recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Lycoperdon pyriforme

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***Lycoperdon pyriforme***, commonly known as the **pear-shaped puffball** or **stump puffball**, is a saprobic fungus present throughout much of the world. Emerging in autumn, this puffball is common and abundant on decaying logs of both deciduous and coniferous wood. It is considered a choice edible when still immature and the inner flesh is white.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described in the scientific literature by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774. In 2001, DNA evidence compiled by Dirk Krüger and a number of other mycologists suggested that the genus *Lycoperdon* was polyphyletic, with the pear-shaped puffball differing most significantly from the group. This finding was supported by several morphological differences including the presence of rhizomorphs and its preference for wood. A 2003 publication of further research moved the puffball to the genus *Morganella* with the specific epithet's ending changed for agreement. In 2008, however, Larsson and Jeppson revisited the phylogeny of the Lycoperdaceae, with a broader sampling of species, and retained the taxon in *Lycoperdon*. The specific epithet *pyriforme* is Latin for "pear-shaped".

## Description

The fruit body of the pear-shaped puffball measures 1.5 to 4.5 cm in width by 2 to 4.5 cm in height. They are often pear-shaped as the name suggests, but they may also be nearly spherical. When very young they are covered in small white spines that typically fall off before maturity. A small developing pore may be visible at the top, while the sterile base of the mushroom is small and appears to be pinched in. Colour ranges from nearly white to yellowish brown with the darker shades developing with age. The central pore ruptures at late maturity to allow the wind and rain to disperse the spores. The base is attached to the wood by means of rhizomorphs (thick, cord-like strands of mycelium).

The gleba, or inner spore mass, is white when young, but it becomes greenish-yellow to dark olive-brown with age. The spores measure 3 to 4.5 µm and are round, smooth and a dark olive-brown in colour.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMushroomExpert`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lincoff 1981`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schaeffer 1774`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kruger 2003`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Larsson 2008`

## External links

* Commentary and Demonstration of puffing Stump Puffballs
* Mushroom Expert Profile

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Marasmius semiustus

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***Marasmius semiustus*** is a species of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family. It is a plant pathogen responsible for banana plant disease commonly found in the West Indies. The only known remedy is the removal and burning of diseased plants.

This fungus is also found in Malaysia, Hawaii, Taiwan, and Costa Rica. It was first described scientifically in 1869.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley1869`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Morchella dunensis

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***Morchella dunensis***, the **morel of the dunes**, is a species of fungus in the family *Morchellaceae* (Ascomycota). It was first described as a form of *Morchella esculenta* by Castañera and colleagues in 1996, but was later recombined as a distinct species by Clowez. In a 2014 study by Richard and colleagues, the authors concluded that the taxon was conspecific to *Morchella vulgaris*, due to its close phylogenetic proximity to the latter. However, following increased molecular sampling and the testing of an isoparatype collection by Loizides and colleagues in 2016, it was revealed that *M. dunensis* is indeed very closely related to, but phylogenetically distinct from *M. vulgaris*. This study also showed that the taxon *Morchella andalusiae* is phylogenetically identical and therefore a later synonym of *M. dunensis*.

*Morchella dunensis* is notable for its xerophilic, Mediterranean ecology and distribution, often found on coastal dunes and bare, well-drained soil.

## References

1. ↑ Castañera V, Moreno G. (1996). Una Morchella (*Morchella esculenta* forma *dunensis* f. nov.) frecuente en las dunas de Cantabria. Yesca, Rev Soc Micólogica de Cántabria 8:27.
2. ↑ Clowez P. (1997). *Morchella dunensis* (Boud.) Clowez (stat. et comb. nov. ad int.). Une bonne espèce pour un mystère nomenclatural. Documents Mycologiques 26(104):13–20.
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lecanocybe

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***Lecanocybe*** is a genus of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family of mushrooms. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Lecanocybe lateralis***, found in Java and Hawaii.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:Portal-inline

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Md Anan Islam

Anan with his cousin sister

**Md Anan Islam** (born December 09, 2004) is the elder child of Md Anwarul Islam and Mafruda Khatun and the elder brother of Md Ramiz Islam.

## Early life and background

* Anan is the eldest son of Md Anwarul Islam and his wife Mafruda Khatun.

* Anan goes to school at Uttar Lakshmipur High School in Uttar Lakshmipur, Malda, as did his younger brother Ramiz. Previously, he study at The same school .

