recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The **Fifth Amendment** (**Amendment V**) to the United States Constitution creates several constitutional rights, limiting governmental powers focusing on criminal procedures. It was ratified, along with nine other articles, in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights.

The Supreme Court has extended most, but not all, rights of the Fifth Amendment to the state and local levels. The Court furthered most protections of this amendment through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

One provision of the Fifth Amendment requires that most felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury, which the Court ruled does not apply to the state level. Another provision, the Double Jeopardy Clause, provides the right of defendants to be tried only once in federal court for the same offense. The Self-Incrimination clause provides various protections against self-incrimination, including the right of an individual not to serve as a witness in a criminal case in which he or she is a defendant. "Pleading the Fifth" is a colloquial term often used to invoke the Self-Incrimination Clause when witnesses decline to answer questions where the answers might incriminate them. In the 1966 case of *Miranda v. Arizona*, the Supreme Court held that the Self-Incrimination Clause requires the police to issue a *Miranda* warning to criminal suspects interrogated while in police custody. The Fifth Amendment also contains the Takings Clause, which allows the federal government to take private property for public use if the government provides "just compensation".

Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall "be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to state governments. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause to provide two main protections: procedural due process, which requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.

## Text

> No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
>
>
Don Nickles

**In office**
June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003

**In office**
January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001

**In office**
January 20, 2001 – June 6, 2001

**In office**
June 12, 1996 – January 3, 2001

**In office**
January 3, 1981 – January 3, 2005
Served with David Boren and Jim Inhofe

**In office**
January 2, 1979 – January 3, 1981

**Donald Lee Nickles** (born December 6, 1948) is an American politician and lobbyist who was a Republican United States Senator from Oklahoma from 1981 to 2005, serving as the Republican Whip from 1996 to 2003. After retiring from the Senate, he founded Nickles Group, a lobbying firm.
Eric Garcetti

Official portrait, 2023

## 26th United States Ambassador to India

**Assumed office**
May 11, 2023

**In office**
July 1, 2013 – December 12, 2022

**In office**
January 1, 2006 – January 12, 2012

**In office**
July 1, 2001 – July 1, 2013

**Eric Michael Garcetti** (born February 4, 1971) is an American politician currently serving as the United States Ambassador to India since 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 42nd Mayor of Los Angeles from 2013 to 2022, and was a member of the Los Angeles City Council and served as City Council President from 2006 to 2012. He was the city's first elected Jewish mayor, and its second consecutive Mexican American mayor. He was elected as the youngest mayor in over 100 years, having been 42 at the time of his inauguration.
Dean Phillips

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Minnesota's 3rd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2019

**Dean Benson Phillips** (born January 20, 1969) is an American business magnate, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who has served as the U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 3rd congressional district since 2019. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Before politics, Phillips was the president and CEO of the Phillips Distilling Company, an alcoholic beverage corporation his family started in 1912, for more than a decade. He has also pursued other business ventures, formerly co-owning the gelato brand Talenti and helping establish a local coffeehouse chain. He is one of the wealthiest members of Congress.
Cornelia Fairbanks

**In role**
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909

**Cornelia Fairbanks** (née **Cole**; January 14, 1852 – October 24, 1913) was the wife of Charles W. Fairbanks, who served as the 26th Vice President of the United States from 1905 to 1909. During her husband's tenure she held the unofficial position of the Second Lady of the United States. She was at the forefront of the women's suffrage movement and considered a pathfinder to politics for American women in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Continental Congress

"Congress Voting Independence" by Robert Edge Pine

## Meeting place

Carpenters' Hall (1774)
Independence Hall (1776–1781)

The **Continental Congress** was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolution. The term "Continental Congress" most specifically refers to the First and Second Congresses of 1774–1781 and may also refer to the Congress of the Confederation of 1781–1789, which operated as the first national government of the United States until being replaced under the Constitution of the United States with the United States Congress.

The First Continental Congress was called in 1774 in response to growing tensions between the colonies culminating in the passage of the Intolerable Acts by the British Parliament. It met for about six weeks and sought to repair the fraying relationship between Britain and colonies while asserting the rights of colonists. The Second Continental Congress convened in 1775 in response to the breakout of hostilities in Massachusetts. Soon after meeting, this second Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III while also selecting George Washington as the head of the new Continental Army. After peace was not forthcoming, the same congress drafted and adopted the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, proclaiming that the former colonies were now independent sovereign states. The Second Continental Congress served as the provisional government of the U.S. for most of the War of Independence. In March 1781, the nation's first frame of government, the Articles of Confederation, came into force, at which time the body became the Congress of the Confederation.

