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 2 | 26
 3 | 2024

 2 | TBA
Aldmeri dominion persecution

## altmer persecution

### Performers

Dwemer empire- third aldmeri dominionemperor yagrum bagarn vs Elenwen and the thalmor

### Location

Skyrim and Tamriel

**the thalmor persecutions** is a persecutions against the elven race of the altmer who are suspected to be a undercover thalmor agents, not all the altmer are thalmor agents, some of them are just want to live in the empire most of them are loyal to the empire.

## how is was started?

before yagrum bagarn finished his conquests across north Tamriel, he joined the imperial legion and became legate, after the civil war he was chosen to be the high king of Skyrim, he assassinated emperor Titus mede the second and became emperor, he finished the civil war by side with the imperials and he killed the leader of the rebellion Ulfric Stormcloak, he made a list of every altmer in Skyrim and ordered his army to take them, some of them are spared and many of them were executed or massacred by the Dwemer empire, even Bosmer are suspected to be a thalmor spies

## the war against the thalmor

after the civil war, he started to hunt down any members of the third aldmeri dominion, he said he never will let the thalmor to enter his empire and started conquer north Tamriel (hammerfell, high rock, morrowind and Skyrim) and started to threat Ondolemar to leave the city of markarth and the Dwemer empire immediately or There will be consequences, when Ondolemar refused, yagrum bagarn started to ambush the thalmor justiciars with his army, and even attacked the thalmor embassy and took the lady ambassador elenwen in captivity, he threat Ondolemar to take his friend of the aldmeri dominion out of the Dwemer empire, or yagrum will execute lady ambassador elenwen, he took lady elenwen to highreach keep prison and tied her up in the cell, yagrum turned his army to immortal that mean he can invade summerset isles and destroy the thalmor and his army will never get killed, they tried to assassinate yagrum bagarn while he was in hammerfell and it failed, they were killed by him and by his bodyguard commander Kanac Nrofrach who beheaded them and left them to rot in the desert.

## the siege of the thalmor embassy

yagrum bagarn, Rigmor and Kanac Nrofrach assaulted the thalmor embassy, they killed every thalmor in the embassy and took captative the ambassadress elenwen
Liquified Research

**Liquified Research** is a fluid in Capitalia that can be used for research, or infused into various items to make data disks.

## Dependent Research

* Oil Processing (500 mB)
* Basic Reactors (2,000 mB)
* Atomic Age (8,000 mB)
* Space Age (16,000 mB)

## Bugs

* As with all of Capitalia's custom fluids, the name is not localized properly, instead rendering as *fluid.research*
From Ground to Sky

Work In Progress!*Content on this page is still being worked on, and may not be downloadable yet! Test builds will be available in the Discord server if you wish to contribute.*List of WIP projects

## From Ground to Sky

### Game Version

Currently 1.12.2*May change in the future*

### Links

Trello

**From Ground to Sky** is a work in progress modpack focused on progression and research.

It is still heavily in development, and may become unsupported in the future.
Stats

Health: The amount of health your character has

Attack: The amount of attack value of normal non Tech attacks
Speed: Determines in what order the character can perform an action generally the higher the better.
Defense: Determines how much damage reduction a character takes from an attack
Tech: Determines the attack value of tech based attacks
Crit Damage: The percentile extra damage or healing done if a skill crits.
Crit Chance: The percentile chance of an attack or heal being a crit.
Glancing Damage: The percentile damage done of a skill if it glances.
Glancing Chance: The percentile chance an attack will be a glancing hit.
Resolve: Determines how resistant to having your morale lowered your character is.
Rank: Increases character statistics each rank. See Rank for more details.

Buffs / Debuffs

Buffs:
Cloak: All incoming damage will become glancing blows.
Counter: A character with this buff will counter attack upon being attacked.
Critical Chance Up: Increases characters critical strike chance by a percentile.
Cleanse: Removes negative effects such as defense down, and other type effects.
Defense Up: Increases the characters defense by a percentile. (Stackable)
Morale Up: Grants Resolve Up. Each +1 gives 25% resolve per stack
Health Up: Increases characters health by a percentile.(Stackable)
Red Alert: Morale Down Immunity.
Taunt: Enemies must attack this target.
Resistance to X: Increase chance to resist a negative effect.
Regeneration: Regenerates health by a percentile every turn.
Buff Percentages (Atk, Def, HP)
Type Percent Increased

Minor +25%

Normal +50%

Major +75%

Buff Percentages (Tech, Crit)
Type Percent Increased

Minor +20%

Normal +40%

Major +60%

Debuffs:
Assimilation: Upon receiving three stacks of this debuff the character will lose 50% of their health.
Morale Down: Gives Resolve Down. Each -1 gives 25% negative resolve.
Scan: Cannot cloak and glancing chance is 0%. Next attack is a guaranteed Critical attack.
Stun: Character cannot perform actions for the duration.
Tech Down: Lowers Tech by percentile.
Attack Down: by a percentile.
Purge: Seemingly removes all buffs on a target. (Excluding bridge)
Wound: lose 10% health per stack at the end of turn.
Debuff Percentages(Atk, Def, HP)
Type Percent Decreased

Minor -25%

Normal -50%

Major -75%

Debuff Percentages(Crit, Tech)
Type Percent Decreased

Minor -20%

Normal -40%

Major -60%
Alien Goo

**Alien Goo** is a fluid in Capitalia that can be converted into Liquified Research when processed in a Fractionating Still (converting 500 mB of Alien Goo into 250 mB of Liquified Research)

It can be gained by melting Sky Stone, Alien Blasters, and Alien Material Samples in a Magma Crucible.

Players can also process Alien Bugs in a Centrifugal Separator with the Enstabulation Apparatus augment installed.

## Dependent Research

* Information Age (2,000 mB)
* Wireless Power Transmission (500 mB)
* Advanced Matter-Energy Conversion (1,000 mB)

## Bugs

* As with all of Capitalia's custom fluids, the name is not localized properly, instead rendering as *fluid.alien\_goo*
Aurora's Adventurer

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## Aurora's Adventurer

### Links

Issue Tracker
CurseForge
Trello
Lore

**Aurora's Adventurer** is a modpack made for Minecraft 1.12.2, themed around the aurorian dimension from the eponymous mod.

The player is tasked with completing various quests for Queen Aurora and her advisors, who approach and ask the player to kill the "dragon tyrant" (Ender Dragon), and can uncover hidden lore about the world by completing quests.

