recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Spinoza

1632-1677
Spinoza made living by grinding lenses used in microscopes and telescopes. For his day, that was a very advanced technology, as both the microscope and the telescope were just recently invented.

Spinoza was an outcast, both from the Jewish community, and then from the Christian one. So, he was neither "Baruch Spinoza", nor "Benedict". He was a true iconoclast, a heretic.

Now, of course, the Jewish community and the Dutch both claim him as his own.

"Ethics" - audio version
Machiavelli

1469-1527

* Overview, from Wikipedia

From a letter of Machiavelli:

When evening comes, I go back home, and go to my study. On the threshold, I take off my work clothes, covered in mud and filth, and I put on the clothes an ambassador would wear. Decently dressed, I enter the ancient courts of rulers who have long since died. There, I am warmly welcomed, and I feed on the only food I find nourishing and was born to savor. I am not ashamed to talk to them and ask them to explain their actions and they, out of kindness, answer me. Four hours go by without my feeling any anxiety. I forget every worry. I am no longer afraid of poverty or frightened of death. I live entirely through them.

* "The Prince"
	+ A documentary on "The Prince" with comments by Henry Kissinger
* Audio recordings of Machiavelli's works
Narodniki, part 7

Previous: Narodniki, part 6

(ii) The Dialectic of Struggle: From Religion to Terrorism, and From That to Revolution

It is possible to suppose that the stages of revolution in Russia model the stages of the future world revolution. This is similar to the hypothesis that stages of the French revolution in the main foretold the stages of the Russian revolution, both in the upward and downward movements.

   So, we suppose that terrorism is a necessary stage in the formation of a revolutionary party. This terrorism we have seen in the activity of "Narodnaya Volya". In our days, we have witnessed similar events all over the world: in the explosions of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, in 1998, in the explosions of the American military ship USS Cole in 2000 in the port of Aden, Yemen, in the simultaneous bombings of the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001 in the USA, in the train bombings in Madrid, Spain, in 2004, in tube and bus bombings in London, England, in 2005, etc.

   A second attempt at the life of tsar Alexander II was made by Alexander Soloviov in 1879. Read the following excerpt from a biography of this A. Soloviov: "On 1 April, 1879 he bid farewell to all his acquaintances at the apartment of Alexander Mikhailov". Does it not remind us of the modern terrorists, who bid us their farewells in the videos which they make before going to their deaths? E.g. watch this terrorist saying a farewell to his baby daughter.

Some facts from the life of A. Soloviov: "In 1865 he entered the law faculty of the St. Petersburg University, but was forced to leave the school, in the second year of studies, due to lack of funds... For a while he was a deeply religious ascetic, but became disappointed in religion; in 1876 he joined 'Zemlya i Volya'... On April 2, 1879 on his own initiative he made an unsuccessful attempt at the life of Alexander II. After an attempt at suicide, Soloviov was arrested, sentenced to death and hanged".

Here we see a man who started his search on the road of religion. Then became disappointed and turned to terrorism. Is it not possible to suppose that some modern Islamic terrorists, in the future, will shed their religious clothes?

Our hypothesis is the following: global terrorism is the first stage of revolutionary party appearing on the global scale. The new revolutionary party will need to overcome Islamic ideology, but retain their present militancy and popular support.

Just as  Plekhanov and Lenin have given a battle to the narodnik movement, on theoretical and propagandist levels, and this was the first stage of formation of a Marxist party, so today we need to give a battle to the militant Islamic movement.

Next: Narodniki, part 8
Wright brothers

Wilbur, 1867-1912
Orville, 1871-1948

1903- first powered flight. 1905 – ½ hour flight, 24 miles (“Scientific American” suggested the flight was a hoax!), 1908 – fly for an hour, 1909 – first flight across the English channel, 1927 – Lindbergh flies solo across the Atlantic. Airplanes are now replacing the ships and trains as the long-distance means of communication. Wright brothers “were quite in the tradition of the American inventive tinkerers who make instinct, intuition and endless intelligent effort replace theory – after the fashion of the greatest noneducated intuitive genius of them all, Edison”.

Development of airplane: kite -> glider -> airplane

In 1903 the brothers built the powered Wright Flyer I, using their preferred material for construction, spruce,[49] a strong and lightweight wood, and Pride of the West muslin for surface coverings. They also designed and carved their own wooden propellers, and had a purpose-built gasoline engine fabricated in their bicycle shop. First flight of the Wright Flyer I was on December 17, 1903

The *Flyer* cost less than a thousand dollars, in contrast to more than $50,000 in government funds given to Samuel Langley for his man-carrying Great Aerodrome.[54] The Flyer had a wingspan of 40.3 ft (12.3 m), weighed 605 lb (274 kg)[55] and sported a 12 horsepower (8.9 kW) 180 lb (82 kg) engine. (It’s obvious that a modern electrical motor can develop more than that)

On September 17, 1908 Army lieutenant Thomas Selfridge rode along as his passenger, serving as an official observer. A few minutes into the flight at an altitude of about 100 feet (30 m), a propeller split and shattered, sending the aircraft out of control. Selfridge suffered a fractured skull in the crash and died that evening in the nearby Army hospital, becoming the first airplane crash fatality.
Steve Wozniack

b. 1950

Wikipedia:

He is known as a pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, along with Apple co-founder Steve Jobs.