## Anan Foundation

* **Anan foundations** work on India for Indian People Anan Published Anan Tuition and Anan Learning online and many more systems on Online and Offline with Anan Foundation.

* Anan is a television presenter and promotes humanitarian causes through his charity, Anan Foundation.

## Other Information

* He started an internet based company called Initially Corporation Limited.

## Career

* Anan was born into a Bengali family in Malda District, West Bengal, India. he did his schooling from Uttar Lakshmipur High School School .He is Very honest Human. He all time experiment on mobile and other electronic device and he fast minor Changes Peoples humility he also work on Anan Foundation and many more NGOs and Companies He Founded two Company and one Foundation (NGO) his Anan Foundation is a big opportunity for India. and his Anan Foundation (NGO) Help for poor and Helpless People and child. and he donate on Covid-19 situation in India he is a big heart boy. He developed many Apps and Games. He make a mini robot on his House made.

* Anan started her television career in 2020 but he don't shooting any television show and films. but he try in Bollywood cinema and his acting skill is awesome and he give many trophies and awards on his school and many more stage performance and more he is really great. We are proud of His awesome awesome gadget and products he publish mini gadgets and apps and clothes and more.

### **Browser**

1. Appy Browser
2. Kole Browser
3. coke Browser
4. class Browser

### **Learning App**

1. Anan Foundation Tuition
2. Coke Learning
3. Class Learning
4. 1stTo Learning

### **Game**

1. Pro Arg
2. Waye Non
3. Holy Cross
4. Pulg- Making Game skill Online.

## External Links

* File:20px-Yes check.svg.png Official website
* File:20px-Facebook-icon.png Facebook page
* File:20px-Twitter bird icon.png Twitter page
* File:YouTube icon.png YouTube channel
* File:Instagram.PNG Instagram account
* CrunchBase

## References

1. ↑ Anan in Medium News.
2. ↑ Official FB News.
3. ↑ PInterest.
4. ↑ Reference from gPedia.
5. ↑ Organization head news.
6. ↑ Bhatia, Shreya (6 January 2020). Meet the world's richest movie star, an Indian: Shah Rukh Khan. Retrieved on March 15, 2019.
7. ↑ Md Anan Islam CrunchBase Profile
Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum

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 File:Glutinoglossum glutinosum 138160.jpg
***Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum*** is a species of earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. Described in 2013, it is indistinguishable from its close relative *G. glutinosum* without the use of a microscope, and is known for certain only from the Czech Republic.

## Taxonomy

*Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum* was described in 2013 in a paper by mycologists V. P. Hustad, A. N. Miller, T. M. Dentinger and P. F. Cannon published in *Persoonia*. It was placed in the newly described genus *Glutinoglossum*. The genus was created for *G. heptaseptatum* and *G. glutinosum*, which were found to comprise one of five distinct clades within the Geoglossaceae. The species have an 8–10% DNA sequence dissimilarity in their internal transcribed spacer regions. The specific name *heptaseptatum* refers to how the ascospores of the species typically have seven septa.

## Description

Macroscopically, *Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum* is identical to *G. glutinosum*. It can be distinguished by microscopic characteristics, as it features wider asci, measuring from 170 to 205 by 18 to 22 micrometres (μm), and ascospores measuring from 55 to 90 μm, which usually have seven septa.

## Habitat and distribution

*Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum* grows from the earth in damp habitats. The species is known for certain from one location in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic, near Liberec. The field also contained mosses, *Festuca rubra*, *Agrostis capillaris* and *Cirsium palustre*. Reports of similar specimens in the literature suggest that the species may also exist in Asia, North America and Australia, but the very wide distribution may instead suggest additional as-yet undescribed taxa.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite journal Template:Open access

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gyromitra anthracobia

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***Gyromitra anthracobia*** is a post-fire ascomycete fungus in the family Discinaceae. It was described as new to science in 2018 from recently burned forests on the island of Cyprus.

This fungus can strongly resemble a *Verpa* species in the field, because of its smooth, hollow and distinctly elongated stipe, which is attached to the pileus only at the apex. Its cerebriform (brain-like) pileus, brown-pigmented paraphyses and biguttulate cyanophilic spores, are all typical gyromitroid features, however.

