Pujades 12

Pujades Chronicle of Catalonia 1609

### Chapter 12

*Referring to how Hibero succeeded Tubal, and the land was named Hiberia, and when Hibero died.*

1. Lucio Marinéo Siculus says that of the lords who were from the land called Setubalia, and today called Spain, from the time of Tubal to that of Gerion, memory has been entirely lost, and Marquilles says the same about the customs of Barcelona, because it says that until the time of Hercules (who defeated Gerión as we will see later) there is no memory of any Lord: neither does Diego de Valera in his Chronicle write any from Tubal to Hercules; from which it is inferred that he also had no news. But here we will give Tubal the successors given to him by Bartolomé Casaneo, and the others that I will be alleging in the discourse of this chapter. Tomic writes that after Tubal Hiberus came to Spain, who had settled Hibernia, whose land was later called Britain, and today it is called England. But Annius de Viterbo, Berosus the Chaldean, and Lucio Marinéo himself, perhaps forgetting what he had written, and I have mentioned above, and Esteban Garibay and Florian, all say that that Hibero was the son of Tubal; and Pedro Antonio Viladamor, Medina and Pineda also write it. And in the next antecedent chapter I leave it said that Hibero was born in Spain, from which it precisely follows that after Tubal died, he was succeeded in the lordship of the land of Setubalia (today Spain) by his son Hibero. But since the authors vary so much on the year in which Tubal died, it is also doubted in what year Hibero's son began to reign. Some say that they are persuaded it was the year 2006 BC; others say 2008 BC, others 2016 BC, and some say 2019 BC. With which, according to the first count, Hibero would begin to reign in the year 156 after the population of Spain, and 299 after the Deluge. Annius says that it was in the 49th year of Nembrot king of Assyria, and so Berosus affirms it; but for not breaking the course of history, I do not want to stop to find out accounts of years, but to refer them and the curious can have fun in the investigation.

[The ancient *Defloratio* chronicle misattributed to Berossus actually says Iberus' reign in Iberia began in the 49th year of Ninus, corresponding to 2257 BC, about 498 years after the Deluge and 155 after the settlement of Spain under Tubal. Pujades has mistakenly written "Nembrot" for "Ninus" here, confusing the two.]

2. Beuter writes that Hibero lived most of his life near the river Ebro, named after his name Hibero, either because he lived there, or because the Hiberes gave him this name for his contemplation, as I have said in chapter eleven, and Antonio Nebrisense Viladamor makes mention of this, saying that Hibero visited the towns of Spain, and that when he arrived near that river he gave it his name, calling it Hibero. And Master Florian says that near that river he built a town he named Hibera, that some others named Hiberia, Hiliberia, or Hibernia, and they say it was located a few leagues above where Tortosa is today: which settlement D Antonio Agustin mentions, and says it was a little higher than Flix, and that it was later called Cantavechia or Cartago Vetus, whereof I will speak below. But I am not persuaded that this could be so, because Carthage Vetus was founded by Hamílcar, much inland away from the Ebro, as we shall see. And the Bishop of Gerona says it was very close to the place where the naval battle was fought when Scipio defeated Hasdrubal, because it must be believed that it would be close to the sea. And if what Garibay writes is true that near Pamplona there is a not very large town called Hibero, and that the stories of Navarra say Hibero founded it, the difficulty is removed by finding the name to be the same.

