recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Ogresuchus

*Ogresuchus* is an extinct genus of sebecid crocodylomorph that lived in Spain during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Ogresuchus* is known from a single semi-articulate skeleton found in titanosaur nesting grounds. The skeleton does almost where it was fossilized, which is a peculiar thing in fossilized organisms. *Ogresuchus* challenges previously know distribution patterns of early sebecid crocodylomorphs, suggesting the group evolved earlier than previously thought. Ogresuchus shows features that cover convergently evolved in lineages separated by geographical boundaries. It is thought that the swift little reptile would easily catch sauropod hatchlings in their nests, avoiding angry and frustrated adults with agility and speed.

## Notable Specimens

* MCD-7149: A single skeleton discovered amongst titanosaur nesting grounds. The skeleton preserved fragments of the back, pelvis, limbs and the first half of the skull.

## References

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71975-y

http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2020/09/ogresuchus.html
Onychodictyon

*Onychodictyon* is an extinct genus of lobopod that lived in Asia during the Early Cambrian.

## Description

*Onychodictyon* has a segmented body with stubby and non-segmented limbs, placing the worm in Lobopoda. The worm bears a sclerotized head, with ten paired sclerotic plates. Each limb appears to wield curved claws, allowing *Onychodictyon* to climb on other animals with ease. The animals sclerites appear to be molted, some specimens even showing perfectly joined plates, from a successful molt.

*O. ferox* is characterized by a pair of antennae-like appendages and 11 pairs of limbs, and *O. gracilis* is characterized by a blunt, limbless front and 12 pairs of limbs.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychodictyon
Oviraptor

*Oviraptor* is an extinct genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Mongolia and China during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Oviraptor* had large eyes, a toothless beak, and a bony, feathered tail. *Oviraptor* and other oviraptorids seem to be closely related to modern birds. When *Oviraptor* was described in 1924, it was believed Oviraptor was killed while trying to steal eggs from *Protoceratops*. In the 1990s, more oviraptorid dinosaurs were found in similar conditions. In one of these nests preserved the tiny bones of an oviraptorid dinosaur embryo. The individual had died protecting their eggs. Remains of an additional juvenile near the parent have been reported.

The jaws of *Oviraptor* formed a toothless beak. The skull had large eye orbits. A (presumably) bright crest covered bone that ran along the top of its nasal cavities. Feathers covered the rest of the head. This crest may have been used to display towards others of its kind, although nothing is certain.

## Paleoecology

The paleoenvironment of which individuals lived was semiarid, with alluvial settings and sand dunes similar to the Gobi Desert. The steppe landscape was sometimes ravaged by dust and sand storms, drained by intermittent streams and seasonal moisture. Although the Djadokhta Formation is known for its dusty semiarid environment, evidence presented by fluvial sedimentation, bodies of water sometimes appeared, though short-lived. Additionally, in the Campanian and the Maastrichtian, the climate often fluctuated to a more humid fluvial climate, as seen in the Nemegt Formation. *Oviraptor* lived alongside *Bainoceratops*, *Protoceratops*, *Velociraptor*, *Saurornithoides*, *Pinacosaurus*, *Halszkaraptor*, *Tsaagan*, *Apsaravis*, *Byronosaurus*, *Citipati*, *Gobipteryx*, *Khaan*, *Khol*, *Shuuvuia* and *Minotaurosaurus*.

### Taphonomy

The holotype was found crouching over a nest, presumably hastily buried during a sandstorm, encased in sand before scavengers could arrive at the corpse and disarticulate the body. The individuals skull may have been flattened and distorted during fossilization. Kenneth Carpenter agrees that a sand storm is the most likely case as to why the eggs became fossilized.

## References

* Dorling Kindersley Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life, p. 131
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor
* Paul, G. S., 1988, Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, a complete Illustrated guide: New York Academy of sciences book
Parapsittacopes

*Parapsittacopes* is an extinct genus or psittaciforme that lived in Germany during the Early Eocene.

## Description

*Parapsittacopes* bears a strong resemblance to the more developed *Psittacopes*, of which it was related alongside *Pulmiliornis* and *Morsoravis*. This passerine is known from a remarkably well-preserved specimen, showing characteristics such as a broad beak and low mandibular rami by taking flight from perches.

## References

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772019.2020.1862930
Myliobatis faujasii

Ptychacanthus faujasii, as dubbed by Aggassiz (1837).

*Myliobatis faujasii* is an extinct species of ray that lived in Portugal during the Miocene.

## Description

The stinger is broad and depressed, irregularly furrowing at the upper-outer surface, which is flat. The underside is flattened with sides covered by cutting teeth formed by right angles. The spoke is rounded and striated near the insertion point. The middle offers lesser hulls. The fossil that Aggasiz (1837) describes (pictured) was deposited into the Paris Museum.

## Classification

This species has a rich history of taxonomic placement. It was often debated to which genus this genus belongs. It is most often accepted as *Myliobatis*.

## Synonyms

* *Aulacanthus faujasii*
* *M. faujasi* (lapsus)
* *M. (Ptychacanthus) faujasi*
* *Ptychacanthus faujasii*
* *Ptychopleurus faujasii*

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=154054
* https://shark-references.com/species/view/Myliobatis-faujasii
* https://www.shark-references.com/post/164 (entry from Recherches sur les poissons fossiles)
OCP DEK/GE 31

The titanosaur with Chenanisaurus.

