recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Suillus punctipes

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***Suillus punctipes***, commonly known as the **spicy suillus**, is a bolete fungus in the family Suillaceae.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described in 1878 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck as a species of *Boletus*. Collected from Gansevoort, New York, Peck described its distinguishing features as "its rhubarb-colored stem thickened at the base and the brownish color of the young hymenium". Rolf Singer transferred it to *Suillus* in 1945.

## Habitat and distribution

The bolete has been recorded from Taiwan.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Peck 1945`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1945`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yeh 1980`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Skeletocutis falsipileata

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***Skeletocutis falsipileata*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in Malaysia, it was first described by E.J.H. Corner in 1992 as a species of *Tyromyces*. Tsutomu Hattori transferred it to *Skeletocutis* in 2002.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1992`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hattori 2002`

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Woldmaria

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***Woldmaria*** is a fungal genus in the family Niaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Woldmaria filicina***, found in Europe and North America. *Woldmaria* was described by William Bridge Cooke in 1961, with *Woldmaria crocea* as the type species; it was subsequently moved into synonymy with *W. filicina*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cooke 1961`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Knudsen 1996`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Morchella pragensis

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***Morchella pragensis***, commonly known as the **Prague morel**, is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Found in Europe, it was described as new to science in 1952 by Czech mycologist František Smotlacha.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodon conchyliatus

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***Sarcodon conchyliatus*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1971 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. The fruit bodies have finely tomentose caps that are dull ochraceous, greyish or brownish, and typically have drab to purplish tinges. The spines on the cap underside are not decurrent on the stipe. Maas Geesteranus placed the fungus in the section *Virescentes*, along with *S. atroviridis* and *S. thwaitesii*, all species with flesh that dries to a deep olive green color.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1971`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena rosea

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***Mycena rosea***, commonly known as the **rosy bonnet**, is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family. First named *Agaricus roseus* in 1803 by Danish botanist Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher, it was given its present name in 1912 by Gramberg.

## Description

The cap initially has a convex shape before flattening; its diameter may reach up to Template:Convert.

### Similar species

*Mycena sororius* is a closely related species that has been reliably distinguished from *M. rosea* by the electrophoretic migration of isozymes, as well as having larger spores—7.5–8.5 to 10 by 4.8–5.5 µm, compared to 6.5–9 by 4.5–5 µm for *M. rosea*.

## Bioactive compounds

The fruit bodies of *Mycena rosea* contain two red alkaloid pigments that are unique to this species. Named mycenarubin A, and mycenarubin B, these chemicals are related to the so-called damirones that are found in marine sponges.

## References

1. ↑ Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Trichoderma songyi

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***Trichoderma songyi*** is a species of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae. It is a soil-inhabiting fungus that associates with the pine mushroom, *Tricholoma matsutake*. Close relatives include *Trichoderma koningii* and *T. caerulescens*, from which *T. songyi* can be distinguished by differences in growth rate, the morphology of agar-grown cultures, and an odor similar to coconuts.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Park 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Skeletocutis bicolor

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***Skeletocutis bicolor*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is found in Singapore.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described as new to science in 1920 by American mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd as *Polystictus bicolor*. He characterized it as follows: "Small, about a cm., growing broadly, attached to the host and developing a little, conchate pileus." The type was collected in Singapore by English botanist Thomas Ford Chipp. Leif Ryvarden examined Lloyd's type collections, and transferred the species to the genus *Skeletocutis* in 1992.

## Description

The fruitbody is in the form of a crust with the edges sticking out to form small caps up to 4 mm wide. It has a smooth, pale brown surface. The pore surface, or hymenium, comprises tiny angular pores that number 6–7 per mm. *Skeletocutis bicolor* has a dimitic hyphal system, meaning it has both generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae. The skeletal hyphae are covered with spiny crystals, especially in the dissepiments (the tissue between the pores)—a characteristic feature of the genus *Skeletocutis*. The spores are spherical, hyaline (translucent), and measure 2.5–3 μm in diameter.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lloyd 1920`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 1992`

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Russula violeipes

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***Russula violeipes***, commonly known as the **velvet brittlegill**, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It was described by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1898. An edible mushroom, it is found in Asia and Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quélet 1898`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boa 2004`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma sejunctum

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***Tricholoma sejunctum*** (colloquially **yellow blusher** in the eastern regions of North America) is a mushroom that appears across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is associated with pine forests.

