照明控制协议

## EE305: LIGHTING CONTROL PROTOCOLS

**以下内容由123刘子涵翻译**

AIA/CES Provider Number: 50111167

**COURSE EE305: LIGHTING CONTROL PROTOCOLS**

Course Number: 305

Educator: C. Webster Marsh, HLB Lighting Design

AIA/CES供应商编号:50111167

课程EE305:照明控制协议课程：305

教育家:C. Webster Marsh, HLB照明设计

EDUCATION CREDIT

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for CEU and LEU (NCQLP)
credit and 80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of
credits. For LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES, the Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned
for this course to AIA CES.

教育信贷

在课程结束后，学员将能够完成一个在线考试，通过分数为70+%达到CEU和LEU (NCQLP)学分和80+%的LU/HSW小时(AIA/CES)。通过考试后，你可以下载每种学分的结业证书。对于LC认证维护(LEUs)，学分是自我报告的。对于AIA /CES，照明控制协会将把本课程的学分报告给AIA CES。

NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS

This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed
to be an approval or endorsement by this organization of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

没有认证机构的认可

本课程已在AIA CES注册，用于继续职业教育。因此，它不包括可能被视为或解释为本组织对任何施工材料或处理、使用、分发或交易任何材料或产品的任何方法或方式的批准或认可的内容。

COPYRIGHT

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws.  Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

版权

本演讲受美国和国际版权法保护。未经照明控制协会的书面许可，不得复制、分发、展示和使用该演示文稿。

DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is
published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and insured professionals.

免责声明

本课程所包含的信息来自于被认为是可靠的来源。照明控制协会、国家电气制造商协会、ZING通信公司或其员工或成员不承担因使用或误用本课程所包含的数据或信息而导致的错误、遗漏或损害的责任。本课程中所包含的所有信息都是为专业人士提供的，以寻求其中所包含主题的信息。本课程的目的不是提供专业服务，如设计、工程或咨询。如需要这些服务，应由受过适当训练、注册、受规管和受保险的专业人士提供。

INTRODUCTION

A good lighting controls design requires the designer to understand how the lighting control system
works. When a system only used a light switch, this was relatively simple, but over time, systems have
become more complex, and as a result they need more devices to function. A protocol is used when a
system becomes too complex for simple methods like a light switch but also needs to have user input to operate.

A protocol enforces the rules luminaires and devices use to communicate. One can ensure compatibility
by reviewing which protocols are used in the lighting control system. A lighting controls design may not
begin with a specific protocol in mind, but due to the constraints of each protocol, some protocols may
be ideal while others may not.

EE305: Lighting Control Protocols surveys available protocols, how they work in a lighting control
system, and specification considerations. While not required, it is recommended you complete the
following Education Express courses prior to this one:

EE 103. Dimming Control
EE 105. Lighting Control System Design
EE 300. Lighting Control of LEDs
EE 301. Wireless Lighting Controls

介绍

一个好的照明控制设计需要设计者了解照明控制系统是如何工作的。当一个系统只使用一个电灯开关时，这是相对简单的，但随着时间的推移，系统变得更加复杂，因此它们需要更多的设备来运行。当系统过于复杂，无法使用简单的方法(如电灯开关)，但又需要用户输入才能操作时，就使用协议。

协议执行灯具和设备用于通信的规则。人们可以通过审查在照明控制系统中使用哪些协议来确保兼容性。照明控制设计可能不会从一个特定的协议开始，但是由于每个协议的约束，有些协议可能是理想的，而其他的可能不是。

照明控制协议调查可用协议，它们如何在照明控制系统中工作，以及规范考虑。虽然不是必需的，但建议您在此之前完成以下教育快车课程:

EE 103：调光控制

EE 105：照明控制系统设计

EE 300：led照明控制

EE 301：无线照明控制

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

Discuss protocols with clients

Design lighting control solutions with an understanding of common protocols

Identify protocols and verify their compatibility

Specify a protocol for architectural lighting designs

学习目标

在本课程结束时，你将能够:

与客户讨论协议

设计照明控制解决方案了解通用协议

识别协议并验证其兼容性

为建筑照明设计指定协议

DEFINITION

Image credit: Talking Vectors by Vecteezy (image was modified for this course)

A protocol is a specific set of rules that devices use to communicate. Similar to how we use the English
language, a protocol provides a common language for communication. Protocols can be simple or
complex, but each protocol must meet a strict standard of operation to ensure compatibility. So long as
devices meet the same standards, they are compatible and can add a variety of features to support a
project’s goal.

Identifying a protocol to use is an important step in designing a lighting controls system. Mismatched
devices, such as when a device of one protocol is connected to a device of a different protocol, can
result in poor performance, no performance, or damaged equipment.

定义

图片credit: Talking Vectors by Vecteezy(图片为本课程修改)

协议是设备用于通信的一组特定规则。与我们使用英语的方式类似，协议为通信提供了一种通用语言。协议可以简单也可以复杂，但是每个协议必须满足严格的操作标准，以确保兼容性。只要设备符合相同的标准，它们就可以兼容，并且可以添加各种特性来支持项目的目标。

确定要使用的协议是设计照明控制系统的一个重要步骤。不匹配的设备，例如一个协议的设备连接到另一个协议的设备时，可能导致性能差、没有性能或损坏设备。

WHY PROTOCOLS ARE IMPORTANT

A lighting designer that specifies the lighting control system should know about protocols to ensure system compatibility from device to device and device to luminaire. Many poorly implemented designs are the result of incorrectly used protocols and with the growing complexity of lighting controls design, coordination is essential.

Furthermore, oftentimes a digital system will use a variety of different protocols throughout the project because some protocols may be unnecessarily complex or too simplistic for the task. Each connection in a system is a potential change in protocol and conductor type, which needs to be carefully monitored.

Ultimately, a lighting designer who understands protocols can evaluate and understand what is and is not possible on a system, help owners understand what the system will do, and improve job satisfaction.