The modpack ends after killing the Ender Dragon, but completing every quest yields the "true" ending.

## Trivia

* This has the most quests out of all my packs, totaling at 440 (The original Essence of Everything is in second place with 305, and Capitalia is third with 158)
* This modpack is how I met JonaB in the first place, and what eventually led to the creation of the Discord server.
* This was the first modpack I made a server for, run by JonaB off of his computer. He died like 50 times in the first couple hours, which was quite funny.
* I got the idea for this modpack because of about the developer's new mod, called "The Aurorian". I thought it would be cool to have the dimension be the home of several characters, so I asked and got official permission to make a modpack about it.
	+ In addition, a link to the pack is on the Aurorian mod's CurseForge page
* Elise (the developer of the Aurorian mod) is listed as the "mascot" on the CurseForge page. Though I don't think she's noticed yet.
* This modpack went through several iterations before finally being released, and was the first one to have a "revival update" later on.
* This modpack was the first I made with copious amounts of CraftTweaker scripting.
* This is the only modpack I've made that doesn't use ContentTweaker or KubeJS for its custom items.
	+ I was originally going to use ContentTweaker for the custom items, but ended up making the Aurorian Items mod instead (in MCreator, of all things...) since I couldn't figure out how to use it, and just never bothered moving the items over.
* Watcher on Discord was the first person to beat the modpack (that I know of)
Vizthex

**vizthex** (the proper formatting is in all-lowercase) is the main developer of every project, as well as the owner of the official Discord server. He spends too much time making projects, wikis, etc. and has been playing Minecraft for about a decade now.

He tries to make modpacks (and mods) with a unique theme or twist on an existing theme. rather than the typical kitchen sink packs that exist (though many modern packs do have unique themes, but are made by teams of people).

User page

## Trivia

* I wrote this page myself, so I could've (and maybe should've) just say "I" instead of "he" throughout the entire thing
* The *vizthex.png* image is actually the Alchemical Sampling from Alchemical Artistry since my normal profile picture is probably copyrighted or something
* You can view the expanded trivia on the old GitHub wiki, if you're curious.
Akaviri vampires

**akaviri vampires** were a faction of vampires from akavir who sired by morag sethius, they were after yagrum bagarn and rigmor by morag sethius's orders

## origins

little known about the origins of the akaviri vampires, they came from akavir and turned into vampires by morag sethius, they made a deal with the third empire about trading people to food

## war with the dwemer empire

when rigmor sent to exile, the akaviri vampires were sent to bring rigmor to morag sethius, after they did an attack on roscrea prison, they killed by yagrum bagarn and they attack a fishing village in the south of the island

## death

when yagrum bagarm staked morag sethius with the white oak sword, every vampire who were linked to morag's bloodline died after 2 hours including the akaviri vampires
Hellish Material Sample

## Recipe

### Recipe

1x Nether item (blaster, charge, or armour) makes a varying amount of Hellish Viscera.

**Hellish Material Samples** are an item in Capitalia that are only used to gain Hellish Viscera. It was added in v10.2 as a workaround to the Magma Crucible recipes not melting down the Alien Blaster.

Unlike Alien Material Samples, it has multiple recipes that give varying amounts.

Players can also process various nether mobs in a Centrifugal Separator with the Enstabulation Apparatus augment installed.
The Essence of Everything: Quintessence

**The Essence of Everything: Quintessence** is the sequel to The Essence of Everything, made for Minecraft 1.18.2. Featuring expanded content, a streamlined modlist & questing system - and several custom recipes & items - this pack is designed for both new and old players alike.

Like in the original pack, the end goal is to craft an expensive item, and then submit it to the final quest - but first, you must progress enough to gather the necessary technology (and items) to craft it.

With Create and Thermal Expansion 6 at the core of the pack (but also sporting some magic mods), this pack has a little something for everyone.

## Server

On June 15, 2022, the Capitalia server was replaced with this pack based on a poll that was held in the Discord.

The server IP is `teoe.mcserver.us`, or `158.62.204.176:25565` if the short link doesn't work.

## Trivia

* This is one of two modpacks (with the other being Capitalia) with custom items that I (vizthex) didn't make the textures for, instead being made by my younger brother
Compressed Sawdust

**Compressed Sawdust** is an item from The Essence of Everything: Quintessence that can be smelted into Charcoal, or used as a catalyst for the Phytogenic Insolator.

## Trivia

* The texture was originally going to be used for Sawdust Clumps, but was changed due to the clump texture looking more like a clump rather than a compressed version
The New Order

**The new order** was an racist group of elves led by tilar aedriath, they tried to hunt down countess rigmor to sacrifice her to oblivion, after that they tried to conquer tamriel and make chaos be doing a coup in summerset isles but they failed.

## layouts

the new order members were altmer and bosmer along with orsimer and dunmer mercenaries, they tried to take whiterun but the stormcloaks and the imperial legion were ready for them alongside the dwemer empire, after that yagrum bagarn and rigmor made an final assult on blacklight tower the hideout of aedriath, and then yagrum bagarm used his soul tear shout to imprison aedriath and sent him to hell.

## during the four years peace

after rigmor returned to cyrodiil, yagrum bagarn started to hunt down the remmants of the new order in skyrim and his empire territories every members of the new orders were killed but most of them are fled to cyrodiil, because cyrodiil yet wasnt the fourth empire territory he left them alone for a while

## during the cyrodiil civil war

yagrum bagran along with quintos and count cameous assulted the ayleid city of nagasel, along the raiders who stood there, there were also the remmants of the new order who fled to cyrodiil, yagrum bagarn wiped them out
JonaB

### Contributions

Tested Aurora's Adventurer, helped with some scripts, set up the first Capitalia server.

### Links

CurseForge

**JonaB03** (or "**JonaB**", as he is commonly referred to) is one of the admins on the official Discord server, and helped greatly in the early development of Aurora's Adventurer.

He has also contributed some script edits, and helped set up the first server for Capitalia.
Netherium

**Netherium** is a modpack focused on escaping the Nether, and was the first 1.16 modpack vizthex ever made.

Players start in the Nether, and must craft (or find) enough Obsidian to escape into the Overworld.

Players are intended to use Create to construct most of their automation, and can process the various stones in the nether into cobblestone in order to progress further.
Smeltable Compressed Blocks

**Smeltable Compressed Blocks** is a script that allows players to smelt compressed blocks from Extra Utilities to save time.

