recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Cladoselache clarki

One of the first sharks to swim in the sea, Cladoselache looked quite different from the killer 'jaws' sharks we know today. Its body was shaped like a cigar with a wide tail, and its teeth ere far from the vicious killing tools of the modern great white shark. Still, Cladoselache was a good hunter. Fast and agile in the water, it could snag prey with its teeth and swallow the victim whole.

## Fast & Flexible:

Cladoselache's tail was shaped like a wide'V', and its body was long, thin and flexible. This design wasn't as streamlined as modern sharks' bodies, but it was good enough to allow the ancient fish to chase prey at hgih speds and make sharp turns in the water.

## Nearly Naked:

This fish didn't have the tooth-like scales that armor a modern shark's body, but it did have some protection. Short spikes grew in front of its dorsal fins' which would have stabbed into the mouths of attackers.

## Jaws, Past and Present

Cladoselache's jaws looked and worked much differently from those of today's sharks. The ancient fish's hinged jaws weren't recessed under its snout, as they are with modern sharks. Plus, Cladoselache's teeth were shaped much differently. Each of the creature's chompers had three prongs, with the biggest in the middle. These teeth weren't sharp, so the shark couldn't bike chunks of flesh from its victims' bodies. Instead, Cladoselache used its teeth to grab onto its prey, then swallowed them whole.

This ancient shark looks more like a modern-day eel.

## No Sense:

This shark's brain and nasal cavaties were small for the size of its body. Experts think this means that Cladoselache's sense of smell wasn't good, and it lacked the keen sense that today's sharks have. This beast probably hunted by sight only.

## Run Away!

Beyond hunting, Cladoselache had a good reason to be a fast swimmer. It shared the Devonian oceans with the 20-foot predator called Dunkleosteus. This beast had the deadliest jaws in the sea, but Cladoselache could have out swam it in most chases.

## Did You Know?

The name Cladoselache means 'multi-lobed shark,' referring to its teeth.

## Timeline:

Cladoselache lived 370 to 250 million years ago during the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian Periods.
Pikaia gracilens

Pikaia gracilens is an extinct, primitive chordate animal known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Sixteen specimens are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprised 0.03% of the community. It resembled the lancelet and perhaps swam much like an eel.

*Pikaia* has been one of the most talked about creatures discovered from the Cambrian era Burgess Shale,‭ ‬yet there is still controversy over exactly what it was.‭ ‬In‭ ‬1979‭ ‬Simon Conway Morris noted the presence of a proto-notochord,‭ ‬an anatomical structure that later creatures would develop into a spine creating the first true chordates.‭ ‬Chordates are better known as vertebrates,‭ ‬animals that have a hard backbone that also includes human beings.‭ ‬Morris however went so far as to suggest that *Pikaia* was itself a chordate,‭ ‬which in turn has led to popular speculation that *Pikaia* may have been‭ ‘‬the‭’ ‬ancestor to all vertebrates,‭ ‬including humans.

This is the main source of the controversy surrounding *Pikaia*,‭ ‬because not everyone is convinced that *Pikaia*are even chordates at all.‭ ‬It has‭ ‬been suggested to have had‭ ‬a segmented exoskeleton as well as the‭ ‬presence of short tentacles,‭ ‬both anatomical features of invertebrates,‭ ‬creatures without a backbone.‭ ‬In fact,‭ ‬when *Pikaia* was first described by Charles Walcott in‭ ‬1911,‭ ‬it was as a kind of polychaete worm.‭ ‬Today *Pikaia* is more commonly envisioned as a cephalochordate,‭ ‬similar to the lancelets that we know today.‭ ‬With this in mind *Pikaia* might have been related to the true ancestors of the chordates,‭ ‬yet was still separate from them.

The exact lifestyle of *Pikaia* is still uncertain,‭ ‬due to its similarity to lancelets it was probably a free swimming creature that moved through the water with side to side undulations of its body.‭ ‬As it swam through the water it may have picked up small morsels of organic matter that were then digested in the gut.‭ ‬Although merged with the body,‭ *‬Pikaia* is noted for still having a distinct head.
Anomalocaris canadensis

Anomalocaris is an extinct genus of anomalocaridid, a family of animals thought to be closely related to ancestral arthropods. The first fossils of Anomalocaris were discovered in the Ogygopsis Shale by Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, with more examples found by Charles Doolittle Walcott in the Burgess Shale. Originally several fossilized parts discovered separately were thought to be three separate creatures, a misapprehension corrected by Harry B. Whittington and Derek Briggs in a 1985 journal article.
Elegestolepis

Elegestolepis is a primitive shark that lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods. It was closely related to Mongolepis and Polymerolepis. It is only known from placoid scales discovered in Russia before 1973. The oldest of these scales have been dated back to the Ludlow epoch, making Elegestolepis the oldest known shark.

Although only known from placoid scales *Elegestolepis*, along with *Mongolepis* and *Polymerolepis*, is the oldest confirmed shark known to science. *Elegestolepis* dates back to about four hundred and twenty million years ago, but some scales that may yet represent another shark ancestor are known from four hundred and fifty million years ago. Although the placoid scales are accepted to be those of a shark, subtle differences in the scales suggest that *Elegestolepis* itself may have been quite different in appearance to modern sharks.
Therocephalian

**Therocephalian** were venomous, carnivorous mammal-like reptiles from the Permian and Triassic period.

## Characteristics

Therocephalians were quadrupedal creatures which were anatomically similar to Gorgonopsids, albeit with stubbier, thicker legs and a smaller body. They possessed large skulls, which were ridged from the neck, and had a broad, blunt snout with long, straight canines. Therocephalians also had a grooved ridge inside their mouth for injecting venom into their prey. When placid, Therocephalians were slow-moving, but could give surprising bouts of speed and strength when closing in on prey.

