recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
HAT-P-1b

HAT-P-1b is an exoplanet 519 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Lacerta. It orbits the Sun-like star HAT-P-1, also known as ADS 16402 B. HAT-P-1 is the dimmer component of the ADS 16402 binary star system. HAT-P-1b is among the least dense of the known exoplanets.

## Discovery

HAT-P-1b was discovered by the HATNet project in 2006. It was detected by searching for astronomical transits of the parent star by orbiting planets. As the planet passes in front of its parent star (as seen from Earth), it blocks a small amount of the light reaching us from the star. HAT-P-1b was first detected by a dip of 0.6% in the light from the star. This enabled determination of the planet's radius and orbital period. It was discovered using telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins in Arizona and at the Submillimeter Array facility in Hawaii. It was confirmed, and the orbital parameters determined by radial velocity measurements made at the 8.2 m Subaru and 10 m Keck telescopes, the discovery announcement being made on September 14, 2006.
HD 100546 b

A comparison of HD 100546b compared to planets of the Solar System

HD 100546 b is the largest planet ever discovered, located 358 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Musca. It is a gas giant that orbits a B-type star. Nowadays, HD 100546 b has been flagged as controversial. Over time, it will most likely shrink to about the size of Jupiter. HD 100546 b resides in quite a young system consisting of the star, HD 100546, and a second planet, HD 100546 c. The planet's size puts it near the border between a large planet and a brown dwarf.

## Discovery

Evidence for a planetary companion to HD 100546 b was gathered using the UVES echelle spectrograph at the VLT in Chile. The position where HD 100546 b was detected was inside compared with the gap between the inner and outer disks, and outside compared with the central cavity, so the validity of the planet was shown from the characteristics of the star disk. There was a discrepancy with the discussion. As a result of further detailed observation of the position where HD 100546 b was detected, the light source identified as HD 100546 b appeared to be a point light source in the analysis under specific conditions, but in many cases it became a more diffuse structure. The visible part may be not the planet itself, but the disturbance in the disk caused by the much smaller (~10MEarth) planet completely embedded in the dust shroud.
Carina Nebula

The Carina Nebula is a nebula located 8,500 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Carina. The nebula has within its boundaries the large Carina OB1 association and several related open clusters, including numerous O-type stars and several Wolf–Rayet stars. Carina OB1 encompasses the star clusters Trumpler 14 and Trumpler 16. Trumpler 14 is one of the youngest known star clusters at half a million years old. Trumpler 16 is the home of WR 25, currently the most luminous star known in the Milky Way, together with the less luminous but more massive and famous Eta Carinae star system and the O2 supergiant HD 93129A. Trumpler 15, Collinder 228, Collinder 232, NGC 3324, and NGC 3293 are also considered members of the association. NGC 3293 is the oldest and furthest from Trumpler 14, indicating sequential and ongoing star formation. The nebula is one of the largest diffuse nebulae in our skies. Although it is four times as large as and even brighter than the famous Orion Nebula, the Carina Nebula is much less well known due to its location in the southern sky. It was discovered by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1752 from the Cape of Good Hope. The Carina Nebula was selected as one of five cosmic objects observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, as part of the release of its first official science images. A detailed image was made of an early star-forming region of NGC 3324 known as the Cosmic Cliffs.
Alnitak

Alnitak is a blue supergiant located 1,260 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Orion. It is one of the three main stars of Orion's Belt, along with Alnilam and Mintaka. It may appear as a single star to the naked eye, but is actually a triple binary star system. With an apparent magnitude of -6 it is the brightest O-class star in the night-sky. Alnitak is surrounded by the bright emission nebula IC 434. Silhouetted against IC 434 is the famous dark Horsehead Nebula, which lies just south of Alnitak. The nearby Flame Nebula (NGC 2024) is illuminated by the star’s strong ultraviolet light. The emission nebula is located just east of Alnitak. In spite of being a relatively young star at 6.4 million years of age, Alnitak Aa has already stopped fusing hydrogen in its core. The star will eventually evolve into a red supergiant, one like Betelgeuse, before going out as a supernova.

## Observational History

Alnitak has been known since antiquity and, as a component of Orion's Belt, has been of widespread cultural significance. It was reported to be a double star by amateur German astronomer George K. Kunowsky in 1819. Much more recently, in 1998, the bright primary was found by a team from the Lowell Observatory to have a close companion; this had been suspected from observations made with the Narrabri Stellar Intensity Interferometer in the 1970s.

The stellar parallax derived from observations by the *Hipparcos* satellite imply a distance around 733.5 light-years, but this does not take into account distortions caused by the multiple nature of the system and larger distances have been derived by many authors.
Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights Wiki

**Welcome to the Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights Wiki!**
The Disney stars are literally sparkling in this nighttime parade of lights and music. With Mickey and his pals, including characters from Aladdin, Toy Story and other Disney films, appearing on colorful floats, nighttime in the Park is even more fantasy-filled.

**Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade: DreamLights** is a regularly scheduled parade since 2001, created by Bob Jani and project director Ron Miziker, famous for its long run at Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort most summers. It features floats and live performers covered in thousands of electronically controlled lights, and a synchronized soundtrack triggered by radio control along key areas of the parade route. The parade has also inspired many other versions that ran or continue to run at Disney parks around the world. Currently, the original parade runs at Disneyland Park called **The Main Street Electrical Parade**, which ran between 1972–1974, 1977–1982, and 1985-1996, and this parade is a current version runs in Tokyo Disneyland.

We're a collaborative community website about Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Offical Website

https://www.tokyodisneyresort.jp/en/tdl/show/detail/913/

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
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You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Tethys

Tethys as imaged by Cassini on 11 April 2015

Tethys is the fifth-largest moon of Saturn and sixteenth largest in the Solar System. It was discovered on the 11th of March 1684 by Giovanni Cassini. It is named after the titan Tethys of Greek mythology.

Tethys has a low density of 0.98 g/cm3, the lowest of all the major moons in the Solar System, indicating that it is made of water ice with just a small fraction of rock. This is confirmed by the spectroscopy of its surface, which identified water ice as the dominant surface material. A small amount of an unidentified dark material is present as well. The surface of Tethys is very bright, being the second-brightest of the moons of Saturn after Enceladus, and neutral in color.

Tethys is heavily cratered and cut by a number of large faults/graben. The largest impact crater, Odysseus, is about 400 km in diameter, whereas the largest graben, Ithaca Chasma, is about 100 km wide and more than 2000 km long. These two largest surface features may be related. A small part of the surface is covered by smooth plains that may be cryovolcanic in origin. Like all other regular moons of Saturn, Tethys formed from the Saturnian sub-nebula—a disk of gas and dust that surrounded Saturn soon after its formation.

Tethys has been approached by several space probes including *Pioneer 11* (1979), *Voyager 1* (1980), *Voyager 2* (1981), and multiple times by *Cassini* between 2004 and 2017.

Tethys is locked in resonance with the nearby inner moon Mimas, with these tidal (and rotational forces) squashing Tethys into the irregular shape of a triaxial ellipsoid! It has a mass less than 1% of Earth’s Moon.
Altair

Altair is a Main-Sequence star located 16.7 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Aquila. It is the twelfth-brightest star in the night sky and the brightest star in the constellation. Altair is an A-type main-sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77 and is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle asterism; the other two vertices are marked by Deneb and Vega. Altair is currently in the G-cloud—a nearby interstellar cloud, an accumulation of gas and dust.

The star rotates rapidly, with a velocity at the equator of approximately 286 km/s. This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400 km/s. A study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer revealed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation. Other interferometric studies with multiple telescopes, operating in the infrared, have imaged and confirmed this phenomenon.

## Name

The name Altair comes from the Arabic phrase *an-nasr aṭ-ṭāʼir*, which means “the flying eagle.” The name was officially approved by the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) on June 30, 2016.

The star’s Arabic name appeared in Egyptian astronomer Al Achsasi al Mouakket’s star catalogue, written in 1650, and was translated into Latin as Vultur Volans. The Arabic name was also used for the asterism Altair forms, with Alshain (Beta Aquilae) and Tarazed (Gamma Aquilae).

In India, Altair, Tarazed and Alshain were known as the footprints of Vishnu. Altair’s Chinese name is 河鼓二 (*Hé Gǔ èr*), meaning “the second star of the drum at the river” or “river drum two,” referring to the Chinese asterism known as “the river drum” (河鼓). The asterism consists of Altair, Tarazed and Alshain.

In Chinese culture, Altair is better known for its association with the myth of the cowherd and the weaver girl, in which Niulang, the cowherd (represented by Altair) and his two children (represented by Tarazed and Alshain) are separated by a large river (the Milky Way) from Zhinu, the weaver girl (represented by Vega), their wife and mother. They can only meet once a year when magpies create a bridge to allow them to cross the celestial river. Altair is known as “the cowherd star” (*Niú Láng Xīng*, 牛郎星).
Alcyoneus galaxy

The Alcyoneus Galaxy is a very large galaxy located 3 billion light-years away from Earth. It is a low-excitation radio galaxy corresponding to the galaxy SDSS J081421.68+522410.0. It is located in the constellation Lynx, and it was discovered in Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) data by a team of astronomers led by Martijn Oei. The Alcyoneus Galaxy is over 16,000,000 light-years across, which is 4 times larger than the previous largest discovered galaxy IC 1101 and 160 times larger than the Milky Way. Aside from the size of its radio emissions, the galaxy is otherwise of ordinary radio luminosity, stellar mass, and supermassive black hole mass. It is a standalone galaxy, with the nearest cluster located 11 million light years away from it. The galaxy was named after the giant Alcyoneus from Greek mythology.

