all Armenians."

## Symbolism and legacy

Beyond its ceremonial significance as a symbol of royalty and legitimacy in Armenia, Krak Aryan has gained great cultural symbolic significance in Armenia. Passed down through generations, it symbolizes victory, resilience, and the unyielding spirit of the Armenian people. Tiridates, refusing to succumb to defeat at the hands of Imnachar, wrestled the sword from his grip. The Armenian people, take inspiration in this act of defiance in their resilient and enduring nature. To quote the 18th century Armenian historian Stepanos Asoghik, "The sword, once seized from the clutches of adversity, became a timeless emblem of our unwavering determination and indomitable will. It reflects the soul of a nation that has weathered storms and emerged stronger, a people bonded by the echoes of their ancestors' bravery."
Heihan dynasty

The **Heihan dynasty** was a dynasty, founded by invading Muslim Karakhanids, that ruled over northern China from 1692 to 1805 AUC. Over the course of their rule, the Turkish Karakhanids quickly adapted to Chinese customs. Their rule also saw the formation of Islamic-Confucianism, the advent of which would help jump start the later revival of Confucianism. Devout Muslims, the Heihan dynasty not only introduced Islam to China but also to the rest of east Asia.

After its collapse at the start of the 19th century the Xianqin(Xian Qin), in English Immortal Qin or Celestial Qin, was established.

## Name

The Heihan dynasty was officially known as the "Great Heihan" at that time. Heihan (Chinese: 黑汗) translates literally to "Black Khan". Early rulers of the dynasty adopted *Temahaj Khan* (Turkic for "Khan of China"; 桃花石汗) or *Malik al-Mashriq wa-l’Sin* (Arabic for "King of the East and China"; 東方與秦之主) as their title. The later Heihan emperors referred to their state as China, *Zhongguo* (中國), just as some other non-Han dynasties.
Babylonia Aureliana

**Babylonia Aureliana**, also called Aurelian Babylon, was a major Mesopotamian city of the Roman, Palmyran, and Sasanian empires. It stood on the banks of the Euphrates River on the site of the ancient city of Babylon.

After the conquest of the region by the Roman emperor Aurelian, the ancient city of Babylon was renamed and newly rebuilt by the emperor as “Babylonia Aureliana”, named after himself , and declared the new capital of the Roman province of Babylonia. From the 11th century onwards, Babylonia Aureliana was the largest and wealthiest city in Mesopotamia. The city became famous for its grand architectural feats.
Battle of Mons Echerolus

Location
 14,000 men
 Unknown

The **Battle of Mons Echerolus** was fought on 27 May 1030 between a band of Germanic raiders and two Roman legions under the command of Marcus Ceionius. This was the first encounter of Ceionius' campaign against the Germans. The battle was a Roman victory and the fleeing Germans would be pursued to the Rhine, where, as Ceionius had planned, Roman forces had already arrived. This cut the Germans off from escape and the remaining were killed or captured at the ensuing Battle of Cambete.
Renata

**Renata** was the daughter of an unknown minor Romano-Briton noble who went on to marry the Roman usurper Pelagius. Said to be extremely beautiful, Pelagius fell madly in love with her and opted to marry her over the daughter of his lifelong regent and mentor Lucius Coillus. The marriage created a rift between the two that eventually resulted in Lucius' death.
Ambrosius Aurelianus

Successor
 Died
 Spouse
 Flavius Ulpianus
 House
 Dynasty

**Ambrosius Aurelianus** (23 November 1212 – 6 December 1276) was first king of the Britons, ruling from 1236 to 1276, although it should be noted that he never used the title of king, his son Constantine was the first to use the title of Rex Britannorum (King of the Britons), and the title was only posthumously given to him by his son. Originally a general of the Roman usurper Pelagius Britannicus, after Pelagius' failed attempt to take the Roman throne he returned to Britain, which was collapsing from numerous invasions, took charge and established the Kingdom of Britain.

After establishing his rulership, Ambrosius spent several years fighting the invasions of the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. He won several victories against the invaders, and afterwards moved to integrate some of them into Britain, arranging intermarriages, and establishing settlements. This was largely successful, though some Anglo-Saxon states to the north and east remained independent.

Ambrosius had a reputation as a learned and merciful man of a gracious and level-headed nature, whose efforts established a powerful state in Britain.
Tang dynasty

The **Tang Dynasty** was a Chinese imperial dynasty that was in power from 1371 to 1520. It succeeded the Sui dynasty and was followed by the Dai Dynasty. The time of the Tang emperors is considered to be a high point in Chinese history.