## Real life

Therocephalians (name meaning "*beast-heads*") were an extinct suborder of eutheriodont therapsids, which lived from approximately 265 to 245 million years ago. They were named after their large skulls, which, along with the structure of their teeth, suggest that they were successful carnivores. The Therocephalians were more closely related to cynodonts, which would give rise to mammals, than any other group. Therocephalians lived in large numbers in what is now the Karoo of South Africa, but Therocephalian fossils have also been found in Antarctica, Russia and China.

## Trivia

* Though the Therocephalians were the second venomous creatures to appear, the first being the Arthropleura, they were the first ones who were actually evidenced as being venomous.

* The only real-life Therocephalian species to be venomous was Euchambersia, suggesting that this was the Therocephalian species featured in the show.

## Errors

* The Therocephalians in *Primeval* were depicted with external ears, when in real-life they would have had internal ears, like lizards.
Placodermi

Placodermi is a class of armoured prehistoric fish, known from fossils, which lived from the Silurian to the end of the Devonian period. Their head and thorax were covered by articulated armoured plates and the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches. Placoderms are paraphyletic, and consist of several distinct outgroups or sister taxa to all living jawed vertebrates, which originated among their ranks. This is illustrated by a 419-million-year-old fossil, Entelognathus, from China, which is the only known placoderm with a type of bony jaw like that found in modern bony fishes. This includes a dentary bone, which is found in humans and other tetrapods. A recent analysis shows placodermi to be likely monophyletic. The jaws in other placoderms were simplified and consisted of a single bone. Placoderms were also the first fish to develop pelvic fins, the precursor to hindlimbs in tetrapods, as well as true teeth. Paraphyletic groupings are problematic, as one can not talk precisely about their phylogenic relationships, their characteristic traits and literal extinction. 380-million-year-old fossils of three other genera, Incisoscutum, Materpiscis and Austroptyctodus, represent the oldest known examples of live birth.
Obin

## Intro

Obin is a Osprey Great Beast, one of the Great Beasts in the continent Utox, but she is originally from Indoes which is in Erdas, but like the other great beasts, she was forced to leave her home and was chased out into the continent of Utox, she was summoned by Trevor and her talisman is the Calcite Osprey.
Jiang Xiaoyue

Royal Princess of the Jiang Family. Gluttonous employee of the Origins Internet Club in Jiuhua City. Recently moved to Yuanyang to attend school.

Her gluttony is a result of the fact that most of the energy she takes in will be automatically used to heal the damaged soul of the Incarnation of the Great Dao.

## Appearance

She was a little doll-like loli who looked to be in her early teenage years.

A little loli wearing a white palace dress stood under the silver moon, and her dress fluttered in the wind. She was wearing white boots, and she was stepping on a giant black snake whose head was bigger than her entire body!
Brontoscorpio anglicus

* Brontoscorpio is a scorpion (scorpionid arachnid arthropod) from the Pridoli-Early Devonian of the United Kingdom. It was named in 1972 by Erik Norman Kjellesvig-Waering. It was the biggest scorpion of all time, and was confused for being a pterygotid eurypterid, right before they discovered that it was a true scorpion.

* Brontoscorpio had the generic scorpion body plan. It was an arachnid a rounded cephalothorax, long arms with big claws, 2 small claws near its mouth, 4 pairs of walking legs, and a long tail ending in a venomous stinger. Its body would have been covered in a hard, chitinous exoskeleton.

* Brontoscorpio was a predator, preying on fish, trilobites, small eurypterids, smaller scorpions, and small invertebrates. Its large arm claws were used for getting a hold of any struggling prey while it subdued them with its stinger, while its smaller claws were used to rip off small chunks out of their bodies.
Sarcoprion edax

Sarcoprion (from the Ancient Greek for "flesh saw") is an extinct genus of eugeneodontid holocephalids from the Permian of Greenland. Similar to other eugeneodontids such as Edestus and Heliocoprion, it was best known for its extremely bizarre tooth morphology compared to other species of sharks and their closest relatives, the chimaeras. Compared to other members of the Helicoprionidae (teeth of Agassiz), its "tooth whorls" were found to be sharper, more compact, and in better condition than other sharks of the time, and refrained from growing to extremely unwieldy forms that would raise questions about its ability to feed properly. The genus contains one species, Sarcoprion edax ("gluttonous flesh saw"), found in Permian-aged marine strata of Meddelelser om Grønland.

Sarcoprion had a jaw and mouth structure which allowed it to be more hydrodynamic, reducing the size and shape of the tooth whorl and increasing the size of the rostrum. Sarcoprion is thought to have pursued smaller, fast-moving prey similar to today's mako shark. Estimations on its size suggested an average length of 6 m (20 ft) from the two specimens discovered in Greenland.
Kashmirosaurus ornatus

Kashmirosaurus is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian known from Permo-Carboniferous deposits in the region of Kashmir. It was originally named by English paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward in 1905 as a species of Archegosaurus called Archegosaurus ornatus. More recently, the species has been recognized as being distinct from Archegosaurus, and it was placed in its own genus Kashmirosaurus in 1996. An additional species of Archegosaurus, A. kashmiriensis, was named in 1960 from the same deposits in Kashmir, and is now considered synonymous with Kashmirosaurus ornatus.
Acanthostega gunnari

* **Name:** *Acanthostega* (Spiny roof).
* **Phonetic:** A-can-fo-stay-gah.
* **Named By:** Erik Jarvik - 1952.
* **Classification:** Chordata, Tetrapoda, Amphibia, Labyrinthodontia, Ichthyostegalia.
* **Species:** *A. gunneri*.
* **Type:** Carnivore.
* **Size:** 60 centimetres long.
* **Known locations:** Eastern Greenland.
* **Time period:** Famennian of the Devonian.
* **Fossil representation:** Initially only skull fragments, further fossils have been discovered making it one of the most completely preserved species. A very well preserved specimen was discovered in 1987 by Jennifer A. Clack.