Higher tier blocks will "compress" themselves into bricks when smelted (e.g. compressed cobblestone becoming stone, but triple compressed cobblestone becomes stone bricks).

It is used in Aurora's Adventurer and Capitalia.
Shadow of Nobody

**Shadow\_of\_Nobody** is a contributor who suggested added the "quick" mods (home, teleports, and spawns) to the Essence of Everything: Quintessence server, though only 1 of them (QuickTeleports) made it in due to balancing reasons, which were added in B4.0.

He was also the first person to kill the Ender Dragon on the official server, and thus earn the Dragonslayer rank.
Phantom Factories

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## Phantom Factories

### Links

Trello

**Phantom Factories** was as puzzle-based modpack that was meant to showcase Create's usefulness for puzzle design, but was abandoned early in development due to puzzle design being difficult for vizthex to handle by himself, and each puzzle taking quite a bit of time to build (and conceptualize).

It may return in the future, though the exact chance depends on whether or not people can be recruited to help design & build the puzzles.
Mekanism Paxel Durability Increase

**Mekanism Paxel Durability Increase** is a script that increases the durability of paxels from Mekanism.

The script uses the following formula: *t\*2 = d*, where *t* is the durability of the tool used to make the paxel, and *d* is the new durability value. Steel paxels instead use *(t\*2) + 50 = d*.

It is used in Capitalia.
Radiance Modding Wiki

**Welcome to the official Radiance Modding Wiki!**
The official wiki for all this related to Radiance Modding - a mod and modpack creation team made by vizthex.

Hosting a variety of projects (mostly centered around Minecraft and Terraria), the driving goal is to make unique experiences with relatively low barriers to entry - regardless of the project being a modpack, mod, or some other miscellaneous thing.

## Project List

All ProjectsModpacksModsCraftTweaker ScriptsOther Projects

## Contributor List

vizthexJonaBEliseTellureTesabilityCubixmangogamrShadow\_of\_Nobody

*Want to contribute? Check here!*

* Wiki Rules
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Wanted Pages
* Wanted Files

This wiki catalogues information related to the various projects made by vizthex and anyone who helps him out. The wiki was migrated from the old GitHub one due to Fandom's more robust nature and ease-of-use.

*Official Discord server*
Industrial Data Disk

## Recipe

### Recipe

1 Basic Catalyst + 8x Unrefined Industrial Data Cores + 5,000 RF (50/t) in a Quantum Compressor

**Industrial Data Disks** are an item in Capitalia that can be used for research, or be melted down into 500 mB of Liquified Research.

They are unlocked after reaching the Industrial Age.

## Dependent Research

* Machine Age (4)
* Information Age (8)
* Advanced Circuitry (1)
* Basic Reactors (8)
Research

**Research Systems** are present in several modpacks, and are used to guide the player down a certain progression route, or lock various blocks/items behind gameplay barriers.

Research is done using Research Table or From the Ground Up, depending on the modpack.

## Adrift

Research in **Adrift** is key to the progression, as it unlocks most of the crafting blocks and equipment present in the pack.

*More in-depth guide*

## Capitalia

Research in **Capitalia** is required to progress, as the player has to unlock various "ages" using data disks.

*More in-depth guide*

## The Cyborg Runner

Research in **The Cyborg Runner** is required to unlock progression and upgraded gear.

*More in-depth guide*

## From Ground to Sky

Research in **From Ground to Sky** is required, and is the main focus of the pack.

*More in-depth guide*
Wario

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2FMario%2Fcomments%2Fgkwlqy%2Fi\_made\_wario\_with\_different\_shades\_of\_yellow%2F&psig=AOvVaw0xT4VJrWj-5xc68eFMGgV2&ust=1653006512476000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCIi8rKWn6vcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

He is the Macost of the predators
Nick Panagos

**Nick Panagos** was a houseguest on *Big Brother Extreme (Season 1)*.

Nick entered the game, knowing that he would be a target, due to his intelligence, and his way of approaching strategy. So it wasn't a surprise, when the other Houseguests, began to be fearful of Nick, knowing he had potential to win the game. Nick got lucky several times, on the nomination block. However, his luck finally ran out, when he was very close to winning Head of Household that Arnold won, and he was was on the outside of the main house alliance, and was ultimately evicted in 13th place.

## Player History - *Big Brother Extreme (Season 1)*

### Voting History

 2
 3
 4

## Trivia

* Nick, is the only Male Houseguest in Season 1, to not win a Head of Household, or Power of Veto competition, in any shape or form.
CoinCraft

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## CoinCraft

### Links

CurseForgeGitHub

**CoinCraft** was a mod made by vizthex using MCreator that was planned to add coins, banks, trading, and more to Minecraft.

It was abandoned shortly after being released due to Java coding being difficult to learn, and a multitude of other mods doing the same thing better.
Cubix

**Cubix** helped test The Essence of Everything: Quintessence, is an active player on the Capitalia server, and is active on the Discord server.

He is also responsible for the recipe to convert 8 planks into a vanilla Chest, and as such forcing me to make a new tag to use in order to prevent recipe conflicts.
基础科学

Template:Science
**基础科学**（fundamental science），或称**基础研究**（basic research），是研究自然界最基本的事物与作用和之间的相互关系，以及规律的科学。按照还原论的逻辑，一切的现象都可以追溯到基础科学的研究。生物学、化学、物理学都是基础科学，而工程学不是。基础科学和应用科学是不同的。基础科学可能没有直接的应用。基础科学的研究建立在受控制的实验和仔细观察的基础上（尽管这些方式不能分清基础科学与应用科学）。基础科学的研究依靠得到确定的证据和有价值的理论进行推演。传统上认为基础科学与自然科学密切相关。

## 參考資料

1. ↑ What is basic research?. National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 3月 27, 2014. Retrieved on 5月 31, 2014.

