recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
F *

## ALPHABETS

**#-9 \* A \* B \* C \* D \* E \* **F \*** G \* H \***
**I \* J \* K \* L \* M \* \* N \* 'O \* P \***
**Q \* R \* S \* T \* U \* V-W \* X-Y-Z \***
**OTHERS \***

**[[F]**
**F**
**F. & D.S.**, **FADS**
**fad**
**fair use**
**faith**
**faith and worship**
**faith in Jehovah**
**faith in Jehovah Bible**
**faithful and discreet slave**
**family**
**family challenges**
**family study**
**family worship]]**
**family worship projects**
**fanatic**
**fast**
**fate**
**fathom**
**favorable letter**
**favorite titles**
**fear of man**
**featured**
**featured pages**
**feature-length movies**
**Felix**
happy, prosperous
**festival of Booths**
**festival of Dedication**
**festival of Harvest**; **festival of Weeks**
**festival of unleavened bread**
**Festus**
festive, joyful
**few principles**
**Field Overseer**
**field service report**
'*field, field ministry, field service*
Fiji
fines
finger quotes
Finland
fire holders
firearms
first day of the week
first initial
first talk
firstborn
Firstfruits
flag salute
flag salute and anthems
flame
fleshly
Flodin Kenneth
flood
foe
foment
food at the proper time
footnote Bible
foreign
foreign [language, service, speaking]
former Soviet Union
forms
fornication
fortunate
Fortunatus, lucky, fortunate
fortune teller
forum file uploads and downloads
forums
four-letter words
FranC.E.
frankincense
free
free Bible study program
free moral agency, free will
freedom of speech
freeman; freedman
freeness of speech
French
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
fresh territory
friend
friends
from our archives
from our studio
frowny face
fruit, fruitage
fulfill
full range
full-time service
fun and social
fundamentalism
funeral
funerals
furnaC.E.

**FYI**
Delilah

Origin:Hebrew. Meaning:delicate. Delilah is a feminine name of Hebrew origin that translates to “delicate.” You may have heard this name from the story of Samson, a well-known figure found in the Bible and Tanakh. Delilah was Samson's mistress who cut his hair, thus removing his strength, in an act of betrayal.
Ezra

**Ezra** or **Esdras** (/ˈɛzrə/; Hebrew: עֶזְרָא, *ʿEzrāʾ*; fl. 480–440 BCE), also called **Ezra the Scribe** (עֶזְרָא הַסּוֹפֵר‎ *ʿEzrāʾ hasSōfēr*) in Chazalic literature, and **Ezra the Priest** was an important Jewish scribe (*sofer*) and priest (*kohen*) in the early Second Temple period. In Greco-Latin **Ezra** is called Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας). His name is probably a shortened Aramaic translation of the Hebrew name עזריהו‎ *Azaryahu*, "Yah helps". In the Greek Septuagint the name is rendered *Ésdrās* (Ἔσδρας), from which the Latin name *Esdras* comes.
Dramatic Bible Readings

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 **Jacob—A Man Who Loved Peace**

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**Noah—Faith Moved Him to Obey**

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**“Jehovah Caused Them to Rejoice”**

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**Jehovah Kept Showing Loyal Love**

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**“Be Courageous and Strong and Go to Work”!**

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**Jehovah Delivers His People**

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**“Who Is on Jehovah’s Side?”**

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**“For This I Have Come Into the World”**

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**Jehovah Is the Only True God**

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**Be Faithful and Conquer Your Fears (Luke 5:1-11; Matthew 14:23-34; Matthew 26:31-75)**

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**Fortify Your Hearts to Be Witnesses (Matthew 27:32—28:15; Luke 24:8-53)**

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**A True Story That Inspires Hope (Ruth 1:1-4:22)**
**Become Hearers and Doers of God’s Word (Luke 4:1-30; 1 Kings 17:8-24)**

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**"Until I Expire I Shall Not Take Away My Integrity!" (Job 1:1-2:10; Daniel 6:1-28)**

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**Do Not Give Out When Corrected by Jehovah! (Jonah 1:4-15; 3:1-4:11)**

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**God’s Word “Is Alive and Exerts Power” (Mark 4:35-5:43)**

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Draft

Template:Abandono

*See also: Main Page2*Welcome to Apologetics Wiki!
Apologetics Wiki is a collaborative website about Christian apologetics that anyone can edit! Notice that we are in deep building concerning the bases of the wiki. For now, you will not find too much things here. Put the name of the new article in the box below and click in "create article".
Template:New article box
Eve

**Eve** (/ˈiːv/; Hebrew: חַוָּה‎‎, Modern: *Ḥava*, Tiberian: *Ḥawwā*; Arabic: حَوَّاء, romanized: *Ḥawwāʾ*; Greek: Εὕα, romanized: *Heúa*; Latin: *Eva, Heva*; Syriac: ܚܰܘܳܐ romanized: *ḥawâ*) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. According to the origin story of the Abrahamic religions, she was the first woman, yet some debate within Judaism has also given that position to Lilith. Eve is known also as Adam's wife.
Corporation