Although it’s possible that *Acanthostega* could walk on land, the morphological features of the body suggest a primarily aquatic lifestyle. Neither the spine or ribs were adapted to support its weight while on land. The legs, though large, lacked the joints and degrees of motion required for efficient terrestrial locomotion. The underside of the creature had heavy scales, a feature that may have protected it from regular contact with ground, especially if it hunted in the shallows. If it were able to spend short periods out of the water the scales might also have helped protect the body as it was dragged over the land, perhaps if the creature was moving from one body of water to another.

These and other features do point to a predator that was suited to life in the Devonian swamps. As matter is decomposed by bacteria in an aerobic process, oxygen is used up reducing the oxygen content in the water. *Acanthostega* lad lungs as well as internal gills, and this lung back-up would have allowed it to exploit the oxygen in the air as well, something that predatory fish would not have been able to do. The legs while crude compared to the land animals to come, would have enabled it scramble over and around submerged obstacles and aquatic plants. They would also have allowed it to free itself if it beached itself in shallow water while pursuing prey.

Perhaps the most important feature is the teeth and jaw. Fish typically use the suction method of feeding. This is where the predator opens its mouth so fast and wide that it creates a vacuum inside its mouth that sucks water and the prey inside. In comparison *Acanthostega* jaw and teeth which featured two fangs, was more suited for actually biting onto prey. This terrestrial method of feeding suggests that it focused its hunting around the water edges, as opposed to exclusively hunting submerged.
Cacops woehri

Cacops, a genus of dissorophid temnospondyls, is one of the most distinctive Paleozoic amphibians that diversified in the equatorial region of Pangea during the Kungurian stage of the early Permian. Dissorophids were a group of fully terrestrial, often heavily armored faunivores. This, along with their relatively large size and geographical range suggest that they were able to coexist with amniotes as predators during the early Permian. Dissorophidae has four distinct clades differentiated largely on the morphology of the osteoderms, the Eucacopinae, the Dissorophinae, the Aspidosaurinae, and the Platyhystricinae. Cacops is one of the few olsoniforms whose ontogeny is beginning to surface. Cacops fossils were almost exclusively known from the Cacops Bone Bed of the Lower Permian Arroyo Formation of Texas for much of the 20th century. New material collected from the Dolese Brothers Quarry, near Richards Spur, Oklahoma in the past few decades has been recovered, painting a clearer picture of what the animal looked and acted like.

*Cacops* had many bony plates mainly concentrated along its back. These plates may have given it some protection from other terrestrial predators of the time. The large otic notch at the back of the skull suggests that *Cacops* had good hearing.
Temnospondyli

Temnospondyli (from Greek τέμνειν (temnein, "to cut") and σπόνδυλος (spondylos, "vertebra")) is a diverse subclass of small to giant tetrapods—often considered primitive amphibians—that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods. A few species continued into the Cretaceous. Fossils have been found on every continent. During about 210 million years of evolutionary history, they adapted to a wide range of habitats, including fresh water, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments. Their life history is well understood, with fossils known from the larval stage, metamorphosis, and maturity. Most temnospondyls were semiaquatic, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed. These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. Although temnospondyls are considered amphibians, many had characteristics, such as scales, claws, and armour-like bony plates, that distinguish them from modern amphibians.

Temnospondyls have been known since the early 19th century, and were initially thought to be reptiles. They were described at various times as batrachians, stegocephalians, and labyrinthodonts, although these names are now rarely used. Animals now grouped in Temnospondyli were spread out among several amphibian groups until the early 20th century, when they were found to belong to a distinct taxon based on the structure of their vertebrae. Temnospondyli means "cut vertebrae", as each vertebra is divided into several parts.

Experts disagree over whether temnospondyls were ancestral to modern amphibians (frogs, salamanders, and caecilians), or whether the whole group died out without leaving any descendants. Different hypotheses have placed modern amphibians as the descendants of temnospondyls, another group of early tetrapods called lepospondyls, or even as descendants of both groups (with caecilians evolving from lepospondyls and frogs and salamanders evolving from temnospondyls). Recent studies place a family of temnospondyls called the amphibamids as the closest relatives of modern amphibians. Similarities in teeth, skulls, and hearing structures link the two groups.
Eoarthropleura devonica

Eoarthropleura was a genus of millipede-like creatures which lived between the Late Silurian and Late Devonian periods. Fossils, mainly of cuticle fragments, have been found in Europe and North America. It is the earliest known member of the Arthropleuridea, and the oldest known terrestrial animal of North America.
Eastmanosteus pustulosus

Eastmanosteus ("Eastman's bone") is a fossil genus of dunkleosteid placoderms. It was closely related to the giant Dunkleosteus, but differed from that genus in size, in possessing a distinctive tuberculated bone ornament, a differently shaped nuchal plate and a more zig-zagging course of the sutures of the skull roof.
Species of Eastmanosteus had powerful jaws with sharp cutting edges and were likely active predators. Fossils have been found in many parts of the world in marine sediments dating from the Middle to Late Devonian. They were medium-to-large fish, with specimens E. pustulosus and E. licharevi approaching a total length of 3 metres. Complete exoskeletons with soft-tissue traces of E. calliaspis from Australia make this one of the best known dunkleosteids.
Symmoriida

Symmoriida is an extinct order of ratfish that contains three families. It was synonymized subjectively with Cladodontida by Lund; it was corrected as Symmoriiformes by Maisey. It was assigned to Cladoselachii by Goto et al.; to Elasmobranchii by Williams, and to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski in 2002 and by Maisey in 2008. In the fossil record, they appear at the beginning of the Carboniferous. Most of them died out at the start of the Permian; however, a single tooth described by Guinot et al. from the Valanginian of France indicates that members of the family Falcatidae might have survived until the Early Cretaceous.
Megarachne servinei

## What Big Eyes You Have!

Megarachne's large compound eyes measured up to half an inch in diameter. When the creature was underwater its eyes probably poked up from the the water like a crocodile's.