OCP DEK/GE 31 is an unnamed genus of titanosaur that lived in Africa during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

OCP DEK/GE 31 is a femur, tibia and fibula of a small titanosaur from the Oulad Abdoun Basin of Morocco. This animal lived with *Chenanisaurus*, *Ajnabia*, selachians, actinopterygians, turtles, Mosasauridae and plesiosaurs. This suggests a marine depositional environment, which further suggests OCP DEK/GE 31 originated from a buoyant carcass. On the femur, a prominent lateral protrusion at the proximal 1/3, which is a diagnostic characteristic of Titanosauriformes. However, OCP DEK/GE 31 lacks the synapomorphies associated with Titanosauria and less-inclusive clades. Thus, OCP DEK/GE 31 is a basal titanosauriform, now classed as Titanosauriformes indet., which makes it the first sauropod of Maastrichtian Morocco and one of the few Uppermost Cretaceous dinosaur taxa from North Africa. This confirms how widespread Titanosauriformes were during the Late Cretaceous and gives them an occurrence in Late Maastrichtian Africa.

## References

* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899536204000776
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnabia
Nodosaurus

Credit: Jack Wood.

*Nodosaurus* is an extinct genus of nodosaurid dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

*Nodosaurus* was named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889, as one of the first thyreophoran named in North America, based on an incomplete specimen from the Frontier Formation, Wyoming.

## Description

*Nodosaurus* stood 4-6 meters (13-20 feet) long, with many dermal plates adorning the tops, and possibly the sides, of the body. Such plates were arranged in neat rows, with smaller bands between the ribs and alternating wide plates. Each wider plate had many smaller nodules on them arranged regularly, hence the name *Nodosaurus textilis* (roughly "knobbed textile lizard"). Gregory S. Paul (2010) places *Nodosaurus* at 6 meters (20 feet) long, and with a weight of 3.6 tonnes (3.85 short tonnes). It's body was barrel-shaped, with four short five-toed legs, with a long neck topped with a head that was narrow with a pointed rostrum, a strong jaw, and small teeth. The tail was long and stiff, having no club, typical to a nodosaur.

## Paleobiology

*Nodosaurus* likely ate soft plants that were able to be chewed through; alternatively, it could have eaten tough plants and grinded them with gastroliths or a large intestinal apparatus.

## Classification

Topology from 2011 (Richard S. Thompson, Jolyon C. Parish, Susannah C. R. Maidment and Paul M. Barrett) with Polacanthinae functioning as described by Kenenth Carpenter in 2001:
Phiomicetus

Credit: Robert Boessenecker.

*Phiomicetus* is an extinct genus of protocetid proto-whale that lived in Egypt during the Middle Eocene.

## Description

*Phiomicetus* is known from a partial skeleton from the Fayum Depression, It is differentiated from a large and elongate temporal fossae, pterygoids at the anterior, elongate parietals, a mandibular symphysis that is unfused and ands at the P3 level and an enlarged I3. These suggest it was more adapted to mechanical processing in the jaws, which allows for a more raptorial feeding style. Phylogenetic placements find it is the most basal African protocetids, and is from the same bad as *Rayanistes*, which marks the first case of Protocetidae and Remingtonocetidae being contemporaneous in Africa. The specific epithet is after the Egyptian god Anubis, which the skull bears a striking resemblance to. Long neural spines on the thoracic vertebrae state it was an able walker. It fed on fish, turtles and maybe even whales.

MUVP500 is the holotype, consisting of a skull, right mandible and incomplete left mandible, teeth, the fifth cervical, the sixth thoracic, sixth left rib and an isolate right rib; it is the first fossil whale to be found, named and described by an Arab team.

## References

* https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.1368
Notoscyphus

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Location

Varies

*Notoscyphus* is a genus of liverwort that lived in various locations from the Middle Eocene to the present day.

## References

* *N. collenchymatosus*
* *N. darjeelingensis*
* *N. jackii?*
* *N. lutescens*
* *N. pandei*
* *N. paroicus?*
* *N. parvus*
* *N. variifolius*?
* †*N. balticus*
* †*N. grollei*

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoscyphus\_balticus
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/B/Jungermanniaceae/Notoscyphus/
3. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273524943\_The\_leafy\_liverwort\_Notoscyphus\_balticus\_sp\_nov\_Jungermanniales\_in\_Eocene\_Baltic\_amber
4. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280941853\_Notoscyphus\_grollei\_sp\_nov\_in\_Bitterfeld\_amber\_rather\_than\_the\_extant\_Notoscyphus\_lutescens\_Lehm\_Lindenb\_Mitt
Parahomo

*Parahomo* is a dubious genus of hominin that lived in Flores during the Late Pleistocene.

## History

The name was provided by Smith and Mangiacopra (2007) in a cryptozoology book article, who thought that brain size and a mix of derived and basal characteristics suggest the need for a new genus that they call *Parahomo floresiensis*. However, the name *Homo floresiensis* has remained popular for use. The idea that these hominids may have more archaic non-*Homo* roots is also popular, and if true, the name *Parahomo* would be suggested. They suggest this on the notion that the hominids were an early habiline migration with basal features intermediate of *Australopithecus* and *Homo habilis* and a brain size that falls far from the typical morphometry of *Homo*.

## References

Smith, Dwight and Mangiacopra, Gary. (2007). The Hobbits of Flores: A New Genus of Hominid – *Parahomo*. In: Heinselmann, Craig (ed.). *Elementum Bestia: Being an Examination of Unknown Animals of the Air, Earth, Fire and Water*. CRYPTO. 265 pp.
Palaeovespa

Credit: Sergio Ibarra Mellado.

