recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Sparse graph

A **sparse graph** is a "graph in which the number of edges is much less than the possible number of edges".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "sparse graph", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2008. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/sparsegraph.html
PhosphoSitePlus

**PhosphoSitePlus** (**PSP**) is an "online systems biology resource providing comprehensive information and tools for the study of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation and methylation".

## References

1. ↑ *PhosphoSitePlus: A Resource for Protein Phosphorylation and Other Post-translational Modifications*. Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2015.
Monoclonal antibody

A **monoclonal antibody** is a "type of protein made in the laboratory that can bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells".

## References

1. ↑ "Definition of Monoclonal Antibody - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms." *National Cancer Institute*. National Institutes of Health (NIH), n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
Toxicogenomics

**Toxicogenomics** is the "application of genomic technologies (for example, genetics, genome sequence analysis, gene expression profiling, proteomics, metabolomics, and related approaches) to study the adverse effects of environmental and pharmaceutical chemicals on human health and the environment".

## References

1. ↑ National Research Council (US) Committee on Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology. *Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment*. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2007. 1, Introduction. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10209/
Yale Morph Server

The **Yale Morph Server** (sometimes simply referred to as the **Morph Server**) is a server which produces "2D and 3D animations of a plausible or semi-plausible pathway between two submitted protein subunit conformations".

## References

1. ↑ Krebs, Werner, Nat Echols, and Mark Gerstein. "The Yale Morph Server." *The Morph Server*. Yale School of Medicine, 7 Feb. 2003. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.
Sequence ID

A **sequence ID** (sometimes shortened to **seqID** or **SeqID**) is a sequence accession identifier, i.e. a "unique alphanumeric character string that unambiguously identifies a sequence record in a database".

## References

1. ↑ "Glossary:Sequence ID (SeqID)." *Mouse Genomic Informatics*. The Jackson Laboratory, 14 Oct. 2015. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
Prim-Jarnik algorithm

The **Prim-Jarnik algorithm** (sometimes referred to simply as **Prim's algorithm**) is an algorithm which "compute[s] a minimum spanning tree by beginning with any vertex as the current tree. [Then] at each step [it] add[s] a least edge between any vertex not in the tree and any vertex in the tree. [It then] continue[s] until all vertices have been added".

## External Links

* 4.3 Minimum Spanning Trees - Algorithms, 4th Edition
* LazyPrimMST.java
* Prim's Algorithm: Minimal Spanning Tree - YouTube
* PrimMST.java

## References

1. ↑ Joseph L. Ganley, "Prim-Jarnik algorithm", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2008. (accessed 15 November 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/primJarnik.html
Suicide inhibitor

A **suicide inhibitor** (also referred to as a **mechanism-based inhibitor** or a **suicide substrate**) is a "competitive inhibitor that is converted to an irreversible inhibitor at the active site of the enzyme".

## References

1. ↑ "Suicide inhibitor." *Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary*. 2012. Farlex 1 Nov. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Suicide+inhibitor>
UniProt

**UniProt** (the **Universal Protein Resource**) is a "comprehensive resource for protein sequence and annotation data. The UniProt databases are the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB), the UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef), and the UniProt Archive (UniParc)". ExPASy describes UniProt as the "central hub for the collection of functional information on proteins with accurate, consistent and rich annotation. It consists of: UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (manually-annotated records and curator-evaluated computational analysis) and UniProtKB/TrEMBL (computationally analyzed records awaiting manual annotation)."

## References

1. ↑ "About UniProt." UniProt. UniProt Consortium, 26 Mar. 2015. Web. 05 June 2015.
2. ↑ "Proteomics Databases." ExPASy: SIB Bioinformatics Resource Portal. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, n.d. Web. 05 June 2015.
Trypsin

**Trypsin** is a "proteolytic enzyme formed in the intestine by the cleavage of trypsinogen by enterokinase. It is an endopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptides of arginine or lysine".

## External Links

* Trypsin - RCSB Protein Data Bank
* Trypsin - Worthington Enzyme Manual

## References

1. ↑ "trypsin." *Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition*. 2003. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc 12 Oct. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/trypsin>
Weighted graph

A **weighted graph** or **edge-weighted graph** is a "graph having a weight, or number, associated with each edge. Some algorithms require all weights to be nonnegative, integral, positive, etc".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "weighted graph", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 27 December 2003. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/weightedGraph.html
Spanning tree

A **spanning tree** is a "connected, acyclic subgraph containing all the vertices of a graph".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "spanning tree", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 18 March 2005. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/spanningtree.html
Thanatomicrobiome

The **thanatomicrobiome** is the resultant microbiome following the death of the host organism.

