recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
K

K

Kêy (uppercase: K, lowercase: k) is the fifth letter in Orish. Its sound is /k/, unvoiced velar plosive.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter K, block the air with the back of your tongue (dorsum) and your velum (soft palate) and don't let it go out through your nose. When you block the air with your dorsum and your velum push your diaphragm and create an air pressure. Then, open your velum and release the air you have pushed with your diaphragm. Not less important, keep your vocal chords loose and don't vibrate them.

## Justifications for the Spelling Form of this Sound

In the Latin script K is not the only letter that can represent the sound /k/, the letters C and Q can represent it too. However, K is the most unambiguous letter in the Latin script for this sound, all languages that are written in Latin script that use this letter use it for the sound /k/, so in Orish it became the only letter that represents the sound /k/, and the letter C and Q were removed from the alphabet in Orish. Also, this letter is likely to look better than C and Q to many people.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Ʒ

Ʒ

êƷ (uppercase: Ʒ, lowercase: ʒ is the sixeenth letter in Orish. Its sound is /ʒ/, voiced postalveolar fricative.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter Ʒ, raise the blade of your tongue to your hard palate and block the air just a little bit so that when you release air through it it will create a friction sound. Not less important, slightly close your vocal chords and vibrate them.

It's also recommended to round the lips when pronouncing this sound.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Fundamental Principle:Easy to Read

Not all scripts are equally easy to read, some scripts are easy to read and some scripts are hard to read. An easy script to read is essential to keep the written language easy to learn and use. It should have a limited number of character, and each one of the characters should have a simple shape so that the person will be able to detect and write it easily.

## Examples for Easy Scripts to Read

* Latin script
* Cyrillic script
* Greek script
* Hebrew script (despite of the opposite direction)

## Examples for Hard Scripts to Read

* Arabic script
* Chinese script
* Japanese script
Alveolar Consonants

Alveolar consonants are consonants that have the tip as the active articulator and the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator.

In Orish, there is no distinction between alveolar consonants and dental consonants at all, but a distinction between alveolar and postalveolar fricatives and affricates exists. Some people have lisp, and they commonly pronounce alveolar fricatives and affricates as interdental, and in Orish it's okay, even Or Hoshmand does it like that.

## Alveolar Consonants in Orish

* T - represents the unvoiced alveolar plosive.

* D - represents the voiced alveolar plosive.

* N - represents the alveolar nasal.

* L - represents the alveolar lateral approximant.

* R - represents the rhotic phoneme, some of its free allphones are alveolar.

* S - represents the unvoiced alveolar fricative.

* Z - represents the voiced alveolar fricative.
* TS - represents the unvoiced alveolar affricate.
* DZ - represents the voiced alveolar affricate.
Phoneme

Phoneme is the basic sound that compounds a word. Phoneme is usually a group of sounds that are similar phonetically and switching between them doesn't change the meaning a word. But switching between phonemes can change the meaning of a word. Pairs of words that differ only in one phoneme are calles "minimal pairs".

## Phonemes in Orish

Each letter in Orish represents one phoneme, and in particular:

* The combinations of letters PF, BV, TS, DZ, TƩ and DƷ represent a single phoneme.
* The letter Ə is not exactly phonemic, but comes to deal with pronunciation difficulties.
* Diphthongs are combinations of two phonemes, one of them is a vowel and one of them is a semivowel.
Eglador Wiki

## Welcome to the Wiki

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## Describe your topic

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DZ

The digraph DZ represents the sound /d͡z/, voiced alveolar affricate.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the digraph DZ, block the air with the tip your tongue and your alveolar ridge and push your diaphragm to create an air pressure. Then, release the air and create friction by keeping the tip of your tongue close to the alveolar ridge. Not less important, slightly close your vocal chords and vibrate them.

the sound of the digraph DZ is basically the sound of the letter D and then the sound of the letter Z, but pronounced in a row.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Mid Vowels

Mid vowels are vowels that are pronounced with the jaw dropped into a neutral position, not very low or very high, and the tongue relaxed.

## Mid Vowels in Orish

* E - represents the mid front unrounded vowel.
* O - represents the mid back rounded vowel.
* Ə - represents the mid central unrounded vowel, but comes only to deal with pronunciation difficulties and doesn't necessary have to be pronounced.
S

S

êS (uppercase: S, lowercase: s) is the thirteenth letter in Orish. Its sound is /s/, unvoiced alveolar fricative.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter S, raise the tip of your tongue to your alveolar ridge and block the air just a little bit so that when you release air through it it will create a friction sound. Not less important, keep your vocal chords loose and don't vibrate them.

Some people have lisp, and they may pronounce this sound as an interdental sound, with the front part of their tongue placed under their top teeth. In Orish this is not a mistake to pronounce this sound like that.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Vowels

Vowels are sounds that are pronounced with no air obstruction, when the vocal cords are vibrating, and they are prototypically syllabic. Vowels are defined by three features: height, backness and roundness.

