recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

The **Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan** was an Islamic state ruled by the Taliban which governed Afghanistan through strict *sharia* law from 1996 to 2001 and from 2021, with the capital being located at Kabul and the spiritual center at Kandahar. The emirate was announced after the Taliban entered Kabul, dissolving Burhanuddin Rabbani's Emirate of Afghanistan and establishing a sectarian Pashtun-ruled state. Shi'ites and minority ethnic groups were persecuted, and religious shrines such as the Bamiyan Buddhas were destroyed by the Taliban.

The Taliban controlled 90% of the country with assistance from 40 thousand Pakistani troops, and the Taliban was known for its cruelty towards women as well as its support for foreign terrorist groups. al-Qaeda rented out Afghanistan for $2,000,000 each year during the 1990s, allowing for them to establish training camps such as Khalden, Kandahar Airport, and al-Farouq that processed several fighters to join the *jihad*; the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan was also based in Afghanistan under the emirate. In 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan in response to Mullah Mohammed Omar's refusal to hand over al-Qaeda leaders after the September 11, 2001 9/11 attacks, and the USA helped the Northern Alliance in seizing power from the Taliban, ending the emirate and leading to the formation of an Islamic republic led by Hamid Karzai in 2004. The Taliban leaders escaped to Pakistan, however, and in 2002 they began a renewed offensive funded by opium sales. The Taliban insurgency escalated into a blitzkrieg offensive in 2021 as the US-led coalition finally withdrew from the country, and Kabul's fall to the Taliban on August 15, 2021 led to the re-establishment of the Islamic Emirate a day later.
Italy

**Italy** is a country in southern, central, and western Europe, located on the Italian Peninsula (in addition to Sicily, Sardinia, and smaller islands). The capital of Italy is Rome, a birthplace of modern Western culture, as well as the center of the former Roman Republic and Roman Empire - Italy is currently home to thousands of examples ancient Roman architecture, including the Colisseum and several aqueducts.

During the Dark Ages, Italy was invaded by foreign tribes and was divided into several warring city-states and maritime republics, leading to Italy being the location of several wars as the Middle Ages continued. Perhaps the two most famous wars were the wars of the pro-Papal Guelphs and pro-Hohenstaufen Ghibellines from 1156 to 1334 and the Italian Wars of 1494-1559, both of which saw the Papal States fight against intervening foreign powers, in the former case the Holy Roman Empire, while the latter saw the Emperor, the Spanish Empire, the Kingdom of France, and the Kingdom of England scrap over Italian politics. Italy would only be united in 1860, when the Kingdom of Sardinia - with the assistance of Napoleon III of France - reunited northern Italy (which it had seized from the Austrian Empire) with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

In 1870, the Italians occupied Rome after the French guards left to fight in the Franco-Prussian War, and Italy became a kingdom. It would become a republic in 1946 after the end of World War II, which had seen the people rise up against fascist Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and the National Fascist Party, and it is currently led by the social democratic Democratic Party of Italy. In 2015, Italy had a population of 60,674,003 people, with most of them 83.3% being Catholic, 12.4% nonreligious, 3.7% Muslim, .2% Buddhist, .1% Hindu, and .3% other religions.
New Testament

The **New Testament** is the second part of the Christian Bible, the first part being the Old Testament. While the Old Testament was written from 1400 BC onwards in Hebrew, the New Testament was written by 96 AD in Koine Greek. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. The New Testament is a source for Christian theology and morality, and it focuses on the life, teaching, death, and resurrection of Jesus (the Gospel); a narrative of the Apostle ministries in the early church (the Acts of the Apostles); 21 letters (epistles) consisting of Christian doctrine, counsel, instruction, and conflict resolution; and a book of prophecy, the Book of Revelation.

## Books

The names and orders of the books of the New Testament.

* Gospel of Matthew
* Gospel of Mark
* Gospel of Luke
* Gospel of John
* Acts of the Apostles
* Epistle to the Romans
* 1 Corinthians
* 2 Corinthians
* Epistle to the Galatians
* Epistle to the Ephesians
* Epistle to the Philippians
* Epistle to the Colossians
* 1 Thessalonians
* 2 Thessalonians
* 1 Timothy
* 2 Timothy
* Epistle to Titus
* Epistle to Philemon
* Epistle to the Hebrews
* Epistle of James
* 1 Peter
* 2 Peter
* 1 John
* 2 John
* 3 John
* Epistle of Jude
* Book of Revelation
North Sea

The **North Sea** is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between the British Isles, Scandinavia, and the Low Countries. The sea is 600 miles wide, and it is a center of the fishery business and maritime trade, being the location of several Hanseatic League ports and the location of the Vikings' main voyages.
Korey Wise

**Korey Wise** (1973-) was an African-American man from New York City who served 13 years in adult prisons after being wrongfully arrested and convicted in the 1990 Central Park jogger case.

