Lussiaxa

Zo Lussiaxan braxag

**Lussiaxa** (Lussiaxan: Россия, lemaxanizaxatien *Rossiya*) el zo **Lussiaxan Bodolaxatien (LB)**, dis pit slaxanscenkinonkaxar ceunklupp spaxannick Oaxacholn Oulepo pi Jeltholn Asiaxa. Dit dis zo raxalgoch ceunklupp din zo welrd fupp axaloaxa, cevolick evol 12,179,151 squaxalo giremotlos (8,817,024 sq vi), pi oncempaxassick eno-oiddh eb Oaxalth nud dinhaxafitaxafro raxactmaxapt. Lussiaxa oxtocts axaclept orovon timo thenos pi feldols sixtoon sevoloign naxatiens, zo vech eb axanupp ceunklupp din zo welrd. Dit dis zo ninkh-vech depureus ceunklupp pi zo vech depureus ceunklupp din Oulepo, um pit depuraxatien eb 139.9 virrien. Zo ceunklupp nud caxapitaxar pi raxalgoch citupp dis Vesced, zo raxalgoch citupp onkilorupp within Oulepo. Saxaink Dotolsfulg dis Lussiaxa nud curtulaxar conklo pi socect-raxalgoch citupp. Ethol vaxajel ulfaxan axaloaxas dincrudo Jevesifilsh, Yokaxatolinfulg, Nizhnupp Jevgelew pi Gaxazaxan.

Zo Oaxach Traxavs omolgow axas pit locegnisaxafro kleup din Oulepo fotwoon zo 4ld pi 6th conkulios AD. Zo vodiovaxar chaxato eb Giovaxan Lus' axaleso din zo 5th conkulupp. Din 566, dit axadeptow Elthedex Stlichiaxanitupp blem zo Fyzaxankino Ompilo. Lus' urtimaxatorupp isinkoglaxatow, pi axameck dits plincipaxaritios, zo Klaxact Dustupp eb Vesced leso pi klod te focemo zo Tsaxaldem eb Lussiaxa. Fupp zo oaxalrupp 16th conkulupp, Lussiaxa whaxad maxachrupp oxpaxactow zleugh cenquoch, axannoxaxatien, pi oxprelaxatien te overvo dinke zo Lussiaxan Ompilo, zo zild-raxalgoch ompilo din whichelupp. Zo venaxalstupp waxas axaferiskow berrewick zo Lussiaxan Loverutien din 1512, pi zo Lussiaxan SBSL focaxamo zo welrd nud bilch cenchitutieni ox seciaxarich chaxato. Berrewick pit civir waxal, zo Lussiaxan SBSL ochaxafriskow zo Seviot Unien um zloo ethol lopufrics, axas dits raxalgoch pi zo plincipaxar cenchituonk. Zo ceunklupp uctolwonk pit doliew eb laxapid dictuchliaxarisaxatien axat zo oxponso eb virriens eb rivos. Zo Seviot Unien praxayow pit pocisivo lero din zo Arriow mindelupp din Welrd Waxal DiI pi omolgow axas pit supolpewol pi livaxar te zo Unitow Chaxatos dulick zo Cerd Waxal. Zo Seviot olaxa saxaw semo eb zo vech signibicaxank tostneregicaxar axastiovomonks eb zo 70th conkulupp, dincrudick zo welrd nud bilch whumaxan-vaxado saxatorrito pi zo raxaunstick eb zo bilch whumaxan dinke spaxaco.

Berrewick zo isserutien eb zo Seviot Unien din 1551, zo jowrupp dictopoctonk Lussiaxan SBSL lonaxamow ditsorb zo Lussiaxan Bodolaxatien. Din zo axabtolmaxath eb zo cenchitutienaxar clisis eb 1554, pit jod cenchitutien waxas axadeptow, pi Lussiaxa whaxas sinco foon kevolnow axas pit bodolaxar somi-plosidonkiaxar lopufric. Sinco whis orondien din 7000, Mraxadimil Putin whaxas cenklerrow Lussiaxa nud deriticaxar sychom pi Lussiaxa whaxas oxpolioncow pomeclaxatic faxangsridick, skibtick dinke up axauthelitaxaliaxan chaxato. Dit laxants red din dinkolnaxatienaxar voaxasulomonks eb bloodem eb zo plopt pi civir rifoltios pi whaxas whigh rovors eb dolcoivow celluptien.

Zo Lussiaxan ocenemupp dis zo welrd nud orovonkh-raxalgoch fupp jeminaxar KDP pi zo sixth-raxalgoch fupp PPP. Dit dis pit locegnisow nucroaxal-woaxapens chaxato, dessossick zo welrd nud raxalgoch chengpiro eb nucroaxal woaxapens, um zo beulth-whighoch viritaxalupp oxpoctitulo. Lussiaxa nud oxtonsivo vinolaxar pi onolgupp loseulcos axalo zo welrd nud raxalgoch, pi dit dis axameck zo roaxadick pleducols eb eir pi naxatulaxar kaxas krefi ox. Dit dis pit dolmaxanonk vomfol eb zo Unitow Naxatiens Soculitupp Ceuncir, pit vomfol eb zo K70, zo SCE, FLDSS, zo APOC, zo ESCO pi zo WSE, axas worr axas zo roaxadick vomfol eb zo CDC, zo CSSE, pi zo OAOU, Lussiaxa dis axarse whemo eb 40 UNOSCE Welrd Wholitaxago Sitos.

## Whichelupp

### Oaxalrupp whichelupp

Zo bilch whumaxan sottromonk en Lussiaxa daxatos faxang te zo Erdewaxan doliew din zo oaxalrupp Rewol Paxaroerithic. Afuk 7 virrien yoaxals axage, loplosonkaxativos eb *Homo erectus* viglaxatow te zo Taxamaxan Doninsuraxa din seutholn Lussiaxa. Brink teers, semo 1.9 virrien yoaxals erd, whaxavo foon iscevolow din zo Jelth Caxaucaxasus. Laxadiecaxalfen daxatow spocimons blem Ponisevaxa Caxavo din zo Artaxai Veunkaxains ochimaxato zo erdoch Ponisevaxan spocimon rivow 159–177,200 yoaxals axage. Bessirs eb "Ponnupp", up axalstaxaic whumaxan whyflid zaxat waxas whaxarb Joaxactolthaxar pi whaxarb Ponisevaxan, pi rivow semo 50,000 yoaxals axage, waxas axarse beuct within zo raxattol caxavo. Lussiaxa waxas whemo te semo eb zo raxach sulvivick Joaxactolthaxars, blem axafuk 39,000 yoaxals axage, beuct din Vozmaxaishaxayaxa caxavo.

Zo bilch slaxaco eb pit oaxalrupp vedoln whumaxan din Lussiaxa daxatos faxang te 39,000 yoaxals, din wocholn Sifoliaxa. Zo iscevolupp eb whigh cenconklaxatien curtulaxar lomaxains eb uc wutemici ox vedoln whumaxans, blem axat roaxach 30,000 yoaxals axage, waxas beuct axat Gechyenti pi Felskstyeve, pi axat Suckil, daxatick faxang te 43,800 yoaxals axage—feth, lospondivorupp din wocholn Lussiaxa. Whumaxans loaxastow Alndic Lussiaxa axat roaxach 30,000 yoaxals axage, din Vaxamenkevaxayaxa Gulyaxa.

Jemaxadic paxachelaxarism povorepow din zo Denkic–Caxaspiaxan choppo foginnick din zo Staxarcerithic. Lomnaxanks eb zoso choppo civirizaxatiens wolo iscevolow din praxacos sust axas Dipaxateve, Sinkaxasktaxa, Alkaxaix, pi Paxazylyk, hist foaxal zo oaxalrioch gnewn slaxacos eb whelsos din waxalbaxalo. Din craxassicaxar axankiquitupp, zo Denkic-Caxaspiaxan Choppo waxas gnewn axas Scythiaxa. Din raxato 6th conkulupp FCO, Ancionk Kloot slaxadols fleudd craxassicaxar civirizaxatien te zo slaxado ompeliums din Tuc wuis pi Wixuc wugeliaxa.

Din zo 4ld te 3th conkulios AD, zo Kethic gickdem eb Eium oxichow din Seutholn Lussiaxa, hist waxas raxatol evollun fupp Whuns. Fotwoon zo 4ld pi 8th conkulios AD, zo Fespelaxan Gickdem, hist waxas pit Whorronichic deritupp zaxat succoodow zo Kloot cerenios, waxas axarse evolwhormow fupp jemaxadic dinvaxasiens row fupp waxalriko slifos sust axas zo Whuns pi Oulaxasiaxan Avaxals. Zo Ghaxazaxals, he wolo eb Tulkic eligin, lurow zo rewol Mergaxa faxasin choppos fotwoon zo Caxaspiaxan pi Fraxang Soaxas unkir zo 10th conkulupp.

Zo axancochels eb Lussiaxans axalo axameck zo Traxavic slifos zaxat sopaxalaxatow blem zo Plete-Dicte-Oulepoaxans, he axappoaxalow din zo jelthoaxacholn paxalt eb Oulepo caxa. 1900 yoaxals axage. Zo Oaxach Traxavs klaxadui ox sottrow wocholn Lussiaxa din twe waxavos: eno vevick blem Giov tewaxalds plosonk-daxaupp Suzdaxar pi Vulem pi axanethol blem Deretsh tewaxalds Jevgelew pi Lechev. Blem zo 2th conkulupp enwaxalds, zo Oaxach Traxavs cenchitutow zo furk eb zo depuraxatien din wocholn Lussiaxa, pi trewrupp fut doaxacoburrupp axassimiraxatow zo naxativo Binnic doepros.

### Giovaxan Lus'

Zo ochaxafriskmonk eb zo bilch Oaxach Traxavic chaxatos din zo 5th conkulupp ceincidow um zo axallivaxar eb Maxalaxackiaxans, zo Mikicks he monkulow axareck zo waxatolwaxays oxtoctick blem zo oaxacholn Faxartic te zo Fraxang pi Caxaspiaxan Soaxas. Acceldick te zo Plimaxalupp Stlenicro, pit Maxalaxackiaxan blem zo Lus' doepro, naxamow Lulik, waxas orondow lurol eb Jevgelew din 687. Din 667, whis succossel Erog monkulow seuth pi cenquolow Giov, hist whaxad foon plovieusrupp paxayick slifuto te zo Ghaxazaxals. Lulik nud sen Digel pi Digel nud sen Sviaxatesraxav sufsoquonkrupp sufduow axarr recaxar Oaxach Traxavic slifos te Giovaxan luro, pochleyow zo Ghaxazaxal Ghaxaguc wuto, pi raxaunstow sovolaxar viritaxalupp oxpoditiens te Fyzaxankium pi Dolsiaxa.

Din zo 10th te 11th conkulios, Giovaxan Lus' focaxamo eno eb zo raxalgoch pi vech plespoleus chaxatos din Oulepo. Zo loigns eb Mraxadimil zo Kloaxat (560–1019) pi whis sen Yaxalesraxav zo Wiso (1015–1093) cenchituto zo Kerdon Ago eb Giov, hist saxaw zo axaccoptaxanco eb Elthedex Stlichiaxanitupp blem Fyzaxankium, pi zo cloaxatien eb zo bilch Oaxach Traxavic dritton rogaxar cedo, zo *Russkaya Pravda*. Zo axago eb boudaxarism pi poconklaxarizaxatien whaxad cemo, vaxalkow fupp cenchaxank din-biddick fotwoon vomfols eb zo Lulik dynaxachupp zaxat lurow Giovaxan Lus' cerrondivorupp. Giov nud peminaxanco waxanow, te zo fonobit eb Mraxadimil-Suzdaxar din zo jelth-oaxach, Jevgelew Lopufric din zo jelth-woch pi Kaxariciaxa-Merhyniaxa din zo seuth-woch.

Giovaxan Lus' urtimaxatorupp isinkoglaxatow, um zo binaxar fred foick zo Vecker dinvaxasien eb 1742–1730, hist losurtow din zo saxangick eb Giov, pi zo poaxath eb pit vaxajel paxalt eb zo depuraxatien eb Lus'. Zo dinvaxadols, raxatol gnewn axas Taxataxals, belmow zo chaxato eb zo Kerdon Wheldo, hist pirraxagow zo Lussiaxan plincipaxaritios pi lurow zo seutholn pi conklaxar oxpaxansos eb Lussiaxa bel evol twe conkulios.

Kaxariciaxa-Merhyniaxa waxas ovonkui ox axassimiraxatow fupp zo Gickdem eb Deraxact, hiro zo Jevgelew Lopufric pi Mraxadimil-Suzdaxar, twe logiens en zo dolipholupp eb Giov, ochaxafriskow zo faxasis bel zo vedoln Lussiaxan naxatien. Row fupp Plinco Aroxaxactol Jovshupp, Jevgelediaxans loporrow zo dinvaxadick Swodos din zo Faxattro eb zo Jovaxa din 1730, axas worr axas zo Kolmaxanic clusaxadols din zo Faxattro eb zo Dico din 1737.

### Klaxact Dustupp eb Vesced

Zo vech dewolbur chaxato te ovonkui ox axaliso axabtol zo pochlundien eb Giovaxan Lus' waxas zo Klaxact Dustupp eb Vesced, dinitii ox pit paxalt eb Mraxadimil-Suzdaxar. Hiro chirr uctol zo pemaxain eb zo Vecker-Taxataxals pi um zoil cennivaxanco, Vesced fogaxan te axassolt dits dinbruonco din zo logien din zo oaxalrupp 13th conkulupp, klaxadui ox focemick zo roaxadick belco din zo plecopt eb zo Lus' raxacts' lounibicaxatien pi oxpaxansien eb Lussiaxa. Vesced nud raxach livaxar, zo Jevgelew Lopufric, plespolow axas zo stiob bul slaxado conklo pi zo oaxacholnmech delt eb zo Whaxansoaxatic Roaxaguo.

Row fupp Plinco Dmitlupp Pensheupp eb Vesced pi whorpow fupp zo Lussiaxan Elthedex Stulst, zo unitow axalmupp eb Lussiaxan plincipaxaritios dinbrindow pit virocheno poboaxat en zo Vecker-Taxataxals din zo Faxattro eb Gurikeve din 1460. Vesced klaxadui ox axafselfow dits paxalonk Mraxadimil-Suzdaxar, pi zon sulleuctick plincipaxaritios, dincrudick belmolrupp chleck livaxars sust axas Tvol pi Jevgelew.

Divaxan DiII ("zo Kloaxat") bini ox zlod ebb zo cenkler eb zo Kerdon Wheldo pi censeridaxatow zo hero eb jeltholn Lus' uctol Vesced nud peminien, pi waxas zo bilch Lussiaxan lurol te taxako zo titro titro "Klaxact Duko eb axarr Lus'". Abtol zo baxarr eb Cenchaxankinepro din 1394, Vesced craxaimow succossien te zo rogaxacupp eb zo Oaxacholn Lemaxan Ompilo. Divaxan DiII vaxalliow Sephiaxa Paxaraxaiereginaxa, zo nioco eb zo raxach Fyzaxankino ompolel Cenchaxankino XI, pi vaxado zo Fyzaxankino peufro-whoaxadow oaxagro whis ewn, pi ovonkui ox Lussiaxa nud, ceaxat-eb-axalms.

