recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Morrison Camarasaurid Taxon A

Photo of Camarasaurus lentus = This taxon at USNM (Credit: Skye McDavid)

Morrison Camarasaurid Taxon A is an unnamed species (probably genus) of Camarasaurid Sauropod that lived in The United States during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

This taxon is from specimens belonging to *Camarasaurus annae* (generally considered synonyms with *C. lentus*, but not "*Morosaurus"* = *Camarasaurus lentus*"), most notably GMNH-PV 101, CM 8942, SMA 0002, USNM 13786, AMNH 463, and USNM 5730. These differ from other *Camarasaurus* assigned taxa by a deep haemal arch compared to chevron length, long mid-dorsal transverse processes compared to centrum width, convex posterior faces of the basal tubera, and an irregular front nasal suture. *Camarasaurus* has been a taxon long overlooked in Morrison Sauropod studies, so the taxon is overlumped, and according to Tschopp et al. paraphyletic with the valid *Cathetosaurus/Camarasaurus lewisi. Camarasaurus* actually represents 6-7 known genera.

## Phylogeny

This cladogram was recovered by Tschopp et al. (2014):
Mymoorapelta

Credit: Jack Wood.

*Mymoorapelta* is an extinct genus of basal nodosaur that lived in Colorado during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

*Mymoorapelta* was erected in 1994 by Kenneth Carpenter and James Kirkland, with a fragmented disarticulated skull, three partial skeletons and various postcrania, from Brushy Basin, stratigraphic zones 4-5 Morrison Formation. The taxon is controversial in terms of placement in Ankylosauria. Vickaryous et al. in 2004 place it as incertae sedis, Kirkland and Carpenter in 1994 place it as a polacanthid and the most recent, Thompson et al. in 2011, suggest it is a basal nodosaur. It is, alongside *Gargoyleosaurus*, the oldest ankylosaur, which provides insight into their evolution and diversification.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymoorapelta
Osmunda claytoniites

*Osmunda claytoniites* is an extinct species of fern that lived in Antarctica during the Late Triassic.

## Description

*O. claytoniites* is very similar to extant *Osmunda* ferns. This species was once classified in the section *Claytosmunda*. It is diagnosed by a deeply pinnatifid frond, with fertile pinnae that anchor below 6-centimeter-long sterile pinnae, rachis 3-4 millimeters in diameter, almost-opposite-alternating pinnae that are 1.5-2 centimeters apart, sterile pennules that reach a width of up to 5 millimeters, dichotomous venation that is 16 millimeters long, a slightly-toothed margin, 1-1.3 centimeter-long fertile pinnae that lack vegetative laminae, sporangia that were once pinnate and cluster on reduced pinnae, annulus that are 6-8 cells long and positioned laterally from a stalk and vertical dehiscence at the top sporangium. It was coined from holotype T-8:246a, a part and counterpart, from the KUNHM paleobotany coll.. Paratypes are T-11:366b, T-11:368b, T-11: 368c, T-11:380a, T-11:400a and T-11:676; all specimens are found from Member C, Lashly Formation of Allan Hills, Antarctica. This environment consists of siltstone that was deposited by Upper Triassic-aged freshwater streams. It was named by Phipps et al. (1998) and the epithet of the extant species *O. claytonia*, which is most similar to *O. claytoniites*, with the suffix "-ites" (which denotes fossils).

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmunda\_claytoniites
* https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2307/2446424
Otodus

O. megalodon and O. obliquus. Credit: Marko Steffensen.

*Otodus* is an extinct genus of "megatooth" otodontid shark that lived in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australasia and the Americas from the Cretaceous to the Miocene.

## Description

*Otodus* is a relative of *Carcharocles* and *Cretalamna*, giving way to the largest sharks to ever live. *Otodus* is mostly known from fossilized teeth and vertebrae centra. This is due to the animals skeleton being almost completely cartilage, which typically avoids fossilization unless in certain situations. *Otodus* teeth are very large with triangular crowns fit with smooth slicing edges. The cusps and roots are visible, with some individuals in the process of evolving serrations.

## Classification

It is often believed *Otodus* derives from the *Cretalamna* lineage, due to similarities in tooth morphology. *Otodus* likely evolved directly into *Carcharocles*, due to substantial evidence showing transitional forms between the two genera. Several teeth from the Nanjemoy Formation, the Ypres clay and western Kazakhstan that resemble *Otodus* have lightly serrated cusplets and a serrated edge. These fossils suggest a worldwide evolutionary event, which transitioned into *O. aksuaticus* that initiated the *Carcharocles* transition. A study on *Megalolamna* taxonomy states that *Otodus* must contain species sometimes assigned to *Carcharocles* in order to be monophyletic. This is not certain, however. Others argue that the subgenera, subspecies and species sometimes assigned to this genus can be adequately distinguished on the basis of serrations, leaving *O. obliquus* and all unrevised species. *Megaselachus*, *Carcharocles* and *Otodus (O.)* are all subgenera that were once considered[*citation needed*].

## Species

* *O. obliquus*

Species pending assessment (placement questionable):

* *O. limhamnensis*
* *O. minor*
* *O. naidini*
* *O. debrayi*
* *O. latidens*
* *O. mediavus*
* *O. rondelettiformis*

### Reassigned Species

* *"O." megalodon*
* *"O." chubutensis*
* *"O." auriculatus*
* *"O." subauriculatus*
* *"O." sokolovi*
* *"O." aksuaticus*
* *"O." angustidens*
* *"O." poseidoni*
	+ *"O." p. poseidoni*
* *"O." crassa*
* *"O." crassus*

## Synonyms

* *O. o. ajatensis*
* *O. o. minor*
* *O. o. mugodzharicus*
* *O. m. turkmenicus*
* *O. p. turanensis*
* *O. p. ustyurtensis*
* *Lamna obliqua*

## Notable Specimens

* UF 162732: Teeth and vertebrae, unspecified, from the Early Eocene khouribga Phosphates, belonging to *O. obliquus*.