## Name

The galaxy was dubbed by the initial paper as “Alcyoneus”, named after one of the opponents of Heracles, and the giant son of Uranus and the Titan Gaia in Greek mythology.

## Discovery

Alcyoneus had been first reported in a paper published in February 2022 by Martijn Oei and colleagues after obtaining results from the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), an interferometric radio survey of the Northern Sky. The object was first observed as a bright, three component radio structure visible on at least four spatial resolutions of the LoTSS (6, 20, 60, and 90 arcminute resolutions). The two outer components of the radio structure are separated by a similar distance to the smaller, elongated radio structure, signifying their nature as possible radio lobes. Further confirmations using radio-optical overlays dismiss the possibility of the two being separate radio lobes from different galaxies, and confirm that they have been produced by the same source. The structure has been identified as the largest radio galaxy yet found.
Jupiter

Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It has a storm called the great red spot which has been blowing for at least 300 years and is over 3 times as wide as Earth! Jupiter has 79+ moons! Imagine having that many in our skies! It is 5 AU away from the sun. It is mostly made of gas, so you can't stand on its surface, you'll just sink to its core and get crushed from the immense pressure. The pressure is so immense that its core is solid hydrogen and not because it is frozen, but because it has been compressed so much. Around the solid core, there is also metallic Hydrogen, which is liquid Hydrogen that has been put under a lot of pressure. It is so hard to make that scientists have only managed to create some for a few nanoseconds at a time. Due to Jupiter's immense size, its gravity effects the Sun. They orbit a Barycentre (a point where two object orbit) just outside the Sun's photosphere (the part of the Sun that we see). So a civilization from outside the Solar System will be able to see the Sun 'wobble' and predict that there is a massive planet like Jupiter.
Andromeda

The Andromeda Galaxy, also known as Messier 31, M31 or NGC 224 is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of 220,000ly, making it the largest galaxy in the local group. It is approximately 2,500,000ly away from Earth and the nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way. The mass of the galaxy is difficult to estimate with accuracy, but it was long believed that it was more massive than the Milky Way by a margin of 25% to 50%. The Milky Way and Andromeda are expected to collide in 4-5 billion years to form a massive elliptical galaxy called Milkdromeda. It has an apparent magnitude of 3.4 and is the brightest messier object, making it visible to the naked eye on a moonless night even somewhere with moderate light pollution.

## Observational History

Around the year 964, the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi was the first to formally describe the Andromeda Galaxy. He referred to it in his *Book of Fixed Stars* as a “nebulous smear” or “small cloud”.

Star charts of that period labelled it as the *Little Cloud*. In 1612, the German astronomer Simon Marius gave an early description of the Andromeda Galaxy based on telescopic observations. Pierre Louis Maupertuis conjectured in 1745 that the blurry spot was an island universe. In 1764, Charles Messier catalogued Andromeda as object M31 and incorrectly credited Marius as the discoverer despite its being visible to the naked eye. In 1785, the astronomer William Herschel noted a faint reddish hue in the core region of Andromeda. He believed Andromeda to be the nearest of all the “great nebulae”, and based on the colour and magnitude of the nebula, he incorrectly guessed that it was no more than 2,000 times the distance of Sirius, or roughly 18,000 ly.
WR 25

WR 25 is a binary star system 6,800 light-years from Earth in the constellation Carina. It contains a Wolf-Rayet star and a hot luminous companion and is a member of the Trumpler 16 cluster. The name comes from the Catalogue of Galactic Wolf–Rayet Stars.

## Physical Properties

The primary star of the WR 25 system is approximately 2.4 million times brighter than the Sun and illuminates the far southern end of the Trumpler 16 cluster. The model used to derive the stellar parameters is unsuitable for use in binary systems, with the authors noting that the companion contributes more than 15% of the system luminosity, so the luminosity is highly uncertain. Earlier estimates based on measurements of the ionizing flux produced values around 1.5 million times the sun, with correspondingly lower estimates for other physical data.

The companion is assumed to be a young hot massive star, similar to other known WR+O or WR+WR binaries. It has been reported as an O4 supergiant, but later measurements are still uncertain about the exact spectral type. Colliding stellar winds between two such hot, luminous stars produce the hard X-rays that led to suspicion about the binary status long before the 208-day orbital period was detected.

Although very luminous, WR 25 is beyond naked-eye visibility due to heavy dust extinction of clouds in the nebula, and because much of the emitted radiation is in the ultraviolet. With an absolute magnitude of −6.98 at a distance of 6,500 light-years, it would be visible to the naked eye with a stellar magnitude of 4.49 if there were nothing in the way, rather than the actual 8.80. It has been observed in X-rays and infra-red.

