Accipiters (Genus Accipiter)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Accipiter*** is a genus of birds of prey in the family Accipitridae. With 51 recognized species it is the most diverse genus in its family. Most species are called goshawks or sparrowhawks, although almost all New World species (excepting the northern goshawk) are simply known as hawks. They can be anatomically distinguished from their relatives by the lack of a procoracoid foramen. Two small and aberrant species usually placed here do possess a large procoracoid foramen and are also distinct as regards DNA sequence. They may warrant separation in the old genus *Hieraspiza*.

Extant accipiters range in size from the little sparrowhawk (*A. minullus*), in which the smallest males measure 20 cm (7.9 in) long, span 39 cm (15 in) across the wings and weigh 68 g (2.4 oz), to the northern goshawk (*A. gentilis*), in which the largest females measure 64 cm (25 in) long, span 127 cm (50 in) across the wings, and weigh 2.2 kg (4.9 lb). These birds are slender with short, broad, rounded wings and a long tail which helps them maneuver in flight. They have long legs and long, sharp talons used to kill their prey, and a sharp, hooked bill used in feeding. Females tend to be larger than males. They often ambush their prey, mainly small birds and mammals, capturing them after a short chase. The typical flight pattern is a series of flaps followed by a short glide. They are commonly found in wooded or shrubby areas.

The genus *Accipiter* was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Eurasian sparrowhawk (*Accipiter nisus*) as the type species. The name is Latin for "hawk", from *accipere*, "to grasp"

## Procoracoid foramen

The procoracoid foramen (or coracoid foramen, coracoid fenestra) is a hole through the process at the front of the coracoid bone, which accommodates the supracoracoideus nerve. In some groups of birds it may be present as a notch, or *incisura*; or the notch may be partially or weakly closed with bone. In other groups the feature is completely absent.

The foramen is generally present in birds of prey, but it is absent in most *Accipiter* hawks that have been studied. This absence is proposed as a diagnostic feature.

A study of accipitrid skeletons found procoracoid incisurae (as opposed to foramina) in some specimens of the eagles *Aquila gurneyi* and *A. chrysaetos*, but not in four other *Aquila* species. The notch was variably open or weakly ossified in *Spizastur melanoleucos*, *Lophoaetus occipitalis*, *Spizaetus ornatus*, and *Stephanoaetus coronatus*. Also the buteonine hawks *Buteo brachyurus* and *B. hemilasius* had incisurae, differing from 17 other *Buteo* species.

In *Circus* the foramen was found to be variable, not only within species but even between sides in the same individual. It is usually open or absent but may be closed by "a thread of bone". Research in genetic phylogeny has since indicated that *Circus* is closely related to *Accipiter*.

The notch was also absent or indistinct in *Harpagus bidentatus*.

*Urotriorchis macrourus* has a well-developed procoracoid foramen, which suggests a separation from *Accipiter*. It may be related to the chanting goshawks in tribe Melieraxini.

## Genetic phylogeny

Analysis of molecular genetics indicates that *Accipiter* is paraphyletic to the *Circus* harriers, even though the two groups differ in hunting habits and body shape. There are three or four clades of *Accipiter*, with *Circus*, *Megatriorchis* and *Erythrotriorchis* intermixed.

John Boyd proposes splitting *Accipiter* into four separate genera: *Aerospiza*, *Tachyspiza*, *Accipiter*, and *Astur*. In this scheme *Tachyspiza* has the most species, and a reduced *Accipiter* would have only six: Eurasian sparrowhawk (*A. nisus*, type species), rufous-breasted sparrowhawk (*A. rufiventris*), sharp-shinned hawk (*A. striatus*), white-breasted hawk (*A. chionogaster*), plain-breasted hawk (*A. ventralis*), rufous-thighed hawk (*A. erythronemius*).

* Tribe Accipitrini
	+ (group 1)
		- *Erythrotriorchis*
		- *Aerospiza*
		- *Tachyspiza*
	+ (group 2)
		- *Accipiter*
		- (group 2a)
			* *Megatriorchis*
			* *Astur*
			* *Circus*
				+ harriers
				+ swamp-harriers

## List of *Accipiter* species

There are 51 species in the *Accipiter* genus.

### Extinct species

* Powerful goshawk, *Accipiter efficax*
* Gracile goshawk, *Accipiter quartus*