Both the First and Second Continental Congresses convened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania though with the city's capture during the Revolutionary War, the Second Congress was forced to meet in other locations for a time. The Continental Congresses were headed by a president, whose only task was to preside over Congress and held little or no power.

 Military
David Scott (Georgia politician)

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Georgia's 13th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2003

**In office**
January 1983 – January 2003

**In office**
January 1975 – January 1983

**David Albert Scott** (born June 27, 1945) is an American politician and businessman who has served as the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 13th congressional district since 2003. Before his election to Congress in 2002, Scott served as a Democratic member of both chambers of the Georgia General Assembly and operated a small business.
Dan Sullivan

Official portrait, 2015

## United States Senatorfrom Alaska

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2015
Serving with Lisa Murkowski

**In office**
December 6, 2010 – September 24, 2013

**In office**
June 17, 2009 – November 30, 2010

**In office**
June 6, 2006 – January 1, 2009

**Daniel Scott Sullivan** (born November 13, 1964) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator for Alaska since 2015. He is a member of the Republican Party. He previously served as the 27th Attorney General of Alaska.
First Lady of the United States

**Currently
Jill Biden**
since January 20, 2021

The **First Lady of the United States** (**FLOTUS**) is the title held by the White House hostess, concurrent with the president's term of office. She is typically the president's wife, but does not necessarily have to be. If the White House host or spouse of the president were a male, the title **First Gentleman of the United States** (**FGOTUS**) would be used instead, but thus far all presidential spouses or hosts of the White House have been women.

Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States. Since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by official staff, now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House.

The current first lady is Dr. Jill Biden, wife of President Joe Biden.
George Santos

Official portrait, 2023

**In office**
January 3, 2023 – December 1, 2023

**George Anthony Devolder Santos** (born July 22, 1988) is an American politician and businessman who was the United States Representative for New York's 3rd congressional district from January to December 2023. A member of the Republican Party, after unsuccessfully running for Congress in 2020 against incumbent Thomas Suozzi, Santos was elected to the open seat in 2022. Openly gay, he became the first LGBTQ Republican elected to federal office as a non-incumbent.

Prior to serving in Congress, Santos worked for a variety of businesses in New York and Florida. Most recently, he worked for a Florida-based alternative investment firm accused of running a Ponzi scheme, although Santos was not named in any charges and has denied any knowledge of the fraud. After a Securities and Exchange Commission complaint against the company, Santos formed a company called Devolder Organization LLC. In May 2023, the Department of Justice indicted Santos on fraud and money laundering charges. In November 2023, an investigation by the House Ethics Committee concluded that Santos broke several federal campaign finance laws. He was expelled from Congress in December 2023.
Cory Booker

Official portrait, 2015

## United States Senatorfrom New Jersey

**Assumed office**
October 31, 2013
Serving with Bob Menendez

**In office**
July 1, 2006 – October 31, 2013

**In office**
July 1, 1998 – June 30, 2002

**Cory Anthony Booker** (born April 27, 1969) is an American politician, attorney, and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Booker is the first African-American U.S. senator from New Jersey. He was the 38th Mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013, and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002.
Danny K. Davis

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Illinois's 7th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 1997

**In office**
1990–1997

**In office**
1979–1990

**Daniel K. Davis** (born September 6, 1941) is an American politician who is the U.S. Representative from Illinois's 7th congressional district, elected in 1996. Davis is a Democrat, a member of the Congressional Black Caucus, and a former member of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA).
David Koch

Koch in 2015

**David Hamilton Koch** (May 3, 1940 – August 23, 2019) was an American businessman, political activist, philanthropist, and chemical engineer. In 1970, he joined the family business: Koch Industries, the second largest privately held company in the United States. He became president of the subsidiary Koch Engineering in 1979, and became a co-owner of Koch Industries (along with his elder brother Charles) in 1983. Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until he retired due to health issues in 2018. He was the Libertarian Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1980 presidential election. In 1984, he joined the Republican Party and remained a member thereof until his death in 2019.
Delaware's at-large congressional district

