Soul (2020 film)

***Soul*** is a 2020 American computer-animated film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Pete Docter and co-directed by Kemp Powers, the film stars the voices of Jamie Foxx, Tina Fey, Graham Norton, Rachel House, Alice Braga, Richard Ayoade, Phylicia Rashad, Donnell Rawlings, Questlove, and Angela Bassett. The story follows a middle school music teacher named Joe Gardner (Foxx), who seeks to reunite his soul and his body after they are accidentally separated, just before his big break as a jazz musician.

Docter conceived *Soul* in January 2016, working from his contemplations on the origins of human personalities and the concept of determinism. He co-wrote the screenplay with Mike Jones and Powers. The film's producers consulted various jazz musicians including Herbie Hancock and Terri Lyne Carrington, and animated its musical sequences using the sessions of musician Jon Batiste as reference. Apart from Batiste's original jazz compositions, musicians Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross also composed the film's score.

*Soul* premiered at the London Film Festival on October 11, 2020. It was set to be theatrically released on November 20 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. *Soul* was instead then released direct-to-streaming on Disney+ on December 25, and in theaters in countries without the streaming service. It became the first feature-length film from Pixar not to be given a wide theatrical release and the first to be billed as a Disney+ Original. *Soul* was well-received by the media for its animation, story, voice acting, and musical score. Organizations like the National Board of Review and American Film Institute named the film as one of the top 10 films of 2020. *Soul* led the 93rd Academy Awards season with three nominations (winning two), and received numerous accolades.

## Plot

Joe Gardner, a pianist and middle school music teacher living in New York City, dreams of playing jazz professionally. When he receives an offer for a full-time teaching position, his mother Libba urges him to accept it, fearing for his financial security. Then Joe learns of an opening in the quartet of jazz legend Dorothea Williams and auditions at a music club. Impressed with Joe's piano playing, Dorothea hires him for that night's show. As Joe heads off, his excitement distracts him, and he falls down a manhole.

Joe finds himself as a soul heading into the "Great Beyond". Unwilling to die, he tries to escape but ends up in the "Great Before", where counselors—all named Jerry—prepare unborn souls for life with the help of mentor souls. Each soul has a badge which grants passage to Earth once it is completely filled out with personality traits. Mistaken for a mentor, Joe is assigned to train 22, a cynical soul who has always lived in the Great Before and desires avoiding Earth. Discovering that Joe is in a coma at a hospital, 22 agrees to let him help find her "spark" to complete her badge and then give it to him so that he can return home. After Joe fails to find 22 a passion, they visit "the zone", a place that souls can enter when their passions create a euphoric trance, but which can also become a trap for obsessed lost souls. They come across Moonwind, the captain of a galleon bearing a troupe of hippie mystics, who help Joe locate his body on Earth.

Joe returns to Earth but accidentally carries 22, Joe entering the bodies of a therapy cat and 22 entering Joe himself. They find Moonwind (at his day-job as a sign twirler), who agrees to meet them later at the jazz club to restore Joe to his body. In the meantime, 22 settles into Joe's body and enjoys small moments while interacting with Joe's peers. She holds poignant conversations with Connie, a student who wants to quit the school band but changes her mind after performing a trombone solo; Dez, who wanted to become a veterinarian but now enjoys being a barber; and Libba, who finally accepts Joe's passion for music. Meanwhile, Terry, an obsessive accountant who tallies souls headed to the Great Beyond, discovers that Joe is missing and heads to Earth in order to send him to the Great Beyond and restore the count.

As the day ends, Joe and 22 rendezvous with Moonwind to return Joe to his body. However, after Joe tells 22 that her experiences were not purposes, 22 refuses and flees to find her spark, with Joe tailing behind. As they run through a subway station, Terry traps them both and brings them back to the Great Before. 22 realizes her badge is filled out, yet Joe insists it was because of his traits, and that she has not truly found her spark. Angry, 22 tosses the badge at him and disappears into the zone. A Jerry informs Joe that a spark is not a soul's purpose in life, but Joe refuses to believe this and uses 22's badge to return to Earth.

The night's show is a success, but Joe is not as satisfied as he imagined he would be and realizes that his life has not significantly changed even after fulfilling his dream. Looking at objects that 22 collected while in his body, and recalling the moments they had enjoyed together, he sees that these experiences have given 22 her spark. By playing piano, he enters the zone with the intent to return her badge but discovers that she has become a lost soul. He chases her down and shows her a maple seed she had collected to remind her of the time she spent on Earth, having realized that a spark is not a soul's purpose, but merely an indication that it is ready to live. Joe's actions restore 22 to normal, and he returns her badge and escorts her out of the Great Before for her journey to Earth.

