Jutlandic phonology

## Consonants

Standard Danish phonology contains nasal, aspirated voiceless and devoiced plosives (labial, alveolar, and velar). Four voiceless fricatives, [f], [s], [ɕ] and [h] are present, as well as approximants: [ʊ̯], [ð̞], [ɪ̯], and [ɐ̯]. There are also three regular and a lateral approximant, [ʋ], [l], [j] and [ʁ]. Below is a table depicting the consonant inventory of Danish. Phonemes that appear in standard Danish are in black and phonemes which are only seen in the dialects of Jutland (*jysk*) are in bold. This table only includes phonemes and some allophones.

The major phonological process in Jutlandic consonants is lenition. This is the weakening of originally voiceless consonants in either the coda of a syllable or word as well as intervocallically. The weakening causes voicing as well as the fall from a stop to a fricative and finally to a sonorant. The final step of lenition is then complete apocope. This phenomenon can be seen in all its stages in the Jutlandic dialects, although it shows considerably more variability in the alveolars. The bilabials still have the approximant in one dialect, but no null phoneme and the velars have no sonorants, only a voiceless stop and fricative. The stages of the lenition as well as which dialects they occur in can be seen in the table below. Multiple possibilities for the same stage are shown separated by a semicolon. In Maps 4.0 and 4.2 the spread of the pronunciation of [d] and [g] are shown. The ÷ represents the null or zero morpheme in the maps, the -j and -r are [ɪ̯] and [ɐ̯] respectively and q is the devoiced velar stop [ɡ̊] while ch stands for the fricative [χ]. Vends and Læsø are regions usually belonging to the Northern Jutlandic dialectal region whereas Fjolds is the border region between Germany and Denmark, normally considered part of South Jutlandic (*Sønderjysk*).

e.g. In Southern Jutlandic, Scandinavian post-vocalic *p, k* become [f, x] word-finally, whereas Standard Danish has *b, g*, e.g. *søge* 'to seek' [ˈsøːx] = Standard Danish [ˈsøː(ɪ̯)], *tabe* 'lose' [ˈtʰɑːf] = Standard Danish [ˈtˢæːbə, ˈtˢæːʊ]. In the northern part of Southern Jutland, these sounds are voiced fricatives between vowels, i.e. [v, ɣ]: e.g. *søger* 'seeks' [ˈsøːɣə] = Standard Danish [ˈsøːɐ], *taber* 'loses' [ˈtʰɑːvə] = Standard Danish [ˈtˢæːˀbɐ, ˈtˢæʊ̯ˀɐ].

## Vowels

Standard Danish has a large vowel inventory and contrasts length on many vowels. Vowels can also be glottalized where the so-called *stød* is present and many change their quality depending on whether or not they are preceded or followed by an /r/.

Jutlandic exhibits many diphthongs, which are not present in standard Danish. The long stressed mid vowels, /e:/, /ø:/, and /o:/ become /iə/, /yə/, and /uə/ respectively in central Jutland as well as South Schleswig dialect, e.g. *ben* [ˈbiˀən] = Standard Danish [ˈbeːˀn] 'leg', *bonde* 'farmer' [ˈbuəɲ] = Standard Danish [ˈbɔnə] (< *bōndi*). South Jutlandic has the same vowel quality for these vowels, but exhibits a tonal distinction, which is present in place of the Danish *stød*. Northern Jutlandic raises them without diphthonging them to /i:/, /y:/, and /u:/ respectively. In a small area of Mid Western Jutland called Hards the vowels become diphthonged with a glide, much like in English and are pronounced as /ej/, /øj/, and /ow/. In Northern Jutland /i:/, /y:/, and /u:/ are also diphthonged in two syllable words with a glide. Northern Jutlandic always has the glide present (/ij/, /yj/, /uw/) and North Western Jutlandic tends towards the glide, but it is not present for all speakers. Long *a* and *å* have been raised to [ɔː] and [oː] respectively in northern Jutlandic, e.g. *sagde* 'said' [ˈsɔː] = Standard Danish [ˈsæː(ə)], *gå* 'go, walk' [ˈɡoːˀ] = Standard Danish [ˈɡ̊ɔːˀ]. Map 2.2 shows the different possible pronunciations for the standard Danish mid, stressed vowels which is further explained in the following table.

Outside of these diphthongs arising from changes in pronunciation from standard Danish long vowels, there are also the following diphthongs: [ow], [ɔw], [ej], [æj] [ɒw] [iw]/[yw], [ew]/[øw] and [æw]/[œw]. [ow] and [ɔw] are both present in Vends, North Western Jutlandic and Mid-Western Jutlandic but only one occurs in Østjysk, South Jutlandic and Southern Jutlandic. There is a tendency towards [ɔw], but in Mid-Eastern Jutlandic [ow] can be found instead. The same sort of alternation is also seen with [ej] and [æj]. In Mid-Western Jutlandic, Northern Jutlandic and North Western Jutlandic both diphthongs exist. In Mid-Eastern Jutlandic there is an alternation between the two, but each speaker only has one. In Southern Jutlandic and South Jutlandic only [æj] is found. [ɒw] is present as a diphthong in all of Jutland with the exception of the island of Fanø (off of South western Jutland), but has different pronunciations depending on length of the segments. The remaining diphthongs show a distribution based on rounding. In the majority of Jutland the unrounded diphthong is rounded. In South Eastern Jutland the rounded one is unrounded and only in certain parts of Sønderjylland are both diphthongs preserved. Map 2.7 shows the rounding alternation for the front, close diphthong [iw]/[yw].

