Pancake

A **pancake** (or **hotcake**, **griddlecake**, or **flapjack**, not to be confused with oat bar flapjacks) is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch-based batter that may contain eggs, milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan, often frying with oil or butter. Archaeological evidence suggests that pancakes were probably the earliest and most widespread cereal food eaten in prehistoric societies.

The pancake's shape and structure varies worldwide. In the United Kingdom, pancakes are often unleavened and resemble a crêpe. In North America, a leavening agent is used (typically baking powder) creating a thick fluffy pancake. A *crêpe* is a thin Breton pancake of French origin cooked on one or both sides in a special pan or crepe maker to achieve a lacelike network of fine bubbles. A well-known variation originating from southeast Europe is a *palačinke*, a thin moist pancake fried on both sides and filled with jam, cream cheese, chocolate, or ground walnuts, but many other fillings—sweet or savoury—can also be used.

When potato is used as a major portion of the batter, the result is a *potato pancake*. Commercially prepared pancake mixes are available in some countries. When buttermilk is used in place of or in addition to milk, the pancake develops a tart flavor and becomes known as a **buttermilk pancake**, which is common in Scotland and the US. Buckwheat flour can be used in a pancake batter, making for a type of buckwheat pancake, a category that includes Blini, Kaletez, Ploye, and Memil-buchimgae.

Pancakes may be served at any time of the day or year with a variety of toppings or fillings, but they have developed associations with particular times and toppings in different regions. In North America, they are typically considered a breakfast food and serve a similar function to waffles. In Britain and the Commonwealth, they are associated with Shrove Tuesday, commonly known as "Pancake Day", when, historically, perishable ingredients had to be used up before the fasting period of Lent.

# History

The Ancient Greeks made pancakes called τηγανίτης (*tēganitēs*), ταγηνίτης (*tagēnitēs*) or ταγηνίας (*tagēnias*), all words deriving from τάγηνον (*tagēnon*), "frying pan". The earliest attested references to *tagenias* are in the works of the 5th-century BC poets Cratinus and Magnes. Tagenites were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk, and were served for breakfast. Another kind of pancake was σταιτίτης (*staititēs*), from σταίτινος (*staitinos*), "of flour or dough of spelt", derived from σταῖς (*stais*), "flour of spelt". Athenaeus mentions, in his Deipnosophistae, *staititas* topped with honey, sesame, and cheese. The Middle English word *pancake* appears in English in the 15th century.

The Ancient Romans called their fried concoctions *alia dulcia*, Latin for "other sweets". These were much different from what are known as pancakes today.

# Regional varieties

### Horn of Africa

Pancakes in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia) are known as *injera* (sometimes transliterated as *enjera*, *budenaa* (Oromo), or *canjeero* (Somali)). *Injera* is a yeast-risen flatbread with a unique, slightly spongy texture. Traditionally, it is made out of teff flour and is a national dish in Ethiopia and Eritrea. *Canjeero*, also known as *lahooh* or *lahoh*, is a similar kind of flatbread eaten in Somalia and Yemen. In Eritrea and Ethiopia, *injera* are usually served with one or more stews known as *wat* or with salads (especially, for instance, during periods of Ethiopian Orthodox fasting) or with other injera (*injera firfir*). The right hand is used to tear small pieces from the *injera* to use to pick up and eat the stews or salads. The *injera* under these stews soaks up juices and flavours and, after the stews and salads are finished, is also consumed. *Injera* thus acts simultaneously as food, eating utensil and plate. When the "tablecloth" formed by the *injera* is finished, the meal is over.

*Lahoh* is a pancake-like bread originating in Somalia, Djibouti and Yemen. It is often eaten along with honey, ghee and tea. During lunch, *lahoh* is sometimes consumed with curry, soup or stew.

### Kenya

In Kenya, pancakes are eaten for breakfast as an alternative to bread. They are served plain with the sugar already added to the batter to sweeten them. Kenyan pancakes are similar to English pancakes and French crepes.

