recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Phylloporus pelletieri

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***Phylloporus pelletieri***, commonly known as the **golden-gilled bolete**, is a species of fungus in the Boletaceae family.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by French mycologist Joseph-Henri Léveillé in 1867 under the name *Agaricus pelletieri*. Lucien Quélet transferred it to *Phylloporus* in 1888.

## Description

The underside of the its cap bears lamellae (gill-like structures) rather than the pores common in the Boletales. The reddish, domed cap is smooth with a velvety texture, while the lamellae are bright yellow. The stem supporting the cap is also yellow with a red-brown veil.

## Habitat and distribution

The golden-gilled bolete forms mycorrhizal relationships with broadleaved trees such as beech and coniferous trees such as fir or pine. The fruit bodies are produced in summer and autumn.

Although rare, the golden-gilled bolete has a widespread distribution in Europe and reaches into Asia. It inhabits broadleaf or coniferous forests in montane or sub-alpine regions, where it is associated with acidic or sandy soils. This species is threatened by air pollution and forestry plantations, which can destroy its natural habitat. It is short-listed for inclusion in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, otherwise known as the Bern Convention, by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi (ECCF), and included on the Red Lists of 12 European countries. Other conservation recommendations include the mapping of existing sites and a reduction in air pollution, together with restrictions on forestry practice at known locations.

## References

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1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Leveille1867`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quelet1888`
3. ↑ Pegler, D. & Spooner, B. (1992) The Mushroom Identifier. Apple Press, London.
4. ↑ Fungi of Poland (July 2003).Template:Unreliable source?
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 European Council for Conservation of Fungi (ECCF) (2001) Datasheets of threatened mushrooms of Europe, candidates for listing in Appendix I of the Convention. Bern Convention Standing Committee.
6. ↑ The distribution, status and habitat requirement of the 33 fungal candidates for listing in Appendix I of the Bern Convention (June 2003)

## External links

* Template:ARKive
* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycorrhaphium pusillum

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***Mycorrhaphium pusillum*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. It is a rare European fungus that has only been officially recorded a few times.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described as a species of *Hydnum* by Portuguese botanist Félix Avelar Brotero in 1804. Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus transferred it to the newly created genus *Mycorrhaphium* in 1962. It has also been placed in *Hydnellum* by Petter Karsten in 1879, and *Steccherinum* by Howard James Banker in 1906.

## Description

*Mycorrhaphium pusillum* has a small fruit body with a rounded to fan-shaped cap measuring Template:Convert in diameter. Sometimes neighbouring caps fuse together during growth to make a larger conglomerate. The cap colour is pale cream to pale yellowish, sometimes with regions that are pale brown. The pale cream stipe is Template:Convert long and Template:Convert thick. Spines on the underside of the cap are slender, numbering about 7 or 8 per millimetre, and are about a mm long. The mushroom has no distinct odour.

The spores of *M. pusillum* are thin walled and more or less cylindrical, typically measuring 2.9–3.6 by 1.9–2.2 μm. They usually contain an oil droplet. The hyphal system of the context is monomitic (containing only loosely arranged generative hyphae), although in the spines it is dimitic. The skeletal hyphae in the spines are thick walled, sometimes so much that they are almost solid, or with a small lumen. They are densely arranged in a parallel fashion, and usually measure 3.7–4.9 μm in diameter.

## Habitat and distribution

A rare fungus, *Mycorrhaphium pusillum* is found only in Europe. It has been collected only a few times in southern and central Europe, and the first northern European collections were reported in 2015. In these latter collections, it was found fruiting on mossy ground in forest dominated by birch trees.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Brotero 1804`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1962`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Karsten 1879`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Banker 1906`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tervonen 2015`

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Pholiota gummosa

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***Pholiota gummosa***, commonly known as the **sticky scalycap**, is a common species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprotroph on the rotting wood of deciduous trees, including trunks and roots. It can also grow on wood buried near the surface, making it seem as if it is fruiting in grass.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described by Wilhelm Gottfried Lasch in 1828, as a member of the genus *Agaricus*. After being shuffled to several different genera in its taxonomic history, it was transferred to *Pholiota* by Rolf Singer in 1951.