## References

1. ↑ Can, Ismail, Gulnaz T. Javan, Alexander E. Pozhitkov, and Peter A. Noble. "Distinctive Thanatomicrobiome Signatures Found in the Blood and Internal Organs of Humans." *Journal of Microbiological Methods* 106 (2014): 1-7. Print.
2. ↑ Javan, Gulnaz T., Sheree J. Finley, Zain Abidin, and Jennifer G. Mulle. "The Thanatomicrobiome: A Missing Piece of the Microbial Puzzle of Death." *Frontiers in Microbiology* 7 (2016): n. pag. Print.
Stereoenzyme

A **stereoenzyme** or **stereo-enzyme** is an enzyme which is stereospecific.

## Further Reading

* Antohi, Stefan. "Polycation-Bacterium Interactions and Wall Subunits as Endocytosis Factors. Topoisomeraselike Action of Basic Polypeptides Suggesting a 7th Class of Enzymes: The Stereases." *Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung* C 37.10 (1982): 985-94. Print.
Stokes shift

**Stokes shift** (sometimes referred to as **Stokes' shift**) refers to the "difference (usually in frequency units) between the spectral positions of the band maxima (or the band origin) of the absorption and luminescence arising from the same electronic transition".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Urea

**Urea** is a "soluble weakly basic nitrogenous compound **CO(NH2)2** that is the chief solid component of mammalian urine and an end product of protein decomposition, is synthesized from carbon dioxide and ammonia, and is used especially in synthesis (as of resins and plastics) and in fertilizers and animal rations".

## References

1. ↑ "Urea." *Merriam-Webster*. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
System

A **system** (sometimes referred to as a **physical system**) is an "isolated collection of matter; all other matter in the universe apart from the system is called the surroundings".

## External Links

* phase | state of matter | Britannica.com

## References

1. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Translational medicine

**Translational medicine** (also referred to as **translational science**, **translational research**, **translational medical science**, **preclinical research**, **evidence-based research**, or **disease-targeted research**) is an "area of research that aims to improve human health and longevity by determining the relevance to human disease of novel discoveries in the biological sciences".

## External Links

* Institute for Translational Medicine - What is translational medicine?

## Further Reading

* Rubio, Doris McGartland et al. “Defining Translational Research: Implications for Training.” *Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges* 85.3 (2010): 470–475. *PMC*. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
* Wang, Xiangdong. "A New Vision of Definition, Commentary, and Understanding in Clinical and Translational Medicine." *Clinical and Translational Medicine* 1.1 (2012): 5. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "translational medicine". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 09 Oct. 2015
<http://www.britannica.com/topic/translational-medicine>.
Pigeonhole principle

The **pigeonhole principle** (also known as the **Dirichlet drawer principle**) is the "principle, that if a very large set of elements is partitioned into a small number of blocks, then at least one block contains a rather large number of elements".

## External Links

* A Course in Discrete Structures - Cornell University
* Proof Complexity of the Pigeonhole Principle

## References

1. ↑ "pigeonhole principle." *McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E*. 2003. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Oct. 2015 <http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/pigeonhole+principle>
Undirected graph

An **undirected graph** is a "graph whose edges are unordered pairs of vertices. That is, each edge connects two vertices".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "undirected graph", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 18 October 2007. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/undirectedGraph.html
Β-Lactamase

**β-Lactamase** (**beta-lactamase**; also referred to as **cephalosporinase**, **lactamase**, or **penicillinase**) is an "enzyme produced by many species of bacteria that disrupts the four-membered β-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporin groups of antibiotics, destroying their antimicrobial activity. The ability of an organism to produce a β-lactamase may be chromosomal and constitutive or a plasmid-associated acquired property".

## References

1. ↑ "Beta lactamase." *Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary*. 2012. Farlex 1 Nov. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Beta+lactamase>
Torch

**Torch** is a "scientific computer framework with wide support for machine learning algorithms that puts GPUs first". It is also the name of a Chromium-based web browser.

## References

1. ↑ Collobert, Ronan, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Clement Farabet. "Torch." *Torch*. Torch7, n.d. Web. 09 June 2016.
2. ↑ "About Us." *Torch Web Browser*. Torch Media Inc., n.d. Web. 09 June 2016.
Π bond

A **π bond** (sometimes stylized as **π-bond**) is a "cohesive interaction between two atoms and a pair of electrons that occupy an orbital located in two regions roughly parallel to the line determined by the two atoms".

## References

1. ↑ "pi bond". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 02 Sep. 2015
<http://www.britannica.com/science/pi-bond>.
Sudo

**sudo** (shortened from **superuser do**) is a command which "allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified in the sudoers file".

## External Links

* Linux 101: Introduction to Sudo
* Linux Commands For Beginners: SUDO | Linux Academy Blog
* Using sudo in Linux: a mini tutorial

## References

1. ↑ Shotts, William E., Jr. "Sudo." *LinuxCommand.org*. William Shotts, n.d. Web. 10 June 2015.
Life

**Life** is a "complex phenomenon that not only requires individual self-producing and self-sustaining systems but also a historical-collective organization of those individual systems, which brings about characteristic evolutionary dynamics".

