recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Scared Of Happy

**Scared Of Happy** è un brano delle Fifth Harmony incluso nel loro secondo album in studio, 7/27, che ha debuttato il 27 maggio 2016. Si tratta di una uptempo house-pop, targata nuovamente Stargate.

## Descrizione

In questa canzone è raccontata la storia di una ragazza che era solita essere forte e senza paura fino a che è stata ferita dal proprio ragazzo. Ora che questa ragazza sembra aver trovato un'altra persona non riesce a fidarsi per la paura di essere lasciata e ferita nuovamente, come successo in passato, e, per questo, fa fatica a lasciarsi andare.

## Testo

**Lauren:**

It's been a while since I was lost for words

Need I wasn't static and stutters

I never knew a love that doesn't hurt

Feeling the heat and the burn

**Camila:**

Just give me one good reason

Drop everything and leave it

Seconds away from turning this car back around

Something about your feeling, pushing and pulling me in

And now my walls fall down

**Dinah:**

Usually fearless, (**Fifth Harmony:**why am I scared of happy?)

Usually fearless, (**Fifth Harmony:** why am I scared of happy?)

I'm afraid of nothing, I'm afraid of no one

Used to be fearless, (**Fifth Harmony:** why am I) scared of happy?

**Camila:**

Scared of happy

**Ally:**

There is something good in sticking to your guns

No one to blame but yourself

I take a step back and I breathe for once

This is what I want

**Normani:**

You give me one good reason

Drop everything and leave it

Seconds away from pulling up outside your door

Something about your feeling, pushing and pulling me in

That's why I come back for more

**Dinah:**

Usually fearless, (**Fifth Harmony:** why am I scared of happy?)

Usually fearless, (**Fifth Harmony:** why am I scared of happy?)

I'm (**Fifth Harmony:** afraid of nothing, I'm afraid of no one)

Used to be fearless, (**Fifth Harmony:** why am I) scared of happy?

**Camila:**

Scared of happy

**Lauren:**

When it all goes down, mmh

When it all goes down

**Camila:**

Will you still be around?

I'm coming back, no more running away

**Dinah:**

Usually fearless, (**Camila:** why am I scared of happy?)

Usually fearless, (**Camila:** why am I scared of happy?)

I'm (**Camila:** afraid of nothing, I'm afraid of no one)

Used to be fearless, (**Camila:** why am I) scared of happy?

**Fifth Harmony:**

Why am I scared of happy? (**Camila:** Scared of happy)

Why am I scared of happy? (**Camila:** Scared of happy)

Why am I scared of happy? (**Camila:** Scared of happy)

Why am I?

**Camila:**

Used to be fearless, (why am I scared of happy?)

**Normani:**

Usually fearless, (why am I scared of happy?)

**Camila:**

I'm (afraid of nothing, I'm (**Dinah:** afraid of no one!))

Used to be fearless, (why am I)

(**Dinah:** Why am I) scared of happy?
Admin Election

Welcome to the admin election page! If you think someone deserves to be an admin or moderator on the Tabby Cat wiki, post a comment and users can vote for them. I love democracy...

## The Election Process

Administrator and moderator are an important position, so there are some steps that applicants have to take in order to get the position.

1. First, there must be a comment suggesting a user as an administrator candidate. This can be made for oneself or for another user, but the candidate must approve in order to be part of the election.
2. Second, they will have to meet some requirements, which are described below. Users who have met the requirements will have a comment by 나에리, the current admin.
3. Third, the voting will begin. How to vote is also described below. Voting lasts for 30 days after a 7 day application and screening period.
4. Fourth and finally, the winning candidate/s will be awarded glory and honour (and administrator/moderator privileges!) as they ascend to divinity.

## Requirements to be an Admin

1. Must have been on the Tabby Cat wiki for at least 1 month. This is to ensure that they are someone who has been part of the community for a while.
2. Must have 100+ contributions. This shows that they are an active member of the wiki. Note that contributions include comments, not just edits.
3. Must not have been banned (check Contributions-Block Log) on the Tabby Cat wiki. This shows that they follow the rules of the wiki.
4. Must have edited or commented at least once in the past week. This shows that they are still active.
5. Must have an account, instead of being an anonymous user. This is because you can't assign privileges to anonymous users.

## Voting and Applying

Voting is pretty simple. Just post an affirmative comment under the application (such as "I vote for this person" or "+1", although anything similar works).

To apply, or propose someone else's application, you just have to fill out a small form.

Username: (link to the person's user page on the Tabby Cat wiki)

Number of contributions: (see on their user page)

Position: (which position they are applying for; see this link and note that only administrator, content moderator, and discussions moderator are available on this wiki)

Reason: (why they should be an administrator or moderator)

**Good luck everyone, and have fun! Applications start on 1 July 2020!**
Blanche of Lancaster, Baroness Wake of Liddell

**Blanche of Lancaster, Baroness Wake of Liddell** (c. 1305-c. 1380) was an English noblewoman. She was the eldest daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth. Blanche was named after her grandmother, Blanche of Artois, who had ruled Navarre as regent.

## Life

Sometime before 9 October 1316, she married Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell, who had been under guardianship of her father. The marriage remained childless.

The Bishop of Ely burned down some of her houses after her husband's death in 1349 and she took legal action against him. Edward III rebuked the bishop for the arson, and ordered him to pay damages. The bishop subsequently had her servant William Holm murdered. Edward then confiscated his possessions and made him ask for forgiveness.