## Height

Height is the vertical articulation of the vowel, the proximity between the summit of the tongue and the ceiling of the mouth. the more the jaw is dropped and the less the tongue is raised, the lower (more open) the vowel is; and the less the jaw is dropped and the more the tongue is raised, the higher (closer) the vowel is.

## Backness

Backness is the horizontal articulation of the vowel, the position of the summit of the tongue relatively to the teeth. The closer the tongue is to the teeth, the more front the vowel is; and the farther the tongue is from the teeth, the more back the vowel is.

## Roundness

Roundness is the position of the lips when pronouncing a vowel. If the lips are rounded and pushed forward, the vowel is rounded; and if the lips are not rounded and pushed forward, the vowel is unrounded.

## Vowels in Orish

In Orish, there are three levels of height and three levels of backness that define vowels. Roundness is not phonemic but still important for the quality of the vowels, back vowels are rounded and other vowels are unrounded.

## See Also

* Semivowels
* Consonants
P

P

Pî (uppercase: P, lowercase: p) is the first letter in Orish. Its sound is /p/, unvoiced bilabial plosive.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter P, block the air with your lips and don't let it go out through your nose. When you block the air with your lips push your diaphragm and create an air pressure. Then, open your lips and release the air you have pushed with your diaphragm. Not less important, keep your vocal cords loose and don't vibrate them.

## Justifications for the Presence of its Sound in Orish

/p/ is a near-universal sound. It is missing from about 10% that have /b/, especially in languages of Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but it shouldn't make this sound difficult for speakers of such languages to pronounce, they should just try to pronounce the /b/ which they are familiar with within keeping their vocal cords loose.

## Justifications for the Spelling Form of this Sound

Almost in all languages written in Latin script the sound /p/ is spelled at least normally with the letter P, and there is no more unambiguous letter in the Latin script that represents this sound more unambiguously.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Transcription Rules from Russian to Orish

Russian is pretty phonetic, but it's written in a cyrillic script, that is not the standard script in Orish. Also, Russian has "hard" and "soft" consonants, a distinction that doesn't exist in Orish.

## Vowels

 Э
 И
 О
 У
 Ы

Note: ignore reductions and neutralizations of vowels in unstressed syllables.

### Softening Vowels

 Ё
 Ю
 Я

## Soft Sign and Hard Sign

The soft sign (Ь) and the hard sign (Ъ) should disappear in the transcription to Orish.
F

F

êF (uppercase: F, lowercase: f) is the eleventh letter in Orish. Its sound is /f/, unvoiced labiodental fricative.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter F, raise your lower lip to your upper teeth and block the air just a little bit so that when you release air through it it will create a friction sound. Not less important, keep your vocal chords loose and don't vibrate them.

## Justifications for the Presence of its Sound in Orish

/f/ is a common sound, and even who doesn't it in his native language can easily learn to pronounce it.

## Justifications for the Spelling Form of this Sound

In most languages written in the Latin script the sound /f/ is usually spelled with the letter F.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
O

O

Ô (uppercase: O, lowercase: o) is the twenty-second letter in Orish. Its sound is /o/, mid back unrounded vowel.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter O, open your mouth and drop your jaw into a neutral position, slightly pull your tongue to the back of your mouth and relax it. Also, round your lips loosely.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
T

T

Tî (uppercase: T, lowercase: t) is the third letter in Orish. Its sound is /t/, unvoiced alveolar plosive.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter T, block the air with the tip of your tongue and your alveolar ridge and don't let it go out through your nose. When you block the air with the tip of your tongue and your alveolar ridge push your diaphragm and create an air pressure. Then, open your alveolar ridge and release the air you have pushed with your diaphragm. Not less important, keep your vocal chords loose and don't vibrate them.

## Justifications for the Spelling Form of this Sound

Almost in all languages written in Latin script the sound /t/ is spelled at least normally with the letter T, and there is no more unambiguous letter in the Latin script that represents this sound more unambiguously.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Back Vowels

Back vowels are vowels that are pronounced with the tongue as far from the bottom teeth as it can be. Back vowels are prototypically rounded, because pulling the tongue back and rounding the lips lengthen the mouth and make the vowels sound "dark" or "velar".

## Back Vowels in Orish

* O - represents the mid back rounded vowel.
* U - represents the high back rounded vowel.
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie

***The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie*** is a 2004 American live-action/animated adventure comedy film based on the animated television series *SpongeBob SquarePants*. The film was directed, co-written, and produced by series creator Stephen Hillenburg, with live-action sequences directed by Mark Osborne. It features the series' regular voice cast with Alec Baldwin, David Hasselhoff, Scarlett Johansson, and Jeffrey Tambor portraying new characters. It is the first film in the *SpongeBob SquarePants* film series. In this film, Plankton and Karen enact a plan to discredit their business nemesis Mr. Krabs, steal the Krabby Patty secret formula and take over the world by stealing King Neptune's crown and framing Mr. Krabs for the crime. SpongeBob and Patrick team up to retrieve the crown from Shell City to save Mr. Krabs from Neptune's wrath and the oceanic world from Plankton's rule.

## Scenes

There's some scenes.