## References

1. ↑ Ruiz-Mirazo, Kepa, Juli Peretó, and Alvaro Moreno. "A Universal Definition of Life: Autonomy and Open-Ended Evolution." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere* 34.3 (2004): 323-46. Print.
Stable

**Stable** refers to an "algorithm where the relative order upon input of items with equal keys is always preserved in the output".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "stable", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 16 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/stable.html
Paleoproteomics

## External Links

* Molecules Are Fossils, Too | NSF - National Science Foundation

## Further Reading

* Rabilloud, Thierry. "Paleoproteomics Explained to Youngsters: How Did the Wedding of Two-dimensional Electrophoresis and Protein Sequencing Spark Proteomics On: Let There Be Light." *Journal of Proteomics* 107 (2014): 5-12. Print.
* Maixner, Frank, Thorsten Overath, Dennis Linke, Marek Janko, Gea Guerriero, Bart H. J. Van Den Berg, Bjoern Stade, Petra Leidinger, Christina Backes, Marta Jaremek, Benny Kneissl, Benjamin Meder, Andre Franke, Eduard Egarter-Vigl, Eckart Meese, Andreas Schwarz, Andreas Tholey, Albert Zink, and Andreas Keller. "Paleoproteomic Study of the Iceman’s Brain Tissue." *Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences* 70.19 (2013): 3709-722. Print.
Statistical classification

**Statistical classification** (often referred to simply as **classification**) refers to a "set of discrete, exhaustive and mutually exclusive observations, which can be assigned to one or more variables to be measured in the collation and/or presentation of data". It may also more specifically refer to a "statistical method used to build predicative models to separate and classify new data points".

## References

1. ↑ "Classification Definition." *OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms*. OECD, 9 Apr. 2013. Web. 9 June 2016.
2. ↑ Kim, Minsoo. "Statistical Classification." (1940): 1-47. 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 9 June 2016.
Text mining

**Text mining** (sometimes referred to as **text data mining**) refers to the "process of parsing, filtering, categorizing, clustering, and analyzing [a] text to extract the relevance, usefulness, interestingness, and novelty of the text".

## Further Reading

* Kroeze, J. H., M. C. Matthee, and T. J. D. Bothma. "Differentiating between Data-mining and Text-mining Terminology." *South African Journal of Information Management* 6.4 (2004): n. pag. Print.
* Weiss, Sholom M., Nitin Indurkhya, Tong Zhang, and Fred J. Damerau. *Text Mining: Predictive Methods for Analyzing Unstructured Information*. New York City: Springer, 2005. Print.
* Witten, Ian H. *Text Mining*. Rep. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

## External Links

* Introduction to Text Mining
* What is Text Mining?

## References

1. ↑ Wang, John, ed. *Encyclopedia of Data Warehousing and Mining*. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 2008. Print.
SNP

A **single-nucleotide polymorphism** (**SNP**, pronounced "snip") is "single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in normal individuals in some population(s), wherein the least frequent allele has an abundance of 1% or greater".

## External Links

* What are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)? - Genetics Home Reference
* ROSALIND|Glossary|Single-nucleotide polymorphism
* single nucleotide polymorphism / SNP | Scitable

## References

1. ↑ Yu, Zhaoxia. "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Applications." *Computational and Statistical Approaches to Genomics*. By Rudy Guerra. Ed. Wei Zhang and Ilya Shmulevich. 2nd ed. New York City: Springer US, 2006. 310-11. Print.
2. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
MiRNA

An **miRNA** (**microRNA** or **micro RNA**) is one of a class of "naturally occurring, small non-coding RNA molecules, about 21–25 nucleotides in length".

## Further Readings

* Felekkis, K et al. “microRNAs: A Newly Described Class of Encoded Molecules That Play a Role in Health and Disease.” *Hippokratia* 14.4 (2010): 236–240. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "miRNA (microRNA) Introduction." *Sigma-Aldrich*. Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
Voltage-gated channel

A **voltage-gated channel** or **voltage-gated ion channel** is an ion channel that opens and closes in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane in which the channel is situated.

## Further Reading

* Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. *Neuroscience*. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10883/
Zellweger syndrome

**Zellweger syndrome** (**ZS** or **ZWS**, also referred to as **cerebrohepatorenal syndrome**, abbreviated as **CHR**) is an "autosomal recessive systemic disorder characterized clinically by severe neurologic dysfunction, craniofacial abnormalities, and liver dysfunction, and biochemically by the absence of peroxisomes".