### In Good Company:

Like modern spiders and scorpions, Megarachne had a pair of feeding appendages at the front of its mouth called chelicerae, which it used to pass food into its mouth.

### Creature Features

* Species: Megarachne servinei
* Size: Length up to 16 in.
* Prey: Tiny invertebrates
* Where? Fossils have been found in Argentina, in South America
* When? About 300 million years ago during the Carboniferous Period
* Sound Off: meg-a-RAK-nee

In 1980  scientist discovered a fossil of what he thought was the biggest spider to ever live. As large as a small dog, Megarachne had a heavily armored body, giant eyes and a leg span of up to 20 inches! For many years, the life of this huge swamp-dwelling creature was a mystery. Only now do we know the true story-Megarachne was actually a giant prehistoric sea scorpion.

### Spider or Scorpion?

The first Megarachne fossil was locked away soon after its discovery. Since no one could examine the specimen, they couldn't prove that it really was a prehistoric spider. Finally, in 2005 a British pider expert was allowed to study the fossil, and he quickly found that Megarachne actually belonged to the family of prehistoric sea scorpions known as eurypterids. Unlike spiders, which have eight small eyes, Megarachne had two big ones. And it had a hard shell with ridges across its back-unlike any spider known to science.

### Clean Sweep:

Though most eurypterids were predators, scientists believe Megarachne was a 'sweep feeder.' Its feeding appendages had long combs on them, like baleen plates in a whale's mouth, which Megarachne used to sift through mud and water and filter out food.

### Time to Change:

Megarachne most likely lived on land and in the water, like a crab. It probably molted, or shed, its outer shell in water-its bare legs would have been too soft to support its weight until its new exoskeleton hardened.

Since Megarachne has been reclassified, the title of largest spider in history now belongs to the goliath bird-eating spider. This hairy monster from South America has a leg span of up to one foot!

### Did You Know?

Megarachne used to be listed in Guinness World Records as the largest spider in the world.
Cynodont

The cynodonts are therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian. The group includes modern mammals as well as their extinct ancestors and close relatives. Nonmammalian cynodonts spread throughout southern Pangea and are represented by fossils from South America, Africa, India, and Antarctica. In the northern continents, fossils have been found in eastern North America as well as in Belgium and northwestern France. Cynodontia is one of the most diverse groups of therapsids.

Richard Owen named Cynodontia in 1861, which he assigned to Anomodontia as a family. Robert Broom(1913) reranked Cynodonia as an infraorder, since retained by others, including Colbert and Kitching (1977), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), and Rubidge and Cristian Sidor (2001). Olson (1966) assigned Cynodontia to Theriodonta, Colbert and Kitching (1977) to Theriodontia, and Rubridge and Sidor (2001) to Eutheriodontia. William King Gregory (1910), Broom (1913), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), Hopson and Kitching (2001) and Botha et al. (2007) all considered Cynodontia as belonging to Therapsida. Botha et al. (2007) seems to have followed Owen (1861), but without specifying taxonomic rank.
In 2001, James Allen Hopson e.a. defined a clade Cynodontia as the most inclusive group containing Mammalia but excluding Bauria.
Moschops oweni

Moschops is an extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch, around 265–260 million years ago. They were heavily built plant eaters, and they may have lived partly in water, as hippopotamuses do. They had short, thick heads and might have competed by head-butting each other. Their elbow joints allowed them to walk with a more mammal-like gait rather than crawling. Their remains were found in the Karoo region of South Africa, belonging to the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. Therapsids, such as Moschops, are synapsids, the dominant land animals in the Permian period, which ended 252 million years ago.

*Moschops* is a rare example of one of the few early mammal like reptiles that the general public are actually be aware of. This is in part due to its inclusion into most books about ancient animals, although a few people may actually remember watching the kids TV series ‘Moschops’ from the early 1980‘s.

At five meters *Moschops* was one of the largest herbivores of its day with only *Jonkeria* being a potential size rival. However it is not this large size that is the claim to fame for *Moschops* but its skull. The upper bone in the skull of *Moschops* was roughly ten centimetres thick, thicker than any other of the known animals of its day. One theory for this skull thickness is that *Moschops* took part in head butting, dominance contests. This does not mean that *Moschops* charged at one another, they most likely just walked up to face one another and then pushed with their heads.

Further support for the above theory comes from the overall morphology of the *Moschops* skeleton. The forelegs of *Moschops* carried the body higher than the rear limbs resulting in a sloping back. This would mean that a large proportion of the body mass was carried on the fore quarters and reinforced by the rear. This build probably means that dominance contests in *Moschops* were about projecting body weight forwards, possibly like sumo wrestlers do today in their matches.
Shark

Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha and are the sister group to the rays. However, the term "shark" has also been used for extinct members of the subclass Elasmobranchii outside the Selachimorpha, such as Cladoselache and Xenacanthus, as well as other Chondrichthyes such as the holocephalid eugenedontidans.
Rocket Power NatureRules1 Version)

NatureRules1's TV spoof of Rocket Power.