### South Africa

A "pancake" in South Africa is a crêpe. In Afrikaans, it is known as a *pannekoek* (plural *pannekoeke*) and, traditionally, is prepared on gas stoves and eaten on wet and cold days. *Pannekoeke* are usually served with cinnamon-flavoured sugar (and, sometimes, lemon juice) that is either allowed to dissolve into and soften them or, if their crispy texture is to be retained, eaten immediately. They are a staple at Dutch Reformed Church fêtes.

*Plaatkoekies* ("flapjacks", or lit. "plate cookies") are American-style "silver dollar" pancakes.

### Uganda

In Uganda, pancakes are locally made with bananas (one of the staple foods of the country) and usually served as a breakfast or as a snack option.

### China

Chinese pancakes may be either savoury or sweet, and are generally made with dough rather than batter. The dough mostly consists of water, flour, and vegetable oil. The dish can be served as a side, usually alongside duck, or as a snack, topped with scallions along with hot and sour sauce.

### Japan

In Japan, *okonomiyaki* are made from flour, egg, cabbage and a choice of ingredients. *Oyaki* are pancakes often stuffed with anko, eggplant, or nozawana. *Dorayaki* are a sort of sandwich made from Western-style pancakes and anko. Sweet crepes are also very popular.

The Japanese have also created a souffle style cooked in rings pancake inspired by American pancakes which is taller and fluffier, found in Singapore, Toronto, Australia and the UK.

### Korea

In Korea, pancakes include *jeon*, *pajeon*, *bindae-tteok*, *kimchi-jeon*, and *hotteok*. These may be served during all times of the day as side dishes or just snacks. Variants of the dish use the batter of the pancake to make deep fried vegetables, meat, or fish.

### India

India has many styles of pancake. Variations range from their taste to the main ingredient used. All are made without the use of added raising agents.

Pancakes prepared using a north Indian cooking style are known as *cheela*. Sweet *cheela* are made using sugar or jaggery with a wheat flour-based batter. North Indian salty pancakes are made using batter prepared from gram flour or green gram paste (*moong daal*) and are sometimes garnished with *paneer*, a cottage-style cheese.

*Dosa*, *appam*, *neer dosa* and *uttapam* are pancakes made in a south Indian cooking style. They are prepared by fermenting rice batter and split-skinned urad bean (black lentil) blended with water. *Meetha pooda* – sweet pancakes often eaten with pickles and chutney – are a common breakfast food item in the Punjab. Most of the *pitha* in Assam are types of pancakes served on occasions such as Bihu festivals. The Bengali semi-sweet pancake *pati-shapta* is stuffed with grated coconut or thickened milk.

In Western India, the multi-grain *thalipeeth* is popular. In Goa, a traditional crêpe-like pancake known as *alebele* or *alle belle* is eaten at tea-time. It is usually filled with jaggery and coconut.

In Eastern India, *malpuas* are sometimes prepared in the form of pancakes.

In some regions of Middle India, thin green Cheelas are made with ginger or garlic leaves' paste, and rice flour batter. Other ingredients included are salt, cummin seeds, green chili, oil, curry leaves and coriander leaves.

### Nepal

In Nepal, the Newar have a savoury rice pancake called *chataamari* cooked with meat or eggs on top. This dish is also known as the *Newari Pizza*, as it is served and eaten similarly to American pizza. Besides being served with meat or eggs, it can also be served plain.

### Pakistan

In Pakistani cuisine, *rishiki* is a pancake, slightly thicker than a crepe, which is made from whole wheat flour, water and eggs and usually served with honey. It is widely consumed in the far north and is a staple of Chitrali cuisine.

### Southeast Asia

Banana pancakes are a menu item in backpacker-oriented cafes in Southeast Asia. This has given rise to the term *Banana Pancake Trail* or *Banana Pancake Circuit*, given to the growing routes travelled by backpackers across Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.

### Indonesia

Pancakes in Indonesia are called *panekuk*. The Indonesian pancake *serabi* is made from rice flour and coconut milk. The dish is often served with kinca, a thick, brown-colored coconut sugar syrup. Other toppings may include sugar, ground peanuts, sliced bananas, jackfruit, and other fruits, and chocolate. Other variations include cheddar cheese, corned beef, shredded chicken, and sausage.

