法器-Grail 圣杯

## **Brief Introduction 简介**

圣杯是在公元33年，犹太历尼散月十四日，也就是耶稣受难前的逾越节晚餐上，耶稣遣走加略人犹大后和11个门徒所使用的一个葡萄酒杯子。耶稣曾经拿起这个杯子吩咐门徒喝下里面象征他的血的红葡萄酒，借此创立了受难纪念仪式。后来有些人认为这个杯子因为这个特殊的场合而具有某种神奇的能力。相传彼世安温的魔法炉则是圣杯的前身。

## **Ability 能力**

**①喝下圣杯里的水:**

返老还童，死而复生，甚至获得永生

## **Legend 传奇**

关于圣杯的传统观点认为它是一只圣餐杯，曾经盛放基督的血液。后来阿里玛西亚的约瑟夫把圣杯带到了英国，据信，约瑟夫把它带到了英国南部的格拉斯通堡，从那时起，圣杯的下落就成了一个谜，传说这个杯子，或者说圣杯，是在最后的晚餐上使用过的。而在耶稣受难时，也用来装放耶稣的圣血，尽管不同的故事有不同的人物负责收集圣血，——有些人说是阿里玛西亚的约瑟夫，有些人说是尼科德姆斯，有些人说是抹大拉的玛丽娅。故事流传了数个世纪，在中世纪达到了顶峰。

最早的圣杯罗曼史，是在公元12世纪到13世纪间写作的，其中的大部分写于1190年到1240年，尽管故事有似乎更早的口传传统。这些故事正伴随着圣殿骑士团在中世纪的欧洲兴起。罗曼史本身主要就是由西多会和本笃会僧侣们写成的，其中许多的故事和罗曼史都是以圣殿骑士的事迹为蓝本的。

早先，很明显没有一个单独的关于圣杯的故事，或者说没有典型的故事，大部分的圣杯罗曼史甚至都相互矛盾。最早知道的关于圣杯的故事之一，是由切雷蒂安·德·特罗伊斯，大约在1190年写作的《圣杯骑士》（Le Conte Du Graal），在这个故事里我们第一次认识了帕西瓦尔，一个坦率的骑士，一个圣杯故事中的粗略原型。帕西瓦尔在菲舍尔王的城堡里第一次见到了他所认为是圣杯的东西。在圣杯和亚瑟王的传说里菲舍尔王是一个古怪的人物。但是他的古怪性格没有完全被理解。看起来，切雷蒂安在没有完成他的有趣作品之前就去世了。而后人在《补遗集》（The Continuations）里。帮助他完成了一部分， 这些新加入的版本在原作的基础上大加修饰添彩，加入了很多后代创作中是为标准的元素。

两个其它的圣杯故事大约创作在1200年，是罗伯特·德·伯伦的作品《阿里玛西亚的约瑟夫》和《梅林》，这些故事倾向新基督教徒，把寻找圣杯看成是骑士精神的一部分。而不是完全为了效忠朝廷或者是博取美人的芳心。说到这里，在13世纪的早期，罗伯特·伯伦的故事与当时非常受欢迎的亚瑟王的传说有着密切的关系。那个时期故事里都有贾文和加拉哈德。还有在英语世界里当时最为人所熟知的故事，《探求者（the Queste）》，讲述加拉哈德，朗斯洛的儿子的故事，根据15世纪托马斯·马洛的杰出史诗作品《亚瑟王（Le Morte D'arthur）》改编。这部作品，比其他的任何作品，对于现代人理解亚瑟王的传说，还有圣杯的罗曼史，都大有裨益。马洛的书在过去的500年间，在这方面造成的影响，比人们所能够想象的任何一部作品都要大。