为什么协议很重要

指定照明控制系统的照明设计师应该了解协议，以确保设备与设备以及设备与灯具之间的系统兼容性。许多执行不良的设计是不正确使用协议的结果，并且随着照明控制设计的日益复杂，协调是必要的。

此外，通常一个数字系统会在整个项目中使用各种不同的协议，因为有些协议对任务来说可能不必要地复杂或过于简单。系统中的每个连接都是协议和导体类型的潜在变化，需要仔细监视。

最终，一个了解协议的照明设计师可以评估和理解系统上什么是可能的，什么是不可能的，帮助业主了解系统将做什么，并提高工作满意度。

PROTOCOLS VERSUS METHODS

Phase and analog dimming, such as electronic low-voltage and 0-10V dimming, are not protocols.
Protocols are rules and procedures for digital data—coded messages in rapid on/off (binary) signals that
devices use to communicate. Since digital data is not shared in an analog dimming system, no protocol
is directly involved. The lighting design industry uses protocol to refer to any format of control, be it a
phase dimmer or a DMX encoder, but method is more accurate for comparing these formats to digital
protocols.

For the purposes of this course, one should consider phase and 0-10V dimming as an alternative to a
digital protocol.

协议和方法

相位和模拟调光，如电子低压和0-10V调光，不是协议。协议是设备用于通信的快速开/关(二进制)信号中的数字数据编码消息的规则和程序。由于数字数据不共享模拟调光系统，没有协议直接涉及。照明设计行业使用协议来指代任何格式的控制，无论是相位调光器还是DMX编码器，但是将这些格式与数字协议进行比较的方法更加精确。

出于本课程的目的，应该考虑相位和0-10V调光作为数字协议的替代方案。

PRE- AND POST-DRIVER

LED luminaires use a driver, transformer, or other power reduction method to power the diodes when using line voltage (U.S. 120VAC or 277VAC). Modern drivers are the most common method and typically come with the ability to dim the connected diode.

To achieve dimming：there are pre-driver protocols or methods and post-driver protocols and methods. The driver is the common divider between protocols and methods, but with analog dimming or more complex digital systems, this is not necessarily true.

**Pre-driver Dimming:**：This is the connection between the dimmer and the driver. The driver then interprets the signal and adjusts output to the LED, such as 0-10V or DMX.

**Post-driver Dimming**: This refers to the power sent from the driver to the LED. Post-driver dimming is often the responsibility of the manufacturer as LEDs and drivers must be tested for compatibility to ensure quality dimming. Post-driver dimming often functions as a method, but there are still post-driver protocols that are often found in more intricate systems.

预处理和POST-DRIVER

当使用线路电压(us 120VAC或277VAC)时，LED灯具使用驱动器、变压器或其他电源减少方法来为二极管供电。现代驱动器是最常见的方法，通常与能力昏暗连接二极管。

为了实现调光，有前驱动协议或方法和后驱动协议和方法。驱动程序是协议和方法之间的普通分配器，但对于模拟调光或更复杂的数字系统，这就不一定是真的。

前驱动器调光:这是调光器和驱动器之间的连接。然后驱动解释信号和调整输出到LED，如0-10V或DMX。

后驱动调光:这是指功率从驱动发送到LED。驱动后调光通常是制造商的责任，因为led和驱动必须测试兼容性，以确保质量调光。后驱动调光通常作为一种方法发挥作用，但仍有在后驱动协议，经常在更复杂的系统中发现。

USER INTERFACES AND SYSTEM PROTOCOLS

The user interface—such as the preset station—is not necessarily a part of the pre-driver connection.
For example, a preset button station that connects to a central controller does not directly control the
dimming of the luminaire. Instead, when one pushes a preset button, a signal is sent from the preset
button station to the central controller. The central controller takes the command and performs the task
of dimming the luminaire. There can be several steps before the pre-driver protocol is activated, but the
more steps that are added, the longer one has to wait before a visible change happens.

There can be many devices used in a lighting control system other than the user interface and the
luminaire. The protocol used exclusively for devices or user interfaces is the system protocol and is not
necessarily used on the luminaire. A system may also use a variety of protocols before the pre-driver
dimming protocol, which can be a different protocol from the system protocol(s), so long as there are
system interfaces that translate from one protocol to the next. System interfaces are typically a part of
the central controller, but not all controllers will have an integral system interface, so remote interfaces
may be required.

用户界面和系统协议

用户界面(例如预设站)不一定是前置驱动程序连接的一部分。例如，与中央控制器相连的预设按钮站并不直接控制灯具的调光。相反，当按下预置按钮时，信号从预置按钮站发送到中央控制器。中央控制器接收命令并执行调光灯具的任务。在激活前驱动程序协议之前可能需要几个步骤，但是添加的步骤越多，在可见更改发生之前等待的时间就越长。

除了用户界面和灯具外，在照明控制系统中可以使用许多设备。专用于设备或用户界面的协议是系统协议，不一定在灯具上使用。一个系统也可以在前置驱动调光协议之前使用各种协议，它可以是与系统协议不同的协议，只要有从一个协议转换到下一个协议的系统接口。系统接口通常是中央控制器的一部分，但不是所有控制器都有完整的系统接口，因此可能需要远程接口。

POST-DRIVER DIMMING

Since the driver provides the power directly to the diode, how that power is regulated will adjust the
perceived intensity of light. The three most common methods of post-driver dimming are:

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): Dimming method that uses rapid switching between on and off to
adjust the perceived intensity. The switching is done at such as fast rate that the human eye sees a
lower intensity instead of flashing lights.

Constant Current Reduction (CCR): Dimming method that adjusts the voltage from the driver to the
diode, which reduces output. To produce light, LEDs can only operate within this range and won’t
illuminate at all when too low or the LED will fail when going too high. Manufacturers can implement an
artificial maximum to avoid failures when too much voltage is provided to the diode.

Constant Voltage Reduction (CVR): Similar to CCR, this is a dimming method that adjusts amperage
from the driver to the diode that also reduces output.

