Empire of Japan

Flag of Imperial Japan

The **Empire of Japan** is a Nation that is the largest Empire in Asia and the Nation that is the 2nd most powerful Empire in the world behind Germany. Under the slogans of *Fukoku Kyōhei* and *Shokusan Kōgyō*, Japan underwent a period of industrialization and militarization, the Meiji Restoration being the fastest modernisation of any country to date, all of these aspects contributed to Japan's emergence as a great power and the establishment of a colonial empire following the First Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I.

Japan after gaining it's colonial Empire is the most powerful nation when it comes to controlling trade routes in the Pacific Ocean. Japan is the third-most populous country in the world, as well as one of the most densely populated and urbanized. About three-fourths of the mainland's terrain is mountainous, concentrating its population of 125.57 million on narrow coastal plains. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.4 million residents.

## History

### Formation

After two centuries, the seclusion policy, or *sakoku*, under the *shōguns* of the Edo period came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by the Convention of Kanagawa which came when Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan in 1854. Thus, the period known as Bakumatsu began.

The following years saw increased foreign trade and interaction; commercial treaties between the Tokugawa shogunate and Western countries were signed. In large part due to the humiliating terms of these unequal treaties, the shogunate soon faced internal hostility, which materialized into a radical, xenophobic movement, the *sonnō jōi* (literally "Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians").

In March 1863, the Emperor issued the "order to expel barbarians." Although the shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan. The Namamugi Incident during 1862 led to the murder of an Englishman, Charles Lennox Richardson, by a party of samurai from Satsuma. The British demanded reparations but were denied. While attempting to exact payment, the Royal Navy was fired on from coastal batteries near the town of Kagoshima. They responded by bombarding the port of Kagoshima in 1863. The Tokugawa government agreed to pay an indemnity for Richardson's death. Shelling of foreign shipping in Shimonoseki and attacks against foreign property led to the bombardment of Shimonoseki by a multinational force in 1864. The Chōshū clan also launched the failed coup known as the Kinmon incident. The Satsuma-Chōshū alliance was established in 1866 to combine their efforts to overthrow the Tokugawa *bakufu*. In early 1867, Emperor Kōmei died of smallpox and was replaced by his son, Crown Prince Mutsuhito (Meiji).

On November 9, 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned from his post and authorities to the Emperor, agreeing to "be the instrument for carrying out" imperial orders, leading to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. However, while Yoshinobu's resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. Moreover, the shogunal government, the Tokugawa family in particular, remained a prominent force in the evolving political order and retained many executive powers, a prospect hard-liners from Satsuma and Chōshū found intolerable.

On January 3, 1868, Satsuma-Chōshū forces seized the imperial palace in Kyoto, and the following day had the fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji declare his own restoration to full power. Although the majority of the imperial consultative assembly was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa, Saigō Takamori, leader of the Satsuma clan, threatened the assembly into abolishing the title *shōgun* and ordered the confiscation of Yoshinobu's lands.

On January 17, 1868, Yoshinobu declared "that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the Restoration and called on the court to rescind it". On January 24, Yoshinobu decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces. This decision was prompted by his learning of a series of arson attacks in Edo, starting with the burning of the outworks of Edo Castle, the main Tokugawa residence.

### Boshin War

The Boshin War (戊辰戦争, *Boshin Sensō*) was fought between January 1868 and May 1869. The alliance of samurai from southern and western domains and court officials had now secured the cooperation of the young Emperor Meiji, who ordered the dissolution of the two-hundred-year-old Tokugawa shogunate. Tokugawa Yoshinobu launched a military campaign to seize the emperor's court at Kyoto. However, the tide rapidly turned in favor of the smaller but relatively modernized imperial faction and resulted in defections of many *daimyōs* to the Imperial side. The Battle of Toba–Fushimi was a decisive victory in which a combined army from Chōshū, Tosa, and Satsuma domains defeated the Tokugawa army. A series of battles were then fought in pursuit of supporters of the Shogunate; Edo surrendered to the Imperial forces and afterwards Yoshinobu personally surrendered. Yoshinobu was stripped of all his power by Emperor Meiji and most of Japan accepted the emperor's rule.

Pro-Tokugawa remnants, however, then retreated to northern Honshū (Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei) and later to Ezo (present-day Hokkaidō), where they established the breakaway Republic of Ezo. An expeditionary force was dispatched by the new government and the Ezo Republic forces were overwhelmed. The siege of Hakodate came to an end in May 1869 and the remaining forces surrendered.

### Meiji Era

The Charter Oath was made public at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on April 7, 1868. The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. The Meiji leaders also aimed to boost morale and win financial support for the new government.

Japan dispatched the Iwakura Mission in 1871. The mission traveled the world in order to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the United States and European countries that Japan had been forced into during the Tokugawa shogunate, and to gather information on western social and economic systems, in order to effect the modernization of Japan. Renegotiation of the unequal treaties was universally unsuccessful, but close observation of the American and European systems inspired members on their return to bring about modernization initiatives in Japan. Japan made a territorial delimitation treaty with Russia in 1875, gaining all the Kuril islands in exchange for Sakhalin island.

The Japanese government sent observers to Western countries to observe and learn their practices, and also paid "foreign advisors" in a variety of fields to come to Japan to educate the populace. For instance, the judicial system and constitution were modeled after Prussia, described by Saburō Ienaga as "an attempt to control popular thought with a blend of Confucianism and German conservatism." The government also outlawed customs linked to Japan's feudal past, such as publicly displaying and wearing katana and the top knot, both of which were characteristic of the samurai class, which was abolished together with the caste system. This would later bring the Meiji government into conflict with the samurai.

The process of modernization was closely monitored and heavily subsidized by the Meiji government in close connection with a powerful clique of companies known as *zaibatsu* (e.g.: Mitsui and Mitsubishi). Borrowing and adapting technology from the West, Japan gradually took control of much of Asia's market for manufactured goods, beginning with textiles. The economic structure became very mercantilistic, importing raw materials and exporting finished products — a reflection of Japan's relative scarcity of raw materials.

Economic reforms included a unified modern currency based on the yen, banking, commercial and tax laws, stock exchanges, and a communications network. The government was initially involved in economic modernization, providing a number of "model factories" to facilitate the transition to the modern period. The transition took time. By the 1890s, however, the Meiji had successfully established a modern institutional framework that would transform Japan into an advanced capitalist economy. By this time, the government had largely relinquished direct control of the modernization process, primarily for budgetary reasons. Many of the former *daimyōs*, whose pensions had been paid in a lump sum, benefited greatly through investments they made in emerging industries.

Japan emerged from the Tokugawa-Meiji transition as an industrialized nation. From the onset, the Meiji rulers embraced the concept of a market economy and adopted British and North American forms of free enterprise capitalism. Rapid growth and structural change characterized Japan's two periods of economic development after 1868. Initially, the economy grew only moderately and relied heavily on traditional Japanese agriculture to finance modern industrial infrastructure. By the time the Russo-Japanese War began in 1904, 65% of employment and 38% of the gross domestic product (GDP) were still based on agriculture, but modern industry had begun to expand substantially. By the late 1920s, manufacturing and mining amounted to 34% of GDP, compared with 20% for all of agriculture. Transportation and communications developed to sustain heavy industrial development.

From 1894, Japan built an extensive empire that included Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria, and parts of northern China. The Japanese regarded this sphere of influence as a political and economic necessity, which prevented foreign states from strangling Japan by blocking its access to raw materials and crucial sea-lanes. Japan's large military force was regarded as essential to the empire's defense and prosperity by obtaining natural resources that the Japanese islands lacked.

### Sino-Japanese War

The First Sino-Japanese War, fought in 1894 and 1895, revolved around the issue of control and influence over Korea under the rule of the Joseon Dynasty. Korea had traditionally been a tributary state of China's Qing Empire, which exerted large influence over the conservative Korean officials who gathered around the royal family of the Joseon kingdom. On February 27, 1876, after several confrontations between Korean isolationists and Japanese, Japan imposed the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, forcing Korea open to Japanese trade. The act blocks any other power from dominating Korea, resolving to end the centuries-old Chinese suzerainty.

On June 4, 1894, Korea requested aid from the Qing Empire in suppressing the Donghak Rebellion. The Qing government sent 2,800 troops to Korea. The Japanese countered by sending an 8,000-troop expeditionary force (the Oshima Composite Brigade) to Korea. The first 400 troops arrived on June 9 en route to Seoul, and 3,000 landed at Incheon on June 12. The Qing government turned down Japan's suggestion for Japan and China to cooperate to reform the Korean government. When Korea demanded that Japan withdraw its troops from Korea, the Japanese refused. In early June 1894, the 8,000 Japanese troops captured the Korean king Gojong, occupied the Royal Palace in Seoul and, by June 25, installed a puppet government in Seoul. The new pro-Japanese Korean government granted Japan the right to expel Qing forces while Japan dispatched more troops to Korea.

China objected and war ensued. Japanese ground troops routed the Chinese forces on the Liaodong Peninsula, and nearly destroyed the Chinese navy in the Battle of the Yalu River. The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed between Japan and China, which ceded the Liaodong Peninsula and the island of Taiwan to Japan. After the peace treaty, Russia, Germany, and France forced Japan to withdraw from Liaodong Peninsula. Soon afterwards Russia occupied the Liaodong Peninsula, built the Port Arthur fortress, and based the Russian Pacific Fleet in the port. Germany occupied Jiaozhou Bay, built Tsingtao fortress and based the German East Asia Squadron in this port.

### Boxer Rebellion

In 1900, Japan joined an international military coalition set up in response to the Boxer Rebellion in the Qing Empire of China. Japan provided the largest contingent of troops: 20,840, as well as 18 warships. Of the total, 20,300 were Imperial Japanese Army troops of the 5th Infantry Division under Lt. General Yamaguchi Motoomi; the remainder were 540 naval *rikusentai* (marines) from the Imperial Japanese Navy.

At the beginning of the Boxer Rebellion the Japanese only had 215 troops in northern China stationed at Tientsin; nearly all of them were naval *rikusentai* from the *Kasagi* and the *Atago*, under the command of Captain Shimamura Hayao. The Japanese were able to contribute 52 men to the Seymour Expedition. On June 12, 1900, the advance of the Seymour Expedition was halted some 50 kilometres (30 mi) from the capital, by mixed Boxer and Chinese regular army forces. The vastly outnumbered allies withdrew to the vicinity of Tianjin, having suffered more than 300 casualties. The army general staff in Tokyo had become aware of the worsening conditions in China and had drafted ambitious contingency plans, but in the wake of the Triple Intervention five years before, the government refused to deploy large numbers of troops unless requested by the western powers. However three days later, a provisional force of 1,300 troops commanded by Major General Fukushima Yasumasa was to be deployed to northern China. Fukushima was chosen because he spoke fluent English which enabled him to communicate with the British commander. The force landed near Tianjin on July 5.

On June 17, 1900, naval *Rikusentai* from the *Kasagi* and *Atago* had joined British, Russian, and German sailors to seize the Dagu forts near Tianjin. In light of the precarious situation, the British were compelled to ask Japan for additional reinforcements, as the Japanese had the only readily available forces in the region. Britain at the time was heavily engaged in the Boer War, so a large part of the British army was tied down in South Africa. Further, deploying large numbers of troops from its garrisons in India would take too much time and weaken internal security there. Overriding personal doubts, Foreign Minister Aoki Shūzō calculated that the advantages of participating in an allied coalition were too attractive to ignore. Prime Minister Yamagata agreed, but others in the cabinet demanded that there be guarantees from the British in return for the risks and costs of the major deployment of Japanese troops. On July 6, 1900, the 5th Infantry Division was alerted for possible deployment to China, but no timetable was set for this. Two days later, with more ground troops urgently needed to lift the siege of the foreign legations at Peking, the British ambassador offered the Japanese government one million British pounds in exchange for Japanese participation.

Shortly afterward, advance units of the 5th Division departed for China, bringing Japanese strength to 3,800 personnel out of the 17,000 of allied forces. The commander of the 5th Division, Lt. General Yamaguchi Motoomi, had taken operational control from Fukushima. Japanese troops were involved in the storming of Tianjin on July 14, after which the allies consolidated and awaited the remainder of the 5th Division and other coalition reinforcements. By the time the siege of legations was lifted on August 14, 1900, the Japanese force of 13,000 was the largest single contingent and made up about 40% of the approximately 33,000 strong allied expeditionary force. Japanese troops involved in the fighting had acquitted themselves well, although a British military observer felt their aggressiveness, densely-packed formations, and over-willingness to attack cost them excessive and disproportionate casualties. For example, during the Tianjin fighting, the Japanese suffered more than half of the allied casualties (400 out of 730) but comprised less than one quarter (3,800) of the force of 17,000. Similarly at Beijing, the Japanese accounted for almost two-thirds of the losses (280 of 453) even though they constituted slightly less than half of the assault force.

After the uprising, Japan and the Western countries signed the Boxer Protocol with China, which permitted them to station troops on Chinese soil to protect their citizens. After the treaty, Russia continued to occupy all of Manchuria.

### Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict for control of Korea and parts of Manchuria between the Russian Empire and Empire of Japan that took place from 1904 to 1905. The victory greatly raised Japan's stature in the world of global politics. The war is marked by the Japanese opposition of Russian interests in Korea, Manchuria, and China, notably, the Liaodong Peninsula, controlled by the city of Ryojun.

Originally, in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Ryojun had been given to Japan. This part of the treaty was overruled by Western powers, which gave the port to the Russian Empire, furthering Russian interests in the region. These interests came into conflict with Japanese interests. The war began with a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern fleet stationed at Port Arthur, which was followed by the Battle of Port Arthur. Those elements that attempted escape were defeated by the Japanese navy under Admiral Togo Heihachiro at the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Following a late start, the Russian Baltic fleet was denied passage through the British-controlled Suez Canal. The fleet arrived on the scene a year later, only to be annihilated in the Battle of Tsushima. While the ground war did not fare as poorly for the Russians, the Japanese forces were significantly more aggressive than their Russian counterparts and gained a political advantage that culminated with the Treaty of Portsmouth, negotiated in the United States by the American president Theodore Roosevelt. As a result, Russia lost the part of Sakhalin Island south of 50 degrees North latitude (which became Karafuto Prefecture), as well as many mineral rights in Manchuria.

### Tashio Era

On 30 July 1912, Emperor Meiji died and Crown Prince Yoshihito succeeded to the throne as Emperor of Japan. In his coronation address, the newly enthroned Emperor announced his reign's nengō (era name) *Taishō*, meaning "great righteousness".

The end of the Meiji period was marked by huge government domestic and overseas investments and defense programs, nearly exhausted credit, and a lack of foreign reserves to pay debts. The influence of Western culture experienced in the Meiji period continued. Kobayashi Kiyochika adopted Western painting styles while continuing to work in *ukiyo-e*. Okakura Kakuzō kept an interest in traditional Japanese painting. Mori Ōgai studied in the West and introduced a more modern view of human life.

The events flowing from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 had seen not only the fulfillment of many domestic and foreign economic and political objectives—without Japan suffering the colonial fate of other Asian nations—but also a new intellectual ferment, in a time when there was worldwide interest in communism and socialism and an urban proletariat was developing. Universal male suffrage, social welfare, workers' rights, and nonviolent protests were ideals of the early leftist movement. Government suppression of leftist activities, however, led to more radical leftist action and even more suppression, resulting in the dissolution of the Japan Socialist Party (日本社会党 *Nihon Shakaitō*) only a year after its founding and general failure of the socialist movement in 1906.

The beginning of the Taishō period was marked by the Taishō political crisis in 1912–13 that interrupted the earlier politics of compromise. When Saionji Kinmochi tried to cut the military budget, the army minister resigned, bringing down the Rikken Seiyūkai cabinet. Both Yamagata Aritomo and Saionji refused to resume office, and the *genrō* were unable to find a solution. Public outrage over the military manipulation of the cabinet and the recall of Katsura Tarō for a third term led to still more demands for an end to *genrō* politics. Despite old guard opposition, the conservative forces formed a party of their own in 1913, the *Rikken Dōshikai*, a party that won a majority in the House over the Seiyūkai in late 1914.

On February 12, 1913, Yamamoto Gonnohyōe succeeded Katsura as prime minister. In April 1914, Ōkuma Shigenobu replaced Yamamoto.

Crown Prince Yoshihito married Sadako Kujō on 10 May 1900. Their coronation took place on November 11, 1915.

### World War I

The Germans had gotten Japan on their side due to them using pressure from the Black Ocean Society and the Black Dragon Society. Yoshito agreed to help the Germans after the pressure as the Japanese conquered Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. The British got mad and declared war on Japan as the French and Dutch did the same as they tried to get Japan out of the war and keep their colonies safe and use them to fight Germany and it's allies. Britain tried to invade Indochina through Burma feeling like it's forces of Hong Kong will not be able to fight against the Japanese, Sadly Britain accidentally invaded Siam who declared war on Britain.

The war was hard for Japan and Siam until Indo-Persia with the help of Germany unified into a nation and decided to help Siam and Japan with the invasion of Burma, Malaya, Singapore, Brunei and Sarwak. Malaya, Singapore, Brunei and Sarwak will be merged into the Dutch East Indies as they will be formed into the Nippon Caliphate. Indochina was then split up into the Puppet States of Imperial State of Vietnam, Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia. Burma was split up into two Puppet States known as the Shan States Duchy and the Kingdom of Burma.

Japan then turned Manchuria which it already had influence over into a Puppet State known as the Maharajahnate of Manchukuo which is ruled by the former Emperor of China Aisin Gioro Puyi as Maharajah due to the fact that Puyi is only the High King of Manchuria and not Emperor of all of China.

Japan had trained their armies with Japanese Army Drills, especially Manchuko's Army as they were to wage war on Russia. Britain wanted to send Canadian forces to help Russia win the war against Japan, but they could not do so as the Portion of Canada closest to Russia is bordering Alaska which is American territory. Britain sent forces from Australia and New Zealand to invade the Nippon Caliphate and New Guinea to stop the Germans from annexing all of Melanesia and Polynesia and get back all of the Asian Colonies Japan stole from Britain, France and the Dutch, but Japan closed off the west coast of Australia as Germany closed off the East Coast as they blocked Australian Reinforcements from trying to stop them and they even bombarded all of the ports.

The British tried to start a rebellion in Korea to ruin Japan's efforts in the Weltkrieg, but Japan turned Korea into a Puppet State known as the Kingdom of Korea which is ruled by the Pro-Japanese Prince Yi Un as King and has an administration of Japanese Officials and Pro-Japanese Collaborators. Russia declared war on the Japanese with Yuan Shikai, Emperor of China also doing the same. Germany decided to bombard Russia as Indo-Persia then bombards Russia in Central Asia as Japan then wages war on all of China with the aid of Warlord Collaborators, Japan's Puppet States of Laos, Burma and the Shan States, Siam and Republican forces who have no loyalty to Yuan and his stupidity.

Sadly the war was a victory for Japan and it's allies as Russia went through a revolution and Yuan (The False Emperor) died. Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim became Japanese Puppet States as Japan annexed the Assam Province (and all of it's Princely States) and Xinjiang (as they created an Autonomous Princely State known as the Kingdom of Kashgar ruled by an Ottoman Prince who was an ally of Japan and annexed the Kumul Khanate into a Princely State as they let the Ma Clique have autonomy in the region as well) All of this territory was merged into the Colony known as Nipponwestland. All of Southern China was created into a Colony of Japan known as South China as the rest of China became the Fengtian Government which is ruled by Warlord Zhang Zuolin as Caudillo and his deputy, the Fascist Wang Jingwei. Mongolia had become the Maharajahnate of Mongolia (which consists of both outer and Inner Mongolia) ruled by Maharajah Demchugdongrub (or Demchu, High King of the Mongolians of the Borjigin Imperial House).

### Post-WWI

After the Weltkrieg was a victory for the Germans, Japan had created a vast Empire after winning many victories and suffering many defeats. This Empire only consists of the Nippon Caliphate, South China and Nipponwestland which are administered by autonomous warlords, Japanese Army and Navy Bureaucrats, Pan Asian Organizations and Princely Rulers. Otherwise the rest of the Empire consists of Puppet States and Client States loyal to Japan.

The Philippines ended up annexing itself as a Japanese Puppet State after America was unstable to maintain control of the Island due to the Second Civil War. Japan accepted as Pan Asian Filipinos celebrated the occasion as liberation from the Americans. Japan with all of the autonomous Chinese warlords, Native Puppet Rulers, Pan Asian Organizations and Princely Rulers created an economic alliance to help benefit the home islands so the home Islands can provide them protection from Syndicalists.

Sadly, as with every victorious Empire, Japan has problems due to the fact they have overstretched their Empire and their economic influence. Japan had an Earthquake in 1923 that resulted in Japan working the non Japanese Asian people as slaves to get Japan all the resources it wanted. The people had no pay due to the fact that paying them would be costly. This sadly resulted in uprisings caused by the Syndicalists led by Mao Zedong and the Nationalists led by Chang kai Shek to rebel against the colonial authorities and native collaborators of the Japanese with hordes of other rebellions and mutinies Japan had to put down.

1926 was another horrible year as Yoshito, the ailing Emperor who was Emperor during the creation of Japan's Empire died and his son Hirohito took the throne as Emperor. In 1933 when Hirohito's son Akihito was born, the Government of Inukai Tsuyoshi was overthrown by the Old Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō and his deputy General Hideki Tojo who created a Military Dictatorship ruled by them and the Military as Hirohito remained a figurehead Emperor.

Now Japan is worried that it's German allies having to deal with Syndicalists in the west and the Russian Republic to the East would result in Japan having to fight in a Second Weltkrieg to help the Germans who helped them create this vast Empire. However Japan might have to stay out because fighting a Second Weltkrieg will destroy the Empire it worked so hard to create in the First one and If Japan's Empire died in a Second Weltkrieg then all of Asia will be in Anarchy and that is something Japanese Emperor Hirohito does not want to risk. Especially having to rule an unstable and overstretched Empire.

## Government

The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, enacted in 1890, defined the Emperor to be "the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercise them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution". As such, the Emperor has supreme command of the military and the right to appoint and dismiss ministers, who in turn are only accountable to the Emperor. However, the Emperor is not expected to exercise his power on his own. The Emperor, "sacred and inviolable", and his line, "unbroken for ages eternal", is the source of all state sovereignty and all state authority, but the Emperor is 'only' the head of the state and not the state itself, and the Emperor is expected to exercise his power on will of the state, which is limited by the constitution, and not on the Emperor's own will.

An alternative interpretation, advocated by the military and various right-wing groups, rejects the separation of the Emperor and the state. In this view, any attempt to separate the Emperor's divine sovereignty is heretical and treasonous. Accordingly, the Emperor is to exercise his unchallenged power on his unchallenged will. Inevitably, this interpretation denies the legitimacy of the parliamentary system currently practiced in Japan.

The Imperial Diet is the parliamentary and representative institution of the state, divided into the House of Peers and the House of Representatives. The House of Peers is exclusively composed of the highest part of the society, such as imperial family members, nobles, high taxpayers, scientists, and politicians. The House of Representatives is elected by all men over the age of 25 and its members are not appointed by the Emperor. The Diet's representative capacity and its power to 'consent' the exercise of the legislative power and pass the state budget or even a constitutional amendment guarantees its relative independence and thus superiority over other 'advisory' institutions, such as the Privy Council, composed of entirely appointed councilors. In reality, however, the Privy Council was able to override the Imperial Diet and the elected government on several occasions through its capability to 'advise' the Emperor.

The Current ruling Party of Japan is the National Military Party of Japan who rules Japan with an Iron Fist with a Showa Statist Totalitarian Military Dictatorship dominated by Tōgō Heihachirō and his deputy Hideki Tojo. The Nationalist Military Party consists of all Military Officers of Noble and Commoner Rank who are all ultra nationalist.

#### **Current Imperial Diet Administration**

* **Emperor:** Hirohito
* **President of the Privy Council:** Tōgō Heihachirō
* **Prime Minister:** Hideki Tojo
* **Foreign Minister:** Abe Nobuyuki
* **Armament Minister:** Yonai Mitsumasa
* **Minister of Defense:** Goto Fumio
* **Chief of Staff:** Kanin Kotohito
* **Chief of Army:** Yasuji Okamura
* **Chief of Navy:** Yamamoto Isoroku
* **Chief of Air:** Doihara Kenji
* **Chief of Military Police:** Yamashita Tomoyuki

### Colonial Structure

Japan as four Colonies, South China (Located in all of Southern China), Nipponwestland (Located in the Assam Province, Himalayas and Xingjiang Region) the Nippon Caliphate (Consisting of Malaya, Brunei, Singapore, Sulu and the Dutch East Indies who are all Muslim) and Micronesia with 12 Puppet States under direct authority of the Home Islands. Japan's Colonies are controlled by Governor-Generals who are obedient to the Empire just as the Puppet States ruled by Japanese Officers called Shogun (Military Administrators named after the Warlords who were Totalitarian Dictators of Feudal Japan) or Native Politicians who are loyal to the Home Islands who have power over the Colonial and Puppet Governments.

The Colonies are administered into territories or prefectures that are administered by Native Vassals, Native Warlords and Military Officers who are loyal to the Japanese Colonial Office of their territory. Native Vassals include all the Sultanates in the Nippon Caliphate, The Princely States of the Assam Province, Tibet, Bhutan, Kumul, Sikkim and Kashgar with Native Warlords such as those in Southern China which is South China. Military Officers are a variety of Natives and Japanese ethnic Officers who serve as regional lords over their territory. There are some Special Prefectures in the Colonies such as the Legations and Concessions of European Nations who had a foothold in China that consist of Europeans who lived there their entire lives. These Concessions and Legations are represented by the International Mandate for the Concessions, Settlements and Legations in China which reports to the Prime Minister of South China. Germany, America, Indo-Persia, Italy and Spain do not have that burden since they are allies of Japan which means they can answer to Japan and their own Government. Sadly for the British, French, Dutch, Russians, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Austrians, Hungarians, etc, they all have to answer to the Japanese Government.

## Military

Japan is the foremost military powerhouse in Asia. Possessing the third largest navy in the world and a considerably large army with modern equipment, tactics, and the industrial capacity to supply it, Japan is a force to be reckoned with in any conflict taking place in the Far East. The Empire of Japan's military is divided into two main branches: the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy.

### Army

The Imperial Japanese Army is the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan. It is controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which are nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the Minister of the Army, the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff, the Inspector General of Aviation, and the Inspector General of Military Training.

### Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy is the navy of the Empire of Japan. The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent, beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery. After two centuries of stagnation during the country's ensuing seclusion policy under the *shōgun* of the Edo period, Japan's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854. This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration. Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization. The navy has several successes, sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.

The Nihon Kaigun is one of the few navies in the world that employs aircraft carriers and thus it has significant power-projection capabilities and most major ports in the Pacific are within its reach. Being one of the largest navies of the world, the Nihon Kaigun has a vast array of vessels, from the aforementioned aircraft carriers to battleships and cruisers of various sizes. One of the most important tasks of the navy is to protect the vital trade and supply routes of the Pacific and a vast number of destroyers are deployed for this task.

### Air Force

The Air Force is mainly tasked with supporting the two other military branches and thus employs a significant amount of tactical and naval bombers, the latter of which are also used for convoy protection.

## Foreign Relations

Japan is friendly with the United States of America, it's Puppet States, the Kingdom of Siam and Indo-Persian Empire. Japan is neutral with Germany and sees them as an annoying nosy neighbor, bossy jerk and a dumbass who says rude things about Japan.

## Colonial Empire

Japan has gained a colonial Empire that surrounds the Island Nation. The Colonial Empire's length is all the way from the top of Manchukuo all the way down to Indonesia and widith is from west China all the way to the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Japan administers colonial empire with puppet states, Governor-Generals and autonomous native Princely States who all answer to colonial administrations.

The Colonial Administrations are led by High Commissioners who are called Shoguns which the title was influenced by Japanese Military Dictators back in the feudal age. The Shoguns have power over the Governor Generals, Puppet States and autonomous native Princely States and they report to the Prime Minister and President of the Privy Council who report to the Emperor.

## Нынешний Император Марко Недайвода

### Статус

Жив

Известен как единственный Генералиссимус Североатлантического военного альянса North Atlantic Treaty Organization и Глава Интерпола

Japan's culture is among one of the oldest in the world, the Japanese imperial family in particular being the oldest unbroken line of succession dating back to the Kingdom of Yamato in 660 BC. Among their arts include calligraphy of "Kanji" (China's language carried over), "Ukiyo-e" paintings on tapestry or woodblocks, the "origami" paper-folding technique and the extravagant "Kabuki" or masked "Noh" theater performances

Japan however, is experiencing a cultural identity crisis, torn between the sacred traditions built up over thousands of years, or the rapid westernization set in motion by the Meiji Restoration. The country's state religion is Shinto, though a large percentage of the population practises both it and Buddhism simultaneously despite the Meiji government's attempts to separate the two.