## References

1. ↑ https://shop.minimuseum.com/products/otodus-tooth#:~:text=Otodus%20obliquus%20was%20the%20first,as%20long%20as%20a%20bus.
2. ↑ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=80600
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otodus
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 https://incertaesedisblog.wordpress.com/2021/01/15/megatooth-shark-skeletal-specimens/
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://usercontent.one/wp/pecescriollos.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/PI-04-Greenfield-2022-List-of-skeletal-material-from-megatooth-sharks.pdf
6. ↑ https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2021/3372-oligocene-shark-nursery
Pebas Paleosuchus

Right maxilla of Pebas Paleosuchus.

The Pebas *Paleosuchus* is an unnamed species of caiman that lived in Peru during the Middle Miocene.

## Discovery and Naming

In a 2015 review of the crocodilians from the Miocene Pebas site near Iquitos, Peru, Salas-Gismodi et al referred specimen MUSM 1985, a right maxilla, to a new, unnamed species of *Paleosuchus*. The genus *Paleosuchus* contains two extant species, the smooth-fronted caiman and Cuvier's dwarf caiman, both of which live in South America. The new species is distinguished from its modern relatives by a smaller number of maxillary teeth and a proportionally longer anterior process of the ectopterygoid. Specimen MUSM 1985 is housed at the Natural History Museum of San Marcos University in Lima, Peru.

## References

1. ↑ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2014.2490
Nedoceratops

Credit: CisioPurple on DeviantArt.

*Nedoceratops* is an extinct, doubted genus of ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in Late Cretaceous North America.

## Description

*Nedoceratops* resembles that of *Triceratops*, with upturned brow horns, and no nose horn. The specimen also had several fractures and holes in its skull, leading experts to think that Nedoceratops was gored by another animal.

## Disputed Validity

In 2011, Jack Horner cut open and studied the inside of many ceratopsian animals. The study concluded that *Nedoceratops* (and many other ceratopsians) were growth stages of *Triceratops*, synonyms. The current theory is that the brow horns curled down with age, and the stubby nasal horn grew as the animal matured.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedoceratops
Myliobatis pachyrhizodus

*Myliobatis pachyrhizodus* is an extinct species of ray that lived in New Jersey during the Cretaceous.

## Description

This species, as the name "*pachyrhizodus*" translates, is known for having very thick tooth roots. The type is Specimen No. 6660, and currently resides in the Geological Survey of New Jersey collection. It was discovered at Manasquan at Poplar.

## References

https://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin4.pdf
Ferganastegos

Credit: RajaHarimau98.

Ferganastegos is a naked and dubious genus of stegosaurid dinosaur that lived in Kyrgyzstan during the Middle Jurassic.

## Description

Ferganastegos is known from the Callovian-aged Balabansai Formation, Fergana Valley, Kyrgyzstan based on IGB 001 (four posterior dorsal vertebrae). While Averianov et al. placed the material as undiagnostic and unable to hold a name, Roman Ulansky decided the material had enough differences to "erect" a new taxon, which he chose a name meaning "Callovian roof from Fergana Valley", but he did not examine the material himself. Other paleontologists place it as undiagnostic and a nomen dubium.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs
Minnesota cypriniforme

The Minnestoa cypriniforme is an unnamed genus of cypriniforme fish that lived in Minnesota during the Late Pleistocene.

## Description

In a routine core sample, a fossil fish was discovered in 2017 from a construction survey in Lyons County, Minnesota. ~40 feet below a greenish gray silt loom deposit, the posterior of a skull and the entire body was discovered. Preparation revealed another specimen in the sample adjacent to the first, identified as a cypriniforme based on the Weberian Apparatus and cranial morphology. Similar specimens are known from the Pleistocene of South Dakota. It is between 10,000 and 25,000 years old based on microorganisms.

## References

https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SVP\_2021\_VirtualBook\_final.pdf
Phlaocyon

*Phlaocyon* is an extinct genus of canid that lived during the Early Oligocene-Early Miocene in North America.

## Description

Is closely related to *Cynarctoides* and distantly to raccoons. *Phlaocyon* lived like a raccoon, climbing trees, but unlike modern canines, lacked meat-slicing teeth.

## Species

* *P. achoros*
* *P. annectens*
* *P. latidens*
* *P. leucosteus*
* *P. mariae*
* *P. marslandensis*
* *P. minor*
* *P. multicuspus*
* *P. taylori*
* *P. yatkolai*
Paranthropus

P. boisei male. Credit: John Gurche.

*Paranthropus* is an extinct genus of hominid that lived in South Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and possibly the Congo from the Late Pliocene to the Middle Pleistocene.

## History

The nomen nudum "Titanohomo mirabilis" ("titanic man to marvel at") is a named coined by Charles Watson Boise (benefactor of the Leakey's) as a considered name for *P. boisei*, using OH5 as the holotype.

## Description

The species *P. robustus* was named for its large jaws and molars. These strong jaws helped *Paranthropus* eat plant-based food. It had a small body. It is likely that *Paranthropus* was an offshoot genus. *Paranthropus*' preferred habitat was grassland, but it also lived around rivers and lakes. *P. boisei* is named after Charles Boise, *robustus* means "strongly built" and *aethiopicus* refers to Ethiopia.

