recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Moyra

## Family Information

Munchy (son)Bartz (husband)

**Moyra** is a minor ally featured in the Rodent Powered story. She is a motherly Cinccino and leader of Ampere village. Former human and the mother of Munchy.

## Appearance

Moyra is a Cinccino that bears more of a resemblance to her unevolved form, with the same ears, whilst her main fur colour remains the same her hair is a pink colour and more tame compared to other Minccino. Her eye colour remains unknown due to her being seen with them only shut.

## Background

### Life on Skitterora

Moyra's human life is an enigma to everyone, even here. When she arrived she had only memory of her name and she was human.

Alone, Moyra travelled the world , afraid, alone yet curious of her new life. During her travels she met a Pikachu named Bartz that offered him her companionship. After some time, the duo then created a rescue team together, strengthening their bond in the process. After seven years of being a Rescue Team, Moyra and Bartz got married. Soon after, Moyra became pregnant, deciding to retire and raise their son Munchy.

### **Rodent Powered**

Prior to the events of Rodent Powered. Moyra became the leader of Ampere Village.

After hearing that Patrat have went haywire due to their leader going missing. Moyra entered the Prairie Pit alone searching for them, however she assaulted and raped by a Darkling. Robin tried to rescue her by request of Munchy. He however failed and ended up being punished and corrupted. They were instead saved by a mysterious pokémon, believed to be Pepper.

After finding themselves outside Moyra, the Mincinno reunited her with her son. She later on explained the events whilst agreeing to the construction of the guild. She also aids them with contacts, letting Muncy go along with Robin to Ohm Spring.

## Trivia

* Moyra has never told anyone about her identity as a former human. The only one she's explained it to was the unnamed Watchog

## Gallery

Moyra's original concept artMoyra's reference image
Aghul phonology

Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.
Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some Aghul dialects have an especially large number of permitted initial tense consonants.

## Vowels

Vowels of Aghul
 Mid | e
 Open | æ

## Consonants

* The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.

1. ↑ Magometov, Aleksandr Amarovic. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk: (issledovanie i teksty). Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo "Mecniereba".
Adzera phonology

## Vowels

The diphthongs /ɑi ɑu/ occur, while other sequences of vowels are split over two syllables.

## Consonants

/h/ occurs in only one word: the interjection *hai* "yes".

The prenasalized consonants tend to lose prenasalization initially and after consonants.

/tʃ ⁿtʃ/ are sometimes realized as [ts ⁿts], especially in codas.
Alsatian phonology

## Consonants

Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants:

Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: /kʰ/ and /h/ only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; /ŋ/ never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme.

Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but [k]. Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed /b̥/, /d̥/, /ɡ̊/. Speakers of French tend to hear them as their /p, t, k/, which also are voiceless and unaspirated.

The phoneme /ç/ has a velar allophone [x] after back vowels (/u/, /o/, /ɔ/, and /a/ in those speakers who do not pronounce this as [æ]), and palatal [ç] elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it /x/ in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme /ʃ/. A labiodental voiced fricative /v/ sound is also present as well as an approximant /ʋ/ sound. /ʁ/ may have phonetic realizations as [ʁ], [ʁ̞], and [ʀ].

## Vowels

Short vowels: /ʊ/, /o/, /ɒ/, /a/ ([æ] in Strasbourg), /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /i/, /y/.

Long vowels: /ʊː/, /oː/, /ɒː/, /aː/, /ɛː/, /eː/, /iː/, /yː/
Watson

Watson is a character in the webcomic Random = Funny

## Description

He is a freshmen at Whitetree Highschool, he is A+ student and has won honor roll 2 times, his dream job is a math professor and mathematician. He used to be often bullied but when he started to fight back with jokes and roasts that's when they got scared. After the INCIDENT everyone respects him at school, even the bullies since the INCIDENT.

### Appearance

He wears big glasses and has a hi top fade and also wears red overalls

### Personality

He is a very Comedic man and takes everything with a grain of salt, but if someone messes with him, that's when he gets angry,

## Trivia

* He is also known as the "Ball sucker" at school after the INCIDENT
Achumawi phonology

The language has a 5-vowel system /i e a ɔ o u/. Two degrees of length are contrastive for both vowels and consonants. Long vowels are typically more peripheral and short vowels more centralized, phonetically [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɒ ə ʊ]. The mid vowels /e o/ are probably of secondary origin historically, as in Yana and Atsugewi. A short centralized vowel [ə ɨ] appears epenthetically between the consonants of certain prefixes, as in *lhúpta* "let's go!".
Araki phonology

Araki has a phonological inventory of 16 consonant phonemes and 5 vowels, which are shown in the following two tables:

## Consonants

Araki has 16 consonants which generally appear at the beginning of a syllable, with some exceptions.

Only fluent speakers of Araki distinguish between the flap [ɾ] and the trill [r]; and only they can distinguish and pronounce the linguolabial consonants. 'Passive' users of the language replace these consonants either with bilabial consonants or alveolar consonants. Although many younger people claim to be able to speak Araki, they are usually passive speakers, and therefore do not use linguolabial consonants.

## Vowels

The vowel phonemes are:

**Vowels**

Araki does not possess phonemic long vowels. Also, the language does not have phonemic diphthongs. However, strings of consecutive vowels are possible - indeed prevalent - in the language. In these cases, each vowel builds a separate syllable.

## References

1. ↑ François (2002), p.18.
2. ↑ François (2002), p.6.
Athpare phonology

The consonants are shown in the table below. Voiced consonants are rare in the initial position. In the medial position of verbs, voiced consonants are conditioned variants. Aspiration is phonemic in initial position. There are no fricatives except for [s] and [h].