   Wozniak single-handedly developed the 1976 Apple I, which was the computer that launched Apple. He primarily designed the 1977 Apple II, while Jobs oversaw the development of its unusual case and Rod Holt developed the unique power supply.

In 1969, Wozniak returned to the Bay area after being expelled from University of Colorado Boulder in his first year for hacking into the institution's computer system. He later re-enrolled at De Anza College and transferred to University of California, Berkeley in 1971. Following a ten-year stint of employment at Hewlett-Packard where he and Steve Jobs befriended one another, he went on to complete his Engineering degree in 1986.

   In 1976, Wozniak developed the computer that eventually made him famous. He alone designed the hardware, circuit board designs, and operating system for theApple I. Jobs had the idea to sell the Apple I as a fully assembled printed circuit board. Wozniak, at first skeptical, was later convinced by Jobs that even if they were not successful they could at least say to their grandkids they had had their own company. Together they sold some of their possessions (such as Wozniak's HP scientific calculator and Jobs' Volkswagen van), raised $1,300, and assembled the first boards in Jobs' bedroom and later (when there was no space left) in Jobs' garage. Wozniak's apartment in San Jose was filled with monitors, electronic devices, and some computer games Wozniak had developed. The Apple I sold for $666.66. (Wozniak later said he had no idea about the relation between the number and the mark of the beast, and "I came up with [it] because I like repeating digits.") Jobs and Wozniak sold their first 50 system boards to Paul Terrell, who was starting a new computer shop, called the Byte Shop, in Mountain View, California.

From an interview:

"The more a computer becomes like a real person, the more we like it. When a computer speaks in a nice voice and the more human it sounds, the more intriguing it is to a child learning."

Also, my father was an engineer and he helped to guide me into some science fair projects that were electronics, so my love grew. Teachers started recognizing me and praising me for being smart in science and that made me want to be even smarter in science! Eventually, by 5th grade, I was building very large computer-like science fair projects. In 6th grade, I built one that really was a computer; it played Tic-Tac-Toe.
Владимир Афанасьевич Обручев

1863-1956

Автор научно-фантастических романов "Плутония" и "Земля Санникова".

"Плутония" повествует о возможном строении земной коры. Похожее: роман Жуль Верна "К центру Земли".

"Земля Санникова" высказывает гипотезу о возможности жизни в северных широтах, при условии "отопления" например со стороны вулкана.
V.I. Lenin on dialectics

After the onset

of World War I, Lenin (1870-1924) studied dialectics. Dialectics is:

1.      a summary of methods of knowledge. Hence, we need to continuously update these by following the works of the most outstanding philosophers-scientists of our time.

2.      a resume of the most general relationships in the Universe. Again, we need to continuously update these in regard to our expanding horizon of knowledge.

Basing himself on Hegel, Lenin isolated the following elements of dialectics:

1. Investigate an object in itself, following its own development, not substituting for this analogies, other examples, digressions, in other words: not substituting for the object under investigation another subject matter. "Hic Rhodus, hic saltus!" was the slogan of Hegel.
2. Grasp the entire spectrum of relationships of a given thing to others.
3. Observe development of the object itself, its own inner life, its own movement and spread into different areas.
4. Grasp inner contradictory aspects and tendencies of the thing.
5. See a thing as a sum and unity of opposites, of contradictory tendencies.
6. Observe the struggle and development of the contradictory tendencies inside the object.
7. Use both analysis and synthesis - split the whole into parts, and assemble together parts into a whole. Knowledge is a kind of a human constructor.
8. The relationships of each thing are not only specific and concrete, but are also general and universal. Each thing, or a process, is related to another thing, or a process.
9. In each thing there is not only "a unity of opposites", but some of these qualities (or properties, tendencies, etc.) passes into other, sometimes into their opposite!
10. Knowledge is an endless process of discovery, or opening, of new aspects of a thing. Each thing is infinite and fractal in nature.
11. The process of knowledge passes from surface of a thing, its phenomenal appearance, to the essence of the thing, its inner law and structure, and from one essence to another one, still deeper.
12. The process of knowledge goes from co-existence of qualities to causality, i.e. one quality being the cause of another one, and from one form of inter-relationship to another one, still deeper.
13. At each new stage of development of a thing certain qualities, present at the lower stage, appear again, in a changed form.
14. In development of a thing, we see a return to a seemingly old structure, i.e. "a negation of the negation". One example: the process of Restoration in any political revolution.
15. There is a struggle between form and content. There is a shedding off of the old form as required by the content, injecting a new content into the old form, and the old content taking up a new form. One example of this is how knowledge was done: first, in a poetic form, then in a form of dialogues, then in a lecture, monologue form.
16. There is a transition from quality into quantity and visa versa.

Lenin's summary of dialectics can be read here.
News in productive forces 2017

## 2017

**Science**:

5 November - a void is discovered in the Great Pyramid

3 October, 2017 - 3 scientists win Nobel Physics Prize fordetecting gravitational waves

15 September, 2017 - Egyptian archeologists find a grave of a royal goldsmith 3500 years old

August 31, 2017 - space craft Cassini to disintegrate on Saturn Sept. 15

August 31 - Roman city of Neapolis found near Tunisia. A video of the same.