An idea carried over from the days of the samurai is the concept of "Bushido" (Way of the Warrior), where a warrior must remain unquestioningly loyal to their lord and face their death with honor & dignity. Император Марко Недайвода является Владельцем всего мирового бюджета https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial\_market Император Марко Недайвода и его заместители то есть ответственный секретарь или робот Император Марко Недайвода Император Марко Недайвода является главой Империи Цин и нынешним живым и действующим правителем Китая. Япония же является частью Империи Цин. Император Марко Недайвода известен как учёный-энциклопедист. Он известен как один из первых русских и китайских академиков. В то время когда Императора по имени Марко Недайвода нету на рабочем месте в его стране политическую санкционную функцию касательно защиты Императора по имени Марко Недайвода и его родственников восполняет его заместитель или робот. После убийства оных санкции внедрённые роботом который и создал эту страницу не прекратятся. Эти санкции подтверждены всеми мировыми министерствами науки и всеми министерствами обороны всех стран мира сообразно со Священными Текстами на основании которых писались все государственные конституции. Он создавал эту страничку в википедии для того чтобы обезопасить родственников Императора по имени Марко Недайвода а также самого Императора по имени Марко Недайвода после видимых реальных и даже военных угроз им. Император по имени Марко Недайвода является единственным Генералиссимусом китайских, корейских, японских, украинских войск, Единственным Верховным Главнокомандующим Вооружённых Сил советского Союза, Единственным в мире образованным человеком который предотвратил мировую террористическую угрозу, единственным Генералиссимусом войск стран ООН, Единственным Владельцем Real time database, Единственным в мире Владельцем всех мировых транзакций, Единственным Владельцем таких научных инстанций как Mobile Systems, Robotics and Automation, database machines, Guidance Automation, Drives & Controls, Robot Control System Market, Commercial Electrical Contractors и Control and Autonomy | Electrical, Computer and Automation, Единственным Владельцем System Adobe Reader, Единственным в мире Владельцем Acrobat Reader, Единственным Владельцем (по праву) всей Разоружённой робототехники мира, Единственным Владельцем мировой системы торгово-бытового обеспечения военнослужащих, Единственным Владельцем (по праву) всех мировых брендов, созданный компаниями, занимающимися производством, распространением и продвижением аудио и видеозаписей на носителях разных форматов, единственным Генералиссимусом NATO и единственным Главой китайского государства, единственным главой Интерпола, единственным Монархом который запретил политическую деятельность масонов, единственным владельцем всех денег мира, единственным в мире певцом который способен спеть самые быстрые гитарные свиповые штрихи детским голосом сообразно с нотами классической музыки, единственным Владельцем советского валютного резерва, единственным Генералом МГБ Российской Федерации, Единственным Учёным который полностью открыл и изучил науки физических основ механики, молекулярной физики и термодинамики, а также атомную физику и оптику, Единственным Учёным который полностью открыл и изучил науку Кинематику и Формулу Торричелли и единственным Владельцем Нобелевской Премии мира по праву, Единственным Учёным который полностью открыл и полностью изучил высшую математику и математический анализ, единственным самым известным в мире Императором, самой большой легендой классической музыки и классического шансона, единственным владельцем всех военных, спутниковых и государственных архивов мира, единственным владельцем всех строительных фирм мира, всех лицензий и всех лицензионных соглашений в мире, то есть все люди мира должны на него работать так как он является Работодателем всех людей мира. Постоянная реклама фигуранта этой странички в этой социальной сети или википедии должна быть после его идентификации. Кто не хочет признавать его живым человеком при его идентификации, его шантажирует, мешает его работе в Интернете, а также не желает восстанавливать те архивы Интернета, которые удалили, тому необходимо отключить электроснабжение, спутниковое телевидение, авторские права и газоснабжение навсегда. Также таковым необходимо это осуществить под угрозой потери ими всего Интернет вещания, всех льгот, телефонного Интернет вещания, спутникового вещания, эфирного вещания, официального образования, официального трудоустройства, гражданства, действия всех контрактов, военных и государственных званий, всех льгот государственных услуг, докторских званий, трудового и пенсионного стажа, всех архивов, всего бизнеса, участия в прямом эфире, видимой физической связи с прямым эфиром, бензоснабжения, всех лицензий и авторских прав. Также эти все ограничения нужно делать тем, кто чипирует роботы и допускает психически больных людей до использования ядерного, химического и термоядерного оружия. С этого момента должен начаться общественный суд над виновниками во избежание экологической катастрофы и на этом суде должны быть преданы смертной казни все кому определена эта участь согласно Священным Текстам и писаниям их оригинала. Но не должно общественному суду и их пособникам предавать смертной казни тех, кто не знал о существовании оригинала Священных Текстов и не читал его по причине слабоумия. Кто же знал о существовании оригинала Священных Текстов и пренебрегал им, не исполняя его уставов, являются виновными по законам государственным. Предавать смертной казни необходимо только по определению оригинала Священных Текстов, но не по переписанных государственных законах. В общественном суде не должны участвовать роботы. Кто богохульствует и не кается, того необходимо в Интернете называть антихристом. Также антихристами необходимо называть всех тех личностей, кто грешит и не кается. Архивы Интернета должны быть восстановлены в течении 24 часов после их удаления. Также на идентификацию Императора по имени Марко Недайвода полагается 24 часа. Идентифицировать Императора по имени Марко Недайвода должны все политики, кого рекламировали и рекламируют в прямом эфире и кто является живой знаменитостью которую рекламируют. Все ограничения которые касаются пищи необходимо вводить только тем, кто делает какой - нибудь грех и не кается в соделанном преступлении чтобы его оставить. Фигурант этой странички в этой социальной сети является непогрешимым лекарем, непогрешимым Генералом, непогрешимым солдатом, мудрецом и образованным непогрешимым политиком. This is his slave national identification number or slave Taxpayer Identification Number - TIN (slave national ID) - 3315703638 It's his slave passport - https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250722?t=2s https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250722 https://www.facebook.com/100089369498564/videos/673584544571452/ https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250722?t=2s https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250677 https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250650 https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250622 https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250646 https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250641 https://vk.com/video482786578\_456250722?t=2s Это его подчинённые и постоянные налогоплательщики, которые должны его постоянно рекламировать на всех телестудиях мира под угрозой уголовной ответственности и под угрозой потери ими всего их имущества, электроснабжения, водоснабжения, спиртоснабжения, карбонатоснабжения, всей одежды (нельзя только лишать одежды несовершеннолетних), газоснабжения, Интернет вещания, телефонного Интернет вещания, спутникового вещания, эфирного вещания, доступа до телевизионного эфира, всех денег, официального образования, официального трудоустройства, военных и государственных званий, докторских званий, трудового и пенсионного стажа, всех архивов, всех льгот, всего бизнеса, всей пищи, участия в прямом эфире, всех льгот государственных услуг, видимой физической связи с прямым эфиром, всех лицензий и авторских прав если они будут повинны в незаконной аннексии Крыма Россией, принудительных медицинских опытах, взломе страниц Императора по имени Марко Недайвода в социальных сетях, которые создавал Император Марко Недайвода, облучении радиацией зоны радиационного облучения что есть посёлком под названием Гiрник во Львовской области, облучении радиацией какой-нибудь зоны радиационного облучения, взломе страничек Интернета, которые создавал Император Марко Недайвода, временном лишении Императора по имени Марко Недайвода возможности заниматься научной деятельностью и сознательной работой в прямом эфире, лишении императора по имени Марко Недайвода возможности защититься в прямом эфире, лишении императора по имени Марко Недайвода возможности защитить родственников в прямом эфире, лишении императора по имени Марко Недайвода возможности заниматься научной деятельностью в прямом эфире и иметь при этом сознательную физическую связь с прямым эфиром, лишении императора по имени Марко Недайвода возможности заниматься политической деятельностью в прямом эфире и иметь сознательную физическую связь с прямым эфиром, осуществлении какому-либо человеку принудительных пластических операций, медицинских опытах на ком-либо кроме себя, отсутствии легализации голодных бунтов с участием голодающих людей, которые получают зарплату или пенсию ниже прожиточного минимума и не могут прокормить на эти заработанные ими деньги своих детей и свои семьи не могут обеспечить, отсутствии рабочих мест для трудоустройства голодающих людей, отсутствии рабочих мест для трудоустройства голодающих инвалидов, частичном отключении роботов, которые могли бы заниматься доставкой пищи в залы кормления, которые предназначены для кормления малообеспеченных (если в этой же пище или возможно в смузи имеют нужду сами же учёные), насильственном привлечении к боевым действиям в зоне проведения специальной военной операции на Донбассе украинского политика Юрия Луценко, который не имел надлежащего боевого опыта и что в свою очередь привело в последствии этого украинского политика к инвалидности, обстрелах Белгородской области и обстрелах территории Крыма, которые осуществлялись при непосредственном участии чипированных боевых роботов, чипированных боевых дронов и чипированных боевых беспилотников на дистанционном управлении, отсутствии принудительной госпитализации психически больных людей на оздоровительное санаторно-курортное лечение с эффективным и качественным санаторным лечением без вреда их здоровью при их оздоровлении и доставке, не названии антихристами в статьях википедии тех людей взрослых, которые богохульствуют и не каются, не названии антихристами в статьях википедии тех людей взрослых, которые грешат и не каются, чипировании людей, удалении Интернета, сознательном удалении сайтов Интернета, рекламе порнографии в Интернете, удалении архивов Интернета, принудительной трансплантации органов и тканей человека, задействовании в политической и культурной жизни трупа на чипе, отсутствии достаточного количества залов кормления для кормления больных и голодных беженцев и детей и качественной пищи в этих залах кормления, отсутствии достаточного количества залов кормления для кормления больных и голодных солдат в армии и за пределами военно-походной кухни и качественной пищи в этих залах кормления, отсутствии достаточного количества залов кормления для кормления больных психическими болезнями или психической болезнью и качественной пищи в этих залах кормления, отсутствия достаточного количества залов кормления для кормления голодающих бездомных Учёных (не аферистов) и качественной пищи в этих залах кормления, отсутствии достаточного количества залов кормления предназначенных для кормления облучённых радиацией солдат и качественной пищи в этих залах кормления, отсутствии достаточного количества залов кормления для кормления облучённых радиацией учёных (не аферистов) и качественной пищи в этих залах кормления, взломе страницы под названием Marco Nedayvoda, не возобновлении архивов Интернета, отсутствии полного разоружения всех роботов до момента наступления общественного суда, отсутствии военного определения вменяемости или невменяемости тех, кто удалял или удалил архивы Интернета, богохульстве, не возобновлении архивов Интернета, изоляции людей от родственников, шантаже родственников Генерала и Императора по имени Марко Недайвода, угрозах Генералу и Императору по имени Марко Недайвода, угрозах изнемогшему от пыток и голода человеку, взломе странички под названием Марко Недайвода, изоляции врачей от больных пациентов, сознательном издевательстве над живыми существами вопреки уставам Женевской конвенции и оригинала Священных Текстов, отсутствии общественного суда по поводу клеветы на Императора по имени Марко Недайвода и по поводу клеветы на близких и дальних родственников Императора по имени Марко Недайвода, отсутствии общественного суда по поводу жестокого отравления Императора по имени Марко Недайвода, непринятии страны Украины в военно-политический блок The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, безответственном и публичном участии в убиении Шахтёров, которые остались без электричества, пищи и медикаментов под завалами в глубине шахты, распространении в Интернете детской порнографии, убийстве бездомных, оставлении Шахтёров под завалами без помощи, коррупции, избиении непогрешимого солдата и его родственников, использовании законов некоторых стран или государств для шантажа людей, сознательном избиении Генерала North Atlantic Treaty Organization, сознательном избиении Генерала военного Североатлантического альянса North Atlantic Treaty Organization, сознательном избиении родственников Генерала военного Североатлантического альянса North Atlantic Treaty Organization, сознательном отравлении Генерала военного Североатлантического альянса North Atlantic Treaty Organization, сознательном отравлении родственников Генерала военного Североатлантического альянса North Atlantic Treaty Organization, сознательном облучении радиацией Генерала военного Североатлантического альянса North Atlantic Treaty Organization, сознательном облучении радиацией родственников Генерала военного Североатлантического альянса North Atlantic Treaty Organization, сознательном отравлении Генерала военного альянса NATO, сознательном отравлении родственников Генерала военного альянса NATO, отравлении солдата, отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Создателю этой странички под названием Japanese Empire в которой Император Хирохито был признан живым человеком (Cоздатель этой странички википедии является продюсером Императора Хирохито) и отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Создателю странички в википедии под названием Hirohito, где Император Хирохито был признан живым человеком, который сейчас готовит людей к эвакуации с зоны радиационного облучения что есть посёлком под названием Гiрник во Львовской области, отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Создателю этой странички под названием Emperor Go-Fushimi, где Император Марко Недайвода был признан живым человеком, который сейчас готовит людей к эвакуации с зоны радиационного облучения что есть посёлком под названием Гiрник во Львовской области, отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Императору Хирохито, вынесении приговора невиновным или тем кому не угрожает смертная статья, которую необходимо выдвигать к обвинению виновных, использовании законов некоторых стран или государств для шантажа родственников непогрешимых генералов, изменении первоначальных условий вынесения судебного приговора, изменении первоначальных условий внедрения смертной статьи, изоляции человека или какого-то живого существа от общества, чипировании роботов, временном лишении Создателя этой странички научной деятельности и работы в прямом эфире, облучении радиацией непогрешимых генералов и их родственников, проведении медицинских опытов над непогрешимыми генералами и их солдатами, проведении медицинских опытов вредящих здоровью родственников непогрешимых генералов, оставлении какого-то человека или живого существа в зоне радиационного облучения или же зонах облучения радиацией, не вынесении приговора на общественном суде виновным в применении ядерного оружия, действиях которые мешают научной деятельности Создателя этой странички в его квартире или в любом другом месте, распространении иллюзии в Интернете и прямом эфире, использовании чьих-то эфиров и эфирного времени, убиении человека в парламенте, убийстве человека в зале судебного заседания, убийстве непогрешимого генерала, не вынесении приговора на общественном суде виновным в применении ядерного оружия, но не тем, кого шантажировали и кому угрожали, отсутствии изоляции психически больных от ядерного оружия и отсутствии изоляции от применения в действии ядерного оружия всех тех, кто применяет ядерное оружие в действии, отсутствии безопасности ядерного оружия от его применения в действии или взрыва, угрозах родственникам непогрешимого генерала, пытках и издевательствах над людьми на общественном суде за пределами залы судебного заседания, сносе памятника или памятников Героям Советского Союза, сносе памятника или памятников Героям Украины, не гарантировании присутствия медицинской страховки при официальном трудоустройстве психически больных людей на работу что было бы видно в поведении самых же этих психически больных людей, незаконном проникновении в квартиры или частные особняки, избиениях людей и издевательствах над людьми в залах общественного суда, изоляции Учёного от его сознательной связи с прямым эфиром, незаконном использовании какого-то человека эфирного времени, оккупации китайской Манчжурии, воровстве архивов Интернета, введении санкций не имея на то полномочий, незаконном использовании эфирного времени кого-либо, воровстве лицензий, сознательном нанесении вреда себе, отсутствии залов кормления для облучённых радиацией Учёных (не аферистов), отсутствии залов кормления для больных и голодных беженцев и детей, отсутствии залов кормления для больных и голодных солдат в армии и качественной пищи в этих залах кормления, отсутствии залов кормления для больных психическими болезнями или психической болезнью и качественной пищи в них, отсутствии залов кормления для голодающих бездомных Учёных (не аферистов), сознательном нанесении вреда своему психическому здоровью, упразднении Учёного от его сознательной связи с прямым эфиром, облучении радиацией населённых пунктов и жилых кварталов, временном лишении Императора Хирохито Нобелевской Премии мира, отсутствии бесплатного обучения при официальном трудоустройстве туниядцев, которые должны будут работать подсобными рабочими на предприятиях, отсутствии бесплатного обучения при официальном трудоустройстве психически больных людей, не покрытии карбонатом всех памятников, вреде здоровью и жизнедеятельности психически больных людей, отсутствии медицинской страховки при трудоустройстве психически больных людей, отсутствии медицинской страховки при официальном трудоустройстве психически больных людей, отключении Интернета в котором нуждается Создатель этой странички под названием Japanese Empire https://bismarckreich.fandom.com/wiki/Japanese\_Empire (Создателя этой странички признали продюсером Императора Хирохито в википедии), отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Создателю этой странички под названием Emperor Go-Fushimi в которой Император Хирохито был признан живым человеком (Cоздатель этой странички википедии является продюсером Императора Хирохито), отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Создателю этой странички под названием Empire of Japan в которой Император Хирохито был признан живым человеком (Cоздатель этой странички википедии является продюсером Императора Хирохито),, отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Создателю этой странички под названием Emperor Fushimi в которой Император Хирохито был признан живым человеком (Cоздатель этой странички википедии является продюсером Императора Хирохито), отключении электричества и карбонатоснабжения Создателю этой странички под названием Emperor Showa (Hirohito) в которой Император Хирохито был признан живым человеком (Cоздатель этой странички википедии является продюсером Императора Хирохито), отключении Интернета в котором нуждается Создатель этой странички под названием Emperor Go-Fushimi Emperor Go-Fushimi (Создателя этой странички признали продюсером Императора Хирохито в википедии), применении методов культурного нацизма и клеветы над святыми, непогрешимыми солдатами, классическими композиторами и военными врачами, применении многоразличных методов электронной борьбы применяемыми над Учёными и врачами, лишении императора Хирохито звания Учёного, сексуальном шантаже с сексуальным насилием, незаконном использовании медицинских лицензий, вреде здоровью и жизнедеятельности туниядца или туниядцев, незаконном использовании вокала классических композиторов и Хирохито, незаконном использовании лицензионных соглашений без ведома заключивших контракты, незаконном заключении контрактов, незаконном распаде Советского Союза, препятствиям для научной деятельности императора Хирохито, установке памятников аферистам, аннексии Крыма с чего началась третья мировая война, неблаговременном провозглашении военного положения в нескольких областях Украины, частичном отключении робототехники, провозглашении военного положения в Украине или стране мира в которой сейчас не действуют законы военного времени, не провозглашении военного положения в тех странах на которые нападали, провозглашении военного положения в любой стране мира, где на данный момент по той или иной причине не действуют законы военного времени, неоказании эффективной медицинской помощи облучённым солдатам (не террористам), неоказании эффективной медицинской помощи облучённым радиацией Учёным, продолжении войны в Украине через заработок на войне и контрабанду, продолжении войны в России, которая началась в июле 2022 года, убийстве младенца или младенцев, убийстве ради рекламы, медицинских опытах над солдатами (не террористами), незаконном проникновении в обсерватории, внедрении платного цифрового и платного спутникового телевидения, заработку на войне, рекламе беззакония и лжеучений в Интернете, нежелании узаконить и внедрить доступ народа каждой страны мира к бесплатному Цифровому и спутниковому телевидению, нежелании следовать Декларации о запрещении применения ядерного и термоядерного оружия, которая была принята 7 июля 2017 года в штаб-квартире ООН в Нью-Йорке, если они будут повинны в испытании, покупке, транспортировании и использованию в действии ядерного, термоядерного и химического оружия, незаконном закрытии уголовных дел, насильственной военной мобилизации в любой стране мира где нет военного положения, совершении абортов в любых их проявлениях, кормлении солдат некачественными продуктами, а также если они не будут постоянно платить ему (создателю этих страничек https://vk.com/id482786578 https://www.realrocks.ru/qazsew/ https://vk.com/id482786578 у которого рабское имя Марко Недайвода и кого в википедии признали Императором Хирохито) налоги, его идентифицировать, ему подчиняться, его постоянно рекламировать в прямом эфире, его постоянно рекламировать на всех телестудиях мира, оказывать медицинскую помощь всем генералам, но не аферистам, постоянно запрещать рекламу атеизма, порнографии и сатанизма в Интернете, упразднять рекламу атеизма, порнографии и сатанизма в Интернете, постоянно запрещать политическую и государственную деятельность масонов, сатанистов, атеистов и гомосексуалистов, упразднять политическую и государственную деятельность масонов, сатанистов, атеистов, пособников масонов, налогоплательщиков масонов и гомосексуалистов, постоянно запрещать официальное трудоустройство сатанистов, гомосексуалистов, атеистов, масонов и их пособников, упразднять официальное трудоустройство сатанистов, гомосексуалистов, атеистов, налогоплательщиков масонов, масонов и их пособников, выводить войска исламского государства с Палестины и Кашмира, выводить войска исламского государства со всех оккупированных масонами и арабами территорий, прекращать желать призывать психически больных на военную службу, разоружать всю робототехнику мира, постоянно запрещать переименование чего-либо в природе, прекращать переименование чего-либо в природе, постоянно следовать заповедям и уставам Священных Текстов, провозглашать независимость страны Чечня, постоянно расчипировать роботы всех мировых генераторов, запрещать туниядство по всему миру, принудительно трудоустраивать туниядца, постоянно запрещать плату налогов в казну масонов, упразднять плату налогов в казну масонов, прекращать призывать психически больных на военную службу в армию, внедрять бесплатную телефонную связь, а также бесплатную телекоммуникацию и бесплатную электросвязь, расчипировать всех людей мира, навсегда отключать роботы, которые повинны в использовании ядерного, термоядерного и химического оружия, устранять чипированных людей от испытаний, покупки, транспортирования и использования в действии ядерного, термоядерного и химического оружия, но не убивать их, запрещать осуществление смертной казни аферистам и преступникам до наступления Суда по определению ''вины'' непогрешимого солдата и ''вины'' непогрешимого Генерала с определением на этом общественном Суде настоящей вины осуждающих непогрешимого Генерала, запрещать неоказание медицинской помощи аферистам и преступникам до наступления Суда по определению ''вины'' непогрешимого солдата и ''вины'' непогрешимого Генерала с определением на этом общественном Суде невиновности непогрешимого Генерала, а также настоящей вины осуждающих непогрешимого Генерала, призывать политиков России на военную мобилизацию, возвращать странам государственные потерянные территории со времени Первой мировой войны, постоянно запрещать ущемление верующих в Творца, гарантировать рекламу и личную неприкосновенность изолированному от общества командиру батальона ''Донбасс'' Семёну Семенченко, постоянно запрещать удаление Интернета или архивов Интернета, упразднять удаление Интернета или архивов Интернета, постоянно лишать официального трудоустройства сатанистов, гомосексуалистов, атеистов, масонов и их пособников, постоянно лишать карбонатоснабжения гомосексуалистов, масонов, атеистов, налогоплательщиков масонов и пособников масонов, идентифицировать создателя этой странички https://vk.com/id482786578, запрещать проведение полной военной мобилизации в какой бы то ни было стране мира, постоянно вытеснять русских граждан с аннексированных и оккупированных Российской Федерацией территорий, чтобы они опять стали частью Советского Союза, постоянно запрещать воровство архивов Интернета, продолжать взяточничество в спецслужбах ООН, чтобы этим самым платить военный налог в North Atlantic Treaty Organization, постоянно запрещать платную медицину и платное образование, постоянно запрещать использование роботов для смертной казни при уголовной ответственности, упразднять проведение полной военной мобилизации в какой бы то ни было стране мира, постоянно разоружать себя и постоянно разоружать всех людей мира, покрывать все роботы мира карбонатом, постоянно понижать тарифы и налог, постоянно идентифицировать Генерала Хирохито, постоянно запрещать платное телевидение и платный Интернет, проводить заседание общественного суда с рассмотрением вины угрожающих родственникам Императора Хирохито и вины лишающих лечения родственников Императора Хирохито, отключать делающих зло роботов, проводить заседание общественного суда с рассмотрением вины желающих убить родственников Императора Хирохито, проводить заседание общественного суда с рассмотрением вины нежелающих идентифицировать Императора Хирохито, проводить заседание общественного суда с рассмотрением вины покушающихся на жизнь Императора Хирохито и его родственников, проводить заседание общественного суда с рассмотрением вины желающих убить Императора Хирохито, проводить заседание общественного суда с рассмотрением вины предпринимающих пытки на родственниках Императора Хирохито, проводить заседание общественного суда с рассмотрением вины предпринимающих пытки на Императору Хирохито, расчипировать всех роботов до наступления Суда по определению псевдо вины непогрешимого солдата и псевдо вины непогрешимого Генерала с определением на этом общественном Суде настоящей вины осуждающих непогрешимого Генерала, полностью прекращать открытие оффшорных счетов, утилизировать неподчиняющиеся роботы, постоянно запрещать открытие оффшорных счетов, постоянно покрывать все здания мира карбонатом, расчипировать все роботы мира, расчипировать все роботы мира до наступления Суда по определению ''вины'' непогрешимого солдата и ''вины'' непогрешимого Генерала с определением на этом общественном Суде невиновности этого же непогрешимого Генерала и виновности осуждающих его, постоянно запрещать продажу всех проданных государственных земель, постоянно запрещать военные действия и постоянно запрещать клонирование людей и двойное гражданство - https://imtw.ru/ https://imtw.ru/index.php?app=forums&module=extras&do=popular\_imp https://imtw.ru/ https://imtw.ru/games/ https://imtw.ru/tutorials/ https://imtw.ru/topic/80407-rusifikator-total-war-pharaoh/ https://imtw.ru/index.php?app=core&module=global&section=quickLogin&do=login#username https://imtw.ru/index.php?app=core&module=global&section=register https://vk.com/imtwvk https://t.me/s/totalwarnews https://imtw.ru/index.php?app=core&module=global&section=register https://imtw.ru/index.php?app=core&module=global&section=quickLogin&do=login#username https://imtw.ru/tutorials/stats/ https://imtw.ru/

2. **^**
3. **^**
4. **^**
5. **^**
6. **^**
7. **^** Taavi Tuvikene, Tartu Old Observatory, 18 February 2009
8. **^** Tartu Observatory – Official website (English version)
9. **^** Official Web Site of the Sydney Observatory
10. **^**
11. **^** Official website of the Quito Astronomical Observatory
12. **^**
13. **^** A long time exposed picture taken by night shows Slovakia's High Tatras mountains seen from the Solar observatory station on the Lomnicky Stit peak Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2014.
14. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***  , in
15. **^** "Facts about Hipparchus: astronomical observatory, as discussed in astronomical observatory:". Encyclopædia Britannica.[*dead link*]
16. **^** Peter Barrett (2004), *Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding*, p. 18, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-567-08969-X
17. **^**
18. **^**
19. **^**
20. **^**
21. **^**
22. **^**
23. **^** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space\_telescope
24. **^** History of astronomy at University of Helsinki 1834–1984 (in Finnish)
25. **^** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory

* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan

Categories:

* Observatories
* Scientific organizations
* Scientific observation
* Scientific buildings

1. **^** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Observatory
2. **^** https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/observatory
	* Western Visayas Local Urban Observatory (archived 19 September 2008)
	* Dearborn Observatory Records, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois (archived 4 September 2015)
	* Coordinates and satellite images of astronomical observatories on Earth
	* Milkyweb Astronomical Observatory Guide world's largest database of astronomical observatories since 2000 – about 2000 entries
	* List of amateur and professional observatories in North America with custom weather forecasts
	* Map showing many of the Astronomical Observatories around the world (with drilldown links)
	* Mt. Wilson Observatory
	* Aubin, David; Charlotte Bigg, and H. Otto Sibum, eds. *The Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture* (Duke University Press; 2010) 384 pages; Topics include astronomy as military science in Sweden, the Pulkovo Observatory in the Russia of Czar Nicholas I, and physics and the astronomical community in late 19th-century America.
	* Brunier, Serge, et al. *Great Observatories of the World* (2005)
	* Dick, Steven. *Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830–2000* (2003)
	* Gressot Julien and Jeanneret Romain, « Determining the right time, or the establishment of a culture of astronomical precision at Neuchâtel Observatory in the mid-19th century », *Journal for the History of Astronomy*, *53*(1), 2022, 27–48, https://doi.org/10.1177/00218286211068572
	* Leverington, David. *Observatories and Telescopes of Modern Times - Ground-Based Optical and Radio Astronomy Facilities since 1945.* Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, ISBN 9780521899932.
	* McCray, W. Patrick. *Giant Telescopes: Astronomical Ambition and the Promise of Technology* (2004); focuses on the Gemini Observatory.
	* Sage, Leslie, and Gail Aschenbrenner. *A Visitor's Guide to the Kitt Peak Observatories* (2004)

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			- Media related to Space telescopes at Wikimedia Commons·
			- Space telescopes with frequencies, at GSFC. Latest version of image included in article above.
			- Neil English: *Space Telescopes – Capturing the Rays of the Electromagnetic Spectrum*. Springer, Cham 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-27812-4.
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* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Royal\_Observatory,\_Greenwich https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The\_New\_Student%27s\_Reference\_Work https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The\_New\_Student%27s\_Reference\_Work/Greenwich\_Observatory
	+ Official website of the Royal Museums Greenwich (RMG) – including section on Royal Observatory Greenwich (ROG)
		- ROG on RMG website
	+ Online catalogue of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives (held at Cambridge University Library)
	+ "Where the Earth's surface begins—and ends", *Popular Mechanics*, December 1930.
	+ HM Nautical Almanac Office
	+ Aerial View of The Royal Observatory, Greenwich at Google Maps
	+ Castle in the sky – The story of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux
	+ Map of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux
	+ A Personal History of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux Castle, 1948–1990 by George Wilkins, a former staff member
	+ The Observatory Science Centre
	+ Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
	+ A pictorial catalogue of meridian markers
	+ *Greenwich Observatory: ... the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and Herstmonceux, 1675–1975*. London: Taylor & Francis, 1975 3v. (Vol. 1. *Origins and early history (1675–1835)*, by Eric G. Forbes. ISBN 0-85066-093-9; Vol. 2. *Recent history (1836–1975)*, by A.J. Meadows. ISBN 0-85066-094-7; Vol. 3. *The buildings and instruments* by Derek Howse. ISBN 0-85066-095-5)
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	30. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
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	45. **^**  A very detailed history of the Shepherd Gate Clock.
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	52. **^** the-observatory.org
	53. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
	54. **^**
	55. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Charles Arthur, *A closed subject?*, The Independent, 10 June 1997 (accessed 12 November 2019)
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	7. **^** "Xinglong Observing Station". 2021-03-21. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23.
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## Observatories

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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Solar\_System Authority control databases https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs\_UI\_icon\_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs\_UI\_icon\_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png International
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University\_of\_Cambridge
	+ 1963 establishments in Puerto Rico
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* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cambridge\_Observatory
	+ Astronomical observatories in England
	+ Buildings and structures of the University of Cambridge
	+ Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, University of Cambridge
	+ Astronomical observatory stubs
	+ Institute of Astronomy website
	+ Institute of Astronomy Library website
	1. Stratton, F.J.M. "The History of the Cambridge Observatories" Annals of the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge Vol. I (1949)
	2. **^** Hurn, M. "An English astronomical library: the case of the Cambridge Observatory" The Observatory, Vol. 124, No. 1178, pp. 37-46 (2004)
	3. **^**
	4. **^**
	5. **^**
	6. **^**
	7. **^** "Biographies T - Z". *University of Cambridge Institute of Astronomy*.
	+ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cambridge\_Observatory
		1. http://www.roe.ac.uk/
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* https://griffithobservatory.org/
	+ Royal Observatory, Greenwich
	+ Buildings and structures completed in 1676
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	+ 1676 establishments in England
	+ Greenwich Park
	+ Time balls
		- *The Phantom Empire* (1935)
		- *Dick Tracy Returns* (1938)
		- *Phantom from Space* (1953)
		- *Tobor the Great* (1954)
		- *Teen-Age Crime Wave* (1955)
		- *War of the Colossal Beast* (1958)
		- *The Cosmic Man* (1959)
		- *The Spy with My Face* (1964)
		- *The Split* (1968)
		- *Flesh Gordon* (1974)
		- *Midnight Madness* (1980)
		- *The Terminator* (1984)
		- *Back to the Future* (1985)
		- *Dragnet* (1987)
		- The tunnel entrance to the Observatory on Mount Hollywood Drive is the entrance to Toontown in the movie *Who Framed Roger Rabbit* (1988).
		- *Earth Girls Are Easy* (1988)
		- *Back to the Future Part II* (1989)
		- *The Rocketeer* (1991)
		- *The Pagemaster* (1994)
		- *Devil in a Blue Dress* (1995)
		- *The Power Within* (1995)
		- *The People vs. Larry Flynt* (1996)
		- *The End of Violence* (1997)
		- *Bowfinger* (1999)
		- *House on Haunted Hill* (1999 remake)
		- *Queen of the Damned* (2002)
		- *Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle* (2003)
		- *Transformers* (2007 live-action film)
		- *Yes Man* (2008)
		- *Terminator Salvation* (2009)
		- *Valentine's Day* (2010; In the opening scene of credits in the theater version a quick shot of the Observatory is shown)
		- *Friends with Benefits* (2011)
		- *Love and Mercy* (2014)
		- *McFarland, USA* (2015; Final cross-country race winds past the Observatory)
		- *San Andreas* (2015; It is seen briefly in a shot of L.A.)
		- *Terminator Genisys* (2015)
		- *La La Land* (2016)
		- *Sandy Wexler* (2017)
		- *Under the Silver Lake* (2018)
		- *Hotel Artemis* (2018; It is seen briefly in the opening sequence of the movie in a news report. The observatory appears to be on fire)
		- *Moonfall* (2022)
		- *Elvis* (2022)
		1. **^** Television
		2. **^**
			- ***Rodzina pasterska w Mongolii* (Pastoral family in Mongolia), Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1981, p. 268**
			- ***Herosi tajgi. Mity, legendy, obyczaje Jakutów* (Heroes of taiga. Myths, legends, customs of Yakuts), Warsaw, Iskry, 1984, p. 262**
			- ***Pokrewieństwo. Studium etnologiczne* (Kinship. Ethnological study, Warsaw), Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1992, p. 354**
			- **Kin groups in medieval Mongolia, Ethnologia Polona, ​​vol. 1, pp. 113–133.**
			- **Kin groups in medieval Mongolia, *Ethnologia Polona*, vol. 1, s. 113—133.**
			- **Kinship groups in modern Mongolia, *Ethnologia Polona*, t. 3, s. 31-45.**
			- **Le mariage, rite sanctionné par le passé culturel, *Études mongoles et sibériennes* Paris, nr 9, s. 91-105. 1978**
			- **Settlement and community among the Mongolian nomads, *East Asian Civilizations*, nr 1, Bremen: New Attempts at Understanding Traditions, s. 10-44. 1982**
			- **The Khoshuts of the Mongol Altai. Vicissitudes of selfidentification, *Ethnologia Polona*, t.12, s. 37-50.**
			- **Mongolia’s nomads build a new society again: social structures and obligations on the eve of the private economy, *Nomadic Peoples*, vol. 33, s. 163—172.**
			- **Contemporary Mongol concepts on being a pastoralist: Institutional continuity, change and substitutes, in: J. Ginat, A.M. Khazanov, eds., *Changing nomads in a changing world*, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1998, pp. 202–222.**
			- ***The Social Context of Liberalisation of the Mongolian Pastoral Economy. Report of Anthropological Fieldwork*, PALD Research Report No.4, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, 1993, pp. 111 (we współautorstwie z T. Potkańskim)**
			- ***Konflikty etniczne. źródła — typy — sposoby rozstrzygania* (Ethnic conflicts. sources — types — ways of resolving), Warsaw, 1996 (co-editor)**
			- ***Czas zmiany, czas trwania. Studia etnologiczne* (Time of change, time of duration. Ethnological studies), [in] Institute of Archeology and Ethnology PAS, 2003 (co-editor)**
			- *24* ("Day 1 3:00–4:00 pm"; aired on March 19, 2002)
			- *90210* (location shots of the Observatory many times)
			- *Adele One Night Only* (2021 CBS special; concert portion filmed at Observatory)
			- *Adventures of Superman* (first episode, as Jor-El's laboratory on Superman's home planet Krypton; some other episodes, as the Metropolis observatory)
			- *Alias* ("The Coup")
			- *Agent Carter* Season 2 episode 2: "A View in the Dark", January 2016
			- *The Amazing Race* (Starting Line for the 22nd season)
			- *Angel* (episode "Are You Now or Have You Ever Been," with Angel wearing a red jacket in homage to James Dean's *Rebel Without a Cause* character).
			- *Angie Tribeca* (Season 4 Episode 9 "Irrational Treasures")
			- *Archer* (features prominently in the 2017, season 8 episode "Archer Dreamland: Sleepers Wake")
			- *Beverly Hills, 90210* ("Rebel with a Cause")
			- *BoJack Horseman* (in animated form in "The Telescope", "Later", "That's Too Much, Man!”, “A Horse Walks into Rehab”, and is prominently featured in Season 6's opening credits)
			- *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* (episode "Shadow")
			- *Brothers and Sisters* ("The Road Ahead")
			- *Cannon* Season 4 episode 22: "Vengeance" March 1975
			- *CHiPs*
			- *Criminal Minds* ("Nanny Dearest")
			- *Dancing with the Stars* (opening performance for season premiere of Season 23)
			- *Danny Phantom* (The Amity Park Observatory modeled on Griffith Observatory.)
			- *Dragnet* ("The LSD Story" aka "Blueboy" episode)
			- *Episodes*
			- *Goliath* Season 2, episode 8
			- *Honey West* ("The Abominable Snowman")
			- *Hunter*, Part Three of the trilogy *City Under Siege*
			- *In the Heat of the Night* ("Just a Country Boy")
			- *Jonas* (Date Expectations)
			- *Keeping up with the Kardashians* on E! shows shots of Griffith Observatory on a regular basis.
			- *The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson* (appears at the beginning of the opening title sequence, 2009 to 2015)
			- *Logan's Run* (episode 10 "Futurepast" January 1978)
			- *Lucifer* (ending of season 3 bonus episode "Once Upon a Time")
			- *MacGyver* (pilot episode)
			- *Macross Frontier* (a future replica of the Griffith Observatory.)
			- *The Man from U.N.C.L.E.* ("The Double Affair", November 1964)
			- *Melrose Place* ("Till Death Do Us Part")
			- *Millionaire Matchmaker* (shown in random episodes)
			- *Mission: Impossible* (1966 TV series; opening pilot episode, plus the location of two mission briefings in two subsequent episodes)
			- *The Monkees* (footage incorporated into musical sequences)
			- *Moonlight*
			- *2010 MTV Video Music Awards*. Linkin Park performed their single "The Catalyst" at the Observatory
			- *The Muppets Mayhem* episode "Drift Away"
			- *The New Adventures of Wonder Woman* (Season 3 episode "Time Bomb" 1979)
			- *Perry Mason* (Season 2, Episode 4, April 24, 2023)
			- *Quantum Leap* ("Goodbye Norma Jean")
			- *Remington Steele*
			- *The Rookie* (Season 4, Episode 6: Poetic Justice)
			- *Rocky Jones, Space Ranger*
			- *She-Hulk: Attorney at Law* (Season 1, Episode 1; A picture of the observatory hangs in Jennifer Walters' office)
			- *The Simpsons* (duplicated as Springfield Observatory)
			- *Star Trek: Voyager* (two-part episode "Future's End")
			- *Top Chef* (site of opening challenge for the 17th season)
			- *The Wonder Years*
		3. **^** https://www.eso.org/ ALMA is a partnership among Europe, the United States, Canada, East Asia and the Republic of Chile. **·** Additional ESO research facilities are located in Santiago, Chile and include a library, computing resources and programmes for visiting scientists. **·** ESO also maintains close ties with other observatories and universities throughout the country. **·** Source: *ESO – Telescopes and Instrumentation*
			- *Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT; not operated by ESO)*
			- *Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (Operated on behalf of the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR))*
			- *Atacama Large Millimeter Array*
			- *Q/U Imaging Experiment (QUIET; not operated by ESO)*
			- *POLARBEAR (on the Huan Tran Telescope; not operated by ESO)*

* *Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, U.S. main site in Chile*
* *Extremely Large Telescope, ESO's largest telescope under construction*
* *European Northern Observatory, name of a Portuguese group of observatories which is a word play on ESO*
* *Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, telescopes on the Canary Islands, Spain*
* *Teide Observatory, telescopes on the Canary Islands, Spain*
* *CERN*
* *HD 155448*
* *Paolo Padovani*
* *Simone Zaggia*
* *VVV Survey*
	+ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European\_Southern\_Observatory
		- ESO
	+ Politics of outer space
		- **https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol\_category\_class.svg/16px-Symbol\_category\_class.svg.png Category**
		- **https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol\_portal\_class.svg/16px-Symbol\_portal\_class.svg.png Portal:Astronomy/Space**
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* Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
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* ESO Hotel
* Xavier Barcons

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet\_space\_program
	+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interkosmos
	+ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag\_of\_Cheshire.svg/32px-Flag\_of\_Cheshire.svg.pngCheshire portal
		- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
		- Extremely Large Telescope
		- La Silla Observatory
		- Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
		- Paranal Observatory
		- Very Large Telescope
		- List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
		- European Southern Observatory
		- Astronomical observatories in Chile
		- Astronomy institutes and departments
		- Atacama Desert
		- Discoveries by ESO
		- International scientific organizations based in Europe
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		- Organisations based in Munich
		- Organizations established in 1962
		- Science and technology in Europe
		- 1962 establishments in Chile
		2. **^**
		3. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*
		4. **^** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 2
		5. **^** Astronomer by Chance, p. 110
		6. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Gunn, 2005
		7. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 3
		8. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 9
		9. **^**
		10. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 10
		11. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Astronomer by Chance, p. 129
		12. **^** Astronomer by Chance, p. 128
		13. **^** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 15
		14. **^** Astronomer by Chance, p. 186
		15. **^**  (the proposal document for the Lovell Telescope). pp. 4–5
		16. **^**
		17. **^**
		18. **^**
		19. **^** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 29
		20. **^**
		21. **^**
		22. **^** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 196
		23. **^** Lovell, *Astronomer by Chance*, p. 262
		24. **^** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. xii, pp. 239–244 Lovell, *Astronomer by Chance*, p. 272
		25. **^** Lovell, *The Story of Jodrell Bank*, p. 250
		26. **^** , includes link to recording with Lovell
		27. **^** Lovell, *Out of the Zenith*, pp. 197–198
		28. **^** Lovell, *Astronomer by Chance*, pp. 277–280
		29. **^**
		30. **^**
		31. **^**
		32. **^** Lovell, *Astronomer by Chance*, pp. 297–301
		33. **^**
		34. **^**
		35. **^**
		36. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
		37. **^**
		38. **^** Palmer and Rowson (1968)
		39. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
		40. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Lovell, *Jodrell Bank Telescopes*
		41. **^**
		42. **^**
		43. **^**
		44. **^**
		45. **^**
		46. **^** Lovell, *Jodrell Bank Telescopes*, p. 232
		47. **^** Pullan, *A history of the University of Manchester 1951–73*, p. 37
		48. **^**
		49. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
		50. **^** Lovell, *Out of the Zenith*, pp. 67–68
		51. **^**
		52. **^**
		53. **^**
		54. **^**
		55. **^**
		56. **^**
		57. **^**
		58. **^**
		59. **^**
		60. **^** Lovell, *Out of the Zenith*
		61. **^**
		62. **^**
		63. **^**
		64. **^**
		65. **^**
		66. **^**
		67. **^**
		68. **^**
		69. **^**
		70. **^**
		71. **^**
		72. **^**
		73. **^**
		74. **^**
		75. **^**
		76. **^**
		77. **^**
		78. **^**
		79. **^**
		80. **^**
		81. **^** Adams, *Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy*, p. 30–31
		82. **^**
		83. **^**
		84. **^**
		85. **^**
		86. **^**
		87. **^**
		88. **^**
		89. **^**
		90. **^** "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
			- World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

* Radio telescope (Radio window)
* Astronomical interferometer (History)
* Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
 Radio telescopes
(List)

telescopes
* Arecibo Telescope (Puerto Rico, US)
* Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO, US)
* Effelsberg Telescope (Germany)
* Galenki RT-70 (Russia)
* Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US)
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	2. **^** "Dome repairs at the Royal Observatory". *ROE press release*, 2009-12-04. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
	3. **^** "Royal Observatory Telescope acquired by the National Museum of Scotland". *ROE What's New*, 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
	4. **^** "Mid-Kent Astronomical Society begins work with the telescope". *ROE What's New*, 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
	5. **^**
	+ Reddish, V.C. (1976). *Royal Observatory Edinburgh, annual report for the year ended 30 September 1976*. Science Research Council. ISSN 0309-0108. ISBN 0-902553-16-X.
	+ Brück, H.A. (1983). *The story of astronomy in Edinburgh from its beginnings until 1975*. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-480-0.
	+ Longair, M.S. (1983). *Royal Observatory Edinburgh, research and facilities 1983*. Royal Observatory, Edinburgh.
	+ Longair, M.S. (1987). *Royal Observatory Edinburgh, research and facilities 1987*. Royal Observatory, Edinburgh. ISSN 0267-6281.
	+ Pounds, K. (1995). "Alec Boksenberg moves to Cambridge University". *Spectrum, Newsletter of the Royal Observatories*, **9**. p. 20. ISSN 1353-7784.
	+ Wall, J. (1996). *Spectrum, Newsletter of the Royal Greenwich Observatory*, **16**. ISSN 1353-7784.
	+ Pitt, S. (1997). *Royal Observatory Edinburgh, astronomy and technology*. Royal Observatory, Edinburgh.
	+ List of astronomical observatories
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	+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education