Other types of pancakes in Indonesia are *burgo*, *dadar gulung*, *kue ape*, *kue apem*, *kue cubit*, *kue cucur*, *kue terang bulan*, *laklak*, *murtabak*, *pannenkoek*, *poffertjes*, *roti canai*, and *roti jala*.

### Malaysia and Singapore

The traditional Malay pancake in Malaysia and Singapore is called *Lempeng Kelapa*. Cooked very similarly to an American or Canadian style pancake albeit without a rising agent, it is a savoury pancake usually served during the breakfast hours with fish curry, coconut sticky rice, dried fish, *rendang*, or *sambal*.

### Myanmar (Burma)

The traditional Burmese pancake is called bein mont, and is a traditional Burmese snack or *mont*. The pancake is baked in a rice flour batter immersed in jaggery, coconut shavings and garnished with sesame seeds, peanuts and poppy seeds.

### Philippines

In the Philippines, traditional dessert pancakes include salukara, a rice pancake made from glutinous rice, eggs, and coconut milk. The batter is placed in a clay pot lined with banana leaves or greased with oil, and is baked over hot coals. Salukara is a subtype of bibingka (Philippine baked rice cakes).[34] Panyalam, a similar rice pancake from Mindanao, is deep-fried rather than baked.[35]

Traditional savory pancakes in the Philippines include pudpod (smoked fish flake pancakes) and okoy (a pancake made of battered shrimp, pumpkin, or sweet potatoes).

The American style of pancakes is also a common offering in fast-food establishments in the Philippines, usually as a breakfast fare, as well as in specialty restaurants like IHOP and the local restaurant brand Pancake House. The inexpensive local counterpart, called hotcakes, aside from being commonly prepared for breakfast, is also prepared as an afternoon snack, with street kiosks selling small hotcakes topped with the choice of margarine and sugar or condensed milk and flavored syrups.

### Vietnam

In Vietnamese cuisine there are a variety of dish that called pancake *(bánh xèo*, *bánh khọt* which are sometime called Vietnamese pancake), as well as similar dish such as *bánh căn* and *bánh khoái* in central Vietnam.

### Austria, Czech Republic, and Romania, Slovakia, and former Yugoslavia

In Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, pancakes are called *palatschinke*, *palačinka* and *palacinka*, respectively (plural: *palatschinken*, *palačinky*, and *palacinky*). *Kaiserschmarrn* is an Austrian pancake including raisins, almonds, apple jam or small pieces of apple, split into pieces, and sprinkled with powdered sugar. In Romania, they are called *clătită* (plural: *clătite*). In countries of former Yugoslavia, they are called *palačinka* (plural: *palačinke*). In these languages, the word derives from the Latin *placenta*, meaning "cake". These pancakes are thin and filled with apricot, plum, lingonberry, apple or strawberry jam, chocolate sauce, or hazelnut spread. Eurokrem, Nutella, and Lino-Lada fillings are favourite among the younger population. A traditional version includes filling pancakes with cheese, pouring yoghurt over them, and then baking in an oven.

### Belarus, Russia, Ukraine

Eastern-Slavic cuisines have a long tradition of pancake cooking and include a large variety of pancake types. In Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, pancakes may be breakfast food, appetizer, main course, or dessert.

*Blini* (Russian: блины) and *mlynci* (Ukrainian: млинцi) are thin pancakes, somewhat thicker than crêpes, made from wheat or buckwheat flour, butter, eggs, and milk, with yeast added to the batter. Blini/mlynci cooking dates back to pagan traditions and feasts, which are reflected in today's "pancake week" celebrated in the winter before the Great Lent. In pre-Christian times, blini and mlynci were symbolically considered by early Slavic peoples as a symbol of the sun, due to their round form. Blintzes (Russian: блинчики *blinchiki*) are thin crêpes made without yeast. Filled blintzes are also referred to as *nalysnyky* (Ukrainian: налисники), *nalistniki* (Russian: налистники) or *nalesniki* (Russian: налесники). A filling such as jam, fruits, quark, or cottage cheese, potato, cooked ground meat or chicken, and even chopped mushrooms, bean sprouts, cabbage, and onions, is rolled or enveloped into a pre-fried blintz and then the blintz is lightly re-fried, sautéed, or baked.