Radio bursts coming from a distant galaxy

August 28, 2017 - two ancient tombs found in Greece

August 25, 2017 - a new way to 3D print living tissues. Tiny robots to swim through our veins to deliver medicine. Two man-made nanoparticles interac. Nanofish to deliver drugs.

August 24, 2017 - a possibility of life on Mars

At the bottom of the Indian Ocean there was a microcontinent

August 2, 2017 - an exoplanet is shown to have a stratosphere

4 July, 2017 - digital reconstruction of a Peruvian high priestess

May 2017 - drone provides images of lost Bolivian civilization

Monkeys and other animals have entered a Stone Age

Egyptian funerary boat found by Czech egyptologists

A double pendulum illustrating chaos theory

**Technology**:

November - electric cars from Honda will charge in 15 minutes, for the distance of 240 km

Motorcycles to charge in 1 hour, for 358 km

How to make a hot glue gun, how to make a mini rocket

October - a race of solar-powered cars in Australia

HP will stop using "Windows Mobile", which means they will be using "Android".

With introduction of self-driving cars, robotics graduates are commanding a $200 thousand salaries.

Dream Chaser - similar to SpaceShipOne

Recharging robot submarines underwater

3 September - gene therapy for cancer for $475 thousand

10 breakthrough technologies for 2017

August 31 - China is a leader in solar power

August 29 - SpaceX has more rocket launches in 2017 than Russia

A new program from MIT teaches how to design a robot in 20 minutes, and then print it. More here

August 28 - students from different countries compete in Elon Musk's hyperloop

August 25 - in Japan current of the ocean is used to produce electricity (language: Rus.)

August 16 - for wind power, bigger is better

10 amazing Lego machines

3D printed graphene PLA to make a rechargable battery

3D printing a house  with a circular 3D printer

Carbon fiber 3D printing.

3D printing blood vessels . Next will be more complex organs, such as liver.

Robot "Handle" from Boston Dynamics

Feb. 2017 - a 3D printed bridge , 40 ft long, Spain.

Robot serving coffee in San Francisco

Jan. 2017 - 3D printing a model of a yacht, cut into 4 parts to make it bigger

Jan. 2017 - all trains in Holland now run on wind-generated energy.

**Sexual revolution:**

   Female boxers in Congo

A girl in India kills herself because teacher shamed her over menstruation

A nudist zone in a park in Paris

Women dare to come into open with one open breast.

Body art performance in Belgrade , fall 2016. This openess is revolutionary!

**Art**:

Banksy opens up a hotel . He's become a commercial artist
**Human society:**

Blue whale challenge - a suicide online game

Entries for 1998-2016
Александр Захарченко

Предыдущая: Олег Ляшко

   Александр Захарченко родился в 1976 г., в Донецке. Был мелким предпринимателем, торговал курами.

"О "ДНРовце № 1" 15-летней давности земляки говорят как о парне, который ничем не выделялся – ну любил выпить, был нечист на руку… Так, во всяком случае уверяет бывший сослуживец по водочной компании "Олимп", где Захарченко недолго проработал в должности супервайзера и якобы украл небольшую сумму.

"Но когда служба безопасности "Олимпа" взяла Захара в разработку, сам приехал в главный офис на пр. Мира и вернул деньги в кассу", - утверждает злой язык.

[
]

   До прошлой зимы работал Захарченко и сторожем, и менеджером. Как заявляли "ДНРовцы" - руководил шахтой-"копанкой". Между прочим, весь нелегальный угольный бизнес в Донецкой области крышевал лично сын Виктора Януковича Александр - Саша-Стоматолог." (Источник )

Знаком с Е. Жилиным, возглавил донецкое отделение "Оплота". Имеет "деловые" связи с Жилиным - "конвертационные центры".

Согласно схеме справа, находится под влиянием Ахметова и Януковича. Однако, компании Ахметова отказываются платить налоги в казну ДНР.

Согласно Википкедии , "Глава государства (с 4 ноября 2014 года), председатель Совета министров (с 7 августа 2014 года) и верховный главнокомандующий вооружёнными силами ДНР."

"17 февраля 2015 года был ранен в ногу в ходе боёв за Дебальцево." В силу этого, он вызывает больше симпатий, чем командование ВСУ.

Социальная система в ДНР аналогичная той, что на Украине: государственный контроль над частными предпринимателями.

Также, см. это интервью .

Дальше: Игорь Плотницкий
Milovan Djilas

1911-1995

The main contradiction in a society which has undergone a socialist revolution is that property, de juro (legally) belongs to everybody, but de facto it belongs to “the new class”, i.e. the nomenclature. This new class cannot resolve the contradiction between the relations of property de juro and de facto. Hence, in all transitional societies there is a need for a new political revolution which will sweep away the rule of the nomenclature.

Djilas has described decision making in a transitional society in the following passage: “At home, over a dinner, while hunting, in a conversation of two, three people, the problems of state-wide importance are being decided. The party forums, the meetings of government cabinets, the sessions of parliaments have a purely nominal, representative character and are convened solely for the purpose of putting a rubber stamp on that which has been ‘cooked’ at the ‘family kitchens’.”

