recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Phyllotopsis nidulans

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***Phyllotopsis nidulans***, commonly known as the **mock oyster** or the **orange oyster**, is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus *Phyllotopsis*. It is widely dispersed in temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, where it grows on decaying wood. The fungus fruit body consists of a fan-shaped, light orange fuzzy cap up to Template:Convert wide that grows singly or in overlapping clusters. On the cap underside are crowded orange gills. Mock oyster mushrooms have a strong, unpleasant odor, although they are not known to be poisonous.

## Taxonomy

The mock oyster was first described scientifically in 1798 by Christian Hendrik Persoon as *Agaricus nidulans*. The specific epithet *nidulans* means "partly encased or lying in a cavity". It is commonly known as "nestcap".

## Description

The flesh has a sulphurous odor similar to rotten cabbage or rotten eggs. Although it is not known to be poisonous, its disagreeable odor would deter most from eating the mushrooms.

The spore print is pink. The smooth, sasuage-shaped to cylindrical spores measure 5–7 µm long by 2–3 µm wide. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.

### Similar species

*Phyllotopsis subnidulans*, found in the eastern US, is similar in appearance to *P. nidulans*. The former species can be distinguished by a deeper orange color, thinner gills with wider inter-gill spacing, and curved to sausage-shaped spores.

## Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies grow singly or in overlapping clusters on dead wood. *Phyllotopsis nidulans* is widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its range extends north to Alaska, and includes Costa Rica, where it has been recorded in the Talamanca mountains and on the Poas Volcano. In Asia, it has been recorded in Korea.

## Chemistry

The predominant pigments in the fruit bodies include beta-carotene (58%), alpha-carotene (29%), echinenone (8%), and astaxanthin (4%). *P. nidulans* also produces a unique amino acid, 3-(3-carboxyfuran-4-yl) l-alanine

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith 1980`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1998`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Laursen 2010`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Halling 2005`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jong 2013`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Klaui 2012`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Doyle 1974`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Roseofavolus

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***Roseofavolus*** is a monotypic fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. Circumscribed by Japanese mycologist Tsutomu Hattori in 2003, it contains the single poroid species ***Roseofavolus eos***. This fungus was first described by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner as *Grifola eos* in 1989. It is found in the Malay Peninsula, Java, and Borneo.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hattori 2003`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1989`

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Pseudohygrophorus

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***Pseudohygrophorus*** is a genus of fungi in the Tricholomataceae family. The genus is monotypic, and contains the single species ***Pseudohygrophorus vesicarius***. The species was first described scientifically by the Czech botanist Josef Velenovský in 1939.

## See also

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* List of Tricholomataceae genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Velenovsky1939`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Protostropharia alcis

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***Protostropharia alcis*** is a species of coprophilous agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It was originally described by Finnish mycologist Ilkka Kytövuori in 1999, as one of six species in the "*Stropharia semiglobata*" group in northwestern Europe. The fungus produces fruit bodies on moose [known in Europe as European elk] dung. In 2013, the fungus named after *Alces alces* was transferred by Redhead et al. to *Protostropharia*, a genus circumscribed to contain *Stropharia* species characterized by the formation of astrocystidia rather than acanthocytes on their mycelium. In addition to Europe, the species has also been recorded in Brazil. The variety *austrobrasiliensis* was described from Rio Grande do Sul in 2008, where it grows on cow dung, or dung-enriched soil.

Põdravärvik.JPG*P. alcis* in Albu Parish, Estonia
## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kytöv 1999`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead 2013b`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead 2013a`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Da Silva 2006`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cortez 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hygrocybe coccinea

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***Hygrocybe coccinea***, sometimes called the **scarlet hood**, **scarlet waxcap** or **righteous red waxy cap**, is a colourful member of the mushroom *genus* *Hygrocybe*. These waxcaps are found across the Northern Hemisphere from China and Japan to Europe and North America. The small bright red mushroom is a familiar sight in unimproved grasslands in Europe in late summer and autumn, and woodlands in North America in winter.

## Taxonomy

The scarlet hood was first described as *Agaricus coccineus* by German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, before being transferred to the genus *Hygrophorus* by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838, and finally *Hygrocybe* by Paul Kummer in 1871. The specific epithet *coccinea* is Latin for "scarlet".