## Biography

Korey Wise was born in Harlem, New York City, New York in 1973. He became a truant during high school due to being threatened by other students, and he missed school for all of April 1989. That month, jogger Trisha Meili was beaten and raped while jogging in Central Park, and Wise's friend Yusef Salaam was placed on the NYPD's suspect list. When Salaam was arrested outside of a barbershop, Detective John Taglioni invited Wise to accompany his friend to the police station, although Wise was not on the list. Despite not being on the list, Wise was also interrogated and coerced into making false statements, including a filmed "confession" in which he said that he had raped Meili and that this was his first and last rape. He was put on trial in 1990 and found innocent of attempted murder and rape, but he was found guilty of sexual abuse and assault and served more than 13 years in an adult prison. He came across criminal Matias Reyes in prison, and Reyes, motivated by the encounter, confessed that he was the true rapist, and he and the others were exonerated in 2002 and released. Tragically, during his imprisonment, Wise's father passed away, and his transgender sister Marci Wise was murdered. Wise became a criminal justice activist, founding the Korey Wise Innocence Project.
Melchizedek

**Melchizedek** was the king of Salem (Jerusalem) who is venerated as a saint in Catholicism and Orthodoxy.

## History

Melchizedek's name meant "king of righteousness" while his city Salem meant "peace", so he was called both the King of Righteousness and the King of Peace in Hebrews 7, a part of the New Testament of the Bible. When Abraham returned from the slaughter of the kings (such as King Chedorlaomer of Elam), Melchizedek brought out bread and wine and blessed Abraham. As a reward, Abraham gave him tithes, granting him a tenth of the spoils. In Hebrews 7, it is said that he continued a priest forever, for he resembled Jesus. It was said that Jesus was the successor to the "Order of Melchizedek".
Lithuanian SSR

The **Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic** was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from July 21, 1940 to March 11, 1990. Its capital was Vilnius, and it was one of the easternmost republics of the USSR. Lithuania was annexed by the USSR on June 16, 1940 during World War II, and it was granted independence in 1990 at the end of the Cold War.

## History

On June 16, 1940, the Soviet Union invaded Lithuania and annexed it as a republic of the USSR, with Vilnius as the capital. The Lithuanian SSR existed as a puppet state under the USSR, and its language was replaced by Russian during Soviet rule over Lithuania. The republic declared independence on March 11, 1990 at the end of the Cold War, one of the many Soviet republics to get its freedom in a series of uprisings, and Lithuania became an independent republic free of Soviet rule.

Lithuania had a population of 3,689,779 people in 1989, when it had 25,174 square miles of territory.
Peyton Randolph

**Peyton Randolph** (September 10, 1721 – October 22, 1775) was Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1766 to 1775, succeeding John Robinson, and President of the Continental Congress in 1774 (succeeding Henry Middleton) to 1775, succeeding Middleton and preceding John Hancock. Due to his position as the first President of the Continental Congress, Randolph is considered one of the United States' Founding Fathers.

## Biography

Peyton Randolph was born on September 10, 1721 in Williamsburg, Virginia. His father Sir John Randolph and grandfather William Randolph were both former speakers of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and Peyton's nephew was Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Randolph attended William and Mary College before becoming a lawyer in London; he later returned to Williamsburg and became Attorney-General of the Colony of Virginia in 1744. From 1748 onwards, he served many terms in the House of Burgesses, and in 1766 he left the office of Attorney-General to replace the late John Robinson as Speaker. He grew to favor independence as the Intolerable Acts were passed by Great Britain against the Thirteen Colonies, and on September 5, 1774 he was named the first President of the Continental Congress. The First Continental Congress was held at Benjamin Franklin's behest, and it asked for King George III of Great Britain to change the tax laws, and it adjourned, set to reconvene in 1775 if the King did not fix the problems. In the summer of 1775, he became President again when Congress convened to extend the Olive Branch Petition to stop the American Revolutionary War from growing worse. Randolph died of apoplexy in September at the age of 54.
Ieyasu Tokugawa

**Ieyasu Tokugawa**(January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the *daimyo*of the Tokugawa clan and founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, which he ruled from 1603 to 1616, preceding Hidetada Tokugawa. Considered to be the last of the "Three Great Unifiers" of Japan, Ieyasu won control of Japan in the 1600 Battle of Sekigahara.

## Biography

The founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate was the son of a minor daimyo. His clan, the Mikawa, was split between supporters of its two powerful neighbors, the Imagawa and Oda clans. As a child, Ieyasu was seized by the Oda and narrowly escaped execution when his father persisted in backing the Imagawa.

The child returned to his family with a fixed determination to survive in a dangerous world. He first proved himself a valiant samurai while still a youth, at the Siege of Terabe in 1558, an action fought on behalf of the Imagawa. When Nobunaga Oda crushed the Imagawa at Okehazama two years later, however, Ieyasu's troops kept well away from the fighting. In the wake of the battle, he nimbly changed sides and fought as Nobunaga's ally at the battle of Anegawa in 1570.

Ieyasu did not lack physical courage, but his most salient characteristics were patience and cunning. In 1572, defeated in a conflict with the Takeda clan at Mikatagahara, he skillfully avoided further fighting until Nobunaga was lured into throwing his superior forces into battle against the Takeda at Nagashino in 1575.

### Subtle dealings

At the time of Nobunaga's death in 1582, Ieyasu reacted cautiously at first to Hideyoshi Toyotomi's swift seizure of power, before taking up arms on behalf of a rival claimant in 1584.

