recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Aardvark

The **aardvark** (***Orycteropus afer***) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata, although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are known. Unlike most other insectivores, it has a long snout, similar to that of a pig, which is used to sniff out food.

The aardvark is found over much of the southern two-thirds of the African continent, avoiding areas that are mainly rocky. A nocturnal feeder, it subsists on ants and termites, which it will dig out of their hills using its sharp claws and powerful legs. It also digs to create burrows in which to live and rear its young. The animal is listed as "least concern" by the IUCN, although its numbers are decreasing. Aardvarks are afrotheres, a clade which also includes elephants, manatees, and hyraxes.
3M

**3M Company** (originally the **Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company**) is an American multinational conglomerate operating in the fields of industry, worker safety, healthcare, and consumer goods. The company produces over 60,000 products under several brands, including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, passive fire protection, personal protective equipment, window films, paint protection films, dental and orthodontic products, electrical and electronic connecting and insulating materials, medical products, car-care products, electronic circuits, healthcare software, and optical films. It is based in Maplewood, a suburb of Saint Paul, Minnesota.

3M made $35.4 billion in total sales in 2021 and ranked number 102 in the *Fortune* 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. As of 2021, the company had approximately 95,000 employees and operations in more than 70 countries. There are a few international subsidiaries, such as 3M India, 3M Japan, and 3M Canada.

In June 2023, 3M reached a settlement to pay more than $10 billion to US public water systems to resolve claims over the company's contamination of water with PFASs (so-called forever chemicals).
Ackermann number

The **Ackermann numbers** are a sequence defined with the original definition of Ackermann function (not to be confused with the well-known Robinson's definition) as A(n) = A(n+2,n,n) where　\(n\) is a positive integer.　It can be expressed with arrow notation as:

\[A(n) = n\underbrace{\uparrow\uparrow...\uparrow\uparrow}\_nn\]

The first few Ackermann numbers are \(1\uparrow 1 = 1\), \(2\uparrow\uparrow 2 = 4\), and \(3\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow 3 =\) tritri. More generally, the Ackermann numbers diagonalize over arrow notation, and signify its growth rate is approximately \(f\_\omega(n)\) in FGH and \(g\_{\varphi(n-1,0)}(n)\) in SGH.

The \(n\)th Ackermann number could also be written \(3\)\&\(n\) or \(\lbrace n,n,n \rbrace\) in BEAF.

## Last 20 digits

Below are the last few digits of the first ten Ackermann numbers.

* 1st = 1
* 2nd = 4
* 3rd = ...04,575,627,262,464,195,387 (tritri)
* 4th = ...22,302,555,290,411,728,896 (tritet)
* 5th = ...17,493,152,618,408,203,125 (tripent)
* 6th = ...67,965,593,227,447,238,656 (trihex)
* 7th = ...43,331,265,511,565,172,343 (trisept)
* 8th = ...21,577,035,416,895,225,856 (trioct)
* 9th = ...10,748,087,597,392,745,289 (trienn)
* 10th = ...00,000,000,000,000,000,000 (tridecal)

## Approximations in other notations

 Slow-growing hierarchy | \(g\_{\varphi(\omega,0)}(n)\)
Armenian

* Armenian alphabet
* Armenian calendar
* Armenian language
* Armenian numerals
* Armenian (Unicode block)

Disambiguation page for ArmenianThe following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Aqua Teen Hunger Force

***Aqua Teen Hunger Force*** (also known by various alternative titles), sometimes abbreviated as ***ATHF*** or ***Aqua Teen***, is an American adult animated television series created by Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro for Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim. It is about the surreal adventures and antics of three anthropomorphic fast food items: Master Shake, Frylock, and Meatwad, who live together as roommates and frequently interact with their human next-door neighbor, Carl Brutananadilewski.

It was created as a spin-off series of *Space Ghost Coast to Coast*. The first episode of the series aired as a preview there on December 30, 2000. Around a year later, it debuted as an official Adult Swim series. Every episode was directed and written by Willis and Maiellaro, who also provided several voices. Seasons 8–11 were each given a different alternative title, accompanied by different theme music, as a running joke. The series concluded on August 30, 2015, after 139 episodes throughout 11 seasons.

*Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters*, a film adaptation of the series, was released in theaters on April 13, 2007, the first adaptation of an Adult Swim series into a feature-length film. A direct-to-video stand alone sequel, *Aqua Teen Forever: Plantasm* was released on November 8, 2022. A spin-off series of shorts, *Aquadonk Side Pieces*, was announced the same week, and ran on the network's official YouTube channel from April 18 to April 28, 2022. The series airs in broadcast syndication outside the United States and has been released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media, including video on demand streaming. It was the longest-running Adult Swim series until it was surpassed by *Robot Chicken* in 2020; a twelfth season consisting of five episodes was announced in January 2023 and will premiere on November 26, 2023, making it the longest-running Adult Swim series yet again.
8-polytope

In eight-dimensional geometry, an **eight-dimensional polytope** or **8-polytope** is a polytope contained by 7-polytope facets. Each 6-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 7-polytope facets.

A **uniform 8-polytope** is one which is vertex-transitive, and constructed from uniform 7-polytope facets.
A&W Restaurants

**A&W Restaurants** (also known as **Allen & Wright Restaurants**) is an American fast food restaurant chain distinguished by its burgers, draft root beer and root beer floats. Being the oldest restaurant chain in America, A&W's origins date back to 1919 when Roy W. Allen set up a roadside drink stand to offer a new thick and creamy drink, root beer, at a parade honoring returning World War I veterans in Lodi, California. Allen's employee Frank Wright partnered with him in 1922 and they founded their first restaurant in Sacramento, California in 1923. The company name was taken from the initials of their last names – Allen and Wright. The company became famous in the United States for its "frosty mugs" – the mugs were kept in a freezer and filled with A&W Root Beer just before being served to customers.

Evolving into a franchise in 1926, the company today has locations in the United States and some Southeast Asian countries, serving a fast-food menu of hamburgers, hot dogs and French fries. A number of outlets serve as drive-in restaurants that have carhops. Previously owned by Yum! Brands, the chain was sold in December 2011 to a consortium of A&W franchisees through A Great American Brand, LLC. A&W restaurants in Canada have been part of a separate and unaffiliated chain since 1972.
AVIF

**AV1 Image File Format** (**AVIF**) is an open, royalty-free image file format specification for storing images or image sequences compressed with AV1 in the HEIF container format. It competes with HEIC, which uses the same container format built upon ISOBMFF, but HEVC for compression. Version 1.0.0 of the AVIF specification was finalized in February 2019.

In a number of tests by Netflix in 2020, AVIF showed better compression efficiency than JPEG as well as better detail preservation, fewer blocking artifacts and less color bleeding around hard edges in composites of natural images, text, and graphics.
5-cell

In geometry, the **5-cell** is the convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,3,3}. It is a 5-vertex four-dimensional object bounded by five tetrahedral cells. It is also known as a **C5**, **pentachoron**, **pentatope**, **pentahedroid**, or **tetrahedral pyramid**. It is the **4-simplex** (Coxeter's  polytope), the simplest possible convex 4-polytope, and is analogous to the tetrahedron in three dimensions and the triangle in two dimensions. The 5-cell is a 4-dimensional pyramid with a tetrahedral base and four tetrahedral sides.

The **regular 5-cell** is bounded by five regular tetrahedra, and is one of the six regular convex 4-polytopes (the four-dimensional analogues of the Platonic solids). A regular 5-cell can be constructed from a regular tetrahedron by adding a fifth vertex one edge length distant from all the vertices of the tetrahedron. This cannot be done in 3-dimensional space. The regular 5-cell is a solution to the problem: *Make 10 equilateral triangles, all of the same size, using 10 matchsticks, where each side of every triangle is exactly one matchstick, and none of the triangles and match sticks intersect one another.* No solution exists in three dimensions.
1st millennium

The **first millennium** of the anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000 (1st to 10th centuries; in astronomy: JD 1721425.5 – 2086667.5). The world population rose more slowly than during the preceding millennium, from about 200 million in the year AD 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.
Angelina Ballerina

***Angelina Ballerina*** is a British animated preschool children's television series, based on the *Angelina Ballerina* series of children's books by author Katharine Holabird and illustrator Helen Craig. The series is about Angelina Mouseling, a young mouse who loves dancing ballet, her family, and her classmates. Finty Williams performed the voice of Angelina, and Judi Dench performed the voice of Miss Lilly.

The show had 39 15-minute-long episodes, as well as three longer specials, which first aired from 2001 to 2006. The series was produced by HIT Entertainment and Grand Slamm Children's Films. It aired on the CITV block of ITV in the United Kingdom, and on PBS Kids and PBS Kids Sprout in the United States, where it was presented by Connecticut Public Television.

SD Entertainment and HIT Entertainment produced a CGI revival, *Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps*, which aired on Milkshake! from 2009 to 2010.
Arabic script

The **Arabic script** is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world (after the Latin alphabet), the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it or a script directly derived from it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese scripts).