## References

1. ↑ Stumpf, Anne M., Cassandra L. Kniffin, Ada Hamosh, Victor A. McKusick, Dawn Watkins-Chow, George E. Tiller, David Valle, and Orest Hurko. "PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER 1A (ZELLWEGER); PBD1A." *OMIM*. Johns Hopkins University, 4 Mar. 2015. Web. 29 June 2015.
SmPC

An **SmPC** (**Summary of Product Characteristics**, sometimes abbreviated as **SPC** or as **EU SPC**) is a legal document approved as part of the marketing authorization of each medicine in the European Union (EU).

## External Links

* European Medicines Agency - Product information - How to prepare and review a summary of product characteristics
Signature sequence

A **signature sequence** is an "insertion or deletion in the coding sequence of a gene which, because it is shared by phylogenetically distant species, is thought to be evolutionarily conserved and therefore can serve to trace evolutionary relationships of species".

## References

1. ↑ Gupta, Radhey S. "What Are Archaebacteria: Life's Third Domain or Monoderm Prokaryotes Related to Gram-positive Bacteria? A New Proposal for the Classification of Prokaryotic Organisms." *Molecular Microbiology* 29.3 (1998): 695-707. Print.
Subset sum problem

The **subset sum problem** (also referred to as the **given sum problem**) may refer to the "problem of finding what subset of a list of integers has a given sum, which is an integer relation problem where the relation coefficients *a**i* are 0 or 1".

It may also refer to the **same sum problem**, which is the "problem of finding a set of *n* distinct positive real numbers with as large a collection as possible of subsets with the same sum".

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weisstein, Eric W. "Subset Sum Problem." From *MathWorld*--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SubsetSumProblem.html
Software package

A **software package** (sometimes referred to simply as a **package** or erroneously as a computer package) may refer to either a "special method of distributing and installing software (or software upgrades) to a computer" or "multiple software programs that work together (or performs similar functions) and is bundled and sold together".

## References

1. ↑ Beal, Vangie. "Software Package." Webopedia. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 15 July 2015.
Translocation

In genetics, **translocation** refers to either the "transfer of a chromosomal segment to a new position, especially on a nonhomologous chromosome" or to a "chromosomal segment that is translocated".

In botany, **translocation** refers to the "movement of sap downward and upward within the phloem, bringing nutrients to all living parts of a plant".

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "translocation." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/translocation>
Unsupervised learning

**Unsupervised learning** (also referred to as **unsupervised machine learning**) is a "class of problems in which one seeks to determine how the data are organized. It is distinguished from supervised learning (and reinforcement learning) in that the learner is given only unlabeled examples".

## References

1. ↑ Hussain, Ibrar. "Clustering in Machine Learning." (n.d.): n. pag. 2011. Web. 9 June 2016.
Zootoxin

A **zootoxin** or **animal toxin** (also referred to as **animal poison**) is "a substance, resembling the bacterial toxins in its antigenic properties, found in the fluids of certain animals; for example, in snake venom, the secretions of poisonous insects, eel blood".

## References

1. ↑ *Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary* © Farlex 2012
X-ray crystallography

**X-ray crystallography** is a "technique that uses X-ray diffraction patterns to determine high-resolution, three-dimensional structures of molecules such as proteins, small organic molecules, and materials. The substance of interest must be in crystalline form, which typically requires testing various crystallization conditions".

## References

1. ↑ "X-ray Crystallography." *Nature.com*. Nature Publishing Group, 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
2. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Shortest path

**Shortest path** (also referred to as the **single-pair shortest-path problem** or simply as the **shortest-path problem**) is the "problem of finding the shortest path in a graph from one vertex to another. "Shortest" may be least number of edges, least total weight, etc.".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "shortest path", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 2 September 2014. (accessed 13 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/shortestpath.html
Weighted, directed graph

A **weighted, directed graph** is a "directed graph that has a weight, or numeric value, associated with each edge".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "weighted, directed graph", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 15 November 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/weightedDigraph.html
Transduction

**Transduction** (also referred to as **energy transduction**) refers to the "process of changing one energy form into another".

In cell signaling, **transduction** (more commonly referred to as **signal transduction**) refers to any "process which helps to produce biological responses to events in the environment or internal milieu".

In physiology, **transduction** (more commonly referred to as **sensory transduction**) refers to the "process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as light, taste, sound, touch or smell, into electric signals".

In microbiology and virology, **transduction** (also referred to as **genetic transduction**) refers to a "process of genetic recombination in bacteria in which genes from a host cell (a bacterium) are incorporated into the genome of a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage initiates another cycle of infection".