Each of these methods have benefits and drawbacks, but since PWM produces a flicker, typically architectural designs will implement CCR or CVR drivers over PWM drivers.

POST-DRIVER变暗

由于驱动器直接向二极管提供功率，功率的调节方式将调整光的感知强度。三种最常见的后驱动调光方法是:

脉冲宽度调制(PWM):调光方法，使用开关和关闭之间快速调整感知强度。转换的速度很快，人眼看到的是较低强度的光，而不是闪烁的光。

恒流降低(CCR):调整从驱动器到二极管的电压的调光方法，从而降低输出。为了发光，LED只能在这个范围内工作，过低就不会发光，过高就会失效。当提供给二极管的电压过大时，制造商可以人为地设置最大电压以避免故障。

恒压降低(CVR):类似于CCR，这是一种调整电流从驱动器到二极管也减少输出的调光方法。

这些方法各有优缺点，但由于PWM产生闪烁，典型的架构设计将实现CCR或CVR驱动超过PWM驱动。

**以下内容由209金春翻译**

# PRE-DRIVER DIMMING OPTIONS驾驶员前调光选项

There are four major categories of controls that a lighting designer will use on an architectural project:

Phase

Wired analog

Wired digital

Wireless digital

These are not the only kinds of controls types that exist, but they are the most common and often recommended options for the majority of architectural projects.

照明设计师将在建筑项目中使用四种主要类型的控件：

阶段

有线模拟

有线数字

无线数字

这些并不是存在的唯一类型的控件类型，但它们是大多数架构项目中最常见和最常推荐的选项。

# CATEGORIES OF LIGHTING CONTROLS照明控制的类别

Phase
阶段
Dimming that uses the line voltage powering the luminaire to adjust intensity of the LED. This type of dimming can still require a driver or transformer, as LEDs operate on voltages much lower than line voltage.

Wired analog
有线模拟
These protocols use low-voltage conductors to send an adjusted voltage from a device to another device. The voltage is used as the protocol. Example: a 0-10V dimmer will use 0V as lowest intensity and 10V as highest intensity.

Wired digital
有线数字
These protocols use low-voltage conductors to send a binary signal from a device to another device. The binary signal uses packets, a series of ON/OFF commands, to send a message.

Wireless digital
无线数字
These protocols use a wide range of devices and features, but the majority use radio frequencies (RF) to transmit digital data from one device to another.
这些协议使用广泛的设备和功能，但大多数使用射频（RF）将数字数据从一个设备传输到另一个设备。

Each category has either has methods or protocols to choose from. This module provides a list of common options in the United States. This list is neither exhaustive nor is it intended to exclude other popular options.

每个类别都有方法或协议可供选择。本单元提供了美国常见选项的列表。这份清单既不详尽，也不打算排除其他流行的选择。

# 模拟调光：相位控制和0-10V

**Phase dimming (electronic low voltage, magnetic low voltage, forward, reverse)** is a method of dimming using line-voltage phase dimming. This kind of dimming was originally designed for incandescent lighting, but modern LEDs can make use of phase dimming. The power sent to the LED powers a driver, and the driver interprets the phase change as a signal to dim. Because the driver needs to have constant power to operate, low-end dimming and switching ON and OFF can be unattractive.

**0-10V** dimming is a method of dimming using a constant voltage of approximately 10V. The driver provides the voltage to the dimmer and the dimmer adjusts the voltage that returns to the driver. The change in voltage is interpreted by the driver and dims accordingly. Since the power to the driver is separate from the dimming signal, low-end dimming performance is improved, but most luminaires require a separate relay to shut off.

相位调光（电子低压、磁性低压、正向、反向）是一种使用线电压相位调光的调光方法。这种调光最初是为白炽灯设计的，但现代的led可以利用相位调光。发送到LED的功率驱动驱动器，驱动器将相位变化解释为变暗的信号。因为驾驶员需要有恒定的功率来操作，低端调光和开关可能没有吸引力。

0-10V调光是一种使用约10V恒定电压进行调光的方法。驱动器向调光器提供电压，调光器调整返回驱动器的电压。电压的变化由驾驶员解释并相应地变暗。由于驱动器的电源与调光信号分开，低端调光性能得到改善，但大多数灯具需要一个单独的继电器来关闭。

# WIRED DIGITAL DIMMING: DMX 有线数字调光：DMX

**DMX (Digital Multi-Plex, DMX512, DMX/RDM)** is a protocol commonly used in theatrical lighting design, but it has been growing in popularity in architectural lighting. The protocol uses digital packets (aka frames) in a serial command, which means that it only communicates using one connection to all devices. A connection is referred to as a universe that has 512 unique addresses (aka channels) of control, and each address has 255 intensity values. DMX control is used as one address per feature, with addresses communicated in linear data packets starting from address 1.

Devices or luminaires that share addresses will always respond together, so a unique address should be provided for each luminaire or feature that needs to operate discretely. An example would be an RGBW luminaire, in which each color is discretely controlled by an address. Red may be address 1 and would have a range of intensity from 0 (OFF) to 255 (full).

DMX by default does not have two-way communication, which means devices and luminaires cannot send data back to the controller. With Remote Device Management (RDM), DMX has the ability to have two-way communication. Two-way communication on DMX is done by taking turns communicating like using a walkie-talkie; this is known as half-duplex communication.