## Species

### Reassigned Species

* *"P." palaeojavanicus*
* *"P." platyops*
* *"P." garhi*
* *P. congensis* (=Kikomba)

## Synonyms

* *Zinjanthropus*
* *Paraustralopithecus*
* "Titanohomo"
* *P. crassidens* (=*P. robustus*)
* *Australopithecus aethiopicus*
* *Australopithecus robustus*
* *Australopithecus boisei*
* *Australopithecus walkeri* (=*P. aethiopicus*)
* *Praeanthropus boisei*
* *Praeanthropus robustus*
* *Australopithecus africanus robustus*
* *Australopithecus africanus aethiopicus*
* *Pithecanthropus robustus*
* *P. r. crassidens*
* *P. r. robustus*

## Notable Specimens

* SK 23: A *P. robustus*
* SK 13/14: A *P. robustus*
* SK 50: A *P. robustus*
* SK 48: A. *P. robustus*.
* L 74: A *P. boisei*.
* KNM-ER 729: A *P. boisei*.
* OH 5: A *P. boisei*.
* KNM-ER 732: A *P. boisei*.
* KNM-WT 17000: A *P. aethiopicus*.
* Omo 18: A *P. aethiopicus*.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus
* https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0084652
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Em\_-\_Hominidae\_sp.\_-\_2.jpg
Pica

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Omnivorous

*Pica* is a genus of corvids that have lived since the Pliocene in Eurasia and North America since the Pliocene.

## Species

* *P. pica* (Eurasian/Common magpie; type)
* *P. mauritanica* (Maghreb magpie)
* *P. asirensis* (Asir/Arabian magpie)
* *P. serica* (Oriental magpie)
* *P. hudsonia* (Black-billed/American magpie)
* *P. nuttalli* (Yellow-billed magpie)
* †*P. mourerae*
* †*P. praepica*

## Classification

The Eurasian Magpie, *Pica pica*, was originally described by Linné in 1758 with the name *Corvus pica*, placing it in the same genus as crows and ravens. to which they are closely related. "Pica" is the Latin name for the Eurasian Magpie. In 1760, Brisson placed the magpies in the separate genus *Pica*, reusing the specific epithet used by Linné as the genus name.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica\_(genus)
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asir\_magpie
3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus
Nevadadromeus

Credit: Julius Csotonyi.

*Nevadadromeus* is an extinct genus of thescelosaurine dinosaur that lived in Nevada.

## History

The original remains were found 1 hour away from the Valley of Fire in 2008. They were prepared and fit together to be revealed at an event in Henderson, Nevada in 2021. This event took place at Lovelady Brewing, where residents welcomed the dinosaur - the first dinosaur of Nevada - by unveiling a portrait of it. Many showed up to this event. However, it lacks the set requirements that make a taxon officially valid, so it is considered a nomen nudum. The species name derives from the geologist who carried out expeditions in the Valley of Fire. Author Josh Bonde announced in May 2022 that their paper was accepted for publishing after peer review.

A second, unnamed hadrosaur was teased at the event, but was said to release in about a year.

In 2022, this genus was formally named and NSC 2008-002 was announced the holotype by Bonde et al.. They considered it to have a mosaic of orodromine and thescelosaurine traits, but found the latter most plausible. This would make it the earliest occurrence of this subfamily in North America. The specific epithet is after James G. Schmitt, who described the Willow Tank Formation geology.

## Paleoecology

*Nevadadromeus* lived in a wetter environment than what is seen today; the climate was more tropical, with a (presumably) diverse dinosaurian fauna and flowing rivers 98 million years ago.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://twitter.com/JWBonde/status/1521251172564103168
2. ↑ https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-the-arizona-nevada-academy-of-science/volume-50/issue-1/036.050.0101/Nevadadromeus-schmitti-gen-et-sp-nov-a-New-Basal-Neornithischian/10.2181/036.050.0101.full
3. ↑ https://www.ktnv.com/news/nevadas-first-dinosaur-discovery-revealed-in-henderson
Myliobatis foxhillsensis

*Myliobatis foxhillsensis* is an extinct species of ray that lived in North Dakota during the Late Cretaceous.

## Notable Specimens

* ND 95-13.78: A tooth recovered from NDSFC Loc. LO64, Logan County (NDGS L140 general). It was found in paralic sandstone from the Fox Hills Formation. It was named by Hoganson et al. 2019.

## References

https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=425900
Nelumbo

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Location

Worldwide

*Nelumbo* is a genus of lotus that has lived worldwide since the Cretaceous.

## Paleobiology

This genus is reported from the Cretaceous of Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota and Wyoming; The K-PG of Argentina; the Paleocene of Saskatchewan, North Dakota and Wyoming; the Eocene of British Columbia, China, India, Japan and North Dakota; the Miocene to Oligocene of Montana; the Pliocene of Germany; and the Quaternary of India and Japan. Modern species are known from Asia, Australia and the parts of the Americas.

## Species

* †*N. aureavallis*
* †*N. dawsoni*
* †*N. intermedia*
* †*N. kempii*
* †*N. lakesiana*
* †*N. laramiensis*
* †*N. nangalensis*
* *N. nucifera* (sacred/Indian/Laxmi lotus)
* †*N. protolutea*
* †*N. puertae*
* †*N. pygmaea*
* †*N. saskatchuense*
* *N. lutea* (American/yellow lotus, water-chinquapin, volée)
* *N. lutea* x *N. nucifera* (Mrs. Perry D. Slocum)

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=55300
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo
Ninjatitan

*Ninjatitan* is an extinct genus of titanosaur that lived in Argentina during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*Ninjatitan* is the oldest-known titanosaur, with the type described in 2021, the species honouring Rogelio Zapata, who is a technician. The genus itself was a nickname given by paleontologist Sebastian Apesteguia to postcranial remains found in 2014.

## References

* https://phys.org/news/2021-03-argentine-titanosaur-oldest.html
* http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/ninjatitan-zapatai-09400.html
* https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/02/americas/titanosaur-fossil-argentina-intl-hnk-scli-scn/index.html
Parageralinura

Credit: Andrewsarchus89 on DeviantArt

*Parageralinura* is an extinct genus of whip scorpions that lived in Europe during the Carboniferous.

## Description

*Parageralinura* bears a strong resemblance to whip scorpions, with very large curved mandibles, long antennae, a long and segmented whip-like tail and six legs. The genus is known from countless specimens, several rare specimens are housed in private collections.