* Mucking Whore: Miss Puff and Sandy having to pay bucks.
	+ Miss Puff: We Paid Nine Dollars for This?
	+ Sandy: And I Paid Ten!
* Destroying the Tentacle: SpongeBob trying to destroy the Tentacle of the Frogfish by Gnawing the Tentacle of the Frogfish.
Transcription Rules from German to Orish

## Consonants

In German, most consonants also exist in Orish.

## Vowels

Unlike consonants, in German there are many vowels that don't exist in Orish. Also, vowel length is phonemic in German, long vowels are spelled with a vowel letter followed by the letter H, but in Orish vowel length is never phonemic, and it should be ignored when transcribing words from German to Orish, and the silent lengthening H should be removed.

### Diphthongs

 AU
 ÄU, EU
Z

Z

Zî (uppercase: Z, lowercase: z) is the fourteenth letter in Orish. Its sound is /z/, voiced alveolar fricative.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter Z, raise the tip of your tongue to your alveolar ridge and block the air just a little bit so that when you release air through it it will create a friction sound. Not less important, slightly close your vocal chords and vibrate them.

Some people have lisp, and they may pronounce this sound as an interdental sound, with the front part of their tongue placed under their top teeth. In Orish this is not a mistake to pronounce this sound like that.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Consonants

Consonants are sounds that are pronounced with a complete or partial closure of the mouth, and they are prototypically non-syllabic. Consonants are broadly divided into obstruents and sonorants, but there are also consonants that are neither (especially the glottal consonants, that are not exactly consonants but rather non-syllabic phonations), and even semivowels, that have both features of sonorant consonants and vowels. Consonants are defined by three features: place of articulation, manner of articulation and phonation.

## Consonants in Orish

In each tile where there are two letters, the left letter represents the unvoiced consonant and the right letter represents the voiced consonant.

The letter R represents the rhotic phoneme, there are many ways to pronounce this letter, all of them are voiced but they have no common place or manner of articulation.
Transcription Rules to Orish

Transcription is supposed to match a spelling of a word or a name to the orthography of the target language. Usually, it's done in a way so that the pronunciation and spelling will be as close to the original pronunciation and spelling as it can.

In Orish, the transcription has an important role of keeping Orish phonetic, and helping the readers to pronounce the foreign words and names correctly.

## From Languages Written in Latin Script

All letters that are and pronounced in the source the same as in Orish will remain the same in the transcription to Orish. Ʃ, Ʒ and Ə are less likely to appear in the spelling in the source language, while C, J and Q must be changed in the transcription.

### Languages

* English
* French
* German
* Spanish

## From Languages Written in Different Script

### Languages

* Hebrew
* Russian
DƷ

The digraph DƷ represents the sound /d͡ʒ/, voiced postalveolar affricate.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the digraph DƷ, block the air with the blade your tongue and your hard palate and push your diaphragm to create an air pressure. Then, release the air and create friction by keeping the blade of your tongue close to the hard palate. Not less important, slightly close your vocal chords and vibrate them.

the sound of the digraph DƷ is basically the sound of the letter D and then the sound of the letter Ʒ, but pronounced in a row.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Place of Articulation

Place of articulation consists of two pronunciation organs that work together to obstruct the airflow when pronouncing a consonants. In every place of articulation, one pronunciation organ is active and one is passive.

In Orish, there are 8 places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, postalveolar palatal, velar, uvular and glottal.

## Active Articulator

The active articulator is the "door" of the place of articulation, the organ that moves and makes an action when pronouncing a sound. The active articulators are:

* The bottom lip.
* The tip of the tongue.
* The blade of the tongue.
* The back of the tongue (dorsum).

## Passive Articulator

The passive articulator is the "lintel" of the place of articulation, the organ that doesn't necesserary move and make an action but rather gives the active articulator a place to obstruct the airflow. The passive articulators are:

* The top lip.
* The teeth.
* The alveolar ridge.
* The hard palate.
* The soft palete (velum).
* The uvula.

## Table

 Labiodental
 Dental
 Alveolar
 Postalveolar
 Palatal
 Velar
 Uvular

## Classification of Consonants by the Place of Articulation in Orish

* Bilabials and Labiodentals: P, B, M, F, V, PF, BV.
* Labiovelars: only W.
* Alveolars: T, D, N, L, S, Z, TS, DZ.
* Postalveolars: Ʃ, Ʒ, TƩ, DƷ.
* Palatals: only Y.
* Velars and Uvulars: K, G, X.
* Glottals: only H.
* The place of articulation of the sound of the letter R depends on the accent.

## See Also

* Manner of Articulation
* Phonation

1. ↑ Except for the uvular trill, that has the uvula as an active articulator.
Ə

Ə

ʃwâ (uppercase: Ə, lowercase: ə) is the twenty-fourth letter in Orish. Its sound is /ə/, mid central vowel (schwa).

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter Ə, open your mouth and drop your jaw into a neutral position, and relax your tongue and your lips.

## Role

Unlike most letters in Orish, Ə has a special role, to make the pronunciation easier, and comes when pronouncing a word without it is difficult.