An interesting phenomenon in western South Jutlandic and Mid-Western Jutlandic, North Western Jutlandic as well as Northern Jutlandic is the so-called *klusilspring*. The *klusilspring* can be seen as a modified *stød* that only occurs on high vowels (/i:/, /y:/, and /u:/). These long vowels are shortened and then followed by a *klusil*, or plosive, or in some cases a spirant. (See Map 2.1) In Vends (Northern Jutlandic) and western South Jutlandic the three pronunciations become: [itj], [ytj], and [uk] and they have the same pronouciation but followed by a schwa if not in the coda. An area in North Western Jutlandic designated on the map as Him-V has instead [ikj], [ykj] and [uk] and in Mid-Western Jutlandic it is similar with the /u:/ also containing a glide [ukw] and in all three cases a schwa is inserted if it is not in the coda of the syllable. The rest of North Western Jutlandic along the coast has the schwa as well but a fricative instead of a stop, so the sounds are [iɕ], [yɕ], and [uɕ]. In the rest of the Jutlandic dialects the vowel quality is overall the same, with gliding in North Western Jutlandic (Han-V and Han-Ø) on the map and only unrounded front vowels in Djurs dialect.

## *Stød*

As mentioned earlier, the *klusilspring* is an alternative of the *stød* that occurs only with high vowels. In the other mainland Scandinavian languages as well as South Jutlandic, there are two different tonemes which distinguish between words that were originally one or two syllables. Tone 1 is a simple rising then falling tone in most dialects and tone 2 is more complex, e.g. *hus* 'house' [ˈhúːs] = Standard Danish [ˈhuːˀs] ~ *huse* 'houses' [ˈhùːs] = Standard Danish [ˈhuːsə]. In standard Danish as well as Jutlandic, tone 1 is replaced with a nonsegmental glottalization and tone 2 disappears entirely. Glottalization can only occur on vowels or sonorants and only in one or two-syllable words and is realized in transcription as a [']. However, in two-syllable words the second syllable must be a derivational morpheme as the historical environment of tone 1 was one-syllable words and tone 2 only occurred on two-syllable words. Due to apocope and the morphology, both tones and the *stød* can now be found on one- and two-syllable words. There can be multiple *stød* segments per word, if the word is a compound, which separates its phonetically from the tonemes of Swedish, Norwegian and South Jutlandic, which can only occur once over the whole word. However, in contrast to the standard Danish *stød*, the Jutlandic *stød* does not usually occur in monosyllabic words with a sonorant + voiceless consonant. Only Djurs dialect and the city dialect of Aarhus have the *stød* in this environment. As mentioned before, most of north west Jutland does not have a *stød* after short high vowels, and instead has the *klusilspring*. The *stød* is still present on sonorants and mid and low vowels in the proper environment. Western Jutlandic also has a *stød* on the vowel in originally two-syllable words with a geminate voiceless consonant such as {tt}, {kk}, or {pp} e.g. *katte* 'cats' [ˈkʰaˀt] = Standard Danish [ˈkʰæd̥ə]; *ikke* 'not' [ˈeˀ(t)] = Standard Danish [ˈeɡ̊ə].

## Other phonological characteristics

* Jutlandic also exhibits a strong tendency towards apocope, i.e. skipping the *e* [ə] often found in unstressed syllables, which is itself a weakening of an original North Germanic *-i*, *-a* or *-u*, which causes many words to be distinguished based purely on vowel length or the presence of the *stød*. Most unstressed syllables are dropped and in some cases final segments, often {r} e.g. *kaste* 'throw' [ˈkʰasd̥] = Standard Danish [ˈkʰæsd̥ə] (Swedish [ˈkʰasta]).
* Jutlandic is further known for lacking the diphthong in the first person nominative pronoun: jeg. It is pronounced in the majority of Jutland as [ɑ] but in South Jutlandic and North Western Jutlandic as [æ]. The difference goes back to different forms in Proto-Norse, namely *ek* and *eka*, both found in early Runic inscriptions. The latter form has a regular breaking of *e* to *ja* before an *a* in the following syllable. The short form, without breaking, is also found in Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic.
* In Northern Jutlandic *v* is a labiovelar approximant before back vowels (in the northernmost dialects also before front vowels), whereas it is a Labiodental approximant in Standard Danish, e.g. *vaske* 'wash' [ˈwasɡ] = Standard Danish [ˈʋæsɡ̊ə]. The same dialects have voiceless variants of *v* and *j* in the initial combinations *hj* and *hv*, e.g. *hvem* 'who' [ˈʍɛmˀ] = Standard Danish [ˈʋɛmˀ], *hjerte* 'heart' [ˈçaɐ̯d̥, ˈçɑːd̥] = Standard Danish [ˈjaɐ̯d̥ə].
* In most parts of Jutland, *nd* becomes [ɲ], e.g. *finde* 'find' [ˈfeɲ] = Standard Danish [ˈfenə].