## Species

* *P. neerlandica*
* *P. naufraga*
* *P. marsiglioi*

## Gallery

A privately-owned specimen, posted on a fossil forum. The fossil originated from Mazon Creek.
## References

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parageralinura
Paradolichopithecus

Credit: Joschua Knüppe.

*Paradolichopithecus* is an extinct genus of cercopithecine that lived in Eurasia from the Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene.

## Description

The type, *P. avernensis*, is a very large ape, closest to the size of a mandrill. However, the genus was most similar to the macaque, with notable similarities in the skull's morphology. Fossils are known from France, Spain, Greece, Romania, possibly Serbia, Tadjikistan and China. By some, the eastern-Asian *Procynocephalus* is considered a senior synonym. These apes are believed to have evolved a larger body size due to predators. Despite closest relations with macaques, the genus shares many postcranial elements with baboons. Strangely, *Paradolichopithecus* shares similar features in the ankle to *Australopithecus* (one of the most prominent member of human evolution; a transitional species), leading some to theorize *Paradolichopithecus* may have frequently used a bipedal gait.

Paradolichopithecus is very similar to other cercopithecines and their crania are overall very basic for paionines. Paradolichopithecus may have used their biceps similar to *Papio* but had more force and more flexibility, which is indicated through a deeper groove for the biceps tendon. This shows an increased need for stability. Some suggest it was able to carry more items with this, which would have been useful in the plains *Paradolichopithecus* lived in. This could allow the animal to carry food across distances, which would be very similar to hominids. However, there is a possibility their arms were not adapted for this purpose. An absent cup-like depression in the tibial melleolus on the medial side of the talus is a character used to differentiate *Paradolichopithecus*. *Papio* has this but both *Paradolichopithecus* and *Australopithecus* lack this, which has been used to hypothesize Paradolichopithecus was much like ancient *Homo*. However, more features are similar to Japanese macaques that were trained to walk bipedally. The tibial malleolus slightly leaves the depression during flexion and extension in Paradolichopithecus and *Australopithecus* and unlike *Papio*. However, the talus in *Paradolichopithecus* is much like a typical cercopithecoid (a strong trochlear ridge and weave groove for the large toe flexor.

## Classification

O'Shea et al. (2016) recover *Paradolichopithecus* as sister to *Macaca* in a clade that is diagnosed by intermediate pinching of the anterior temporal lines in females, unfused, moderately separated, tympanic postglenoid processes, no maxillary fossae in the males, no maxillary ridge in the males, a somewhat prominent glabella and a moderate glonial region expanded in the mandibular ramus in males:

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradolichopithecus
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=430345
* https://extinct-and-extant.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-peculiar-case-of.html
Othnielosaurus

Credit: Gabriel Ugueto.

*Othnielosaurus* is a dubious genus of dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic.

## History

In 2007, Glton concluded *Othniella rex* was undiagnostic, referring BYU 163 to *Laosaurus consors*. Since the latter was also based on undiagnostic material, he split it into a new genus: *Othnielosaurus consors*. However, Peter Galton and Kenneth Carpenter (2018) described a new ornithischian that had remarkable similarity to *Othnielosaurus* and *Drinker*. They found *Othnielosaurus*, *Othniella* and *Drinker* were all the same, with *Nanosaurus* taking taxonomic priority, referring all material to such.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Horns\_and\_Beaks/BZTuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=isbn:9780253348173&dq=isbn:9780253348173&printsec=frontcover
2. ↑ https://giw.utahgeology.org/giw/index.php/GIW/article/view/30
3. ↑ https://sites.google.com/site/paleofilescom/othn
Paraphysornis

Credit: GalileoN on DeviantArt.

*Paraphysornis* is an extinct genus of terror bird that lived in Brazil from the Late Oligocene to the Early Miocene.

## Description

*Paraphysornis* is known to have been as large as terror birds like *Brontornis*, and was robust and stocky. The short tarsometatarsus indicates a carrion-feeding lifestyle, rather than an active cursorial lifestyle indicated in other terror birds. The holotype skeleton is roughly 75% complete, only lacking the upper maxilla, pelvis and braincase.

## Notable Specimens

* DGM-1418-R: The holotype of *Paraphysornis* which was put on display in 1982.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphysornis
Pakisaurus

Pakisaurus is a naked genus of titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur that lived in Pakistan during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

Presacral vertebrae, cervicodorsal vertebrae, sacra, caudal vertebrae, neural spines, scapulae, and other assorted remains. It was named invalidly by M. Sadiq Malkani in 2006, with three more tail vertebrae assigned and the family "pakisauridae" assigned by the same author. Such a family was once made synonymous with 'titanosauridae", which was then given the new name of lithostrotia. It was deemed closely-related to the Pakistani Sulaimanisaurus and Khetranisaurus.

## Reference

* Malkani, M. Sadiq. (2021). Formal description of poripuchian titanosaurs, theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaur, snake and bird from the latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology. 11. 275-318.
Negaprion eurybathrodon

*Negaprion eurybathrodon* is an extinct species of requiem shark that lived in Eurasia and the Americas from the Late Eocene to the Pliocene.

## Description

*Negaprion eurybathrodon* lived in the coastal Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

## References

* https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Negaprion/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negaprion\_eurybathrodon
Neoanthropus

Cro-Magnon 1.

*Neoanthropus* is a dubious genus of "neoanthropine" hominid that lived in Europe from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene.

## History

This genus is often used to hold specimens of *Homo sapiens*, but was once used to represent the Cro-Magnon assemblage as *N. fossilis*.

## References

https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek\_rozumn%C3%BD
Pithecanthropus

Outdated depiction based on traditional descriptions of Pithecanthropus as an "ape-man" or "missing link". Credit: Angus Mcbride.

## Statistics

### Diet

Omnivorous

*Pithecanthropus* is an obsolete genus of "pithecanthropid" hominid that lived in Africa and Eurasia from the Early to Late Pleistocene.

