Tiger

The **tiger** (*Panthera tigris*) is the largest extant cat species and a member of the genus *Panthera*. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange-brown fur with a lighter underside. It is an apex predator, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and wild boar. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator, requiring large contiguous areas of habitat, which support its requirements for prey and rearing of its offspring. Tiger cubs stay with their mother for about two years, before they become independent and leave their mother's home range to establish their own.

The tiger once ranged widely from the Eastern Anatolia Region in the west to the Amur River basin, and in the south from the foothills of the Himalayas to Bali in the Sunda islands. Since the early 20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and have been extirpated in Western and Central Asia, from the islands of Java and Bali, and in large areas of Southeast and South Asia and China. Today's tiger range is fragmented, stretching from Siberian temperate forests to subtropical and tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent and Sumatra.

The tiger is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. As of 2015, the global wild tiger population was estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 mature individuals, with most of the populations living in small pockets isolated from each other. India currently hosts the largest tiger population. Major reasons for population decline are habitat destruction, habitat fragmentationand poaching. Tigers are also victims of human–wildlife conflict, in particular in range countries with a high human population density.

The tiger is among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. It featured prominently in ancient mythology and folklore and continues to be depicted in modern films and literature, appearing on many flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea.

The Middle English *tigre* and Old English *tigras* derive from Old French *tigre*, from Latin *tigris*. This was a borrowing of Classical Greek τίγρις 'tigris', a foreign borrowing of unknown origin meaning 'tiger' as well as the river Tigris. The origin may have been the Persian word *tigra* meaning 'pointed or sharp', and the Avestan word *tigrhi* 'arrow', perhaps referring to the speed of the tiger's leap, although these words are not known to have any meanings associated with tigers.

The generic name *Panthera* is derived from the Latin word *panthera*, and the Ancient Greek word πάνθηρ 'panther'. The Sanskrit word पाण्डर pāṇḍ-ara means 'pale yellow, whitish, white'.

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work *Systema Naturae* and gave it the scientific name *Felis tigris*. In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus *Panthera* using the scientific name *Panthera tigris*.

Phylogenetic relationship of tiger populations based on Driscoll et al. (2009).

Following Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger specimens were described and proposed as subspecies. The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely *P. t. tigris* in mainland Asia, and *P. t. sondaica* in the Greater Sunda Islands.

Results of craniological analysis of 111 tiger skulls from Southeast Asian range countries indicate that Sumatran tiger skulls differ from Indochinese and Javan tiger skulls, whereas Bali tiger skulls are similar in size to Javan tiger skulls. The authors proposed to classify Sumatran and Javan tiger as distinct species, *P. sumatrae* and *P. sondaica* with Bali tiger as subspecies *P. sondaica balica*.

In 2015, morphological, ecological, and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of the two evolutionary groups continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies, namely *P. t. tigris* comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and *P. t. sondaica* comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations. The authors also noted that this reclassification will affect tiger conservation management. The nominate subspecies *P. t. tigris* constitutes two clades:

* a northern clade composed of the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations
* a southern clade composed of all other mainland populations.

One conservation specialist welcomed this proposal as it would make captive breeding programmes and future rewilding of zoo-born tigers easier. One geneticist was sceptical of this study and maintained that the currently recognised nine subspecies can be distinguished genetically.

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognized the tiger populations in continental Asia as *P. t. tigris*, and those in the Sunda Islands as *P. t. sondaica*. The following tables are based on the classification of the species *Panthera tigris* provided in *Mammal Species of the World*. It also reflects the classification used by the Cat Classification Task Force in 2017: