recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Knap of Howar

The **Knap of Howar** on the island of Papa Westray in Orkney, Scotland is a Neolithic farmstead which may be the oldest preserved stone house in northern Europe. Radiocarbon dating shows that it was occupied from 3700 BC to 2800 BC, earlier than the similar houses in the settlement at Skara Brae on the Orkney Mainland.

## The site

The farmstead consists of two adjacent rounded rectangular thick-walled buildings with very low doorways facing the sea. The larger and older structure is linked by a low passageway to the other building, which has been interpreted as a workshop or a second house. They were constructed on an earlier midden, and were surrounded by midden material which has protected them. There are no windows; the structures were presumably lit by fire, with a hole in the roof to let out smoke. Though they now stand close to the shore, they would have originally lain inland. The shore shows how the local stone splits into thin slabs, giving a ready source of construction material.

The walls still stand to an eaves height of 5 ft 3 in (1.6 meters), and the stone furniture is intact giving a vivid impression of life in the house. Fireplaces, partition screens, beds and storage shelves are almost intact, and post holes were found indicating the roof structure.

Evidence from the middens shows that the inhabitants were keeping cattle, sheep and pigs, cultivating barley and wheat and gathering shellfish as well as fishing for species which have to be line caught using boats.

Finds of finely-made and decorated Unstan ware pottery link the inhabitants to chambered cairn tombs nearby and to sites far afield including Balbridie and Eilean Domhnuill.
The name Howar is believed to be derived from Old Norse word *haugr* meaning mounds or barrows. The site is in the care of Historic Scotland.

## Notes

1. ↑ "Knap of Howar" Historic Scotland. Retrieved 23 Sept 2011.
2. ↑ Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 40.
3. ↑ Broch of Burrian Archaeology (The Papar Project)

## References

* Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) *Orkney: A Historical Guide*. Edinburgh. Birlinn.

## Other sources

* *Scotland Before History* - Stuart Piggott, (Edinburgh University Press. 1982)
* *Scotland's Hidden History* - Ian Armit, Tempus (in association with Historic Scotland. 1998)
* *The Other Orkney Book* - Gordon Thomson, (Northabout Publishing. 1980)
* "The Knap of Howar and the Origins of Geometry" - by Nicholas Cope & Keith Critchlow (Kairos publications 2016). - www.ncope.co.uk

## External links

* Orkneyjar - The Knap o' Howar
* Knap of Howar, Papa Westray.
Ushiberd

**Ushiberd** (Armenian: Ուշիբերդ) is an Iron Age fortress located upon a hill just outside the village of Ushi in the Aragatsotn Province, Armenia. It has almost completely collapsed except for portions of the walls that
 once surrounded the fortress, located around the edge of the hill
before it descends. Within the area that was once the interior of the
fortress are large piles of large stones that once made up the
fortification walls and structures within. Just below the hill is Saint Sargis Monastery
 of the 7th–13th centuries. It sits at the far side of what was once a
settlement site from the 3rd–1st millennia BC. Nearby, down the main
road that leads back into Ushi from the monastery and fortress, is a
small chapel from the 10th century.
Facade

A **facade** (also **façade**) is generally one exterior side of a building, usually the front. It is a foreign loan word from the French *façade*, which means "frontage" or "face".

In architecture, the facade of a building is often the most important aspect from a design standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the building. From the engineering perspective of a building, the facade is also of great importance due to its impact on energy efficiency. For historical facades, many local zoning regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even forbid their alteration.

## Etymology

The word comes from the French foreign loan word *façade*, which in turn comes from the Italian *facciata*, from *faccia* meaning face, ultimately from post-classical Latin *facia*. The earliest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is 1656.

## Facades added to earlier buildings

It was quite common in the Georgian period for existing houses in English towns to be given a fashionable new facade. For example, in the city of Bath, The Bunch of Grapes in Westgate Street appears to be a Georgian building, but the appearance is only skin deep and some of the interior rooms still have Jacobean plasterwork ceilings.

This new construction has happened also in other places: in Santiago de Compostela the 3-metres-deep Casa do Cabido was built to match the architectural order of the square, and the main Churrigueresque facade of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, facing the Praza do Obradoiro, is actually encasing and concealing the older Portico of Glory.

## Notes

1. ↑ Boswell, Keith. "Exterior Building Enclosures". John Wiley & sons, Inc, 2013, p. 11
2. ↑ Jean Manco. Bath's lost era, "Bath and the Great Rebuilding", Bath History vol. 4, (Bath 1992). First published in Bath City Life Summer 1992. Retrieved 22 June 2010

## References

* *Façades: Principles of Construction*. By Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann Klein, Marcel Bilow and Thomas Auer. Boston/Basel/Berlin: Birkhaüser-Verlag, 2007. ISBN 978-3-7643-7961-2 (German) ISBN 978-3-7643-7962-9 (English)
* Giving buildings an illusion of grandeur
Neoclassicism

**Neoclassicism** is the name given to Western movements
 in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theater, music, and
architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture
of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism was born in Rome in the mid-18th century, at the time of the rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum, but its popularity spread all over Europe as a generation of European art students finished their Grand Tour and returned from Italy to their home countries with newly rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals. The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, laterally competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th and up to the 21st century.

Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles, and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio.

In form, neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition.

In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is usually referred to as *Classicism* (German: *Klassizismus*), while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical.
House of Aliaga

The **House of Aliaga** is located in the Historic Centre of Lima, Peru. The house was constructed in 1535 on a pre-Columbian sanctuary.
It was constructed on the date, that is shared with that of the
foundation of the city, it has been inhabited permanently by the
descendants of the first proprietor, Jerónimo de Aliaga, standard-bearer
 and exchequer for Francisco Pizarro.
This home is the oldest mansion of the city and faces the Government Palace,
 former seat of Pizarro's rule, in a lateral street.
Their halls, extensive and luxurious and their inner patio, have all the
 characteristics of the most important mansions of the historical center
 of Lima of the viceroyalty time.
Given the perfect state of conservation, in special circumstances, this
mansion often hosts certain cultural events. The mansion, still a
private home, can be visited by pre-arrangement with an entry fee of
approximately $11 US.
Diana Fortress

The **Diana Fortress** (Serbian: Тврђава Диана, Tvrđava Diana) is a Roman *castrum* built in 100-101 AD, located in Kladovo, in eastern Serbia.

It is located on cliffs of the Đerdap, above the Danube,[1]
 in the Karataš archaeological site near Kladovo. The main buildings
were built on a strategic location overlooking the Danube frontier with
stone in 100 AD during the reign of Roman Emperor Trajan,[2]
 who had a military camp located at the vicinity. Further modifications
were made at the end of the 3rd and beginning of the 4th century when
additional towers were added towards the river for extra defence towards
 the Danube shores. At the mid 4th century the fort was damaged by the
invading Huns and in 530 AD rebuilt by Emperor Justinian.

## Findings and Recognitions

Besides the military buildings, a sacrificial necropolis and civilian
 settlement is located within the walls. Items such as various daily
tools, marble and bronze sculptures were found.

In 1983, Diana Fortress was added to the Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance list, protected by Republic of Serbia.
Stari Ras

**Ras** (Serbian Cyrillic: Рас; Latin: *Arsa*), known in modern Serbian historiography as **Stari Ras** (Serbian Cyrillic: Стари Рас, meaning **Old Ras**), is a medieval fortress located in the vicinity of former market-place of *Staro Trgovište*, some 11 km west of modern day city of Novi Pazar in Serbia.

Old Ras was one of the first capitals of the medieval Serbian state of Raška,
 and the most important one for quite a long period of time. Located in
today's region of Raška, the city was positioned in the center of the
early medieval state. It was founded before 9th century and was deserted
 sometime in the 13th century. Its favorable position in the area known
as Old Serbia, along the Raška gorge, on the crossroads and trading routes between neighbouring regions of Zeta and Bosnia in the west and Kosovo and Metohija in the south added to its importance as a city.

Today the fortress of Arsa lies in mostly unenclosed and unprotected
ruins. However, there are plans for future reconstruction of the site.
In the close vicinity of Arsa there is impressive group of medieval
monuments consisting of fortresses, old market-places, churches and
monasteries. Serbian medieval Monastery of Sopoćani near Arsa is a reminder of the contacts between Western world and the Byzantine world. The site of Stari Ras, in combination with the nearby Monastery of Sopoćani, is already a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and Stari Ras monastery (12th century) is being reconstructed and it
too may be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List with the site.
Stari Ras and Sopoćani World Heritage site is not far from another
UNESCO World Heritage Site of Serbia, the magnificent medieval monastery
 and churches of Studenica. The 6th century Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul is one of the oldest early medieval churches in Serbia.
Stari Ras was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia.
Alsop House

The **Alsop House** is a Late Victorian style house built in the 1900s. The house is located on 333 W. 9th Street in the historic district of Fourth Ward, Charlotte, North Carolina. The house has been used as a multi-family apartment residence and a single family home. It was also abandoned for a period of time. In 2001, the home was renovated, retaining the high ceilings, decorative millwork, and open floor plan. A garden was added to the rear in 2013.
UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a
 specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. Its declared
purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and
cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter.
Isaac Morrill House

**Isaac Morrill House** 48 Portsmouth Road Amesbury, Massachusetts 01913

Early New England home built around 1680 by Isaac Morrill.

Isaac was the son of the first settler Abraham Morrill. Abraham arrived in Massachusetts Bay Colony
 September 16, 1632 on the ship the Lyon. Captain William Pierce was
the Captain of the Lyon ship. Isaac followed in his father's footsteps
as a blacksmith making weapons for the army and doing great metal work
for different properties and buildings. Isaac was born July 10, 1646. In
 the year 1670 on November 14 Issac married Phoebe Gill.

The Isaac Morrill House is located across the street from the training field. In 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington,
 reviewed the troops in the training field directly across the street
from the Isaac Morrill House. The training field is where the militia
trained for the French and Indian Wars, also for the revolution War of 1812.
 Portsmouth Road was the main road between all of the towns North along
the sea and of Massachusetts. Isaac and his father Abraham were members
of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts.
Bootlegger House

The **Bootlegger House** is an Eastlake cottage in the historic Fourth Ward of Charlotte, NC that was built in 1894. It is one of several restored 19th- and early 20th-century houses in the Fourth Ward.

The Bootlegger House is so named due to the hidden area under the foyer stairs behind the wainscoting from when the house was used as a bootlegger house during Prohibition.

The house was originally on Caldwell Street, in a neighborhood called "Little Brooklyn". In the 1970s, the city planned to tear the house down to make room for a new government center. Michael Trent purchased the house for $50 (it is worth over $600,000 today) and paid to have it moved to its current location on N Poplar St. Some stoplights had to be temporarily removed on Tryon Street in order to make room for the house to pass.

While the house has been restored and renovated, it retains all its original moldings, mantles, heart pine floors and doors, and hand blown glass windows. Most of the heart pine siding is also original.

The house is rumored to be haunted by mischievous ghosts. Residents have reported occurrences such as mysterious footsteps and seeing footprints, faucets turning on, and doors locking and opening on their own.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Friends of the Fourth Ward. "History of Fourth Ward". Retrieved October 17, 2018.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mary Gross. "Is the Bootlegger House the most haunted house in Charlotte?". *Charlotte Agenda*. October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
Sorrel-Weed House

The **Sorrel-Weed House**, or the **Francis Sorrel House** is a historic landmark and museum in Savannah, Georgia. It represents one of the finest examples of Greek Revival and Regency architecture in Savannah and was one of the first two homes in Georgia to be made into a State Landmark in 1954. The Sorrel-Weed House was first opened to the public in January 1940 by the Society for the Preservation of Savannah Landmarks. The opening scene of the 1994 film *Forrest Gump* was filmed from the rooftop of the Sorrel–Weed house and is a popular tourist stop.

The Sorrel–Weed House has a reputation for being one of the most haunted buildings in Savannah. TAPS investigated the house during a special 2005 Halloween Special episode of *Ghost Hunters*. The house was also featured on HGTV's "If Walls Could Talk" in March 2006. The *Ghost Adventures* crew also investigated it in 2014. The house was featured on the Travel Channel's " The Most Terrifying Places in America" in 2010.

## History

Famous Georgia architect Charles B. Cluskey designed the Sorrel-Weed house for Francis Sorrel, a wealthy shipping merchant. In 1859, prominent Savannah businessman, Henry D. Weed made a purchase agreement. Weed took possession of the house in 1862 and it remained in the Weed family until 1914.
Fourth Ward, Charlotte

**Fourth Ward** is one of the historic four wards of Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. The Fourth Ward is bordered by Trade Street, the Tryon Street business and entertainment district, and the historical Elmwood Cemetery. The neighborhood is home to several 19th- and early 20th-century houses, the most famous of which is the Torrance House (often called the Pink House).

## History

Charlotte was divided into four political wards in the mid-1830s. The Fourth Ward was the northwest of these quadrants. In the 1800s, it was a prosperous and affluent neighborhood. However, by the early 1900s, the expansion of the trolley beyond uptown Charlotte made neighborhoods such as Dillworth more popular with affluent Charlotteans. By the mid-1900s, the neighborhood had fallen out of favor with the Charlotte elite.

In the mid-1970s, the neighborhood was gentrified, and today, it is once more an active affluent community where contemporary luxury condominiums stand alongside authentic Queen Anne and Victorian style houses.

## Notable houses in the Fourth Ward

The Fourth Ward contains many houses from the 1800s and 1900s. Several of these are notable due to their prominence, or their official status as historic.

* Overcarsh House (Queen Anne style, 1879)
* Berryhill House (Victorian Italianate style, 1884)
* Sloan-Davidson House (Folk Victorian style, 1820)
* Lyles-Sims House (Modified Queen Anne style, 1867)
* Torrance House (Queen Anne style, 1906)
* Bootlegger House (Eastlake Cottage style, 1894)
* Young-Morrison House (Queen Anne style with Italianate details, 1885)
* Liddell-McNinch House (Queen Anne Shingle style, 1890)

## See Also

* Houses in Charlotte's Fourth Ward district
John Rankin House (Ripley, Ohio)

The **John Rankin House** is a historic house museum at 6152 Rankin Hill Road in Ripley, Ohio. Built in 1828, it was home to Presbyterian abolitionist John Rankin, and was one of the original stops on the Underground Railroad. Harriet Beecher Stowe's visit to Rankin provided some of the story that became *Uncle Tom's Cabin*. The house was acquired by the State of Ohio in 1938 and is now operated by the Ohio History Connection and opened for tours. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997.

## Description and history

The John Rankin House occupies a prominent position on a hill overlooking the town of Ripley and the Ohio River. It is set on about 20 acres (8.1 ha), accessed via a drive and visitors center off Rankin Hill Road (County Road 556). The house is a modest 1-1/2 story brick structure, with a side-facing gabled roof. The main facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sash windows in rectangular openings. The entry is sheltered by a portico with a shallow-pitch gable roof and square posts. The interior follows a typical center hall plan, with four rooms on the ground floor and two small bedrooms in the attic level. The interior retains original features and finishes, including wide floor boards and carved fireplace surrounds.

The house was built in 1828 by the abolitionist Presbyterian minister John Rankin, and it is where he raised a large family. It also became a significant stopping point for fugitive slaves who had crossed the river from Kentucky, a slave state, often under guidance from a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad. Rankin is estimated to have assisted in securing the freedom of more than 2,000 slaves, often at great personal risk. The house was often under surveillance by slave catchers, and some slave owners had placed a price on his head. The Rankins sold the house after the American Civil War, and it was purchased by the state in 1938 for use as a historic site.

## See also

* John P. Parker House, owned by another conductor on the Underground Railroad in Ripley

## External links

* Ohio History Connection
* Ripley Ohio Historic Buildings
* Aboard the Underground Railroad National Park Service
* Historic American Buildings Survey
List of historic houses

## Australia

* Elizabeth Farm
* Woodlands, Marburg
* Monte Cristo Homestead

## United Kingdom

* Ashintully Castle
* Knap of Howar
* Red House, London

## United States

* List of historic houses in California
* List of historic houses in Georgia (U.S. state)
* List of historic houses in Kentucky
* List of historic houses in North Carolina
* List of historic houses in Massachusetts
* List of historic houses in Ohio
* List of historic houses in South Carolina
Borda House

The **Borda House** in Mexico City originally belonged to the Frenchman Joseph de Laborde, one of the wealthiest men in New Spain in the 1700s. The house's name comes from 'la Borda', the Spanish variation of Laborde's surname. Laborde commissioned the famous architect Francisco Guerrero y Torres to build the house as a gift for his wife Teresa Verdugo y Aragonés. The original house encompassed the entire city block and had various inner courtyards and an ironwork balcony all the way around the building.

## References

1. ↑ Borda House. Retrieved on October 27, 2018.
Hatley Castle

In 1906, B.C.'s Lieutenant Governor, James Dunsmuir, who was of Scottish descent, purchased the property. He and his wife Laura commissioned the renowned Canadian architect Samuel Maclure to build a 40-room mansion in the Scottish baronial style; the Tudor revival style was popular in the Edwardian period. The Dunsmuirs created many beautiful formal gardens using the services of renowned American garden designers Franklin Brett and George D. Hall of Boston, Massachusetts. The Dunsmuirs named their estate "Hatley Park", in the tradition of British and European private estates. The castle became a landmark and was occupied by descendants of the Dunsmuir family until the last years of the Great Depression.

Following the death of Laura Dunsmuir in 1937 the estate was sold to the Government of Canada in 1939. The government sold off some of the land and during five days in June 1939, "Maynard & Sons" conducted a public auction of the mansion's contents totaling 927 lots. In 2008, the 100th anniversary of Hatley Castle was celebrated.

A Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaque reads:

> Hatley Park. This superb example of an Edwardian park was laid out for James and Laura Dunsmuir in the early 20th century. At its centre stands a Tudor Revival mansion, whose picturesque design is enhanced by a rich array of decoration and fine craftmanship. The grounds, featuring a variety of native and exotic vegetation, unfold from formal gardens to recreational spaces, farmlands and forests. Acquired by the Canadian armed forces in 1940, Hatley Park evolved to meet the needs of Royal Roads Military College in a manner that has preserved its essential Edwardian character.
>
>

The Royal Roads Military College band consisting of 15 pipers and drummers and 30 brass-and-reed musician recorded an LP in 1983–1984. Petty Officer First Class Gabby R. Bruner, RRMC bandmaster from 1979 to 1985, composed "Hatley Park" as the official quick march for the RRMC and "Dunsmuir Castle" for the Visit of Queen Elizabeth to RRMC in 1983.

## Rumors and legends

Hatley Castle is rumored to be haunted. Students at Royal Roads Military College reported sensations of being wrapped in freezing cobwebs, and seeing Laura Dunsmuir standing beside their beds or pulling on their blankeds at night. They also reported seeing a young woman walking the castle halls, or crying in a room and then floating out a window toward the sea.

Castle visitors have also reported seeing James Dunsmuir and James Dunsmuir Junior's ghosts, hearing the song "Where Is My Wandering Boy Tonight?" playing from the commandant's office, hearing pots and pans banging, and seeing a white figure moving through the building.

## References

1. ↑ "Residence of James Dunsmuir, British Columbia, Architect: Samuel MacLure.". *Construction (Toronto)* (Victoria) **9** (7): 214. July 1916.
2. ↑ "Maynard & Sons Auction at Hatley Park", DS Space
3. ↑ RRMC band Archived 2012-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Haunted Hatley Castle". http://exemplore.com/paranormal/Haunted-Hatley-Castle
5. ↑ "15 Haunted Places in Victoria". http://www.bcmag.ca/15-haunted-places-in-victoria/
Eave

The **eaves** are the edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and, normally, project beyond the side of a building. The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be highly decorated as part of an architectural style, such as the Chinese dougong bracket systems.

## Etymology and usage

*Eaves* is derived from Old English *efes* meaning *edge*. According to the *Oxford English Dictionary*, *eaves* is both the singular and plural form of the word. However, the Merriam-Webster website lists the word as *eave* and states that it is "usually used in plural". The word was used before the 12th century in the form *efes* (Old English).

## Function

The primary function of the eaves is to keep rain water off the walls and to prevent the ingress of water at the junction where the roof meets the wall. The eaves may also protect a pathway around the building from the rain, prevent erosion of the footings, and reduce splatter on the wall from rain as it hits the ground.

The secondary function is to control solar penetration as a form of passive solar building design; the eaves overhang can be designed to adjust the building's solar gain to suit the local climate, the latitude and orientation of the building.

The eaves overhang may also shelter openings to ventilate the roof space.

## Design

Aesthetic, traditional or purely decorative considerations may prevail over the strictly functional requirements of the eaves. The Arts and Crafts Movement influenced the American Craftsman tradition, which has very wide eaves with decorative brackets, for which there is not necessarily a real functional need; likewise the Italian style eaves, shown above.

The eaves may terminate in a fascia, a board running the length of the eaves under the tiles or roof sheets to cap off and protect the exposed rafter ends and to provide grounds on which to fix gutters. At the gables the eaves may extend beyond the gable end wall by projecting the purlins and are usually capped off by bargeboards to protect the wall and the purlin ends.

The underside of the eaves may be filled with a horizontal soffit fixed at right angles to the wall, the soffit may be decorative but it also has the function of sealing the gap between the rafters from vermin and weather.

Eaves must be designed for local wind speeds as the overhang can significantly increase the wind loading on the roof.

The line on the ground under the outer edge of the eaves is the eavesdrip, or dripline, and in typical building planning regulations defines the extent of the building and cannot oversail the property boundary.

## See also

* Chhajja
* Eavesdrip
* Lookout
* Rainhead
* Soffit

## References

1. ↑ Eaves. def. 1a. *Oxford English Dictionary* Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
2. ↑ Eave. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 20 June 2014.
3. ↑ "HOME CLINIC; Making Eaves Inspection a Routine", 26 November 2000. Retrieved on 17 May 2011.
4. ↑ "Certain Home Shapes And Roofs Hold Up Best In Hurricane Says NJIT Professor", 20 June 2007. Retrieved on 17 May 2011.
Hall and parlor house

A **hall and parlor house** is a type of vernacular house found in early modern to 19th century England, as well as in colonial North America. It is presumed to have been the model on which other North American house types have been developed, such as the Cape Cod house, Saltbox, and Central-passage house, and in turn influenced the somewhat later I-house. In England it had been a more modest development from the medieval hall house.

## Origins and features

The hall-and-parlor style entails a rectangular, two-room configuration. The style began in early modern England, where it was often a timber-framed structure. Many could not afford a large house; however, putting up a wall in the only room created a smaller area in the rear of the house, called a parlor. This was the private room, and usually contained a bed. In early examples, the house is one room wide and two deep. The two adjoining rooms are connected by an interior door. An exterior door leads to the hall, the larger of the two rooms and the one in the front of the house. Behind the hall is the parlor. The hall may have been used for cooking, while the parlor was the general living space and bedroom.

In colonial America, hall and parlor houses were two rooms wide and one deep. They were often one and a half stories tall, with a steeply pitched side-gabled roof. The style was at one time so ubiquitous that it was known colloquially as the 'Virginia style'. In the southern colonies, there were usually flush or exterior gable-end chimneys on one or both sides of the house. Northern examples often featured a central chimney. The houses were most often of wood-frame construction on a brick or stone foundation, but sometimes the entire structure was masonry. The windows were often asymmetrically placed. The larger hall was the general-purpose room and, if a loft existed, contained a stairway or ladder to it. The parlor was the smaller of the two rooms and more private. It was commonly used for sleeping.

The central-passage house, also known as the hall-passage-parlor house, is believed by architectural historians to have developed out of the earlier hall and parlor house-type. In fact, many examples are known where an earlier hall and parlor house had an additional wall added inside the larger hall room to form a central-passage house.

## Examples

The hall and parlor style was common in early 19th-century construction in Williamson County, Tennessee, including the John Pope House, Samuel Crockett House, John Neely House, and John Crafton House.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Hall-and-Parlor or Hall-and-Chamber House in *American houses: a field guide to the architecture of the home* by Gerald L. Foster
2. ↑ An entry to history in *Vernacular architecture* by Henry H. Glassie
3. ↑ Period I: The Walking City. *St. Louis Heritage*. Retrieved on 2010-01-07.
4. ↑ Clifton Coxe Ellis. Early Vernacular Plan Houses. *The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture*. Retrieved on 2010-01-07.
Song Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai

The **Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence** (Chinese: 宋庆龄故居), located at 1843 Middle Huaihai Road, is the former residence of Soong Ching-ling (wife of Sun Yat-sen and later Vice-President and Honorary President of the People's Republic of China) in Shanghai, China, from 1948 to 1963. It is in the west part of the former Shanghai French Concession area and was built in the 1920s by a Greek shipping magnate.

It covers a land area of 46,640 sq ft (4,333 sq m), and comprises a white three-story building with front and back yards.[citation needed]

## History

After the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Soong Ching-ling donated her residence, located at 29 rue Molière (present-day Xiangshan Road), to the government of the Republic of China as a memorial to her deceased husband, President Sun Yat-sen.[citation needed] In return，the government conferred this house on her. In spring 1949, Soong moved from 45 Jingjiang Road to this residence, where she soon witnessed the capture of Shanghai by the Communist Party of China.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Soong served in several prominent positions in the central government, including Vice-President of China, that her residence in Shanghai became an important working space. In the house, Song met not only senior CPC leaders, including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yi and Deng Yingchao, but also foreign statesmen, such as Sukarno, Kim Il Sung, Kliment Voroshilov, U Nu, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Sirimavo Bandaranaike.

From April 1963, due to her work, Soong spent most of her time in Beijing, and only returned to Shanghai for occasional stays and holidays. On December 31 1978, Song returned to Shanghai for the Spring Festival and stayed there until the end of February 1979. This was her last stay in Shanghai.

Soong died in Beijing on May 29, 1981. Her house in Shanghai was refurbished and opened to a limited circle in October. On October 22 of that year, the memorial residence was accredited with being a Shanghai Municipal Preserved Cultural Relic by the city government. It was opened to the public in May 1988, and became one of patriotic education sites in Shanghai. On June 25 2001, Song's memorial residence became a National Key Preserved Cultural Relic honored by the State Council.[citation needed]

## Collection

The residence hosts a collection of over 15,000 of Song' items.[citation needed] Among them, there are pictures, letters, Song's college diploma, collected books, daily utensils, presents from state activities, and also some articles belonging to her relatives. In addition, there are the seals of Sun Yat-sen, preserved by Song after many troubles.

## See also

* Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling (Beijing)
* Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen, Shanghai

## References

1. ↑ Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence. *China Travel Compass*. Retrieved on 24 September 2013.

## External links

* Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai website (in Chinese)
* Song Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai, YouTube
Former Residence of Sun-Yat-Sen (Shanghai)

The **Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen** (Chinese: 上海中山故居), located at 7 Xiangshan Road (aka *Rue Molière*) in the French Concession area of Shanghai, China, near Fuxing Park to the east, was the residence of the Chinese revolutionary Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925).

Sun Yat-sen lived in this house from 1918 with his wife Soong Ching-ling. After his death, Sun's wife continued to live here until 1937. There is now an exhibition centre presenting Sun Yat-sen's life, together with some artifacts and a statue of Sun Yat-sen outside.

## See also

* Sun Yat Sen Memorial House, Macau
* Song Ching Ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai
* Former Residence of Zhou Enlai in Shanghai (to the south)

## References

1. ↑ Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved on 15 March 2013.
Bracket

A **bracket** is an architectural element: a structural or decorative member. It can be made of wood, stone, plaster, metal, or other mediums. It projects from a wall, usually to carry weight and sometimes to "...strengthen an angle". A corbel and console are types of brackets.

## Uses

Brackets can support many architectural items, including a wall, balcony, parapets, eaves, the spring of an arch, beams, pergola roof, window box, or a shelf. The term is also used to describe a shelf designed to hold a statue.

In adjustable shelving systems, the bracket may be in two parts, with the load-bearing horizontal support fitting into a wall-mounted slotted vertical metal strip.

Brackets also are an element in the systems used to mount modern facade cladding systems onto the outside of contemporary buildings, as well as interior panels.

Architectural sculptures

Brackets are often in the form of architectural sculptures with reliefs of objects and scrolls. Depending on their material, decorated ones can be carved, cast, or molded. They can be of cast stone or resin-foam materials with faux finishes for use on new buildings in historic revival styles of architecture.

Some brackets and corbels are only ornamental, and serve no actual supporting purpose.

## See also

* Corbel
* Dougong, wooden brackets commonly found in East Asian architecture

## References

1. ↑ Bracket | Definition of Bracket by Merriam-Webster.
2. ↑ Brass,Bronze,Iron Hand rail Brackets.
3. ↑ *Oxford English Dictionary* Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0). Oxford University Press; 2009
4. ↑ bracket. britannica.com.
Julia F.D. Palmer

**Julia Fraysee DeLeGal Palmer** (March 23, 1841 - July 8, 1938), was the primary caretaker of the Palmer House from the late 1880s until her death in 1938.

## Early life and marriages

She was born Julia Fraysee in Walterboro, South Carolina to John A. Fraysee and Catherine Stevens Fraysee. Her father was a French postmaster.

 In 1860, she married Colonel Edward Wentworth DeLegal, Jr, a prominent Georgia plantation owner. They had six children: Katherine, Thomas, Julia Florence, Edward, Jane, Fraysee, and Isabel. In the years following their marriage, Colonel DeLegal continued to exploit and profit off the labor of enslaved Africans on his Delta Plantation until his death in 1876.

 In 1884, Julia DeLegal married Dr. Johnson Sheredan Palmer of Loudoun County, Virginia. However, three years later, in 1887, Dr. Palmer passed away, and Julia Palmer moved to Darien with her children.