## History

The genus was associated with *Homo erectus*, but the genus *Pan* was already in use at the time. The name lost validity sometime in the 1800's, becoming a junior synonym of *Homo*. "P. alalus" is a nomen nudum coined by Ernst Haeckel as a hypothetical human ancestor he believed existed in Indonesia (where no hominid remains had yet been identified). He urged his students to search for this species in a lecture. The ones who did search found nothing, except for Eugène Dubois, who discovered the Java Man. Today, such a pseudoscientific jump from logical facts and the creation of a hypothetical species based on zero evidence is deemed illogical. It was also used as a subgenus, as *Homo (P.) ternifinus* and *Homo (P.) atlanticus*.

## Species

* *P. erectus*
	+ *P. e. europaeus*
	+ *P. e. asiaticus*
* *P. dubius*
* *P. rudolfensis*
* "P. alalus"
* *P. pekinensis*
* *P. modjokertensis*
* *P. heidelbergensis*
* *P. sinhaleyus*
* *P. robustus*
* *P. olduvaiensis*
* *P. mauritanicus*
* *P. ternifinus*
* *P. soloensis*
* *P. maghrebiensis*
* *P. steinheimensis*
	+ *P. s. soloensis*
	+ *P. s. pekinensis*
	+ *P. s. steinheimensis*
* *P. neanderthalensis*

## Synonyms

* *Homopithecus*
* *Meganthropus*
* *H. primigenius* "alalus"
* *H. primigenius faber*
* "Homo alalus"
* *Homo erectus*
* *Homo ergaster*
* *Homo rudolfensis*
* *Homo georgicus*
* *Homo simia*

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropopithecus
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst\_Haeckel#Research
3. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222412926\_The\_earliest\_settlement\_of\_Germany\_Is\_there\_anything\_out\_there
4. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/45377705
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://books.google.ca/books?id=UbRBAAAAQBAJ&q=Homo+primigenius#v=snippet&q=Homo%20primigenius&f=false
6. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=440TmWXToLAC&dq=%22proanthropus%22&source=gbs\_navlinks\_s
Milnesium swolenskyi

*Milnesium swolenskyi* is an extinct species of tardigrade that lived in New Jersey during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Milnesium swolenskyi*, *Beorn*, *Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus,* and an indeterminate Heterotartigrade from Canadian Amber are the only fossil tardigrades discovered so far. This taxon lived 93.9-89.8 million years ago. The type specimen is AMNH NJ-796, and is known from the Late Turonian. *Milnesium swolenskyi* belongs to the still surviving genus *Milnesium,* which possesses a cosmopolitan distribution, with members being found from Alambama to Antarctica.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium\_swolenskyi
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade
* https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/11/big-discovery-of-tiny-rare-tardigrade-fossil/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium
Notatesseraeraptor

*Notatesseraeraptor* is an extinct genus of neotheropod dinosaur that lived in Switzerland during the Late Triassic.

## History

In spring 2006, Michael Fisher discovered the postcrania of a small theropod, with the crania discovered in 2009. Ben Pabst and team excavated the specimen, which they provisionally referred to Coelophysidae. In 2008, parts of the postcrania were described in a master's thesis by Jasmina Christine Hugi. Lui Unterassner then described the shoulder girdle and the gut contents in a 2009 thesis. Marion Zahner (2014) wrote a thesis on the skull. In 2021, Marion Zahner et al. named N. frickensis.

## Description

Postcrania and crania with gut contents are known. The remains show a mosaic of coelophysid and "dilophosaurid" traits, of which the generic name references. The epithet is after the municipality of Frick. Two articulate forelimbs make up most of the postcrania.

## Classification

*Notatessaeraptor* is an early-diverging neotheropod, being of the oldest and basalmost of the lineage,which leads to averostra. The authors did not support the traditional monophyly often seen in Coelophysoidea.

## References

* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0941-z
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notatesseraeraptor
NHMUK PV OR 2482

The animals' claw amongst those of Iguanodon and Torvosaurus

NHMUK PV OR 2482 is an indeterminate genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in England during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

NHMUK PV OR 2482 is a claw tip partially embedded in sandstone. The claw presumably belonged to a large theropod. The fossil was originally part of Gideon Mantell's personal collection; dubbed the Mantell Collection. It was purchased from him in 1838.  As of now, the specimen is labelled as *Megalosaurus dunkeri*.

## References

1. ↑ Tweet by Marcos K. Pinheiro on Twitter, and associated thread.
2. ↑ https://twitter.com/MMarcosaurus/status/1322304100034379776
New British Iguanodontian

The New British Iguanodont is a species of Iguanodontian Ornithischian that lived in England during the Cretaceous.

## Description

The specimen was discovered by Joe Bonsor while doing his PHD on the Iguanodontians within the UK. He says that the specimen is, "quite complete, reasonably good quality skeleton. With lots of key features." However, Bonsor says that the new species is still tentative, and could be subject to change.

## References

https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5saWJzeW4uY29tLzI3NjY2Mi9yc3M/episode/N2Y1MDI0YjAtOWZhNS00YzY5LWFkMWItNDA4YTM2OTE1Yjkz?ep=14
Omnidens

Credit: Christain M. on Twitter.

*Omnidens* is an extinct genus of lobopods that lived in China during the Early/Middle Cambrian.

## Description

*Omnidens* has a history with paleontologists misinterpreting its remains as priapulid and anomocaridid. Several genera of lobopods closely relate to *Omnidens* have mouthparts which are nearly identical to the ones of *Omnidens*. *Omnidens* is the largest Cambrian animal known to date, and could have even rivalled predators such as some radiodonts, like *Anomalocaris*. *Omnidens* is only known from mouthparts, which formed short and muscular, possibly protrusible, pharynx, which was surrounded by spiny circles of sclerites. This formation is very similar to structures in priapulids, kinorhynchs and loriciferans. The inside of the pharynx was lined with a few rows of pharyngeal sclerites. *Omnidens* mouthparts were similar in appearance to those of *Pambdelurion*, which *Omnidens* was closely affiliated to.
Opisthomyzon

Credit: Marko Steffenson.