## Description

The fungus makes fruitbodies with straw-yellow to beige caps measuring Template:Convert in diameter. The crowded gills on the cap underside have an adnate attachment to the stipe. Initially pale yellow, they turn brownish in age as the spores mature. The mushroom makes a brown spore print. Spores are smooth, thin-walled, somewhat bean-shaped (subphaseoliform), and measure 6–8 by 3.5–4.5 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bas 1999`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lasch 1828`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1949`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 2000`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Peglerochaete

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***Peglerochaete*** is a genus of fungi in the Tricholomataceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Peglerochaete setiger***, found in the Indian state Sikkim and reported as new to science in 1983.

## See also

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* List of Tricholomataceae genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Peglerochaete`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycetinis querceus

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***Mycetinis querceus*** (syn. ***Marasmius querceus***) is one of the garlic-scented mushrooms formerly in the genus *Marasmius*. It has a reddish brown stipe, and usually grows on fallen oak leaves.

## Description

The species can be described as follows:

* The cap is reddish brown to pale brown, and is hygrophanous, drying to a paler colour. It measures around 1-2.5 cm in diameter.
* The gills are white to cream and crowded. The spore powder is white.
* The brownish stem can grow to 10 cm tall and up to 4 mm in diameter. It is powdery ("pruinose") or covered in minute hairs ("pubescent"), a feature which distinguishes it from *M. scorodonius*.
* The smell is strongly of garlic.
* The spores are roughly ellipsoid and measure 7-10 µm x 4-5 µm.
* There are no cheilocystidia (on the gill edge) or pleurocystidia (on the gill faces).

## Naming and related species

The Latin species name, *querceus*, means "relating to oak", and refers to its being found commonly on oak leaf litter.

This species was originally defined as *Marasmius querceus* by the German mycologist Max Britzelmayr in 1896 and it had that name until it was put into the new genus *Mycetinis* in 2005 (see the *Mycetinis* page for more details).

The name *Marasmius prasiosmus* (following Fries) has wrongly been used for this mushroom by some authors, but this is an illegitimate synonym because there is a conflict between Fries's description of 1838 (which does represent *M. querceus*) and his original description of 1818 and 1821 (which represents some other mushroom).

The pruinose or pubescent reddish brown stipe, together with its habitat on deciduous leaf litter are enough to distinguish it from other European species of *Mycetinis*.

## Ecology and distribution

This mushroom is found in autumn on fallen deciduous leaves, especially those of various types of *Quercus*.

It is uncommon but widespread in Europe, and recorded from North Africa.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `SF`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Antonín`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `MycoDB`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `FungaNordica`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lewis`

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Penicillium jejuense

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***Penicillium jejuense*** is a fungus species in the family Trichocomaceae. Discovered during a survey of fungal biodiversity in a marine environment in Korea, the species was described as new to science in 2015. Its sister species is *P. crocicola*, from which it can be differentiated by differences in culture morphology and sclerotia production when grown on various types of growth media. The specific epithet *jejuense* refers to the type locality, Jeju Island.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Park 2015`

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Psilocybe magnispora

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***Psilocybe magnispora*** is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Thailand, where it grows on the rotting dung of *Elephas*, it was described as new to science in 2009.

## See also

* List of psilocybin mushrooms
* List of *Psilocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Horak 2009`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Panaeolus foenisecii

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***Panaeolus foenisecii***, commonly called the **mower's mushroom**, **haymaker** or **brown hay mushroom**, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom often found on lawns. In 1963 Tyler and Smith found that this mushroom contains serotonin, 5-HTP and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In many field guides it is erroneously listed as psychoactive, however the mushroom does not produce any psychoactive alkaloids.

It is sometimes mistaken for the psychedelic *Panaeolus cinctulus* or *Panaeolus olivaceus* both of which share the same habitat and can be differentiated by their jet black spores. This is probably why *Panaeolus foenisecii* is occasionally listed as a psychoactive species in older literature.

## Description

* **Cap**: 1.5 to 3 cm across, conic to convex, chestnut brown to tan, hygrophanous, often with a dark band around the margin which fades as the mushroom dries.
* **Gills**: Broad, adnate, brown with lighter edges, becoming mottled as the spores mature.
* **Stipe**: 4 to 6 cm by 2 to 3 mm, fragile, hollow, white to light brown, pruinose and slightly striate.
* **Taste**: A slightly unpleasant nutty fungal taste.
* **Odor**: Nutty, slightly unpleasant.
* **Spore print**: Dark walnut brown.
* **Microscopic features**: Spores measure 12 - 17 x 7 - 11 μm, subfusoid to lemon shaped, rough, dextrinoid, with an apical germ pore. Cheilocystidia subfusoid to cylindric or subcapitate, often wavy, up to 50 μm long. Pleurocystidia absent, but some authors report inconspicuous "pseudocystidia". The pileipellis a cellular cuticle with subglobose elements and has pileocystidia.