WR 25 lies at the western limit of the Trumpler 16 star cluster, part of Carina OB1, one of the largest stellar associations in the Milky Way Galaxy. Because of its extreme luminosity it greatly affects its stellar environment, seen in the thin long arcs and filaments moving away from the star, including the Finger Nebula.
KELT-9b

KELT-9b is an Ultra-hot Jupiter located 670 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. It is the hottest planet ever discovered. It orbits the B-type star KELT-9 and was the first planet to be discovered orbiting a B-type star. KELT-9b is one of the largest planets known and is being 'inflated' by the heat of its parent star. The heat of KELT-9b is too much even for molecules to remain intact. Molecules of hydrogen gas are likely ripped apart on the dayside of tidally-locked KELT-9b, unable to re-form until their disjointed atoms flow around to the planet's nightside. With a dayside temperature of more than 4,600K, KELT-9b is a planet that is hotter than most stars.

## Parent Star

KELT-9b is a very hot star at 10,170K, unusually hot for a star with a transiting planet. It is more than twice as large, and nearly twice as hot, as our sun. It has an apparent magnitude of 7.6 and an absolute magnitude of 1.2. Prior to the discovery of KELT-9b, only six A-type stars were known to have planets, of which the warmest, WASP-33, is significantly cooler at 7,430 K; no B-type stars were previously known to host planets. KELT-9, classified as B9.5-A0, it could be the first B-type star known to have a planet.
Vega

Vega is a star located 25 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Lyra. It is one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighbourhood, and it is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus. Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers, leading it to be termed “arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun”. Vega was the northern pole star around 12,000 BCE and will be so again around the year 13,727, when its declination will be +86° 14′. It is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive, its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies. Vega has an unusually low abundance of elements with a higher atomic number than that of helium. It's also a variable star that varies slightly in brightness. It is rotating rapidly with a velocity of 236 km/s at the equator. This causes the equator to bulge outward due to centrifugal effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is observed from the direction of one of these poles.
Mars

Mars is the 4th planet from the sun. It is also known as the red planet. It appears red because of the iron in the crust that has rusted over time due to the oxygen in the atmosphere. It's thought that in the next few decades or even years, humans will set foot on Mars. Can't wait for that! Mars has many sandstorms on its surface. Because of Mars's thin atmosphere, when you stand on it your feet might be quite warm, but then your head would be freezing. It is thought that there were once many rivers, lakes, and oceans on the surface of Mars, but all evaporated or froze when Mars lost its Magnetic field due to the cooling core. Mars has the tallest mountain in the Solar System, Olympus Mons. It also has one of the largest trenches in the Solar System called Valles Marineris.

Mars has been explored by several uncrewed spacecraft, beginning with *Mariner 4* in 1965. NASA's *Viking 1* lander transmitted in 1976 the first images from the Martian surface. Two countries have successfully deployed rovers on Mars, the United States first doing so with *Sojourner* in 1997 and China with *Zhurong* in 2021. There are also planned future missions to Mars, such as a Mars sample-return mission set to happen in 2026, and the *Rosalind Franklin* rover mission, which was intended to launch in 2018 but was delayed to 2024.
Saturn

Saturn is the 6th planet from the Sun. It's also the second-largest planet in the Solar System after Jupiter. It is most famous for its huge, magnificent rings. Recent research shows that Saturn's rings are quite young (on a cosmic scale), but will slowly dissipate in about 80 million years. Its rings are made up of ice and rocks. Some pieces as small as grains of sand and others the size of a double-decker buses. The reason that Saturn appears Yellow is because of the gas Ammonia in its atmosphere. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive. The outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-lived features can appear. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h (1,100 mph; 500 m/s), higher than on Jupiter but not as high as on Neptune.

## Name

Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture and father of Jupiter. The Romans named the sixth day of the week Saturday, *Sāturni diēs* (“Saturn's Day”), for the planet Saturn.
Titan

Titan is the largest moon orbiting Saturn and the second largest in the Solar System after Ganymede. It is so large that it is bigger than Mercury. It is the only Moon with a dense atmosphere and the only known object in space other than Earth to have stable bodies of surface liquid. Titan is one of seven rounded moons in orbit around Saturn and the second furthest of the seven.

Discovered in 1655 by Christiaan Huygens, it was the first discovered moon of Saturn and sixth discovered planetary satellite. Similar to Venus, its surface was not visible until the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft visited it in 2004 to provide new information, including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Titan's polar regions. The geologically young surface is generally smooth, with a few impact craters and cryovolcanoes here and there.

The atmosphere of Titan is mainly nitrogen; minor components lead to the formation of methane and ethane clouds and heavy organonitrogen haze. The climate—including wind and rain—creates surface features similar to those of Earth, such as dunes, rivers, lakes, seas (probably of liquid methane and ethane), and deltas, and is dominated by seasonal weather patterns as on Earth. With its liquids (both surface and subsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, Titan's methane cycle bears a striking similarity to Earth's water cycle, even though it's at a much lower temperature of about −179 °C.
Proxima Centauri c

Proxima Centauri c is an exoplanet located 4.22 light-years away from Earth orbiting the closest star to the Solar System Proxima Centauri. It is a super-earth or a mini-neptune about 7 times as massive as Earth orbiting roughly 1.49 AU away from its star and orbiting every 1,928 days (5.28 yr). Due to its large distance from Proxima Centauri, the exoplanet is uninhabitable, with an equilibrium temperature of approximately −234.2 °C.

