recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
György Litván

From the longer English and Hungarian Wikipedia pages.

Doctor György Litván (February 19, 1929 in Budapest – November 8, 2006 in Budapest) was a Hungarian historian, politician, political activist and Senior Official during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.

Between 1947 and 1956 he was a member of The Hungarian Communist Party and then, for a short time, he joined the underground Hungarian Democratic Party, where he was quite involved in teaching party politics. In 1954 he joined the opposition Hungarian Democratic Party of Imre Nagy.

On 23 March 1956, at the party's meeting in the 13th District of Budapest, he was the first person to openly demand that Mátyás Rákosi be removed from power. He was very involved in the work of the Petofi Circle, a literary discussion group of young communists, and during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 he was a member of 12th District's National Council of Intellectuals of the Hungarian Revolutionary Council. After the revolution was defeated he was instrumental in the founding of The Hungarian Democratic Independence Movement, and shortly thereafter he was sentenced in 1959 by The Supreme People's court to six years imprisonment without the possibility of parole for his part in the distribution of a political pamphlet.

In 1962 he was released from prison and between 1963 and 1971 he worked again as a high school teacher and high school library librarian, whereafter he was offered a minor job at as a Historian at the Hungarian Science Academy's Institute of Historical Research. In 1973 he established himself as a serious Historical Researcher with the publication of his first book titled "The First Workshop of Hungarian Sociology".

In 1988 he became a member of the Council for Restitution of Historic Crimes and was a founding member of the Hungarian liberal party The Alliance of Free Democrats SZDSZ. From 1995 to 1999 he taught at the Institute of Sociology of the University of Budapest (ELTE) and was also President of the Austro-Hungarian Action Foundation.

After the change of regime in Hungary in 1989 he won various academic prizes. His specific areas of interest were concerning the social and political attitudes and movements of the early 20th Century in Hungary, the political, diplomatic and military factors that led to The Treaty of Trianon (which annexed large portions of Hungary to neighboring countries), as well as the general history of the world since World War Two.
László Rajk

László Rajk (March 8, 1909 – October 15, 1949) was a Hungarian Communist politician, who served as Minister of Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was an important organizer of the Hungarian Communists' power (for example, organized the State Protection Authority (ÁVH)), but he eventually fell victim to Rákosi's show trials, probably, apart from the Communist parties' endemic power struggles, because he was a homegrown Communist, as opposed to the Stalin-backed Matyas Rákosi.

The Rajk trial marked the beginning of the anti-Titoist drive movement of Joseph Stalin. His trial also marked the beginning of the removal of all political parties in Hungary. The purges, however, left the economy in a truly disastrous state whereby a lack of capital inflow doomed the building projects that were underway. Also, a vast number of the intelligentsia were then employed on the sort of manual labouring duties usually reserved for skilled professionals. The result left the country with an inadequate infrastructure and unsatisfactorily manufactured goods. The government was also using too many men to search for spies within the country and not enough to perform the productive work to sustain the economy.

Dissatisfaction with Rákosi's rule began to surface and, on 28 March 1956, after a number of vast demonstrations, Rajk was rehabilitated. The rehabilitation speech, even though it was not publicized, had vast consequences for Rákosi, who had used the Rajk guilt as an explanation for the other purges that followed. Now that he had to admit that he was, indeed, wrong, it would end up ruining Rákosi's rightful authority.

The people then began to speak out against Rákosi, saying that he had lost their trust. Lászlo Rajk was then reburied, before 100,000 mourners, on October 6, 1956, along with two other men who lost their lives during the purges. (This was a precursor to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, which began on 23 October.)

The only lingering question from the Rajk trial was who was to be held responsible for the activities for the late 1940s and early 1950s. Many victims have yet to have been identified following the purges, including those who lost their government positions merely because they were thought to pose a threat to Rákosi's reign of power.

More information on the English and Hungarian Wikipedia pages.
Mihály Farkas

From the English Wikipedia page [1].

Mihály Farkas (born Hermann Lőwy; 18 July 1904 – 6 December 1965) was a Hungarian Jewish Communist politician.

He was Minister of National Defence from 9 September 1948 to 2 July 1953. He was one of the main instigators during the Rákosi era. In 1956 he was expelled from the party and convicted. He was released from prison in 1961 and spent his last years working as an editor in Budapest, where he died in 1965. His son Vladimir (Hungarian Wikipedia page [2] and Russian Wikipedia page [3]) was a colonel of security police during the Rákosi regime.

More information on the Hungarian and Russian Wikipedia pages.
András Hegedüs

András Hegedüs (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɒndraːʃ ˈhɛɡɛdyːʃ]; 31 October 1922 – 23 October 1999) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1955 to 1956. He fled to the Soviet Union on 28 October, the fifth day of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, but returned in 1958 and taught sociology.

From the early 1950s he took on numerous ministerial portfolios and served as Prime Minister from 18 April 1955 to 24 October 1956.