## The Palmer House

Due to her difficult financial situation, Palmer accepted a live-in position at a Darien boarding house owned by the Wilcox family. Under Palmer's care, the building became the most popular boarding house in the town. Locals and boarders begin referring to the building as the Palmer House.

 During the Darien & Western railroad's short period of operation, the hotel industry begin to thrive in Darien. The Palmer House was by far the most prominent hotel in the town.

In 1911, Edytha Wilcox, the boarding house's owner, sold the house to the town physician, Dr. P.S. Clark, and two months later, Dr. Clark sold the property to Augustus Moultrie Quarterman, the husband of Palmer's daughter Julia Florence. Around this time, the building was renamed the Palmer Hotel. Julia Florence Quarterman became the boarding house's proprietor until she passed away in 1918, and her children, Edward and Florence Quarterman, assumed ownership.

 After Julia Florence Quarterman passed away, Julia Palmer's other daugher Jane Woodward and her family moved into the boarding house to assist with the house's operations.

 On July 8, 1938, Julia Palmer passed away at age 97, and her family closed the boarding house to the public shortly after.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Julia Fraysse DeLeGalPalmer". Retrieved October 17, 2018.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "The Palmer House". Retrieved October 17, 2018.
Lou Kau Mansion

盧家大屋

The **Lou Kau Mansion** (Chinese: 盧家大屋; Portuguese: *Casa de Lou Kau*) is a historical house in Sé, Macau, China.

## History

The building was built around 1889 as a home of Lou Kau, a prominent Chinese merchant. The building has been listed as part of the historic center of Macau and a protected property in 1992. In 2002, the Macau Bureau of Culture started the maintenance for the building and was eventually opened to the public in 2005.

## Architecture

The building was built with Portuguese decoration and Chinese architecture style. The blue-bricked building consists of two-story. It has also three courtyards.

## Activities

The building regularly hosts small-scale concerts of the Macau Chinese Orchestra.

## Opening time

The building opens during the weekends and public holiday from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. free of charge.

## References

1. ↑ Lou Kau Mansion, Casa de Lou Kau, Macau. Retrieved on 21 October 2016.
2. ↑ Lou Kau Mansion - macau.com. Retrieved on 21 October 2016.
3. ↑ Planet, Lonely. Lou Kau Mansion - Lonely Planet. Retrieved on 21 October 2016.
4. ↑ Lou Kau Mansion Macao, Macao Attraction. Retrieved on 21 October 2016.
Owens-Thomas House

The **Owens–Thomas House & Slave Quarters** is a historic home in Savannah, Georgia that is operated as a historic house museum by Telfair Museums. It is located at 124 Abercorn Street, on the northeast corner of Oglethorpe Square. The Owens–Thomas House & Slave Quarters was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, as one of the nation's finest examples of English Regency architecture.

## Architectural style and house history

This most important and architecturally significant house was begun in 1816 and completed in 1819. Designed by the English architect William Jay of Bath, the house plans were drawn while Jay was still in England. He sent architectural elevations to local workers before his arrival in Savannah sometime after foundations were laid. According to Jay's letters, the house was to be aesthetically compatible to Bath, England. This is evident in the Bath stone of the house's construction as well as its sophisticated architectural detail. It was a gentrifying physical ornament to the newly successful Southern port. The Richardson House, as it was originally known after its first owner and builder, is North America's preeminent example of period English Regency architecture. The mansion was purchased in 1830 by local attorney and politician George Welshman Owens for $10,000. The family maintained it for several decades until Owens' granddaughter, Margaret Thomas, bequeathed the house to the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences (established in 1885) as the South's oldest art museum, in 1951. The house is notable for its early cast iron side veranda with elaborate acanthus scroll supports on which the Marquis de Lafayette addressed the citizens of Savannah on his visit in 1825. William Jay was architect to other Savannah landmarks such as the Scarborough house, the Telfair House as mentioned above, and an attribution to the Gordon-Low House.

Apart from the main house there is a carriage house, which also functioned as slave quarters. The ceiling of the slave quarters is painted haint blue, which was customarily used in Gullah culture to deter ghosts or other malevolent spirits.

## Museum

The Owens–Thomas House collection contains furnishings and decorative arts from the English Regency period; containing effects of the Owens family, most pieces dating from the years 1790 to 1840. Collections include English Georgian and American Federal period furniture, early Savannah textiles, silver, Chinese Export porcelain, and 18th- and 19th-century art. The slave quarters feature slave artifacts of the period. The courtyard features a small parterre garden.

## Footnotes

1. ↑ Owens–Thomas House, Telfair Museum of Art Website.
2. ↑ http://www.telfair.org/buildings/ot\_house\_collec.asp Collection

## External links

* www.telfair.org Official web site
* Owens–Thomas House – Telfair Museum of Art
* Owens–Thomas House historical marker
Morgan House, Kalimpong

**Morgan House Kalimpong** or **Morgan House** is a British colonial mansion built by English jute baron Mr. George Morgan in the 1930s on the hill station of Kalimpong, Kalimpong district, West Bengal. Today, the mansion is a hotel managed by West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation (WBTDC). Earlier this property was also known as Singamari Tourist Lodge or Durpin Tourist Lodge.