*Palaeovespa* is an extinct genus of wasp that lived during the Middle Eocene to the Late Paleocene in Europe.

## Description

*Palaeovespa* is known from eight species, some known from rock, and others from amber. *Palaeovespa* shares many of its features from *Vespa*, the current wasp, hence the name meaning 'old *Vespa'*. Like *Vespa*, *Palaeovespa* has a rounded thorax and a sessile abdomen, but has wings that resemble that of the genus *Polistes*.

## Species

* *P. baltica*
* *P. florissantia*
* *P. gillettei*
* *P. relecta*
* *P. scudderi*
* *P. socialis*
* *P. wilsoni*

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeovespa
Pendraig

Credit: James Robbins.

*Pendraig* is an extinct genus of coelophysoid dinosaur that lived in Wales during the Late Triassic.

## History

*Pendraig* was found in the Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry by Kermack and Robinson (1952) with the *Pantydraco* and *Terrestrisuchus* holotypes. However, these were then lost in the the Natural History Museum collections. They were believed to be a coelurosaur (using an outdated definition), classified as *"Syntarsus"* sp., Angela Milner and Susannah Maidment (2021) rediscovered and named *P. milnerae*. It was accidentally deposited in the incorrect drawer, stored with *Terrestrisuchus* sp. fossils.

## Description

NHMUK PV R 37591 is the holotype; "An articulated vertebral series and pelvic girdle comprising the two posteriormost dorsal vertebrae missing most of the neural spines, the three anteriormost sacral vertebrae and a small fragment of the centrum of the fourth sacral, a complete left ilium, a largely complete left pubis missing the distal end, a left ischium missing most of the distal portion, a largely complete right pubis missing the distal end, and a right ischium missing most of the dorsal and distal portions" and a disarticulated femur on a stray block. It is Rhaetian-aged.

## Classification

Spiekman et al. find it to be in a polytomy with *Powellvenator*, *Lucianovenator* and the "*Megapnosaurus*"/Coelophysidae clade

## Paleoecology

*Pendraig* lived on an island chain comprised of Carboniferous limestone that folded and pushed upwards. This environment has dry forests similar to the Cayman Islands, where it would have coexisted with pseudosuchians, crocodylomorphs, sauropodomorphs, pterosaurs, rhynchocephalians, gliding reptiles, and diphydontosaurs. Based on the Cayman Islands and Aldabra, these were probably of high density due to no predators and competition. *Pendraig* was probably a case of insular dwarfism, but the specimen is a subadult, so it is unknown.
Moyenisauropus

*Moyenisauropus* is a dubious ichnogenus of ornithischian dinosaur that lived in Poland during the Early Jurassic.

## Paleobiology

It is probable that Hettangian-aged tracks referable to this genus known from the northern slope of the Holy Cross Mountains, Kontrewers were the basis of pagan occult gatherings in Neolithic humans. Petroglyphs of bird-footed demons from this slope with devilish tails and horns playing flutes are associated with this ichnotaxon, and may have inspired shamans to select the site for religious purposes. However, no entities matching the glyphs are known from ancient Polish mythologies, including the Celtics, Germans and Slavs. Similar art is known from other sites, and is not exlusive to this ichnotaxon. These entities are nicknamed the Czarcie Stopy[*citation needed*] ("The Devil's Feet", roughly).

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266294551\_FOOTPRINT\_OF\_AN\_LARGE\_EARLY\_JURASSIC\_ORNITHISCHIAN\_FROM\_THE\_ANCIENT\_SACRED\_SITE\_OF\_KONTREWERS\_POLAND
2. ↑ https://swietokrzyskie.travel/informator\_turystyczny/szlaki\_turystyczne/swietokrzyski\_szlak\_archeo\_geologiczny\_4766
3. ↑ https://twitter.com/WryCritic/status/1647886774775980033
Myliobatis dimorphus

*Myliobatis dimorphus* is an extinct species of ray that lived in France during the Late Miocene.

## Description

*M. dimorphus* is known from Léognan, 33. Originally described a a fragmented pharyngeal plate. It is mostly flat and curved on the sides, with the anterior and posterior median rafters as well as the right side rafters missing. Remaining are only 7, slightly curved in the rear and welding to the diamond-shaped side rafters, who are arranged in 3 rows. Wear on this specimen is consistent with living species. The contours that unite rafters are smooth. The roots are very pectinated, with large chevrons that have a bifurcated bevel end. The lateral rafters are hexagonal on the interior face, rather than the rhombus shape of the external face. The root is formed from three leaflets.

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=431450
* https://archive.org/details/DelfortrieE.1871-Ichthyologie-LesBroyeursDuTertiaireAquitanien
Patagopteryx

Patagopteryx running among sauropods.

*Patagopteryx* is an extinct genus of euornithe bird that lived in Argentina during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Patagopteryx*'s feet bones are fused, like modern birds. *Patagopteryx* lacks a wishbone, meaning it was flightless, as there would have been no point to anchor strong muscles. Their femurs are short, an adaptation characteristic of a running animal. The second toe bears a curved claw, but was not used as a defense. *Patagopteryx* was omnivorous, travelling in flocks across South America.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagopteryx
Osbornodon

O. fricki brain cast.

*Osbornodon* is an extinct genus of canid that lived during the Oligocene-Early Miocene in North America.