## Description

A small waxcap with an initially bell-shaped, and later flattening, cap 2–5 cm (¾–2 in) across, scarlet in colour and slimy in texture. The adnate gills are thick and widely spaced, yellow red in colour. The spore print is white. The ringless stipe is up 2–5 cm (¾-2 in) high and 0.3–1 cm (⅛-⅓ in) wide, red with a yellowish base. The flesh is yellowish-red and the smell and taste faint. The oval spores measure 7–9.5 x 4–5 μm.

## Distribution and habitat

*Hygrocybe coccinea* has a wide distribution in unimproved grasslands across Europe from August to October. In Britain, like all Hygrocybes, it has its best seasons in frost-free late autumn months, and in western North America it may be found under redwoods or in mixed woodland in winter. It has been recorded growing under *Rhododendron* and oak (*Quercus*) in Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal, and also occurs in India, China and Japan.

Specimens initially identified as *H. coccinea* in Australia have been reclassified as *H. miniata* or *H. kandora*.

## Edibility

The scarlet hood is edible, but of fairly little interest.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Hygrocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Pleospora herbarum

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***Pleospora herbarum*** is a species of fungus in the Pleosporaceae family. It is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including alfalfa, apples, asparagus, tomatoes, citruses and chickpea. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is common in temperate and subtropical regions. The fungus was first described under the name *Sphaeria herbarum* by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon1801`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Psathyrella spadicea

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***Psathyrella spadicea***, commonly known as the **chestnut brittlestem**, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. The fungus was originally described by German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1783 as *Agaricus spadiceus*. Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus *Psathyrella* in 1951, in which it is classified in the section *Spadiceae*. The mushroom is edible.

*Psathyrella spadicea* is found in Europe and North America. In North America, it is more common in northern regions, including Alaska and the Yukon Territories, than further south. Fruitbodies produce reddish to red-brown spore prints.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vašutová 2008`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boa 2004`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Miller 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Ramaria gracilis

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***Ramaria gracilis*** is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae.

## Taxonomy

The species was originally described in Christiaan Hendrik Persoon's 1797 *Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus* as *Clavaria gracilis*. It was subsequently reclassified by Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel as *Merisma gracile* in 1826, by William Nylander as *Ramalina gracilis* in 1860, by Petter Adolf Karsten as *Clavariella gracilis* in 1881. It was then described as *Ramaria gracilis* in Lucien Quélet's 1888 *Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes*, and this name was sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries. The subsequently described *Clavaria fragrantissima* (G.F. Atk., 1908) is now considered a synonym. Within *Ramaria*, *R. gracilis* is a part of the subgenus *Lentoramaria*.

## Description

*Ramaria gracilis* fruit bodies (basidiocarps), which are made up of a dense cluster of branches, measure up to Template:Convert in height and Template:Convert in width. The individual branches, which have fairly thin bases, are typically forked and sometimes entangled with one another. In colour, the basidiocarps vary from a pale brown to white to pink-beige. The smell of anise can be used to distinguish the species from the otherwise similar *Ramariopsis kunzei* and *Clavulina cristata*.

*R. gracilis* produces spores which measure from 5 to 7 by 3 to 4.5 micrometres (µm). The spores are elliptic with small warts which can be thin enough to look like spines. They vary in colour from yellow to brown. The cylindrical to club-shaped basidia measure from 25 to 45 by 5 to 7 µm. The hyphae are from 2 to 10 µm thick.

## Distribution and habitat

*Ramaria gracilis* is found in European coniferous woodland, where it grows on leaf litter. It has an uneven distribution, and is very rare. Basidiocarps are most often encountered between August and December. *R. gracilis* has been reported in Australia, but a 2014 study suggests that such reports were likely misidentifications of *R. filicicola*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 *Ramaria gracilis*. MycoBank. Retrieved on April 11, 2015.
2. ↑ Ramaria gracilis (Pers.) Quél., *Fl. mycol. France* (Paris): 463 (1888). Index Fungorum. Retrieved on April 11, 2015.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:Commons-inline
* Template:Wikispecies-inline

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Porina huainamdungensis

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***Porina huainamdungensis*** is a species of lichen in the family Porinaceae. Known from Thailand, where it grows in lower-elevation montane rainforests, it was described as new to science in 2011. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Huai Nam Dang National Park in Chiang Mai Province.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pholiotina rugosa

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***Pholiotina rugosa*** is a common lawn mushroom which is widely distributed and especially common in the Pacific Northwest. It also grows on woodchips, rich soil and compost. It has been found in Europe, Asia and North America. It contains the same mycotoxins as the death cap. It is more commonly known as *Conocybe filaris* as this is the name it is likely to appear under in field guides. However, *Conocybe filaris* is a junior synonym of *Pholiotina rugosa*. *Pholiotina rugosa* has also been placed in the genus *Conocybe*, but its morphology and a 2013 molecular phylogenetics study place it in the genus *Pholiotina*. *Pholiotina fimicola*, which grows on dung and rich soil in North America is a possible synonym. *Pholiotina arrhenii* has also been considered a possible synonym, but a molecular phylogenetics study found it to be a distinct species.