As Joe prepares to enter the Great Beyond, a Jerry stops him and offers another chance at life in gratitude for finally inspiring 22 to live. Joe returns to his body on Earth and starts the next day committed to enjoying his entire life.

## Voice cast

Jamie Foxx (left) in 2013 and Tina Fey in 2014. They voiced Joe Gardner and 22, respectively.

* Jamie Foxx as Joe Gardner, a passionate jazz pianist and music teacher whose soul gets separated from his body after an open manhole accident, and Gardner's soul, who enters the body of a cat.
* Tina Fey as 22, a soul with a dim view of life, trapped in the Great Before, who later inhabits Gardner's body.
* Graham Norton as Moonwind, a spiritual sign twirler.
* Rachel House as Terry, a soul counter in the Great Beyond.
* Alice Braga, Richard Ayoade, Wes Studi, Fortune Feimster and Zenobia Shroff as the five soul counselors in the Great Before who are all named Jerry.
* Phylicia Rashad as Libba Gardner, Joe's mother, who works as a seamstress.
* Donnell Rawlings as Dez, Joe's barber.
* Questlove as Lamont "Curley" Baker, a drummer in Dorothea Williams' band and a former student of Joe's.
* Angela Bassett as Dorothea Williams, a respected jazz musician and saxophone player.

Additionally, Daveed Diggs plays Paul, Joe's neighborhood frenemy; Cora Champommier plays Connie, one of Joe's middle school band students; Margo Hall and Rhodessa Jones play Melba and Lulu, Libba's co-workers; June Squibb plays Gerel, a soul who meets Joe before going to the Great Beyond; and Esther Chae plays Miho, a bassist in Williams' band. Cody Chesnutt provides his vocals, from his song "Parting Ways", as a street singer with a guitar.

Sakina Jaffrey, Calum Grant, Laura Mooney, Peggy Flood, Ochuwa Oghie, Jeannie Tirado, and Cathy Cavadini provide the voices of Doctor, Hedge Fund Manager, Therapy Cat Lady, Marge, Dancerstar, Principal Arroyo, and Dreamerwind. NBA on ESPN announcer Doris Burke cameos as a basketball commentator.

## Production

### Development

Director Pete Docter in 2015
*Soul* was a project Pete Docter had been developing since January 2016, when he sought new creative directions during the announcement of the 88th Academy Awards. Murray recalled, "Pete had this feeling, 'Is this it? Do I just do this again?' I don't know if it was a midlife crisis as much as a midlife what-am-I-doing? moment". Docter pondered the origins of human personalities as well as the concept of determinism. In his first meeting with co-writer Jones, Docter pitched an idea "set in a place beyond space and time, where souls are given their personalities".

In June 2018, it was announced that Docter was planning to complete his film despite being appointed Chief Creative Officer at Pixar after John Lasseter's departure. In June 2019, Pixar formally announced the new film, titled *Soul*, with Docter directing and Murray producing. A synopsis released on Twitter described the film as a cosmic journey through New York City.

### Writing

Pixar chose to portray the film's main character as a musician because they wanted a "profession the audience could root for", and settled for a musician after trying for a scientist, which did not feel "so naturally pure as a musician's life". Docter described *Soul* as "an exploration of" things which focused on it.

Docter and Jones worked on the development of the main character for about two years. According to Docter, once they settled on the main character being a jazz musician, the filmmakers chose to make the character African-American, as they felt it made sense due to how closely African-Americans have been tied to jazz history. Powers originally joined as co-writer early in development to help write the character of Joe, and was initially given a 12-week contract, which was then extended. He was subsequently promoted to co-director after his extensive contributions to the film, making him Pixar's first African-American co-director. Powers based several elements of Joe on his personal life, as the character's story shared several elements with Powers' own, but also wanted him to "transcend [his] own experience" in order to make the character more accessible. Powers also placed additional emphasis on authentically depicting the black community as well as Joe's relationships with them. In order to portray accurately African-American culture within the film, Pixar created an internal culture trust composed of black Pixar employees, and hired several consultants, among whom were musicians Herbie Hancock, Terri Lyne Carrington, Quincy Jones, and Jon Batiste; educator Johnnetta Cole; and stars Questlove and Daveed Diggs. The filmmakers worked closely with them through the film's development.