## Description

*Osbornodon* is the last genus in the oldest canine group, hesperocyonine. Seven species in the *Osbornodon* have been described, the smallest of which, were the size of a small fox. More species were larger and more aggressive. *O. fricki* was the size of a large wolf.

## Species

* *O. brachypus*
* *O. fricki*
* *O. iamonensis*
* *O. renjiei*
* *O sesnoni*
* *O. scitulus*
* *O. wangi*
Natovenator

Credit: Yusik Choi.

*Natovenator* is an extinct genus of halszkaraptorine dromaeosaurid that lived in Mongolia during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

The holotype is MPC-D 102/114 from the Barun Goyot Formation of the Omnogovi Province, Mongolia. It is a mostly-articulate skeleton with crania and postcrania. It was named by Lee et al. (2022), meaning "swimming hunter" for the generic name and "many-toothed" for the specific name.

## Description

Like other halszkaraptorines, it was a small dromaeosaurid who appeared similar to extant waterfowl. Defining features of this taxon include a wide groove that is delimited by a pair of ridges on the anterodorsal of the premaxilla, an elongate intemarial process that overlaps the nasal and extends back to the external naris, 13 premaxillary teeth, large incisiviform crowns, no pleurocoels in the cervicals and a metacarpal II shaped like an hourglass. The parapophyses are similar to hesperornithes. These among other features may suggest aquatic tendencies.

## Paleoecology

The Barun Goyot Formation was deserted like it is today, though it would have been wetter during the Maastrichtian. In this environment, it was contemporaneous with *Hulsanpes* of the same subfamily.

## References

* https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dinosaur-fossil-body-like-duck
* https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-dinosaur-natovenator-polydontus-cretaceous-period-8301740/
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-022-04119-9
* https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/worlds-first-swimming-dinosaur-discovered-in-mongolia-180981217/
* https://twitter.com/TomHoltzPaleo/status/1598359211947175936
* https://www.sci.news/paleontology/natovenator-polydontus-11442.html
* https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/heyecanlandiran-dunyada-ilk-kesif-benzeri-yok-natovenator-polydontus-adi-verildi-milyar-yillik-sir-1712584.html
* http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2022/12/natovenator.html
* https://www.newser.com/story/328655/a-new-swimming-dinosaur-emerges.html
* https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/swimming-dinosaur-new-fossil-natovenator
* https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/01/science/diving-dinosaur-penguin.html
* https://abcnews.go.com/International/scientists-discover-fossils-new-predatory-dinosaur-species-mongolia/story?id=94149255
* https://theropoda.blogspot.com/2022/12/aquatic-dinosaurs-vs-semi-aquatic.html?spref=tw
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natovenator
Olsen's Alligator

## Alligator olseni

Olsen's Alligator (*Alligator olseni*) is an extinct species of alligator that lived in Florida and maybe Texas during the Early Miocene and possibly younger.

## Description

UF 206718 is an osteoderm in the collections of the Florida Museum. A skull was collected by Garrett Munger from the Thomas Farm in December 2022.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator\_olseni
* https://twitter.com/FloridaMuseum/status/1469265637373526018/photo/1
* https://twitter.com/BlochLab/status/1479462181901058050
Ophthalmothule

Credit: Joschua Knüppe.

*Ophthalmothule* is an extinct genus of plesiosaur that lived in Norway sometime on the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary.

## Description

*Ophthalmothule* had unusually large eye sockets, which suggests a paleobiological adaptation to either nocturnal hunting or the depths of the ocean. *Ophthalmothule* is known from a complete skull, a partial mandible, a complete set of articulated cervical vertebrae, a set of pectoral and anterior vertebrae, a pectoral girdle and a humeri. *Ophthalmothule* was roughly 5 meters (16 feet) long.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmothule
Miniconus

Left to right: Conacodon hettingeri, M. jeanninae and Beornus. Credit: Banana Art Studio.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Miniconus* is an extinct genus of perptychid 'condylarth' that lived in North America during the Paleocene.

## Description

*Miniconus* is differentiated by a ridge-like metaconid, a molar parastylid and an incipient paraconid at the P4. In 2021, the species *Oxyacodon archibaldi* was referred to Miniconus as M. archibaldi, with a new species named; *M. jeanninae*. It is known from the UCM locality 2011035 of the Puercan-agged China Butte Member, Fort Union Formation alongside *Maiorana noctiluca*, *Ampliconis antoni*, *Conacodon harbourae* and *Beornus*. *M. jeanninae* and *M. archibaldi* are sister taxa, with additional condylarth taxa named in 2021 amplifying the already-known diversity. *Miniconus* was small, similar to many Earliest Paleocene condylarths.

## References

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2021.1924301
Physornis

Credit: Cefal27 on DeviantArt.

*Physornis* is an extinct genus of terror bird that lived during the Middle to Late Oligocene in Argentina.

## Description

Physornis was large, measuring about 2.6/2.7 meters tall. The species is known only by the type; *P. fortis* and two synonyms. *P. brasiliensis* was reclassified into the genus *Paraphysornis* and *Aucornis* was made synonyms with *Physornis*.
Myliobatis nzadinensis

*Myliobatis nazadinensis* is an extinct species of ray that lived in Cabinda during the Paleocene.

## Description

The species was originally thought to have been from the Chesapeake Bay area, due to fossil similarities. It's teeth appear similar to *Myliobatis dixoni*.