## Gallery

The following two images are of *Panaeolus foenisecii* in the wild with two magnifications of the spore print.

Panaeolina foenisecii darv.jpgWild *Panaeolus foenisecii* showing banded capPan.foe.darvin.underside.jpgstipe and gillsPanaeolina.foenisecii.spores.1000x.dic.jpg*Panaeolus foenisecii* spores magnifiedPanaeolina.foenisecii.spores.1000x.full-frame.jpg*Panaeolus foenisecii* spores
Template:Clear

## See also

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* List of *Panaeolus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tyler1963`
2. ↑ John W. Allen. Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire. Retrieved on June 10, 2012.
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mushroomexpert`

## External links

* Mushroom Expert – Panaeolus foenisecii
* Mykoweb – Panaeolus foenisecii
* Mushroom Observer – Panaeolus foenisecii at mushroomobserver.org
* Rough Spored Panaeoloideae spore comparison

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Peziza varia

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***Peziza varia*** is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. This is a common European fungus associated with rotting wood. The ascocarps are cup-shaped and up to Template:Convert across. The inner surface is smooth and brown, the outer surface is pale, often almost white. This species is rather similar to some other members of the genus but can usually be distinguished by the distinctly layered flesh seen when a specimen is cut.

## References

* Template:Cite book
* Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* *Peziza varia* at GBIF

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Neofavolus alveolaris

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***Neofavolus alveolaris*** is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is widely distributed in the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Its kidney- or fan-shaped fruit bodies measure Template:Convert in diameter. Initially reddish, they become cream to white when dry. The pores on the cap underside are angular to hexagonal and relatively large (0.5–3 mm diameter). The fungus causes a white rot in hardwoods.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sotome 2013`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Huffman 2008`

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Panellus pusillus

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***Panellus pusillus*** is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. A widely distributed species, it has been recorded in Australia, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Grgurinovic 1997`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena rosella

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***Mycena rosella***, commonly known as the **pink bonnet**, is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family. First called *Agaricus roseus* by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1794, it was assigned its current name in 1871 by German scientist Paul Kummer.

Microscopic characteristics
The spores are amyloid and have dimensions of 7–9 by 4–5 µm.

## References

1. ↑ Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pleurotus tuber-regium

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***Pleurotus tuber-regium***, the **king tuber mushroom**, is an edible gilled fungus native to the tropics, including Africa, Asia, and Australasia. It has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding and phylogenetically removed from other species of *Pleurotus*.

*P. tuber-regium* is a saprotroph found on dead wood, including *Daniellia* trees in Africa. As the fungus consumes the wood, it produces a sclerotium, or storage tuber, either within the decaying wood or in the underlying soil. These sclerotia are round, dark brown with white interiors, and up to 30 cm wide. The fruiting bodies then emerge from the sclerotium. Both the sclerotium and the fruiting bodies are edible.

In addition to being saprotrophic, *P. tuber-regium* is also nematophagous, catching nematodes by paralyzing them with a toxin.

*P. tuber-regium* has a history of economic importance in Africa as food and as a medicinal mushroom. Industrial cultivation is not yet common, but studies have shown *P. tuber-regium* can be grown on organic wastes such as corn, sawdust, cardboard. Mycelial growth occurs between 15 °C and 40 °C, with an optimum growth rate at 35 °C. A recent study demonstrated that polysaccharides of *P. tuber-regium* are able to delay the progression of diabetes and associated complications in rats with insulin resistance [7].