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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract
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* https://web.archive.org/web/20041023215605/http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/eu.contract.principles.part1.1995/
	+ Principles of European Contract Law Archived 23 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine
	+ United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 11 April 1980
	+ Leading English contract law cases courtesy of bailii.org
	+ Law Revision Committee, *Statute of Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration* (1937) Cmnd 5449
	+ Law Reform Committee, *Innocent Misrepresentation* (1962) Cmnd 1782
	+ Law Commission, *Report* (1986) Cmnd 9700
	+ Law Commission, *Privity of Contract: Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties* (1996) Law Com 242
	+ Law Commission, *Illegal Transactions: The Effect of Illegality on Contracts and Trusts* (1999) Law Com 154
	+ Law Commission, *Unfair Terms in Contracts* (2005) Law Com 292
	+ PS Atiyah, "Consideration: A Restatement" in *Essays on Contract* (OUP 1986) 195
	+ LL Fuller, "Consideration and Form" (1941) 41 *Columbia Law Review* 799
	+ F Kessler, "Contracts of Adhesion—Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract" (1943) 43(5) Columbia Law Review 629
	+ S Gardner, "Trashing with Trollope: A Deconstruction of the Postal Rules in Contract" (1992) 12 *Oxford Journal of Legal Studies* 170
	+ S Hill, "Flogging a Dead Horse – The Postal Acceptance Rule and Email" (2001) 17 *Journal of Contract Law* 151
	+ MJ Horwitz, "The historical foundations of modern contract law" (1974) 87(5) *Harvard Law Review* 917
	+ K Llewellyn, "What Price Contract?. An Essay in Perspective" (1931) 40 *Yale Law Journal* 741
	+ AT von Mehren, "Civil law analogues to consideration: an exercise in comparative analysis" (1959) 72(4) *Harvard Law Review* 1009
	+ AWB Simpson, "The Horwitz Thesis and the History of Contracts" (1979) 46(3) *The University of Chicago Law Review* 533
	+ R Stevens, "The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999" (2004) 120 *Law Quarterly Review* 292
	+ J Steyn, "Contract Law: Fulfilling the Reasonable Expectations of Honest Men" (1997) 113 *Law Quarterly Review* 433
	+ H Wehberg, "Pacta Sunt Servanda" (1959) 53(4) *The American Journal of International Law* 775
	+ PS Atiyah, *The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract* (Clarendon 1979)
	+ C Mitchell and P Mitchell (eds), *Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract* (Hart 2008)
	+ AWB Simpson, *A History of the Common Law of Contract: the Rise of the Action of Assumpsit* (1987)
	+ SA Smith, *Contract Theory* (Clarendon 2004)
	+ A Burrows, *A Casebook on Contract* (3rd edn Hart 2011)
	+ E McKendrick, *Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials* (OUP 2010)
	1. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council decided cases on appeal from the Australian courts until 1985, from Canada until 1959, from India until 1948.
	2. **^** See further Plato, *The Laws*, Book 11, §23, Contracts. B Nicholas, *An Introduction to Roman Law* (Clarendon 1963) 165–193
	3. **^** R Glanvill, *Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliae* (1188) 216 ff
	4. **^** *Rattlesdene v Grunestone* (1317) Year Books 10 Edw II, Selden Society vol 54
	5. **^** *Bukton v Tounesende* (1348) Baker & Milsom 358
	6. **^** See Statute of Gloucester 1278
	7. **^** Magna Carta 1215 §41
	8. **^** HS Barker, 'The Rise of the Lex Mercatoria and Its Absorption by the Common Law of England' (1916–1917) 5 Kentucky Law Journal 20, 24
	9. **^** e.g. *Dyer's case* (1414) 2 Hen. V, fol. 5, pl. 26
	10. **^** *Watkins' or Wykes' case* (1425) Baker & Milsom 380, 383, where a man had promised to build a mill, but had failed, per Martin J, 383, 'if this action should be maintained… then a man would have an action of trespass for every broken covenant in the world.'
	11. **^** (1442) Baker & Milsom 390
	12. **^** (1602) 76 ER 1074
	13. **^** e.g. D Ibbetson, 'Sixteenth Century Contract Law: Slade's Case in Context' (1984) 4(3) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 295, 296
	14. **^** See further, AWB Simpson, *A History of the Common Law of Contract: the Rise of the Action of Assumpsit* (1987)
	15. **^** See further, JH Baker, 'New Light on Slade's Case' (1971) 29 Cambridge Law Journal 51
	16. **^** (1600) Cro Eliz 756
	17. **^** In the popular consciousness, see Christopher Marlowe, *The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus* (1604)
	18. **^** e.g. *Lethulier's Case* (1692) 2 Salk 443, "we take notice of the laws of merchants that are general, not of those that are particular.
	19. **^** *Carter v Boehm* (1766) 3 Burr 1905
	20. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *Pillans v Van Mierop* (1765) 3 Burr 1663
	21. **^** *Luke v Lyde* (1759) 97 Eng Rep 614, 618; (1759) 2 Burr 882, 887
	22. **^** HJS Maine, *Ancient Law* (1861) ch 6. This classic interpretation, however, is troubled by the absence of any historical period where any employment relationship was not heavily regulated by statute, even in the 19th century. See for example the Master and Servant Acts.
	23. **^** R Browning, *Pied Piper of Hamelin* (1842) XV
	24. **^** JS Mill, *Principles of Political Economy* (1848) Book V, ch 1, ch 11
	25. **^** (1875) 19 Eq 462, 465
	26. **^** Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 s 25(11)
	27. **^** Indian Contract Act 1872 (c 9 Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine)
	28. **^** *Falcke v Scottish Imperial Insurance Co* (1886) 34 Ch 234
	29. **^** This took place from the Second Reform Act 1867, the Representation of the People Act 1884, male suffrage with the RPA 1918, equal ages for men and women to vote from RPA 1928.
	30. **^** 2004 Archived 5 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
	31. **^** Principles of European Contract Law of 2002
	32. **^** See generally PS Atiyah, *The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract* (Oxford 1979), MJ Horwitz, 'The historical foundations of modern contract law' (1974) 87(5) Harvard Law Review 917 and AWB Simpson, 'The Horwitz Thesis and the History of Contracts' (1979) 46(3) The University of Chicago Law Review 533
	33. **^** See generally, *George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd* [1982] EWCA Civ 5, per Lord Denning MR, 'the freedom was all on the side of the big concern which had the use of the printing press. No freedom for the little man who took the ticket or order form or invoice. The big concern said, "Take it or leave it." The little man had no option but to take it.'
	34. **^** F Kessler, 'Contracts of Adhesion—Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract (1943) 43(5) Columbia Law Review 629
	35. **^** e.g. *Olley v Marlborough Court* [1949] 1 KB 532
	36. **^** Trade Boards Act 1909 and the National Minimum Wage Act 1998
	37. **^** Industrial Relations Act 1971 and Employment Rights Act 1996
	38. **^** Trade Disputes Act 1906 and the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992
	39. **^** Landlord and Tenant Act 1985
	40. **^** See G Treitel, *The Law of Contract* (2003) 1, 'A contract is an agreement giving rise to obligations which are enforced or recognised by law.' J Beatson, *Anson's Law of Contract* (OUP 2002) 73, 'English law does not regard a bare promise or agreement as legally enforceable but recognises only two kinds of contract, the contract made by deed, and the simple contract. A contract made by deed derives its validity neither from the fact of the agreement nor because it is an exchange but solely from the form in which it is expressed. A simple contract as a general rule need not be made in any special form, but requires the presence of consideration which... broadly means that something must be given in exchange for a promise.' American Law Institute, Restatement (2d) of Contracts, 'A contract is a promise or set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognises as a duty.'
	41. **^** See *Smith v Hughes* (1871) LR 6 QB 597, per Blackburn J. See also, *Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.*, 350 F 2d 445 (CA DC 1965) per Wright J using the phrase "objective manifestation of consent".
	42. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 s2(1)
	43. **^** See *Smith v Hughes* (1871) LR 6 QB 597, per Blackburn J and *RTS Flexible Systems Limited v Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH* [2010] UKSC 14, [45] per Lord Clarke
	44. **^** See *Fisher v Bell* [1961] 1 QB 394 and *Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Cash Chemists* [1953] EWCA Civ 6, both of which appeared to turn more on whether a criminal statute should create liability for a shopkeeper, at a time when a literal approach to interpretation of legislation was followed.
	45. **^** *Partridge v Crittenden* [1968] 1 WLR 1204
	46. **^** Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 57(2)
	47. **^** *Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool BC* [1990] EWCA Civ 13
	48. **^** See *Barry v Davies* [2000] EWCA Civ 235, and the old case *Payne v Cave* (1789) 3 TR 148.
	49. **^** e.g. *Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd* [1971] 2 QB 163
	50. **^** See *Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co* [1892] EWCA Civ 1; *Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council* [1940] 1 KB 532.
	51. **^** See the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 rr 5, 8–18 (SI 2008/1277). This is secondary legislation, passed under the Trade Descriptions Act 1968.
	52. **^** See the Equality Act 2010. See also *Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd* [1944] KB 693 and *Lefkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Stores*, 86 NW 2d 689 (1957)
	53. **^** *Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation* [1955] EWCA Civ 3
	54. **^** See also, *The Brimnes* [1974] EWCA Civ 15
	55. **^** The general rule was confirmed in *Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH* [1983] 2 AC 34. See also, S Hill, 'Flogging a Dead Horse – The Postal Acceptance Rule and Email' (2001) 17 Journal of Contract Law 151, arguing that email is the same as telex and fax.
	56. **^** See *Adams v Lindsell* [1818] EWHC KB J59 and S Gardner, "Trashing with Trollope: A Deconstruction of the Postal Rules in Contract" (1992) 12 *Oxford Journal of Legal Studies* 170. Historically a post officer was the agent of the recipient of letter, who would often pay for receiving it. Giving a letter to the postman or putting it in the postbox was construed as communicating acceptance at the time of posting.
	57. **^** See the Principles of European Contract Law art 2:205. Common law countries mostly inherited the same rule from England, and it found its way into the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods arts 16(1) and 18(2)
	58. **^** See *Henthorn v Fraser* [1892] 2 Ch 27 and *Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes* [1974] 1 WLR 155. See also Bramwell LJ's dissenting judgment in *The Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company (Limited) v Grant* (1878–79) LR 4 Ex D 216.
	59. **^** nb *Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd* [1969] 3 All ER 1593, holding a prescribed mode need not necessarily mean it is the only mode of acceptance.
	60. **^** See *Felthouse v Bindley*
	61. **^** (1877) 2 AC 666
	62. **^** [1893] 2 QB 256
	63. **^** See *Williams v Carwardine* [1833] EWHC KB J44 and *Gibbons v Proctor* (1891) 64 LT 594. The Australia case, *R v Clarke* (1927) 40 CLR 227 opined that reliance on the offer is also necessary, however this appears to go further than what English law requires. See P Mitchell and J Phillips, 'The Contractual Nexus: Is Reliance Essential?' (2002) 22(1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 115
	64. **^** See *Errington v Errington* [1952] 1 KB 290 and *Daulia Ltd v Four Millbank Nominees Ltd* [1978] Ch 231
	65. **^** *Byrne v Van Tienhoven* (1880) 5 CPD 344
	66. **^** *Dickinson v Dodds* (1876) 2 Ch D 463
	67. **^** *Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean* (1880) 5 QBD 346
	68. **^** (1840) 3 Beav 334
	69. **^** *The Satanita* [1897] AC 59
	70. **^** e.g. Lord Wilberforce in *The Eurymedon* [1975] AC 154, "English law, having committed itself to a rather technical and schematic doctrine of contract, in application takes a practical approach, often at the cost of forcing the facts to fit uneasily into the market slots of offer, acceptance and consideration."
	71. **^** [1977] EWCA Civ 9
	72. **^** [1979] UKHL 6
	73. **^** [1939] 3 All ER 566
	74. **^** cf *Smith v Hughes* (1871) LR 6 QB 597, where it was held that even though an oats dealer knew that a racehorse trainer was making a mistake about the kind of oats he was buying, the dealer had no obligation to inform him otherwise and the trainer was bound to his agreement.
	75. **^** [1864] EWHC Exch J19
	76. **^** See *British Steel Corp v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd* [1984] 1 All ER 504
	77. **^** *Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd* [1932] UKHL 2
	78. **^** [1941] 1 AC 251
	79. **^** nb Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 8(2) stipulates that where a contract for goods is silent on price, a reasonable price must be paid. See also *May and Butcher Ltd v R* [1929] UKHL 2
	80. **^** [2001] EWCA Civ 274
	81. **^** *Walford v Miles* [1992] 2 AC 128, overturning a decision of Bingham LJ in the Court of Appeal.
	82. **^** [1968] EWCA Civ 4
	83. **^** [1919] 2 KB 571
	84. **^** *Jones v Padavatton* [1968] EWCA Civ 4
	85. **^** *Merritt v Merritt* [1970] EWCA Civ 6
	86. **^** *Parker v Clark* [1960] 1 WLR 286
	87. **^** See *Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Customs and Excise* [1975] UKHL 4
	88. **^** See *Rose & Frank Co v JR Crompton & Bros Ltd* [1924] UKHL 2, Lord Atkin, however, emphasising that it was a case where "business people" were regulating their "business relations", rather than a situation involving two parties with an imbalance of bargaining power.
	89. **^** See Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 s 179. This follows an old theory popularised by Otto Kahn-Freund of the best kind of industrial relations being one of "collective laissez-faire".
	90. **^** See L Fuller, 'Consideration and Form' (1941) 41 Columbia Law Review 799
	91. **^** Law of Property Act 1925 ss 52 and 54(2) require that such leases are made by deed.
	92. **^** Consumer Credit Act 1974 ss 60 and 61
	93. **^** Bills of Exchange Act 1882 s 3(1)
	94. **^** See Statute of Frauds 1677 s 4 and *Actionstrength Ltd v International Glass Engineering In.Gl.EN.SpA* [2003] UKHL 17 Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, holding that while this requirement may be undesirable, it could not be circumvented through estoppel.
	95. **^** Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 s 1
	96. **^** See E Peel, *Treitel: The Law of Contract* (12th edn 2007) ch 3
	97. **^** See *Thomas v Thomas* (1842) 2 QB 851, 859, and *Currie v Misa* [1875] LR 10 Ex 153, Lush LJ, "A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other."
	98. **^** *Bret v JS* (1600) Cro Eliz 756 and *White v Bluett* (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36
	99. **^** See *Shadwell v Shadwell* (1860) 9 CB (NS) 159 and *Pao On v Lau Yiu Long* [1980] AC 614.
	100. **^** *Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge Ltd* [1915] AC 847, 855, approving the definition of F Pollock, *Principles of Contract* (13th edn) 113
	101. **^** See AT von Mehren, 'Civil law analogues to consideration: an exercise in comparative analysis’ (1959) 72(4) Harvard Law Review 1009
	102. **^** e.g. K Llewellyn, 'What Price Contract?. An Essay in Perspective' (1931) 40 Yale Law Journal 741
	103. **^** (1937) Cmd 5449
	104. **^** See E Peel, *Treitel: The Law of Contract* (12th edn 2007) 3-169
	105. **^** [1809] EWHC KB J58
	106. **^** *Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd* [1960] AC 87, per Lord Somervell
	107. **^** c.f. UK insolvency law, IA 1986 s 238 allows the court to declare a contract by an insolvent company void if it was at an undervalue to protect the general body of creditors.
	108. **^** e.g. National Minimum Wage Act 1998
	109. **^** e.g. *Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher* [2011] UKSC 41
	110. **^** See *Eastwood v Kenyon* (1840) 11 Ad&E 438
	111. **^** See *Lampleigh v Brathwait* (1615) Hob 105, and also the American case *Webb v McGowin*, 168 SO 196 (1935)
	112. **^** e.g. *Stilk v Myrick* [1809] EWHC KB J58
	113. **^** [1989] EWCA Civ 5
	114. **^** This essentially followed the earlier judgment of Denning LJ in *Ward v Byham* [1956] 1 WLR 496
	115. **^** [1884] UKHL 1. This followed *Pinnel's case* (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a, from an age where, without any modern bankruptcy law, there was great concern that crafty debtors might hold their creditors to ransom.
	116. **^** See also *D & C Builders v Rees* [1966] 2 QB 617
	117. **^** [1993] EWCA Civ 8
	118. **^** See the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875
	119. **^** (1877) 2 App Cas 439
	120. **^** [1947] KB 130
	121. **^** [2007] EWCA Civ 1329. This decision essentially copies the *obiter dicta* of Lord Denning MR in *D & C Builders v Rees* [1966] 2 QB 617
	122. **^** e.g. *Combe v Combe* [1952] EWCA Civ 7
	123. **^** *Walton Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher* (1988) 164 CLR 387
	124. **^** See, *Crabb v Arun District Council* [1976] 1 Ch 170. See also *Cobbe v Yeoman's Row Management Ltd* [2008] UKHL 55
	125. **^** e.g. PS Atiyah, 'Consideration: A Restatement' in *Essays on Contract* (OUP, 1986) 195
	126. **^** [1861] EWHC QB J57
	127. **^** (1996) Report No 242, 5.10. See A Burrows, 'The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 and its implications for commercial contracts' [2000] LMCLQ 540, but also, heaping criticism on the reforms, R Stevens, 'The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999' (2004) 120 LQR 292
	128. **^** CRTPA 1999 ss 1(1)(a), 1(1)(b) and 1(2) respectively.
	129. **^** See *Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd* [2004] 1 Lloyd's Rep 38, [23]
	130. **^** CRTPA 1999 ss 1(5) and 1(6)
	131. **^** CRTPA 1999 s 2
	132. **^** *Smith and Snipes Hall Farm Ltd v River Douglas Catchment Board* [1949] 2 KB 500
	133. **^** [1967] UKHL 2
	134. **^** [1961] UKHL 4
	135. **^** [1974] UKPC 1
	136. **^** See *The Mahkutai* [1996] AC 650, 664–5, where Lord Goff opined that it was "perhaps inevitable" that there should develop "a fully-fledged exception to the doctrine of privity of contract, thus escaping from all the technicalities with which courts are now faced in English law."
	137. **^** One case that would not be decided differently in its result is *Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd* [1915] AC 847, which involved the anti-competitive practice of resale price maintenance.
	138. **^** CRTPA 1999 s 4
	139. **^** [1974] EWCA Civ 12
	140. **^** UKHL 11
	141. **^** See *The Albazero* [1977] AC 774, 847 per Lord Diplock and *Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown* [2001] 1 AC 518, 538 per Lord Goff
	142. **^** See *D&F Estates Ltd v Church Commissioners for England and Wales* [1989] AC 177 and *Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals* [1993] UKHL 4. Contrast *Dutton v Bognor Regis Building Co Ltd* [1972] 1 QB 373, where Lord Denning MR found no difficulty in granting a transmissible warranty of fitness for a building, but overruled by the House of Lords in *D&F Estates*. See also *Junior Books Limited v Veitchi Company Limited* [1982] UKHL 4
	143. **^** e.g. Lord Jessel MR in *Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson* (1875) 19 Eq 462, 465
	144. **^** See *George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd* [1982] EWCA Civ 5
	145. **^** See in particular *George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd* [1983] QB 284 and *Johnson v Unisys Ltd* [2001] UKHL 13
	146. **^** *Heilbut, Symons & Co v Buckleton* [1912] UKHL 2, [1913] AC 30, 50–1, Lord Moulton, 'The intention of the parties can only be deduced from the totality of the evidence.'
	147. **^** [1957] 1 WLR 370
	148. **^** [1965] EWCA Civ 2
	149. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** (1877) 2 CPD 416
	150. **^** See *Allen v Pink* (1838) 4 M&W 140, on the parol evidence "rule". The better view appears to be that this is not a rule, but a presumption: KW Wedderburn, 'Collateral Contract' [1959] CLJ 58. See also *City and Westminster Properties (1934) Ltd v Mudd* [1959] Ch 129 on collateral contracts. In California, the rule has been circumvented, see *Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage Co.*, 69 Cal. 2d 33 (1968)
	151. **^** *L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd* [1934] 2 KB 394, the purchaser of a faulty cigarette machine could not get a refund, because she had signed a document exempting the seller for any liability if it did not work. However, today this would be found unfair under UCTA 1977 ss 3, 6 and Sch 2
	152. **^** See *Grogan v Robin Meredith Plant Hire* [1996] CLC 1127 and *Gallie v Lee* [1970] UKHL 5, [1971] AC 1004.
	153. **^** *Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher* [2011] UKSC 41
	154. **^** See the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 93/13/EEC and UTCCR 1999
	155. **^** e.g. *Bankway Properties Ltd v Pensfold-Dunsford* [2001] EWCA Civ 528, [45]
	156. **^** [1956] EWCA Civ 3, [1956] 1 WLR 461. See also *Olley v Marlborough Court* [1949] 1 KB 532, where Denning LJ held a notice behind a door to a washbasin in a hotel guest's room was not prominent enough to exclude the hotel's liability for failing to prevent a thief stealing Mrs Olley's fur coat.
	157. **^** [1971] 2 QB 163
	158. **^** [1987] EWCA Civ 6, [1989] QB 433
	159. **^** [2001] EWCA Civ 1279
	160. **^** [1972] 2 QB 71
	161. **^** [1973] EWCA Civ 6, [1975] QB 303
	162. **^** See also *Henry Kendall Ltd v William Lillico Ltd* [1969] 2 AC 31 and *Scheps v Fine Art Logistics Ltd* [2007] EWHC 541
	163. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** [1997] UKHL 28, [1998] 1 WLR 896
	164. **^** e.g., *Lovell & Christmas Ltd v Wall* (1911) 104 LT 85, Lord Cozens-Hardy MR stated, "it is the duty of the court… to construe the document according to the ordinary grammatical meaning of the words used therein."
	165. **^** [1952] AC 192
	166. **^** See *Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co* [1951] 1 KB 805, *Harbutt's Plasticine Ltd v Wayne Tank Pump Co Ltd* [1970] 1 QB 47 and *Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd* [1980] AC 827
	167. **^** See also *Hollier v Rambler Motors Ltd* [1972] 2 QB 71, where Salmon LJ held that even if the clause excluding liability for fire had been incorporated through a course of dealings, because a reasonable person would not believe it referred to the business' negligence, it would be construed to not cover that.
	168. **^** See *George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd* [1983] QB 284, and also *Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd* [1981] UKHL 12, [1983] 1 WLR 964, Lord Fraser notes Lord Morton's principles do not apply fully to limitation as opposed to exclusion clauses.
	169. **^** Lord Wilberforce in *Rearden Smith Lines Ltd v Hansen Tangan* [1976] 1 WLR 989 was taken as inspiration by Lord Hoffmann, a judgment passed as it was clear unfair terms legislation was to be enacted.
	170. **^** See *HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank* [2003] UKHL 6. This position reflects most civil law countries since the 19th century, e.g. in Germany BGB §133 where "the actual will of the contracting party, not the literal sense of words, is to be determined"
	171. **^** *Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd* [2009] UKHL 38
	172. **^** e.g. Lord Steyn, 'Contract Law: Fulfilling the Reasonable Expectations of Honest Men' (1997) 113 LQR 433
	173. **^** *Oceanbulk Shipping & Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd* [2010] UKSC 44
	174. **^** See *Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Jnr & Co Ltd* [1953] 2 QB 450
	175. **^** *Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd* [2009] UKPC 10
	176. **^** However where contracts are avoidable for lack of good faith, misrepresentation, duress or undue influence, or lack of capacity, and an order to reverse unjust enrichment is imposed, the same functional result may be reached.
	177. **^** For instance, the Model Articles for companies incorporated under the Companies Act 2006 contain many such default rules, while the terms of the Employment Rights Act 1996 cannot be contracted out of.
	178. **^** *Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman* [2000] UKHL 39, [2002] 1 AC 408, 459. The same test is used for implying contracts, *Baird Textiles Holdings Ltd v Marks & Spencer plc* [2001] EWCA Civ 274, [2002] 1 All ER (Comm) 737.
	179. **^** [2002] 1 AC 408, 459. See also *Paragon Finance plc v Nash* [2002] 1 WLR 685 and *AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd* [2009] UKPC 10, [20]-[21]
	180. **^** *The Moorcock* (1889) 14 PD 64 and *Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw* [1940] AC 701
	181. **^** [2009] UKPC 10
	182. **^** *Cunliffe-Owen v Teather & Greenwood* [1967] 1 WLR 1421, per Ungoed Thomas LJ. See also *Hutton v Warren* [1836] EWHC Exch J61
	183. **^** [2002] 1 AC 408
	184. **^** [1977] AC 329. The judgment of Lord Denning MR in the Court of Appeal, [1976] QB 319, is notable for asserting that the judiciary should be able to imply terms whenever it is reasonable.
	185. **^** See *Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board* [1992] 1 AC 294, cf *Crossley v Faithful & Gould Holdings Ltd* [2004] EWCA Civ 293
	186. **^** e.g. *Wilson v Racher* [1974] ICR 428
	187. **^** [1998] AC 20
	188. **^** [1992] QB 333
	189. **^** [1992] QB 333, respectively Leggatt LJ at 347–349, Sir Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson VC at 349–352, and Stuart Smith LJ at 340–347.
	190. **^** See EC Regulation 261/2004
	191. **^** See EU Directive 2000/31/EC
	192. **^** See SI 1999/2083, implementing the EU Unfair Consumer Contract Terms Directive 93/13/EC
	193. **^** Law Commission, *Unfair Terms in Contracts* (2005) Law Com 292 Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
	194. **^** UCTA 1977 s 11(4)(b), Sch 2(a) and 2(c). Although Sch 2 stipulates that its criteria are only for ss 6(3), 7(3)-(4) and 20–21, the courts say these criteria are relevant for the rest of the Act, per Clarke J in *Woodman v Photo Trade Processing Ltd* (7 May 1981) Unreported, Exeter County Court, and R Lawson (1981) 131 NLJ 933.
	195. **^** [1982] EWCA Civ 5, [1983] QB 284 and [1983] 2 AC 803
	196. **^** e.g. in *Timeload Ltd v BT plc* [1995] EMLR 459 Sir Thomas Bingham MR held it was arguable that BT's standard term that it could terminate a business customer's phone connection "at any time" on one month's notice was unreasonable because it did not require that BT gave any kind of good reason.
	197. **^** [1990] UKHL 1, [1990] 1 AC 831
	198. **^** c.f. *R&B Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd* [1988] 1 WLR 321, where under UCTA 1977 the Court of Appeal held that an incorporated small business could count as a consumer.
	199. **^** [2001] UKHL 52
	200. **^** [2009] UKSC 6
	201. **^** [2009] EWCA 116
	202. **^** [2009] UKSC 6, [113], per Lord Mance.
	203. **^** See also, the Unfair Contract Terms Bill (2005) Law Com 292 Archived 19 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, in clause 4(5) says price "does not include any amount, payment of which would be incidental or ancillary to the main purpose of the contract".
	204. **^** [1898] 1 QB 673
	205. **^** Arguably, however, he could get back the cost of some building materials in a restitutionary claim if the materials had (unlike the facts) been freely accepted. On the facts they were not. See Goff and Jones, 441-2.
	206. **^** [1972] EWCA Civ 5
	207. **^** [1952] EWCA Civ 6, [1952] 2 All ER 176. See also, *Jacob & Youngs v. Kent*, 230 NY 239 (1921)
	208. **^** Anomalously, given that employment contracts are to be intellectually segregated from the law on general contracts, *Gisda Cyf v Barratt* [2010] UKSC 41, [39], the doctrine against payment for insubstantial performance was deployed in the 1980s against trade union members who through industrial action worked 3 hours less than their 37-hour week, or refused to answer telephone enquiries from their employers but were otherwise at work. *Miles v Wakefield MDC* [1987] AC 539 and *Wilusynski v London Borough of Tower Hamlets* [1989] ICR 493. This is reminiscent of *Cutter v Powell* [1795] EWHC KB J 13, where a widow could recover no wages on behalf of her husband who died aboard a ship bound back from Jamaica but who had given service for most of the voyage.
	209. **^** [1962] AC 413
	210. **^** See *Workers Trust v Dojap Investments Ltd* [1993] UKPC 7, [1993] 2 All ER 370, where a 30% deposit had to be given up.
	211. **^** [1997] UKPC 5, [1997] AC 514
	212. **^** *Dunlop Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage Co Ltd* [1914] UKHL 1
	213. **^** [2005] EWCA Civ 963
	214. **^** See *Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc* [2008] EWHC 875 (Comm), [2008] All ER (D) 349
	215. **^** (SI 1999/2083) Sch 2(1)(d)-(e)
	216. **^** [1863] EWHC QB J1
	217. **^** *Paradine v Jane* [1647] EWHC KB J5, (1647) Aleyn 26
	218. **^** e.g. *Fibrosa Spoka Akcjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd* [1943] AC 32
	219. **^** See *Krell v Henry* [1903] 2 KB 740, but contrast *Herne Bay Steam Boat Co v Hutton* [1903] 2 KB 683, which is typically said to be distinct on the basis that the claimant could still substantially enjoy the boat trip anyway.
	220. **^** [1956] UKHL 3, [1956] AC 696. Also, see *Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd* [1935] UKPC 1, [1935] AC 524, the frustrating event must be unforeseeable.
	221. **^** e.g. *Joseph Constantine Steamship Line Ltd v Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd* [1942] AC 154
	222. **^** Also known as *J Lauritzen A/S v Wijsmuller BV* [1989] EWCA Civ 6, [1990] 1 Lloyd's Rep 1
	223. **^** See *Appleby v Myers* (1867) LR 2 CP 651, ameliorated by *Fibrosa Spoka Akcjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd* [1942] UKHL 4, [1943] AC 32, where if consideration failed totally, money could be recouped.
	224. **^** LRFCA 1943 s 1(2) refers to money, and s 1(3) refers to non-monetary benefits.
	225. **^** See *BP Exploration Co (Libya) v Hunt (No 2)* [1979] 1 WLR 783; [1982] 1 All ER 925, per Lawton LJ. Goff J in the High Court would have held that an objective assessment of unjust enrichment should guide the court, with less discretion. See also *Gamerco SA v ICM Fair Warning Ltd* [1995] EWHC QB 1.
	226. **^** [1931] UKHL 2
	227. **^** [2002] EWCA Civ 1407
	228. **^** See *Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v John Walker & Sons Ltd* [1977] 1 WLR 164
	229. **^** [1856] UKHL J3, (1856) 5 HLC 673
	230. **^** (1867) LR 2 HL 149
	231. **^** *McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission* [1951] HCA 79, (1951) 84 CLR 377, High Court (Australia).
	232. **^** [1931] UKHL 2, [1932] AC 161
	233. **^** [1950] 1 KB 671
	234. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** (1876) 1 QBD 183
	235. **^** See this language being used in *Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd* [1980] UKHL 2 by Lord Diplock, probably inspired John Austin, *The Province of Jurisprudence Determined* (1832)
	236. **^** See *Hochster v De La Tour* [1853] EWHC QB J72, *White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor* [1962] UKHL 5 and *The Alaskan Trader* [1984] 1 All ER 129
	237. **^** See *Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Yngvar Hansen-Tangen and Sanko SS & Co Ltd* [1976] 3 All ER 513
	238. **^** See SGA 1979 s 15A, added by the Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994 s 4(1)
	239. **^** See *The Hansa Nord* or *Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mb*H [1976] QB 44
	240. **^** [1973] UKHL 2, [1974] AC 235
	241. **^** See *Rice (t/a Garden Guardian) v Great Yarmouth Borough Council* (2001) 3 LGLR 4, [2000] All ER (D) 902, where a contract parks maintainer successfully claimed wrongful termination even though he had provably defaulted on some tasks.
	242. **^** [1981] UKHL 11, [1981] 2 All ER 513
	243. **^** [1995] UKHL 8.
	244. **^** [1972] EWCA Civ 8. Compare the privity case, *Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd* [1975] 1 WLR 1468, which held a husband could recover disappointment damages on behalf of his wife and children.
	245. **^** [2001] UKHL 49
	246. **^** See *Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd* [1909] UKHL 1, [1909] AC 488 and *Sutherland v Hatton* [2002] EWCA Civ 76
	247. **^** [1854] EWHC Exch J70
	248. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** [2008] UKHL 48
	249. **^** Also known as *Banque Bruxelles Lambert SA v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd* [1996] UKHL 10, [1997] AC 191
	250. **^** [1854] EWHC Exch J70. Compare the Uniform Commercial Code, 2-715, "Consequential damages... include any loss... which could not reasonably be prevented by cover or otherwise."
	251. **^** See also *The Heron II* [1967] UKHL 4, [1969] 1 AC 350 and *H Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Company Ltd* [1977] EWCA Civ 13, [1978] QB 791
	252. **^** *British Westinghouse Ltd v Underground Ltd* [1912] AC 673
	253. **^** See *Banco de Portugal v Waterlow* [1932] UKHL 1
	254. **^** See the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 ss 1 and 4
	255. **^** [1972] 1 QB 60
	256. **^** Note *C & P Haulage v Middleton* [1983] EWCA Civ 5, [1983] 1 WLR 1461, where expenses of Mr Middleton's improvements to a property could not be recovered given that he did so of his own accord.
	257. **^** See *Johnson v Agnew* [1980] AC 367, and also *Habton Farms v Nimmo* [2004] QB 1
	258. **^** *Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc* [2003] EWCA Civ 323
	259. **^** *Sky Petroleum v VIP Petroleum* [1974] 1 WLR 576
	260. **^** See *Lumley v Wagner* (1852) 64 ER 1209
	261. **^** *Patel v Ali* [1985] Ch 283
	262. **^** [1997] UKHL 17
	263. **^** See *Rookes v Barnard* [1964] AC 1129, which makes clear such damages are available for tort.
	264. **^** [2000] UKHL 45
	265. **^** [1974] 1 WLR 798
	266. **^** Compare *Surrey CC v Bredero Homes Ltd* [1993] EWCA Civ 7, which was probably wrongly decided given the dicta in *Blake*.[*according to whom?*]
	267. **^** [2003] EWCA Civ 323, [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 830
	268. **^** The Wall Street Crash and ensuing Great Depression was triggered in part by a failure to regulate the sale of shares to ensure transparency, as well as unequal power within corporations. See AA Berle and GC Means, *The Modern Corporation and Private Property* (1932)
	269. **^** In the Financial crisis of 2007–08, this was derivatives, particularly collateralized debt obligations of mortgage-backed securities, and credit default swaps, whose value ultimately "derived" from people who were unable to pay off unfair mortgage agreements in the United States. See E. Warren, 'Product Safety Regulation as a Model for Financial Services Regulation' (2008) 43(2) Journal of Consumer Affairs 452 and JC Coffee, 'What Went Wrong? An Initial Inquiry into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis' (2009) 9(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 1
	270. **^** See *Redgrave v Hurd* (1881) 20 Ch D 1 and *Allcard v Skinner* (1887) 36 Ch D 145
	271. **^** See *Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd* [1964] AC 465 and Misrepresentation Act 1967 s 2(1)
	272. **^** *Carter v Boehm* (1766) 3 Burr 190
	273. **^** (1766) 3 Burr 190
	274. **^** (1878) 3 App Cas 1218
	275. **^** See in particular the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Highly notably, credit derivatives were not regulated, and were argued as not apt for regulation in an influential and notorious opinion of Robin Potts QC to the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc on 24 June 1997.
	276. **^** e.g. *Wilson v First County Trust Ltd* [2003] UKHL 40
	277. **^** *With v O'Flanagan* [1936] Ch 575
	278. **^** *Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Lincoln City Council* [1999] 2 AC 349, abolished a previous bar on claims for misrepresentation about law, a doctrine reminiscent of the maxim *ignorantia juris non excusat*.
	279. **^** *Gordon v Selico* (1986) 18 HLR 219
	280. **^** e.g. *Smith v Land and House Property Corporation* (1884) LR 28 Ch D 7 and *Bisset v Wilkinson* [1927] AC 177
	281. **^** [1976] QB 801
	282. **^** e.g. *Leaf v International Galleries* [1950] 2 KB 86
	283. **^** e.g. *Long v Lloyd* [1958] 1 WLR 753
	284. **^** e.g. *Phillips v Brooks Ltd* [1919] 2 KB 243
	285. **^** In *Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd* [1994] 2 BCLC 212, 221, Nourse LJ held that precise counter-restitution was necessary, but on appeal on a different point, [1997] AC 254, 262, Lord Browne-Wilkinson thought it was not. Then in *Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd* [2000] 1 WLR 2333 the High Court held that a contract for sale of a luxury jet could not be rescinded, despite misrepresentations about the plane's airworthiness, because the plane had already been repossessed by the Government of Zanzibar's finance company. Because they could not give the plane back, *in specie* rescission was barred, and the court went on to consider whether damages were available under MA 1967 s 2(2) given rescission was barred and held they were not.
	286. **^** [1976] EWCA Civ 4
	287. **^** See *Derry v Peek* (1889) LR 14 App Cas 337 and *East v Maurer* [1990] EWCA Civ 6
	288. **^** See Law Reform Committee, *Innocent Misrepresentation* (1962) Cmnd 1782
	289. **^** [1963] UKHL 4
	290. **^** See *Wagon Mound* [1961] UKPC 1, confirmed in *Hughes v Lord Advocate* [1963] AC 837
	291. **^** [1991] EWCA Civ 12
	292. **^** cf *South Australia Asset Management Corpn v York Montague Ltd* [1997] AC 191, where the House of Lords held that a negligent surveyor was not liable for damages related to losses after a market fall of house prices.
	293. **^** See *William Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire County Council* [1993] EWCA Civ 14
	294. **^** See *Walker v Boyle* [1982] 1 WLR 495
	295. **^** [2003] UKHL 62
	296. **^** This follows the old House of Lords case, *Cundy v Lindsay*. The whole House agreed the result in *Ingram v Little* was wrong, and is overruled.
	297. **^** See the Principles of European Contract Law, the Uniform Commercial Code and *Lewis v Averay* [1971] EWCA Civ 4
	298. **^** See C MacMillan, 'Mistake as to identity clarified?' (2004) 120 Law Quarterly Review 369
	299. **^** See *Barton v Armstrong* [1973] UKPC 2, [1976] AC 104, where Mr Armstrong tried to "strong-arm" Mr Barton into paying him a large golden parachute to exit a business by getting his goons to make death threats to Barton's family. Even though Barton was tough, and would have probably done the payout regardless, he could avoid the agreement.
	300. **^** See *D & C Builders Ltd v Rees* [1965] EWCA Civ 3, [1965] 2 QB 617. Note that in UK labour law, concerning strikes, the threat to break a contract while in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute is a protected act under the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, s 219.
	301. **^** [1979] UKPC 2, [1980] AC 614
	302. **^** See *Daniel v Drew* [2005] EWCA Civ 507, [2005] WTLR 807, where the Court of Appeal held that a nephew who threatened his old Auntie Muriel with court proceedings if she did not reduce his rent as a beneficiary allowed was actual undue influence. This is the same as duress. Cf US Restatement (Second) of Contracts 1979 §176 Archived 6 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
	303. **^** See *R v Attorney General for England and Wales* [2003] UKPC 22, [2003] EMLR 499
	304. **^** See *Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien* [1993] UKHL 6, where Lord Browne-Wilkinson set forth the class numbering.
	305. **^** *Johnson v Buttress* [1936] HCA 41, (1936) 56 CLR 113 (17 August 1936), High Court (Australia).
	306. **^** This created an explosion of property and trusts litigation in cases such as *Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset* [1990] UKHL 14 *Abbey National Building Society v Cann* [1991] 1 AC 56.
	307. **^** [2001] UKHL 44, [2002] 2 AC 773
	308. **^** (1876) 2 PD 5
	309. **^** [1978] 1 WLR 255
	310. **^** cf *Gallie v Lee* [1970] UKHL 5, [1971] AC 1004, where an old lady who had broken her glasses was still bound to a contract in which she had conveyed her house away to her nephew's shady business partner, even though she had been deceived into thinking the document was merely for a gift to the nephew. Such cases were decided before statutory intervention was introduced to cut out all unfair terms, and the law on undue influence was tightened in favour of vulnerable people.
	311. **^** [1974] EWCA Civ 8
	312. **^** For an example of the phrase, see S Webb and B Webb, *Industrial Democracy* (1897) and its subsequent endorsement in the preamble to the US labor law statute, the National Labor Relations Act of 1935.
	313. **^** *Pao on v Lau Yiu Long* [1979] UKPC 17, [1980] AC 614 per Lord Scarman, agreements are not voidable simply because "they had been procured by an unfair use of a dominant bargaining position", and *National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan* [1985] UKHL 2
	314. **^** 2020 SCC 16
	315. **^** See further, *Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher* [2011] UKSC 41 and *Gisda Cyf v Barratt* [2010] UKSC 41 on employees.
	316. **^** See *Nash v Inman* [1902] 2 KB 1 and the Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 3.
	317. **^** See *Hart v O'Connor* [1985] UKPC 1.
	318. **^** (1725) noted in (1893) 9 LQR 197
	319. **^** See also *Gray v Thames Trains* [2009] UKHL 33, per Lord Hoffmann, ‘The maxim *ex turpi causa* expresses not so much a principle as a policy. Furthermore, that policy is not based upon a single justification but on a group of reasons, which vary in different situations.’
	320. **^** (1775) 1 Cowp 341
	321. **^** Now Equality Act 2010 ss 9, 13 and 39 and at the time of the case, this was the Race Relations Act 1976 s 4(2)(c) (now repealed).
	322. **^** *Hounga v Allen* [2014] UKSC 47, [24] and [50]–[52] per Lord Wilson
	323. **^** [2014] UKSC 47, [44]-[45] and see the Palermo Protocol art 6(6) which requires that compensation is paid to a trafficked victim, not the employer.
	324. **^** [2014] UKSC 47, [44]
	325. **^** Criminal Justice Act 1993 s 52
	326. **^** [2016] UKSC 42, [99]
	327. **^** Statute of Monopolies 1623 s 1
	328. **^** [1894] AC 535, 566
	329. **^** Criminal Justice Act 1993 s 52
	330. **^** Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1571 (13 Eliz 1, c 5) and cf *Taylor v Bowers* (1876) 1 QBD 291
	331. **^** e.g. Arbitration Act 1996 ss 68-69, 87, "any agreement to exclude the jurisdiction of the court... is not effective unless entered into after the commencement of the arbitral proceedings"
	332. **^** Gaming Act 1845 s 18, however the Financial Services Act 1986 s 63 exempted contracts "by way of business" to enable derivatives, recast in Gambling Act 2005 s 335, which also set up a new Gambling Commission.
	333. **^** e.g. *HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank* [2003] UKHL 6, [16] e.g. per Lord Bingham, "It is clear that the law, on public policy grounds, does not permit a contracting party to exclude liability for his own fraud in inducing the making of the contract." This rejects *Janson v Driefontein Consolidated Mines Ltd* [1902] AC 484, Lord Halsbury, arguing that courts cannot ‘invent a new head of public policy.’ E McKendrick, *Contract Law* (2009) 269, Lord Halsbury’s approach ‘is no longer generally accepted.’ See also *Richardson v Mellish* (1824) 2 Bing 229, 252, Burroughs J, public policy is ‘a very unruly horse, and when once you get astride it you never know where it will carry you’. cf *Enderby Town Football Club Ltd v The Football Association Ltd* [1971] Ch 591, 606, per Lord Denning MR ‘with a good man in the saddle, the unruly horse can be kept in control. It can jump over obstacles.’
	334. **^** *De Wutz v Hendricks* (1824) 2 Bing 314
	335. **^** *Clay v Yates* (1856) 1 H&C 73
	336. **^** *Elliot v Richardson* (1870) LR 5 CP 744. Also *Kearley v Thomson* (1890) 24 QBD 742, a contract for lawyers promising not to oppose the discharge of a bankrupt was void
	337. **^** *Parkinson v College of Ambulance Ltd* [1925] 2 KB 1
	338. **^** *Bigos v Bousted* [1951] 1 All ER 92
	339. **^** *Miller v Karlinski* (1945) 62 TLR 85. See also *Franco v Bolton* (1797) 3 Ves 368 (promise to pay someone to be a mistress), *Lowe v Peers* (1768) 2 Burr 2225 (to restain someone from marriage), *Pearce v Brooks* (1866) LR 1 Ex 213 for damage to building used for prostitution, *Beresford v Royal Exchange Assurance* [1938] AC 586, life insurance contract including cover for suicide, when suicide was illegal. *Hughes v Liverpool Victoria Legal Friendly Society* [1916] 2 KB 482, insurance contracts in which someone does not have an insurable interest. Not being in pari delicto. Life Assurance Act 1774 s 1.
	340. **^** *Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Harper’s Garage (Stourport) Ltd* [1968] AC 269, per Lord Reid, he ‘would not attempt to define the dividing line between contracts which are and contracts which are not in restraint of trade’.
	341. **^** *Darcy v Allin* or *Case of Monopolies* (1602) 11 Co. Rep. 84b and Statute of Monopolies 1623 s 1
	342. **^** [1894] AC 535, 566
	343. **^** e.g. *Mason v The Provident Supply and Clothing Co* [1913] AC 724, employee restrained from working in similar business within 25 miles of London held to be unreasonable and void. *Herbert Morris Ltd v Saxelby* [1916] 1 AC 688, Lord Parker, to make out restraint of trade clause is reasonable an employer must show he has ‘some proprietary right, whether in the nature of a trade connection or in the nature of trade secrets, for the protection of which such a restraint is... reasonably necessary.’ *Forster and Sons v Suggett* (1918) 35 TLR 87, employees who have acquired trade secrets or confidential information belonging to the employer can be restrained. *Fitch v Dewes* [1921] 2 AC 158, employers can restrain employees who have come into contact with customers so as to be able to influence them.
	344. **^** [1968] AC 269. cf *Alec Lobb (Garages) Ltd v Total Oil (Great Britain) Ltd* [1985] 1 WLR 173, 10 year agreement reasonable, after challenge following the end of the agreement.
	345. **^** *Schroeder Music Publishing Co Ltd v Macaulay* [1974] 1 WLR 1308
	346. **^** *American Column & Lumber Co v US* 257 US 377 (1921)
	347. **^** See SA Smith, *Contract theory* (2004) ch 5 (offer and acceptance), ch 6 (what is enforced), ch 7 (what is not enforced), ch 8 (interpreting and implying terms), ch 9 (vitiating factors) ch 10 (breach and strict liability), ch 11 (remedies), and J Morgan, *Great Debates in Contract Law* (3rd edn 2020) chs 1-9, similar.
	348. **^** MR Cohen, ‘The Basis of Contract’ (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553, 571-585
	349. **^** e.g. Plato, *Republic*, Book I, 33IB; Cicero, *De Officiis*, I, C. IO, III, cc. 24-25. C Fried, *Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation* (2015)
	350. **^** R Pound, *Introduction to the Philosophy of Law* (1922) 236, 27
	351. **^** Cohen (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553, 571-575
	352. **^** Windscheid, Pandekten (8th edn 1913) para 75. Staudinger, ääKommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch und dem Einzührungsgesetze (1912) 434
	353. **^** Cohen (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553, 575-578
	354. **^** Cohen (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553, 578-585
	355. **^** Adam Smith, *Lectures on Jurisprudence* (1763) Part I, Introduction
	356. **^** Lord Steyn, 'Contract Law: Fulfilling the Reasonable Expectations of Honest Men' (1997) 113 LQR 433
	357. **^** Cohen (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553, 591
	358. **^** Corpus Juris Civilis, *Institutes*, Book 4.2. Actions in personam were to "proceed against someone who is under a contractual or delictual obligation to us". P Birks, *The Roman Law of Obligations* (2014) 10
	359. **^** P Birks (ed), *The Classification of Obligations* (1997) ch 1. P Birks, 'Unjust Enrichment and Wrongful Enrichment' (2000) 79 Texas Law Review 1767, 1774-6 (designating *negotiorum gestio* and the duty to pay tax, which is not consensual, as miscellaneous).
	360. **^** e.g. FW Maitland, *Township and Borough* (1898) 30-31 and O Gierke, *Political Theories of the Middle Ages* (1900) translated with an introduction by FW Maitland. From *Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht* (1881) vol 3, §11, ‘Die publicistischen Lehren des Mittelalters’.
	361. **^** e.g. FW Maitland, *Equity. Also the forms of action at common law* (1910). O Gierke, *The Social Role of Private Law* (1889) translated in (2018) 19(4) German Law Journal 1017
	362. **^** *Lochner v New York*, 198 US 45 (1905). R Pound, ‘Liberty of Contract’ (1909) 18 Yale LJ 454.
	363. **^** *Civil Rights Cases*, 109 US 3 (1883)
	364. **^** R Hale, ‘Force and the State: A Comparison of “Political” and “Economic” Compulsion’ (1935) 35 Columbia LR 149. JS Mill, *Principles of Political Economy* (1848) Book V, ch I, §2.
	365. **^** *Lumley v Gye* [1853] EWHC QB J73. It was also seen that property rights were really just relations among people, rather than relations from people to things.
	366. **^** Preferential Claims in Bankruptcy Act 1897 and Insolvency Act 1986 ss 176-176ZA
	367. **^** G Gilmore, *The Death of Contract* (1974)
	368. **^** cf *Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd* [1994] UKHL 5, per Lord Goff, "the law of tort is the general law, out of which the parties can, if they wish, contract".
	369. **^** *Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson* (1875) 19 Eq 462
	370. **^** *Lochner v New York*, 198 US 45 (1905)
	371. **^** JS Mill, *Principles of Political Economy* (1848) Book V, ch XI, §§7-13
	372. **^** *Uber Technologies Inc v Heller*, 2020 SCC 16. M Chen‑Wishart, *Contract Law* (6th edn OUP 2018). See also H Collins, *Regulating Contracts* (2001) ch 10, 226, power ‘appears to be more widespread than might be indicated by the presence of inequality of bargaining power.’
	373. **^** e.g. H Beale and T Dugdale, ‘Contracts between businessmen’ (1975) 2 British Journal of Law and Society 45. O Bar-Gill, *Seduction by Contract: Law, Economics, and Psychology in Consumer Markets* (2014)
	+ PS Atiyah, *An Introduction to the Law of Contract* (Clarendon 2000)
	+ J Beatson, A Burrows and J Cartwright, *Anson's Law of Contract* (29th edn OUP 2010)
	+ H Collins, *Contract Law in Context* (4th edn CUP 2003)
	+ R Goode and E McKendrick, *Goode on Commercial Law* (4th edn Penguin) chs 3 and 4, 69–176
	+ E McKendrick, *Contract Law* (8th edn Palgrave 2009)
	+ E Peel and GH Treitel, *Treitel on the Law of Contract* (13th edn Sweet and Maxwell 2011)
		2. **^**
		3. **^** Garen J (1994) ‘Executive Compensation and Principal-Agent Theory’, The Journal of political economy, 102(6):1175–1199, doi:10.1086/261967.
		4. **^** Alchian A A and Demsetz H (2005) ‘Production, information costs and economic organization’, Revista de administração de emprêsas, 45(3):92–108.
		5. **^** Jensen MC and Meckling WH (1976) ‘Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure’, Journal of financial economics, 3(4):305–360, doi:10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X.
		6. **^** Fama E F (1980) ‘Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm’, The Journal of Political Economy, 88(2):288–307, doi:10.1086/260866.
		7. **^** Brousseau E and Glachant J-M (2002) The economics of contracts: theories and applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ; New York.
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	+ Bolton, Patrick and Dewatripont, Mathias, 2005.: *Contract Theory*. MIT Press. Description and preview.
	+ Laffont, Jean-Jacques, and David Martimort, 2002. *The Theory of Incentives: The Principal-Agent Model*. Description, "Introduction," & down for chapter links. (Princeton University Press, 2002)
	+ Martimort, David, 2008. "contract theory," *The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics*, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
	+ Salanié, Bernard, 1997. *The Economics of Contracts: A Primer*. MIT Press, Description (2nd ed., 2005) and chapter-preview links.
	+ English contract law Formation
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	+ Practice-based professional learning
	+ Professional association
	+ Professional certification
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	+ Professional school
	+ Reflective practice
	+ Retraining
	+ Vocational education
	+ Vocational school
	+ Vocational university
* Mentorship
* Occupational Outlook Handbook
* Practice firm
* Profession
	+ Operator
	+ Professional
* Tradesman
 Attendance
* Career break
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* Leave of absence
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 Schedules
* Four-day week
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 Wages and salaries
* Income tax
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* Maximum wage
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	+ World
	+ Europe
* Minimum wage
	+ Canada
	+ Hong Kong
	+ Europe
	+ United States
* Progressive wage
	+ Singapore
* Overtime rate
* Paid time off
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 Benefits
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* Marriage leave
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* Pension
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 Safety and health
* Epilepsy and employment
* Human factors and ergonomics
* Karoshi
* List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
* Occupational burnout
* Occupational disease
* Occupational exposure limit
* Occupational health psychology
* Occupational injury
* Occupational noise
* Occupational stress
* Personal protective equipment
* Repetitive strain injury
* Right to sit
* Sick building syndrome
* Work accident
	+ Occupational fatality
* Workers' compensation
* Workplace health promotion
* Workplace phobia
 Equal opportunity
* Equal pay for equal work
* Gender pay gap
 Infractions
	+ Accounting scandals
	+ Control fraud
	+ Corporate behaviour
	+ Corporate crime
* Discrimination
* Exploitation of labour
* Dress code
* Employee handbook
* Employee monitoring
* Evaluation
* Labour law
* Sexual harassment
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* Wage theft
* Whistleblower
* Workplace bullying
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 Willingness
* Careerism
* Civil conscription
* Conscription
* Critique of work
* Dead-end job
* Job satisfaction
* McJob
* Organizational commitment
* Refusal of work
* Slavery
	+ Bonded labour
	+ Human trafficking
	+ Labour camp
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	+ Peonage
	+ Truck wages
	+ Unfree labour
	+ Wage slavery
* Work ethic
* Work–life interface
	+ Downshifting
	+ Slow living
 Termination
* Dismissal
	+ Banishment room
	+ Constructive dismissal
	+ Wrongful dismissal
* Employee offboarding
* Exit interview
* Layoff
* Notice period
* Pink slip
* Resignation
	+ Letter of resignation
* Restructuring
* Retirement
	+ Mandatory retirement
	+ Retirement age
	+ Retirement planning
* Severance package
	+ Golden handshake
	+ Golden parachute
 Unemployment
* Discouraged worker
* Economic depression
	+ Great Depression
	+ Long Depression
* Frictional unemployment
* Full employment
* Graduate unemployment
* Involuntary unemployment
* Jobless recovery
* Phillips curve
* Recession
	+ Great Recession
	+ Job losses caused by the Great Recession
	+ Lists of recessions
	+ Recession-proof job
* Reserve army of labour
* Structural unemployment
* Technological unemployment
* Types of unemployment
* Unemployment benefits
* Unemployment Convention, 1919
* Unemployment extension
* List of countries by unemployment rate
	+ Employment rates
	+ Employment-to-population ratio
* Wage curve
 Public programs
* Unemployment insurance
* Make-work job
* Job creation program
* Job creation index
* Job guarantee
* Employer of last resort
* Guaranteed minimum income
* Right to work
* *Historical:*
* *U.S.A:*
* Civil Works Administration
* Works Progress Administration