A **corporation** is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a legal person in a legal context) and recognized as such in law for certain purposes. Early incorporated entities were established by charter (i.e., by an *ad hoc* act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration. Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered based on two aspects: whether they can issue stock, or whether they are formed to make a profit. Depending on the number of owners, a corporation can be classified as *aggregate* (the subject of this article) or *sole* (a legal entity consisting of a single incorporated office occupied by a single natural person).
Hierarchically

Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a theocratic organization, reflecting their belief that it is God's visible organization on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size. Since February 2023, it has comprised nine members, all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's Warwick headquarters. There is no election for membership; the existing body selects new members. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (then approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses).
Coordinator's committee

## Committees

Coordinators
* The *Coordinator's Committee* deals with emergencies, disaster relief and other matters, such as investigations. It comprises the coordinators, or a representative, from each of the other Governing Body committees and a secretary who is also a member of the Governing Body. It is responsible for the efficient operation of the other committees.
Disfellowshipping

All members are expected to abide by the beliefs and moral standards of Jehovah's Witnesses. Serious violations of these requirements can result in ***disfellowshipping*** (similar to excommunication) and subsequent shunning if not deemed repentant. When a judicial committee decides that a baptized Witness has committed a serious sin and is unrepentant, the person is disfellowshipped. A person who believes that a serious error in judgment has been made may appeal the decision. Requests for appeal must be made in writing and within seven days of the decision of the judicial committee. At such time, they may use other local elders or elders from nearby congregations. Their shunning policy is based on their interpretation of scriptures such as 1 Corinthians 5:11–13; [[Matthew 18:15–17]; and 2 John 9–11. Witness literature states that avoiding interaction with disfellowshipped former adherents helps to:

* avoid reproach on God's name and organization by indicating that violations of the Bible's standards in their ranks are not tolerated;
* keep the congregation free of possible corrosive influences; and
* convince the disfellowshipped individual to re-evaluate their course of action, repent and rejoin the group.

Shunning is also practiced when a member formally resigns membership or is deemed to indicate by their actions—such as accepting a blood transfusion or association with another religion or military organization—that they do not wish to be known as a Witness. Such individuals are said to have *disassociated*, and are described by the Watch Tower Society as "lawless".
When a person is disfellowshipped or is deemed to have disassociated, an announcement is made at the next midweek meeting that the named individual "is no longer one of Jehovah's Witnesses". Congregation members are not informed whether a person is being shunned due to "**disfellowshipping**" or "disassociation", or on what grounds. Shunning starts immediately after the announcement is made. A notification form is sent to the local branch office and records of the **disfellowshipping** are saved in the congregational records. Both are kept until at least five years after reinstatement.
Failure to adhere to the directions on shunning is itself considered a serious offense. Members who continue to speak to or associate with a disfellowshipped or disassociated person are said to be sharing in their "wicked works" and may themselves be disfellowshipped. Exceptions are made in some cases, such as business relations and immediate family household situations. If a disfellowshipped person is living in the same home with other baptized family members, religious matters are not discussed, with the exception of minors, for whose training parents are still responsible. Disfellowshipped family members outside the home are shunned. Members are instructed to not even greet shunned individuals. Disfellowshipped individuals can continue attending public meetings held at the Kingdom Hall, but are shunned by the congregation.
[Category:Serious Sins]]
God's Messianic Kingdom

Publications of Jehovah's Witnesses teach that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, established in 1914, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 humans raised to heaven. The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, bringing about a world free of crime, sickness, death and poverty, and ultimately transforming the earth into a paradise. The kingdom is said to have been the focus of Jesus' ministry.
Critical view

The only way to officially leave Jehovah's Witnesses is to disassociate or be disfellowshipped, and both entail the same set of prohibitions and penalties, with no provision for continued normal association. Jehovah's Witnesses state that disfellowshipping is a scripturally documented method to protect the congregation from the influence of those who practice serious wrongdoing. Critics contend that the judicial process itself, due to its private and nearly autonomous nature, directly contradicts the precedent found in the Bible and the organization's own teachings and can be used in an arbitrary manner if there is consensus among just a few to abuse their authority.
According to Raymond Franz, a letter dated September 1, 1980, from the Watch Tower Society to all circuit and district overseers advised that a member who "merely disagrees in thought with any of the Watch Tower Society's teachings is committing apostasy and is liable for disfellowshipping." The letter states that one does not have to "promote" different doctrines to be an apostate, adding that elders need to "discern between one who is a trouble-making apostate and a Christian who becomes weak in the faith and has doubts."
International Bible Students Association

### International Bible Students Associationedit

The *International Bible Students Association* (IBSA) is a corporate not-for-profit organization used by Jehovah's Witnesses in the United Kingdom for the production and distribution of religious literature. Its stated purpose is "to promote the Christian religion by supporting congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses and others in connection with their spiritual and material welfare in Britain and abroad within the charitable purposes of the Association."