After her brother Henry died, she was one of the executors of his will. In April 1372, custody of brothers John and Thomas was granted to her, as sister of their grandmother, Joan of Lancaster. She lived on to see the start of the reign of King Edward's grandson, Richard II.

## Notes

1. ↑ Ormrod 2004.
2. ↑ Weir 2008, p. 79.
3. ↑ Mortimer 2008, p. 318.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Weir 2008, p. 78.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Weir 2008, pp. 75–79.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Weir 2008, p. 76.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Weir 2008, p. 77.

**Works cited**

* Ian Mortimer (historian) (2008). . Vintage Books.
* Ormrod, W. M. (2004). "Wake, Thomas, second Lord Wake (1298–1349)". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28408.

 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

* Alison Weir (2008). . Vintage Books.
Battle of Ewloe

## **Unknown**

The **Battle of Ewloe** (also known as the Battle of Coleshill) was a battle fought in July 1157 between a large army led by Henry II of England and an army led by the Welsh prince Owain Gwynedd.

## Background

King Henry (who ascended to the throne in 1154) decided to invade Gwynedd to halt the recent expansion of Owain Gwynedd into the lands of Powys, and to expand his empire into northern Wales. With the support of the Prince of Powys Madog ap Maredudd and Owain's brother Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd (whom Owain had recently stripped of his lands in Ceredigion), Henry led a large army (claimed to be as many as 30,000 men) into northern Wales and sent a fleet (led by Henry FitzRoy) to capture Anglesey to cut off Owain's supplies. Owain responded by raising a Welsh army of around 3000 men.

## The battle

Owain's army made camp at Basingwerk to block the route to Twthill at Rhuddlan. Henry split from his main army with a smaller force that would march through the nearby Ewloe woods (in modern-day Flintshire) to outflank Owain's army. Sensing this, Owain is said to have sent a large army led by his sons Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd and Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd into the woods to guard Owain's main force from Henry's outflanking army. Owain split his army and decided to personally lead an extra 200 men into the Ewloe woods to reinforce his sons' armies. When Henry's outflanking force advanced into the wood, they were ambushed by Owain's forces and cut down. The remainder of Henry's force retreated, with Henry narrowly avoiding being killed himself (having been rescued by Roger, Earl of Hertford).

## Aftermath

Henry managed to escape back to his main army alive. Not wishing to engage the Angevin army directly, Owain repositioned himself first at St. Asaph, then further west, clearing the road for Henry II to enter into Rhuddlan "ingloriously". Once in Rhuddlan, Henry II received word that his naval expedition had failed. Instead of meeting Henry II at Deganwy or Rhuddlan as the king had commanded, the English fleet had gone to plunder Môn and the Norman troops on board had been defeated by the local Welsh soldiers (Henry FitzRoy himself had also been killed). Despite Owain's success in the Ewloe woods and his men on Anglesey's success, Henry had still succeeded in securing Rhuddlan, and so Owain felt obliged to make peace with him. Owain surrendered the lands of Rhuddlan and Tegeingl to Chester. He also gave Cadwaladr his lands back in Ceredigion, which re-cemented the alliance between the two brothers. Owain also agreed to render homage and fealty to Henry.
Dover Castle

**Dover Castle** is a medieval castle in Dover, Kent, England. It was founded in the 11th century and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history. Some sources say it is the largest castle in England, a title also claimed by Windsor Castle.

## References

1. ↑ Kerr, Nigel (1984). . Granada.
2. ↑ Broughton, Bradford B. (1988). . Greenwood Press.
3. ↑ Cathcart King, David J. (1983). . Kraus International Publications.
4. ↑ 10 Largest Castles in the World. Retrieved on 2019-03-03.
Domnall mac Ailpín

**Domnall mac Ailpín** (Modern Gaelic: *Dòmhnall mac Ailpein*), anglicised sometimes as **Donald MacAlpin** and known in most modern regnal lists as **Donald I** (812 – 13 April 862), was the King of the Picts from 858 to 862. He followed his brother Kenneth I to the Pictish throne.

## Reign

The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says that Domnall reigned for four years, matching the notices in the Annals of Ulster of his brother's death in February 858 and his own in April 862. The Chronicle notes:

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

> In his time the Gaels with their king made the rights and laws of the kingdom, [that are called the laws] of Aed, Eochaid's son, in Forteviot.
>
>

The laws of Áed Find are entirely lost, but it has been assumed that, like the laws attributed to Giric and Constantine II (Causantín mac Áeda), these related to the church and in particular to granting the privileges and immunities common elsewhere. The significance of Forteviot as the site of this law-making, along with Kenneth's death there and Constantine's later gathering at nearby Scone, may point to this as being the heartland of the sons of Alpín's support.

The Chronicle of Melrose says of Domnall, "in war he was a vigorous soldier ... he is said to have been assassinated at Scone." No other source reports Domnall's death by violence.

The Prophecy of Berchán may refer to Domnall in stanzas 123–124:

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

> Evil will be Scotland's lot because of [the death of Kenneth MacAlpin]; long will it be till his like will come. A long while till the king takes [sovereignty], the wanton son of the foreign wife (?). He will be three years in the kingdom, and three months (although thou countest them). His tomb-stone will be above Loch Awe. He dies of disease.
>
>

Although Domnall is generally supposed to have been childless, it has been suggested that Giric was a son of Domnall, reading his patronym as *mac Domnaill* rather than the commonly supposed *mac Dúngail*. This, however, is not widely accepted.

Domnall died, either at the palace of Cinnbelachoir (location unknown), or at *Rathinveralmond* (also unknown, and may be the same place, presumed to be near the junction of the Almond and the Tay, near Scone). He was buried on Iona.