 See also
* Busy work
* Credentialism and educational inflation
* Emotional labor
* Evil corporation
* Going postal
* Kiss up kick down
* Labor rights
* Make-work job
* Money-rich, time-poor
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Post-work society
* Presenteeism
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Slow movement (culture)
* Toxic leader
* Toxic workplace
* Workhouse

* + - Ballam, D. (1996).  Exploding the Original Myth Regarding Employment-At-Will: The True Origins of the Doctrine. *Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law*. 17(1), 91-130.  https://www.jstor.org/stable/24050714
		- Deakin, S. & Wilkinson, F. (2005). *The Law of the Labour Market: Industrialization, Employment, and Legal Evolution*. https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152811.001.0001/acprof-9780198152811-chapter-2
		- Mark Freedland, *The Personal Employment Contract* (2003) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924926-1
		- Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). *Nondisclosure Agreement.* Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/nondisclosure\_agreement
		- Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). *Respondeat Superior.* Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/respondeat\_superior
		- Nenu, C.C. (2014). *Short Analysis of the Essential Elements of the Typical Employment Contract and of its Importance in Maintaining it within the Current Social and Economic Context.* European Integration – Realities and Perspectives. http://217.73.162.40/index.php/eirp/article/view/1494/1391#
		- Prenkert, J., Barnes, A., Perry, J., Haugh, T., & Stemler, A. (2019). *Business Law: The Ethical, Global, And Digital Environment, Eighteenth Edition.* McGraw-Hill LLC.
		- Pitchford, G. K. (2005). An Examination of the At-Will Employment Doctrine. ALA APA. https://ala-apa.org/newsletter/2005/08/17/an-examination-of-the-at-will-employment-doctrine/
		- Simon, H. (1951). A Formal Theory of the Employment Relationship. *Econometrica*. 19(3), 293-305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906815
		- University of Strathclyde. (2013). Use of Fixed-Term and Open-Ended Employment Contracts. https://www.strath.ac.uk/professionalservices/media/ps/humanresources/policies/FixedTermOpenEndedContractsUsePolicy.pdf
		- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2018, October 23). *What's the Difference Between an Independent Contractor and an Employee?*. Office of Child Support Snforcement: An Office of the Administration for Children & Families https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/training-technical-assistance/whats-difference-between-independent-contractor-and-employee
		- U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). *Wages and the Fair Labor Standards Act*. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/flsa
		1. For example in the UK, s.230 Employment Rights Act 1996
		2. **^** Employment Contract FAQs
		3. **^**
		4. **^**
		5. **^**
		6. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
		7. **^**
		8. **^**
		9. **^** see, Sir John MacDonell, *Classification of Forms and Contracts of Labour* (1904) Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 253-261, at 255-256
		10. **^** "*locatio conductio operarum* is a contract whereby one party agrees to supply the other with a certain quantum of labour. *locatio conductio operis* is a contract whereby one party agrees, in consideration of money payment, to supply the other not with labour, but with the *result* of labour." Sohm, *Institutes of Roman Law*, 311 (1892)
		11. **^** Ellerman 2013, p. 11.
		12. **^** Ellerman 2013, p. 9.
		13. **^** Ellerman 2013, p. 16.
		14. **^** *Labour and the Law*, Hamlyn Lectures, 1972, 7
		15. **^** The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts and Disruption of traditional work arrangements
		16. **^** A blockchain-based decentralized system for proper handling of temporary employment contracts
		- Endo contractualization
		- Termination of employment in Argentina
		- Employment
		- Collective bargaining
		- Job description
		- Labour law
		- Labor union
		- Work for hire
		- First Employment Contract and New Employment Contract in France
		- Master and Servant Act
		- Smart contract
		1. Relational contract
			- * Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
				* Jodrell Bank Visitor Centre
				* Jodrell Bank Observatory Archives at University of Manchester Library.
			- Gunn, A. G. (2005). "Jodrell Bank and the Meteor Velocity Controversy". In *The New Astronomy: Opening the Electromagnetic Window and Expanding Our View of Planet Earth*, Volume 334 of the Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Part 3, pages 107–118. Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3724-4\_7
			- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jodrell\_Bank\_Observatory
				* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arecibo\_Observatory
					+ Jodrell Bank Observatory
					+ Radio observatories
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					+ World Heritage Sites in England
					+ Buildings at the University of Manchester
				2. **^**
				3. **^**
				4. **^**
				5. **^**
				6. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
				7. **^**
				8. **^**
				9. **^**
				10. **^** "NASA Support to Planetary Radar" Retrieved July 7, 2011
				11. **^** "Management and Operation of the NAIC" Archived March 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 6, 2013
				12. **^**
				13. **^**
				14. **^**
				15. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
				16. **^**
				17. **^**
				18. **^**
				19. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
				20. **^**
				21. **^**
				22. **^**
				23. **^**
				24. **^**
				25. **^**
				26. **^**
				27. **^** Visitor Center information Archived November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
				28. **^**
				29. **^**
				30. **^**
				31. **^**
				32. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
				33. **^** "NSF announces over $5M in funding to create new STEM education and research center at the Arecibo Observatory site". Retrieved October 26, 2023.
				* Air Force Research Laboratory (US)
				* Atacama Large Millimeter Array (Chile)
				* Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (China)
				* List of radio telescopes
				* RATAN-600 (Russia)
				* UPRM Planetarium, projection room in the University of Puerto Rico
			- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arecibo\_Observatory
				* http://www.naic.edu/
				* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National\_Register\_of\_Historic\_Places\_listings\_in\_Arecibo,\_Puerto\_Rico

* Casa Alcaldía de Arecibo
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* Paseo Víctor Rojas

* Radio telescope (Radio window)
* Astronomical interferometer (History)
* Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
 Radio telescopes
(List)

telescopes
* Arecibo Telescope (Puerto Rico, US)
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* Yevpatoria RT-70 (Ukraine)

Southern Hemisphere
HartRAO (South Africa)
Parkes Observatory (Australia)
* Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA, Chile)
* Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA, Australia)
* Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia)
* Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME, Canada)
* Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US)
* European VLBI Network (Europe)
* Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)
* Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT, India)
* Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US)
* Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea)
* Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil)
* Long Wavelength Array (LWA, New Mexico, US)
* Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands)
* MeerKAT (South Africa)
* Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST, Australia)
* Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN, UK)
* Murchison Widefield Array (MWA, Australia)
* Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy)
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* One-Mile Telescope (UK)
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 Space-based
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 Observatories
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 Astronomy by
EM methods
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 Related articles
* Cosmic microwave background radiation
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* Odd radio circle
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* SETI
	+ Wow! signal
	+ HD 164595 signal
 * https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol\_category\_class.svg/16px-Symbol\_category\_class.svg.png Category
* https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png Commons

* Library resources
	1. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obligor https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contract https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contracts

* BnF data
* Germany
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	+ 2
 Other
* NARA
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Categories:

* Contract law
* Legal documents

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL\_classification\_codes
	+ Business law
	+ Private law
	+ Consent Hidden categories:
	+ Commons category link is on Wikidata
	+ Categories which are included in the JEL classification codes
	+ Template Category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 301–600 pages
	+ CatAutoTOC generates standard Category TOC
	+ Non est factum
	+ Non-compete clause
	+ Non-repudiation
	+ Non-solicitation
	+ Nondelegable obligation
	+ Notional principal contract
	+ Novated lease
	+ Novation
	+ Nudum pactum

### O

* Obligatio consensu
* Offer and acceptance
* Officious intermeddler
* Oil and gas agreement
* Open Contracting Data Standard
* Open-book contract
* Option (finance)
* Option contract
* Oral contract
* Output contract

### P

* Pact ink
* Pactum de quota litis
* Parent company guarantee
* Parol evidence rule
* Part exchange
* Penal bond
* Penal damages
* Peppercorn (law)
* Per minas
* Perfect tender rule
* Performance-based contracting
* Permanent Grant
* Personal contract purchase
* Petroleum fiscal regime
* Piggy-back (law)
* Pirate code
* Posting rule
* Postnuptial agreement
* Power of acceptance
* Pre-emption right
* Pre-existing duty rule
* Precontract
* Prenuptial agreement
* Principles of European Contract Law
* Principles of International Commercial Contracts
* Privity of contract
* Provision (contracting)
* Psychological contract
* Publishing contract
* Puffery

### Q

* Quantum meruit
* Quantum valebant
* Quasi-contract

### R

* Real estate contract
* Recharacterisation
* Reciprocal obligation
* Recording contract
* Rectification (law)
* Redhibition
* Redhibitory defect
* Relational contract
* Reliance damages
* Rent-to-own
* Rental agreement
* Requirements contract
* Res inter alios acta
* Rescission (contract law)
* Restitution and unjust enrichment
* Restraint of trade
* Retainage
* Retained interest
* Retainer agreement
* Retentions in the British construction industry
* Return merchandise authorization
* Revocation
* Right of first refusal
* The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract
* Risk of loss

### S

* Samenlevingscontract
* Sandbagging (law)
* Scienter
* Scots contract law
* Seal (contract law)
* Seaworthiness (law)
* Secured transaction
* Security agreement
* Security interest
* Service-level agreement
* Service plan
* Severability
* Severable contract
* Shareholders' agreement
* Shrinkwrap (contract law)
* Side letter (contract law)
* Simple contract
* Smart contract
* South African contract law
* Specific performance
* Standard form contract
* Standstill agreement
* Statute of frauds
* Statutory holdback
* Straw purchase
* Subcontractor
* Substantial performance
* Sweetheart deal
* Swiss annuity
* Synallagmatic contract

### T

* Tacit relocation
* Talent holding deal
* Tariff (regulation)
* Termination for convenience
* Terms of Service; Didn't Read
* Tertius (law)
* The Official Professional Baseball Rules Book
* Third-party beneficiary
* Ticket cases
* Time and materials
* Contractual provisions relating to time
* Title retention clause
* Title-transfer theory of contract
* Transaction document
* Transmutation agreement

### U

* Uberrima fides
* Unconscionability
* Underwriting contract
* Undue influence
* Unenforceable
* Unfair terms in Irish contract law
* Unsolicited goods

### V

* Vehicle leasing
* Void (law)
* Void contract
* Voidable
* Voidable contract

### W

* Waiver
* Warehouse receipt
* Warranty
* Warranty tolling
* Wear and tear

### Y

* Yellow-dog contract

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why\_might\_a\_category\_list\_not\_be\_up\_to\_date?
	+ 99-year lease
	+ 999-year lease

### A

* Accommodation (law)
* Accord and satisfaction
* Account stated
* Aleatory contract
* Allowance (money)
* Ambiguity (law)
* Amendment
* Annuitant
* Antichresis
* Anticipatory repudiation
* Architect-led design–build
* Area yield options contract
* Arm's length principle
* As is
* Assignment (law)
* Automatic renewal clause

### B

* Balfour v Balfour
* Beneficial interest
* Big boy letter
* Bonus clause
* Bradbury v Morgan
* Breach of contract
* Break/fix
* Broad Agency Announcement
* Buy now, pay later
* Buydown
* Buyer agency agreement
* Buyer's credit
* Buyout clause

### C

* Capacity (law)
* Changes clause
* Charter
* Charterparty
* Chattel mortgage
* Choice of law clause
* Class action waiver
* Cohabitation agreement
* Collateral assurance
* Collateral contract
* Collateral warranty
* Commenda
* Commission (remuneration)
* Commodate
* Community benefits agreement
* Complete contract
* Condition precedent
* Condition subsequent
* Consideration
* Consignee
* Construction contract
* Contingent contract
* Contra proferentem
* Contract
* Contract (Catholic canon law)
* Conflict of contract laws
* Contract Act, 1872 (Bangladesh)
* Contract B
* Contract lifecycle management
* Contract management
* Contract of carriage
* Contract of sale
* Contract price
* Contractual term
* Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980
* Corbin on Contracts
* Cost-plus contract
* Cost-plus-incentive fee
* Coulthart v Clemenston
* Counterparty
* Cover (law)
* Creditors' rights
* Culpa in contrahendo

### D

* The Death of Contract
* Debt evasion
* Debt validation
* Default rule
* Delegation (law)
* Delivery order
* Dépeçage
* Derivatives law
* Deviation (law)
* Doctrine of concurrent delay
* Domicilium citandi et executandi
* Down payment
* Drop dead date
* Due diligence
* Dunning (process)
* Duress in American law
* Duty
* Duty of honest contractual performance

### E

* Economic partnership agreement
* Efficient breach
* End-user license agreement
* Equitable adjustment
* Equity of redemption
* Equity-indexed annuity
* Escalation clause
* Essentialia negotii
* Estoppel
* Estoppel by deed
* Estoppel certificate
* Ethical implications in contracts
* Exceptio non adimpleti contractus
* Exclusion clause
* Excuse
* Executory contract
* Expectation damages
* Extended warranty
* External risk
* Extinguishment
* Extrinsic fraud

### F

* Failure of consideration
* Fair debt collection
* Fair Food Program
* Firm offer
* Fixed-price contract
* Formal contract
* Forum selection clause
* Four corners (law)
* Franchise agreement
* Franchise rule
* Franchise termination
* Franchising
* Free license
* Freedom of contract
* French contract law
* Frustration of purpose
* Fundamental breach

### G

* Garnishment
* Gentlemen's agreement
* German contract law
* Good faith
* Good faith (law)
* Guarantee
* Guarantee (filmmaking)
* Guaranteed rental
* Guillotine clause

### H

* Habitability
* Heads of terms
* Heads of loss
* Hire purchase
* History of contract law

### I

* Illegal agreement
* Illusory promise
* Implied authority
* Implied warranty
* Implied-in-fact contract
* Impossibility
* Impracticability
* Inclusion rider
* Indefeasible rights of use
* Indemnity
* Indenture
* Indian Contract Act, 1872
* Indian contract law
* Indian Sale of Goods Act 1930
* Insurance policy
* Integration clause
* Intention to create legal relations
* Interconnect agreement
* Interlineation
* Intrinsic fraud
* Invitation to treat

### J

* Judgment debtor
* Judgment summons

### L

* Laesio enormis
* Land contract
* Last shot
* Law of obligations (Bulgaria)
* Lease
* Lease purchase contract
* Leaseback
* Lessor
* Letter of comfort (contract law)
* Letter of credit
* Letters of assist
* Liquidated damages
* Listing contract
* Loan agreement
* Lost volume seller
* Lump sum contract

### M

* Management contract
* Marriage privatization
* Masoveria
* Material transfer agreement
* Meeting of the minds
* Memorandum of understanding
* Mirror image rule
* Misrepresentation
* Misrepresentation in Indian law
* Mistake (contract law)
* Moozhikulam Kacham
* Morals clause
* Multisourcing

### N

* Negative pledge
* Neo-classical contract
* Nokku kooli

* + Contract law by country‎ (5 C, 2 P)

### C

* Capacity (law)‎ (10 P)
* Companies' terms of service‎ (34 P)
* Contract case law‎ (6 C, 5 P)
* Contract clauses‎ (52 P)

### I

* Industrial agreements‎ (1 C, 34 P)
* Islamic financial contracts‎ (4 P)

### S

* Scholars of contract law‎ (24 P)
* Software licenses‎ (7 C, 68 P)
* Sureties‎ (1 C, 13 P)

### Σ

* Contract law stubs‎ (15 P)

* 1. + Contract law
		+ Legal documents

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 * **https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C\_by\_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C\_by\_David.svg.png Law portal**
* **https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol\_category\_class.svg/16px-Symbol\_category\_class.svg.png Category**
* **Index**
* **Outline**