The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran, the holy book of Islam. With the religion's spread, it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: Persian (Farsi), Malay (Jawi), Uyghur, Kurdish, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Balti, Balochi, Pashto, Lurish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Rohingya, Somali and Mandinka, Mooré among others. Until the 16th century, it was also used for some Spanish texts, and—prior to the language reform in 1928—it was the writing system of Turkish.

The script is written from right to left in a cursive style, in which most of the letters are written in slightly different forms according to whether they stand alone or are joined to a following or preceding letter. However, the basic letter form remains unchanged. The script does not have capital letters. In most cases, the letters transcribe consonants, or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are abjads, with the versions used for some languages, such as Sorani, Uyghur, Mandarin, and Serbo-Croatian, being alphabets. It is also the basis for the tradition of Arabic calligraphy.
Abjad

An **abjad** (also **abgad**) is a writing system in which only consonants are represented, leaving vowel sounds to be inferred by the reader. This contrasts with alphabets, which provide graphemes for both consonants and vowels. The term was introduced in 1990 by Peter T. Daniels. Other terms for the same concept include: **partial phonemic script**, **segmentally linear defective phonographic script**, **consonantary**, **consonant writing,** and **consonantal alphabet**.

**Impure abjads** represent vowels with either optional diacritics, a limited number of distinct vowel glyphs, or both.
6-orthoplex

In geometry, a **6-orthoplex**, or 6-cross polytope, is a regular 6-polytope with 12 vertices, 60 edges, 160 triangle faces, 240 tetrahedron cells, 192 5-cell *4-faces*, and 64 *5-faces*.

It has two constructed forms, the first being regular with Schläfli symbol {34,4}, and the second with alternately labeled (checkerboarded) facets, with Schläfli symbol {3,3,3,31,1} or Coxeter symbol **311**.

It is a part of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or *orthoplexes*. The dual polytope is the 6-hypercube, or hexeract.
5-simplex

In five-dimensional geometry, a 5-simplex is a self-dual regular 5-polytope. It has six vertices, 15 edges, 20 triangle faces, 15 tetrahedral cells, and 6 5-cell facets. It has a dihedral angle of cos−1(1/5), or approximately 78.46°.

The 5-simplex is a solution to the problem: *Make 20 equilateral triangles using 15 matchsticks, where each side of every triangle is exactly one matchstick.*
Acme Markets

**Acme Markets Inc.** (stylized as **ACME Markets**) is a supermarket chain operating 161 stores throughout Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, the Hudson Valley of New York, and Pennsylvania and, as of 1999, is a subsidiary of Albertsons, and part of its presence in the Northeast. It is headquartered in East Whiteland Township, Pennsylvania, near Malvern, a Philadelphia suburb.

Acme Markets has 162 supermarkets in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.

After many decades of being the largest grocery retailer in the Delaware Valley, Acme fell to #2 behind ShopRite in 2011. As of 2013, Acme was #3 behind #1 ShopRite and #2 The Giant Company in the region.
10th millennium BC

The **10th millennium BC** spanned the years 10,000 BC to 9001 BC (c. 12 ka to c. 11 ka). It marks the beginning of the transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic via the interim Mesolithic (Northern Europe and Western Europe) and Epipaleolithic (Levant and Near East) periods, which together form the first part of the Holocene epoch that is generally believed to have begun c. 9700 BC (c. 11.7 ka) and is the current geological epoch. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium, and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological analysis, anthropological analysis, and radiometric dating.
20th Television Animation

**20th Television Animation** (formerly known as **Fox Television Animation**) is an American animation studio that creates, develops and produces primarily adult animated television series and specials. It is a unit of Disney Television Studios, a subsidiary of Disney Entertainment, which is a division of The Walt Disney Company.
A

**A**, or **a**, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced /ˈeɪ/), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter Alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.

In English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite articles.
24-cell

In geometry, the **24-cell** is the convex regular 4-polytope (four-dimensional analogue of a Platonic solid) with Schläfli symbol {3,4,3}. It is also called **C24**, or the **icositetrachoron**, **octaplex** (short for "octahedral complex"), **icosatetrahedroid**, **octacube**, **hyper-diamond** or **polyoctahedron**, being constructed of octahedral cells.

The boundary of the 24-cell is composed of 24 octahedral cells with six meeting at each vertex, and three at each edge. Together they have 96 triangular faces, 96 edges, and 24 vertices. The vertex figure is a cube. The 24-cell is self-dual. The 24-cell and the tesseract are the only convex regular 4-polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius.

The 24-cell does not have a regular analogue in 3 dimensions. It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the four-dimensional analogue of one of the five regular Platonic solids. It is the unique regular polytope, in any number of dimensions, which has no regular analogue in the adjacent dimension, either below or above. However, it can be seen as the analogue of a pair of irregular solids: the cuboctahedron and its dual the rhombic dodecahedron.