When Hideyoshi and Ieyasu's forces met at Nagakute, Ieyasu had the better of the fighting, but he avoided a decisive showdown, stalling for time until a truce could be arranged. He then recognized Hideyoshi's authority, all the while building up a power base around Edo (modern-day Tokyo).

Ieyasu did not participate in Hideyoshi's disastrous campaigns in Korea, instead, husbanding his strength for the inevitable succession struggle. On Hideyoshi's death in 1598, he laucnhed his bid for power, opposed by a faction led by Mitsunari Ishida. Ieyasu took pains to suborn various daimyo allied to Mitsunari. When battle was joined at Sekigahara in October 1600, many contingents switched sides to join Ieyasu, ensuring his victory.

### Birth of a dynasty

Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1603, a date generally accepted as the end of Japan's civil wars. However, the fighting was not quite over. In 1614, supporters of Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori Toyotomi, rose in revolt. Ieyasu responded with an implacable marshaling of his forces to overwhelm the rebels. After a lengthy siege of Osaka castle, the revolt was ended with the battle of Tennoji in 1615. Ieyasu died the following year, but the shogunate he founded was destined to rule Japan for two and a half centuries.
Red Sea

The **Red Sea** is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean located between the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. The Sinai Peninsula is located to the north, while it empties into the Indian Ocean to the south. The Red Sea covers 169,100 square miles and 220.6 miles wide at its widest point; its name refers to the seasonal bloom of the red sea sawdust near the water's surface
Militarism

**Militarism** is the belief that a country should have a strong military that should be used aggressively to defend or promote national interests. Militarism was one of the leading causes of World War I and World War II, tying in closely with nationalism and expansionism. Blind faith in leaders allowed for large countries to be led into deadly wars fueled by extreme patriotism, and the belief in militarism has been famously seen in Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Japan, the United States, and First French Empire.
M1 Abrams

The **M1 Abrams** is an American main battle tank that began production in 1980. The Abrams tank was named for General Creighton Abrams, who served as commander of United States Army forces during the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972, and the tank was heavily-armored and well-armed. The tank replaced the M60 Patton as the main US tank during the Cold War after its introduction, and the tank served as the main tank of the USA, Egypt, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Australia, and Iraq during the 1990s and 2000s.
Islamic Courts Union

The **Islamic Courts Union** was a group of *sharia* courts that claimed control over Somalia's government in 2006, rivalling the West-backed Transitional Federal Government. Led by Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, the ICU was a powerful Islamist faction, and it once ruled even the capital of Mogadishu. The ICU's strength led to Kenyan and Ethiopian troops being sent to Somalia, and the ICU was defeated. Hardline Islamists broke ranks with the ICU after the fall of Kismayo on 1 January 2007, forming al-Shabaab, Hizbul Islam, and other new terrorist groups.
League of Nations

The **League of Nations** was an intergovernmenal organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. The League of Nations sought to maintain world peace and settle disputes through arbitration and cooperation, but it never backed up its statements with muscle; while the League of Nations demanded that Italy stop its invasion of Abyssinia, it allowed for the Italians to conquer the country without reprisals. In addition, Nazi Germany took over Austria and Czechoslovakia without the League of Nations acting against Hitler's reich. Many founding members of the group left, and the United States, which had been instrumental in creating the league, decided to not even join it in the first place due to its isolationist policies. The League of Nations' failures ended in World War II from 1939 to 1945, and it was replaced by the new and more powerful United Nations in 1946.
Lucius Junius Brutus

**Lucius Junius Brutus** (died 509 BC) was the founder of the Roman Republic and one of its first consuls in 509 BC. He overthrew the Etruscan monarchy and fought to defend the republic, dying in battle at the Battle of Silva Arsia that same year.

## Biography

Lucius Junius Brutus was born in Rome, the grandson of the Etruscan king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus and the nephew of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin). Junius became a rival of Tarquin after Tarquin had several Roman leaders - including Junius' brother - executed, and Junius feigned stupidity (hence his nickname "Brutus") in order to survive the persecution. Junius later accompanied Tarquin's sons on a trip to Delphi, where the Oracle told them that the first among them to kiss their mother would hold supreme sway in Rome. Junius believed that this was referring to Gaia, Mother Nature, so he pretended to trip and kissed the ground.

In 509 BC, the noblewoman Lucretia, a kinswoman of Junius, summoned him, Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, Publius Valerius Publicola, and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus to her in Collatia after she was raped by Tarquin's son Sextus Tarquinius, and Lucretia told them of the rape before stabbing herself dead to reclaim her honor. Junius pulled the dagger from her and immediately called for Tarquin's overthrow. The four men gathered the youth of Collatia, and they went to Rome, where the people voted for the deposition of the king and the banishment of the royal family. Junius left Lucretius in command of the city, and he took command of the army at Ardea. He had the people swear an oath to never again allow for any man to be king in Rome, and he and Lucretia's husband Tarqinius Collatinus were elected the nascent Roman Republic's first consuls.