## External Links

* BTOL-Bioenergetics - Chapter One - 1. Thermodynamics of Energy Transduction in Biological Membranes
* GO:007165 signal transduction
* An Overview of Energy Transduction: Photosynthesis and Respiration
* Transduction - Sensory processing
* transduction (prokaryotes) | Learn Science at Scitable

## References

1. ↑ Popa, Radu. *Between Necessity and Probability: Searching for the Definition and Origin of Life*. Berlin: Springer, 2004. Print.
2. ↑ "Signal Transduction - Glossary Entry." *Genetics Home Reference*. National Institutes of Health (NIH), 7 Sept. 2015. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.
3. ↑ "Sensory Transduction." *UniProt*. UniProt Consortium, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.
4. ↑ "transduction". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 11 Sep. 2015
<http://www.britannica.com/science/transduction-microbiology>.
Unsolvable problem

An **unsolvable problem** is a "computational problem that cannot be solved by a Turing machine. The associated function is called an uncomputable function".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "unsolvable problem", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 13 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/unsolvableProblem.html
Separate chaining

**Separate chaining** (also known as **external chaining** or **closed addressing**) is a "scheme in which each position in the hash table has a list to handle collisions. Each position may be just a link to the list (direct chaining) or may be an item and a link, essentially, the head of a list. In the latter, one item is in the table, and other colliding items are in the list".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "separate chaining", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 3 November 2010. (accessed 12 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/separateChaining.html
SimShiftDB

**SimShiftDB** is a tool which "builds alignments between a query protein with unknown structure (for which chemical shifts for HA, H, N, CA, CB, or CO are available) and a database of template proteins whose 3D structure is known. The alignments are scored by an E-Value indication (similar to the E-Value calculated by BLAST)."

## References

1. ↑ "Search Tools." *Bioinformatics Toolkit*. Department of Protein Evolution at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 2015. Web. 09 June 2015.
Game Download

Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.square\_enix.kairisei\_MA

App Store: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/guai-li-xingmirionasa/id922871473?uo=8&at=10lqId

you can also use QooApp to download this game : http://apk.qoo-app.com/

- search Million Arthur (it usually in the front page)

- press the application icon

- press download
Structural genomics

**Structural genomics** is the "research program aiming at determination of a representative set of protein structures, with target selection and prioritization based on genome comparison".

## References

1. ↑ Koonin EV, Galperin MY. *Sequence - Evolution - Function: Computational Approaches in Comparative Genomics*. Boston: Kluwer Academic; 2003. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20257/
Systems Biology: Stochastic Processes and Biological Robustness

***Systems Biology: Stochastic Processes and Biological Robustness*** is an MIT OpenCourseWare seminar that discusses "some of the main themes that have arisen in the field of systems biology, including the concepts of robustness, stochastic cell-to-cell variability, and the evolution of molecular interactions within complex networks".

## References

1. ↑ "Systems Biology: Stochastic Processes and Biological Robustness." *MIT OpenCourseWare*. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 07 June 2015.
Sink

A **sink** is a "[[vertex of a directed graph with no outgoing edges. More formally, a vertex with with out-degree 0".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "sink", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 15 November 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/sink.html
Wilcoxon rank sum test

The **Wilcoxon rank sum test** (or **Wilcoxon rank-sum test**) is a "nonparametric alternative to the two-sample *t*-test".

## External Links

* 4.3 - Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test | STAT 464 - Applied Nonparametric Statistics
* The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test

## References

1. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test." From *MathWorld*--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/WilcoxonRankSumTest.html
The 1000 Genomes Selection Browser 1.0

### Original Paper Title

1000 Genomes Selection Browser 1.0: a genome browser dedicated to signatures of natural selection in modern humans

**The 1000 Genomes Selection Browser 1.0** is a "database of signatures of natural selection in the human genome".

## References

1. ↑ "Home." *The 1000 Genomes Selection Browser 1.0*. WordPress, n.d. Web. 9 Aug. 2016.
Sulfonylurea

**Sulfonylurea** or **sulphonylurea** refers to "any of a class of compounds that exert hypoglycemic activity by stimulating the islet tissue to secrete insulin; used to control hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who cannot be treated solely by diet and exercise. The class includes the oral hypoglycemic agents acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glipizide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide".

## References

1. ↑ "sulfonylurea." *Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition*. 2003. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc 17 Dec. 2015 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sulfonylurea
VigiBase

**VigiBase** is a WHO Global ICSR database which "consists of reports of adverse reactions received from member countries since 1968".

## Further Reading

* Lindquist, Marie. "VigiBase, the WHO Global ICSR Database System: Basic Facts." *Drug Information Journal* 42 (2008): 409-19. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "VigiBase®." *Uppsala Monitoring Centre*. Uppsala Monitoring Centre, 27 May 2015. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.
Source

The **source** may refer to a "vertex of a directed graph with no incoming edges. More formally, a vertex with in-degree 0". It may also refer to the "vertex from which an edge of a directed graph leaves".

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Paul E. Black, "source", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 15 November 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/source.html
Specific heat

**Specific heat** (sometimes referred to as the **specific heat capacity**) refers to the "amount of energy (in joules or calories) needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a pure substance by 1°C".