After signing the document asking Soviet troops for assistance during the revolution on 24 October, the government and people overwhelmingly supported him handing power to Imre Nagy. He became the most hated man in Hungary and was advised to flee by Soviet ambassador Yuri Andropov to the Soviet Union along with other Hungarian hardliners such as Ernő Gerő. In Moscow, he worked as part of the philosophy department at the Soviet Academy of Sciences between 1957 and 1958. In the November 1956 the interim committee of the Communist party shut him out of the party but by September 1958 he was able to return home.

In 1968 he objected to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia during the Prague Spring. He was dismissed from his position at the Sociology Research Institute and later in 1973 was shut out of the Communist Party for his differing political and ideological views. He became a pensioner from 1975 to 1982 when he was allowed to teach at the Economics University.

More information on the English and Hungarian Wikipedia pages.

Obituaries here [1] and [2].
István Bibó

István Bibó (7 August 1911, Budapest – 10 May 1979, Budapest) was a Hungarian lawyer, civil servant, politician and political theorist. During the Hungarian Revolution he acted as the Minister of State for the Hungarian National Government. When the Soviets invaded to crush the rebellious government, he was the last Minister left at his post in the Hungarian Parliament Building in Budapest. Rather than evacuate, he stayed in the building and wrote his famous proclamation, "For Freedom and Truth", as he awaited arrest.

Bibó was arrested on 23 May 1957 and sentenced to life imprisonment on 2 August 1958 but released in the 1963 amnesty.

More information on the English and Hungarian Wikipedia pages.
Attila Szigethy

From the longer Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

10 March 1912, Kapuvár, Hungary-12 August 1957, Győr, Hungary.

Hungarian politician

From 1950 to 1954 he was deputy chairman of the Győr-Moson-Sopron County Council, and from autumn 1954 he was the deputy chairman of the Patriotic People's Front in Győr-Sopron County. As Imre Nagy supported his reform policy, he was removed from office. At that time he was appointed director of the Kistölgyfa State Economy by the intervention of Ferenc Erdei.

On October 26, 1956, he went to Győr where he became President of the Temporary National Council. From the beginning it was a peaceful solution, so he was informed about the Mosonmagyaróvár volley, Gábor Földes and Árpád Tihanyi in the city to prevent further bloodshed. On 28 October he sent an ultimatum to Imre Nagy, requesting the restoration of the multi-party system, the dissolution of the AVH and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. On 30 October he successfully defeated Lajos Somogyvári's coup attempt by mobilizing the car factory and the army, and on 31 October he was elected president of the Transdanubian National Council. A few days after November 4, he was hiding and then returned to Győr where he tried to prevent the local leaders of the Revolution from being arrested. János Kádár tried to bring Szigethy to his own side in order to achieve political stabilization. First on a government mandate, and on November 27, he was offered the Minister of Agriculture, but refused both. As a last resort in February 1957 he was in Bulgaria with the delegation of the Patriotic People's Front, but Szigethy continued to refuse cooperation with Kádár. He was arrested on May 3, 1957, and on May 9 he was deprived of his mandate and was prosecuted for his role in the Revolution. Since the first sequence of litigation had by then been closed, knowing what was waiting for him, he was rather fleeing to death. After two unsuccessful attempts to commit suicide, he finally threw himself out of the second floor of the military hospital in Győr on August 12, 1957
Géza Péch

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

Geza Pech (Born Geza Eckhardt, Budapest May 7, 1930 -Budapest April 22, 1958) one of the 1956 revolutionaries, and after the revolution a martyr of retaliation.

He was orphaned while a toddler, then accepted the name of his half-brother, Zoltán Péch. After graduation, he applied to the Veterinary University, but he wasn't taken up, so he was looking for his occasional work. In 1951 he became a driver at the army. That year he enrolled at a university and, after three years, obtained a degree in mechanical engineering. He got married, a son was born, but divorced his wife, and in the divorce court custody of the child was awarded to the mother. For this reason, he tried to commit suicide, which, however, failed. Despite the court's judgement, he took her child.

On October 24 1956, a friend was taken by a friend as a volunteer. He first came to work at Markó Street and after his rejection at the Péterffy Street Hospital. He held office until November 6, when his arm was shot, so he needed care. Two days later, Soviet soldiers were arrested and released on November 14th. Then he learned that his ex-wife had escaped with his son from the country. For this reason, he joined an organization to find his child.

1957. On January 13 he went to Austria, where he contacted the emigration and found out that his son was in England. He undertook to return to Hungary and return wounded to Austria if he could go to England with the help of the group. He returned home, but the Hungarian authorities became aware of his operation: he was arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment, which was amended by the Supreme Court People's Court Council for the death penalty and he was hanged on April 22nd 1958.
János Gábriel

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

John Gabriel (Kaposvár April 5, 1894-Kaposvár, 1970 February 1) craftsmen, Democratic People's Party Member of Parliament.