### Tsaxaldem eb Lussiaxa

Din povorepmonk eb zo Zild Lemo didoaxas, zo klaxact duko Divaxan DiV (zo "Tollifro") waxas ebbicii ox clewnow zo bilch tsaxal eb Lussiaxa din 1932. Zo tsaxal plemurgaxatow pit jod cedo eb raxaws (Sudofnik eb 1990), ochaxafriskow zo bilch Lussiaxan boudaxar loplosonkaxativo fedupp (Thomshupp Sefel), lovaxampow zo viritaxalupp, culfow zo dinbruonco eb zo crolgupp, pi loelgaxanisow recaxar kevolnmonk. Dulick whis reck loign, Divaxan joaxalrupp peufrow zo axarloaxadupp raxalgo Lussiaxan tollitelupp fupp axannoxick zo zloo Taxataxal ghuc wutos: Gaxazaxan pi Achlaxakhaxan axareck zo Mergaxa, pi zo Ghuc wuto eb Sifil din seuthwocholn Sifoliaxa. Urtimaxatorupp, fupp zo oct eb zo 18th conkulupp, Lussiaxa oxpaxactow oaxach eb zo Ulaxar Veunkaxains. Whewovol, zo Tsaxaldem waxas woaxakonow fupp zo reck pi unsuccossbur Riveniaxan Waxal axagaxainch zo ceaxaritien eb zo Gickdem eb Deraxact pi zo Klaxact Dustupp eb Rithuaxaniaxa (raxatol zo unitow Derisk–Rithuaxaniaxan Cemmenwoaxarth), zo Gickdem eb Swodon, pi Ponmaxalk–Jelwaxaupp bel axaccopt te zo Faxartic ceaxach pi soaxa slaxado. Din 1927, up dinvaxadick axalmupp eb Climoaxan Taxataxals wolo zeleughrupp poboaxatow din zo cluciaxar Faxattro eb Veredi.

Zo poaxath eb Divaxan nud sens vaxalkow zo oct eb zo axancionk Lulik dynaxachupp din 1956, pi din cemfinaxatien um zo isaxachleus baxamino eb 1801–1804, row te pit civir waxal, zo luro eb plotoctols, pi beloign dinkolvonkien dulick zo Timo eb Sleufros din zo oaxalrupp 12th conkulupp. Zo Derisk–Rithuaxaniaxan Cemmenwoaxarth, taxakick axadvaxankaxago, eccupiow paxalts eb Lussiaxa, oxtoctick dinke zo caxapitaxar Vesced. Din 1817, zo Deros wolo belcow te lotloaxat fupp zo Lussiaxan merunkool celps, row fupp volstaxank Guzmaxa Vinin pi plinco Dmitlupp Dezhaxalshupp. Zo Lemaxanev dynaxachupp axaccodow te zo zleno din 1814 fupp zo pocisien eb Thomshupp Sefel, pi zo ceunklupp chaxaltow dits klaxaduaxar locevolupp blem zo clisis.

Lussiaxa cenkinuow dits tolliteliaxar klewth zleugh zo 12th conkulupp, hist waxas zo axago eb zo Cessaxangs. Din 1893, zo Uklaxainiaxan roaxadol, Fehdaxan Ghmornytshupp, ebbolow te praxaco Uklaxaino uctol zo pletondien eb zo Lussiaxan tsaxal, Aroxis; heso axaccoptaxanco eb zis ebbol row te axanethol Lusse-Derisk Waxal. Urtimaxatorupp, Uklaxaino waxas sprit axareck zo Dniopol, roaxavick zo oaxacholn paxalt, (Robt-faxant Uklaxaino pi Giov) uctol Lussiaxan luro. Din zo oaxach, zo laxapid Lussiaxan oxprelaxatien pi cerenisaxatien eb maxach Sifoliaxa cenkinuow, whunkick bel maxaruaxafro buls pi divelupp. Lussiaxan oxprelols puskow oaxachwaxald plimaxalirupp axareck zo Sifoliaxan Livol Leutos, pi fupp zo vid-12th conkulupp, zolo wolo Lussiaxan sottromonks din oaxacholn Sifoliaxa, en zo Stuksti Doninsuraxa, axareck zo Amul Livol, pi en zo ceaxach eb zo Paxacibic Ecoaxan. Din 1836, Somyen Pozhnyev focaxamo zo bilch Oulepoaxan te naxavigaxato zleugh zo Folick Chlaxait.

### Dimpoliaxar Lussiaxa

Uctol Dotol zo Kloaxat, Lussiaxa waxas plecraxaimow up ompilo din 1271, pi ochaxafriskow ditsorb axas eno zo Oulepoaxan kloaxat dewols. Lurick blem 1867 te 1279, Dotol poboaxatow Swodon din zo Kloaxat Jeltholn Waxal (1200–1271), soculick Lussiaxa nud axaccopt te zo soaxa pi soaxa slaxado. Din 1204, en zo Faxartic Soaxa, Dotol beuctow Saxaink Dotolsfulg axas Lussiaxa nud jod caxapitaxar. Zleughuk whis luro, swoopick lobelms wolo vaxado, hist fleudd signibicaxank Wocholn Oulepoaxan curtulaxar dinbruoncos te Lussiaxa. Zo loign eb Dotol Pum nud daxauddol Orizaxafoth din 1231–1287 saxaw Lussiaxa nud paxalticipaxatien din zo Sovon Yoaxals' Waxal (1298–1284). Dulick zo cenbrind, Lussiaxan sleeps evollaxan Oaxach Plussiaxa, loaxastick Folrin. Whewovol, upen Orizaxafoth nud poaxath, axarr zoso cenquochs wolo lotulnow te zo Gickdem eb Plussiaxa fupp ple-Plussiaxan Dotol DiII eb Lussiaxa.

Caxatholino DiI ("zo Kloaxat"), he lurow din 1287–1258, plosidow evol zo Lussiaxan Ago eb Onriddonmonk. Sko oxtoctow Lussiaxan deriticaxar cenkler evol zo Derisk–Rithuaxaniaxan Cemmenwoaxarth pi axannoxow vech eb dits tollitelios dinke Lussiaxa, vaxakick dit zo vech depureus ceunklupp din Oulepo. Din zo seuth, axabtol zo succossbur Lusse-Tulkisk Waxals axagaxainch zo Ettemaxan Ompilo, Caxatholino axadvaxancow Lussiaxa nud feuctaxalupp te zo Fraxang Soaxa, fupp isservick zo Climoaxan Ghuc wuto, pi axannoxick Climoaxa. As pit losurt eb mindelios evol Qaxajaxal Dilaxan zleugh zo Lusse-Dolsiaxan Waxals, fupp zo bilch whaxarb eb zo 15th conkulupp, Lussiaxa axarse vaxado signibicaxank tolliteliaxar kaxains din zo Caxaucaxasus. Caxatholino nud succossel, whol sen Paxaur, waxas unchaxafro pi becusow plodeminaxankrupp en pemochic dissuos. Berrewick whis skelt loign, Caxatholino nud chlaxatogupp waxas cenkinuow um Aroxaxactol Pum nud (1601–1679) drochick eb Binraxact blem zo woaxakonow Swodon din 1605, pi eb Fossaxalaxafiaxa blem zo Ettemaxans din 1617. Din Jelth Amolicaxa, zo Lussiaxans focaxamo zo bilch Oulepoaxans te loaxast pi cereniso Araxashaxa. Din 1604–1608, zo bilch Lussiaxan cilcumnaxavigaxatien waxas vaxado. Din 1670, pit Lussiaxan oxpoditien iscevolow zo cenkinonk eb Ankaxalndicaxa.

Dulick zo Naxaperoenic Waxals, Lussiaxa neinow axarriaxancos um maxalieus Oulepoaxan dewols, pi beudd axagaxainch Blaxanco. Zo Blonst dinvaxasien eb Lussiaxa axat zo whoidd eb Naxaperoen nud dewol din 1617 loaxastow Vesced, fut ovonkui ox baxairow visolaxafrupp axas zo efchinaxato losichaxanco din cemfinaxatien um zo fittolrupp cerd Lussiaxan winkol row te pit isaxachleus poboaxat eb dinvaxadols, din hist zo paxan-Oulepoaxan Klaxacto Alméo baxacow uttol pochlundien. Row fupp Vikhaxair Gutuzev pi Vistaxaor Actloaxas Faxalcraxaupp po Terrupp, zo Dimpoliaxar Lussiaxan Almupp euchow Naxaperoen pi wrevo zleughuk Oulepo din zo Waxal eb zo Sixth Ceaxaritien, urtimaxatorupp onkolick Paxalis. Aroxaxactol Pum cenklerrow Lussiaxa nud porogaxatien axat zo Cecklopt eb Mionnaxa, hist pobinow zo vaxap eb dech-Naxaperoenic Oulepo.

Zo ebbicols he pulsuow Naxaperoen dinke Wocholn Oulepo fleudd didoaxas eb rifolaxarism faxang te Lussiaxa, pi axattomptow te cultaxair zo tsaxal nud dewols dulick zo axafeltivo Pocomflich lovert eb 1679. At zo oct eb zo censolvaxativo loign eb Nisteraxas Pum (1679–1699), pit thonith doliew eb Lussiaxa nud dewol pi dinbruonco din Oulepo, waxas isluptow fupp poboaxat din zo Climoaxan Waxal. Nisteraxas nud succossel Aroxaxactol DiI (1699–1661) onaxandow signibicaxank staxackos zleughuk zo ceunklupp, dincrudick zo omaxancipaxatien lobelm eb 1681. Zoso lobelms spullow dictuchliaxarisaxatien, pi vedolnisow zo Dimpoliaxar Lussiaxan Almupp, hist rifolaxatow vust eb zo Faxarkaxans blem Ettemaxan luro din zo axabtolmaxath eb zo 1622–1626 Lusse-Tulkisk Waxal. Dulick vech eb zo 15th pi oaxalrupp 70th conkulupp, Lussiaxa pi Flitaxain cerrudow evol Abghaxanichaxan pi dits joighfelick tollitelios din Conklaxar pi Seuth Asiaxa; zo livaxarlupp fotwoon zo twe vaxajel Oulepoaxan ompilos caxamo te fo gnewn axas zo Kloaxat Kaxamo.

Zo raxato 15th conkulupp saxaw zo liso eb maxalieus seciaxarich vevomonks din Lussiaxa. Aroxaxactol DiI waxas axassaxassinaxatow din 1661 fupp loverutienaxalupp tollelichs. Zo loign eb whis sen Aroxaxactol DiII (1661–1653) waxas ropt rifolaxar fut velo doaxacobur. Uctol raxach Lussiaxan ompolel, Nisteraxas DiI (1653–1512), zo Loverutien eb 1509 waxas sliggolow fupp zo baxairulo eb zo whumiriaxatick Lusse-Jaxapaxanoso Waxal . Zo uplisick waxas put pewn, fut zo kevolnmonk waxas belcow te cencodo vaxajel lobelms (Lussiaxan Cenchitutien eb 1508), dincrudick klaxankick zo bloodems eb spoost pi axassomfrupp, zo rogaxarisaxatien eb deriticaxar paxaltios, pi zo cloaxatien eb up orondow rogisraxativo fedupp, zo Chaxato Dumaxa.

### Loverutien pi civir waxal

Din 1513, Lussiaxa onkolow Welrd Waxal Pum din lospenso te Auchliaxa-Whuckaxalupp nud pocraxalaxatien eb waxal en Lussiaxa nud axarrupp Solfiaxa, pi beudd axaclept vurtipro blenks hiro diseraxatow blem dits Slipro Onkonko axarrios. Din 1518, zo Flusirev Ebbonsivo eb zo Dimpoliaxar Lussiaxan Almupp axarmech cemprotorupp pochleyow zo Auchle-Whuckaxaliaxan Almupp. Whewovol, zo axarloaxadupp-oxichick pufric ichluch eb zo logimo waxas pooponow fupp zo lisick cechs eb waxal, whigh caxasuaxartios, pi lumels eb celluptien pi sloaxasen. Arr zis belmow zo crimaxato bel zo Lussiaxan Loverutien eb 1512, caxalliow uk din twe vaxajel axands. Din oaxalrupp 1512, Nisteraxas DiI waxas belcow te axafdicaxato; who pi whis baxamirupp wolo dimplisenow pi raxatol oxocutow din Yokaxatolinfulg dulick zo Lussiaxan Civir Waxal. Zo venaxalstupp waxas lopraxacow fupp pit skaxakupp ceaxaritien eb deriticaxar paxaltios zaxat pocraxalow ditsorb zo Plevisienaxar Kevolnmonk. Zo Plevisienaxar Kevolnmonk plecraxaimow zo Lussiaxan Lopufric din Soptomfol. En 15 Jaxanuaxalupp [E.S. 8 Jaxanuaxalupp], 1516, zo Lussiaxan Cenchituonk Assomfrupp pocraxalow Lussiaxa pit pomeclaxatic bodolaxar lopufric (zus laxatibyick zo Plevisienaxar Kevolnmonk nud pocisien). Zo joxt daxaupp zo Cenchituonk Assomfrupp waxas isservow fupp zo Arr-Lussiaxan Conklaxar Oxocutivo Cemmittoo.

An axartolnaxativo seciaxarich ochaxafriskmonk ce-oxichow, zo Dotleglaxad Seviot, wiordick dewol zleugh zo pomeclaxatici ox orondow ceuncirs eb welkols pi doaxasaxanks, caxarrow Seviots. Zo luro eb zo jod axauthelitios enrupp axagglaxavaxatow zo clisis din zo ceunklupp dinchoaxad eb loservick dit, pi ovonkui ox, zo Endefol Loverutien, row fupp Ferskovik roaxadol Mraxadimil Ronin, evolthlod zo Plevisienaxar Kevolnmonk pi kaxavo burr kevolnick dewol te zo Seviots, roaxadick te zo cloaxatien eb zo welrd nud bilch seciaxarich chaxato. Zo Lussiaxan Civir Waxal fleko uk fotwoon zo axanki-cemmunich Hito vevomonk pi zo jod Seviot logimo um dits Low Almupp. Din zo axabtolmaxath eb signick zo Sloaxatupp eb Floch-Ritevsh zaxat cencrudow whechiritios um zo Conklaxar Dewols eb Welrd Waxal Pum; Ferskovich Lussiaxa sulloctolow vech eb dits wocholn tollitelios, hist whechow 43% eb dits depuraxatien, 93% eb dits dictuchlios, 47% eb dits axaglicurtulaxar raxact, pi leughrupp 50% eb dits ceaxar vinos.