The idea for the therapy cat and Joe landing inside its body came from Jones. Docter and Powers appreciated the idea, as it offered the filmmakers a much needed way for Joe to "be able to look at his own life from a different perspective" and appreciate it.

According to Murray, the filmmakers were undecided on the ending of the film "up until the last screening". Some versions of the ending had Joe actually passing on to the Great Beyond, while other ones had him returning to Earth a year later, or staying in the Great Before as a mentor. Several brief scenes showing 22's life on Earth after her new birth, including one of her reuniting with Joe in New York, were storyboarded. Docter considered it "much more powerful to give the decision to the audience" and ultimately discarded these scenes.

### Casting

In August 2019, Jamie Foxx, Tina Fey, Questlove, Phylicia Rashad and Daveed Diggs were announced as starring in the film. In March 2020, Angela Bassett announced she was in the cast. With the release of the film's trailer in October 2020, Richard Ayoade, Graham Norton, Rachel House, Alice Braga, Wes Studi, Fortune Feimster, Zenobia Shroff, Donnell Rawlings and June Squibb were also announced to be in the cast.

Foxx, who was cast to voice Joe, had been Pixar's top pick for the role as they considered his comedy skills, dramatic ability and musician background a perfect fit. He found the protagonist's passion for music relatable, stating that early in his career music was "all I wanted to do [...] I grew my hair out. I had a Jheri curl like Lionel Richie [...] But comedy took off first." Foxx had previously won an Oscar playing a musician, in the role of Ray Charles in the 2004 film *Ray*. He also related to the film's "bittersweet [feeling] of losing someone but gaining a vision of joy", following the death of his sister in October 2020 at the age of 36. Fey, in addition to voicing 22, also contributed to the screenplay, having helped to write her character's lines. She considered the film, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, a "helpful reminder that [life] isn't defined by achievement or attainment".

Pixar mainstay John Ratzenberger was also reported by some news outlets to be a part of the cast. However, one reviewer who screened the film later stated that Ratzenberger's name is absent from the film's credits and all official cast listings, and the reviewer did not recognize his voice at any point during the film. Docter had reportedly said that Ratzenberger makes a "cameo" in the film, despite not being credited in the main cast or additional voices. Co-director Kemp Powers later confirmed that Ratzenberger's appearance was not a voice role as per usual, but instead a tribute as a non-speaking background character in the film that was animated in his likeness, making *Soul* the first Pixar film not to feature his credit, and the first to have him make an appearance outside of voice roles.

### Animation

*Soul* is Pixar's first film to feature an African-American protagonist. Pixar was mindful of the history of racist imagery in animation, and set out to create characters who were recognizably black while avoiding the stereotypes in old cartoons. Acknowledging this effort, Docter stated the film's animation had a "long and painful history of caricatured racist design tropes" that mocked African-Americans. According to Powers, the animators used lighting as a way to highlight the ethnic diversity in the living world. Pixar sought to capture the fine details of these black characters, including the textures of black hair and the way light plays on various tones of black skin. Cinematographer Bradford Young worked as a lighting consultant on the film.

Animators used footage of several music performers, including jazz composer Jon Batiste, performing as reference for the film's musical sequences. By capturing MIDI data from the sessions, animators were able to retrace the exact key being played on the piano with each note and create the performances authentically. According to Docter, the animators assigned to specific musical instruments often either had experience playing them or a great appreciation for them.

The filmmakers animated the souls featured in the film in a "vaporous", "ethereal", and "non-physical" way, having based their designs on definitions about souls given to them by various religious and cultural representatives. At the same time, they did not want the souls to look overly similar to ghosts, and adjusted their color palette accordingly. Docter described the design as "a huge challenge", as the animators are "used to toys, cars, things that are much more substantial and easily referenced", though he felt the animation team "really put some cool stuff together that's really indicative of those words but also relatable". According to Murray, several artists helped create the souls' designs by giving their suggestions and opinions on how they should look. The designs were also inspired by early drawings made by Docter. Animators created two designs for the souls in the film; one for the new souls in "The Great Before", which animation supervisor Jude Brownbill described as "very cute, very appealing, with simple, rounded shapes and no distinguishing features just yet", and one for mentor souls, which do feature distinctive characteristics due to having been on Earth already.