He was Mihály Gabriel and Szekeres Terézia's fifth child. He grew up in a Roman Catholic religion. After completing the elementary education, he studied at the industrial school where he got trained in the car polishing profession. In 1921 he received his master's degree, and worked until 1949 as a craftsman. In the First World War, he undertook military service on the Italian and Russian fronts. He was also called in World War II, but only for hinterland service between 1940 and 1942.

He had been a political party member since 1921. He entered the Hungarian Social Democratic Party but did not conduct any major organizing activities. After the war, he became a member of the Independent Smallholders' Party. He edited memorandum in 1947 in Kaposvár visitors Zoltan Tildy for president on behalf of prisoners of war in the Kaposvar relatives. Then he contacted several parties and joined the Democratic People's Party. In the parliamentary elections of August 31, 1947, he became deputy member of the Somogy County party list. In April 1948, he was invited to the Parliament after János Kolbert was deprived of his mandate.

After his mandate expired in 1949, he was offered to enter the Hungarian Working People's Party. When he was rejected, he was deprived of his main occupation, his wife's work closed, and his craftsmanship was abandoned. Only in 1952 he found a constant livelihood when he settled down at Kaposvár's Vaskombinát.

In his town, Kaposvár, he took an active part in the 1956 Revolution. On October 25, the company workers' council, two days later elected a member of the County Revolutionary Committee, became the chairman of the County Revolutionary Commitment Committee on the 29th. On November 4, when Soviet troops invaded the country, the Soviet military authorities were arrested and taken to Ungvár. He was brought home one week later and was taken into custody by the Ministry of the Interior. In January 1957, the General Prosecutor's Office released him in the absence of a criminal offense, but after two months he was arrested for public security. Kistarcs and TökölHe was imprisoned. In early January 1958, the County Court of Kaposvár found him guilty of organizing crime. Secondly, the Supreme Court reduced his sentence for two years by half a year. Including his earlier imprisonment, he was released from prison in Vaci prison mid-June 1958, under police supervision until mid-December. His old workplace did not take him back, and his employment in other jobs was prevented by authorities. Due to a series of police harassment, he and his wife moved to live with their daughter, living in Budapest. In 1966 he retired from the Commercial Joinery and Locksmith Industry. He died in 1970.

After the change of regime, the Antall government established a 1956 Memorial Monument for the '56 heroes. Gabriel János also received the commemorative medal posthumously.
Iván Darvas

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1], which lists his many roles and awards.

Iván Darvas (born Szilárd Darvas; 14 June 1925 in Behynce (Hungarian: Beje, German: Behintz; now part of Tornaľa, Revúca District, Banská Bystrica Region) – 3 June 2007 in Budapest, Hungary) was a Hungarian actor. His first wife was Klári Tolnay's Kossuth Prize-winning actor, his second wife was Erzsébet Házy Kossuth- and Liszt's Ferenc Prize-winning soprano opera singer, actress.

Szilárd Darvas was born in Beyon (currently Slovakia ). He spent his childhood in Prague (1926-1939) where his father, János Darvas, worked as a journalist. His mother, Antonina Evdokimova, was Russian by origin, and since he went to school in Germany, he learned to speak German. They spoke Hungarian at home and between them, which for a long time Iván Darvas thought to be a secret language they only understood. He also spoke English and Czech at a conversational level.

Darvas changed his given name, Szilard to Ivan in the Actors' Theatre, to differentiate himself from Szilard Darvas, a well known poet and comedian of the era.

In 1939 he moved to Hungary. He graduated in 1943. In 1945 he was an interpreter of a Soviet military unit. He studied at the Academy of Sciences , where he was under Ferenc Kállai, but did not complete it, partly because of the Second World War, partly because he was already at the age of 21 (1946) at the Art Theater in Zoltán Várkonyi, until 1949.

Between 1949 and 1956 he played at the Madách Theater.

During the 1956 Revolution, he organized a revolutionary committee to bring his brother (Attila Darvas design engineer) out of prison. Therefore, after the revolution was overthrown, he was sentenced to 32 months in prison (1957-1959), Kistarcsa came together with Miklós Szakáts in 1957, and he could not play for years. As an auxiliary worker in a VII. District worked Damjanich street plastic molding factory from 1959 to 1963.

In 1963 he could be played again. For the 1963-64 season , he signed into the National Theater of Miskolc and then to the József Attila Theater in 1964-65. He could play Joseph's title role and Fred (I love to marry).

Between 1965 and 1989 he contracted to Zoltán Várkonyi at Vígszínház. From 1990 he was a freelance actor.

In 1990, he took on a political role and became a Member of Parliament in the colors of the Alliance of Free Democrats . He filled his mandate until 1994. Between 1993 and 1995 he played again at the Art Theater. From 1995 he performed at Szigliget Theater in Szolnok.

In his last years, he became very ill, and completely retired from public life. He also underwent severe kidney and heart surgery.

