Aqualung (Jethro Tull album)

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***Aqualung*** is the fourth studio album by the rock band Jethro Tull. Released in 1971, *Aqualung*, despite the band's disagreement, is regarded as a concept album featuring a central theme of "the distinction between religion and God". The album's "dour musings on faith and religion" have marked it as "one of the most cerebral albums ever to reach millions of rock listeners". *Aqualung*Template:'s success signalled a turning point in the band's career, who went on to become a major radio and touring act.

Recorded at Island Records' studio in London, it was their first album with John Evan as a full-time member, their first with new bassist Jeffrey Hammond and last album featuring Clive Bunker on drums. Something of a departure from the band's previous work, the album features more acoustic material than previous releases; and—inspired by photographs of homeless people on the Thames Embankment taken by singer Ian Anderson's wife Jennie—contains a number of recurring themes, addressing religion along with Anderson's own personal experiences.

*Aqualung* has sold more than seven million units worldwide according to Anderson, and is thus Jethro Tull's best selling album. The album was generally well-received critically, and has been included on several music magazine "best of" lists. The album spawned two singles, "Hymn 43" and "Locomotive Breath".

## Production

After an American tour in 1970, bass player Glenn Cornick was fired from the band, and was replaced with Jeffrey Hammond, an old friend of Ian Anderson's. *Aqualung* would be the first recording Hammond would do with the band. It would also mark the first time John Evan had recorded a full album with the band, as his only prior involvement was to provide several keyboard parts on the previous 1970 album, *Benefit*. The album was one of the first to be recorded at the newly opened studios of Island Records in Basing Street, London. Led Zeppelin were recording their untitled fourth album at the same time. In an interview on the 25th anniversary edition of the album, Tull's bandleader Ian Anderson said that trying to record in that studio was very difficult, because of its "horrible, cold, echoey" feel. There were two recording studios at the location; Led Zeppelin worked in the smaller studio while Tull got the larger, which was the main body of a converted church. The orchestrals were arranged by David Palmer, who had worked with the band since 1968's *This Was*, and would later join as a keyboard player. *Aqualung* would be the last Jethro Tull album to include Clive Bunker as a band member, as he retired shortly after recording to start a family.

## Musical style

The songs on the album encompass a variety of musical genres, with elements of folk, blues, psychedelia and hard rock. The "riff-heavy" nature of tracks such as "Locomotive Breath", "Hymn 43" and "Wind Up" is regarded as a factor in the band's increased success after the release of the album, with Jethro Tull becoming "a major arena act" and a "fixture on FM radio" according to AllMusic. In a stylistic departure from Jethro Tull's earlier albums, many of *Aqualung'*s songs are primarily acoustic. "Cheap Day Return", "Wond'ring Aloud" and "Slipstream" are short, completely acoustic "bridges", and "Mother Goose" is also mostly acoustic. Anderson claims his main inspirations for writing the album were Roy Harper and Bert Jansch.

## Themes

*Aqualung* has widely been regarded as a concept album, featuring a central theme of "the distinction between religion and God". The album's "dour musings on faith and religion" have marked it as "one of the most cerebral albums ever to reach millions of rock listeners". Academic discussions of the nature of concept albums have frequently listed *Aqualung* amongst their number.

The initial idea for the album was sparked by some photographs that Anderson's wife Jennie took of homeless people on the Thames Embankment. The appearance of one man in particular caught the interest of the couple, who together wrote the title song "Aqualung". The first side of the LP, titled *Aqualung*, contains several character sketches, including the eponymous character of the title track, and the schoolgirl prostitute Cross-Eyed Mary, as well as two autobiographical tracks, including "Cheap Day Return", written by Anderson after a visit to his critically ill father.