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `oso77`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `vil96`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `ok90`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `hib94`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `isi04`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `isi96`

7. Huang H.Y., Mallikarjuna Korivi, Chaing Y.Y., Chien T.Y., and Tsai Y.C. (2012). *Pleurotus tuber-regium* polysaccharides attenuate hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/856381. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/856381/

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Biological Species in *Pleurotus*: ISG X. *Pleurotus tuber-regium* at University of Tennessee-Knoxville Mycology Lab
* *Pleurotus tuber-regium* Google Images (www.google.com/images)

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Psathyrella vinosofulva

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***Psathyrella vinosofulva*** is a species of agaric fungus in the Psathyrellaceae family. The species, first described scientifically by P.D.Orton in 1960, is found in Europe. The cap is initially conical to convex before expanded slightly, becoming slightly umbonate, and measures Template:Convert in diameter. The spores are ellipsoid, have a germ pore, and dimensions of 11–13 by 5.75–7 μm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Orton1960`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena olida

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***Mycena olida***, commonly known as the **rancid bonnet**, is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family. It was first described in 1887 by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola.

## Description

The cap, initially conical to convex in shape, flattens out with age and typically reaches diameters of up to Template:Convert.

## References

1. ↑ English Names for fungi. *British Mycological Society website*. British Mycological Society.
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ *Mycena olida*. *Key to the Mycenas of Norway*. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved on September 26, 2009.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Morchella purpurascens

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***Morchella purpurascens***, the **purple morel**, is an ascomycete fungus in the family *Morchellaceae*. It was first described as a variety of *Morchella elata* by Emile Boudier in 1897, based on a plate previously illustrated by Julius Vincenz von Krombholz. It was then recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant, and validated the following year by Jacquetant and Bon. As with many other morel species, its taxonomical status remained for a long time a subject of debate, until an extensive phylogenetic and nomenclatural study in 2014 by Richard and colleagues confirmed this species' autonomy and matched it to phylogenetic lineage *Mel*-20.

The species is characterised by the pinkish or purplish colours on the cap of its young fruit bodies.

## References

1. ↑ Boudier E. (1897). Révision analytique des morilles de France. Bull Soc Mycol Fr 13:130–150
2. ↑ Krombholz JV von. 1834. Naturgetreue Abblidungen und
Beschreibungen der essbaren, scha ̈dlichen und verda ̈chtigen Schwa ̈mme, Heift 3. G. Calve, Praha J, 36 p., pl. XV-XXII.
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Jacquetant E, Bon M. (1985). Typifications et mises au point nomenclaturales dans l’ouvrage ‘‘Les morilles’’ (de E. Jacquetant), Nature-Piantanida 1984. Documents Mycologiques 14:1.
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Panaeolus acuminatus

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***Panaeolus acuminatus***, also known as **Panaeolus rickenii** is a common little brown mushroom.

This species contains small amounts of serotonin (licit tryptamine), 5-HTP, and tryptophan.

## Description

This is a little brown mushroom that grows on dung and has black spores. It has a cap that is less than 4 cm across, hygrophanous, conic to campanulate to plane, usually with an umbo. The gills are dark purplish black, crowded, with several tiers of intermediate gills. The spores are (11) 13 - 15 (17) x 9 - 11 (12) x (6.5) 7 - 8 (9) micrometers, smooth, black, and shaped like lemons. Cheilocystidia present.

## Habitat and distribution

*Panaeolus acuminatus* is a mushroom that grows in grass and in dung. It has been found throughout North America and Europe and is very widely distributed.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Panaeolus* species

## External links

* Mushroom Observer - *Panaeolus acuminatus*
* Mushroom Observer - *Panaeolus acuminatus*

## References

1. ↑ Gerhardt, E: *Taxonomische Revision Gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina*, page 73. 1996

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Panaeolus tropicalis

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***Panaeolus tropicalis*** is a potent species of psilocybin mushroom. It is also known as *Copelandia tropicalis*.

## Description

The cap is 1.5 — 2(2.5) cm and hemispheric to convex to companulate. The margin is incurved when young, clay-colored, often reddish brown towards the disc, hygrophanous, smooth, and grayish to greenish; it is translucent-striate at the margin when wet. It becomes blue when bruised.

The gills are adnexed, distinctly mottled, and dully grayish with blackish spots.

The stipe is 5–12 cm long, 2–3 mm thick, hollow, and vertically striate. It is blackish towards the base, greyish towards the apex, and pallid to whitish fibrils run the length of the stipe. The stipe is equal to slightly swollen at the base and lacks a partial veil.

*Panaeolus tropicalis* spores are dark violet black to black, ellipsoid, and 10.5–12.0 x 7–9 µm. The basidia each produce two spores.

The entire mushroom readily bruises blue where it is handled. It can be differentiated from *Panaeolus cyanescens* by microscopic characteristics.