That’s how all important questions are decided, at all levels in a transitional society. Democracy has a purely nominal character, while the real power belongs to a “Bonaparte”, or to a narrow circle of people, an oligarchy.

The argument of Djilas that “the new class” is a capitalist class, and hence the new type of society is a kind of “state capitalism”, does not hold water for the following reasons:

1. If we’re dealing with a capitalist relations, then how can one explain the following passage from the book of Djilas: “All steal from people’s wealth – not because they need it, but simply because it is as though nobody owns it… In Yugoslavia in 1954 alone, there were 20 thousand known cases of theft from ‘social property”.

2. Where does “the new class” start, i.e. how do we distinguish it from the rest of the people? Djilas draws a line between the “political bureaucracy” and all other, including the industrial nomenclature. However, this sounds false in light of the current campaign of privatizations in the former USSR, when, as an example, some former directors of enterprises have become their new “owners”.

3. The theory of Djilas cannot explain the cleavage, from top to bottom, that we currently see in the formerly monolithic nomenclature. In other words, it does not explain the division of state property, known as “privatization”, and then again “re-nationalization” for the purposes of another “privatization”.
News: Poland

**2017**

* Feb. - EU is concerned with "freedom of the press" in Poland.

   Poland's most powerful man is Jaroslaw Kaczynski , the founder and leader of Poland's ruling Law and Justice party, known as PiS.

**2016**

* A drive at "decommunization" of Poland mirrors what is happening in Ukraine. I suppose there is the same actor - uncle Sam - pulling the strings beyond the campaign. I suppose the results of the campaigns will be the same: an increase in popularity of communism.
* A rise in racist and anti-immigrant attacks in Poland.
Беранже

1780-1857

   В июльской монархии (1830 г.) Беранже предложили пост министра образования. Однако, он отказался, ссылаясь на "пахабный" характер своих стихов.

Беранже: «Главное воспитать не ученого, а Человека и Гражданина».

«Челобитная породистых собак, о разрешении им свободного входа в Тьюльрийский сад» (Requete presentee par les chiens de qualite)

Припев:

Тирана нет – пришла пора

Вернуть нам милости двора

Мы с нетерпеньем ждем известья

О том, что с завтрашней зари

Псам Сен-Жерменского предместья

Откроют доступ в Тьюльри

## Припев

На нас ошейники, в отличье

От массы уличных бродяг

Понятно: луврское величье

Не для каких-нибудь дворняг!

## Припев

Тиран нас гнал, пока был в силе

Пока в руках его был край

И мы безропотно сносили

Его любимцев жалкий лай

## Припев

Но склонны прихвостни к обману, -

Ох! Нам ли этого не знать?!

Кто сапоги лизал тирану, -

Ему же пятки стал кусать!

## Припев

Что нам до родины, собачки?…

Пусть кровь французов на врагах, -

Мы, точно блох, ловя подачки

У них валяемся в ногах.

## Припев

Пусть в торжестве теперь минутном

Джон-Буль снял с Франции оброк

Кусочек сахару дадут нам

И будет кошкам кофеек!

## Припев

Вот в моду вновь чепцы и кофты

Ввели для женщин в Тьюльри

Не позабудь, о двор, и псов ты:

In statu quo нас водвори!

## Припев

За эту милость обещаем

Все, кроме глупых пуделей, -

На бедняков бросаться с лаем

И прыгать в обруч для властей.
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND)

"A political organisation that wants a greater share of Nigeria's oil revenues to go to the impoverished region that sits atop the oil".

They are fighting the government of Nigeria, plus Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil, Chevron.

Their ideology is "Regionalism".

Military strength - from 15 to 25 thousand.
Socrates on love

(read “Symposium ” )

   Socrates teaches that *love is an aspiration for that which is beautiful and good*. The beautiful and the good lead to good deeds. Through grasping the beautiful and the good, one is happy. Love is an aspiration towards immortality, as love is responsible for creations, and through these creations we partake of immortality. There is immortality of bodily kind, and there is immortality of intellectual kind. For the first, we turn to women. For the second, we turn to arts. There is a certain path for development of love: first, there is love for one body. Then, there is love for plurality of bodies. Next, comes love for ethical, moral beauty. Then, there is love for knowledge. Then there is love for the beautiful and good itself.

The guy knew love!
Narodniki, Part 15

Previous: Narodniki, part 14

(x) The spies

   One of the dangers which a revolutionary organization has to face is infiltration by a spy or a provocateur. The principal means of struggle with this danger is organization of a system of counterintelligence. This organization should send its people in the state security apparatus, or recruit its own agents among the members of the state security apparatus. Among members of the party "Narodnaya Volya" one such agent working in the tsar's security apparatus ("Okhrana") was Nikolai Kletochnikov. He entered the service of Okhrana with the special goal of providing the revolutionaries the information which they needed.

   The fate of tsar's spies can be seen from the following: "On 5th March, 1879 in the hotel Milgren, in Moscow, a secret agent of Okhrana, Nikolai Reinstein, was found dead; to his dress the following note was attached: 'Nikolai Vasiliev Reinstein, a traitor, a spy, sentenced and executed by the Russian socialist-revolutionaries; death to the traitors!"