Small thick pancakes are called *oladyi* (Russian: оладьи) or *oladky* (Ukrainian: оладки). The batter may contain various additions, such as apple and raisins.

### Denmark

*Æbleskiver* are traditional Danish pancakes made in a distinctive spherical shape. (The name literally means "apple slices" in Danish, although apples are not an ingredient.) *Æbleskiver* are cooked on the stove top by baking in a special cast iron pan with several hemispherical indentations. Batter is poured into the oiled indentations and as the *æbleskiver* begin to cook, they are turned with a knitting needle, skewer or fork to give the cakes their characteristic spherical shape. *Æbleskiver* are not sweet themselves but are traditionally served dipped in raspberry, strawberry, lingonberry or blackberry jam and sprinkled with powdered sugar.

### Finland

Finnish pancakes greatly resemble *plättar* (see the description in the Sweden section below) and are called *lettu*, *lätty*, *räiskäle* or *ohukainen*. In Finland pancakes are usually eaten as dessert with whipped cream or pancake-jam, sugar or vanilla ice cream. In Finnish, *lettu* and *pannukakku* (literally "pancake") have different meanings, the latter having a structurally closer resemblance to a hotcake, and is baked in an oven instead of using a frying pan. *Ålandspannkaka*, literally "pancake of Åland", is an extra thick variety of oven-made pancake that includes the addition of cardamom and either rice pudding or semolina porridge to the dough; it is only served on the Åland Islands and usually on its Autonomy Day.

### France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland (and Latin America)

*Crêpes*, popular in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Portugal, are made from flour, milk, and eggs. They are thin pancakes and are served with a sweet (fruit, ice cream, jam, chocolate spread, powdered sugar) or savoury filling (cheese, ham, seafood, spinach). In Francophone Europe, crêpes are often sold in special stands. In Italy there is a similar dish called *crespella* or *scrippella*. In this country are also popular some traditional waffle cookies called pizzelle and in some part of Tuscany there are typical thin crispy pancakes named *brigidini*, made with aniseed. In Brittany, a *galette* (or *galette bretonne*) is a large thin pancake made of buckwheat flour, often cooked on one side only.

Crêpes are popular in many South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. They are consumed with sweet fillings (marmalade, dulce de leche) or with salty fillings (ground meat (Brazil), vegetables, tomato sauce, cheese).

They have also become popular East Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea and China, and Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Thailand, where they are sold in crêpe stands and kiosks. They are often served with whipped cream and fruits, or non-sweet spreads such as vegetables.

*Farinata* are popular in Mediterranean regions, including Nice. Also called *socca*, these are pancakes made from chickpea flour and seasoned with black pepper. They are popular street food in Nice.

### Germany

German pancakes are known as *Pfannkuchen* (from the German *Pfanne* and *Kuchen* meaning "pan" and "cake") except in Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, where *Pfannkuchen* are Berliner pastries and pancakes are known as *Eierkuchen*. They are generally thicker than French-style crêpes and usually served with sweet or, occasionally, savoury fillings. Usage of a leavening agent or yeast is uncommon. Fried apple rings covered by pancake dough and served with sugar and cinnamon are called *Apfelküchle*. *Kaiserschmarrn*, a thick but light caramelized pancake popular in Bavaria and regions of the former Austria-Hungary, is usually split into pieces, filled with fruits or nuts, sprinkled with powdered sugar and served with a fruit sauce. It is believed[*by whom?*] that this was first prepared for Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria.

In Swabia, sliced pancake strips (*flädle*) are often served in soup.

### England

English pancakes have three key ingredients: plain flour, eggs, and milk, though Gervase Markham's 1615 version in *The English Huswife* used water instead of milk, and added sweet spices. The batter is runny and forms a thin layer on the bottom of the frying pan when the pan is tilted. It may form some bubbles during cooking, which results in a pale pancake with dark spots where the bubbles were, but the pancake does not rise. English pancakes are similar to French crêpes and Italian crespelle. They may be eaten as a sweet dessert with the traditional topping of lemon juice and sugar, drizzled with golden syrup, or wrapped around savoury stuffings and eaten as a main course. On Shrove Tuesday, it is custom to eat pancakes, and lemon juice and sugar may be added on top. Yorkshire pudding is made from a similar recipe, but baked instead of fried. This batter rises because the air beaten into the batter expands, without the need for baking powder; the result is eaten as part of the traditional roast beef dinner. Oatcakes are a savoury variety of pancake particularly associated with Staffordshire.