Geminated consonants are found in verbs with stem-final [tt] and as the result assimilation to the infinitival suffix (e.g. *-ma*: *pap(t)- + ma -> pamma* ‘scratch’).

**Vowel phonemes**

There are five vowels in Athpare: a, e, i, o and u. Vowels are somewhat lengthened in open root syllables, but are likely allophonic to short vowels. Diphthongs are marginal in Athpare—ai, oi and ui have been shown to exist but in very few words.
Abellen phonology

Additionally, s, r, c (for [k]), j,among other phonemes are used in loan words and names. In Sambal and Ayta languages, the glottal stop tends to replace a word final non-obstruent when proceeded by a stressed high central vowel.

## References

1. ↑ Stone, R. (2013). *Ayta Abellen Orthography Fact Sheet.*[Working Paper]. Retrieved from http://www.pnglanguages.org/asia/Philippines/show\_work.asp?pubs=onlinehtml&id=928474551911&Lang=eng
Alekano phonology

Alekano has 5 vowels, all unrounded, which is exceptional. It has 12 consonants, but /w/ is found only in the village Wanima, in derivations or in pidgin loanwords.

## Glottal coda

In Alekano, a syllable may be closed only with a glottal stop, as in /ɑʔnesiʔ/ "enough". That is currently not treated as a consonant, but it is unclear if words written as vowel initial begin with a glottal stop. It is written as an acute accent in the orthography, for example, *ánesí*.

## Consonants

The lateral is [l] initially and [ɽ] between vowels.

## Syllables

The most complex syllables are of the form /CVVʔ/: VV may be a diphthong of /ɑ/, /e/, or /ɤ/ followed by /i/ or /ɯ/, or of /iɯ/. Other vowels may also occur in sequence (hiatus).

## Tone

Alekano has low and high tones but with a very low functional load. HL receives strong stress, LH lesser stress.

## References

1. ↑ 1992. Alekano Organised Phonology Data. [Manuscript] [1]
Apurinã phonology

## Vowels

Apurinã vowels are obligatorily nasalized by surrounding nasal vowels, even across word boundaries.

* /e/ can be lowered to [ɛ] when preceding an oral syllable.
* /ɜ/ can be highered to [ɘ] when preceding an oral syllable.
* /ɵ/ can be freely realized as [ʉ, ɞ] within various syllable positions.
* /o/ can be freely realized as [ʊ, u] within various syllable positions.
* /œ/ can be freely realized as [ø, y] within various syllable positions.
* /ʌ/ can be freely realized as [ɑ, ɤ] within various syllable positions.
* /ɒ/ can be freely realized as [ɶ, ɔ] within various syllable positions.
Alagwa phonology

Alagwa has fifteen vowels (/a, e, i, u, o, ɑ, ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ, ɨ, ʉ, ɘ, ɵ, ɐ/). The fifteen vowels have contrastive long counterparts and there are two diphthongs (/ay, aw/). Alagwa also has 29 consonants, including ejectives (/ts, q, qʷ/), pharyngeal fricatives( /ħ, ʕ/), and labialized velars and uvulars.

There are two tone levels in Alagwa: low and high tone e.g., darimbáa "grass". Tone has grammatical function and limited lexical function. However, it cannot be described as a tone language because some words have only one tone (despite the number of the syllables) and the majority have none.

Mainly, there are two intonation types: concluding intonation and non-concluding.
Sullivan

Sullivan is a character in the webcomic Random = Funny

## Description

Sullivan is a former navy sailor who contributed to the time travel experiments of 1958, he was 27 at the time and was on of the test subjects for the experiment. The experiment was a success and the creator got 1 Nobel Prize, after he retired from sailing in 1964 he be came a Christian and wanted to prove that Jesus existed. He broke into the creator's house and stole her time machine she created, he traveled back when Moses was still alive, he searched for Jesus but suddenly the water disappeared beneath him and hell fell to his death.

Sullivan went missing and the creator discovered that his time machine has been stolen, the Police searched for who stole the time machine. The Police discovered the time machine in Sullivan's house and tried to look for him, the Police couldn't find him but fortunately the time machine was returned to the creator. Sullivan was declared missing and police tried searching for him, they then realized that there was time machine in his house and realized that Sullivan might have time traveled back in time, the problem was that they didn't know what time he traveled to, he was declared dead.

### Appearance

He wears a casual sailor uniform and has ginger hair

### Personality

He is a very laid back man and likes to mess around

## Trivia

* He is named after the Sullivan Brothers
Altai phonology

The sounds of the Altai language vary among different dialects.

## Consonants

The voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ varies greatly from dialect to dialect, especially in the initial position, and may be recognized as a voiced affricate /d͡z/. Forms of the word *јок* "no" include [coq] (Kuu dialect) and [joq] (Kumandy). Even within dialects, this phoneme varies greatly.

## Vowels

There are eight vowels in Altai. These vowels may be long or short.
Apinayé phonology

The consonant and vowel inventory follows.

## Vowels

Just as in Mebengokre, there are underlying nasal vowels which surface independent of the nasal consonants.

## Syllable structure

### Onsets

The onset is optional in Apinayé, but when it exists it may be any consonant from the inventory. C1C2V(C)-type syllables, where C2 is a voiced [+cont] semivowel or liquid are very common. CCC onsets are always /kvr/or /ŋvr/

### Codas

All consonants other than /ŋ, ʔ/ are permitted in the coda. The possible syllable types are identical to what we find in Mebengokre, except for those in which there are /ʔ/-initial complex onsets.
Gumbo

Gumbo is a character in the webcomic Random = Funny

## Description

He is the most dangerous person alive in Whitetree, his arms have fallen off because his muscles exploded from being too muscular. He overdoses on steroids so many times it's a mystery how he's still alive, he can knock out one man by just touching him. Police arrested him for killing 5 people by just touching them, police had to taser him 15 times before he came to the ground.