The second side, titled *My God*, contains three tracks—"My God," "Hymn 43" and "Wind-Up"—that address religion in an introspective, and sometimes irreverent, manner. However, despite the names given to the album's two sides and their related subject matter, Anderson has consistently maintained that *Aqualung* is not a "concept album". A 2005 interview included on *Aqualung Live* gives Anderson's thoughts on the matter:

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> I always said at the time that this is not a concept album; this is just an album of varied songs of varied instrumentation and intensity in which three or four are the kind of keynote pieces for the album but it doesn't make it a concept album. In my mind when it came to writing the next album, *Thick as a Brick*, was done very much in the sense of: 'Whuh, if they thought *Aqualung* was a concept album, Oh! Okay, we'll show you a concept album.' And it was done as a kind of spoof, a send-up, of the concept album genre. ... But *Aqualung* itself, in my mind was never a concept album. Just a bunch of songs.
>
>

Drummer Clive Bunker believes that the record's perception as a concept album is a case of "Chinese whispers", explaining "you play the record to a couple of Americans, tell them that there's a lyrical theme loosely linking a few songs, and then notice the figure of the Aqualung character on the cover, and suddenly the word is out that Jethro Tull have done a concept album".

The thematic elements Jethro Tull explored on the album—those of the effects of urbanisation on nature, and of the effects of social constructs such as religion on society—would be developed further on most of the band's subsequent releases. Ian Anderson's frustration over the album's labelling as a concept album directly led to the creation of *Thick as a Brick* (1972), intended to be a deliberately "over the top" concept album in response.

### Other songs

"Lick Your Fingers Clean" was recorded for *Aqualung*, but was not included on the album. The song was drastically re-worked as "Two Fingers" for Tull's 1974 album, *War Child*. "Lick Your Fingers Clean" was eventually released in 1988 on the *20 Years of Jethro Tull* collection. It was then released as a bonus track on the 1996 and 2011 reissues of *Aqualung*.

Another song, "Wond'ring Again" was recorded in early sessions in 1970 and considered for release on the album before Anderson decided to drop it from the final track listing. It was subsequently released on the compilation album, *Living in the Past*, in 1972. However, elements of the song—essentially its coda—were included on *Aqualung* as "Wond'ring Aloud". Glenn Cornick played bass on the song and says it is his favourite song he recorded with the band. Cornick also played bass on early studio recordings of "My God" and "a couple of other songs", though he did not say which they were.

## Album cover

The album's original cover art by Burton Silverman features a watercolour portrait of a long-haired, bearded man in shabby clothes. The idea for the cover came from a photograph Anderson's wife took of a homeless man on Thames Embankment, and Anderson later felt it would have been better to have used the photograph rather than commission the painting. Ian Anderson recalls posing for a photograph for the painting, though Silverman claims it was a self-portrait. The artwork was commissioned and purchased by Chrysalis Records head Terry Ellis. Artist Silverman claims the art was only licensed for use as an album cover, and not for merchandising; and approached the band seeking remuneration for its further use. Silverman and Anderson have different accounts of level of enmity involved in this. The original artwork for both the front and back covers are now privately owned by an unknown family, apparently having been stolen from a London hotel room.

## Release

In April 1971, *Aqualung* peaked at number four on the UK Album Chart; when the CD version was released in 1996, it reached number 52. It peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Music Charts' North American pop albums chart; the single "Hymn 43" hit No. 91 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. The album would go on to sell over seven million copies, and is the band's best-selling album. *Aqualung* was one of only two Jethro Tull albums released in quadraphonic sound, the other being *War Child* (1974). The quadraphonic version of "Wind Up", which is in a slightly higher key, is included on the later CD reissue of the album as "Wind Up (quad version)".

The single "Hymn 43" was released on 14 August 1971, and reached number 91 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 charts, spending two weeks in the chart. The song was the first single released by the band in the United States. It was later included in the video game *Rock Band 2* as downloadable content; which also featured the album's title track.

The album was re-released in a 40th anniversary edition on 31 October 2011. The release contains a new stereo and 5.1 surround remix of the album by British musician and producer Steven Wilson, and comes in two different editions—a "collector's edition" containing the album on LP and two CDs, as well as DVD and Blu-ray discs and a hardback book; and a "special edition" containing the two CDs and an abridged version of the book. Justifying the remix, Steven Wilson said: "Jethro Tull's *Aqualung* is ... a masterpiece, but was sonically a very poor-sounding record. So, some didn't rate it as highly as they should have. What we did with *Aqualung* was really make that record gleam in a way it never gleamed before. I think a lot of people, including myself, have come around to thinking that the album is a lot better than they even gave it credit for previously. So, there is certainly something very gratifying about being able to polish what was already a diamond and making it shine in a way it never has before". Additionally, according to mastering engineer Steve Hoffman there were tape stretching problems with the original session mixdown master, implying that many editions of the album used multigeneration copies as their source.