Because of its carbonicolous ecology and isolated phylogenetic position within the *Gyromitra*, *G. anthracobia* was placed in the new subgenus *Pseudoverpa* by Crous and colleagues (2018).

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Microporellus obovatus

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***Microporellus obovatus*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It has been found in French Guiana, Guadeloupe, various locales in Africa, India, and the United States.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mitra 1999`

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Melanoleuca verrucipes

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***Melanoleuca verrucipes*** is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. It is described as being a "very distinct species with its blackish dotted stipe." It was reportedly first discovered on leaf mulch in Highgate Woods, north London. The edibility of the mushroom is not known with certainty.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `NoordeloosKuyper1999`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `British wildlife`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boa2004`

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Morchella deliciosa

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***Morchella deliciosa*** is a species of edible fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was first described scientifically by Elias Magnus Fries in 1822. It is a European species, although the name has erroneously been applied to morphologically similar North American morels.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1822`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlKuo`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Morchella disparilis

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***Morchella disparilis*** is a fungus in the family *Morchellaceae* (division Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in 2016 by Loizides and colleagues, and appears to be confined to the Mediterranean Basin, where it grows under strawberry trees (*Arbutus andrachne*) and cypress trees (*Cupressus sempervirens*).

The most striking feature of this species, is apparently the exceptionally deep *sinus* (the bent at the attachment of the cap with the stem), intermediate in depth between half-free morels of the *Morchella semilibera* clade, and typical *Distantes* species.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* [1]

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Hydnum vesterholtii

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***Hydnum vesterholtii*** is a species of fungus in the family Hydnaceae native to the southern and Central Europe and southwestern China.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `feng16`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `vizzini12`

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Hydnellum coalitum

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***Hydnellum coalitum*** is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Europe, it was described as new to science in 1975 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus, from collections made in France.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1975`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hortiboletus bubalinus

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***Hortiboletus bubalinus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. Originally described in 1991 as a species of *Boletus*, the fungus was transferred to *Xerocomus* in 1993. It was transferred to *Hortiboletus* by Bálint Dima in 2015.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Oolbekkink 1991`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redeuilh 1993`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dima 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Korfiella

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***Korfiella*** is a fungal genus in the family Sarcosomataceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ***Korfiella karnika***, found in India and described as new to science in 1970.

## Discovery

The first scientifically documented collections of *Korfiella karnika* were made in November, 1965. Fruitbodies of the fungus were found growing on the rotting stump of a tree in Nainital, India. Specimens were sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where mycologist R.W.G. Dennis noted their similarity to *Plectania melastoma*. After further consultation with Discomycetes authority Richard Korf, the authors Pant and Tewari erected a new genus, naming it in honour of Korf. The specific epithet *karnika*—derived from the Sanskrit *karna*, ("ear")—refers to the fruitbody shape.

Pant and Tewari considered the fungus aligned with the tribe *Urnuleae* of the family Sarcoscyphaceae, according to the taxonomy of the time. *Korfiella* is now classified in the Sarcosomataceae. The phylogenetics of the family was examined using molecular techniques in a 2013 paper, but "Unfortunately, *Korfiella* has not been included due to the temporary absence of available samples."

## Description

The genus *Korfiella* has the following characteristics. Fruitbodies are leathery, with a split on one side that extends all the way to the base. They tend to grow in groups or scattered, attached to the substrate either directly, or, more rarely, by a short stipe-like base. The outer fruitbody surface is brown, while the surface of the hymenium is black. Microscopically, the excipulum (the tissue making up the walls of the apothecium) comprises two distinct layers. The medullary excipulum is made of textura intricata, containing brown hyphae running parallel to the outside. The ectal excipulum is dark chestnut-brown, with textura angularis tissue. Asci (spore-sproducing cells) do not turn blue when stained with iodine. They are long, with a cylindrical shape, and suboperculate. Spores produced by *Korfiella karnika* are hyaline (translucent), oval to elliptical, and contain one or two oil droplets.

In addition to having the general characteristics of the genus, *Korfiella karnika* is further defined by more specific measurements. The ear-shaped fruitbodies tend to be Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert tall. The hymenium measures 234–468 µm, including a subhymenium of 58–117 µm. The long, cylindrical asci measure 234–429 by 9.5–11 µm thick, and have narrow, flexuous, forked bases. Spores are 16–21 by 8–10.5 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Korfiella* is known only from its type collection in Ayar Pata, Nainital, India. It was found growing among mosses atop a rotting stump.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pant 1970`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Carbone 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Inocybe griseolilacina

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***Inocybe griseolilacina***, commonly known as the **lilac leg fibrecap**, is a mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. It was described scientifically by Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1917.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lange 1917`

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Leucoinocybe

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***Leucoinocybe*** is a fungal genus in the family Tricholomataceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Leucoinocybe lenta***, found in Europe.