### Appearance

He is a bald man with a unibrow and has a full six pack and is armless

### Personality

Gumbo is very intimadating to others and can make someone faint by just looking at him

Not much known is about his personality and he rarely ever talks

## Trivia

* He can break wall by just headbutting it
* He takes 20 steroids in a day
* He only talks in grunts
Mr. McConnell

Mr. McConnell is a character in the webcomic Random = Funny

## Description

Mr. McConnell is 60 years old and is a teacher and mathematician, he became a teacher at 40 and teaches geometry and algebra

### Appearance

He has gray hair, a brown mustache and wears a black coat

### Personality

He looks stern and serious but he often worries a lot and overthinks everything and tries to explain it with math

## Trivia

* He is the oldest character in the series
Anuak phonology

Anuak is notable for lacking phonemic fricatives.

## Tones

 High
 Mid
 Low

## References

1. ↑ Steven Moran and Daniel McCloy and Richard Wright. 2019. Anuak sound inventory (PH).
In: Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.)
PHOIBLE 2.0.
Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
(Available online at http://phoible.org/inventories/view/1165, Accessed on 2021-06-11.)
Apical consonant

An **apical consonant** is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue (apex) in conjunction with upper articulators from lips to postalveolar, and possibly prepalatal. It contrasts with laminal consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue, just behind the tip. Sometimes apical is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the tip of the tongue and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the tip and the blade of the tongue.  However, the distinction is not always made and the latter one may be called simply apical, especially when describing an apical dental articulation. As there is some laminal contact in the alveolar region, the apicolaminal dental consonants are also labelled as denti-alveolar.
Abun phonology

Abun has 15 vowels: /i, e, ø, ɛ, œ, æ, ɜ, ɐ, ɑ, ɒ, ʌ, ɔ, ɤ, o, u/.

## Tones

Abun has three lexical tones, which are high, mid, and low. A minimal set showing all three tones:

**Script error: No such module "Interlinear".**

**Script error: No such module "Interlinear".**

**Script error: No such module "Interlinear".**

High/rising tones can also be used to mark plurals (Berry & Berry 1999:21).

* *ndam* ‘bird’, *ndám* ‘birds’
* *nu* ‘house’, *nú* ‘houses’
* *gwa* ‘taro tuber’, *gwá* ‘taro tubers’
Lario

Lario is a character from the webcomic Random = Funny

## Description

He became a chef at the age of 20 at the" Bucharté cooking school" in 1989, after graduating at the age of 29 he became a master chef at a 5 star restaurant. He then left the restaurant at the age of 37 to make his own restaurant and tv show with the money. He moved to Las Vegas and created his own 5 star restaurant called "Lario's Fancy cuisine" and his cooking show "Cooking with Lario." He then took a break from cooking show and restaurant to go on vacation in the amazon jungles, he then discovered a thought to be extinct Dragon species, he then became even more famous for discovering a extinct species and got them named after them.

### The incident WARNING SPOILERS

At September 24th 2009 he aired his last episode called "Cooking with Lario Featuring my pet dragon!" An accident Occurred when filming the episode which caused the death of Louie Louie, he died at the age 46. Police then arrived on the film set after allegations saying that he stole a 4 dragons and forced them to cook his food and his cooking show is a cover up for his misdeeds.

Police then discovered something disturbing inside the basement of his restaurant, they discovered 10 dragons chained to a wall and a machine that sucked eggs out of the dragons and into a basket. The film crew was shortly arrested for helping Lario to commit animal abuse, his restaurant was shutdown and his tv show was pulled of the air. The dragons were shortly taken to safety and are now fully recovered from the injuries from the machine.

### Appearance

He wears a chef hat, blue shirt, and a apron and also has ginger hair

### Personality

He may seem very kind and humble on the outside but on the inside he is a very manipulative person and uses people and animals for his financial gain

## Trivia

* His name is a combination of Luigi and Mario from the Super Mario franchise

## Gallery

Lario with Giovanni BuchartéDiagram of the contraption
Afar phonology

## Consonants

The consonants of the Afar language in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):

Voiceless stop consonants which close syllables are released, e.g., [ʌkʰˈme].

## Vowels and stress

	+ **a** [ʌ]
	+ **e** [e]
	+ **i** [i]
	+ **o** [o]
	+ **u** [u]
	+ **ä** [ɑ]
	+ **ë** [ɛ]
	+ **ï** [ɪ]
	+ **ö** [ɔ]
	+ **ü** [ʊ]
	+ **æ** [æ]
	+ **ə** [ə]

	+ **aa** [aː]
	+ **ee** [eː]
	+ **ii** [iː]
	+ **oo** [oː]
	+ **uu** [uː]
	+ **ää** [ɑː]
	+ **ëë** [ɛː]
	+ **ïï** [ɪː]
	+ **öö** [ɔː]
	+ **üü** [ʊː]
	+ **ææ** [æː]
	+ **əə** [əː]

## Phonotactics

Possible syllable shapes are V, VV, VC, VVC, CV, CVV and CVVC.
CHICKENDINOMUSCLEROBOTANGELMAN

shoot lasers

Shoot eggs

Punch

Grab people

Yell

Run very fast

CHICKENDINOMUSCLEROBOTANGELMAN is a character in the webcomic Random = Funny

## Description

He was surgically created by the evil mastermind Timothy by combing a dinosaur arm, Muscle Torso, Chicken head, Chicken Legs, Robot Arm, and angel wings. When CHICKENDINOMUSCLEROBOTANGELMAN was created, it reeked havoc upon Whitewood and cause 1 million in damage to the city. Fortunately it was stopped by the hero Tin man who locked him up in the Jail for Vilnians.