## Description

*Pholiotina rugosa* has a cap which is conical, expanding to flat, usually with an umbo. It is less than 3 cm across, has a smooth brown top, and the margin is often striate. The gills are rusty brown, close, and adnexed. The stalk is 2 mm thick and 1 to 6 cm long, smooth, and brown, with a prominent and movable ring. The spore print is rusty brown.

## Toxicity

This species is deadly poisonous. They have been shown to contain amatoxins, which are highly toxic to the liver and are responsible for many deaths by poisoning from mushrooms in the genera *Amanita* and *Lepiota*. They are sometimes mistaken for *Psilocybe*, especially *Psilocybe cyanescens* and *Psilocybe subaeruginosa* species due to their similar looking pileus (cap).

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hausknecht2004`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hausknecht2009`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tóth 2013`

## External links

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* Mykoweb - Conocybe filaris
* Conocybe filaris photos, description and microscopical information but in Spanish
* Conocybe filaris photo
* Mushroom Observer - Conocybe filaris

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Ramalina stoffersii

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***Ramalina stoffersii*** is a species of lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Known from the Lesser Antillean islands of Saba and St. Maarten/St. Martin and from Puerto Rico, it was described as new to science in 2011.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Roridomyces roridus

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***Roridomyces roridus***, commonly known as the **dripping bonnet** or the **slippery mycena**, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is whitish or dirty yellow in color, with a broad convex cap Template:Convert in diameter. The stipe is covered with a thick, slippery slime layer. This species can be bioluminescent, and is one of the several causative species of foxfire.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Desjardin 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Penicillium scabrosum

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***Penicillium scabrosum*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Penicillium*. Described as new to science in 1990, it was first isolated from soil associated with corn in Denmark. It has also been found in soil samples from other temperate areas of the world, including Canada. The fungus is a spoilage organism for foods, particularly those with lipid- and cereal-containing feed. It produces several mycotoxins, including fumagillin, viridicatin, and viridicatol. *P. scabrosum* is classified in *Penicillium* subgenus *Penicillium*, section *Divaricatum*, series *Atroveneta*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Frisvad 1990`

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Rubroboletus dupainii

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***Rubroboletus dupainii***, commonly known as **Dupain's bolete**, is a bolete fungus of the genus *Rubroboletus*. It is native to Europe, where it is threatened, and red listed in six countries. It also occurs in North America, although it is rare there. It was first recorded from North Carolina, and then from Iowa in 2009. It was reported from Belize in 2007, growing under *Quercus peduncularis* and other oaks.

The bolete was first described scientifically by French mycologist Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1902. It was transferred to the new genus *Rubroboletus* in 2014 along with several other allied reddish colored, blue-staining bolete species.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dahlberg 2006`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2007`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Both 2009`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ortiz-Santana 2007`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boudier 1902`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhao 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Proceropycnis

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***Proceropycnis*** is a genus of fungi in the Phleogenaceae family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Proceropycnis pinicola***, known from Spain and east Asia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Oberwinkler2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pholiota astragalina

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***Pholiota astragalina*** is a species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1821 by Elias Magnus Fries as a species of *Agaricus*. Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus *Pholiota* in 1951. Fruitbodies of the fungus have pinkish-orange caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter. They produce a reddish-brown spore print. Spores are oval to elliptical, smooth with thin walls, and measure 5–7 by 4–4.5 µm. In North America, the fungus is found in the United States and Canada. In Europe, it has been recorded from France, Sweden, and Switzerland.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1949`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 1995`

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Peziza violacea

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***Peziza violacea***, commonly known as the **violet fairy cup** or the **violet cup fungus**, is a species of fungus in the genus *Peziza* of the family Pezizaceae. As both it common names and specific epithet suggest, the cup-shaped fruiting bodies are violet colored on the interior surface. *P. violacea* is typically found growing on burnt soil.