Translated copies of the 24-cell can tile four-dimensional space face-to-face, forming the 24-cell honeycomb. As a polytope that can tile by translation, the 24-cell is an example of a parallelotope, the simplest one that is not also a zonotope.
ASCII

**ASCII**, abbreviated from **American Standard Code for Information Interchange**, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because of technical limitations of computer systems at the time it was invented, ASCII has just 128 code points, of which only 95 are printable characters, which severely limited its scope. Many computer systems instead use Unicode, which has millions of code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as the ASCII set.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name **US-ASCII** for this character encoding.

ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones.
7-orthoplex

In geometry, a **7-orthoplex**, or 7-cross polytope, is a regular 7-polytope with 14 vertices, 84 edges, 280 triangle faces, 560 tetrahedron cells, 672 5-cells *4-faces*, 448 *5-faces*, and 128 *6-faces*.

It has two constructed forms, the first being regular with Schläfli symbol {35,4}, and the second with alternately labeled (checkerboarded) facets, with Schläfli symbol {3,3,3,3,31,1} or Coxeter symbol **411**.

It is a part of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or *orthoplexes*. The dual polytope is the 7-hypercube, or hepteract.
64 Zoo Lane

***64 Zoo Lane*** is an American animated cartoon series created by An Vrombaut. The series is produced by the American animation studio Millimages and the American-based Zoo Lane Productions in association with The Itsy Bitsy Entertainment Company, ZDF and ZDF Enterprises (Series 1-2).

The first 2 seasons aired from 1999 to 2000. 52 episodes were produced.
Abstraction

**Abstraction** is a process wherein general rules and concepts are derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal (real or concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods.

"An abstraction" is the outcome of this process—a concept that acts as a common noun for all subordinate concepts and connects any related concepts as a group, field, or category.

Conceptual abstractions may be formed by filtering the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, selecting only those aspects which are relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to the more general idea of a ball selects only the information on general ball attributes and behavior, excluding but not eliminating the other phenomenal and cognitive characteristics of that particular ball. In a type–token distinction, a type (e.g., a 'ball') is more abstract than its tokens (e.g., 'that leather soccer ball').

Abstraction in its secondary use is a material process, discussed in the themes below.
Action fiction

**Action fiction** is a literary genre that focuses on stories that involve high-stakes, high-energy, and fast-paced events. This genre includes a wide range of subgenres, such as spy novels, adventure stories, tales of terror and intrigue ("cloak and dagger") and mysteries. This kind of story utilizes suspense, the tension that is built up when the reader wishes to know how the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist is going to be resolved or what the solution to the puzzle of a thriller is.
Aesthetics

**Aesthetics** (also spelled **esthetics**) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and the nature of taste; and functions as the **philosophy of art**. Aesthetics examines the philosophy of aesthetic value, which is determined by critical judgements of artistic taste; thus, the function of aesthetics is the "critical reflection on art, culture and nature".

Aesthetics studies natural and artificial sources of experiences and how people form a judgement about those sources of experience. It considers what happens in our minds when we engage with objects or environments such as viewing visual art, listening to music, reading poetry, experiencing a play, watching a fashion show, movie, sports or exploring various aspects of nature.

The philosophy of art specifically studies how artists imagine, create, and perform works of art, as well as how people use, enjoy, and criticize art. Aesthetics considers why people like some works of art and not others, as well as how art can affect our moods and our beliefs. Both aesthetics and the philosophy of art try to find answers to what exactly is art and what makes good art.
Acehnese language

**Acehnese** or **Achinese** (Jawoë: بهسا اچيه) is an Austronesian language natively spoken by the Acehnese people in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. This language is also spoken by Acehnese descendants in some parts of Malaysia like Yan, in Kedah. Acehnese is used as the co-official language in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. Besides Indonesian used as the official language.

## Phonology

Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.

Acehnese vowels

In addition to the modern 26 letter basic Latin alphabet, Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making a total of 31 letters in its orthography.

The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.

Notes:

* Syllable-final orthographic ⟨k⟩ always represents /ʔ/ save in certain recent loans
* /z/, /f/, and /ʃ/ are borrowed sounds, and are often replaced by d and the clusters ph and ch, respectively
* The nasals /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/ are realized as post-stopped nasals (also called "funny nasals") before oral vowels and consonants. They are distinct from the nasal-stop sequences /mb/, /nd/, /ɲɟ/, /ŋɡ/, e.g. in /banᵈa/ 'port' vs /mandum/ 'all'.