### Breaking Difficult Consonant Clusters to Pronounce

Pronouncing 2 consonants that are way too similar to each other in a row can really be difficult. To solve this problem, Orish breaks them with by inserting Ə between them These types of consonant clusters are likely to be difficult to pronounce:

* Two identical consonants (for example, /tt/).
* Two consonants that differ only in their phonation (for example, /td/).
* Plosive and fricative with the same (or a too close) place of articulation that are not an affricate (for example, /tz/, /tʒ/) (only if the plosive is the first one and the fricative is the second one).
* Two nasal consonants (for example, /mn/).

### Preventing Consonants from Being Syllabic without Vowels

Some consonants tend to be syllabic when the is no vowel before or after them, but in Orish consonants can't be syllabic and all syllables must have a vowel. If the syllabic consonant comes before the primary stress the Ə will come after it, and if the syllabic consonant comes after the primary stress the Ə will come before it. The consonants M, N, L and R are likely to be syllabic when there is no vowel before or after them. Another consonant that is difficult to pronounce without vowels is H, and it has the same rule of adding Ə before or after it as other consonants that tend to be syllabic. However, semivowels without "true" vowels before or after them will be replaced by their syllabic counterpart (Y will be replaced with I and W will be replaced with U).

### Keeping Voiced Obstruent Consonants Voiced

Voiced obstruent consonants can be difficult to pronounce when there is no voiced sound before or after them, and they are likely to be devoiced in this position. But in Orish, voiced obstruent consonants must never be devoiced. To solve this problem, Orish inserts Ə before or after the voiced obstruent so that it will be easier to keep it voiced in its pronunciation. The rules of adding Ə before or after voiced obstruents are identical to the rules of adding Ə before or after consonants that tend to be syllabic. The voiced obstruents in Orish are B, D, G, V, Z and Ʒ.

### See Also

* Sonority Hierarchy

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Palatal Consonants

Palatal consonants are consonants that have the back of the tongue (dorsum) as the active articulator and the hard palate as the passive articulator. In palatal consonants, the position of the tongue is the same as the position of the tongue in the vowel /i/.

## Palatal Consonants in Orish

In Orish, the sound of the letter Y is the only palatal consonant, the palatal approximant. This sound is actually the non-syllabic counterpart of the sound of the letter I.
Labiovelar Consonants

Labiovelar consonants are consonants that have the back of the tongue (dorsum) as the active articulator and the soft palate (velum) as the passive articulator, but also involve the lips, usually by rounding them. In labiovelar consonants, the position of the tongue and the lips is the same as the position of the tongue and the lips in the vowel /u/.

## Labiovelar Consonants in Orish

In Orish, the sound of the letter W is the only palatal consonant, the palatal approximant. This sound is actually the non-syllabic counterpart of the sound of the letter U.
G

G

Gêy (uppercase: G, lowercase: g) is the sixth letter in Orish. Its sound is /g/, voiced velar plosive.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter G, block the air with the back of your tongue (dorsum) and your velum (soft palate) and don't let it go out through your nose. When you block the air with your dorsum and your velum push your diaphragm and create an air pressure. Then, open your velum and release the air you have pushed with your diaphragm. Not less important, slightly close your vocal chords and vibrate them.

## Justifications for the Presence of its Sound in Orish

/g/ is a common sound in languages that have /k/ and distinguish between unvoiced and voiced obstruent consonants, and it is easy to pronounce for speakers of languages in which /k/ is present and /g/ is absent if they learn to pronounce it correctly.

## Justifications for the Spelling Form of this Sound

In many languages that are written in Latin script the letter G is ambiguous, usually represents the hard sound /g/ but before front vowels represents a soft sound, usually /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/ or /x/. However, even out of the ISO basic Latin alphabet there is no more unambiguous letter that represents this sound, and there are even some languages in which this letter is not as ambiguous, and represents the sound /g/ always, regardless of its position or the letter before or after it (for example, Polish), so this letter is used in Orish for the sound /g/, but as its only sound, there is no soft sound for this letter in Orish. Also, the name of this letter was changed to match it to the sound this letter represents.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
L

L

êL (uppercase: L, lowercase: l) is the ninth letter in Orish. Its sound is /l/, alveolar lateral approximant.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter L, raise the tip of your tongue so that it will touch the alveolar ridge, but don't block the air with the sides of your tongue. Release air with your voice through your mouth, the air should go out through the sides of your tongue.

## Justifications for the Presence of its Sound in Orish

/l/ is an extremely common sound, and even who doesn't have it in his native language can learn to pronounce it easily with the correct instructions.

## Justifications for the Spelling Form of this Sound

Almost in all languages written in the Latin script the sound /l/ is spelled at least with the letter L.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Sulphuric Glue

## New World

Sulphuric\_Glue left the server until further notice on 21/04/19 due to a dispute over the construction of the plaza connecting the Hagia Sophia, Villa Sulphia and unfinished City Hall.

### Completed Constructions

(In chronological order)

* Community mine
* Community farm
* Hagia Sophia (cathedral)
* The Arena

### Planned Constructions

* Dungeon
* Hagia Irene (church)
* Hagia Dynamis (small church)
* Possibly start work on slums

## Old World

Sulphuric\_Glue was the founder of Basileia Rhomaion and the founder of this wiki. He also ran the Server Survey and built the old Hagia Sophia.

Sulphuric\_Glue went inactive on 24/12/18 until further notice.
Achievements

Developing a language is a long gradual process that one person is not enough for, and requires other people to donate.

## Initial Steps

* Announce about the invention of the new language.
* Choose phonemes for the new language.
* Build a writing system for the new language.

## Elementary Steps

* Build a basic vocabulary for the new language.
* Build a morphology for the new language.
* Determine the most basic grammar rules for your language to build sentences.
* Create transcription rules from languages you already know to the new language.
* Share with other people the new language.
* Train yourself to use the new language.

## Early Steps

* Extend the vocabulary so that you will be able to speak fluently in the new language.
* Regulate the grammar rules of the new language.
* Write a dictionary of the new language.
* Teach the closest people to you the new language.
* Determine a standard keyboard layout for the new language.

## Intermediate Steps

* Teach farther people the new language.
* Establish an organization for the new language, so that people will be able to contribute to the development of the language by suggesting new words, ask questions about the new language, etc.
* Add the new language to Google Translate, Microsoft Translator, or another translation service.
* Enhance the way to teach the new language by creating games, songs, movies, etc.

## Advanced Steps

* Gain native speakers of the new language.
* Scatter the new language in your city and then in your country.
* Open websites, TV channels, radio stations, etc. in the new language.
* Create songs, movies, games, books, etc. in the new language.
* Translate to the new language operating systems, applications, movies, games, etc. to the new language.

## Final Steps

* Internationalize the new language, match the language to people who speak other languages so that they will be able to learn it.
* Build cities or countries that the new language is the official language in them if you can.
* Let the speakers of the new language complete the vocabulary of the new language by inventing personal words.
Nasal Consonants

Nasal consonants are pronounced by blocking the air with the place of articulation in the mouth and lowering the soft palate so that the air goes out through the nose. Although the air doesn't go out through the mouth when pronouncing nasal consonants, the mouth still affects the quality of the nasal consonants, by the distance between the place of articulation and the throat.

## Nasal Consonants in Orish

* M - represents the bilabial nasal.
* N - represents the alveolar nasal.
I

I

Î (uppercase: I, lowercase: i) is the twenty-first letter in Orish. Its sound is /i/, high front unrounded vowel.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter I, open your mouth and drop your jaw just a little bit, push your tongue to the front of your mouth and raise it as high as you can without blocking the air or creating friction. Also, spread your lips.

 **Digraphs**
 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Velar Consonants

Velar consonants are consonants that have the back of the tongue (dorsum) as the active articulator and the soft palate (velum) as the passive articulator. A very similar place of articulation is the uvular place of articulation, that also involves the uvula.

In Orish there in no phonemic distinction between velar and uvular consonants, but there are gaps between the two places of articulation in efficiency: velar plosives are easier and more comfortable to pronounce than uvular plosives and velar actually exist almost in all languages while uvular plosives are way rarer, while uvular trills exist but velar trills are impossible since nothing can vibrate in this place of articulation. And the fricatives can be either velar and uvular though uvular fricatives are usually stronger than velar fricatives.

## Velar Consonants in Orish

* K - represents the unvoiced velar plosive.
* G - represents the voiced velar plosive.
* R - represents the rhotic phoneme, some of its free varients are velar or uvular.
* X - represents the unvoiced velar or uvular fricative.
H

H

Hêy (uppercase: H, lowercase: h) is the eighteenth letter in Orish. Its sound is /h/ or /ɦ/, glottal fricative.

## Pronunciation

Although the sound of the letter H is called fricative, this is not a real fricative consonant, but a non-syllabic phonation that comes before or after a vowel or a semivowel. To pronounce it, just open your mouth and blow air through it, and create some friction (but not as much as with other fricatives) with your vocal cords. This sound doesn't have a specific lips or tongue position, but the lips and the tongue should not block the air at all; only the vowel before or after this sound can affect the position of the lips and the tongue when pronouncing this sound. If this sound comes before or after a low or a mid vowel the friction is created low in your throat, and if this sound comes before or after a high vowel or a semivowel the friction is created behind the tongue. That's because in low and mid vowels the tongue is not high enough to create a friction so the vocal chords create the friction alone, while in high vowels and semivowels the tongue is high enough to create a friction so it takes the role of creating the friction from the vocal cords.

This sound is basically unvoiced, but pronouncing it as a voiced sound is not a mistake as long as it doesn't sound like it doesn't exist. The voiced one is actually a breathy sound, a combination of the glottal friction and the "true" voice. However, for people who don't know to pronounce glottal fricatives at all, the unvoiced one the the recommended one, because it's easier to make only the glottal friction than to combine it with the "true" voice.