3. Francisco Compte also says that Hibero founded many towns in the Pyrenees mountains in these our lands of Roussillon, and among others the great and famous Iliberis, whereof all the writers always understand that it is the one called Coblliure today, as will be shown in their places. Only the Bishop of Gerona, as I will say in chapter seventeen, and Francisco Compte, do not want Iliberis to be Coblliure; because Coblliure is on the shore and coast of the sea, and Ptolemy places Iliberis on the plain of Roussillon, on the banks of the Tec river: and so Compte says that Iliberis certainly was what today is called Helna, who was destroyed, and later restored by St Elena, wherefore it lost the name of Iliberis, and from then on was called Helna; and that Coblliure is the one named Cauca, whence the Caucenses towns took their name, whereof Pomponio Mela mentions; and that those extended from Cauca all over the mountain to Molló. And certainly when I read this I was stopped, and perplexed, because it is against common opinion. But having seen that it was against what he himself says in another place that Iliberis was Coblliure, and also remembering that in the councils of Spain, notably in two Toledans, held in the time of the kings Recaredo and Sisenando, there were some bishops of Helna, and others of lliberis, I have determined to believe that Iliberis did not lose the name when Helna was founded, rather, Iliberis was one, and Helna was another; and both have lasted a long time. And no one comes out replying and saying the bishop of Iliberis was from Eliberia de Granada; because I sufficiently satisfied that in chapter 2 of the fifth book. In whether Iliberis was founded by Hibero, or by Gerion, as Beuter wants it, and I will say in chapter seventeen, it seems to me that both being singular, since the etymology more conforms to Hibero, we should follow Francisco Compte. Who adds that Hibero also founded in those mountains Sureda, and Albera (whence the mountain took its name) and also the tower of Magdalot, in memory of Sura and Albania, peoples of Asia, because the tower was called Magdalot in the Assyrian language.

[By the terms of the original partition in *Jubilees*, the Italian peninsula as well as the Mediterranean coast of France linking Italy with Spain were in Tubal's portion. While the Samotheans or Proto-Celts do not seem to have settled that coast yet, neither did the Setubalians. The colonies of Subres son of Tubal at Ravenna and Milan by this time had apparently been absorbed into the state of Rasenna by Barwain or Janus II. The association of Iberus with the founding of Iliberis, evidently just on the French side of the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean coast, suggests that Iberus sought to maintain more control of this region, but the Iberians probably did not heavily settle there, as the next king of Iberia seems to have ceded it to Samothea, in making the Garonne the new frontier between Iberia and Samothea.]

4. From the progress related up to here we are taking out and seeing clearly how old is the adulation and flattery of vassals with Princes and Lords; for those already, because of the contemplation of their king Hibero, and because he lived on the banks of the river, named the river and the city after him. And not only this, but since the good man of Tubal was already dead, they largely erased his memory, and flattering the new King and perpetuating his fame and name, they named all the land that watered the Hiberus River Hiberia, giving it the name of the river and the King or Lord. And that was the time when Spain began to be named Hiberia, according to the authors already cited, who are the Bishop of Gerona, Berosus, San Antonino, Pliny, Hartman Schadel, Juan Sedeño, Alfonso de Cartagena, the teacher Antonio Nebrisense, and Justin abbreviated: although some have wanted this name to be given to this land more modernly, taking it from Hiberia or Hiliberia, daughter of Hispalus, as it will be noted below in chapter 20. But what I have written here is the most approved by learned men. And it also helps this to see that some ancients, as seen in Jewish Josephus and Forcatulus, said that Hiberia was a western city; and thus it is seen how in naming the earth they already had respect for the above mentioned population of Hiberia, which Hibero founded; and that is why they assure that this denomination is much older than Hibera, daughter of Hispalus. It is true that at first all the land should not have been named with this name, because he already said that he took the land from the river that irrigates it; and the teacher Pedro Juan Nuñez says that it was the land of the part here of Ebro that began to take this name, and then little by little that of the part there, and finally the whole land. Others of those already mentioned say this in another way: namely, that the towns of Spain were divided into two names: those that were on the part beyond the Ebro river were named Celtiberos, leaving the name of Tubales; and those of the part here between the river and the Pyrenees mountains, where Catalonia is included, were called Setubales, retaining the old name; and so write Beuter and Juan Annio. Our most learned gentleman Francisco Calza, in his Catalonia, expressly says that Catalonia was never understood in the name of Celtiberia. I am also in doubt, if this is from dividing the earth into two nations and parts, or names of Celtiberos and Setubales, and if the name of Celtiberos began at the time referred to, or much later in the second coming of the Celts, whereof I will speak below: because Lucanus says that the Celts came to Spain, and mixed with the Hiberians; and Forcátulo says that the Celts defeated the Hiberes, and Juan de Mena says so in the text and in the gloss, and the Bishop of Gerona: with what they seem to understand that the Hiberians were already in Spain, and that the Celts came later. Thus it is argued that they cannot understand it from that time, in which, as in the eleventh chapter we have seen, it is the opposite, since it is seen that the Celts first arrived in Spain than the Hiberians; and thus this mixture of names must have been done the second time these nations came. So for now we are left with the name of Hiberia, which began in part of it, and little by little it spread.