*Opisthomyzon* is an extinct genus of remora that lived in Switzerland during the Oligocene.

## Description

*Opisthomyzon* keeps features ancestral to the spiny dorsal fins in remora outgroups, and shows homology in the bones that make-up the adhesion disc. *Opisthomyzon* specimens indicate this disc originated postcranially, with other changes made later in remora history. Similar changes are observed in immature stages of modern remora. Such changes include: the pectination's origin, median fin spines that subdivides into paired lamellae, segment count increases and movement of the supracranial position in the disc.

## References

* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730593/
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=36103
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthomyzon
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098307
Murrayglossus

Credit: Peter Schouten.

*Murrayglossus*, also known as Hackett's giant echidna, is an extinct genus of echidna monotreme that lived in New Guinea during the Pleistocene.

## Description

*Murrayglossus* was one of the largest monotremes, likely weighting 30 kilograms in size. It was likely a climber, based on data from echidnas and observed adaptations. The genus was previously lumped into the extant genus *Zaglossus*, but a 2022 review found it was distinct enough to split into a new genus. It bore longer, straighter legs than it's relatives.

## Classification

Flannery et al. (2022) fill a 35 million-year gap by suggesting that echidnas evolved in Melanesia, maybe on the emerging Vogelkop landmass, then dispersing into Australia during the Plio-Pleistocene. They then refine Monotremata as including Teinolophidae (coined in the same paper), Kollikodontidae, Steropodontidae, Ornithorhynchidae and Tachyglossidae.

## Paleoecology

Augee (2006) speculates that the relatively disproportionate legs are an adaptation for moving across thick woods. Poor material, typically vertebrae and leg bones, are known from Mammoth Cave. This poor preservation has led to taxonomic confusion resolved by Flannery et al. (2022). Incision and burns on the recovered material suggests that the giant echidna were hunted by humans in occasion. Aboriginal rock art from Arnhem Land may either represent the giant echidna or the western long-beaked echidna.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrayglossus
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900
* https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/mar/27/australian-scientists-solve-mystery-of-moment-monotremes-migrated
Mithasaraikistan

Mithasaraikistan is a naked genus of mesoeucrocodilian that lived in Pakistan during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

It was assigned mithasaraikistanidae in 2021 by M. Sadiq Malkani. The genus was erected based on GSP/MSM-4-3 (snout) and GSP/MSM-139-3 (dentary ramus), found fragmentary in the same site.

## References

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353701905\_Formal\_description\_of\_poripuchian\_titanosaurs\_theropods\_mesoeucrocodiles\_pterosaur\_snake\_and\_bird\_from\_the\_latest\_Maastrichtian\_Vitakri\_Formation\_of\_Pakistan
Mysore iguanodont

The Mysore iguanodont is an unnamed, likely hoax, genus of iguanodont that lived in Mysore, India during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

Mentions of an iguanodont/ornithopod from southern India were reported upon by Narayan Rao and Sesachar (1927) and Molnar (1980). However, these claims have remained unconfirmed.

## References

* https://equatorialminnesota.blogspot.com/2015/09/where-are-they-now-1980s-dinosaur.html
* https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1031&context=ees\_papers
Pabwehshi

*Pabwehshi* is an extinct genus of mesoeucrocodilian that lived in Pakistan during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Pabwehshi* is based on rostrum GSP/MSM-6-3 (GSP-UM-2001), recovered from Topkinwa 16 type locality (latitude 29˚41'17"N; longitude 69˚24'00"E) or Barkhan district, Balochistan province, Pakistan. *Pabwehshi* was the first diagnostic crocodyliform of India. The anterior snout is foreshortened, having serrated and interlocking teeth that form a zig-zag cutting edge. The external nares are bordered ventrally and laterally by a prominent narial fossa, projecting anterolaterally.

## Classification

It was first placed into Baurusuchidae and found to be related to *Baurusuchus* and *Cynodontosuchus*. This would make it the first outside South America and would biogeographically link South America and Indo-Pakistan in the Cretaceous. The authors who named *Ogresuchus* included this taxon, finding it to be outside of Baurusuchidae. This would reevaluate the conclusions reached in 2001:

## References

* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353701905\_Formal\_description\_of\_poripuchian\_titanosaurs\_theropods\_mesoeucrocodiles\_pterosaur\_snake\_and\_bird\_from\_the\_latest\_Maastrichtian\_Vitakri\_Formation\_of\_Pakistan
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71975-y
* https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48662/ID529.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Ostrea

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Ostrea* is an extant genus of oyster that has lived worldwide since the Permian.

## Classification

*Ostrea* spans as far back as the Permian (259 million years ago), with fossil shells recovered worldwide. Over 150 extinct species are recorded.

## Ecology

Living *Ostrea* are edible, with *O. lurida* established by the Chumash people as a very popular food item via archeological digs.

## Species

* †*O. albertensis*
* *O. angasi*
* †*O. angulata*
* †*O. angusta*
* †*O. anomialis*
* †*O. antarctica*
* †*O. arenicola*
* *O. aupouria*
* †*O. beloiti*
* †*O. bicolor*
* †*O. blackensis*
* †*O. brongniarti*
* *O. californica*
* †*O. carolinensis*
* †*O. castellobrancoi*
* *O. chilensis*
* †*O. cochlear*
* †*O. compressirostra*
* *O. conchaphila*
* †*O. costaricensis*
* †*O. crenulimarginata*
* *O. cristata*
* †*O. cubitus*
* *O. cumingiana*
* †*O. cynthiae*
* †*O. democraciana*
* *O. denselamellosa*
* †*O. disparilis*
* †*O. dorsalis*
* *O. edulis* (Edible/Belon oyster)
* †*O. edwilsoni*
* †*O. eorivularis*
* *O. equestris* (Crested oyster)
* †*O. erici*
* *O. flavicans*
* †*O. forskali*
* †*O. fraasi*
* †O. frondosa
* †*O. gajensis*
* †*O. gingensis*
* *O. glabra*
* †*O. glandiformis*
* †*O. golfotristensis*
* †*O. haleyi*
* †*O. hippopus*
* †*O. hyotidoidea*
* †*O. imbricata*
* †*O. incisa*
* †*O. invalida*
* *O. iridescens*
* †*O. jogjacartensis*
* †*O. khamirensis*
* †*O. latimarginata*
* †*O. longirostris*
* †*O. ludensis*
* *O. lurida*
* †*O. lutaria*
* *O. maculosa*
* †*O. manubriata*
* †*O. marginidentata*
* †*O. matercula*
* †*O. mauricensis*
* *O. megadon*
* †*O. mesenterica*
* †*O. messor*
* †*O. minbuensis*
* †*O. minerensis*
* *O. minuta*
* †*O. miradorensis*
* †*O. monetalis*
* †*O. negritensis*
* *O. neostentina*
* †*O. normalis*
* *O. obliterata*
* †*O. pangadiensis*
* †*O. paracasensis*
* †*O. parasitica*
* †*O. paroxis*
* †*O. parrensis*
* †*O. pejerreyensis*
* *O. pellucens*
* *O. pesfelis*
* †*O. petrosa*
* †*O. peytoni*
* †*O. pileosimilis*
* *O. plicatula*
* †*O. portoricoensis*
* †*O. princeps*
* †*O. procyonis*
* †*O. prona*
* †*O. protoimbricata*
* †*O. pseudocrassissima*
* †*O. pseudodigitalina*
* †*O. pseudorissensis*
* †*O. pulaskensis*
* *O. radula*
* †O. raveneliana
* †*O. resupinata*
* *O. retusa*
* †*O. russelli*
* †*O. samanensis*
* *O. sanguinea*
* †*O. saxitoniana*
* †*O. seymourensis*
* †*O. soleniscus*
* *O. stentina*
* *O. striatula*
* †*O. sturtiana*
* †*O. subangulata*
* †*O. submissa*
* †*O. subradiosa*
* *O. superficialis*
* †*O. tacalensis*
* †*O. tayloriana*
* †*O. thalassoklusta*
* *O. tridacnaeformis*
* †*O. turkestanensis*
* †*O. uncinta*
* †*O. ungulata*
* †*O. ventilabrum*
* †*O. vestita*
* †*O. virginica*
* †*O. wiedenmayeri*
* †*O. wollastoni*
Myliobatis

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Myliobatis* is an extant genus of eagle rays that have lived since the Late Cretaceous worldwide.

## Species

* *M. aquila* (common eagle ray)
* *M. californica* (bat eagle ray)
* *M. chilensis* (Chilean eagle ray)
* *M. freminvillei* (bullnose eagle ray)
* *M. goodei* (southern eagle ray)
* *M. hamlyni* (purple eagle ray)
* *M. longirostris* (snouted eagle ray)
* *M. peruvianis* (Peruvian eagle ray)
* *M. ridens* (shortnose eagle ray)
* *M. tenuicaudatus* (Australian/New Zealand bull/eagle ray)
* *M. tobijei* (Japanese eagle ray)
* †*M. affinis*
* †*M. altus*
* †*M. arcuatus*
* †*M. bisulcus*
* †*M. bothriodon*
* †*M. dimorphus*
* †*M. dixoni*
* †*M. fastigiatus*
* †*M. faujasii*
* †*M. foxhillsensis*
* †*M. frangens*
* †*M. funiculatus*
* †*M. gigas*
* †*M. girondicus*
* †*M. holmesii*
* †*M. intermedius*
* †*M. kummeli*
* †*M. latidens*
* †*M. leognanensis*
* †*M. magister*
* †*M. merriami*
* †*M. microrhizus*
* †*M. monnieri*
* †*M. moorabbinensis*
* †*M. mordax*
* †*M. nzadinensis*
* †*M. oligocaena*
* †*M. pachyodon*
* †*M. pachyrhizodus*
* †*M. plicatilis*
* †*M. prenticei*
* †*M. raouxi*
* †*M. striatus*
* †*M. sulcidens*
* †*M. toliapicus*
* †*M. vicomicanus*
* †*M. llopisi*
* †*M. mokattamensis*

## Biology and Ecology

*Myliobatis* eats crustaceans, molluscs and fish. Females lay four to seven eggs after a six month gestation period. Individuals often live in shallow coastal waters, however, juveniles tend to go farther out in the ocean.

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=34741
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.nhbs.com/palaeontos-24-generic-assessment-and-reallocation-of-cenozoic-myliobatins-based-on-new-information-of-tooth-tooth-plate-and-caudal-spine-morphology-of-extant-taxa-book
3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myliobatis
4. ↑ https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Myliobatis-aquila.html
Paleohelcura

*Paleohelcura* is an extinct ichnogenus of insect that lived in Brazil from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

The fossils consist of staggering tracks. The animal was likely a Pterygote, and was capable of maneuvering the arid dunes of the desert. The tracks vary, some are tapered whereas others are circular. The producer may have been herbivorous, carnivorous, or detritivorous, depending on the situation.

## Paleoecology

*Paleohelcura* lived in the Botucatu paleodesert, an environment comprised of mainly detritivorous animals. *Paleohelcura* likely crafted burrows deep in sand dunes.
Passer

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Omnivorous

*Passer* is a genus of small sparrow that has lived worldwide since the Early Miocene.