* Otto Rocket - *Wiwaxia taijiangensis*
* Reggie Rocket - *Peytoia infercambriensis*
* Raymundo Rocket - *Silurian Scorpion*
* Danielle Rocket - *Lepisma*
* Noelani - *Hylonomus lyelli*
* Sammy Dullard - *Eogyrinus attheyi*
* Doug Dullard - *Hynerpeton bassetti*
* Paula Dullard - *Haikouichthys ercaicunensis*
* Twister Rodriguez - *Coccosteus grossi*
* Lars Rodriguez - *Carcinosoma newlini*
* Scotty - *Archosaurus rossicus*
* Tito Makani - *Eastmanosteus pustulosus*
* Seagulls - *Eoarthropleura devonica*
Scutosaurus karpinskii

Scutosaurus ("Shield lizard") was a genus of parareptiles. It was an armor-covered pareiasaur that lived around 254–252 million years ago in Russia, in the later Permianperiod. Its genus name refers to large plates of armor scattered across its body. It was a large anapsid reptile that, unlike most reptiles, held its legs underneath its body to support its great weight. Fossils have been found in the Sokolki Assemblage Zone of the Malokinelskaya Formation in European Russia, close to the Ural Mountains.

Scutosaurus was a massively built reptile, up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length, with bony armor, and a number of spikes decorating its skull. Despite its relatively small size, Scutosaurus was heavy, and its short legs meant that it could not move at speed for long periods of time, which made it vulnerable to attack by large predators. To defend itself Scutosaurus had a thick skeleton covered with powerful muscles, especially in the neck region. Underneath the skin were rows of hard, bony plates (scutes) that acted like a form of brigandine armor.
As a plant-eater living in a semi-arid climate, including deserts, Scutosaurus would have wandered widely for a long time in order to find fresh foliage to eat. It may have stuck closely to the riverbanks and floodplains where plant life would have been more abundant, straying further afield only during times of drought. Its teeth were flattened and could grind away at the leaves and young branches before digesting them at length in its large gut. Scutosaurus swallowed gastroliths to digest plants. Given that it needed to eat constantly, Scutosaurus probably lived alone, or in very small herds, so as to avoid denuding large areas of their edible plants.
Skull
The skull is about 50 centimetres (20 in) wide. It is very broad, flat, and strongly sculptured, and bears bony protuberances in the jugal (cheek) and rear regions. As with some species of Pareiasaurus, with which it is clearly related, the quadratojugal or cheekbones extend outwards and forwards, making an angle of about 120° with the maxillary border. With its large cheekbones, Scutosaurus may have been able to make a loud bellowing sound.

Scutosaurus was a genus of parareptiles. It was an armor-covered pareiasaur that lived around 254–252 million years ago in Russia, in the later Permian period. Its genus name refers to large plates of armor scattered across its body. It was a large anapsid reptile that, unlike most reptiles, held its legs underneath its body to support its great weight. Fossils have been found in the Sokolki Assemblage Zone of the Malokinelskaya Formation in European Russia, close to the Ural Mountains.
Crassigyrinus scoticus

Crassigyrinus is an extinct genus of carnivorous stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland and possibly Greer, West Virginia. The type specimen was originally described as Macromerium scoticum and lacked a complete skull. With subsequent discoveries, Crassigyrinus is now known from three skulls, one of which is in articulation with a fairly complete skeleton, and two incomplete lower jaws. Crassigyrinus grew up to 2 meters in length, coupled with tiny limbs and unusually large jaws. Crassigyrinus is taxonomically enigmatic, having confused paleontologists for decades with its apparent fish-like and tetrapod features. It was traditionally placed within the group Labyrinthodontia along with many other early tetrapods. Some paleontologists have even considered it as the most basal Crown group tetrapod, while others hesitate to even place it within the Tetrapoda superclass. Crassigyrinus had unusually large jaws, enabling it to eat other animals it could catch and swallow. It had two rows of sharp teeth in its jaws, the second row having a pair of fangs. Crassigyrinus had large eyes, suggesting that it was either nocturnal, or lived in very murky water.

Crassigyrinus had a streamlined body up to 2 meters in length. Its limbs were tiny and virtually useless, implying that the animal was almost completely aquatic. Crassigyrinus had unusually large jaws, equipped with two rows of sharp teeth, the second row having a pair of palatal fangs. Studies have shown that Crassigyrinus may have been able to open its mouth as wide as 60 degrees, which suggests that it was a powerful predator with a strong bite. This strongly suggests that it was ideally suited for catching fish, and the animal was probably a fast-moving predator.
Several thickened bony ridges ran along the dorsal midline of the snout and between the eyes, and several paleontologists have suggested that they helped the skull to withstand stress when the animal bit prey. Crassigyrinus had large eyes, suggesting that it was either nocturnal, or lived in very murky water. It possessed large otic (spiracular) notches, probably accommodating a spiracle rather than a tympanic membrane.
Its peculiar stunted forelimbs were tiny and the humerus was only 35 mm long (the whole animal was about 1.5 m long). Various foramina on the humeral surfaces are very similar to those seen in Ichthyostega, Acanthostega, and lobe-finned fishes like Eusthenopteron. The hindlimbs were much larger than the forelimbs, and in the pelvis the ilium lacked a bony connection to the vertebral column (a classic feature of aquatic tetrapods). The tail, only known from a few vertebrae fragments, is assumed to have been long and laterally compressed.
Jaekelopterus rhenaniae

Jaekelopterus is a genus of predatory eurypterid, a group of extinct aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Jaekelopterus have been discovered in deposits of Early Devonian age, from the Pragian and Emsian stages. There are two known species: the type species J. rhenaniae from brackish to fresh water strata in the Rhineland, and J. howelli from estuarine strata in Wyoming. The generic name combines the name of German paleontologist Otto Jaekel, who described the type species, and the Greek word πτερόν meaning "wing".