The IBSA was founded in 1914 as a corporation of the Bible Students by Charles Taze Russell in London, England, and was the first legal corporation representing Russell's ministry in Europe. The Watch Tower Society stated in 1917 that the IBSA, along with its Pennsylvania and New York based corporations "were organized for identical purposes and they harmoniously work together." Other similarly named corporations operate in various countries to promote the interests of Jehovah's Witnesses.
International Convention

**international convention**. A three-day meeting for worship and Bible instruction sponsored by Jehovah’s Witnesses that is held once every few years in predetermined host cities around the world. Witnesses from various countries are invited to attend as delegates. These conventions are open to the public and are intended to encourage spirituality while strengthening the global unity of Jehovah’s Witnesses. International conventions are typically held in rented facilities and scheduled Friday through Sunday. Events are free of charge and no collections are taken.
Ezek. 40:1-5

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MeekSpaceNG JW friendly

### Ezekiel 40:1-5

**40** In the 25th year of our exile,+ at the beginning of the year, on the tenth day of the month, in the 14th year after the city had fallen,+ on that very day the hand of Jehovah was upon me, and he took me to the city.+ 2 By means of visions from God, he brought me to the land of Israel and set me down on a very high mountain,+ on which there was a structure like a city to the south. 3 When he brought me there, I saw a man whose appearance was like that of copper.+ He had a flax cord and a measuring reed\* in his hand,+ and he was standing in the gateway. 4 The man said to me: “Son of man, look closely, listen carefully, and pay attention\* to everything I show you, for that is why you were brought here. Tell the house of Israel everything that you see.”+ 5 I saw a wall surrounding the outside of the temple.\* In the man’s hand was a measuring reed six cubits long (to each cubit, a handbreadth was added).\* He began to measure the wall, and its thickness was one reed and its height was one reed.

Scripture quotations are taken from

***New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures***

published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Inc.
K *

## ALPHABETS

**#-9 \* A \* B \* C \* D \* E \* F \* G \* H \***
**I \* J \* **K \*** L \* M \* \* N \* 'O \* P \***
**Q \* R \* S \* T \* U \* V-W \* X-Y-Z \***
**OTHERS \***
K
k, K
Kabzeel, the congregation of Jehovah
Kadesh, holiness
Kadesh-barnea, holiness of an inconstant son
Kadmiel, Jehovah of antiquity; Jehovah of rising
Kadmonites, ancients; chiefs
Kallai, light; resting by fire; my voice Kanah, of reeds
Kareah, bald; ice
Karkaa, floor; dissolving coldness
Karkor, they rested
Karnaim, horns Kartah, calling; meeting
Kazakhstan
Kedar, blackness; sorrow
Kedemah, oriental; ancient; first
Kedemoth, antiquity; old age
keen appreciation
Kehelahath, a whole; a congregation
Keiiah, she that divides or cuts
Kelaiah, voice of Jehovah; gathering together
Kelitah, same as Kelaiah
Kemuel, Jehovah hath raised up, or established him
Kenah, buying; possession Kenan, buyer; owner
Kenaz, this purchase; this lamentation
Kenites, possession; purchase; lamentation
Kenizzites, possession; purchase
Kenneth Cook, Jr.
Kenya
Keren-happuch, the horn or child of beauty
Kerioth, the cities; the callings
Keros, crooked; crookedness
Keturah, that makes the incense to fume
keynote address
Kezia, superficies; the angle; cassia
Keziz, end; extremity
KH
Kibroth-hattaavah, the graves of lust
Kibzaim, congregation
Kidron, obscure; making black or sad
Kinah, same as Kenah
King James Version
King of kings and Jehovah of Jehovahs
Kingdom good news
Kingdom Hall
Kingdom Hall Audio and Video
Kingdom Hall Fund
Kingdom interests
Kingdom Melodies
Kingdom message
Kingdom Ministry
Kingdom Ministry School
Kingdom of Jehovah
Kingdom song
Kingdom, Kingdom of Jehovah
Kir, a city; wall; meeting
Kirharaseth, Kirharesh, city of the sun; wall of burnt brick
Kirioth, same as Kerioth
Kirjath, city; vocation; meeting
Kirjathaim, the two cities; callings; or meetings Kirjath-arba, city of four; fourth city
Kirjath-arim, city of those who watch
Kirjath-baal, city of Baal, or of a ruler
Kirjath-huzoth, city of streets; populous city
Kirjath-jearim, city of woods
Kirjath-sannah, city of enmity, or of a blackberry bush
Kirjath-sepher, city of letters, or of the book
Kish, hard; difficult; straw; for age
Kishi, hardness; his gravity; his offense
Kishion, hardness; soreness
Kishon, hard; sore
Kithlish, it is a wall; the company of a lioness
Kitron, making sweet; binding together
Kittim, breaking; bruising small; gold; coloring
KJ
KJV
KJV
KM
knowledge, understanding, wisdom
Koa, hope; a congregation; a line; a rule
Kohath, congregation; wrinkle; bluntness
Kolariah, voice of Jehovah
Korah, baldness; ice; frost
Kushaiah, same as Kishi
Kyrgyzstan
Golden Age

## The Golden Age

The magazine was originally published bimonthly from October 1, 1919, under the title ***The Golden Age***. It was founded for use in the Bible Students' new door-to-door ministry, though the founder of the movement, Charles Taze Russell, had indicated in his will that the Watch Tower Society would not publish any periodicals other than *The Watch Tower*. Clayton J. Woodworth was editor of the magazine, and later went on to serve on the boards of several corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses. On October 6, 1937, the magazine was renamed ***Consolation*** and continued to be published biweekly until July 31, 1946.