大约在1205年，一位巴伐利亚的诗人，名叫沃尔弗兰·冯·艾斯琛巴赫，他写了一首诗歌，《帕西发尔》，其中他讲到了最早切雷蒂安·德·特罗伊斯写过的英雄的帕西发尔对圣杯的寻求。不同的是，在沃尔弗兰·冯·艾斯琛巴赫的作品里，圣杯是一块石头。不过不是什么古老的石头，而是一块从天堂落下凡间的能发光的石头。与其他的罗曼司相比，这是第一次圣杯被描述为一件不是杯子的物品。沃尔弗兰的石头被骑士们保护着，那些骑士叫做圣殿守护者，很明显是有意识的代指圣殿骑士。在沃尔弗兰的故事里，年轻的帕西发尔寻到圣杯的城堡，那里叫做“拯救山”，他在路上碰见一位年长的智者，名叫特里弗里贞特，他们俩在一起呆了15天，最后才知道老人原来是帕西发尔德舅舅。舅舅告诉他，圣杯的故事源自一个名字叫做普罗旺斯的乔特的智者。根据很多学者的研究，乔特是确有其人的。他化名奎奥特·德·普罗文斯，给出了一个根据事实讲出的故事。特里弗里贞特说乔特偶尔在西班牙的托莱多看到了一本用不信上帝的人的文字写的一本奇异的书，内容是关于圣杯的故事。那“不相信上帝的人”很有可能是阿拉伯人，曾经在北非荒原旁边的托莱多生活。特里弗里贞特继续对帕西发尔说，这本书是一个叫做弗莱格塔尼斯的人写的，他的妈妈是犹太人，有所罗门王的血统，而他的父亲似乎是一个占星家。

沃尔弗兰讲述的这个帕西发尔的故事是一个关于纯洁和裁判的故事，一个人只有拥有纯洁的心灵和思想，才可以得到圣杯，而只有上帝才可以评判谁有资格得到它。在故事中，帕西发尔最终把圣杯归还圣杯之城。向菲舍尔国王提出了正确的问题，救了垂死的国王。最后帕西发尔自己成了圣杯之王，又一轮循环开始了。

圣杯是关于基督血统的隐喻，而关于这个家族血统的由来则是一个相对新近的问题。尽管有很多当代作家讨论这个问题，让我们相信事实是在各个时代，一些“被选出”的艺术家和智者通过历史了解真相，他们在自己的艺术作品或者建筑中把这些思想用密码的形式写了进去。郇山隐修会的观点和他们的大师的所作所为，就是一个经典的例子。

圣杯最初的用途——收集受难的耶稣留下的鲜血——的故事，明确联系前面的基督的鲜血盛放在圣杯里，和对确实的基督弥赛亚血统的隐喻。纠缠在这个理论的是基督所谓的在死前与抹大拉的玛丽亚有婚姻关系的观点。并且，她还为他生了一个孩子。按照推测，基督的血缘家族，应该是法国墨洛温王朝让圣杯的藤蔓联系着基督的血脉，才传到今天。在基督受难后，抹大拉的玛丽亚带着他的孩子逃到了法国。与法兰克部落的人联姻，从而延续了基督的血脉，也有了墨洛温王朝。这个观点是从畅销书《圣血与圣杯》开始兴盛起来的。始作俑者，就是该书的作者米歇尔·白根特、亨利·林肯，以及理查德·雷。该书第一版出版于20年前，而由于《达·芬奇密码》一书的大热，又有重新走俏的趋势。因为《达·芬奇密码》一书大量的借鉴了《圣血与圣杯》的观点。

## **Historical Origin** **历史渊源**

基督教最为常见的礼仪之一是“圣餐”，仪式中人们饮用红葡萄酒来代表的基督之血。亚瑟王版本的传奇基于一段故事，说的是罗马将官朗基努斯曾用长矛插入基督身侧，以确认他的死亡。当时，亚利马太的约瑟夫拿来基督在最后晚餐中用过的酒杯，承接流出的血液。这具酒杯，一般被认为就是圣杯。基督的尸身，据说被放置在亚利马太约瑟夫家族的葬室内。爱德华一世率领的英格兰军队在十字军远征中几近溃败，于公元1274年从巴勒斯坦返国后需要重整士气。亚瑟王的骑士们被描绘成纯为正义事业献身的斗士。搜索圣杯可以更理想化这个目的。