Named after Otto Jeakel,‭ *‬Jaekelopterus* is currently the largest known eurypterid,‭ ‬even bigger than the more famous *Pterygotus*.‭ ‬Again this demonstrates how the arthropods grew to giant proportions which continue to remain unknown in today‭’‬s living arthropods.‭ *‬Jaekelopterus* itself it thought to have been a freshwater species that possibly hunted other arthropods and possibly fish.

The upper size estimate of *Jaekelopterus* was extrapolated by comparing the size of the chelicerae to other more complete specimens and then scaling up the size of the compared specimens to reveal the size.‭ ‬The problem with this method is that it is only as reliable as the similarity between the compared specimens,‭ ‬and caution needs to be exercised when using it.‭ ‬This caution was also reflected by the authors of the discovery,‭ ‬Simon Braddy and Markus Poschmann,‭ ‬who estimated the length of *Jaekelopterus* at‭ ‬2.5‭ ‬meters,‭ ‬even though comparison scaled it closer to‭ ‬2.6‭ ‬meters in length.
Protorosaurus speneri

* Protorosaurus is a genus of lizard-like early archosauromorph reptiles. Members of the genus lived during the late Permian period in Germany and Brazil. Once believed to have been an ancestor to lizards, Protorosaurus is now known to be one of the oldest members of the lineage that would eventually lead to archosaurs such as crocodilians and dinosaurs.

* Protorosaurus grew up to 2 metres in length, and was a slender, lizard-like animal, with long legs and a long neck. Its body form suggests that it was fast-moving, although it may have fed primarily on insects. Protorosaurus was closely related to Czatkowiella from the Early Triassic of Poland.

* In 1914, a new ceratopsian dinosaur found by Lawrence Lambe was again given the name Protorosaurus. When Lambe found that the name had already been used for the early archosauromorph, he renamed his ceratopsian Chasmosaurus. In Geopark of Paleorrota, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 3 vertebrae and some bones of the animal were found.
Estemmenosuchus mirabilis

Estemmenosuchus is an extinct genus of large, early omnivorous therapsids. It is believed and interpreted to have lived during the middle part of the Middle Permian around 267 million years ago. The two species, E. uralensis and E. mirabilis, are characterised by distinctive horn-like structures, which were probably used for intra-specific display. Both species of Estemmenosuchus are from the Perm region of Russia. Two other estemmenosuchids, Anoplosuchus and Zopherosuchus, are now considered females of the species E. uralensis. There were many complete and incomplete skeletons found together.
Cultivation Levels

In the universe of Black Tech Internet System the power system Ranking are split between **warriors** and **cultivators** for some reason. They can both use qi but they are of different types, warriors would use Warrior Qi while cultivators would use Regular Qi. Also a Warrior can live for hundreds of years, while a cultivator can live for thousands of years. It is believed that in the Deserted Sea Realm, a warrior of the same cultivation level as a normal cultivator would need a higher strength or skill to be able to close their gap since warriors lack fighter strength at a longer range.

In the Upper Realm, however, there is no clear distinction between warriors, Daoists, demons, spellcasters, and alchemists in terms of Cultivation Strength. They are only categorized by their levels, for example, Nalan Hongwu who reached ??Grand Emperor Warrior Realm is considered a Level 7 Warrior. Only after Level 9 can one be considered a Saint Level Cultivator.
Primeval: Dimetrodon's Return

* Milo James Thatch - *Dimetrodon grandis*
* Princess Kidagakash Nedakh (Adult) - *Dicynodon huenei*
* Princess Kidagakash Nedakh (Young) - *Dicynodon huenei*
* Gaetan Moliere - *Estemmenosuchus mirabilis*
* Vincenzo Santorini - *Edaphosaurus cruciger*
* Dr. Joshua Strongbear Sweet - *Scutosaurus karpinskii*
* Audrey Rocio Ramirez - *Moschops oweni*
* Preston B. Whitmore - *Sphenacodon ferox*
* Wilhelmina Bertha Packard - *Platyhystrix rugosus*
* Jebidiah Allerdyce Farnsworth - *Eryops megacephalus*
* Fenton Q. Harcourt - *Diplocaulus salamndroides*
* Obby - *Anomalocaris canadensis*
* Sven - *Opabinia regalis*
* Nurse - *Paradoxides minor*
* Kraken - *Cameroceras trentonense*
Hyneria lindae

Hyneria is a genus of large prehistoric predatory lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period around 360 million years ago.

The genus name Hyneria is a reference to the village of Hyner, Pennsylvania, near where the first specimen was found. The species epiphet H. lindae is derived from the name of the wife of Keith Stewart Thomson, who described this fish.
Megalograptus welchi

Megalograptus is a genus of eurypterid recovered from deposits of Ordovician age. The genus is classified as part of the Megalograptidae family and contains five species, four from Ohio and one from Virginia.

* **Name:***Megalograptus* ‭(‬Big writing‭)‬.
* **Phonetic:** Meg-ah-lo-grap-eh-rus.
* **Named By:** ‭ ‬Miller‭ - ‬1974.
* **Classification:** Arthropoda,‭ ‬Merostomata,‭ ‬Eurypterida,‭ ‬Megalograptoidea,‭ ‬Megalograptidae.
* **Species:***M.‭ ‬welchi‭* (‬type‭)‬,‭*‬M.‭ ‬alveolatus,‭ ‬M.‭ ‬ohioensis,‭ ‬M.‭ ‬shideleri,‭ ‬M.‭ ‬williamsae.*
* **Diet:** Carnivore.
* **Size:** About‭ ‬1.2‭ ‬meters long from the head to the tip of the telson‭ (‬final segment of the tail‭)‬.
* **Known locations:** USA.
* **Time period:** Mid to late Ordovician.
* **Fossil representation:** ‭M‬any individuals,‭ ‬but often of partial remains.