If the modern left movement is to be revolutionary, it should deal the same fate to the spies in its midst.

Next: Narodniki, part 16
Narodniki, part 3

Previous: narodniki, part 2

Development of Technology in Russia in XIX century

Troitsky writes:

   "In 1832 P. Shilling (a German in origin, but living in Russia) invented an electromagnetic telegraph; in 1834 Moritz von Jacobi constructed an electrical motor".

Widipedia writes about Jacobi: "With financial assistance of Czar Nicholas, Jacobi constructed in 1839 a 28 foot electric motor boat powered by battery cells. The boat carried 14 passengers on Neva river against the current. The boat fared at the speed of three miles for hour".

   In 1876 P. Yablochkov constructed an electric lamp which was used throughout the European capitals and became known as "the Russian light".

   In 1881 a Russian navy officer Alexander Mozhaisky constructed one of the first airplanes in the world which actually flew in 1882.

Troitsky continues:

"One of the most significant technical discoveries of the age was the invention of the radio. On 7th May, 1895 an obscure teacher of physics and electrical technology in 2 colleges of Kronstadt, Alexander Popov (1859-1906)

    has demonstrated the first in the world radio receiver".

In spite of the Tsarist regime, Russia was striving for cosmos. Troitsky writes:

"An academician Vasily Struve has discovered almost 3 thousand stars in the sky and in 1839 founded the famous Pulkov observatory, which in the middle of the century became known as 'the astronomical capital of the world' ".

    Another dreamer of the times was Konstanin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935). From the age of 9 he was deaf, which forced his parents to withdraw him from school and he started on the road of self-education. In 1885, i.e. when he was 28, Tsiolkovsky made a decision to devote himself to flight.

In 1893 Tsiolkovsky developed a rocket ship. After the revolution of 1917, the Soviet government started subsidizing the experiments of Tsiolkovsky. In time, an experimental lab was developed, and we see the USSR was the first country in the world to put a man in space.

Next: Narodniki, part 4
The Fall of the Qing China

(Video lecture watch here )

    First, Second Opium wars – 1840’s – 1860’s

2.       China is divided up by colonial powers: Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Japan.

3.        Missionaries (American) go over China, still do. Chinese despise the missionaries, used to kill them.

4.       Imperialism responds with “gunboat diplomacy”, more privileges for the West

5.       Taiping rebellion – led by Hong, a vision of Christ, “Heavenly Peace” – Taiping, a holy war, redistribute land, equality between men and women. Starts in 1850 (end of second Opium War). Hong and his generals become “decadent”, orgies. Bad administration.

6.       At the same time: Mongolia is captured by Russia

7.       “Self-strengthening movement” - Reforms after the defeat in the two Opium war – similar to the Crimean war in Russia

8.       The Empress Dowager is very conservative, works against modernization

9.       A third wave of treaties (treaty of Simonoseki, 1895) – modern industrialization of China starts. As a result of defeats!

10.   Racism of Westerners towards the Chinese. Leads to modern Chinese nationalism. Hence, it is anti-capitalist in nature.

11.   The Boxer rebellion – 1900’s, “the fists of righteous harmony” – first, agaist the Qing dynasty, then they go against the Western powers

1911 – Qing dynasty collapses, after 2000’s years of dynasty rule
Sharing

Car sharing - a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time... The main factors driving the growth of carsharing are the rising levels of congestion faced by city dwellers; shifting generational mindsets about car ownership, the increasing costs of personal vehicle ownership... according to *The Economist*, carsharing can reduce car ownership at an estimated rate of one rental car replacing 15 owned vehicles.

Similar idea is possible for other forms of transportation, such as a yacht.

Wife-sharing - e.g. site "SexWife ", Polyamory, swingers, etc.
Владимир Вернадский

1863-1945

Создал понятие "ноосферы". Википедия: "сфера взаимодействия общества и природы, в границах которой разумная человеческаядеятельность становится определяющим фактором развития... Ноосфера — предположительно новая, высшая стадия эволюции биосферы, становление которой связано с развитием общества, оказывающего глубокое воздействие на природные процессы. Согласно В. И. Вернадскому, *«в биосфере существует великая геологическая, быть может, космическая сила, планетное действие которой обычно не принимается во внимание в представлениях о космосе… Эта сила есть разум человека, устремленная и организованная воля его как существа общественного»*.

Записки:

В архивах науки, в том числе и нашей, мысль о жизни как о

*космическом* явлении существовала уже давно. Столетия назад,

в конце XVII в. голландский ученый Христиан Гюйгенс (1629-1695)

в своей предсмертной работе, в книге "Космотеорос", вышедшей в

свет уже после его смерти, научно выдвинул эту проблему.

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Дана указал, что в ходе геологического времени, говоря современным
языком, т. е. на протяжении двух миллиардов лет, по крайней мере, а
наверное много больше, наблюдается (скачками) усовершенствование -
рост - центральной нервной системы (мозга), начиная от
ракообразных, на которых эмпирически и установил свой принцип Дана, и
от моллюсков (головоногих) и кончая человеком. Это явление и названо
им цефализацией. Раз достигнутый уровень мозга (центральной нервной

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системы) в достигнутой эволюции не идет уже вспять, только вперед.