DMX（Digital Multi-Plex，DMX512，DMX/RDM）是剧院照明设计中常用的协议，但它在建筑照明中的应用越来越广泛。协议在串行命令中使用数字包（又名帧），这意味着它只使用一个连接与所有设备进行通信。一个连接被称为一个拥有512个唯一控制地址（又名通道）的宇宙，每个地址有255个强度值。DMX控制被用作每个功能的一个地址，地址以线性数据包形式从地址1开始通信。

共享地址的设备或灯具将始终一起响应，因此应为需要离散操作的每个灯具或功能提供唯一的地址。一个例子是RGBW灯具，其中每种颜色都由一个地址离散控制。红色可能是地址1，强度范围从0（关）到255（满）。

默认情况下，DMX没有双向通信，这意味着设备和灯具无法将数据发送回控制器。使用远程设备管理（RDM），DMX能够进行双向通信。DMX上的双向通信是通过轮流通信来完成的，就像使用对讲机一样；这称为半双工通信。

# DALI有线数字调光：DALI

The Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) is another serial protocol that uses addresses, but unlike DMX, it is limited to 64 unique addresses. DALI addresses also have 255 intensity values, but it operates slightly differently from DMX. In DALI, each device with an address monitors its timing discretely, which means each luminaire can dim at a different rate when dimmed together. This is helpful when latency, a term used to describe the time it takes a protocol to communicate from device to device, causes the furthest luminaire to dim after the nearest luminaire. DALI is also a half-duplex protocol, but unlike DMX, it does not require RDM as that is a DMX specific feature.

数字可寻址照明接口（DALI）是另一种使用地址的串行协议，但与DMX不同，它仅限于64个唯一地址。DALI地址也有255个强度值，但它的操作方式与DMX稍有不同。在DALI中，每个带有地址的设备都会分散地监视其定时，这意味着每个灯具在一起变暗时可以以不同的速率变暗。当延迟（用来描述协议从一个设备到另一个设备通信所需的时间）导致最远的灯具在最近的灯具之后变暗时，这一点很有帮助。DALI也是一种半双工协议，但与DMX不同，它不需要RDM，因为RDM是DMX特有的功能。

# 有线数字调光：BACnet

Building Automation and Control Network (BACnet) is an object-based protocol that is often used in a building automation system (BAS). The protocol was specifically designed with building automation in mind, and so programming BACnet allows the user to name and number each object and their properties.

The protocol uses an Object Identifier, a Device ID, and an Object Property. For example: a luminairemay be displayed as LUMINAIRE #201 at 75 output, which means that the luminaire addressed at 201 is at 75% output. This is an oversimplification of a very complex and robust protocol that is constantly being improved upon, but BACnet is a lesser used protocol when controlling lighting is the system’s only use.

楼宇自控网络（BACnet）是楼宇自动化系统（BAS）中常用的基于对象的协议。该协议是专门为楼宇自动化设计的，因此编程BACnet允许用户命名和编号每个对象及其属性。

协议使用对象标识符、设备ID和对象属性。例如：灯具

可显示为75输出时的灯具#201，这意味着在201处寻址的灯具处于75%的输出。这是对一个非常复杂和健壮的协议的过度简化，该协议正在不断改进，但BACnet是一个较少使用的协议，因为控制照明是系统的唯一用途。

# 有线数字调光：以太网供电

**Power over Ethernet (PoE)** is a “protocol” that is growing in popularity, but there are actually a variety of protocols that count as PoE. The similarities among all PoE protocols are that they use Internet Protocols (IP), similar to the protocol a computer uses to connect to the Internet, and that power for all devices is provided via a PoE switch.

To dim luminaires, PoE assigns an IP address to each device and luminaire. Depending on the user interface and the luminaire driver, the granularity can be low or high. PoE does not inherently mean devices are connected to the Internet, but Internet connectivity is one of the allures of PoE. This protocol is a parallel full duplex system, which means devices and luminaires don’t need to take turns communicating and has multiple connections to all devices on a system.

以太网供电（PoE）是一种日益流行的“协议”，但实际上有多种协议可算作PoE。所有PoE协议之间的相似之处在于它们使用Internet协议（IP），类似于计算机连接到Internet的协议，并且所有设备的电源都是通过PoE交换机提供的。

为了调暗灯具，PoE为每个设备和灯具分配一个IP地址。根据用户界面和灯具驱动程序，粒度可以是低也可以是高。PoE并不意味着

设备连接到互联网，但互联网连接是PoE的魅力之一。该协议是一个并行的全双工系统，这意味着设备和照明设备不需要轮流通信，并且与系统上的所有设备都有多个连接。

# 无线数字调光

Wireless protocols are evolving rapidly and staying up to date on these protocols can be challenging, but most open protocols have the same frequency, which is 2.4GHz. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates radio frequencies (RF) to avoid conflicts on important frequencies such as the ones used by emergency response or airlines. 2.4GHz is a frequency that the FCC left unreserved and so wireless protocols for consumer electronics began using this frequency. Most wireless protocols also make use of a transmitter to send data, a receiver to receive data, or a transceiver to send and receive data.

无线协议正在迅速发展，保持这些协议的最新状态是一项挑战，但大多数开放协议都有相同的频率，即2.4GHz。联邦通信委员会（FCC）监管无线电频率（RF），以避免在紧急响应或航空公司使用的重要频率上发生冲突。2.4GHz是FCC没有保留的频率，因此消费电子产品的无线协议开始使用这个频率。大多数无线协议还利用发送器发送数据、接收器接收数据或收发器发送和接收数据。

# 无线数字调光：蓝牙

**Bluetooth®** is a wireless protocol that has become a common option in most consumer electronics. The majority of Bluetooth devices use short-range RF to communicate with other nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices, but the range is adjusted by how much power the device has. Most battery-operated Bluetooth devices have a very short range to extend battery life.

Bluetooth dimming works by connecting a luminaire to a Bluetooth user interface (preset station,smartphone, etc.). Once programmed, the programming is stored in the luminaire and can operate without a user interface. Older versions of the protocol use a serial half-duplex code, which means they only communicate with one device at a time and each device takes turns. More recent versions have expanded capabilities, however, including a parallel full duplex, like PoE.

