List of Indo-European languages is Asia

The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate, 2018 edition) language families spoken by about or more than 3.5 billion people (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups of Europe, and western and southern Asia, belong to the Indo-European language family. Therefore, Indo-European is the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages in which it is the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the de facto World Lingua Franca with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers.

Each subfamily or linguistic branch in this list contains many subgroups and individual languages. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. The relation of Indo-European branches, how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language is a matter of further research and not yet well known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family, they are not yet classified in a branch and could be members of their own branch.

The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition, are mostly living languages, however, if all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.

A distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple because there is, in many cases, several dialect continuums, transitional dialects and languages and also because there is no consensual standard to what amount of vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and prosody differences there is a language or there is a dialect. (Mutual intelligibility can be a standard but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility.) Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a big land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.

The ancestral population and language, Proto-Indo-Europeans that spoke Proto-Indo-European, estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP), at some time in the past, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP) expanded through migration and cultural influence. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, acculturation and language change of peoples in many regions of western and southern Eurasia. This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family.

At the end of the second millennium BC Indo-European speakers were many millions and lived in a vast geographical area in most of western and southern Eurasia (including western Central Asia).

In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further.

By geographical area, Indo-European languages remained spoken in big land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor was lost to another language family (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (that changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, in the second half of the second millennium AD, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to North Asia (Siberia), through Russian expansion, and North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand as the result of the age of European discoveries and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.)

The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of European colonization, also gave origin to the many pidgins, creoles and mixed languages that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

A wide variety of languages are spoken throughout Asia, comprising different language families and some unrelated isolates. The major language families include Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Caucasian, Dravidian, Indo-European, Afroasiatic, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Kra–Dai. Most, but not all, have a long history as a written language.

## Italic (Latin) languages (Since 2021)

* Western Romance languages (dialect continuum)
	+ French (Français/Langue Française)
		- East Asian French (Français d'Asie de l'Est)
			* Chinese French (chinois français)
				+ 普通話/普通话 - 國語/国语 - 華語/华语 (or Sino-Tibetan)
				+ Cantonese French (Français cantonais)
					- 廣東話/广东话
				+ Hong Konger French (Hong Kongais Français)
				+ Macanese French (macanais français)
					- ئۇيغۇرچە (or Turkic)
			* Japanese French (japonais français)
				+ 日本語 (or Japonic)
			* Korean French (coréen français)
				+ North Korean French (français nord-coréen)
				+ South Korean French (français sud-coréen)
					- 조선어 - 한국어 (or Koreanic)
			* Malaysian French (malais français)
				+ 普通話/普通话 (or Sino-Tibetan)
			* Mongolian French (mongol français)
				+ Монгол хэл - ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠬᠡᠯᠡ (or Mongolic)
			* Singaporean French (Français singapourien)
				+ 國語/国语 (or Sino-Tibetan)
			* Taiwanese French (taïwanais français)
				+ 客家話/客家话 (or Sino-Tibetan)
				+ 臺灣話 (or Sino-Tibetan)
				+ 馬祖話 (or Sino-Tibetan)
			* Tibetan French (tibétain français)
				+ བོད་སྐད (or Sino-Tibetan)
* Iberian Romance languages (Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", because of originally being spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, except for, partially, Aragonese, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one)
	+ Western Iberian Romance/Western Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", or more accurately West Iberian Romance, because of being in the Iberian Peninsula, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one)
		- Castilian (dialect continuum)
			* Old Castilian (*Romance Castellano*) (extinct)
				+ Spanish/Castilian (Español/Castellano/Lengua Española/Lengua Castellana) (dialect continuum)
					- South Asian Spanish (Español asiático del sur)
						* Afghan Spanish (Español afgano)
							+ دری (or Indo-Iranian)
							+ پښتو (or Indo-Iranian)
						* Bangladeshi Spanish (Español bengalí)
							+ বাংলা (or Indo-Iranian)
						* Bhutanese Spanish (Español butanés)
							+ རྫོང་ཁ་ (or Sino-Tibetan)
						* Indian Spanish (Español indio)
							+ অসমীয়া (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ বাংলা (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ बर'/बड़ - Boro (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ ગુજરાતી (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ हिन्दी (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ कॉशुर - كٲشُر (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ ಕನ್ನಡ (or Dravidian)
							+ മലയാളം (or Dravidian)
							+ मराठी (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ ꯃꯤꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ - মৈতৈ - Manipuri (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ नेपाली (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ ଓଡ଼ିଆ (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ - پن٘جابی (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ தமிழ் (or Dravidian)
							+ తెలుగు (or Dravidian)
							+ Tripuri (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ ತುಳು (or Dravidian)
						* Maldivian Spanish (Español maldivo)
							+ ދިވެހިބަސް (or Indo-Aryan)
						* Malaysian Spanish (Español malasio)
							+ தமிழ் (or Dravidian)
						* Nepali Spanish (Español nepalí)
							+ नेपाली (or Indo-Aryan)
						* Pakistani Spanish (Español paquistaní)
							+ بلۏچی - Balòči (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ پن٘جابی (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ بلتی - སྦལ་ཏི། (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ سنڌي (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ اُردُو (or Indo-Aryan)
						* Singaporean Spanish (Español singapurense)
							+ தமிழ் (or Dravidian)
						* Sri Lankan Spanish (Español de Sri Lanka)
							+ සිංහල (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ தமிழ் (or Indo-Aryan)
				+ Portuguese (Português/Língua Portuguesa) (closely related to Galician)
					- West Asian Portuguese (Português da Ásia Ocidental)
						* Middle Eastern Portuguese (Português do médio oriente)
							+ Abkhaz Portuguese (Abkhaz português)
								- Аԥсшәа (or Northwest Caucasian)
								- Русский (of East Slavic)
							+ Armenian Portuguese (Português armênio)
								- հայերեն (or Armenian)
							+ Artsakhi Portuguese (Artsakhi Português)
								- հայերեն (or Armenian)
							+ Azerbaijani Portuguese (Português do azerbaijão)
								- Azərbaycanca (or Turkic)
							+ Bahraini Portuguese (Português do Bahrein)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Cypriot Portuguese (Cipriota português)
								- Türkçe (or Turkic)
							+ East Timorese Portuguese (Portugueses timorenses)
							+ Egyptian Portuguese (Portugues egípcio)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Georgian Portuguese (Português georgiano)
								- ქართული (or Kartvelian)
							+ Iranian Portuguese (Português iraniano)
								- فارسی - Форсӣ (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ Iraqi Portuguese (Português iraquiano)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
								- Kurdî -کوردی (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Israeli Portuguese (Português israelense)
								- עברית (or Afro-Asiatic)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Jordanian Portuguese (Português jordaniano)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Kuwaiti Portuguese (Português do Kuwait)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Lebanese Portuguese (Português libanês)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Macanese Portuguese (Português macaense)
							+ Northern Cypriot Portuguese (Cipriota do norte português)
								- Türkçe (or Turkic)
							+ Omani Portuguese (Omanense português)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Palestinian Portuguese (Português palestino)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Qatari Portuguese (Português do Catar)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Saudi Arabian Portuguese (Arábia Saudita Portuguesa)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ South Ossetian Portuguese (Português da Ossétia do Sul)
								- Ирон (or East Slavic)
								- Русский (or East Slavic)
							+ Syrian Portuguese (Sírio português)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Turkish Portuguese (Português turco)
								- Türkçe (or Turkic)
							+ Emirati Portuguese (Emirati português)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)
							+ Yemeni Portuguese (Português iemenita)
								- العَرَبِيَّة (or Afro-Asiatic)