A variation of pancake is the crumpet, made from a batter leavened with yeast (or with both yeast and baking powder) and fried in butter to produce a slightly raised flat cake. They are also eaten in the rest of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and certain areas of the Commonwealth.

### Scotland

Pancakes (also called *Scotch pancakes* or *Scottish pancakes*) are more like the American type. In parts of Scotland they are also referred to as *drop scones* or *dropped scones*. They are made from flour, eggs, sugar, buttermilk or milk, salt, bicarbonate of soda and cream of tartar. Smaller than American or English pancakes at about 3.5 in / 9 cm in diameter, they are made by the traditional method of dropping batter onto a griddle (a *girdle* in Northumberland or in Scots). They can be served with jam and cream or just with butter. In Scotland pancakes are generally served at teatime.

### Wales

Welsh pancakes, known as *crempog*, *ffroes* and other names, vary considerably. Generally, they are thick and layered on top of each other to form a tall mock-cake, but some are very much like American pancakes, others may be made with yeast (called *crempog furum*) or oatmeal (although this is also true of American pancakes) and some are like Scotch pancakes. *Crumpets* and *pikelets* are sometimes considered a variety of pancake.

### Greece

Greek pancakes are called *tiganites* (*τηγανίτες*, from the ancient Greek *τηγανίτης*) and are popular across Greece and Cyprus. They are slightly thicker than crêpes and can be sweet or savoury. Their main ingredients are flour, olive oil or butter, milk and eggs. They are usually drizzled with honey and cinnamon, and sometimes topped with cheese, nuts, fruits or vegetables. Various small shops in Cyprus called creperies sell crepes, either savoury or sweet varieties. Tiganites can be served for breakfast or dessert, and in some places like Corfu and Patras are customarily served in the feast days of Saint Spyridon and Saint Andrew. In Cyprus the pancake recipe is used for a similar dish such as Genoese cannelloni – ground meat with tomato sauce, cheese, and sometimes bechamel sauce – instead of the traditional cannelloni dried pasta sold at supermarkets.

### Hungary

In Hungary, pancakes known as *palacsinta* (derived from the Latin *placenta*) are made from flour, milk or soda water, sugar, and eggs. Sweet wine may be added to the batter. The filling is usually jam, sugared and ground walnuts or poppy seeds, sugared cottage cheese, sugared cocoa, or cinnamon powder, but meat and mushroom fillings are also used (see *Hortobágyi palacsinta*). *Gundel palacsinta* is a Hungarian pancake stuffed with walnuts, zest, raisins and rum that is served in chocolate sauce and is often flambéed. Hungarian pancakes are served as a main dish or as a dessert.

### Iceland

Icelandic crepe-like pancakes are called *pönnukaka* (pl. *pönnukökur*), whereas smaller, thicker and denser pancakes resembling North American pancakes are called *lumma* or *skonsa*. The pancakes are usually a bit browner than traditional Swedish ones. *Pönnukökur* are usually cooked on a special Icelandic pancake pan, which is made to get the pancake as thin as possible, which is traditionally never washed or rinsed, not even with water. *Pönnukökur* are traditionally served rolled up with sugar or folded with jam and whipped cream, but if eaten at a café they might contain ice cream instead. Pönnukökur are also a popular dessert in North America among people of Icelandic descent.

In Iceland, North American-style pancakes are cut in half and used as sandwich bread, similar to Icelandic flatbread.

### Netherlands

In the Netherlands, pancakes are known as *pannenkoeken* and are mostly eaten at lunch and dinner time. Pancake restaurants are popular with families and serve many sweet, savoury, and stuffed varieties. Pannenkoeken are slightly thicker than crêpes and usually quite large, 12 in (30 cm) or so in diameter. The batter is egg-based and fillings include such items as sliced apples, cheese, ham, bacon, and candied ginger, alone or in combination.