## References

1. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Virtuoso

**Virtuoso Universal Server** (often abbreviated as **Virtuoso**) is a "middleware and database engine hybrid that combines the functionality of a traditional RDBMS, ORDBMS, virtual database, Resource Description Framework (RDF), XML, free-text, Web Application Server, and File Server, into a single server product offering".

## References

1. ↑ "Virtuoso." *semanticweb.org.edu*. Semantic MediaWiki, 15 Apr. 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2015.
Translational research

**Translational research** is research which "fosters the multidirectional integration of basic research, patient-oriented research, and population-based research, with the long-term aim of improving the health of the public".

## References

1. ↑ Rubio, Doris McGartland et al. “Defining Translational Research: Implications for Training.” *Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges* 85.3 (2010): 470–475. PMC. Web. 17 Dec. 2015.
Well plate

A **well plate** (variously referred to as a **microtiter plate** or **microplate**) is a "rectangular plate or block containing multiple small wells or cavities, used for analysis, clinical testing, or culture".

## External Links

* Array Tape for Miniaturized Genotyping | GEN Magazine Articles | GEN
* Microtiter plate at UCSF?

## References

1. ↑ "Definition of Well Plate in English." *Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US)*. Oxford University Press, 2015. Web. 22 Sept. 2015.
Virtual machine

A **virtual machine** (**VM**) is a "self-contained operating environment that behaves as if it is a separate computer. For example, Java applets run in a Java virtual machine (VM) that has no access to the host operating system".

## References

1. ↑ Beal, Vangie. "What Is Virtual Machine?" *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 9 Aug. 2015.
Α

In enzymology, **α** (**alpha**) is a variable which "determines mechanism. Its value determines the degree to which the binding of inhibitor changes the affinity of the enzyme for substrate. Its value is always greater than zero. When Alpha=1, the inhibitor does not alter binding of substrate to the enzyme, and the mixed-model is identical to noncompetitive inhibition. When alpha is very large, binding of inhibitor prevents binding of the substrate and the mixed-model becomes identical to competitive inhibition. When Alpha is very small (but greater than zero), binding of the inhibitor enhances substrate binding to the enzyme, and the mixed model becomes nearly identical to an uncompetitive model". Alpha is equal to 1 + [I] / *K*I.

## References

1. ↑ "Equation: Mixed-model Inhibition." *GraphPad Curve Fitting Guide*. GraphPad Software, Inc., 2005. Web. 01 Nov. 2015.
Serpin

**Serpin** refers to any member of a "superfamily of inhibitors of serine endopeptidase (serine proteinase), found in plasma and tissues; all are similarly structured single-chain glycoproteins although each one acts specifically on particular endopeptidases".

## References

1. ↑ "serpin." *Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition*. 2003. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc 1 Nov. 2015 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/serpin
Stochastic neural network

A **stochastic neural network** (sometimes referred to as a **stochastic feedforward neural network**) is a type of recurrent neural network that can be expressed as the neural network that is built by introducing random variations into the network.

## References

1. ↑ Samli, Ruya. "Stochastic Neural Networks and Their Solutions to Optimization Problems." *International Journal of Electronics, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering* 2.3 (2012): 293-97. Print.
Veterinary science

**Veterinary science** or **veterinary medicine** refers to the "branch of medicine that deals with the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals, especially domestic animals".

## References

1. ↑ "Veterinary Science." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Veterinary+Science>
Twister ribozyme

The **twister ribozyme** is a class of the nucleolytic ribozyme which exhibits activity both *in vitro* and *in vivo* whose distribution and activity suggest a role in genetic control.

## External Links

* Crystal structure and mechanistic investigation of the twister ribozyme
* High-throughput assay and engineering of self-cleaving ribozymes by sequencing
* Twister: A new ribozyme class identified|Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
* A widespread self-cleaving ribozyme class is revealed by bioinformatics
Standard output

**Standard output** (often abbreviated as **stdout** or **STDOUT**) are the "standardized streams of data that are produced by command line programs (i.e., all-text mode programs) in Linux and other Unix-like operating systems".

## Perl

Standard output is "written as STDOUT within Perl programs. Any output generated by a plain old print statement in your Perl program goes to STDOUT".

## External Links

* Standard output, standard error and command line redirection
* What are standard input and standard output?

## References

1. ↑ "Standard Output Definition." *The Linux Information Project (LINFO)*. The Linux Information Project, 02 April 2007. Web. 16 June 2015.
2. ↑ Gossland, Michael. "Writing Standard Output." *Mike Gossland’s Perl Tutorial Course for Windows*. Michael Gossland and Associates, 2015. Web. 16 June 2015.
Zymogen

A **zymogen** or **proenzyme** is an "inactive precursor that is converted into an active enzyme by action of an acid or another enzyme or by other means".