## 相關條目

* 精密科學
* 純數學
* 規範科學
呼告

**呼告**是用於中文的一種修辭法。这种修辞，从正在敘述的事情，忽然改變語氣，轉而用對話的方式來呼喊，以此來呈現出語句中的情緒。

概述
--

呼告不以文章敘述人的語氣，而是把情緒融入口語中，直接和所論及的「人」或者是「物」來說話的一種修辭技巧。主要有以下三種類型，分別是：普通呼告、示現呼告及人化呼告等｡

分類
--

### 普通呼告

* 概述：通常是用於呼告面前的人，這種呼告稱為做「普通呼告」｡
* 例句：
	+ 「諸君啊！醒醒罷！」(梁啟超 《為學與做人》)
	+ 「南八，男兒死耳，不可為不義屈！」(韓愈 《張中丞傳後敘》)
	+ 「女郎，單身的女郎，你為什麼留戀這黃昏的海邊？女郎，回家吧，女郎! 」（徐志摩 《海韻》）

### 示現呼告

* 概述：倘若呼告的人並不在面前，而把那個人假想成在面前的呼告，帶有示現的意味，則為「示現呼告」｡
* 例句：
	+ 「微之，微之，此夕此心，君知之乎? 」(白居易 《與元微之書》)
	+ 「朋友，在你的人生道路，你已經跋涉過多少道路? 」(熊崑珍 《路》)
	+ 「孩子呀！阿爸也沒有任何怨言，只因這是生命中最沉重，也最甜蜜的負荷。」（吳晟 《負荷》）
	+ 「孩子，你竟在不知不覺之間，真的成長了好多啊！」（林文月 《生日禮物》）

### 人化呼告

* 概述：將「物」人性化的呼告，謂之「人化呼告」。
* 例句：
	+ 「彼蒼者天，曷其有極！」(韓愈 《祭十二郎文》)
	+ 「糠哪！你遭礱被舂杵，篩你簸颺你。（高明《琵琶記‧糟糠自厭》）
	+ 「中國啊！中國，你全身的痛楚就是我的痛楚，你滿臉的恥辱就是 我的恥辱！」(余光中 《地圖》)
Craftable Nether Star

**Craftable Nether Star** is a script that adds a recipe to the nether star (as seen in the infobox to the right), making it obtainable without fighting the wither.

The recipe requires 4 gold blocks, 4 diamond blocks, and 1 emerald block, making it rather expensive without the assistance of technology mods.

Its intention is to allow the player to avoid the wither fight if they wish to, instead using many late-game resources that can be hard to find unassisted.

It is not used in any projects.
Adrift

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## Adrift

### Links

Issue Tracker
CurseForge
Trello

**Adrift** is a modpack made for Minecraft 1.12.2, focusing on survival in an ocean world filled with hostile creatures.

The pack is inspired by Raft (and a modpack based on it), but is no longer supported due to the amount of work required to update it (though vizthex does wish to return to it in the future).

In the future, it may be re-made for newer Minecraft versions if the pack's core mods get ported.

## 1.18 Re-write

Work In Progress!*Content on this page is still being worked on, and may not be downloadable yet! Test builds will be available in the Discord server if you wish to contribute.*List of WIP projects

A new version for 1.18.2 is currently being worked on, but may be delayed to 1.19 or later (depending on if the core mods update or have alternatives)

## Trivia

* This is the third modpack I made that featured lore (Aurora's Adventurer was first, then Cyborg Runner)
* I came up with the name rather quickly, which is unusual since I sometimes take longer to think of them
* This modpack (probably) has the most config customizations out of all the ones I've made
Alliances

Alliances are what amounts to guilds in Star Trek: Legends and is unlocked at account level 10. It is important to join an alliance so you can participate in raids. Raids have you attack different sections of a ship awarding you Alliance Crystals. These crystals are used as currency at the alliance store allowing you to purchase different things including exclusive emotes you cannot get in the rest of the game. Alliances also grant you access to being able to talk to your guild in game.
Military Data Packet

**Military Data Packets** are an item in Capitalia that can be used for research, or be melted down into 10 mB of Liquified Research.

Unlike most other data disks, they have many recipes utilizing ammo from vanilla Minecraft and TechGuns.

## Dependent Research

* Basic Handgun Research (1)
* Improved Handgun Research (4)
* Pistol Research (12)
* Basic Shotgun Research (4)

* Tipped Arrows (1)
* Phase-Shifting Arrows (1)
* Elemental Ammunition (1)
* Jacketed Ammunition (2)
* Armour-Piercing Rounds (4)
* Armour-Piercing Shells (6)
* Advanced Rounds (8)
* Advanced Shells (12)
Capitalia

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## Capitalia

### Links

Issue Tracker
CurseForge
Trello

**Capitalia** is a modpack made for Minecraft 1.12.2, and focuses on building a factory to produce one million dollars (using AdminShop to sell items)

Inspired by Factorio and the Ferret Business modpack, players are tasked with constructing factories to create & sell enough items to make $1,000,000.

Players can research a variety of custom items in order to progress, find different ways to gain research, etc.

Should a player complete the pack (by submitting the requisite $1,000,000), they will unlock a variety of optional end-game quests that can award them with late-game upgrades, items, etc.

## Trivia

* I didn't originally plan to make tutorial videos, but several people were confused about how things worked; so I decided to make some vids that covered various mechanics. (and also improved descriptions & whatnot)
* I originally wanted to use Modular Machinery, but couldn't figure out how to get it working. Did manage to use it later in Adrift though.
* I went through several shop/currency mods before settling on Admin Shop, as I had used it in a modpack whos name I can't remember (you were in a wasteland though, and kind of had to rebuild things if I remember correctly. I think it was called *Regrowth* or something similar?)
* I had to re-balance the prices for items constantly, as well as fluids and power. At one point, someone filed an issue report stating they had won in just a few hours by making a Tier 7 solar panel, then selling all the power it made.
* This was the first modpack I made that had an official server (though it was later replaced with one for The Essence of Everything: Quintessence)
* The first server we made for it was run by JonaB on the Discord, and it wasn't online very often due to it running off of his computer.
* This modpack is what caused BisectHosting to partner with me. I received a message from one of the staff members, and decided it would be cool to do.
* This is my second-most downloaded project of all time, after the original Essence of Everything

## Server

The server IP was `capitalia.modded.fun`, but was replaced on June 15, 2022 with a server for The Essence of Everything: Quintessence.
Damaged Solarskin

## Recipe

### Recipe

1 Damaged Solarskin + 1 Iron Ingot + 1 Glowstone + 1 Redstone/Electrotine makes the Salvaged Solarskin

**Damaged Solarskin** is an item from The Cyborg Runner that can only be used to make Salvaged Solarskin.

It is gained from the starting "On the Run" quest, and can be repaired in an Engineer's Workbench after researching "Engineering".
The Cyborg Runner

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## The Cyborg Runner

### Themes/Goals

Dimension-hopping, planet-hopping, running from the law

### Links

Issue TrackerCurseForge
Trello

**The Cyborg Runner** is a narrative-driven modpack focusing on the player running from the Intergalactic Police Force (IPF) with help from Dr. Marlow Wessex, and ultimately fighting against the Cyborg Defamation Foundation (CDF).

Players mainly utilize MystCraft and Artisan's Worktables for a bulk of their progression, as well as researching new technology with From the Ground Up.

The player will start in the Overworld in a glass dome preventing them from leaving (alongside a world border to enforce this), and must read the quest book to learn how to progress (gather the supplies near the starting location, then depart for the Alien Jungle)

The starting area contains a number of hidden secrets and lore pages for those brave enough to try and find them.

As with most Radiance Development modpacks, there is a variety of custom items to assist the player.

## Trivia

* This is one of two modpacks (the other being The Essence of Everything: Quintessence) with custom items that I (vizthex) didn't make the textures for, instead being made by someone I used to know
Smeltable Vanilla Items

**Smeltable Vanilla Items** is a script that boosts the resource gain from vanilla items, as well as allowing the player to smelt other things down into their base parts.

The 1.14 version of the script adds recipes exclusive to the Blast Furnace.

It is used in Capitalia, From Ground to Sky, The Cyborg Runner, and Netherium
Guide:Research (Capitalia)

Research in Capitalia is done using the Research Table, and is divided into 4 category: Ages, Technology, Weapons, and Ammunition.

 File:Research table ui.png
The table's UI has tabs on the side for each category, and lists research in order of the intended progression.

Research is done using data disks, which can be crafted from a variety of materials. Each disk represents a specific age or "tier" of the pack's overall progress.

Players are intended & encouraged to automate the disk crafting process, but are not required to do so.
Shulker Chest OreDict Removal

**Shulker Chest OreDict Removal** (or **Shulker OreDict Removal**) is a script that removes the *chest* ore dictionary entry from all types of shulker box.

It was made due to an unknown mod adding the entry to them, but not wanting them to interfere with existing recipes.

It is used in Capitalia and Netherium.
Morale System

Morale is a special system in Star Trek: Legends that does a few things. It is denoted on characters next to the characters' health bars by a blue upward arrow if positive or a red downward arrow if negative. Characters start with nether negative or positive morale. While the specifics and exact numbers are still mostly officially unconfirmed this is what we know about the system so far.

If a character's morale becomes fully negative that character is considered to have retreated, effectively being "defeated". Morale also seems to affect special attacks of opportunity called Morale Combos. Morale Combos are triggered after you make an offensive action on a character causing a chance for another character to use their first skill to attack your target. If the target dies from the original attack, a random enemy target will be chosen instead. It should be noted that characters with buffs as their first ability will use that on a random member of your team instead. Characters that have ether no or positive morale are capable of performing these combos, with the chance increasing upon higher morale. (Note: Morale Combos are not determined by the attacking character's morale. While a character is attacking the other characters on your team make a check and their current morale determines if it will combo or not.)

Negative effects of morale are mostly unknown other then two specifics: a character with negative morale does not seem capable of performing a Morale Combo, and a character whose morale becomes fully negative will be defeated. This will be updated as we have more official information.

It should also be noted that positive stacks of morale increases resolve by 25% per stack, while negative stacks decrease resolve by 25%. While this is speculation resolve could be the percentile chance used to determine if a character will perform a morale combo.

Special Note: While rare more then one character can combo at a time.
Paxel Mold

The **Paxel Mold** is an item in Capitalia that can be used to craft Paxels at just over half their normal cost (4 ingots instead of 7)

## Trivia

* This was originally supposed to be made in the molding crafting station, but the scripting never worked out, so it has a regular crafting recipe instead

## Recipes

*The Bronze Paxel recipe. Uses 400 mB of Liquid Bronze and 2 Sticks.**The Iron Paxel recipe. Uses 400 mB of Liquid Iron and 2 Sticks.**The Steel Paxel recipe. Uses 400 mB of Liquid Steel and 2 Iron Ingots.*
Alchemical Artistry

**Alchemical Artistry** is a modpack for 1.16.5 that focuses on alchemy and transmutation without using ProjectE. It was the second 1.16 pack vizthex released.

Inspired by Fullmetal Alchemist, Equivalent Exchange (and mods that remix the system), and the tag system, the goal is to gather a "sample" to submit to the Alchemical Bureau and complete the pack.

Every item in the pack has an Alchemical Matter Content (AMC) value, expressed in their tooltip and item tag. Players can use this AMC to craft bags and crates to contain it, as well as being used for a few recipes.

The end goal is to craft and submit the Alchemical Sampling, thus completing the modpack (though completing every quest is a secondary objective).

## Trivia

* The Alchemical Sampling item is the icon vizthex uses on the wiki and Ko-Fi.
中原音韵

《**中原音韵**》是元代周德清所作的一本韵书，反映了当时的实际语音。书写成于泰定甲子（1324）年，到至正元年（1341）刊行于世Template:RpTemplate:Rp。全书由《韵谱》和《正语作词起例》两个部分组成，不分卷；《四库全书》分其为两卷，以前卷为韵书，以后者为附论Template:Rp。

《中原音韵》是近代音共时研究的主要依据，在音韵学、北音学研究中有重要地位。
Template:Wikisource

## 成书背景

元代北曲和散曲迅速发展。在作曲时必须要符合格律，而当时的标准韵书是《广韵》。然而从中古汉语到近代汉语，语音发生了巨大的变化，反映自南北朝至唐初语音的《切韵》和《广韵》已经不能反映元代当时的实际的语音系统了。在作曲中是以《广韵》为标准，还是以实际语言的语音为标准，当时有着不同的意见。周德清则属于支持革新的一派。
Template:Cquote
周德清从实际口语和杂剧散曲作品的用韵中归纳音系，因此作《中原音韵》一书。
Template:Cquote

韵谱
--

《中原音韵》韵谱共收5866字（一说5869字）Template:Rp，分别列在十九个韵下，每个韵的韵目用两个代表字表示：一东钟、二江阳、三支思、四齐微、五鱼模、六皆来、七真文、八寒山、九桓欢、十先天、十一萧豪、十二歌戈、十三家麻、十四车遮、十五庚青、十六尤侯、十七侵寻、十八监咸、十九廉纤。