He died in Budapest 12 days before his 82nd birthday. There was no funeral, the ashes were taken home by the family.
France

France (French IPA: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

More information on the English [1] and French [2] Wikipedia pages.

During the period of this wiki the French Fourth Republic was in operation.
Anna Kéthly

From the English Wikipedia page [1] - the Hungarian page is [2].

Anna Kéthly (16 November 1889 – 7 September 1976) was a Hungarian social democratic politician.

She was one of nine children born into a poor family in Budapest, Hungary. At the age of fifteen she started working in a garment factory but soon found more appealing work in the editorial office of a women's magazine and this gave her the chance to further her education. In 1917 she joined the Hungarian Social Democratic Party and became an active Party member. In 1919, Kéthly was elected onto a committee of the Party. In subsequent years she was a frequent contributor to the Party's newspaper Népszava. In 1922 Kéthly was elected to Parliament as a member of the Social Democratic Party, and represented her Party in parliament without a break until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944.

In June 1950, Kéthly, together with several other members of the Social Democratic Party, was arrested by the Communists, who had in the meantime gained control of Hungary. In January 1954, after more than three years in prison, she was charged with spying and activities directed against the state and sentenced to life imprisonment. Following international pressure from Western socialist parties she was granted a pardon and released, but kept under permanent 'observation'.

On October 31, 1956, following the revival of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party during the Revolution, she became president of the Party. On November 1, she attended the Socialist International Meeting in Vienna, Austria. The following day, November 2, The Hungarian Government appointed her a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly. On November 3, her Party nominated Kéthly for a ministerial position in the new coalition government of Imre Nagy but at dawn the following day, November 4, 1956, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary and she was advised to fly to New York and appeal to the U.N. General Assembly on behalf of Hungary. Eventually she settled in London, United Kingdom, where she carried on writing and editing Socialist publications. In 1962 the Hungarian Supreme Court reviewed Kéthly's 1954 pardon and trial in absentia, imposed on her a three-year prison sentence for anti-state activities.

Anna Kéthly died on September 7, 1976, in Blankenberge, Belgium.

In October, 1990, her ashes were returned to Hungary and laid to rest. A full rehabilitation of Anna Kéthly took place on July 7, 1994, when the Hungarian Supreme Court annulled the 1962 verdict against her.

Some more information here [3].
János Bárány

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

János Bárány (Répcelak, 24 January 1930 - Budapest, 18 February 1959) toolmaker, revolutionary, martyr of post-1956 retaliation.

His mother was lost very early, an he was raised by his grandparents He was seven when her father took his. After completing the eight general studies, he studied locksmiths and received an assistant certificate from the Csepel Iron and Metal Workshops in 1948. Here he started working as a tool-making locksmith, all the while he was in the job. Later, he also learned the metalwork profession. He married in 1950, he was called a soldier to the ÁVH for the following year, trying to commit suicide because of his family problems. He joined the party in 1954, but he did not take up, although he was a double stahanovist.

He joined the demonstration on 23 October. He brought workers and weapons from Csepel for the siege of Magyar Rádió. On the 25th or 26th, Tompa Street Group chose to be the leader. The unit ensured public order, but he fought several times against the Soviet troops. On October 30, he was one of those who negotiated with Minister of State Zoltán Tildy. The group strongly resisted the Soviet military invasion on November 4.

When the armed struggle failed, he started with his girlfriend Klára Hajnal to the Austrian border on November 15. Three days later, however, the Croatian border guards captured them at Horvátzsidány and they were taken to Szombathely. From there they arrived in Budapest on the 21st, as they were detained for three days.

Returning to Csepel, he became a member of the workers' council of the plant and then appointed as a delegate of the Csepel Revolutionary Youth Association to Csepel Nagymunkastanács. He joined the armed organization of the Bastiya group, an illegal movement: he distributed leaflets and collected weapons.

He was first arrested on December 10, and although released on January 22, he was imprisoned again on 20 April. Meanwhile, he filed for divorce in March, ending his marriage in May. As the fifth-order defendant of József Nagya nd his associates, he was sentenced to death on May 22, 1958 by the Municipal Court of Budapest, notorious Gusztáv Tutsek. János Borbély, the leader of the "Smiling Death" - a Supreme Court of Secrecy - issued the verdict on 10 February 1959. After rejecting his petition, János Bárány was executed on February 18, 1959.
Gyula Háy

From the English Wikipedia page [1]

Gyula "Julius" Háy; 5 May 1900 – 7 May 1975) was a Hungarian communist intellectual and playwright. He wrote under the pen name Stefan Faber.

Háy was born in 1900 in Abony, Austria-Hungary to a Jewish family. He was involved in the German communist movement in the 1920s, particularly in agitprop plays. During World War II, he lived for a time in Moscow's Hotel Lux, along with scores of other Communist exiles.