## References

http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=genera/cenozoic/batoids/myliobatis.html&menu=bin/menu\_genera-alt.html
Northern white rhinoceros

## Ceratotherium simum cottoni

The northern white rhinoceros or the northern square-lipped rhinoceros (*Ceratotherium simum cottoni*) is a possibly Extinct in the Wild subspecies of the white rhinoceros that lived south of the Sahara since 2020.

## Classification

Recent phylogenetic species concept research has suggested *C. s. cottoni* to be *C. cottoni*, instead. Morphological and genetic differences suggest the two species have been split for at least a million years. However, these results have not been accepted by all.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern\_white\_rhinoceros
Myliobatis intermedius

*Myliobatis intermedius* is an extinct species of ray that lived in the Congo and Belgium from the Late Cretaceous to the Early Paleocene.

## Description

Specimens are known before and after the K-PG boundary, having survived the mass extinction. This species was first described by Dartevelle and Locker from the Congo, but a very well preserved chevron from the Maastrichtian Ciply Tuff in Belgium shares much of it's anatomy with this taxon, being called *M.* cfr. *intermedius*. Down the midline is an asymmetrical suture trace. The oral end of the crown is smooth, with a wide visor on the outer. The median ridge at the posterior is not vertical to the inner crown base, with the inner end being very retracted with many small, short ridges that are due to the low crown height. The foot has 6 intact furrows that are separated by beads with irregular widths, which are very deep but not wide. This specimen is 10.5 millimeters wide, 5 thick and 3.5 high. The describers assume that it is contemporaneous with it's deposits since it is very intact.

## References

* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987118301464
* https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/memoirs-of-the-geological-survey-of-belgium/pdfs/msgb-1977-15k.pdf
Mindarus

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Omnivorous/Gummivorous

*Mindarus* is a genus of aphid that has lived in Europe since the Eocene.

## Species

* *M. abietinus*
* *M. guatemalensis*
* *†M. harringtoni*
* *†M. incrustatus*
* *M. japonicus*
* *M. keteleerifoliae*
* *M. kinseyi*
* *†M. magnus*
* *M. obliquus*
* *†M. paratransparens*
* *†M. parvus*
* *M. pinicola*
* *†M. recurvus*
* *M. remaudierei*
* *†M. scudderi*
* *†M. transparens*
* *M. victoria*

## Synonyms

* *Mindaurus*
* *Pterostigma*
* *Schizoneuroides*
* *Sychnobrochus*

## References

* https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mindarus
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=222801
Myliobatis funiculatus

*Myliobatis funiculatus* is an extinct species of ray that lived in France during the Late Miocene.

## Description

*M. funiculatus* is known from Léognan, 33, described from a whole vomerian plate. Typical of myliobatids, this feature is heavily arched and curved at the sides. Parts of the external surface are worn due to chewing on a space that extends between the 1st and 6th median tooth, rendering the rafters nearly imperceptible. From here to the posterior lines, the lines being very defined, are small protuberances that look like a bead or chord. 11 median chevrons are on the external side, with varying levels of curvature; with the first 3 curving in front and the last in the back. The lateral rafters are invisible on the external face, or are otherwise undecipherable. The roots of the rafters are very pectinated and defined. On the internal face, the rafters are very clear and in 3 rows on either side, taking the shape of an irregular hexagon. The heel is button-like, rather than elongate.

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=431452
* https://archive.org/details/DelfortrieE.1871-Ichthyologie-LesBroyeursDuTertiaireAquitanien
Nelepsittacus

Credit: HannahMoss on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Nelepsittacus* is an extinct genus of parrot that lived in New Zealand during the Early Miocene.

## History

Trevor H. Worthy (2007) first named Nelepsittacus from Manuherikia River, Otago, New Zealand.

## Description

Some features, such as the coracoid, humerus, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus are similar to *Nestor*, which forms a link between these genera. *N. minimus*, the smallest species, was named first. *N. donmertoni* was named next, being the second smallest, similar in size to the crimson rosella. It was named after Don Merton, who helped in saving the kakapo. Its mandible is more similar to the latter than to *Nestor*.

From there, *N. daphneleeae* was named, being ~1 quarter larger than *N. donmertoni*. The humerus and ulna suggest is was a little larger than *Alisterus scapularis* and a little smaller than *Eolophus roseicapillus*. Though it bears resemblance to both, it was tentatively referred to *Nelepsittacus* due to an inadequate representation of the tarsometatarsus. It was named after Daphne Lee, who contributed to Miocene terrestrial ecosystem knowledge in New Zealand. An *N. sp.* is known from a left scapula and humerus. It is around the same size as a kia, being the largest species.

## Paleoecology

*Nelepsittacus* lived alongside *Heracles* and was possibly a food source for its larger cousin. It lived in a subtropical rainforest. Local fauna went extinct due to a drop in temperature in the Early/Middle Miocene. *Nelepsittacus* likely went extinct due to the proliferation of *Cyanoramphus* who had migrated from the southwestern Pacific.

## Species

* *N. daphneleeae*?
* *N. donmertoni*
* *N. minimus*
* *N.* sp. (unnamed)

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelepsittacus
Palaeocarcharodon

Credit: Nobu Tamura.

*Palaeocarcharodon* is an extinct genus of shark that lived in Morocco during the Paleocene.

## Description

The genus is known only by its teeth, which are described as labio-lingually compressed. The side of the tooth supports irregular serration patterns and the cusplets are lateral and serrated. Teeth recovered can reach from 3-6 centimeters (1.2-2.4 inches) long.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeocarcharodon
Myliobatis holmesii

*Myliobatis holmesii* is an extinct species of ray that lived in South Carolina during the Eocene.