[References to Celts or Celtiberians in Iberus' time are still anachronistic, as these names are from king Celtes around 300 years later. Discounting that, we can gather that at least the name of the realm was changed from Tubalia or Setubalia, to Iberia or Hiberia after king Hiber, son of Tubal.]

5. Now that there was nothing more to say about King Hibero, it was good to write his death, and finish this chapter. But before putting an end to it, since the King gave the river its name, and the river the land, there is reason to say something about it. Tomic writes that before it took this name of Ebro it was named Bro, and later Ebro for the reasons already written here. Others alleged by Florian say this river Hibero was not the one that today is called Ebro, but another in Andalusia named river Tinto; but the most common thing is what we have written here, which is Ebro, and that it has always maintained the same corrupted name of Hibero in Ebro. Which is something worthy of admiration and notice, that in so much time and so many changes, as we will see there have been in Catalonia, this river has always preserved its name in this way, with so little change from the old one, as read in all the writers, especially in the most reverend Archbishop D Antonio Agustin, who rebukes those who believe that the river Tinto was Hibero. This river Hibero today named Ebro according to Medina, Florian, Beuter, Lucio Marineo, and Aretio, is born in the mountains of Idubeda, an arm of the Pyrenees, whence will be made some inference below in chapter 13. And their springs rise near the Asturias of Santillana, near the port now called Fontibere, which is almost to say Fuentes de Ebro, and are two sources that fall from the top of the mountain, at the foot of a tower (near Aguilar de Campo) named Mantillas, the family land of the Mantillas so well known and widespread in Spain. And Marinéo, Tarafa and Pliny write that this river is navigable; what can be very easily due to the other waters of Navarra and Aragon and part of Castile that enter it, whereof Marineo names sixteen of the famous ones, in addition to other sources of less name, streams and rivulets; that is why the saying goes: "I am the river of Ebro that I drink from all waters". What can also be seen in Garibay: he says that in past times the Ebro was navigable to Cantabria from the sea. Going down from the said sources of its birth, it passes through much of the Cantabrian land, and through Navarra to Tula, today Tudela, and later through Aragon, making the city of Zaragoza delightful and peaceful; and going down to Catalonia by Mequinenza and Tortosa, four leagues below it enters the Balearic Mediterranean Sea at the end of Our Lady of the Village, where it ends its course, entering the sea through three mouths, one in La Ampolla, another in La Torre de la Curta, and the third in Las Pesqueras: and its impetus within the sea is so much that at a distance of more than a hundred geometric steps from the shore there is still fresh water. The water of this river is not only good to drink, but it is healthy, and esteemed for washing and bathing with it, because it makes the hands very white, and gives a good luster to the face, a thing so desired by women of this time.

6. And to end this chapter with the life of King Hibero, I say that he died of illness, according to Medina and Florian, 37 years into his reign; and so also write Beuter, Pineda, Annio, Viladamor, Damian Goes, and Felipe García. It is true that Garibay gives him 38 years of reign, and since Juan Sedeño does not give him more than 27, I think it was a mistake of the press and not of the author.

[Swinton, Stevens and Beawes concur that Iberus reigned 37 years until 1971 BC; Anderson also gives him 37 years, but ending in 1977 BC by his count. *Defloratio* has Iberus succeeded by his son Jubelda in the 34th year of Semiramis, that is 2220 BC, so 37 years for Iberus is correct.]