In the 1950s he was a dissident in the Hungarian Writers' Union, and advocated for workers' councils in the months leading up to the Hungarian revolution of 1956. During the revolution, he played a significant role in the Hungarian Writers' Union, as a revolutionary body. He was involved in the workers council movement, and wrote the radio appeal to the intellectuals of the world which was broadcast as the Parliament building fell to Soviet troops.

Háy was arrested and sentenced to 6 years in prison in November 1957. After three and a half years in prison, he was released and a few years later in 1965, left Hungary for Switzerland with his wife Éva where he continued to write plays in the west as an émigré.

Some of his works are listed on the English Wikipedia page, but there is a fuller list on the Hungarian Wikipedia page [2].
László Onestyák

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

Onestyák Laszlo (Pázmánd June 28, 1938 - Budapest November 22, 1958) Hungarian tool grinder, auxiliary worker,, revolutionary.

He was born on 28 June 1938 in Pázmánd, Fejér county. His mother was a housewife and his father was a bricklayer. He had 8 siblings and 2 adoptive siblings. As long as they were in Pázmánd, their work continued on the Gyula farm. According to some oral testimony László Onestyá may have come from an impoverished Polish count's family.

He completed 6 primary school classes. From 1952 he worked at the Beloiannis factory for a one-year tool-grinding course, and he worked there for six months when he was laid off for work on the pretext of rationalization. He then went to the Horticultural Institute as an auxiliary worker. Then he found employment in the chemical plant at Albertfalva and at the Budafoki enamel factory.

He participated in the 1956 Revolution, joining Berzenczey Street militants led by István Wágner on October 25 and engaging in armed events. After a short time he became a section commander.

On November 4, he fought against the Soviet troops. On November 6, he continued the hopless fight against the Soviets.

He was executed on 22 November 1958.
Austria

Austria (ɒstriə, ˈɔː-/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç]), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich, About this sound listen (help·info)), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.66 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east (Czechoslovakia at the time of the Wiki's coverage), Slovenia (then part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west.

More information on the Wikipedia page [1]
Géza Györgyi

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

Géza Györgyi (Budapest October 8, 1930-Szeged August 24, 1973 . ), the theoretical physicist, doctor of physical sciences, professor. He worked at the Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics and its predecessors at the Central Institute of Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (in brief: KFKI).

He graduated from high school at the Cistercian, later at the State St Imre High School. Among his classmates were Béla Abody, Zoltán Latinovits and Miklós Vajda.

In 1949 he enrolled at the Physics Department of Pázmány Péter University (today ELTE). Already in the age of a senior student, he led exercises at the university.

From 1953 he became a researcher at the Central Physics Research Institute , where he began working at the Theoretical Physics Group led by Géza Szamosi, and his field of work was nuclear physics research.

In 1956 , the Revolutionary Committee of the Central Physics Research Institute elected Géza Györgyi as secretary. He had to bear the negative consequences of this until his death, although he was not dismissed from his job. The reason for this could have been his illness.

With the 1959 polio epidemic he had a severe illness that later caused great suffering for this reason and partly ended committed suicide.

In 1959, he received a one-year invitation from Columbia University in New York to provide medical treatment, but was not allowed to leave.

In 1973 , at the age of 43, committed suicide in Szeged , at the Wandering Meeting of the Eötvös Loránd Physical Society.
Main Intelligence Directorate (Russia)

The Main Intelligence Directorate (Soviet Union) (Russian: Гла́вное разве́дывательное управле́ние, tr. Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye, IPA: [ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə]), abbreviated GRU (Russian: ГРУ, IPA: [geeˈru]), was the foreign military intelligence agency of the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union.

Main Intelligence Directorate (Russian: Гла́вное разве́дывательное управле́ние, tr. Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye; IPA: [ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə]), abbreviated GRU (Russian: ГРУ; IPA: [geeˈru]), is the foreign military intelligence main directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union). The official full name is Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Гла́вное разве́дывательное управле́ние Генера́льного шта́ба Вооружённых Сил Росси́йской Федера́ции). It is also known as GRU GSh (Russian: ГРУ ГШ; abbreviation of ГРУ Генера́льного шта́ба, tr. GRU Generalnovo Shtaba (English: GRU of the General Staff)).

More information on the English [1] and Russian [2] Wikipedia pages.
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czech/Slovak: Československá socialistická republika, ČSSR) was the official name of Czechoslovakia from 11 July 1960 until following the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the name was changed on 23 April 1990 - it subsequently split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The CSSR was been regarded as a satellite state of the Soviet Union.

Following the coup d'état of February 1948, when the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power with the backing of the Soviet Union, the country was declared a people's republic after the Ninth-of-May Constitution became effective. The traditional name Československá republika (Czechoslovak Republic) was changed on 11 July 1960 following implementation of the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia as a symbol of the "final victory of socialism" in the country, and remained so until the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia. Several other state symbols were changed in 1960.