Tarquin attempted to return to power shortly after his expulsion from power, recruiting several prominent Roman politicians and nobles into a conspiracy against the Republic. Junius gained respect by stoically watching as his own sons were executed for taking part in the conspiracy, and he removed Collatinus from power for his lack of action, replacing him with Publius Valerius Publicola. Soon after, Tarquin led an army of Etruscans from Tarquinii and Veii in an attempt to reconquer Rome, but they met Junius' army at the Battle of Silva Arsia. During the battle, Junius' cousin Aruns Tarquinius, in command of the Etruscan cavalry, singled out Junius and charged into battle with him. Junius and Aruns speared each other to death, and, after Junius' death, the Romans went on to win the battle and defend the new Republic. Valerius held a magnificent funeral in Junius' honor, while celebrating his triumph.
Magyars

The **Magyars** were a nomadic people that originated in Ural before migrating into Europe around 895. During the era of invasions (the Early Middle Ages), the Magyars were a menace from the east, while the Vikings came from the north, Moors from the west, and Saracens from the south.

## History

The Magyars originated in the Ural Mountains of Russia, and during the 300s and 400s, the Magyars moved to Bashkiria and Perm Krai. By the 700s, some had moved between the Volga, Don, and Donets rivers. They were subjects of the Khazar Khaganate, and when a rebellion broke out in 830 in the khaganate, the Magyars and some Khazars moved to the Carpathians, fighting the Pechenegs for the first time in 854. From 862 onwards, the Magyars raided East Francia, Great Moravia, the Principality of Balaton, and the First Bulgarian Empire, and some of their raiders reached central and southern Europe.

In 895, Arpad led the Magyars to the Carpathian Basin, and founded the Principality of Hungary, a homeland for the Magyars. The Magyar raids continued, however. In 899, they crushed an army of Lombards under Berengar I of Italy at the Battle of Brenta, and in 910, Ludwig III of East Francia's army was defeated at the Battle of Augsburg in Bavaria by the Magyars. The Magyars were defeated in 933 at the Battle of Riade by Henry the Fowler when they invaded northern Thuringia in another raid. In 955 the Battle of Lechfeld permanently diminished the Magyar power, and under the rule of Stephen I of Hungary, the chiefdom society turned into a state society and the Magyars began to settle down to form the nation of Hungary.
North Carolina

**North Carolina** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located in the American South. North Carolina was colonized by England in 1629 as the "Carolinas" together with South Carolina, and it was very productive as a producer of cotton, sugar, tobacco, and other plantation goods that were manufactured by black slaves. In the 1900s, the state moved on from the Old South to become a state with biotechnology, finance, engineering, and energy sectors, and the state has developed since the end of Reconstruction in the 19th century. In 2015, the state had a population of 10,042,802 people, with 68.5% being whites, 21.5% African-Americans, 2.2% Asians, 1.3% Native Americans, .1% Pacific Islander, 4.3% other, and 2.2% multiracial. Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.
OpFor

The **Al-Asadi**, known as **Al-Asad's Insurgency** or **OpFor**, was a terrorist organization founded by Khaled al-Asad in Basra, Iraq, with the goal of further destabilizing the Middle East and producing an anarchist state. OpFor was fully funded by Russian arms dealer Imran Zakhaev, who used the insurgency to further his goal of global destabilization.

After the execution of Yasir al-Fulani, a royalist and direct agent of the House of Saud, on live television, OpFor launched a full scale invasion of Saudi Arabia. Defending their ally, the United States deployed in Saudi Arabia to fight the OpFor back to their capital of Basra, where a thermonuclear device was activated. This decimated both the remaining OpFor and the US task force, killing over 30,000 Marines in the blast and from radiation.

The remnants of OpFor based themselves in Afghanistan and Pakistan, fighting a bitter war with American forces stationed there, including the US Army Rangers, US Navy SEALs, and US Marines. They were eventually routed and destroyed in the aftermath of World War III, though Khaled al-Asad went on to lead al-Qatala, the spiritual successor to the al-Asadi.
Jackdaw

The ***Jackdaw***, once known as ***El Dorado***, was a pirate brig captained by Edward Kenway from 1715 to 1722 during the Golden Age of Piracy. The ship was formerly a Spanish Navy brig under the name *El Dorado*, and it was a part of the Spanish Treasure Fleet until the 1715 hurricane, during which Kenway and several other pirate prisoners escaped from their imprisonment during a hurricane off the coast of Florida and commandeered *El Dorado*. The ship made it out of the hurricane, and Kenway named his friend Adewale his quartermaster. The ship would take part in pirating operations off the Bahamas in 1715, taking several prizes by attacking King Philip V of Spain's merchant ships and warships. Pirates Blackbeard and Benjamin Hornigold assisted Kenway with learning how to plunder Spanish ships, and Kenway would upgrade his ship with resources stolen from Spanish ships. He recruited crew members by hiring them from bars, by assisting them during fights, by freeing them from executions, and by rescuing them from captured ships. The *Jackdaw* eventually became one of the most powerful ships in the Caribbean Sea, taking on much larger ships, even destroying British and Spanish forts to introduce anarchy to the Caribbean. The ship stopped pirating after 1722, when Kenway retired to England. The ship sunk in a hurricane off Hispaniola during the late 1720s.