由于亚利马太的约瑟夫是基督的追随者，他在基督殉难后不久便遭到罗马人的监禁。他理应是保存下了圣杯，随身携带它旅经罗马到达法兰西南部，在那里的朗格多克省与抹大拉的玛利亚以及其他信徒们共同生活了一段时间。据说他（可能与基督本人一道,很多人相信基督并未死在十字架上，所以作者才附加这种猜测。）前往英格兰，终生定居在英国南部的格拉斯顿伯里城。不列颠的第一座基督教堂就建在这个地方，时至今日仍然可见修道院的废墟，而圣杯或许就曾藏在这里。它从那时起就消失了，这成为亚瑟王和他的骑士们走上寻找圣杯之旅的起点。

人们相信，圣杯曾在意大利停留了300年，先由罗马教廷的执事——圣劳伦斯僧侣保管。据说临近公元3世纪末，他派了两名西班牙军团士兵将它送回了他在比利牛斯山的家乡乌埃斯卡城。他的结局凄惨不堪——他的好友教皇西克斯图斯二世。罗马基督教会早期殉教圣徒之一，被罗马皇帝瓦雷利尤斯杀害。本书作者引用的日期属于传言，西克斯图斯教皇的殉难日应为公元258年。被处决数日后，他也被烤死在铁烤架上。圣杯在旧圣彼得罗教堂保存到公元711年。教堂的罗马式走廊上有一些可暗示圣杯存在的图案，其中有一位天使向耶稣交递酒杯。

卒于公元1230年的沃尔夫拉姆·封·埃申巴赫，被普遍认为是中世纪最杰出的日耳曼叙事诗人。他的主要作品之一为《波西佛》，日后成为理查·瓦格纳的歌剧主题。他所用素材的一大来源是克蕾蒂安的作品，融会由普罗旺斯省基奥特提供的其他材料。基奥特的叙述多半基于他在西班牙的见闻，那里居住着穆斯林和犹太的哲学家，以及托利多城，那是当时科学与文化的中心。沃尔夫拉姆坚持认为，圣杯是类似“丰饶角”的一块灵石，它能提供无尽的食品和永恒的青春。

圣杯的最终栖身之地（我们迄今仍能在那里看到它），是西班牙瓦兰西亚大教堂的一所附设礼拜堂。虽然罗马天主教廷从未把它崇为圣物，但他们承认它是最后晚餐中获基督赐福的酒杯，在圣劳伦斯把它送到西班牙之前曾为教皇们使用。圣杯如今保存在防弹玻璃之内。公元1437年3月18日，纳瓦拉，公元9世纪在比利牛斯山脉西南地区形成的王国。兴盛时期是11—12世纪，通过联姻这一家族曾占据加斯底尔、阿拉贡、里昂等国的王位，并在13世纪获得对法兰西的统治权。16世纪初，南部被西班牙王国占领，西部因纳瓦雷的亨利三世变成法兰西的亨利四世而被兼并。的国王派人将圣杯送到瓦兰西亚天主大教堂，尔后只于反法独立战争和西班牙内战时，因安全起见而两度短暂迁移别处。

圣杯的纯金底托上镶嵌着28颗珍珠、2块红宝石和2块绿宝石。它的杯体高5.5厘米，直径9.5厘米，壁厚3毫米。包括底托，杯高17厘米，宽14.5厘米。杰出的考古学家安东尼奥·贝尔特兰说，我们今天看到的圣杯制作于佩尼亚的圣胡安修道院，制作者大概是来自拜占庭的金匠。圣杯的上部原制于近东地区，不是埃及的亚历山大便是叙利亚的安提奥克。贝尔特兰说，毫无疑问，圣杯是在公元前最后一个世纪的最后半期与公元第一个世纪的第一个半期之间造成。该时期恰好就是耶稣基督的生活时代。