## Edibility

There is some dispute as to its edibility, though it does seem to have been traditionally consumed in much of world without noted ill effects. More recently, in Europe it has been identified as responsible for poisonings. However, it also shows promise as an anti-viral or anti-cancer mushroom.

## Flavour

The mushroom is described both in North America and in China as having a 'mealy' flavour, indeed in China's Yunnan province where it is most frequently consumed it is generally known as 荞面菌 (Pinyin: *qiao mian jun*; lit. 'Buckwheat Noodle Mushroom') on account of this property, despite the fact that its proper name is 黄绿口蘑 (lit. 'Yellow Green Mouth Mushroom').

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodon versipellis

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***Sarcodon versipellis*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Fries in 1861 as *Hydnum versipelle*. Taisiya Lvovna Nikolayeva transferred it to the genus *Sarcodon* in 1961. *Hydnum crassum*, published by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1961, is a synonym. The species is found in Europe and North America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nikolayeva 1961`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Harrison 1961`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Sarcodon versipellis`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phallus celebicus

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***Phallus celebicus*** is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. It was described as new to science in 1900 by Paul Christoph Hennings. It is found in India.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hennings 1900`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ahmad 1945`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Trametes gibbosa

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***Trametes gibbosa***, commonly known as the **lumpy bracket**, is a polypore mushroom that causes a white rot. It is found on beech stumps and the dead wood of other hardwood species. Fruit bodies are 8–15 cm in diameter and semicircular in shape. The upper surface is usually gray or white, but may be greenish in older specimens due to algal growth. Elongated pores are located on the under-surface. The fruiting bodies are frequently attacked by boring beetle larvae.

## References

Template:Commons
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Tricholoma rhizophoreti

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***Tricholoma rhizophoreti*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. It is found in Singapore, where it fruits on mud, sticks, roots, and stumps among mangrove trees. It was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis

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***Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis***, commonly known as the **goblet funnel cap**, is a species of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family, and the type species of the genus *Pseudoclitocybe*. It was first described scientifically as *Agaricus cyathiformis* by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1786, and later transferred to the genus *Pseudoclitocybe* by Rolf Singer in 1956. The fungus is found in North America and Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer1956`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRogers Mushrooms`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma arvernense

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***Tricholoma arvernense*** is a mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma*. First described as a variety of *Tricholoma sejunctum* by French mycologist Marcel Bon in 1975, he promoted it to species status a year later.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon 1975`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon 1976`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Suillus subalutaceus

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***Suillus subalutaceus*** is an edible species of mushroom in the genus *Suillus*. It is found in North America and in Taiwan.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette2001`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yeh 1980`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Skeletocutis brevispora

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***Skeletocutis brevispora*** is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science in 1998 by Finnish mycologist Tuomo Niemelä.

## Description

The fruit bodies of this fungus are crust-like with a waxy texture. Its dimensions are usually small, with a thickness of up to 2 mm, and a length typically no more than Template:Convert. The pore surface is cream-white when fresh, but dries to a pale yellow or pale orange colour. The pores are tiny and angular, usually numbering 6–8 per mm.