### Appearance

CHICKENDINOMUSCLEROBOTANGELMAN is made of a dino arm, Muscular torso, chicken head and arms, robot arm, and angel wings

### Personality

CHICKENDINOMUSCLEROBOTANGELMAN is a being made of chaos and hatred and will destroy anything in sight

## Trivia

* CHICKENDINOMUSCLEROBOTANGELMAN is the only character to have the longest name in the series
* CHICKENDINOMUSCLEROBOTANGELMAN has no gender
Arhuaco phonology

## Vowels

/ə/ is raised to and merged with /ɨ/ word finally.

## Consonants

This language registers 17 consonant phonemes:

## Syllable Structure

With some exceptions, Arhuaco syllables may begin with up to two consonants (the second of which must be a glide /w j/) and may be closed by one of the following consonants: /ʔ n r w j/.

## Prosody

Arhuaco stress normally falls on penultimate syllables, with secondary stresses occurring on every other preceding syllable, in the case of longer words (e.g. /ˌunkəˈsia/ 'protective bracelet'). There are some affixes and enclitics that are extrametrical and do not count as syllables for stress assignment.
Assiniboine phonology

## Consonants

The phonemic inventory has 27 consonants, which includes aspirated, plain, and ejective stops. In addition to this, it has five oral vowels and three nasal vowels. It is a structure-preserving language. Assiniboine has no definite or indefinite articles, no nominal case system, and no verbal tense marking. Clauses unmarked are "realized," while clauses marked as "potential" by means of verbal enclitic, which is successful in producing a future/non-future distinction. The verbal system is split into active and stative (split-intransitive). The active object pronominal affixes coincide with the stative verbs of the subject pronominal affixes.

The affricates and stops of Assiniboine are often described as voiced rather than voiceless, due to intervocalic voicing rules which result in surface voiced forms.

## Vowels

### Nasal vowels

 ų | ũ | un, on, un, uη, uN

There are five oral vowels in Assiniboine, /i u e o a/, and three nasal vowels, /ĩ ũ ã/.

Words that follow above rules

* /bahá/ hill
* /pahá/ hair
* /čupó/ fog
* /ptą/ otter
* /pka/ heavy
* /psi/ rice
* /pša/to sneeze

## Syllable structure

Syllables are primarily of CV structure. While codas are possible, they are restricted and uncommon, often becoming restructured as the onset of the following syllable. Onsets may include up to two consonants but codas must be simplex. Possible onset clusters are given in the following table:

## References

1. ↑ Hollow, R. C.. (1970). A Note on Assiniboine Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 36(4), 296–298. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1264256
Aromanian phonology

## Consonants

* Central approximant consonants only occur as a result of a word-initial or intervocalic [i] and [u] when preceding another vowel.
* /x/, /ɣ/ can have allophones as [ç], [ʝ] when preceding front vowels.
* /x/, /h/ are in free variation among different dialects.

## Vowels

* Two vowel sounds /ɨ, ə/ are both represented by one grapheme; *ã*.
Afar orthography

In Ethiopia, Afar is written with the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script). Since around 1849, the Latin script has been used in other areas to transcribe the language. Additionally, Afar is also transcribed using the Arabic script.

In the early 1970s, two Afar intellectuals and nationalists, Dimis and Redo, formalized the Afar alphabet. Known as *Qafar Feera*, the orthography is based on the Latin script.

Officials from the Institut des Langues de Djibouti, the Eritrean Ministry of Education, and the Ethiopian Afar Language Studies and Enrichment Center have since worked with Afar linguists, authors and community representatives to select a standard orthography for Afar from among the various existing writing systems used to transcribe the language.
Ahom script

Like most abugidas, each letter has an inherent vowel of /a/. Other vowels are indicated by using diacritics, which can appear above, below, to the left, or to the right of the consonant. The script does not, however, indicate tones used in the language. The Ahom script is further complicated as it contains inconsistencies; a consonant may be written once in a word, but pronounced twice, common words may be shortened, and consecutive words with the same initial consonant may be contracted.

## Consonants

The following medial consonant diacritics are used to form consonant clusters with /l/ and /r/, such as /kl/ and /kr/.

Medial consonants
 ◌𑜟 | /r/ | Medial Ligating Ra

## Vowels

The following vowel diacritics are added to an initial consonant:

To write a consonant without a vowel, the virama ◌𑜫 is used.

## Punctuation

The following characters are used for punctuation:

Punctuation
 𑜿 | Exclamation mark.

## Numerals

The Ahom script contains its own set of numerals:
Anyin phonology

## Vowels

Of these vowels, five may be nasalized: /ĩ/, /ɪ̃/, /ã/, /ũ/, and /ʊ̃/.

## Tones

Anyin has two level tones, high and mid; two contour tones, high-low and low-high; and one neutral tone. Tones are distinguished orthographically only to distinguish minimal pairs and grammatical constructions, or when two otherwise identical vowels with differing tones co-occur: cf. ⟨baá⟩ ([bàá], "child") vs. ⟨ba⟩ ([bá], "to arrive", "to come").
Abau phonology

Abau has the simplest phonemic inventory in the Sepik language family.

Vowels

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Steven Moran and Daniel McCloy and Richard Wright. 2019. Abau sound inventory (PH). In: Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.) PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. (Available online at http://phoible.org/inventories/view/1160, Accessed on 2019-04-23.)
Aneityum phonology and orthography

## Phonemes

Anejom̃ has 5 vowels and 20 or 21 consonants. The sound [ʔ] is sometimes counted as phoneme. Vowel and consonant length is contrastive in this language and is shown in orthography by writing the vowel or consonant twice.