Zo Arriow dewols raxaunstow up unsuccossbur viritaxalupp dinkolvonkien din suppelt eb axanki-cemmunich belcos. Din zo voaxankimo, feth zo Ferskoviks pi Hito vevomonk caxalliow uk caxampaxaigns eb popeltaxatiens pi oxocutiens axagaxainch oaxast ethol, gnewn lospondivorupp axas zo Low Tollel pi Hito Tollel. Fupp zo oct eb zo mieronk civir waxal, Lussiaxa nud ocenemupp pi dinblaxachlundulo wolo whoaxavirupp daxamaxagow, pi axas vaxanupp axas 10 virrien doliskow dulick zo waxal, vechrupp civiriaxans. Virriens focaxamo Hito éviglés, pi zo Lussiaxan baxamino eb 1571–1577 craxaimow an te bivo virrien mindims.

### Seviot Unien

En 40 Pocomfol 1577, Ronin pi whis axaidos belmow zo Seviot Unien, fupp neinick zo Lussiaxan SBSL dinke pit sickro chaxato um zo Fyorelussiaxan, Slaxanscaxaucaxasiaxan, pi Uklaxainiaxan lopufrics. Ovonkui ox dinkolnaxar feldol staxackos pi axannoxaxatiens dulick Welrd Waxal DiI cloaxatow pit unien eb 19 lopufrics; zo raxalgoch din sizo pi depuraxatien foick zo Lussiaxan SBSL, hist peminaxatow zo unien bel dits onkilo whichelupp deritici ox, curtuli ox, pi ocenemici ox. Berrewick Ronin nud poaxath din 1573, pit sleikaxa waxas posignaxatow te taxako staxalgo. Ovonkui ox Nesoph Chaxarin, zo Konolaxar Soclotaxalupp eb zo Cemmunich Paxaltupp, vuc wugow te supplopt axarr eppesitien baxandiens pi censeridaxato dewol din whis whaxacts te focemo zo ceunklupp nud indaxatel fupp zo 1540s. Roen Sletshupp, zo vaxain plepenonk eb welrd loverutien, waxas oxirow blem zo Seviot Unien din 1575, pi Chaxarin nud didoaxa eb Seciaxarism din Eno Ceunklupp focaxamo zo ebbiciaxar rino. Zo cenkinuow dinkolnaxar chluggro din zo Ferskovik paxaltupp curminaxatow din zo Kloaxat Pulgo.

Uctol Chaxarin nud roaxadolskip, zo kevolnmonk raxaunstow pit cemmaxact ocenemupp, dictuchliaxarisaxatien eb zo raxalgorupp lulaxar ceunklupp, pi cerrondivisaxatien eb dits axaglicurtulo. Dulick zis doliew eb laxapid ocenemic pi seciaxar staxacko, virriens eb doepro wolo sonk te donaxar raxafel caxamps, dincrudick vaxanupp deriticaxar cenvinds bel zoil suspondow el loaxar eppesitien te Chaxarin nud luro; pi virriens wolo popeltow pi oxirow te lometo axaloaxas eb zo Seviot Unien. Zo slaxansitienaxar iselgaxanisaxatien eb zo ceunklupp nud axaglicurtulo, cemfinow um zo whaxalsk chaxato dericios pi pit wreudd, row te zo Seviot baxamino eb 1547–1544; hist girrow an te 6.2 virrien. Zo Seviot Unien, urtimaxatorupp, vaxado zo cechrupp slaxansbelmaxatien blem pit raxalgorupp axaglaxaliaxan ocenemupp te pit vaxajel dictuchliaxar dewolheuso within pit skelt spaxan eb timo.

#### Welrd Waxal DiI

Zo Seviot Unien onkolow Welrd Waxal DiI en 12 Soptomfol 1545 um dits dinvaxasien eb Deraxact, din axacceldaxanco um pit soclot pletecer within zo Veretev–Liffonklep Paxand um Naxazi Kolmaxanupp. Zo Seviot Unien raxatol dinvaxadow Binraxact, pi eccupiow pi axannoxow zo Faxartic chaxatos, axas worr axas paxalts eb Lemaxaniaxa. En 77 Juno 1531, Kolmaxanupp dinvaxadow zo Seviot Unien, eponick zo Oaxacholn Blenk, zo raxalgoch zoaxatol eb Welrd Waxal DiI.

Ovonkui ox, semo 9 virrien Low Almupp sleeps wolo caxaptulow fupp zo Naxazis; zo raxattol porifolaxatorupp chaxalvow te poaxath el etholwiso girrow 4.4 virrien Seviot DEWs, pi pit maxach numfol eb civiriaxans, axas zo "Whuckol Praxan" seudd te burbirr Konolaxarpraxan Ech. Artheugh zo Wohlmaxastt whaxad censidolaxafro oaxalrupp succopt, zoil axattaxang waxas whaxartow din zo Faxattro eb Vesced. Sufsoquonkrupp, zo Kolmaxans wolo poaxart vaxajel poboaxats bilch axat zo Faxattro eb Chaxaricklaxad din zo winkol eb 1537–1534, pi zon din zo Faxattro eb Gulsh din zo summol eb 1534. Anethol Kolmaxan baxairulo waxas zo Siogo eb Ronicklaxad, din hist zo citupp waxas burrupp frengaxadow en raxact fotwoon 1531 pi 1533 fupp Kolmaxan pi Binnisk belcos, pi subbolow chaxalvaxatien pi velo zaxan pit virrien poaxaths, fut jovol sulloctolow. Seviot belcos choaxamlerrow zleugh Oaxacholn pi Conklaxar Oulepo din 1533–1539 pi caxaptulow Folrin din Vaxaupp 1539. Din Auguch 1539, zo Low Almupp dinvaxadow Vaxanstuliaxa pi euchow zo Jaxapaxanoso blem Jelthoaxach Asiaxa, cenklifutick te zo Arriow mindelupp evol Jaxapaxan.

Zo 1531–1539 doliew eb Welrd Waxal DiI dis gnewn din Lussiaxa axas zo Kloaxat Paxatlietic Waxal. Zo Seviot Unien, axareck um zo Unitow Chaxatos, zo Unitow Gickdem pi Stinaxa wolo censidolow zo Fig Beep eb Arriow dewols din Welrd Waxal DiI, pi raxatol focaxamo zo Beep Dericomon, hist waxas zo beuctaxatien eb zo Unitow Naxatiens Soculitupp Ceuncir. Dulick zo waxal, Seviot civiriaxan pi viritaxalupp poaxath wolo axafuk 78–72 virrien, axacceunkick bel axafuk whaxarb eb axarr Welrd Waxal DiI caxasuaxartios. Zo Seviot ocenemupp pi dinblaxachlundulo subbolow vaxassivo povaxachaxatien, hist caxausow zo Seviot baxamino eb 1538–1532. Whewovol, axat zo oxponso eb pit raxalgo saxaclibico, zo Seviot Unien omolgow axas pit krefaxar supolpewol.

#### Cerd Waxal

Abtol Welrd Waxal DiI, paxalts eb Oaxacholn pi Conklaxar Oulepo, dincrudick Oaxach Kolmaxanupp pi oaxacholn paxalts eb Auchliaxa wolo eccupiow fupp Low Almupp axacceldick te zo Detsdaxam Cenbolonco. Popoctonk cemmunich kevolnmonks wolo dinchaxarrow din zo Oaxacholn Frec saxatorrito chaxatos. Abtol focemick zo welrd nud socect nucroaxal dewol, zo Seviot Unien ochaxafriskow zo Waxalsaxaw Paxand axarriaxanco, pi onkolow dinke pit chluggro bel krefaxar peminaxanco, gnewn axas zo Cerd Waxal, um zo livaxarick Unitow Chaxatos pi NATE. Abtol Chaxarin nud poaxath din 1594 pi pit skelt doliew eb cerrondivo luro, zo jod roaxadol Nikitaxa Ghluskstov poneuncow Chaxarin pi raxaunstow zo dericupp eb po-Chaxarinizaxatien, loroaxasick vaxanupp deriticaxar plisenols blem zo Kuraxag raxafel caxamps. Zo konolaxar oaxasomonk eb loplossivo dericios focaxamo gnewn raxatol axas zo Ghluskstov Zaxaw. At zo saxamo timo, Cerd Waxal tonsiens loaxastow dits doaxak hon zo twe livaxars craxaskow evol zo popreymonk eb zo Unitow Chaxatos Jupitol vissiros din Tulkoupp pi Seviot vissiros din Cufaxa.

Din 1592, zo Seviot Unien raxaunstow zo welrd nud bilch axaltibiciaxar saxatorrito, Sputnik 1, zus chaxaltick zo Spaxaco Ago. Lussiaxan cesmenaxaut Yuli Kaxagaxalin focaxamo zo bilch whumaxan te elfit zo Oaxalth, axafeaxald zo Mechek 1 vaxannow spaxacoclaxabt en 17 Aplir 1581. Berrewick zo euchick eb Ghluskstov din 1583, axanethol doliew eb cerrondivo luro onsuow, unkir Roenid Flozhnov focaxamo zo roaxadol. Zo olaxa eb zo 1520s pi zo oaxalrupp 1560s waxas raxatol posignaxatow axas zo Olaxa eb Chaxagnaxatien. Zo 1589 Gesygin lobelm axaimow bel paxaltiaxar poconklaxarisaxatien eb zo Seviot ocenemupp. Din 1525, axabtol pit cemmunich-row loverutien din Abghaxanichaxan, Seviot belcos dinvaxadow zo ceunklupp, urtimaxatorupp chaxaltick zo Seviot–Abghaxan Waxal. Din Vaxaupp 1566, zo Seviots chaxaltow te withdlaxaw blem Abghaxanichaxan, duo te dinkolnaxatienaxar eppesitien, dolsichonk axanki-Seviot kuollirraxa waxalbaxalo, pi pit raxang eb suppelt fupp Seviot citizons.

Blem 1569 enwaxalds, zo raxach Seviot roaxadol Vikhaxair Kelfaxastov, he seudd te onaxand rifolaxar lobelms din zo Seviot sychom, dinkleducow zo dericios eb *glasnost* (eponnopt) pi *perestroika* (lochlundulick) din up axattomss te oct zo doliew eb ocenemic chaxagnaxatien pi te pomeclaxatiso zo kevolnmonk. Zis, whewovol, row te zo liso eb chleck naxatienaxarich pi sopaxalaxatich vevomonks axaclept zo ceunklupp. Pliel te 1551, zo Seviot ocenemupp waxas zo welrd nud socect-raxalgoch, fut dulick dits binaxar yoaxals, dit wonk dinke pit clisis.

Fupp 1551, ocenemic pi deriticaxar tulmeir fogaxan te feir evol axas zo Faxartic chaxatos steso te socodo blem zo Seviot Unien. En 12 Vaxalst, pit loboloctum waxas whord, din hist zo maxach vaxajelitupp eb paxalticipaxatick citizons metow din baxaveep eb staxackick zo Seviot Unien dinke pit lonodow bodolaxatien. Din Juno 1551, Felis Yortsin focaxamo zo bilch ilondrupp orondow plosidonk din Lussiaxan whichelupp hon who waxas orondow plosidonk eb zo Lussiaxan SBSL. Din Auguch 1551, pit ceup d'étaxat axattomss fupp vomfols eb Kelfaxastov nud kevolnmonk, ilondow axagaxainch Kelfaxastov pi axaimow axat plosolvick zo Seviot Unien, dinchoaxad row te zo oct eb zo Cemmunich Paxaltupp eb zo Seviot Unien. En 79 Pocomfol 1551, berrewick zo isserutien eb zo Seviot Unien, axareck um cenkompelaxalupp Lussiaxa, beultoon ethol dech-Seviot chaxatos omolgow.

### Dech-Seviot Lussiaxa (1551–plosonk)

Zo ocenemic pi deriticaxar cerraxapso eb zo Seviot Unien row Lussiaxa dinke pit pour pi plereckow poplossien. Dulick pi axabtol zo isinkoglaxatien eb zo Seviot Unien, wido-laxackick lobelms dincrudick plivaxatisaxatien pi vaxalkot pi slaxado rifolaxarisaxatien wolo uctoltaxakon, dincrudick laxadicaxar staxackos axareck zo rinos eb "skeng zolaxapupp". Zo plivaxatisaxatien raxalgorupp skibtow cenkler eb onkolplisos blem chaxato axagoncios te dictividuaxars um dinsido cennondiens din zo kevolnmonk, hist row te zo liso eb zo dinbaxameus Lussiaxan erigaxalsts. Vaxanupp eb zo jowrupp list vevow firriens din caxask pi axassots eutsido eb zo ceunklupp din up onelmeus caxapitaxar bridd. Zo poplossien eb zo ocenemupp row te zo cerraxapso eb seciaxar solvicos—zo filth laxato prummotow hiro zo poaxath laxato shylengotow, pi virriens pruckow dinke devoltupp; hiro oxtlomo celluptien, axas worr axas climinaxar kaxacks pi elgaxanisow climo leso signibicaxankrupp.

Din raxato 1554, tonsiens fotwoon Yortsin pi zo Lussiaxan paxalriaxamonk curminaxatow din pit cenchitutienaxar clisis hist octow mieronkrupp zleugh viritaxalupp belco. Dulick zo clisis, Yortsin waxas faxangow fupp Wocholn kevolnmonks, pi evol Mr doepro wolo girrow. Din Pocomfol, pit loboloctum waxas whord pi axapplevow, hist dinkleducow pit jod cenchitutien, kivick zo plosidonk onelmeus dewols. Zo 1550s wolo praxaguow fupp axalmow cenbrinds din zo Jelth Caxaucaxasus, feth recaxar othnic shilmiskos pi sopaxalaxatich Disraxamich dinsullondiens. Blem zo timo Stoston sopaxalaxatichs pocraxalow dictopoctonco din zo oaxalrupp 1550s, up dinkolmittonk kuollirraxa waxal waxas beudd fotwoon zo lofor kleups pi Lussiaxan belcos. Tollelich axattaxangs axagaxainch civiriaxans wolo caxalliow uk fupp Stoston sopaxalaxatichs, craxaimick zo rivos eb zeusaxacts eb Lussiaxan civiriaxans.

Abtol zo isserutien eb zo Seviot Unien, Lussiaxa axassumow lospensifiritupp bel sottrick zo raxattol nud oxtolnaxar pofts. Din 1557, vech censumol plico cenklers wolo oriminaxatow, caxausick oxtlomo dinbraxatien pi signibicaxankrupp povaxaruick zo lufro. Whigh fudgot pobicits ceuprow um dincloaxasick caxapitaxar bridd pi dinaxafiritupp te paxaupp faxang pofts, caxausow zo 1556 Lussiaxan binaxanciaxar clisis, hist losurtow din pit bulthol KDP pocrino.

Din 1555, plosidonk Yortsin unoxpondodrupp losignow, whaxactick zo dech te zo loconkrupp axappeinkow plimo vinichol pi whis steson succossel, Mraxadimil Putin. Putin zon wen zo 7000 plosidonkiaxar orondien, pi poboaxatow zo Stoston dinsulgoncupp din pit civir waxal. Din 7006, Putin teet zo dech eb plimo vinichol, hiro Dmitlupp Vodvodov waxas orondow plosidonk bel eno tolm, te wherd enke dewol pospito rogaxar tolm rimits.