First mistaken for a graptolite thanks to only a very spiny leg being discovered,‭ ‬Megalograptus is now known to have been a large eurypterid,‭ ‬colloquially known as a‭ ‘‬sea scorpion‭’‬.‭ ‬Megalograptus is the type genus of the Megalograptoidea,‭ ‬a group of eurypterids which are primarily identified by the arrangement of spikes on their third pair of legs.‭ ‬It is thought that the large spines on the various appendages helped Megalograptus to locate prey hidden within the soft sediments,‭ ‬and hidden from sight.‭ ‬Like all eurypterids Megalograptus had a telson,‭ ‬the final segment of the tail that is analogous to the‭ ‘‬sting‭’ ‬we can see on modern land scorpions.‭ ‬However in Megalograptus this is not expected to have formed a venomous sting,‭ ‬and instead Megalograptus probably just ripped prey apart as it ate.

Megalograptus Approached the larger end of the eurypterid scale though larger eurypterids are known,‭ ‬and these in turn may have hunted Megalograptus,‭ ‬especially if they had recently shed their skin and their new exterior had not yet hardened.‭ ‬Other possible predators may have included large orthocones such as Cameroceras.‭ ‬Like with other cephalopods,‭ ‬these would have had hard keratinous beaks capable of crunching through even the hardened exoskeletons of eurypterids
Niko's Los Santos Apartment

**Niko's Los Santos apartment** is his residence in the city of Los Santos in the state of San Andreas.

## Description

The apartment is a small low-end housing, with the basic necessities. It serves as the home of Niko Bellic during his stay in San Andreas.

## Biography

It is shown in the episode *Niko gets Drunk*, where he watches The Fall Of Liberty City Heroes before deciding to go to Tequi-La-La to get a drink. He gets heavily drunk and after a long and crazy drunken adventure, he eventually returns home and falls asleep drunk on the couch while peeing his pants.

It is unknown after *Niko meets Franklin* if Niko still resides in the apartment, but is very likely as he is shown still living in Los Santos during *Why Rhino Tank is your Best Friend*, which takes place *after* those events.

## Trivia

* The apartment actually belongs to FIB janitor, Harvey Molina, who is followed to the apartment by Michael De Santa in 2013, where he tells him to leave town for a while after taking his uniform and card, telling him not to tell anyone about their encounter or he will do something he will regret and peacefully walks out.
Titanosuchus ferox

Titanosuchus ferox is an extinct species of dinocephalian therapsids that lived in the Mid Permian epoch in South Africa. Along with its close relatives, Jonkeria and Moschops, Titanosuchus inhabited present-day South Africa around 265 million years ago, in the Late Permian. Titanosuchus was a carnivore which measured over 2.5 m long and might have eaten both Jonkeria and Moschops, among other vertebrates. Its teeth included sharp incisors and fang-like canines, perfect for biting prey.

Richard Owen described *Titanosuchus* from a set of teeth, although if he realised that what he named was not actually a crocodile he may have wanted to give *Titanosuchus* a more anatomically correct name, like he tried to do with the pterosaur *Ornithocheirus*, and the prehistoric predatory whale *Basilosaurus*. Instead *Titanosuchus* was one of the therapsid carnivores which were descended from the pelycosaurs which includes some famous carnivores such as *Dimetrodon* and *Sphenacodon*.

Even though *Titanosuchus* is generally accepted as being a carnivore, some have questioned the standing hypothesis on the grounds that the teeth would equally have served a herbivore. However it may be that *Titanosuchus* simply used these teeth in a predatory manner, such as crushing bone. As always it is a case of how the fossils are interpreted.

As a carnivore *Titanosuchus* would have likely focused its attention on other similar but smaller creatures. *Titanosuchus* has also been envisioned to hunt related herbivorous synapsids from the same area such as *Moschops* and *Jonkeria*, although since both grew to almost double the size of the largest known *Titanosuchus*, it may have had to concentrate upon younger and smaller individuals.

*Titanosuchus* is often mentioned as being similar to the larger *Titanophoneus*, a similar carnivore known from Russia.
Meganeuropsis americana

Meganeuropsis is an extinct genus of griffinfly, order Meganisoptera, known from the Early Permian of North America, and represents the biggest known insect of all time. Meganeuropsis permiana described in 1937 from Elmo, Kansas. It was one of the largest known insects that ever lived, with a reconstructed wing length of 330 millimetres, an estimated wingspan of up to 710 millimetres, and a body length from head to tail of almost 430 millimetres.

Along with *Meganeura*,‭ *‬Meganeuropsis* was a griffinfly of the Paleozoic,‭ ‬and prooves that the giant griffinflies flew throughout the Permian period.‭ ‬The fossil of *Meganeuropsis* americana recovered from Oklahoma in‭ ‬1940,‭ ‬features the largest complete insect wing ever found.
Casea broilii

Casea is an extinct genus of pelycosaur synapsids which was about 1.2 metres long from Texas, United States and Aveyron, France. It was slightly smaller than the otherwise very similar Caseoides. Casea was one of the first amniote herbivores, sharing its world with animals such as Dimetrodon and Eryops. It was possibly also aquatic.
Primeval: The Lost Empire

NatureRules1's movie spoof of Atlantis: The Lost Empire.