## See also

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* List of Tricholomataceae genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lepiota nirupama

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***Lepiota nirupama*** is a species of agaric fungus of the genus *Lepiota* in the order Agaricales. Known only from Kerala State in India, it was described as new to science in 2009.

## Taxonomy

The species was described in the journal *Mycotaxon* in 2009 by T.K.A. Kumar and P. Manimohan. The type collections was made in July, 2005, in the Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala State, India. The specific epithet *nirupama* is derived from the Sanskrit word for "unequaled".

## Description

Fruit bodies of *Lepiota nirupama* have caps that start out roughly spherical before becoming convex, ultimately reaching dimensions of Template:Convert. The cap color ranges from light brown to dark brown (sometimes with reddish tones), and the surface is covered with small, wart-like to conical scales that eventually slough off to leave a reticulate (net-like) pattern. This pattern is most prevalent in the center of the cap, but diminishes toward the margin. In mature specimens, the cap cuticle peels off to reveal the underlying white flesh. The cap margin is initially curved inward but straightens out in maturity. The gills are free from attachment to the stem, and moderately crowded, with 4–5 tiers of interspersed lamellulae (short gills). The gill edges are fringed, although a hand lens may be needed to see this detail. The stem is centrally attached to the cap, hollow, and measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick. The stem bears a whitish, membranous or fibrillose ring on its upper half that can be moved up and down. The lower surface of the ring is densely covered with fluffy whitish to light brown scales. The stem color is light brown to reddish-brown below the level of the ring, and it has small pyramidal scales scattered about its surface; above the ring, the stem is whitish. There is white mycelium at the base of the stem. The flesh of the mushroom is up to Template:Convert thick, and lacks any distinct odor.

Spores are smooth, elliptical, hyaline (translucent), and measure 4–6 by 3 µm. They contain refractive oil droplets. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to club-shaped, hyaline, four-spored with sterigmata up to 2 µm long, and measure 15–20 by 6–8 µm. Cheilocystidia are plentiful, thin-walled, club-shaped or sac-like with a pedicel, and have dimensions of 10–34 by 7–20 µm; there are no cystidia on the gill faces (pleurocystidia).

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Lepiota nirupama* grow singly to scattered on the ground among bamboo roots both dead and living. It is known only from the type locality.

## See also

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* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kumar2009`

## External links

* Template:MycoBank

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Lycoperdon radicatum

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***Lycoperdon radicatum*** is a species of puffball mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. It was described in 1848 by French botanists Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve and Camille Montagne.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Algérie 1848`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius pyrogalus

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***Lactarius pyrogalus***, commonly known as the **fire-milk lactarius**, is a species of inedible mushroom in genus *Lactarius*. It is greyish and differentiated from other grey *Lactarius* by its widely spaced, yellow gills. It is found on the forest floor in mixed woodland, especially at the base of hazel trees.

## Taxonomy

*Lactarius pyrogalus* was first described by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard as *Agaricus pyrogalus* in 1792, before being given its current binomial name by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838. Its specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek roots *pyro-* "fire" and *gala* "milk".

## Description

*Lactarius pyrogalus* has a cap Template:Convert across which is grey fawn, sometimes with a yellowish tinge, with pink and purple tinges not unknown. It is flattened convex to flat, later becoming funnel shaped. The cap is sometimes faintly concentrically banded, it is thin fleshed and becomes sticky when moist, but is not shiny. The stem is between 4 and 6 cm, and between 7 and 15 mm thick, generally cylindrical but sometimes slightly swollen at the base. The stem is whitish or concolorous with the cap, with whitish flesh. It has slightly decurrent gills, which are yellow to flesh coloured, though later become a cinnamon-ochre colour. The well-spaced, yellow gills differentiate it from other greyish *Lactarius* species.

