recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Cyril Knellie

*> ‘Like it?’ said Knellie thoughtfully. ‘Does one like great art? One responds—perceives—intuits—sympathises.’
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**Cyril Knellie** is a character in *The Dark Tower* allegedly by Irish author C.S. Lewis. Knellie appears to be a failed writer of erotica or salacious novels, and one whose star has fallen.

> *During the whole of our stay in College with Orfieu, his aged colleague Knellie (Cyril Knellie, the now almost forgotten author of* Erotici Graeci Minimi, Table-talk of a Famous Florentine Courtesan*, and* Lesbos: A Masque*) was a great trial to us. It would not be fair to mention him in a story about Cambridge without adding that Oxford had produced Knellie and indeed nurtured him till his fortieth year. He was now a shrunk, pale man with a white moustache and a skin like satin that had been badly creased; very carefully dressed; nice in his eating; a little exotic in gesture; and very anxious to be regarded as a man of the world. He was the affectionate type of bore, and I was his selected victim. On the strength of having been at my old college—some time in the nineties—he addressed me as Lu-Lu, a sobriquet I particularly dislike. When dinner was over and Orfieu was just beginning to make his apologies to the old man for withdrawing us on the ground of urgent work, he held up his forefinger as prettily as if he had newly learned the trick.*
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## Parallels in Lewis' work, and controversies

Cyril Knellie is sometimes considered to be a caricature of a gay man, and there are various homoerotic undertones in *The Dark Tower*, although it is questionable whether Lewis wrote the book.

However, similar controversy exists over Major Hardcastle in *That Hideous Strength*. While Hardcastle's sexual orientation is never explicitly mentioned - other than her penchant for sadism - she has been described as a parody of a butch lesbian.

Knellie has been compared to other characters in Lewis' work, notably in *The Chronicles of Narnia*. Lindskoog notes:

> *Knellie closely recalls Uncle Andrew of The Magician's Nephew (1955). Both have backwards reactions to beauty and horror (Tower 52, Nephew 100); are white-moustached (Tower 28) or gray-haired (Nephew 11); are "vain," "terribly anxious to be regarded as a man of the world," dandies in matters of dress (Tower 28-29, Nephew 76); believe in the "complete moral freedom of the artist" or magician (Tower 52, Nephew 18); seek a tot of liquor in their rooms when "a good deal shaken" (Tower 53) or "terribly shaken" (Nephew 75); and, most strikingly of all, beg for brandy in a suddenly-fallen total darkness in which they are present as unwanted stowaways (Tower 53, Nephew 97).*
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A depraved character called "Cyril Blellew" is also mentioned in Lewis' *The Great Divorce*.

## Quotations

* *" “…Who is it by?”*

“It’s by the Devil, if you want to know,” shouted Scudamour.
“Ah–,” said Knellie very slowly, “I see what you mean. Perhaps in a certain sense that is true of all art at its supreme moments. Didn’t poor Oscar say something like that–?” (p52)
Heath McNease

**Heath McNease** is an American hip-hop artist, folk rock musician and singer-songwriter from Colquitt in the US state of Georgia. He has a song titled "*Perelandra*" on his C.S. Lewis tribute album, *The Weight of Glory*.

He is primarily a contemporary worship musicmusician in the Christian music movement. He released four albums with 7Spin Music, two of those hip hop releases, *The Heath McNease Fanclub Meets* in 2007 and *The Gun Show* in 2010, while he released two folk rock roots releases, *The House Always Wins* in 2010 and *Shine On* in 2010. The remainder of his albums have been released independently. He released four hip hop albums, *Straight Outta Console: The Nintendo Thumb Mixtape* in 2011, *Thrift Store Jesus* in 2012, *Jesus Shuttlesworth: The Mixtape* and *The Weight of Glory: Second Edition (A Hip Hop Remix Inspired by the Works of C.S. Lewis)* in 2013, and *Among Thieves* in 2014, while two were folk rock roots releases, *The Weight of Glory - Songs Inspired by the Works of C.S. Lewis* in 2012, and *Fort Wayne* in 2014.
François Alcasan

**François Alcasan**, also known as the **Prisoner** and the **Head**, was a French scientist guillotined for murdering his wife. In *That Hideous Strength*. Alcasan's severed head was recovered by the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments and appears to be being kept alive by the technology of man, and regular infusions of blood, while in reality he was just a communication mechanism for the Macrobes who despise mankind and the Earth. The Head is destroyed by Mr. Bultitude.

Jane Tudor Studdock has eerie dreams about the Head, which make her think she is becoming mentally unwell. These in turn lead her to the psychologist Grace Ironwood and the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill. Elwin Ransom, before knowing the true nature of the Head, thought to call it the first of a new species, the Chosen Heads. Cecil Dimble thought to call the new species Bodiless Men. However, in the N.I.C.E., they were to be officially called New Men.

When Mark Gainsby Studdock becomes propagandist for the N.I.C.E., one of his first tasks is to write a piece exonerating Alcasan, who had previously been referred to as a Bluebeard in the press.

Alcasan is of Algerian extraction, and the surname is of Arabic language origin.