When Emperor Daizong, a devout Buddhist, began his persecution of Christianity, the Christian general Guo Ziyi, the Duke of Dai, to revolt. The revolt proved successful and Guo Ziyi took became the first emperor of the Dai dynasty.
Pope Gelasius I

**Gelasius I** was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 1245 to his death on 21 December 1254. During his pontificate he called for strict Catholic orthodoxy, more assertively demanded the obedience of all other bishops to the bishop of Rome, and asserted the power of the pope over that of the emperor.

Gelasius' conflicts with the emperor Varronianus eventually resulted in Gelasius excommunicating, and later, through a conspiracy, overthrowing the Emperor. In the Aftermath of Varronianus' overthrow Gelasius amassed significant political power. During the reigns of Joannes and Romanus, Gelasius was the true power behind the imperial throne, and the two emperors were practically his puppets. During the brief period

## Early life

Little is known of Gelasius' life before his ascension to the papacy. He was born in Roman Africa.

## Papacy

Gelasius vigorously defended the primacy of Rome over all of Christendom. He also fought fiercely against Pelagianism, Manichaeism, Monophysitism, and Nestorianism

In his conflicts with Varronianus he asserted the superiority of the church over the temporal power of the emperor, in stark contrast to Varronianus' doctrine of Caesaropapism. He drew on the biblical figure of Melchizedek and on New Testament passages to draw the distinction between the power of the Church, *auctoritas*, and that of the emperor, *potestas*. In Roman *auctoritas* was superior to *potestas*, and thus the power of the church was superior to that of the imperial throne. Tensions between Gelasius and Varronianus continued to rise, and on 1 November 1245 Gelasius excommunicated Varronianus. Fed up with the bishop, Varronianus attempted to depose Gelasius, but the bishop preemptively launched his own coup, with the Comes Domesticorum Alypius. Varronian was thus overthrown.
Gregaria

Un individuo gregario (del latín *gregarĭus*,​ 'grey' 'del rebaño') es aquel que tiende a vivir agrupado con otros congéneres formando manadas, cardúmenes, colonias o, en el caso del ser humano, grupos sociales.

Filosóficamente se dice que el ser humano no es ni completamente gregario, como las hormigas o las abejas, ni totalmente solitario, como los tigres o los leopardos, sino que es más complejo y tiende a ser semigregario, es decir, algunos de sus impulsos y necesidades son sociales y otras son solitarias.

El gregarismo es una relación intraespecífica que se da cuando los individuos de una población se asocian para recibir algún tipo de beneficio, como seguridad, cuidado de la prole, actividades de caza, etc.

La ciencia que tiene por objeto el estudio de las sociedades animales es la etología y la que analiza y caracteriza a las sociedades humanas es la sociología. Por otro lado la sociobiología es la rama de la sociología que estudia los fundamentos biológicos de los hechos sociales y establece un diálogo entre sociología y biología.
Romanus I

Predecessor
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**Romanus** (2 April 1215 – 4 September 1255) was Roman emperor from 1252 until his death in 1255.

One of the puppet emperors of Gelasius, he was perhaps the last capable emperor until Belisarius. Romanus successfully brought an end to the Southern Roman Empire, in Africa, which was arguably one of the most pressing challenges Rome faced at the outset of his reign. However much of the progress was stymied by the establishment of the Vandal Kingdom of Africa.

After the death of Gelasius in late 1254 Romanus attempted to assert his own power and autonomy as ruler. This quickly brought him into conflict with Diaco, the powerfulComes Domesticorum (head of the imperial guard). The power struggle continued between the two throughout much of 1255, and in the summer the two seemed to have come to an uneasy truce. The 14th century historian Cassiodorus maintains that Romanus was soon after the truce treacherously poisoned by Diaco. Contemporary sources disagree with this notion though asserting that the truce broke down, and subsequently after a brief clash Romanus was captured and beheaded.

Diaco, now de-facto ruler of the empire, installed Vigilius as a puppet emperor
Revolt of Anianus

Location
  Valentinian (WIA)Traianus

The **Revolt of Anianus** was an uprising by Greuthungi and Ostrogothic foederati and colonists against the Roman Empire. It took place between 1152-1153 AUC in Phrygia, and was led by Anianus, leader of the Greuthungi in Phrygia, and Tribigild leader of the Ostrogoths in the region. The cause of the uprising is unclear, but some believe it was motivated by an increase in taxes on the Gothic colonists.