## Location

Morgan House is built on a sixteen acre estate atop the mountain of Durpindara. It is situated three kilometers off the center of Kalimpong town and has a clear view of the Kangchenjunga mountain range. The mansion and the estate is surrounded by the Kalimpong Cantonment area and overlooks the valleys of Relli, Kapher, Deolo and Labha in various directions.

Morgan House is 75 km from Siliguri, 52 km from Darjeeling and 75 km from Gangtok by road. Nearest railway station is in New Jalpaiguri and nearest airport is in Pakyong.

## History

Morgan house is a British colonial mansion built in the early 1930s. The building was to commemorate the wedding of an indigo plantation owner with a jute baron Mr George Morgan.

The property was used as a summer retreat and elaborate parties were hosted. It passed into the hands of trustees after Mr and Mrs Morgan died without heir. It was further handed over to the government of India post Indian independence. During 1962, after then prime minister Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru was taken ill, plans were made to convert this house into a government rest house.

However, due to Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru's sudden demise, this plan was abandoned. In 1965 it was handed to the tourism department and in 1975 it was finally handed over to West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation. Since then it has been a boutique hotel open to tourists.

## Popular culture

Indian actors and celebrities such as Uttam Kumar, Supriya, Kishore Kumar, Amit Kumar, Leena Chandavarkar, Nargis, Sunil Dutt and Om Prakash have stayed in this lodge and their testimonials can be seen framed in the lounge. Actor Utpal Dutt was also a regular visitor. American ambassador in India Chester Bowles stayed here.

This lodge is also considered to be haunted and has been featured in several lists of haunted lodges and hotels.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Next weekend you can be at ... Morgan House", *The Telegraph*.
2. ↑ Feature.
3. ↑ India Mourning Nehru, 74, Dead of a Heart Attack; World Leaders Honor Him.
4. ↑ The Telegraph - North Bengal & Sikkim.
5. ↑ Kumar, S. Morgan House, Kalimpong Sightseeing Places – Haunted House in Kalimpong.
6. ↑ "Dare to stay at these haunted hotels of India?".
7. ↑ 7 Haunted Hotels of India and Spooky Stories Behind Them - Holidify (en-US).

## External links

* https://www.wbtdcl.com/home/lodge\_search?Lodge\_id=OA&Lodge\_destinationName=Mw
* https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040330/asp/siliguri/story\_3051029.asp
* https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130901/jsp/calcutta/story\_17297672.jsp
* http://kaluk.in/wbtdc\_kalimpong\_morgan\_house.html
Balcony

A **balcony** is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor.

## Types

The traditional Maltese balcony is a wooden closed balcony projecting from a wall.

By contrast, a 'Juliet balcony' does not protrude out of the building. It is usually part of an upper floor, with a balustrade only at the front, like a small Loggia. Modern Juliet balconies often involve a metal barrier placed in front of a high window which can be opened.

Juliet balconies are named after Shakespeare's Juliet, who, in traditional stagings of the play *Romeo and Juliet*, is courted by Romeo while she is on her balcony—though the play itself, as written, makes no mention of a balcony, but only of a window at which Juliet appears. Various types of balcony have been used in depicting this famous scene; however the 'balcony of Juliet' at Villa Capuleti in Verona is not a 'Juliet balcony', as it does indeed protrude from the wall of the villa (see photograph below). The Julian Balcony is a slightly larger version of the well-known Juliet Balcony, protruding slightly from the wall, unlike the smaller Juliet balcony, and spanning at least two windows rather than one; this variation was made famous by Julian Assange's numerous addresses to the press from his refuge in the Embassy of Ecuador, London.

## Functions

Sometimes balconies are adapted for ceremonial purposes, e.g. that of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome, when the newly elected pope gives his blessing *urbi et orbi* after the conclave. Inside churches, balconies are sometimes provided for the singers, and in banqueting halls and the like for the musicians.

A unit with a regular balcony will have doors that open up onto a small patio with railings, a small Patio garden or Skyrise greenery. A French balcony is actually a false balcony, with doors that open to a railing with a view of the courtyard or the surrounding scenery below.

In theatres, the *balcony* was formerly a stage-box, but the name is now usually confined to the part of the auditorium above the dress circle and below the gallery.

Balconies are part of the sculptural shape of the building allowing for irregular facades without the cost of irregular internal structures.

## See also

* Porch
* Verandah

## References

1. ↑ https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/julians-balcony-scene-deserves-only-catcalls-670zwm2nq3p
2. ↑ "The rise of the balcony", *The Globe and Mail*, 16 August 2017. Retrieved on 19 August 2017.
Morrison-Lawry House

The **Morrison-Lawry House** is a Queen Anne style house in Charlotte, North Carolina's Fourth Ward district. It was built in the 1900s, and has a variety of window shapes that are both etched and stained. It is an example of one of the earliest forms of mass production: balloon framing. There is a storage closet inside built for apple storage, and the closet retains the smell of apples to this day.