## Description

Fruiting bodies are initially almost spherical, then cup-shaped, then expanding to being somewhat flattened in age. They do not have a stem (or at most a short, narrowed version), and may be up to Template:Convert wide by 1–1.5 cm tall, although they are often much smaller. The inner spore-bearing surface of the cup, the hymenium, is pale violet to reddish violet in color, often centrally depressed and slightly wrinked. The flesh is thin (0.5–2.0 mm thick) and pale purple. The exterior surface is paler than the interior, somewhat grayish, and may be *pruinose* near the margins—having a very fine whitish powder on the surface. The odor and taste are not distinctive.

### Microscopic characteristics

The spores are elliptical, smooth, hyaline, without any oil droplets (*eguttulate*), with dimensions of 16–17 × 8–10 µm. The asci are roughly cylindrical, 8-spored 200–250 × 12–15 µm. The paraphyses are club-shaped, filled with violet granules, and have curved tips; they are up to 8 µm wide.

## Edibility

Like many others in the genus *Pezizales*, the edibility is unknown for this small and insubstantial species.

## Habitat and distribution

*Peziza violacea* is widespread on burned soil and charred wood. It typically grows scattered or in groups. It is found in North America and Europe, and Iceland.

## Similar species

The closely related *Peziza praetervisa* is also violet-colored and prefers growing on burned ground. In general, *Peziza praetervisa* is more purple- rather than violet-colored like *P. violacea*. However, fruiting body color can vary depending on humidity and other factors, so they are more reliably distinguished microscopically—*P. praetervisa* has rough, not smooth spores with two polar oil drops. *P. proteana* also prefers burned ground, but is paler in color, being white or pinkish.

## See also

Template:Portal

* Peziza

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 California Fungi: *Peziza violacea*. Retrieved on February 13, 2009.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Seaver FJ. (1917). Photographs and descriptions of cup-fungi: V. *Peziza proteana* and *Peziza violacea*". *Mycologia* **9**(1): 1–3.
5. ↑ Pfister DH, Eyjolfsdottir GG. (2007). "New records of cup-fungi from Iceland with comments on some previously species". *Nordic Journal of Botany* **25**(1–2): 104–112.

## External links

* University of California, Davis entry

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Multiclavula vernalis

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***Multiclavula vernalis*** is a species of clavarioid fungus in the family Clavulinaceae. It was originally named as a species of *Clavaria* in 1822 by Lewis David de Schweinitz. Ronald H. Petersen transferred it to *Multiclavula* in 1967.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `von Schweinitz 1822`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Petersen 1967`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phallus duplicatus

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***Phallus duplicatus*** (common name, **netted stinkhorn** or **wood witch**) is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. The bell-shaped to oval cap is green-brown, the cylindrical stalk is white. When mature the cap becomes sticky with a slimy green coating that attracts flies that disperse its spores, and it has a distinct, "netted" universal veil. The fungus is edible when still in the "egg" stage, before the fruit body has expanded. It grows often in public lawns, and can also be found in meadows.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1811 by French botanist Louis Bosc. Synonyms include *Dictyophora duplicata* and *Hymenophallus duplicatus*.

It is commonly known as the netted stinkhorn or the wood witch.

## Description

Immature fruit bodies are roughly spherical, whitish to pink in color, and have thick rhizomorphs at the base. Fully grown, the fruit body is cylindrical and up to Template:Convert tall. A bell-shaped to oval cap is at the top of the stalk, which measures Template:Convert and Template:Convert wide. Its surface is covered with chambers and pits, and there is a perforation at the tip with a white rim. A white, lacy, skirt-like veil, or *indusium*, hangs below the cap. The cap is initially covered with a foetid greenish slime, the gleba. Spores are cylindrical, hyaline (translucent), smooth, and measure 3.5–4.2 by 1–1.5 μm. Fruit bodies are edible when still in the "egg" stage.

The species resembles *Phallus indusiatus*, but that species has a longer indusium and smaller spores.

## Habitat and distribution

*Phallus duplicatus* is a saprobic species, and fruit bodies grow singly or in small groups on the ground in woods, gardens, and landscaped areas. The smelly gleba coating the cap attracts flies and other insects that consume it and help to disperse the spores.