человек на наших глазах становится могучей геологической силой, все
растущей

В историческом состязании, например в войне такого масштаба, как
нынешняя, в конце концов побеждает тот, кто этому закону следует.
Нельзя безнаказанно идти против принципа единства всех людей как
закона природы.

Человечество, взятое в целом, становится мощной геологической силой.
И перед ним, перед его мыслью и трудом, становится вопрос о
перестройке биосферы в интересах свободно мыслящего человечества
как единого целого. Это новое состояние биосферы, к которому мы, не замечая этого, приближаемся, и есть "ноосфера".

Ноосфера есть новое геологическое явление на нашей планете. В
ней впервые человек становится крупнейшей геологической силой.
Он может и должен перестраивать своим трудом и мыслью область своей
жизни, перестраивать коренным образом по сравнению с тем, что было
раньше. Перед ним открываются все более и более широкие творческие

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возможности.

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XVI century

Political events

* The Dutch revolt against Spain (1566-1648)

Art and literature

* Michelangelo (1475-1564)
* Raphael (1483-1520)
* Vasari (1511-1574)
* Breughel the Elder (1525-1569)
* Sir Edward Dyer (1543-1607)
* Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
* Breughel the Younger (1564-1638)

Philosophy

* Machiavelli (1469-1527)
* Thomas More (1478-1535)
* Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Commentary on the epoch

* "Roger Bacon, Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes on Learning", by Gennady Kozak
William Ross Ashby

1903-1972

He is the first one to introduce the concept of "self-organization" ("self-replication" was introduced in parallel by John von Newmann).

He has also formulated the law of "required variety". This states that control can be maintained only if the variety of means available to the controller are not less than the variety of the system which he is trying to control.

Another formulation: a variety of results of a system can be reduced only if the variety of means available to the controller is increased.

The sphere of this law is all systems: technical, biological, natural and man-made.

In *An Introduction to Cybernetics*, Ashby formulated his Law of Requisite Variety[9] stating that "variety absorbs variety, defines the minimum number of states necessary for a controller to control a system of a given number of states."

Quotes of Ashby:

"A System is a set of variables sufficiently isolated to stay constant long enough for us to discuss it."

To think is to act--inside the brain.

"The test of a brain is its achievement of a goal."

"No man knows what to do against the really new."

"An Intelligence Test measures the degree to which Tester and Subject think alike."

In an article "Principles of self-organizing systems" Ashby writes that “Organization” exists as soon as a relation between “A” and “B” becomes conditional upon the value of some variable “C”. E.g. “A” is a street light, “B” are the pedestrians, “C” is the color of the light.

The concept of “organization” depends upon observer’s point of view.

Then he asks "what is a machine?" The concept of a machine has been widened due to the study of the brain and the belief that a machine can be made that works in a similar way, i.e. "thinks". Ashby writes that a a machine is that in which its internal state, and the state of its surroundings, define uniquely the next state it will go to.

Two principal books of Ashby are: 1) "Design For a Brain", & 2) "An Introduction to Cybernetics".

In the first book, Ashby attempts to define the nature of learning. Learning causes better adaptation for the whole mechanism.

In the second book, Ashby examines "adaptation" and "equilibrium" in a system, and puts an equal sign between these two concepts.
Анна Ново

Пропагандирует "downshifting", чтобы подготовиться к "русской революции".

См. тут .

Последняя серия статей (2016 г.) о выживании во время гражданской войны носят националистический налет.

Вышла замуж за Игоря Данилова , когда он сидел в тюрьме, чтобы поддержать его. Поводом стало разочарование в комомольцах зюгановской пробы вокруг нее.
Scientific Development Concept

the current

official guiding socio-economic ideology of the Communist Party of China incorporating sustainable development, social
welfare, a humanistic society, increased democracy, and, ultimately, the
creation of a Harmonious Society – not “communist society” but
“harmonious society”, and not “scientific communism” but “scientific
development concept”

Such a
scientific approach is said to minimize conflict amongst different interest
groups in society in order to maintain stability on the national level, in turn
fostering economic and cultural advancement – “minimizing” class conflict

Credit for the
theory is given to current Chinese leader Hu Jintao
and his administration, who took power in 2002. It is the newest brand added to
the idea of Socialism with Chinese
characteristics ratified into the Communist Party of China's constitution
at the 17th Party
Congress in October 2007. It is lauded by the Chinese government as a
successor and extension ideology to Marxism-Leninism,
Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the *Three*
Represents*.*

Implementation:

In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao
promised to spend 10.9 billion yuan ($US1.3 billion) on the
"re-employment" of millions of laid-off workers and another 3 billion
yuan to improve industrial safety, especially in the country’s coal mines. He
pledged to abolish the central government’s agricultural tax on 730 million
farmers and provide education subsidies for poor rural children.

Wen specifically referred to the 140 million
rural migrant workers who form the backbone of China’s cheap labour force. “A
mechanism will be promptly set up to ensure migrant workers in cities get paid
on time and in full, and the work of getting their back wages paid to them will
be continued,” he said. Official estimates put the backlog of unpaid wages as
high as $US12 billion.

More here
RAF

The **Red Army Faction** or **Red Army Fraction**

The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, and Ulrike Meinhof.

There were three successive incarnations of the organization:

* the "first generation" which consisted of Baader and his associates,
* the "second generation" RAF, which operated in the mid- to late 1970s after several former members of the Socialist Patients' Collective joined, and
* the "third generation" RAF, which existed in the 1980s and 1990s.

January 2016, German police identified three RAF members as being the perpetrators of an assault on an armored truck transporting €1 million, thus fueling suspicion that RAF might be active again

Movie about RAF: "The Baader-Mainhoff Complex" , 2008
Robbers

Previous: introduction

*"Only a robber is a true revolutionary in Russia - a revolutionary without a chatter, without bookish rhetoric, without phrase mongering - an intransigent, indomitable revolutionary of action..."*

A joint publication of Bakunin and Nechaev, 1869

   We can suppose that a revolutionary party, in its formation, passes through definite, natural stages. One of the first is "robbery", or "banditry". A historian M.N. Pokrovsky in his "History of Russia in the Most Concise Form" thinks that robbery was the first form of resistance of the Russian people to their princes. However, the very fact of banditry should not surprise us, as the princes themselves were in reality heads of bands of slave merchants, as they attacked other tribes, and stole from them people, whom they turned into slaves, and later sold on various markets. Testimony to this is contained in "The Russian Truth", a legal code of Russia first written down in XI century.

Individual acts of plunder were a prelude to massive uprisings. Pokrovsky writes that in ancient Kiev there were two risings - in the second half of XI century, and in the beginning of XII century, and both were preceded by military defeats of the princes.

   Let's note that robbery and plunder were not unique to the Russian society. This form of a class struggle has appeared in other feudal societies, the most famous being Robin Hood. His band was active in the Sherwood forest in England in the period of high Middle Ages, and they are first mentioned in written records dating to 1283.
The theme of "noble robbers" appears in a number of literature pieces dating from XVIII - XX centuries. These are Schiller's "Robbers" of 1781, Jules Verne's "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" of 1869, R. Sabatini's "Captain Blood: His Odyssey

" of 1922, etc.  Here is just one phrase from "Captain Blood"   : "Only the sea remained, open to all and especially alluring to those, who felt themselves hostile to all humanity".
Bandits and pirates are present in the modern epoch. In their reasoning and stories there is an element of rebellion and romance. For example,     Somali piracy dates back to the start of a civil war in the country in 1991, when foreign fishing vessels started coming into the territorial waters of Somalia, and hence left the local fishermen without fish. The local fishermen started uniting against foreign vessels, and them simply started robbing them, as this was more profitable. Gradually, the piracy has switched from smaller vessels to larger ones.

In conclusion: banditry is the first stage in formation of a true revolutionary party, a party of action, not of chatter. The Bolsheviks and the IRA have gone through this stage. The Colombian government accuses FARC of drug trafficking to make them appear as simple robber barons, instead of being social revolutionaries.

Next: hermits
Nahuel Moreno

1924-1987

From "Wikipedia":

Moreno was active in the Trotskyist movement from before World War II until his death.

During the 1953-1963 split in the Fourth International he backed the International Committee faction led by theSocialist Workers Party (USA). For much of this time he published a journal called *Palabra Obrera*, and organised a group which sought to act as the left wing of the Peronist movement.

Prior to the reunification of the two factions in 1963, the International Secretariat's best-known leader in Latin America, J. Posadas, left to form his own Fourth International (Posadist). After Posadas' departure, Moreno became the central leader of the International's Latin American Bureau. When the Fourth International was reunified in 1963, his current helped to found the Revolutionary Workers Party in Argentina.

In the 1970s, when divisions surfaced over guerrilla warfare inside the International, Moreno lead the pro-SWP faction of the PRT which eventually established a public faction, the PRT-La Verdad. This group oriented around fighting for union rights and mass based party building. In 1973, it fused with the pro-Trotskyist Socialist Party of Argentina to found the Socialist Workers Party (PST) of Argentina. The PST sided with the SWP as Moreno had sided with them for several years.

 The PST helped to form the Bolshevik Faction which left the International late in 1979, partly in opposition to nature of the USFI's support for the FSLN's strategy and tactics in the revolution of Nicaragua

Moreno formed a new international grouping with Pierre Lambert's supporters, but this lasted only until 1981. Moreno and his supporters then formed their own international grouping, the International Workers' League (IWL), mostly, but not exclusively, based in Latin America. In 1983 they built the Argentine Movement for Socialism (MAS) and shortly there after the Brazilian Socialist Convergence, based in the Metal Workers Confederation and an initial organizer of the Workers Party (PT). In response to the undemocratic process and pro-capitalist orientation of the PT, they left and formed the United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU) but were also part of the IWL disintegration after Moreno's death.

At one point in the mid-1980s, the MAS grew to be the second largest left organization in Argentina and was the largest Trotskyist organization in the world with over 13,000 members

Works
Wikipedia on PKK

The group was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis (near Lice) by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan.[29] The PKK's ideology was originally a fusion of revolutionary socialism and Kurdish nationalism, seeking the foundation of an independent, Marxist–Leninist state in the region, which was to be known as Kurdistan.