*Stroop*, a thick molasses-like sugar beet-based syrup is also popular, particularly in a classic filling of bacon and stroop.

*Poffertjes* are another Dutch quick bread, similar to American pancakes but sweeter and much smaller. Made in a specially dimpled copper or cast iron pan, they are flipped once with a fork. Unlike Dutch pancakes, the batter for poffertjes contains baking powder and therefore they have a softer interior than pancakes.

A spekdik is a pancake like-food which is traditionally eaten in the provinces Groningen and Drenthe in the Netherlands around New Year. Unlike pancakes, a spekdik is cooked with a waffle iron. The main ingredients of a spekdik are syrup, eggs and rye-flour, and some varieties include bacon.

### Poland

In Poland, thin crêpe-style pancakes are called *naleśniki* (pronounced *naleshniki*). They are usually rolled and served with a variety of savoury or sweet fillings as a main dish or a dessert. Sweet fillings include fresh fruits (e.g. bilberries), jams (often apple jam), and soft white cheese with sugar. Savoury fillings include fried vegetables, fried chicken, minced meat, spinach, and a variety of added ingredients such as potatoes, mushrooms, cabbage or ham. Another Polish dish reassembling pancakes are *racuchy*. They are smaller and thicker than *naleśniki* and can be stuffed with apple slices.

### Spain

Spanish pancakes are called *frixuelos* or *filloas* and are very popular in the north-west of Spain. They are made from flour, milk, and eggs. They are thin and are usually served with a large amount of sugar or honey. They are a typical Carnival sweet dessert in Galicia, Asturias and León.

### Sweden, Norway

Nordic pancakes are similar to the French-style crêpes. In some Nordic countries, they are served with jam or fruit, often lingonberry or strawberry jam as a dessert with a variety of savoury fillings. Traditional Swedish variations can be exotic. Beside the usual thin pancakes, called *pannkakor*, which resemble the French crêpes and, often served with whipped cream and jam, are traditionally eaten for lunch on Thursdays with pea soup, the Swedish cuisine also has *plättar* — very small pancakes, which resemble tiny English pancakes, and are usually fried in a special pan called a "plättlagg", a sort of frying pan with indentations to allow for several (normally seven) to be made at once. Another type of pancake is the *ugnspannkaka* (oven pancake), which is very thick and resembles German pancakes, and is baked in the oven. There is also a variant which includes fried pork in the batter, *fläskpannkaka* (pork pancake).

Potato pancakes called *raggmunk* contain shredded raw potato, and may contain other vegetables (sometimes the pancake batter is omitted, producing *rårakor*). *Raggmunk* and *rårakor* are traditionally eaten with pork rinds and lingonberry jam. A special Swedish pancake is *saffron pancake* from Gotland, made with saffron and rice, baked in the oven. It is common to add lemon juice to the sugar for extra taste. The pancakes are often served after a soup. Another special "Swedish pancake" is the *äggakaka* (eggcake), also called *skånsk äggakaka* (Scanian eggcake), which is almost like an ordinary Swedish pancake but it is a lot thicker and also much more difficult to make due to the risk of burning it. It is made in a frying pan, is about 1½ to 2 inches thick, and is served with lingonberries and bacon. The Norwegian variety is commonly eaten for dinner, traditionally with bacon, jam (typically bilberry) or sugar.

### Costa Rica

Costa Rican *chorreadas* are similar to *cachapas*.

### Guatemala

Guatemalan pancakes are called *panqueques*. They are made with the same ingredients as American pancakes. The toppings are usually fruits and honey. They are a very popular breakfast meal in Guatemala. Depending on the region, the *panqueque* can be thin as a crêpe or as fluffy as a North American pancake.

### Mexico

Mexican *hotcakes* are similar to American pancakes. Crêpes became popular toward the end of the 19th century after their introduction by the French sometime between the First French Intervention (1838) and the Second French Intervention in Mexico (1861–67). Hotcakes are often made with cornmeal, as well as, or instead of wheat flour. Hotcakes are popular breakfast items at restaurants throughout the country, and are often sold by street vendors in cities and during the local celebrations of towns through the day. They are also sold during fairs; the vendors sell a single hotcake topped with different sauces such as condensed milk, fruit jam or a sweet goat milk spread called *cajeta*.

