Bootherium

Extinct species of mammalTemplate:SHORTDESC:Extinct species of mammal

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***Bootherium*** is an extinct bovid genus from the middle to late Pleistocene of North America which contains a single species, ***Bootherium bombifrons***. Vernacular names for *Bootherium* include **Harlan's muskox**, **woodox**, **woodland muskox**, **helmeted muskox**, or **bonnet-headed muskox**. *Bootherium* was one of the most widely distributed muskox species in North America during the Pleistocene era. It is most closely related to the modern muskox, from which it diverged around 3 million years ago, it is possibly synonymous with *Euceratherium*, although this is uncertain.

## Taxonomy

Fossils have been documented from as far north as Alaska to California, Utah,Texas, Missouri, Michigan, Oklahoma, Virginia, North Carolina and New Jersey. The species became extinct approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.

*Symbos* was formerly thought to be a separate genus, but is now known to be synonymous. The closest relative of *Bootherium* is the extant muskox *Ovibos moschatus*. However, unlike the tundra muskox, *Bootherium* was physically adapted to a range of less frigid climates and appears to have been the only ox to have evolved in and remain restricted to the North American continent. *Bootherium* was significantly taller and leaner than muskoxen found today in Arctic regions. *Bootherium* were estimated to weigh around 423.5 kg (934 lb). Other differences were a thicker skull and considerably longer snout. The horns of *Bootherium* were situated high on the skull, with a downward curve and were fused along the midline of the skull, unlike tundra muskoxen whose horns are separated by a medial groove.

Three other species of musk oxen co-inhabited North America during the Pleistocene era. Besides the surviving tundra muskox, the extinct shrub-ox (*Euceratherium collinum*) and Soergel's ox (*Soergelia mayfieldi*) were also present.

## Notes

1. ↑ McKenna & Bell, 1997, p. 442.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The Academy of Natural Sciences Archived April 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
3. ↑ Helmeted Muskox (*Bootherium bombifrons*) from Near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta: Dating Evidence for Redeposition in Late Pleistocene Alluvium
4. ↑ Martin, Paul S. (1999). "War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West". *Conservation Biology*. **13**: 36–45. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97417.x.
5. ↑ West, Abagael Rosemary (January 2016). "Mitogenome of the extinct helmeted musk ox, Bootherium bombifrons". *Mitochondrial DNA Part B*. **1** (1): 862–863. doi:10.1080/23802359.2016.1250136 . ISSN 2380-2359. PMC 7799672  Check `|pmc=` value (help). PMID 33473657 Check `|pmid=` value (help).
6. ↑ Bover, Pere; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Pons, Joan; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J. (December 2018). "Molecular resolution to a morphological controversy: The case of North American fossil muskoxen Bootherium and Symbos". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **129**: 70–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.008. PMID 30121342.
7. ↑ http://giw.utahgeology.org/giw/index.php/GIW/article/download/17/24/
8. ↑ Abraczinskas, L. M. "Pleistocene proboscidean sites in Michigan: New records and an update on published sites". *Michigan Academian*. **25** (4): 443–490.
9. ↑ McDonald, Jerry N.; Ray, Ray, Clayton E. (1989). "Autochthonous North American Musk Oxen Bootherium, Symbos, and Gidleya (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae)". *Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology* (66): 1–77. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.66.1. ISSN 0081-0266.
10. ↑ Paleobiology Database: Bootherium bombifrons

## References

* McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). *Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level*. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.

## External links

* http://nature.ca/notebooks/english/helmet.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080407140851/http://www.ansp.org/museum/jefferson/otherFossils/bootherium.php