More information on the English Wikipedia page [1]. The Czech page is [2] and the Slovak [3]
Ferenc Farkas

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

Ferenc Farkas (Targu Mures, November 4 1903- Budapest-January 22 1966) bank official, politician, newspaper editor and publisher, member of the government of Imre Nagy, National Peasant Party 's number one economic expert, and from 1945 to 1949 holder of a number of important economic posts.

Descendant of Székely woodcutter family. He went to elementary school and secondary school in his hometown, then from 1916 in Budapest where he graduated in 1921 and studied economics at the University of Applied Sciences. After completing his studies, he became a bank clerk. He was one of the founders of the March Front in 1937, and later in 1939 the National Peasant Party. Between 1938 and 1944 he worked as editor and publisher of Free Word.

Between 1945 and 1949 he was a member of the Provisional National Assembly and then the Parliament. He has held various positions in the Peasant Party and was a member of the governing bodies. In the beginning, he represented the leftist side of the communist-independent lineage and later supported Ferenc Erdei's policy. Between 1945 and 1949, he also served as the Chairman and CEO of the National Land Credit Institution. From 1945 he was on the the National Economic Council, from 1947 on the Economic Council and from 1948 the High Council of the National Bank of Hungary. He held many other important economic positions (eg the Chairman of the National Labor Wage Board). The 1949 election and after, so frightened him that he attempted suicide in persecution in 1950. Although he had survived without health damage, he remained in sickness until 1953. In July of that year, he became the Head of the Savings and Learners' Savings Bank within the National Savings Bank. In the autumn of 1956 he joined the public life again and became a member of the Patriotic Popular Front.

During the 1956 Revolution, he participated in the reconstruction of the National Peasant Party under the name Petőfi Párt. 1956 . On November 1, he became the secretary general of the Petőfi Party and became a secretary of state, István Bibó, in the government of Imre Nagy. He participated in the Multiple Party, 1956. in a memorandum of 8 December to the Ambassador of India to Moscow. On May 9, 1957, he resigned from his position as Party Secretary because it had become clear that other parties outside the state party could not function in the country. In 1958 he retired.
József Dudás

From the Wikipedia page [1]

József Dudás (22 September 1912 - 19 January 1957), was a Hungarian politician and resistance fighter, was born in Marosvásárhely (in Romanian: Târgu Mureş) in what was then Austria-Hungary and is today in Transylvania, Romania.

As a very young man, he joined the illegal Communist Party in Transylvania. In 1933 he was arrested and sentenced to nine years in prison. When Northern Transylvania was transferred to Hungary as part of the Second Vienna Award in 1940, he was released and he moved to Budapest.

In late 1945 he joined the Independent Smallholders' Party and was elected to the Budapest government. As the communists mounted their campaign to take over Hungary, Dudás was arrested and detained until he was handed over to Romanian state security in 1951. Released in 1954, he returned to Hungary.

Working as an engineer when the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 broke out, he took to addressing crowds and on 29 October, established the Second District National Committee, with a 25-point program demanding, a coalition government, a multi-party system and neutrality. He also started a newspaper (Magyar Függetlenség—Hungarian Independence), which headlined, ‘We do not recognize the present government!’ At this same time the so-called "Dudás Group" consisting of about 400 armed men was formed. Dudás soon acquired a bad reputation among the revolutionary forces, as he started negotiations with Colonel Yevgeny Malashenko, acting chief of staff of the Soviet Special Forces, with the aim of being recognized by the Soviets as the main seat of political and military power in Hungary, instead of Imre Nagy. The Dudás group also became known for the campaign of terror it unleashed against members of Hungary's AVH Secret Police, lynching or otherwise executing offenders on sight. The activities of the group went to such an extreme that other revolutionaries began arresting AVH officers for their own protection.

He continued publishing his newspaper criticizing the Nagy government until his own armed men dismissed him on 3 November, and he was arrested by government forces for acts attributed to him, or rumors of such acts (an attack on the Foreign Ministry; looting of the National Bank). On 4 November he was wounded and taken to a hospital.

On 21 November he was tricked into entering the Parliament building and was arrested by the Soviets. He was charged with leadership of a conspiracy and on 14 January 1957 he was sentenced to death. He was executed on 19 January 1957.

More information on the Hungarian Wikipedia page Hungarian, Ukrainian and Russian Wikipedia pages.
Bolesław Bierut

Bolesław Bierut ([bɔˈlɛswaf ˈbjɛrut]; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the Soviet takeover of the country in the aftermath of World War II.

Bierut died under mysterious circumstances in Moscow on 12 March 1956 during a visit to the Soviet Union, shortly after attending the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during which Nikita Khrushchev delivered his "Secret Speech", denouncing Stalin's cult of personality. His death gave rise to speculation about poisoning or suicide.

