Meripilus giganteus

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***Meripilus giganteus*** is a polypore fungus in the family Meripilaceae. It causes a white rot in various types of broadleaved trees, particularly beech (*Fagus*), but also *Abies*, *Picea*, *Pinus*, *Quercus* and *Ulmus* species. This bracket fungus, commonly known as the **giant polypore** or **black-staining polypore**, is often found in large clumps at the base of trees, although fruiting bodies are sometimes found some distance away from the trunk, parasitizing the roots. *M. giganteus* has a circumboreal distribution in the northern Hemisphere, and is widely distributed in Europe. In the field, it is recognizable by the large, multi-capped fruiting body, as well as its pore surface that quickly darkens black when bruised or injured.

## Description

The basidiocarps consist of numerous rosette-like flattened fan-shaped pilei; they are typically Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert high. The individual caps, up to Template:Convert diameter and Template:Convert thick, arise from a common basal stem.

 File:Meripilus giganteus orijaski zbunac.jpg  The color of the cap surface is pale tan to dull chestnut brown in young specimens but darkens in age to become concentric zones (zonate) of various shades of brown.

The surface is also finely fibrillose with tiny scales (squamules). There are 3 to 6 pores per millimeter on the underside; the pore surface bruises brown and black, helping to distinguish it from the similar species *Grifola frondosa*.

Infection of a tree is often through a dead tap root, and decay is largely restricted to roots, and then mainly on the underside. Infected trees often show thinning of the outer crown due to impaired root function. Tree failure is due to brittle fracture of degraded lateral roots.

Microscopic features
Spores are roughly spherical to ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, with typical dimensions of 6–6.5 × 5.5–6 µm. Under a microscope, they appear translucent (hyaline), smooth, and nonamyloid, meaning that they do not absorb stain from Melzer's reagent. The basidia—the spore-bearing cells—are club-shaped, 4-spored, and are 22–40 by 7–8 µm.

Polypore fungi may be further distinguished by the type of hyphae that makes up their fruiting body. *M. giganteus* has a so-called monomitic hyphal system, as its fruiting body is composed of only vegetative hyphae.

## Edibility

The giant polypore is generally considered inedible, due to its very coarse flesh and mildly acidic taste, although younger specimens may be more palatable; one author notes that it is "eaten in Japan". Also, it may be mistakenly consumed because of its resemblance with the edible species commonly known as Hen of the Woods (*Grifola frondosa*).

## Habitat and distribution

 File:Meripilus giganteus Antwerp Nachtegalenpark September 2013.jpg
This mushroom can be found growing on hardwoods, more rarely on conifers. According to Ryvarden and Gilbertson in their monograph on the polypores of Europe, *M. giganteus* grows especially on *Quercus* and *Fagus* tree species, but it has also been collected on the hardwoods *Acer*, *Aesculus*, *Alnus*, *Betula*, *Castanea*, *Celtis*, *Corylus*, *Eucalyptus*, *Laurus*, *Myrica*, *Persea*, *Pittosporum*, *Platanus*, *Populus*, *Prunus*, *Pyrus*, *Tilia*, *Ulmus*; it has also been found growing on the coniferous species *Abies*, *Larix*, and *Pinus*.

*M. giganteus* has a circumboreal distribution in the northern hemisphere. It has been collected from Europe, Scandinavia, the area formerly known as the USSR, Iran and Turkey. Although many field guides list it as occurring in North America, this is due to confusion with the related *M. sumstinei*; *M. giganteus* is not found in North America. A study of the frequency of occurrence of wood-decay fungi on street trees and park trees in Hamburg, Germany found that *M. giganteus* was the most common species.

## Medicinal properties

The methanol extract from this mushroom has been shown to contain compounds that are significantly cytotoxic to the mouse cancer cell line 3LL.

## Similar species

The polypore fungus *Grifola frondosa* is similar in overall appearance, but may be distinguished by its more greyish cap, and larger pores. *Bondarzewia berkeleyi* or "Berkeley's polypore" is often confused with *M. giganteus* (or *M. sumstinei*) in eastern North America but can be distinguished by its lack of black-bruising and much larger pores.

## References

1. ↑ Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees - Schartze, Engels and Mattheck (2000)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Bondartsev AS. (1953). *The Polyporaceae of the European USSR and Caucasia*. Akad. Nauk SSSR Bot. Inst. Komarova. [In Russian, translated by Israel Prog. Sci. Transl.] Jerusalem, 1971. 725 pp.
6. ↑ Schmidt, 2006, p. 197.
7. ↑ Niemela T, Uotila P. "Lignicolous macrofungi from Turkey and Iran." (1977). *Karstenia* **17**(1): 33–9.
8. ↑ Missouri Mycological Society Voucher Specimens: *Meripilus giganteus*. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved on November 9, 2008.
9. ↑ Seehan G. (1979). "Holzerstörende Pilze an Straßen- und Parkbäumen in Hamburg." *Mitt. Dtsch. Dendrolog. Ges*. **71**: 193–221.
10. ↑ Template:Cite journal
11. ↑ Brill, Steve. Black-Staining Polypore.

## External links

* Index Fungorum synonyms
* USDA ARS Fungal Database
* Meripilus: A new perspectiveTemplate:Dead link
* Mushroom Expert
* Fungi on Wood

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