## Critical reception

*Aqualung* received mixed to favourable reviews from contemporary music critics. *Rolling Stone* magazine's Ben Gerson lauded its "fine musicianship", calling it "serious and intelligent", although he felt that the album's seriousness "undermined" its quality. *Sounds* said that its "taste and variety" made it the band's "finest" work. *Aqualung* was voted the 22nd best album of 1971 in *The Village Voice*'s annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll. Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, was more critical of the album in a 1981 review, and described Anderson's undeveloped cultural interests and negative views on religion and human behaviour as both boring and pretentious.

In retrospective reviews the album is generally lauded and viewed as a classic. AllMusic's Bruce Eder called *Aqualung* "a bold statement" and "extremely profound". In a review of the album's 40th anniversary re-release, Sean Murphy of PopMatters said that *Aqualung* "is, to be certain, a cornerstone of the then-nascent prog-rock canon, but it did—and does—exist wholly on its own terms as a great rock album, period". Murphy also praised the additional material featured on the release, finding that the new content was "where a great album gets even better". Steve Harris, the bass player for the heavy metal band Iron Maiden, has called *Aqualung* "a classic album", lauding its "fantastic playing, fantastic songs, attitude [and] vibe". Iron Maiden would go on to cover "Cross-Eyed Mary" as the B-side of their 1983 single "The Trooper".

*Aqualung* has also been appraised highly in retrospective listings, compiled by music writers and magazines (see Accolades). Even Martin Barre's solo on the album's title track was included in *Guitarist* magazine's list of "The 20 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time" at number 20.

## Track listing

### 1971 original release

All tracks are written by Ian Anderson, except where noted.

Note that original North American Reprise Records pressings of *Aqualung* contained a slightly edited version of the title song, with its first three seconds (i.e., the first repetition of the song's signature riff) removed. These pressings correspondingly list the song's length at 6:31.

## Personnel

Jethro Tull
* Ian Anderson – vocals, acoustic guitar, flute, producer
* Martin Barre – electric guitar, descant recorder
* John Evan – piano, organ, Mellotron
* Jeffrey Hammond (as "Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond") – bass guitar, alto recorder and odd voices (and backing vocals on "Mother Goose")
* Glenn Cornick – bass guitar (played with the band at rehearsals for the album in June 1970, some of which may also have been recording sessions – especially in the early versions of "My God" and "Wondring Again/Wondring Aloud" – although he is not credited on the album)
* Clive Bunker – drums and percussion

Additional personnel
* John Burns – recording engineer
* David Palmer – orchestral arrangements and conduction
* Burton Silverman – album artwork
* Terry Ellis – executive producer