The first move of the revolt was to sack the nearby city of Nakoleia, which was unprepared and subsequently decimated. After sacking the city the revolt met a surprising amount of difficulty fending off peasant militias, giving more time for Emperor Valentinian the Galatian to arrive with his army to crush the revolt. However only a week before the arrival of Valentinian the rebels sacked the city of Amorium. The revolt was ubsequently defeated by Valentinian at the Battle of Lalandos.
Nakoleia

**Nakoleia** (Greek: Νακώλεια), so known as **Nakolaion** (Νακώλαιον), Latinized as **Nacolia** or **Nacolea**, is a city in Phrygia.

Its name originated in the legend of the nymph Nacola. The area around Nakoleia was known for its fertility between the 12th and 14th centuries, thanks to its location on the river Parthenios. It was sacked during the Revolt of Anianus, and largely destroyed, but eventually rebuilt.
Assassination of Gaudentius II

Gaudentius II, the Roman emperor, was assassinated on the early morning of 21 November 1203. The assassination was the culmination of a conspiracy of a cabal of Senators led by Heraclius. The ramifications of the assassination led to a decade long civil war known as the Anno Chao and ultimately to the Pontificate period of the Roman Empire.

The main conspirators were Heraclius, Adelfius, Permedius, and . In addition to the assassination of Gaudentius himself, the Praetorian guard was decimated, the Senate purged, and hundreds of supporters of Gaudentius killed.
First Isaurian War

Location

The **First Isaurian War** was a conflict that lasted from 1031 to 1033, that was fought between the army of the Roman Empire and the rebels of Isauria, led by Lydius.

## Revolt

In 1031 the bandit Lydius led an armed uprising throughout the province of Lycia and Pamphylia. With Aurelian fighting in Persia there was little in the way of stopping the rebels. However, rather than asserting some political goal the rebels merely engaged in widespread banditry in the region. In 1033, having secured peace with the Sassanids, Aurelian sent Probus in command of Legio II Parthica into the region. Probus quickly pacified the region and the remaining rebels retreated to the heavily fortified city of Cremna in Pisidia. After an extensive siege, Lydius was fatally hit by an arrow shot by a defector, whereupon the rest of the rebels surrendered.

## Aftermath

In order to prevent future unrest and revolts in the region, Aurelian built multiple forts in the region and settled some of his veterans there.
Aetius

Predecessor
 Died
 Spouse
Gaudentius II
 Pelagius
 Dynasty
 Religion

**Aetius** (2 July 1144 – 18 August 1203) was Roman emperor from 1185 to 1203.

praetorian prefect in 1178

## Early life

Aetius was born in Durostorum on the Danube in the Roman province of Moesia Inferior. His mother came from a rich and aristocratic Italian family and he was a Roman citizen from birth. His father, ​​Gaudentius, was already an experienced soldier and burgeoning politician. Under Valentinian the Galatian his father became prefect of the Praetorian Guard (and eventually Valentinian's closest advisor. Aetius, following his father, joined the guard early, and, through a combination of skill and nepotism quickly rose through the ranks.

Placeholder (early military career)

### Tenure as Caesar and Praetorian Prefect

When Aetius' father ascended to the throne he made Aetius his replacement as praetorian prefect, and granted Aetius the title of Caesar, making him his father's presumptive heir. During his father's brief reign Aetius cracked down on corruption in the guard. His long tenure of experience in the guard made him well aware of which soldiers and officers were corrupt and disloyal, and he quickly removed them. In their place he promoted men he knew to be loyal and added men from loyal legions to fill out the rest of the guard. By the end of his reforms he had formed a Praetorian Guard that was loyal, fanatically loyal, to him personally. With this, when his father passed away Aetius was able to immediately secure the throne for himself and squash any opposition

## Legacy

"universally celebrated as terror of the Barbarians and bulwark of the Republic of Rome"
Mezianid Dynasty

The **Mezianids** (Latin: *Meziani*) were a Berber Dynasty in Mauretania, ruling from 1926 to 2014. Named after the founder, King Meziane. They replaced the collapsing Lounesid Dynasty.

The Mezianids rose after a popular revolt against the previous Lounesid dynasty, unlike their predecessors the Mezianids were extremely decentralized which limited their capacity to exert power abroad (though Mauretanian merchants remained a powerful force across the world).

While decentralization initially provided some stability it quickly devolved into an extremely unstable situation. With interior lords and tribes vying for power against the powerful coastal merchant families and the King unable to adequately control any aspect of the situation. All grip was lost on what Mauretanian colonies existed, devolving into pirates and independent city states. After a hundred years of struggle the state eventually collapsed. This marked the end of what is often called the "Old Kingdom of Mauretania", which had existed for nearly the last four hundred years starting with the Aghilasid Dynasty
Flavius ​​Eparchius Philagrius Agricola

**Flavius ​​Eparchius Philagrius Agricola** (1 October 1078 - 4 June 1138) was a statesman of the Roman Empire.

## Life

Son of Emperor Agricola, he was governor of Coele Syria in 1135.

He married Egnatia Avita Severa, daughter of Quintus Flavius ​​Egnatius Placidus Severus and his wife Antonia Marcianilla. They had four sons: Eparchius, *vir nobilis* in Toul, father of Saint Loup de Troyes and de Vicence, bishop of Saintes ; ​​Julius Agricola  ; Lysticius, father of Ommatius Agricola (perhaps his paternal nephew), active from 400 to 468, senator of Arverne , father of Papianilla Agricola, wife of Tonantius Ferreolus , and of Hiberia, wife of Rurice of Limoges  ; and Flavius ​​Egnatius.
Tiberius II

Predecessor
 Died
 Religion

**Tiberius II** (3 July 1301 – 28 June 1372), was Roman Emperor from 1340 to 1361. He ascended to the throne after the reign of Junillus and reigned himself until he retired at the age of 60, the first emperor to retire. He was succeeded by Beppolenus. The name/title Varchonitius comes from his victory over the Avars, who were sometimes referred to as the Varchonites.
Marcus Ptolemaeus Sabinianus Magnus

**Marcus Ptolemaeus Sabinianus Magnus** (2 January 1222 - 30 September 1255) was a Roman general of the 13th century and the second son of Marcus Sabinianus Magnus.

Interestingly he was not born as *Ptolemaeus* and seems to have added it to his name, probably when he was in Egypt. He did this possibly to differentiate himself from his father.

He took part in Diaco's African invasion, leading Legio II Traiana in an invasion of the Southern Roman Empire from Cyrenaica to capture the cities of the Libyan Coast. He met little resistance and on 18 September 1254 he captured Leptis Magna.
Bleda

Predecessor
 Died

**Bleda** was the ruler of the Huns from 1187 until his death in 1207.

As the son of Mundzuk, Bleda succeeded him to the throne. Bleda's reign lasted for twenty years until his death. During his reign he crossed the Danube and invaded the Roman Empire but was defeated at the Battle of Oescus. It is unknown exactly how he died, but it was speculated by the historian Jordanes that he was murdered Onegesius, who seized power after Bleda's death.
Aquileia

**Aquileia** is a city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the sea, on the river Natiso.

The Roman consul and poet Ausonius enumerated Aquileia as the ninth among the great cities of the world, placing Rome, Constantinople, Carthage, Antioch, Alexandria, Trier, Mediolanum, and Capua before it.
Silus Coillus

**Silus Coillus**(1186-1258) was a Romano-British military leader. He is called a "King of the Britons" by the 6th-century historian Jordanes, and seems to have united most of northern Britain under his rule.

The son of Lucius Coillus.

He is the progenitor of several kingly lines in Yr Hen Ogledd (the Old North).
Great Vandalic War

Location
 Territorialchanges
 Roman Empire
Kingdom of Altava
 28,000 infantry
6,100 cavalry

The **Great** **Vandalic** or **Vandal War,** also sometimes called the **4th Vandalic War,** was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Roman Empire and the Vandalic Kingdom of Hippo Regius, in 1286–1287. It was the first of Belisarius' wars of reconquest. The Vandals had occupied most of Roman North Africa, bar the city of Carthage, in the middle of 13th century, and established an independent kingdom there. The formidable Vandal navy carried out pirate attacks across the Mediterranean, and defeated a large Roman invasion in 1282. Due to the Vandals' militant adherence to Arianism they persecuted the Nicene native population. In 1283, a civil war broke out between the Vandal King Hilderic and his cousin Gelimer. In the aftermath of the civil war in 1386, King Hilderic decided to attempt to seize Carthage, viewing the Roman's to be weak. The Roman Empire having just secured Italy and rid the empire of German influence, had recently seen Belisarius, a popular general, ascend to the title of Emperor. He personally began preparing an expedition against the Vandals, and the historian Procopius wrote the main historical narrative of the war. Belisarius took advantage of rebellions in the remote Vandal provinces of Sardinia and Tripolitania. These not only distracted Hilderic from the Emperor's preparations, but also delayed the Vandal assault on Carthage and weakened Vandal defenses through the dispatch of the bulk of the Vandal navy and a large portion of their army to Sardinia.