## Gallery

Flag of the JackdawJackdaw in 1716Jackdaw in 1718
Liberalism

**Liberalism** is a political ideology founded on the ideas of liberty and equality. Typical liberal views include support for freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, gender equality, and international cooperation. Liberalism developed in Western Europe during the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting the prevailing social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, and divine right of kings. The founder of liberalism, John Locke, argued that each man has a natural right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments must not violate these rights based on the social contract. Liberals opposed traditionalist conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy and rule of law, and the ideology inspired the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the American Revolutionary War in 1776, and the French Revolution in 1789. Liberalism spread rapidly after the latter event, and the nineteenth century saw the establishment of liberal governments across Europe and South America. After 1920, liberalism was not only threatened by conservatism, but also by socialism and fascism. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread further as liberal democracies found themselves on the winning sides of both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state. Today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence in the world, but it still has challenges to overcome in Asia and Africa.
Prohibition

**Prohibition** was a nationwide ban on alcohol that was in place in the United States from 1920 to 1933 after the passage of the 18th Amendment. The policy was supported by rural Protestants and social progressives from all parties, especially the US Democratic Party. Religious uses of wine were legal in some cases, but stores were not allowed to sell wine, and the importation of wine from other countries was also outlawed. Prohibition led to an increase in violent crime across the country, with the American Mafia taking advantage of the increased demand for illegal alcohol. "Bootleggers" smuggled alcohol to secret taverns, and hidden distilleries were opened to produce more illegal alcohol for sale on the black market. The Twenty-First Amendment was passed in 1933, repealing the 18th Amendment and ending Prohibition. The government lost the tax money that it had gained during Prohibition, contributing to the Great Depression.

## Gallery

Pro-Prohibition propaganda in Chicago, 1932
Poseidon

**Poseidon**, known as **Neptune** to the Romans, was the ancient Greek god of the sea, of earthquakes, and of horses. He was one of the children of Kronos and Rhea, and he was the brother of Hades, Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Zeus, and Chiron, the lover of Amphitrite, Aphrodite, and Demeter, among others, and the father of Theseus, Triton, Polyphemus, Orion, Belus, Agenor, Neleus, and Atlas. Poseidon was worshipped as the protector of seafarers, and, when the Greek king Odysseus of Ithaca took all of the credit for the victory over Troy in 1240 BC (the crime of *hubris*), Poseidon cursed him by causing a ten-year delay in his return home by punishing him with storms and the complete loss of his ship and companions.
Gulf of Mexico

The **Gulf of Mexico** is an ocean basin surrounded by North America, located in the water to the west of eastern United States state of Florida, Cuba, and the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. The gulf over 600,000 square miles, and half of the basin consists of shallow continental shelf waters; the gulf contains 660 gallons of water.
NAACP

The **National Association for the Advancement of Colored People** (**NAACP**) is an African-American civil rights organization that was founded in 1909 by W.E.B. DuBois and several other Civil Rights movement activists. The NAACP sought to eliminate racial hatred and ethnic discrimination by focusing on the issues of economic development, desegregation, hate crimes, police misconduct, and the sociopolitical advancement of African-Americans. The NAACP spearheaded the Civil Rights movement during the early 20th century, and it currently works with groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Anti-Defamation League (ADL) to tackle racial hatred.
M1928A1 Thompson

The **M1928 Thompson** was a sub-machine gun that was used by the United States and Great Britain during World War II.

## Description

It could fire the .45 ACP round at a range of up to 200 meters, though it was only really effective up to 50 meters. The first military production model was the M1928 which was based on the earlier civilian model which had been made famous by American gangsters during the 1930s. One of the main features of the M1928 was that it had a special compensator which lowered muzzle climb which was a major problem for Thompson users when using in fully automatic.

Also notable was its capability to use drum magazines that gave it an ammunition capacity of up to fifty rounds per magazine. The regular stick magazine which was the most widely used had an ammunition capacity of thirty rounds. The M1928 also had a rate of fire of 700 rounds per minute and a muzzle velocity of 280 meters per second. The total weight of the Thompson was about four kilograms while the length of the Thompson was eighty-one centimeters. The Thompson utilized flip up adjustable rear sights for aiming and it had a blow-back type gas operating system. The Thompson was highly reliable and was well liked by its operators.

### Variants

The first variant of the M1928 was the M1928A1 which was the first variant that was capable of a military sling and still retained the foregrip. Following it came the M1 Thompson which solved another one of the series's main drawbacks, its cost. The M1 was a highly simplified version that had modified mechanics and had a lowered rate of fire of about 650 rounds per minute. The M1A1 which was the last variant of the series was an even more simplified version of the original M1. At this point, the thirty round stick magazine became standard and the firing system was modified. However, the simplification meant that the elder drum magazine could no longer be fitted to the weapon.