## Footnotes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ben Gerson (22 July 1971). ""Jethro Tull - Aqualung review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Eder, Bruce. "Jethro Tull - Aqualung review". *AllMusic*. All Media Network. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
3. ↑ "Jethro Tull - Locomotive Breath (song)". *Norwegiancharts.com*. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
4. ↑ Nollen 2001, p. 61.
5. ↑ Nollen 2001, p. 63.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Lawson, Dom; Donlevy, Michael (2011). "The Last Gasp". *Classic Rock Presents Prog*. Classic Rock (15): 34–45.
7. ↑ "Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin: Their Time is Gonna Come". Classic Rock. 2008: 24. Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: `|publisher=` (help)
8. ↑ Nollen 2001, p. 66.
9. ↑ "Jethro Tull - Aqualung (March 19, 1971)". JethroTull.com. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
10. ↑ Letts 2010, p. 13.
11. ↑ Covach & Spicer 2010, p. 215.
12. ↑ DeRogatis 2003, p. 185.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nollen 2001, p. 64.
14. ↑ Nollen 2001, p. 67.
15. ↑ *A Different Kettle of Very Different Fish* (Track 16). Jethro Tull. RandM Records. 2005. Unknown parameter `|titlelink=` ignored (`|title-link=` suggested) (help)CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
16. ↑ Nollen 2001, p. 17.
17. ↑ "Jethro Tull - Thick as a Brick (March 10, 1972) at JethroTull.com". Jethro Tull. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Jethro Tull: Official Charts". *The Official Charts Company*. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Aqualung – Jethro Tull Awards". *AllMusic*. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Hymn 43 - Jethro Tull: Billboard.com". Billboard. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Aqualung – The Official Jethro Tull Website". Jethro Tull. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
22. ↑ "Hymn 43 by Jethro Tull // Songs //Rock Band". Harmonix Music Systems. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
23. ↑ "Aqualung by Jethro Tull // Songs // Rock Band". Harmonix Music Systems. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
24. ↑ Anderson, Ian. "Aqualung 40th Anniversary Collector's and Special Editions". Retrieved 17 September 2011.
25. ↑ "Steven Wilson - Art as a mirror". Innerviews.org. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
26. ↑ "Steve Hoffman and Jethro Tull". Eqfuentes.com. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
27. ↑ "Jethro Tull's Aqualung tape trouble". Eqfuentes.com. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Christgau 1981, p. 1981.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Aqualung - Jethro Tull". Superseventies.com. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Murphy, Sean (9 December 2011). "Jethro Tull: Aqualing (40th Anniversary Special Edition)". PopMatters. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Rathbone, Oregano (December 2011). "Jethro Tull - Aqualung: 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition". Record Collector. Retrieved 10 April 2016. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: `|publisher=` (help)
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Jethro Tull - Aqualung". Acclaimed Music. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
33. ↑ "Jethro Tull Press: Sounds, 10 April 1971". Sounds. 10 April 1971. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "The 1971 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". 10 February 1972. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "The 20 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time". *Guitarist*. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
36. ↑ Reprise catalogue number MS 2035, released March 1971.
37. ↑ David Kent (1993). *Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992*. Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
38. ↑ "Aqualung – Jethro Tull" (in Danish). Danskehilister.dk. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
39. ↑ "RPM Top Albums – Volume 15, No. 21 Jul 10, 1971". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
40. ↑ "Gli album più venduti del 1971" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia.it. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
41. ↑ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 16, No. 1, August 21, 1971". Library and Archives Canada. 21 August 1971. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
42. ↑ "RIAA Gold & Platinum Database: search for Jethro Tull". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
43. ↑ [[[:Template:Certification Cite/URL]] "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Jethro Tull)"] Check `|url=` value (help) (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
44. ↑ "Search for Artist Jethro Tull". British Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2016. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
45. ↑ Champ, Hamish (2005). *The 100 Best-Selling Albums of the 70s*. Amber Books. ISBN 978-1904687115.
46. ↑ "Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog". *Q & Mojo*. **1**. July 2005.
47. ↑ "Rocklist.net... Q & Mojo Magazine Special Editions Vol. 1". Rocklist.net. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
48. ↑ AA.VV. (7 February 2006). *1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die*. Universe Publishing. ISBN 978-1844033928. Unknown parameter `|editors=` ignored (`|editor=` suggested) (help)
49. ↑ Kilroy, Hannah May; Ewing, Jerry (6 August 2014). "The 100 Greatest Prog Albums Of All Time: 60-41". Retrieved 9 April 2016.

### References

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* Christgau, Robert (1981). *Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies*. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0899190251.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

* Covach, John; Spicer, Mark (2010). *Sounding Out Pop: Analytical Essays in Popular Music*. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03400-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

* DeRogatis, Jim (2003). *Turn on your mind: four decades of great psychedelic rock*. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

* Letts, Marianne Tatom (2010). *Radiohead and the Resistant Concept Album: How to Disappear Completely*. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22272-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

* Nollen, Scott Allen (2001). *Jethro Tull: a history of the band, 1968–2001*. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-786-41101-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

## External links

* Jethro Tull - *Aqualung* (1971) album releases & credits at Discogs.com
* Jethro Tull - *Aqualung* (1971) album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com
* Jethro Tull - *Aqualung* (1971) album review by vanderb0b at SputnikMusic.com
* Jethro Tull - *Aqualung* (1971/1996 Remaster) album to be listened as stream at Play.Spotify.com
* Jethro Tull - *Aqualung* (1971/2011, 40th Anniversary Remaster, Steven Wilson Mix & Peter Mew Master) album to be listened as stream at Play.Spotify.com

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