It is known from Asia (China and Japan), eastern North America, and South America (Brazil). The species was featured in a Paraguayan postage stamp in 1986. Although it has been widely recorded from Europe, some of these may be misidentifications with the similar *Phallus impudicus* var. *togatus*. *Phallus duplicatus* is Red Listed in the Ukraine.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bosc 1811`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Phallus duplicata`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roody 2003`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cortez 2011`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kibby 2012`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moss 1998`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sarkina 2003`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* *Phallus duplicatus* at Mushroom Expert

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Pseudoaustroboletus

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***Pseudoaustroboletus*** is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Pseudoaustroboletus valens***, found in China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. It was originally given the name *Boletus albellus* illegitimately based on specimens from Singapore by George Edward Massee in 1909. In 1972 it was given the name *Boletus valens* legitimately before being transferred to *Tylopilus valens* in 1976. A molecular phylogenetics study found it to be distinct from *Tylopilus* and *Boletus* and the authors placed it in its own genus, *Pseudoaustroboletus*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Li2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Peziza cerea

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***Peziza cerea***, commonly known as the **Cellar Cup** is a species of Ascomycete fungus in the genus *Peziza*, family Pezizaceae. In common with other Ascomycetes the upper surface of the fungus has a layer of cylindrical spore producing cells called asci, from which the ascospores are forcibly discharged.

## Description

A yellow grey to beige fungus internally, less than 5 cm across with a granular or brittle flesh. The stype is placed in a lateral position, but is small or even entirely absent. The spore colour is white, cream or yellowish; they are elliptical and smooth. The cup exterior is white in colour.

### Synonyms

*Aleuria cerea* (Sowerby) Gillet, (1881); *Aleuria muralis* (Sowerby) Boud., (1907); *Aleuria tectoria* (Cooke) Boud., (1907); *Aleuria viridaria* (Berk. & Broome) Boud., (1907); *Galactinia cerea* (Sowerby) (1962); *Galactinia tectoria* (Cooke); *Galactinia vesiculosa f. cerea* (Sowerby) (1960); *Geopyxis muralis* (Sowerby) (1889); *Peziza muralis* (Sowerby) (1887); *Peziza tectoria* Cooke, (1875); *Peziza vesiculosa var. cerea* (Sowerby) Massee; *Peziza viridaria* Berk. & Broome, (1871); *Plicaria muralis* (Sowerby) Rehm; and *Plicaria viridaria* (Berk. & Broome) Rehm.

### Characteristics

*Peziza cerea* can be initially identified by its growth in cellars, damp mortar, soil between pavement slabs, on rotting sandbags, plant material or manure. Found all year round. Its upper surface (at maturity) is usually somewhat wrinkled near the centre; a whitish and minutely fuzzy under surface; a round, cuplike shape when young, and a flattened-irregular shape when mature. The hymenium contains asci, ascospores and paraphyses. Paraphyses are sterile cells' often with swollen tips and are at high turgor pressure. Tips of the paraphyses are very tightly together at the surface of the hymenium and create a barrier; the epithecium.

A high osmotic pressure in the cells of the epithecium prevent marauding microfauna that would otherwise penetrate and feed on the rich protoplasm below. To disperse spores, asci push between the paraphyses from below, shoot off their spores then collapse.

The name *Peziza* means a sort of mushroom without a root or stalk.

## Ecology

 File:Peziza cerea detail.JPG
 File:Detail of Peziza cerea.JPG
Paths and cellars may sport the Cellar Cup fungus, which is saprobic.

## Distribution

*P. cerea* is widely distributed throughout America and Europe

## See also

Template:Portal

* *Peziza*
* *Peziza repanda*, the Palamino or Recurved Cup fungus
* Pezizomycetes

## References

1. ↑ Trial field key to the PEZIZACEAE. Accessed : 2010-05-02
2. ↑ Mycobotanica. Accessed : 2010-05-02
3. ↑ Peziza cerea description. Accessed : 2010-05-02
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Roger Philip's Mushrooms Template:Webarchive

## External links

Template:Wikispecies

* Google Images. Accessed : 2010-05-02
* Images of *P. cerea*. Accessed : 2010-05-02
* Wild About Britain. Accessed : 2010-05-02

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Phallus maderensis

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***Phallus maderensis*** is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. Found in Madeira, Portugal, it was described as new to science in 2005.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Calonge 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Phallales-stub
Morchella meiliensis

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***Morchella meiliensis*** is a species of fungus in the Morchellaceae family native to China.

## Taxonomy

The species was described as new to science in 2006. The specific epithet *meiliensis* refers to Meili Snow Mountain in Yunnan, where the type specimen was collected.