### United States and Canada

American and Canadian pancakes (sometimes called *hotcakes*, *griddlecakes*, or *flapjacks*) are usually served at breakfast, in a stack of two or three, topped with real or artificial maple syrup and butter. They are often served with other items such as bacon, toast, eggs or sausage. Other popular topping alternatives include jam, peanut butter, nuts, fruit, honey, powdered sugar, whipped cream, cane syrup, cinnamon and sugar, and molasses. In addition, when a pancake is occasionally served as a dessert, toppings such as ice cream, chocolate syrup, and various fruits are often used.

The thick batter contains eggs, flour, milk, and a leavening agent such as baking powder. The batter can have ingredients such as buttermilk, blueberries, strawberries, bananas, apples, chocolate chips, cheese, or sugar added. Spices such as cinnamon, vanilla and nutmeg can also be used. Yogurt may be used to give the pancakes a relatively moist consistency. Pancakes may be ⅓ inch (1 cm) thick and are typically between 4 inches (10 cm) and 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter.

### Varieties of American and Canadian pancakes

*Bannock* is common to virtually all North America's first peoples.[*dubious – discuss*] The European version (Scotland) was traditionally made of oatmeal. The bannock of native North Americans was made of corn, nut meal and plant bulb meal. Each region had its own variation of flour and fruit. Today, bannock is most often deep-fried, pan-fried and oven-baked.

*Johnnycake* (also *jonnycake*, *johnny cake*, *journey cake* or *Johnny Bread*) is a cornmeal flatbread that was an early American staple food, and is still eaten in the West Indies and Bermuda. The modern johnnycake is stereotypically identified with today's Rhode Island foods, though they are a cultural staple in all of the northern US. A modern johnnycake is fried cornmeal gruel, which is made from yellow or white cornmeal mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and frequently lightly sweetened.

*Yaniqueques* or *yanikeke* are a Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake. They are a fried bread rather than a pancake, and are a popular beach food.

Sourdough was used by prospectors and pioneers to make pancakes without having to buy yeast. Prospectors would carry a pot of sourdough to make pancakes and bread, as it could last indefinitely, needing only flour and water to replenish it. Sourdough pancakes are now a particular specialty in Alaska. They are also found in many American pancake houses and restaurants elsewhere in America.

A *silver dollar pancake* refers to a pancake about two to three inches (5 to 7 cm) in diameter, or just a bit bigger than the pre-1979 silver dollar coins in the United States. This is usually made by frying a small spoonful of the same batter as any other pancake. One serving usually consists of five to ten silver dollar pancakes.

*German pancakes* or *Dutch baby pancakes* served in American pancake houses are bowl-shaped. They are eaten with lemons and powdered sugar, jam, or caramelized apples, as well as fritters. A David Eyre's pancake is a variation on the German pancake named for the American writer and editor David W. Eyre (1912–2008).

*Toutons* are small, tall pancakes traditional in Newfoundland. They are usually served with dark molasses.

### Australia and New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand, small pancakes (about 75 mm in diameter) known as *pikelets* are also eaten. They are traditionally served with jam or whipped cream, or solely with butter, at afternoon tea, but can also be served at morning tea. They are made with milk, self-raising flour, eggs, and a small amount of icing sugar.

In some circles in New Zealand, very thin, crêpe-like or English pancake-like pancakes (around 20 cm [7.9 in] in diameter) are served with butter, or butter and lemon, sugar, and then rolled up and eaten.

American-style pancakes are also popular. They are eaten for breakfast or as a dessert, with lemon juice and sugar, butter and maple syrup, stewed fruits such as strawberries and cream, ice cream, or mascarpone.

### Brazil

*Tapioca* (Portuguese pronunciation: [tɐpiˈɔkɐ]), *beiju* ([bejˈʒu]) or *biju* ([biˈʒu]) are cassava (manioc) starch flour unleavened pancakes. They are slightly thicker than crêpes and can be eaten plain or with sweet or savoury toppings. Tapioca flour must be moistened and strained through a sieve to become a coarse flour. The heat of an ungreased hot griddle or pan makes the starchy grains fuse into a flatbread which resembles a grainy pancake. Popular *tapioca* toppings include molten butter and dried, shredded coconut.