**Delaware's at-large congressional district** is a congressional district that has represented Delaware at-large in the United States House of Representatives since 1789. It is the oldest active congressional district in the United States. The district has always sent one representative to Congress, except for one decade between 1813 and 1823, where it sent two.
District of Columbia's at-large congressional district

The **District of Columbia's at-large congressional district** is a congressional district that represents the District of Columbia in the United States House of Representatives. First formed in 1871 and eliminated four years later, the district was recreated in 1970 following the passage of the District of Columbia Delegate Act. The representative is a non-voting delegate in the United States Congress.
Frank Kendall

Official portrait, 2021

## 26th United States Secretary of the Air Force

**Assumed office**
July 28, 2021

**In office**
October 6, 2011 – January 20, 2017

**In office**
1989–1994

**In office**
1986–1989

**Frank Kendall III** (born January 26, 1949) is an American engineer, lawyer and executive who is the 26th and current United States Secretary of the Air Force. He has served in several senior positions in the U.S. Department of Defense. A West Point graduate (Class of 1971, Distinguished Graduate), he retired as a lieutenant colonel from the U.S. Army Reserves. From 2012 to 2017, Kendall served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics in the Obama Administration. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
David Ige

**In office**
December 1, 2014 – December 5, 2022

**In office**
January 15, 1995 – December 1, 2014

**In office**
December 2, 1985 – January 15, 1995

**David Yutaka Ige** (born January 15, 1957) is an American politician and engineer who served as the eighth Governor of Hawaii from 2014 to 2022. A Democrat, he served in the Hawaii Senate from 2003 to 2014 and the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1985 to 2003. In the 2014 gubernatorial election, he defeated incumbent Governor Neil Abercrombie in the Democratic primary, and won the general election over Republican nominee Duke Aiona. Ige was reelected in 2018.
David Cicilline

**In office**
January 3, 2011 – May 31, 2023

**In office**
January 6, 2003 – January 3, 2011

**In office**
January 3, 1995 – January 6, 2003

**David Nicola Cicilline** (born July 15, 1961) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Rhode Island's 1st congressional district from 2011 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, he was previously the 36th Mayor of Providence from 2003 to 2011, and the first openly gay mayor of a U.S. state capital. He also served in the Rhode Island House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003. He resigned from Congress to become the president and CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation.
Frank Knox

Knox, c. 1940s

**In office**
July 11, 1940 – April 28, 1944

**William Franklin Knox** (January 1, 1874 – April 28, 1944) was an American politician, soldier, newspaper editor, and publisher. He was also the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1936, and Secretary of the Navy under Franklin D. Roosevelt during most of World War II. On December 7, 1941, Knox, flanked by his assistant John O’Keefe, walked into Roosevelt's White House study around 1:30 PM EST, and announced that Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor.
Florida's at-large congressional district

**Florida's at-large congressional district** was a congressional district that represented Florida at-large in the United States House of Representatives. It existed from 1845 to 1875, 1913 to 1915, 1933 to 1937, and 1943 to 1945. From 1873 to 1875, it had two seats in Congress.

## United States Representatives from Florida's at-large congressional district

### One seat (1913–1915, 1933–1937, 1943–1945)

 [[file:|100px]]Claude L'Engle | March 4, 1913–March 3, 1915
 [[file:|100px]]William J. Sears | March 4, 1933–January 3, 1937
 [[file:|100px]]Robert A. Green | January 3, 1943–November 25, 1944

 Judicial
Dick Durbin

Official portrait, 2022

## Senate Majority Whip

**Assumed office**
January 20, 2021

**In office**
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2015

**In office**
January 3, 2015 – January 20, 2021

**In office**
January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007

## Incumbent

**Assumed office**
January 3, 1997
Serving with Tammy Duckworth
Served with Carol Moseley Braun, Peter Fitzgerald, Barack Obama, Roland Burris, and Mark Kirk

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Illinois's 20th district

**In office**
January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1997

## Personal details

### Parents

William Durbin
Anna Kutkin

### Education

Georgetown University

**Richard Joseph Durbin** (born November 21, 1944) is an American attorney and politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Illinois, a seat he was first elected to in 1996. He has been Senate Democratic Whip since 2005, the second-highest position in the Democratic leadership in the Senate, and Senate Majority Whip since 2021.
Dakota Territory's at-large congressional district

**Dakota Territory's at-large congressional district** was a congressional district that represented Dakota Territory at-large in the United States House of Representatives from 1861 until it gained statehood as North and South Dakota in 1889. The representative was a non-voting delegate in Congress.

## United States Delegates from Dakota Territory's at-large congressional district

 Judicial
 Representation

 Judicial
 Representation
Donald Payne Jr.

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New Jersey's 10th district

**Assumed office**
November 15, 2012

## President of the Municipal Council of Newark

**In office**
July 1, 2010 – November 14, 2012

## Member of theMunicipal Council of Newark

**In office**
July 1, 2006 – November 14, 2012

**Donald Milford Payne Jr.** (born December 17, 1958) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 10th congressional district since 2012. A member of the Democratic Party, Payne served as President of the Newark City Council from 2010 to 2012.
Doug Peterson

**In office**
January 8, 2015 – January 5, 2023

**Doug Peterson** (born April 4, 1959) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 33rd Attorney General of Nebraska from 2015 to 2023. A Republican, Peterson was elected attorney general during the 2014 election and was reelected in 2018. He is the nephew of former Governor of Nebraska Val Peterson.
Derek Kilmer

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Washington's 6th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2013

**In office**
January 8, 2007 – December 10, 2012

**In office**
January 10, 2005 – January 8, 2007

**Derek Christian Kilmer** (born January 1, 1974) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Washington's 6th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives from 2005 to 2007 and the Washington State Senate from 2007 to 2012, representing the 26th district.
Emanuel Celler

Celler in 1951

**In office**
January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1973

**In office**
March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1973

**Emanuel Celler** (May 6, 1888 – January 15, 1981) was an American politician from New York who served in the United States House of Representatives for almost 50 years, from March 1923 to January 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, during World War II, Celler strongly supported help for Jewish refugees fleeing Europe, and as Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee for all but two years between 1949 and 1973, he ushered through the House the major civil rights movement legislation of the era. His district was based in Brooklyn and Queens.
David McKinley

**In office**
January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2023

## Chair of the West Virginia Republican Party

**In office**
1990–1994

## Member of theWest Virginia House of Delegatesfrom the 3rd district

**In office**
December 15, 1980 – December 1, 1994
Served with Thais Blatnik, John M. Karras, Paul J. Otte, Bill Reger, Andy Katz, Greg D. Martin, and L. Gil White

## Personal details

### Education

Purdue University

**David Bennett McKinley** (born March 28, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who served as the U.S. Representative for West Virginia's 1st congressional district from 2011 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, McKinley was a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1980 to 1994, and chaired the West Virginia Republican Party from 1990 to 1994.
George Clinton

**In office**
March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812

**In office**
July 1, 1801 – June 30, 1804

**In office**
July 30, 1777 – June 30, 1795
Served with William Tryon as colonial governor, and James Robertson and Andrew Elliot as military governors

## Delegate to the Continental Congressfrom New York

**In office**
May 15, 1775 – July 8, 1776

## Member of theNew York General Assemblyfrom Ulster County

**In office**
1768–1775

## Personal details

### Parents

Charles Clinton
Elizabeth Denniston

## Military service

### Battles/wars

American Revolution

**George Clinton** (July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A prominent Democratic-Republican, Clinton served as the fourth Vice President of the United States from 1805 until his death in 1812. He also served as Governor of New York from 1777 to 1795 and from 1801 to 1804. Along with John C. Calhoun, he is one of two vice presidents to hold office under two presidents.

 State governors
Dan Meuser

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 9th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2019

**In office**
January 18, 2011 – January 20, 2015

**Daniel Philip Meuser** (born February 10, 1964) is an American businessman, politician, and philanthropist who is the U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district. A Republican, he previously served as the state's Secretary of Revenue in the cabinet of Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett. He was previously president of the Pride Corporation, a manufacturer of motorized wheelchairs in the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton metro area of Pennsylvania.
Denis McDonough

Official portrait, 2021

## 11th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs

**Assumed office**
February 9, 2021

**In office**
January 20, 2013 – January 20, 2017

**In office**
October 20, 2010 – January 20, 2013

**Denis Richard McDonough** (born December 2, 1969) is an American government official serving as the 11th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs under President Joe Biden since 2021. He previously served as the 26th White House Chief of Staff and the 25th Deputy National Security Advisor in the Obama administration.
Dale Strong