## Description

The fruit bodies are Template:Convert with a conical cap measuring Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide. The surface has vertically arranged ridges that are dark brown to black in colour, while the rectangular to quadrangular pits between the ridges are merulioid (wrinkled with low, uneven ridges) and yellowish in colour. The flesh is thin, and lacks any distinctive taste or odour. The cylindrical stipe measures Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert thick. Initially whitish, it turns yellowish with a waxy sheen when dry.

In deposit, ascospores are smooth, ellipsoid, hyaline (translucent), and measure 4.7–5.1 by 5.2–5.7 µm. They are thin-walled and contain oil droplets. Asci (spore-bearing cells) are eight-spored, cylindrical, and hyaline, and have dimensions of 5.2–5.9 µm long by 91–94 µm long. The paraphyses are dark, club-shaped, and measure 4.2–5.2 by 40–65 µm.

### Similar species

*Morchella conica* and *M. angusticeps* are similar in appearance to *M. meiliensis*, but the latter species can be distinguished by more lightly coloured ridges on the cap surface, the merulioid texture of the pits, and microscopically by the club-shaped paraphyses.

## Habitat and distribution

*Morchella meiliensis* fruits on the ground in deciduous or mixed forests. It is known from Deqin County, Yunnan Province in China, where it grows at elevations of Template:Convert.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Li 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:Mycobank

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Panaeolus bisporus

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***Panaeolus bisporus***, also known as **Copelandia bisporus** is a rare and widely distributed little brown mushroom that bruises blue and contains the hallucinogen psilocybin.

This mushroom is similar macroscopically to *Panaeolus tropicalis*, *Panaeolus cambodginiensis* and *Panaeolus cyanescens*, but can be differentiated using a microscope by its two spored basidia.

## Description

 File:Panaeolus.bisporus.basidia.jpg
This is a little brown mushroom that grows on dung and has black spores. It has been found in Hawaii, Southern California, North Africa, Spain and Switzerland.

## See also

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* List of *Panaeolus* species

## External links

* Mushroom Observer - Panaeolus bisporus
* Panaeolus bisporus microscopy composite
* Panaeolus bisporus photo

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Rhizopogon roseolus

File:2010-05-14 Rhizopogon roseolus 1.jpg
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***Rhizopogon roseolus*** is an ectomycorrhizal fungus used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is considered a delicacy in east Asia and Japan where it is traditionally known as shoro. Techniques for the commercial cultivation of this fungus in pine plantations have been developed and applied with successful results in Japan and New Zealand.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite journal

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Template:Boletales-stub
Rhizomarasmius setosus

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***Rhizomarasmius setosus*** (syn. ***Marasmius setosus*** or ***Marasmius recubans***) is a tiny whitish mushroom having a distinctive hairy stem. It has been given the vernacular name "Beechleaf Parachute".

## Description

The species can be described as follows:

* The white cap is initially hemispherical and later flat. It grows to about 0.5 cm in diameter.
* The gills are white and distant, and either adnate or somewhat decurrent. The spore powder is white.
* The stem can grow to 4 cm long but is very long and thin, being only about 0.5 mm in diameter. It is white at the top and red brown lower down, with long white hairs (up to 1 mm), at least near the base when young.
* The smell and taste are not distinctive.
* The spores are usually spindle-shaped, but can be ellipsoid, or almond-shaped and measure roughly 10-14.5 µm x 4-6 µm.

## Naming and related species

 File:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 302.jpg
The species epithet comes from the Latin adjective "saetosus" or "setosus", meaning "coarsely hairy". That word in turn derives from "saeta" (or "seta"), a bristle.

This species was originally described in 1801 as *Agaricus setosus* by James Sowerby in his historic work "Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms". The French mycologist Lucien Quélet independently described the species under the name *Marasmius recubans* in 1873, but much later in 1987 Machiel Noordeloos determined that Sowerby's name takes precedence and defined the combination *Marasmius setosus* for it. Then in 2015 Vladimír Antonín and Alexander Urban transferred it to the new genus *Rhizomarasmius*.

*Marasmius saccharinus* is a similar fungus which has been confused with *R. setosus* by some authors, but which, however, lacks the hairs on the stipe. There are other tiny *Marasmius* species such as *M. epiphyllus* which are comparable but which again have a bald stipe.