Bluetooth®（蓝牙）是一种无线协议，已成为大多数消费类电子产品的常见选择。大多数蓝牙设备使用短程射频与附近其他支持蓝牙功能的设备进行通信，但范围是根据设备的功率来调整的。大多数电池供电的蓝牙设备的续航距离很短，可以延长电池寿命。

蓝牙调光通过将灯具连接到蓝牙用户接口（预设电台，智能手机等）。编程完成后，编程存储在灯具中，无需用户界面即可操作。旧版本的协议使用串行半双工代码，这意味着它们一次只与一个设备通信，每个设备轮流使用。然而，最近的版本扩展了功能，包括并行全双工，如PoE。

**以下内容由216杨阳翻译**

# 无线数字调光：紫蜂协议

**Zigbee** is another low-power wireless protocol. It uses an IP address for devices, has a parallel full- duplex communication, and uses short- to medium-range RF to communicate. For a time, Zigbee was viewed as superior to Bluetooth, but recent versions of Bluetooth have about caught up to Zigbee. The only significant differences are that Zigbee has a wider range (covered later) and that manufacturers may use one over the other.
Zigbee是另一种低功耗无线协议。它使用一个IP地址的设备，有一个并行的全双工通信，并使用中短程射频通信。有一段时间，Zigbee被认为优于蓝牙，但最近的蓝牙版本已经差不多赶上了Zigbee。唯一显著的区别是Zigbee的范围更广(后面会讲到)，而且制造商可能会使用一个而不是另一个。

# 无线数字调光: 无线上网

**WiFi** is a wireless protocol similar to the protocols that computers use and is a very robust wireless option. It also functions similarly to PoE in that it assigns IP addresses to each device and luminaire and is dependent on the user interface for granularity of dimming range.
WiFi是一种类似于计算机使用的协议的无线协议，是一种非常强大的无线选择。它的功能也类似于PoE，它为每个设备和灯具分配IP地址，并依靠用户界面来实现调光范围的精细化。

WiFi is also a parallel full-duplex protocol like PoE, but the protocol sometimes doesn’t have two-way communication (no duplex) if devices only have receivers, in which case the function is similar to DMX without RDM.

WiFi也是像PoE一样的并行全双工协议，但如果设备只有接收器的话，该协议有时没有双向通信（没有双工），在这种情况下，功能类似于DMX而没有RDM。

# 其他协议

There are many other protocols not discussed in detail in this module, but each needs careful study to understand. Lighting controls designers have a difficult task because there are so many to choose from that it can be overwhelming.

还有许多其他协议在本模块中没有详细讨论，但每个协议都需要仔细研究才能理解。照明控制设计人员的任务很艰巨，因为有太多的选择，可能会让人不知所措。

**RS232** is a protocol often used as an interfacing protocol between two incompatible protocols, such as in lighting and AV. The protocol provides a code that is flexible and both connected systems can be programmed so that functionality is synonymous for presets, triggers, and timed events.

RS232是一种协议，经常被用作两个不兼容协议之间的接口协议，例如在照明和AV中。该协议提供了一个灵活的代码，两个连接的系统都可以进行编程，使功能是预置、触发器和定时事件的同义词。

**Art-Net** and **Streaming ACN (sACN)** are IP versions of DMX used in projects that have a large number of universes. This protocol can operate as a go-between from DMX controller to DMX device, but there are also devices that connect directly to Art-Net.

Art-Net和流式ACN(sACN)是DMX的IP版本，用于有大量宇宙的项目中。这个协议可以作为DMX控制器和DMX设备之间的中间人，但也有一些设备可以直接连接到Art-Net。

**LonWorks** and **Modbus** are alternatives to BACnet. These protocols are uncommon for lighting controls and often require additional equipment to control lighting systems.

LonWorks和Modbus是BACnet的替代品。这些协议在照明控制中并不常见，通常需要额外的设备来控制照明系统。

**KNX** is a popular lighting control protocol in the United Kingdom and also functions as another BAS protocol. It has not been widely adopted in the US.

KNX是英国流行的照明控制协议，也是另一种BAS协议。它在美国还没有被广泛采用。

**Wireless DMX** is just that, a wireless version of DMX. This protocol does not function as a go-between like Art-Net, but instead transmits the raw DMX. Often, wireless DMX 6LoWPAN poses an alternative to Zigbee that touts more compatibility. Wider adoption of both Zigbee and Bluetooth have increased competition with this protocol.

无线DMX就是DMX的无线版本。该协议不像Art-Net那样充当中间人，而是传输原始DMX。通常情况下，无线DMX 6LoWPAN构成了Zigbee的替代方案，吹捧更多的兼容性。Zigbee和蓝牙的广泛采用增加了该协议的竞争。

# 按项目类型分类的协议

Below are the most common protocol options found in commercial and residential projects.

以下是商业和住宅项目中最常见的协议选项。

# 拓扑结构

A protocol often dictates how each device connects via a topology, the path along which the data is carried between devices and luminaires. A protocol may also limit the number of devices or connections that one can use along that path. Below are common topologies for digital protocols.
协议通常规定了每个设备如何通过拓扑结构进行连接，拓扑结构是设备和灯具之间传输数据的路径。协议还可以限制沿该路径使用的设备或连接的数量。以下是数字协议的常见拓扑结构。

 Daisy Chain  菊花链
 Loop  环路
 Star  星型

# 线路拓扑结构

Topologies may be the deciding factor when selecting a protocol, since each type provides a unique solution. The main wired topologies are daisy chain, loop, star, and topology free.

在选择协议时，拓扑结构可能是决定性因素，因为每种类型都提供了独特的解决方案。主要的有线拓扑结构有菊花链、环路、星型和无拓扑结构。

**Daisy Chain** involves wiring each device in series, one after the other, up to a maximum number of devices. Controllers have multiple out ports or a splitter to provide for multiple daisy chains, but a daisy chain can’t be split via wiring or else the data can become corrupt. DMX and BACnet use Daisy Chain topologies to communicate.

菊花链是指将每个设备串联起来，一个接一个，最多不超过设备的数量。控制器有多个出线口或分线器来提供多个菊花链，但菊花链不能通过布线来分割，否则数据会损坏。DMX和BACnet使用菊花链拓扑结构进行通信。

**Loop** is similar to daisy chain except the last connection in the chain should return back to the controller as a homerun. 0-10V uses a loop topology since the signal is provided by the driver, passes through the dimmer, and returns to the driver.