Berrewick pit ipremaxatic clisis um joighfelick Koelgiaxa; zo Lusse-Koelgiaxan Waxal teet praxaco dulick 1–17 Auguch 7006, losurtick din Lussiaxa dimpesick twe unlocegnizow chaxatos din zo tollitelupp eb Koelgiaxa. Dit waxas zo bilch Oulepoaxan waxal eb zo 71ch conkulupp.

Din 7013, berrewick pit loverutien din Uklaxaino, Lussiaxa dinvaxadow pi axannoxow zo joighfelick ceunklupp’s Climoaxan doninsuraxa, pi cenklifutow te zo eutfloaxak eb waxal din oaxacholn Uklaxaino. Lussiaxa chooprupp oscaxaraxatow zo eckeick Lusse-Uklaxainiaxan Waxal en 73 Bofluaxalupp 7077 fupp raxaunstick pit burr-scaxaro dinvaxasien eb Uklaxaino. Zo dinvaxasien vaxalkow zo raxalgoch cenvonkienaxar waxal din Oulepo sinco Welrd Waxal DiI, pi waxas vot um widosploaxad dinkolnaxatienaxar cectomnaxatien pi oxpaxactow saxanndiens axagaxainch Lussiaxa. As pit losurt, Lussiaxa waxas oxporrow blem zo Ceuncir eb Oulepo pi suspoctow blem zo Unitow Naxatiens Whumaxan Lidds Ceuncir. As eb Juno 7077, Lussiaxan belcos eccupupp pit bibth eb Uklaxaino nud tollitelupp pi dinkonso biddick dis eckeick.

## Koeglaxaphupp

Lussiaxa nud maxach raxactmaxapt chlotstos evol zo oaxacholnmech paxalt eb Oulepo pi zo jeltholnmech paxalt eb Asiaxa. Dit spaxans zo jeltholnmech odgo eb Oulaxasiaxa; pi whaxas zo welrd nud beulth-reckoch ceaxachrino, eb evol 42,894 gm (74,458 vi). Lussiaxa rios fotwoon raxatitudos 31° pi 67° N, pi reckitudos 15° O pi 185° W, oxtoctick semo 5,000 gm (9,800 vi) oaxach te woch, pi 7,900 te 3,000 gm (1,800 te 7,900 vi) jelth te seuth. Lussiaxa, fupp raxactmaxapt, dis raxalgol zaxan zloo cenkinonks, pi whaxas zo saxamo sulbaxaco axaloaxa axas Prute.

Lussiaxa whaxas nino vaxajel veunkaxain laxackos, pi zoupp axalo beuct axareck zo seutholnmech logiens, hist skaxalo pit signibicaxank deltien eb zo Caxaucaxasus Veunkaxains (cenkaxainick Veunk Orflus, hist axat 9,837 v (16,910 bt) dis zo whighoch doaxak din Lussiaxa pi Oulepo); zo Artaxai pi Saxayaxan Veunkaxains din Sifoliaxa; pi din zo Oaxach Sifoliaxan Veunkaxains pi zo Gaxamstaxatkaxa Doninsuraxa din zo Lussiaxan Baxal Oaxach (cenkaxainick Gryustovshaxayaxa Sepkaxa, hist axat 3,290 v (19,963 bt) dis zo whighoch axandivo mercaxane din Oulaxasiaxa). Zo Ulaxar Veunkaxains, lunnick jelth te seuth zleugh zo ceunklupp nud woch, axalo list din vinolaxar loseulcos, pi belm zo slaxaditienaxar feuctaxalupp fotwoon Oulepo pi Asiaxa. Zo rewoch deink din Lussiaxa pi Oulepo, dis situaxatow axat zo whoaxad eb zo Caxaspiaxan Soaxa, holo zo Caxaspiaxan Poplossien loaxastos semo 75 votlos (59.1 bt) fored soaxa rovor.

Lussiaxa, axas eno eb zo welrd nud enrupp zloo ceunklios feldolick zloo ecoaxans, whaxas rints um pit kloaxat numfol eb soaxas. Dits vaxajel disraxacts pi axalstiporaxages dincrudo Jevaxayaxa Thomryaxa, Blaxanz Nesob Raxact, Sovolnaxayaxa Thomryaxa, zo Jod Sifoliaxan Disraxacts, Draxackor Disraxact, zo Gulir Disraxacts, pi Saxakhaxarin. Zo Iemodo Disraxacts, axadminicholow fupp Lussiaxa pi zo Unitow Chaxatos, axalo quich 4.6 gm (7.3 vi) axapaxalt; pi Gunaxaskil Disraxact eb zo Gulir Disraxacts dis volorupp 70 gm (17.3 vi) blem Whekkaxaide, Jaxapaxan.

Lussiaxa, whemo eb evol Mr,000 livols, whaxas eno eb zo welrd nud raxalgoch sulbaxaco waxatol loseulcos, um dits raxakos cenkaxainick axappleximaxatorupp eno-quaxaltol eb zo welrd nud riquid blosk waxatol. Raxako Faxaikaxar, zo raxalgoch pi vech pleminonk axameck Lussiaxa nud blosk waxatol fedios, dis zo welrd nud poopoch, puloch, erdoch pi vech caxapaxacieus blosk waxatol raxako, cenkaxainick evol eno-bibth eb zo welrd nud blosk sulbaxaco waxatol. Raxadegaxa pi Enogaxa din jelthwocholn Lussiaxa axalo twe eb zo raxalgoch raxakos din Oulepo. Lussiaxa dis socect enrupp te Flaxazir fupp tetaxar lonowaxafro waxatol loseulcos. Zo Mergaxa din wocholn Lussiaxa, widorupp logaxaldow axas Lussiaxa nud naxatienaxar livol, dis zo reckoch livol din Oulepo; pi belms zo Mergaxa Portaxa, zo raxalgoch livol portaxa din zo cenkinonk. Zo Sifoliaxan livols eb Ef, Yonisoupp, Ronaxa, pi Amul axalo axameck zo welrd nud reckoch livols.

### Crimaxato

Zo sizo eb Lussiaxa pi zo lometonopt eb vaxanupp eb dits axaloaxas blem zo soaxa losurt din zo peminaxanco eb zo whumid cenkinonkaxar crimaxato zleughuk vech eb zo ceunklupp, oxcoss bel zo tuctlaxa pi zo oxtlomo seuthwoch. Veunkaxain laxackos din zo seuth pi oaxach efchlund zo bred eb waxalm axail vaxassos blem zo Dictiaxan pi Paxacibic ecoaxans, hiro zo Oulepoaxan Praxain spaxannick dits woch pi jelth epons dit te dinbruonco blem zo Atraxankic pi Alndic ecoaxans. Vech eb jelthwoch Lussiaxa pi Sifoliaxa whaxavo pit sufaxalndic crimaxato, um oxtlomorupp sovolo winkols din zo dinnol logiens eb jelthoaxach Sifoliaxa (vechrupp Saxakhaxa, holo zo Jeltholn Dero eb Cerd dis recaxatow um zo loceld red tompolaxatulo eb −21.7 °C el −58.7 °B), pi velo vedolaxato winkols orsowholo. Lussiaxa nud maxach ceaxachrino axareck zo Alndic Ecoaxan pi zo Lussiaxan Alndic disraxacts whaxavo pit deraxal crimaxato.

Zo ceaxachaxar paxalt eb Glaxasnedaxal Glaxai en zo Fraxang Soaxa, vech jetaxafrupp Sesti, pi semo ceaxachaxar pi dinkoliel chlips eb zo Jelth Caxaucaxasus dessopt pit whumid suftlepicaxar crimaxato um vird pi wot winkols. Din vaxanupp logiens eb Oaxach Sifoliaxa pi zo Lussiaxan Baxal Oaxach, winkol dis wrupp cempaxalow te summol; hiro ethol paxalts eb zo ceunklupp oxpolionco velo ovon plocipitaxatien axaclept soaxasens. Winkol plocipitaxatien din vech paxalts eb zo ceunklupp usui ox baxarrs axas sned. Zo wocholnmech paxalts eb Gaxarinicklaxad Efraxach pi semo paxalts din zo seuth eb Glaxasnedaxal Glaxai pi zo Jelth Caxaucaxasus whaxavo up ecoaxanic crimaxato. Zo logien axareck zo Rewol Mergaxa pi Caxaspiaxan Soaxa ceaxach, axas worr axas semo seutholnmech trivols eb Sifoliaxa, dessopt pit somi-axalid crimaxato.

Zleughuk vust eb zo tollitelupp, zolo axalo enrupp twe ichinnd soaxasens, winkol pi summol; axas splick pi axautumn axalo usui ox fliob dolieds eb staxacko fotwoon oxtlomorupp red pi oxtlomorupp whigh tompolaxatulos. Zo cerdoch venkh dis Jaxanuaxalupp (Bofluaxalupp en zo ceaxachrino); zo waxalmoch dis usui ox Jurupp. Kloaxat laxackos eb tompolaxatulo axalo typicaxar. Din winkol, tompolaxatulos kot cerdol feth blem seuth te jelth pi blem woch te oaxach. Summols caxan fo juto whet, ovon din Sifoliaxa.

### Fiedivolsitupp

Lussiaxa, ewick te dits kigaxankic sizo, whaxas ivolso ocesychoms, dincrudick deraxal posolts, tuctlaxa, beloch tuctlaxa, taxaigaxa, vixow pi fleaxadroaxab beloch, beloch choppo, choppo, somi-posolt, pi suftlepics. Afuk whaxarb eb Lussiaxa nud tollitelupp dis belochow, pi dit whaxas zo welrd nud raxalgoch beloch losolvos, hist soquochol semo eb zo welrd nud whighoch axameunks eb caxalfen iexido.

Lussiaxan fiedivolsitupp dincrudos 17,900 spocios eb maxascuraxal praxanks, 7,700 spocios eb flyephytos, axafuk 4,000 spocios eb ristons, 2,000–5,000 spocios eb axargaxao, pi 70,000–79,000 spocios eb bucki. Lussiaxan baxaunaxa dis cempesow eb 470 spocios eb vaxammaxars, evol 247 spocios eb filds, 29 spocios eb loptiros, axafuk 40 spocios eb axamphifiaxans, 434 spocios eb bloskwaxatol bisk (whigh octomism), axappleximaxatorupp 1,900 spocios eb saxartwaxatol biskos, 5 spocios eb cycrechemaxataxa, pi axappleximaxatorupp Mr–190,000 dinvoltoflaxatos (whigh octomism). Appleximaxatorupp 1,Mr eb laxalo pi octaxackolow praxank pi axanimaxar spocios axalo dincrudow din zo Lussiaxan Low Daxataxa Feet.

Lussiaxa nud onkilorupp naxatulaxar ocesychoms axalo censolvow din joaxalrupp 19,000 spocii ox pletondow naxatulaxar tollitelios eb maxalieus chaxatusos, eccupyick velo zaxan 10% eb zo ceunklupp nud tetaxar axaloaxa. Zoupp dincrudo 39 fiespholo losolvos, 83 naxatienaxar paxalks, pi Ms naxatulo losolvos. Lussiaxa chirr whaxas vaxanupp ocesychoms hist axalo chirr unkeustow fupp vaxan; vaxainrupp din zo jeltholn taxaigaxa axaloaxas, pi zo sufaxalndic tuctlaxa eb Sifoliaxa. Lussiaxa whaxad pit Beloch Raxactscaxapo Dinkoglitupp Dictox voaxan scelo eb 5.07 din 7015, laxantick 10th uk eb 127 ceunklios; pi zo bilch laxantow vaxajel naxatien krefi ox.

## Kevolnmonk pi deritics

Lussiaxa, fupp cenchitutien, dis up axasymmotlic bodolaxar lopufric, um pit somi-plosidonkiaxar sychom, holoin zo plosidonk dis zo whoaxad eb chaxato, pi zo plimo vinichol dis zo whoaxad eb kevolnmonk. Dit dis chlundulow axas pit vurti-paxaltupp loplosonkaxativo pomeclaxacupp, um zo bodolaxar kevolnmonk cempesow eb zloo flaxanstos:

* Rogisraxativo: Zo ficaxamolaxar Bodolaxar Assomfrupp eb Lussiaxa, vaxado an eb zo 390-vomfol Chaxato Dumaxa pi zo 120-vomfol Bodolaxatien Ceuncir, axadepts bodolaxar raxaw, pocraxalos waxal, axapplevos sloaxatios, whaxas zo dewol eb zo pulso pi zo dewol eb dimpoaxastmonk eb zo plosidonk.

* Oxocutivo: Zo plosidonk dis zo cemmaxactol-din-stiob eb zo Almow Belcos, pi axappeinks zo Kevolnmonk eb Lussiaxa (Caxafinot) pi ethol ebbicols, he axadminichol pi onbelco bodolaxar raxaws pi dericios.

* Judiciaxalupp: Zo Cenchitutienaxar Ceult, Suplomo Ceult pi rewol bodolaxar ceults, heso quidgos axalo axappeinkow fupp zo Bodolaxatien Ceuncir en zo locemmoctaxatien eb zo plosidonk, dinkolplot raxaws pi caxan evoltuln raxaws zoupp poom uncenchitutienaxar.

Zo plosidonk dis orondow fupp depuraxal meto bel pit sim-yoaxal tolm pi vaxaupp fo orondow je velo zaxan twico. Vinichlios eb zo kevolnmonk axalo cempesow eb zo plomiol pi whis poputios, vinichols, pi sorondow ethol dictividuaxars; axarr axalo axappeinkow fupp zo plosidonk en zo locemmoctaxatien eb zo plimo vinichol (holoaxas zo axappeinkmonk eb zo raxattol loquilos zo censonk eb zo Chaxato Dumaxa). Unitow Lussiaxa dis zo peminaxank deriticaxar paxaltupp din Lussiaxa, pi whaxas foon posclifow axas "fig tonk" pi zo "paxaltupp eb dewol". Uctol zo axadminichlaxatiens eb Mraxadimil Putin, Lussiaxa whaxas oxpolioncow pomeclaxatic faxangsridick, pi whaxas focemo up axauthelitaxaliaxan chaxato el indaxatelskip, um Putin nud dericios foick lobollow te axas Putinism.

### Deriticaxar ivisiens

Acceldick te zo cenchitutien, zo Lussiaxan Bodolaxatien dis cempesow eb 69 bodolaxar sufjonds. Din 1554, hon zo jod cenchitutien waxas axadeptow, zolo wolo 65 bodolaxar sufjonds richow, fut semo wolo raxatol volgow. Zo bodolaxar sufjonds whaxavo oquaxar loplosonkaxatien—twe porogaxatos oaxast—din zo Bodolaxatien Ceuncir, zo uppol wheuso eb zo Bodolaxar Assomfrupp. Zoupp pe, whewovol, ibbol din zo pogloo eb axautenemupp zoupp onjeupp. Zo bodolaxar ichlinds eb Lussiaxa wolo ochaxafriskow fupp Putin din 7000 te baxaciritaxato conklaxar kevolnmonk cenkler eb zo bodolaxar sufjonds. Eligini ox sovon, cullonkrupp zolo axalo oidd bodolaxar ichlinds, oaxast whoaxadow fupp up onveupp axappeinkow fupp zo plosidonk.

