NASA/JPL

**NASA/JPL** is a joint partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It specializes in both crewed and non-crewed spacecraft. JPL is a space probe agency while NASA maintains a strong space research contingent and has an astronaut corps but operates none of its own spacecraft. NASA is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and JPL is located in Pasadena, California on the campus of the California Institute of Technology.

NASA was founded in 1952 while JPL was founded in 1936. Both agencies for the early years of the American space program were primarily a supplier of material and personnel to the US Air Force space effort. In the 1950s, 1960s, and most of the 1970s, the agencies were responsible for robotic space probe missions across the Solar System, the most notable space probe program is the Voyager program. As a departure from its early goals, the agency started recruiting scientists and other civilians into their Astronaut Corps starting in the 1970s. A Teacher in Space program was initiated during the Reagan administration in 1976 which lead to the beginning of the NASA Astronaut Corps and other civilian roles for space missions like the Journalist in Space project.

## History

* Various space probes (Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Luna, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn)
	+ Lunar Pioneer, late 1950s/early 1960s.
	+ Lunar Mariner, early 1960s.
	+ Pioneer Venus, late 1970s.
	+ Voyager Mars, mid-1970s.
	+ Voyager Outer Planets (Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), mid-late 1970s.
* Space Shuttle program. Constitution-class, X-35, X-37C, and OV-400s.
* Space Station America.
* International Mars Mission Consortium.

*Go Further.*

The **National Aeronautics and Space Administration** (**NASA**) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

## Contents

* 1History
* 2Spaceflight programs
	+ 2.1Crewed missions
	+ 2.2Uncrewed missions
		- 2.2.1Planned missions
	+ 2.3Recent and planned activities
* 3Scientific research
	+ 3.1NASA spin-off technologies
* 4Staff and leadership
	+ 4.1List of NASA administrators
* 5Facilities
	+ 5.1NASA facilities
* 6Budget

## Spaceflight programs

### **Crewed missions**

* X-15 rocket plane (1959-1968)
* Project Mercury (1959-1963)
* Project Gemini (1961-1966)
* Project Apollo (1961-1972)
* Skylab (1965-1979)
* Apollo-Soyuz Test project (1972-1975)
* Space Shuttle program (1972-2011)
	+ Space Transportation System (1981-2011)
* International Space Station (1985-present)
* Project Constellation (2004-present)
	+ National Launch System (2009-present)
	+ Asteroid Deflection program (2009-present)
	+ Orion Lunar missions (2009-present)
	+ Orion Asteroid missions (2015-present)
	+ Orion Mars missions (Planned for 2020 or later)
* Commercial Space Transportation Network (2005-present)
* NextGen Spacecraft Development project (2010-ongoing)

### **Uncrewed missions**

* Explorer program (1958-ongoing)
* Pioneer program (1958-1978)
* Echo project (1960-1964)
* Ranger program (1961-1965)
* Telstar (1962-1963, commercial project with NASA contribution)
* Mariner program (1963-1973)
* Lunar Orbiter program (1966-1967)
* Surveyor program (1966-1968)
* Helios probes (1974-1976)
* Viking program (1975)
* Voyager program (1977)
* High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (1977)
* Solar Maximum mission (1980)
* Infrared Astronomical Satellite, IRAS (1983)
* Magellan probe (1989)
* Galileo probe (1989)
* Hubble Space Telescope (1990)
* Ulysses (1990)
* Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, URAS (1991)
* Discovery program (1992-ongoing)
* Clementine (1994)
* Mars Global Surveyor (1996)
* Cassini-Huygens (1997)
* New Millennium program (1998-2006)
* Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (2002)
* Earth Observing System (1997-2011)
* Mars Exploration rovers (2003)
* MESSENGER (2004)
* Pluto Kuiper Express (2004-ongoing), captured images of Pluto in 2013.
* Mars Scout program (2007-ongoing)
	+ Phoenix (2007-2008)
	+ ARES (2011)
	+ MAVEN (2013-2014)
* Dawn (2007)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2009)
* Mars Telecommunications Orbiter (2009)
* Mars Science Laboratory (2011)
* Space Interferometry Mission (2011)
* James Webb Space Telescope (2011)
* Thousand Astronomical Units, TAU Interstellar Explorer (2011), is expected to reach 200 AU in 2026, 400 AU in 2034, 600 AU in 2043, 800 AU in 2052 and 1000 AU in 2061.
* Terrestrial Planet Finder-C (2014)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (2015-ongoing), will reach target in 2021.

#### **Planned missions**

* InSight (2016)
* Neptune Orbiter (2016)
* Solar Probe Plus (2018)
* Terrestrial Planet Finder-I (2020)
* Venus In Situ Explorer (2022)
* Uranus Pathfinder (2025), with ESA

### **Recent and planned activities**

NASA launched a crewed-mission back to the Moon in 2009, forty years after the initial lunar landing. Astronauts completed the construction of Neil A. Armstrong Lunar Outpost in 2012, after a three-year construction period. The Outpost will facilitate crewed missions to locations farther into the Solar System.

In 2015, NASA astronauts successfully landed on asteroid 1999 AO10, discovered fairly recently.

There is also a plan in place to send a crewed mission to Mars landing in 2020 or 2021.

Uncrewed missions include the Venus In Situ Explorer to be launched in 2022, a joint NASA/ESA Uranus Pathfinder probe to be launched in 2025 and the Neptune Orbiter to be launched in 2016.

## Budget

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