安东尼奥·贝尔特兰解释说，石质底托才是真正圣杯的组成部分。在这容器的立足之处，刻有一段无人能够完全确切翻译的阿拉伯语铭文。不同的译文有：“赠给携来辉煌之人”；“赞美玛利亚”；“慈悲之主”（这是阿拉伯人对安拉的称谓）；“繁荣之主”，等等。根据一些传奇，铭文“LAPIS EXCILLIS”（超凡之石）有时也出现在上面。

我们大概永远也不会知道圣杯的真实模样，但我们今天可以观赏到的那件精致而美丽的物品，可能就是耶稣基督在两千年前用过的真杯，而它在很大的程度上奠定了西方神话与浪漫主义的基础。“圣杯”如今依旧引人入胜，它是我们文化结构的一个部分。就此而言，寻找圣杯的内涵不只是发现这物品本身，还要认同圣杯是什么和意味着什么。

1. ↑ The Holy Grail was a wine cup used by Jesus and his 11 disciples after he sent Judas Iscariot away on the 14th day of the month of Linisan in 33 A.D., the Passover dinner before Jesus' crucifixion. Jesus once took this cup and told his disciples to drink the red wine which symbolized his blood in it, thus creating the crucifixion ceremony. Later, some people believed that this cup had some magical power because of this special occasion. It is said that the magic furnace of the other world is the predecessor of the Holy Grail.
2. ↑ Drink the water in the Holy Grail
3. ↑ Rejuvenate, come back from the dead and even live forever
4. ↑ The traditional view of the Holy Grail is that it is a Holy Grail, which once contained the blood of Christ. Later, Joseph of Arimathea brought the Holy Grail to England. It is believed that Joseph took it to Glastonburg in the south of England. Since then, the whereabouts of the Holy Grail has become a mystery. It is said that the cup, or Holy Grail, was used at the last supper. When Jesus was suffering, it was also used to hold the holy blood of Jesus. Although different stories have different characters responsible for collecting the holy blood, some say Joseph of Arimathea, some say Nicodemus, and some say Mary of Magdalene. The story spread for centuries and reached its peak in the Middle Ages.

The earliest Holy Grail romance was written from the 12th century to the 13th century, most of which were written from 1190 to 1240, although the story seems to have an earlier tradition of oral transmission. These stories were accompanied by the rise of the Knights Templar in medieval Europe. Romance itself is mainly written by Cistercian and Benedictine monks, and many of the stories and romances are based on the deeds of the Temple Knights.

Earlier, it was clear that there was no single story about the Holy Grail, or a typical story, and most of the Holy Grail romances were even contradictory. One of the earliest known stories about the Holy Grail is Le Conte Du Graal, written by Cheretian de Troyes in about 1190. In this story, we first met Pasivar, a frank knight and a rough prototype in the story of the Holy Grail. Pacival saw what he thought was the Holy Grail for the first time in King Fischer's castle. In the legend of Holy Grail and King Arthur, King Fischer is a strange figure. But his eccentric character was not fully understood. It seems that Cheretian died before he finished his interesting works. Later generations are in The Continuations. It helped him to complete part of the work. These new versions are greatly modified and enriched on the basis of the original work, and many elements that are standard in the creation of future generations are added.

Two other Grail stories were created in about 1200. They are Robert de Bolen's works Joseph of Alimarcia and Merlin. These stories tend to New Christians and regard the quest for the Grail as part of chivalry. It is not just for loyalty to the imperial court or winning the hearts of beauties. Here, in the early 13th century, the story of Robert Buren was closely related to the popular legend of King Arthur. There were Javin and Galahad in the stories of that period. There is also the most well-known story in the English world at that time, The Queste, which tells the story of Galahad, the son of Lancelot, adapted from Thomas Marlowe's outstanding epic work Le Morte D'arthur in the 15th century. This work, more than any other work, is of great help to modern people in understanding the legend of King Arthur and the romance of the Holy Grail. In the past 500 years, Marlowe's books have had a greater impact on this aspect than any other works that people can imagine.