环路类似于菊花链，除了链中的最后一个连接应该作为一个本垒打返回到控制器。0-10V使用环路拓扑，因为信号由驱动器提供，经过调光器，然后返回到驱动器。

# 线路拓扑结构

**Star** relies on a central hub like a network switch with individual connections to each device. Daisy chains can be installed on each connection, but not all protocols or devices allow for daisy chains and may require a hub for each group of connections. PoE uses a star topology since both power and data come from a PoE switch. DMX splitters also use it.

Star依赖于像网络交换机一样的中央集线器，每个设备都有单独的连接。菊花链可以安装在每个连接上，但并非所有协议或设备都允许菊花链，可能需要为每组连接安装一个集线器。PoE使用星型拓扑，因为电源和数据都来自PoE交换机。DMX分离器也使用它。

**Topology Free** entails no pattern required to function as long as all devices are connected to the same conductors. DALI is topology free and can be installed in a variety of patterns to meet the project’s needs, so long as those patterns do not connect to a device twice, including the controller.

无拓扑意味着只要所有设备都连接到相同的导体上，就不需要任何模式来发挥作用。DALI是无拓扑的，可以安装在各种模式中，以满足项目的需求，只要这些模式不连接到一个设备两次，包括控制器。

# 无线拓扑结构

The main wireless topologies are local point to point, gateway, and mesh. A thorough understanding of the protocol’s topology and installation needs will help avoid poor system performance.

无线拓扑结构主要有本地点对点、网关和网状结构。全面了解协议的拓扑结构和安装需求，有助于避免系统性能不佳。

**Local Point to Point** is used by some wireless protocols for small spaces that only have a limited number of devices. Protocols using this are slowly being replaced by more robust wireless protocols that also provide this capability. Older versions of Bluetooth and WiFi make use of this method.

本地点对点被一些无线协议用于只有有限数量设备的小空间。使用这种方式的协议正在慢慢被更强大的无线协议所取代，这些协议也提供这种功能。旧版本的蓝牙和WiFi就利用了这种方法。

**Gateway** is a wireless method that is similar to a wired star topology. A central gateway transmits data to devices within range. This requires at least one gateway and possibly additional gateways for devices out of range. Bluetooth and WiFi can also make use of this topology.

网关是一种类似于有线星型拓扑结构的无线方式。一个中央网关向范围内的设备传输数据。这需要至少一个网关，可能还需要为范围外的设备提供额外的网关。蓝牙和WiFi也可以利用这种拓扑结构。

# 无线拓扑结构

**Mesh** refers to a wireless method that is similar to a wired topology-free method where devices can connect in a random pattern. Mesh devices have transceivers—devices that can send and receive data—which allow the system to expand with each new device. Zigbee and newer versions of Bluetooth make use of mesh to provide a flexible and dynamic solution.

Mesh指的是一种类似于无拓扑的有线方式的无线方式，在这种方式下，设备可以以随机模式连接。网状设备有收发器--可以发送和接收数据的设备，这使得系统可以随着每个新设备的出现而扩展。Zigbee和新版本的蓝牙利用网状结构提供了一个灵活和动态的解决方案。

# 协议限制：距离

Protocols have limitations that need to be considered. These are distance limitations, maximum number of devices, and data speed.

协议有需要考虑的限制。这些限制是距离限制、最大设备数量和数据速度。

**Distance**: Wired protocols have the most consistent range, as long as correct wire types are used, but wireless protocols that make use of mesh topologies may be able to reach further without additional hardware.

距离：只要使用正确的电线类型，有线协议的距离最稳定，但使用网状拓扑结构的无线协议可能不需要额外的硬件就能达到更远的距离。

DMX, for example, has a maximum recommended distance of 1,000 feet before a repeater is needed, while Bluetooth under ideal circumstances may be able to provide up to 300 feet from device to device, and because some versions of Bluetooth have a mesh topology, that range can increase with each new device and not require a repeater. Internet Protocols also have approximately 300 feet of distance.

例如，DMX在需要中继器之前的最大建议距离为1000英尺，而蓝牙在理想情况下可以提供设备与设备之间最多300英尺的距离，由于某些版本的蓝牙具有网状拓扑结构，因此该距离可以随着每个新设备的增加而增加，而不需要中继器。互联网协议也有大约300英尺的距离。

Phase and 0-10V dimming methods also have distance limitations, but the limitations vary based on wire gauge and other site conditions.

相位和0-10V调光方式也有距离限制，但根据线规和其他现场条件的不同，限制也不同。

# 协议限制：设备上限和速度

**Maximum devices:** Every protocol has a maximum number of devices that can operate simultaneously, but most Internet Protocols have such a high cap that it’s rarely discussed. Wired protocols have the most restrictive device maximums, starting with DALI, which can only host 64 connected devices. DMX can host 512 single address devices, but each daisy chain can only accommodate 32 devices, so splitters are necessary to reach the maximum allowed devices.

最大设备数：每个协议都有一个可以同时操作的最大设备数量，但大多数互联网协议的上限都很高，很少被讨论。有线协议的设备最大限制最多，从DALI开始，它只能承载64个连接设备。DMX可以承载512个单地址设备，但每个菊花链只能容纳32个设备，所以需要分线器来达到最大允许设备。

Careful review of device maximums for systems and wiring is essential to make sure the system will work.

仔细审查系统和布线的设备最大值是确保系统工作的关键。

**Data speed:** Another limitation that should be reviewed if speed (also known as data speed, Baud Rate, or Frame Rate) is important is the speed at which each data packet is delivered. This is often referred to as bits per second. For example, DMX operates at 250,000 bits per second, which means it can send approximately 44 data packets per second. As a contrast, DALI has a speed of 1,200 bits per second. For architectural design, this rate is acceptable, but for theatrical design, this is too slow. IP protocols typically have the fastest rates at millions of bits per second.