The Thompson SMG series was first designed in 1919 by General John Thompson and was initially denied by the US military. This led to its marketing to civilians and its wide use in the prohibition era. Following its later introduction with the American armed forces, the Thompson was exported far and wide overseas to a number of countries, most notably China during its invasion by the Japanese. However, by the time that the US entered into World War II, most American units had not received Thompsons leading to its simplification and subsequent mass production. Controlled amounts of the weapons were provided to the Soviet Union along with M3 Stuart Tanks as crew weapons. However, these weapons saw little use as the 7.62mm pistol round was the prominent submachine gun caliber on the Eastern Front, as opposed to the Thompson's .45 ACP. In addition, it saw use by British and Canadian Commandos - somewhat famously by the No. 1 Commando, who feature the M1928 on their unit patch. By 1942-1943 the M1 was the standard weapon of the United States Army and saw widespread use with US military in all the theaters it served in. In total, about 2,700,000 models have been produced in its existence.
Marxism-Leninism

**arxism-Leninism** is a communist political philosophy that developed following the Russian Revolution in the 1920s. The philosophy incorporated the beliefs of both Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, and it stated that a global revolution was not needed to establish socialism; the concept of "Socialism in One Country" was supported. Marxism-Leninism instead advocated supporting revolutionary groups across the world, overseeing a slow transition from capitalism to socialism, and establishing democratic centralism ("diversity in discussion, unity in action"). The theory was the official ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during its existence, as well as the countries of China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Laos during the 21st century.
Latin America

**Latin America** is a group of Romance language-speaking countries in the Americas, including most of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. The term comes from the fact that the predominant languages of the countries, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, originated with the Latin language. Most of the countries of Latin America speak Spanish and are populated by a mixed-race population (descended from both Spaniards and Native Americans), with Brazil being a notable Portuguese-speaking nation and Guyana being a notable English-speaking nation. Latin America was home to 626,741,000 people in 2015.
Malaysia

**Malaysia** is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia, consisting of thirteen states and three federal territories on the Malay Peninsula and East Malaysia. With its capital at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia became an independent federation on 16 September 1963, uniting the Federation of Malaya with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore into one country. The country is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country, with 50.1% being Malays, 22.6% Chinese, 11.8% indigenous, 6.7% Indian, and 8.8% other; 61.3% are Sunni Muslims, 19.8% are Buddhists, 9.2% Christians, 6.2% Hindus, and 3.4% others. In 2017, Malaysia had a population of 31,495,000 people. The country's state religion is Islam, and the legal system is based on common law; every five years, one of the hereditary rulers of the Malay states is elected King (*Yang di-Pertuan Agong*), and the head of government is the Prime Minister. As a newly industrialized market economy, Malaysia has one of the largest economies in Southeast Asia.

## Gallery

Location of Malaysia.pngLocation of Malaysia
Ireland

**Ireland** is a sovereign state in the British Isles located on the island of Ireland. It owns five-sixths of its island, with Northern Ireland being a territory of the United Kingdom. Ireland's population is spread across the island in various towns and cities spread around several fertile fields, with a third of the population living in the capital of Dublin. Ireland won its independence from the United Kingdom in 1922 in the Irish War of Independence after 800 years of being occupied by England, but the Irish Republican Army and other dissident groups in Northern Ireland have constantly fought for Northern Ireland's union with Ireland and secession from the United Kingdom. The country has a population of 4,635,400 people, with most being whites of Celtic descent. 84.2% are Catholic, 6.2% nonreligious, 4.6% Protestant, 1.1% Muslim, and 2.8% other groups.
Nebraska

**Nebraska** is a state in the Midwest region of the United States on the Great Plains. The state was first explored during the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and the Gold Rush brought new settlers to the region. In 1867, Nebraska became the 37th state, and the state has since been a major producer of beef, pork, corn, and soybeans, being a mostly agricultural region. The state capital is Lincoln, while the largest city is Omaha; in 2015, the state had a population of 1,896,190 people.
Heian Empire

The **Heian period**(794-1185) was an era of Japanese history when the capital of the Emperor of Japan was set at Heian. The emperors were strong and there was a period of 400 years where not a blade was lifted. But in 1180 this was shattered by the Gempei Wars, when the Taira overthrew the regency of the Fujiwara clan. The Minamoto joined in, hoping to fight their Taira enemies, and the Taira regency was shattered in 1186, leaving the Minamoto as the victors. In 1192 the Kamakura Shogunate was founded, ending the emperor's free will.
Native Americans

**Native Americans** are the indigenous peoples of the Americas, descended from the pre-Columbian peoples. The Native Americans in North America are mostly descended from the Asian-descended Inuit people, who would also migrate to South America. The natives lived in tribes and in accordance with nature until the European colonists arrived in the Americas and ended the natives' ways of life, decimating their population by bringing disease and war to the tribes. Today, around 65 million Native Americans live in the Americas, with 25,694,928 living in Mexico, 13,800,000 in Peru, 6 million in Bolivia, 5,800,000 in Guatemala, 3,400,000 in Ecuador, as many as 5 million in the United States, 1,800,000 in Chile, 1,400,000 in Canada, 1,400,000 in Colombia, 955,032 in Argentina, 817,963 in Brazil, 524,000 in Venezuela, 520,000 in Honduras, 443,847 in Nicaragua, 204,000 in Panama, 95,235 in Paraguay, 70,000 in El Salvador, 114,000 in Costa Rica, 60,000 in Guyana, 51,000 in Greenland, 24,501 in Belize, 19,000 in French Guiana, and 24,000 in Suriname, with many traditional natives adhering to animism, but modernized and assimilated natives practice Christianity, namely Catholicism in Latin America and Protestantism in Canada and America.