## References

1. ↑ Long & Maddieson (1993) "Consonantal evidence against Quantal Theory", *UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics* 83, p. 144.
9-orthoplex

In geometry, a **9-orthoplex** or 9-cross polytope, is a regular 9-polytope with 18 vertices, 144 edges, 672 triangle faces, 2016 tetrahedron cells, 4032 5-cells *4-faces*, 5376 5-simplex *5-faces*, 4608 6-simplex *6-faces*, 2304 7-simplex *7-faces*, and 512 8-simplex *8-faces*.

It has two constructed forms, the first being regular with Schläfli symbol {37,4}, and the second with alternately labeled (checkerboarded) facets, with Schläfli symbol {36,31,1} or Coxeter symbol **611**.

It is one of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or *orthoplexes*. The dual polytope is the 9-hypercube or enneract.
Ancient North Arabian

**Ancient North Arabian** (**ANA**) is a collection of scripts and possibly a language or family of languages (or dialects) related to Old Arabic that were used in north and central Arabia and south Syria from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. The term "Ancient North Arabian" is defined negatively. It refers to all of the South Semitic scripts except Ancient South Arabian (ASA) regardless of their genetic relationships.
AMC

**AMC** is an American multinational basic cable television channel that is the flagship property of AMC Networks. The channel's programming primarily consists of theatrically released films, along with a limited amount of original programming. The channel's name originally stood for **American Movie Classics**, but since 2002 the full name has been de-emphasized as a result of a major shift in its programming.

As of July 2015, AMC was received by approximately 94,832,000 households in the United States that subscribe to a pay television service (81.5% of U.S. households with at least one television set).
5-orthoplex

In five-dimensional geometry, a **5-orthoplex**, or 5-cross polytope, is a five-dimensional polytope with 10 vertices, 40 edges, 80 triangle faces, 80 tetrahedron cells, 32 5-cell 4-faces.

It has two constructed forms, the first being regular with Schläfli symbol {33,4}, and the second with alternately labeled (checkerboarded) facets, with Schläfli symbol {3,3,31,1} or Coxeter symbol **211**.

It is a part of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or *orthoplexes*. The dual polytope is the 5-hypercube or 5-cube.
Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy

**Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy** are Hanna-Barbera cartoon characters who debuted on *The Quick Draw McGraw Show* and appeared in their own segment. The segments centered on the misadventures of a dachshund father-and-son team. Doggie Daddy (voiced on the show by Doug Young with a Brooklyn accent, based on a Jimmy Durante impersonation) tried to do the best he could at raising his rambunctious son Augie (voiced by Daws Butler). The characters have made appearances outside of their series, including in their own video game and in *Yogi's Ark Lark* and its spin-off series.
Albania

**Albania** (/ælˈbeɪniə, ɔːl-/ ⓘ *a(w)l-BAY-nee-ə*; Albanian: *Shqipëri* or *Shqipëria*), officially the **Republic of Albania** (Albanian: *Republika e Shqipërisë*), is a country in Southeast Europe. The country is located in the Balkans on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Spanning an area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi), it displays a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. The country's landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains, to fertile lowland plains extending from the coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian seas. Tirana is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.

In ancient times, the Illyrians inhabited northern and central regions of Albania, whilst Epirotes inhabited the south. Several important ancient Greek colonies were also established on the coast. In the 2nd century BCE, the region was annexed by the Roman Republic, and after the division of the Roman Empire it became part of Byzantium. The first known Albanian autonomous principality – Arbanon – was established in the 12th century. The Kingdom of Albania, Principality of Albania and Albania Veneta were formed between the 13th and 15th centuries in different parts of the country, alongside other Albanian principalities and political entities. In the late 15th century, Albania became part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912, when the modern Albanian state declared independence. In 1939, the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy, which became Greater Albania, and then a protectorate of Nazi Germany during World War II. Following the war, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania was formed, which lasted until the Revolutions of 1991 concluded with the fall of communism in Albania and eventually the establishment of the current Republic of Albania.

Albania is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic. It is a developing country, ranking 67th in the Human Development Index, with an upper-middle income economy dominated by the service sector, followed by manufacturing. It went through a process of transition following the end of communism in 1990, from centralised planning to a market-based economy. Albania provides universal health care and free primary and secondary education to its citizens. Albania is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, UNESCO, NATO, WTO, COE, OSCE, and OIC. It has been an official candidate for membership in the European Union since 2014. It is one of the founding members of the Energy Community, including the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Union for the Mediterranean.
Abugida

An **abugida**, sometimes known as **alphasyllabary**, **neosyllabary** or **pseudo-alphabet**, is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, like a diacritical mark. This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is absent, partial, or optional – in less formal contexts, all three types of script may be termed "alphabets". The terms also contrast them with a syllabary, in which a single symbol denotes the combination of one consonant and one vowel.