## Distribution and habitat

 File:Pantrop7.jpg
*Panaeolus tropicalis* is a mushroom that grows on dung. It is most often found in Hawaii, Central Africa, and Cambodia; it can also be found in Mexico, Tanzania, the Philippines, Florida, and Japan.

## See also

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* List of *Panaeolus* species

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## External links

* Photo of *Panaeolus tropicalis*
* Template:Cite journal (on Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto)

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Ramariopsis pulchella

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***Ramariopsis pulchella*** is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavariaceae. Originally named *Clavaria pulchella* by Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1887, the species was transferred to *Ramariopsis* by E.J.H. Corner in 1950. The fungus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner1950`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Otidea concinna

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***Otidea concinna*** is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae. This rather uncommon European species appears from late summer to autumn as vivid yellow elongated "ears" in small groups in woodland and parkland.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jordan2004`

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Rubroboletus legaliae

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***Rubroboletus legaliae***, previously known as *Boletus splendidus*, *B. satanoides*, and *B. legaliae* is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Boletaceae. It is poisonous, with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, and is related to *Rubroboletus satanas*.

## Taxonomy

*Boletus legaliae* was described by Czech mycologist Albert Pilát in 1968. It is named after the French mycologist Marcelle Le Gal. *Boletus splendidus* as described by Charles-Édouard Martín in 1894 is a synonym. The description of *Boletus satanoides* was too vague to be ascribed to any actual species. *Boletus legaliae* was transferred to the genus *Rubroboletus* in 2015 by Marco Della Maggiora and Renzo Trassinelli.

## Description

The cap is initially off-white, or coffee-coloured at the button stage. In mid life it often (but not always) turns a pale mouse grey. In old age the cap turns reddish, or what has been described as 'old rose'. It may reach Template:Convert in diameter.
The stipe is stocky, with a narrow red reticulation (net pattern) on an orange ground at the apex. This orange ground colour fades gradually towards the midsection, making the red reticulation more pronounced. At the base the reticulation is absent, and the stipe turns dark vinaceous. Sometimes the stipe detail can be faint, or even absent when covered with earth or leaf litter. The pores are initially red, but have an overall orange colour when mature, and they bruise blue. The flesh turns pale blue on cutting / dark vinaceous in the stipe base. The flesh is said to smell of chicory.

### Similar species

*Rubroboletus satanas*, found in broad-leaved woodland on calcareous soil, has a whiter cap that turns brownish-ochre, lacking the overall reddish tones in maturity. It has a more nauseating smell, and it is poisonous, possibly deadly.
Molecular study of the holotype of *Rubroboletus spinari* has demonstrated its conspecifity with ***Rubroboletus legaliae***.

## Distribution and habitat

Uncommon in Southern England, and Europe.
Grows with oak (*Quercus*) and beech (*Fagus*) often on neutral to acid soils. It is considered vulnerable in the Czech Republic.

## Toxicity

Edibility testing resulted in a strong gastrointestinal upset, which is typically caused by *Rubroboletus* species when eaten raw.

## Group status

In Britain, all of the boletes in the ***Satanas*** group are either very rare, endangered, or extinct. British Checklist

## References

1. ↑ Bernard Crozes. Les femmes mycologues (French). Mycological Society of Strasbourg. Retrieved on July 4, 2008.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maggiora 2015`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Janda 2017`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mikšik 2012`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Peltula obscurans

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***Peltula obscurans*** (**common rock-olive**) is a dark olive to dark gray squamulose lichen that grows on rock and soil in arid habitats around the world. It may grow as a rosette of squamulous lobes, or with widely scattered lobes. A single black apothecium may be centered on the lobe. The apothecia disc turns reddish-brown when wet, which contrasts with the lobes that turn olive-green when wet. It can be found in southern Europe, South America, southwestern North America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Papua New Guinea.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodontia sibirica

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***Sarcodontia sibirica*** is a species of toothed crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It was originally described by Czech mycologist Albert Pilát in 1936 as *Acia sibirica*. T.L. Nikolajeva transferred it to the genus *Sarcodontia* in 1961.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pilát 1935`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nikolajeva 1961`

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Mycena olivaceomarginata

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***Mycena olivaceomarginata*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Originally described as *Agaricus olivaceomarginata* by English mycologist George Edward Massee in 1890, he transferred it to *Mycena* in 1893. Found in Europe and North America, the mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.