* Milo James Thatch - *Dimetrodon grandis*
* Princess Kidagakash Nedakh (Adult) - *Dicynodon huenei*
* Princess Kidagakash Nedakh (Young) - *Dicynodon huenei*
* Commander Lyle Tiberius Rourke - *Inostrancevia alexandri*
* Gaetan Moliere - *Estemmenosuchus mirabilis*
* Vincenzo Santorini - *Edaphosaurus cruciger*
* Dr. Joshua Strongbear Sweet - *Scutosaurus karpinskii*
* Lieutenant Helga Katrina Sinclair - *Rhinesuchus whaitsi*
* Audrey Rocio Ramirez - *Moschops oweni*
* Kashekim Nedakh - *Dicynodon huenei*
* Preston B. Whitmore - *Sphenacodon ferox*
* Wilhelmina Bertha Packard - *Platyhystrix rugosus*
* Jebidiah Allerdyce Farnsworth - *Eryops megacephalus*
* Fenton Q. Harcourt - *Diplocaulus salamndroides*
* Leviathan - *Dunkleosteus terrelli*
The End

## Monsters

Acanthoclymenia

Acanthostega

Archosaurus

Adelophthalmus

Anteosaurus

Anomalocaris

Archeolimulus

Arthropleura

Amblypterus

Brontoscorpio

Caleidocrinus

Carcinosoma

Cephalaspis

Cheirurus

Chthamalus

Cacops

Cladida

Coleoptera

Cladoselache

Coccosteus

Cryptomartus

Calopteryx

Casea

Cynodont

Cameroceras

Coelurosauravus

Crassigyrinus

Diraphora

Dunkleosteus

Dimetrodon

Diplocaulus

Diictodon

Eastmanosteus

Edestus

Elginia

Elegestolepis

Eogyrinus

Eoarthropleura

Estemmenosuchus

Estemmenosuchus

Eryops

Edaphosaurus

Eurypterus

Eudibamus

Ephemeroptera

Falcatus

Guiyu

Gigantoscorpio

Geikia

Haikouichthys

Hyneria

Hynerpeton

Helicoprion

Hylonomus

Ianthasaurus

Inostrancevia

Ichthyostega

Jaekelopterus

Kashmirosaurus

Lepisma

Lunataspis

Lycaenops

Megalograptus

Megarachne

Mesothelae

Meganeura

Meganeuropsis

Michelinoceras

Mixopterus

Moschops

Opabinia

Ottoia

Ophiacodon

Paradoxides

Peytoia

Prionosuchus

Protorosaurus

Protodonata

Platyhystrix

Pulmonoscorpius

Pikaia

Precambrian worm

Pterygotus

Petalodus

Rhinesuchus

Rayonnoceras

Sphenacodon

Scutosaurus

Silurian millipede

Silurian scorpion

Stethacanthus

Sarcoprion

Tiktaalik

Tyrannonops

Titanosuchus

Wiwaxia

Xenacanthus

## Locations

Dunes

Ocean

Desert

Silurian desert

Marshlands

Forest of Dean

Permian Hills

Permian Wasteland

Amazon River

Petra

Volcano

Arctic

## Time Periods

Precambrian

Cambrian

Ordovician

Silurian

Devonian

Carboniferous

Permian

## Episodes

Prologue

Water Dwellers

Monsters of the Past

The Return of Blue Planet

Before the Dinosaurs

Barnacles

Killing Machine

Creature of the Deep

World of Monsters

Monster World

A Prehistoric Adventure

Operation Genesis

Deep Blue Sea

A Monster's Life

Undersea

Dangerous in the Ocean

Prehistoric Shark

Primeval

New World

Land of the Lost

Into the Jungle

The Giant Dragonfly

Shadowed Lands

The Age of Giant Insects

Reptile's Beginnings

The Clash of Titans

Arrival to Earth

Revenge of the Fallen

Dark of the Moon

Age of Extinction

Attack of the Prehistoric Monsters

Epilogue

The End

Life on Earth

## Films

Primeval: The Lost Empire

Primeval: Dimetrodon's Empire

## Continents

Asia

Australia

Africa

Antarctica

Europe

North America

South America

## Species

Ammonite

Amphibian

Arthropod

Cephalopod

Chordate

Cynodont

Diapsid

Dicynodont

Fish

Giant dragonfly

Gorgonopsid

Insect

Labyrinthodont

Monster

Placodermi

Reptile

Shark

Sphenodontidae

Symmoriida

Synapsid

Temnospondyli

Therapsid

Therocephalian
Gorgonopsid

**Gorgonopsids** were a group of creatures that were at one time called "mammal-like reptiles"; though in most current classification systems, they were not true reptiles, instead much more closely related to true mammals. Their mammalian specialisations included differentiated tooth shape, the fully developed temporal fenestra, pillar-like rear legs and even ear bones, as well as other traits associated with its mammalian descendants. Arguments have even been made for synapsids of its time being endothermic. Gorgonopsids had two sabre-teeth that were larger than the others.

## Real life

Gorgonopsids or gorgonopsia (name meaning "*Gorgon Face*") was a therapsid synapsid suborder, which existed from 265 to 252 million years ago approx. Gorgonopsids evolved in the Mid-Permian period (at small sizes), and became the Late Permian's apex predators following the dinocephalians' extinction. Gorgonopsia, as synapsids in the theriodont group, possessed several mammalian characteristics, in their palate, temporal fenestra, and ear-bone development. The largest Gorgonopsid species was Inostrancevia (at the size of a large bear), and the Gorgonopsids were among the Late Permian's largest carnivores. Gorgonopsia died out at the end of the Permian in the P-Tr Mass Extinction.