## Orthography

Anejom̃ was never a written language and so traditionally did not have an orthography. The first orthography was made by the missionary John Inglis in 1882. It was considered to be a fairly good orthography of its time (having a one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes), however it did contain several key problems.

1. It did not distinguish between /pʷ/ and /p/ and /mʷ/ and /m/.
2. The phoneme /ɲ/ was not always written as a separate letter from other nasal phonemes.
3. The allophone of /e/, [ə], was written confusingly as "*eu".*
4. Palatal off-glide before a palatal consonant was denoted as an "*i".*
5. Vowel and consonant length were not represented consistently in the orthography.

A new orthography more accepted by Anejom̃ speakers now is shown below.

## Allophones

### Glottal Stop

The moderately phonemic glottal stop is an allophone of /h/ when it occurs before a consonant. It also occurs as an allophone before vowels that occur in the word initial position.

#### Nasals

The phoneme /ɲ/ becomes [j̃] after a high vowel.

### Voicing

Stops and affricates in Anejom̃ change in voicing depending where they occur between segments as described and illustrated below.

* Between vowels labial stops become voiced. Other stops (and affricates) are partially voiced.
* Between voiced segments all stops are variably voiced. The affricate /tʃ/ is variably voiced between voiced segments too. However, when it occurs before a nasal segment it becomes [c].
* When these stops occur word initially, they are always slightly aspirated. The affricate /tʃ/ on the other hand is not aspirated but often takes on variable voicing.
* When these stops and affricates don't occur between vowels or voiced segments they stay as their underlying form. For example, /p/ becomes [p] and /k/ becomes [k].
* When these stops occur in final position, the phonemes don't change. However, the affricate /tʃ/ becomes [c], but can also be heard as [tʃ] in free variation.

### Liquids

* /ɾ/ can be heard as [r] in slower speech.

### Vowels

* Vowel sounds are more tense when occurring as a long vowel.
* Single vowel sounds /ɪ ʊ/ occur tense [i u] in word-final position.
* /e o/ occur as [e̝ o̝] when preceding a high vowel /i u/ of the same frontness or roundness.
* /i e/ occur as centralized [ɨ ə] before and after /ɣ/.
* /a/ very often assimilates before a following high vowel, becoming [æ] or [ɛ] before /i/, and [ɒ] or [ɔ] before /u/.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 p. 17
2. ↑ p. 18
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 p. 19
Akwáwa phonology

The following is the Parakanã dialect:

## Vowels

 Close-mid | e
 Open-mid | œ
 Open | æ

* Vowel sounds are realized as nasalized when preceding nasal consonants.
* /e/ can also be heard as [ɛ] when in stressed position.
* /ɨ/ can also be heard as [ə] when preceding a vowel.
* /a/ can be heard as back [ʌ] when in word-final position. In its nasal form, it is heard as back [ʌ̃].
* /o/ can be heard as [u] when in unstressed position.

## Consonants

* /β/ can also be heard as a glide [w].
* /tʃ/ can be realized as a glide [j] in final position, and as voiced [dʒ] in intervocalic positions.
Amuzgo phonology

## Consonants

The dialect presented in the following chart is Upper Eastern, as spoken in San Pedro Amuzgos as analyzed by Smith & Tapia (2002).

The following chart is based on Coronado Nazario et al. (2009) for the variety of Southern Amuzgo spoken in Huixtepec. The phonetic facts are very similar to that of other varieties, but the analysis is different.

In this analysis, the nasals and central approximants have distinctive allophones that depend on whether or not they precede a nasalized vowel. The approximant /w/, which is [b] before oral vowels or consonants in Huixtepec, is [m] before nasalized vowels. The approximant /j/ is likewise nasalized before nasalized vowels, and [j] elsewhere. The nasals are pronounced with an oral non-nasal release when they precede an oral vowel, and as such sound like [nd] in that context. Various other important details about the phonetics of Amuzgo are not presented in a simplified chart such as the one shown above.

## Vowels

Amuzgo distinguishes seven vowels with respect to quality. In all the documented dialects, all but the two close vowels may be nasalized. Some descriptions claim that Amuzgo also has ballistic syllables, a possible type of supra-glottal phonation. Ballistic syllables are also a feature of the phonology of another Oto-Manguean branch, Chinantec.

## Tones

Amuzgo has three basic tones: high, mid, and low. But it also has several combinations of tones on single syllables. The contour high-low is a common one. The following words are apparently distinguished only by tone in Huixtepec: /ha/ 'sour' (low), /ha/ (mid) 'I', /ha/ (high-low) 'we (exclusive)', and /ha/ (high) 'we (inclusive)'. See also the set: /ta/ 'hill' (low), /ta/ 'thick' (mid), /ta/ ' father (vocative)' (high-low), /ta/ 'slice' (high).
Apma phonology

The consonant phonemes of Apma are **b**, **d**, **g**, **h**, **k**, **l**, **m**, **n**, **ng** (as in English "singer"), **r**, **s**, **t**, **ts** (or **j**), bilabial **v**, **w**, and labiovelar **bw** and **mw**. The consonants *b*, *bw*, *v* and *w* are realised as **p** where they occur at the end of a syllable; *b* may also be devoiced to *p* when next to an unvoiced consonant.

Clusters of consonants cannot occur within a syllable. Unlike in closely related Raga phonology, word roots in Apma can end with a consonant.

In archaic and northern varieties of Apma, prenasalization of consonants occurs in some environments, so that *b* becomes *mb*, *d* becomes *nd*, and *g* becomes *ngg*. This feature has been lost in modern Suru Mwerani dialect.