## Real life basis

Alcasan as the "Head" is partly a pun on the name of a position in academia. However, talking severed heads are a major part in Celtic mythology which features in the novel, and can be found Wales' *The Mabonogi*, Scottish and Irish legend so Lewis is referring to earlier tropes, much as with Merlinus Ambrosius.

The first account of a supposed talking head used to answer its owner's questions appears in William of Malmesbury's c. 1125 *History of the English Kings*, in a passage where he collects various rumours surrounding the polymath Pope Sylvester II, who was said to have traveled to al-Andalus and stolen a tome of secret knowledge, whose owner he was only able to escape through demonic assistance. He was said to have cast the head of a statue using his knowledge of astrology. It would not speak until spoken to, but then answered any yes/no question put to it.

The Roman poet Vergil, in his medieval role as a sorcerer, was credited with creating his own oracular head in Gautier de Metz's c. 1245 *Image du Monde*.

In keeping with the Arabian theme, heads were then ascribed to several of the major figures of the 12th- and 13th-century Renaissance, who introduced Europe to Arabian editions of Aristotelian logic and science, as well as the Muslims' own work on mathematics, optics, and astronomy. These included Robert Grosseteste, Albertus Magnus, and—most famously—Roger Bacon.

Reports that Albertus Magnus had a head with a human voice and breath and "a certain reasoning process" bestowed by a cacodemon eventually gave way to stories that he had built an entire automaton who was so overly talkative that his student Thomas Aquinas destroyed it for continually interrupting his train of thought.

## External links

* https://dc.swosu.edu/oms/oms1/schedule/5/
Jerkies

The **Jerkies** (singular: Jerky) are characters in the unfinished novel *The Dark Tower* allegedly by C.S. Lewis. They have been stung by the Stingingmen and become automata.

They are named after how they move, and the first man to be stung is described as:

"*strutting with sharp, jerky movements, lifting his feet unnecessarily high and swinging his arms as if in time to the blaring swagger of some abominable march'’ (p 35).*
The Jerkies soon become a kind of slave labour force and are involved in the building of the Dark Tower.

## Basis

The Jerkies have been interpreted as a satire of the goose stepping troops of Hitler and Stalin.

How Lewis would have explored the threat from the Othertime world remains unknown. The text mentions an "idol" whose face is, in some way, recognizable to the Cambridge observers, and which is, the narrator says, "still there" at the end of the events to be narrated. How Lewis intended to follow up this foreshadowing is unclear; he may have intended to suggest links to contemporary world events, or may have had no precise idea in mind. The Stingingmen and **Jerkies** could parallel the Conditioners and the Conditioned as described in *The Abolition of Man*. The idol with many bodies and one head may express Lewis' horror, expressed in many of his works, at the absorption and suppression of the individual into a collective controlled by a single will: in *Perelandra*, referring to a similar loss of individuality, he speculates that "what the Pantheists falsely hoped for in Heaven, the wicked really receive in Hell"

## See also

* Drones
* National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments, a group in *That Hideous Strength* with similar totalitarian leanings.
* Un-man, a perversion of humanity in the novel *Perelandra*.

## References

1. ↑ https://thecityoflostbooks.glasgow.ac.uk/towards-an-iconography-of-the-twentieth-century-c-s-lewis-and-the-scientific-humanists-part-2/
Camilla Denniston

**Camilla Denniston** is the first person who Jane Tudor Studdock meets in the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill. She is described as being tall and attractive. She is not to be confused with Camilla Bembridge in *The Dark Tower* who appears to be a completely different character.

She is part of the Company in the Manor and is married to Arthur Denniston.

## Quotations

"*I'm sure I hated wet days as a child," said Jane.*

"*That's because the grown-ups kept you in," said Camilla. "Any child loves rain if it's allowed to go out and paddle about in it.”*

* "*[Ransom is] a man, my dear. And he is the Pendragon of Logres. This house, all of us here, and Mr Bultitude and Pinch, are all that’s left of the Logres: all the rest has become merely Britain*" (192).
Clive Staples Lewis (Character)

**Clive Staples Lewis** is a character that appears in every book of The Space Trilogy (and *The Dark Tower*) based on C.S. Lewis himself. Lewis is friends with Ransom, and they both are philologists. He is first introduced to the reader in the last chapter of *Out of the Silent Planet*, when Lewis accidentally stumbles across the word 'Oyarsa' and asks Ransom what the word means through a letter. Ransom then invites Lewis to come over his house and Ransom tells him the whole story of him travelling to Malacandra. In *Perelandra*, Lewis is the narrator rather then a side character, and Ransom tells Lewis of his adventure instead of Ransom being the narrator. In *That Hideous Strength* and *The Dark Tower* Lewis plays a very small role, usually only being in only a chapter or two.

Since *the Dark Tower* is of uncertain authorship, the C.S. Lewis character in that is not necessarily a self-representation.

## Cultural references

Stephen R. Lawhead's *Song of Albion* trilogy contains numerous references to and parallels to the Space Trilogy. These include materialistic endeavors to gain access to forbidden worlds for material gain. Other references to the series include a main character named Lewis and a minor villain named Weston.
Mr. Bultitude

**Mr. Bultitude** is neither a Hnau nor a Hmān, but in fact the last of the seven bears of Logres, who escaped from a zoo during a fire and joined Elwin Ransom’s Company alongside Pinch and Baron Korvo, because Ransom has regained man's legendary authority over the beasts. He is captured by the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments, escapes, and destroys the Head of François Alcasan.