It was described from Great Britain.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Massee 1893`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Desjardin 2008`

## External links

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Mycena noctilucens

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***Mycena noctilucens*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. The species was first described scientifically by E.J.H. Corner in 1954. Found in Malaysia and the Pacific islands, the mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1954`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Desjardin 2008`

## External links

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Squamanita contortipes

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***Squamanita contortipes*** is a small mushroom species in the family Squamanitaceae, formerly in the Tricholomataceae. It was originally described in 1957 by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith and Daniel Elliot Stuntz as a member of *Cystoderma*. Paul Heinemann and David Thoen transferred it to the genus *Squamanita* in 1973. Discovery of an unusual fruiting of this species where three fruitbodies grew on one, still fertile host pileus which was a species of *Galerina* proved that *Squamanita* was a mycoparasitic genus. Photos of this fruiting were published in 1994 and immediately republished and highlighted in 1995 in *Nature* magazine where the original discovery article was featured. The species proved to be the *Rosetta Stone* for deciphering the parasite from the host in graft-like fruitings. Normally, *S. contortipes* only forms one fruitbody on each parasitized host and the host normally fails to remain fertile and does not form its own pileus.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Heinemann 1972`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redheadetc1994`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gee1995`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Repetobasidiopsis

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***Repetobasidiopsis*** is a fungal genus of unknown familial placement in the order Polyporales. It contains the crust fungus species ***Repetobasidiopsis grandispora***. The genus and species were first proposed in 2006, but two different herbaria were designated for the types of the two new species described in that publication, in contravention of the rules for describing new species. The specific epithet *grandisporus* refers to the large-sized spores in comparison with the morphologically similar genus *Repetobasidiellum*. The generic name *Repetobasidiopsis* alludes to the proliferating, or repeating, basidia. Two years later the genus was published validly.

*Repetobasidiopsis grandispora* is found in Eastern Himalaya, India, where it grows on decaying bamboo. It has a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae measuring up to 2.3 μm. Its spores are ellipsoidal, non-amyloid, and measure 10–14 by 4.0–5.8 μm.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dhingra 2006`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dhingra 2008`

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Mycoleptodonoides sharmae

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***Mycoleptodonoides sharmae*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It was described as new to science in 2013 by mycologists Kanad Das, Joost Stalpers, and J. Benjamin Stielow. The specific epithet *sharmae* honours Jai Ram Sharma, "for his contribution to the Indian mycobiota". The type collection was made in Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, a nature park in Sikkim, India. The fungus was found fruiting on a decaying tree trunk of a unidentified broad-leaved tree.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Das 2013`

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Phaeolus schweinitzii

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***Phaeolus schweinitzii***, commonly known as **velvet-top fungus**, **dyer's polypore**, or **dyer's mazegill**, is a fungal plant pathogen that causes butt rot on conifers such as Douglas-fir, spruce, fir, hemlock, pine, and larch. *P. schweinitzii* is a polypore, although unlike bracket fungi the fruiting body may appear terrestrial when growing from the roots or base of the host tree. The fruiting bodies, appearing in late summer or fall, commonly incorporate blades of grass, twigs, or fallen pine needles as they grow. As these fruiting bodies age, the pore surface turns from yellow to greenish yellow, the top becomes darker, and the flesh becomes harder and more wood-like.

The effect, impact and significance of infection by this fungus is rooted in the fact that it causes brown rot, which degrades the cellulose. Thus there is a loss of tensile strength which often leads to brittle fracture near the stem base, even at a fairly early stage of decay. Decay initiated above ground can lead to branch snap or breakout.

*P. schweinitzii* is native to North America and Eurasia, and has been identified as an exotic species in New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa.

As its common name suggests, the dyer's polypore is an excellent natural source of green, yellow, gold, or brown dye, depending on the material dyed and the mordant used.

*P. schweinitzii* is named after Lewis David de Schweinitz, a Pennsylvania-born Moravian minister and important early American mycologist.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Volk, Tom (November 2007). *Phaeolus schweinitzii*, the dye polypore or velvet-top fungus. *Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month*. Retrieved on January 14, 2011.
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Dyeing with Mushrooms. Mushroom-Collecting.com. Retrieved on October 26, 2009.