On August 22, 1946, the magazine was renamed *Awake!*, drawing its new title from Romans 13:11 (ASV): "... it is time for you to awake out of sleep: for now is salvation nearer to us than when we first believed". The magazine's editorship then became anonymous. (Autobiographical articles credited to individual members about their experiences and circumstances occasionally appear.)
Eph. 2:19-22

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MeekSpaceNG JW friendly

### Ephesians 2:19-22

19 So you are no longer strangers and foreigners,+ but you are fellow citizens+ of the holy ones and are members of the household of God,+ 20 and you have been built up on the foundation of the apostles and prophets,+ while Christ Jesus himself is the foundation cornerstone.+ 21 In union with him the whole building, being harmoniously joined together,+ is growing into a holy temple for Jehovah.+ 22 In union with him you too are being built up together into a place for God to inhabit by spirit.+

Scripture quotations are taken from

***New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures***

published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Inc.
Education

Jehovah's Witnesses regard secular education as fundamental, but they emphasize their preaching work as the top priority in their life. Therefore, they promote moral and spiritual education over secular education. Higher education is discouraged, based on their belief that it is futile to plan for secular advancement in a world that faces imminent destruction, as well as fears about succumbing to greed, corruption, and materialism. There are concerns that those who seek high education will become distracted from their preaching work by material advancement and success. Because evangelistic activities take priority over educational success, young Witnesses rarely progress to college or university, which Holden describes as a source of regret in subsequent years among those who are raised in the organization and later choose to leave. Watch Tower Society publications advise parents to recommend alternatives to university education for their children, suggesting associate degrees from community or technical colleges or short courses in subjects. They urge young Witnesses to pursue higher education only to gain skills to obtain a reasonable living while maintaining flexibility to pursue their "true" vocation, serving God. Author James Penton's major study of the Witnesses, *Apocalypse Delayed*, noted that of those Witnesses who do progress to university level, few are likely to take studies in such areas as the humanities and the social sciences, "disciplines that are most threatening to the Witness world-view". According to Carrie S. Ingersoll-Wood, "By eliminating access to external knowledge, the congregation as a whole surrenders autonomy and willingly subjects themselves and their children to the external regulation of the religion."

Jehovah's Witnesses provide religious training programs for their members, focusing on improving skills for their ministry. These include literacy classes, Pioneer Service School, School for Kingdom Evangelizers and Gilead School. Some of these programs are by invitation only.
Jehovah

**Jehovah** (/dʒɪˈhoʊvə/) is a Latinization of the Hebrew יְהֹוָה‎ *Yəhōwā*, one vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יהוה‎ (YHWH), the proper name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. The Tetragrammaton יהוה is considered one of the seven names of God in Judaism and a form of God's name in Christianity.

The consensus among scholars is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the redaction of the Torah (6th century BCE) is most likely Yahweh. The historical vocalization was lost because in Second Temple Judaism, during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with *Adonai* ('my Lord'). The Hebrew vowel points of *Adonai* were added to the Tetragrammaton by the Masoretes, and the resulting form was transliterated around the 12th century CE as *Yehowah*. The derived forms *Iehouah* and *Jehovah* first appeared in the 16th century.
The vocalization of the Tetragrammaton *Jehovah* was first introduced by William Tyndale in his translation of Exodus 6:3, and appears in some other early English translations including the Geneva Bible and the King James Version. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops states that in order to pronounce the Tetragrammaton "it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. "Yahweh" or "Jehovah")." *Jehovah* appears in the Old Testament of some widely used translations including the American Standard Version (1901) and Young's Literal Translation (1862, 1899); the New World Translation (1961, 2013) uses *Jehovah* in both the Old and New Testaments. *Jehovah* does not appear in most mainstream English translations, some of which use Yahweh but most continue to use "Lord" or "LORD" to represent the Tetragrammaton.
**Jehovah**. The personal name of the almighty God and Creator as revealed in the Scriptures. (Psalm 83:18) “Jehovah” is not used as a substitute term (e.g., “a Jehovah”) when referring to one of Jehovah’s Witnesses.
Muhammad

**Muhammad** (Arabic: مُحَمَّد; c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis for Islamic religious belief.
Muhammad was born in approximately 570 CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died a few months before Muhammad's birth. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610 CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (*islām*) to God (*Allah*) is the right way of life (*dīn*), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the *Hijra*, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.