## References

1. ↑ "zymogen." *Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition*. 2003. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc 1 Nov. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/zymogen>
Statistics and R for the Life Sciences

***Statistics and R for the Life Sciences*** is a HarvardX course which serves as an "introduction to basic statistical concepts and R programming skills necessary for analyzing data in the life sciences".

## References

1. ↑ "Statistics and R for the Life Sciences." *ISCB*. International Society for Computational Biology, Inc., 15 Jan. 2011. Web. 08 June 2015.
Statistics

**Statistics** is the "science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling, and communicating uncertainty; and it thereby provides the navigation essential for controlling the course of scientific and societal advances".

## References

1. ↑ "What Is Statistics?" *American Statistical Association (ASA)*. American Statistical Association, 2015. Web. 06 June 2015.
TRI reagent

**TRI reagent** or **TRIzol** is a chemical solution used in RNA, DNA and protein extraction. It is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate.

## External Links

* MSDS for TRIzol Reagent - CellBiology
* Tri Reagent for DNA, RNA and Protein Isolation | Sigma-Aldrich
* TRIzol Reagent - Thermo Fisher Scientific

## Further Reading

* Rio, D. C., M. Ares, G. J. Hannon, and T. W. Nilsen. "Purification of RNA Using TRIzol (TRI Reagent)." *Cold Spring Harbor Protocols* 2010.6 (2010): n. pag. Print.
Θ

**Θ** or **theta** (also referred to as **big theta**) is a "theoretical measure of the execution of an algorithm, usually the time or memory needed, given the problem size n, which is usually the number of items".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "Θ", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2012. (accessed 06 September 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/bigOnotation.html
Tree of Life Web Project

The **Tree of Life Web Project** (**ToL**) is a "collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world. On more than 10,000 World Wide Web pages, the project provides information about biodiversity, the characteristics of different groups of organisms, and their evolutionary history (phylogeny)".

## References

1. ↑ "Tree of Life Web Project." *Tree of Life Web Project*. Tree of Life Web Project, 2005. Web. 07 June 2015.
Thermodynamic hypothesis

## External Links

* The Christian B. Anfinsen Papers: Protein Folding and the Thermodynamic Hypothesis, 1950-1962
* Mechanisms of protein folding

## Further Reading

* Ben-Naim, Arieh. "Pitfalls in Anfinsen’s Thermodynamic Hypothesis." *Chemical Physics Letters* 511.1-3 (2011): 126-28. Print.
* Kresge, Nicole, Robert D. Simoni, and Robert L. Hill. "The Thermodynamic Hypothesis of Protein Folding: The Work of Christian Anfinsen." *The Journal of Biological Chemistry* 281 (2006): E11. Print.
Spliceomics

**Spliceomics** refers to the "study of the spliceome, the totality of the alternative splicing protein isoforms".

## Further Reading

* Barh, Debmalya, Vasudeo Zambare, and Vasco Azevedo, eds. *Omics: Applications in Biomedical, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences*. Boca Raton: CRC, 2013. Print.

## References

1. ↑ Lee, Jae K., ed. *Statistical Bioinformatics: A Guide for Life and Biomedical Science Researchers*. Hoboken: Wiley, 2010. Print.
Trypanosome

**Trypanosome** refers to "any of various parasitic flagellate protozoans of the genus ***Trypanosoma***, transmitted to the vertebrate bloodstream, lymph, and spinal fluid by certain insects and often causing diseases such as sleeping sickness and nagana".

## References

1. ↑ "trypanosome." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 Nov. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trypanosome>
Sequencing coverage

**Sequencing coverage** (sometimes referred to simply as **coverage**) refers to the "average number of reads that align to, or "cover," known reference bases".

## Further Reading

* Sims, David, Ian Sudbery, Nicholas E. Ilott, Andreas Heger, and Chris P. Ponting. "Sequencing Depth and Coverage: Key Considerations in Genomic Analyses." *Nature Reviews Genetics* 15.2 (2014): 121-32. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "Sequencing Coverage for NGS Experiments." *Illumina*. Illumina, Inc., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2015.
UMLS Metathesaurus

The **UMLS Metathesaurus** is a "large, multi-purpose, and multi-lingual thesaurus that contains millions of biomedical and health related concepts, their synonymous names, and their relationships".

## References

1. ↑ "UMLS Metathesaurus Fact Sheet." *U.S. National Library of Medicine*. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2015.
Transposon

A **transposon** is a "discrete DNA sequence that transposes blocks of genetic material back and forth within a bacterial cell from the chromosome to plasmids or bacteriophage particles, by which the material may be transferred to another cell".

## References

1. ↑ "Transposons." *Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition*. 2003. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc 23 Oct. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Transposons>
Solvent flattening

**Solvent flattening** is "essentially an iterative method for maximizing a likelihood function which consists of (i) experimental phase information and (ii) information on the likelihood of various arrangements of electron density in a map".