Related concepts were introduced independently in 1948 by James Germain Février (using the term *néosyllabisme*) and David Diringer (using the term *semisyllabary*), then in 1959 by Fred Householder (introducing the term *pseudo-alphabet*). The Ethiopic term "abugida" was chosen as a designation for the concept in 1990 by Peter T. Daniels. In 1992, Faber suggested "segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script", and in 1992 Bright used the term *alphasyllabary*, and Gnanadesikan and Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler have suggested *aksara* or *āksharik*.

Abugidas include the extensive Brahmic family of scripts of Tibet, South and Southeast Asia, Semitic Ethiopic scripts, and Canadian Aboriginal syllabics. As is the case for syllabaries, the units of the writing system may consist of the representations both of syllables and of consonants. For scripts of the Brahmic family, the term *akshara* is used for the units.
Angelmouse

***Angelmouse*** is a British children's television programme which was produced and broadcast by the BBC. It was aired on CBBC and CBeebies (both the separate channel and CBeebies on BBC One and BBC Two). It has also been broadcast on ABC Kids. It started from 27 September 1999 and ended on 31 March 2000.

There are also Angelmouse books and plush toys available in the United Kingdom.
Alagwa language

**Alagwa** (Alaagwa’isa) is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Dodoma region. Some Alagwa have shifted to other languages such as Sandawe.

## Phonology

Alagwa has five vowels (/a, e, i, u, o/). The five vowels have contrastive long counterparts and there are two diphthongs (/ay, aw/). Alagwa also has 29 consonants, including ejectives (/ts, q, qʷ/), pharyngeal fricatives( /ħ, ʕ/), and labialized velars and uvulars.

There are two tone levels in Alagwa: low and high tone e.g., darimbáa "grass". Tone has grammatical function and limited lexical function. However, it cannot be described as a tone language because some words have only one tone (despite the number of the syllables) and the majority have none.

Mainly, there are two intonation types: concluding intonation and non-concluding.
Alkaline earth metal

The **alkaline earth metals** are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure.

Structurally, they (together with helium) have in common an outer s-orbital which is full— that is, this orbital contains its full complement of two electrons, which the alkaline earth metals readily lose to form cations with charge +2, and an oxidation state of +2. Helium itself is a noble gas and not an alkaline earth metal, though it is theorised to have some similarities to beryllium when forced into bonding and has sometimes been suggested to belong to group 2.

All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature, although radium occurs only through the decay chain of uranium and thorium and not as a primordial element. There have been experiments, all unsuccessful, to try to synthesize element 120, the next potential member of the group.
Aneityum language

**Anejom̃** or **Aneityum** (also spelled *Anejom*, and formerly *Aneiteum*, *Aneityumese*) is an Oceanic language spoken by 900 people (as of 2001) on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu. It is the only indigenous language of Aneityum.

## Phonology and Orthography

### Phonemes

Anejom̃ has 5 vowels and 20 or 21 consonants. The sound [ʔ] is sometimes counted as phoneme.

Vowel and consonant length is contrastive in this language and is shown in orthography by writing the vowel or consonant twice.

Anejom̃ Vowels

### Orthography

Anejom̃ was never a written language and so traditionally did not have an orthography. The first orthography was made by the missionary John Inglis in 1882. It was considered to be a fairly good orthography of its time (having a one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes); however, it did contain several key problems.

1. It did not distinguish between /pʷ/ and /p/ and /mʷ/ and /m/.
2. The phoneme /ɲ/ was not always written as a separate letter from other nasal phonemes.
3. The allophone of /e/, [ə], was written confusingly as "*eu".*
4. Palatal off-glide before a palatal consonant was denoted as an "*i".*
5. Vowel and consonant length were not represented consistently in the orthography.

A new orthography more accepted by Anejom̃ speakers now is shown below.

### Allophones

#### Glottal Stop

The moderately phonemic glottal stop is an allophone of /h/ when it occurs before a consonant. It also occurs as an allophone before vowels that occur in the word initial position.

#### Nasals

The phoneme /ɲ/ becomes [j̃] after a high vowel.

#### Voicing

Stops and affricates in Anejom̃ change in voicing depending on where they occur between segments as described and illustrated below.

* Between vowels labial stops become voiced. Other stops (and affricates) are partially voiced.
* Between voiced segments all stops are variably voiced. The affricate /tʃ/ is variably voiced between voiced segments too. However, when it occurs before a nasal segment it becomes [c].
* When these stops occur word initially, they are always slightly aspirated. The affricate /tʃ/ on the other hand is not aspirated but often takes on variable voicing.
* When these stops and affricates don't occur between vowels or voiced segments they stay as their underlying form. For example, /p/ becomes [p] and /k/ becomes [k].
* When these stops occur in final position, the phonemes don't change. However, the affricate /tʃ/ becomes [c], but can also be heard as [tʃ] in free variation.