## Notes

1. ↑ *Domnall mac Ailpín* is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.
2. ↑ Annals of Ulster, s.a. 858 & 862.
3. ↑ Anderson, *ESSH*, p. 291, citing Skene.
4. ↑ Smyth, p. 188.
5. ↑ Anderson, *ESSH*, p. 291.
6. ↑ Anderson, *ESSH*, p. 292, citing Skene.
7. ↑ Smyth, p. 187.
8. ↑ Compare Duncan, p. 11ff.
9. ↑ Anderson, *ESSH*, p. 291; Duncan, pp. 10–11.

## References

* Anderson, Alan Orr, *Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286*, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990.
* Duncan, A. A. M., *The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence.* Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002.
* Smyth, Alfred P., *Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000.* Edinburgh UP, Edinburgh, 1984.

## External links

* Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT
* The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
Coat of arms of Ireland

The **coat of arms of Ireland** is blazoned as *Azure a harp Or, stringed Argent* (a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background). These arms have long been Ireland's heraldic emblem. References to them as being the arms of the king of Ireland can be found as early as the 13th century. These arms were adopted by Henry VIII of England when he ended the period of Lordship of Ireland and declared Ireland to be a kingdom again in 1541. When the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in 1603, they were integrated into the unified royal coat of arms of kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. The harp was adopted as the emblem of the Irish Free State when it separated from the United Kingdom in 1922. They were registered as the arms of Ireland with the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945.

The depiction of the harp has changed over time. When the arms were restored as the arms of the independent Irish state in 1922, a late-medieval Gaelic harp (a *cláirseach*), the Trinity College Harp, was used as a model.

Several variants of the arms of Ireland exist, including a heraldic badge and an infrequently used crest and torse. The Lordship of Ireland, the medieval realm of Ireland that existed between 1171 and 1541 under the English crown, had a separate arms, which are blazoned *Azure, three crowns in pale Or, bordure Argent* (three golden crowns ordered vertically on a blue background with a white border). A variant of the arms of the ancient royal province of Meath were also apparently used at one time as the arms of Ireland.

## See also

* Armorial of Ireland
* Coat of arms of Northern Ireland
* Flag of Ireland
* Great Seal of the Irish Free State
* Irish heraldry
* List of flags of Ireland
* Seal of the President of Ireland
* Shamrock

## References

1. ↑ Heraldry in Ireland, 1943-2018. The National Library of Ireland.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `go111gf20`

## External links

* Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland
	+ Two "Ireland" images in Ulster Office's *Draft Grants of Arms ca. 1580–1690*: folio 18 (top left) and folio 71
Church of England

### Founder

Augustine of Canterbury(united the early English church under papal jurisdiction)
Henry VIII(separated the church from papal jurisdiction)
Thomas Cranmer(author of the first liturgical rites of the church during the English Reformation)

### Separations

English Dissenters(1534 onwards)
Puritans (17th century)
Methodists (18th century)
Plymouth Brethren (1820s)
Free Church of England (1844)
Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham (2011)
1992 Windsor Castle fire

On November 20, 1992, a fire broke out in Windsor Castle, the largest inhabited castle in the world and one of the official residences of Queen Elizabeth II. The castle suffered extensive damage and was fully repaired within the next few years at a cost of £36.5 million, in a project led by the conservation architects Donald Insall Associates. It led to the Queen paying tax on her income, and to Buckingham Palace, the Queen's other official residence, being opened to the public to help pay for the restoration work.
New Vegas

Centrum New Vegas z lotu ptaka.

**New Vegas** - największa dzielnica na pseudoedycji skandynawskiej, powstała w wyniku kłótni między QaraQanem a krzyśkiem666.

## Powstanie

9 sierpnia 2017 QaraQan zclaimował teren za swoim domem pod uprawy. Krzysiek666 zlekceważył tabliczkę rezerwującą teren i zbudował tam trampolinę, co doprowadziło do jednej z największych inb w historii edycji.

W nocy z 9 na 10 sierpnia kolejno pawel\_0, Kuracyja i LechWalesa zaczęli budować swoje domy przy ulicy, którą pierwotnie zbudował QaraQan. N1ck dostosował swoją posesję do drogi, którą zaczęto przedłużać. Przegłosowano bez sprzeciwu regulamin dzielnicy zawierający punkt zabraniający osiedlania się w niej Krzyśkowi (pokłosie wymienionej inby).

10 sierpnia do dzielnicy włączono posesje należące do m34, Naoeambie, Fl0pi, Sharv i Mydlaka (wraz z całą farmą), a przy głównej ulicy osiedlił się Areo51. Sewastopol został włączony do New Vegas.

Główną ulicę - po długiej dyskusji - nazwano New Vegas Strip (numer 1 przypadł m34 jako zadośćuczynienie iż przez część jego posesji przechodzi obecnie NVS), drugą ulicę nazwano imieniem Łukasza Stanisławowskiego.

W związku z tym, że panowała tam względna demokracja, idea osiedla zaczęła erodować. Wbrew woli QaraQana, osiedle, które miało być małe i spokojne, zaczęto coraz bardziej poszerzać. Sytuacja zaczynała się pogarszać po budowie muru, który przyczynił się poten do siania nienawiści do dzielnicy. Administracja dodatkowo dopuszczała stosowanie griefu przez pewne osoby. Gwoździem do trumny i całkowitym sprzeniewierzeniem pomysłu założyciela było usunięcie punktu 2 z nieusuwalnej konstytucji przez n1cka i Kuracyję, który zabraniał osiedlania się tutaj graczowi krzysiek666.