Apma's five vowels come in short forms (**a**, **e**, **i**, **o** and **u**) and long forms (**aa**, **ee**, **ii**, **oo** and **uu**). Long vowels typically occur where a consonant (most commonly *r*) has historically been lost. Vowels can occur alone or in various combinations. Generally written as *iu* although perceived by speakers simply as a variant of *u*.

Stress is normally on the penultimate syllable of a word. However, syllables that end with a consonant or a long vowel take stress in precedence to other syllables.
Alveolo-palatal consonant

In phonetics, **alveolo-palatal** (or **alveopalatal**) consonants, sometimes synonymous with **pre-palatal** consonants, are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants, or which have simultaneous alveolar and palatal articulation. In the official IPA chart, alveolo-palatals would appear between the retroflex and palatal consonants but for "lack of space". Ladefoged and Maddieson characterize the alveolo-palatals as palatalized postalveolars (palato-alveolars), articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate, whereas Esling describes them as advanced palatals (pre-palatals), the furthest front of the dorsal consonants, articulated with the body of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge. These descriptions are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue (see schematic at right). They are front enough that the fricatives and affricates are sibilants, the only sibilants among the dorsal consonants.
Ahom phonology

## Consonants

The Tai Ahom consonants have been reconstructed as the following, by analyzing old texts:

The semi-vowel /w/ is missing from the system, however it is an allophone of /b/ that occurs only in the word final position. Consonants found in the word final position are: /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, j, b [w]/.

## Vowels

Vowels can occur in syllable medial and final positions only. The following vowel inventory has been reconstructed:

## Tones

The language had a tone system, but because the Ahom script did not visualize any tones, the tones are now unknown.
Aklanon phonology

Aklanon has 21 phonemes. There are 17 consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, l, r, w, y, the glottal stop ʔ, and a distinct phoneme argued by Zorc (2005) to be a close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ]. There are five vowels, with the three native i, a, and u, which is a typical for a Bisayan vowel inventory, and the additional e and o for loanwords and common nouns.
Ayacucho Quechua phonology

## Vowels

Spanish Loanwords

Ayacucho Quechua has three vowels: /a/, /i/, and /u/, which are rendered by native speakers as [æ], [ɪ], and [ʊ] respectively. When these vowels appear adjacent to the uvular fricative /χ/, they are lowered (with [æ] instead being produced further back), yielding [ɑ], [ɛ], and [ɔ] respectively. In bilingual speakers, the Spanish realizations [a], [i], and [u] may also be found.

## Consonants

The consonant phonemes of Ayacucho Quechua are outlined below. Orthographic symbols at odds with the IPA are given in angle brackets.

* Loanwords letters.

Notable differences from Cusco Quechua:

* There are no ejective stops.
* **q** represents the uvular fricative /χ/ rather than the uvular stop /q/ of Cusco. The **q** grapheme is kept merely to allow for easy comparison due to its use with other Quechua languages.
* Ayacucho Quechua lacks the characteristic spirantization of stops at the end of a syllable; compare Cusco *ñuqanchis* with Ayacucho *ñuqanchik* "we/you and I".

Ayacucho Quechua has borrowed hundreds of words from Spanish, and some speakers (even monolinguals) approximate the Spanish pronunciation. For such speakers, /f/ /r/ /b/ /d/ /ɡ/ /e/ /o/ are phonemes in borrowed words like *libru* (from Spanish *libro* "book") or *serbey* (from Spanish *servir* "to serve")

## Stress rules and syllable structure

Quechua primary (strong) stress regularly falls on the penultimate syllable (if a word has more than one syllable). It may also occur on the final syllable, in which case it is directly indicated by the acute diacritic. In slow speech, weak stress tends to fall on the first syllable of a word.

All phonemes appear in word initial position, though vowel clusters are not allowed, and word initial consonant clusters occur only in words borrowed from Spanish (these clusters are *bl*-, *br*-, *bw*-, *by*-, *pl*-, *pr*-, *pw*-, *py*-, *dy*, *dr*-, *ty*-, *tr*-, *gr*-, *gl*-, *gw*-, *kr*-, *kl*-, *kw*-, *fr*-, *fl*-, *sp*-, *sk*-, "st"-, "sw"- and *sy*-). The consonants *h*, *l*, and *ñ* cannot occur in word-final position (as well as borrowed Spanish consonants *b*, *g*, and *f*). This leads to a minimal possible syllable of V (only word initially) and a maximal native syllable of CVC *ñan* (with the prohibited consonants unable to appear in the final position), and a maximal possible syllable of CCVC *kreyey* (from Spanish *creer* "to believe").
Adnyamathanha phonology

Adjnjamathanha and Guyani have the same phonemic inventory.

## Consonants

Most of the nasals and laterals are allophonically prestopped.

[v] may be an allophone of /p/.

## History

While the closely related Guyani retains word-initial stops, Adnyamathanha has undergone systematic lenition of stops in this position. Former \*p has become [v], former \*t̪ and probably also \*c have become /j/, and former \*k has disappeared entirely.

## References

1. ↑ Jeff Mielke, 2008. *The emergence of distinctive features*, p 135
Abadi phonology

## Consonants

* [β] and [v] are in free variation.
* [k] and [p] are in free variation with their aspirated counterparts [kʰ] and [pʰ]

## Vowels

 Close-mid | e
 Open-mid | ɛ
 Open | æ

* [ɛ] may be in free variation with [e]
* [ə] is an allophone of [ɑ] when in between two consonants, when it is part of a diphthong, or word-finally.

## Orthography

The Abadi alphabet includes a, b, d, e, g, i, k, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v and ’. Consonants included are b, d, g, k, m, n, p, r, s, t, v and ’. Vowels included a, e, i , o, and u.
Acehnese phonology

Oral diphthong vowels ending with /ə/ are shown in the table below.