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Rimbachia paradoxa

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***Rimbachia*** is a species of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family, and the type species of the genus *Rimbachia*. It was first described scientifically by the French mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1891.

## Description

The fruit bodies of *Rimbachia paradoxa* are somewhat flattened, with the cap is attached to the stem at an angle, and the spore-bearing surface (the hymenium) is reticulate and gill-like. The fruit bodies are saprobic, growing on dead wood.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Patouillard1891`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead1984`

## External links

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Scleroderma citrinum

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***Scleroderma citrinum***, commonly known as the **common earthball**, **pigskin poison puffball**, or **common earth ball**, is the most common species of **earthball** in the UK and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter.
*Scleroderma citrinum* has two synonyms, *Scleroderma aurantium* (Vaill.) and *Scleroderma vulgare* Horn.

Earthballs are superficially similar to, and considered look-alikes of, the edible puffball, but whereas the puffball has a single opening on top through which the spores are dispersed, the earthball just breaks up to release the spores. Moreover, *Scleroderma citrinum* has much firmer flesh and a dark gleba (interior) much earlier in development than puffballs. *Scleroderma citrinum* has no stem but is attached to the soil by mycelial cords. The peridium, or outer wall, is thick and firm, usually ochre yellow externally with irregular warts.

The earthball may be parasitized by *Pseudoboletus parasiticus*.

Ingestion of *Scleroderma citrinum* can cause gastrointestinal distress in humans and animals, and some individuals may experience lacrimation, rhinitis and rhinorrhea, and conjunctivitis from exposure to its spores.

Pigments found in the fruiting body of Scleroderma citrinum Pers. are sclerocitrin, norbadione A, xerocomic acid, and badione A.

## Notes

1. ↑ "List of Recommended English Names For Fungi in the UK." Template:Webarchive (Website.) Fungi 4 Schools, by the British Mycological Society. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
2. ↑ (January 2005.) "Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge: Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan, January 2005." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 195, via library.fws.gov. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ (October 2006.) "Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning – Part III." (Newsletter.) *Fungifama: The Newsletter of the South Vancouver Island Mycological Society*, via svims.ca. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
6. ↑ Hoffman, Ursula. "Poisonous Mushrooms in Northeastern North America" Template:Webarchive (Website.) NorthEast Mycological Federation, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.

## References

* Template:Cite book
* Template:Cite book

## External links

* Medicinal Mushrooms Description, bioactive compounds, medicinal properties
* Mushroom Expert Additional information

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Pluteus velutinus

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***Pluteus velutinus*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Described as new to science in 2012, it is found in India.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pradeep 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Musumecia

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***Musumecia*** is a clitocyboid agaric fungal genus with a soft, pseudosclerotium-like base. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ***Musumecia bettlachensis***, from France. Phylogenetically, *Musumecia bettlachensis* is sister to *Pseudoclitocybe* and is tentatively classified in the Tricholomataceae. Although the type species was also named as new, it is likely that it has been previously described considering the long history of studies on mushrooms in France and Europe in general.

## Etymology

The name *Musumecia* was named after Swiss mycologist Enzo Musumeci.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2011`

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Postia ptychogaster

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***Postia ptychogaster***, commonly known as the **powderpuff bracket**, is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. The fungus, which is found in Europe, resembles a powdery cushion that fruits on stumps and logs of rotting conifer wood. In this stage of its life cycle, the "cushion" is a mass of chlamydospores.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts 2011`

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Peziza phyllogena

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***Peziza phyllogena***, commonly known as the **common brown cup** or the **pig-ear cup**, is a species of fungus in the family Pezizaceae. A saprobic species, the fungus produces brownish, cup-shaped fruit bodies that grow singly or in clusters on either soil or well-rotted wood. It is found in Europe, North America, and Iceland, where it fruits in the spring.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in 1877, based on material from South Carolina sent to him by American botanist Henry William Ravenel. In a 1987 publication, Donald Pfister placed *Peziza badioconfusa* in synonymy with *P. phyllogena*. The former species had been described by Richard Korf in 1954; in that publication, Korf noted "It is perhaps our commonest large cup-fungus, and it seems to me that it must have been described before 1897 by some European or American author, but I have seen no types which match it." It is commonly known as the common brown cup, or the pig-ear cup.