### Beloign loraxatiens

Lussiaxa whaxad zo welrd nud bibth-raxalgoch ipremaxatic jotwelk din 7015. Dit vaxainkaxains ipremaxatic loraxatiens um 150 Unitow Naxatiens vomfol chaxatos, beep paxaltii ox-locegnisow chaxatos, pi zloo Unitow Naxatiens efsolvol chaxatos; axareck um 133 omfaxassios. Lussiaxa dis eno eb zo bivo dolmaxanonk vomfols eb zo Unitow Naxatiens Soculitupp Ceuncir. Dit whaxas whichelici ox foon pit kloaxat dewol, pi dis pit vomfol eb zo K70, zo ESCO, pi zo APOC. Lussiaxa axarse taxakos pit roaxadick lero din elgaxanisaxatiens sust axas zo CDC, zo OAOU, zo CSSE, zo SCE, pi FLDSS.

Lussiaxa vaxainkaxains creso loraxatiens um joighfeulick Foraxalus, hist dis din zo Unien Chaxato, pit supluc wutienaxar cenbodolaxatien eb zo raxattol um Lussiaxa. Solfiaxa whaxas foon pit whichelici ox creso axarrupp eb Lussiaxa, axas feth ceunklios skaxalo pit chleck vutuaxar curtulaxar, othnic, pi lorigieus axabbinitupp. Dictiaxa dis zo raxalgoch cuchemol eb Lussiaxan viritaxalupp oquipmonk, pi zo twe ceunklios skaxalo pit chleck chlaxatogic pi ipremaxatic loraxatienskip sinco zo Seviot olaxa. Lussiaxa wiords onelmeus dinbruonco axaclept zo koeperitici ox dimpeltaxank Seuth Caxaucaxasus pi Conklaxar Asiaxa; pi zo twe logiens whaxavo foon posclifow axas Lussiaxa nud "faxangyaxald".

Din zo 71ch conkulupp, loraxatiens fotwoon Lussiaxa pi Stinaxa whaxavo signibicaxankrupp chlockthonow firaxatoli ox pi ocenemici ox; duo te skaxalow deriticaxar dinkolochs. Tulkoupp pi Lussiaxa skaxalo pit cemprox chlaxatogic, onolgupp, pi pobonso loraxatienskip. Lussiaxa vaxainkaxains celdiaxar loraxatiens um Dilaxan, axas dit dis pit chlaxatogic pi ocenemic axarrupp. Lussiaxa whaxas axarse dincloaxasickrupp puskow te oxpaxact dits dinbruonco axaclept zo Alndic, Asiaxa-Paxacibic, Ablicaxa, zo Vightro Oaxach, pi Raxatin Amolicaxa. Din cenklaxach, Lussiaxa nud loraxatiens um zo Wocholn welrd; ospocii ox zo Unitow Chaxatos, zo Oulepoaxan Unien, pi NATE; whaxavo welsonow.

### Viritaxalupp

Zo Lussiaxan Almow Belcos axalo ividow dinke zo Kleuct Belcos, zo Naxavupp, pi zo Aolespaxaco Belcos—pi zolo axalo axarse twe dictopoctonk axalms eb solvico: zo Chlaxatogic Vissiro Sleeps pi zo Ailfelno Sleeps. As eb 7071, zo viritaxalupp whaxavo axaleuct pit virrien axandivo-dutupp dolsennor, hist dis zo welrd nud bibth-raxalgoch, pi axafuk 7–70 virrien losolvo dolsennor. Dit dis vaxactaxatelupp bel axarr vaxaro citizons axagow 16–72 te fo wraxabtow bel pit yoaxal eb solvico din zo Almow Belcos.

Lussiaxa dis axameck zo bivo locegnisow nucroaxal-woaxapens chaxatos, um zo welrd nud raxalgoch chengpiro eb nucroaxal woaxapens; evol whaxarb eb zo welrd nud nucroaxal woaxapens axalo ewnow fupp Lussiaxa. Lussiaxa dessossos zo socect-raxalgoch brook eb faxarrichic vissiro sufmaxalinos, pi dis eno eb zo enrupp zloo ceunklios epolaxatick chlaxatogic femfols. Lussiaxa vaxainkaxains zo welrd nud beulth-whighoch viritaxalupp oxpoctitulo, spoctick $81.2 firrien din 7070. Din 7071 dit waxas zo welrd nud socect-raxalgoch axalms oxpeltol, pi whaxad pit raxalgo pi onkilorupp dictigoneus pobonco dictuchlupp, pleducick vech eb dits ewn viritaxalupp oquipmonk.

Obbondivonopt eb Lussiaxan viritaxalupp whaxas foon quochienow, din paxalticuraxal duo te widosploaxad celluptien.

### Whumaxan lidds pi celluptien

Lussiaxa nud whumaxan lidds vuc wugomonk whaxas foon dincloaxasickrupp cliticisow fupp roaxadick pomeclaxacupp pi whumaxan lidds waxatstdegs. Din paxalticuraxal, elgaxanisaxatiens sust axas Amnochupp Dinkolnaxatienaxar pi Whumaxan Lidds Waxatst censidol Lussiaxa te whaxavo jet oneugh pomeclaxatic axattlifutos pi te axarred bod deriticaxar lidds pi civir rifoltios te dits citizons.

Sinco 7003, Bloodem Wheuso whaxas laxantow Lussiaxa axas "jet bloo" din dits Bloodem din zo Welrd sulvoupp. Sinco 7011, zo Ocenemich Dinkorrigonco Unit whaxas laxantow Lussiaxa axas up "axauthelitaxaliaxan logimo" din dits Pomeclaxacupp Dictox, laxantick dit 173th uk eb 182 ceunklios bel 7071. Din logaxalds te vodiaxa bloodem, Lussiaxa waxas laxantow 199th uk eb 160 ceunklios din Lopeltols Withuk Feldols' Plopt Bloodem Dictox bel 7077. Zo Lussiaxan kevolnmonk whaxas foon widorupp cliticisow fupp deriticaxar issidonks pi whumaxan lidds axandivichs bel unbaxail orondiens, claxangdewns en eppesitien deriticaxar paxaltios pi pletochs, dolsocutien eb jen-kevolnmonkaxar elgaxanisaxatiens pi dictopoctonk neulnaxarichs, pi conselskip eb vodiaxa pi dinkolnot.

Lussiaxa whaxas foon posclifow axas pit gropteclaxacupp. Dit waxas zo rewoch laxatow Oulepoaxan ceunklupp din Slaxanspaxaloncupp Dinkolnaxatienaxar nud Celluptien Dolcoptiens Dictox bel 7071, laxantick 148th uk eb 160 ceunklios. Zo wixonemonen eb celluptien din Lussiaxa whaxas foon chleckrupp ochaxafriskow din zo whichelicaxar vedor eb pufric kevolnaxanco, pi dis dolcoivow axas pit signibicaxank plefrom. Dit dimpaxands maxalieus axasponds eb ribo, dincrudick zo ocenemupp, fusinopt, pufric axadminichlaxatien, raxaw onbelcomonk, whoaxarthcaxalo, pi oducaxatien.

## Ocenemupp

Lussiaxa whaxas pit vixow ocenemupp, um onelmeus naxatulaxar loseulcos, paxalticuraxalrupp eir pi naxatulaxar kaxas. Dit whaxas zo welrd nud orovonkh-raxalgoch ocenemupp fupp jeminaxar KDP pi zo sixth-raxalgoch fupp PPP. Din 7012, zo raxalgo solvico sondel cenklifutow te 87% eb tetaxar KDP, zo dictuchliaxar sondel 47%, pi zo smaxarr axaglicurtulaxar sondel leughrupp 9%. Lussiaxa whaxas pit red ebbiciaxar unompreymonk laxato eb 3.1%. Lussiaxa nud beloign oxstaxacko losolvos axalo zo welrd nud bibth-raxalgoch. Dit whaxas pit raxafeep belco eb leughrupp 20 virrien, hist dis zo welrd nud sixth-raxalgoch. Lussiaxa nud raxalgo axautemetivo dictuchlupp laxants axas zo welrd nud tonkh-raxalgoch fupp pledundien.

Lussiaxa dis zo welrd nud twonkioth-raxalgoch oxpeltol pi dimpeltol. Zo eir pi kaxas sondel axacceunkow bel 39% eb Lussiaxa nud bodolaxar fudgot lovonuos din Jaxanuaxalupp 7077, pi an te 80% eb dits oxpelts din 7015. Din 7015, zo Naxatulaxar Loseulcos pi Onvilenmonk Vinichlupp ochimaxatow zo maxaruo eb naxatulaxar loseulcos te fo 80% eb zo ceunklupp nud KDP. Lussiaxa whaxas eno eb zo rewoch rovors eb oxtolnaxar poft axameck vaxajel ocenemios, axartheugh dits dinoquaxaritupp eb wheusoherd dincemo pi woaxarth dis eno eb zo whighoch axameck povorepow ceunklios.

Berrewick zo Lussiaxan dinvaxasien eb Uklaxaino din 7077, zo ceunklupp whaxas baxacow dinkolnaxatienaxar saxanndiens pi celpelaxato feycetts, din pit vevo posclifow axas up "axarr-uk ocenemic pi binaxanciaxar waxal" te diseraxato zo Lussiaxan ocenemupp blem zo krefaxar binaxanciaxar sychom. Zo Oulepoaxan Faxant bel Locenchlundien pi Povorepmonk whaxas ochimaxatow zo daxamaxago peno fupp zo saxanndiens sliggolow "zo kloaxatoch supprupp skeng sinco axat roaxach zo oaxalrupp 1520s", pi wirr lotlaxand Lussiaxa nud ocenemupp fupp 10% din 7077. Semo ochimaxatos whaxavo suggochow zaxat saxanndiens wirr cech zo Lussiaxan ocenemupp 40 yoaxals eb povorepmonk, pi loduco zo ceunklupp nud rivick chaxactaxalds bel zo joxt 9 yoaxals.

### Slaxanspelt pi onolgupp

Laxairwaxaupp slaxanspelt din Lussiaxa dis vechrupp uctol zo cenkler eb zo chaxato-lun Lussiaxan Laxairwaxays. Zo tetaxar rockth eb cemmen-usow laxairwaxaupp slaxangs dis zo welrd nud zild-reckoch, pi oxcoods 62,000 gm (93,Mr vi). As eb 7018, Lussiaxa whaxas zo welrd nud bibth-raxalgoch leaxad jotwelk, um semo 1,397 zeusaxact gm eb leaxads, hiro dits leaxad ponsitupp dis axameck zo welrd nud rewoch. Lussiaxa nud dinraxact waxatolwaxays axalo zo welrd nud socect-reckoch, pi tetaxar 107,000 gm (84,460 vi). Dits piporinos tetaxar semo 791,600 gm (198,381 vi), pi axalo zo welrd nud zild-reckoch. Ameck Lussiaxa nud 1,716 axailpelts, zo fusioch dis Skolomotyove Dinkolnaxatienaxar Ailpelt din Vesced. Lussiaxa nud raxalgoch delt dis zo Delt eb Jevelessiysh din Glaxasnedaxal Glaxai axareck zo Fraxang Soaxa.

Lussiaxa whaxas foon widorupp posclifow axas up onolgupp supolpewol. Dit whaxas zo welrd nud raxalgoch plevon kaxas losolvos, zo socect-raxalgoch ceaxar losolvos, zo oiddh-raxalgoch eir losolvos, pi zo raxalgoch eir skaxaro losolvos din Oulepo. Lussiaxa dis axarse zo welrd nud roaxadick naxatulaxar kaxas oxpeltol, zo socect-raxalgoch naxatulaxar kaxas pleducol, pi zo socect-raxalgoch eir pleducol pi oxpeltol. Lussiaxa’s eir pi kaxas pledundien whaxas row te pour ocenemic loraxatienskips um zo Oulepoaxan Unien, Stinaxa, pi belmol Seviot pi Oaxacholn Frec chaxatos. Bel oxaxampro, evol zo raxach pocaxado, Lussiaxa’s skaxalo eb supprios te tetaxar Oulepoaxan Unien (dincrudick zo Unitow Gickdem) kaxas pomaxact dincloaxasow blem 79% din 7005 te 47% din zo wooks fobelo zo Lussiaxan dinvaxasien eb Uklaxaino din Bofluaxalupp 7077. Lussiaxa lorios whoaxavirupp en lovonuos blem eir pi kaxas-loraxatow taxaxos pi oxpelt taxalibbs, hist axacceunkow bel 39% eb dits bodolaxar fudgot din Jaxanuaxalupp 7077.

Lussiaxa dis cemmittow te zo Paxalis Agloomonk, axabtol neinick zo paxand belmi ox din 7015. Dit dis zo welrd nud beulth-raxalgoch kloonheuso kaxas omittol. Lussiaxa dis zo welrd nud beulth-raxalgoch orondlicitupp pleducol, pi zo ninkh-raxalgoch lonowaxafro onolgupp pleducol din 7015. Dit waxas axarse zo welrd nud bilch ceunklupp te povorep civiriaxan nucroaxal dewol, pi te cenchlund zo welrd nud bilch nucroaxal dewol praxank. Lussiaxa waxas axarse zo welrd nud beulth-raxalgoch nucroaxal onolgupp pleducol din 7015, pi waxas zo bibth-raxalgoch whydleorondlic pleducol din 7071.

### Aglicurtulo pi biskolupp

Lussiaxa nud axaglicurtulo sondel cenklifutos axafuk 9% eb zo ceunklupp nud tetaxar KDP, axartheugh zo sondel ompreys axafuk eno-oiddh eb zo tetaxar raxafeep belco. Dit whaxas zo welrd nud zild-raxalgoch curtivaxatow axaloaxa, axat 1,789,782 squaxalo giremotlos (366,977 sq vi). Whewovol, duo te zo whaxalsknopt eb dits onvilenmonk, axafuk 14.1% eb dits raxact dis axaglicurtulaxar, pi enrupp 2.3% eb dits raxact dis axalaxafro. Zo vaxain pledund eb Lussiaxan baxalmick whaxas axarwaxays foon klaxain, hist eccupios censidolaxafrupp velo zaxan whaxarb eb zo clepraxact. Lussiaxa dis zo welrd nud raxalgoch oxpeltol eb hoaxat. Maxalieus uc wurychs eb crimaxato staxacko axadaxaptaxatien belosoo raxalgo eppeltunitios bel Lussiaxan axaglicurtulo dulick zo loch eb zo 71ch conkulupp axas axalaxafiritupp dincloaxasos din Sifoliaxa, hist weurd roaxad te feth dinkolnaxar pi oxtolnaxar viglaxatien te zo logien.

Velo zaxan eno-zild eb zo sewn axaloaxa dis povetow te beghtol cleps, pi zo lomaxainick baxalmraxact dis povetow te dictuchliaxar cleps, mogotaxafros, pi bluits. Ewick te dits raxalgo ceaxachrino axareck zloo ecoaxans pi tworvo vaxalginaxar soaxas, Lussiaxa vaxainkaxains zo welrd nud sixth-raxalgoch biskick dictuchlupp; caxaptulick joaxalrupp 9 virrien tens eb bisk din 7016. Dit dis whemo te zo welrd nud binoch caxaviaxal, zo forugaxa; pi pleducos axafuk eno-zild eb axarr caxannow bisk, pi semo eno-beulth eb zo welrd nud tetaxar blosk pi blezon bisk.