The planet was first reported by Italian astrophysicist Mario Damasso and his colleagues in April 2019. Damasso's team had noticed minor movements of Proxima Centauri in the radial velocity data from the ESO's HARPS instrument, indicating a possible second planet orbiting Proxima Centauri. The discovery was published in January 2020. In June 2020, the planet's existence was confirmed using Hubble astrometry data from c. 1995, allowing its inclination and true mass to be determined. Also in June 2020, a possible directly imaged counterpart of Proxima c was detected in the infrared with SPHERE, but the authors admit that they “did not obtain a clear detection”. If their candidate source is in fact Proxima Centauri c, it is too bright for a planet of its mass and age, implying that the planet may have a ring system with a radius of around 5 RJ. However, a 2022 study questioned the planetary nature of the observed radial velocity signal corresponding to Proxima c, attributing it to systematic effects. If this is the case, it is unclear why astrometric observations detected what appeared to be a similar planetary signature.
Venus

Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. It is often called Earths Sister because of its similar size, density, mass, and composition. But that's where the similarities end. The atmosphere is 93 times more massive and dense than Earths and made from 95% CO2. It is also very toxic and will choke you in seconds. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. Not only that, but it rains Sulphuric acid on Venus, but it vaporizes before it reaches the surface. Venus is very active and has hundreds of active volcanoes. Venus is the most active planet in the Solar System.

Even though Mercury is closer to the Sun, Venus has the hottest surface of any planet in the Solar System, with a mean temperature of 464 °C. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulphuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from Earth in visible light. It may have had water oceans in the past, but after these evaporated, the temperature rose under a runaway greenhouse effect. The water has probably photodissociated, and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field. Because of the lethal surface conditions, the planet is sometimes referred to as Earth's “evil twin”.

It is the brightest natural object in Earth's night sky after the Moon, Venus can cast shadows and can be visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Venus's orbit is smaller than that of Earth, but its maximal elongation is 47°; thus, at latitudes with a day-night cycle, it is most readily visible for up to a few hours following the start of sunset or before sunrise. Unlike Mercury, which can only be observed during twilight, Venus can be seen in a completely dark sky. Venus orbits the Sun every 224.7 Earth days, but rotates around its axis in 243 Earth days. Consequently, it takes longer to rotate around its axis than any other planet in the Solar System, and does so in the opposite direction to all but Uranus. This means that the Sun rises from its western horizon and sets in its east. This retrograde rotation creates a synodic day of only 117 Earth days. Venus does not have any moons, a distinction it shares only with Mercury among the planets in the Solar System.

Its proximity to Earth has made Venus a prime target for early interplanetary exploration. It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft (*Venera 1* in 1961) and the first to be successfully landed on (by *Venera 7* in 1970). The planet's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in the visible spectrum, and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991. Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions, but they are hindered by Venus's hostile surface conditions. The possibility of life on Venus has long been a topic of speculation; in recent years, the topic has received active research.
Oberon

Oberon is the outermost major moon of Uranus. It is the second-largest and second most massive of the Uranian moons, and the ninth most massive moon in the Solar System. Discovered by William Herschel in 1787, Oberon is named after the mythical king of the fairies who appears as a character in Shakespeare's *A Midsummer Night's Dream*. Its orbit lies partially outside Uranus's magnetosphere.

It is likely that Oberon formed from the accretion disk that surrounded Uranus just after the planet's formation. The moon consists of approximately equal amounts of ice and rock, and is probably differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle. A layer of liquid water may be present at the boundary between the mantle and the core. The surface of Oberon, which is dark and slightly red, appears to have been primarily shaped by asteroid and comet impacts. It is covered by numerous impact craters reaching 210 km in diameter. Oberon possesses a system of *chasmata* (graben or scarps) formed during crustal extension as a result of the expansion of its interior during its early evolution.

The Uranian system has been studied up close only once: the spacecraft Voyager 2 took several images of Oberon in January 1986, allowing 40% of the moon's surface to be mapped.
Eleccions Generals de 1965

Les eleccions generals del 1965 van ser les cinquenes eleccions generals celebrades a Castells des de la seva independència marcada per la victòria novament de la dreta conservadora i una baixada en la participació.

### Antecedents:

Aquestes eleccions es van fer en el marc de l'avenç de la dreta conservadora i amb un pla capitalista per a l'economia del país, i encara que el PSD inicia la caiguda encara recull molta quantitat de vot.

Es mantenien al país alguns moviments extremistes els mateixos que van acabar amb la vida del Primer Conseller de Castells i per tant els debats dins del PNC es mantenia sobre la manera de gestionar el país.

Aquesta legislatura va estar marcada pels debats interns tant al PSD i al PNC per les seves ales més extremistes i radicals.

