Synthetic Intelligence

**Synthetic intelligence** (**SI**) is an alternative term for artificial intelligence which emphasizes that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence. John Haugeland proposes an analogy with simulated diamonds and synthetic diamonds—only the synthetic diamond is truly a diamond. Synthetic means that which is produced by synthesis; combining parts to form a whole, colloquially, a man-made version of that which has arisen naturally. As defined, a "synthetic intelligence" would therefore be man-made, but not a simulation.

## Definition

The term was used by Haugeland in 1986 to describe artificial intelligence research up to that point, which he called "good old fashioned artificial intelligence" or "GOFAI". AI's first generation of researchers firmly believed their techniques would lead to real, human-like intelligence in machines. After the AI winter, many AI researchers chose to focus on finding solutions for specific individual problems, such as machine learning, rather than artificial general intelligence. This approach to AI is referred to by some popular sources as "weak AI" or "applied AI". The term "synthetic AI" is now sometimes used by researchers in the field to separate their work using subsymbolism, emergence, Psi-Theory, or other relatively new methods to define and create "true" intelligence from previous attempts, particularly those of GOFAI or weak AI.

Sources disagree about exactly what constitutes "real" intelligence as opposed to "simulated" intelligence and therefore whether there is a meaningful distinction between artificial intelligence and synthetic intelligence. Russell and Norvig present this example:

1. "Can machines fly?" The answer is yes, because airplanes fly.
2. "Can machines swim?" The answer is no, because submarines don't swim.
3. "Can machines think?" Is this question like the first, or like the second?

Drew McDermott firmly believes that "thinking" should be construed like "flying". While discussing the electronic chess champion Deep Blue, he argues "Saying Deep Blue doesn't really think about chess is like saying an airplane doesn't really fly because it doesn't flap its wings." Edsger Dijkstra agrees that some find "the question whether machines can think as relevant as the question whether submarines can swim."

John Searle, on the other hand, suggests that a thinking machine is, at best, a *simulation*, and writes "No one supposes that computer simulations of a five-alarm fire will burn the neighborhood down or that a computer simulation of a rainstorm will leave us all drenched." The essential difference between a simulated mind and a real mind is one of the key points of his Chinese room argument.

Daniel Dennett believes that this is basically a disagreement about semantics and that it is peripheral to the central questions of the philosophy of artificial intelligence. He notes that even a chemically perfect imitation of a Chateau Latour is still a fake, but that any Vodka is real, no matter who made it. Similarly, a perfect, molecule-by-molecule recreation of an original Picasso would be considered a "forgery", but any image of the Coca-Cola logo is completely real and subject to trademark laws. Russell and Norvig comment "we can conclude that in some cases, the behavior of an artifact is important, while in others it is the artifact's pedigree that matters. Which one is important in which case seems to be a matter of convention. But for artificial minds, there is no convention."

## References

1. ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Haugeland 1985, p. 255.
2. **Jump up^** Poole, Mackworth & Goebbel 1998, p. 1.
3. **Jump up^** Haugeland 1985, p. 3.
4. **Jump up^** "Artificial Intelligence - strong and weak". *I Programmer*.
5. **Jump up^** http://www.imagination-engines.com/
6. **Jump up^** Principles of Synthetic Intelligence: PSI : an Architecture of Motivated ... - Joscha Bach - Google Books
7. **Jump up^** Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 948.
8. **Jump up^** McDermott 1997.
9. **Jump up^** Dijkstra 1986.
10. **Jump up^** Searle 1980, p. 12.
11. **Jump up^** Dennett 1978, p. 197.
12. **Jump up^** Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 954.

Notes
* Dennett, Daniel (1978), *Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology*, The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-54037-7.
* Dijkstra, Edsger (1986), *Science fiction and science reality in computing*
* Haugeland, John (1985), *Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea*, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-08153-9.
* Law, Diane (1994), *Searle, Subsymbolic Functionalism and Synthetic Intelligence* (PDF).
* McDermott, Drew (May 14, 1997), "How Intelligent is Deep Blue", *New York Times*.
* Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), *Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach* (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2.
* Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998), *Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach*, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 1
* Searle, John (1980), "Minds, Brains and Programs", *Behavioral and Brain Sciences* **3** (3): 417–457, doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756

## See also

* Artificial intelligence
* Philosophy of artificial intelligence
* Philosophy of Ghost in the Shell
* Simulated reality
* Synthetic biology