The Roman expeditionary force set sail from Sicily in June 1386, rather than landing in Carthage which was under siege, the Roman force landed to the south on the African coast at Caputvada, south of Hadrumetum, to Hilderic's complete surprise. Hadrumetum quickly fell to the Romans.

The Vandal king left some of his forces to continue his siege of Carthage and gathered the rest to meet the Roman army. However at the Battle of Ad Vicesima, near Carthage, on 13 July, Belisarius decisively defeated the Vandal army. Hilderic withdrew to outside of Carthage, where he tried to gather his remaining strength, including the army which returned from Sardinia. On July 20th, Belisarius advanced towards Carthage and met the Vandals at the Battle of Tricamarum. The battle resulted in a Roman victory and the lifting of the siege of Carthage. Hilderic fled to a remote mountain fortress, where he was blockaded until he surrendered in the spring. Belisarius returned to Rome with the Vandals' royal treasure and the captive Hilderic to enjoy a triumph, while Africa was formally restored to imperial rule. However Imperial control of the region was far from its old extent, the Berber tribes of the interior proved unwilling to accept imperial rule, many rose in rebellion. The new province was shaken by the wars with the Berbers and Romano-African Kingdoms, and it was not until 1301 that peace was restored and Roman government firmly established, though the province now sits in a delicate balance.
Angendus

**Angendus** (In Danish *Angantyr*) (1432 – 1494) was the first King of Jylland and the first Danish King to be named by contemporary sources.

He is most well known for his consolidation of Jutland (Or Jylland), founding of Ribe, and his war with the Germans.

He was succeeded by his son Valdar.

## Account of Felix of Isca

The Briton missionary Felix of Isca visited the region in 1461 after his time in Frisia, and met with the Danish king. The Dane is recorded simply as "Angendus son of Eathoricus", and is mentioned to rule a strong kingdom in Cimbria.

## In German Accounts

Various Germanic sources because of the close proximity present a more complete view of Angendus. Shortly after becoming King Angendus established the town of Ribe in 1454, which became the capital of his new and growing Kingdom. He subjugated his neighbors on the peninsula and took the title of King of Kings. Some German sources describe him as being very welcoming and hospitable to foreigners, while others describe him as being savage. Regardless all sources agree he was resistant to the idea of converting to Christianity. In 1189 he was involved in a brief war with the Germans.

## In Norse Legends

Angendus is said to have wielded the magic sword Tyrfing, which he received from his father (who is said to have taken it from a slayed Geat). This sword, which was first of Svafrlami (Grandson of Odin), would form the basis of the name of Angendus' family, the Tyrving Dynasty. In Legend it is through the use of the sword that he was able to subjegate the rest of Jylland.
Valerius Faltonius Adelfius (consul 1204)

**Valerius Faltonius Adelfius** (1158-1206) was a politician of the Roman Empire. He was one of the conspirators of the Assassination of Gaudentius II along with Heraclius and Permedius. With both of the two elected consuls for 1204 dead, in 1204 Heraclius and the rump senate made Adelfius sole consul. In 1206 he was captured and executed by soldiers loyal to Mithraius
Marcus Aurelius Probus

**Marcus Aurelius Probus** (19 August 985 – 9 October 1048) was Roman general during the Crisis of the Tenth Century and the reign of Aurelian.

## Life

Probus was born in Sirmium , Pannonia Inferior, the son of Dalmatius. According to the Alexandrian Chronicle, he was born sometime in the year 985. Probus entered the army around 1003 upon reaching adulthood. He rose rapidly through the ranks, repeatedly earning high military decorations. Probus was appointed as a military tribune by the emperor Valerian, at a very young age, in recognition of his latent ability. He served under several emperors in the proceeding years and one multiple victories. During Aurelian's reign he led a fleet in the reconquest of Egypt.

After Aurelian reconsolidated the empire Probus joined him as a commander in his Persian war. Towards the end of the war Aurelian sent Probus to deal with the ongoing Isaurian revolt. Probus quickly pacified the region and besieged the rebel army. After the brutal Siege of Cremna, the revolt was fully defeated. Aurelian greatly praised Probus for his adept handling of the revolt.

Probus remained a commander throughout the rest of Aurelian’s reign, and Aurelian considered making him his successor(Aurelian ultimately chose Marcus Verus to succeed him). Probus remained active through Verus’ reign, and was eventually elected consul. After his consulship he ruled as Governor of Mesopotamia, and then retired.