 File:Lactarius-pyrogalus-gills.jpg
### Spores

*Lactarius pyrogalus* produces a light ochre spore print; the spores are broadly elliptic, with warts generally joined by a moderately thick ridges in a well-developed network. The spores are 7–8 by 5.5–7 µm in size. The spores are amyloid, meaning they stain dark blue in Melzer's reagent, and feature an incomplete net.

## Distribution

*Lactarius pyrogalus* is fairly common and is generally found at the base of hazel trees alone or in scattered groups. It is particularly common in hazel woodland managed for coppice. It can also be found elsewhere on the ground in mixed woodland. It is found in the autumn months of August, September and October.

## Edibility

*Lactarius pyrogalus* has a very hot, acrid taste and is acidic. It is due to this taste that it received both its English name, fire-milk lactarius, and its scientific name, with "pyrogalus" translating as "fire milk". Despite not being poisonous, it is not regarded as edible and should be avoided. This is unlike its relative, the saffron milk-cap (*L. deliciosus*), which is regarded as a choice mushroom.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite book
7. ↑ Phillips, 80.

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Hymenochaete corrugata

## Hosts and Symptoms

 File:2013-04-07 Hymenochaete corrugata (Fr.) Lév 340018.jpg
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***Hymenochaete corrugata*** is a plant pathogen that causes Glue Crust in its hosts.

Hosts and symptoms are crucial to know when trying to identify a pathogen of disease. In order for the pathogen to be identified, its common hosts and key symptoms must be accessible. The primary hosts of *Hymenochaete corrugata* are broadleaf trees, primarily hazel and willow. The disease is called Glue Crust and stems from the pathogen’s habit of moving across trees and gluing together twigs and branches that are in contact with each other. Common symptoms are an uneven surface caused by settae surface hairs and a grey or brown surface tinted lilac on the tree bark. The main sign is the presence of white fruiting bodies that form crusts attached to the trees, typically on the bark of the trunk. Settae can also be seen on the tree bark in the trunk and branches. These fruiting bodies develop cracks over time.

## Environment

This disease is primarily localized to Britain, Ireland, mainland Europe, and parts of North America. The growing season in Europe is summer and fall. The disease development and spread is favored in woodland areas, primarily Acidophious Quercus-dominated woodland and broadleaved deciduous woodlands. These woodland environments typically consist of summer-green non-coniferous trees and evergreen trees. These conditions are a temperate climate and are in areas with distinct seasons that make for moderate temperatures due to common rainfall.

## Pathogenesis

Regarding the pathogenesis, Glue Crust essentially glues dead twigs to living branches in the canopy, which prevents the dead twigs from falling to the ground. If they fell to the ground, they would be available to be decomposed by other fungi. *Hymenochaete corruguta’s* individual genotypes can accomplish this gluing by making sclerotized mycelial pads that form a bridge binding the twigs together from various stools. The pads created can also allow for attachment to other trees, not just twigs in the same tree. The fungus essentially can go back and forth between different modes of mycelial development and producing melanized pseudosclerotial plates, and then spreads from branch to branch through these glued together pseudosclerotia.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Hymenochaete corrugata (Fr.) Lév. - Glue Crust (n.d.).
3. ↑ Climate: East Woodlands (2015).
4. ↑ Fungi.
5. ↑ Template:Cite book
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Index Fungorum
* USDA ARS Fungal Database

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Erastia

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***Erastia*** is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single European species ***Erastia salmonicolor***. *Erastia* was circumscribed by Finnish mycologists Tuomo Niemelä and Juha Kinnunen in 2005. It is named in honour of the Estonian mycologist Erast Parmasto, "the eminent researcher of fungal taxonomy and cladistics".

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niemelä 2005`

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Lycoperdon umbrinum

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***Lycoperdon umbrinum***, commonly known as the **umber-brown puffball**, is a type of Puffball mushroom in the genus *Lycoperdon*. It is found in China, Europe, and North America.

## Description

This species has a fruit body that is shaped like a top or a pear, with a short, partly buried stipe. It is Template:Convert tall and Template:Convert broad. The fruit body is initially pale brown then reddish to blackish brown, and the outer wall has slender, persistent spines up to 1 mm long. Spores are roughly spherical, 3.5–5.5 µm in diameter, with fine warts and a pedicel that is 0.5–15 µm long. It is uncommon and found mostly in coniferous woods on sandy soils.