Official portrait, 2023

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Alabama's 5th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2023

**In office**
November 14, 2012 – January 2, 2023

## Member of theMadison County Commissionfrom the 4th district

**In office**
1996–2012

**Dale Whitney Strong** (born May 8, 1970) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Alabama's 5th congressional district since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, Strong previously served on the Madison County Commission starting in 1996, and was its chairman from 2012 to 2023.
Delbert Hosemann

Hosemann in 2018

## 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi

**Assumed office**
January 14, 2020

**In office**
January 10, 2008 – January 14, 2020

**Charles Delbert Hosemann Jr.** (born June 30, 1947) is an American politician serving as the 33rd and current Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi, since January 2020. A Republican, he previously served as the 35th Secretary of State of Mississippi from 2008 to 2020.
Filemón Vela Jr.

**In office**
January 3, 2013 – March 31, 2022

**Filemón Bartolomé Vela Jr.** (born February 13, 1963) is an American lobbyist, lawyer, and politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Texas's 34th congressional district from 2013 until his resignation in 2022. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Vela was also vice chair of the Democratic National Committee, having been nominated by President Joe Biden. In March 2022, Vela resigned in the middle of his term to work at Akin Gump, the largest lobbying firm in the U.S.
Eliza Hendricks

**In role**
March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885

**In role**
January 13, 1873 – January 8, 1877

**Eliza Carol Hendricks** (née **Morgan**; November 23, 1823 – November 3, 1903) was the wife of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks who was in office for the first eight months of the first administration of Grover Cleveland, and as such was the Second Lady of the United States during her husband's tenure.
David Trone

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Maryland's 6th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2019

**David John Trone** (born September 21, 1955) is an American politician and businessman. A Democrat, he is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland's 6th congressional district. He founded and co-owns Total Wine & More, along with his brother, and served as the company's president until December 2016.
Aaron Frey

## 58th Attorney General of Maine

**Assumed office**
January 2, 2019

**In office**
December 5, 2012 – December 5, 2018

**Aaron M. Frey** (born 1978/1979) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 58th Attorney General of Maine since 2019. He previously served as a Democratic representative in the Maine House of Representatives.
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The **Fourth Amendment** (**Amendment IV**) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

Fourth Amendment case law deals with three main issues: what government activities are "searches" and "seizures," what constitutes probable cause to conduct searches and seizures, and how to address violations of Fourth Amendment rights. Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to physical intrusion of property or persons, but with *Katz v. United States* (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections extend to intrusions on the privacy of individuals as well as to physical locations. A warrant is needed for most search and seizure activities, but the Court has carved out a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations.

The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights, in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution. Congress submitted the amendment to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the necessary three-fourths of the states had ratified it. On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced that it was officially part of the Constitution.

Because the Bill of Rights did not initially apply to state or local governments, and federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history, there is little significant case law for the Fourth Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to state and local governments in *Mapp v. Ohio* (1961) via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

## Text

> The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
>
>
Frederica Wilson

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Florida

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2011

## Member of theFlorida Senatefrom the 33rd district

**In office**
November 5, 2002 – December 31, 2010

## Member of theFlorida House of Representativesfrom the 104th district

**In office**
November 3, 1998 – November 5, 2002

## Member of theMiami-Dade County School Board

**In office**
1992–1998

**Frederica Smith Wilson** (born **Frederica Patricia Smith**; November 5, 1942) is an American politician who has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 2011, representing Florida's 24th congressional district. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson's congressional district was numbered as the 17th during her first term.
Don Bacon

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Nebraska's 2nd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2017

**Donald John Bacon** (born August 16, 1963) is an American politician and former military officer serving as the U.S. Representative for Nebraska's 2nd congressional district since 2017. Before holding public office, he was a United States Air Force officer, rising to brigadier general and wing commander at Ramstein Air Base and Offutt Air Force Base before his retirement in 2014. Bacon is a member of the Republican Party.
Dave Yost