## Ecology and distribution

This mushroom grows on dead beech leaves, or occasionally on other deciduous leaves such as willow or birch. It is widely distributed in central and western Europe.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Antonín`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `FungaNordica`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `SF`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `NBN`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `MycoDB`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lewis`

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Muscinupta

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***Muscinupta*** is a fungal genus that produces small white delicate fan-shaped to cupulate fruitbodies on mosses. It is monotypic, containing the single species ***Muscinupta laevis***. The type species is better known under the name *Cyphellostereum laeve* but *Cyphellostereum* is a basidiolichen.

## Etymology

The name *Muscinupta* refers to both its moss host and an allution to the marriage of the fungus with the moss together with its veil-like properties on the moss.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lawrey2009`
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Dacryonaema

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***Dacryonaema*** is a genus of fungi in the Dacrymycetales order. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Dacryonaema rufum***, found in Europe. *Dacryonaema* was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1947.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nannfeldt1947`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Agaricomycotina-stub
Mycetinis kallioneus

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***Mycetinis kallioneus*** (syn. ***Marasmius kallioneus***) is a mushroom formerly in the genus *Marasmius*, which grows with dwarf shrubs and flowering plants in an arctic environment.

## Description

The species can be described as follows:

* The cap is dark brown when moist and is hygrophanous. It measures up to around 2 cm in diameter.
* The gills are white and distant. The spore powder is white.
* The pruinose (powdery) stem can grow to about 4 cm tall and up to 2 mm in diameter.
* The smell is strongly of onions or garlic.
* The spores are roughly ellipsoid or almond-shaped and measure about 10-12 µm x 7-8 µm.

## Naming and related species

This species was originally defined as *Marasmius kallioneus* by S. Huhtinen in 1985 and was then transferred to the new genus *Mycetinis* in 2005 (see the *Mycetinis* page for more details).

The smell and the arctic habitat are enough to distinguish it from other European species of *Mycetinis*.

## Ecology and distribution

This mushroom lives in an arctic snow bed habitat, growing with dwarf shrubs and herbaceous plants. It has only been found in Greenland and Svalbard.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `SF`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Antonín`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `FungaNordica`

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Perenniporia medulla-panis

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***Perenniporia medulla-panis*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a plant pathogen that infects stone fruit trees. The species was first described by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1778. Marinus Anton Donk transferred it to the genus *Perenniporia* in 1967.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jacquin 1778`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Donk 1967`

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Template:Polyporales-stub
Porphyrellus porphyrosporus

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***Porphyrellus porphyrosporus***, commonly known as the **dusky bolete**, is a rare fungus belonging to the family Boletaceae. With its purple-brown cap and stem, *Porphyrellus porphyrosporus* is not easy to spot, despite its large size. This summer and autumn species occurs under pines, but can also be found below deciduous trees. It is a large (both cap diameter and stem length up to 15 cm) brown bolete. Its most distinctive features are the purple-brown spore print and the blue-green colour of the flesh at the top of the stem and above the hymenium.
This is a widespread species of Europe, especially in the north, but is nowhere particularly common. The fruit bodies appear from late summer to autumn, often in small groups, associated with broad-leaved trees such as beech and oak.

## Description

This mushroom has a dark brown cap with a noticeably paler margin. Initially convex, caps expand and sometimes become irregularly lobed. It is Template:Convert in diameter when fully expanded, the caps have soft buff flesh with a vinaceous tinge. When cut or bruised, the tubes turn blue-green.
The stem is Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert tall, the stems of this species are tobacco brown and slightly velvety to the touch when young, becoming smooth as the fruit body matures.
The mushroom has an unpleasant sour taste and odour. One source considers it "probably edible".

 File:Porphyrellus-porphyrosporus-Düstere-Röhrling.jpg
## References

1. ↑ *Tylopilus porphyrosporus*. *California Fungi*. Retrieved on February 23, 2011.

* Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe, Stefan Buczacki (HarperCollins, 1992)

## External links

Template:Commons category

* Template:MycoBank
* Template:IndexFungorum
* Picture and description (in German) at Natur-Lexikon.com

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Peziza repanda

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***Peziza repanda***, commonly known as the **Palomino cup** or **recurved cup**, is a species of fungus in the genus *Peziza*, family Pezizaceae.

## Description

 File:Peziza repanda Dean Castle.JPG
*Peziza repanda* can be identified by its growth on rotted wood or wood chips, its brown upper surface (at maturity) that is usually somewhat wrinkled near the center; a whitish and minutely fuzzy under surface; a round, cuplike shape when young, and a flattened-irregular shape when mature; attachment to the wood under the center of the mushroom, rather than under the whole cup; thin, brittle flesh (rather than thick and gelatinous) and smooth, elliptical spores that lack oil droplets.