### Sistema Electoral:

Després de la reforma constitucional del 1952 el poder legislatiu va passar de ser una cambra bicameral a una unicameral, on l'Assemblea Nacional tindria un total de 65 diputats electes cada 4 anys. Els diputats serien electes en una circumscripció única amb el mètode d'hont i una barrera electoral del 5%.

### Candidatures:

En aquestes eleccions van participar els dos principals partits politics de Castells, el Partit Social Demòcrata i el Partit Nacionalista de Castells. Els candidats d'aquella Eleccions serien:

 Partit Nacionalista de Castells
 Altres

### Resultats:

#### Dades:

 Votants
 Abstenció
 Taulas de Votació
 Taulas amb Irregularitats

#### Participació:

Participació
 15:00
 19:00
CoRoT-3b

CoRoT-3b (formerly known as CoRoT-Exo-3b) is a brown dwarf or massive exoplanet located 2,560 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Aquila. It has about the same radius as Jupiter but is 20 times as massive. This means its gravity is very strong, at over 50 times that of Earth.

## Physical Characteristics

The mass of CoRoT-3b was determined by the radial velocity method, which involves using the Doppler shift of the parent star's spectrum as it moves towards or away from Earth due to an orbiting companion. As CoRoT-3b is a transiting object, its radius can be calculated from the amount of light blocked when it passes in front of the star and an estimate of the stellar radius. When CoRoT-3b was originally discovered, it was believed to have a radius significantly smaller than that of Jupiter. This would have implied it had properties intermediate between those of planets and brown dwarfs. Later, more detailed analysis revealed that CoRoT-3b's radius is similar in size to that of Jupiter, which fits with the expected properties of a brown dwarf. The mean density of CoRoT-3b is 26,400kg/m³, which is much denser than Osmium, the densest element. This density is reached because of the immense pressure of matter in the planet's interior.
Pistol Star

Pistol Star is an extremely luminous blue hypergiant star located 25,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Sagittarius. It is one of the most luminous and massive known stars in the Milky Way. It is one of many massive young stars in the Quintuplet cluster in the Galactic Center region. The star owes its name to the shape of the Pistol Nebula, which it illuminates. It would be visible to the naked eye as a 4th-magnitude star if it were not for the interstellar dust near the Center of the Milky Way that absorbs over 99.99999% of visible light. The Pistol Star was discovered by the American astronomer Don Figer and his team, who performed the first census of massive stars in the Quintuplet Cluster and its Sagittarius neighbour the Arches Cluster using the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1990s. They identified the Pistol Star as one of the most massive stars known in the Milky Way.

In 1998, Figer and his team published a study that demonstrated that the Pistol Star is one of the most luminous stars known. The study used evolutionary tracks to determine an initial mass between 200 and 250 solar masses for the star and gave an estimated age between 1.7 and 2.1 million years. It suggested that the Pistol Star was a luminous blue variable that had recently ejected a large among of material. Furthermore, it concluded that the Pistol Nebula was photoionized circumstellar ejecta, material lost from the star during eruptive episodes of mass loss. The line-of-sight velocity of the star matches the average velocity of the gas in the nebula.
Voyager 2

Voyager 2

### Mission Duration

45 years, 2 months, 25 days elapsedPlanetary mission: 12 years, 1 month, 12 daysInterstellar mission: 33 years, 1 month, 12 days elapsed

## Launch

### Launch Site

Cape Canaveral LC-41

Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. As a part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, on a trajectory that took longer to reach gas giants Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets. Voyager 2 was the fourth of five spacecraft to achieve Solar escape velocity, which allowed it to leave the Solar System.

Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Jovian system in 1979, the Saturnian system in 1981, the Uranian system in 1986, and the Neptunian system in 1989. The spacecraft is now in its extended mission of studying interstellar space. It has been operating for 45 years, 2 months and 25 days as of November 14, 2022 UTC; as of November 7, 2022, it has reached a distance of 132.05 AU (12.275 billion mi) from Earth.

The probe entered interstellar space on November 5, 2018, at a distance of 122 AU (11.3 billion mi; 18.3 billion km) (about 16.58 light-hours) from the Sun and moving at a velocity of 15.341 km/s (34,320 mph) relative to the Sun. Voyager 2 has left the Sun's heliosphere and is travelling through the interstellar medium, a region of outer space beyond the influence of the Solar System, joining Voyager 1, which had reached the interstellar medium in 2012. Voyager 2 has begun to provide the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma.