Yost in 2019

## 51st Attorney General of Ohio

**Assumed office**
January 14, 2019

**In office**
January 10, 2011 – January 12, 2019

## Prosecutor of Delaware County

**In office**
2003–2011

## Auditor of Delaware County

**In office**
1999–2003

**David Anthony Yost** (born December 22, 1956) is an American politician and lawyer who currently serves as the 51st Attorney General of Ohio. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Finis J. Garrett

**In office**
September 1, 1948 – September 15, 1955

**In office**
December 1, 1937 – September 1, 1948

**In office**
February 18, 1929 – December 1, 1937

**In office**
March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1929

**In office**
March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1929

**Finis James Garrett** (August 26, 1875 – May 25, 1956) was an American politician and judge who served as a United States Representative from Tennessee and a Chief Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals.
Country Party

Agrarianism
Fiat money
Anti-federalism

The **Country Party** was a minor political party that operated in the state of Rhode Island during the early years of the United States. The party was an agrarian party that supported fiat money and opposed federalism.

The Country Party opposed ratification of the United States Constitution, largely because of civil liberty concerns driving distrust of distant and large government; opposition to slavery in which the mercantile economy, but not the rural economy, of Rhode Island was invested; and disagreements about projected monetary policy, specifically a desire to maintain state-issued paper currency as legal tender at face value. Some of these views found mainstream expression in the Bill of Rights, while others were addressed by other compromises or were suppressed.

 Historical
 Minor parties
 Historical
 State, territorial, and local parties
 Historical
Elias Boudinot

**In office**
October 1795 – July 1805

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New Jersey's at-large district

**In office**
March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1795
Served with Lambert Cadwalader, James Schureman, Thomas Sinnickson, Abraham Clark, Jonathan Dayton, Aaron Kitchell, and John Beatty

## 4th President of the Congress of the Confederation

**In office**
November 4, 1782 – November 3, 1783

## Delegate to the Confederation Congressfrom New Jersey

**In office**
March 1, 1781 – November 3, 1783

## Delegate to the Continental Congressfrom New Jersey

**In office**
1778

## Personal details

### Parents

Elias Boudinot III
Mary Catherine Williams

**Elias Boudinot IV** (May 2, 1740 – October 24, 1821) was a lawyer and statesman from Elizabeth, New Jersey who was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation and served as President of Congress from 1782 to 1783. He was elected as a U.S. Congressman for New Jersey's at-large congressional district following the American Revolutionary War. He was appointed by President George Washington as Director of the United States Mint, serving from 1795 until 1805.
Daniel Inouye

Official portrait, 2009

**In office**
June 28, 2010 – December 17, 2012

**In office**
January 3, 1963 – December 17, 2012
Served with Hiram Fong, Spark Matsunaga, and Daniel Akaka

**In office**
August 21, 1959 – January 3, 1963

**Daniel Ken Inouye** (September 7, 1924 – December 17, 2012) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1963 until his death in 2012. A member of the Democratic Party, he was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 2010 until his death. Until the inauguration of Kamala Harris as Vice President of the United States in 2021, Inouye was the highest-ranking Asian-American politician in U.S. history.
Experience Party

Populism

The **Experience Party** was a local populist party in New York City that was formed for the sole purpose of re-electing then-acting Mayor of New York City Vincent R. Impellitteri to the mayoralty.

Impellitteri became acting mayor upon the resignation of William O'Dwyer to become United States Ambassador to Mexico. The local Democratic Party refused to nominate him in the 1950 special election, so Impellitteri formed the Experience Party and won. He popularized the slogan "unbought and unbossed" during his campaign. Impellitteri rejoined the Democratic Party after being re-elected.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1950/10/30/archives/impellitteri-cited-as-unbossed-man-deputy-mayor-and-campaign.html

 Historical
 Minor parties
 Historical
 State, territorial, and local parties
 Historical
David Souter

**In office**
October 9, 1990 – June 29, 2009

**In office**
May 25, 1990 – October 9, 1990

**In office**
1983–1990

**In office**
1978–1983

**In office**
July 17, 1976 – September 19, 1978

**David Hackett Souter** (born September 17, 1939) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He served from October 1990 to his retirement in June 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat that had been vacated by William J. Brennan, he previously served as a federal judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, a justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court, and the 20th Attorney General of New Hampshire.
Georgia

**State of Georgia**

Flag

Seal

Georgia highlighted in red

**Georgia** is a state in the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, South Carolina to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, Florida to the south, and Alabama to the west.