The cup at first is pale brown or whitish overall; cup-shaped; the under surface minutely fuzzy and the upper surface smoother; with a tiny stem-like structure. In maturity flattened-irregular or bent backwards; 6–12 cm across; the margin often splitting; upper surface brown and smooth, often "pinched" or somewhat wrinkled over the center; under surface whitish and minutely fuzzy; attached to the substrate centrally, without a stem. Odour none. Flesh brownish or pale; brittle.

*Peziza* means a sort of mushroom without a root or stalk (not accurate for P. repanda); repanda means bent backwards.

Microscopic Features: Spores 11-16 x 6-10 µm; smooth; elliptical; without oil droplets. Asci eight-spored; up to 225 x 15 µm.

## Ecology

Well decayed logs may sport the Palamino cup fungus, which is saprobic, usually on the wood of hardwoods. Soil rich in decayed wood and occasionally that which is covered with wood chips may support Palamino cup; growing alone, gregariously, or in clusters. This member of the cup fungi is commonly found in colder weather (spring and autumn in temperate regions), but sometimes appearing in summer.

## Distribution

*P. repanda* is widely distributed throughout America and Europe.

## See also

Template:Portal

* Peziza
* Peziza cerea

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Mushroom Expert website
2. ↑ Fungus species website
3. ↑ Roger Philip's Mushrooms Template:Webarchive

## External links

* Spore release
* Wild about Britain

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Pluteus cyanopus

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***Pluteus cyanopus*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Found in Africa, Europe, and North America, its fruit bodies contain the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin. The species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1883.

## See also

* List of *Pluteus* species
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Guzmán 1998`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quélet 1883`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

Template:Hallucinogenic mushrooms
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Template:Agaricales-stub
Disporotrichum

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***Disporotrichum*** is a genus of anamorph fungus in the order Agaricales. It is *incertae sedis* with respect to familial placement within the order. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Disporotrichum dimorphosporum***, known from the Netherlands.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

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Psilocybe germanica

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***Psilocybe germanica*** is a species of psychedelic mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2015 by Jochen Gartz and Georg Wiedemann.

## Description

*Psilocybe germanica* has produces fruitbodies with broadly umbonate caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter. They are a deep brown color when moist, but become whitish when dry. The gills are initially brownish before becoming purplish-brown when the spores mature. The whitish, curved stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and is thicker at the top. It is initially stuffed with mycelia but later hollows. The wood substrate under the mushroom is held together by rhizomorphs at the base of the stipe. The cap and stipe bruise blue when touched, while the umbo typically becomes gray-bluish on its own. Frosts or rains often cause an intense bluing reaction.

Spores measure 9–12 by 5.5–7.5 µm, and have a germ pore. Cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edges) are lageniform (flask-shaped), measuring 25–33 by 6.0–8.3 µm; pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill faces) are absent from the hymenium.

## Habitat and distribution

A saprobic species, *Psilocybe germanica* grows on wood chips, or bark chips mixed with soil. Found in parks, fruiting occurs from September to December. It is known only from Germany.

## See also

* List of *Psilocybe* species
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gartz 2015`

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Morchella semilibera

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***Morchella semilibera***, commonly called the **half-free morel**, is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae native to Europe and Asia.

DNA analysis has shown that the half-free morels, which appear nearly identical on a macroscopic scale, are a cryptic species complex, consisting of at least three geographically isolated species. Because de Candolle originally described the species based on specimens from Europe, the scientific name *M. semilibera* should be restricted to the European species. In 2012, *Morchella populiphila* was described from western North America, while Peck's 1903 species name *Morchella punctipes* was reaffirmed for eastern North American half-free morels. *M. semilibera* and the other half-free morels are closely related to the black morels (*M. elata* and others).

A proposal has been made to conserve the name *Morchella semilibera* against several earlier synonyms, including *Phallus crassipes*, *P. gigas* and *P. undosus*. These names, sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries, have since been shown to be the same species as *M. semilibera*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `mexp`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `pnwkc`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuo2012`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `odon11`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moreau 2014`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:Mycobank

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Plectania rhytidia

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***Plectania rhytidia*** is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. Originally described under the name *Peziza rhytidia* by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1855, the species was transferred to *Plectania* by mycologists John Axel Nannfeldt and Richard Korf in 1957.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hooker 1855`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Korf 1957`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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