Study Guide

## Colonial Era

* factors in the European Age of Exploration (15th and 16th centuries)
* major voyages of exploration and conquest
* impact of exploration on American landscape and on Native Americans, Columbian exchange
* differences between Spanish, French, and English colonies
	+ Relationship with Native Americans, Encomienda system
* economic basis of the English colonies
	+ differences between New England, the middle colonies, southern colonies
	+ role of agriculture, industry, trade
	+ triangular trade
* colonial society - note differences between New England, the middle colonies, and southern colonies
	+ labor force - explain the transition from indentured servitude to slavery
	+ ethnic diversity - English, Scots-Irish, African, French, etc.
	+ status of women
	+ relations with Native Americans - note major wars
	+ religious characteristics and influence on society
		- Puritans (Congregational church) vs. Anglican Church vs. Quakers
		- which areas were characterized by conformity? Which areas permitted religious diversity and dissent (consider Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams)
	+ First Great Awakening - causes, major characteristics, impact, etc.
* relations with Great Britain
	+ mercantilism, salutary neglect, Navigation Acts
	+ colonial political institutions: colonial assemblies and their relationship with their governors
* French and Indian War - consequences

## Revolution

* causes of the Revolution
	+ restrictions on trade, taxes, Proclamation (line), infringement of rights, Boston Massacre
	+ colonial resistance and early colonial political organizations
		- nonimportation, Stamp Act Congress, Committees of Correspondence, Continental Congresses, etc.)
	+ Declaration of Independence
	+ *Common Sense* by Thomas Paine
* The Revolutinary War
	+ Battles
		- Lexington and Concord
		- Bunker Hill
		- Saratoga
		- Yorktown
	+ Consequences of the war (increase in equality, economic problems, etc.)

## Critical Period (1781-1787)

* Articles of Confederation
	+ major characteristics
	+ accomplishments, including the Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787
	+ Problems/weaknesses
	+ Shay's Rebellion
* U.S. Constitution
	+ The constitutional conventions
	+ Compromises (Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise, Presidency, tariff)
	+ debate over ratification: federalists vs. antifederalists
	+ Federalist Papers

## Federalist Period (1789-1800)

* The first Congress - what it accomplished
* Washington's presidency
* Jay Treaty
* Pinckney Treaty
* Neutrality Proclamation
* Farewell Address
* Jefferson and Hamilton: different beliefs, goals, ideas, etc.
* Strict Construction vs. Loose Construction
* XYZ Affair
* undeclared war with France (Quasi War)
	+ Alien and Sedition Acts
	+ Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

## Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe (1800-1820)

* Jefferson
	+ Election of 1800
	+ Jefferson as president
		- attitude toward Federalist programs
		- Louisiana Purchase and reaction to it
	+ Aaron Burr Conspiracy
	+ John Marshall and the Supreme Court
		- Marbury v. Madison -> judicial review!
		- McCulloch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Fletcher v. Peck, Gibbons v. Ogden, Cohens v. Virginia
	+ foreign policy: Embargo Act, impressments, Chesapeake Leopard Affair
* James Madison
	+ War of 1812
		- Major causes: relations with France and Britain, embargo, war hawks, XYZ Affair, etc.
		- Hartford Convention, decline of the Federalists
		- Battle of New Orleans
		- Major consequences (rise in nationalism, etc.)
* James Monroe
	+ Monroe Doctrine
	+ Era of Good Feelings
	+ American system - economic nationalism
	+ Missouri Compromise
	+ Panic of 1819

## Jacksonian Era

* Election of 1824
	+ corrupt bargain
	+ John Quincy Adams' record
* Jacksonian Era
	+ New Democracy, mass politics
	+ Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Daniel Webster
	+ Jackson's Presidency
		- spoils system, rotation in office
		- strong executive - use of veto as instrument of political power
	+ 4 major issues
		- Bank of the U.S., Nicholas Biddle
		- Tariffs and Nullification crisis: Tariff of Abominations, South Carolina Exposition and Protest, etc.
		- Internal improvements (roads, etc.)
		- Indian removal: Trail of Tears
	+ Whig Party
	+ Martin Van Buren

## Economic Development (1820s-1840s)

* economy - early industrialization
	+ The American System - economic nationalism
	+ Early railroads and canals
	+ shift from cottage indusdtry to factory system
	+ role of women - cult of domesticity, Lowell Fatory
	+ social mobility, extremes of wealth
	+ cotton revolution in the South, commercial agriculture
	+ westward settlement
	+ immigration patterns - Irish, German, Chinese
	+ Nativism: Know Nothing Party, "No Irish Need Apply," etc.

## Reform Era and Expansion (1830-1860)

* rise of American literature and art
	+ American authors
	+ transcendentalists
* Second Great Awakening (causes, main leaders, consequences)
* utopian experiments
* Mormons
* major reform movements
	+ abolition of slavery
	+ temperance (alcohol)
	+ women's rights
	+ treatment of criminals and the insane
	+ rise of public educatin
* territorial expansion
	+ President Polk
	+ Manifest Destiny
	+ Texas independence and the issue of annexation
	+ Oregon boundary
	+ California
	+ Mexican-American War
		- issue of slavery, the Wilmot Proviso

## Sectionalism

* The South
	+ cotton revolution in the South, Cotton Kingdom, trade
	+ Southern society
	+ justifications for slavery
* The North (overlaps with "economy - early industrialization")
	+ industry and labor
	+ immigration patterns and nativism
	+ urban slums
* specific laws/events that led to the Civil War
	+ Tariff of Abominations, South Carolina Exposition
	+ Mexican Cession
	+ abolitionists
	+ popular sovereignty
	+ Compromise of 1850
	+ Fugitive Slave Law
	+ Uncle Tom's Cabin
	+ Kansas-Nebraska Act
	+ Lecompton Crisis - Bleeding Kansas
	+ End of the Whig Party; Republican Party established
		- Dred Scott Case
	+ Lincoln-Douglas Debates
	+ John Brown's raid
	+ Election of 1860 - Lincoln
	+ Secession

## The Civil War (1860-1865)

* advantages, disadvantages of both sides
* The Union
	+ mobilization for war, including draft
	+ railraods (transcontinental)
	+ financing the war
	+ civil liberties and expansion of presidential power
	+ Election of 1864
* The South
	+ Confederacy - issues due to states' rights
	+ mobilization for war, including draft
	+ finance
* foreign relations - what role did Britain, France, and Russia play?
* military strategy and major battles (Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg, Sherman's March)
* abolition of slavery
	+ Confiscation Acts
	+ Emancipation Proclamation
	+ Freedmen's Bureau
	+ 13th Amendment
* effects of war on society
	+ inflation and public debt
	+ devastation of the South
	+ freedmen - what happened to them?
	+ role of women
	+ changing labor patterns

## Reconstruction (1865-1877)

* Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln and Johnson's plans
	+ 10% Plan
	+ Freedmen's Bureau
	+ Black Codes
* Congressional Reconstruction
	+ why did Congress take charge?
	+ Civil Rights, 14th Amendment, 15th Amendment
	+ "military reconstruction"
	+ Southern state governments - problems, achievements, weaknesses
	+ impeachment of Johnson
* Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction (Election of 1876, etc.)
* A "New South"?
	+ relations between whites and blacks
	+ Jim Crow Laws
	+ Ku Klux Klan
	+ The "Redeemers"
	+ Southern economy - sharecropping, some industry