Probus had several children: Aurelia, Marcus Probus Aurelianus, Flavius Dalmatius Probus, and Flavia

Flavius Firminus Probus was a descendent of his.
Battle of Bagistana (1030)

Location
 50,000 men
 Light

The **Battle of Bagistana**, also called the **Battle of Bagistane** and **Battle of Bisotun**, took place on 15 March 1030 between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Aurelian and Sasanian forces. The battle took place at the foot of Mount Bisotun, near the town of the same name. It was a decisive victory for the Romans.
Marcus Sabinianus Magnus

**Marcus Sabinianus Magnus** (1196-1234) was a Roman general, governor, and usurper. A loyal supporter of Marcian in 1232 he was made the governor of Dalmatia, where he led a campaign against the Ostrogoths.

In 1252 he was put in command of a massive fleet with the goal of retaking Egypt from the Southern Roman Empire. Landing in Egypt on 1 August 1252 he captured Alexandria without facing much resistance, and quickly captured most of the surrounding region. The Southern Roman Army moved to meet them in battle, but the unpopular general, Theodotus, was betrayed by his troops, who defected to Rome. After this Sabinianus was able to secure his grip on Egypt and Cyrenaica, and was granted the title of *dux Aegypti et Libyarum*.

When Romanus was overthrown by the German general Diaco he revolted against the puppet emperor Vigilius, but was defeated a

Sabinianus was the father of Sabinianus, who held the prestigious office of Consul in 1258. The historian Marcellinus Comes states that he was a severe commander, but a true defender of the Roman State, and a very pious man.
Valentinian the Galatian

Predecessor
 Died
 Spouse
 Father
 Religion

**Valentinian the Galatian** (Latin: *Valentinianus Galates*; 18 January 1119 – 10 October 1180) was Roman emperor from 1148 to 1180. Valentinian is most well known for spending most of his life in a wheelchair after his legs were paralyzed. He was succeeded by his grandson Justin I.

Initially a young and ambitious warrior emperor, his dreams of battlefield glory were cut short in 1153 when, at the Battle of Lalandos, he received a serious injury and became paralyzed from the waste down. A special wheeled throne was constructed for him to move around with. Unable to fulfill his dreams of martial glory Valentinian devoted himself to economic and cultural pursuits, he later delegated martial power to his trusted praetorian prefect Gaudentius.
Sui dynasty

The **Sui dynasty** (1334-1371) was a short lived but pivotal dynasty of China, as the country was reunified under their rule for the first time after a long period of fragmentation since the fall of the Han dynasty in Year 973 AUC. The Sui dynasty fell in 1371 and was succeeded by the Tang dynasty.

One of the most noteworthy achievements of the Sui dynasty was the construction of the Grand Canal.
Gaius Valerius Diocles

**Gaius Valerius Diocles** (22 December 997 – 3 December 1064) was a roman general of the 11th century. He rose to prominence as a cavalry commander in Aurelian's Persian War, during the campaign he became a close friend of the future emperor Marcus Verus. During Verus' reign Diocles remained a close friend and confidant of the emperor and he became one of the most prominent generals of the empire.
CONSTITUCIÓN DE LA MATERIA

Las propiedades y el comportamiento de un material son consecuencia de su constitución y su estructura. La constitución está formada por las partículas elementales, átomos y moléculas, así como el modo de estar unidos, llamados enlaces. La estructura de un material se define como la diversas formas que pueden tomar los cristales en los procesos industriales de tratamientos y conformado, como el temple, el revenido, el recocido, la laminación, la fundición, el forjado, etc.

Las **partículas elementales** son los constituyentes elementales de la materia, es decir, son partículas que no están constituidas por partículas más pequeñas ni se conoce que tengan estructura interna, denominados átomos. El átomo está formado por: el neutrón, el electrón, el protón, el positrón, el deuterón, el fotón, los mesones, etc.

Las **partículas compuestas** es una partícula subatómica que está formada por un conjunto de partículas más elementales que forman juntas estado ligado estable. Este concepto es interesante porque las llamadas partículas compuestas a bajas energías o a escalas de distancia grandes comparadas con la región típica ocupada por las partículas constituyentes pueden ser modelizadas considerablemente bien como si fueran una partícula indivisible.

### Bibliografía

1. ↑ Mendoza, J.(2015) La materia. Tomado de: https://www.feandalucia.ccoo.es/docu/p5sd8733.pdf