韵目分部不论声调。每个韵部下包括平、上、去韵字，平声分为阴、阳，上、去不分，入声字分别附于平、上、去声之后。

同一声调的字分为各个不同的同音字组，或称小韵。每个同音字组用一个常用字打头，不注反切，字组内的字声母、韵母完全相同。字组之间用圆圈隔开。

## 正语作词起例

《正语作词起例》是对《韵谱》从理论上和实践上的说明，共二十五条，按内容可分为两部分：第一到二十四条是“正语起例”；第二十五条（即著名的“作词十法”）及第二十四与二十五条之间的“乐府共三百五十章”是“作词起例”。这些文字体例不一，长短不等，内容有重复，应不是同时写成的，很像是陆续积累的札记Template:RpTemplate:Rp。

## “中原之音”

《中原音韵》的审音标准是“中原之音”。“中原之音”的基础方音在哪里，学者们的意见并不一致。

一种观点认为是大都音。大都为元朝的首都。同时，周德清也在序中称：“关、郑、白、马……韵共守自然之音，字能通天下之语，字畅语俊，韵促音调”，而这四人也都是在大都及周围区域活动。

另一种观点则认为，大都作为首都只有几十年，还没有真正成为全国的文化中心，所以《中原音韵》依据的仍然是宋代以来占据主导地位的汴洛音Template:Rp。

## 《中原音韵》音系

元代时，近代音的基础已经形成。元代以后，近代音虽有所发展，但没有发生大的变化。因此，《中原音韵》所包含的音系大体上反映了近代音的面貌Template:Rp。

### 声母

《中原音韵》中没有反切，因此无法像研究《广韵》一样使用系联。学者们通过和中古汉语、现代汉语的比较得到上述结果：如果一个同音字组里常常包含有三十六字母中某两个或两个以上字母的字，就表明这几个中古字母此时已经合并成一个声母Template:Rp。

《中原音韵》声母系统可以归纳如下表，共21母：

罗常培和王力早期认为是20母；赵荫棠、忌浮认为是25母；陆志韦、王力晚期认为是24母；杨耐思、宁继福认为是21母Template:RpTemplate:Rp。

造成意见不同的主要原因有两个。第一个是中古知、章、庄三组是合并为一套还是两套。支持两套的学者认为，在“支思”韵前的声母和在其他韵前的声母不同，应该分为两套，就多出“支、哆、诗、儿”四母；支持一套的学者则认为，虽然可能存在这样的不同，但因为分布互补，没有构成最小对立对，从音位上应该并为一套。第二个原因是疑母是已经全部并入影母还是尚有少量存在。

### 声调

《中原音韵》中明确分出了阴平、阳平、上声、去声，但是与普通话中的归字有所不同，更接近膠遼官話。

中古的入声字，《中原音韵》将之分别归在各韵母的平、上、去三声之后，而并未单独分出一类。学术界多数人认为这种情况表明中古入声在近代音中已经消失；但《正语作词起例》中又说：“入声派入平、上、去三声者，以广其押韵，为作词而设耳。然呼吸言语之间，还有入声之别。”陆志韦等人据此认为入声仍然存在Template:Rp。

《中原音韵》中全濁聲母入聲字大多歸入陽平，次濁聲母入聲字大多歸入去聲，清聲母入聲字大多歸入上聲。這種歸派很接近膠遼官話和部分東北官話。

### 韵母

在《中原音韵》的十九韵部之下，还可以分出更多的韵母。按照全书体例，不同的小韵必不同音；因此在一个韵部中，如果声母相同，韵母必不相同。据此可以归纳出《中原音韵》的韵母系统。在此基础上，杨耐思又根据蒙古语对音材料进行修订，确定为46个韵母；宁继福又使用了历史语言学中的内部拟测法，研究结果也是46个韵母Template:Rp。归纳如下表：

认为近代音还有入声声调的学者，也自然认为近代音还有入声韵，所拟的韵母系统也就不止这些。
曾梗合流是官话区的特征之一。Template:SfnpTemplate:Rp
宕江合流已经见于邵雍11世纪的《声音唱和图》。Template:SfnpTemplate:Rp

唇音声母后的中古-m韵尾在早期官话之前就已经语音异化为-n。Template:SfnpTemplate:Rp

影响
--

《中原音韵》上记录了当时北方广大地区通行的、应用于广泛的交际场合的元代共同语语音，基本上如实地反映了当时的汉语语音系统，成为汉语音韵学史上的经典著作之一，今天此书成为近代汉语语音共时研究的主要依据Template:Rp。

但由于《中原音韵》改革了历来韵书的体制，不受《广韵》一系韵书的束缚，因此在传统“小学”里边几乎没有它的地位，被排斥于正统韵书之外Template:Rp。四库全书没有将它像其他韵书一样收入经部小学类，而收入了集部词曲类。

《中原音韵》对于当时的北曲创作起过很好的指导作用，之后曲韵著作大多以它为样板，在他的基础上诠释或者沿袭它的体例以改编。直到南曲兴盛时，这本著作仍然影响巨大。明代戏曲家沈寵綏在《度曲须知》卷首“词学先贤姓氏”一节将周德清名列第一，在关汉卿、王实甫之上。

注释
--

Template:Notelist

## 参考书目

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 许嘉璐. 传统语言学辞典. 石家庄: 河北教育出版社. 1990. ISBN 7543405709.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 李学勤 吕文郁. 四库大辞典. 长春: 吉林大学出版社. 1996. ISBN 7560118712.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 胡安顺. 音韵学通论. 北京: 中华书局. 2003. ISBN 9787101032970.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 向熹. 简明汉语史. 上. 北京: 商务印书馆. 2010. ISBN 9787100056427.
5. ↑ Template:Cite

參閲
--

* 近代汉语
* 元代音系
* 蒙古字韵（英语：Menggu Ziyun）
* 今音到北音的演变

## 外部链接

* 《中原音韵》在线查询（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 《中原音韵》讷菴本（1441）书影

Template:韻書
Template:汉语辞书
Stone Data Chunk

**Stone Data Chunks** are an early-game item in Capitalia that can be used for research, or be melted down into 5 mB of Liquified Research.

They are very cheap to make, requiring only 10 Cobblestone (or Stone), but are only used for the first few researches in the pack.

## Dependent Research

* Bronze Age (4)
* Iron Age (8)
* Industrial Age (32)

* Primitive Weapon Research (1)
* Primitive Handgun Research (1)
Bridge System

The bridge system allows you to assign Characters you have collected to different stations on your starship. These are slowly unlocked as you progress your accounts overall level (not character level). You Begin the game with Operations and Conn bridge stations unlocked and the following bridge stations unlocking as follows;

* Medical - Level 5
* Science - Level 10
* First Officer - Level 15
* Engineering - Level 20
* Tactical - Level 25
* Captain - Level 30

This allows you to add buffs to your team and adds a visual look to your main menu, placing the different characters at their different stations. Not every character can use every station, and while some buffs overlap you can stack multiples of the buffs. Currently it is believed bridge buffs do not apply in PVP.
PVP System

PVP in Star Trek: Legends unlocks at player level 8 and is fairly straight forward. Your character team will fight against another player's team (who is controlled by AI) that is ranked similar to yours. Your team will earn exp and minor rewards as well as pvp medals upon winning a match allowing you to climb higher in ranking. The current rankings are as follows

You will also earn points every match towards a chest that resets daily. The chest grants rewards that are tied with your ranking and improves with ever new rank.
The Essence of Everything

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## The Essence of Everything

### Links

Issue TrackerCurseForge

Issue Tracker (Sandbox Edition)
CurseForge (Sandbox Version)

**The Essence of Everything** was the first modpack vizthex ever published, and as such is rather unpolished.

The main goal of the pack is to craft the Essence of Everything item from the eponymous mod, as well as having the secondary goal of completing every quest, and a tertiary goal to earn every achievement.

Unlike other modpacks, this one has a sandbox version that removes the quests, but is identical otherwise.

In addition, there is also a sequel.
合胞體滋胚層

Template:Infobox Embryology
**合胞體滋養層**屬於存在於胚胎胎盤中的多核細胞。

合胞體滋養層屬於滋胚層的外層合胞體層，具有積極侵入子宮內膜的特性。

合胞體滋養層形成胎盤最外層的胎兒組成物，表面積會急速增大，極大的表面積有助於營養物在母體與胎兒之間交換。

合胞體滋養層會分泌黃體素以及人類絨毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、人類胎盤泌乳素(HPL)；人類絨毛膜促性腺激素可以防止黃體的退化。黃體素則可以保持子宮內膜的完整，直到合胞體滋養層成熟到可以分泌黃體素，維持妊娠的狀態(大約到了四個月的胚胎才足以維持)。合胞體滋養層藉由黃體認其蛻膜的幫助才得以發育。

## 其他相關圖片

Gray12.png某種蝙蝠的胚胎剖面圖，繪有形成羊膜腔的過程。
參見
--

* 合胞體
* 滋胚層

## 參考書目

Moore The Developing Human Clinically Oriented Embryology 7E 人體胚胎學 以臨床為導向的胚胎學 作者:Keith L. Moore PhD, FIAC, FRSM T.V.N. Persaud, MD, PHD, DSc, FRCPath (Lond.) ISBN 986-126-071-4

## 參考文獻

1. ↑ Langman's Medical Embryology, 10th Edition. T.W. Sadler. p. 34

## 外部連結

* Template:BUHistology - "Female Reproductive System: placental villi"
* *Nature (Journal) Diagram* （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Template:Cite journal Article
* Diagram at McGill
* Template:EMedicineDictionary
Gear System

You purchase gear for your characters via the in game shop. You will only be able to buy 1 item per slot for each classification of character (Command, Science, Engineering, Medical and Security) per day. Meaning if you want to gear out multiple characters it is a good idea to purchase all the equipment everyday. To equip items go into your crew menu and select the character you wish to equip your gear upon.

To further advance your gear you are able to upgrade it once it is equipped. Gear has two different segments you can upgrade, the first being it's level and the second being its rarity. First you must upgrade the items level until it reaches max (Level 5) at which point if possible you will be given the option to upgrade the items rarity. Gear rarity is tied strictly to your characters rarity. Meaning you will never be able to upgrade a gear pieces rarity higher than the rarity of your character. There are five rarities currently, Common, Rare, Very Rare, Epic and Legendary. A common character will only be able to level his gear up the five ranks and that is it. However a epic character can first level their common item up five times, then upgrade its rarity to rare. The process then resets and they will have to level that item up another five times to be able to increase the rarity yet again.
Star Trek Legends Wiki

**Welcome to the Star Trek Legends Wiki!**
A community for the game Star Trek Legends on Apple Arcade

We're a collaborative community website about Star Trek Legends that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderCharactersPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
My Nhl Macosts Wiki

**Welcome to the My Nhl Macosts Wiki!**
It has the Macosts from my world of the nhl

We're a collaborative community website about My Nhl Macosts that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

## Important articles

PlaceholderA page about your topicPlaceholderA Main CharacterPlaceholderThe First EpisodePlaceholderAn Important LocationPlaceholderA Key EventPlaceholderA Crucial Item

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
共晶系統

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 File:Eutectic system phase diagram.svg
**共晶系統**或**共熔系統**（英語：eutectic system），冶金學名詞，是指兩個不同化學物質或元素，在以某一特定比例混合後，能夠在比各自熔點還要低的溫度下，進行加熱熔合，形成均匀的混合物（mixture）。用來形成共晶系統的混合物被稱為**共晶混合物**或**共熔混合物**（eutectic mixture），形成的化合物被稱為**共晶組成物**或**共熔組成物**（eutectic composition），而這個熔合溫度則稱為**共晶溫度**或**共熔溫度**（eutectic temperature）。

在相图上定义共晶点的坐标是共晶百分比（在图的原子/分子比轴上）和共晶温度（在图的温度轴上）。

在相圖上，共晶溫度與共晶組成这兩者的交界，形成了共晶點或共熔點（eutectic point）。但不是所有的二元合金都擁有共晶點，例如，銀－金混合系統，它的熔化溫度液相線（英语：liquidus）（liquidus）與凝固溫度固相線（Solidus），比起純銀跟純金都還要高。

若將該系統在"共晶濃度"時由液態開始降溫，當降溫通過"共晶溫度"時便會發生物質直接由液態轉變為α、β兩種固態物質的反應，即為"共晶反應"。共晶反應發生時必將伴隨原子的重新分配而形成α與β相交雜的層狀結構 ( lamellae ) 。由液態轉變為固態之α與β相時，液態物質中的原子會有擴散至同種原子佔比較豐富的那一個相態之傾向；又因為擴散作用發生的時間極短，故原子僅能擴散一小段距離，因而形成交錯的層狀結構。

若所選取的濃度在降溫過程中不會經過共晶點，而是由 ( L + α ) 態或 ( L + β ) 態轉變為 ( α + β ) 態，則原先便已長出的晶粒稱為 ( primary )，而當溫度達到共晶溫度時才長出的晶粒則稱為 ( eutectic )。由共晶反應所長出之層狀結構中的 eutectic 和先前長出的 primary 雖然化學組成相同，但因 eutectic 和 primary 在結構上有所區別，因此eutectic 和 primary 為兩種不同的"微成分 ( microconstituent ) "。

另外兩種類似而發生在多物質相圖的反應分別為"共析反應 ( Eutectoid ) " 和 "包晶反應 ( peritectic ) "。

共析反應係由一固相態經由冷卻或升溫轉變為另外兩種不同的固相態晶粒。

包晶反應則為一固態相經由冷卻或升溫轉變為一液態相和另外一種固態相晶粒。

参阅
--

* 共沸
* 凝固点降低
* 不一致共熔（英语：Incongruent melting）

## 参考资料

1. ↑ Template:Harvnb
2. ↑ Collection of Phase Diagrams.