## See also

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* Puffball

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jordan 2004`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Miller 2006`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ellis 1990`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* California Fungi

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Imperator luteocupreus

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***Imperator luteocupreus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to southern Europe, where it is found under chestnut (*Castanea*). It is related to *Suillellus luridus*. It was transferred to the new genus *Imperator* in 2015.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Assyov 2005`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlBinderHibbett2004`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Assyov 2015`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hydnellum compactum

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***Hydnellum compactum*** is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It is found in Europe, where it grows in deciduous forest, typically under beech. Fruit bodies of the fungus grow singly or in groups. They are top-shaped, with convex or flattened upper surfaces up to Template:Convert in diameter. The surface texture is initially felt-like before becoming pitted and rough in age. The stipe, roughly the same color as the cap, is solid and measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick. On the fertile cap underside (the hymenium) are white to purple-brown, curved spines up to 5 mm long. The color is whitish at first but gradually turns dark brown to blackish. Its spores measure 5.5–6 by 3.5–4.5 µm, and feature tubercles that sometimes have a sunken tip. It is considered endangered in Switzerland.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ellis 1990`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Senn-Irlet 2007`

## See also

* List of fungi by conservation status

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Lacrymaria lacrymabunda

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***Lacrymaria lacrymabunda*** is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It is found in North America, Central America, Europe, northern Asia, and New Zealand, where it grows on disturbed ground in woodland, gardens, and parks. Although it is sometimes listed as an edible species, some individuals report developing stomach upset after eating it.

It has jet black, heavily ornamented spores and a fragile, brittle consistency.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Marasmius midnapurensis

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***Marasmius midnapurensis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae that was first described scientifically in 2014. It is known only from its type locality, in the Midnapur district of West Bengal (India), where it grows on the dried leaves and wood of *Acacia*. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer DNA suggests that the fungus is a species distinct from close relatives such as *M. jasminodorus* and *M. aurantioferrugineus*, and that it should be classified in *Marasmius* section *Sicci*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dutta 2014`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Lactarius crocatus

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***Lactarius crocatus*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. Found in Chiang Mai Province (northern Thailand), it was described as new to science in 2010.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `VandePutte2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius vitellinus

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***Lactarius vitellinus*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. Found in northern Thailand, it was described as new to science in 2010.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `VandePutte2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Morchella deqinensis

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***Morchella deqinensis*** is a species of fungus in the familyMorchellaceae found in China. It grows in coniferous and mixed forests at an elevation of Template:Convert.

## Taxonomy

The species was reported as new to science in 2006 by Shu-Hong Li and colleagues from the Yunnan Agricultural University. The specific epithet *deqinensis* refers to Dêqên County in Yunnan, where the type specimen was collected.

## Description

Fruit bodies are Template:Convert tall; of this, the egg-shaped to broadly conical cap is Template:Convert wide by Template:Convert tall. Its surface features sparse, vertically arranged ridges that are dark greenish-brown in colour. The intersection of vertical and horizontal ridges form irregularly shaped, cream-coloured pits that are generally two or three times as long as they are wide. The flesh is firm and thin, and lacks any distinct odour or taste. The cap is completely attached to the hollow, conical stipe, which measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert wide. Initially whitish, it becomes rust-coloured in maturity or after drying. White granules are present at the top of the stipe and in the grooves at the base.

The hymenium (fertile, spore-bearing surface) is 6–10 µm thick. Asci (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical, eight-spored, hyaline (translucent) and measure 9.9–10.5 µm thick by 105–150 µm long. In deposit, the spores are cream coloured. Spores are ellipsoid to egg-shaped, smooth, hyaline, and have dimensions of 6.4–8.1 by 9.2–9.6 µm. They are thin walled and lack oil droplets. Paraphyses are club shaped with a septum at the base, and measure 3.6–4.5 by 43 µm.

### Similar species

*Morchella umbrina* is somewhat similar in appearance to *M. deqinensis*, but the former species can be distinguished by its deeper colour, the smaller pits on the cap surface, and the absence of granules on the stipe.