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 **Diacritics**
 **Suggested Letters**
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Obstruent Consonants

Obstruent Consonants are consonants that are pronounced by obstructing the airflow. When pronouncing an obstruent consonant, the place of articulation makes the sound by itself and the vocal cords only adjust the quality of the consonant. Plosives, fricatives and affricates are obstruent consonants. In manners of articulation of obstruent consonants there is a phonemic distinction between unvoiced and voiced consonants.

Obstruent consonants are not likely to be syllabic when there is no vowel before or after them. the schwa (Ə) comes before or after them only between two consonants that have the same place and manner of articulation (for example, TD), after a plosive and before a fricative with the same or a close place of articulation that don't form an affricate (for example, TS), and to prevent voiced obstruents from being devoiced in the pronunciation when there is no other voiced sound before or after them.

## See Also

* Sonorant Consonants

1. ↑ Except for the sound of the letter H, that is not exactly an obstruent or a sonorant, and it's exclusively classified by its place of articulation as a glottal consonant.
Sonorant Consonants

Sonorant consonants are consonants that are pronounced with little or no obstructing the airflow. When pronouncing a sonorant consonant, the place of articulation only adjusts the quality of the sound while the vocal cords make the sound. Nasals and approximants are sonorant consonants, but flaps and trills are sonorants too although they are rougher (vibrants). Unlike obstruent consonants, sonorant consonants have only a voiced form.

Although it's forbidden in Orish, sonorants are likely to be syllabic when there is no vowel before or after them. To prevent sonorant consonants from being syllabic when there is no vowel before or after them, the schwa (Ə) comes before or after them and prevents the syllable that was created by a sonorant consonant from having no vowel. However, semivowels that there is no vowel before or after them are neutralized into their normal, syllabic vowel counterparts.

## Sonorant Consonants in Orish

In Orish, semivowels are classified separately from sonorant consonants because of their similarity to vowels.

* M - represents the bilabial nasal.
* N - represents the alveolar nasal.
* L - represents the alveolar lateral approximant.
* R - represents the rhotic phoneme, some of its allophones are voiced fricatives, but it's still classified as a sonorant consonant, because most of its allophones are sonorants (trills, flaps and approximants), and they depend on the accent.
Transcription Rules from Hebrew to Orish

Because Or Hoshmand is a native Hebrew speaker, modern Hebrew is phonetically very similar to Orish, though still more complicated. Hebrew is written in a very different script from Orish, so transcription from Hebrew to Orish always requires a change in the spelling.

## Consonants

In Hebrew, consonants are written true letters.

### Foreign Consonants

 ז'
 צ', טש

## Vowels

Unlike consonants, vowels usually don't tend to gain representation in script. But if it's necesserary, they are represented by diacritics.

 אִ, אִי
 אֹ, אוֹ, אָ
 אֻ, אוּ

### Shva Na and Hataf

Shva na and hataf are less "important" than other vowels in Hebrew, and they come to deal with pronunciation difficulties. While shva na was pronounced in the past constantly, in modern Hebrew it's pronounced only when pronouncing the word without it is really difficult. Although in Hebrew shva na is pronounced as /e/ rather than /ə/ by most native Hebrew speakers, transcribing it into ⟨Ə⟩ to Orish is still recommended, in these conditions:

* Between two identical consonants or two consonants with identical place and manner of articulation.
* After a plosive and before a fricative with the same (or a close) place of articulation.
* Before or after a consonant that tends to be syllabic (but /j/ is recommended to replace with /i/).
* Before or after a voiced obstruent consonant with no other voiced sound before or after it.

Shva na that comes before ⟨א⟩ or ⟨ע⟩ should be removed.

There are 3 types of hataf in Hebrew: אֲ, אֳ and אֱ.

 ה
 ח

No matter what the hataf is, if it comes instead of shva naħ it should always be removed.

## Dagesh Hazak

In Hebrew, dagesh hazak is a dot inside a letter that represented in the past that a consonant is pronounced in a double length, but today it has no expression in the pronunciation, though its inherited morphological role still exist. Dagesh hazak should never be transcribed to Orish in any way, because consonant length is not phonemic in Orish, as well as vowel length.
Central Vowels

Central vowels are vowels that are pronounced with the tongue not very far or close to the bottom teeth. Central vowels are prototypically rounded but not spread, and usually they don't have the same height as front and back vowels.

## Central Vowels in Orish

* A - represents the low central unrounded vowel.
* Ə - represents the mid central unrounded vowel, but comes only to deal with pronunciation difficulties and doesn't necessary have to be pronounced.
PF

The digraph PF represents the sound /p͡f/, unvoiced labiodental affricate.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the digraph PF, block the air with your bottom lip and your top teeth and push your diaphragm to create an air pressure. Then, release the air and create friction by keeping your bottom lip close to the top teeth. Not less important, keep your vocal chords loose and don't vibrate them.

the sound of the digraph PF is basically the sound of the letter P and then the sound of the letter F, but pronounced in a row.

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Bridge

Bridge is a diacritic mark that comes above or below two letters to mark them as a digraph. In Orish, affricates are spelled as digraphs, and it's highly recommended to put a bridge above or below the digraphs so that it will be clear that they represent a single phoneme, like that:

* Above: P͡F, B͡V, T͡S, D͡Z, T͡Ʃ, D͡Ʒ.
* Below: P͜F, B͜V, T͜S, D͜Z, T͜Ʃ, D͜Ʒ.