Template:溶液
Aurorian Items

Unsupported*This project is **no longer supported**, and as such may be unstable, out of date, etc. If you have any issues, feel free to ask for support in the Discord server.*List of Unsupported Projects

## Aurorian Items

### Links

CurseForgeGitHub

**Aurorian Items** was a mod made in MCreator to add some items to Aurora's Adventurer.

Kazmurenko translated it into Russian shortly after the CurseForge page went live.

It adds the following items:

* Compressed Shard
* Crystalline Compound
* Diamond Necklace (used as the mod icon)
* Gold-Lapis Alloy
* Lavender Flour
* Portal Catalyst
* Prepared Flesh
* Watery Gold-Lapis Alloy
* Whirlwind Reagent

## Trivia

* This mod was made because I (vizthex) didn't know how to use ContentTweaker, but figured it out shortly afterwards
* I recommend against using MCreator to make mods for a variety of reasons, chief among them being their terms of services
地方话

**地方话**（vernacular）指的是一个国家或地区所使用的语言。在广义语言学裡，地方话被用来形容相对于官方标准语言和世界语言的语言。它也常被视为世界语言的非标准方言。

最初的几个世纪，西欧学术著作多用拉丁语写成，所以用本土语言写作的著作（如意大利语或德语），被称为用地方话写作。

地方话与教堂祈祷语言相对(在语言学中，这种高低语言或方言之间的关系也被称为双层语言)。例如，直到二十世纪六十年代，罗马天主教会的拉丁分支仍用拉丁语而不是地方语主持弥撒，科普特教会则用科普特语主持仪式。衣索比亚的东正教教堂中，虽然部分弥撒用吉茲語诵读，主持仪式仍用其土语。用地方话写作的《圣经》的出版引发了改革，第二次梵蒂冈会议的改革批准了用地方话主持天主教仪式。

相似的是，在印度文化中，即使印地语长期作为口语被使用，宗教仪式和学术作品都使用梵语。在1100年左右，在印度其他地区出现用坦米尔语，印地语，卡纳达语，泰卢固语等方言写作的宗教作品。如梵语印度教神圣史诗《罗摩衍那》就有许多地方话版本，包括16世纪诗人图西达斯的印地语版，和诗人坎班的泰卢固语版。在中國亦是如此，書面用語使用文言文長達數千年，至明、清、二十世紀後，才逐漸出現地方話寫作，如粵語白話文、吳語白話文等。
世界的永恆

Template:Time sidebar

**世界的永恆**問題受到古典哲學家，中世紀神學家和13世紀哲學家的關注。探究世界是否有起源的時間，或者世界是否起源於永恆。這問題在13世紀引起了不少的爭論。當時在歐洲西部的拉丁語世界中，重新發現了古典希臘哲學家亞里士多德的一些學術作品，亞里士多德相信世界是永恆的，與當時天主教會認爲世界是起源於時間有衝突。故此，1210-1277年譴責中禁止了亞里士多德的觀點。

## 亞里士多德

亞里士多德在他的著作《物理學》中提出，世界必須是自永恆已存在的 。在卷一中，他認爲一切存在的都是由一個底層開始。所以，如果宇宙的底層物質先存在，那麽世界就會因底層物質存在而存在。可是，物質的本質恰恰就是產生其他東西的底層物質。因此，宇宙的底層物質只能夠從與它本身類似的已存在物質產生而存在；要假設宇宙的底層物質存在，就必須先假設底層物質已經存在。亞里士多德認爲，由於這種假設是自相矛盾的，因此物質必是永恆的。

在卷八中，他提出了關於運動的論點，如果要假設運動有一個絕對的開始，進行第一運動的物體必須是以下其中一項：

（A）已經存在并且已開始移動
（B）在開始移動前已存在，並處於永恆的靜止狀態。
由於物體在存在前不能夠移動，所以A項是自相矛盾的，而變爲存在的過程本身就是一種運動，因此進行第一運動前，需要先進行一個運動，才能變爲存在。B項也有兩個原因導致他變得不合理。

* 首先，如果世界是由靜止狀態開始，那麽從靜止狀態變爲存在的行爲本身就是運動。
* 第二，如果世界從靜止静止變爲運動狀態，引起它變爲運動狀態本身就是一種運動。

由此，亞里士多德得出結論——運動必定是永恆的。

亞里士多德認爲，真空（也就是說沒有物質的地方）是不可能的。物質物件只能夠在空間中存在，也就是說會占據空間。從無到有，由於沒有肉體存在，將會被存在的物體占據的空間之前曾被真空占據。然而，真空是不可能的，所以物質必是永恆。

希臘哲學家克里圖勞斯（前200年至前118年）和法塞利斯  捍衛亞里士多德的世界永恆和人類整體的學説，反對斯多葛主義。物件的自然秩序沒有可見的改變；人類能夠透過自然給予的能力以相同的方式進行自我創造，卻對同時繼承的不同種類可能致命的疾病無能爲力。就像假設人類只在地球出生一樣是荒謬的，所以也無法想象人類最終會殲滅的可能性。世界作爲永恆秩序的表現，它本身必是永恆的。

參見
--

* 世界
* 永恆
* 宇宙的年齡
* 永恆主義 (時間哲學)
* 大爆炸
* 能量守恆定律

## 參考來源

1. ↑ *Physics* I, 7
2. ↑ Aristotle in Physics VIII, 1, 251a, 8-20
3. ↑ Dorandi, Tiziano. Algra, Keimpe , 编. The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 50. ISBN 9780521250283.

## 參考書目

* Richard C. Dales. Medieval Discussions of the Eternity of the World. Leiden: Brill. 1990. ISBN 90-04-09215-3.

Template:時間