## History

Material is found in the Eocene of the Ashley river, South Carolina. Mr. F.S. Holmes of Charleston presented the remains to R.W. Gibbes for several years, before he named his new taxon after Holmes in 1849.

## Description

Despite having unequal and large, transverse dental plates, a different form for smaller plates and recurving sutures, it is somewhat similar to existing species. A slight longitudinal flattening is seen in the medial line, laterally arching, and the lateral plates originally described are noted to be far too fragmentary for meaningful description. The inner plates are oriented on the suture surface and are of typical shape. On them are shallow V-shaped grooves.

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=86732
* https://t.co/COEek6wURz
Nomingia

Credit: CisioPurple on DeviantArt.

*Nomingia* is a dubious genus of oviraptorid theropod that lived in Mongolia during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

GIN 100/119, the holotype, is a partial vertebral column, pelvic girdle and left tibio-tarsus. They were found in 1994, in layers of the Nemegt Svita, Maastrichtian-aged. Rinchen Barsbold, Halszka Osmólska, Mahito Watabe, Philip Currie and Khishigjaw Tsogtbaatar (2000) named *N. gobiensis*. *Nomingia* is a medium-sized oviraptorosaur, estimated by Gregory S. Paul to be 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) long and 20 kilograms (44 pounds) in weight. It is characterized by the last five vertebrae fusing into a pygostyle-like formation. Barsbold et al. theorized it supported a tail fain like *Caudipteryx*. Such a feature was only reported in birds before. It had beaked jaws and likely a crest for display, like *Chiristenotes*.

## Classification

Barsbold and team placed *Nomingia* into oviraptorosauria, but concluded it was likely a Caenagnathidae (=Elmisaurinae). Consequent analysis debated the placement. One analysis in the description of *Anzu* places *Nomingia* in Oviraptoridae as so:

On July 12, 2021, Gregory F. Funston, Philip J. Currie, Chinzorig Tsogtbaatar and Tsogtbaatar Khishigjav synonymized *Nomingia* with *Elmisaurus*, since there is no evidence to suggest they represent different taxa.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app45-097.html
2. ↑ https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691167664/the-princeton-field-guide-to-dinosaurs
3. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960162/
4. ↑ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254564
Overoraptor

Credit: Gabriel Lio Gabrielluislio.

*Overoraptor* is an extinct genus of paravian theropod dinosaur that lived in Argentina during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

*Overoraptor* is derived from the Spanish overo, which means piebald, in reference to the color of the fossils. Raptor means thief, making the full name 'piebald theif'. The specific name, *chimentoi*, refers to Roberto Nicolás Chimento, the discoverer of the fossils.

## Description

The fossil matter of *Overoraptor* is very fragmentary, only known from several bones and claws. *Overoraptor* exhibits traits shared between dromaeosaurs and avians. *Overoraptor* is a transitional form between modern birds and dromaeosaurs.

*Overoraptor*'s hindlimbs are adapted for a cursorial lifestyle, and has a killing claw. *Overoraptor* has a robust ulna and cursorial hindlimbs. It would not have been able to fly with its wings. Instead, *Overoraptor* used them for steering while chasing prey. A sickle claw is present. The double-adapted limbs are also present in *Rahonavis*. Since both taxa are from Gondwana, they were likely related.

## Notable Specimens

* MPCA-Pv 805: The *Overoraptor* holotype consisting of claws, a hindlimb, a pelvis, tail bones, a shoulder and wing bones.

## Classification

*Overoraptor* represents transitional evolution between dromaeosaurs and true aves. *Overoraptor* and *Rahonavis* are both outside Unenlagiidae and Avialae. Both genera are transitional forms of aves. Agnolin and Novas (2013) created a cladogram, which was modified upon description:

## Paleoecology

*Overoraptor* lived in the Huincul Formation, Late Cretaceous Argentina. *Overoraptor* lived with the noasaurid, *Huinculsaurus*, abelisaurs like *Skorpiovenator*, *Ilokelesia* and *Tralkasaurus*. *Overoraptor* also lived with the carcharodontosaur, *Mapusaurus*, sauropods *Cathartesaura*, *Limaysaurus*, *Argentinosaurus* and *Choconsaurus*. *Overoraptor* also lived with several indeterminate genera, like *Gualicho*, *Aoniraptor* and several unnamed ornithischians and iguanodonts.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overoraptor
* http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2020/06/overoraptor.html
Navajoceratops

Navajoceratops (left) and Terminocavus (right). Credit: Ville Sinkkonen and Denver Fowler.

## Statistics

### Diet

Herbivorous

*Navajoceratops* is an extinct genus of transitional chasmosaurinae dinosaur that lived New Mexico during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Navajoceratops* is known from a disarticulated frill, and represents a member in the Chasmosaurinae family lineage. *Navajoceratops* has a frill with a deep embayment in the peak of the frill. The old theory of *Pentaceratops* and *Anchiceratops* being relatives based upon the embayment in the skull, once forgotten, has been revived based on the new genera described.

## Classification

*Navajoceratops* and *Terminocavus* represent a transitional fossils between an NMMNH P-33906 and *Anchiceratops*. At some point, *Navajoceratops* separated from *Terminocavus* due to a flooding event and evolved into *Anchiceratops*. The two lineages that split evolved in isolation due to the flood.

## Notable Specimens

* SMP VP-1500: A single frill that makes up the *Navajoceratops* genus.