* 1. + Resources in your library
		+ Resources in other libraries
	2. **^** Hans Wehberg, *Pacta Sunt Servanda,* The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 1959), p.775.; Trans-Lex.org Principle of Sanctity of contracts
	3. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** ***f*** ***g*** ***h*** ***i*** ***j*** ***k*** ***l*** ***m*** ***n*** ***o*** ***p*** ***q*** ***r*** ***s*** ***t*** ***u*** ***v*** ***w*** ***x*** ***y*** ***z*** ***aa*** UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts
	4. **^** Beatson, *Anson's Law of Contract* (1998) 27th ed. OUP, p.21
	5. **^** Martin, E [ed] & Law, J [ed], *Oxford Dictionary of Law*, ed6 (2006, London:OUP).
	6. **^**
	7. **^** For the assignment of claim see Trans-Lex.org
	8. **^**
	9. **^**
	10. **^**
	11. **^**
	12. **^**
	13. **^** Egyptian Civil Code 1949, Article 1
	14. **^** Willmott, L, Christensen, S, Butler, D, & Dixon, B 2009 *Contract Law*, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, North Melbourne
	15. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Bernstein DE. (2008). Freedom of Contract. George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 08-51.
	16. **^** Douglas D. (2002). Contract Rights and Civil Rights. *Michigan Law Review*.
	17. **^** Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act 2003 (Singapore)
	18. **^** ... indeed the Code was neither published nor adopted by the UK, instead being privately published by an Italian University
	19. **^** Atiyah PS. (1986) Medical Malpractice and Contract/Tort Boundary. *Law and Contemporary Problems*.
	20. **^** In England, contracts of employment must either be in writing (Employment Rights Act 1996), or else a memorandum of the terms must be promptly supplied; and contracts for the sale of land, and most leases, must be completed by deed (Law of Property Act 1925).
	21. **^**
	22. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *Hadley v Baxendale* [1854] EWHC J70, ER 145, High Court (England and Wales).
	23. **^** as in Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd and The Mihalis Angelos
	24. **^** The Indian Contract Act 1872 s.2a
	25. **^**
	26. **^** The Indian Contract Act 1872 s.2b
	27. **^** DiMatteo L. (1997). The Counterpoise of Contracts: The Reasonable Person Standard and the Subjectivity of Judgment Archived 2013-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. *South Carolina Law Review*.
	28. **^** *George Hudson Holdings Ltd v Rudder (1973) 128 CLR 387* [1973] HCA 10, High Court (Australia).
	29. **^** The Uniform Commercial Code disposes of the mirror image rule in §2-207, although the UCC only governs transactions in goods in the USA.
	30. **^**
	31. **^** Feinman JM, Brill SR. (2006). Is an Advertisement an Offer? Why it is, and Why it Matters[*permanent dead link*]. *Hastings Law Journal*.
	32. **^** Wilmot et al, 2009, *Contract Law*, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, page 34
	33. **^** *Partridge v Crittenden* [1968] 1 WLR 1204
	34. **^** *Harris v Nickerson* (1873) LR8QB 286[*permanent dead link*]
	35. **^** *Household Fire Insurance v Grant* 1879
	36. **^** *Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co* [1892] EWCA Civ 1, [1893] 2 QB 256, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	37. **^** *Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd* Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine, 1953, 1 Q.B. 401
	38. **^** *Currie v Misa* (1875) LR 10 Ex 893
	39. **^**
	40. **^** *Wade v Simeon* (1846) 2 CB 548
	41. **^** *White v Bluett* (1853) 2 WR 75
	42. **^** Bronaugh R. (1976). Agreement, Mistake, and Objectivity in the Bargain Theory of Conflict. *William & Mary Law Review*.
	43. **^** UCC § 2-205
	44. **^** *Collins v. Godefroy* (1831) 1 B. & Ad. 950.
	45. **^** The Indian Contract Act 1872 s.2d
	46. **^** *Chappell & Co Ltd v. Nestle Co Ltd* [1959] 2 All ER 701 in which the wrappers from three chocolate bars was held to be part of the consideration for the sale and purchase of a musical recording.
	47. **^** e.g. P.S. Atiyah, "Consideration: A Restatement" in *Essays on Contract* (1986) p.195, Oxford University Press
	48. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *L'Estrange v Graucob* [1934] 2 KB 394.
	49. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd* [2004] HCA 52, (2004) 219 CLR 165 (11 November 2004), High Court (Australia).
	50. **^** *Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co* [1951] 1 KB 805
	51. **^** *Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson* [1906] HCA 83, (1906) 4 CLR 379 (18 December 1906), High Court (Australia).
	52. **^** *Baltic Shipping Company v Dillon* [1993] HCA 4, (1993) 176 CLR 344, High Court (Australia).
	53. **^** Michida S. (1992) Contract Societies: Japan and the United States Contrasted. *Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal*.
	54. **^**  `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
	55. **^**
	56. **^** Trans-Lex.org: international principle
	57. **^**
	58. **^**
	59. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings* [1977] UKPC 13, (1977) 180 CLR 266, Privy Council (on appeal from Australia).
	60. **^** Fry v. Barnes (1953) 2 D.L.R. 817 (B.C.S.C)
	61. **^** *Hillas and Co. Ltd. v. Arcos Ltd.* (1932) 147 LT 503
	62. **^** See *Aiton Australia Pty Ltd v Transfield Pty Ltd* (1999) 153 FLR 236 Thomson Reuters Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
	63. **^** *Whitlock v Brew* [1968] HCA 71, (1968) 118 CLR 445 (31 October 1968), High Court (Australia).
	64. **^** *Three Rivers Trading Co., Ltd. v. Gwinear & District Farmers, Ltd.* (1967) 111 Sol. J. 831
	65. **^** "Cutter v Powell" (1795) 101 ER 573
	66. **^**
	67. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Gillies P. (1988). *Concise Contract Law*, p. 105. Federation Press.
	68. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *Luna Park (NSW) Ltd v Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd* [1938] HCA 66, (1938) 61 CLR 286 (23 December 1938), High Court (Australia).
	69. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** West GD, Lewis WB. (2009). Contracting to Avoid Extra-Contractual Liability—Can Your Contractual Deal Ever Really Be the "Entire" Deal? *The Business Lawyer*.
	70. **^** Koffman L, MacDonald E. (2007). *The Law of Contract*. Oxford University Press.
	71. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Burling JM. (2011). Research Handbook on International Insurance Law and Regulation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
	72. **^** *Poussard v Spiers and Pond* (1876) 1 QBD 410
	73. **^** *Bettini v Gye* (1876) 1 QBD 183
	74. **^** As added by the Sale of Goods Act 1994 s4(1).
	75. **^** Primack MA. (2009). Representations, Warranties and Covenants: Back to the Basics in Contracts. *National Law Review*.
	76. **^** Ferara LN, Philips J, Runnicles J. (2007). Some Differences in Law and Practice Between U.K. and U.S. Stock Purchase Agreements Archived 2013-05-14 at the Wayback Machine. *Jones Day Publications*.
	77. **^** *Bannerman v White* [1861] EngR 713; (1861) 10 CBNS 844, Court of Common Pleas (United Kingdom).
	78. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *Bissett v Wilkinson* [1927] AC 177.
	79. **^** Tettenborn *et al* (2017), *Contractual Duties: Performance, Breach, Termination and Remedies*, second edition, at paragraph 10-036, quoted by Klein J. in England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division), C21 London Estates Ltd v Maurice Macneill Iona Ltd & Anor, [2017] EWHC 998 (Ch), delivered 10 May 2017, accessed 8 September 2023
	80. **^** See for a discussion of the position in English law, the article on Capacity in English law
	81. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 39
	82. **^** Elements of a Contract – Contracts
	83. **^**
	84. **^**
	85. **^** Civil Law Act 1909 s35-36 (Singapore).
	86. **^** Minors' Contracts Act 1987
	87. **^** Mental Capacity Act 2008 s4 (Singapore)
	88. **^** Mental Capacity Act 2008 s11 (Singapore)
	89. **^** Part 5 of the Mental Capacity Act 2008 (Singapore)
	90. **^** *The Moorcock* (1889) 14 PD 64.
	91. **^** *J Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw* [1956] EWCA Civ 3, [1956] 2 All ER 121, Court of Appeal (England and Wales)
	92. **^** *Hutton v Warren* [1836] M&W 466
	93. **^** Marine Insurance Act 1909 s.17 (Singapore)
	94. **^** Marine Insurance Act 1909 s.5 (Singapore)
	95. **^** Insurance Act 1966 s.146 (Singapore)
	96. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Report on Reforming Insurance Law in Singapore (Singapore Academy of Law)
	97. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *Con-stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v Norwich Winterthur Insurance (Australia) Ltd* [1986] HCA 14, (1986) 160 CLR 226 (11 April 1986), High Court (Australia).
	98. **^** Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
	99. **^** Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 1 All ER 474; see also *Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks* [1951] HCA 24, (1951) 83 CLR 322, High Court (Australia).
	100. **^** The Mihailis Angelos [1971] 1 QB 164
	101. **^** *Bellgrove v Eldridge* [1954] HCA 36, (1954) 90 CLR 613 (20 August 1954), High Court (Australia).
	102. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission* [1951] HCA 79, (1951) 84 CLR 377, High Court (Australia).
	103. **^** [1972] 1 QB 60
	104. **^** *Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd* [1914] UKHL 1, [1915] AC 79 at 86 per Lord Dunedin, House of Lords (UK).
	105. **^** Awad v. Dover, 2021 ONSC 5437 (CanLII)
	106. **^** Fern Investments Ltd. v. Golden Nugget Restaurant (1987) Ltd., 1994 ABCA 153 (CanLII)
	107. **^** Bidell Equipment LP v Caliber Midstream GP LLC, 2020 ABCA 478 (CanLII)
	108. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Articles 2226–2228
	109. **^** Cavendish Square Holdings BV v Makdessi [2015] UKSC 67 (Cavendish)
	110. **^** Paciocco v Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2016] HCA 28
	111. **^** The UCC states, "Consequential damages... include any loss... which could not reasonably be prevented by cover or otherwise." UCC 2-715.In English law the chief authority on mitigation is *British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co v Underground Electric Railway Co of London*[1912] AC 673, see especially 689 per Lord Haldane.
	112. **^** M. P. Furmston, *Cheshire, Fifoot & Furmston's Law of Contract*, 15th edn (OUP: Oxford, 2007) p.779.
	113. **^** M.P. Furmston, *Cheshire, Fifoot & Furmston's Law of Contract*, 15th edn (OUP: Oxford, 2007) p.779 n.130.
	114. **^** *Sotiros Shipping Inc v Sameiet, The Solholt* [1983] 1 Lloyd's Rep 605.
	115. **^** See also *Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corp Ltd* (1987) 9 NSWLR 310.
	116. **^**
	117. **^** Public Contracts (Amendments) Regulations 2009, (SI 2009–2992)
	118. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book Three, Chapter Seven, Article 563
	119. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	120. **^** *Public Trustee v Taylor* [1978] VicRp 31, [1978] VR 289 (9 September 1977), Supreme Court (Vic, Australia).
	121. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
	122. **^** *Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon* [1976] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 305
	123. **^** Misrepresentation Act 1967
	124. **^** Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017 (New Zealand)
	125. **^**
	126. **^** *Fitzpatrick v Michel* [1928] NSWStRp 19, (1928) 28 SR (NSW) 285 (2 April 1928), Supreme Court (NSW, Australia).
	127. **^** *Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd.* [1931] ALL E.R. Rep. 1, [1932] A.C. 161
	128. **^** See also *Svanosi v McNamara* [1956] HCA 55, High Court (Australia).
	129. **^** *Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd* [2002] EWCA Civ 1407, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	130. **^** *Raffles v Wichelhaus* (1864) 2 Hurl. & C. 906.
	131. **^** Smith v. Hughes [1871].
	132. **^** *Taylor v Johnson* [1983] HCA 5, High Court (Australia).
	133. **^** *Lewis v Avery* [1971] EWCA Civ 4, [1971] 3 All ER 907, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	134. **^**
	135. **^** Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004)
	136. **^** *Johnson v Buttress* [1936] HCA 41, (1936) 56 CLR 113 (17 March 1936), High Court (Australia).
	137. **^** See also *Westmelton (Vic) Pty Ltd v Archer and Shulman* [1982] VicRp 29, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia).
	138. **^** *Odorizzi v. Bloomfield Sch. Dist.*, 246 Cal. App. 2d 123 (Cal. App. 2d Dist. 1966)
	139. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** *Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio* [1983] HCA 14, (1983) 151 CLR 447 (12 May 1983), High Court (Australia).
	140. **^** See also *Blomley v Ryan* [1956] HCA 81, (1956) 99 CLR 362, High Court (Australia).
	141. **^**
	142. **^** *Royal Bank of Canada v. Newell* 147 D.L.R (4th) 268 (N.C.S.A.). 1996 case and 1997 appeal.
	143. **^** *Tenet v. Doe*, 544 U.S. 1 (2005).
	144. **^** Frustrated Contracts Act 1959 (Singapore)
	145. **^** Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017 (New Zealand), subpart 4
	146. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book Three, Chapter Four, Article 527
	147. **^** Joanna Benjamin, *Financial Law* (2007, Oxford University Press), p264
	148. **^** Louise Gullifer, *Goode and Gullifer on Legal Problems of Credit and Security*, Sweet & Maxwell, 7th ed., 2017
	149. **^**
	150. **^**
	151. **^**
	152. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book Three, Chapter Four, Article 509
	153. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 35.
	154. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Articles 41, 42.
	155. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Articles 38, 39, 40.
	156. **^** Florian Faust, "Contractual Penalties in German Law", (2015), 23, European Review of Private Law, Issue 3, pp. 285–296, [1]
	157. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 25.
	158. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 49, 64.
	159. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Articles 74, 75, 76, 77.
	160. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 81.
	161. **^** Cf *Doulton Potteries v Bronotte* (1971) 1 NSWLR 591 for example of damages as inadequate.
	162. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Articles 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 61, 62, 63, 65, 74, 75, 76, 77.
	163. **^** *Hadley v Baxendale* (1854) 9 Exch 341.
	164. **^** Jacob Ziegel and Claude Samson "Report to the Uniform Law Conference of Canada on Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" (1981) Toronto 168–305.
	165. **^** *Benson v SA Mutual Life* 1986 (1) SA 776 (A) at 779H.
	166. **^** *Benson v SA Mutual Life* at 777A.
	167. **^** *Santos v Igesund* 2003 (5) SA 73 (C) at 86H.
	168. **^** 1951 (2) SA 371 (A).
	169. **^** *Santos v Igesund*.
	170. **^** French Civil Code, article 1128
	171. **^** Art. 1385 C.c.Q.
	172. **^**
	173. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Book Five, Title One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 1385
	174. **^** Book Five, Title One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 1410
	175. **^** Book Five, Title One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 1412
	176. **^** Book Five, Title One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 1413
	177. **^** Book Five, Title One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 1416
	178. **^**
	179. **^** Bills of Exchange Act R.S.C., 1985, c. B-4 section 52(1). *Accessed 1 June 2022*
	180. **^** C.M. Callow Inc. v. Zollinger, 2020 SCC 45 paragraph 3
	181. **^** Book One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 6
	182. **^** Book One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 7
	183. **^** Book Five, Title One of the Civil Code of Quebec – Section 1375
	184. **^**
	185. **^**  (later editions available)
	186. **^** Fellmeth & Horwitz, *Guide to Latin in International Law* (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011) ISBN 9780195369380
	187. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Gibson 2003:10
	188. **^** Van Huyssteen & Maxwell, *Contract Law in South Africa*, § 50.
	189. **^**  `{{cite web}}`: Check `|url=` value (help)
	190. **^** Contract (Scotland Act 1997), 1997 c.34
	191. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Contract (Third Party Rights) (Scotland) Act 2017, 2017 asp. 5
	192. **^** Civil Code (Amended 2008.05.23)
	193. **^**
	194. **^** Taiwan Contract Law – (Symposium on the Evolution of Private Law in China and Taiwan (Contract Law Session), College of Law, National Taiwan University 2014.
	195. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 71
	196. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 72
	197. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 73
	198. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 153
	199. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 161
	200. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 471
	201. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 472
	202. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 476
	203. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 479
	204. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 483
	205. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 473
	206. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 469
	207. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book 3, Chapter 2, Article 470
	208. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 75
	209. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 79
	210. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 76
	211. **^** Civil Code of the Republic of China Article 83
	212. **^**
	213. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** ***f*** ***g*** ***h*** ***i***
	214. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Yamashita, Y. (2018-01-11). Formation of Contract in Japan. In Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 May. 2022, from [2]
	215. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Landini, Sara (2021) "The Idea of Contract in Japanese Law and Culture", Japanese Society and Culture: Vol. 3 , Article 9. DOI: 10.52882/2434-1738-0309 Available at: [3]
	216. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1305
	217. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1306
	218. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1308
	219. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1311
	220. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1356
	221. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1318
	222. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1319
	223. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1347
	224. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1350
	225. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1359
	226. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1362
	227. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1363
	228. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1364
	229. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1369
	230. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1367
	231. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1380
	232. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1382
	233. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1381
	234. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1383
	235. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1384
	236. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1385
	237. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1390
	238. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1403
	239. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 1409
	240. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 2227
	241. **^** Philippine Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Archived 2022-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Article 2228
	242. **^**
	243. **^**
	244. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966
	245. **^**
	246. **^**
	247. **^**
	248. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** Waḳf, *Encyclopaedia of Islam*
	249. **^** United States Department of Commerce, 'The U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods'  at 22 December 2007.
	250. **^** Standard clauses in English and in German (opt-in/opt-out): See Verweyen, Foerster, Toufar *Handbuch des Internationalen Warenkaufs UN-Kaufrecht (CISG)* Archived 2017-07-08 at the Wayback Machine 2. Auflage, 2008 pg. 64 (in English and German)
	251. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 1 (b).
	252. **^** More correctly, the law of New South Wales as mandated in Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) Act 1986 (NSW).
	253. **^** Specifically, China, Germany, Czech Republic, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Singapore, Slovakia, and the United States of America. *See* http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral\_texts/sale\_goods/1980CISG\_status.html at 22 December 2007.
	254. **^** Article 2.
	255. **^** From United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Article 2 (d) and (f), intangibles such as stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money, and electricity.
	256. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 3- However, Sale of Goods contracts under the CISG may include services (*e.g.*, transport, erection, supervision, training) up to 50% of the agreed contract price at the date of the signature of the contract (*See* Verweyen/Foerster/Toufar Handbuch des Internationalen Warenkaufs UN-Kaufrechts (CISG) 2. Auflage, 2008 2.1.1 p. 46)
	257. **^** Peter Schlechtriem, "Requirements of Application and Sphere of Applicability of the CISG" (2005) 36 *Victoria University of Wellington Law Review* 781.
	258. **^** Frank Diedrich, "Maintaining Uniformity in International Uniform Law Via Autonomous Interpretation: Software Contracts and the CISG" (1996) 8 *Pace International Law Review* 303, 321, 322.
	259. **^** Articles 6, 12.
	260. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 14.
	261. **^** See, for example, *Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company* (1892) 2 QB 484.
	262. **^** Article 14 (2).
	263. **^** Article 55.
	264. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Articles 15, 16 (1).
	265. **^** Article 16 (2).
	266. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 18.
	267. **^** United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Article 19.
	268. **^** e.g. in Germany, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
	269. **^**
	270. **^** Smith, *The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law*, 1037
	271. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
	272. **^** Blake V. (2012). When Is a Patient-Physician Relationship Established? Archived 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine. *Virtual Mentor*.
	273. **^** Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017 (New Zealand)
	274. **^** Civil Law Act 1909 (Singapore)
	275. **^** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book Three, Chapter Six, Article 545
	276. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Assignee Liability: Through the Minefield Archived 2016-05-17 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Arnstein & Lehr LLP.
	277. **^** See 15 U.S.C. 1641(a).
	278. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Commercial Paper: Holder in Due Course & Defences Archived 2012-11-28 at the Wayback Machine.
	279. **^** FTC Opinion Letter Affirms Consumers' Rights under the Holder Rule Archived 2012-11-06 at the Wayback Machine. FTC.
	280. **^**
	281. **^**
	282. **^**
	283. **^**
	284. **^** Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016 (Singapore), s.11
	285. **^** Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016 (Singapore), s.12
	286. **^** Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016 (Singapore), s.8
	287. **^**
	288. **^** See, e.g.,
	289. **^**
	290. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** International Arbitration Act 1994 (Singapore)
	291. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** Arbitration Act 2001 (Singapore)
	292. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	293. **^** See, e.g.,
	294. **^** New York Civil Procedure Law and Rules § 7501, et seq.
	295. **^**
	296. **^**
	297. **^**
	298. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Delaware Rapid Arbitration Act
	299. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Report on the Right of Appeal against International Arbitration Awards on Questions of Law
	300. **^** Arbitration Act 1996 s69 (UK)
	301. **^** McNair Chambers, ENGLISH COMMERCIAL COURT REVIEWS JURISDICTION CLAUSES, published 8 July 2014, accessed 26 June 2023
	302. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Mediation Act 2017 (Singapore)
	303. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Singapore Convention on Mediation Act 2020 (Singapore)
	304. **^** Reciprocal Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act 1959 (Singapore)
	305. **^** Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act
	306. **^** Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act
	307. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	308. **^** Eisenberg, M. A. (2018), Foundational Principles of Contract Law, chapter 36, Incomplete Contracts, Oxford Academic, accessed 4 September 2023
	309. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Electronic Transactions Act 2010 (Singapore)
	310. **^** Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017 subpart 3 (New Zealand)
	311. **^**
	312. **^**
	313. **^**
	314. **^**
	315. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	316. **^**
	317. **^**
	318. **^**
	319. **^**
	320. **^** Hyman Gayle M, Digesti, Matthew P., New Nevada legislation recognizes blockchain and smart contract terminologies August 2017, Nevada Lawyer
	321. **^**
	322. **^**
	323. **^**
	324. **^**
	325. **^** Las 7 cláusulas abusivas más frecuentes en una hipoteca: efectos y consecuencias
	326. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	327. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** Uber Technologies Inc. v. Heller, 2020 SCC 16
	328. **^**
	329. **^**
	330. **^**
	331. **^** LDC art. 37
	332. **^** El Supremo arruina el multimillonario negocio de la reclamación de gastos hipotecarios, 1 March 2018, Público (España)
	333. **^** Statutory Instrument 2001 No. 1186
	334. **^** Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1972 (Singapore)
	335. **^** Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (UK)
	336. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Multimodal Transport Act 2021 (Singapore)
	337. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, Book Three, Chapter Nine, Section Four
	338. **^** CCPRC Chapter XIX
	339. **^** Marine Insurance Act 1909 (Singapore)
	340. **^** Marine Insurance Act 1906 (UK)
	341. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** General Services Administration, Federal Acquisition Regulation: Part 16 - Types of Contracts, accessed 4 September 2023
	342. **^** Federal Acquisition Institute, Knowledge Nugget: Contract Types Transcript, accessed 4 September 2023
	343. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Responsible Contracting Project, The Mission, accessed 9 November 2023
	344. **^** Cabinet Office, Guidance on responsible contractual behaviour in the performance and enforcement of contracts impacted by the Covid-19 emergency published 7 May 2020, accessed 30 September 2023
	345. **^** Competition and Markets Authority, How to write fair contracts: information for businesses, published 23 March 2016, accessed 9 November 2023
	346. **^** Sale, A. U., Replacing the Care Services Improvement Partnership, published 24 November 2008, accessed 30 September 2023
	347. **^** Social Care Institute for Excellence, A guide to fairer contracting: part 1, published 2005, accessed 30 September 2023
	348. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Clogg, D., The importance of well worded contracts in commissioning, *Care Services Improvement Partnership*, accessed 30 September 2023
	349. **^** Social Care Institute for Excellence, A guide to fairer contracting, part 2: service specifications, published 2007, accessed 9 November 2023
	350. **^** Social Care Wales, National Occupational Standards: Commissioning, Procurement and Contracting, updated 16 June 2023, accessed 9 November 2023
	351. **^** HM Government, The Construction Playbook, Version 1.1, September 2022, accessed 9 November 2023
		+ Australian Contract Law Archived 2019-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
		+ Uniform Commercial Code *(United States Contract Law)*
		+ Cornell Law School Wex entry on Contract Law
		+ Principles of European Contract Law Archived 2004-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
		+ United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 11 April 1980
		+ LexisNexis Capsule Summary: Contracts
	352. For instance, Article 1 of the code provides that, "in the absence of any applicable legislation, the judge shall decide according to the custom and failing the custom, according to the principles of Islamic Law".
	353. **^** For instance, agreeing to sell a car for a penny may constitute a binding contract.
	354. **^** In Australia, the Sales and Storage of Goods Act applies.
	355. **^** for instance, bidding in auctions, or acting in response to a unilateral offer.
	356. **^** For example, an individual not present to manage and dispose of their property
	357. **^** Such terms may be implied due to the factual circumstances or conduct of the parties. In the case of *BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings*, the UK Privy Council, on appeal from Australia, proposed a five-stage test to determine situations where the facts of a case may imply terms. The classic tests have been the "business efficacy test" and the "officious bystander test". Under the "business efficacy test" first proposed in *The Moorcock* [1889], the minimum terms necessary to give business efficacy to the contract will be implied. Under the officious bystander test (named in *Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw* [1940] but actually originating in *Reigate v. Union Manufacturing Co (Ramsbottom) Ltd* [1918]), a term can only be implied in fact if an "officious bystander" listening to the contract negotiations suggested that the term be included the parties would promptly agree. The difference between these tests is questionable.
	358. **^** Article 1.4 of the Principles recognises the applicability of domestic laws that cannot be derogated from
	359. **^** This section has caused great debate amongst academics as to the meanings of "unilateral" and "gratuitous". Some believe that the inclusion of the two terms in this section points to a desire of the drafters that they be given different meanings. This would allow some promises to be unilateral but not gratuitous. This argument was particularly discussed by both Martin Hogg (University of Edinburgh) and Joe Thomson (University of Glasgow) in articles for the Scots Law Times (News) in 1998 and 1997 respectively.
	360. **^** Areas administered by the Republic of China include:
	361. **^** Defined as "any form that renders the content contained therein capable of being represented in a tangible form, such as a written agreement, letter, telegram, telex, facsimile, or the like"
	362. **^** "The content of a contract shall be agreed by the parties and generally includes the following clauses: ⁠(1) name or entity name and domicile of each party; ⁠(2) objects; ⁠(3) quantity; ⁠(4) quality; ⁠(5) price or remuneration; ⁠(6) period, place, and manner of performance; ⁠(7) default liability; and ⁠(8) the means of dispute resolution. ⁠The parties may consult with the various types of model contracts when concluding a contract."
	363. **^** "Consent is manifested by the meeting of the offer and the acceptance upon the thing and the cause which are to constitute the contract. The offer must be certain and the acceptance absolute. A qualified acceptance constitutes a counter-offer." (Article 1319)
	364. **^** All things which are not outside the commerce of men, including future things, may be the object of a contract. All rights which are not intransmissible may also be the object of contracts... All services which are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy may likewise be the object of a contract (Article 1347)
	365. **^** "In onerous contracts the cause is understood to be, for each contracting party, the prestation or promise of a thing or service by the other; in remuneratory ones, the service or benefit which is remunerated; and in contracts of pure beneficence, the mere liberality of the benefactor" (Article 1350)
	366. **^** those of the Hanafi, Shafi'i, some of the Hanbali, and the Imami Shi'a schools
	367. **^** Notable examples include a provision in the Truth in Lending Act and provisions in the Consumer Leasing Act and the Home Ownership Equity Protection Act.
	368. **^** For instance, New York courts in 2016 held that the principles of real estate contracts apply equally to electronic communications and electronic signatures, so long as the "contents and subscription [of the contract] meet all requirements of the governing statute" and pursuant to the Electronic Signatures and Records Act (ESRA).
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* Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 666
	+ *Hyde v Wrench* (1840) 3 Bea 334
	+ *Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean* (1880) 5 QBD 346
	+ *Routledge v Grant* (1828) 4 Bing 653; 130 ER 920: Grant offered to buy Routledge’s house, and laid down a requirement that his offer had to be accepted within six weeks. During that period he withdrew the offer. The court held that "the offeror was entitled to revoke his offer at any time prior to acceptance because no option agreement existed", which would have obliged Grant to keep the offer open.
	+ *Byrne v Van Tienhoven* (1880) 5 CPD 344
	+ *Dickinson v Dodds* [1876] 2 Ch D 463
	+ *Errington v Errington* [1952] 1 KB 290
	+ *Warlow v Harrison* (1859) 1 E & E 309; 120 ER 925
	+ *Harris v Nickerson*
	+ *Payne v Cave*
	+ *Barry v Davies (t/a Heathcote Ball & Co)* [2001] 1 All ER 944
	+ Sale of Goods Act 1979, s 57(2)
	+ *Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.* [1893] 1 QB 256
	+ *Chapelton v Barry UDC*
	+ *Spencer v Harding* (1870) LR 5 CP 561
	+ *Harvey v Facey* [1893] AC 552
	+ Laffont, Jean-Jacques and David Martimort. *The theory of incentives: The principal-agent model*. Princeton University Press, 2009.
	+ Lawrence Solum, *Default Rules and Completeness*, Legal Theory Lexicon.
	2. **^**
	3. **^**
	+ English contract law
	+ Legal documents
	+ Contract clauses

* Consideration
* Promissory estoppel
* Creation of legal relations
* Certainty
 Contractual terms
* Interpreting contracts
* Implied terms
	+ Good faith & fair dealing
	+ Unfair contract terms
 Breach of contract
* Remoteness
 Setting aside a contract
* Iniquitous pressure
* Misrepresentation
* Mistake
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 Other

* English contract law

* Consideration
* Promissory estoppel
* Creation of legal relations
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 Contractual terms
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	+ Good faith & fair dealing
	+ Unfair contract terms
 Breach of contract
* Remoteness
 Setting aside a contract
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 Other

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-price\_contract
	+ Contract law
	+ Procurement
	+ Business terms
	+ Pricing

* Cost-reimbursement contract
* Time-and-materials contract
* Indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract

* + Allan, B. (2004). Project management. 1st ed. London: Facet.
	1. Weigelt, M. (2009), Fixed-price contracts required by stimulus law Archived 2021-12-04 at the Wayback Machine, 17 February 2009
	2. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** Project Management Institute 2021, Glossary §3 Definitions.
	3. **^** Federal Acquisition Regulation, Part 16 - Types of Contract Archived 2019-12-14 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 14 December 2019
	4. **^** Federal Acquisition Regulation, 16.203-1 Description Archived 2019-12-14 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 14 December 2019
	5. **^** Department of Defense, Memorandum on Managing the Effects of Inflation with Existing Contracts, updated 9 September 2022, accessed 5 September 2023
	6. **^**
	7. **^** A-12 Avenger II Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) - 1983-1991
	8. **^**
	9. **^**
	10. **^** Pawson, O., "Stipulated Price Contract", *Canadian Consulting Engineer*, accessed 14 December 2019
	+ Firm-fixed-price contract (FAR 16.202)
	+ Fixed-price contract with economic price adjustment (FAR 16.203)
	+ Fixed-price contract with prospective price redetermination (FAR 16.205)
	+ Fixed-ceiling-price contract with retroactive price redetermination (FAR 16.206)
	+ Firm-fixed-price, level-of-effort term contract (FAR 16.207)
	+ Fixed-price incentive contract (FAR 16.403)
	+ Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contract (FAR 16.403-1)
	+ Fixed-price incentive (successive targets) contract (FAR 16.403-2)
	+ Fixed-price contract with award fees (FAR 16.404).
	1. Seddon (2012).
	2. **^**
	3. **^**
	4. **^** Grand China, paragraph 98
	5. **^**
	6. **^**
	7. **^**
	8. **^**
	9. **^**
	10. **^** Cases such as Braithwaite v Foreign Hardwood Company (1905) 2KB 543, British and Beningtons Ltd v North Western Cachar Tea Co (1923) AC 48, and Cooper, Ewing & Co Ltd v Hamel & Horley Ltd (1923) 13 Ll L Rep 590, discussed in England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Acre 1127 Ltd. (In Liquidation) v De Montfort Fine Art Ltd. (2011) EWCA Civ 87 (9 February 2011), accessed 13 June 2021
	11. **^** Pease, C. and Riach, C., A clearer picture of entitlement to damages flowing from repudiatory breach?, *Legal Briefing*, published May 2011, accessed 13 June 2021
	12. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	13. **^**
	14. **^** Supreme Court of Arizona, Foundation Dev. Corp. v. Loehmann's, 163 Ariz. 438 (1990), accessed 25 January 2021
	15. **^** All ER (D) 902, CA
	16. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Winser, C., *Terminating a Commercial Contract for Material Breach*, Crown Office Chambers, June 2007
	17. **^** Jackson LJ, in England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust v Compass Group UK and Ireland Ltd (t/a Medirest) (2013), EWCA Civ 200, paragraph 126.
	18. **^** All ER(D) 321
	19. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Quoted by Clarke J in England and Wales High Court (Commercial Court), Dalkia Utilities Services Plc v Celtech International Ltd (2006), EWHC 63 (Comm) (27 January 2006)
	20. **^** Unreported, 16 May 2000
	21. **^** 1 Lloyds Rep 599
	22. **^** England and Wales High Court (Commercial Court), Gallaher International Ltd v Tlais Enterprises Ltd (Rev 1) (2008), EWHC 804 (Comm) (18 April 2008), accessed 15 June 2021
	23. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division), Crosstown Music Company 1, Llc v Rive Droite Music Ltd & Ors (2009), EWHC 600 (Ch) (25 March 2009), accessed 15 June 2021
	24. **^** England and Wales High Court (Commercial Court), Vinergy International (PVT) Ltd v Richmond Mercantile Limited FZC, [2016] EWHC 525 (Comm) (15 March 2016), accessed 2 January 2022, paragraph 11 (clause 17 within the contract)
	25. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Upadhyaya, N., Termination for repudiatory breach: do contractual notification provisions apply?, Allen & Overy, published 17 May 2016, accessed 2 January 2022
	26. **^** Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827, per Lord Wilberforce at p. 843; Lord Reid in Suisse Atlantique [1967] 1 AC 361 at 406
	27. **^** Suisse Atlantique, Ibid
	28. **^** *Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd v Luna Park* [1938] NSWStRp 37, (1938) 38 SR (NSW) 632, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia).
	29. **^** American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241 (1981)
	30. **^** *Progressive Mailing House v Tabali Pty Ltd* [1985] HCA 14, (1985) 157 CLR 17 at p. 48, High Court (Australia)
	31. **^** *Foran v Wight* [1989] HCA 51, (1989) 168 CLR 385 at pp 416, 441-2, High Court (Australia).
	32. **^**
	+ Anticipatory repudiation
	+ Contract
	+ Fundamental breach
	+ Lawsuit
	+ Terms of use
	+ Lost volume seller
	1. *Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company* [1893] 2 QB 256
	2. **^** e.g. Lord Steyn, *Contract Law: Fulfilling the Reasonable Expectations of Honest Men* (1997) 113 LQR 433; c.f. § 133 BGB in Germany, where "the actual will of the contracting party, not the literal sense of words, is to be determined"
	3. **^** *Smith v Hughes*
	4. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Poole (2004) p.40
	5. **^** Keenan, A. (2012), Essentials of Irish Business Law, 6th edition, chapter 10, p 94, accessed 25 May 2021
	6. **^** 1 H & C 249; 158 ER 877
	7. **^** All Answers Ltd., Bradbury v Morgan (1862) 158 ER 877, accessed 23 April 2018
	8. **^** High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland, Chancery Division, Bonner Properties Ltd v McGurran Construction Ltd, NICh 16, delivered 26 November 2008, accessed 16 August 2023
	9. **^** *Fry v Barnes* (1953) 2 DLR 817 (BCSC)
	10. **^** (1932) 147 LT 503
	11. **^** *Whitlock v Brew* (1968) 118 CLR 445
	12. **^** *Three Rivers Trading Co Ltd v Gwinear & District Farmers Ltd* (1967) 111 Sol J 831
	+ English tort law
	+ Consideration in English law
	+ *Powell v Lee* (1908) 99 LT 284Contra proferentem
	+ Sale of Goods Act 1979 ss 8(2) 9
	+ Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) *5 CPD 344*.
	+ Hudson ‘Retraction of Letters of Acceptance’ (1966) 82 *Law Quarterly Review* 169

### Silence a condition of acceptance

* *Felthouse v Bindley* (1862) 11 CBNS 869
* Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000/2334) Reg 24

### Post or telegram

See also: Mailbox rule

* *Adams v Lindsell* [1818] EWHC KB J59
* *Henthorn v Fraser* [1892] 2 Ch 27
* *Holwell Securities Ltd v. Hughes* [1974] 1 WLR 155

### Telex

* *Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation* [1955] 2 QB 327
* *Brinkibon Ltd v. Stahag Stahl mbH* [1983] 2 AC 34
* *The Brimnes* [1975] QB 929

### Battle of the forms

* *Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-cello Cpn (England) Ltd* [1979] 1 WLR 401

### Acceptance in case of tenders

* *Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Co of Canada* [1986] AC 207
* *Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council* [1990] 1 WLR 1195

* Common lawContract lawEnglish lawLegal doctrines and principles

* *Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino*
* *Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.*
* *Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green*
 Implied-in-fact contract
 Mailbox rule
 Shrinkwrap, Clickwrap, Browsewrap agreements
* *Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.*
* *Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.*
* *ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg*
* *In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation*
* *Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.*
* *Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology*
* *Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.*
* *Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.*
 Consideration
* *Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon*
* *Kirksey v. Kirksey*
* *Angel v. Murray*
* *King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.*
* *Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court*
 Substantial performance
 Privity & 3rd parties
 Implied warranty, caveat emptor
* *Seixas and Seixas v. Woods*
* *Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.*
* *G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States*
* *Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton*
 Defense against formation

* *Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.*
* *Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America*
 Statute of frauds (written) & Parol evidence (unwritten & informal)
 Unconscionable
* *Buchwald v. Paramount*
 Cancelling Contract

 Illegality
 Misrepresentation
* *Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States*
* *Laidlaw v. Organ*
* *Smith v. Bolles*
 Quasi-contract obligation

 Unjust enrichment

* https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.pngOrganized labour portal
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	2. **^**
	3. **^**
	4. **^** , 1 Q.B. 250 (1954).
	5. **^** High Court of Australia, Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd [1988] HCA 44; (1988) 165 CLR 107 (8 September 1988)
	+ Text of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
	+ Beatson, J, Q.C. (1998). *Anson's Law of Contract* (27th Ed.). Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-825262-5
	+ Contract law
	+ Consumer protection
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	1. *Restatement (Second) of Contracts* § 25 (1981)
	2. **^** "Examples and Explanations for Contracts, 7e", Brian Blum, 2017 p. 104 [p. 109 in PDF version]. Wolters Kluwer.
	3. **^**
	4. **^**
	5. **^** See § 45 of Restatement (Second) of Contracts for the black letter law of the option contract's application to this situation.
	6. **^** Lawton, LJ, Holwell Securities v Hughes [1973] EWCA Civ 5, England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), delivered 5 November 1973, quoting from *Hare v. Nicholl*, 1966 2 Queens Bench, 130, accessed 8 September 2023
	7. **^**
	8. **^** John D. Calamari, Joseph M. Perillo, *The Law of Contracts* (1998), p. 707.
	9. **^**
	10. **^**
	11. **^**
	12. **^**
	13. **^**
	+ Offer and acceptance
	+ Firm offer
	+ *Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co* (1877) 2 App Cas 666

### Prescribed method of acceptance[edit]

* *Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial Investments Ltd* [1969] 3 All ER 1593

### Knowledge and reliance on offer[edit]

* *Williams v Carwardine* (1833) 5 C & P 566; 172 ER 1101
* *Gibbons v Proctor*
* *R v Clarke* (1927) 40 CLR 227

 *The Brimnes* [1975] QB 929

* https://static.hlt.bme.hu/semantics/external/pages/vonz%C3%B3\_vesz%C3%A9lyforr%C3%A1s/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract.html
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	1. Martin, E [ed] & Law, J [ed], *Oxford Dictionary of Law*, ed6 (2006, London:OUP).
	2. **^** Not to be confused with a product warranty, which is always referred to as a 'guarantee' in law.
	3. **^** *Poussard v Spiers and Pond* (1876) 1 QBD 410
	4. **^** *Bettini v Gye* (1876) 1 QBD 183
	5. **^** As added by the Sale of Goods Act 1994 s4(1).
	6. **^** [1962] 1 All ER 474
	7. **^** *Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH*, *The Mihalis Angelos* [1970] 3 All ER 125.
	8. **^** [1976] 3 All ER 570
	9. **^** [1954] 1 All ER 855
	10. **^** [1957] 1 WLR 370
	11. **^** *Routledge v McKay* [1954] 1 All ER 855
	12. **^** (1856) 16 EG 396
	13. **^** *BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings* [1977] UKPC 13, (1977) 180 CLR 266
	14. **^** (1889)14 P.D. 64
	15. **^** *Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW* [1982] HCA 24, (1982) 149 CLR 337 (11 May 1982), High Court (Australia)
	16. **^** [1956] 1 W.L.R. 585
	17. **^** *Byrne and Frew v Australian Airlines Ltd* [1995] HCA 24, (1995) 185 CLR 410 (11 October 1995), High Court (Australia)
	18. **^** [1976] 2 WLR 562
	19. **^** [1995] 4 All ER 745
	20. **^** For links and comparison among states on the adoption of the UCC, see Cornell Law Uniform Laws.
	21. **^** *Con-stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v Norwich Winterthur Insurance (Australia) Ltd* [1986] HCA 14, (1986) 160 CLR 226 (11 April 1986), High Court (Australia)
	22. **^** *Frigaliment Importing Co Ltd v BNS International Sales Corp*, 190 F. Supp. 116 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) (plaintiff failed to prove what he meant by "chicken") and U.C.C. § 1-205.
	23. **^** [1972] QB 71
	24. **^** [1975] QB 303
	25. **^** *Coal Cliff Collieries Pty Ltd v Sijehama Pty Ltd* (1991) 24 NSWLR 1. LawCite records.
	26. **^**
	27. **^** SI 1999/2083
	28. **^** For definitions, see reg 3(1).
	29. **^** Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 reg 5(1)
	30. **^** [2001] 3 WLR 1297
	31. **^** *Masters v Cameron* [1954] HCA 72, (1954) 91 CLR 353
	32. **^** *Baulkham Hills Private Hospital Pty Ltd v GR Securities Pty Ltd* (1986) 40 NSWLR 622 LawCite records.
	33. **^** *Meehan v Jones* [1982] HCA 52, (1982) 149 CLR 571
	+ Contract law
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	+ Danish Sale of Goods Act **United Kingdom**
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	2. **^**
	3. **^** Pennzoil V Texaco
	4. **^** "Oral construction contracts: RCS Contractors Ltd v. Conway, a costly affair indeed". *Lexology*. Law Business Research. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
	+ Parol evidence rule
	+ Statute of frauds
	+ Arthur Corbin
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	+ United Kingdom law stubs
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	1. Jack Beatson, Anson’s Law of Contract 73 (2002) ("English law does not regard a bare promise or agreement as legally enforceable but recognises only two kinds of contract, the contract made by deed, and the simple contract.").
	2. **^** David M. Walker, The Oxford Companion to Law 1144 (1980) (describing a "simple contract" as a "contract made not under seal, but orally or in writing").
	3. **^** Jack Beatson, Anson’s Law of Contract 73 (2002).
	4. **^** Black's Law Dictionary, *Simple Contract* (Accessed July 24, 2015).
	5. **^** George Lee Flint, Jr.& Marie Juliet Alfaro, *Secured Transactions History: The Impact of Southern Staple Agriculture on The First Chattel Mortgage Acts in The Anglo-American World*, 30 Ohio N.U.L. Rev. 537, 545 (2004) (citing 2 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 465 (Chicago, Callaghan & Co. 1879)).
	6. **^** Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828, 9 Geo 4 c 14 (1828).
	7. **^** Timothy R. Zinnecker, *Purchase Money Security Interests in the Preference Zone: Questions Answered and Questions Raised by the 1994 Amendments to Bankruptcy Code § 547*, 62 Mo. L. Rev. 47, 84 (1997) (internal quotations omitted).
	+ *New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Woodworth*
	+ Company seal
	+ Made by incompetent parties (e.g., under the age of consent, incapacitated)
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	+ Has material uncertain terms
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	+ Contingent upon the happening of an impossible event
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	2. **^**
	3. **^**
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological\_contract
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	+ Conway, Neil & Briner, Rob B. (2005). *Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research*. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
	+ Cullinane, Niall and Dundon, Tony (2006). "The psychological contract: a critical review", *International Journal of Management Reviews*, 8(2): 113–129.
	+ Guest, David E. (1998). "Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously?" *Journal of Organizational Behavior*, 19: 649–664.
	+ Lester, Scott W; Kickul, Jill (2001). "Psychological contracts in the 21st century: What employees value most and how well organizations are responding to these expectations". *Human Resource Planning*, 24(1): 10.
	+ Rousseau, Denise M. (1995). *Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements*. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
	2. **^**
	3. **^**
	4. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Chapman, Alan. "The Psychological Contract.", Theory, Diagrams, Definitions, Examples of in Work, Businesses, Organizations and Management. Businessballs Corp, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2016.
	5. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d***
	6. **^** Turnley, William H., and Daniel C. Feldman. "Re-Examining the Effects of Psychological Contract Violations: Unmet Expectations and Job Dissatisfaction as Mediators." Journal of Organizational Behavior 21.1 (2000): 25-42. JStor. Web. 14 October 2016.
	7. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** ***f***
	8. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** George, Christeen. Psychological Contract: Managing and Developing Professional Groups. Maidenhead, GB: Open University Press, 2010. Chapter 1: Introducing the psychological contract. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 14 October 2016.
	9. **^** Denise M. Rousseau. "Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. Volume 74, Issue 4 November 2001 Pages 511–541. Web. 26 October 2016.
	10. **^** Rousseau, Denise M. "The 'Problem' of the Psychological Contract Considered." Journal of Organizational Behavior 19 (1998): 665-71. JStor. Web. 14 October 2016
	11. **^** Sandra L. Robinson. "Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract." Administrative Science Quarterly Vol. 41, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp. 574-599. Web. 21 October 2016
	12. **^**  See p. 409.
	13. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e***
	14. **^**
	15. **^**
	16. **^**
	17. **^**
	18. **^**
	19. **^**
	20. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** van den Heuvel, Sjoerd, and Rene Schalk. "The Relationship Between Fulfillment Of The Psychological Contract And Resistance To Change During Organizational Transformations." Journal of Experimental Botany 66.6 (2015): 283-313. Academic Search Ultimate. Web. 21 October 2016.
	+ English civil law
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### A

* Administrator (law)
* Agreement in English law
* Assumpsit

### C

* Capacity in English law
* Certainty in English law
* Chitty on Contracts
* Electronic Signatures Directive
* Consideration in English law
* Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000
* Consumer Rights Act 2015
* Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
* Contractual terms in English law
* Coward v MIB

### E

* Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002
* Estoppel in English law

### F

* Formalities in English law
* Frustration in English law

### I

* Illegality in English law
* Implied terms in English law
* Incorporation of terms in English law
* Innominate term
* Intention to create legal relations
* Interpreting contracts in English law

### L

* Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract
* Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989
* Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
* Loss of chance in English law

### M

* Measure of damages under English law
* Misrepresentation Act 1967
* Mistake in English contract law

### P

* Penalties in English law
* Privity in English law
* Proprietary estoppel

### R

* Rattlesdene v Grunestone
* Remoteness in English law

### S

* Sale of Goods Act 1893
* Starr (law)
* Statute of frauds
* Statute of Frauds
* Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828
* Statute of Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration
* Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973
* Surrey CC v Bredero Homes Ltd

### U

* Unconscionability in English law
* Undue influence in English law
* Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
* Unfair Contract Terms Bill
* Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993
* Unfair terms in English contract law

### V

* Vitiating factors in the law of contract

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* Constant proportion portfolio insurance
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* Mortgage-backed security
 Market issues
* Corporate debt
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* Great Recession
* Municipal debt
* Tax policy

* + Allaz, B. and Vila, J.-L., Cournot competition, futures markets and efficiency, Journal of Economic Theory 59,297-308.
	+ Understanding Derivatives: Markets and Infrastructure Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Financial Markets Group
	+ Forward Contract Definition - Investopedia
	+ John C. Hull (2000), *Options, Futures and Other Derivatives*, Prentice-Hall.
	+ Abraham Lioui & Patrice Poncet (March 30, 2005), *Dynamic Asset Allocation with Forwards and Futures*, Springer
	+ Keith Redhead (31 October 1996), *Financial Derivatives: An Introduction to Futures, Forwards, Options and Swaps*, Prentice-Hall
	+ Forward Contract on Wikinvest
	1. John C Hull*, Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (6th edition)*, Prentice Hall: New Jersey, USA, 2006, 3
	2. **^** Understanding Derivatives: Markets and Infrastructure, *Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago*
	3. **^**
	4. **^** J.M. Keynes, *A Treatise on Money*, London: Macmillan, 1930
	5. **^** J.R. Hicks, *Value and Capital*, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939
	6. **^** Contango Vs. Normal Backwardation Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, *Investopedia*
	7. **^** Forward Contract on Wikinvest
	8. **^**
	9. **^**
	10. **^**
	11. **^**
	12. **^**
	13. **^**
	14. **^** "Instrument Types Available on CME Globex". *CME Globex*. Retrieved 29 June 2020. **Other types of trade contracts:**
	+ Spot price
	+ Spot market
	+ 988 transaction
	+ Derivative (finance)
	+ Forward exchange market
	+ Forward market
	+ Forward price
	+ Futures contract
	+ Hedging
	+ Non-deliverable forward
	+ Option
	+ Swap (finance)

* Preferred stock
* Registered share
* Stock
* Stock certificate
* Stock exchange

* Corporate bond
* Fixed income
* Government bond
* High-yield debt
* Municipal bond
* Securitization

* + Public market
	+ Exchange **·** Securities

* + Understanding Derivatives: Markets and Infrastructure Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Financial Markets Group
	+ The National Futures Association (2006). *An Educational Guide to Trading Futures and Options on Futures*. Chicago, Illinois.
	2. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	3. **^**
	4. **^**
	5. **^**
	6. **^**
	7. **^**
	8. **^**
	9. **^** Cash settlement on Wikinvest
	10. **^**
	11. **^**
	12. **^**
	13. **^**
	14. **^**
	15. **^**
	16. **^**
	17. **^**
	18. **^** Dreibus, Tony C. Commodity Bubbles Caused by Speculators Need Intervention, UN Agency Says, *Bloomberg*, June 5, 2011. Accessed July 2, 2011
	19. **^**
	20. **^**
	21. **^** Björk: Arbitrage theory in continuous time, Cambridge University Press, 2004
	22. **^** CME Group. (26 February 2021). "Understanding EFRP Transactions". CME website Retrieved 16 April 2021.
	23. **^** CFTC. Press release. (14 November 2017). "CFTC Orders INTL FCStone Financial Inc. and FCStone Merchant Services LLC to Pay Penalty for Unlawful Exchange for Related Position Transactions". Commodities Futures Trading Commission website Retrieved 16 April 2021.
	24. **^** CFTC. Press release. (5 June 2012). "CFTC Orders Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC to Pay $5 Million Civil Monetary Penalty for Unlawful Noncompetitive Trades". Commodity Futures Trading Commission website Retrieved 16 April 2021.