In the United States, by the 21st century, most Native Americans supported the Democratic Party. Before then, however, Native Americans and Native Alaskans had been more successful as Republican candidates, with around 87 of the 185 Native American elected officials by 2019 being elected as Republicans. From the 1950s to 1980s, most New Mexico Native Americans voted Republican due to the local GOP's support for their voting rights at a time when the local Democratic Party was ideologically akin to the racist Southern Democrats, and due to Richard Nixon's support of the return of Taos Pueblo lands to the tribe. However, by the 2000s, the GOP had shifted too far to the right, while the Democrats had become more racially inclusive. 70% of Native Americans voted for Barack Obama due to his support for educational and healthcare improvements, and 150 Native delegates attended the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Only in Oklahoma did significant numbers of Natives still vote Republican during the 2010s; Oklahoma congressmen Tom Cole and Markwayne Mullin were Republicans.
New Jersey

**New Jersey** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located on the East Coast. It borders New York to the north, Pennsylvania to the west, Delaware to the southwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. New Jersey is a prosperous state, having the honor of being the second-wealthiest state by median household income in the country. The state was named for the island of Jersey in the English Channel, and the state became a center of industry, as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, and Elizabeth drove the Industrial Revolution. In 2015, the state had a population of 8,958,013, the most densely-populated state in the USA. 68.6% of the population is white, 13.7% African-Americans, .3% Native Americans, 8.3% Asian-Americans, 6.4% other, 2.7% multiracial; 17.7% are Latinos of any race.

## Gallery

Location of New Jersey.pngLocation of New Jersey
Pennsylvania

**Pennsylvania** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located on the East Coast along the mid-Atlantic region of America. Pennsylvania's charter was given to William Penn by Charles II of England to repay a debt to his father, and the state was named for Penn, meaning "Penn's Woods". The state was a center of religious freedom, and further immigration was attracted to Pennyslvania through the industrialization of the state during the Industrial Revolution and the boom of coal mining. In 2015, the state had a population of 12,802,503 people, with the ancestry groups being 28.50% Germans, 18.20% Irish, 12.80% Italians, 9.60% African-Americans, 8.50% English, 7.20% Polish, 4.20% French Canadians, 2.90% Puerto Ricans, 2.20% Dutch, 2% Slovaks, 2% Scots-Irish, 1.70% Scots, 1.60% Russians, 1.50% Welsh, 1.20% Hungarians, 1% Ukrainians, and 1% Mexicans. 80% are Christian (51% Protestant, 29% Catholic, 1% Jehovah's Witnesses, 1% Orthodox), 13% nonreligious, 2% Jews, 1% other, and 1% agnostic.
Jehovah's Witnesses

The **Jehovah's Witnesses** are a Protestant Christian sect that originated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania during the 1870s, led by nontrinitarian and restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. The movement advocated door-to-door preaching, rejected hellfire, immortality of the soul, and trinitarianism, and banned military service, saluting a national flag, and receiving blood transfusions. The movement also believed that holidays such as Christmas, Easter, and birthdays should not be celebrated, saying that they were pagan celebrations that were incompatible with Christianity. In 2016, 8,200,000 people adhered to the Jehovah's Witness faith.
Nazi Germany

**Nazi Germany** (1933-1945) was a fascist dictatorship that ruled Germany under the rule of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. At its height in 1942 during World War II, it controlled most of Europe from the English Channel and the northern half of France to the gates of Moscow in Russia, while occupying many countries from Norway in the north to Italian Libya in the south. It was one of the largest land empires in history through its occupation of Europe, with Axis Powers allies increasing its power to include Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and all of the Balkans. Its downfall came in 1945 after Hitler killed himself as the Soviet Union took the capital of Berlin, and Germany was occupied, divided into capitalist and communist halves, and denazified.
Jamaica

**Jamaica** is a Caribbean island nation located in the Greater Antilles, the third-largest island in the region after Hispaniola and Cuba. First colonized by Spain in 1494, Jamaica (known as *Xaymaca*, "land of wood and water", by the natives) was populated by African slaves that were imported as free labor after the local Native Americans were killed off due to disease. The island, known as **Santiago** under Spanish rule, was conquered by England in 1655, and Great Britain would develop a plantocracy that saw African slaves work on sugar plantations on the island. The cities of Kingston and Port Royal developed into major Caribbean port cities, and the British imported laborers from China and India to work on the island during the 1840s. 6 August 6, 1962, the United Kingdom gave Jamaica its independence as a domain, and Jamaica became the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean, having a population of 2,950,210 people in July 2015.
Persian Empire