## Paleoecology

*Navajoceratops* lived in New Mexico in the Late Cretaceous. The split of *Navajoceratops* and *Terminocavus* occurred when a vast interior seaway flooded the North American lowlands.

## Gallery

**Credit: Ioioiee on Twitter.***Basilosaurus*, *Nigersaurus*, *Brontoscorpio* and *Navajoceratops*.
**Credit: Xiphactinus on DeviantArt.**
## References

* http://dickinsonmuseumcenter.com/badlands\_research-2020newceratopsids/
* https://peerj.com/articles/9251/
Montanoceratops

Credit: Nobu Tamura.

*Montanoceratops* is an extinct genus of Leptoceratopid dinosaur that lived in Montana and Alberta during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Montanoceratops* was a medium ground dwelling herbivore that possessed many primitive features such as claws on its feet. *Montanoceratops* has two autapomorphies distinguished by their original describer, that the nasal bone (now later to be known as the bone for its cheek) is very robust and much larger, deeper, and heavier than it's relatives, and that the dentary bone possessed a straight ventral margin. The tail had unusually high neural spines that made the tail very deep. In combination with the high degree of flexibility in its tail, it is hypothesized that the tail could have been used for signaling other members of it's genus. Bones referable to *Montanoceratops* have come from the St. Mary River Formation in Glacier County Montana and Southern Alberta, the Willow Creek formation in Southern Alberta, the upper Tolman member of the Horseshoe Canyon, and the Bearpaw Formation. The type specimen, AMNH 5464 possesses paleopathologies, namely Anklyosis in several caudal vertebrate and an unusual bone growth on the Ischium. The Anklyosis showed that is sustained severe injury, but healing on the fractures indicates that the animal survived the original trauma.

## Classification

Brown originally assigned the taxon as being a *Leptoceratops*, Sternberg later found that *Montanoceratops* was distinct enough to get its own species. In 1996 Chinnery and Weishampel concluded that *Montanoceratops* was the most basal Neoceratopsian. According to He et al. (2015) *Montanoceratops* belongs in the family Leptoceratopsidae, being in a more derived position than *Cerasinops*, but being less derived than *Prenoceratops*, the sister taxon to *Montanoceratops* is *Ischioceratops* from the Wangshi Group in China.

## References

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanoceratops
Mill Canyon tridactyls

Various tridactyl theropods from Mill Canyon.

The Mill Canyon tridactyls are a possibly unnamed group of unidentified small theropod dinosaurs that lived in Utah during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

One of the tridactyl tracks from Mill Canyon was described as *Carmelopodus*-like by Locklet et al. (2014). This morphotype occurs frequently. It was compared to *Carmelopodus* because they lack heel prints, instead bearing the metatarsal phalangeal pad on digit IV. They have a sub-symmetric posterior margin since digit IV was too short to contact the ground proximally. They are similar to tracks from Arches National Park, Ruby Ranch Member, the nearest Cedar Mountain tracksite to Mill Canyon. The lack of heel may be taphonomic bias in a small sample rather than a characteristic for the maker species, however all tracks of similar shape lack a heel when examined, so it may be the contrary. Another morphotype are 15-18 centimeter-long tridactyl theropod tracks that form multiple isolate track instances rather than a full trackway.

The tracks are likely evidence of small individuals of larger species, or small species. It was determined inconclusive due to a small sample. In 2022, 20-30% of the Mill Canyon trackways were completely destroyed by unknowing contractors sent by Utah's Bureau of Land Management driving a backhoe over the fossil area. They were sent to repair a loosely damaged boardwalk (which was built so that visitors could safely observe the site), piling the structure on more trackways. The damaged material was completely crushed under the weight of the equipment, making them worthless for study. The Bureau has decided to continue work at the site.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358137342\_NEW\_EXCAVATIONS\_AT\_THE\_MILL\_CANYON\_DINOSAUR\_TRACK\_SITE\_CEDAR\_MOUNTAIN\_FORMATION\_LOWER\_CRETACEOUS\_OF\_EASTERN\_UTAH
2. ↑ https://twitter.com/BrianEngh\_Art/status/1487940206976249856
3. ↑ https://twitter.com/JeremyBRoberts/status/1488339469216333824
4. ↑ https://twitter.com/JeremyBRoberts/status/1489642735447384065
Paraxenisaurus

Credit: Antonio R. Mihaila.

*Paraxenisaurus* is an extinct genus of ornithomimid deinocheirids that lived in Mexico during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

In the 1990s, multiple fossils of an undiscovered ornithomimosaur were uncovered. Three sites in the Cerro del Pueblo Formation where the bones were excavated and stored for description. Two decades later, scientists identified the fossils as belonging to an ornithomimid. In 2020, the remains were further studied, and *Paraxenisaurus* was declared a deinocheirids. *Paraxenisaurus*' name derives from the Greek word paráxenos, meaning strange and 'saurus' meaning lizard. The species name, *normalensis* after  Benemérita Escuela Normal de Coahuila, a school specialized in training teachers were the fossils had been found.

## Description

*Paraxenisaurus* is the first deinocheirids to be discovered in North America. The remains consisted as vertebrae, a thighbone, feet and hand bones, however lacked a skull. Doubt is cast on the idea that *Paraxenisaurus* is a deinocheirid.

## Notable Specimens

* BENC 2/2-001: The holotype specimen, consisting of vertebrae making up the spine, a thighbone, and elements from the hands and feet. This specimen lacks a head.