In chapter 12 Ransom makes a passing reference to Owen Barfield's "ancient unities" when discussing the feelings of the bear "Mr Bultitude".

## Quotations

> "*Mr. Bultitude's mind was as furry and unhuman in shape as his body. He did not remember, as a man in his situation would have remembered, the provincial zoo from which he had escaped during a fire, nor his first snarling and terrified arrival at the Manor, nor the slow stages whereby he had learned to love and trust its inhabitants. He did not know that he loved and trusted them now. He did not know that they were people, nor that he was a bear.*"
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## External links

* Bultitude Records named after the character
Augray

**Augray** is the first sorn that Ransom has a conversation with. Ransom first meets Augray in chapter 15, when he stumbles into Augray's cave. At first, Ransom is frightened of the sorn, but later he gets used to Augray like every other sorn. Augray is a kind sorn, and lets Ransom stay in his cave. Augray also teaches Ransom some cosmology. In the morning Augray offers to carry Ransom to Meldilorn so that Ransom will not risk death on the harandra following the hross’s directions, but Ransom defends the hross's instructions, who did not try to send him into danger, but eventually lets Augray carry him, and Augray gives Ransom a oxygen tube and walks to Meldilorn, where they part. Augray is a medium sized sorn with a white feather covered body.

When Ransom meets Augray, he correctly deduces he is not from Malacandra (Mars) because he is so thickset. He says he must be from a planet with higher gravity, probably Thulcandra (Earth) but not Glundandra because its gravity is intense that anyone from there would be "flat like plates".

## Quotations

* “They were astonished at what he had to tell them of human history—of war, slavery and prostitution. “It is because they have no Oyarsa,” said one of the pupils. “It is because every one of them wants to be a little Oyarsa himself,” said Augray.”
Macrobes

**Macrobes**, also known as the **Tellurian eldila**, the **Dark Eldila**, the **Darkened Ones**, and the **Darkened**, are a type of bodiless lifeform which inhabits the space between planets, notable for their hatred of mankind and the Earth, although they pretend otherwise.

The National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments is secretly inspired and directed by them, and they are really dark-eldila, i.e. beings superior to humans in intellect, under the influence of The Bent One. They speak through François Alcasan's Head, although not everyone realises that to begin with (Professor Filostrato), because he appears to be kept alive by the technology of man while actually having become a communication mechanism for the Macrobes. Their takeover of University of Edgestow and its surrounding area shows the manner in which they use human pride and greed to get what they want. After the N.I.C.E. would achieve its ends, the earth would only belong to the "Macrobes", and there would be little of beauty left.

Long association with them has destroyed John Wither's mind, and his speech and thinking are characterised by vagueness and jargon. Professor Augustus Frost is the only other one who knows their true nature. Others such as Reverend Straik are corrupted by them indirectly.

Lord Feverstone is aware of the Macrobes, having encountered their benign counterparts on Mars, but he has no interest in them, because he is extremely materialist.

## Themes

Clive Staples Lewis portrays the consequences of such ideas as a dystopian nightmare: by rejecting God and His creation, the N.I.C.E. inevitably fall under the dominion of such demons.

## Background

In the writings of the Greek historian Herodotus, there are a people called the Macrobians were mentioned as being notable for their longevity.

## Rock music

Blaster the Rocketman's "March of the Macrobes," alludes to the N.I.C.E. Institute's attempts to disembody the heads of those who wish to gain immortality with lines such as, "Leave flesh behind / There's only mind / Or set the brain apart / To elevate the heart / Whatever happened to the individual? (N.I.C.E.) / Where is his soul? (R.A.P.E.)."

## External links

* Macrobe, a Doctor Who creature inspired by Lewis.

* Macrobe story
Lur

*"“The nearer waves, though golden where their summits caught the light, were green on their slopes: first emerald, and lower down a lustrous bottle green, deepening to blue where they passed beneath the shadow of other waves."* - *Perelandra*

**Lur** was the name of the green sea that dominated Perelandra since it was an ocean world, unlike the Earth or Malacandra. The green waters of Lur was also drinkable, and was "*as warm as a shallow bay with sandy bottom in a sub-tropical climate.*"

There is only one piece of *terra firma* in Lur, and that was the Fixed Island. Otherwise, there were Floating Islands made of mats of vegetation, on which the Torlindri lived.

Perelandrian fauna was not hostile or predatory, so Elwin Ransom had no trouble crossing it, nor does Tinidril. They use friendly fish to transport themselves from the islands to the Fixed Land. The Un-man managed to travel around in the same way.

Lur was also home to a number of submen - these are not yet Hnau, but it appeared that the Torlindri would try and uplift them. Fish also lived here. Far from the Fixed Island were many forests of an unspecified nature.
Great Worlds

The **Great Worlds** were the gas giants in the outer part of the Field of Arbol. They are Glundandra, Lurga and Neruval, i.e. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus/Neptune. These are often referred to outside the Space Trilogy as the Jovian Worlds. They are cold worlds made up of liquefied gases and ice, in contrast to the Low Worlds, which they are separated from by the Asteroid Belt.

Dr. Elwin Ransom never visits these worlds in person, but he is told about them by the Oyarsa. As these are the Great Worlds, further away from Arbol, they are believed to be older than the Low Worlds that he does visit, apart from Viritrilbia.

## Names

* **Glundandra** or **Glund** (Jupiter)
	+ Glundandra's moons (not named individually)
* **Lurga** (Saturn). Also "Lurgadandra" or "Lurgandra", non-canon, but consistent with other naming patterns in the Space Trilogy.
	+ Lurga's moons (not named individually)
* **Neruval** (Uranus, Neptune, or Pluto)
	+ Neruval's moons (not named individually).

### Others

* **Nevrilbia** is a non-canon name for Uranus.
* **Argusandra** is a non-canon name for Pluto, which may or may not be mentioned in the Space Trilogy.

## Background

The term "gas giant" was coined by the American science fiction author James Blish in later decades. Although it was nor initially accepted by the scientific community, it has entered popular parlance. Uranus and Neptune are sometimes referred to separately as "ice giants", but this has never gained the same currency.

These worlds also have rings. This is most obvious with Saturn, which has by far the most developed ring system. The other three have much less obvious ring systems, with the possible exception of Uranus. Saturn/Lurga's rings merit a mention in the Space Trilogy.

## See also

* Great Dance
* Low Worlds
Merlinus Ambrosius

**Merlinus Ambrosius**, also known as **Dr. Ambrosius**, **Ambrosius**, the Stranger, or just **Merlin**, was an ancient wizard of Logres who was part of the Atlantean Circle who was said to be sleeping beneath Merlin's Well in Bragdon Wood, and appears in *That Hideous Strength*. According to Strabo's *Balachthon*:

"*In Bragdon bricht this ende dai*

*Herde ich Merlin ther he lai*

*Singende woo and welawai*"

Merlin has lain asleep for centuries in Bragdon Wood to be awakened for the battle against the materialistic agents of The Bent One, able to consort with the angelic powers because he came from a time when sorcery was not yet a corrupt art.

Merlin ends up awakened and returned to serve the Pendragon (Ransom) and save England. He receives the powers of the Oyéresu. He has been in a deep sleep since the time of Arthur the King, and both sides initially believe he will join the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments. His appearance to the Company of the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill comes as a surprise. Merlin also mentions Numinor.

## Trivia

The character of Merlin speaks only in Latin. Because Lewis was a brilliant Latinist, it's all correct. It also makes sense, since Merlin has been in suspended animation since the Low Middle Ages, and has had no opportunity to learn English (which he'd probably associate with the hated Saxon invaders, anyway.)

## Quotations

"*Has it ever struck you what an odd creation Merlin is? He’s not evil; yet he’s a magician. He is obviously a druid; yet he knows all about the Grail. He’s ‘the devil’s son;’ but then Layamon goes out of his way to tell you that the kind of being who fathered Merlin needn’t have been bad after all… [Merlin is] buried but* not *dead, according to the story. (29-30)*" - Cecil Dimble
Grace Ironwood

**Grace Ironwood** is the stern yet kind psychologist and doctor who helps Jane Tudor Studdock interpret her dreams. She is part of the Company in the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill.

## Etymology

Her name is probably inspired by the Járnviðr ("Iron-Wood") of Norse mythology, its bleak connotations ameliorated by the Christian name "Grace", and perhaps representing a reconciliation between Christianity and Paganism, as with Merlinus Ambrosius. The name may also be linked to Bragdon Wood nearby St. Anne's.
Holiness

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*This is the temporary layout for topic pages. For now this will just be a short description followed by a list of relevant verses. Later on, the verses will be organized into a comprehensive explanation of the topic.*

Holiness is a quality of God. Some argument can be made as to whether holiness can be transferred to and from people or sanctified and consecrated objects (Ezek 44:19). Further argument can be made as to the interactions between holy and unholy people or things, and the impact which those interactions can have on the physical world (Exodus 34:29), and to the conscious experience of humans (Isaiah 6:5). This topic will cover passages relevant to an understanding of Holiness, its source, purpose, function, transmission, and interactions.

*List verses which belong to this topic below:*

* Exodus 3:5
Dark Tower (Building)

The **Dark Tower** is a building which lends its name to the unfinished novel *The Dark Tower* allegedly by Irish author Clive Staples Lewis.

## Plot

The Dark Tower exists in the Othertime, which some University of Cambridge experts such as Orfieu are able to see through the Chronoscope. A group of human automatons known as the Jerkies work to construct a tower at the bidding of the story's villain, the Stingingmen, a devilish but human (or possibly semi-human) character with a single horn growing out of his forehead. The Unicorn works on behalf of the Othertime social system, a totalitarian dictatorship.

After a while MacPhee, a character who also appears in *That Hideous Strength* (though here he is a Scot, not an Irishman), points out that the "Dark Tower" is in fact a replica of the new Cambridge University Library. This suggests Othertime is the far future, with a replica of an ancient monument being constructed.

## Basis

The story takes its inspiration from Robert Browning poem, "*Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came*":

> *If at his counsel I should turn aside/ Into that ominous tract which, all agree,/ Hides the Dark Tower. Yet acquiescingly/ I did turn as he pointed: neither pride/ Nor hope rekindling at the end descried,/ So much as gladness that some end might be.*
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The Dark Tower is also likely a visual reference to the Tower of Babel which gives its name to *That Hideous Strength*.

J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings series features Barad-dûr as the home of the evil wizard Sauron. Barad-dûr means "Dark Tower" in one of Tolkien's languages. Given *The Dark Tower* provenance, it is not clear which came first, but it is well known Lewis and Tolkien had a mutal influence on each other as did the other Inklings.

Stephen King has used the same title for a series of his own books - it is not known if King has read this work or how much he is influenced by it.

## Suggested development

> The construction of the tower is clearly important. Lewis's time-lines are quite coherent in terms of the science fiction of his generation; it is often forgotten by readers that he was seriously interested in science fiction long before it was fashionable. In terms of the law that *"Any two time-lines approximate to the exact degree to which their material contents are alike" the tower is obviously a repeat, on a grand scale, of the Othertimers' successful but small experiment with a railway shed constructed in the same space as ours. However, although Lewis was a reader of all sorts of science fiction, he himself was not interested in writing the technical side: he wrote in 1955 that "The most superficial appearance of plausibility--the merest sop to our critical intellect--will do.... I took a hero to Mars once in a space-ship, but when I knew better I had angels convey him to Venus".*
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## References

1. ↑ https://www.bartleby.com/246/654.html
Hmāna

**Hmāna** (singular **Hmān**), also known as **Humans** or **men**, were the hnau of Thulcandra. Since Earth was a fallen world, Hmāna were capable of being extremely bent, or as in the case of the Un-man in *Perelandra* or François Alcasan in *That Hideous Strength*, they can become vehicles for the Dark Eldila who speak through them.

Hmāna was either an Old Solar or Hressa-Hlab term for Humans. It was used by the Hrossa in *Out of the Silent Planet* and as such, it is not clear whether this is an ancient term, or one that has been coined recently by them.

## Notable Hmāna

* Elwin Ransom
* Edward Rolles Weston
* Clive Staples Lewis
* Richard Devine
* Augustus Frost
* Jane Tudor Studdock
* Mark Gainsby Studdock

## Quotations

* "**A pleasure is full grown only when it is remembered.** You are speaking, *Hmān*, as if the pleasure were one thing and the memory another. **It is all one thing.** The *séroni* could say it better than I say it now. Not better than I could say it in a poem. What you call remembering is the last part of the pleasure, as the *crah* is the last part of a poem. When you and I met, the meeting was over very shortly, it was nothing. Now it is growing something as we remember it. But still we know very little about it. **What it will be when I remember it as I lie down to die, what it makes in me all my days till then–that is the real meeting. The other is only the beginning of it.**"
	+ Hyoi, p. 73
* "**The word 'human' refers to something more than the bodily form or even the rational mind. It refers also to that community of blood and experience which unites all men and women on the Earth.**"
	+ Perelandra
* "**Inner silence is for our race a difficult achievement. There is a chattering part of the mind which continues, until it is corrected, to chatter on even in the holiest places.**"
* "**Man in himself is nothing.**"
Love's Alchymie

***Love's Alchymie***  (modern spelling ***Love's Alchemy***) is a poem by John William Donne. Jane Tudor Studdock is writing a paper on Donne, and ***Love's Alchymie*** is quoted in chapter one of *That Hideous Strength*.

"Alchemy" is a reference to the ancient proto-/pseudoscience, and is in contrast to the brutalisation and abuse of science by the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments

## Full Poem

> Some that have deeper digg'd love's mine than I,
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> Say, where his centric happiness doth lie;
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> : I have lov'd, and got, and told,
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> But should I love, get, tell, till I were old,
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> I should not find that hidden mystery.
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> :Oh, 'tis imposture all!
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> And as no chemic yet th'elixir got,
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> :But glorifies his pregnant pot
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> :If by the way to him befall
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> Some odoriferous thing, or medicinal,
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> :So, lovers dream a rich and long delight,
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> :But get a winter-seeming summer's night.
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> Our ease, our thrift, our honour, and our day,
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> Shall we for this vain bubble's shadow pay?
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> :Ends love in this, that my man
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> Can be as happy'as I can, if he can
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> Endure the short scorn of a bridegroom's play?
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> :That loving wretch that swears
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> 'Tis not the bodies marry, but the minds,
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> :Which he in her angelic finds,
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> :Would swear as justly that he hears,
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> In that day's rude hoarse minstrelsy, the spheres.
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> :Hope not for mind in women; at their best
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> :Sweetness and wit, they'are but mummy, possess'd.
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> :
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Charles Williams

**Charles Williams** (1886 London–1945 London) was an English Christian writer and a personal friend of Clive Staples Lewis. Williams was a member of the Inklings, a literary group which met in Oxford, and included Lewis and John Ronald Reuel Tolkien in its number, although it is fair to say he is not as well remembered as either of them.

## Influence on the Space Trilogy

Charles Williams is sometimes cited as one of the influences on the character Elwin Ransom, although he seems to owe more to Tolkien and C.S. Lewis himself.

Williams is said to be a major influence upon *That Hideous Strength*, particularly with its unselfconscious inclusion of supernatural elements in a modern setting.