 /ɛə/

Oral diphthong vowels ending with /i/ are shown in the table below.

 /əi/
 /ʌi/
 /ai/

## Consonants

The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.

Notes:

* Syllable-final k always represents /ʔ/ save in certain recent loans
* /f/, /z/, and /ʃ/ are borrowed sounds, and are often replaced by /ph/, /d/, and /ch/ respectively
* /mb/, /nd/, /ɲɟ/, and /ŋɡ/ are also known as "funny nasals"

## Orthography

The orthography of Achenese features 31 letters: the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet, è, é, ë, ô, and ö.

Notes:

* **ë** is used only for diphthongs ending with /ə/
Akoye phonology

Akoye has a small phonemic inventory, which is not well described.

Consonants are /p t k, f θ s x, m n ŋ, w/ and maybe /j/. The first five are usually voiced to [b ɾ ɡ v ð] after a monophthongal vowel, though sometimes the voicing is blocked for unknown reasons.

Consonants
 Fricative | f [f v]

Vowels are /i e ə ɑ o u/. Diphthongs (/ɑi, ɒi, ɛi, ei, əi, ɔi, oi, ɑu, ɒu, ɛu, eu, əu, ɔu, ou/) are said to be rare, though vowel sequences are common, so these are perhaps not equivalent.

The most complex syllable is CCVV: /mtəəpə/ 'hair', /əəkwɑi/ 'eye'.

Tone plays a role: /ə̀ɡənə/ 'sky', /əɡə́nə/ 'lid'; /pɑɑ́/ (sp. bird), /pɑ̀ɑ/ 'body'.

## References

1. ↑ /j/ is not given in the invertory, but is illustrated in the examples.
2. ↑ Perhaps /aj/ vs. /ai/?
Acholi phonology

Acholi has vowel harmony: all vowels in a word have to belong to a single class (e.g. [kojo] *the cold* vs. [kɔjɔ] *to separate*). There are two sets of five vowels, distinguished by the feature [+/-ATR].

/pʷ bʷ/ sounds may also sound as labial affricates [pf bv].

Acholi is a tonal language. Thus, some words may be distinguished by tone alone, e.g. *bèl* (low) 'wrinkled' vs. *bél* (high) 'corn' and *kàl* (low) 'place enclosed by a palisade' vs. *kál* (high) 'millet'. Tone furthermore plays a role in verb conjugation.
Amarasi phonology

Amarasi contains 13 consonants and 5 vowels.

## Vowel Phonemes

### Phonetic Variance

Words that begin with a vowel are spoken with a glottal stop before the initial vowel sound.

 /ain/
 /ɔɔn/
 /ɔʔɛn/
 /ɛuk/

This initial glottal stop is lost when prefixes are attached to vowel-initial roots, for example the 3rd person prefix /n-/:

 /n-/ + /ain/
 /n-/ + /ɔɔn/
 /n-/ + /ɔʔɛn/
 /n-/ + /ɛuk/

However, the glottal stop is not lost when prefixes are added to words that actually begin with a glottal stop. In that case, the glottal stop is spoken in its place, between the prefix and the rest of the word.

 /n-/ + /ʔain/
 /n-/ + /ʔɔban/
 /n-/ + /ʔɔnɛn/
 /n-/ + /ʔɛɛr/

Amarasi vowels vary in pronunciation frequently. Despite being mid vowels, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are realized as higher phonemes ([e] and [o] respectively), when followed by higher vowels, or when preceding certain consonants, such as /s/ and /k/ (for /ɛ/) or any labial consonant (for /ɔ/). The high vowel /a/ is often pronounced as [ɪ] or even [e] in informal speech.

Because there are few minimal pairs in Amarasi, plosive consonants are interchangeable with fricative consonants, so long as both consonants are voiced. For example, the Amarasi word for 'round' (/kbubuʔ/) can be pronounced either [kβʊβʊʔ] or [kbʊβʊʔ] without confusion.

* This phonetic variance differs drastically based on dialect, and personal preference.

Similarly, /r/ can be freely pronounced [r] or [ɾ].
Ainu phonology

## Consonants

Plosives /p t ts k/ may be voiced [b d dz ɡ] between vowels and after nasals. Both /ti/ and /tsi/ are realized as [t͡ʃi], and /s/ becomes [ʃ] before /i/ and at the end of syllables. A glottal stop [ʔ] is often inserted at the beginning of words, before an accented vowel, but is non-phonemic.

The Ainu language also has a pitch accent system. Generally, words containing affixes have a high pitch on a syllable in the stem. This will typically fall on the first syllable if that is long (has a final consonant or a diphthong), and will otherwise fall on the second syllable, though there are exceptions to this generalization.
Aspirated consonant

In phonetics, **aspiration** is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

In dialects with aspiration, to feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say *spin* [spɪn] and then *pin* [pʰɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with *pin* that one does not get with *spin*.
Abui phonology

Abui has a relatively simple phonemic inventory with 16 native and 3 loan consonants. There are 5 short vowels each of them having a long counterpart. In a number of cases lexical tone is found. All information in this section is from Kratochvíl 2007.

## Consonants

The consonants /cç/, /ɟʝ/, and /g/ are non-native, having been borrowed from Malay in recent decades. As indicated by the chart above, Abui has /r/ and /l/ as separate phonemes.
Alawa phonology

## Consonants

Alawa has a typical consonant inventory for an Indigenous Australian language, with five contrastive places of articulation, multiple lateral consonants, and no voicing contrast among the stops.

Note: there are no standardised IPA symbols for alveopalatal stops.

## Vowels

The vowel system of Alawa is made up of four vowel phonemes: the high front vowel /i/, the high back vowel /u/, the mid front vowel /e/, and the low central vowel /a/.