### Chapter 13

*Referring to how Jubala or Jubelda succeeded Hibero, and treating on his death and that of the patriarch Noah.*

1. After Hibero died, as Juan Sedeno, Lucio Marinéo and Bartolomé Casaneo write, Jubala succeeded in the government and dominion or kingdom of Spain, who was also called Jubelda and Idubeda, named thus by various writers, and in various years. And Annius expressly says he was the third King of Spain after its settlement. This Jubala was the son of Hibero, according to Florian de Ocampo, Pedro Antonio Viladamor, Medina, Pineda and Garibay, and Florian himself says that this King, due to the contemplation of his great grandfather Tubal, wanted to be named Jubala, and then the name went to Jubaldá, Jubelda and Idubeda. The beginning of his reign was the year 192 after the population of Spain according to Florian himself, which according to Beuter was the year 335 of the Flood, and 1972 BC; or according to Annio the year 336 after the Flood, 193 of the population of Spain, and 1981 BC.

2. All the aforementioned authors agree, or at least some of them, together with Antonio de Nebrija and Francisco Compte, that this King gave his name to the mountains of Idubeda, which begin in Roncesvalles in Navarra, and dividing part by Castile, and part by Aragon, through this part they reach Valencia and Catalonia, ending near Tortosa, or reaching our Mediterranean Sea, as Lucio Marinéo, and our literary canon and never well praised Micer Geróniino Pau want.

3. And whoever wants to know the complete description of this mountain, see the said Florian, Medina, Garibay and Beuter, who also following Annius, disapprove of the opinion of those who say that Idubeda is Gibraltar.

[Anderson however does repeat the claim, that the Mt. Jubalda named for this king, is Gibraltar.]

4. This king Idubeda or Jubala increased the studies of Theology and Religion of that time, effectively trying to get them to become fond of these sciences, and to exercise them by men. And so Medina, referring to St Jerome, says the name of this King means the same as adding. Because Jobel means man who knows, and Eda means delight. So Jobelda or Jubelda will mean a man who delights in knowing and in making others know or teach.

[Beawes asserts that Jubalda or Idubeda was "given to astrology and magic."]

5. In the 15th year of the lordship of this King, his great grandfather the patriarch Noah, who was named Janus, died in Italy, and his name remained in Janiculum, the mountain that can be seen from Rome. But because it is beyond my purpose, I refer on this matter to Beuter, Pineda, Berosus, and Annius.

[This notice properly refers not to Noah or Janus I, who died in Italy in 2406 BC aged 950, but to his fourth son, Janus II or Barwain, who *Defloratio* says died in Italy in the 10th year of Zameis Ninyas, ie 2203 BC, aged 350. This should count to the 17th or 18th year of Jubelda.]

6. Jubala also died at 74 years of his reign according to some, or 77 according to Garibay, Annius, Damian Goes, Felipe Garcia, Beuter, Tarafa, and others referred to by Viladamor, who contradicts them, believing that there were only 64 years of the reign of that King, or at most 65, and according to Florian's account, 66 as Pineda says; and since in such a variety we do not know what to affirm, so as not to err with one or the other opinion, we have referred it all.

[Swinton, Stevens and Beawes agree that Idubeda ruled 64 years, 1971-1907 BC. Anderson gives Idubeda or Eubelda 66 years, 1977-1911 BC.

In fact 66 years seems the best figure, as *Defloratio* has Jubelda ruling from Semiramis 34th (out of 42) until Arius 20th, including all of Zameis-Ninyas reign of 38 years. This corresponds to the years 2220-2154 BC for Jubelda's reign in Iberia. His counterpart Sarron came to rule Samothea from 2206 BC, and it was probably with Jubelda that Sarron exchanged territory, settling on the Garonne as their frontier to the Pyrenees, per Forcatulus.]

* Next Page: Chapter 14.