## See also

* John William Donne
* J.B.S. Haldane
* William T. Kirkpatrick
* David Lindsay
* William Olaf Stapledon
* Herbert George Wells
Svard system

The Svard system, in the Koronus Expanse, was a dying system.

Around twenty years prior to the arrival of the Stella Tenebris, it had suffered a major outbreak of the Whispers, causing upwards of 50% casualties of the system's inhabitants, and total breakdown of trade and travel.

This turned out to be caused by an ancient Yu'Vath craft known as the Whisperer, finally vanquished in combat by the Hand of Redemption.

The system has now been renamed the Sarium system, after its new governer, Marcus Sarium.
Camilla Bembridge

**Camilla Bembridge** is a character in the unfinished novel *The Dark Tower* allegedly by Clive Staples Lewis. She is not to be confused with Camilla Denniston in *That Hideous Strength* who appears to be a completely different character.

She is described as "*so free to talk about the things her grandmother could not mention that Ransom once said he wondered if she were free to talk about anything else"* (p 76)

## Basis

Camilla's name was originally going to be **Camilla Ammeret**, which would link her with Michael Scudamour in the works of Spenser.

Hooper's guess was that the aggressive, assertive Camilla of our world might turn out to have been a changeling for the passive, submissive Camilla that Michael Scudamour meets in the Othertime, both of whom, in the end, might wind up exchanged to their proper worlds.

## Quotations

‘Oh, Michael,’ said Camilla with a gesture of despair, ‘have you forgotten even that? They are the savages, the man-eaters, who have destroyed nearly all the world.’
Taxes

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*This is the temporary layout for topic pages. For now this will just be a short description followed by a list of relevant verses. Later on, the verses will be organized into a comprehensive explanation of the topic.*

Taxes are funds or goods collected by the state from all citizens, often under compulsion. This topic will cover instances of taxation in the law. Most government funding in the Bible is non-compulsory. This topic will cover both, compulsory and non-compulsory taxation in the law, identifying the Biblical distinctions between the two, and offer an overview of what the money can lawfully be used for.

*List verses which belong to this topic below:*

Genesis 41
Horace Jules

**Horace Jules** is a Cockney novelist, tabloid reporter, and pseudo-scientific journalist who has been appointed as the Director of the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments. He studied science at the University of London, but clearly never advanced beyond an elementary level. He fondly imagines himself to be the actual leader of the N.I.C.E., but is merely a figurehead. As he is unaware of the organization's true nature, he is easily manipulated by John Wither and Augustus Frost. He has a strong anti-clerical bias and objects to Wither appointing "parsons" (such as Reverend Straik) to the Institute.

## Real life basis

Jules is in part a caricature of Herbert George Wells, whose book *The Shape of Things to Come* presented the systematic persecution of Christianity (and all other religions) by a future world government as a positive activity. Wells expressed great admiration for Stalin and the Soviet Project, in spite of the millions of murders and human rights abuses. He is best known for novels such as *The Time Machine* and *The Island of Doctor Moreau*.

"Jules" may also be a nod to another classic science fiction writer, Jules Verne.
Story layout

1.jojo intro

2.jojo fight scene maybe with jobro

3.jojo makes party

4.jojo and party fight person who tell party about main villain

5.party fights rando's sent by main villain

5.5.explanation of stands (halfway-ish)

6.find villian place, 1-2 party members die

7.fight main villain

8.a jobro dies

9.defeat main villain

10.falling action
Edgestow

**Edgestow**, also known as the **Town**, was a town in England, where Bracton College, a college which is a part of the University of Edgestow are located in *That Hideous Strength*. It said to be somewhere in the English Midlands, and is located on the River Wynd. It is supposed to be relatively unspoilt, and has not been heavily industrialized.

Edgestow is subjected to all kinds of privations by the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments, including having some of its old buildings knocked down, and manufactured riots which are used to further their own ends.

At the climax of the novel, a large part of the town, including the whole of Bracton College, is destroyed in a freak natural disaster. The exact nature of this disaster remains unspecified, but the description includes earthquakes and subterranean explosions. Extraordinary numbers of residents leave shortly before this happens, for reasons ranging from coincidental (one resident receives a telegram from a relative) to portentous (various residents report animals telling them to leave). Richard Devine, however, dies in the disaster.

## Etymology

"Stow" is a common element in English place names, e.g. Stowe, Stow on the Wold etc. Edge is less common, but there are places such as Alderley Edge in Cheshire and Edgbaston in Birmingham.

Stow means a "place", so Edgestow would mean "place on the edge" Probably a reference to it being a thin place.

The name Edgestow may also be based on the names Oxford and Cambridge. The "Edge" element resembles the last syllable of Cambridge, while the second syllable has a much lesser resemblence to the first part of "Oxford".

## Background

Edgestow's university is supposed to be based on Durham, and Clive Staples Lewis' experiences at Oxford, so presumably Edgestow itself owes something to the cities that these real life universities are based in. However, Lewis denied any connection with Durham (a university of which he was fond) and close examination show the similarities to be superficial: Edgestow is a medieval foundation, a third "Oxbridge" university, while Durham was founded in the early 19th Century (though some of its buildings are indeed medieval).