## Paleoecology

*Paraxenisaurus* lived in Mexico during the Late Cretaceous. Compared to other ornithomimids it lived with, *Paraxenisaurus* was heavier built. *Paraxenisaurus* lived with its distant cousin, *Tototlmimus*. *Paraxenisaurus* is the first deinocheirids discovered in North America, meaning other deinocheirids could have existed all across the globe.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020\_in\_archosaur\_paleontology#New\_taxa
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraxenisaurus
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895981120301231
* Naish, Darren. *Dinopedia: A Brief Compendium of Dinosaur Lore*. Princeton University Press, 2021.
Microceratodus

A stamp bearing the name M. angolensis.

*Microceratodus* is an extinct genus of lungfish that lived in Angola, Madagascar and Russia during the Triassic.

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=194463
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microceratodus
* http://www.create.unsw.edu.au/research/files/Kemp%20%281997%29%20A%20Revision%20of%20Australian%20Mesozoic%20and%20Cenozoic%20L.pdf
Minisauripus

Credit: Zifeng Wang.

*Minisauripus* is an extinct ichnogenus of theropod dinosaur that lived in China during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*Minisauripus* may have belonged to a hatchling of a larger theropod, a dromaeosaur or a troodontid. *Minisauripus*, if it was not a juvenile, may have been one of the smallest dinosaurs.

## Paleoecology

*Minisauripus* trackways were in the close vicinity with *Jialingpus* tracks, which mean that *Minisauripus* must have been hunted by *Jialingpus*. *Minisauripus* lived in the Feitianshan Formation, consisting of a low-energy lake ecosystem.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisauripus
Pinacoceras

Credit: Joschua Knüppe.

*Pinacoceras* is an extinct genus of ammonite.

## Description

*Pinacoceras* are known for their shells, which are abnormally compressed. The suture patterns on the shell are very complicated, and the most complicated known in all ammonites.

## References

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Pinacoceras
Neanaperiallus

*Neanaperiallus* is an extinct genus of parasitic wasp that lived in Europe during the Early Eocene.

## Description

*Neanaperiallus* is quite derived from other parasitic wasps; with short legs, short and stocky mesosoma, and specialized armour. The individual may have been yellow, but due to many air bubbles and awkward positioning, the murky amber may be hiding a uniform brown coloration. *Neanaperiallus* has hyaline wings, the right wing still obscures the top of the gaster and the metanotum.

This specimen is very incomplete. The amber is murky, and full off air bubbles, and much of the body is not visible, or covered in white mold. Another fossil would have to be discovered to get a better look at the insect.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanaperiallus
Pampaphoneus

Credit: VoltaireArts on DeviantArt

Pampaphoneus biccai is a species and genus of large therapsid from Middle Permian; South America; Brazil.

## Description

It was a dinocephalian synapsid belonged to the Anteosauridae family. Its remains are recovered; from São Gabriel, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil. Based on its anatomy; appearance and structure; it is theorized to be an Apex Predator of its region and time. It had a relatively large head with a line of teeth presents a Carnivorous diet.

It was a Quadrupedal; similar to all members of its family. Based on its anatomy it has been suggested that it was a swift; well built predator that was able to chase and hunt for its prey.

## Sources

* https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/world-news/scientists-find-skull-pampaphoneus-biccai-27707515
* https://www.earth.com/news/long-before-dinosaurs-pampaphoneus-biccai-was-the-fiercest-predator-on-earth/
* https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/pampaphoneus-biccai-dinosaur-predator-8937978/
* https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fossils-reveal-gnarly-looking-predators-roamed-earth-long-before-dinosaurs-south-america/?intcid=CNI-00-10aaa3b
* http://prehistoricbeastoftheweek.blogspot.com/2014/12/pampaphoneus-prehistoric-animal-of-week.html
* https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/world-news/scientists-find-skull-pampaphoneus-biccai-27707515
* https://www.sci.news/paleontology/pampaphoneus-biccai-12259.html
* https://time.news/pampaphoneus-biccai-uncovering-the-apex-predators-of-earths-prehistoric-era/
* https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1115975109
* https://cosmosmagazine.com/history/palaeontology/south-america-largest-predator-dinosaurs/
* https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fossils-reveal-gnarly-looking-predators-roamed-earth-long-before-dinosaurs-south-america/?intcid=CNI-00-10aaa3b
Myliobatis bisulcus

*Myliobatis bisulcus* is an extinct species of ray that lived in New Jersey during the Middle Eocene.

## Description

*M. bisulcus* is known from Farmingdale, New Jersey from Bartonian marine sandstones. It is known from a dental plate, marked by a median groove along the central tooth row. The plate is, otherwise, quite smooth and flat. It was described, fleetingly, by Marsh, and may be synonymous with *Myliobatis fastigiatus*; the median groove may suggest that they may be related. In this case *M. bisulcus* takes priority.

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=390552
* https://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin4.pdf
Myliobatis dixoni

*Myliobatis dixoni* is an extinct species of ray that lived worldwide from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary.

## Distribution

Eocene fossils are known from Germany, Namibia, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Alabama, Mississippi, New Jersey and Virginia; Paleocene of Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Togo, Ukraine, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey and Virginia; Tertiary of New Jersey; and Cretaceous Maryland.

## Synonyms

* *Myliobates obesus*
* *Myliobates rugosus*
* *M. copeanus*
* *M. glottoides*
* *M. obesus*
* *M. rectidens*
* *M. rugosus*

## References

https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=132628