## Description

The fruit bodies of *Peziza phyllogena* are cup-shaped, measuring Template:Convert in diameter. The flesh is thin and fragile, and the sides of the cup are often compressed or lobed. The cups do not have a stem, and instead are attached to the substrate at a narrow central point on the bottom. The inner surface of the cup is dark purplish brown to dark reddish gray, while the outer surface is similar to the inner surface, or may have more purplish tones. The cup margin is thin, with a sharp edge, and it turns black as it dries. The edibility of the fungus is unknown.

The spore print is hyaline (translucent) to pale cream. The spores are ellipsoid, covered with warts, and measure 17–23 by 8–13 μm. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are operculate (containing a lid-like covering over the opening), eight-spored, and cylindrical, measuring 215–285 by 11.5–13.5 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Peziza phyllogena* grows solitarily or in dense clusters on soil or on well-decayed logs. Fruit bodies usually appear in early spring. The fungus has a widespread distribution in North America. It was newly recorded from Iceland in 2007.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cooke1877`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pfister1987`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Korf1954`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette1997`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight1987`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Elliott1974`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlKuo`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pfister2007`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Panaeolus fimicola

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***Panaeolus fimicola*** is a widespread but seldom identified "little brown mushroom" which sometimes contains small amounts of the hallucinogen psilocybin. *Panaeolis ater* is a synonym.

## Description

* **Cap**: (1)1.5— 3.5(4) cm, Campanulate then convex to plane, obtuse, dingy gray to blackish, often with reddish or hazel tones, hygrophanous, pallid grey to yellowish when dry, smooth, with a narrow brown marginal band, slightly striate at the margin when moist. Flesh thin and grayish.
* **Gills**: Adnate, close to crowded, at first gray-olivacous, becoming mottled and darkening to black with age, edges remaining whitish.
* **Spores**: Blackish gray.
* **Stipe**: (4)6 — 8(10) cm x 1 — 2(3) mm, equal, slender, slightly enlarging at the base, hollow, fragile, dingy white to clay, becoming brownish towards the base in age, smooth, white-pruinose at the apex, obsoletely slightly silky-striate, ring absent. Flesh is dirty ochraceous-buff; fragile.
* **Taste**: Not distinctive.
* **Odor**: Not distinctive.
* **Microscopic features**: Spores 10.8 — 14.2 X 6.9—9.5, ellipsoid or lemon shaped, basidia 4 spored. Gill edge cystidia fusiform, typically with long necks, gill face cystidia absent.

## Habitat and formation

*Panaeolus fimicola* can be found growing solitary to scattered in soil or dung, fertilized lawns and other grassy places, late spring to mid-fall. It is widespread and common across the Americas, as well as Europe and Africa. It has also been found in Turkey.

## See also

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* List of *Panaeolus* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gerhardt`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kaya`

* Template:Cite book

## External links

* Panaeolus fimicola photo
* Panaeolus fimicola cheilocystidia
* Panaeolus fimicola spores

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Ramaria flavescens

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***Ramaria flavescens*** is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It was first described as *Clavaria flavescens* by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1762; American mycologist Ron Peterson transferred it to the genus *Ramaria* in 1974. The IUCN Red List labels this species as Critically Endangered in Denmark and as Data Deficient in the Czech Republic.

## References

1. ↑ *Ramaria flavescens* Schaeff. ex R.H. Petersen. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved on March 8, 2014.
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ *Ramaria flavescens* (Schaeff.) R.H. Petersen (da). Fagdatacenter for Biodiversitet og Terrestrisk Natur. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved on March 8, 2014.
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Mycena aetites

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***Mycena aetites***, commonly known as the **drab bonnet**, is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family. First described as *Agaricus aetites* by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838, it was assigned its current name in 1872 by Lucien Quélet. This rare mushroom is found in Europe.

## Description

The cap is a grey-brown color that is somewhat darker in the center. Initially conical in shape, the cap flattens out in maturity to become bell-shaped; the cap can reach a diameter of up to Template:Convert. The stipe of *M. aetites* has a pruinose apex and isglabrous below. The mushrooms has an raphanoid odour.

A similar species is *Mycena abramsii*. This species usually grows on woods and have cheilocystidia with a clear acute-neck.

### Ecology

*Mycena aetites* grows on decayed wood and woody debris in temperate ecosystems.

### Edibility

*Mycena aetites* is considered inedible. It has an indistinct taste, and a faint odor of radish.

## References

1. ↑ Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mycena aetites.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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