## References

1. ↑ Terwilliger, Thomas C. “Reciprocal-Space Solvent Flattening.” *Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography* 55.Pt 11 (1999): 1863–1871. PMC. Web. 5 Oct. 2015.
UTR

**UTR** (**untranslated region**) refers to one of two sections found on each side of the coding sequence on a strand of mRNA: either the 5'UTR or 3'UTR (being on the 5' and 3' sides of the mRNA, respectively).

## Further Reading

* Mignone, Flavio et al. “Untranslated Regions of mRNAs.” *Genome Biology* 3.3 (2002): reviews0004.1–reviews0004.10. Print.
Stochastic process

A **stochastic process** (often referred to as a **random process**) is a probability process; that is, any process in nature whose evolution can be analyzed successfully in terms of probability. Essentially, it is a collection of random variables indexed by time.

## References

1. ↑ Doob, J. L. "What Is a Stochastic Process?" *The American Mathematical Monthly* 49.10 (1942): 648-53. Print.
2. ↑ Kozdron, Michael. "Definition and Characteristics of a Stochastic Process." *Stochastic Processes: Basic Theory and Its Applications* (2007): 19-27. *University of Regina Department of Mathematics and Statistics*. University of Regina, 13 Apr. 2006. Web. 9 June 2016.
Β-barrel

A **β-barrel** (**beta-barrel**) is a "protein structural motif consisting of antiparallel beta strands that form a hydrophobic protein core with a large beta-sheet that twists and coils, resulting in a closed structure in which the first strand is hydrogen bonded to the last".

## Further Reading

* Liu, Wei-Min. "Shear Numbers of Protein β-barrels: Definition Refinements and Statistics." *Journal of Molecular Biology* 275.4 (1998): 541-45. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "Beta-barrel." *Segen's Medical Dictionary*. 2011. Farlex, Inc. 4 Oct. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Beta-barrel>
Supervised learning

**Supervised learning** (also referred to as **supervised machine learning**) is the "search for algorithms that reason from externally supplied instances to produce general hypotheses, which then make predictions about future instances".

## External Links

* Supervised Learning - Stanford University | Coursera

## References

1. ↑ Kotsiantis, S. B. "Supervised Machine Learning: A Review of Classification Techniques." *Informatica* 31 (2007): 249-68. Print.
UCSF Chimera

**UCSF Chimera** (usually referred to simply as **Chimera**) is a "highly extensible program for interactive visualization and analysis of molecular structures and related data, including density maps, supramolecular assemblies, sequence alignments, docking results, trajectories, and conformational ensembles".

## References

1. ↑ "UCSF Chimera Home Page." *UCSF Chimera*. Regents of the University of California, n.d. Web. 05 June 2015.
PCR

**Polymerase chain reaction** (**PCR**; sometimes referred to informally as "**molecular photocopying**") is a "laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA".

## External Links

* PCR Fact Sheet
* Polymerase chain reaction - Glossary Entry - Genetics Home Reference

## References

1. ↑ "Polymerase Chain Reaction / PCR | Learn Science at Scitable." *Nature.com*. Nature Publishing Group, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2015.
Standard free-energy change

The **standard free-energy change** (**Δ*G*°**) is the "free-energy change for a reaction occurring under a set of standard conditions: temperature, 298 K; pressure: 1 atm or 101.3 kPa; and all solutes at 1 M concentration".

## References

1. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Batman Museum

* Description
* Museum Features
* Museum Merchandise
The **Batman Museum** used to be owned by the city of Gotham City, but has since been turned into a non-profit organization after the city attempted to shut it down in the past. Donations and the gift shop is what keeps it operational as a historical monument to the heroic sacerfices of the past and present by Gothamite heroes.

**TBD**

**TBD**
3D Boss Guide

The current boss for the ps4 has three points of attack on him. When he gets to attack for his first turn he will attack physically on the left side. The best thing to do is decrease his physical damage with any character you can or raise your own teams defense and brace yourself for a high damage hit. After his first turn attack he will raise his own stats up so try to keep up with taking them down while he increases his to prevent getting one hit killed by the boss. The next turn he gets to attack is that on the right point on the boss. He starts out with a physical attack again but soon alternates to using magical damage. The magical damage he does seems pretty weak but the attack will lower your magical defense and will add up on damage since he attacks multiple times with magic. To prevent this just lower his magic attack down and each hit will only hit for a couple hundred damage. He will repeat with these to barrage of attacks and stat increases so if you don't take him down fast enough his stats will raise high. If you take down on of the bosses left or right target it will move to the center which is the actual boss. An example is that if you destroy the right side hell start using the middle point for the magical damage and is same the other way around. Just focus on taking his stats down to sustain his damage and hit him with a lot of light damage to have the increase weakness damage