New Vegas zostało zlikwidowanie 16 sierpnia dekretem przez QaraQana w związku z nieprzestrzeganiem regulaminu dzielnicy.

## Wygląd

Większość życia codziennego skupia się wokół New Vegas Strip, gdzie mieszka zdecydowana większość obywateli dzielnicy.

Na terenie osiedla każda posesja ma dogodny podjazd do ulicy.

Granice New Vegas są zaznaczone żółtym betonem, który docelowo zostanie zastąpiony Wielkim Murem. Ewenementem jest teren Mydlaka,

gdzie granice dzielnicy idą dokładnie ze ścianami jego farmy zboża.
Rangi

**Rangi** - Nieodłączny element mirkocrafta, określa pozycję i możliwości gracza na serwerze, lecz nie zawsze. Najczęściej jest w postaci jebitnego, kolorowego tytułu rangi obok nazwy gracza i kilku uprawnień na serwerze.

## Rangi, które występowały na mirkocrafcie

### Skazaniec

Skazaniec to ranga nadana za edycji kukizowej kilku zbrodniarzom wojennym. Otrzymywało się ją za popełnienie zbrodni. Właściciele tych rang najczęściej byli skazywani na prace społeczne.

Kolor prefixu: Szary

### Mirek -

Ranga, którą otrzymał Gother od Karmelka, po tym jak został odbanowany. Wraz z nią otrzymał godmode, co Karmel przeoczył.

Kolor prefixu:

### Karakan

Honorowa ranga Gothera na edycjach, gdzie szefostwo obejmował Kotyliżąmasło.

Kolor prefixu: Szary

### Mirek

Początkowa ranga każdego gracza na serwerze. Przysługuje niebieskim paskom, którzy nie kupili +. Jej poziom uprawnień jest nieco zróżnicowany na każdej z edycji. Najczęściej jest to dostęp do jednego /home, brak dostępu do /tpa, /rtp, /skin i /enderchest. Pod względem atencji jest to najniższa ranga.

Kolor prefixu: Żółty

### Mirabelka

Ranga, którą można dostać, jeśli powiesz szefowi, że jesteś różowym paskiem (wcale nie musisz mówić prawdy ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)). Uprawnienia zawsze ma takie same jak mirek, ale ma atencję czasami większą niż moderacja i administracja.

Kolor prefixu: Różowy

### Mirek +

Mirek z dostępem do komend tj. /tpa, /rtp, /skin, /enderchest, oraz z możliwością ustawienia kilku /home. Atencję ma wyższą niż zwykły mirek, ale nieznacznie. Najczęściej trzeba na tą rangę wydać 5 zł.

Kolor prefixu: Czerwony

### Mirabelka +

Mirabelka z dostępem do komend tj. /tpa, /rtp, /skin, /enderchest, oraz z możliwością ustawienia kilku /home. Ma absolutnie najwyższą atencję na serwerze. Najczęściej trzeba na tą rangę wydać 5 zł.

Kolor prefixu: Fioletowy

### Mod

Moderator. Najczęściej ma dostęp do paru komend administracyjnych i do WorldEdita. Aby nim zostać, trzeba wygrać wybory na moderatora, albo mieć układy z adminem.

Kolor prefixu: Niebieski

### ViceSzef

Coś w rodzaju zastępcy szefa. Ma trochę wyższe uprawnienia od moderatora, ale nie wyższe niż Szef.

Kolor prefixu: Czerwony "Vice" Niebieski "Szef"

### Szef

Najwyższa ranga na serwerze. Najczęściej szefem mianuje się administrator serwera. Ma najwyższe uprawnienia i największy prestiż, choć mniejszą atencję niż Mirabelki (chyba, że sam Szef jest Mirabelką).

Kolor prefixu: Niebieski
Metro

**Metro** - planowany przez dekady

wielki projekt inżynieryjny, który doczekał się częściowej realizacji na edycji Kukiza.

## Pierwsze plany

Projekt budowy metra na serwerze jako pierwszy przedstawił Programerus. We współpracy z Kromką stworzył plan linii i przystąpił do realizacji. Niestety przed końcem edycji udało mu się wybudować jedynie krótki fragment od kopuły do nowego miasta, który nigdy nie został otwarty.

## Budowa i otwarcie

Na następnej edycji pomysł powrócił i doczekał się aprobaty administracji. Chleb, główny architekt i planista, wygrał przetarg na budowę linii N-S (CH Wieżowce - Slumsy), zaś zaszczyt budowy linii W-E (Parlament - Mollywood) przypadł Kuracyi. Pomimo początkowego entuzjazmu, gracze odnosili się do projektu coraz mniej przychylnie, codziennie otrzymując informacje o kolejnych opóźnieniach i przekrętach. Mimo tego ostatecznie oddano do użytku dwa krótkie odcinki:

* Linia 1: Aleja Fanzonuna (w zamierzeniach stacja przesiadkowa z linią 2) - Bulwary Ornitologa - ul. Pinionszka

* Linia 2: Plac Lodowy - Mollywood - ul. Wschodnia - ul. Stulejmana

   Metro nigdy nie zostało dokończone (ani nawet połączone). Konsorcjum Pieczywo przed ogłoszeniem upadłości zdołało jedynie wykopać rękami niewolników i skazańców tunele w obu kierunkach do następnych stacji. Plany Kuracyi pokrzyżował koniec edycji.

## Ciekawostki

Liczba podróżnych na wszystkich stacjach była identyczna i wynosiła zero.

Stacje linii 1 przy wejściach miały wrota antyinbowe, dzięki czemu mogły służyć jako schron dla ludności cywilnej.
Gardener Kitten

## Description

A **Gardener Kitten** is a Tabby Cat that uses a kitten lure to summon a kitten snipping a tree. The Gardener Kitten is summoned using the Bifocals and the Bonsai Tree. Good luck finding it! It's quite easy to find once you have the correct items, which may take a while. Have fun!

Mom can i have space garden?

Mom: No we have space garden at home.

Space GARDEN at home:

https://tabbycats.club/cat/120c8t
Der Heilige

***Der Heilige*** (The Saint; 1879) is a short historical novel by Conrad F. Meyer derived from the story of Thomas Becket and Henry II of England.

## Description

The novel is about the length of *Silas Marner*, and is centered on the great quarrel between Henry II and his Chancellor and Primate of England, Thomas Becket. Although in a broad sense based on history, its psychology is fancifully developed from a medieval legend found by Meyer in 1853 in Thierry's *Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands* (History of the Conquest of England by the Normans; 1825, Book IX), according to which Becket was the son of an Englishman and of the sister of the Kalif of Cordova.

The story of Henry's amours with beautiful Rosamond Clifford in the hidden bower suggested the secret palace in which Meyer's Becket rears his daughter Grace to save her from royal lechery. The accidental slaying of Grace after her seduction by the king inspires in Becket a deep-laid plot for revenge under the veil of pretended loyalty and later of saintly devotion when he becomes Primate on Henry's nomination, whereby he drives the king to alternate fits of despair and fury over the loss of political advantages and of the love of his queen and sons. The tragic ending is historical.

The story is put in the mouth of a Swiss bowman, who is supposed to have come on his wanderings to London, where he entered the service of the king and was a minor actor in all the events he relates. The style is vivid, swift and powerful, and the diction of wonderful force and color, suggestive of a Gobelin tapestry, or as Keller said, “brocade.” It is Meyer's most finished production, possibly his best. The English reader will find it curious to compare it with Tennyson's *Becket*.

## Editions

The 66th printing appeared in Leipzig in 1913. Carl E. Eggert has edited the American School Edition (New York, 1907, with critical introduction).

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rines 1920. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRines1920 (help)

## References

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Carl E. Eggert (1920). "Saint, The". In Rines, George Edwin. *Encyclopedia Americana*.

## Further reading

* Frey, Adolf, *Conrad Ferdinand Meyer* (Stuttgart, 1900)
* Credner, Karl, *C. F. Meyer, Der Heilige* (Berlin, 1899)
* Langmesser, *K. F. Meyer* (Berlin, 1905)
Agincourt Carol

The **Agincourt Carol** (sometimes known as the *Agincourt Song*, the *Agincourt Hymn*, or by its chorus and central words, *Deo gratias Anglia*) is an English folk song written some time in the early 15th century. It recounts the 1415 Battle of Agincourt, in which the English army led by Henry V of England defeated that of the French Charles VI in what is now the Pas-de-Calais region of France.

The carol is one of thirteen on the Trinity Carol Roll, probably originating in East Anglia, that has been held in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, since the 19th century. The other primary source for the carol is the contemporaneous Selden Carol Book held by the Bodleian Library in Oxford.

The carol is featured in Laurence Olivier's 1944 film *Henry V*. The composer Ernest Farrar created his 1918 *Heroic Elegy: For Soldiers* on the basis of the Agincourt Carol.

## Lyrics

*Deo gratias Anglia redde pro victoria!*
*[Give thanks, England, to God for victory!]*
Owre Kynge went forth to Normandy
With grace and myght of chyvalry
Ther God for hym wrought mervelusly;
Wherefore Englonde may call and cry
**Chorus**
*Deo gratias!*
*Deo gratias Anglia redde pro victoria!*
He sette sege, forsothe to say,
To Harflu towne with ryal aray;
That toune he wan and made afray
That Fraunce shal rewe tyl domesday.
**Chorus**
Then went hym forth, owre king comely,
In Agincourt feld he faught manly;
Throw grace of God most marvelously,
He had both feld and victory.
**Chorus**
Ther lordys, erles and barone
Were slayne and taken and that full soon,
Ans summe were broght into Lundone
With joye and blisse and gret renone.
**Chorus**
Almighty God he keep owre kynge,
His people, and alle his well-wyllynge,
And give them grace wythoute endyng;
Then may we call and savely syng:
**Chorus**
The pattern of a strophe (verse) sung in English followed by a burden (chorus) in Latin followed a structure typical of the religious carols of the period.

The Agincourt Carol was recorded by The Young Tradition on *Galleries*, (with both the Early Music Consort and Dave Swarbrick contributing), and by the Silly Sisters (band) (Maddy Prior and June Tabor) on their second album *No More to the Dance*.

## References

1. ↑ *BBC Music*, Christmas 2011
2. ↑ Andrew Achenbach Farrar Orchestral Works, review *Gramophone Magazine* July 1998

## External links

* Agincourt carol sheet music
* IMSLP
* Medieval primary sources
* YouTube Interpretation by The Young Tradition (Peter Bellamy. Royston Wood, Heather Wood), with David Munrow on shawm, Roddy and Adam Skeaping on viols, and Christopher Hogwood on percussion.
Britannic Majesty

**Her Britannic Majesty**, or **His Britannic Majesty** (**HBM**), depending on the sex of the monarch, is a treaty title for the monarch of the United Kingdom, a royal style used in international law and diplomacy. It is used on the international plane in the same way that "His Majesty" or "Her Majesty" is used to refer to the king or queen domestically, the addition of "Britannic" serving to identify the state (United Kingdom) in question. It is particularly used in treaties and other formal instruments sent and received between nations. Many other monarchies in Europe used similar conventional terms as treaty titles to identify their respective monarchs.

Initially, *His/Her Britannic Majesty* referred to monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800, it referred to the monarch of the United Kingdom. With the expansion of the British Empire, the term came to refer to the British monarch as the sovereign of the entire British Empire. With changes in the constitutional relations between different Commonwealth realms, today it is only appropriate to use the term to refer to the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and not, for example, the Crown in right of Australia, Canada or New Zealand. It is not, however, invoked in agreements signed between the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, because the monarch cannot contract with herself. Unlike treaties with other countries, agreements amongst Commonwealth realms are concluded between the respective *governments*, not the respective sovereigns.

Examples include:

* The Convention for the Mutual Abandonment of Nootka of 1794 between Spain and Great Britain referred to the Spanish monarch as *His Catholic Majesty* and the British monarch as *His Britannic Majesty*.
* The Treaty of Chaumont of 1814 between Austria and the United Kingdom referred to the Austrian monarch as *His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty* and the British monarch as *His Britannic Majesty*.

* In the Mandate for Palestine of the League of Nations, that instrument designated *His Britannic Majesty* as the Mandatory for Palestine.
* British passports bear a request which invokes *Her Britannic Majesty*:

>
> Her Britannic Majesty's Secretary of State Requests and requires in the Name of Her Majesty all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance, and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.
>
>
>
>

## See also

* Forms of address in the United Kingdom
* Style of the British Sovereign

## References

1. ↑ HBM definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary.
Mirko Space Station

Mirko Space Station (w skrócie MSS), znana też jako Mirkowa Stacja Kosmiczna (MSK) - stacja kosmiczna, orbitująca wokół serwera.

Pierwotnie zbudowana przez Hejtera56 i wyniesiona na orbitę przez SpaceM, po katastrofie z lipca 2016  wyniesiono nową przebudowaną wersję (widoczna na zdjęciu)

Stację obsługiwały Dragony SpaceM i Sojuzy Mirkosmos, w ramach programu prywatnych lotów kosmicznych dokowały do niej również statki n1cka i M34.

Przed katastrofą na stacji prowadzono eksperymenty dotyczące zachowania graczy ~~z włączonym fly~~ w mikrograwitacji i wzrostu roślin w ~~endzie~~ kosmosie.

## Moduły

MSS1 składała się z:

* czterech śluz do dokowania statków
* śluzy EVA
* dwóch modułów do badania rozwoju roślin
* modułu dowodzenia, do którego były przytwierdzone panele słoneczne
* modułu magazynowego
* modułu komunikacyjnego
* pięciu nadmuchiwanych modułów mieszkalnych dla członków załogi
* jednego dużego nadmuchiwanego modułu mieszkalnego dla Komandora Stacji
* minilaboratorium

## Załoga

Jedynym członkiem stałej załogi był dożywotni Komandor MSS, Hejter56. Pozostali to kosmiczni turyści, którzy zapłacili 100$ za podróż z oprowadzeniem.

## Przypisy

1. ↑ http://www.wykop.pl/wpis/18524479/co-za-pech-nieuzywany-satelita-uderzyl-w-stacje-ko/
2. ↑ http://www.wykop.pl/wpis/18146447/pierwsze-zbiory-ziemniakow-w-kosmosie-kolejny-krok/
Amlaíb, King of Scotland

## **Name**

**Amlaíb mac Illuilb** (died 977) was a tenth-century King of Alba. He was one of three sons of Illulb mac Custantín, King of Alba, and a member of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda, a branch of the Alpínid dynasty. Amlaíb's paternal grandfather possessed strong connections with the Scandinavian dynasty of Dublin, and there is evidence to suggest that Illulb and Amlaíb bore names of Old Norse origin. If Amlaíb's name indeed represents a Gaelicised Scandinavian name, it could indicate that his mother was a member of the Uí Ímair, and possibly a granddaughter of Amlaíb Cúarán or Amlaíb mac Gofraid.
Following Illulb's death in 962, the kingship of Alba was taken up by Dub mac Maíl Coluim, a member of Clann Custantín meic Cináeda, a rival branch of the Alpínid dynasty. This king soon faced opposition from Amlaíb's brother, Cuilén, before the latter secured the kingship for himself in 966. Cuilén and another son of Illulb were slain in 971, after which the kingship was taken up by Dub's brother, Cináed mac Maíl Choluim. According to Irish sources, the latter slew Amlaíb in 997. The fact that these sources style Amlaíb as a king, and fail to accord a royal title to Cináed, suggests that Amlaíb was successful in seizing the kingship from his rival. Amlaíb's short reign appears to date to 971/976 977.

## Notes

1. ↑ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Amlaíb various patronymic names in English secondary sources: *Amblaib mac Idulb*, *Amblaih mac Idulb*, *Amlaíb mac Iduilb*, *Amlaíb mac Illuilb*, and *Óláfr mac Castantín*. Likewise since the 1990s, academics have accorded Amlaíb various personal names in English secondary sources: *Amalgaid*, *Amblaih*, *Amlaíb*, *Anlaf*, *Olaf*, *Óláfr*, and *Ólafr*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Walker (2013).
2. ↑ Hudson (1994).
3. ↑ Busse (2006a); Dumville (2000).
4. ↑ Oram (2011).
5. ↑ Hudson (1994).
6. ↑ Walker (2013).
7. ↑ Busse (2006a); Dumville (2000); Hudson (1994).
8. ↑ Clarkson (2014).
9. ↑ Broun (2015b); Broun (2015e); Walker (2013); Broun (2004b).
10. ↑ Oram (2011); Downham (2007).
11. ↑ Busse (2006a).
Duchess of Buckingham

**Duchess of Buckingham** is a title given to the wife of the Duke of Buckingham, an extinct title created several times, formerly in the Peerage of England and latterly in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was first created in 1444.

## Duchesses of Buckingham

1st creation (1444)
* Anne Stafford, Duchess of Buckingham (Lady Anne Neville; died 1480), wife of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
* Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham (Catherine Woodville; c.1458–1497), wife of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
* Eleanor Percy, Duchess of Buckingham (Eleanor Percy; c. 1474–1530), wife of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham

2nd creation (1623)
* Katherine Villiers, Duchess of Buckingham (Katherine Manners, Baroness de Ros; died 1649), wife of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
* Mary Villiers, Duchess of Buckingham (Mary Fairfax), wife of George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham

3rd creation (1702)
* Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham (Lady Catherine Darnley), wife of John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby

4th creation (Buckingham and Chandos, UK 1822)
* Anne Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Duchess of Buckingham (Lady Anne Brydges), wife of Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
* Mary Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Duchess of Buckingham (Lady Mary Campbell ; 1795–1862), wife of Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
* Caroline, Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos (Caroline Harvey ; died 1874), 1st wife of Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
* Alice Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Duchess of Buckingham (Alice Graham-Montgomery ; 1848–1931), 2nd wife of Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
Descendants of Charles I of England

**Charles I of England** was the second King of the then newly enthroned House of Stuart and had many descendants. He was the second surviving son of King James I of England. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish and Scottish thrones on the death of his elder brother in 1612. Later, he married a Bourbon princess, Henrietta Maria of France, after a failed Spanish match.

His reign is known for his conflicts with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the divine right of kings, which was against the belief of many of his subjects, leading to them perceiving his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, made him an enemy of the Puritans and Calvinists. Most of his actions as monarch ultimately helped precipitate his own downfall, and his eventual deposition and beheading in 1649 and the declaration of the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell.

Many of today's European royalty can claim descent from Charles, such as Juan Carlos I of Spain, Franz, Duke of Bavaria, Philippe of Belgium, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and the late Otto von Habsburg and many are related to him via collateral bloodlines, such as Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands and Margrethe II of Denmark. He is also the ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales, mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry who are second and sixth in line to the Succession to the British throne after their father Charles, Prince of Wales. This article deals with the numerous individuals who are and were descendants of Charles and his wife Henrietta (Since he is not known to have had any illegitimate children).

## Descendants

### Progeny of James II of England

*Main article: Descendants of James II of England*

## See also

* House of Stuart
* Henrietta Maria of France
* Descendants of James II of England
* Descendants of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

## References

* <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Linda Porter (2016), *Royal Renegades: The Children of Charles I and the English Civil Wars*, Pan Macmillan, ISBN 9781447267584
* <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Daniel A. Willis (2013), *The Descendants of Charles II*, 1: Monmouth, Bygone Era Books, ISBN 9781941072028[*self-published source*]
Duchess of Cornwall

**Duchess of Cornwall** is a courtesy title held by the wife of the duke of Cornwall. The Dukedom of Cornwall is a non-hereditary peerage title held by the British monarch's eldest son and heir. The current duchess is Camilla, wife of Charles, Prince of Wales.

## History

Duchess of Cornwall was one of the titles of Diana, Princess of Wales.

The only women who have been known as duchesses of Cornwall are Princess Mary of Teck, who used the title from January to November 1901, and Camilla Parker Bowles, who assumed title upon her marriage to Prince Charles in 2005. The latter does not use the title of Princess of Wales because it is still popularly associated with her husband's first wife, Diana, who died in 1997.

## Literary references

* Shakespeare's *King Lear* includes the character "Regan, Duchess of Cornwall", Lear's second daughter.
* Marion Zimmer Bradley's *The Mists of Avalon* included the fictional character Morgaine as the Duchess of Cornwall through inheritance.
* Igraine, mother of King Arthur, was Duchess of Cornwall when she caught the eye of King Uther Pendragon in many retellings of Arthurian legend.

## See also

* Duke of Cornwall
* Duchy of Cornwall

## References

1. ↑ House of Commons – Royal Marriage. parliament.uk. Retrieved on 23 March 2019.
2. ↑ Hall, Trevor (1985). . Crescent Books.

## External links

* Official website
* BBC News report
De jure

In law and government, ***de jure*** (<templatestyles src="IPA/styles.css"/>/deɪˈdʒʊəri, di-, ˈjʊər-<templatestyles src="IPA/styles.css"/>/

```
*day JOOR-ee, dee -⁠, YOOR-ee*; Latin: *dē iūre* pronounced <templatestyles src="IPA/styles.css"/>[deː ˈjuːrɛ], "by law") describes practices that are legally recognised, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, *de facto* ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised.

```

## Examples

It is possible to have multiple simultaneous conflicting (*de jure*) legalities, possibly none of which is in force (*de facto*). After seizing power in 1526, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi made his brother, Umar Din, the lawful (*de jure*) Sultan of Adal. Ahmad, however, was in practice (*de facto*) the actual Sultan, and his brother was a figurehead. Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt ruled as *de jure* viceroys of the Ottoman Empire, but acted as *de facto* independent rulers who maintained a polite fiction of Ottoman suzerainty. However, starting from around 1882, the rulers had only *de jure* rule over Egypt, as it had by then become a British puppet state. Thus, Egypt was by Ottoman law *de jure* a province of the Ottoman Empire, but *de facto* was part of the British Empire.

In U.S. law, particularly after *Brown v. Board of Education* (1954), the difference between *de facto* segregation (segregation that existed because of the voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and *de jure* segregation (segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated the segregation) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.

In a hypothetical situation, a king or emperor could be the *de jure* head of state. However, if they are unfit to lead the country, the prime minister or chancellor would assumedly become the practical, or *de facto* leader, while the king remains the *de jure* leader.

## See also

* List of Latin phrases (D)
* Implied repeal
* Obrogation
* Unenforced law

## References

1. ↑ de jure. *Dictionary.com*. Dictionary.com, LLC..
2. ↑ Definition of 'de facto' adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
3. ↑ "Aḥmad Grāñ – Somalian Muslim leader". *Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.*. Britannica.com. https://www.Britannica.com/biography/Ahmad-Gran. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
4. ↑ Mak, Lanver (2012-03-15). The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882–1922 (en). I.B.Tauris.
5. ↑ The Unfinished Agenda of Brown V. Board of Education pp. 55–. Diverse: Issues In Higher Education (29 April 2004).
Duke of York and Albany

Template:Infobox political post

**Duke of York and Albany** was a title of nobility in the Peerage of Great Britain. The title was created three times during the 18th century and was usually given to the second son of British monarchs. The predecessor titles in the English and Scottish peerages were Duke of York and Duke of Albany.

## History

The individual dukedoms of York and of Albany had previously each been created several times in the Peerages of England and of Scotland respectively. Each had become a traditional title for the second son of the monarch, and had become united (but separately awarded) in the House of Stuart.

During the 18th century, the double dukedom of York and Albany was created three times in the Peerage of Great Britain. The title was first held by Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Osnabrück, the youngest brother of King George I. He died without issue.

The second creation of the Dukedom of York and Albany was for Prince Edward, younger brother of King George III. He also died without issue, having never married. The third and last creation of the Dukedom of York and Albany was for Prince Frederick Augustus, the second son of King George III. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army for many years, and he was the original "grand old Duke of York" in the popular rhyme. He died without legitimate issue.

Each time that the Dukedom of York and Albany was created, it had only one occupant, with that person dying without legitimate issue.

Queen Victoria granted the title *Duke of Albany* (single geographic designation) in 1881 to her fourth son, Prince Leopold, and the title *Duke of York* (single geographic designation) in 1892 to her eldest son's second (but by then only living) son, Prince George.

## References

1. ↑ Kilburn, Matthew (May 2005). "Ernest Augustus, Prince, duke of York and Albany (1674–1728)". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8839.
2. ↑ Yvonne's Royalty: Peerage. Mypage.uniserve.ca. Retrieved on 2012-06-06..
3. ↑ Yvonne's Royalty: Peerage.
Carolean era

In the English speaking world, **Carolean era** refers to the reign of Charles II of England (1660–1685), and usually refers to the arts. It is better known as The Restoration. It followed the Interregnum when there was no king. The period was noted for the flourishing of the arts following the demise of The Protectorate. It ended with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when James II went into exile.

The Carolean era should not be confused with the Caroline era which refers to the reign of Charles II’s father, Charles I of England (1625–1649).

## References

1. ↑ Curl, James Stevens (2006). "Carolean". *Carolean* (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198606789. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606789.001.0001/acref-9780198606789-e-849. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

## Further reading

* Hayden, Judy A. "From Caroline Tears to Carolean Laughter: Re-historicizing the Restoration of Charles II." *English* 49.194 (2000): 109-126.
* Miyoshi, Riki. "Thomas Killigrew's Early Managerial Career: Carolean Stage Rivalry in London, 1663-1668." *Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research* 27.2 (2012): 13-89.
* Rothstein, Eric, and Frances M. Kavenik. *The Designs of Carolean Comedy*. (Southern Illinois Univ Press, 1988).
British princess

This is a list of those who have held the title **Princess of the United Kingdom** from the accession of George I in 1714. This article deals with both princesses of the blood royal and women who become princesses upon marriage.

The use of the title of Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is entirely at the will of the sovereign as expressed in letters patent. Individuals holding the title of princess are styled "Her Royal Highness" (HRH). On 18 April 1917, the newest granddaughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor was styled a British Princess from birth even though Germany and Britain were fighting in WWI. George V wrote Letters Patent on 30 November 1917, to restrict the automatic assignment of the title "Princess" and the use of the style "Royal Highness" to the following persons:

* the legitimate daughters of a British sovereign,
* the legitimate male line granddaughters of a British sovereign,
* the wife of a British prince.

On 31 December 2012, Elizabeth II issued letters patent enabling all children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales to enjoy the princely title and style of *Royal Highness*, as opposed to only the eldest son.

## See also

* British prince
* House of Windsor

## Sources

1. ↑ Velde, François (9 April 2012). Royal Styles and Titles – 1917 Letters Patent. Retrieved on 6 February 2017.
2. ↑ Styles of the members of the British royal family.
3. ↑ British titles, etc: the rules ARE Hard and Fast (7 August 2013).