*Panquecas* ([pɐ̃ˈkɛkɐs]) are generally made from cow's milk and refined wheat flour, and generally eaten with savoury fillings as rolls (although dessert *panquecas* also exist). For those with celiac disease, corn starch might substitute for the wheat flour. Common fillings include shredded, seasoned chicken breast with tomato paste/sauce, and ground beef, seasoned with fried onion cubes or fried salted smashed garlic (*refogado*), and often bell pepper cubes and tomato paste/sauce. Both kinds are generally topped with Parmesan cheese. Vegan recipes also exist, with texturized soy protein (*carne de soja*, [ˈkaʁni dʒi ˈsɔʒɐ]) being particularly popular. Savoury *panqueca* is generally eaten for lunch or dinner, accompanied of white rice and salad, and less often pulses (prominently the beans Brazilian cuisine is famous for).

The exotic Brazilian pancake *blinis* ([bɫiˈnis]) is made from a mixture of coconut milk (*leite de coco*, [ˈlejtʃi dʒi ˈkoku]) and *puba* ([ˈpuβɐ]), a paste extracted from fermented cassava, most prominent in the cuisines of the Northern and Northeastern regions and relatively unknown elsewhere. The resulting product is significantly more watery, filling and strongly flavored than the unfermented *tapioca*, and care should be taken in rolling the pancakes if desired because it breaks very easily. Common toppings include molten butter and common sorts of savoury *panqueca* filling, but creative recipes might arise, such as fake lasagne.

### Colombia and Venezuela

**Cachapas** are corn pancakes, popular in Venezuelan cuisine.

In Colombia a similar preparation to cachapas is "arepa de choclo" (sweetcorn arepa).

# Restaurant chains

In the US, Mexico and Canada, the franchised restaurant chain International House of Pancakes (IHOP) serves pancakes all day. The Original Pancake House is another chain of pancake restaurants across the US, and Walker Brothers is a series of pancake houses in the Chicago area that developed as a franchised spin-off of The Original Pancake House.

The popularity of pancakes in Australia has spawned the Pancake Parlour and Pancakes on the Rocks franchised restaurants. In British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, the restaurant chain De Dutch serves Dutch and Flemish-style pannenkoeken.

# Pancake syndrome

Pancake syndrome is an allergic reaction which some people have after eating pancakes in tropical regions where certain mites can contaminate the flour in pancakes.

# Pancake Day

Pancakes are traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday, which is known as "Pancake Day" in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and "Pancake Tuesday" in Ireland and Scotland. (Shrove Tuesday is better known in the United States, France, and other countries as Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday.) Historically, pancakes were made on Shrove Tuesday so that the last of the fat or lard was used up before Lent. No meat products should be eaten during Lent. Charity and school events are organized on Pancake Day: in a "pancake race" each participant carries a pancake in a frying pan. All runners must toss their pancakes as they run and catch them in the frying pan. This event is said to have originated in Olney, England in 1445 when a housewife was still busy frying pancakes to eat before the Lenten fast when she heard the bells of St Peter and St Paul's Church calling her to the Shriving Service. Eager to get to church, she ran out of her house still holding the frying pan complete with pancake, tossing it to prevent it from burning, and still wearing her apron and headscarf. Every Shrove Tuesday since 1950, the towns of Olney and Liberal, Kansas have competed in the International Pancake Race. Only local women may compete; they race, and their times are compared to determine the international winner. In Olney the main women's race is augmented by races for local schoolchildren and for men.

The Rehab UK Parliamentary Pancake Race takes place every Shrove Tuesday, with teams from the British lower house (the House of Commons), the upper house (the House of Lords), and the Fourth Estate, contending for the title of Parliamentary Pancake Race Champions. The fun relay race is to raise awareness of the work of the national brain injury charity, Rehab UK, and the needs of people with acquired brain injury.

# See also

* List of breakfast foods
* List of quick breads
* Pancake art - an artform where batter is applied to make an image
* Pancake breakfast
* Qistibi
* Roti jala
* Sarva Pindi
* Waffle