数据速度：如果速度（也称为数据速度、波特率或帧速率）很重要，则应审查的另一个限制是每个数据包的传输速度。这通常指的是每秒的比特数。例如，DMX的工作速度为每秒250,000比特，这意味着它可以每秒发送大约44个数据包。作为对比，DALI的速度为每秒1200比特。对于架构设计来说，这个速率是可以接受的，但对于影院设计来说，这个速率太慢了。IP协议的最快速率通常为每秒数百万比特。

**以下内容由202高博炎翻译**

# 开放式方案

An open protocol is a protocol that any manufacturer can use and implement on their system. Open protocols have standards that devices must meet (often IEEE standards) to ensure compatibility, no matter the manufacturer. This allows multiple manufacturers to provide components for a system but requires more from the designer to ensure the system is complete and functional. De facto open protocols, such as EnOcean, are developed around a manufacturer’s technology but licensed to other manufacturers.
开放协议是任何制造商都可以在其系统上使用和实施的协议。开放协议有设备必须满足的标准（通常是IEEE标准），以确保兼容性，无论制造商是谁。这允许多个制造商为一个系统提供组件，但对设计者的要求更高，以确保系统的完整性和功能性。事实上的开放协议，如EnOcean，是围绕一个制造商的技术开发的，但授权给其他制造商。

Open protocols promise the benefits of cross-vendor compatibility, but if incompatibilities or failures are discovered on-site, identifying the responsible manufacturer can be challenging. There are interfaces designed to connect different open protocols together, but design of a system often uses as few protocols as possible per function. As open protocol standards may diversify and change over time, ensure that all devices in a specified lighting control system are designed to the same version of the selected open protocol or otherwise ensured to be compatible.
开放协议承诺了跨厂商兼容的好处，但如果在现场发现不兼容或故障，确定负责的制造商可能是一个挑战。有一些接口被设计用来将不同的开放协议连接在一起，但系统的设计通常会在每个功能上使用尽可能少的协议。由于开放协议标准可能会随着时间的推移而多样化和变化，因此要确保指定的照明控制系统中的所有设备都按照所选开放协议的同一版本进行设计，或以其他方式确保兼容。

The below protocols are open, but this is not exhaustive:
以下协议是公开的，但这并不详尽。

 RS232
 ArtNet
 sACN
 BACnet
 LonWorks

ROPRIETARY PROTOCOLS

# 专有协议

A proprietary protocol is a protocol that only works on a specific manufacturer’s equipment. These protocols may have been an open protocol at first, such as DALI, but the manufacturer has altered the code to a point that it may be incompatible with the open version of the protocol.

At this time, proprietary protocols are generally easier to specify since the manufacturer pre-tests all of the equipment prior to sale, but these protocols may not be appropriate if the project uses a variety of devices and luminaires from other manufacturers. Manufacturers may provide their devices with the proprietary protocol to other manufacturers for them to install in their own devices and luminaires on an OEM basis.

Luminaire pre-driver protocols are often open protocols, so proprietary systems will have devices such as room controllers that can translate from the system protocol to the pre-driver protocol. Alternatively, the manufacturer may provide luminaires with drivers that use the system protocol in lieu of an open protocol.

专有协议是指只在特定制造商的设备上使用的协议。这些协议一开始可能是开放的协议，如DALI，但制造商已经改变了代码，以至于可能与开放版本的协议不兼容。

此时，专有协议一般比较容易指定，因为制造商在销售前对所有的设备进行了预先测试，但如果项目使用其他制造商的各种设备和灯具，这些协议可能不合适。制造商可能会将他们的设备与专有协议提供给其他制造商，让他们以OEM的方式安装在自己的设备和灯具中。

灯具预驱动协议通常是开放的协议，因此专有系统会有一些设备，如房间控制器，可以从系统协议翻译到预驱动协议。另外，制造商可能会提供使用系统协议代替开放协议的灯具驱动器。

# 开放式与专有式程序的比较

There are many things to consider when comparing open system protocols and proprietary system protocols.

Open protocols offer a guarantee of consistency no matter the manufacturer of the control device or luminaire. Programming is therefore easier but without a responsible manufacturer, the system needs additional oversight.

In the U.S., most larger manufacturers have proprietary protocols for their products. Some projects may have both open and proprietary protocols.

When deciding on proprietary or open, look to the application. Simple office layouts and street lighting are well suited to a a proprietary solution since it is simple, but if the project is a public project that needs three manufacturers to bid, systems may differ widely in function and installation. Projects with color changing and theatrical designs are more complex and lend themselves to open protocols, since the manufacturers providing the luminaires may be different.
在比较开放系统协议和专有系统协议时，有很多东西需要考虑。

无论控制设备或灯具的制造商是谁，开放协议都能保证一致性。因此，编程更容易，但如果没有负责任的制造商，系统需要额外的监督。

在美国，大多数大型制造商的产品都有专有协议。有些项目可能同时拥有开放和专有协议。

在决定专有或开放时，要看应用情况。简单的办公室布局和街道照明很适合采用专有的解决方案，因为它很简单，但如果项目是一个公共项目，需要三个制造商投标，系统可能在功能和安装上有很大的不同。变色和剧场设计的项目比较复杂，适合采用开放协议，因为提供灯具的厂家可能不同。

# 集成商

When using open protocols, consider using a third-party integrator, a contractor who is responsible for system connections and programming. Integrators help oversee the system and will contact all pertinent manufacturers to coordinate meetings and commissioning. The integrator should be certified to work on all protocols and products used on the project.

For proprietary protocols, the manufacturer will often oversee the project and provide integration for their products. They are limited to their own products, however, which may multiply cost in projects with more than one proprietary protocol, which in turn may further compound the need to stay with one manufacturer.

If a third-party integrator is used, manufacturers may still insist that they provide a technician. In these cases, the project scope should be outlined to show which group is responsible for products, installation, programming, and commissioning to avoid scope gap.