The revelations (each known as *Ayah —* literally, "Sign [of God]") that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (*sunnah*), found in the Hadith and *sira* (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law.
Malachi

**Malachi** (/ˈmæləkaɪ/ ⓘ; Hebrew: מַלְאָכִי‎, Modern: *Malʾaḵī*, Tiberian: *Malʾāḵī*, "my messenger"), also known as **Malachias**, is the name used by the author of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Nevi'im (Prophets) section of the Tanakh. According to the 1897 *Easton's Bible Dictionary*, it is possible that **Malachi** is not a proper name; because it simply means "messenger", many assume it to be a pseudonym. Jewish tradition claims that the real identity of Malachi is Ezra the scribe.
MEMORIAL CELEBRATION

Jehovah's Witnesses commemorate Christ's death as a ransom or "propitiatory sacrifice" by observing the Lord's Evening Meal, or Memorial. They celebrate it once per year, noting that it was instituted on the Passover, an annual festival. This is the only celebration the Bible commands Christians to observe..

Of those who attend the Memorial, a small minority worldwide partake of the unleavened bread and wine. This is because Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the majority of the faithful have an earthly hope. Only those who believe they have a heavenly hope, the "remnant" (those still living) of the 144,000 "anointed", partake of the bread and wine. In 2014, the number of persons who partook worldwide was 14,121, whereas the number who attended was 19,950,019.

The Memorial, held after sunset, includes a talk on the meaning of the celebration and the circulation among the audience of unadulterated red wine and unleavened bread. Jehovah's Witnesses believe the bread symbolizes Jesus Christ's body which he gave on behalf of mankind, and that the wine symbolizes his blood which redeems from sin. They do not believe in transubstantiation or consubstantiation. Because many congregations have no members who claim to be anointed, it is common for no one to partake of the bread and wine.

See also: What is the meaning of the bread and the wine served at the Memorial?

Jehovah’s Witnesses observe the Memorial after sundown on Nisan 14, according to the reckoning of the Jewish calendar that was common in the first century. The Jewish day begins at sundown and extends until the following sundown. So Jesus died on the same Jewish calendar day that he instituted the Memorial. The beginning of the month of Nisan was the sunset after the new moon nearest the spring equinox became visible in Jerusalem. The Memorial date is 14 days thereafter. (Thus the date for the Memorial may not coincide with that of the Passover kept by modern-day Jews. Why not? The start of their calendar months is set to coincide with the astronomical new moon, not the visible new moon over Jerusalem, which may come 18 to 30 hours later. Also, most Jews today keep the Passover on Nisan 15, not on the 14th as did Jesus in harmony with what was stated in the Mosaic Law.)

Memorial is always held on the first full moon after March 21st. It's always a full moon because Memorial is always held 14 days after the new moon. Hebrew months start on the new moon (the new month). Therefore Nisan 14 is always a full moon (+- 24 hours).

See also Why Is Memorial of Christ Observe Annually?
Jehovah's witnesses door-to-door preaching

Jehovah's Witnesses are known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as *The Watchtower* and *Awake!*, and for refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider the use of God's name vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays, or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. They prefer to use their own Bible translation, the *New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures*. Witnesses commonly call their body of beliefs "The Truth" and consider themselves to be "in the Truth". They consider human society morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses.
Judicial committee

A person who confesses or is accused of a serious sin is invited to attend a **judicial committee** meeting. The individual is permitted to bring witnesses who can speak in their defense; observers are not allowed, and the hearing is held privately even if the accused individual requests that it be heard openly so all may witness the evidence. Recording devices are not permitted at the hearing. If the accused repeatedly fails to attend an arranged hearing, the committee will proceed but will not make a decision until evidence and testimony by witnesses are considered.
The committee takes the role of prosecutor, judge and jury when handling its cases. After the hearing is opened with a prayer, the accused is invited to make a personal statement. If there is no admission of guilt, the individual is informed of the source of the charges and witnesses are presented one at a time to give evidence. Witnesses do not remain present for the entire hearing. Once all the evidence is presented, the accused and all witnesses are dismissed and the committee reviews the evidence and the attitude of the accused.
The committee may determine that there was no "serious sin", or that mitigating circumstances absolve the accused individual. The committee may then proceed with discipline such as is described for 'non-judicial' situations. Alternatively, the committee may decide that a serious sin was committed, in which case, the committee gives verbal admonitions and gauges the individual's attitude and repentance. The committee then decides whether discipline will involve formal reproof or disfellowshipping.
Legality

In the June 1987 case *Paul v. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York Inc*, the United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit upheld the Witnesses' right to shun those who fail to live by the group's standards and doctrines, upholding the ruling of a lower court. The court stated:

> Shunning is a practice engaged in by Jehovah's Witnesses pursuant to their interpretation of canonical text, and we are not free to reinterpret that text. ... We find the practice of shunning not to constitute a sufficient threat to the peace, safety, or morality of the community as to warrant state intervention. ... Courts generally do not scrutinize closely the relationship among members (or former members) of a church. Churches are afforded great latitude when they impose discipline on members or former members.
>
>

In a review of the case, the 1988 *Washington University Law Quarterly* remarked:

> The Ninth Circuit's extension of the free exercise clause to include a privilege against tort liability is incorrect. ... In most of the free exercise cases decided by the Supreme Court the government has acted against the religious group, either by imposing criminal sanctions for religious conduct or denying members some benefit because of their religious beliefs. In Paul, however, the religious group acted as the aggressor, violating the plaintiff's right to emotional well-being. ... The Paul decision is an unfortunate expansion of a doctrine intended to protect individual rights.
>
>

On May 31, 2018, the Supreme Court of Canada issued a 9–0 decision saying courts have no jurisdiction to review membership questions of a religious organization. "In the end, religious groups are free to determine their own membership and rules; courts will not intervene in such matters save where it is necessary to resolve an underlying legal dispute," Justice Malcolm Rowe wrote in the decision.