More information on the English and Polish Wikipedia pages.
Grigory Mikhailovich Gromnitsky

From the Russian Wikipedia page [1]. The Hungarian Wikipedia page is [2]

Grigori Mikhailovich Gromnitsky (1929 - 1956) - Guard Senior Lieutenant of the Soviet Army, participant in the establishment of order during the Hungarian insurrection (uprising) of 1956, Hero of the Soviet Union (1956).

## Biography

Grigory Gromnitsky was born on November 17, 1929 in the village of Karlovka (now a city in the Poltava region of Ukraine). He received a secondary education. In 1948 he was drafted to serve in the Soviet Army of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Gromnitsky graduated from the Sumy Artillery School in 1951. By the fall of 1956, the Guard Senior Lieutenant Grigory Gromnitsky commanded a mortar battery of the 5th Guards Mechanized Regiment of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Division. Distinguished during the suppression of the Hungarian insurrection of 1956.

On October 24, 1956, Gromnitsky died in battle with Hungarian rebels in Budapest, and was buried in the "Kerepeshi" cemetery in Budapest.

By a Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from December 18 1956 Senior Lieutenant Grigory Gromnitskaya was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for "the courage and bravery shown during the performance of military duty". He was also posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.
Géza Losonczy

From the English Wikipedia page [1]

Géza Losonczy (5 May 1917, Érsekcsanád – 21 December 1957) was a Hungarian journalist and politician. He was associated with the reformist faction of the Hungarian communist party.

During the 1956 Hungarian revolution, he joined the Imre Nagy government as minister of press and propaganda affairs. He and Zoltán Tildy held the government's last press conference on November 3. On November 4, as the Soviet army poured into Budapest, he took refuge in the Yugoslavia Embassy, and on November 22, he and the other members of the Imre Nagy group were arrested and transported to Romania. He was brought back to Budapest in mid-April 1957. While in captivity, awaiting trial for treason, Losonczy went on hunger strike. He was scheduled to stand trial as the second accused in the trial of Imre Nagy and his government, but he died while on a hunger strike in prison awaiting trial when his jailers "carelessly pushed a feeding tube down his windpipe."

On October 30, Imre Nagy appointed Géza Losonczy's government minister in his speech in which he announced the abolition of the one-party system.

More information on the Hungarian Wikipedia page [2]
Hamazasp Babadzhanian

Hamazasp Khachaturi Babadzhanian (Armenian: Համազասպ Խաչատուրի Բաբաջանյան; Russian: Амазасп Хачатурович Бабаджанян, Amazasp Khachaturovich Babadzhanyan; 18 February 1906 – 1 November 1977) was a Soviet military commander, veteran of the Second World War, and Chief marshal of the armored troops of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union in 1944.

In November 1956, Babadzhanian led the 8th Mechanized Army to Budapest, during the Soviet intervention that led to the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

More information on the English and Russian and other Wikipedia pages. The Armenian page is a stub.
Gergely Pongrátz

**Gergely Pongrátz** (Szamosújvár, 18 February 1932 – Kiskunmajsa, 18 May 2005) was a famous veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He was the commander of arguably the largest and perhaps the best-known group of freedom fighters, at the Uprising's strongest and most lengthy point of resistance, Budapest's Corvin Passage (*Corvin Köz*); between the 1 and 9 November 1956. Under his command, the Corvin Passage fighters destroyed at least a dozen Soviet tanks, and resisted several waves of assault. Following the conflict, Pongrátz escaped capture and by 1957 had moved to the United States where he spent the majority of his exile until returning to Hungary in 1991. During his exile he was elected both Vice-Chairman and then Chairman of the Hungarian Freedom Fighters' Association (*Magyar Szabadságharcos Szövetség*).

Involved in the Battle of the Corvin Passage

Gergely Pongrátz was in a bad relationship with Pál Maléter, who was sent to the Kilián Barracks by the government to restore order , and initially he did not recognize that he was standing on the side of the opposition of neighboring Corvin. Pongrátz had already openly criticized Maléter, even at the time of the Revolution, who did not agree with his appointment as Minister of Defense. All this could have been the rivalry with Iván Kovács , who supported Maléter , who was replaced when Gergely Pongrátz became the commander-in-chief of Corvin.

It was probably the difference of their political views that played a role in the bad relationship between Maléter and Ivan Kovács. Maleter, though he thought of the Communist Party as belonging to the Revisionist wing led by Imre Nagy , was suspiciously watching not only because of the tension between the insurgents and the soldiers led by Maleter, but because he did not regard his views as radical. In a statement asking why he did not travel home to emerge Imre Nagy (and Maleter) , Pongrátz replied:"Before the funeral, the New York Consul came to me in Arizona, my guest for three days, I was convinced to come home to the Imre Nagy funeral. so I'm not coming. "

Despite all this, with the exception of the first days, Corvin's public fighters and Kilián's barracks were able to work together to fight against the Soviets.