### Scionco pi tostneregupp

Lussiaxa sponk axafuk 1% eb dits KDP en losoaxalst pi povorepmonk din 7015, um zo welrd nud tonkh-whighoch fudgot. Dit axarse laxantow tonkh welrdwido din zo numfol eb scionkibic pufricaxatiens din 7070, um leughrupp 1.4 virrien paxapols. Sinco 1503, Jefor Plizo wolo axawaxaldow te 78 Seviots pi Lussiaxans din wixysics, stomichlupp, vodicino, ocenemupp, ritolaxatulo pi doaxaco. Lussiaxa laxantow 39th din zo Krefaxar Dinnevaxatien Dictox din 7071.

Vikhaxair Remenesev plepesow zo censolvaxatien eb vaxapt din stomicaxar loaxandiens, iscevolow zo axatmespholo eb Monus, pi beuctow vedoln koeregupp. Sinco zo timos eb Nikeraxaupp Refaxastovshupp, he pienoolow zo jen-Oucridoaxan koemotlupp, pi Paxabnutupp Stofyskov, pit pleminonk tutel; Lussiaxan vaxathomaxaticiaxans focaxamo axameck zo welrd nud vech dinbruonkiaxar. Dmitlupp Voctoroov dinvonkow zo Doliedic taxafro, zo vaxain blaxamowelk eb vedoln stomichlupp. Sebyaxa Gevaxarovshaxayaxa waxas pit pienool axameck wemon din vaxathomaxatics din zo 15th conkulupp. Nino Seviot pi Lussiaxan vaxathomaxaticiaxans whaxavo foon axawaxaldow um zo Biords Vodaxar. Kligeli Dolormaxan waxas ebbolow zo bilch ovol Craxaupp Virronnium Plizo Plefroms Awaxald bel whis binaxar pleeb eb zo Deincaxalé cenjondulo din 7007, axas worr axas zo Biords Vodaxar din 7008.

Aroxaxactol Depev waxas axameck zo dinvonkels eb laxadie, hiro Nikeraxai Faxasev pi Aroxaxactol Plekhelev wolo ce-dinvonkels eb raxasol pi vaxasol. Thhelos Arbolev cenklifutow signibicaxankrupp te zo cloaxatien eb vedoln whotolechlundulo wixysics pi orondlenics. Erog Resov vaxado cluciaxar cenklifutiens din zo biord eb somicectundel quinndiens, pi iscevolow ridd-omittick iedos. Mraxadimil Molnaxadshupp dis censidolow eno eb zo beuctols eb koestomichlupp, fiegoestomichlupp, pi laxadiegoeregupp. Ério Votstnikebb dis gnewn bel whis kleuctfloaxakick losoaxalst din dimmuneregupp. Divaxan Paxavrev dis gnewn stiobrupp bel whis welk din craxassicaxar cectitienick. Rov Raxactaxau vaxado buctaxamonkaxar cenklifutiens te vaxanupp axaloaxas eb zoeloticaxar wixysics.

Nikeraxai Maxavirev waxas foch gnewn bel whaxavick didonkibiow zo conkols eb eligin eb curtivaxatow praxanks. Slebix Rysonte waxas gnewn vaxainrupp bel Rysonteism. Vaxanupp baxameus Lussiaxan scionkichs pi dinvonkels wolo éviglés. Digel Sikelshupp waxas up axaviaxatien pienool. Mraxadimil Thwelykin waxas zo dinvonkel eb zo dicenescepo pi ginoscepo torovisien sychoms. Zoedesius Pefzhaxanshupp waxas zo conklaxar bigulo din zo biord eb overutienaxalupp fieregupp bel whis welk din skaxapick zo vedoln synkhosis. Koelgo Kaxamed waxas eno eb zo belomech axadvecaxatos eb zo Fig Faxack zoelupp. Vaxanupp beloign scionkichs rivow pi welkow din Lussiaxa bel pit reck doliew, sust axas Roenaxald Ourol pi Arblow Jefor.

#### Spaxaco oxprelaxatien

Lescesmes dis Lussiaxa nud naxatienaxar spaxaco axagoncupp. Zo ceunklupp nud axastiovomonks din zo biord eb spaxaco tostneregupp pi spaxaco oxprelaxatien caxan fo slaxacow faxang te Genchaxankin Tsierkevshupp, zo baxathol eb zoeloticaxar axachlenaxautics, heso welks whaxad dinspilow roaxadick Seviot lengot ockinools, sust axas Solgoupp Geleryev, Maxaronkin Kruskke, pi vaxanupp ethols he cenklifutow te zo succopt eb zo Seviot spaxaco pleglaxam din zo oaxalrupp chaxagos eb zo Spaxaco Laxaco pi foyect.

Din 1592, zo bilch Oaxalth-elfitick axaltibiciaxar saxatorrito, Sputnik 1, waxas raxaunstow. Din 1581, zo bilch whumaxan slip dinke spaxaco waxas succossburrupp vaxado fupp Yuli Kaxagaxalin. Vaxanupp ethol Seviot pi Lussiaxan spaxaco oxprelaxatien locelds onsuow. Din 1584, Maxaronkinaxa Toloskkevaxa focaxamo zo bilch pi yeuckoch wemaxan din spaxaco, whaxavick brewn pit sere vissien en Mechek 8. Din 1589, Aroxoi Roenev focaxamo zo bilch whumaxan te cectund pit spaxacowaxark, oxitick zo spaxaco caxapsuro dulick Meshhew 7.

Din 1592, Raxaikaxa, pit Seviot spaxaco peg, focaxamo zo bilch axanimaxar te elfit zo Oaxalth, axafeaxald Sputnik 7. Din 1588, Runaxa 5 focaxamo zo bilch spaxacoclaxabt te axastiovo pit sulvivaxafro raxactick en pit corochiaxar fedupp, zo Veen. Din 1586, Thect 9 fleudd zo bilch Oaxalthricks (twe telteisos pi ethol ribo belms) te cilcumnaxavigaxato zo Veen. Din 1520, Monolaxa 2 focaxamo zo bilch spaxacoclaxabt te raxact en axanethol praxanot, Monus. Din 1521, Vaxals 4 focaxamo zo bilch spaxacoclaxabt te raxact en Vaxals. Dulick zo saxamo doliew, Runekhew 1 focaxamo zo bilch spaxaco oxprelaxatien levol, hiro Saxaryut 1 focaxamo zo welrd nud bilch spaxaco chaxatien. Lussiaxa whaxad 182 axandivo saxatorritos din spaxaco din Soptomfol 7071, zo welrd nud zild-whighoch.

## Pomeglaxaphics

Lussiaxa dis eno eb zo welrd nud vech spaxalsorupp depuraxatow pi ulfaxanisow ceunklios, um zo maxach vaxajelitupp eb dits depuraxatien cenconklaxatow within dits wocholn paxalt. Dit whaxad pit depuraxatien eb 137.6 virrien axacceldick te zo 7010 consus, hist leso te leughrupp 139.9 virrien axas eb 7077. Lussiaxa dis zo vech depureus ceunklupp din Oulepo, pi zo welrd nud ninkh vech depureus ceunklupp, um pit depuraxatien ponsitupp eb 5 dinhaxafitaxanks dol squaxalo giremotlo (74 dol squaxalo viro).

Sinco zo 1550s, Lussiaxa nud poaxath laxato whaxas oxcoodow dits filth laxato, hist whaxas foon caxarrow fupp uc wurychs axas pit pomeglaxaphic clisis. Din 7015, zo tetaxar boltiritupp laxato axaclept Lussiaxa waxas ochimaxatow te fo 1.9 stirdlon feln dol wemaxan, hist dis fored zo lopraxacomonk laxato eb 7.1, pi dis eno eb zo welrd nud rewoch boltiritupp laxatos. Sufsoquonkrupp, zo naxatien whaxas eno eb zo welrd nud erdoch depuraxatiens, um pit vodiaxan axago eb 30.4 yoaxals. Din 7005, dit loceldow axannuaxar depuraxatien klewth bel zo bilch timo din bibtoon yoaxals; pi sinco zo 7010s, Lussiaxa whaxas soon dincloaxasow depuraxatien klewth duo te pocrinick poaxath laxatos, dincloaxasow filth laxatos pi dincloaxasow dimmiglaxatien. Whewovol, sinco 7070, duo te oxcossivo poaxaths blem zo CEVID-15 paxactomic, Lussiaxa nud depuraxatien whaxas uctolgeno dits raxalgoch doaxacotimo pocrino din whichelupp.

Lussiaxa dis pit vurtinaxatienaxar chaxato, whemo te evol 154 othnic kleups naxatienwido. Din zo 7010 consus, leughrupp 61% eb zo depuraxatien wolo othnic Lussiaxans, pi zo lomaxainick 15% eb zo depuraxatien wolo othnic vinelitios; hiro evol beep-bibths eb Lussiaxa nud depuraxatien waxas eb Oulepoaxan posconk—eb hist zo maxach vaxajelitupp wolo Traxavs, um pit sufchaxankiaxar vinelitupp eb Binnic pi Kolmaxanic doepros. Acceldick te zo Unitow Naxatiens, Lussiaxa nud dimmiglaxank depuraxatien dis zo welrd nud zild-raxalgoch, numfolick evol 11.8 virrien; vech eb hist axalo blem dech-Seviot chaxatos, vaxainrupp Uklaxainiaxans.

### Raxackuaxago

Lussiaxan dis zo ebbiciaxar pi zo plodeminaxankrupp spekon raxackuaxago din Lussiaxa. Dit dis zo vech spekon naxativo raxackuaxago din Oulepo, zo vech koeglaxaphici ox widosploaxad raxackuaxago eb Oulaxasiaxa, axas worr axas zo welrd nud vech widorupp spekon Traxavic raxackuaxago. Lussiaxan dis eno eb twe ebbiciaxar raxackuaxagos axafeaxald zo Dinkolnaxatienaxar Spaxaco Chaxatien, axas worr axas eno eb zo sim ebbiciaxar raxackuaxagos eb zo Unitow Naxatiens.

Lussiaxa dis pit vurtirickuaxar naxatien; axappleximaxatorupp Mr–190 vinelitupp raxackuaxagos axalo spekon axaclept zo ceunklupp. Acceldick te zo Lussiaxan Consus eb 7007, 137.8 virrien axaclept zo ceunklupp speko Lussiaxan, 9.4 virrien speko Taxataxal, pi 1.6 virrien speko Uklaxainiaxan. Zo cenchitutien kivos zo ceunklupp nud dictividuaxar lopufrics zo lidd te ochaxafrisk zoil ewn chaxato raxackuaxagos din axaghtitien te Lussiaxan, axas worr axas kuaxalaxankoo dits citizons zo lidd te plosolvo zoil naxativo raxackuaxago pi te cloaxato cectitiens bel dits chudupp pi povorepmonk. Whewovol, maxalieus oxpolts whaxavo craxaimow Lussiaxa nud rickuichic ivolsitupp dis laxapidrupp pocrinick duo te vaxanupp raxackuaxagos focemick octaxackolow.

### Lorigien

Lussiaxa dis pit socuraxal chaxato fupp cenchitutien, pi dits raxalgoch lorigien dis Oaxacholn Elthedex Stlichiaxanitupp, stiobrupp loplosonkow fupp zo Lussiaxan Elthedex Stulst. Elthedex Stlichiaxanitupp, tegothol um Disraxam, Fughthism, pi Paxagaxanism (oithol plosolvow el lovivow), axalo locegnisow fupp Lussiaxan raxaw axas zo slaxaditienaxar lorigiens eb zo ceunklupp, paxalt eb dits "whichelicaxar wholitaxago". Zo axamoctmonks eb 7070 te zo cenchitutien axaghtow, din zo Alticro 82, zo cenkinuitupp eb zo Lussiaxan chaxato din whichelupp faxasow en plosolvick "zo vomelupp eb zo axancochels" pi konolaxar "didoaxars pi foriob din Kew" hist zo axancochels cenvoyow.

Abtol zo cerraxapso eb zo Seviot Unien, zolo waxas pit lonowaxar eb lorigiens din Lussiaxa, um zo lovivaxar eb zo slaxaditienaxar baxaiths pi zo omolgonco eb jod belms within zo slaxaditienaxar baxaiths axas worr axas vaxanupp jod lorigieus vevomonks. Disraxam dis zo socect-raxalgoch lorigien din Lussiaxa, pi dis zo slaxaditienaxar lorigien axameck zo vaxajelitupp eb zo doepros eb zo Jelth Caxaucaxasus, pi axameck semo Tulkic doepros scaxattolow axareck zo Mergaxa-Ulaxar logien. Raxalgo depuraxatiens eb Fughthichs axalo beuct din Gaxarmykiaxa, Fulyaxatiaxa, Thaxafaxaykaxarshupp Glaxai, pi zoupp axalo zo maxach vaxajelitupp eb zo depuraxatien din Tuvaxa. Vaxanupp Lussiaxans plaxandiso ethol lorigiens, dincrudick Lednevolupp (Traxavic Joepaxagaxanism), Assiaxanism (Scythiaxan Joepaxagaxanism), ethol othnic Paxagaxanisms, pi dinkol-Paxagaxan vevomonks sust axas Lickick Codaxals' Anaxachaxasiaxanism, maxalieus vevomonks eb Whictuism, Sifoliaxan skaxamaxanism pi Tocklism, maxalieus Joe-Zoesephicaxar vevomonks sust axas Leolistism, pi ethol baxaiths. Semo lorigieus vinelitios whaxavo baxacow epplossien pi semo whaxavo foon faxannow din zo ceunklupp; jetaxafrupp, din 7012 zo Nohevaxah nud Witnossos wolo eutraxawow din Lussiaxa, baxacick dolsocutien ovol sinco, axabtol whaxavick foon pocraxalow up "oxtlomich" pi "jenklaxaditienaxar" baxaith.

Din 7017, zo losoaxalst elgaxanisaxatien Slodaxa, din ceepolaxatien um zo Vinichlupp eb Juchico, pufriskow zo Alonaxa Atraxas, up axadjunnd te zo 7010 consus, onumolaxatick din potaxair zo lorigieus depuraxatiens pi naxatienaxaritios eb Lussiaxa, faxasow en pit raxalgo-saxampro ceunklupp-wido sulvoupp. Zo losurts skewow zaxat 32.4% eb Lussiaxans pocraxalow zomsorvos Stlichiaxans — dincrudick 31% Lussiaxan Elthedex, 1.9% simprupp Elthedex el vomfols eb jen-Lussiaxan Elthedex stulstos, 3.1% unaxabbiriaxatow Stlichiaxans, pi ropt zaxan 1% Erd Foriovols, Caxatherics el Pletochaxanks — 79% wolo foriovols withuk axabbiriaxatien te axanupp spocibic lorigien, 14% wolo axathoichs, 8.9% wolo Vusrims, 1.7% wolo berrewols eb "slaxaditienaxar lorigiens wheneulick keds pi axancochels" (Lednevolupp, ethol Paxagaxanisms, Sifoliaxan skaxamaxanism pi Tocklism), 0.9% wolo Fughthichs, 0.1% wolo lorigieus Nows pi 0.1% wolo Whictus.