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Timeline

This only documents the events of the server following the reset and downgrading to 1.12.2 (due to 1.13 being too laggy). The date format is DD/MM/YY. Dates with xx/xx/xx are unknown.

## Major Events Only

* 16/11/18: Server Reset
* 30/11/18: Server border expanded to 4k x 4k
* 04/12/18: Server Survey closed and results published
* 31/03/19: After a long hiatus, the server is restarted with the new rule that everyone must build close together

## All Events - New Server

* 31/03/19: After a long hiatus, the server is restarted with the new rule that everyone must build close together
* 16/04/19: The exterior of the Hagia Sophia is finished

## All Events - Old Server

* 16/11/18: Server Reset
* 18/11/18: /zh plugin added (to protect horses)
* 19/11/18: AlexirYo of the Deadlock Gang is permabanned
* xx/xx/xx: Mass griefing happens to the mainland, perpetrators are banned and damage is rolled back
* xx/xx/xx: Spruce Mansion is completed
* 30/11/18: Server border expanded to 4k x 4k
* 01/12/18: PilotW1LL of Spruce Gang is permabanned, starting the Spruce-Reich Conflict
* 02/12/18: The Server Survey is started by Sulphuric\_Glue
* 02/12/18: Reich Elytra Tower is completed
* 03/12/18: Matt\_\_ (Sans) of the Church of Sans is tempbanned for griefing an S dedicated to PilotW1LL
* 03/12/18: Hagia Sophia is completed
* 03/12/18: This wiki is started by Sulphuric\_Glue
* 04/12/18: PilotTimbo of Spruce Gang is tempbanned for minor griefing
* 04/12/18: Server Survey closed and results published
* 05/12/18: The Sex War happens (see Spruce-Reich Conflict)
* 06/12/18: The Battle of the Wall happens (see Spruce-Reich Conflict)
* 06/12/18: Peace between Spruce Gang and the Wholesome Reich is agreed, ending the Spruce-Reich Conflict
* 07/12/18: wpFrederik of Spruce Gang is tempbanned for 3 days for stealing an Elytra
* 12/12/18: PilotTimbo of Spruce Gang is permabanned for relatively minor theft, most of Spruce accuses mods from Reich of being biased saying the incident was not perma-worthy
* 13/12/18: The Admin considers shortening PilotTimbo's ban, it is currently unknown if anything came of it
* 16/12/18: PilotTimbo of Spruce Gang is permabanned after it is discovered he griefed a village under afreeman's protection
* 16/12/18: The Spruce Metro is completed
A

A

Â (uppercase: A, lowercase: a) is the nineteenth letter in Orish. Its sound is /a/, low central unrounded vowel.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter A, open your mouth and drop your jaw as low as you can, and relax your lips and your tongue.

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Labial Consonants

Labial consonants are consonants that have the lower lip as the active articulator. There are two types of labial consonants: bilabial and labiodental. Bialbial consonants have the top lip as the passive articulator and labiodental consonants have the top teeth as the passive articulator.

In Orish there is no phonemic distinction between bilabial consonants and labiodental consonants, but there is a gap between the two passive articulators in efficiency in different manners of articulation. The top lip is very efficient for plosives but not very efficient for fricatives, while the top teeth are very efficient for fricatives but not very efficient for plosives. Also, although both of them are efficient for nasals, the top lip is usually more comfortable to use than the top teeth for nasals. And in both places of articulations affricates are uncommon although there are phonemic labial affricates in Orish, and actually they can both be true labiodental or start bilabial and end labiodental. That's why there are both bilabial and labiodental consonants in Orish but no phonemic distinction between the two places of articulation.

## Labial Consonants in Orish

* P - represents the unvoiced bilabial plosive.
* B - represents the voiced bilabial plosive.
* M - represents the bilabial nasal.
* F - represents the unvoiced labiodental fricative.
* V - represents the voiced labiodental fricative.
* W - represents the labiovelar approximant.
* PF - represents the unvoiced labiodental affricate.
* BV - represents the voiced labiodental affricate.
E

E

Ê (uppercase: E, lowercase: e) is the twentieth letter in Orish. Its sound is /e/, mid front unrounded vowel.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter E, open your mouth and drop your jaw into a neutral position, slightly push your tongue to the front of your mouth and relax it. Also, spread your lips loosely.

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City Hall

The City Hall is the administrative, judicial and community centre of the city. It is still in the designing phase. It is being built by Sulphuric\_Glue.

The City Hall will use stone brick and white concrete for the walls, diorite for the floor, dark oak for roofs and some upper floors, and stone slabs, assorted stone blocks and lapis lazuli blocks for trim. It is in a neoclassical style.
Alphabetical Order

Alphabetical order is a system whereby strings or characters are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. it is one of the methods of collation.