## Habitat and distribution

*Morchella deqinensis* is known only from China, where it fruits on the ground in coniferous and mixed forests at an elevation of Template:Convert. The type collection was made in April.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Li 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:Mycobank

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Lactarius fulvissimus

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***Lactarius fulvissimus*** is a species of fungus in the Russulaceae family. It was first described scientifically by Henri Romagnesi in 1954.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Romagnesi1954`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leccinum vulpinum

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***Leccinum vulpinum***, commonly known as the **foxy bolete**, is a bolete fungus in the genus *Leccinum* that is found in Europe. It was described as new to science by Roy Watling in 1961. An edible species, it grows in mycorrhizal association with species of pine and bearberry.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRecommended English Names for Fungi - Scottish Fungi`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Watling 1961`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gry 2014`

## External links

Template:IndexFungorum
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Hygrophoropsis fuscosquamula

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***Hygrophoropsis fuscosquamula*** is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. Found in Europe, it was described as new to science by English mycologist Peter Darbishire Orton in 1960. Fruit bodies of the fungus have whitish cream to pale yellowish caps with many small, olive-brown scales. Its spores measure 6.0–8.0 by 3.5–4.5 μm.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Orton 1960`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Melanoleuca privernensis

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***Melanoleuca privernensis*** is a species of fungus in the Pluteaceae family. It was originally named *Kinia privernensis* in 2008 and a new genus *Kinia* was erected to contain it. Two years later, molecular analysis showed that it was closely related to *Melanoleuca*, and *Kinia* was reduced to a subgenus of *Melanoleuca*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Consiglio2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini2010`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lycoperdon nigrescens

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***Lycoperdon nigrescens***, commonly known as the **dusky puffball**, is a type of puffball mushroom in the genus *Lycoperdon*. It was first described scientifically in 1794 by the Swedish naturalist Göran Wahlenberg.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2013`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Lycoperdon nigrescens`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hericium coralloides

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***Hericium coralloides*** is a saprotrophic fungus, commonly known as the **coral tooth fungus**. It grows on dead hardwood trees. When young, the fungus is soft and edible, but as it ages the branches and hanging spines become brittle and turn a light shade of yellowish brown. The Māori name for this species is *pekepekekiore*.

## References

1. ↑ Buchanan, Peter. "Story: Fungi - Page 3 – Saprobes: decomposers - Use by Māori" at *Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand*. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 September 2015.

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Hypholoma lateritium

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***Hypholoma lateritium***, sometimes called **brick cap**, is rarer and less well-known than its relatives, the inedible, and poisonous sulfur tuft (*Hypholoma fasciculare*) and the edible *Hypholoma capnoides*. Its fruiting bodies are generally larger than either of these. *Hypholoma sublateritium* is a synonym.

In Europe this mushroom is often considered inedible or even poisonous, but in the USA and Japan it is apparently a popular edible fungus. One further reason to avoid it is the possibility of confusion with *Galerina marginata* or *H. fasciculare*.

In Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and West Virginia they are found in dense clusters on stumps and roots from October until long after frosts.

## Description

The cap is 3.5–10 cm in diameter, usually with a brick-red coloration in the center and a paler margin. It is smooth, sometimes with red-brown flecks in the middle and sometimes with flaky veil remnants, which can easily be washed off in the rain, on the outside.

The gills are crowded, starting yellowish and becoming grayish with age. They do not have the green color of *Hypholoma fasciculare*.

The stipe is light yellow and darker below.

Spores have a germ pore and are 6.0-7.5 × 3.5-4.0 μm. The cheilocystidia are variable; the spore powder is olive purple-brown.

The taste of *Hypholoma lateritium* is mild to somewhat bitter.

However, when cooked, brick caps have a nutty flavor. They are especially delicious when sauteed in olive oil.

They are best when collected young; older specimens tend to be bitter from being fouled by insects.

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## References

1. ↑ McIlvaine, Charles; Macadam, Robert K. (1973). *One Thousand American Fungi*. New York: Dover. Template:ISBN.
2. ↑ Cornell Mushroom Blog. http://blog.mycology.cornell.edu/?p=27
3. ↑ Palmer, E. Laurence; Fowler, H. Seymour (1975). *Fieldbook of Natural History: Second Edition*. New York: McGraw Hill. xviii + 779 pp. Template:ISBN (*Hypholoma sublateritium*, p. 86.)

## External links

* http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hypholoma\_sublateritium.html

## Gallery

Hypholoma sublateritium - Brick Cap - Ziegelroter Schwefelkopf - 01.jpgZiegelroter Schwefelkopf Wiese.jpgHypholomaSublateritium.jpgHypholoma sublateritium 031207A.jpgZiegelrote Schwefelköpfe.jpg
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Hygrophorus pudorinus

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***Hygrophorus pudorinus***, commonly known as the **blushing waxycap** or **turpentine waxycap**, is a species of fungus in the genus *Hygrophorus*.

Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries described it as *Agaricus pudorinus* in his 1821 work *Systema Mycologicum*. It became *Hygrophorus pudorinus* with the raising of *Hygrophorus* to genus rank. The species name is the Latin word *pudorinus* "blushing".

The species is classified in the subsection *Pudorini* of genus *Hygrophorus*, along with the closely related species *H. erubescens* and *H. purpurascens*.

The fruit body (mushroom) is a fair size, with a Template:Convert diameter pink to golden convex cap with a downrolled margin that is lighter in colour. The cap surface is sticky. The pink to yellow-white gills are decurrent. The thick stipe is Template:Convert tall and Template:Convert wide. The spore print is white and the oval spores measure 7–10 × 5–6 micrometres. The thick flesh is pale pink or orange to white. The mushroom does not bruise red and has no distinctive odour, though it can taste like turpentine.

*Hygrophorus pudorinus* is found in coniferous woodlands under fir and spruce trees across western and northeastern North America; it is particularly common in Canada and the Rocky Mountains. The mushrooms appear in groups or fairy rings in late summer and autumn. They often grow in boggy places in sphagnum moss.

Despite its taste, it is edible after cooking. Its variable appearance makes identification difficult and hence raises risk of misidentification.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1998`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 1997`
3. ↑ *Hygrophorus pudorinus* (Fr.) Fr.. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved on November 1, 2015.
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1821`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Evenson`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lodge 2014`
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `states 1990`

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Inonotus dryadeus

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***Inonotus dryadeus***, commonly known as **oak bracket**, **warted oak polypore**, **weeping polypore** or **weeping conk**, is an inedible species of fungus belonging to the genus *Inonotus*, which consists of bracket fungi with fibrous flesh. Most often found growing at the base of oak trees, it causes white rot and decay of the trunks. It secretes an amber liquid which weeps from tubes in its upper surface.

## Description

 File:Inonotus dryadeus oozing.JPG
The thick fruiting body of *Inonotus dryadeus* varies in size from 5 cm to 30 cm in width, although specimens up to 75 cm have been found. Its velvety upper surface is cream to rusty brown with a yellower margin, and is pitted with tubes up to 3 cm deep which ooze an orange-brown liquid when the fruit body is young, hence the name "weeping conk".

On the buff underside there are 4–6 fine pores per millimetre. These are initially greyish-white but mature to yellow or ochre.

The flesh is soft and fibrous, yellow-brown in colour and has an unpleasant odour.

### Spores

The spores are white, smooth and globose, with dimensions in the range of 6.5–8×7–8 μm.

### Similar species

*I. cuticularis* grows on beech, sycamore and elm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Inonotus dryadeus* is a parasitic saprobic fungus, with spores entering wounds on broadleaf trees (predominantly oak, although sometimes maple, elm and chestnut). It grows close to the ground on the trunk, thickly attached, and either singly or in groups.

It has been observed in North America and temperate northern Europe, where it is described as widespread but locally common. Fruiting occurs in summer and autumn, but fruit bodies may overwinter and persist for several years, eventually turning black and cracked. Presence of a fruit body may indicate that the mycelium has penetrated and weakened the root crown of the tree.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of California Oaks. United States Department of Agriculture (July 2006). Retrieved on July 30, 2010.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `messiah`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Junghuhnia nitida

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***Junghuhnia nitida*** is a widespread species of crust fungus in the family Steccherinaceae.

## Taxonomy

Originally described as *Poria nitida* in 1800 by Christian Hendrik Persoon, the fungus has undergone several name changes in its taxonomic history. It was relocated to the genus *Junghuhnia* by Leif Ryvarden in 1972.

## Habitat and distribution

The fungus grows on the fallen wood of deciduous trees, in which it causes a white rot. It is widely distributed, found in Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and South America.

## Chemistry

*Junghuhnia nitida* contains the bioactive compound nitidon, a highly oxidised pyranone derivative with antibiotic and cytotoxic activities in *in vitro* experiments. A total synthesis of this compound was reported in 2004.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ryvarden 1972`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Westphalen 2012`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gehrt 1998`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bellina 2004`

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