The fungus has a dimitic hyphal system, meaning that it contains both generative and skeletal hyphae. Typical of the genus *Skeletocutis*, the generative hyphae of *S. brevispora* are encrusted with spiny crystals on the dissepiments (the tissue between the pores). Spores are cylindrical to somewhat sausage-shaped (allantoid), and measure 3–4 by 1–1.5 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Skeletocutis brevispora* has usually been recorded from Fennoscandia where it grows on dead fruit bodies of the polypore fungus *Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum*. Rarely, it is found growing on dead spruce wood that has been rotted by this fungus. *S. brevispora* has also been found in northeast China, and in the Ukraine.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niemelä 1998`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 2014`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dai 2000`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Shevchenko 2017`

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Tricholoma villosiparvum

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***Tricholoma villosiparvum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Sabah, Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma populinum

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***Tricholoma populinum*** is a mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma*. It was formally described by Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1933.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hapalopilus croceus

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***Hapalopilus croceus*** is a species of polypore fungus. It was originally described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796 as *Boletus croceus*; Marinus Anton Donk transferred it to genus *Hapalopilus* in 1933 to give it the name by which it is currently known. The species is found in Asia, Europe, Oceania, and North America, where it grows on the rotting wood of deciduous trees.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

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Otidea mirabilis

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***Otidea mirabilis*** is a species of fungus in the Pyronemataceae family. Found in Europe, it was described as new to science in 2001. Its fruit bodies are typically Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide, and they be clustered together as an aggregate, or in groups. The flesh is about 1 mm thick, and yellow-brown. The spores are ellipsoid, smooth, contain two oil droplets, and measure 10–14.7 by 6.4–7.2 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bolognini2001`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sebipora

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***Sebipora*** is a fungal genus in the family Gelatoporiaceae. It was circumscribed in 2012 by mycologist Otto Miettinen to contain the crust fungus ***Sebipora aquosa***, its single species. This fungus is found in low altitudes in Sumatra and New Guinea, where it causes a white rot on dead angiosperm wood, particularly fallen tree trunks, and frequently on burned wood.

*Sebipora aquosa* has a monomitic hyphal system (containing only generative hyphae), and thin-walled, cylindrical spores measuring 5.7–7.6 by 2.1–2.7 μm and containing one or two oil drops. Cystidia and cystidioles are absent from the hymenium.

The binomial name, which combines the Latin words *sebum* ("tallow") and *aquosus* ("watery"), refers to the appearance of fresh fruit bodies. *Sebiporia* is grouped in the *Cinereomyces* clade. This clade, which groups phylogenetically outside of the "core polyporoid clade", contains the related genera *Gelatoporia*, *Obba*, and *Cinereomyces*. The genus was formally transferred to the new family Gelatoporiaceae in 2017.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Miettinen 2012`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Justo et al. 2017`

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Tricholoma moserianum

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***Tricholoma moserianum*** is a European mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma*. It was formally described in 1989 by Marcel Bon. The specific epithet honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon 1990`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tylopilus virens

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***Tylopilus virens*** is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Asia. It was described as new to science in 1948 by Wei-Fan Chiu as a species of *Boletus*; Japanese mycologist Tsuguo Hongo transferred it to *Tylopilus* in 1964. The fruit body has a convex to flattened cap that is Template:Convert in diameter. The tubes on the cap underside are up to 2 cm long, while the roundish pores are about 1–2 mm wide. The mushroom is similar in appearance to *Tylopilus felleus*, but unlike that species, has a greenish cap when young. *T. virens* typically grows near the conifer species *Keteleeria evelyniana*. It has elliptical spores measuring 11–14 by 5.5–6 µm.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Chiu 1948`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Tylopilus virens`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tremella encephala

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***Tremella encephala*** is a species of fungus producing pink, brain-like, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies). It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus (*Stereum sanguinolentum*), that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers.

## Taxonomy

 File:Ajukõhrik.JPG
*Tremella encephala* was first published in 1801 by Dutch mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, based on an earlier description by Carl Ludwig Willdenow who had described the species from Germany as *Tremella encephaliformis*. In 1818, it was selected by Elias Magnus Fries as the type species of *Naematelia*, a new genus proposed by Fries to accommodate fungi having gelatinous basidiocarps with a hard or compact core. It was not until 1961 that this central core was shown by American mycologist Robert Bandoni to be the remains of the host fungus, *Stereum sanguinolentum*.

The epithet *encephala* means "brain", with reference to the shape and colour of the basidiocarps.