The design of soul counselors ("Jerrys") originated from line drawings made by story artist Aphton Corbin; another artist then created wire sculptures of them, upon which the final design was based. Together with the design of "Terry", they were seen by critics as a reference to Osvaldo Cavandoli's 1971 Italian animated series *La Linea*.

For the Great Before, the filmmakers did not want it to be based in any specific culture given its nature of universality. They sought inspiration from the architecture of 1930s–1960s world's fairs, which was "meant to inspire, to create a sense of awe and importance." According to Docter, the aim of the design was to "make a grand statement about learning and knowledge." The personality pavilions were designed to be "abstract-looking shapes" as a literal interpretation of the abstract ideas they represent. For the Great Beyond, the filmmakers went a direct take on the concept of "going toward the light", which they believed that the audience understood it.

### Music

Main article: Soul (soundtrack)

American musicians Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross of Nine Inch Nails composed an ambient score for the metaphysical segments of the film, while American musician Jon Batiste composed a number of original jazz songs for the New York City-based segments of the film. Batiste sought to create what he referred to as "user-friendly jazz", which felt "authentic" but could still be appreciated by a general audience. Reznor and Ross were brought in on the recommendation of sound designer Ren Klyce, who had worked extensively with the duo in David Fincher films.

The score and the original songs from *Soul* were released in two separate vinyl-exclusive albums, while also both being compiled onto a digital album. "It's All Right", the end credits song performed by Batiste, was originally recorded by The Impressions. A second cover of the song, a duet between Batiste and British soul singer Celeste, is not included in the film's soundtrack, but was released as a non-album single alongside the three albums.

## Release

### Theatrical and streamiming

*Soul* was originally scheduled for theatrical release in the United States on June 19, 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was delayed to November 20, 2020. This slot replaced Disney Animation's film *Raya and the Last Dragon*, whose release was delayed to March 5, 2021. On June 3, 2020, *Soul* was selected as part of the line-up for the 2020 Cannes Film Festival. On September 8, 2020, it was announced that the film would have its world premiere at the BFI London Film Festival on October 11, 2020.

On September 15, 2020, *Variety* reported that Disney considered cancelling the film's theatrical release and replacing it with a premiere of the film on Disney+ following the box-office failure of *Onward*, the year's previous Pixar release, though a Disney insider disputed the claim. On September 17, *Soul* was selected as part of the line-up for the Rome Film Festival, as the opening film on October 15, 2020. On September 23, amid a shuffle of release date changes from Disney, the studio announced that the film will stay theatrical on November 20. However, on October 8, 2020, Disney announced the cancellation of the film's theatrical release, and that it would premiere exclusively on Disney+ on December 25, 2020. Eventually, the film had a one-week theatrical release at the El Capitan Theatre from August 27 - September 2, 2021. The film had a traditional theatrical release in countries without Disney+ where theaters have re-opened. This includes China, the Philippines (in areas under MGCQ), Russia, and Singapore. Unlike *Mulan*, the film was not released as a "premiere access" release, and was free to all subscribers.

A new 2D animated short film from Pixar's "SparkShorts" titled *Burrow* was initially announced to appear before the film had it premiered theatrically. On October 9, 2020, it was announced the short would also premiere on Disney+. That same day, it was announced that *Soul* would be the subject of a documentary chronicling Pixar's attempts to finish making the film during the pandemic. The completed featurette, entitled "Soul, Improvised", shows how the Pixar Systems team and the film's crew managed to finish production on schedule during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, and was released as an "extra" on Disney+ alongside the film's debut.

On December 16, 2020, the first three episodes of the podcast *Soul Stories* hosted by co-director and co-writer Kemp Powers were released as a Spotify exclusive. In the episodes, Powers interviews several people who worked on the film mainly about their mentors and careers, as well as some behind-the-scenes stories behind the making of the film.

A prequel short, *22 vs. Earth*, was released on April 30, 2021, and focuses on 22 trying to lead a rebellion against her superiors.

### Audience viewership

Several days after its release, research firm Screen Engine reported that 13% of viewers had subscribed to Disney+ in order to watch the film, and it over-indexed among parents, particularly mothers. The company also said that *Soul* was already among the most-watched straight-to-streaming titles of the year, right behind fellow Disney+ release *Hamilton* and fellow Christmas release *Wonder Woman 1984*. On January 22, 2021, it was revealed that during the week of December 21, 2020, through December 27, 2020, the film gathered 1.669 billion minutes of watch time making it the number 1 streaming title that week. It was later reported by Nielsen that *Wonder Woman 1984*, with 2.252 billion minutes of streaming on HBO Max, had actually surpassed *Soul*, with 1.7 billion minutes on Disney+, in streaming numbers on Christmas weekend. Samba TV later reported that 2.4 million households streamed the film over its opening weekend.