## See also

* Belbury
* Bragdon Wood
* St. Anne's
* Logres

## References

1. ↑ https://www.etymonline.com/word/stow
Language

**Language** occurs in many different forms throughout The Space Trilogy and The Dark Tower and Other Stories.

These include the languages English and Latin (as spoken by Merlin) spoken on Thulcandra or Earth; the languages of Malacandra such as Old Solar, Hressa-Hlab and Surnibur, the vernacular of the Hrossa and the Séroni respectively; and the language of Perelandra, which is also a form of Old Solar. The Pfifltriggi of Malacandra have their own tongues, although the name is not known. The Eldila and Macrobes appear to know other languages, but they may also have their own. Likewise the great earth crawlers may also have a language but it's unclear if they are Hnau or not.

In *The Dark Tower*, of unclear authorship, it is stated that there is an Othertime language, although no real details are given of it.

## Background

C.S. Lewis was an academic linguist, and also a good friend of J. R. R. Tolkien, one of the most famous inventors of art languages. He knew the Classical languages, Greek and Latin, also some Hebrew, a little of the Celtic languages, German and French.
English language

The **English language** is one of the main languages of Thulcandra, and the native tongue of many humans in the Space Trilogy including Ransom himself. At the end of *Out of the Silent Planet*, Ransom has picked up enough of the Old Solar tongue to translate from one to the other in Meldilorn, although he finds Old Solar lacks a lot of terms for evil which English has.

in *That Hideous Strength*, Merlin is unable to speak English, but speaks Latin instead.
Dr. Cecil Dimble

**Dr. Cecil Dimble** is an academic, an old friend of Elwin Ransom, and close adviser on matters of Arthurian scholarship and pre-Norman Britain. He is fond of Jane Tudor Studdock, who was once his student, and feels guilty that he dislikes her husband Mark Gainsby Studdock. He is married to Margaret, and works at Northumberland College at the University of Edgestow.

## Quotations

The universe is so very complicated," said Dr Dimble.

"So you have said rather often before, dear," replied Mrs Dimble

"Have I?" he said with a smile. "How often, I wonder? As often as you've told the story of the pony and trap at Dawlish?"

"Cecil! I haven't told it for years."

"My dear, I heard you telling it to Camilla the night before last."

"Oh, Camilla! That was quite different. She'd never heard it before."

"I don't know if we can even be certain about that...the universe being so complicated and all." For a few minutes there was silence between them.

"But about Merlin?" asked Mrs Dimble presently.

"Have you ever noticed," said Dimble," that the universe, and every little bit of the universe, is always hardening and narrowing and coming to a point?"

His wife waited as those wait who know by long experience the mental processes of the person who is talking to them.

"I mean this," said Dimble, answering the question she had not asked. "If you dip into any college, or school, or parish, or family—anything you like—at a given point in its history, you always find that there was a time before that point when there was more elbow room and contrasts weren't quite so sharp; and that there's going to be a time after that point when there is even less room for indecision and choices are even more momentous. Good is always getting better and bad is always getting worse: the possibilities of even apparent neutrality are always diminishing.”

And Dimble, who had been sitting with his face drawn, and rather white, between the white faces of the two women, and his eyes on the table, raised his head, and great syllables of words that sounded like castles came out of his mouth. Jane felt her hear leap and quiver at them. Everything else in the room seemed to have been intensely quiet; even the bird, and the bear, and the cat, were still, staring at the speaker. The voice did not sound like Dimble's own: it was as if the words spoke themselves through him from some strong place at a distance--or as if they were not words at all but present operations of God, the planets, and the Pendragon. For this was the language spoken before the Fall and beyond the Moon and the meanings were not given to the syllables by chance, or skill, or long tradition, but truly inherent in them as the shape of the great Sun is inherent in the little waterdrop. This was Language herself, as she first sprang at Maleldil's bidding out of the molten quicksilver of the first star called Mercury on Earth, but Viritrilbia in Deep Heaven.”
Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future

***Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future*** is a "future history" science fiction novel written in 1930 by the British author Olaf Stapledon. A work of unprecedented scale in the genre, it describes the history of humanity from the present onwards across two billion years and eighteen distinct human species, of which our own is the first. The book employs a narrative conceit that, under subtle inspiration, the novelist has unknowingly been dictated a channelled text from the last human species.
Lewis stated in a letter to Roger Lancelyn Green that:

"*What immediately spurred me to write was Olaf Stapledon's* Last and First Men *… and an essay in J.B.S. Haldane's* Possible Worlds *both of wh[ich] seemed to take the idea of such [space] travel seriously and to have the desperately immoral outlook wh[ich] I try to pillory in Weston. I like the whole interplanetary ideas as a* mythology *and simply wished to conquer for my own (Christian) p[oin]t of view what has always hitherto been used by the opposite side. I think H. G. Wells'* First Men in the Moon *the best of the sort I have read …*"
C.S. Lewis enjoyed the scale of the work, but also disagreed with many of the premises, particularly the idea that future humans would have pity eliminated from them and the desire for individual happiness would be replaced by a hive mind. Lewis saw these ideas as inherently dangerous and a gateway for evil. For example, in Stapledon's book, when humans colonise Venus, they destroy its hnau, a swordfish-like creature in conscious genocide, because they think it has reached the limits of its evolution. In contrast, in Perelandra, Ransom does not seek to destroy or replace the Venusians, but fights Dr. Edward Rolles Weston, and his more extreme version as the Un-man.