#### Liquids

* /ɾ/ can be heard as [r] in slower speech.

#### Vowels

* Vowel sounds are more tense when occurring as a long vowel.
* Single vowel sounds /ɪ ʊ/ occur tense [i u] in word-final position.
* /e o/ occur as [e̝ o̝] when preceding a high vowel /i u/ of the same frontness or roundness.
* /i e/ occur as centralized [ɨ ə] before and after /ɣ/.
* /a/ very often assimilates before a following high vowel, becoming [æ] or [ɛ] before /i/, and [ɒ] or [ɔ] before /u/.

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 p. 17
2. ↑ p. 18
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 p. 19
Astro Boy

* Astro Boy (1963)
* Astro Boy (1980)
* Astro Boy (2003)

Disambiguation page for Astro BoyThe following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
American English

**American English**, sometimes called **United States English** or **U.S. English**, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and in most circumstances is the de facto common language used in government, education and commerce. It is also the official language of most US states. Since the late 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide.

American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world. Any American or Canadian accent perceived as lacking noticeably local, ethnic or cultural markers is known in linguistics as General American, a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech. However, historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being one single mainstream American accent. The sound of American English continues to evolve, with some local accents disappearing, but several larger regional accents having emerged in the 20th century.
All-news radio

**All-news radio** is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news.

All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms, and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks. All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN, to a "rip and read" headline service, to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming.

Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times, or in some cases, broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates. These stations are properly labeled as "news/talk" stations. Also, some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations, which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered, they run other information and public affairs programs.
Arthur

***Arthur*** is an animated edutainment television series for children ages 4 to 8, developed by Kathy Waugh for PBS, and produced by WGBH. The show is set in the fictional U.S. city of Elwood City, and revolves around the lives of Arthur Read, an anthropomorphic aardvark, his friends and family, and their daily interactions with each other.

The television series is based on the *Arthur* book series written and illustrated by Marc Brown. WGBH Boston along with Montreal-based CINAR (now WildBrain) began production of the animated series in 1994, and aired its first episode on October 7, 1996. During its 25-season run, the show broadcast 253 half hour episodes.

A pilot for the spin-off series *Postcards from Buster* aired in December 2003 as a season 8 episode of *Arthur*. *Postcards from Buster* aired from October 11, 2004, to November 21, 2008; the series faced several years of hiatus, until a brief revival in February 2012, only to be cancelled after airing two unseen episodes that had been held over from the show's third season.

In June 2018, it was announced that *Arthur* was renewed for four additional seasons, through its 25th season. It was subsequently announced on July 27, 2021, that the 25th season would be the final season. *Arthur* concluded its original run on PBS Kids on February 21, 2022. Despite concluding after 25 years, the show will continue to have new content on PBS Kids and on the video app.

The series often deals with important issues families face such as asthma, dyslexia, cancer, diabetes, and autism spectrum disorder. It also encourages reading and relationships with family and friends by explaining that people have different personalities and interests. It was the longest-running children's animated series in the U.S., and is the third longest-running animated series in the U.S., behind *South Park* and *The Simpsons*.
Astro Boy (1963)

***Astro Boy*** (Japanese: 鉄腕アトム, Hepburn: *Tetsuwan Atomu*, "Mighty Atom", lit. "Iron Arm Atom") is a Japanese television series that premiered on Fuji TV on New Year's Day, 1963 (a Tuesday), and is the first popular animated Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide as *anime*. It originated as a manga of the same name in 1952 by Osamu Tezuka, revered in Japan as the "God of Manga". It lasted for four seasons, with a total of 193 episodes, the final episode presented on a Saturday, New Year's Eve 1966.

At its height it was watched by 40% of the Japanese population who had access to a TV. In 1964, there was a feature-length animated movie called *Mighty Atom, the Brave in Space* (鉄腕アトム 宇宙の勇者, *Tetsuwan Atomu: Uchū no yūsha*) released in Japan. It was compiled from three selected episodes from the series—episodes 46 ("The Robot Spaceship"), 56 ("Earth Defense Army") and 71 ("The Last Day of Earth"), respectively; the latter two were filmed and produced in color.