Voyager 2 remains in contact with Earth through the NASA Deep Space Network. In 2020, maintenance to the Deep Space Network cut outbound contact with the probe for eight months. Contact was re-established on November 2, 2020, when a series of instructions was transmitted, subsequently executed, and relayed back with a successful communication message. On February 12, 2021, full communications with the probe were restored after a major antenna upgrade that took a year to complete. The DSS 43 communication antenna, which is solely responsible for communications with the probe, is located near Canberra, Australia.
Space Fact File Wiki

## This Website is still under Heavy Development

Space is the 3 Dimensional plane in which everything exists. It is Huge, no-one can comprehend the size of the Universe and to be honest, no-one knows either. The Observable Universe is the part of space in which light has had time to reach us since the birth of the Universe, and even that is 93 Billion light-years across. Space is full of amazing things, from Planets, to stars, to entire galaxies. It is very beautiful and fascinating, and in this website I will hope to teach you many things about the Universe and what resides within it.

## What will you find on this Wiki?

On this wiki, you can find a lot of information on object in the Solar System such as the planets, the Sun, The dwarf planets and many asteroids and comets. You can also find a lot of information about Celestial Objects outside the Solar System such as stars, exoplanets, nebulas and galaxies. Later you could also look for information on different space missions, astronomers, and the physics behind how the Universe works, but these pages haven't been added yet.

## Gallery

### Pages

The Solar SystemThe SunEarthThe MoonSaturnPlanet NineThe Milky WayThe Andromeda GalaxySiriusIC 1101Stephenson 2-18J1407b
## Events

**July 26th 69,163 AD**: Simultaneous transit of Mercury and Venus

**December 10th 2117**: Next Transit of Venus

**July 28th 2061:** Halley's Comet Returns

**November 13th 2032:** Transit of Mercury

**May 6th 2025**: Saturn at equinox

**July 12, 2022:** James Webb Space Telescope first images released

**December 25, 2021**: The James Webb Space Telescope has launched

**November 5, 2018:** Voyager 2 reaches interstellar space

**August 25, 2012:** Voyager 1 reaches interstellar space

**September 15, 2017:** Cassini crashes into Saturn

**5 September 1977:** Voyager 1 Launched

**20 August 1977:** Voyager 2 Launched

**July 20, 1969:** Neil Armstrong is the first man on the Moon

**April 12, 1961:** Yuri Gagarin is the first man in Space

**18 February 1930:** Pluto discovery

**23 September 1846:** Neptune discovery

**13 March 1781:** Uranus discovery
Planet Nine

Planet Nine is a hypothetical planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. After the discovery of Neptune in 1846, scientists notice that it's orbit was slightly elliptical at one point. And in 1880 after the discovery of asteroids with an average distance from the Sun of 100AU-300AU, they noticed they were all clustered together and there is a 1 in 15,000 chance that the clustering is coincidental. This made them theorize that a ninth planet exists beyond the orbit of Neptune about 300 AU away from the Sun, compared to Neptune which is 30AU away from the Sun. In 1906, Percival Lowell started looking for the ninth planet and when he died in 1909, the search was put on pause. In 1929 The search continued by Clyde Tombaugh and in 1930 Pluto was discovered. At first, they thought that this was the ninth planet, but they quickly realized that it was too small to have a gravitational effect on Uranus and Neptune. The search started again in 2014 when more evidence was found and a powerful telescope was constructed in the Southern Hemisphere to scan the sky and try to find planet nine. Scientists say that if planet nine actually exists, it is likely for us to find it in the next 5 years. There is also a possibility that Planet nine is not even a planet but a Black Hole, and that would explain why it is so hard for it to be detected.

## Orbit

Planet Nine was initially hypothesized to follow an elliptical orbit around the Sun with an eccentricity of 0.2 to 0.5, and its semi-major axis was estimated to be 400 to 800 AU, roughly 13 to 26 times the distance from Neptune to the Sun. It would take the planet between 10,000 and 20,000 years to make one full orbit around the Sun, and its inclination to the ecliptic, the plane of the Earth's orbit, was projected to be 15° to 25°. The aphelion, or farthest point from the Sun, would be in the general direction of the constellation of Taurus, whereas the perihelion, the nearest point to the Sun, would be in the general direction of the southerly areas of Serpens (Caput), Ophiuchus, and Libra. Brown thinks that if Planet Nine exists, a probe could reach it in as little as 20 years by using a powered slingshot trajectory around the Sun.

## Mass and Radius

The planet is estimated to have 5 to 10 times the mass of Earth and a radius of 2 to 4 times Earth's. Mike Brown thinks that if Planet Nine exists, its mass is sufficient to clear its orbit of large bodies in 4.5 billion years, and that its gravity dominates the outer edge of the Solar System, which is sufficient to make it a planet by current definitions. Astronomer Jean-Luc Margot has also stated that Planet Nine satisfies his criteria and would qualify as a planet if and when it is detected.
Pete Dragon

***Pete's Dragon*** is a 1977 American live-action animated musical fantasy comedy film which was based on an unpublished short story of the same name, written by classical Hollywood writer Seton I. Miller. It stars Sean Marshall, Helen Reddy, Jim Dale, Mickey Rooney, Red Buttons, Shelley Winters, and Charlie Callas. It revolves around an orphaned boy raised by an abusive hillbilly family who is friends with a dragon named Elliott.