## Alphabetical Order in Orish

In Orish, unlike most languages, the alphabetical order is not based upon the traditional alphabetical order that came out from the Proto-Semitic alphabetical order, but upon the phonetic features of the sounds of the letters. It started by building a keyboard layout for Orish, and was derived from the keyboard layout. The keyboard layout was built so that the plosive letters were placed in the top row, the fricative letters were placed in the middle row, and the vowel letters were placed in the bottom row. the plosives and the fricatives were arranged from the front to the back in their place of articulation, and wherever there are consonants with the same place and manner of articulation the unvoiced one came first and the voiced one came second. The vowels are ordered like in the traditional order because they were pre-ordered by their phonetic features, so that there is a pair of two front vowels and then two back vowels and the mid vowel came first and the high vowel came second, and the only low vowel came before the two pairs. Ə and the semivowels were placed after the vowels because they are phonetically very similar to vowels. The four remaining letters that are classified as sonorant consonants were placed after the plosive letters because this is the place that remained available for all the four remaining letters after placing all other letters. After building this keyboard layout, the alphabetical order was derived from the keyboard layout, this alphabetical order might be a little bit counter-intuitive for most people because there is no other language in the world with a similar alphabetical order, but when understanding that this alphabetical order is actually logical because it's based upon the phonetic features of the sounds of the letters, it becomes intuitive and everyone can get used to it.

* The letters P-G represent plosive consonants.
* The letters M-R represent sonorant consonants.
* The letters F-H represent fricative consonants.
* The letters A-Ə represent vowels.
* The letters Y and W represent semivowels.

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Vowel Roundness

Vowel roundness is the position of the lips when pronouncing vowels.

## Rounded Vowels

Rounded vowels are pronounced with the lips rounded and pushed forward. Rounding the lips lengthens the mouth just like pulling the tongue back, and that's why back vowels are prototypically rounded. The height of the vowels affects their roundness too: higher rounded vowels tend to be more rounded than lower rounded vowels.

## Unrounded Vowels

Unrounded vowels are vowels that are not pronounced with the lips rounded and pushed forward. There are two types of unrounded vowels: spread vowels and neutral vowels.

### Spread Vowels

Spread vowels are pronounced with the lips stretched to the sides. Spreading the lips shortens the mouth just like pushing the tongue forward, and that's why front vowels are prototypically spread. just like roundness, the height of the vowels affects their spreadness too: higher spread vowels tend to be more spread than lower spread vowels.

### Neutral Vowels

Neutral vowels are pronounced with the lips relaxed. Central vowels are prototypically neutral, and they usually don't have the same height as front and back vowels.

## Vowel Roundness in Orish

In Orish, roundness is not a phonemic feature of vowels, but it's still important for the quality of the vowels. Back vowels are rounded, Front vowels are spread, and central vowels are neutral.
M

M

êM (uppercase: M, lowercase: m) is the seventh letter in Orish. Its sound is /m/, bilabial nasal.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter M, block the air with your lips and release it with your voice through your nose.

## Justifications for the Spelling Form of this Sound

Almost in all languages written in Latin script the sound /m/ is spelled at least with the letter M.

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MumsSpaghetti's Cathedral

MumsSpaghetti's Cathedral is a work-in-progress cathedral found on a continent far to the south of the Mainland. It is being built by MumsSpaghetti. It is unknown how big it will be when finished, but it will likely be the single largest building on the server, as it is already very tall (it would be the tallest building on the server if it was completed) and the nave is quite wide.

The cathedral appears to be in a neo-gothic style and (so far) uses predominantly stone brick, stone, dark oak wood and red stained glass windows.
Ʃ

Ʃ

êƩ (uppercase: Ʃ, lowercase: ʃ) is the fifteenth letter in Orish. Its sound is /ʃ/, unvoiced postalveolar fricative.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the sound of the letter Ʃ, raise the blade of your tongue to your hard palate and block the air just a little bit so that when you release air through it it will create a friction sound. Not less important, keep your vocal chords loose and don't vibrate them.

It's also recommended to round the lips when pronouncing this sound.

 **Digraphs**
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BV

The digraph BV represents the sound /b͡v/, voiced labiodental affricate.

## Pronunciation

To pronounce the digraph BV, block the air with your bottom lip and your top teeth and push your diaphragm to create an air pressure. Then, release the air and create friction by keeping your bottom lip close to the top teeth. Not less important, slightly close your vocal chords and vibrate them.

the sound of the digraph BV is basically the sound of the letter B and then the sound of the letter V, but pronounced in a row.

 **Digraphs**
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 **Suggested Letters**
 **Others**
Front Vowels

Front vowels are vowels that are pronounced with the tongue as close the bottom teeth as it can be. Front vowels are prototypically unrounded, because pushing the tongue forward and spreading the lips shorten the mouth and make the vowels sound "bright" or "palatal".

## Back Vowels in Orish

* E - represents the mid front unrounded vowel.
* I - represents the high front unrounded vowel.
British Terlitbog Wiki

## **This Website Is Dead**

As of September 10th 2020, this wiki is pending deletion. It has been completely dead since August 2019 and not seen any major contribution since 2018, and everyone involved has agreed that the website would be better off deleted.

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