## Description

 File:2008-03-04 Tremella encephala Stereum sanguinolentum.jpg
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, dull pale pink to yellowish pink, up to 3 cm (1 in) across, and brain-like (compact and densely folded) with a hard, whitish core when cut. Microscopically, the hyphae are clamped and occur in a dense gelatinous matrix. Haustorial cells arise on the hyphae, producing filaments that attach to and penetrate the unclamped hyphae of the host (abundant in the central core). The basidia are tremelloid (spherical to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 13–20 by 12–17 μm, usually unstalked. The basidiospores are mostly roughly spherical in shape, smooth, 6–11 by 5.5–9 μm, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells.

## Habitat and distribution

*Tremella encephala* is a parasite of *Stereum sanguinolentum*, growing on and often completely enveloping host basidiocarps. Following its host, fruit bodies are typically found on dead, attached or recently fallen branches of conifers.

The species has a north temperate distribution and is known throughout North America, Europe, and northern Asia. It has also been recorded from Australia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries1818`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bandoni1961`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts1999`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Australian Fungi`

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Russula foetens

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**Russula foetens** commonly known as the **stinking russula** is a common Russula mushroom found in deciduous and coniferous forests.

## Description

The cap is hemispherical and very slimy when young, soon convex, honey yellow to ochre brown and up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The gills and spores are pale cream.
The strong stem is white or blotchy yellowish brown. The flesh has a strong acrid smell, when old has a fishy smell and bad taste.

## Edibility

Stinking russula is widely considered inedible. In countries like Russia it is used for traditional mushroom pickles after being soaked in water for several days to remove the strong taste, as also all other Russula species. Such preservation method allows to use many otherwise inedible russulas and milk-caps for well digestible and savoury pickles, which are considered delicacy in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia.

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

1. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank

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Lentinellus micheneri

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***Lentinellus micheneri*** is a species of wood-inhabiting fungus in the family Auriscalpiaceae. It was first described in 1853 by mycologist Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis as *Lentinus micheneri*. David Pegler transferred it to the genus *Lentinellus* in 1983.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1853`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1983`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula sanguinaria

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***Russula sanguinaria***, commonly known as the **bloody brittlegill**, is a strikingly coloured mushroom of the genus *Russula*, which has the common name of **brittlegills**. It is bright blood-red, inedible, and grows in association with coniferous trees. It was previously widely known as *Russula sanguinea*.

## Taxonomy

 File:Blut-Täubling Russula sanguinaria.JPG
The bloody brittlegill was first described as *Agaricus sanguinarius* by Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher in 1803, and redescribed under its current binomial name by mycologist Stephan Rauschert in 1989. *Agaricus sanguinea* was described by Bulliard and renamed *Russula sanguinea* by Elias Magnus Fries.

Both the specific epithets *sanguinaria* and *sanguinea* are derived from the Latin word *sanguis* "blood", a reference to this mushroom’s colour. It is unclear whether this European species is the same as the American species *Russula rosacea*.

## Description

The robust cap grows up to Template:Convert in diameter. At first it is convex, but later flattens, and sometimes becomes saucer-shaped when mature. It is bright blood-red, or rose coloured at first, fading slightly with age, and often having paler areas. The cap skin peels at the margin only. The stem is firmly robust, occasionally white, but more commonly flushed with the cap colour. It is streaked vertically, and tends to turn greyish pink with age. The cream to pale ochre gills are adnate to slightly decurrent, narrow and forking. The spore print is also cream to pale ochre. The flesh is white, somewhat hot and peppery, and sometimes bitter on the tongue, with a faint fruity smell.

### Similar species

* *Russula helodes* is macroscopically identical, but tends to favour sphagnum moss in coniferous forests, and is much rarer.
* *Russula emetica* (Schaeff.) Pers. grows in the same habitat, and has a bright red cap. However, it almost never has a coloured stipe, and is very crumbly and fragile.

Most of the other common bright red *Russula* species grow with deciduous trees.

## Distribution and habitat

***Russula sanguinaria*** appears in summer and autumn. It is widespread in the northern temperate zones, and is mycorrhizal with softwood trees, often *Pinus* (pine) in coniferous woodland, on sandy soils.

## Edibility

This mushroom is inedible; has a 'peppery' taste, and is sometimes quite bitter. Many similar-tasting Russulas are poisonous when eaten raw. The symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: diarrhoea, vomiting and colicky abdominal cramps. The active agent has not been identified but is thought to consist of sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from *Russula sardonia*, and the related genus *Lactarius*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Andina D. *et al.* (1980). "Sesquiterpenes from *Russula sardonia*." *Phytochemistry* **19**: 93–97
6. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius acicularis

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***Lactarius acicularis*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. Described as new to science in 2010, the species is found in Chiang Mai Province of northern Thailand, where it grows in rainforests that are dominated by *Castanopsis armata*, *Dipterocarpus* sp. and *Lithocarpus*.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `VandePutte2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Termitomyces tylerianus

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***Termitomyces tylerianus*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae. Found in Africa and China, it was first formally described in 1964. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow in groups or clusters near termite nests in deciduous forests. The mushrooms are edible.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Otieno 1964`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena urania

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***Mycena urania***, commonly known as the **violet bonnet**, is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family. First named *Agaricua uranius* in 1818 by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, it was assigned its current name in 1872 by the French naturalist Lucien Quélet.

## Description

The cap is initially conic in shape, and expands to hemispheric in maturity, typically reaching Template:Convert in diameter.

## Distribution

A rare species, the North American distribution of *Mycena urania* includes Michigan, North Carolina, and Tennessee. It has also been collected in the Scottish Cairngorms.

## References

1. ↑ Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Suillus subaureus

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***Suillus subaureus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is found in North America, where it associates with deciduous trees. Originally described in 1887 by Charles Horton Peck, it was transferred to genus *Suillus* by Wally Snell in 1944. Fruitbodies are pale yellow—reflecting its specific epithet *subaureus*, which means "somewhat golden yellow". The spore print is olive brown. Spores are smooth and inamyloid, and measure 7–10 by 2.7–3.5 µm. Ithas also been recorded in Taiwan.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Peck 1887`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Snell 1944`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith 1980`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yeh 1980`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sporobolomyces koalae

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***Sporobolomyces koalae*** is a species of fungus in the order Sporidiobolales. It is an anamorphic yeast. Strains of the yeast were isolated from nasal swabs from three of five captive Queensland koalas (*Phascolarctos cinereus*) kept at the Kobe Oji Zoo in Kobe, Japan. Swabs from three zoo keepers were examined as well, but tested negative for the presence of the yeast. It is not suspected to be pathogenic, as the koalas from which it was isolated were healthy.
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Using a suite of standard biochemical and physiological tests, the species was determined to belong to the *Sporobolomyces*, a genus of uncertain familial placement in the order Sporidiobolales. Using molecular techniques, the researchers prepared a cladogram using internal transcribed spacer sequences, which showed that the collected strains were genetically unique from other *Sporobolomyces*, and warranted publication as a new species. The yeast clustered in the Johnsonii clade of *Sporidiobolus* (the teleomorph form of *Sporobolomyces*).

The cells range in shape from egg-shaped, ellipsoidal, to elongated, measuring 2.5–5.0 by 5.0–15.0 µm, and occurring singly, doubly, or in groups of four. Asymmetrical blastoconidia are borne on short sterigmata, and measure 2.0–5.0 by 3.0–7.0 µm. The optimal growth temperature for the fungus occurs at a range of Template:Convert; growth stops at Template:Convert. Like other *Sporobolomyces* species, *S. koalae* has coenzyme Q10 as its major ubiquinone, it lacks the monosaccharide xylose in whole-cell hydrolysates, and it cannot ferment sugars. In carbon assimilation tests (used to assess the ability of the yeast to utilize different carbohydrates as its sole source of carbon aerobically), *S. koalae* was shown to be able to use glucose, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, raffinose, soluble starch, D-mannitol, and succinic acid; it has a weak ability to use trehalose, melezitose, inulin, L-arabinose, glycerine, D-sorbitol, salicin, and D-gluconate. It can use ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate as nitrogen sources.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Satoh 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula turci

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***Russula turci*** is a common, edible, *Russula* mushroom, found under pines and spruces, on sandy soil and clay.

## Description

The cap is flat when young, matures to be somewhat funnel shaped, dark amethyst-violet to brownish pink. The margin is paler and noticeably matt. The cap grows up to 8 cm in diameter.
The gills are cream to light ochre, rather crowded and connected at the base by cross veins. The spores are ochre. The stem is white and evenly thick. The flesh is white, and the base of the stem has a distinct smell of iodine.

## Similar species

The rare *Russula azurea* also has a purple cap and grows beneath spruces. *Russula amethystina* can hardly be distinguished from this mushroom, its blue to reddish-violet cap occasionally has pale patches and also a smell of iodine in the stem base. It can be found in coniferous mountain forests, mostly under silver fir.

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

Template:IndexFungorum

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Termitomyces microcarpus

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***Termitomyces microcarpus*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae. An edible species, it is found in Africa and Asia, where it grows in groups or clusters in deciduous forests near the roots of bamboo stumps associated with termite nests.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholosporum subgoniospermum

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***Tricholosporum subgoniospermum*** is a species of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. Known from Hungary, the species was described as new to science in 1999.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Tricholosporum subgoniospermum`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bohus1999`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Trichoderma viride

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***Trichoderma viride*** is a fungus and a biofungicide.

It is used for seed and soil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens.

## Biology

*T. viride* is a mold which produces spores asexually, by mitosis. It is the anamorph of *Hypocrea rufa*, its teleomorph, which is the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus and produces a typical fungal fruiting body. The mycelium of *T. viride* can produce a variety of enzymes, including cellulases and chitinases which can degrade cellulose and chitin respectively. The mould can grow directly on wood, which is mostly composed of cellulose, and on fungi, the cell walls of which are mainly composed of chitin. It parasitizes the mycelia and fruiting bodies of other fungi, including cultivated mushrooms, and it has been called the "green mould disease of mushrooms". The affected mushrooms are distorted and unattractive in appearance and the crop is reduced.

## Uses

The fungicidal activity makes *T. viride* useful as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi. It has been shown to provide protection against such pathogens as *Rhizoctonia*, *Pythium* and even *Armillaria*. It is found naturally in soil and is effective as a seed dressing in the control of seed and soil-borne diseases including *Rhizoctonia solani*, *Macrophomina phaseolina* and *Fusarium* species. When it is applied at the same time as the seed, it colonizes the seed surface and kills not only the pathogens present on the cuticle, but also provides protection against soil-borne pathogens.

A closely related species, *Trichoderma reesei*, is used in the creation of stonewashed jeans. The cellulase produced by the fungus partially degrade the cotton material in places, making it soft and causing the jeans to look as if they had been washed using stones.

## References

1. ↑ Hypocrea rufa/Trichoderma viride: a reassessment, and description of five closely related species
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month
3. ↑ Neem Products

## External links

* Index Fungorum
* USDA ARS Fungal Database

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Sarcoscypha austriaca

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***Sarcoscypha austriaca*** is a saprobic fungus in the Sarcoscyphaceae family in the Pezizales order of Ascomycota. It is commonly known as the **scarlet elfcup**, **pézize écarlate** and **scharlachroter kelchbecherling**. The species name means "from Austria".

## Distribution

This species is found in Europe and the Northeast of North America where it can be separated from *Sarcoscypha dudleyi* on spore characteristics.