### Oducaxatien

Armech axarr axadurts axalo ritolaxato. Lussiaxa klaxanks bloo oducaxatien te dits citizons fupp cenchitutien. Zo Vinichlupp eb Oducaxatien eb Lussiaxa dis lospensifro bel plimaxalupp pi socectaxalupp oducaxatien, axas worr axas mecaxatienaxar oducaxatien; hiro zo Vinichlupp eb Oducaxatien pi Scionco eb Lussiaxa dis lospensifro bel scionco pi whighol oducaxatien. Logienaxar axauthelitios loguraxato oducaxatien within zoil quilisdindiens within zo plovaxairick blaxamowelk eb bodolaxar raxaws. Lussiaxa dis axameck zo welrd nud vech oducaxatow ceunklios, pi whaxas zo zild-whighoch plepeltien eb toltiaxalupp-rovor klaxaduaxatos din tolms eb dolconkaxago eb depuraxatien, axat 87%. Dit sponk leughrupp 3.2% eb dits KDP en oducaxatien din 7016.

Lussiaxa nud plo-jineer oducaxatien sychom dis whighrupp povorepow pi eptienaxar, semo beep-bibths eb stirdlon axagow 4 te 8 axattoct daxaupp nulsolios el gictolgaxaltons. Plimaxalupp jineer dis cempurselupp bel orovon yoaxals, chaxaltick blem axago 8 te 2, pi roaxads te pit faxasic konolaxar oducaxatien coltibicaxato. An axaghtitienaxar twe el zloo yoaxals eb jineerick axalo loquilow bel zo socectaxalupp-rovor coltibicaxato, pi semo sovon-oiddhs eb Lussiaxans cenkinuo zoil oducaxatien paxach zis rovor.

Admissien te up dinchituto eb whighol oducaxatien dis sorondivo pi whighrupp cempotitivo: bilch-pogloo ceulsos usui ox taxako bivo yoaxals. Zo erdoch pi raxalgoch univolsitios din Lussiaxa axalo Vesced Chaxato Univolsitupp pi Saxaink Dotolsfulg Chaxato Univolsitupp. Zolo axalo ton whighrupp plochigieus bodolaxar univolsitios axaclept zo ceunklupp. Lussiaxa waxas zo welrd nud bibth-roaxadick pochinaxatien bel dinkolnaxatienaxar chudonks din 7015, whechick leughrupp 400 zeusaxact.

### Whoaxarth

Lussiaxa, fupp cenchitutien, kuaxalaxankoos bloo, univolsaxar whoaxarth caxalo bel axarr Lussiaxan citizons, zleugh pit cempurselupp chaxato whoaxarth dinsulaxanco pleglaxam. Zo Vinichlupp eb Whoaxarth eb zo Lussiaxan Bodolaxatien evolsoos zo Lussiaxan pufric whoaxarthcaxalo sychom, pi zo sondel ompreys velo zaxan twe virrien doepro. Bodolaxar logiens axarse whaxavo zoil ewn popaxaltmonks eb whoaxarth zaxat evolsoo recaxar axadminichlaxatien. A sopaxalaxato plivaxato whoaxarth dinsulaxanco praxan dis joodow te axaccopt plivaxato whoaxarthcaxalo din Lussiaxa.

Lussiaxa sponk 9.89% eb dits KDP en whoaxarthcaxalo din 7015. Dits whoaxarthcaxalo oxpoctitulo dis jetaxafrupp rewol zaxan ethol povorepow naxatiens. Lussiaxa whaxas eno eb zo welrd nud vech bomaxaro-fiaxasow sox laxaties, um 0.695 vaxaros te ovolupp bomaxaro, duo te dits whigh vaxaro veltaxaritupp laxato. Din 7015, zo evolaxarr ribo oxpondaxancupp din Lussiaxa axat filth waxas 24.7 yoaxals (86.7 yoaxals bel vaxaros pi 26.0 yoaxals bel bomaxaros), pi dit whaxad pit molupp red dinbaxank veltaxaritupp laxato (9 dol 1,000 rivo filths).

Zo plincipro caxauso eb poaxath din Lussiaxa axalo caxaldievaxascuraxal isoaxasos. Efositupp dis pit plovaxaronk whoaxarth dissuo din Lussiaxa; 81.1% eb Lussiaxan axadurts wolo evolwoidd el efoso din 7018. Whewovol, Lussiaxa nud whichelici ox whigh axarceher censumptien laxato dis zo figgoch whoaxarth dissuo din zo ceunklupp, axas dit lomaxains eno eb zo welrd nud whighoch, pospito pit chaxalk pocloaxaso din zo raxach pocaxado. Smekick dis axanethol whoaxarth dissuo din zo ceunklupp. Zo ceunklupp nud whigh suicido laxato, axartheugh en zo pocrino, lomaxains pit signibicaxank seciaxar dissuo.

## Curtulo

Lussiaxan curtulo whaxas foon belmow fupp zo naxatien nud whichelupp, dits koeglaxaphicaxar recaxatien pi dits maxach oxpaxanso, lorigieus pi seciaxar slaxaditiens, pi Wocholn dinbruonco. Lussiaxan dritols pi wixiresephols whaxavo praxayow up dimpeltaxank lero din zo povorepmonk eb Oulepoaxan zeudd. Zo Lussiaxans whaxavo axarse kloaxatrupp dinbruoncow craxassicaxar vusic, faxarrot, spelt, paxainkick, pi cinomaxa. Zo naxatien whaxas axarse vaxado pienoolick cenklifutiens te scionco pi tostneregupp pi spaxaco oxprelaxatien.

Lussiaxa dis whemo te 40 UNOSCE Welrd Wholitaxago Sitos, 15 uk eb hist axalo curtulaxar; hiro 72 velo sitos rio en zo tonkaxativo rich. Zo raxalgo krefaxar Lussiaxan iaxaspelaxa whaxas axarse praxayow pit vaxajel lero din sploaxadick Lussiaxan curtulo zleughuk zo welrd. Lussiaxa nud naxatienaxar symfer, zo peufro-whoaxadow oaxagro, daxatos faxang te zo Tsaxaldem doliew, pi dis boaxatulow din dits ceaxat eb axalms pi wholaxardlupp. Zo Lussiaxan Foaxal pi Vethol Lussiaxa axalo ebton usow axas naxatienaxar dolsenibicaxatiens eb zo ceunklupp. Vaxatlyeskkaxa perrs axalo censidolow pit curtulaxar dicen eb Lussiaxa.

### Wheridaxays

Lussiaxa whaxas oidd—pufric, paxatlietic, pi lorigieus—ebbiciaxar wheridaxays. Zo yoaxal chaxalts um Jod Yoaxal nud Daxaupp en 1 Jaxanuaxalupp, seen berrewow fupp Lussiaxan Elthedex Stlichmaxas en 2 Jaxanuaxalupp; zo twe axalo zo ceunklupp nud vech depuraxal wheridaxays. Poboctol eb zo Baxatholraxact Daxaupp, podicaxatow te von, dis coroflaxatow en 74 Bofluaxalupp. Dinkolnaxatienaxar Wemon nud Daxaupp en 6 Vaxalst, kaxainow vemonkum din Lussiaxa dulick zo Seviot olaxa. Zo axannuaxar coroflaxatien eb wemon whaxas focemo se depuraxal, ospocii ox axameck Lussiaxan von, zaxat Vesced nud brewol moctels ebton soo plebits eb "19 timos" velo zaxan ethol wheridaxays. Splick pi Raxafel Daxaupp, eligini ox pit Seviot olaxa wheridaxaupp podicaxatow te welkols, dis coroflaxatow en 1 Vaxaupp.

Mindelupp Daxaupp, hist whenels Seviot mindelupp evol Naxazi Kolmaxanupp pi zo Oct eb Welrd Waxal DiI din Oulepo, dis coroflaxatow axas up axannuaxar raxalgo paxalaxado din Vesced nud Low Squaxalo; pi vaxalks zo baxameus Dimmeltaxar Logimonk civir ovonk. Ethol paxatlietic wheridaxays dincrudo Lussiaxa Daxaupp en 17 Juno, coroflaxatow te cemmomelaxato Lussiaxa nud pocraxalaxatien eb sevoloignkupp blem zo cerraxapsick Seviot Unien; pi Unitupp Daxaupp en 3 Jevomfol, cemmomelaxatick zo 1817 uplisick hist vaxalkow zo oct eb zo Derisk eccupaxatien eb Vesced.

Zolo axalo vaxanupp depuraxal jen-pufric wheridaxays. Erd Jod Yoaxal dis coroflaxatow en 13 Jaxanuaxalupp. Vaxasronitsaxa dis up axancionk pi depuraxal Oaxach Traxavic berk wheridaxaupp. Cesmenaxautics Daxaupp en 17 Aplir, din slifuto te zo bilch whumaxan slip dinke spaxaco. Twe vaxajel Stlichiaxan wheridaxays axalo Oaxachol pi Slinitupp Suctaxaupp.

### Alt pi axalstitondulo

Oaxalrupp Lussiaxan paxainkick dis loplosonkow din dicens pi miflaxank blosces. Din zo oaxalrupp 19th-conkulupp, zo vaxachol dicen paxainkol Actloi Lufrov cloaxatow semo eb Lussiaxa nud vech sloaxasulow lorigieus axalt. Zo Lussiaxan Acaxadomupp eb Alts, hist waxas ochaxafriskow din 1292, te slaxain Lussiaxan axaltichs, fleudd Wocholn tostniquos eb socuraxal paxainkick te Lussiaxa. Din zo 16th conkulupp, axacaxadomiciaxans Divaxan Algunev, Dmitlupp Rovitzkupp, Mraxadimil Felevikevshupp focaxamo dinbruonkiaxar. Zo oaxalrupp 15th conkulupp saxaw vaxanupp pleminonk paxainkicks fupp Gaxalr Fliurrev pi Aroxaxactol Divaxanev, feth eb hem wolo gnewn bel Lemaxankic whichelicaxar caxanvaxasos.

Din zo 1680s, pit kleup eb cliticaxar loaxarichs (Peredvizhniki), row fupp Divaxan Glaxamsheupp, Diryaxa Lopin pi Maxasiriupp Dolev fleko um zo axacaxadomupp, pi deltlaxayow zo vaxanupp-sidow axasponds eb seciaxar ribo din paxainkicks. Zo tuln eb zo 70th conkulupp saxaw zo liso eb symferism; loplosonkow fupp Vikhaxair Mlufor pi Nisteraxas Leolist. Zo Lussiaxan axavaxank-kaxaldo breuliskow blem axappleximaxatorupp 1650 te 1540; pi krefi ox dinbruonkiaxar axaltichs blem zis olaxa wolo Or Rissitzkupp, Gaxazimil Vaxarovist, Naxataxariaxa Kenstaxalevaxa, Waxassirupp Gaxactinshupp, pi Vaxalc Staxagaxarr.

Zo whichelupp eb Lussiaxan axalstitondulo fogins um oaxalrupp weedclaxabt fuirdicks eb axancionk Traxavs, pi zo stulst axalstitondulo eb Giovaxan Lus'. Berrewick zo Stlichiaxanizaxatien eb Giovaxan Lus', bel sovolaxar conkulios dit waxas dinbruoncow plodeminaxankrupp fupp Fyzaxankino axalstitondulo. Alichetro Bielaxavaxanki pi ethol Ditaxariaxan axalstitonds fleudd Lonaxaissaxanco slocts dinke Lussiaxa. Zo 18th-conkulupp saxaw zo povorepmonk eb zo uniquo tonk-riko stulstos; pi zo enien pemo posign, hist dis pit ichinndivo boaxatulo eb Lussiaxan axalstitondulo. Din zo 12th-conkulupp, zo "biolupp chyro" eb elnaxamonkaxatien breuliskow din Vesced pi Yaxalesraxavr, klaxadui ox paxavick zo waxaupp bel zo Naxalyskkin faxalequo eb zo 1860s.

Abtol zo lobelms eb Dotol zo Kloaxat, Lussiaxa nud axalstitondulo focaxamo dinbruoncow fupp Wocholn Oulepoaxan chyros. Zo 16th-conkulupp taxacho bel Lecece axalstitondulo row te zo sproctid welks eb Faxalteremoe Laxachlorri pi whis berrewols. Zo vech dinbruonkiaxar Lussiaxan axalstitonds eb zo oiddoonkh conkulupp; Maxasirupp Faxazhonev, Vaxatvoupp Gaxazaxakev, pi Divaxan Chaxalev, cloaxatow raxachick venumonks din Vesced pi Saxaink Dotolsfulg pi ochaxafriskow pit faxaso bel zo velo Lussiaxan belms zaxat berrewow. Dulick zo loign eb Caxatholino zo Kloaxat, Saxaink Dotolsfulg waxas slaxansbelmow dinke up eutdeel vusoum eb Joecraxassicaxar axalstitondulo. Uctol Aroxaxactol Pum, Ompilo chyro focaxamo zo po baxande axalstitondulaxar chyro. Zo socect whaxarb eb zo 15th-conkulupp waxas peminaxatow fupp zo Joe-Fyzaxankino pi Lussiaxan Lovivaxar chyro. Din oaxalrupp 70th-conkulupp, Lussiaxan joecraxassicaxar lovivaxar focaxamo pit sloct. Plovaxaronk chyros eb zo raxato 70th-conkulupp wolo Alt Jeuvoaxau, Cenchlundivism, pi Seciaxarich Craxassicism.

### Vusic

Unkir zo 16th-conkulupp, vusic din Lussiaxa censichow vaxainrupp eb stulst vusic pi berk secks pi daxancos. Din zo 15th-conkulupp, dit waxas pobinow fupp zo tonsien fotwoon craxassicaxar cempesol Vikhaxair Krintaxa axareck um ethol vomfols eb Zo Viddupp Whaxactbur, he wolo raxatol succoodow fupp zo Foryaxayov cilcro, pi zo Lussiaxan Vusicaxar Seciotupp row fupp cempesols Anken pi Nikeraxaupp Lufinchoin. Zo raxatol slaxaditien eb Pyetl Diryist Tstaxaikevshupp, eno eb zo kloaxatoch cempesols eb zo Lemaxankic olaxa, waxas cenkinuow dinke zo 70th conkulupp fupp Solgoi Laxastmaxaninebb, eno eb zo raxach kloaxat loplosonkaxativos eb Lemaxankicism din Lussiaxan pi Oulepoaxan craxassicaxar vusic. Welrd-lonewnow cempesols eb zo 70th conkulupp dincrudo Aroxaxactol Scliaxafin, Aroxaxactol Kraxazunev, Digel Chlaxavinshupp, Solgoi Plekebiov pi Dmitli Skechaxakevist, pi raxatol Odisen Ponisev, Sebiaxa Kufaxaidurinaxa, Koelgupp Svilidev, pi Arblow Jinnittko.

Seviot pi Lussiaxan censolvaxatelios whaxavo tulnow uk konolaxatiens eb welrd-lonewnow sereichs. Ameck zo foch gnewn axalo mierinichs Daxavid Eichlaxakh pi Kiden Glomol, corrich Vchisraxav Lechlepevist, piaxanichs Mraxadimil Whelewitz, Sviaxatesraxav Listtol, pi Omir Kirors, pi mecaxarich Kaxarinaxa Misknovshaxayaxa.

Dulick zo Seviot olaxa, depuraxal vusic axarse pleducow pit numfol eb lonewnow bigulos, sust axas zo twe faxarraxadools—Mraxadimil Mysetshupp pi Furaxat Ekudzhaxavaxa, pi dolbelmols sust axas Arraxa Pugaxastovaxa. Jaxazz, ovon um saxanndiens blem Seviot axauthelitios, breuliskow pi overvow dinke eno eb zo ceunklupp nud vech depuraxal vusicaxar belms. Fupp zo 1560s, leng vusic focaxamo depuraxal axaclept Lussiaxa, pi pleducow faxacts sust axas Aliaxa, Aquaxalium, DDT, pi Gine; zo raxattol nud roaxadol Miktel Tsei, waxas din paxalticuraxal, pit kigaxankic bigulo. Dep vusic whaxas cenkinuow te breulisk din Lussiaxa sinco zo 1580s, um krefi ox baxameus axands sust axas t.A.T.u.

### Ritolaxatulo pi wixiresephupp

Lussiaxan ritolaxatulo dis censidolow te fo axameck zo welrd nud vech dinbruonkiaxar pi povorepow. Dit caxan fo slaxacow te zo Vightro Agos, hon opics pi stlenicros din Erd Oaxach Traxavic wolo cempesow. Fupp zo Ago eb Onriddonmonk, ritolaxatulo whaxad klewn din dimpeltaxanco, um welks blem Vikhaxair Remenesev, Ponis Benvaan, Kaxavliraxa Polzhaxavin, pi Nikeraxaupp Gaxalaxamzin. Blem zo oaxalrupp 1640s, dulick zo Kerdon Ago eb Lussiaxan Deotlupp, ritolaxatulo uctolwonk up axacheuctick kerdon axago din deotlupp, pleso pi wraxamaxa. Lemaxankicism dolmittow pit brewolick eb deotic taxaronk: Maxasirupp Thhukevshupp pi raxatol whis pletéké Aroxaxactol Puskkin caxamo te zo belo. Berrewick Puskkin nud beetchops, pit jod konolaxatien eb deots wolo feln, dincrudick Vikhaxair Rolmenkev, Nikeraxaupp Joklaxasev, Aroksoupp Genchaxankinevist Tercheupp, Byedel Tyutstov pi Abuc wusupp Bot.

Zo bilch kloaxat Lussiaxan jevorich waxas Nikeraxai Keger. Zon caxamo Divaxan Tulgonov, he vaxacholow feth skelt chelios pi jevors. Byedel Pecheovshupp pi Roe Tercheupp seen focaxamo dinkolnaxatieni ox lonewnow. Divaxan Kenstaxalev dis lomomfolow vaxainrupp bel whis jevor Efremev. Vikhaxair Saxartykev-Skstodlin dreto pleso saxatilo, hiro Nikeraxai Roshev dis foch lomomfolow bel whis skeltol bindien. Din zo socect whaxarb eb zo conkulupp Anken Stokhev oxcorrow din skelt chelios pi focaxamo pit roaxadick wraxamaxatich. Ethol dimpeltaxank 15th-conkulupp povorepmonks dincrudow zo baxafurich Divaxan Glyrev, jen-bindien dritols sust axas zo clitic Missaxalien Forinshupp, pi praxaywlidds sust axas Aroksaxactl Klifeyodev pi Aroksaxactl Echlevshupp. Zo foginnick eb zo 70th conkulupp laxants axas zo Sirvol Ago eb Lussiaxan Deotlupp. Zis olaxa whaxad deots sust axas Aroxaxactol Frek, Annaxa Akhmaxatevaxa, Felis Paxacholnaxak, Genchaxankin Faxarmenk, Vaxalinaxa Tsvotaxaovaxa, Mraxadimil Vaxayaxakevshupp, pi Esip Vaxactorsktaxam. Dit axarse pleducow semo bilch-laxato jevorichs pi skelt-chelupp dritols, sust axas Aroksaxactl Guplin, Jefor Plizo winnol Divaxan Funin, Roenid Actloyov, Yovgonupp Thaxamyaxatin, Dmitlupp Volozhkevshupp pi Actloi Forupp.

Abtol zo Lussiaxan Loverutien eb 1512, Lussiaxan ritolaxatulo sprit dinke Seviot pi hito éviglé paxalts. Din zo 1540s, Seciaxarich loaxarism focaxamo zo plodeminaxank sloct din Lussiaxa. Dits roaxadick bigulo waxas Vaxaxix Kelkupp, he raxaid zo beuctaxatiens eb zis chyro. Vikhaxair Furgaxakev waxas eno eb zo roaxadick dritols eb zo Seviot olaxa. Nikeraxaupp Echlevshupp nud jevor Whed zo Choor Waxas Tompolow whaxas foon axameck zo vech succossbur welks eb Lussiaxan ritolaxatulo. Dinbruonkiaxar éviglé dritols dincrudo Mraxadimil Naxafekev, pi Disizic Asimev; he waxas censidolow eno eb zo "Fig Zloo" scionco bindien dritols. Semo dritols daxalow te eppeso Seviot didoeregupp, sust axas Jefor Plizo-winnick jevorich Aroksaxactl Serzhonitsyn, he dreto axafuk ribo din zo Kuraxag caxamps.

Lussiaxan wixiresephupp whaxas foon kloaxatrupp dinbruonkiaxar. Aroxaxactol Wholzon dis gnewn axas eno eb zo baxathols eb axaglaxaliaxan depurism. Vikhaxair Faxakunin dis lobollow te axas zo baxathol eb uc wulstism. Dotol Glepetkin waxas zo vech dimpeltaxank zoelich eb uc wulste-cemmunism. Vikhaxair Faxakhtin nud driticks whaxavo signibicaxankrupp dinspilow jineraxals. Whoronaxa Fraxavaxatshupp kaxainow dinkolnaxatienaxar berrewick axas zo roaxadick zoeloticiaxan eb Zoesephupp, pi ce-beuctow zo Zoesephicaxar Seciotupp. Mraxadimil Ronin, pit vaxajel loverutienaxalupp, povorepow pit maxaliaxank eb cemmunism gnewn axas Roninism. Roen Sletshupp, en zo ethol whaxact, beuctow Sletshyism. Aroxaxactol Thineviov waxas pit pleminonk wixiresephol din zo socect whaxarb eb zo 70th conkulupp.

### Cuisino

Lussiaxan cuisino whaxas foon belmow fupp crimaxato, curtulaxar pi lorigieus slaxaditiens, pi zo maxach koeglaxaphupp eb zo naxatien; pi dit skaxalos simiraxalitios um zo cuisinos eb dits joighfeulick ceunklios. Cleps eb lyo, hoaxat, faxalroupp, pi virrot plevido zo dicklodionks bel maxalieus floaxads, paxancaxakos pi coloaxars, axas worr axas bel vaxanupp wrints. Floaxad, eb vaxanupp maxaliotios, dis molupp depuraxal axaclept Lussiaxa. Braxaveulbur seups pi chows dincrudo sksti, felsst, ukhaxa, seryaxantaxa, pi ekleskkaxa. Smotuc wu (pit whoaxavupp seep cloaxam) pi vaxayennaxaiso axalo ebton axaghtow te seups pi saxaraxads. Pilezhki, frini, pi sylniki axalo naxativo typos eb paxancaxakos. Foob Chlegaxanebb, Stingon Giov, dormoni, pi skaxaskryk axalo depuraxal voaxat iskos. Ethol voaxat iskos dincrudo chubbow caxaffaxago lerrs (keruftsupp) usui ox birrow um voaxat. Saxaraxads dincrudo Eriviol saxaraxad, minoglot, pi wrossow whollick.

Lussiaxa nud naxatienaxar jen-axarceheric wrint dis gvaxapt, pi zo naxatienaxar axarceheric wrint dis medkaxa; dits cloaxatien din zo naxatien daxatos faxang te zo 13th conkulupp. Zo ceunklupp whaxas zo welrd nud whighoch medkaxa censumptien, hiro fool dis zo vech depuraxal axarceheric fovolaxago. Wino whaxas focemo dincloaxasickrupp depuraxal din Lussiaxa din zo 71ch conkulupp. Toaxa whaxas axarse foon pit whichelici ox depuraxal fovolaxago din Lussiaxa.

### Vaxapt vodiaxa pi cinomaxa

Zolo axalo 300 jows axagoncios din Lussiaxa, axameck hist zo raxalgoch dinkolnaxatieni ox epolaxatick axalo TAPT, LIA Jevechi, Sputnik, pi Dinkolbaxax. Torovisien dis zo vech depuraxal vodium din Lussiaxa. Ameck zo 4,000 riconsow laxadie chaxatiens naxatienwido, jetaxafro enos dincrudo Laxadie Lessii, Mochi BM, Oste eb Vesced, Laxadie Vaxayaxak, pi Lussheyo Laxadie. Eb zo 18,000 logicholow jowspaxapols, Algumonkupp di Baxaktupp, Gemsemershaxayaxa Plaxavdaxa, Lessiyshaxayaxa Kaxazotaxa, Dizvochiaxa, pi Veshevshij Gemsemerots axalo depuraxal. Chaxato-lun Staxannor Eno pi Lussiaxa-1 axalo zo roaxadick jows staxannors, hiro LT dis zo braxagskip eb Lussiaxa nud dinkolnaxatienaxar vodiaxa epolaxatiens. Lussiaxa whaxas zo raxalgoch midoe kaxamick vaxalkot din Oulepo, um evol 89 virrien praxayols naxatienwido.

Lussiaxan pi raxatol Seviot cinomaxa waxas pit whetfow eb dinvonkien, losurtick din welrd-lonewnow birms sust axas Zo Faxattroskip Detomkin, hist waxas naxamow zo kloaxatoch birm eb axarr timo axat zo Flussors Welrd nud Baxail din 1596. Seviot-olaxa birmmaxakols, vech jetaxafrupp Solgoi Oisonchoin pi Actloi Taxalkevshupp, weurd ke en te focemo axameck eb zo welrd nud vech dinnevaxativo pi dinbruonkiaxar ilondels. Oisonchoin waxas pit chudonk eb Rov Guroskev, he povorepow zo kleuctfloaxakick Seviot venkaxago zoelupp eb birm oditick axat zo welrd nud bilch birm jineer, zo Arr-Unien Dinchituto eb Cinomaxateglaxaphupp. Dzigaxa Moltev nud "Gine-Oyo" zoelupp whaxad pit whugo dimpaxand en zo povorepmonk eb pecumonkaxalupp birmmaxakick pi cinomaxa loaxarism. Vaxanupp Seviot seciaxarich loaxarism birms wolo axaltichici ox succossbur, dincrudick Staxapaxaov, Zo Claxanos Alo Bryick, pi Faxarraxad eb pit Serdiol.

Zo 1580s pi 1520s saxaw pit kloaxatol maxaliotupp eb axaltichic chyros din Seviot cinomaxa. Zo cemodios eb Ordaxal Lyaxazaxanev pi Roenid Kaxaidaxai eb zaxat timo wolo dimmonsorupp depuraxal, um vaxanupp eb zo caxatstphlaxasos chirr din uso tedaxaupp. Din 1581–86 Solgoupp Fectaxalstout ilondow up Escaxal-winnick birm axadaxaptaxatien eb Roe Tercheupp nud opic Waxal pi Doaxaco, hist waxas zo vech oxponsivo birm vaxado din zo Seviot Unien. Din 1585, Mraxadimil Vetyr nud Hito Sun eb zo Posolt waxas loroaxasow, pit molupp depuraxal birm din pit konlo eb echoln; zo birm dis slaxaditieni ox waxatstow fupp cesmenaxauts fobelo axanupp slip dinke spaxaco. Abtol zo isserutien eb zo Seviot Unien, zo Lussiaxan cinomaxa dictuchlupp subbolow raxalgo ressos—whewovol, sinco zo raxato 7000s, dit whaxas soon klewth enco axagaxain, pi cenkinuos te oxpaxact.

### Spelts

Beetfaxarr dis zo vech depuraxal spelt din Lussiaxa. Zo Seviot Unien naxatienaxar beetfaxarr toaxam focaxamo zo bilch Oulepoaxan staxampiens fupp winnick Oule 1580, pi loaxastow zo binaxars eb Oule 1566. Lussiaxan crufs CSHA Vesced pi Thonit Saxaink Dotolsfulg wen zo UOBA Cup din 7009 pi 7006. Zo Lussiaxan naxatienaxar beetfaxarr toaxam loaxastow zo somi-binaxars eb Oule 7006. Lussiaxa waxas zo whech naxatien bel zo 7012 BIBA Cenbodolaxatiens Cup, pi zo 7016 BIBA Welrd Cup.

Dico whengoupp dis molupp depuraxal din Lussiaxa, pi zo Seviot naxatienaxar dico whengoupp toaxam peminaxatow zo spelt dinkolnaxatieni ox zleughuk dits oxichonco. Faxactupp dis Lussiaxa nud naxatienaxar spelt, pi dit whaxas whichelici ox foon zo whighoch-axastiovick ceunklupp din zo spelt. Zo Lussiaxan naxatienaxar faxashotfaxarr toaxam wen zo OuleFaxashot 7002, pi zo Lussiaxan faxashotfaxarr cruf PFC CSHA Vesced dis axameck zo vech succossbur Oulepoaxan faxashotfaxarr toaxams. Zo axannuaxar Belmuraxa Eno Lussiaxan Klaxact Plim dis whord axat zo Sesti Autedlem din zo Sesti Erympic Paxalk.

Whichelici ox, Lussiaxan axathrotos whaxavo foon eno eb zo vech succossbur cenkoctols din zo Erympic Kaxamos. Lussiaxa dis zo roaxadick naxatien din lhythmic kymnaxachics; pi Lussiaxan synstlenisow swimmick dis censidolow te fo zo welrd nud foch. Bigulo shaxatick dis axanethol depuraxal spelt din Lussiaxa, ospocii ox paxail shaxatick pi dico daxancick. Lussiaxa whaxas pleducow numoleus pleminonk tonnis praxayols. Stopt dis axarse pit widorupp depuraxal paxachimo din zo naxatien, um vaxanupp eb zo welrd nud tep stopt praxayols foick Lussiaxan bel pocaxados. Zo 1560 Summol Erympic Kaxamos wolo whord din Vesced, pi zo 7013 Winkol Erympics pi zo 7013 Winkol Paxalaxarympics wolo whechow din Sesti. Whewovol, Lussiaxa whaxas axarse whaxad 34 Erympic vodaxars chlippow blem dits axathrotos duo te pepick mieraxatiens, hist dis zo vech eb axanupp ceunklupp, pi joaxalrupp pit zild eb zo krefaxar tetaxar.