In 2021, Belgium issued a €12,000 fine to Jehovah's Witnesses for discrimination and inciting hatred against people who left the religion. The fine was initially €96,000 before being reduced. Upon appeal by Jehovah's Witnesses, the fine was acquitted.
In 2022, a court case filed by a disfellowshipped woman was subjected to judicial review by the Supreme Court of Norway. Jehovah's Witnesses were denied funding as a religious community for 2021. A counterlawsuit was launched by Jehovah's Witnesses.
Memorial of Christ Death

**Memorial of Christ’s Death**. The annual commemoration of Jesus Christ’s death. Also referred to as the Lord’s Evening Meal, the Lord’s Supper, the Last Supper, the Memorial, or the Memorial of Jesus’ death. Viewed by Jehovah’s Witnesses as the most important event of the year and the only religious ceremony that Christ specifically commanded his followers to observe.—Luke 22:19, 20.
Jehovah's Witnesses Publications

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society produces a significant amount of printed and electronic literature, primarily for use by Jehovah's Witnesses. Their best known publications are the magazines, *The Watchtower* and *Awake!*

*The Watchtower* was first published by Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Bible Student movement, in 1879, followed by the inception of the Watch Tower Society in 1881. Supporters adopted the name *Jehovah's witnesses* in 1931. Particularly since 2001, when referring to other Watch Tower Society publications their literature has typically stated that it is "published by Jehovah's Witnesses", though the edition notice identifies the publisher as the Watch Tower Society.

Along with books and brochures, other media are also produced, including CDs, MP3s and DVDs, and Internet downloads and video streaming. New publications are usually released at Jehovah's Witnesses' annual conventions.
Mount Sinai (Bible)

**Mount Sinai** (Hebrew: הַר סִינַי‬‎, *Har Sīnay*) is the mountain at which the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God, according to the Book of Exodus in the Hebrew Bible. In the Book of Deuteronomy, these events are described as having transpired at Mount Horeb. "Sinai" and "Horeb" are generally considered by scholars to refer to the same place.
The location of the Mount Sinai described in the Bible remains disputed. The high point of the dispute was in the mid-nineteenth century. Hebrew Bible texts describe the theophany at Mount Sinai in terms which a minority of scholars, following Charles Beke (1873), have suggested may literally describe the mountain as a volcano.
Mount Sinai is one of the most sacred locations in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions

## Blood transfusions

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible prohibits Christians from acceptingbstaining from ... blood' means not accepting blood transfusions and not donating or storing their own blood for transfusion." The belief is based on an interpretation of scripture that differs from other Christian denominations. It is one of the doctrines for which Jehovah's Witnesses are best known.
Jehovah's Witnesses' literature teaches that their refusal of transfusions of whole blood or its four primary components—red cells, white cells, platelets and plasma—is a non-negotiable religious stand and that those who respect life as a gift from God do not try to sustain life by taking in blood, even in an emergency. Witnesses are taught that the use of fractions such as albumin, immunoglobulins and hemophiliac preparations are not absolutely prohibited and are instead a matter of personal choice.
The doctrine was introduced in 1945, and has undergone some changes since then. Members of the group who voluntarily accept a transfusion and are not deemed repentant are regarded as having disassociated themselves from the group by abandoning its doctrines and are subsequently shunned by members of the organization. Although the majority of Jehovah's Witnesses accept the doctrine, a minority do not.
The Watch Tower Society has established Hospital Information Services to provide education and facilitate bloodless surgery. This service also maintains Hospital Liaison Committees.
Modern History of Jehovah's Witnesses

Gradually ‘called out of darkness into God’s wonderful light!’ That briefly describes the modern history of Jehovah’s witnesses as they advanced out of the darkness of Babylonish religious thinking toward increased restorations of new Bible truths. (1 Pet. 2:9, *NW*) The long night of spiritual darkness out of which these Christian witnesses came had existed from the early part of the second century following the death of Christ’s apostles right up to the latter half of the nineteenth century. Early Christianity with its brilliance of right doctrine and cleanness of theocratic organization began to be eclipsed after the year 100 by a creeping spiritual darkness of Babylonish religious teachings, Grecian and Roman pagan philosophies and rank apostasy. Satan the Devil, ever active to defeat the true worship of Jehovah God, had produced apostate, false shepherds, “wolves in sheep’s clothing,” eventually to bring about desolation to the once spiritually flourishing Christian congregation. In spite of the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, which really effected no restoration of true worship, the pall of darkness continued over the minds of misled Christians until the time came for Jehovah to send forth his Liberator, the Greater Cyrus, Jesus Christ, to deliver the true Christian witnesses from their Babylonish bondage.
Music

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== Music ==

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## Songbooks

* *"Sing Out Joyfully" to Jehovah* (2016; 151 Kingdom songs)

*Sing to Jehovah—New Songs* (2014–2016; 19 songs added)
*Sing to Jehovah* (2009; 135 Kingdom songs)
*Sing Praises to Jehovah* (1984; 225 Kingdom songs)
*"Singing and Accompanying Yourselves With Music in Your Hearts"* (1966; 119 songs)
*Songs to Jehovah's Praise* (1950; 91 songs)
*Kingdom Service Song Book* (1944; 62 songs)
*Songs of Praise to Jehovah* (1928; 337 songs; a mixture of Bible Students' compositions and older hymns)
*Kingdom Hymns* (1926; 80 songs, with music, especially for children)
*Hymns of the Millennial Dawn* (1906; 333 songs published in 1890, with music added)
*Zion's Glad Songs* (1900; 82 songs, many written by one Bible Student, to supplement the earlier collection)
*Zion's Glad Songs of the Morning* (1896; published as the "Watch Tower" of February 1, lyrics for 11 songs, with music)
*Poems and Hymns of Millennial Dawn* (1890, revised and reissued as *Poems of Dawn* 1912, revised 1915; 151 poems and 333 hymns, published without music; most were the works of well-known writers)
*Songs of the Bride* (1879; 144 hymns)
## Recordings

* *"Sing Out Joyfully" to Jehovah—Meetings* (MP3 and MP4)

*Sing to Jehovah—Orchestral Accompaniment* (MP3)
*Sing to Jehovah—New Songs—Orchestral Accompaniment* (MP3)
*Sing to Jehovah—Piano Accompaniment* (CD, MP3 and AAC)
*Sing Praises to Jehovah* (piano accompaniment, CD in MP3 format)
*Sing Praises to Jehovah* (piano accompaniment, CD in digital audio format)
*Sing Praises to Jehovah* (piano accompaniment, audiocassette)
*Sing Praises to Jehovah* (piano accompaniment, phonograph)
*"Singing and Accompanying Yourselves With Music in Your Hearts"* (orchestral accompaniment, audiocassette)
*"Singing and Accompanying Yourselves With Music in Your Hearts"* (orchestral accompaniment, phonograph)
* *"Sing Out Joyfully" to Jehovah—Vocals* (MP3)

*Sing to Jehovah—Chorus* (MP3)
*Sing to Jehovah—Vocal Renditions*, Discs 1–6 (CD, MP3 and AAC)
*Singing Kingdom Songs* (audiocassette and CD)
* *"Sing Out Joyfully" to Jehovah—Instrumental* (MP3)

*Kingdom Melodies*, Volumes 1–6, 9 (MP3 and AAC)
*Kingdom Melodies*, Volumes 1–9 (CD in MP3 format)
*Kingdom Melodies*, Volumes 1–9 (CD in digital audio format)
*Kingdom Melodies*, Volumes 1–9 (audiocassette)
Ministerial Servants

**Ministerial Servant**. A spiritually mature male Witness appointed to assist elders with non-pastoral tasks. To serve as a ministerial servant, he must continue to meet the Scriptural qualifications listed at 1 Timothy 3:8-10, 12, 13 and Titus 2:6-8. Ministerial servants care for important organizational and support functions in a congregation. A ministerial servant is not paid for his services and is not an employee of his respective congregation or any corporation associated with Jehovah’s Witnesses. Most ministerial servants work secularly to support themselves and their families. Some ministerial servants may, in time, qualify to serve as elders. The term is not used as an honorific title.
Kingdom Ministry School

Purpose
To train traveling overseers, elders, and, at times, ministerial servants to care for their oversight and organizational responsibilities. (Acts 20:28) Current situations, trends, and immediate needs of the congregations are covered. This school is held every few years as decided by the Governing Body.
Duration
In recent years, this school has been conducted for two to two and a half days for traveling overseers, one and a half days for elders, and one day for ministerial servants.
Location
Usually at a Kingdom Hall or an Assembly Hall.
Qualifications
Must be a traveling overseer, an elder, or a ministerial servant.
Enrollment
Elders and ministerial servants receive an invitation from the circuit overseer. The branch office invites traveling overseers.

Comments
*“The school, though compact and concise, invigorates elders and helps them to maintain joy and ‘carry on as men’ in Jehovah’s service. Both new and longtime elders learn to shepherd effectively and to be fitly united in the ‘same line of thought.’”*​—Quinn.
*“This training struck the perfect balance between building our spiritual appreciation, warning us of dangers, and providing us with practical suggestions to care for the flock. How kind of Jehovah to help us.”*​—Michael.
Levi

**Levites** (/ˈliːvaɪt/ *LEE-vyte*; Hebrew: לְוִיִּם, romanized: *Lǝvīyyīm*) or **Levi** are Jewish males who claim patrilineal descent from the Tribe of Levi. The Tribe of Levi descended from Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah. The surname *Halevi*, which consists of the Hebrew definite article "ה" *Ha-* ('the') plus *Levi* ('Levite'), is not conclusive regarding being a Levite; a titular use of **HaLevi** indicates being a Levite. The daughter of a Levite is a *Bat Levi* (*Bat* being Hebrew for 'daughter').
The Tribe of Levi served particular religious duties for the Israelites and had political (administering cities of refuge) and educational responsibilities as well. In return, the landed tribes were expected to support the Levites with a tithe (Numbers 18:21–25), particularly the tithe known as the First tithe, *ma'aser rishon*. The Kohanim, a subset of the Levites, were the priests, who performed the work of holiness in the Temple. The Levites, referring to those who were not Kohanim, were specifically assigned to:

* Singing and/or playing music in the Temple
* Serving as guards
* Carrying

When Joshua led the Israelites into the land of Canaan (Joshua 13:33), the Sons of Levi were the only Israelite tribe that received cities but were not allowed to be landowners "because the Lord the God of Israel Himself is their inheritance" (Deuteronomy 18:2).

In modern times, Levites are integrated in Jewish communities, but keep a distinct status. There are estimated 300,000 Levites among Ashkenazi Jewish communities, and a similar number among Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews combined. The total percentage of Levites among the wider Jewish population is about 4%.
Jehovah’s Word Is Alive!

Highlights from the Book of **Genesis​—I**

Highlights from the Book of **Genesis—II**

Highlights from the Book of **Exodus**
Highlights from the Book of **Leviticus**
Highlights from the Book of **Numbers**

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the sons of Israel from Egyptian bondage. Having spent these years in the wilderness, the Israelites are still a nation without a land. At last, though, they stand at the threshold of the Promised Land. What awaits them as they take possession of it? What problems will they encounter, and how should they deal with them?

```

Highlights from the Book of **Joshua**
Highlights from the Book of **Judges**
Highlights from the Book of **Judges**
Highlights from the Book of **Ruth**
Highlights from the Book of **1 Samuel**
Highlights from the Book of **2 Samuel**
Highlights from the Book of **1 Kings**
Highlights from the Book of **2 Kings**
Highlights from the Book of **1 Chronicles**
Highlights from the Book of **2 Chronicles**
Highlights from the Book of **Ezra**
Highlights from the Book of **Nehemiah**
Highlights from the Book of **Esther**
Highlights from the Book of **Job**
Highlights from the Book of **Psalms​—I**
Highlights from the Book of **Psalms​—II**
Highlights from the Book of **Psalms​—III**
Highlights from the Book of **Psalms​—IV**
Highlights from the Book of **Psalms​—V**
Highlights from the Book of Proverbs
Highlights from the Book of Ecclesiastes
Highlights from the Book of Song of Solomon
Highlights from the Book of Isaiah
Highlights from the Book of Jeremiah
Highlights from the Book of Lamentations
Highlights from the Book of Ezekiel
Highlights from the Book of Daniel
Highlights from the Book of Hosea
Highlights from the Book of Joel
Highlights from the Book of Amos
Highlights From the Book of Obadiah
Highlights from the Book of Jonah
Highlights from the Book of Micah
Highlights from the Book of Nahum
Highlights from the Book of Habakkuk
Highlights from the Book of Zephaniah
Highlights from the Book of Haggai
Highlights from the Book of Zechariah
Highlights from the Book of Malachi
Highlights from the Book of Matthew
Highlights from the Book of Mark
Highlights from the Book of Luke
Highlights from the Book of John
Highlights from the Book of Acts
Highlights from the Book of Romans
Highlights from the Book of 1 Corinthians
Highlights from the Book of 2 Corinthians
Highlights from the Book of Galatians
Highlights from the Book of Ephesians

Highlights from the Book of Philippians
Highlights from the Book of Colossians
Highlights from the Book of 1 Thessalonians
Highlights from the Book of 2 Thessalonians
Highlights from the Book of 1 Timothy
Highlights from the Book of 2 Timothy
Highlights from the Book of Titus
Highlights from the Book of Philemon
Highlights from the Book of Hebrews
Highlights from the Book of James
Highlights from the Book of 1 Peter
Highlights from the Book of 2 Peter
Highlights from the Book of 1 John
Highlights from the Book of 2 John
Highlights from the Book of 3 John
Highlights from the Book of Jude
Highlights from the Book of Revelation
Love People—Make Disciples

The brochure has 12 lessons featuring qualities that we need to cultivate in order to show love and make disciples. Each lesson is based on a Bible account in which Jesus or another first-century evangelizer displayed a specific quality in the ministry. The goal is, not to memorize presentations, but to look for ways to demonstrate our love for people. Although each quality is needed for all aspects of our ministry, we will consider how certain qualities are especially needed when starting conversations, making return visits, or conducting Bible studies.

Section 1
Lesson 1: Interest in Others
Lesson 2: Naturalness
Lesson 3: Kindness
Lesson 4: Humility
Lesson 5: Tact
Lesson 6: Boldness
Section 2
Lesson 7: Perseverance
Lesson 8: Patience
Lesson 9: Empathy
Section 3
Lesson 10: Commitment
Lesson 11: Simplicity
Lesson 12: Courage
Appendixes

Truths We Love to Teach
Should You End the Conversation?
How to Conduct Bible Studies Using “Enjoy Life Forever!”