The **Persian Empire** was a series of imperial dynasties that were centered in Persia from 550 BC (the Achaemenid Empire) to 1925 (the Qajar dynasty). The first empire was created by Cyrus the Great, who conquered the empires Media, Lydia, and Babylonia, covering much of the ancient world. The Persians failed in their invasions of Greece from 490 to 479 BC, and, from 335 to 329 BC, the Persian Empire was conquered by the Greco-Macedonian king Alexander the Great. In 224 AD, a new Persian empire, the Sassanid Empire, overthrew the Parthians, and it existed until its conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate in 651 AD. The empire would also be revived under the Safavid dynasty of 1501-1736, the Afsharid dynasty of 1736-1796, and the Qajar dynasty of 1785-1925. After the overthrow of Qajar in 1925, the Pahlavi dynasty returned Iran to being a kingdom, and its overthrow in the Iranian Revolution of 1979 ended the millennia-old monarchy in Iran.
Louisville

**Louisville** is the largest city in Kentucky (with a metro area population of 1,269,702 in 2014) and the nominal seat of Jefferson County. The city was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and named for King Louis XVI of France, and it sat beside the Falls of the Ohio. The city is home to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the Kentucky Derby, Kentucky Fried Chicken, the University of Louisville, the Louisville Cardinals, and Louisville baseball bats, and it is a "first-class" city. In 2014, the metro area had a population of 1,498,593 people.
Iwo Jima

Iwo Jima known in Japan as **Iō Tō** (硫黄島, *Iō-tō*, lit. '"sulfur island"'), is one of the Japanese Volcano Islands and lies south of the Bonin Islands. Together with other islands, they form the Ogasawara Archipelago.

The highest point of Iwo Jima is Mount Suribachi at 169 m (554 ft) high. Although 1,200 km (750 mi; 650 nmi) south of the metropolis of Tokyo on the mainland, this island of 21 km2 (8 square miles) is administered as part of the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo. Since July 1944, when all the civilians were forcibly evacuated, the island has had a military-only population.

The island was the location of the Battle of Iwo Jima between February 1945 and March 1945. This engagement saw some of the fiercest fighting of the Pacific War, with each side suffering over 20,000 casualties in the battle. The island became globally recognized when Joe Rosenthal, of the Associated Press, published his photograph *Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima*, taken on Mount Suribachi. The United States military occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan.
Protestant

**Protestantism** is the second largest denomination of Christianity (after the Catholic Church), accounting for nearly 40% of all Christians by 2015. Protestantism emerged during the Reformation of the 16th century, during which theologians such as Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Calvin sought to fix "errors" in the Catholic Church, such as rejecting papal supremacy and sacraments, emphasizing the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone rather than by good works, and the authority of the Bible alone over tradition. Luther's publishing of the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 led to the creation of Lutheranism, while Calvinism emerged from Calvin's teachings, and King Henry VIII of England created a new Christian denomination, Anglicanism, which had both Catholic and Protestant attributes. Protestantism lacks structural unity, and there are 9,000 Protestant denominations alone, in addition to 22,000 "independent" churches (which agree with Protestant theology, but which define themselves as simply Christian), 168 Anglican denominations, and 1,600 marginal denominations. Protestantism's main sub-denominations are Adventism, Anabaptism, Anglicanism, the Baptists, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Methodism, and Pentecostalism, while Protestants movements include evangelicalism, nondenominationalism, independent churches, and Charismatic Christianity.
Cornwall

**Cornwall** is a county of the West Country region of southwestern England. The region is known as **Kernow**, and it borders the Celtic Sea and the Bristol Channel. The administrative center of Cornwall is Truro, with the cities of Falmouth, Camborne, Pool, and Redruth having high populations as well. Cornwall has a population of 545,335 people.
Old Testament

The **Old Testament** is the first part of the Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible, a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites. The Catholic canon comprises 46 books, while Orthodox churches have 51 books; the Protestant canon has only 39 books. There are some differences in order and text from the Tanakh, with the additional number of books deriving from the splitting of the books of the minor prophets. The first five books are the Torah; the next section is the history books telling the history of the Israelites from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile; the third consists of books regarding questions of good and evil in the world; and the fourth section consists of books about the prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

## Names and Order of the Books

The names and order of the books of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament; apocrypha are in *italics*.

* Book of Genesis
* Book of Exodus
* Book of Leviticus
* Book of Numbers
* Book of Deuteronomy
* Book of Joshua
* Book of Judges
* Book of Ruth
* 1 Samuel
* 2 Samuel
* 1 Kings
* 2 Kings
* 1 Chronicles
* 2 Chronicles
* Book of Ezra
* Book of Nehemiah
* *Book of Tobit*
* *Book of Judith*
* Book of Esther
* Book of Job
* Book of Psalms
* Book of Proverbs
* Book of Ecclesiastes
* Song of Solomon
* *Wisdom of Solomon*
* *Book of Sirach*
* Book of Isaiah
* Book of Jeremiah
* Book of Lamentations
* *Book of Baruch*
* Book of Ezekiel
* Book of Daniel
* Book of Hosea
* Book of Joel
* Book of Amos
* Book of Obadiah
* Book of Jonah
* Book of Micah
* Book of Nahum
* Book of Habakkuk
* Book of Zephaniah
* Book of Haggai
* Book of Zechariah
* Book of Malachi
* *1 Maccabees*
* *2 Maccabees*