Kalkhas

**Kalkhas** (Κάλχας) is an Argive mantis, or "seer," dated to the Age of Legend, which is an aspect of Greek mythology. Some myths are patently fictional, but others, such as the main characters of the *Iliad*, are widely believed to have had some basis in fact. Calchas appears in the opening scenes of the *Iliad*, which is believed to have been based on a war conducted by the Achaeans against the powerful city of Troy in the Late Bronze Age.

Calchas, a seer in the service of the army before Troy, is portrayed as a skilled augur, Greek *oionopolos* ('bird-savant'): "as an augur, Calchas had no rival in the camp."

He received knowledge of the past, present, and future from the god, Apollo. He had other mantic skills as well: interpreting the entrails of the enemy during the tide of battle. His mantosune, as it is called in the *Iliad*, is the hereditary occupation of his family, which accounts for the most credible etymology of his name: “the dark one” in the sense of “ponderer,” based on the resemblance of pondering to melancholy, or being “blue.” Calchas has a long literary history after Homer; His appearance in the *Iliad* is no sort of “first” except for the chronological sequence of literature. In the legendary time of the *Iliad*, seers and divination are already long-standing.

## Career

It was Calchas who prophesied that in order to gain a favourable wind to deploy the Greek ships mustered in Aulis on their way to Troy, Agamemnon would need to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigeneia, to appease Artemis, whom Agamemnon had offended. The episode was related at length in the lost *Cypria*, of the Epic Cycle. He also states that Troy will be sacked on the tenth year of the war.

In Sophocles' *Ajax*, Calchas delivers a prophecy to Teucer suggesting that the protagonist will die if he leaves his tent before the day is out.

### *Iliad*

In the *Iliad*, Calchas is cast as the apostle of divine truth. His most powerful skeptic is Agamemnon himself, who has had to give up his daughter to human sacrifice and his prize to ransoming, both because of the prophesying of Calchas. He calls Calchas "prophet of evil."

Calchas tells the Greeks that the captive Chryseis must be returned to her father Chryses in order to get Apollo to stop the plague he has sent as a punishment: this triggered the quarrel of the hero Achilles and Agamemnon, the main theme of the *Iliad*. As kings may do as they please, Calchas finds it necessary to lean on the support of a champion, Achilles, who opposes Agamemnon in assembly. Agamemnon refuses to accept the edict of Apollo that he should give up his prize, but bypasses it by taking Achilles’ prize. There follows "the wrath of Achilles," which is righteous anger on behalf of the divine will. With the help of the gods, Achilles struggles to restore righteousness.

Later in the story, Poseidon assumes the form of Calchas in order to rouse and empower the Greek forces while Zeus is not observing the battle.

### *Posthomerica*

Calchas also plays a role in Quintus of Smyrna's *Posthomerica*. Calchas said that if they were brief, they could convince Achilles to fight. It is he rather than Helenus (as suggested in Sophocles' *Philoctetes*) that predicts that Troy will only fall once the Argives are able to recruit Philoctetes. It is by his advice that they halt the battle, even though Neoptolemus is slaughtering the Trojans. He also tells the Argives that the city is more easily taken by strategy than by force. He endorses Odysseus' suggestion that the Trojan Horse will effectively infiltrate the Trojans. He also foresees that Aeneas will survive the battle and found the city, and tells the Argives that they will not kill him. He did not join the Argives when they boarded the ships, as he foresaw the impending doom of the Kapherean Rocks.

## Death

Calchas died of shame at Colophon in Asia Minor shortly after the Trojan War (as told in the Cyclic *Nostoi* and *Melampodia*): the prophet Mopsus beat him in a contest of soothsaying, although Strabo placed an oracle of Calchas on Monte Gargano in Magna Graecia.

It is also said that Calchas died of laughter when he thought another seer had incorrectly predicted his death. This seer had foretold Calchas would never drink from the wine produced from vines he had planted himself; Calchas made the wine, but holding the cup he died of laughter, before he could inform them they had drunk it the previous night.