On Nov. 4, the Soviet troops resisted the attack on the Corvin and continued for days. Pongrátz crossed into Víg Street with part of the group that night because, because of the huge losses, he did not believe he could be kept with Corvin. Even that night, he resigned from the HQ.

In late November, he left the country with his family, with the help of Hungarian soldiers, and joined the Hungarian Revolutionary Council in Vienna .

## Museum

Pongrátz first founded a museum of the 1956 revolution in 1991. It was closed in 1995 after the local authorities wished to use the building for a different purpose. Pongrátz then purchased and renovated an old school building in Kiskunmajsa and turned it into the only museum of the 1956 Revolution that exists in Hungary.

More information on the English Wikipedia page [1]: the Hungarian page is [2].

Obituaries [3] and [4].
1956 Georgian demonstrations

The **March 1956 demonstrations** (also known as the **1956 Tbilisi riots** or **9 March massacre**) in the Georgian SSR were a series of protests to Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy, which shocked Georgian supporters of Marxist–Leninist–Stalinist ideology. The center of the protests was the republic's capital,The March 1956 demonstrations (also known as the 1956 Tbilisi riots or 9 March massacre) in the Georgian SSR were a series of protests to Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy, which shocked Georgian supporters of Marxist–Leninist–Stalinist ideology. The center of the protests was the republic's capital, Tbilisi, where spontaneous rallies to mark the third anniversary of Stalin's death and to protest Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin quickly evolved into an uncontrollable mass demonstration and rioting which paralyzed the city. Soon, political demands such as the change of the central government in Moscow and calls for the independence of Georgia from the Soviet Union appeared.

The local Georgian authorities, confused and demoralized, passed on the responsibility to the Soviet military. Later on 9 March the troops deployed in the city opened fire upon the students picketing the government buildings in what the official Soviet version held was "an act of self-defense". The agitated crowds continued resistance on 10 March but were eventually dispersed by tanks. Estimates of the number of casualties range from several dozens to several hundreds.

In spite of prompt pacification, the 1956 events marked a turning point after which Georgian loyalty to the Soviet Union was gravely compromised and the nation's consolidation intensified. In the view of the modern Sovietologist Ronald Grigor Suny, "the swift and brutal response from the Soviet government illustrated starkly its inability to resolve the dilemma of how much of the Soviet system to change and how much of Stalin's authoritarianism to preserve. The government’s confusion in Tbilisi was a bloody sign that reform was to be limited by the party's determination to preserve its essential monopoly of power."

More information on the English, Georgian and Russian Wikipedia pages.
Greece

Greece (Greek: Ελλάδα), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία), historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki.

More information on the English [1] and Greek [2] Wikipedia pages.
István Szabó

István Szabó (born February 18, 1938) is a Hungarian film director, screenwriter, and opera director.

Szabó is the most internationally famous Hungarian filmmaker since the late 1960s. Working in the tradition of European auteurism, he has made films that represent many of the political and psychological conflicts of Central Europe’s recent history, as well as of his own personal history. He made his first short film in 1959 as a student at the Hungarian Academy of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts, and his first feature film in 1964.

More information on the English and Hungarian Wikipedia pages. The IMDb page is [1].
Ferenc Balázs

From the Hungarian Wikipedia page [1]

For other people of the same name see the Hungarian Wikipedia disambiguation page [2]

Ferenc Balázs (Mátészalka, 20 May 1933 - 10 April 1957) was a plumber-builder and a freedom fighter.

Ferenc Balázs was born on May 20, 1933 in Mátészalka. After graduating from elementary school, he completed four of his graduates, followed by his studies in construction engineering, but his studies had to be abandoned for financial reasons after the first year. Thereafter, he settled in the Budapest Building Installation Company, where he learned the plumbing profession and was later occupied with his profession.

In 1953 he came to a military job in Tokaj, but he was arrested in that year for an offense of violating state secrets, and later sentenced to two and a half years in prison. He spent fourteen months in the Tatabánya Penalty Workplace, who was temporarily released in April 1954.

After his release, he worked in several jobs at his job. On October 7, 1956, he attempted to leave the country but was captured near Győr and was transported to Main Street Prison. Pre-trial detention was released on October 30. On October 30, he tried to get a passport through the Páva street police and Tompa Street fighters. The latter was sent to Corvin. He met a former companion who had persuaded him to take an armed guard. Here, in the 13th district, Huba street 7, the Red Cross warehouse checked the incoming and outgoing persons.

On November 2, he drove his service weapon at Teve Street Police Station, but since he had no accommodation in Budapest, he continued to live in the Huba Street School building. In mid-November, one of the school's teachers gathered the scattered guns out of the neighborhood to avoid tragedy in the hands of the children and they were thrown away in the schoolyard.

He moved to Aszódi Street, the 9th district, and he was an assistant in a car mechanic craftsman.

He was arrested on March 22, 1957. The Budapest Military Court sentenced him to death on the basis of an armed aggression on a statutory hearing held on March 28, 1957. He was executed on April 10th.
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