Stapledon is supposed to have written *Starmaker* in response to Lewis' work.

Stapledon's conception of history follows a repetitive cycle with many varied civilisations rising from and descending back into savagery over millions of years, as the later civilisations rise to far greater heights than the first. The book anticipates the science of genetic engineering, and is an early example of the fictional supermind; a consciousness composed of many telepathically linked individuals.
John Wither

*"Of course, that was the way Wither managed things: he liked to have something hanging over everyone. It was only a way to keep him at Belbury and to make him send for Jane"* (214).

**John Wither**, also known as the **Old Man**, was a long-winded bureaucrat, and the Deputy Director of the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments. He is the true leader of the N.I.C.E. and a servant of the Macrobes. Long association with them has "withered" his mind, and his speech and thinking are characterised by vagueness and jargon. He hardly ever sleeps, but instead maintains a continual dreamy wakefulness that perhaps affords him the ability to maintain a shadowy, supernatural presence throughout the Institute. In the final destruction, "*he understood what was happening...better than anyone else.... Therefore he knew that everything was lost. It is incredible how little this knowledge moved him...because he had long ceased to believe in knowledge itself.... He had willed with his whole heart that there should be no reality and no truth, and now even the imminence of his own ruin could not wake him.*"

## Character

John Wither is just that - a withering old man who shambles around the institute. He speaks slowly and doesn't seem to give those he talks to his full attention, appearing as if he would trail off at any moment.

As Deputy Director of the N.I.C.E., Wither manages its day-to-day operations and with the Director's unending absence, has absolute control over the Institute. It is known that he values Augustus Frost's opinion highly, but he rarely meets with him except in official meetings.

Truth be told, no one has actually ever seen Wither sleep, and a few even claim that he doesn't. They say this because during the day he can be seen in his office, and in meetings, and around the Institute; and at night he can be heard walking about the halls of the Institute whistling his dreary tune.
Bent Years

The **Bent Years** were the years of rebellion waged by The Bent One.

## History

After the Oyarsa of Earth became bent, he waged a war in order to conquer the worlds of the other Oyéresu. During the early stages of the war, The Bent One struck Sulva first before bringing a cold death to Malacandra. This cold death caused the Harandra to be made uninhabitable, resulting in the extinction of many species. In addition, he tried to make the Hrossa and the Pfifltriggi bent. Urendi Maleldil and the Oyarsa of Malacandra tried to save as many as possible by making the Handramits.

Around the final moments of the Bent Years, Urendi Maleldil and the Eldila imprisoned The Bent One in Thulcandra, where he initiated the Fall of Adam and Eve.
Andrew MacPhee

**Andrew MacPhee**, or **McPhee**, was a scientist, sceptic and rationalist in *That Hideous Strength*, who is a close friend of Dr. Ransom and joins him in the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill. Though not religious, he is deeply influenced by his Presbyterian family background. His uncle was a high official in the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) , and, allowing for the differences in religious profession, was equally sceptical. He is mentioned parenthetically in *Perelandra*, and he appears in *The Dark Tower*. MacPhee, like Ransom, was an officer in the First World War. MacPhee desires to fight the National Institute of Co-ordinated Experiments with human powers. He is an argumentative character who claims to have no opinions, merely stating facts and illustrating implications. His position in the establishment is to be skeptical, testing every hypothesis and Jane Tudor Studdock's dreams; however, the awakened Merlinus Ambrosius believes MacPhee to be Ransom's "fool" (jester), because MacPhee is "obstructive and rather rude...yet never gets sat on".

He is part of the Company in the Manor at St. Anne's on the Hill. MacPhee has unusual ideas about women, and expounds in Chapter 8 on the impossibility of men and women collaborating on housework, since "women speak a language without nouns".

## Real life basis

The character may have been based on William T. Kirkpatrick, a Northern Irishman, former headmaster of Lurgan College and an admired tutor of the young C.S. Lewis when he lived in England.

## Quotations

* "The cardinal difficulty," said MacPhee, "in collaboration between the sexes is that women speak a language without nouns. If two men are doing a bit of work, one will say to the other, 'Put this bowl inside the bigger bowl which you'll find on the top shelf of the green cupboard.' The female for this is, 'Put that in the other one in there.' And then if you ask them, 'in where?' they say, 'in there, of course.' There is consequently a phatic hiatus."
	+ Ch. 8 : Moonlight at Belbury, section 2

* “But this,” said MacPhee, “seems a very round-about way of saying that there’s good and bad men everywhere.”

“It’s not a way of saying that at all,” answered Dimble. “You see, MacPhee, if one is thinking simply of goodness in the abstract, one soon reaches the fatal idea of something standardised—some common kind of life to which all nations ought to progress. Of course, there are universal rules to which all goodness must conform. But that’s only the grammar of virtue. It’s not there that the sap is. He doesn’t make two blades of grass the same: how much less two saints, two nations, two angels.”

## References

1. ↑ Keen on "That Hideous Strength" in Hal's Quotes and Notes