## Species

* *P. ammodendri*
* *P. castanopterus*
* *P. cinnamomeus*
* *P. cordofanicus*
* *P. diffusus*
* *P. domesticus*
* *P. eminibey*
* *P. euchlorus*
* *P. flaveolus*
* *P. gongonensis*
* *P. griseus*
* *P. hemileucus*
* *P. hispaniolensis*
* *P. iagoensis*
* *P. insularis*
* *P. italiae*
* *P. luteus*
* *P. melanurus*
* *P. moabiticus*
* *P. montanus*
* *P. motitensis*
* †*P. predomesticus*
* *P. pyrrhonotus*
* *P. rufocinctus*
* *P. shelleyi*
* *P. simplex*
* *P. suahelicus*
* *P. swainsonii*
* *P. zarudnyi*

### Synonyms

* *Pyrgita*
* *Corospiza*
* *Auripasser*
* *Sorella*
* *Ammopasser*
Orsten Tardigrade

The Orsten Tardigrade is an unnamed genus of Stem-Tardigrades That lived in Siberia during the Cambrian.

## Description

This taxon was discovered in the Olenek Uplift on the delta of the Lena river. The specimen was preserved in Orseten style, where the outer body was phospatized, then dissolved out of its matrix. This method of preservation allows for minute details to be preserved and lets researchers study animals that would otherwise not preserve. Parasitism isn't common among modern Tardigrades, *Tetrakentron synaptae* feeds on the epidermal cells of Sea Cucumbers. This makes this specimen important in the development of Tardigrades as a whole, as well as parasitism.

## References

* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284341560\_'Orsten'\_type\_phosphatized\_soft-integument\_preservation\_and\_a\_new\_record\_from\_the\_Middle\_Cambrian\_Kuonamka\_Formation\_in\_Siberia
* https://bogleech.com/bio-tardigrada.html
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakentron\_synaptae
Palaeocharinus

*Palaeocharinus* is an extinct genus of arachnid that lived in Scotland during the Early Devonian.

## Description

*Palaeocharinus* is known from many fossil specimen, however among them is a specimen from Si02-rich volcanic waters, inundating the ecosystem the animal lived in. This specimen is semi-transparent, showing the arachnids internal systems, such as muscles and digestive organs.

## Paleobiology

*Palaeocharinus* ran down prey in its ecosystem (of which the insect was an apex predator), liquifying prey prey with digestive fluids and then sucking their husked-corpses.

## Classification

*Palaeocharinus* is a Trigonotarbid arachnid, a closely affiliated group to true spiders. The key difference between them is that *Palaeocharinus* lacked the ability to spin silk. Because this, it may be paraphyletic with spiders. *Palaeocharinus* was one of the first land animals

## Species

* *P. calmani*
* *P. hornei*
* *P. kidstoni*
* *P. rhyniensis*
* *P. scourfieldi*
* *P. tuberculatus*

## Gallery

### Reconstructions

A museum's model of Palaeocharinus.A model reconstruction of *Palaeocharinus*; as viewed from its underside.
### Fossils

The mummified specimen in an aquatic tomb.The setae and fangs of *Palaeocharinus.*The *Palaeocharinus* specimen; seen from its side.The tarsus of *Palaeocharinus'*s walking leg.A close up of the clawed foot of *Palaeocharinus*, showing bristles for detecting vibrations in the ground.Body of *P. tuberculatus* body.
## References

* https://twitter.com/RussellGarwood/status/1319586873405210625
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeocharinus
Palaeoplethodon

*Palaeoplethodon* is an extinct genus of plethodontid salamander that lived in the Dominican Republic during the Miocene.

## History

It was discovered from a juvenile specimen from the mountain range between Puerto Plata and Santiago from amber produced by *Hymenaea protera*. The holotype is missing the front left leg, implying a possible case of predation.

## Description

The forelimbs lack toes, instead having a complete webbing and small bumps. It likely lived in small trees and tropical flowers. It is yet unknown how this lineage survived and went extinct, as it was the first salamander from the Caribbean identified. They may have arrived by land bridge or rafting. It is possible that they went extinct due to climate change or extensive predation. They are likely stem-Bolitoglossini.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoplethodon
Ornithoprion

Credit: Gasmasque on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Ornithoprion* is an extinct genus of eugeneodonts that lived in North America during the Early Carboniferous.

## Description

*Ornithoprion* is known for their jaws, which have a curious shape. The bottom jaw is pointed and elongated. The top jaw hides the signature "tooth-whorl" of eugeneodonts.

## Classification

*Ornithoprion* is closely related to *Caseodus*. The discovery of *Ornithoprion* helped scientists notice that *Helicoprion* had a similar tooth-whorl on their mandibles.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithoprion
NHM symphasis

Credit: Hodarinundu

NHM symphasis is an unnamed, possibly dubious, genus of pliosaur that lived in Europe during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

The holotype specimen is housed at the Natural History Museum (NHM), and is a lower jaw symphasis, hence the nickname. According to a thesis written in 2009, this specimen likely ranged between 9.1-15.1 meters (30-50 feet) in length. This estimate is likely off, because of the remains incomplete nature. However, another study places this specimen into *Pliosaurus macromerus*, being 15.2-18.2 meters (50-60 feet) in length. This size is massive, and is also highly unlikely. The specimen was again referred to a different pliosaur, *Simolestes*. Since then, the specimen has been ruled a new species of pliosaur, or *Pliosaurus macromerus*.

## References

* https://ancient-life.quora.com/https-www-quora-com-What-was-the-largest-plesiosaur-found-in-the-fossil-records-answer-Nelson-Bass-Howell-1
Newtonsaurus

Newtonsaurus is a naked named genus of probable ceratosaurian dinosaur that lived in the United Kingdom during the Late Triassic.

## Description

It was informally erected to house *"Zanclodon" cambrensis*. It was discovered in the Lilstock Formation in 1898. Aside from the original designation, it was reclassified as *Megalosaurus* to avoid the taxonomic confusion *Zanclodon* brought. It was named from a dentary mold from the Rhaetian beds of Wales, being one of the few dinosaurs nearer to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Any combination aside from Newtonsaurus is preferred since its informal election in 1999.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs