List of communist states

The following are lists of current and former communist states.

## Current communist states[edit]

The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism. They are listed here together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling parties.

Overview of current states espousing Marxism–Leninism
Pinyin: *Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó*
 Republic of Cuba
 Lao People's Democratic
Lao romanisation: *Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao*
 Socialist Republic of Vietnam
30 April 1975 (South Vietnam)
2 July 1976 (unified)

## Multi-party states with governing communist parties

See also: Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions

There are multi-party states with communist parties leading the government. Such states are not considered to be communist states because the countries themselves allow for multiple parties and do not provide a constitutional role for their communist parties. Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957), Nicaragua (1984–1990), Moldova (2001–2009), Cyprus (2008–2013), and Guyana (1992–2015).

Venezuela is currently ruled by Nicolás Maduro, who has been President since 2013 (disputed since 2019). Maduro is the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which is considered far-left and Marxist.

During the socialist Free Peru party's rule over Peru, many international observers described the party as being somewhat Marxist or even Marxist–Leninist.

## Former communist states

The following communist states were socialist states committed to communism. Some were short-lived and preceded the widespread adoption of Marxism–Leninism by most communist states.

* Russia
	+ Chita Republic (1905–1906)
	+ Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1995)
		- Amur Socialist Soviet Republic (1918)
		- Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924)
		- Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941)
		- Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
		- Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
		- Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
		- Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924)
		- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
		- Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941; 1944–1945)
		- Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
		- Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990)
		- Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991)
		- Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1925–1936)
		- Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)
		- Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
		- Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
		- Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991)
		- Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
		- Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
		- Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
		- Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
		- North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1993)
		- Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
		- Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957)
		- Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992)
		- Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
	+ Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar (1917–1918)
	+ Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)
	+ Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
	+ Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
	+ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
* Ukraine
	+ Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (1917–1918)
	+ Odessa Soviet Republic (1918)
	+ Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)
	+ Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
	+ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
		- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
			* Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1940)
			* Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1991–1992)
* Belarus
	+ Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
	+ Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
* Finland
	+ Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918)
	+ Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–1940).[8][9][10]
	+ Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
* Germany
	+ Münster rebellion (1534-1535)[11][12]
	+ Free Socialist Republic of Germany (1918–1919)[13]
		- Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council 1918
		- Soviet Republic of Saxony (1918–1919)[14]
		- Bremen Soviet Republic (1919)[15]
		- Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)[16][17][18]
		- Würzburg Soviet Republic (1919)[19][20]
		- People's State of Bavaria (1918–1919)[21][22]
	+ Soviet occupation of Germany (1945–1949)
		- Soviet occupation of Berlin (1945–1949)
	+ German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)[23]
		- East Berlin (1949–1990)
* France
	+ June Rebellion (1831)
	+ Communard France (1870-1871)[24][25]
		- Second Paris Commune (1870)[26]
		- Lyon Commune (1870-1871)[27][28]
		- Third Paris Commune (1871)
		- Besançon Commune (1871)[29]
	+ Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic (1918)
* Estonia
	+ Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919)[30]
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940–1941)[31]
	+ Second Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944–1945)
	+ Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
* Latvia
	+ Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia (1917–1918)
	+ Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
	+ Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
* Lithuania
	+ Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
	+ Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940–1941)
	+ Second Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944–1945)
	+ Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
* Borduria
	+ Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Borudria (1918–1919)[30]
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940–1941)[31]
	+ Second Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944–1945)
	+ Bordurian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
* Syldavia
	+ Commune of the Working People of Syldavia (1917–1918)
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940–1941)[31]
	+ Second Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944–1945)
	+ Syldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
* Vulgaria
	+ Vulgarian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940–1941)
	+ Second Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944–1945)
	+ Vulgarian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
* Armenia
	+ Commune of the Working People of Armenia (1918–1919)[30]
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Transcaucasian states (1940–1941)[31]
	+ Second Soviet occupation of the Transcaucasian states (1944–1945)
	+ Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
* Georgia
	+ Commune of the Working People of Georgia (1918–1919)[30]
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Transcaucasian states (1940–1941)[31]
	+ Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1991)
		- Adjar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
		- Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1931–1996)
* Hungary
	+ Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic (1921)
	+ Soviet occupation of Hungary (1944–1946)
	+ Second Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)
	+ Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)
* Czechoslovakia
	+ Slovak Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Czech Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia (1944–1948)
	+ Fourth Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)
	+ Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
* Podlachia
	+ Podlachian Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
	+ Podlachian People's Republic (1947–1989)
* Poland
	+ Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
	+ Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
	+ Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)
* Pomeranian
	+ Pomeranian Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
	+ Pomeranian People's Republic (1947–1989)
* Silesia
	+ Silesian Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
	+ Silesian People's Republic (1948–1989)
* Masovia
	+ Masovian Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
	+ Masovian People's Republic (1947–1989)
* Galicia and Lodomeria
	+ Galician Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Reunislavian Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Rusyn Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Soviet occupation of Galicia and Lodomeria (1944–1948)
	+ Second Galician and Lodomerian Republic (1946–1949)
	+ Galician and Lodomerian Socialist Republic (1949–1989)
* Transylvania
	+ Transylvanian Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Soviet occupation of Transylvania (1944–1946)
	+ Second Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)
	+ Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)
* Azerbaijan
	+ Baku Commune (1918)
	+ Mughan Soviet Republic (1919)
	+ Azerbaijan-Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1940)
	+ First Soviet occupation of the Transcaucasian states (1940–1941)[31]
	+ Second Soviet occupation of the Transcaucasian states (1944–1945)
	+ Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
* Tajikistan
	+ Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
	+ Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991)
* Turkmenistan
	+ Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
	+ Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
	+ Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1925–1991)
* Uzbekistan
	+ Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
	+ Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
	+ Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)
		- Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929)
		- Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1932–1991)
* Iran
	+ Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1921)
	+ Soviet occupation of Iran (1941–1946)
	+ Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946)
	+ Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
* Mongolia
	+ People's Republic of Mongolia (1921–1924)
	+ Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
* China
	+ Hailufeng Soviet (1927)
	+ Hunan Soviet (1927)
	+ Guangzhou Commune (1927)
	+ Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
		- Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)
			* Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
	+ People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
* Spain
	+ Asturian Socialist Republic (1934)
* Kazakhstan
	+ Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
* Kyrgyzstan
	+ Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
* Romania
	+ Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (1940)
	+ Soviet occupation of Romania (1944–1947)
	+ Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)
	+ Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
* Moldova
	+ Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991)
	+ Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
* Greece
	+ Political Committee of National Liberation (1944–1949)
	+ Provisional Democratic Government (1947–1949)
* Albania
	+ Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
	+ People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
	+ People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1992)
* Bulgaria
	+ Strandzha Commune (1903)
	+ Soviet occupation of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
	+ People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
* Japan
	+ Soviet occupation of the Kuril Islands (1945)
* Korea
	+ Soviet Civil Administration (1945–1946)
	+ Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947)
	+ People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948)
	+ Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–1992/2009)[nb 3]
* Yugoslavia
	+ Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)
	+ Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
		- Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)
		- Socialist Republic of Croatia (1945–1991)
		- Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1945–1991)
		- Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1945–1992)
		- Socialist Republic of Serbia (1945–1992)
		- Socialist Republic of Slovenia (1945–1991)
* Colombia
	+ Marquetalia Republic (1948–1958)
* Vietnam
	+ Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet
	+ Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1954–1975)
	+ Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976)
* Yemen
	+ People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1994)
* Somalia
	+ Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1995)
* Republic of the Congo
	+ People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1995)
* Ethiopia
	+ Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)
	+ People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1995)
* Mozambique
	+ People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1994)
* Angola
	+ People's Republic of Angola (1975–1996)
* Benin
	+ People's Republic of Benin (1975–1994)
* Cambodia
	+ Democratic Kampuchea (1976–1979)
	+ People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1995)
	+ Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1995)
	+ Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1995–1998)
* Afghanistan
	+ Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)
	+ Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1995)
* Grenada
	+ People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983)[37]
* Burkina Faso
	+ Burkina Faso (1984–1996)
* Turkey
	+ Strandzha Commune (1903)[38][39]
* Brazil
	+ National Liberation Alliance of Brazil
* Seychelles
	+ Republic of Seychelles (1977–1995)
* Madagascar
	+ Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975-1996)

c Republic