In 2001, a new Elliot model was built for Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights which looked similar to the old model. In 2013 this float was replaced with a brand new model never seen before, with Elliot standing up and Pete sitting on his hand.
Proxima Centauri b

Proxima Centauri b orbits a star called Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to the Solar System. Proxima Centauri b is in the habitable zone of it's star, so it has the right temperature to be able to support life. Even though it's way closer to it's star, Proxima Centauri is colder and smaller than the sun, so its habitable zone is way closer to it and smaller. Even though it has the right temperature to support life, Proxima Centauri is a very active star and recently, it created a large solar storm meaning that any life forms present on the planet, were probably wiped out. Proxima Centauri b is a part of the Alpha Centauri triple star system. It is a part of a planetary system along with Proxima Centauri c and Proxima Centauri d. It is not known whether or not it has an atmosphere.

## Discovery

Proxima Centauri had become a target for exoplanet searches already before the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, but initial studies in 2008 and 2009 ruled out the existence of Super-Earth exoplanets in the habitable zone. Planets are very common around red dwarf stars, with on average 1–2 planets per star, and about 20–40% of all red dwarfs have one in the habitable zone. Additionally, red dwarfs are by far the most common type of stars.

Before 2016, observations with instruments at the European Southern Observatory in Chile had identified anomalies in Proxima Centauri which could not be satisfactorily explained by flares or chromospheric activity of the star. This suggested that Proxima Centauri may be orbited by a planet. In January 2016, a team of astronomers launched the Pale Red Dot project to confirm this hypothetical planet's existence. On 24 August 2016, the team led by Anglada-Escudé proposed that a terrestrial exoplanet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri could explain these anomalies and announced Proxima Centauri b's discovery. In 2020, another planet named Proxima Centauri c was discovered, and a third planet Proxima Centauri d was confirmed in 2022, while the existence of a dust belt around Proxima Centauri is, as of 2021, unconfirmed.
Wasp 12-b

Wasp 12-b is a planet 1,200 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Auriga. Wasp 12-b is a gas giant around 1.5x more massive than Jupiter. It orbits so close to it's star that the star's gravity is slowly tearing the planet apart. Because of this, it has been distorted into an egg shape. It's so close to it's star that it is two thirds the distance away from its star than the moon is from Earth. Scientists think that in about 10 million years it will be completely engulfed by its star. Wasp-12b has the same eccentricity as Jupiter. Consequently, it has one of the lowest densities for exoplanets (“inflated” by the flux of energy from the star). On December 3, 2013, scientists working with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) reported detecting water in the atmosphere of the exoplanet. In July 2014, NASA announced finding very dry atmospheres on three exoplanets (HD 189733b, HD 209458b, WASP-12b) orbiting sun-like stars. In September 2017, researchers working on the HST announced that WASP-12b reflects just 6% of the light that shines on its surface. As a result, the exoplanet has been described as “black as asphalt” and as “pitch black”.
HAT-P-7b

### Discovery Site

HAT-7 telescope at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory and HAT-8 at Mauna Kea Observatory

## Orbital Characteristics

### Orbits

HAT-P-7

HAT-P-7b is an exoplanet 1,112 light-years away from Earth. It orbits very close to its host star and is larger and more massive than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat that it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2,360–2,610°C, while nightside temperatures are 1,938–1,965°C. HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, only reflecting 3% of the light that hits its surface. HAT-P-7b's orbital plane is so tilted relative to its star at 108° that it’s nearly in a polar orbit. Scientists reported detecting a whole host of elements in its atmosphere including iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chromium – possibly titanium too. The calculated wind speeds are over 2km per second (7,200 km/h) as the expanding day-side air rushes towards the cooler night-side.

## Discovery

The HATNet Project telescopes HAT-7, located at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, and HAT-8, installed on the rooftop of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Submillimeter Array building atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii, observed 33,000 stars in HATNet field G154, on nearly every night from late May to early August 2004. The light curves resulting from the 5140 exposures obtained were searched for transit signals and a very significant periodic drop in brightness was detected in the star HAT-P-7, with a depth of approximately 7.0 milli-magnitude, a period of 2.2047 days, and a duration of 4.1 hours.

Fortunately, HAT-P-7 was located in the overlapping area between fields G154 and G155, allowing the transit to be independently confirmed by the HAT-6 (Arizona) and HAT-9 (Hawaii) telescopes which observed the neighbouring field G155. Field G155 was observed from late July 2004 to late September 2005 gathering an additional 11,480 exposures for a total of 16,620 data points.

## Characteristics

HAT-P-7b is both larger and more massive than the planet Jupiter. The planet might have a retrograde orbit, based on the measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. This announcement came only a day after the announcement of the first planet discovered with such an orbit, WASP-17b.

In January 2010, it was announced that ellipsoidal light variations were detected for HAT-P-7b, the first detection of such kind. This method analyses the brightness variation caused by the rotation of a star as its shape is tidally distorted by the planet.