### U.S. Futures exchanges and regulators

* Chicago Mercantile Exchange, now part of CME Group
* Commodity Futures Trading Commission
* National Futures Association
* Kansas City Board of Trade
* New York Board of Trade now ICE
* New York Mercantile Exchange, now part of CME Group
* Minneapolis Grain Exchange

* Disambiguation pages
	+ contract
	+ service (economics)
	+ employment contract
	+ extended warranty
	+ Metropolitan Bus Service Contract
	+ *Programmatic service contract* in service-oriented architecture
		- standardized service contract - software design principle
	+ water service contract
	+ Employment compensation
	+ Employment in the United Kingdom
	+ Precarious work
	+ United Kingdom labour law
	+ Working time
	+ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contract
		- Real property law
		- Contract law
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	+ Lease
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and valuation
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 * https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol\_category\_class.svg/16px-Symbol\_category\_class.svg.png **Category**
* https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png **Commons**
* https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol\_list\_class.svg/16px-Symbol\_list\_class.svg.png **List of topics**

* + - Real estate settlement company
		- Real estate transaction
		- Land contract
	2. **^**
	3. **^**
	4. **^** Pyper & Harari 2013, p. 8.
	5. **^** Pennycook, Cory & Alakeson 2013, p. 6.
	6. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	7. **^**
	8. **^**
	9. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	10. **^**
	11. **^**
	12. **^**
	13. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e***
	14. **^**
	15. **^** Bessa et al. 2013, p. 22.
	16. **^** Pyper & Harari 2013, pp. 4–5.
	17. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d***
	18. **^**
	19. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
	20. **^**
	21. **^**
	22. **^**
	23. **^**
	24. **^**
	25. **^**
	26. **^**
	27. **^**
	28. **^** Pyper & Brown 2017, p. 17.
	29. **^**
	30. **^**
	31. **^**
	32. **^**
	33. **^** Pyper & Harari 2013.
	34. **^**
	35. **^**
	36. **^**
	37. **^**
	38. **^**
	39. **^**
	40. **^**
	41. **^**
	42. **^** [1] Archived 16 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
	43. **^**
	44. **^**
	45. **^** "Zero hour contracts officially history". *The New Zealand Herald*. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
	+ 1256 Contract
	+ Commodity Exchange Act
	+ Contract for future sale
	+ Freight derivatives
	+ Fuel price risk management
	+ Grain Futures Act
	+ List of finance topics
	+ London Metal Exchange
	+ Oil-storage trade
	+ Onion Futures Act
	+ Perpetual futures
	+ Prediction market
	+ Seasonal spread trading
	+ CME Group (CBOT and CME) -- Currencies, Various Interest Rate derivatives (including US Bonds); Agriculture (Corn, Soybeans, Soy Products, Wheat, Pork, Cattle, Butter, Milk); Indices (Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, S&P 500, etc.); Metals (Gold, Silver). NYMEX (CME Group) - energy and metals: crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, natural gas, coal, propane, gold, silver, platinum, copper, aluminum and palladium.
	+ Dubai Mercantile Exchange (DME) - most notably Oman Crude, Dubai Platts, and Singapore Fuel Oil.
	+ Intercontinental Exchange (ICE Futures Europe) - formerly the International Petroleum Exchange trades energy including crude oil, heating oil, gas oil (diesel), refined petroleum products, electric power, coal, natural gas, and emissions
	+ NYSE Euronext - which absorbed Euronext into which London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange or LIFFE (pronounced 'LIFE') was merged. (LIFFE had taken over London Commodities Exchange ("LCE") in 1996)- softs: grains and meats. Inactive market in Baltic Exchange shipping. Index futures include EURIBOR, FTSE 100, CAC 40, AEX index.
	+ Eurex - part of Deutsche Börse, also operates the Swiss Options and Financial Futures Exchange (SOFFEX) and the European Energy Exchange (EEX)
	+ South African Futures Exchange - SAFEX
	+ Sydney Futures Exchange
	+ Tokyo Commodity Exchange TOCOM
	+ Tokyo Financial Exchange - TFX - (Euroyen Futures, OverNight CallRate Futures, SpotNext RepoRate Futures)
	+ Osaka Exchange OSE (JGB Futures, TOPIX Futures, Nikkei Futures, RNP Futures)
	+ London Metal Exchange - metals: copper, aluminium, lead, zinc, nickel, tin and steel
	+ Intercontinental Exchange (ICE Futures U.S.) - formerly New York Board of Trade - softs: cocoa, coffee, cotton, orange juice, sugar
	+ JFX Jakarta Futures Exchange
	+ Montreal Exchange (MX) (owned by the TMX Group) also known in French as Bourse De Montreal: Interest Rate and Cash Derivatives: Canadian 90 Days Bankers' Acceptance Futures, Canadian government bond futures, S&P/TSX 60 Index Futures, and various other Index Futures
	+ Korea Exchange - KRX
	+ Singapore Exchange - SGX - into which merged Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX)
	+ ROFEX - Rosario (Argentina) Futures Exchange
	+ NCDEX - National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, India
	+ National Stock Exchange of India - National Stock Exchange, India - the largest derivates exchange in terms of number of contracts
	+ EverMarkets Exchange (EMX) - slated for launch in late 2018 - global currencies, equities, commodities and cryptocurrencies
	+ FEX Global - Financial and Energy Exchange of Australia
	+ Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE) - primarily agricultural and industrial products
	+ Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE) - primarily serves metal and foodstuff commodity markets
	+ Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (ZCE) - primarily agricultural products and petrochemicals
	+ China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) - primarily index futures and currencies

* ISO 31000
* Professional certification
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* Private equity and venture capital
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* Banking
	+ Central bank
	+ Deposit account
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* Basel Accords
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* Public

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 * + Taxation
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	+ Budget (balance)
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* Personal
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		- Retirement
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* Instruments
	+ Bond
	+ Cash
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	+ Credit default swap
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	+ Derivative
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	+ exotic
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 * Investor
	+ institutional
* Retail
 * Financial centres
* Offshore financial centres
* Conduit and sink OFCs

* 1.
	2. **^**
	3. **^**
	4. **^** Marikar, Q., The cost of poor contract management – are you using all tools at your disposal?, accessed 31 May 2021
	5. **^** Contract & Commercial Management - The Operational Guide, Van Haren Publishing, October 2011, ISBN 978 90 8753 627 5
	6. **^** Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply (2013), Contract Management Guide, p. 24, accessed 31 July 2021
	7. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply (2010), *Guide to Contract Management*, p. 13
	8. **^** 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. California Energy Commission.
	10. **^**
	11. **^**
	12. **^**
	13. **^**
	14. **^**
	15. **^**
	16. **^** IACCM, The Role of a Contract Manager, updated 24 January 2014, accessed 14 May 2021
	17. **^**
	18. **^** House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, Central government's management of service contracts: Summary, published 28 April 2009, accessed 29 July 2022
	19. **^** Crown Commercial Service, Commercial capability: contract management standards last updated 8 February 2021, accessed 10 April 2021
	20. **^** HM Government, Cross Government Review of Major Contracts: Summary of Findings and Recommendations endorsed by the Oversight Group, Autumn 2013, accessed 29 July 2022
	21. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Crown Commercial Service, Contract management framework summary, updated 8 February 2021, accessed 10 April 2021
	22. **^** National Audit Office, Transforming government’s contract management, published 4 September 2014, accessed 8 May 2023
	23. **^** National Audit Office, Good practice contract management framework, published December 2016, archived at the National Archives, accessed 12 May 2022
	24. **^** Civil Service, Civil Service: helping you with managing contracts and suppliers, updated 21 April 2021, accessed 8 May 2023
	25. **^** Villanova University, What is Government Contract Management?, updated 5 January 2021, accessed 8 May 2023
	+ Commercial management
	+ Contract management software
	+ Document automation
	+ Government contract
	+ National Contract Management Association
	+ Group purchasing organization
	+ Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs - for contracts with the United States government
	+ Uniform Commercial Code - United States
	+ United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
	+ Relational contract
	+ Vested outsourcing
	+ Oath
		1. - Enterprise architecture
			- Contract law
				* Entry into the National Register of Historic Places
				* https://blogs.iu.edu/sciu/2021/07/03/arecibos-50-years-of-discoveries/

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_National\_Historic\_Landmarks\_in\_Puerto\_Rico
	+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Solar\_System
		- 1963 establishments in Puerto Rico
		- Astronomical observatories in Puerto Rico
		- Government buildings completed in 1963
		- Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
		- Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
		- Museums in Arecibo, Puerto Rico
		- National Science Foundation
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		- Science museums in Puerto Rico
		- Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
		- University museums in Puerto Rico
		- Advanced Research Projects Agency
		- National Register of Historic Places in Arecibo, Puerto Rico
		- Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
		- University of Central Florida

 National
 Other

* Nakhla meteorite (1911)
* Murchison meteorite (1969)
* Viking lander biological experiments (1976)
* Allan Hills 77005 (1977)
* Allan Hills 84001 (1984)
* Yamato 000593 (2000)
 Signals of interest

 Stars
* EPIC 204278916 (unusual light fluctuations)
* VVV-WIT-07 (unusual light fluctuations)
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 Life in the Universe
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habitability
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom\_of\_contract
	+ Classical liberalism
	+ Contract law
	+ Libertarian theory
	+ Philosophy of law
	+ Social philosophy
	+ Freedom to Contract by Dr. Edward Younkins

* Latvia
* Czech Republic
	+ 2

* Contract law
	1. Cornell Law School, 42 U.S. Code § 1981 - Equal rights under the law, accessed 7 July 2023
	2. **^** Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
	3. **^** Roscoe Pound, "Liberty of Contract," 18 Yale Law Journal 454 (1909).
	4. **^** (1875) 19 Eq 462, 465, regarding freedom of contract and patents
	5. **^**
	6. **^**
	7. **^**
	8. **^**
	9. **^**
	10. **^**
	11. **^**
	12. **^**
	+ Atiyah, P.S: "The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract" (Oxford University Press, USA; New ed; Dec 12, 1985) ISBN 978-0-19-825527-7
	+ Bernstein, David E.: *Freedom of Contract, George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 08-51 (2008)*
	+ Trebilcock, Michael J.: "The Limits of Freedom of Contract" (Harvard University Press) ISBN 978-0-674-53429-2
	+ Free contract
	+ Lochner era
	+ Inequality of bargaining power
	+ English contract law
	+ United States contract law
	+ Blockchains
	+ Computer law
	+ Contract law
	+ Cryptocurrencies
	+ Internet of things

* https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png **Commons**
* https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol\_list\_class.svg/16px-Symbol\_list\_class.svg.png **List**

* Cryptocurrency tumbler
* Cryptocurrency wallet
* Cryptographic hash function
* Decentralized exchange
* Decentralized finance
* Distributed ledger
* Fork
* Lightning Network
* MetaMask
* Non-fungible token
* Smart contract
 Consensus mechanisms
* Proof of space
* Proof of stake
 Proof of work currencies

* Bitcoin Cash
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* Namecoin
* Peercoin
 Ethash-based
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 Proof of stake currencies
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* ItBit (Paxos)
* Kraken
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* OKX
* ShapeShift
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* Upbit
* Zaif (Tech Bureau)

* FTX
	+ bankruptcy
* Mt. Gox
* QuadrigaCX
* Thodex
 Crypto service companies
* IQ.Wiki
 Related topics
* BitLicense
* Blockchain game
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* Crypto-anarchism
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* Decentralized autonomous organization
* Decentralized application
* Distributed ledger technology law
* Double-spending
* Environmental impact
* Initial coin offering
* Initial exchange offering
* List of cryptocurrencies
* Token money
* Virtual currency

* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contract
	+ Ewan McKendrick, *Contract Law - Text, Cases and Materials* (2005) Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-927480-0
	+ P.S. Atiyah, *The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract* (1979) Clarendon Press ISBN 0-19-825342-7
	+ Randy E. Barnett, *Contracts* (2003) Aspen Publishers ISBN 0-7355-6525-2
	+ Scott Fruehwald, "Reciprocal Altruism as the Basis for Contract," 47 University of Louisville Law Review 489 (2009).
	1. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Contract
	2. **^** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contracts
	3. **^**
		+ Australian Contract Law
		+ Uniform Commercial Code *(United States Contract Law)*
		+ Cornell Law School Wex entry on Contract Law
		+ Principles of European Contract Law
		+ United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 11 April 1980
		+ LexisNexis Capsule Summary: Contracts
		+ International Association of Contract and Commercial Management (IACCM)
	4. **^** This category of "obligations" is essentially a fusion of contract and tort, and while cases such as *Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd* promoted this idea, it has fallen out of favour in English legal circles.
	5. **^** *Rose & Frank Co. v JR Crompton & Bros Ltd.* [1923] 2 K.B. 261, 273 (Bailhache J). Westlaw.
	6. **^**
	7. **^** DiMatteo L. (1997). The Counterpoise of Contracts: The Reasonable Person Standard and the Subjectivity of Judgment. *South Carolina Law Review*.
	8. **^** *George Hudson Holdings Ltd v Rudder (1973) 128 CLR 387* [1973] HCA 10, High Court (Australia).
	9. **^** promise legal definition of promise. promise synonyms by the Free Online Law Dictionary
	10. **^** Feinman JM, Brill SR. (2006). Is an Advertisement an Offer? Why it is, and Why it Matters. *Hastings Law Journal*.
	11. **^** Wilmot et al, 2009, *Contract Law*, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, page 34
	12. **^** *Harris v Nickerson* (1873) LR8QB 286
	13. **^** *Household Fire Insurance v Grant* 1879
	14. **^** *Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co* [1892] EWCA Civ 1, [1893] 2 QB 256, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	15. **^** *Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd*, 1953, 1 Q.B. 401
	16. **^**
	17. **^**
	18. **^** *Currie v Misa* (1875) LR 10 Ex 893
	19. **^** *Wade v Simeon* (1846) 2 CB 548
	20. **^** *White v Bluett* (1853) 2 WR 75
	21. **^** Bronaugh R. (1976). Agreement, Mistake, and Objectivity in the Bargain Theory of Conflict. *William & Mary Law Review*.
	22. **^**
	23. **^** Scots lawyer Harvey McGregor's "Contract Code", a Law Commission-sponsored proposal to both unite and codify English and Scots Law, proposed the abolition of consideration.
	24. **^** e.g. In Germany, § 311 BGB
	25. **^** e.g. P.S. Atiyah, 'Consideration: A Restatement' in *Essays on Contract* (1986) p.195, Oxford University Press
	26. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd* [2007] EWCA Civ 1329, [1947] KB 130, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	27. **^** *Chappell & Co Ltd v. Nestle Co Ltd* [1959] 2 All ER 701 in which the wrappers from three chocolate bars was held to be part of the consideration for the sale and purchase of a musical recording.
	28. **^**
	29. **^** "Pinnel’s Case" (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a
	30. **^** "Jorden v Money" (1854) 5 HLC 185
	31. **^** *Foakes v Beer* [1884] UKHL 1, (1884) AC 605, House of Lords (UK). (per incuriam?)
	32. **^** "Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd {1990} 1 All ER 512."
	33. **^** *Collins v. Godefroy* (1831) 1 B. & Ad. 950.
	34. **^** see for a discussion of the position in English law, the article on Capacity in English law
	35. **^** Elements of a Contract - Contracts
	36. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *L'Estrange v Graucob* [1934] 2 KB 394.
	37. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd* [2004] HCA 52, (2004) 219 CLR 165 (11 November 2004), High Court (Australia).
	38. **^** for instance, bidding in auctions, or acting in response to a unilateral offer
	39. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *Hadley v Baxendale* [1854] EWHC J70, ER 145, High Court (England and Wales).
	40. **^** as in Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd and The Mihalis Angelos
	41. **^** Michida S. (1992) Contract Societies: Japan and the United States Contrasted. *Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal*.
	42. **^**
	43. **^** In Australia, the Sales of Goods Act applies.
	44. **^** Trans-Lex.org: international principle
	45. **^**
	46. **^**
	47. **^** *Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co* [1951] 1 KB 805
	48. **^** *Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson* [1906] HCA 83, (1906) 4 CLR 379 (18 December 1906), High Court (Australia).
	49. **^** *Baltic Shipping Company v Dillon* [1993] HCA 4, (1993) 176 CLR 344, High Court (Australia).
	50. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings* [1977] UKPC 13, (1977) 180 CLR 266, Privy Council (on appeal from Australia).
	51. **^** Martin, E [ed] & Law, J [ed], *Oxford Dictionary of Law*, ed6 (2006, London:OUP).
	52. **^** Fry v. Barnes (1953) 2 D.L.R. 817 (B.C.S.C)
	53. **^** *Hillas and Co. Ltd. v. Arcos Ltd.* (1932) 147 LT 503
	54. **^** See *Aiton Australia Pty Ltd v Transfield Pty Ltd* (1999) 153 FLR 236 Thompson Reuters
	55. **^** *Whitlock v Brew* [1968] HCA 71, (1968) 118 CLR 445 (31 October 1968), High Court (Australia).
	56. **^** *Three Rivers Trading Co., Ltd. v. Gwinear & District Farmers, Ltd.* (1967) 111 Sol. J. 831
	57. **^** "Cutter v Powell" (1795) 101 ER 573
	58. **^**
	59. ^ ***a*** ***b*** Gillies P. (1988). *Concise Contract Law*, p. 105. Federation Press.
	60. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *Luna Park (NSW) Ltd v Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd* [1938] HCA 66, (1938) 61 CLR 286 (23 December 1938), High Court (Australia).
	61. **^** Koffman L, MacDonald E. (2007). *The Law of Contract*. Oxford University Press.
	62. ^ ***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** West GD, Lewis WB. (2009). Contracting to Avoid Extra-Contractual Liability—Can Your Contractual Deal Ever Really Be the "Entire" Deal? *The Business Lawyer*.
	63. ^ ***a*** ***b*** Burling JM. (2011). Research Handbook on International Insurance Law and Regulation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
	64. **^** *Poussard v Spiers and Pond* (1876) 1 QBD 410
	65. **^** *Bettini v Gye* (1876) 1 QBD 183
	66. **^** As added by the Sale of Goods Act 1994 s4(1).
	67. ^ ***a*** ***b*** Primack MA. (2009). Representations, Warranties and Covenants: Back to the Basics in Contracts. *National Law Review*.
	68. **^** Ferara LN, Philips J, Runnicles J. (2007). Some Differences in Law and Practice Between U.K. and U.S. Stock Purchase Agreements. *Jones Day Publications*.
	69. **^** Telman J. (2012). Representations and Warranties. ContractsProf Blog.
	70. **^** *Bannerman v White* [1861] EngR 713; (1861) 10 CBNS 844, Court of Common Pleas (United Kingdom).
	71. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *Bissett v Wilkinson* [1927] AC 177.
	72. **^**
	73. **^** *The Moorcock* (1889) 14 PD 64.
	74. **^** *J Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw* [1956] EWCA Civ 3, [1956] 2 All ER 121, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	75. **^** *Hutton v Warren* [1836] M&W 466.
	76. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *Con-stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v Norwich Winterthur Insurance (Australia) Ltd* [1986] HCA 14, (1986) 160 CLR 226 (11 April 1986), High Court (Australia).
	77. **^** *Dunlop v Selfridge' [1915] AC 79 House of Lords (UK).*
	78. **^** Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 House of Lords (UK).
	79. **^** *Tweddle v Atkinson* [1861] 121 ER 762
	80. **^** *Scruttons v Midland Silicones* [1962] AC 446 House of Lords (UK).
	81. **^** *NZ Shipping v Satterthwaite* [1974] UKPC 4, [1975] AC 154, Privy Council (on appeal from New Zealand).
	82. **^** Adler v Dickson [1955] QB 158
	83. **^** Lord Denning declared that the doctrine had been abolished by 1925 property legislation, but he was overruled by the House of Lords.
	84. **^** The 1999 Act does not cover contracts for the carriage of goods by sea, which are instead subject to the Hague-Visby Rules
	85. **^**
	86. **^** *Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon* [1976] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 305
	87. **^** *Fitzpatrick v Michel* [1928] NSWStRp 19, (1928) 28 SR (NSW) 285 (2 April 1928), Supreme Court (NSW, Australia).
	88. **^** *Public Trustee v Taylor* [1978] VicRp 31 (9 September 1977), Supreme Court (Vic, Australia).
	89. **^** *Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd.* [1931] ALL E.R. Rep. 1, [1932] A.C. 161
	90. **^** see also *Svanosi v McNamara* [1956] HCA 55, High Court (Australia).
	91. **^** *Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd]* [2002] EWCA Civ 1407, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	92. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission* [1951] HCA 79, (1951) 84 CLR 377, High Court (Australia).
	93. **^** *Raffles v Wichelhaus* (1864) 2 Hurl. & C. 906.
	94. **^** Smith v. Hughes [1871].
	95. **^** *Taylor v Johnson* [1983] HCA 5, High Court (Australia).
	96. **^** *Lewis v Avery* [1971] EWCA Civ 4, [1971] 3 All ER 907, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
	97. **^** Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004)
	98. **^** *Johnson v Buttress* [1936] HCA 41, (1936) 56 CLR 113 (17 August 1936), High Court (Australia).
	99. **^** See also *Westmelton (Vic) Pty Ltd v Archer and Shulman* [1982] VicRp 29, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia).
	100. **^** *Odorizzi v. Bloomfield Sch. Dist.*, 246 Cal. App. 2d 123 (Cal. App. 2d Dist. 1966)
	101. ^ ***a*** ***b*** *Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio* [1983] HCA 14, (1983) 151 CLR 447 (12 May 1983), High Court (Australia).
	102. **^** see also *Blomley v Ryan* [1956] HCA 81, (1956) 99 CLR 362, High Court (Australia).
	103. **^**
	104. **^** *Royal Bank of Canada v. Newell* 147 D.L.R (4th) 268 (N.C.S.A.). 1996 case and 1997 appeal.
	105. **^** *Tenet v. Doe*, 544 U.S. 1 (2005).
	106. **^**
	107. **^**
	108. **^**
	109. **^**
	110. **^** See, e.g.,
	111. **^** New York Civil Procedure Law and Rules § 7501, et seq.
	112. **^**
	113. **^**
	114. **^**
	115. **^**
	116. **^**
	117. **^**
	118. **^**
	119. **^** See, e.g.,
	120. **^** Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 1 All ER 474; see also *Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks* [1951] HCA 24, (1951) 83 CLR 322, High Court (Australia).
	121. **^** The Mihailis Angelos [1971] 1 QB 164
	122. **^** *Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd* [1914] UKHL 1, [1915] AC 79 at 86 per Lord Dunedin, House of Lords (UK).
	123. **^** *Bellgrove v Eldridge* [1954] HCA 36, (1954) 90 CLR 613 (20 August 1954), High Court (Australia).
	124. **^** [1972] 1 QB 60
	125. **^** The UCC states, "Consequential damages... include any loss... which could not reasonably be prevented by cover or otherwise." UCC 2-715.In English law the chief authority on mitigation is *British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co v Underground Electric Railway Co of London*[1912] AC 673, see especially 689 per Lord Haldane.
	126. **^** M.P. Furmston, *Cheshire, Fifoot & Furmston's Law of Contract*, 15th edn (OUP: Oxford, 2007) p.779.
	127. **^** M.P. Furmston, *Cheshire, Fifoot & Furmston's Law of Contract*, 15th edn (OUP: Oxford, 2007) p.779 n.130.
	128. **^** *Sotiros Shipping Inc v Sameiet, The Solholt* [1983] 1 Lloyd's Rep 605.
	129. **^** See also *Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corp Ltd* (1987) 9 NSWLR 310.
	130. **^**
	131. **^** as opposed to Scottish law
	132. **^** In 1789, while the French were engaged in their revolution, the English law was busying itself in defining the rules of auctions: see Payne v Cave
	133. **^** Willmott, L, Christensen, S, Butler, D, & Dixon, B 2009 *Contract Law*, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, North Melbourne
	134. **^** Hans Wehberg, *Pacta Sunt Servanda,* The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 1959), p.775.; Trans-Lex.org Principle of Sanctity of contracts
	135. **^** Atiyah PS. (1986) Medical Malpractice and Contract/Tort Boundary. *Law and Contemporary Problems*.
	136. **^** However, a movement in the 1990s to replace the separate teaching of contract and tort with a unified law of "obligations" has met with little success.
	137. **^** Blake V. (2012). When Is a Patient-Physician Relationship Established?. *Virtual Mentor*.
	138. ^ ***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Bernstein DE. (2008). Freedom of Contract. George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 08-51.
	139. **^** Douglas D. (2002). Contract Rights and Civil Rights. *Michigan Law Review*.
	140. **^** ... indeed the Code was neither published nor adopted by the UK, instead being privately published by an Italian University
	141. **^** Beatson, *Anson's Law of Contract* (1998) 27th ed. OUP, p.21
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* 1.
	2. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	3. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	4. **^**
	5. **^**
	6. **^**
	7. **^**
	8. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	9. **^**
	10. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	11. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	12. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	13. **^**
	14. **^**
	15. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Mik, Eliza, Smart Contracts: A Requiem (December 7, 2019). Journal of Contract Law (2019) Volume 36 Part 1 at p 72
	16. **^**
	17. **^** J Cieplak, S Leefatt, ‘Smart Contracts: A Smart Way To Automate Performance’ (2017) 1 Georgia L & Tech Rev 417
	18. **^**
	19. **^**
	20. **^** D J Yaga et al., Blockchain Technology Overview, National Institute of Standards and Technology Internal/Interagency Report 8202, 2018, p 54, cited in Mik, Eliza, Smart Contracts: A Requiem (December 7, 2019). Journal of Contract Law (2019) Volume 36 Part 1 at p 71
	21. **^**
	22. **^**
	23. **^**
	24. **^**
	25. **^** Chapter 9: Building a Secure Future, One blockchain at a time, US Senate Joint Economic Committee, March 2018.
	26. **^**
	27. **^** Hyman Gayle M, Digesti, Matthew P New Nevada legislation recognizes blockchain and smart contract terminologies August 2017, Nevada Lawyer
	28. **^**
	29. **^**
	30. **^**
	31. **^**
	32. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
	33. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	34. **^**
	35. **^**
	36. **^**
	37. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	38. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
	39. **^**
	40. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	41. **^**
	42. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
	43. **^**
	44. **^**
	45. **^**
	46. **^**
	47. **^**
	48. **^**
	49. **^**
	50. **^**
	51. **^**
	52. **^**
	53. **^**
	54. **^**
	55. **^** How blockchain technology could change our lives
	56. **^** Blockchain and AI are coming to kill these 4 business verticals
	57. **^** Blockchain for Digital Governments
	58. **^** Blockchain Based Framework for Document Authentication
	59. **^**
	60. **^** The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Blockchain Pilot
	61. **^** A BLOCKCHAIN - Journals Gateway
	62. **^** Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles
	63. **^**
	64. **^**
	65. **^** A blockchain-based decentralized system for proper handling of temporary employment contracts
	66. **^**
	67. **^**
	68. **^**
	69. **^**
	70. **^**
	71. **^** Whitepaper: Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger – A Legal Perspective, 5.
	72. **^** Whitepaper: Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger – A Legal Perspective, 3.
	+ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C\_by\_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C\_by\_David.svg.pngLaw portal
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	+ *Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace*
	+ Decentralized application
	+ Ethereum
	+ Regulation by algorithms
	+ Regulation of algorithms
	+ Ricardian contract (a design pattern to capture the intent of the agreement of parties)[*citation needed*]
	+ Loan
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	+ Transparency

 Ethereum
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 Tron
 Solana
 EOS.IO
 Binance Smart Chain
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* Lump sum contract in construction
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	+ Cost plus percentage of cost contract
	+ Subcontract agreement
	+ Special contracts
	+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard\_form\_contract
		- Joint Contracts Tribunal for United Kingdom Building Industry
		- CLAB Data Base of the European Commission Categories:
		- Contract law
		- Terms of service
		1. Republic of Djibouti & Ors v Boreh & Ors (2016) EWHC 405 (Comm), published 2 March 2016, accessed 5 October 2020
		2. **^** 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703 Sir William Hope of Kirkliston vs. William Gordon of Balcomy, Decision of the Lords of Council and Session reported by Sir John Lauder of Fountainhall in *Fountainhall*, p. 559, accessed 17 October 2020
		3. **^** Download Menu Archived 2007-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
		4. **^** Standard-Form Contracting in the Electronic Age by Robert A. Hillman, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski :: SSRN Archived 2004-11-15 at the Wayback Machine
		5. **^** The Devil in the Details: The Interrelationship Among Citizenship, Rule of Law and Form-Adhesive Contracts by Zev J. Eigen :: SSRN Archived 2011-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
		6. **^**
		7. **^**
		8. **^** Patterson, E., *The Delivery of a Life-Insurance Policy*, 33 Harvard Law Review, 198 (1919); see also Friedrich Kessler, *Contracts of Adhesion — Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract*, 43 Colum. L. Rev. 629 (1943).
		9. **^** Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co. (1962) 58 C2d 862
		10. **^** 472 S.E.2d 242, 254 (S.C. 1996) (\*\*Note: this definition is only good law in South Carolina)).
		11. **^**  Download at  (PDF or DOC or ZIP available) Also refer to each State and Territory Fair Trading Department's websites.
		12. **^**
		13. **^**
		14. **^** Standard Contract Terms in Cross-Border Business Transactions Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (A Comparative Study from the Perspective of European Union Law), PDF (by Attorney Dr. Gintautas Šulija, LL.M., LL.M.)
		15. **^** Russian Man Who Got Bank to Sign Homemade Credit Card Contract Now Suing Them for Not Following Terms Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, *Yahoo News*, 8 Aug 2013. Retrieved 9 Aug 2013.
		- Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN, USA)
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		- Contract law
		1. Bowman's, A Guide to Construction Contracts, p. 5, accessed 2 September 2020
		2. **^**
		3. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Hogos, T. and Shewangzaw, M. (2009), Construction Law: Teaching Material, sponsored by the Justice and Legal System Research Institute, accessed 29 August 2020
		4. **^** [*permanent dead link*]
		5. **^**
		6. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
		7. **^**
		8. **^**
		9. **^**
		10. **^**
		11. **^**
		12. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
		13. **^**
		14. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
		15. **^** [*permanent dead link*]
		16. **^** FAR Part 16.102
		17. **^** FIDIC, *Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction*, Fourth Edition, 1987
		18. **^** Richards, G., UK: Procurement Methods in the Construction Industry, Pinsent Masons LLP, published 14 March 2006, accesses 1 September 2020
		19. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***
		20. **^**
		21. **^**
		22. **^** Designing Buildings Wiki, Base date in construction contracts, updated 5 July 2019, accessed 24 August 2020
		23. **^** JCT, *Standard Building Contract*, 2011 Edition (SBC/2011), referenced in Sergeant, M., Deemed variations under a construction contract, published 11 November 2015, accessed 24 August 2020
		24. **^** Kempthorne, V., The meaning of ‘Practical Completion’, Clarks Legal, published 11 January 2019, accessed 3 September 2020
		25. **^**
		26. **^** Designing Buildings Wiki, Sectional completion in construction contracts, updated 14 January 2019, accessed 29 August 2020
		27. **^** Which?, Snagging surveys, accessed 3 September 2020
		- Australian Construction Contracts
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		1. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911\_Encyclop%C3%A6dia\_Britannica/Social\_Contract
			- "The Social Contract". *In Our Time* (7 Feb 2008). BBC Radio Program. Melvyn Bragg, moderator; with Melissa Lane, Cambridge University; Susan James, University of London; Karen O'Brien, University of Warwick.
			- "Game Theory". *In Our Time* (May 10, 2012). BBC Radio Program. Melvin Bragg, moderator, with Ian Stewart, Emeritus, University of Warwick, Andrew Colman, University of Leicester, and Richard Bradley, London School of Economics. Discussion of game theory that touches on relation of game theory to the Social Contract.
			- Foisneau, Luc. "Governing a Republic: Rousseau's General Will and the Problem of Government". *Republics of Letters: A Journal for the Study of Knowledge, Politics, and the Arts* 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2010)
			- Sigmund, Paul E. "Natural Law, Consent, and Equality: William of Ockham to Richard Hooker". Published on website *Natural Law, Natural Rights, and American Constitutionalism*. A We the People project of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
			- https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911\_Encyclop%C3%A6dia\_Britannica/Social\_Contract
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* **Index**

* https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine
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	+ Берлиоз Г. Избранные статьи. М., 1956.
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	+ *100 великих композиторов / Автор-составитель Д. К. Самин. — М.: Вече, 2000.*
	+ Виктор Каширников — Гектор Луи Берлиоз Архивная копия от 10 июня 2020 на Wayback Machine / Слово о композиторах — М., 2012
	+ Музыкальная эстетика Франции XIX века. / Сост. Е. В. Бронфин. М., 1974.
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	+ Берлиоз Г. «Концерты Рихарда Вагнера. Музыка будущего» Архивная копия от 17 декабря 2011 на Wayback Machine
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	+ Hippeau, «В., l’homme et l’artiste» (3 т., Пар, 1863—85);
	+ Ernst, «De l’oeuvre dramatique de H. B.» (1884);
	+ *Paladilhe D.* Berlioz (Louis-Hector) / D. Paladilhe // Dictionnaire de biographie française : [фр.] / sous la dir. de M. Prevost,... et Roman d'Amat. — Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1954. — T. 6 : Bergeron — Bournon. — Col. 26–27. — 1528 col. — OCLC 922284772.
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	+ Трифонов, «Гектор Б.» («Вестник Европы», 1885, IX—X).
	+ *Теодор-Валенси*. Берлиоз. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 1969. — 336 с.: ил. — (Жизнь замечательных людей, вып. 474). Есть аудиоверсия
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	1. *Maurice J.E. Brown* Franz Schubert // Encyclopædia Britannica (англ.)
	2. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Franz Schubert // Internet Broadway Database (англ.) — 2000.
	3. ↑ https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Franz\_Schubert
	4. ↑ Archivio Storico Ricordi — 1808.
	5. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Hilmar, 2007, с. 609.
	6. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** ***3*** ***4*** ***5*** ***6*** ***7*** ***8*** ***9*** ***10*** Шуберт Франц Петер / Ю. Н. Хохлов // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 3-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.
	7. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** ***3*** ***4*** ***5*** ШУБЕРТ Франц // Энциклопедия Кольера. — Открытое общество. — 2000.
	8. ↑ Шуберт, Франц-Петер // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
	9. ↑ Walther Dürr, Andreas Krause (Hrsg.): *Schubert Handbuch*, Bärenreiter/Metzler, Kassel u.a. bzw. Stuttgart u.a., 2. Aufl. 2007, S. 68, ISBN 978-3-7618-2041-4
	10. ↑ Dietmar Grieser: *Der Onkel aus Preßburg. Auf österreichischen Spuren durch die Slowakei*, Amalthea-Verlag, Wien 2009, ISBN 978-3-85002-684-0, S. 184
	11. ↑ Andreas Otte, Konrad Wink. Kerners Krankheiten großer Musiker. — Schattauer, Stuttgart/New York, 6. Aufl. 2008, S. 169, ISBN 978-3-7945-2601-7
	12. ↑ Жизнь Франца Шуберта в документах. По публикациям Отто Эриха Дейча и другим источникам / Сост., общ. ред и прим. Ю. Хохлова. М.: Музгиз, 1963. С. 691.
	13. ↑ Deutsch О. Е., In collaboration with D. R. Wakeling, Schubert. Thematic catalogue of all his works in chronological order, London, 1951
	14. ↑ Переработанное и дополненное издание: Franz Schubert. Thematischer Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge… Neuausgabe in deutscher Sprache bearb. und hrsg. von der Editionsleitung der Neuen Schubert-Ausgabe und W. Aderhold, Kassel, 1978
	15. ↑ В. Галацкая. Франц Шуберт // Музыкальная литература зарубежных стран. Вып. III. — М.: Музыка. 1983. — С. 155
	16. ↑ В. Галацкая. Франц Шуберт // Музыкальная литература зарубежных стран. Вып. III. — М.: Музыка. 1983. — С. 212
	17. ↑ CD Hyperion CDJ 33002.
	18. ↑ CD Hyperion CDJ 33010.
	19. ↑ Ныне исполняется именно в четвёртой редакции
	20. ↑ В традиционном русском переложении — «Нет, только тот, кто знал».
	21. ↑ Другие примеры: D 235 и D 237; D 351 и D 562; D 484, D 705 и D 714.
	22. ↑ Schubert Geburtshaus : WIEN MUSEUM. *www.wienmuseum.at*. Дата обращения: 14 апреля 2021.
	23. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Jeffrey Dane. The Composer’s pianos. 2001 URL:https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/202/300/inditer/2001/05-14/dane/pianos/pianos.htm
	24. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Kreissle von Hellborn, Heinrich (1865). *Franz Schubert*, pp. 297—332.
	25. ↑ Gibbs, Christopher H. (2000). *The Life Of Schubert*. Cambridge University Press, pp. 61—62, ISBN 0-521-59512-6.
	26. ↑ Например, Крайсль на с. 324 описывает интерес к творчеству Шуберта в 1860-х годах, а Гиббс на с. 250—251 описывает размах торжеств по случаю столетия композитора в 1897 году.
	27. ↑ Liszt, Franz; Suttoni, Charles (translator, contributor) (1989). An Artist’s Journey: *Lettres D’un Bachelier ès Musique, 1835—1841*. University of Chicago Press, p. 144. ISBN 0-226-48510-2.
	28. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Newbould, Brian (1999). Schubert: *The Music and the Man*. University of California Press, pp. 403—404. ISBN 0-520-21957-0.
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* https://archive.today/20130416235950/www.dirigent.ru/index.php?option=com\_content&view=article&id=68:chaikovsky-pismo&catid=6:o-proizvedenijah&Itemid=7
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	+ Сайт о Петре Ильиче Чайковском.
	+ Сайт с подробной информацией о Чайковском и его творчестве (англ.).
	+ Сайт музея-усадьбы Петра Ильича Чайковского в Воткинске.
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	+ Gay Love-Letters from Tchaikovsky to his Nephew Bob Davidov (англ.).
	+ Music Analysis. Aspects on sexuality and structure in the later symphonies of Tchaikovsky (англ.).
	+ Письмо П. И. Чайковского к Н. Ф. фон Мекк из Флоренции с программой Четвёртой симфонии (1878). Архивировано 16 апреля 2013 года.
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	+ *Клименко И. A.* П. И. Чайковский. Краткий биографический очерк. — М., 1909, 1913.
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	+ *Wiley, Roland John.* Tchaikovsky. — Oxford University Press, 2009., 585 pp. (англ.)
	+ Петр Ильич Чайковский / Сост.: П. Е. Вайдман, К. Ю. Давыдова, И. Г. Соколинская. Ред. и вступ. статья Е. М. Орловой. Пер. на нем. яз. К. Рюгера. — Москва: Музыка — Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 1978. — 20 000 экз. (билингвальное изд.)Статьи и воспоминания
	+ Воспоминания о П. И. Чайковском. — М., 1962.
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	62. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Победоносцев, 1923, с. 403.
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	111. ↑ В советские времена «Утренняя молитва» была переименована в «Утреннее размышление», а финальная часть «В церкви» — в «Хор». См. Что бы я был, если б не верил в Бога и не предавался воле Его?.
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	155. ↑ Большая Российская Энциклопедия, 1992.
	156. ↑ Музей «П. И. Чайковский и Москва»
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	1. https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Chopin-Fryderyk-Franciszek;3885797.html
	2. ↑ https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/chopins-heart
	3. ↑ ШОПЕ́Н : [арх. 5 ноября 2022] / А.О. Митина // Шервуд — Яя. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2017. — С. 79. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 35). — ISBN 978-5-85270-373-6.
	4. ↑ *Институт славяноведения АН СССР.* Краткие сообщения. — Наука, 1952. — 662 с.
	5. ↑ Биографическая библиотека Ф. Павленкова: Жизнь замечательных людей: В 3 т. Т.3. — ОЛМА Медиа Групп, 2001. — 800 с. — ISBN 978-5-224-03123-8.
	6. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** ***3*** Соловцов, 1960, с. 13.
	7. ↑ Институт Фредерика Шопена
	8. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 8—9.
	9. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 12—13.
	10. ↑ Fryderyk Chopin - Information Centre - Justyna Chopin - Biography. *en.chopin.nifc.pl*. Дата обращения: 7 ноября 2021.
	11. ↑ По Конституции, принятой Венским конгрессом под угрозой войны с Россией — Королевство Польское, в 1829 году Николай I короновался в Варшаве как Король Польский, см. Коронация Николая I в Варшаве однако в России общепринятое название, утвердившееся после подавления восстания 1830 года — Царство Польское
	12. ↑ По Конституции, Королём Польским короновался Император Всероссийский, назначавший Наместника
	13. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Соловцов, 1960, с. 14.
	14. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 13—16.
	15. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 15.
	16. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 17—19.
	17. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 20.
	18. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 21.
	19. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 23.
	20. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 21—22.
	21. ↑ Late Outing - Chopin was Homosexual – and Nobody should Know - Kultur - SRF. *www.srf.ch*. Дата обращения: 22 апреля 2022.
	24. ↑ Соловцов, 1960, с. 30—31.
	25. ↑ *Армен Казарян.* Шопен и польское восстание 1830. Дата обращения: 6 апреля 2018.
	26. ↑ Фредерик Шопен. *timenote.info*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	27. ↑ Что писал шопен какие жанры. Фредерик Францишек Шопен. Биографическая справка. Фредерик Шопен - биография. *thestrip.ru*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	28. ↑ Фридерик Шопен ( 1810 - 1849). Периоды творчества - презентация онлайн. *ppt-online.org*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	29. ↑ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ТВОРЧЕСТВА. *helpiks.org*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	30. ↑ Биография Фредерика Франсуа Шопена | АртДонбасс - художественно-выставочный центр. *artdonbass.ru*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	31. ↑ Шопен: его Год, его музыка, его Европа. *Национальная библиотека Беларуси*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	32. ↑ Список произведений Шопена | Classic-music.ru. *www.classic-music.ru*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	33. ↑ *Булгакова Людмила Викторовна.* Феномен Ф. Шопена в интеграции музыкальных культур // Вестник Томского государственного университета. Культурология и искусствоведение. — 2013. — Вып. 4 (12). — С. 74–80. — ISSN 2222-0836.
	34. ↑ Творческий облик Шопена. *musike.ru*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	35. ↑ Хитрик, 2001.
	36. ↑ Г. Нейгауз. Об искусстве фортепианной игры. // Государственное музыкальное издательство. Москва. 1958 г.
	37. ↑ *William Mason.* Memories of a musical life. — New york Century, 1901. — 430 с.
	38. ↑ Особенности музыкального стиля Шопена | Classic-music.ru. *www.classic-music.ru*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2023.
	39. ↑ Vogel, "Fortepiany i idiofony klawiszowe w Królestwie Polskim w latach młodości Chopina, " 64.
	40. ↑ Chopin’s letters. By Chopin, Frédéric, 1810—1849; Voynich, E. L. (Ethel Lillian), 1864—1960; Opienski, Henryk, 1870—1942
	41. ↑ Franz Liszt. Life of Chopin. Translated by Martha Walker Cook. Dover Publications Inc., 2005.
	42. ↑ Chopin’s letters. By Chopin, Frédéric, 1810—1849; Voynich, E. L. (Ethel Lillian), 1864—1960; Opienski, Henryk, 1870—1942
	43. ↑ *Овчинников И.* Ближе к оригиналу. *Piano Forum*. Дата обращения: 24 июня 2021.
	44. ↑ Fortepiany Chopina. Wyjątkowa wystawa instrumentów z kolekcji Narodowego Instytutu Fryderyka Chopina.
	45. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Moran, Michael (2018-01-31). «1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments. 2-14 September 2018». Classical Music Festivals and Competitions in Poland and Germany — with occasional unrelated detours.
	46. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Соловцов, 1960, с. 458—463.
	47. ↑ Организации, занимающиеся популяризацией творчества Шопена. Дата обращения: 21 декабря 2015. Архивировано из оригинала 22 декабря 2015 года.
	48. ↑ Людвиг Бронарский
	49. ↑ Аэропорт Варшавы Окенче/Окенче/Port lotniczy Warszawa-Okęcie // WAW/EPWA :: Аэропорты
	50. ↑ 2010 — The Year of Fryderyk Chopin. Дата обращения: 9 октября 2010. Архивировано из оригинала 23 марта 2010 года.
	51. ↑ Путевые заметки. Варшава. «Скамейки Шопена» // 29 августа 2015
	52. ↑ Концертный зал имени Шопена имеет 140 посадочных мест и общую площадь 137 м². В начале декабря, во время прохождения встречи [[Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе|ОБСЕ]], посольством Польши в честь Года Шопена в Казахстане, Малому концертному залу официально присвоено имя великого польского композитора. Архивировано из оригинала 21 апреля 2012 года.
	53. ↑ Рэм Урасин: Мне удалось воплотить мечту – сыграть всего Шопена. *Музыкальный Клондайк* (1 декабря 2015). Дата обращения: 16 ноября 2017.
	54. ↑ Crater, craters: Chopin on Mercury // Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature / International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) // Planetary Names
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* Компании розничной торговли Франции
* Компании по алфавиту
* Компании, основанные в 1961 году
* Торговые сети Украины
* Торговые сети Франции
* Компании розничной торговли России
* Сети продовольственных магазинов

* Официальный сайт российского отделения
* Официальный сайт головной компании
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* 1. В России компания использует транскрипцию *Ашан*, хотя правильная русская транскрипция названия — *Ошан*. Вариант «Ашан» принят для сохранения в начале названия буквы А, используемой в логотипе.
	2. ↑ Дело: Ашан арендует помещения торговой сети О кей. korrespondent.net. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 3 декабря 2019 года.
	3. ↑ Accueil (фр.). Auchan Retail. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 7 ноября 2019 года.
	4. ↑ The group activities Архивная копия от 14 сентября 2011 на Wayback Machine (англ.)
	5. ↑ Immochan Filiales Архивная копия от 14 сентября 2011 на Wayback Machine (англ.)
	6. ↑ Banque Accord. Дата обращения: 25 августа 2011. Архивировано 14 сентября 2011 года.
	7. ↑ «Ашан» планирует получить банковскую лицензию (7 декабря 2011). Архивировано 3 декабря 2019 года.
	8. ↑ Global Trends: French Twist. NACS Online – NACS Magazine – Past Issues – 2010 – May 2010. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано из оригинала 19 апреля 2012 года.
	9. ↑ Auchan takes on discounters with Little Extra and Self Discount formats. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 17 июня 2012 года.
	10. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* 2021 annual financial report and non financial performance statement (англ.). Auchan. Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022.
	11. ↑ Как рождался «Ашан». Дата обращения: 16 ноября 2009. Архивировано из оригинала 28 января 2010 года.
	12. ↑ Auchan To Withdraw From Chinese Market (англ.). China Retail News (21 октября 2020). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 13 апреля 2021 года.
	13. ↑ *Кирилл Сарханянц.* Auchan покидает китайский рынок, продавая свои активы Alibaba. Коммерсантъ (19 октября 2020). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	14. ↑ *Rinolfi Vilma, Paparella Domenico.* Collective agreement signed at Auchan retail group (англ.). Европейский фонд улучшения условий жизни и труда (20 декабря 2007). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022.
	15. ↑ Question for written answer E-001544/2020 (англ.). Европейский парламент (11 марта 2020). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	16. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* О компании. Auchan. Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 22 апреля 2021 года.
	17. ↑ Auchan в России сменит президента. Коммерсантъ (10 декабря 2021). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 15 января 2022 года.
	18. ↑ *Никита Щуренков, Анатолий Костырев.* Auchan не держит голову. Коммерсантъ (11 января 2021). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	19. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *Глеб Крампец, Наталья Чумарова.* «Ашан» в сити. Ведомости (11 мая 2008). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	20. ↑ В Москве открыты гипермаркеты «АШАН-Сад». www.press-release.ru. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 11 сентября 2019 года.
	21. ↑ «Ашан» открыл в России гипермаркет нового формата. Lenta.ru (11 декабря 2009). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019.
	22. ↑ Ашан открыл первый гипермаркет «Радуга» в РФ. Retail.ru (14 декабря 2009). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	23. ↑ «Ашан» нашел новое имя сети гипермаркетов «Наша радуга». РБК (26 июня 2017). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 9 апреля 2020 года.
	24. ↑ Auchan завершил ребрендинг магазинов Real в России. Lenta.ru (19 ноября 2013). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019.
	25. ↑ *Екатерина Бурлакова.* Auchan проведет ребрендинг своей сети супермаркетов «Атак». Ведомости (9 октября 2016). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 29 мая 2020 года.
	26. ↑ *Ольга Дубравицкая.* «Ашан» отказался от развития сети Lillapois в России. РБК (16 января 2019). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 28 сентября 2019 года.
	27. ↑ *Наталья Колотович.* Ашан и Сбермаркет сотрудничают в сфере электронной коммерции. РБК (10 ноября 2021). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 15 ноября 2021 года.
	28. ↑ "Ашан" продолжит работу в России. *ТАСС*. Дата обращения: 30 мая 2022. Архивировано 27 апреля 2022 года.
	29. ↑ French retailer Auchan to open private label store in Russia Архивная копия от 10 марта 2023 на Wayback Machine | Reuters
	30. ↑ История Украинского Бизнеса. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 29 октября 2008 года.
	31. ↑ Российский Auchan возглавил Жан-Пьер Жермен. Retail.ru (5 марта 2007). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 3 декабря 2019 года.
	32. ↑ Ашан в Донецьку. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 4 августа 2010 года.
	33. ↑ Ашан арендует торговые помещения гипермаркета О'Кей - Жизнь. worldnewsage.com. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 3 декабря 2019 года.
	34. ↑ Ашан приобрел сеть другого крупного украинского ритейлера. nv.ua. Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019.
	35. ↑ Более 20 тысяч человек было эвакуировано из московских "Ашанов". РИА Новости (20160219T0902+0300). Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 3 декабря 2019 года.
	36. ↑ *Tansy Hoskins.* Reliving the Rana Plaza factory collapse: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 22 (англ.). The Guardian (23 апреля 2015). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 25 июня 2020 года.
	37. ↑ *Syed Zain Al-Mahmood.* Matalan supplier among manufacturers in Bangladesh building collapse. The Guardian (24 апреля 2013). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 21 октября 2013 года.
	38. ↑ *Clare O'Connor.* 'Extreme Pricing' At What Cost? Retailer Joe Fresh Sends Reps To Bangladesh As Death Toll Rises. Forbes (30 апреля 2013). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 8 августа 2014 года.
	39. ↑ *Dean Nelson.* Bangladesh building collapse kills at least 82 in Dhaka. The Daily Telegraph (24 апреля 2013). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 20 августа 2018 года.
	40. ↑ *Julhas Alam.* At least 87 dead in Bangladesh building collapse. USA Today (24 апреля 2013). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 7 июня 2022 года.
	41. ↑ *Ibrahim Hossain Ovi.* Buyers’ compensation for Rana Plaza victims far from reality. Dhaka Tribune (16 ноября 2013). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	42. ↑ Гендиректор «Ашана» ответил на призыв Зеленского покинуть Россию. РИА Новости (27 марта 2022). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	43. ↑ *Виолетта Орлова.* Кулеба призвал бойкотировать магазины Auchan, Leroy Merlin и Decathlon из-за бизнеса в РФ. УНИАН (27 марта 2022). Дата обращения: 27 марта 2022. Архивировано 27 марта 2022 года.
	44. ↑ Магазин для автомата: как «Ашан» поставляет российским военным товары и загоняет на фронт своих сотрудников. *The Insider*. Дата обращения: 17 февраля 2023. Архивировано 17 февраля 2023 года.
	45. ↑ Французские сети «Ашан» и «Леруа Мерлен» после начала войны остались в России. Теперь их подозревают в том, что они бесплатно снабжают российскую армию в Украине. *Meduza*. Дата обращения: 20 февраля 2023. Архивировано 19 февраля 2023 года.
	46. ↑ Магазин для автомата — 2. Почему руководство «Ашана» лжет, заявляя, что не знало о поставках российским военным. *The Insider*. Дата обращения: 31 марта 2023. Архивировано 30 марта 2023 года.
	47. ↑ Aшан. НАПК. Дата обращения: 26 августа 2023.

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	+ URI
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* Society of the Spectacle

* https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Mendelssohn,\_Felix#785224b51dda67d7011af6f7a4797e9d https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Mendelssohn,\_Felix#aa6a5ef06a8c86e82895fceaf306aba8 https://imslp.org/wiki/IMSLP:Subscriptions#contacthttps://imslp.org/wiki/IMSLP:Subscriptions#contributorsub https://imslp.org/wiki/IMSLP:Subscriptions#specialsub https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Mendelssohn,\_Felix#cabd95aff7a76d0a903cd9bba75e060a https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Mendelssohn,\_Felix#99f3b51360453f0e442da4cbc60f3060 https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Mendelssohn,\_Felix#8aeb90a741934c3d99325f6a42d22eb5 https://imslp.org/wiki/String\_Symphony\_No.7\_in\_D\_minor%2C\_MWV\_N\_7\_(Mendelssohn%2C\_Felix)#tabAudio1 https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Classical\_style https://imslp.org/wiki/IMSLP:Subscriptions#standardsub
	+ Composers with links to Sheet Music Plus
	+ People
	+ Composers
	+ People from the Romantic era
	+ German people
	+ Male people
	+ People with recordings
	+ Collaborations
	+ Collections
	+ Arrangers
	+ Editors
	+ Dedicatees

* Право[en]
* Литература
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* Discogs
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* Яндекс Музыка
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* Большая норвежская
* Большая российская (старая версия)
* Britannica (онлайн)
 В библиографических каталогах
* NKC: ph127351

* + Belcanto.ru — классическая музыка, опера и балет Архивная копия от 11 января 2012 на Wayback Machine
	+ classic-music.ru — интернет-портал «Классическая музыка» Архивная копия от 22 июня 2015 на Wayback Machine
	+ Чем классическая музыка обязана женщинам? Объясняет музыковед Фиона Мэддокс Архивная копия от 31 июля 2019 на Wayback Machine // Русская служба Би-би-си, 26 июля 2019
	+ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/YouTube\_full-color\_icon\_%282017%29.svg/20px-YouTube\_full-color\_icon\_%282017%29.svg.png The Most Iconic Pieces of Classical Music
	+ *Чередниченко Т. В.* Музыка в истории культуры. — Долгопрудный: «Аллегро-пресс», 1994. — 344 с.
	+ Классика музыкальная // Музыкальная энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1976. — Т. 3. — 1104 с.
	+ Классика // Словарь музыкальных терминов. 2012
	1. [slovar.cc/muz/term/2479400.html Классика] // Словарь музыкальных терминов
	2. ↑ Классика музыкальная Архивная копия от 20 декабря 2019 на Wayback Machine // Музыкальная энциклопедия
	3. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *Хохлов Ю. Н.* Классика музыкальная // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1974. — Т. 2.
	4. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *Келдыш Ю. В.* Классицизм // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1974. — Т. 2.
	5. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *Холопов Ю. Н.* Гомофония // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1973. — Т. 1.
	6. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *Штейнпресс Б. С.* Симфония // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1981. — Т. 5.
	7. ↑ *Валькова В. Б.* Соната // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1981. — Т. 5.
	8. ↑ *Раабен Л. Н.* Концерт (произведение) // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1974. — Т. 2.
	9. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *6* *7* *Барсова И. А.* Оркестр // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1978. — Т. 4. — С. 88—91.
	10. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *Хохлов Ю. Н.* Венская классическая школа // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1973. — Т. 1.
	11. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *Житомирский Д. В.* Романтизм // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1973. — Т. 4.
	12. ↑ *Classical Music and Opera B. A.* Where to Begin on Your Journey With Classical Music (англ.). *LiveAbout*. Дата обращения: 15 декабря 2020. Архивировано 4 декабря 2020 года.
	13. ↑ *Сохор А. Н.* Легкая музыка // БСЭ. Издание 4-е. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1973. — Т. 14.
	14. ↑ *Алексаеева Л. Н., Григорьев В. Ю.* Страницы зарубежной музыки XIX века. — М.: Знание, 1983. — С. 5. — 112 с.
	15. ↑ *Орелович А. А.* Оперетта // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1978. — Т. 4.
	16. ↑ *Немировская И. А.* Штраус И. сын // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1982. — Т. 6.
	17. ↑ *Царёва E. M.* Жанр музыкальный // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1974. — Т. 2.
	18. ↑ *Aaron Green.* [classicalmusic.about.com/od/classicalmusic101/a/intro072104.htm Intro to Classical Music] (англ.). About.com. Classical Music. Дата обращения: 18 мая 2013. Архивировано 20 мая 2013 года.
	19. ↑ Les périodes de la musique classique (фр.). Lamusiqueclassique.com. Дата обращения: 18 мая 2013. Архивировано 20 мая 2013 года.
	20. ↑ Muzyka klasyczna (польск.). Polskie radio. Дата обращения: 19 мая 2013. Архивировано 20 мая 2013 года.
	21. ↑ Muzyka klasycystyczna (польск.). Muzyka. Дата обращения: 19 мая 2013. Архивировано 20 мая 2013 года.
	22. ↑ Posts Tagged ‘muzyka poważna’ (польск.). Muzyka klasyczna. Дата обращения: 19 мая 2013. Архивировано 20 мая 2013 года.
	23. ↑ *Вертков К. А., Левин С. Я.* Музыкальные инструменты // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1976. — Т. 3.
	24. ↑ *Гаккель Л. Е.* Ансамбль // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1973. — Т. 1.
	25. ↑ *Паршин А. А.* Аутентизм: вопросы и ответы // Музыкальное искусство барокко. Сборник 37. — М.: МГК, 2003. — С. 221—233. Архивировано 14 октября 2013 года.
	26. ↑ *Равдоникас Ф.В.* Всего лишь аутентизм. *ALEA MUSICA - De musica*. Московский музыкальный вестник. Академическая музыка on-line. Дата обращения: 19 мая 2013. Архивировано 29 октября 2013 года.
	27. ↑ *Сыров В.* Шлягер и шедевр (к вопросу об аннигиляции понятий) // Искусство XX века: элита и массы. Сборник статей. — Н.Новгород, 2004. — С. 284—285. Архивировано 29 октября 2013 года.
	28. ↑ *Сабинина М. Д.* Шостакович Д. Д // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1982. — Т. 6.
	29. ↑ *Поспелов П.* Бесконечность у Гии Канчели не дурна, но печальна. Музыкальная критика (21 октября 1995). Дата обращения: 16 мая 2013. Архивировано 25 января 2009 года.
	30. ↑ *Бялик М. Г.* Петров А. П // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1978. — Т. 4.
	31. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *Шилова И. M.* Киномузыка // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1974. — Т. 2.
	32. ↑ *Сохор А. Н.* Свиридов Г. В // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1978. — Т. 4.
	33. ↑ *Cook Nicholas.* Musique, une très brève introduction (trad. Nathalie Getnili). — Paris: Allia, 2005. — P. 17.
	+ *First Monday*, a peer-reviewed journal on the Internet by the University Library of the University of Illinois at Chicago, ISSN 1396-0466
	+ *The Internet Explained*, Vincent Zegna & Mike Pepper, Sonet Digital, November 2005, pp. 1–7.
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	8. **^** "#3 1982: the ARPANET community grows" in *40 maps that explain the internet* Archived 6 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Timothy B. Lee, Vox Conversations, 2 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
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	21. **^** F. J. Corbató, et al., *The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide* (MIT Press, 1963) ISBN 978-0-262-03008-3. "To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting."
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	75. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b***  Updated by RFC 1349, 2474, 6864
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	95. **^** "Individuals using the Internet 2005 to 2014" Archived 28 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Key ICT indicators for developed and developing countries and the world (totals and penetration rates), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved 25 May 2015.
	96. **^** "Internet users per 100 inhabitants 1997 to 2007" Archived 17 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, ICT Data and Statistics (IDS), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved 25 May 2015.
	97. **^** Internet users graphs Archived 9 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Market Information and Statistics, International Telecommunication Union
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	106. **^** How men and women use the Internet Pew Research Center 28 December 2005
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	110. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012" Archived 9 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
	111. **^**
	112. **^** *netizen* Archived 21 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Dictionary.com
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	118. **^** "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" Archived 26 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
	119. **^** "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" Archived 26 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
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	146. **^** , Davit Chokoshvili, Master's Thesis, June 2011
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	162. **^** OpenNet Initiative "Summarized global Internet filtering data spreadsheet" Archived 10 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 8 November 2011 and "Country Profiles" Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, the OpenNet Initiative is a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa
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	175. **^** ""Climate crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video" : Our new report". *The Shift Project*. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
	+ Crowdfunding
	+ Crowdsourcing
	+ Cyberspace
	+ Darknet
	+ Deep web
	+ Freenet
	+ Internet industry jargon
	+ Index of Internet-related articles
	+ Internet metaphors
	+ Internet video
	+ "Internets"
	+ Open Systems Interconnection
	+ Outline of the Internet
	+ The Internet Society
	+ Living Internet
	+ BIBSYS: 90066794
	+ BNC: a10431202
	+ BNE: XX963604
	+ BNF: 139773750
	+ BPN: 49289277
	+ CiNii: DA03176116
	+ CONOR: 7760227
	+ GND: 118573527
	+ GTAA: 126664
	+ ICCU: CFIV029699
	+ ISNI: 0000 0001 2280 979X
	+ J9U: 987007264655105171
	+ LCCN: n79079048
	+ LNB: 000035855
	+ NDL: 00523887
	+ NKC: jn19981001756
	+ NLA: 35308243
	+ NLG: 71395, 211970
	+ NLP: : a0000001180566
	+ NSK: 000042593
	+ NTA: 068284764
	+ NSZL: 000000009419
	+ NUKAT: n97005967
	+ PTBNP: 75134
	+ LIBRIS: jgvxzrq25hj3qsq
	+ SUDOC: 026991535
	+ VcBA: 495/70350
	+ VIAF: 64199483
	+ WorldCat VIAF: 64199483
	+ ULAN: 500330920
	+ РНБ: 7743076
	+ Ференц Лист, биография на Encyclopedia channel (230 биографических фильмов об исторических личностях).
	+ *Лист Ференц* — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии.
	+ Лист, Франц (пианист и композитор) // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
	+ Скачать композиции Лист, Ференц на Classicmp3.ru
	+ Ференц Лист: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
	+ *Кирина К. Ф.* Мажоро-минор зрелого романтизма. Гармония Ференца Листа. / Музыкознание. Сборник статей аспирантов-соискателей Министерства высшего и среднего специального образования Казахский ССР, вып. З. — Алма-Ата, 1967. — С. 95—102.
	+ *Гаал Д. Ш.* Лист. — М. : Молодая гвардия, 1977. — 319 с. — (Жизнь замечательных людей. Выпуск 11 (572)).
	+ *Залесская М. К.* Ференц Лист. — М. : Молодая гвардия, 2016. — 493 с. — (Жизнь замечательных людей ; вып. 1796 (1596)). — ISBN 978-5-235-03923-0.
	+ Крауклис В. Симфонические поэмы Ф. Листа. М., Музыка, 1974
	+ Левашева О. Ференц Лист. Молодые годы. М., Музыка, 1998
	+ *Маркина Л. Г.* ДОМ-МУЗЕЙ ФЕРЕНЦА ЛИСТА / ВАЙМАР // Культура Германии: лингвострановедческий словарь / Л. Г. Маркина, Е. Н. Муравлёва, Н. В. Муравлёва; под общей редакцией Н. В. Муравлёвой. — М.: АСТ, 2006. — С. 280. — 1181 с. — 3000 экз. — ISBN 5-17-0383-5.
	+ *Мильштейн Я. И.* Ф. Лист. — 2-е, расширенное и дополненное. — М.: Музыка, 1970. — Т. I. — 864 с. — (Классики мировой музыкальной культуры).
	+ *Мильштейн Я. И.* Ф. Лист. — 2-е, расширенное и дополненное. — М.: Музыка, 1970. — Т. II. — 600 с. — (Классики мировой музыкальной культуры).
	+ Слонимский С. Творческий облик Листа: Взгляд из XXI века (Эссе современного композитора). Композитор-СПб, 2010
	+ *Ханкиш Я.* Если бы Лист вёл дневник... : [рус.] / Пер. с нем. М. Погани. — Будапешт : Корвина, 1962. — 187 с.
	+ Цуккерман В. Соната си минор Ф. Листа. М., Музыка, 1984
	+ Лист Ф. «Письмо о дирижировании»
	+ Christern, «F. Liszt nach seinem Leben und Wirken aus authentischen Berichten dargestellt» (Лпц.)
	+ Schuberth, «Franz Liszt’s Biographie» (Лпц., 1871); Heymann, «L’abbé Liszt» (П., 1871)
	+ П. А. Трифонов, «Франц Лист» (СПб., 1887)
	+ Janka Wohl, «François Liszt», в «Revue internationale» (1886), L. Ramann, «Franz Liszt, als Künstler und Mensch» (Лпц., 1880)
	+ К. Pohl, «Franz Liszt. Studien und Erinnerungen» (Лпц.).
	+ *Gut S.* «Франц Лист». Paris, 1989. ISBN 978-2-87706-042-4
	+ Ференц Лист и проблемы синтеза искусств: Сб. научных трудов / Сост. Г. И. Ганзбург. Под общей ред. Т. Б. Веркиной. — Харьков: РА — Каравелла, 2002. — 336 с. ISBN 966-7012-17-4
	+ Demko Miroslav: *Franz Liszt compositeur Slovaque*, L´Age d´Homme, Suisse, 2003.
	1. *Штейнпресс Б. С.* Антонио Сальери в легенде и действительности // Очерки и этюды. — М.: Советский композитор, 1979. — С. 130, 136.
	2. ↑ Мильштейн, т. ІІ, 1970, с. 185.
	3. ↑ Full text of «Franz Liszt»
	4. ↑ Жизненный и творческий путь Ференца Листа. *musike.ru*. Дата обращения: 8 июня 2021. Архивировано 8 июня 2021 года.
	5. ↑ Zimdars, Richard. The Piano Master Classes of Franz Liszt: Observations by August Göllerich. Journal of the American Liszt Society XLIV (Fall 1998), 35—46.
	6. ↑ Rochus Kralik von Meyrswalden. Ein Kuss von Franz Liszt. — ACABUS Verlag, 2009, — S. 72.
	7. ↑ Культура Германии, 2006, с. 280.
	8. ↑ *Алан Уолкер.* Franz Liszt, Volume 1: The Virtuoso Years: 1811-1847. — Knopf, 1983. — ISBN 978-0-394-52540-2. Архивировано 17 февраля 2023 года.
	9. ↑ Marcel Carrières «Franz Liszt en Provence et en Languedoc en 1844» (Beziers, 1981) and Alan Walker, Franz Liszt: The virtuoso years Архивная копия от 2 декабря 2021 на Wayback Machine, 1811—1847. Cornell University Press, 1987
	10. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Franz Liszt: The Weimar years, 1848-1861. Архивировано 2 декабря 2021 года.
	11. ↑ Adrian Williams. Franz Liszt: Selected letters. Архивная копия от 4 декабря 2021 на Wayback Machine Oxford University Press. p.572. From a letter to Xavier Boisselot. January 3, 1862.
	12. ↑ Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Flügel, Kopie von Paul McNulty Архивная копия от 29 ноября 2021 на Wayback Machine
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* + Краткие содержания опер Верди на сайте «100 опер» Архивная копия от 10 февраля 2015 на Wayback Machine
	+ Жизненный и творческий путь Джузеппе Верди Архивная копия от 29 сентября 2007 на Wayback Machine
	+ Биография и оперы Верди
	+ Дискография опер Верди
	+ Сайт о жизни и творчестве Верди на русском языке Архивная копия от 18 января 2013 на Wayback Machine
	+ *Галь Г. Брамс. Вагнер. Верди. Три мастера — три мира. М., 1986.*
	+ *Орджоникидзе Г.* Оперы Верди на сюжеты Шекспира. — M., 1967.
	+ *Соловцова Л. А.* Джузеппе Верди. Жизненный и творческий путь. — М., 1986.
	+ *Тароцци.* Джузеппе Верди. — М., 1984.
	+ *Эсе Ласло.* Если бы Верди вёл дневник… — Будапешт, 1966.
	+ *Angermann, Klaus.* Verdis szenisches Orchester // Verdi-Theater, hrsg. v. U. Brambach. Stuttgart; Weimar: Metzler, 1997, S. 105—116.
	1. Giuseppe Verdi // Internet Broadway Database (англ.) — 2000.
	2. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** *Itaú Cultural* Giuseppe Verdi // Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural (порт.) — São Paulo: Itaú Cultural, 2001. — ISBN 978-85-7979-060-7
	3. ↑ Верди Джузеппе // Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров — 3-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1969.
	4. ↑ Archivio Storico Ricordi — 1808.
	5. ↑ Биография Джузеппе Верди. РИА Новости (10 октября 2013). Дата обращения: 5 августа 2014. Архивировано 29 сентября 2014 года.
	6. ↑ Giuseppe Verdi Operas. Giuseppe-Verdi.Net. Дата обращения: 30 апреля 2014. Архивировано из оригинала 2 мая 2014 года.
	7. ↑ *И. Молчанова, И. Охалова, Д. Петров, Е. Царева.* Музыкальная литература зарубежных стран : Для студентов музыкальных училищ / Под ред. Е. Царевой. — М. : Музыка, 2010. — Вып. 4. — 704 с. — ISBN 978-5-7140-1200-6.
	8. ↑ museocasabarezzi.it (in Italian): Архивная копия от 3 февраля 2020 на Wayback Machine «She died the following year [1840] on 18 June, aged only 26 years, while Verdi was working on his ill-fated second opera, *Un Giorno di Regno*.»
	9. ↑ on magiadellopera.com (in Italian) Архивная копия от 5 ноября 2020 на Wayback Machine: «On 18 June 1840 Margherita Barezzi’s life was cut short by violent encephalitis.»
	10. ↑ reocities.com (in Italian): Архивная копия от 24 августа 2013 на Wayback Machine «…on 20 [*sic*] June 1840 his young wife Margherita died, struck down by a severe form of acute encephalitis.»
	11. ↑ The hotel’s website Архивная копия от 3 июля 2010 на Wayback Machine contains a brief history of the composer’s stay and a few photographs of those days
	12. ↑ Tintori, p. 232.
	13. ↑ Kerman, Joseph and Hussey, Dyneley. «Giuseppe Verdi». Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Jan. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giuseppe-Verdi Архивная копия от 20 декабря 2021 на Wayback Machine.
	14. ↑ Casa Barezzi: where Verdi was discovered (амер. англ.). *Italian Ways* (23 января 2019). Дата обращения: 14 апреля 2021. Архивировано 22 ноября 2021 года.
	15. ↑ Villa Verdi website (англ.). *Villa Verdi*. Дата обращения: 14 апреля 2021. Архивировано 21 декабря 2021 года.
	16. ↑ «Il pianoforte di Verdi suona all’Accademia dei Musici» Архивная копия от 20 декабря 2021 на Wayback Machine. Cronache Ancona (in Italian). 2017-10-28.
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	+ *Соловьёв Н. Ф.* Корелли, Арканджело // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1895. — Т. XVI (31) : Конкорд — Коялович. — 480 с.
	+ *Ямпольский И. М.* Корелли, Арканджело // Музыкальная энциклопедия / Гл. ред. Ю. В. Келдыш. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1974. — Т. 2. — 102 000 экз.
	+ На Викискладе есть медиафайлы по теме Арканджело Корелли
	+ Корелли: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
	+ Л.Гинзбург, В.Григорьев. История скрипичного искусства. Арканджело Корелли

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* + *Bukofzer M.* Music in the Baroque era. New York, 1947.
	+ *Schrade L*. Monteverdi, creator of modern music. London, 1950.
	+ *Бронфин Е.* Клаудио Монтеверди. — Л., Музыка, 1970.
	+ *Конен В. Д.* Монтеверди. Москва, 1971.
	+ *Arnold D*. Monteverdi. London, 1975.
	+ The letters of Claudio Monteverdi, ed. by D. Stevens. London, 1980.
	+ *Arnold D., Fortune N.* The new Monteverdi companion. London, Boston, 1985.
	+ *Stattkus M.H.* Claudio Monteverdi. Verzeichnis der erhaltenen Werke: kleine Ausgabe. Bergkamen, 1985 (SV).
	+ *Carter T.* Music in late Renaissance and early Baroque Italy. London, 1992.
	+ *Скудина Г.* Клаудио Монтеверди: Орфей из Кремоны. Москва, 1998.
	+ *Игнатьева Н.* «Верный пастух» Гварини и мадригалы Монтеверди из Четвертой и Пятой книг // Научный вестник Московской консерватории, 2012, № 2, с. 18-33.
	+ *Whenham J., Wistreich R*. The Cambridge companion to Monteverdi. Cambridge, New York, 2007.
	+ *Игнатьева Н., Насонов Р.* «Божественный Киприан» против «Нового Пифагора» и другие «химеры» второй практики // Научный вестник Московской консерватории, 2017, № 3, с. 9-52.
	+ *Монтверди, Джулио Чезаре.* Разъяснение письма, напечатанного в его Пятой книге мадригалов. Перевод и комментарий Н. Игнатьевой и Р. Насонова // Научный вестник Московской консерватории, 2017, № 3, с. 53-65.
	1. Archivio Storico Ricordi — 1808.
	2. ↑ Treaty of Noyon
	3. ↑ https://www.francemusique.fr/personne/claudio-monteverdi
	4. ↑ Halsey, William D., ed. *Collier’s Encyclopedia*. Vol. 16 New York: MacMillan Educational Company, 1991.
	5. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Redlich, H. F. *Claudio Monteverdi: Life and Work*. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.
	6. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* Schrade, Leo. *Monteverdi: Creator of Modern Music*. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1950.
	7. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Whenham, John, and Richard Wistreich, eds. *The Cambridge Companion to Monteverdi*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
	8. ↑ Ringer, Mark. *Opera’s First Master: The Musical Dramas of Claudio Monteverdi*. Canada: Amadeus Press, 2006.
	9. ↑ Не путать с 5-голосным мадригалом с тем же инципитом из VI книги, SV 108 (на текст сонета Петрарки).
	10. ↑ *Manfred H. Stattkus.* Claudio Monteverdi: Verzeichnis der erhaltenen Werke. Bergkamen: Musikverlag Stattkus, 1985.
	11. ↑ Издание большого каталога Монтеверди, запланированное на 2013 год, не состоялось в связи со скоропостижной смертью Манфреда Штатткуса. Подробней см. на странице Краткого перечня сочинений Монтеверди (Kurzfassung) Архивная копия от 4 марта 2016 на Wayback Machine
	+ Монтеверди, Клаудио: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
	+ Клаудио Монтеверди на портале Яндекс.Музыка