### Home media

*Soul* was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD and Digital on March 23, 2021. Physical copies contain behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, and deleted scenes.

## Reception

### Box office

In its opening weekend, *Soul* grossed $7.6 million from ten countries, including $5.5 million from China. By February 2021, the film had become the highest-grossing Pixar release ever in Russia ($18.3 million), Ukraine ($1.9 million), and Saudi Arabia ($5.9 million). Its largest markets at that point were China ($57.9 million), Russia, South Korea ($14.8 million), Taiwan ($6.4 million) and Saudi Arabia.

### Critical response

Critical response to *Soul* has been "highly positive", and it has been described as one of Pixar's finest and "most ambitiously existential" films. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95% of 340 reviews of the film were positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10. Its critical consensus reads, "A film as beautiful to contemplate as it is to behold, *Soul* proves Pixar's power to deliver outstanding all-ages entertainment remains undimmed." According to Metacritic, which compiled 55 reviews and calculated an average score of 83 out of 100, the film received "universal acclaim".

Joe Utichi of *Deadline Hollywood* called the film "a concrete return to the Pixar of old" due to the new ideas and originality transitioned from new sequels, while it gave a "deeply emotional core [...] from a place of genuine curiosity." Kaleem Aftab of *IndieWire* gave the film an A–, which called it a "captivating journey" and wrote "Like some of the best jazz compositions, it uses a traditional framework to veer off in many unexpected directions, so that even the inevitable end point feels just right." A. O. Scott of *The New York Times* wrote that *Soul* is "a small, delicate movie that doesn't hit every note perfectly, but its combination of skill, feeling and inspiration is summed up in the title". In his review for *Variety*, Peter Debruge felt the film's message was too adult for child audiences, but conclusively decided it "all blends together beautifully" and compared to *Inside Out* (2015).

Leslie Felperin of *The Hollywood Reporter* called the film "peak Pixar" and "miles ahead and sublime in every sense", and praised the soundtrack. Jason Solomons of *TheWrap* said the film "aims admirably high, yet ultimately can't quite fulfill the scale of its ambitions" but "it pops with colorful visuals and gentle wisdom while the story clips along despite the dizzying height of the concept." Peter Travers, reviewing for ABC News, praised the visuals as "breathtaking" and the musical score as "sublime" crediting Jon Batiste for "those jazz improvs, and to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross, who scored the electronic bleeps of the spiritual realm."

Reviews were not uniformly positive. Adonis Fryer of the Ohio student newspaper *The Post Athens* concluded that "beautiful animation, strong voice acting, charming writing and easy-to-digest existential philosophy make *Soul* a compelling watch but does not make up for Disney's inability to truly center a black hero with agency." The same sentiment was shared by Kirsten Acuna from the Insider. She felt that "the studio had taken a few steps backward" in their racial sensitivity as *Soul* used the same trope of "turning Black characters into creatures". Molly Freeman of *Screen Rant* acknowledged the film's "message about the meaning of life and finding purpose, but it's messy and only made muddier by the questions the movie sets up then fails to answer. The result is *Soul* loses much of its emotional impact, with the third act playing out more like a rush to the finish line of the story without giving as much weight to the themes and emotional throughline of the film." Charles Pulliam-Moore of *Gizmodo* stated that the film was less likely for Black audiences and more likely for whites, both acted as an "earnest and casual celebration" and a "twee depiction", respectively.

In 2021, *Soul* was listed as one of the best animated films of all time in *Parade* and *Complex*.

### Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Soul (2020 film)

*Soul* led the 93rd Academy Awards season with three nominations (including Best Sound). The film received two Oscars: Best Animated Picture and Best Original Score. From ten nominations earned at the 48th Annie Awards, the film won seven awards (including Directing in an Animated Feature Production for Docter and Powers, Music in a Feature Production, and Best Animated Feature). At the 78th Golden Globe Awards, it won Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Score.  Among the film's nominations include one Critics' Choice Award (won)  and three British Academy Film Awards (winning two). It was named one of the ten best films of 2020 by the National Board of Review (which won Best Animated Film) and the American Film Institute.