Between 1963 and 1965, 104 episodes were aired in the United States, adapted to the English language. After enjoying success both in Japan and abroad as the first anime to be broadcast overseas, *Astro Boy* was remade in the 1980s under the name *New Mighty Atom* and again in 2003 as *Astro Boy: Mighty Atom*.
Ancient Greek language

**Ancient Greek** includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (c. 1400–1200 BC), Dark Ages (c. 1200–800 BC), the Archaic or Epic period (c. 800–500 BC), and the Classical period (c. 500–300 BC).

## Phonology

The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek. Ancient Greek had long and short vowels; many diphthongs; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops; and a pitch accent. In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ (iotacism). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives, and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent. Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes.

The examples below represent Attic Greek in the 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent.

### Consonants

[ŋ] occurred as an allophone of /n/ that was used before velars and as an allophone of /ɡ/ before nasals. /r/ was probably voiceless when word-initial and geminated (written ῥ and ῥῥ). /s/ was assimilated to [z] before voiced consonants.

### Vowels

/oː/ raised to [uː], probably by the 4th century BC.
Animal Crackers

***Animal Crackers*** is an animated television series produced by the CINAR Corporation and Alphanim. It is based on the comic strip *Animal Crackers* by the US cartoonist Roger Bollen. The show was first introduced in September 7, 1997 and ended with the final episode in September 16, 2000. It lasted for three seasons with 39 episodes.
Atmosphere

An **atmosphere** (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός *(atmós)* 'vapour, steam', and σφαῖρα *(sphaîra)* 'sphere') is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules.

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78 %), oxygen (21 %), argon (0.9 %), carbon dioxide (0.04 %) and trace gases. Most organisms use oxygen for respiration; lightning and bacteria perform nitrogen fixation to produce ammonia that is used to make nucleotides and amino acids; plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, solar wind, and cosmic rays to protect organisms from genetic damage. The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.
Atmosphere of Earth

The **atmosphere of Earth** is the layer of gases, known collectively as **air**, retained by Earth's gravity that surrounds the planet and forms its planetary atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth creates pressure, absorbs most meteoroids and ultraviolet solar radiation, warms the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), allowing life and liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, and reduces temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation).
Alveolar click

The **alveolar** or **postalveolar clicks** are a family of click consonants found only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia. The tongue is more or less concave (depending on the language), and is pulled down rather than back as in the palatal clicks, making a hollower sound than those consonants.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ⟨ǃ⟩. The symbol is not an exclamation mark in origin, but rather a vertical bar with a subscript dot, the dot being the old diacritic for retroflex consonants. Prior to 1989, ⟨ʗ⟩ (stretched c) was the IPA letter for the alveolar clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians. The tail of ⟨ʗ⟩ may be the tail of retroflex consonants in the IPA, and thus analogous to the underdot of ⟨ǃ⟩. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.

## Percussive release

In Sandawe, alveolar clicks commonly have a ballistic release, with the underside of the tip of the tongue subsequently striking the floor of the mouth. This allophone has been called "flapped" and "slapped". Sometimes the percussive slap is louder than the release, resulting in a sound that has been characterized as a "cluck". The symbol for the sublingual percussive component is ⟨¡⟩ in the extensions to the IPA; a slapped click is therefore transcribed ⟨ǃ͡¡⟩ or ⟨ǃꜞ⟩ (or ⟨ʗ͡¡, ʗꜞ⟩). The percussive allophones of the five Sandawe alveolar clicks are [ǃ͡¡, ǃ͡¡ʰ, ᶢǃ͡¡, ᵑǃ͡¡, ᵑǃ͡¡ˀ] (or [ʗꜞ ʗꜞʰ ʗ̬ꜞ ʗ̃ꜞ ʗ̃ꜞˀ]).

Nasal clicks that fit this description are used by speakers of Gan Chinese (from Ningdu county) and of Mandarin (from Beijing and Jilin), and presumably people from other parts of the country, with varying degrees of competence in nursery rhymes for the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with /ŋ/ in Gan and until recently began with /ŋ/ in Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is (disregarding tone),

[tʰien i tsʰak ᵑǃ͡¡o] 天一隻鵝 'a goose in the sky'
[ti ha i tsʰak ᵑǃ͡¡a] 地下一隻鴨 'a duck on the ground'
[ᵑǃ͡¡o saŋ ᵑǃ͡¡o tʰan, ᵑǃ͡¡o pʰau ᵑǃ͡¡o] 鵝生鵝蛋鵝孵鵝 'a goose lays a goose egg, a goose hatches a goose'
[ᵑǃ͡¡a saŋ ᵑǃ͡¡a tʰan, ᵑǃ͡¡a pʰau ᵑǃ͡¡a] 鴨生鴨蛋鴨孵鴨 'a duck lays a duck egg, a duck hatches a duck'
where the /ŋ/ onsets are all pronounced [ᵑǃ͡¡].