## Description

This species is found growing on fallen pieces of dead hardwood among mosses and leaf litter in damp habitats in winter and early spring. The fruiting body is cup-shaped with a scarlet smooth, shiny interior. The exterior is covered with a felted mass of short hairs in varying shades of white and pink and a stubby stem. The flesh is white and rubbery with a thin red layer lining the cup. The spore print is white and the spores are ellipsoidal with flattened ends and containing several oil droplets. On the outside of the cup the hairs are curly or corkscrew shaped. These features distinguishes this species from the rather similar *Sarcoscypha coccinea* and *Sarcoscypha jurana* It is reported to grow on the dead wood of such hosts as *Alnus incana*, species of *Salix*, *Acer* and *Robinia*. It is part of a complex of species which includes *Sarcoscypha coccinea* and *Sarcoscypha dudleyi*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rogers Mushrooms Template:Webarchive
2. ↑ Gary Emberger: Sarcoscypha austriaca
3. ↑ Leif Goodwin: Sarcoscypha austriaca
4. ↑ Grzyby Polski: Sarcoscypha austriaca

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula mukteshwarica

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***Russula mukteshwarica*** is a mushroom closely related to *R. violeipes*. It has a purple planoconvex cap 65–130 mm in diameter, and gills that are yellow to yellow-green. The type specimen was collected from a forested region in Uttaranchand State in northern India.

## References

1. ↑ http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000063&Rec=38271&Fields=All
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank

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Typhula ishikariensis

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***Typhula ishikariensis*** is, along with *Typhula incarnata*, the causal agent of grey snow mould (also called speckled snow mould or *Typhula* blight), a plant pathogen that can destroy turfgrass when covered for a long period with snow. It is a particular problem on golf courses established in unsuitable areas. More importantly, it can also damage crops of winter wheat. The species was described as new to science in 1930 by Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai. The varieties *canadensis* and *ishikariensis* (the former as a new combination) were described in 1978.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `snowmould`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schneider1986`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Imai 1930`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Årsvoll 1978`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula pseudointegra

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***Russula pseudointegra*** is an inedible, quite rare mushroom of the genus *Russula*, with a similar habitat and appearance to *Russula rosea*.
***Russula pseudointegra*** is distinguished by its hot tasting flesh.

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

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Wielandomyces

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***Wielandomyces*** is a fungal genus the family Bolbitiaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Wielandomyces robustus***, found in Europe. The genus and species were described by Jörg Raithelhuber in 1988.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Raithelhuber 1988`

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Usnea filipendula

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***Usnea filipendula*** (**fishbone beard lichen**) is a pale gray-green fruticose lichen with a pendant growth form, growing in up to 20 cm many-branching tassels hanging from the bark of trees. In California, it mostly grows on mostly conifer in the Coast Range, but also in the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range.Template:Rp It lacks apothecia. It is similar to *Usnea scabrata*, but is darker, has a thicker cortex, and different chemistry. Lichen spot tests are K+ red, KC-, C-, and P+ yellow.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Template:ISBN

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula fragilis

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The inedible wild mushroom ***Russula fragilis***, which goes by the common name of the **fragile brittlegill**, is a member of the genus *Russula*, whose members are commonly known as brittlegills. It is a small, fragile, long stemmed, and variably coloured brittlegill, found in mixed forests, and woods in Europe, Asia, and North America.

## Taxonomy

*Russula fragilis* was first described as *Agaricus fragilis* by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801, and later placed in the genus *Russula* by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838.

## Description

The cap is 2–5 cm (0.8–2 in) in diameter. It is very variable in colour, and can be dark purplish, with a dark, almost black centre, or may be various shades of olive-green, or violet-pink, or even pale yellow. The colour tends to fade quickly, and can become very pale. At first the cap shape is convex, but it later flattens. The cap skin peels to three quarters, and older specimens often have a furrowed margin. The fragile, white stipe is long for the size of the cap, and narrowly club-shaped. The gills are adnexed, and white giving a spore print of the same colour. They have distinctive nicks, or notches on their free edges, that can be seen under a hand lens, a very good diagnostic clue to species. The flesh is white and tastes very hot, with a fruity smell.