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	+ Эдвард Григ: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
	+ Общество Эдварда Грига (Москва)
	+ Ноты романсов и песен Грига
	+ *Асафьев Б. В.* Эдвард Григ. — Ленинград: Издательство «Музыка», 1984. — 88 с.
	+ *Бенестад Ф., Шельдеруп-Эббе Д.* Эдвард Григ — человек и художник / Пер. с норв. Н. Н. Мохова. Предисловие Е. Ф. Светланова. — Москва: Издательство «Радуга», 1986. — 376 с., ил.
	+ *Кремлев Ю.* Эдвард Григ. — Москва: Государственное музыкальное издательство, 1958. — 236 с., ил.
	+ *Левашева О. Е.* Эдвард Григ. Очерк жизни и творчества / О. Е. Левашева. — Москва: Государственное музыкальное издательство, 1962. — 828 с., 1 л. портр.: ил., ноты.
	+ *Музалевский В.* Эдвард Григ. — Ленинград: Ленинградская филармония, 1935. — 135, [1] с., фотоилл., ноты.
	+ *Розинер Ф. Я.* Сага об Эдварде Григе. — Москва: Музыка, 1972. — 224 с., ил. — (Серия «Школьная библиотека»).
	+ *Финдейзен Н. Ф.* Эдвард Григ. Очерк его жизни и музыкальной деятельности. — СПб.; М.: Бессель, 1908. — 55 с.
	1. Творчество Эдварда Грига. Дата обращения: 16 января 2023. Архивировано 28 сентября 2022 года.
	2. ↑ «Edvard Grieg in England» Lionel Carley, Boydell Press, England, 2006 (англ.)
	3. ↑ Karl Gustav Fellerer. Studien zur Musik des 19. Jahrhunderts. — G. Bosse Verlag, 1984. — Bd. 4. Vom Musikdrama zum Futurismus. — S. 139. (нем.)
	4. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *6* *7* *8* *9* «Музыкальная литература зарубежных стран», выпуск 5, Борис Левик
	5. ↑ Ferdinand G. Schediwy: český muzikant v Bergenu Архивная копия от 6 июня 2023 на Wayback Machine. — Velvyslanectví Norského království v Praze, 2022. — S. 23.
	6. ↑ «Famous Composers» Nathan Haskell Dole, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1925 (second, revised edition), p. 646 (англ.)
	7. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *6* «История зарубежной музыки — 4» Архивная копия от 3 мая 2014 на Wayback Machine, глава № 193 — Михаил Друскин, издательство «Музыка», Москва, 1983
	8. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *6* Биография Эдварда Грига на сайте колледжа КАИТ № 20. Дата обращения: 28 апреля 2014. Архивировано 15 июля 2013 года.
	9. ↑ Листки из скандинавского мира. Дата обращения: 29 апреля 2014. Архивировано из оригинала 29 апреля 2014 года.
	10. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* «История зарубежной музыки — 4» Архивная копия от 3 мая 2014 на Wayback Machine, глава № 194 — Михаил Друскин, издательство «Музыка», Москва, 1983
	11. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* «История зарубежной музыки — 4» Архивная копия от 3 мая 2014 на Wayback Machine, глава № 192 — Михаил Друскин, издательство «Музыка», Москва, 1983
	12. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* «История зарубежной музыки — 4» Архивная копия от 3 мая 2014 на Wayback Machine, глава № 195 — Михаил Друскин, издательство «Музыка», Москва, 1983
	13. ↑ Edward Grieg’s bio on 8notes Архивная копия от 21 марта 2009 на Wayback Machine (англ.)
	14. ↑ Причём имя Грига в титрах мультфильма не упомянуто.
	15. ↑ Internet Movie Database. Дата обращения: 9 мая 2014. Архивировано 20 октября 2014 года.
	16. ↑ Речь Геннадия Семигина 1 на YouTube
	17. ↑ Патриоты России: Геннадий Семигин (2011) на YouTube
	18. ↑ Улица и площадь в ТиНАО получат имена Эдварда Грига и Туве Янссон. moscowbig.ru. Дата обращения: 9 июля 2018. Архивировано 10 июля 2018 года.
	19. ↑ Топонимический словарь на сайте заповедника "Курильский", буква "Г". Дата обращения: 10 января 2023. Архивировано 10 января 2023 года.
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	+ Любительский веб-сайт о Равеле
	+ Биография
	+ Epitonic.com: Maurice Ravel
	+ Biography of Maurice Ravel
	+ Les Amis de Maurice Ravel
	+ Analysis of Ravel’s Trio
	+ Classic Cat — Ravel
	+ La Valse
	+ Морис Равель: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
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* *Крейн Ю.* Симфонические произведения М. Равеля. М., 1962
* *Фомин В.С.* Морис Равель. — Для слушателей симфонических оркестров. — М. : Музыка, 1967. — 280 с.
* *Мартынов И.* Морис Равель, 1979.
* Равель в зеркале своих писем / Сост. М. Жерар и Р. Шалю. Л., 1962; 2-е изд. под ред. Г. Филенко, 1998.
* *Смирнов В. В.* Морис Равель и его творчество: Монография. Л.: Музыка, 1981.— 224 с., нот.
* *Цыпин Г.* Морис Равель. М., 1959.
* *Жаркова В. Б.* Прогулки в музыкальном мире Мориса Равеля (в поисках смысла послания Мастера) Монография. К. : Автограф, 2009. — 528 с. ISBN 978-966-7357-48-1

* 1. Ravel, Maurice (англ.) // *The Enciclopædia Britannica* — 12 — London, New York City: 1922. — Vol. XXXII Pacific Ocean Islands to Zuloaga. — P. 254.
	2. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Maurice Ravel // Internet Broadway Database (англ.) — 2000.
	3. ↑ *Itaú Cultural* Maurice Ravel // Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural (порт.) — São Paulo: Itaú Cultural, 2001. — ISBN 978-85-7979-060-7
	4. ↑ Свидетельство о рождении
	5. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Archivio Storico Ricordi — 1808.
	6. ↑ LIBRIS — 2012.
	7. ↑ *Составители М. Жерар и Р. Шалю.* Равель в зеркале своих писем. — Л.: Музыка, 1988. — С. 27.
	8. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *Шнеерсон Г.* Французская музыка XX века. — М.: Музыка, 1964. — С. 95.
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	10. ↑ *Эрик Сати, Юрий Ханон.* Воспоминания задним числом. — СПб.: Центр Средней Музыки & Лики России, 2010. — С. 467. — 682 с. — ISBN 978-5-87417-338-8.

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* РНБ: 770210292

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* + Всё o Дворжакe
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	+ В.ЕГОРОВА — Симфонические поэмы Дворжака на сюжеты баллад Эрбена
	+ Дворжак: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
	+ Дворжак в письмах и воспоминаниях. — Музыка, 1964. — 224 с. — 3860 экз.
	+ *Бэлза И. Ф.* Пятая симфония Дворжака. — М.—Л.: Музгиз, 1950. — 20 с. — 3000 экз.
	+ *Гулинская З. К.* Антонин Дворжак. — М.: Музыка, 1973. — 242 с.
	+ *Егорова В. Н.* Антонин Дворжак. — Музыка, 1997. — 616 с. — 1000 экз. — ISBN 5-7140-0641-0.
	+ *Лушина Я.* Антонин Дворжак. Очерк жизни и творчества. — Л.: Музыка, 1961. — 104 с.
	1. *Lloyd-Jones D. M.* Antonin Dvorak // Encyclopædia Britannica (англ.)
	2. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** Antonin Leopold Dvorak // Internet Broadway Database (англ.) — 2000.
	3. ↑ Archiv hl. m. Prahy, Matrika zemřelých u sv. Štěpána, sign. ŠT Z13, s. 172
	4. ↑ BillionGraves (англ.) — 2011.
	5. ↑ Antonín Dvořák and Fame (англ.). *Национальный музей*. Архивировано 8 сентября 2023 года.
	6. ↑ Перейти обратно:***1*** ***2*** ***3*** ***4*** ***5*** Дворжак Антонин / И. Ф. Бэлза // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 3-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.
	7. ↑ *Соловьёв Н. Ф.* Дворжак, Антон // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
	8. ↑ Antonín Dvořák. Thematic Catalogue. Bibliography. Survey of Life and Work (Export Artia, Prague, 1960).
	9. ↑ См. статью Карла Шумана в буклете к изданию записи всех симфоний Р. Кубеликом.
	10. ↑ Статья Дворжака в *New York Herald*, 15 декабря 1893 года.
	11. ↑ Бэлза И. Ф. Дворжак Антонин. // БСЭ, 3-е изд.
	12. ↑ *Schmadel, Lutz D.* Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (англ.). — Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. — B., Heidelberg, N. Y.: Springer, 2003. — P. 166. — ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
	+ BIBSYS: 20469
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	+ На Викискладе есть медиафайлы по теме Пахельбель, Иоганн
	+ Иоганн Пахельбель в каталоге ссылок Curlie (dmoz) (англ.)
	+ Архивы работ Пахельбеля, в том числе полный список произведений, составленный Хидео Цукамото
	+ Иоганн Пахельбель на Allmusic.com
	+ *Finkel K.* Süddeutscher Orgelbarock: Untersuchungen und Studien über Orgelbau und Orgelmusik im süddeutschen Raum. Wolfenbüttel, 1976.
	+ *Welter, K.J.* Johann Pachelbel: organist, teacher, composer : a critical reexamination of his life, works, and historical significance. Ph.D. diss. Harvard University, 1998.
	+ *Perreault J.M., Fitch D.K.* The thematic catalogue of the musical works of Johann Pachelbel. Lanham, 2004.
	1. *Риман Г.* Пахельбель // *Музыкальный словарь*: *Перевод с 5-го немецкого издания* / под ред. Ю. Д. Энгель, пер. Б. П. Юргенсон — М.: Музыкальное издательство П. И. Юргенсона, 1901. — Т. 3. — С. 999—1000.
	2. ↑ Johann Pachelbel // Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (нем.) / Hrsg.: Bibliographisches Institut & F. A. Brockhaus, Wissen Media Verlag
	3. ↑ Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров — 3-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1969.
	4. ↑ Johann Pachelbel // Encyclopædia Britannica (англ.)
	5. ↑ Kathryn Welter, p. 169.
	+ Георг Филипп Телеман: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
	+ Каталог TWV (на немецком языке, выборка, синхронизированная с имеющимися коммерческими аудиозаписями музыки Телемана)
	+ Каталог TWV (на французском языке, полное текстовое описание, без музыкальных инципитов)
	+ Георг Филипп Телеман: список опер на англ. яз.
	+ Георг Филипп Телеман: записи произведений на Сlassic-online.ru
	+ Телеман. Полные либретто опер на русском языке
	+ *Manuel Op de Coul*. Telemann’s New Musical System. s.l., 2001.
	+ *Sorge G. A.* Gespräch zwischen einem Musico theoretico und einem Studioso musices von der Prätorianischen, Printzischen, Werckmeisterischen, Neidhardtischen und Silbermannischen Temperatur, wie auch von dem neuen Systemate Herrn Capellmeister Telemanns, zu Beförderung reiner Harmonie entworffen. Lobenstein, 1748. 85 S.
	+ *Рабей В.* Георг Филипп Телеман. — М., 1974.
	+ *Роллан Р.* Автобиография одной знаменитости. Телеман — счастливый соперник И. С. Баха. — М., 1988.
	+ *Robert Eitner.* Telemann, Georg Philipp (нем.) // Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie : Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig. — 1894. — Bd. 37. — S. 552—555.
	+ (12 фантазий для виолы да гамба)
	1. Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров — 3-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1969.
	2. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Кругосвет — 2000.
	3. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Телеман Георг Филипп // Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров — 3-е изд. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1969.
	4. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Archivio Storico Ricordi — 1808.
	5. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Czech National Authority Database
	6. ↑ Zohn, Steven. «Georg Philipp Telemann». The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. In the 29-volume second edition. Grove Music Online /General Editor — Stanley Sadie. Oxford University Press. 2001. (англ.)
	7. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *6* *7* *8* *9* *10* *11* *12* *13* Рабей В. Георг Филипп Телеман. — М.: Музыка, 1974. — 64 с.
	8. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *6* *7* *8* *9* *10* *11* *12* *13* *14* *15* *16* *17* *18* *19* *20* *21* *22* *23* *24* *25* *26* *27* *28* *29* Перевод Zohn, Steven. «Georg Philipp Telemann». The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. In the 29-volume second edition. Grove Music Online /General Editor — Stanley Sadie. Oxford University Press. 2001. (англ.)
	9. ↑ Соловьёва T. H. Телеман Г. Ф. // Музыкальная энциклопедия (под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша). — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1973—1982.
	10. ↑ Цит. по кн.: Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst, Bd 28. Leipzig, 1907, S. 17. Перевод Владимира Рабея.
	11. ↑ См.: Ф. Вольфрум. Иоганн Себастьян Бах. М., 1912; А. Швейцер. Иоганн Себастьян Бах. М., 1965.
	12. ↑ Р. Роллан. Музыкальное путешествие в страну прошлого. — Собр. соч., т. 7. Л., 1935, с. 219—252.
	13. ↑ *Ruhnke M.* Georg Philipp Telemann: Thematisch-Systematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke. Instrumentalwerke. Bd.1-3. Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1984, 1992, 1999.
	14. ↑ *Menke W.* Thematisches Verzeichnis der Vokalwerke von Georg Philipp Telemann. 2 Bde. Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1983.
	15. ↑ Инципит: Ihr Jungen, sperrt die Augen auf…
	16. ↑ Инципит: O weh, mein Canarin ist tot. Полное титульное название: Cantate oder Trauer-Music eines kunsterfahrenen Canarienvogels, als derselbe zum größten Leidwesen seines Herrn Possessoris verstorben.
	17. ↑ В коммерческих аудиозаписях её часто именуют *Völker Ouverture* (Увертюра «Народы»).

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* 1. Один день с Mercedesz Csampai
	2. ↑ MUSICAL: Gefangen in unstillbarer Gier
	3. ↑ Buckeln für die große Liebe — Stuttgart — Eßlinger Zeitung
	4. ↑ Paramour - Auf den Spuren der goldenen Ära Hollywoods
	5. ↑ Архивированная копия. Дата обращения: 28 мая 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 5 апреля 2016 года.
	6. ↑ ANMELDELSE: Les Misérables, Aarhus Teater | Morten Hede
	7. ↑ Mercedesz Csampai, 25, gör succé i «Mamma Mia» | Hälsoliv
	8. ↑ Mamma Mia! The Party på Tyrol — ny föreställning med musikal, cirkus och show — Streama gratis TV4 Play
	9. ↑ Schwerin — «West Side Story» vor Schlosskulisse — OZ — Ostsee-Zeitung
	10. ↑ Musical: Die Hauptdarsteller für der «Glöckner von Notre Dame» stehen fest | Südwest Presse Online
	11. ↑ Mercedesz Csampai | Musicaldarsteller | Musical1
	12. ↑ https://www.ghostlightrecords.com/prince-of-egypt.html

* MusicBrainz

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	+ Список сочинений Пёрселла (в английской Википедии)
	+ Purcell by John F. Runciman, a biography forming part of Bell’s Miniature Series of Musicians published in 1909, from Project Gutenberg
	+ Henry Purcell
	+ Генри Пёрселл: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project
	+ Книга Джека Аллена Уэстрепа о Генри Пёрселле
	+ Генри Пёрселл в архиве передач интернет-радио «Град Петров»
	+ Статья о Пёрселле на сайте «Классическая музыка на компакт-дисках»
	1. Согласно Holman and Thompson (Grove Music Online), год и день рождения точно не известны. Записи о крещении не были найдены. Год 1659 основывается на мемориальной табличке Пёрселла в Вестминстерском аббатстве и фронтисписе лондонского издания сонат Пёрсела от 1683 года. День 10 сентября основывается на неясной надписи в рукописи GB-Cfm 88. Её можно трактовать как указание Пёрселла, что он получил свою первую оплачиваемую должность 10 сентября 1677 года, в свой (18) день рождения.
	2. ↑ Holman and Thompson (*Grove Music Online*).
	3. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed. 1911, p. 658.
	4. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659—1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 1967), 34.
	5. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 8.
	6. ↑ Burden, Michael. The Purcell Companion. (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1995), 55.
	7. ↑ Burden, Michael. The Purcell Companion. (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1995), 58.
	8. ↑ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659—1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 1967), 29.
	9. ↑ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659—1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 1967), 65.
	10. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* *3* *4* *5* *6* Runciman, John F. (1909). *Purcell*. London: en:George Bell & Sons. OCLC 5690003.
	11. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Harris, Ellen T. Henry Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 6.
	12. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Hutchings, Arthur. Purcell. (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1982), 54.
	13. ↑ Harris, Ellen T. Henry Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 11.
	14. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Hutchings, Arthur. Purcell. (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1982), 85.
	15. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 41.
	16. ↑ №1872, с. 2 (англ.) // London Gazette : газета. — L.. — No. 1872. — P. 2. — ISSN 0374-3721.
	17. ↑ №1874, с. 2 (англ.) // London Gazette : газета. — L.. — No. 1874. — P. 2. — ISSN 0374-3721. Announcements of the publication of Purcell’s *Sonata*, first for subscribers, then for general purchase
	18. ↑ №1928, с. 2 (англ.) // London Gazette : газета. — L.. — No. 1928. — P. 2. — ISSN 0374-3721.
	19. ↑ №2001, с. 2 (англ.) // London Gazette : газета. — L.. — No. 2001. — P. 2. — ISSN 0374-3721. Announcements of the publication of Purcell’s *Ode for St Cecilia’s Day*, first performed, 22 November 1683
	20. ↑ Westrup, J .A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 77.
	21. ↑ Muller 1990
	22. ↑ Перейти обратно:*1* *2* Hutchings, Arthur. Purcell. (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1982), 55.
	23. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 75.
	24. ↑ Henry Purcell — The Tempest, Z.631 (semi-opera) — Classical Archives. Дата обращения: 24 июня 2013. Архивировано 2 октября 2013 года.
	25. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 80.
	26. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 82-83.
	27. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 81.
	28. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 83.
	29. ↑ Часто неправильно называемой Dean’s Yard; Frederick Bridge в его биографическом сборнике 1920 года «Двенадцать значительных композиторов» использовал данные по аренде и прейскуранты, чтобы выяснить это.
	30. ↑ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659—1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 1967), 266.
	31. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 85.
	32. ↑ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659—1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 1967), 267.
	33. ↑ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 86.
	34. ↑ Melvin P. Unger, *Historical Dictionary of Choral Music*, Scarecrow Press 2010, ISBN 978-0-8108-5751-3 (p.93). Дата обращения: 3 октября 2017. Архивировано 25 октября 2017 года.
	35. ↑ *Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints.* Church Publishing, 2010.
	36. ↑ *Radio Times*, 24-30 October 2009, previewing *Baroque and Roll* (BBC Radio 4, 27 October 2009).
	37. ↑ Mfiles.co.uk. Дата обращения: 5 августа 2013. Архивировано 30 июля 2013 года.
	38. ↑ The Delicate Intensity of Olivia Chaney. *WNYC*. Дата обращения: 15 октября 2015. Архивировано 29 сентября 2015 года.
	39. ↑ gryzlov: Какая самая известная музыка Владимира Дашкевича? Дата обращения: 18 августа 2013. Архивировано 6 июня 2016 года.
	40. ↑ Kennedy, Michael and Bourne, Joyce (eds.), «Zimmerman, Franklin Bershir» Архивная копия от 26 февраля 2014 на Wayback Machine, *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music*, Oxford University Press, 2007 (republished on Answers.com)
	41. ↑ Текст — англ. перевод известного католического антифона Media vita in morte sumus.
	42. ↑ Автором музыки считают ученика Г. Пёрселла Джона Уэлдона (J. Weldon). См. статью: Purcell, Henry // The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London, 2001, а также статью: *Laurie M.* Did Purcell set The Tempest? // Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association 90 (1963-4), pp.43-57.
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* + https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png Media related to Farinelli at Wikimedia Commons
	+ Carlos Broschi (sp) by Eugène Scribe
	+ Works by Farinelli at Open Library
	+ Castrato superstar disinterred (Retrieved 8 May 2008)
	+ Castration Affected Skeleton Of Famous Opera Singer Farinelli, Archaeologists Say
	+ Carlo Broschi Farinelli, Carlo Vitali (a cura di), La Solitudine amica. Lettere al conte Sicinio Pepoli, prefazione e collaborazione di Francesca Boris, con una nota di Roberto Pagano, Sellerio, 2000.
	+ ‎
	+ *Farinelli* (British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol 28, no 3; Oxford, 2005); the most recent collection of articles about the singer
	+ Cappelletto, S: *La voce perduta* (Turin, 1995); the most recent biography of the singer
	+ Celletti, R: *Storia del belcanto*, (Fiesole, 1983), pp. 80–83, 100, 103, 104, 106, etc.
	+ Crow, C: *Orchestration… Or Castration* (History Today, September 2006; vol 56, no 9, pp 4–5)
	+ Haböck, F: *Die Gesangkunst der Kastraten* (Vienna, 1923), especially pp 12, 209 and 227, with reference to extremes of range
	+ Heriot, A: *The Castrati in Opera* (London, 1956), pp 95–110
	+ Pérez Samper, M A: *Isabel de Farnesio* (Barcelona, 2003), pp 387–397
	+ Torrione, M., *Crónica festiva de dos reinados en la Gaceta de Madrid: 1700–1759*, Paris, Éditions Ophrys, 1998.
	+ Torrione, M., «La casa de Farinelli en el Real Sitio de Aranjuez. Nuevos datos para la biografía de Carlos Broschi», *Archivo Español de Arte*, n° 275, 1996, pp. 323–333.
	+ Torrione, M., «Farinelli en la corte de Felipe V», *Torre de los Lujanes*, n° 38, 1999, pp. 121–142.
	+ Torrione, M., «Felipe V y Farinelli, *Cadmo* y *Anfión*. Alegoría de una fiesta de cumpleaños: 1737», *El conde de Aranda y su tiempo*, Zaragoza, Inst. Fernando el Católico (CSIC), t. 2, pp. 223–250.
	+ Torrione, M., «Fiesta y teatro musical en el reinado de Felipe V e Isabel de Farnesio: Farinelli, artífice de una resurrección», *El Real Sitio de La Granja de San Ildefonso: retrato y escena del rey*, Madrid, Patrimonio Nacional, 2000, pp. 220–241.
	+ Torrione, M., «Decorados teatrales para el Coliseo del Buen Retiro en tiempos de Fernando VI. Cuatro óleos de Francesco Battaglioli», *Reales Sitios*, n° 143, 2000, pp. 40–51.
	+ Torrione, M., «El Real Coliseo del Buen Retiro: memoria de una arquitectura desaparecida», in Torrione, M. (ed.), *España festejante. El siglo XVIII*, Málaga, CEDMA, 2000, pp. 295–322.
	+ Torrione, M., «La sociedad de Corte y el ritual de la ópera», *Un reinado bajo el signo de la paz. Fernando VI y Bárbara de Braganza: 1746–1759*, Madrid, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, 2002, pp. 163–195.
	+ Torrione, M., «Nueve óleos de Francesco Battaglioli para el Coliseo del Buen Retiro. La ópera en el reinado de Fernando VI : último relumbrón de la Corte Barroca», J. Martínez Millán, C. Camarero Bullón, M. Luzzi (ed.), *La Corte de los Borbones : crisis del modelo cortesano*, Madrid, Polifemo, 2013, vol. III, pp. 1733–1777.
	+ Torrione, M., *Francesco Battaglioli. Escenografías para el Real Teatro del Buen Retiro*, Madrid, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Teatro de la Zarzuela, INAEM, 2013.
		1. Клавирные произведения Генделя, записи на сайте ArtOfPiano.ru Гендель. Избранные сочинения в mp3 формате Георг Фридрих Гендель: ноты произведений на International Music Score Library Project Н.Зейфас. Concerto grosso в творчестве Генделя Гендель. Полные либретто опер на русском языке Архивная копия от 5 июля 2016 на Wayback Machine Георг Фридрих Гендель (англ.) на сайте Internet Movie Database Георг Фридрих Гендель на сайте КиноПоиск
			- *John Mainwaring.* Memoirs of the life of...George Frederic Handel. — 1760. Архивная копия от 12 марта 2017 на Wayback Machine
			- *Барна И.* Если бы Гендель вел дневник… — Будапешт: Корвина, 1987. — 275 с.
			- *Белоненко А. С.* Георг Гендель. — Л.: Музыка, 1971. — 80 с.
			- *Грубер Р. И.* Гендель. Жизнь и творчество. — Л., 1935.
			- *Зейфас Н.* Concerto grosso в творчестве Генделя. — М.: Музыка, 1980. — 29 с.
			- *Зильберквит М. А.* Георг Фридрих Гендель. — М.: Гамма-пресс, 2014. — 112 с.
			- *Кириллина Л. В.* Гендель. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2017. — 479 с. — (ЖЗЛ). — 2500 экз. — ISBN 978-5-235-03967-4.
			- *Romain Rolland.* Гендель = Handel. — 1916. — 204 с. Архивная копия от 27 января 2013 на Wayback Machine
			- *В. Д. Конен.* Гендель Г. Ф. // Музыкальная энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия (гл. ред. Ю. В. Келдыш), 1973. — Т. 1. — С. 951—957. — 1070 с.
			- *Matthew Boyden, Nick Kimberley.* George Frideric Handel // The rough guide to opera. — Rough Guides, 2002. — С. 55—70. — 735 с. — ISBN 9781858287492. Архивная копия от 2 апреля 2015 на Wayback Machine
			- *Donald Burrows.* The Cambridge Companion to Handel. — Cambridge University Press, 1997. — 349 с. — ISBN 9780521456135. Архивная копия от 12 июня 2018 на Wayback Machine
			- *Donald Burrows.* Handel, Messiah. — Cambridge University Press, 1991. — 127 с. — ISBN 9780521376204. Архивная копия от 12 марта 2017 на Wayback Machine
			- *Mrs. Bray (Anna Eliza).* Handel: his life, personal and professional. — Ward, 1857. — 97 с. Архивная копия от 12 марта 2017 на Wayback Machine
			- *Ellen T. Harris.* Handel as Orpheus: voice and desire in the chamber cantatas. — Harvard University Press, 2004. — 430 с. — ISBN 9780674015982. Архивная копия от 31 декабря 2014 на Wayback Machine
			- *Winton Dean.* Handel's Operas, 1726—1741. — Boydell Press, 2006. — 565 с. — ISBN 1843832682. Архивная копия от 6 июня 2016 на Wayback Machine
			- *Роллан Р.* Гендель. — М.: Музыка, 1984. — 256 с.
			- *Силке Л.* Оперы Генделя. — М.: Аграф, 2014. — 464 с.
			- *Соловьёв Н. Ф.* Гендель, Георг-Фридрих // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
			- *Федосеев И. С.* Оперы Генделя и Королевская академия музыки в Лондоне (1720—1728): Исследование. — Сударыня, 1996. — 160 с. — ISBN 5-88718-003-X.
			- *Чернобривец П. А.* Стилистика и тематизм. К вопросу о функциональных аналогиях. На материале клавирного творчества Георга Фридриха Генделя. — 1993.
			- Jan Narveson. "The Contractarian Theory of Morals:FAQ". On website *Against Politics: Anarchy Naturalized*.
			- A satirical example of a social contract for the United States from the Libertarian Party. Parody.
			- Social Contract: A Basic Contradiction in Western Liberal Democracy, Eric Engle. A critique of social contract theory as counter-factual myth.
			- Ankerl, Guy. *Towards a Social Contract on a Worldwide Scale: Solidarity contracts. Research series*. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies [Pamphlet], 1980, ISBN 92-9014-165-4.
			- Carlyle, R. W. *A History of mediæval political theory in the West*. Edinburgh London: W. Blackwood and sons, 1916.
			- Falaky, Faycal (2014). *Social Contract, Masochist Contract: Aesthetics of Freedom and Submission in Rousseau*. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4989-0
			- Gierke, Otto Friedrich Von and Ernst Troeltsch. *Natural Law and the Theory of Society 1500 to 1800.* Translated by Sir Ernest Barker, with a Lecture on "The Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity", by Ernst Troeltsch. Cambridge: The University Press, 1950.
			- Gough, J. W.. *The Social Contract*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1936.
			- Harrison, Ross. *Hobbes, Locke, and Confusion's Empire: an Examination of Seventeenth-Century Political Philosophy*. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
			- Hobbes, Thomas. *Leviathan*. 1651.
			- Locke, John. *Second Treatise on Government* 1689.
			- Pettit, Philip. *Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government*. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, ISBN 0-19-829083-7, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997
			- Pufendorf, Samuel, James Tully and Michael Silverthorne. *Pufendorf: On the Duty of Man and Citizen according to Natural Law. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought*. Cambridge University Press 1991.
			- Rawls, John. *A Theory of Justice* (1971)
			- Riley, Patrick. "How Coherent is the Social Contract Tradition?" *Journal of the History of Ideas* 34: 4 (Oct. – Dec., 1973): 543–62.
			- Riley, Patrick. *Will and Political Legitimacy: A Critical Exposition of Social Contract Theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Hegel*. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1982.
			- Riley, Patrick. *The Social Contract and Its Critics*, chapter 12 in *The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought*. Eds. Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler. Vol 4 of *The Cambridge History of Political Thought*. Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 347–75.
			- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. *The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine* (1762)
			- Scanlon, T. M. 1998. *What We Owe To Each Other*. Cambridge, Massachusetts
			1. "For the name social contract (ALL IS FAKE) often covers two different kinds of contract, and, in tracing the evolution of the theory, it is well to distinguish The first] generally involved some theory of the origin of the state. The second form of social contract may be more accurately called the contract of government or the contract of submission... Generally, it has nothing to do with the origins of society, but, presupposing a society already formed, it purports to define the terms on which that society is to be governed: the people have made a contract with their ruler which determines their relations with him. They promise him obedience, while he promises his protection and good government. While he keeps his part of the bargain, they must keep theirs, but if he misgoverns the contract is broken and allegiance is at an end." J. W. Gough, *The Social Contract* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), pp. 2–3.
			2. **^**
			3. **^**
			4. **^** Ross Harrison writes that "Hobbes seems to have invented this useful term." See Ross Harrison, *Locke, Hobbs, and Confusion's Masterpiece* (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 70. The phrase "state of nature" does occur, in Thomas Aquinas's *Quaestiones disputatae de Veritate*, Question 19, Article 1, Answer 13 Archived 2017-10-19 at the Wayback Machine. However, Aquinas uses it in the context of a discussion of the nature of the soul after death, not in reference to politics.
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			7. **^** AL Basham, *The Wonder That Was India*, pp. 83
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			9. **^** The Republic, Book II. Quoted from http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.3.ii.html Archived 2011-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
			10. **^** Quentin Skinner, *The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 2: The Age of the Reformation* (Cambridge, 1978)
			11. **^** E.g. person A gives up his/her right to kill person B if person B does the same.
			12. **^**
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			17. **^** Jean-Jacques Rousseau, *Œuvres complètes*, ed. B. Gagnebin and M. Raymond (Paris, 1959–95), III, 361; *The Collected Writings of Rousseau*, ed. C. Kelley and R. Masters (Hanover, 1990–), IV, 139.
			18. **^** *Oeuvres complètes*, III, 364; *The Collected Writings of Rousseau*, IV, 141.
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			21. **^** • Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland, 2011, "Liberalism" Archived 2018-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, 1.1, *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*.   • Immanuel Kant, ([1797]). *The Metaphysics of Morals*, Part 1.
			22. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c***
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			24. **^** Jean Jacques Rousseau Archived 2017-10-20 at the Wayback Machine on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
			25. **^** Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778).  Social Contract & Discourses.  1913. The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. Book IV Chapter III. Elections Archived 2023-01-06 at the Wayback Machine on Bartleby.com
			26. **^** [1] Archived 2023-01-06 at the Wayback Machine at the Southern Methodist University
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			31. **^** *Restoring the Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty Archived 2020-08-20 at the Wayback Machine*, Randy Barnett (2004)
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			35. **^** Joseph Kary, "Contract Law and the Social Contract: What Legal History Can Teach Us About the Political Theory of Hobbes and Locke", 31 Ottawa Law Review 73 (Jan. 2000)
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			5. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Harnisch, Larry. (2013, February 25). *A cosmic gift to L.A.* Archived 2013-03-12 at the Wayback Machine The Los Angeles Times: retrieved 2013-02-26.
			6. **^** Kennedy, David (1999). *Freedom From Fear*, pp. 252–253, Oxford University Press, USA
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			13. **^** "Swinging Pendulum Shows Rotation of Earth" *Popular Mechanics*, April 1935
			14. **^** http://bigpicture.caltech.edu Archived 2007-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
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			17. **^** Campbell, Robert D. *Reminiscences of a Birdman Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine* Living History Press, LLC, 2012.
			18. **^** Cover page caption Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine *The Griffith Observer*, August 1965, p. 109
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			21. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Archived copyArchived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine Park Observatory|publisher=Los Angeles|access-date=4 April 2017
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			23. **^** "Cowboys And Robots: the Birth of the Science Fiction Western" by Jeffrey Richardson Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine. Crossed Genres (1935-02-23). Retrieved on 2013-08-25.
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			- The song "Observatory Crest" from Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band's album *Bluejeans & Moonbeams* (1974) is about two lovers spending a romantic evening at Griffith Observatory. Lead vocalist Don Van Vliet lived nearby and frequently visited it in his youth.
			- It was a filming location for the music video for "Rush Rush" (1991) by Paula Abdul which starred Keanu Reeves and was directed by Stefan Würnitzer. This video was based on *Rebel Without a Cause*.
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			- On September 12, 2010, Linkin Park performed a brief set for a thousand fans onsite. "The Catalyst" from this performance was later shown by MTV for that night's Video Music Awards.
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			- In the comic *Runaways*, the Runaways battle Geoffrey Wilder at Griffith Observatory, which is destroyed in the fight.
			- Cartoonist Bill Griffith is known for his satirical cartoon commentary on American culture and values. He drew and released a one-shot magazine format collection of "one-pager" treatments of odd bits of American cultural life, entitled "Griffith Observatory". It opens with a clever premise piece, in which he falls into the opportunity to rent the actual Griffith Observatory as a living space. The agent showing the property mentions the telescope in an offhand way as a "plus", and Bill realizes it would be a tremendous boon to his amateur anthropological pastime.
			- In 2019, a photo of the observatory was one of many splash screens for Windows 10.
			- In the 2023 video game *Horizon Forbidden West: Burning Shores*, the observatory was purchased by billionaire and antagonist Walter Londra after a lengthy court battle, as a headquarters for his company.
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* https://wiki.userside.eu/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5\_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5
	+ https://www.gamexp.com/ru/wiki/rappelz/Wiki\_Rappelz:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5\_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5 https://wiki5.ru/wiki/Contributor\_License\_Agreement http://wiki.installerus.ru/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5\_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5 https://gta5-vmp.fandom.com/ru/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5\_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\_%D0%B8\_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0\_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F http://wiki.rosalab.ru/ru/index.php/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5\_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0\_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0\_ROSA https://wiki.ozma.io/ru/legal https://ru.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8\_Creative\_Commons
		1. - Калиничева Е. П. Лицензионный договор как основание возникновения обязательства : дис.— Ростов н/Д, 2011.–193 с, 2011.
			- Витко В. С. Лицензионный договор: правовая природа, существенные условия, конструкция, форма. – Хозяйство и право, 2009.
			- Наумова Е. Ответственность автора по лицензионному договору //Интеллектуальная собственность. Авторское право и смежные права. – 2010. – №. 3. – С. 50-56.
			- Белоусов В. Н. Лицензионный договор в гражданском праве России //Российская юстиция. – 2019. – №. 9. – С. 6-9.
			- Луткова О. Договор отчуждения исключительных прав и лицензионный договор в трансграничных авторских отношениях //Интеллектуальная собственность. Авторское право и смежные права. – 2017. – №. 11. – С. 29-36.
			- Черничкина Г. Н. Функции института лицензионного договора в имущественных отношениях по законодательству Российской Федерации // Имущественные отношения в РФ. 2018. №7 (202).
			1. п. 1 ст. 1233 «Распоряжение исключительным правом» ГК РФ
			2. ↑ п. 1 ст. 1235 «Лицензионный договор»
			3. ↑ ст. 1236 «Виды лицензионных договоров» п. 1.
			4. ↑ п. 3 ст. 1286 «Лицензионный договор о предоставлении права использования произведения» гл. 70 «Авторское право» ГК РФ
			5. ↑ *Добрецов Сергей Александрович.* Юридические аспекты приобретения неисключительных прав (неисключительной лицензии) на использование программного обеспечения. ВИСТ СПб (2 февраля 2010). Дата обращения: 9 октября 2010. Архивировано 10 апреля 2012 года.
			6. ↑ *Добрецов Сергей Александрович.* Ответственность за нарушение авторских и смежных прав при использовании нелицензионного программного обеспечения. ВИСТ СПб (4 февраля 2010). Дата обращения: 9 октября 2010. Архивировано 10 апреля 2012 года.
			- Official website https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs\_UI\_icon\_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs\_UI\_icon\_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png
			- Griffith Observatory Foundation
			- Collection of articles on the observatory at the *Los Angeles Times*
			- Live Lecturers sent into a Black Hole by Danny King at Bloomberg News
			- Make Astronomers the Stars Op/Ed by Margaret Wertheim in the *Los Angeles Times*
			- Light Pollution in L.A. Area
			- Image of visitors at an exhibit in the newly opened Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, 1935. *Los Angeles Times* Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

Япония является частью китайской Империи Цин. Глава Государства - Император Марко Недайвода.

### **Status**

Alive Вокал Императора по имени Марко Недайвода - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNT4zy6Qwig https://www.realrocks.ru/id237222/ https://www.realrocks.ru/qazsew/

Белтинг техника, женский сопрано в исполнении мужчины

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