Ligne 225 KV - (Eguzon-Distré)

### Date de suppression:

1994-1995 : D'Eguzon à Sacierges-Saint-Martin2000-2002 : de Châtellerault à Distré

## Présentation :

La ligne Eguzon-Distré est une ancienne ligne à 225 KV qui reliait le barrage d'Eguzon sur la Creuse au poste d'interconnexion de Distré près de Saumur. Elle a été en grande partie démontée dans les années 1990-2000. Elle est partiellement réutilisée dans la Vienne pour le réseau à 90KV tandis qu'une section de plus de 50 km est désaffectée depuis près de 30 ans.

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class=\"mw-parser-output\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEguzon\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E","title":"Eguzon\n","link":"","lat":46.457089710709525,"lon":1.618267524606396,"icon":""},{"text":"\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-parser-output\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDistr\u00e9\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E","title":"Distr\u00e9\n","link":"","lat":47.20879916606253,"lon":-0.11348161060797501,"icon":""},{"text":"\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-parser-output\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIngrandes\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E","title":"Ingrandes\n","link":"","lat":46.84915983170871,"lon":0.6022624827909695,"icon":""},{"text":"\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-parser-output\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESacierges-Saint-Martin\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E","title":"Sacierges-Saint-Martin\n","link":"","lat":46.498244760148694,"lon":1.3770080572353471,"icon":""}]}
## Historique :

La ligne fut construite en 1933 par la Société Anonyme de Transport d'Energie du Centre-Ouest (SATECO) afin d'approvisionner le quart Nord-Ouest de la France avec l'énergie hydraulique du Massif central, qui voyait à cette époque sa capacité de production augmenter considérablement avec la mise en service de la centrale de Brommat (d'une puissance de 200 Mégawatts). Mais cette longue liaison de transport avait avant tout pour but de pourvoir en énergie la voie ferrée Paris-Bordeaux, dont l'électrification venait d'être achevée jusqu'à Tours (mise sous tension de la caténaire le 19 Juillet 1933 entre Orléans et Tours par la Compagnie du Paris-Orléans). Elle était alors exploitée sous une tension de 220 000 volts.

Elle est à l'origine de la création du poste d'interconnexion de Distré, d'où le réseau rayonnait ensuite vers Tours, Cholet, Nantes via des lignes à 110 KV. A la fin des années 1930, il sera relié aux usines thermiques du Nord via un autre grand axe à 220 KV construit avec des pylônes identiques et passant par Le Mans, Rouen et Amiens.

La ligne passe sous le giron d'EDF en 1946, à l'instar du reste du réseau Français, suite à la nationalisation des compagnies d'électricité. Puis la liaison Eguzon-Distré est doublée au début des années 1950 avec la réalisation d'une seconde ligne à 225 KV cheminant en parallèle. Durant cette période, la ligne réalisée par la SATECO voit sa tension passer de 220 à 225 KV suite à la normalisation des tensions du réseau opéré par EDF.

La ligne n'évolue pas durant un demi siècle puis est fracturée au Nord de Châtellerault entre 1978 et 1983 pour entrer en coupure dans le poste 225/90KV de l'Orangerie, créé à la fin des années 1960 et alimentée initialement par la ligne Eguzon-Distré N°2.

Avec le développement du parc des centrales nucléaires et du réseau à 400 000 volts dans les années 1980, le doublement de la liaison 225 KV Eguzon-Distré s'avère inutile. La liaison construite par la SATECO, la plus ancienne, sera donc progressivement supprimée. Ainsi, la ligne Eguzon-l'Orangerie est déclassée entre 1986 et 1991 pour créer une ligne 90KV l'Orangerie-Pleumartin et mise hors-tension entre Pleumartin et Eguzon.

En 1994-1995, un tronçon de 20 km est déposé entre Eguzon et Sacierges-Saint-Martin pour faire place à une double ligne 400KV Eguzon-Valdivienne qui reprend en grande partie le même tracé. La ligne Distré-l'Orangerie sera quant à elle désaffectée à la fin des années 1990 et démontée entre 2000 et 2002.

Un court tronçon de deux kilomètre sur la partie inactive est réutilisé au milieu des années 2000 pour créer une liaison aéro-souterraine à 90KV entre Pleumartin et le poste de Preuilly.

Le tronçon désaffecté entre Vicq-sur-Gartempe et Sacierges-Saint-Martin, long d'environ 50 km, est toujours debout en 2022.

## Description du tracé :

La ligne suivait un tracé quasiment rectiligne orienté Nord-Ouest/Sud-Est et évoluaient majoritairement en zones de plaines.

* Elle partait du poste d'Eguzon qui surplombe la Creuse et se dirigeait vers l'Ouest en suivant le tracé de l'actuelle ligne 400 KV Eguzon-Valdivienne.
* Elle parcourait environ deux kilomètres avant de franchir la rivière puis quitter le tracé de la ligne 400KV après la D72. Elle gardait ensuite la même trajectoire jusqu'à Saint-Gilles, où elle bifurquait légèrement vers le Nord-Ouest.
* Elle poursuivait dans la même direction jusqu'à Prissac puis formait un léger coude avant de pénétrer dans la forêt de Luzeraire, dans le parc régional de la Brenne.
* La ligne passait ensuite au Nord de Bélâbre puis au Sud du Blanc puis cheminait en parallèle de la ligne Eguzon-l'Orangerie après avoir croisé la D951.
* Elle passait proche de Pleumartin puis franchissait la Vienne et la voie ferrée Paris-Bordeaux au Nord de Châtellerault. Après avoir parcouru quelques kilomètres, elle longeait brièvement la D749 entre Jaulnay et Richelieu.
* La ligne croisait la D759 entre Loudun et Beuxes puis la D147 à Roiffé. Elle passait ensuite dans la forêt du camp militaire de Fontevraud puis croisait la voie ferrée Saumur-Thouars avant d'entrer dans le poste électrique de Distré.

## Tronçons récupérés pour la création de nouvelles lignes :

* Ligne 225 KV - (Distré - l'Orangerie) N°2 : suite au déroutage vers le poste de l'Orangerie entre 1978 et 1983
* Ligne 225 KV - (Eguzon - l'Orangerie) N°2  : suite au déroutage vers le poste de l'Orangerie entre 1978 et 1983
* Ligne 90 KV - (l'Orangerie - Pleumartin) : création du poste source de Pleumartin entre 1986 et 1991
* Ligne 90 KV - (Pleumartin-Preuilly) : création du poste source de Preuilly entre 2003 et 2007

## Notes :

La ligne est composée exclusivement de pylônes à triangles, à l'exception d'un curieux portique installé au bord de la D725 sur la commune de Senillé-Saint-Sauveur.