*Russula betularum* is frequently found with birch, and although usually paler can be mistaken for washed out specimens of *R. fragilis*; *Russula gracillima* is similar in appearance, and grows in the same locations, although neither species have nicks (serrations) on the gill edges.

## Distribution and habitat

*Russula fragilis* appears in late summer and autumn, usually growing in small groups. It is widespread in the northern temperate zones of Europe, Asia, and North America. It is probably mycorrhizal with a variety of trees, including birch and oak.

## Edibility

This mushroom is inedible due to its very hot taste. Many hot tasting *Russula* species cause problems of a gastrointestinal nature when consumed, resulting in diarrhoea, and vomiting.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Termitomyces heimii

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***Termitomyces heimii*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae. Described as new to science in 1979, it is found in India. The specific epithet *heimii* honors French mycologist Roger Heim. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are edible.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Natarajan 1979`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boa 2004`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodontia spumea

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***Sarcodontia spumea*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It is widespread in Europe, where it causes a white rot of both living and dead hardwood trees, especially maples. The fungus was originally described by English botanist James Sowerby in 1799. After having been moved to several different genera in its taxonomic history, Viacheslav Spirin transferred it to the genus *Sarcodontia* in 2001.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sowerby 1799`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Spirin 2001`

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Russula queletii

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***Russula queletii*** otherwise known as the **gooseberry russula**, is a common, inedible, *Russula* mushroom found growing in groups, predominantly in spruce forest.
Eating this mushroom causes abdominal pains.

## Description

The cap is hemispherical when young, which later becomes convex. The colour can be wine-red and is usually 5 to 6 cm in diameter but can be up to 10 cm.
The gills are white, which are brittle, and the spores are cream. The stem is a similar colour to the cap and evenly thick. The flesh is white and the scent is fruity.

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

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Penicillium psychrosexualis

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***Penicillium psychrosexualis*** is a filamentous fungus in the genus *Penicillium*. Described as new to science in 2010, the species was found growing on refrigerated moldy apples in the Netherlands. It is closely related to the blue cheese fungus *P. roqueforti*.

## Discovery

*Penicillium psychrosexualis* was isolated in 2008 from a wooden crate in a cold, controlled atmosphere storage containing apples covered by the white mold *Fibulorhizoctonia psychrophila*. This mold is restricted to growth under Template:Convert. The crate was kept under conditions that deter the growth of most fungi: temperatures of Template:Convert, oxygen levels of 1.0–1.5%, carbon dioxide levels of 2.0%, and a relative humidity of 92–95%. The *Penicillium* isolate was discovered during the culture of the white mold.

## Systematics

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the *Penicillium* fungus were performed using DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, partial β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. This information, in addition to analysis of excreted chemicals and macro- and microscopical characteristics, demonstrated that *P. psychrosexualis* belongs in the series *Roqueforti* (genus *Penicillium*, subgenus *Penicillium* sect. *Roqueforti*). This is grouping of related species with similar physiological characteristics that includes *P. paneum*, *P. carneum*, and *P. roqueforti*.

## Description

*Penicillium psychrosexualis* cultures are velvety, bearing woolly tufts in the center, and colored dull to dark green when grown on Czapek yeast agar. The odor of the fungus is similar to its close relative *P. roqueforti*. *P. psychrosexualis* produces cleistothecia (closed, spherical fruitbodies from which ascospores are released when its walls break or split) when grown between the relatively low temperatures of Template:Convert; no cleistothecia were observered when grown at Template:Convert. The cleistothecia are initially white, soft, and sterile, but after about three to four months become pale orange-brown, typically measuring 100–175 μm in diameter. Ascospores are ellipsoidal, and measure 4–5 by 3–4 μm.

The fungus produces several secondary metabolites: andrastin A, mycophenolic acid, patulin, and roquefortine C. A chemically uncharacterized compound isolated from the fungus has been given the tentative name "fumu". The metabolite profile of *P. psychrosexualis* is similar to that of *P. carneum*, but the latter species lacks "fumu" while producing cyclopaldic acid, isofumigaclavine A, and penitrem A.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Houbraken 2010`

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