In about 1205, a Bavarian poet named Wolfram von Aischenbach wrote a poem, Pacifar, in which he talked about the hero Pacifar's quest for the Holy Grail, which was first written by Cheretian de Troyes. The difference is that the Holy Grail is a stone in the works of Wolfram von Aischenbach. But it is not an ancient stone, but a shining stone falling from heaven. Compared with other romances, this is the first time that the Holy Grail is described as an object that is not a cup. Wolfran's stone is protected by the knights, who are called Temple Guardians, obviously consciously referring to the Temple Knights. In the story of Wolfran, the young Parsifal found the Holy Grail castle, which is called "Save the Mountain". He met an elderly wise man named Treffrey Joant on the way. They stayed together for 15 days, and finally learned that the old man was Uncle Parsifal. His uncle told him that the story of the Holy Grail originated from a wise man named Gaut of Provence. According to the research of many scholars, Choate is indeed a man. He gave a story based on facts under the pseudonym of Quiot de Provence. Trevor de Janet said that he occasionally saw a strange book written in the language of unbelievers in Toledo, Spain, about the story of the Holy Grail. The "man who does not believe in God" is likely to be an Arab who once lived in Toledo, near the North African wilderness. Treffrey Jean continued to tell Parsifal that this book was written by a man named Freg Tanis. His mother was a Jew and had the blood of King Solomon, while his father seemed to be an astrologer.

The story of Parsifar told by Wolfram is a story about purity and judgment. Only a person with a pure mind and thought can get the Holy Grail, and only God can judge who is qualified to get it. In the story, Parsifar finally returns the Holy Grail to the Holy Grail City. He put the right question to King Fischer and saved the dying king. Finally, Parsifar himself became the King of the Holy Grail, and another cycle began.

The Holy Grail is a metaphor for the lineage of Christ, and the origin of this family lineage is a relatively recent issue. Although many contemporary writers discuss this issue, let us believe that the fact is that in various times, some "selected" artists and wise men learned the truth through history, and they wrote these ideas in the form of passwords in their own works of art or buildings. The views of the Priory of Sion and the deeds of their masters are a classic example.

The story of the original use of the Holy Grail - collecting the blood left by the crucified Jesus - clearly relates to the fact that the blood of the previous Christ was placed in the Holy Grail and the metaphor of the true Christian Messianic lineage. Entangled in this theory is Christ's so-called view of marriage with Mary Magdalene before death. In addition, she gave birth to a child for him. It is speculated that the blood family of Christ should have been brought to this day by the Merovian Dynasty of France, which made the vine of the Holy Grail connect with the blood of Christ. After the crucifixion of Christ, Mary Magdalene fled to France with her children. The marriage with the people of the Frankish tribe continued the blood of Christ, and the Merovian dynasty also came into being. This idea began to flourish from the best-selling book Holy Blood and Holy Grail. The authors of this book are Michel Bergert, Henry Lincoln and Richard Ray. The first edition of the book was published 20 years ago, but due to the great popularity of the book "Da Vinci Code", it has a trend to become popular again. Because "The Da Vinci Code" draws heavily on the views of "Holy Blood and Holy Grail".
5. ↑ One of the most common rituals in Christianity is the "Holy Communion", in which people drink red wine to represent the blood of Christ. The legend of King Arthur's version is based on a story that Roman general Longinus once inserted a spear into the side of Christ to confirm his death. At that time, Joseph of Arimathea took the wine cup used by Christ in the Last Supper to take the blood flowing out. This wine cup is generally regarded as the Holy Grail. The body of Christ is said to have been placed in the burial chamber of the Joseph family of Arimathea. The English army led by Edward I was nearly defeated in the Crusade and needed to regain morale after returning from Palestine in 1274. The knights of King Arthur were portrayed as warriors who devoted themselves to the cause of justice. Searching for the Grail can further idealize this goal.

Since Joseph of Arimathea was a follower of Christ, he was imprisoned by the Romans shortly after the martyrdom of Christ. He should have saved the Holy Grail and carried it with him through Rome to the southwest of France, where he lived with Mary Magdalene and other believers in Languedoc Province for a period of time. It is said that he (probably with Christ himself, many people believe that Christ did not die on the cross, so the author adds this conjecture.) He went to England and settled down in Glastonbury in the south of England. The first Christian church in Britain was built here, and the ruins of the monastery can still be seen today, and the Holy Grail may have been hidden here. It disappeared from then on, which became the starting point of King Arthur and his knights' journey to find the Holy Grail.

It is believed that the Holy Grail had stayed in Italy for 300 years and was first kept by Saint Lawrence, the deacon of the Holy See. It is said that near the end of the third century AD, he sent two Spanish soldiers to send it back to his hometown of Uesca in the Pyrenees. His end was tragic - his good friend, Pope Sixtus II. One of the early martyrs of the Roman Christian Church, who was killed by the Roman emperor Valelius. The date quoted by the author of this book is rumored to be 258 A.D. A few days after his execution, he was also roasted to death on an iron grill. The Holy Grail was preserved in the old church of St. Petro until 711 AD. In the Romanesque corridor of the church, there are some patterns that can indicate the existence of the Holy Grail. Among them, an angel handed the glass to Jesus.

Wolfram von Eschenbach, who died in 1230 AD, is widely regarded as the most outstanding German narrative poet in the Middle Ages. One of his main works is "Bossifo", which later became the theme of Richard Wagner's opera. One of the sources of materials he used was the work of Cletian, which incorporated other materials provided by Kieot, Provence Province. Kiot's account is mostly based on his experience in Spain, where Muslim and Jewish philosophers lived, as well as Toledo City, which was the center of science and culture at that time. Wolfram insisted that the Holy Grail is a spiritual stone similar to the "horn of abundance", which can provide endless food and eternal youth.

The final resting place of the Holy Grail (we can still see it there) is a chapel attached to the Spanish Valencia Cathedral. Although the Roman Catholic Church never held it sacred, they acknowledged that it was a wine cup blessed by Christ at the Last Supper and used by the popes before St. Lawrence sent it to Spain. The Holy Grail is now kept in bulletproof glass. On March 18, 1437, Navarra was a kingdom formed in the southwest of the Pyrenees in the 9th century. The prosperous period was from the 11th century to the 12th century. Through marriage, the family once occupied the throne of Gasdale, Aragon, Lyon and other countries, and gained the right to rule France in the 13th century. At the beginning of the 16th century, the south was occupied by the Kingdom of Spain, and the west was annexed because Henry III of Navarre became Henry IV of France. The king sent people to send the Holy Grail to the Catholic Cathedral of Valencia. Later, only during the Anti French War of Independence and the Spanish Civil War, he temporarily moved to another place twice for security reasons.

The pure gold base of the Holy Grail is inlaid with 28 pearls, 2 rubies and 2 emeralds. Its cup is 5.5 cm high, 9.5 cm in diameter and 3 mm thick. Including the base, the cup is 17 cm high and 14.5 cm wide. Antonio Bertrand, an outstanding archaeologist, said that the Holy Grail we saw today was made in the monastery of San Juan in Pernia, probably by goldsmiths from Byzantium. The upper part of the Holy Grail was originally made in the Near East, either Alexandria of Egypt or Antioch of Syria. Bertrand said that there is no doubt that the Holy Grail was created between the last half of the last century BC and the first half of the first century BC. This period is exactly the life time of Jesus Christ.

Antonio Bertrand explained that the stone bottom is part of the real Holy Grail. At the base of this container, there is an Arabic inscription that no one can completely translate. Different translations are: "Gives to the person who brings glory"; "Praise Mary"; "Lord of Mercy" (this is what Arabs call Allah); "Lord of Prosperity", etc. According to some legends, the inscription LAPIS EXCILLIS sometimes appears on it.

We may never know the true shape of the Holy Grail, but the exquisite and beautiful object we can watch today may be the Holy Grail used by Jesus Christ two thousand years ago, which to a large extent laid the foundation of Western mythology and romanticism. The Holy Grail is still fascinating today, and it is part of our cultural structure. In this regard, the search for the Holy Grail is not only to discover the object itself, but also to identify with what the Holy Grail is and means.