在使用开放协议时，可以考虑使用第三方集成商，即负责系统连接和编程的承包商。集成商帮助监督系统，并将联系所有相关的制造商来协调会议和调试。集成商应该经过认证，可以在项目中使用的所有协议和产品上工作。

对于专有协议，制造商通常会监督项目并为其产品提供集成。然而，他们仅限于自己的产品，这可能会使具有多个专有协议的项目成本成倍增加，这反过来又可能会进一步加剧与一个制造商呆在一起的需求。

如果使用第三方集成商，制造商可能仍然坚持要求他们提供技术人员。在这些情况下，项目范围应该被概述，以表明哪个小组负责产品、安装、编程和调试，以避免范围差距。

# 建筑自动化系统

Building automation systems (BAS)—aka building management systems (BMS)—provides connectivity between mechanical air handling systems, electrical power systems, and fire alarm systems.
Importantly, a modern BAS does not natively speak protocols that luminaires use.

Lighting controls are a recent addition to BAS design and so lighting systems often need to communicate with the BAS using a protocol that is uncommon for lighting control, such as BACnet, LonWorks, or KNX, which require interfaces to communicate. Lighting controls systems are growing in popularity, however, so protocols like PoE, Bluetooth®, and Zigbee are growing in popularity for a BAS design.

Providing a comprehensive and functional BAS design requires collaboration and coordination among all trades planning to operate on the BAS to make sure their protocols are compatible or that interfaces are provided.
楼宇自动化系统(BAS)--也就是楼宇管理系统(BMS)--提供了机械空气处理系统、电力系统和火灾报警系统之间的连接。
重要的是，现代的BAS并不使用灯具所使用的协议。

照明控制是最近才加入BAS设计的，因此照明系统通常需要使用照明控制不常见的协议与BAS进行通信，如BACnet、LonWorks或KNX，这些协议需要接口进行通信。然而，照明控制系统越来越普及，所以PoE、Bluetooth®和Zigbee等协议在BAS设计中越来越受欢迎。

提供一个全面的、功能完善的BAS设计，需要所有计划在BAS上操作的行业之间的合作和协调，以确保他们的协议是兼容的或提供接口。

# 常见应用

Each protocol has a variety of features that can make it better suited to certain project types. Below are three examples.
每种协议都有多种功能，可以使其更适合某些项目类型。以下是三个例子。

 OPEN OFFICE
开放式办公室
DALI、PoE、蓝牙®、Zigbee、WiFi

# 设计人员和规格人员的注意事项

A few important things for designers and specifiers to consider:

Identify the system protocol and the pre-driver protocol. They don’t need to be the same protocol, but they will need an interface if they are not the same.

Some owners and their staff have concerns for wireless protocols, so it is important to discuss it early in the design to make sure it is what they want.

If you are using an open protocol, consider using an integrator to act as a go-between for various manufacturers.

A proprietary protocol may be limiting in what devices and luminaires you may use, but the manufacturer will provide integration for devices and luminaires they provide.

设计人员和指定人员需要考虑的几个重要事项。

识别系统协议和前驱动协议。它们不需要是相同的协议，但如果它们不一样，就需要一个接口。

有些业主和他们的工作人员对无线协议有顾虑，所以在设计的早期就应该讨论，以确保它是他们想要的。

如果你使用的是开放协议，可以考虑使用集成商作为不同制造商的中间人。

专有协议可能会限制你使用什么设备和灯具，但制造商会为他们提供的设备和灯具提供集成。

# 安装人员的考虑因素

A few important things for installers to consider:

For an open protocol, hiring a trained integrator can speed up the installation, programming, and commissioning.

For a proprietary protocol, confirm with the manufacturer that the system will function as specified. This should be the specifier’s responsibility but checking with the manufacturer can help avoid issues later.

Check to see if devices and drivers are programmed at the factory or if they need to be programmed in the field. Knowing this information early can help avoid costly site visits later.

Each protocol uses unique conductors, terminations, and topologies. Check the installation instructions to make sure you have all of the equipment required for a complete installation.

Every connection is a potential place for a new protocol to be used. Verify the protocol for each device before connecting them to the system.

安装人员需要考虑的几个重要事项。

对于一个开放的协议，聘请一个训练有素的集成商可以加快安装，编程和调试的速度。

对于专有协议，请与制造商确认系统将按规定运行。这应该是指定人员的责任，但与制造商确认有助于避免以后的问题。

检查设备和驱动程序是否在工厂进行了编程，或者是否需要在现场进行编程。尽早了解这些信息可以帮助避免以后昂贵的现场访问。

每个协议都使用独特的导体、终端和拓扑结构。请检查安装说明，以确保您拥有完整安装所需的所有设备。
每一个连接都是使用新协议的潜在场所。在将每个设备连接到系统之前，请先验证它们的协议。

# 收尾工作

A protocol defines how devices and luminaires communicate.

There are wired and wireless protocols, each with their own unique applications.

Some protocols are open and can be used with many different manufacturers, but others are proprietary, which restricts the products you can use. They both have pros and cons that should be considered.

There are protocols used exclusively for devices on the system and, so long as there is an interface, they don’t need to be the same as the protocol for the luminaire.

An integrator should be considered when specifying a lighting control system, particularly one with an open protocol.

协议定义了设备和灯具的通信方式。

协议有有线和无线之分，每种协议都有其独特的应用。

一些协议是开放的，可以与许多不同的制造商一起使用，但其他协议是专有的，这限制了你可以使用的产品。它们都有应该考虑的优点和缺点。

有一些协议专门用于系统上的设备，只要有一个接口，它们不需要与灯具的协议相同。

在指定照明控制系统，特别是具有开放协议的系统时，应考虑集成商。

# 你完成了

You have completed the EE305: Lighting Control Protocols course. Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course. You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for credit towards your education goals.
您已经完成了EE305：照明控制协议课程。请花一点时间提供关于您对这门课程的体验反馈。您也可以参加理解测试，以测试您的学习情况，并有资格获得您的教育目标的学分。
EE305: Lighting Control Protocols Comprehension Test
EE305：照明控制协议理解性测试