Vowel phonemes

There are no rounding contrasts or length contrasts in this language.
Ashéninka phonology

Payne (1981) describes the following consonant inventory for Axininca aka Ashéninka Apurucayali:

Judith Payne has the same inventory for the Pichis variety, but without /ç/, and she adds the palatalized consonants /pʲ/, /kʲ/, /hʲ/, /mʲ/ and /βʲ/.

Mihas shows a similar inventory for the Alto Perené variety with few differences. These are that Mihas does not include neither /tʰ/ nor /ç/; David Payne's contrast /t͡ʃ/-/t͡ʃʰ/ is considered /t͡ʃ/-/tʲ/ by Mihas, and she does not include any palatalized consonant because she considers them two-consonant clusters (Cj).

Payne and Mihas show a four-vowel system (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/), while, in David Payne's Apurucayali, there are only three (/a/, /i/, /o/).

These three varieties are included in Pedrós' Northern Ashé-Ashá group.
Batuley phonology

## Vowels

Batuley has a simple five-vowel system with no vowel length distinction (Daigle 2015).

* i
* e
* u
* o
* a

[ɪ] is an allophone of /i/ and /e/ (in different environments). [e] is an allophone of /a/ when it does not receive the primary stress. Furthermore, /e/ and /i/ may both be reduced to a schwa in fast speech in certain conditions.
Atakapa phonology

## Vowels

Atakapa has five vowels as presented in Swadesh (1946). Vowel length is not contrastive in Atakapa.

## Consonants

According to Swadesh (1946), Atakapa has the consonants presented in the following chart.

Underlying /ŋ/ surfaces as [k] when it appears at the end of a syllable. Swadesh further notes that /m/ often surfaces as [n] or [ŋ] word-finally in some adjectives, but "irregular variations in [Gatschet's] writing" preclude him from settling on any further conditions for this. Additionally, it is unclear whether /n/ is indeed a distinct phoneme from /ŋ/; if this is the case, argues Swadesh, then words containing final /n/ must have arrived in a later period.

Consonant clusters consisting of a stop followed by a sibilant — themselves arising from vowel epenthesis — are generally contracted to /c/. For example, *kec-k* ("liver") arose from \**keks*, which arose from epenthesis and final-vowel deletion processes in *\*kekesi*, which itself is the reduplicated form of \**kesi*. However, there are words in which the suffix -*kš* appears, suggesting that this contraction rule ran its course in an earlier period.

## Syllable structure and stress

The typical Atakapa syllable is of the structure CVC. Swanton (1929) observes that clusters of more than two consonants are rare in the language. From his analysis of Gatschet's data, he concludes that consonant clusters of any size are *not* permitted in the syllable onset, but that they *are* permitted in the coda.

Stress is "a purely mechanical function of phrase rhythm" in Atakapa; it is generally the final syllable of a phrase that receives stress.
Atikamekw phonology

## Consonants

The consonants of Atikamekw are listed below in the standard orthography and with IPA equivalents in brackets:

In Atikamekw, fortis and lenis consonants are not distinguished in writing, even though they are in speech. But if precise spelling is required, fortis consonant realised as a geminate is indicated with an underline on the letter of concern.

## Vowels

The vowels of Atikamekw are listed below:

* Vowel length (shown above with a circumflex accent) is typically not indicated in the written language.
'Are'are phonology

The phoneme inventory of the 'Are'are language is presented in the table below. Orthographic conventions differing from the IPA notation are given in angled brackets.

Consonants

The plosives (*p, t, k, ʔ*) are all voiceless and unaspirated. Besides these, 'Are'are has two nasals (*m, n*), one liquid (*r*), two fricatives (*s, h*), and one approximant (*w*). The two fricatives are contrasted in the minimal pair *ɾasu* 'smoke' vs. *ɾahu* 'to be old'.

The 'Are'Are language has a five vowel system which uses the letters "i, e, a, u, o". The length of these vowels is contrastive. Long vowels are marked with a macron.

Vowels

Minimal pairs to show the phonemic status of vowel length are presented below:

* *isu* 'move' vs. *i:su* 'count, read'
* *tete* 'pebble' vs. *te:te* 'mother'
* *masika* 'small' vs. *ma:sika* 'worm'
* *oto* 'throw, spear' vs. *o:to* 'meet'
* *ʔuta* 'what' vs. *u:tə* 'rain'
Adang phonology

## Consonants

Notes:

* Post-alveolar [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ɲ] are palatalized versions of their alveolar counterparts [t, d, n] and occur when following a diphthong ending in high front vowel [i]. The [i] has been deleted in some cases, resulting in new minimal pairs contrasting alveolar and post-alveolar variants. The extent of this sound change differs between speakers and Robinson and Haan only consider [d͡ʒ] to have become a fully separate phoneme. Because it is the result of a process limited the syllable coda, this new phoneme only occurs syllable-finally.
* In certain dialects /l/ is deleted following a diphthong ending in [i].
* /g/ occurs in syllable-initial position, but the only cases in which it does syllable-finally are onomatopoeic forms.
* /s/ only occurs syllable-finally in loanwords.
* /f/ never occurs in syllable-final position.

## Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Adang

Diphthongs are /ai/, /oi/, /eu/, /au/ and /ou/. Vowel sequences that begin with a lax mid vowel (i.e. /ɔ/ or /ɛ/) cannot be diphthongs and are always disyllabic.

## Phonotactics

Adang syllable structure is (C)V(C). V can either be a monophthong or a diphthong. C can be almost any consonant. Exceptions are /f/, which never occurs in syllable final position, and /d͡ʒ/, which only ever occurs in final position. /s/ and /g/ only occur syllable-finally in specific categories of words (i.e. loanwords and onomatopoeic words, resp.).