## Germanic (Gothic) Languages (Since 2021)

* **Dutch**/**Nederlandic** (Modern Dutch) (***Nederlands*** – short name for ***Nederlands Duutsch*** – Lowland Dutch or Lowland German/Germanic in a broad sense, hence the name Dutch for the language in English)
	+ Afrikaans (Cape Dutch) (Afrikaans-Nederlands/Afrikaans-Hollands / Afrikaans-Hollands Duutsch – African Dutch/African Nederlandic)
		- Central Asian Dutch (Centraal-Aziatisch Nederlands)
			* Kazakhstani Dutch (Kazachstaanse Nederlands)
				+ Қазақша (or Turkic)
				+ Русский (or East Slavic)
			* Kyrgyz Dutch (Kirgizisch Nederlands)
				+ Кыргызча (or Turkic)
				+ Русский (or East Slavic)
			* Tajikistani Dutch (Tadzjikistan Nederlands)
				+ Тоҷикӣ (or Indo-Aryan)
			* Turkmenistani Dutch (Turkmenistaanse Nederlands)
				+ Türkmençe (or Turkic)
			* Uzbekistani Dutch (Oezbeekse Nederlands)
				+ Oʻzbekcha (or Turkic)
* Anglic languages (dialect continuum)
	+ Old English (Anglo-Saxon) (Anglo-Saxon-Jute) (Anglisc / Anglisc sprǣc / Ængliṡc / Ænglisc sprǣċ – Seaxisc / Seaxisc sprǣc – Ēotisc / Ēotisc sprǣc) (extinct)
		- Middle English (Englisch/English/Inglis) (extinct)
			* Early Modern English
				+ English (Modern English)
					- Southeast Asian English
						* Bruneian English
							+ Bahasa Melayu - بهاس ملايو (or Austronesian)
						* Cambodian English
							+ ភាសាខ្មែរ (or Austroasiatic)
						* Hong Konger English
						* Indian English
						* Indonesian English
							+ Bahasa Indonesia (or Austronesian)
						* Kazakhstani English
							+ Қазақша (or Turkic)
							+ Русский (or East Slavic)
						* Kyrgyz English
							+ Кыргызча (or Turkic)
							+ Русский (or East Slavic)
						* Laotian English
							+ ພາສາລາວ (or Kra-Dai)
						* Malaysian English
							+ Bahasa Melayu - بهاس ملايو (or Austronesian)
						* Burmese English
							+ မြန်မာဘာသာ (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ Kukish (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ Jinghpaw (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ ကညီကျိာ်း (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ Karenni (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ ရခိုင်ဘာသာ (or Sino-Tibetan)
							+ Ruáingga (or Indo-Aryan)
							+ ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆ (or Kra-Dai)
						* Pakistani English
						* Philippine English
							+ ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ - Wikang Filipino (or Austronesian)
						* Singaporean English
							+ Bahasa Melayu - بهاس ملايو (or Austronesian)
						* Tajikistani English
							+ Тоҷикӣ (or Indo-Aryan)
						* Thai English
							+ ภาษาไทย (or Kra-Dai)
						* East Timorese English
							+ Lia-Tetun (or Austronesian)
						* Turkmenistani English
							+ Türkmençe (or Turkic)
						* Uzbekistani English
							+ Oʻzbekcha (or Turkic)
						* Vietnamese English
							+ Tiếng Việt (or Austroasiatic)