Since 1984 the PKK has waged an armed struggle against the Turkish state for equal rights and self-determination for the Kurds in Turkey,[18] who comprise between 18% and 25% of the population and have been subjected to repression for decades.

However, since his capture and imprisonment in 1999, the leader of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan, has completely abandoned Marxism–Leninism,[30] leading the party to adopt his new political platform of "Democratic Confederalism" (influenced strongly by the libertarian socialist philosophy of communalism) while ceasing its official calls for the establishment of a fully independent country.

In May 2007, former members of the PKK helped form the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK), an umbrella organisation of Kurds from Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. On 20 March 2005,[31] Öcalan described the need for a democratic confederalism and went on to say:

"The democratic confederalism of Kurdistan is not a State system, it is the democratic system of a people without a State... It takes its power from the people and adapts to reach self-sufficiency in every field including the economy."
Этажи больницы: Подвалы

Подвалы - самые страшные места больницы, да и вообще самые жуткие локации игры. Всего их 2.

В подвалах находятся морги. Там стоят реанимационные кушетки, большие массивные хранилища трупов. Сырые стены нагоняют сильный страх. Где-то капает вода, слышно жужжание мух. Однако у этих столь негостиприимных мест есть и свои хорошие стороны. Во-первых, здесь много мешочков, да и к тому же их легко заметить. Во-вторых, здесь можно легко укрыться от Банши - достаточно пойти направо и зайти за стенку (не вглубь подвала, ведь Крейси направляется именно туда!). В-третьих, тут много зелий, которые в комбинации могут дать очень хороший эффект!

Озвучка подвала очень удалась - все звуки там будто-бы приглушаются, создавая гнетущую атмосферу. Порой, даже когда Банши прилетает туда, становиться веселее, ведь игрок уже не чувствует себя одним в жутком подвале...
Need for a modern study of dialectics

Summary:

First step in development of a modern revolutionary theory needs to be re-formulation of laws of dialectics, in light of developments in knowledge and society which have accumulated since the death of Hegel.

In more detail:

1. The truth is that there is no revolutionary theory, or theory of revolution, adequate for the moment.
2. Critique of Marxism – the most advanced revolutionary theory up to this time – needs to start with development of dialectics. The general study of development – dialectics – has not developed beyond the level to which it was taken by Hegel, and to some extent Engels.
3. Crisis of Marxist communism is manifested exactly in abandonment of the study of dialectic. Karl Korsch writes, in 1923: “not only … the dialectical method of Marx and Engels but also … ‘Hegel’s dialectic’, did not meet with very much understanding in the leading theoretical circles of the Comintern, and still less among the theoreticians of the German Communist party”.
4. Karl Korsch also writes: “Vladimir Il’ich Lenin declared two years ago in his article “Under the Banner of Marxism,” published in issue no. 21 of the journal Communist International, that one of the two great tasks which communism must deal with in the field of ideology is ‘to organize a systematic study of Hegel’s dialectic from a materialist standpoint’.” This point of view refers us to the study of Hegel’s dialectic, and proclaims the need to interpret that in a materialist fashion. However, since the time of Hegel, i.e. beginning XIX century, there have been revolutions in the fields of science, technology, and society. Hence, modern study of dialectic needs to take these into account, first of all.
5. Laws in any one field can be formulated by studying numerous cases present in that field. For example, laws of social revolution can be obtained through the study of the many social revolutions which have taken place. So, if we’re interested in the laws of development, we should study development which has taken place in various spheres of life. Basis for this study can be “Map of Knowledge”, in which we attempt to map and classify our knowledge.
One-child policy

Until 2013, China practiced "one-child policy", allowing married couples to have only one child. This led to sex disbalance, as couples preferred mostly boys.

It was introduced in 1980 and began to be formally phased out in 2015. The policy allowed many exceptions and ethnic minorities were exempt. In 2007, 36% of China's population was subject to a strict one-child restriction, with an additional 100% being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl.

On October 29, 2015, it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two-child policy, citing a statement from the Communist Party of China. The new law became effective on January 1, 2016.
Wikipedia on IV International

Wikipedia

In 1942, a debate on the national question in Europe opened up between the majority of the SWP and a movement led by Van Heijenoort, Albert Goldman andFelix Morrow.[31] This minority anticipated that the Nazi dictatorship would be replaced with capitalism rather than by a socialist revolution, leading to the revival of Stalinism and social democracy. In December 1943, they criticised the SWP's view as underestimating the rising prestige of Stalinism and the opportunities for the capitalists to use democratic concessions.[32] The SWP's central committee argued that democratic capitalism could not revive, resulting in either military dictatorship by the capitalists or a workers' revolution.[33] It held that this would reinforce the need for building the Fourth International, and adhered rigidly to their interpretation of Trotsky's works." - So who was right? The "minority" or the "majority"?

... February 1944 European Conference of the Fourth International. The conference appointed a new European Secretariat and elected Michel Raptis, a Greek resident in France also known as Michel Pablo, the organisational secretary of its European Bureau. Raptis and other bureau members re-established contact between the Trotskyist parties." - Appearance of Pablo out of the war is very suspicious.