 Judicial

 Military

 Legislative
Covenant Party

Populism
Financial reform

The **Covenant Party** was a territorial political party in the Northern Mariana Islands that existed from 2001 to 2013, electing several members to both chambers of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature and winning the governorship in 2005. The party mostly made up of members from the Republican Party, but many prominent Democrats would also join the party.

The party was a big tent populist party that advocated governmental and financial reform. The party effectively ceased to exist in 2013, when Governor Eloy Inos left the party to rejoin the GOP.

 Historical
 Minor parties
 Historical
 State, territorial, and local parties
 Historical
Daniel R. Hokanson

## 29th Chief of the National Guard Bureau

**Assumed office**
August 3, 2020

**In office**
June 20, 2019 – August 3, 2020

**In office**
November 2016 – June 2019

**In office**
July 31, 2015 – October 24, 2016

**Daniel Robert Hokanson** (born June 27, 1963) is a four-star general in the United States Army who currently serves as the 29th Chief of the National Guard Bureau. He previously served as the 21st Director of the Army National Guard. His previous military assignments include serving as Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau, Deputy Commander of United States Northern Command, adjutant general of the Oregon National Guard, and commander of the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team. He is a veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Just Cause.
Garret Hobart

**In office**
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899

**In office**
1881–1883

**In office**
1874–1875

**In office**
1877–1883

**In office**
1873–1875

**Garret Augustus Hobart** (June 3, 1844 – November 21, 1899) was an American politician who served as the 24th Vice President of the United States, from 1897 until his death. He was the sixth American vice president to die in office. Prior to serving as vice president, Hobart was an influential New Jersey politician and political operative.
Dan Quayle

Official portrait, 1989

**In office**
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993

**In office**
January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1989
Served with Richard Lugar

**In office**
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1981

**James Danforth Quayle** (born February 4, 1947) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Quayle was also a United States representative from 1977 to 1981 and a United States senator from 1981 to 1989 from the state of Indiana.
George J. Mitchell

Mitchell in 2009

**In office**
January 22, 2009 – May 13, 2011

**In office**
January 3, 1995 – January 20, 2001

**In office**
January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1995

**In office**
May 19, 1980 – January 3, 1995
Served with William Cohen

**In office**
October 5, 1979 – May 16, 1980

**In office**
1977–1979

**George John Mitchell Jr.** (born August 20, 1933) is an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. A leading member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States Senator from Maine from 1980 to 1995 and as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995. He briefly served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine from 1979 to 1980.
Edward Everett

## The ReverendEdward Everett

**In office**
March 4, 1853 – June 1, 1854
Served with Charles Sumner

**In office**
November 6, 1852 – March 3, 1853

**In office**
December 16, 1841 – August 8, 1845

**In office**
January 13, 1836 – January 18, 1840

**In office**
March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1835

**Edward Everett** (April 11, 1794 – January 15, 1865) was an American politician, Unitarian pastor, educator, diplomat, and orator from Massachusetts. Everett, as a Whig, served as U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to the United Kingdom, and United States Secretary of State. He also taught at Harvard University and served as its president. He was the vice presidential nominee for the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 presidential election.
David H. Berger

## GeneralDavid H. Berger

Official portrait, 2019

**In office**
July 11, 2019 – July 10, 2023

**David Hilberry Berger** (born December 21, 1959) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general who served as the 38th Commandant of the Marine Corps. From his commissioning in 1981, he served in a variety of command and staff billets, including his participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. He retired in 2023.
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The **Eighth Amendment** (**Amendment VIII**) to the United States Constitution protects against imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment serves as a limitation upon the federal government to impose unduly harsh penalties on criminal defendants before and after a conviction. This limitation applies equally to the price for obtaining pretrial release and the punishment for crime after conviction. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689.

The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments has led courts to hold that the Constitution totally prohibits certain kinds of punishment, such as drawing and quartering. Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Supreme Court has struck down the application of capital punishment in some instances, but capital punishment is still permitted in some cases where the defendant is convicted of murder.

The Supreme Court has held that the Excessive Fines Clause prohibits fines that are "so grossly excessive as to amount to a deprivation of property without due process of law". The Court struck down a fine as excessive for the first time in *United States v. Bajakajian* (1998). Under the Excessive Bail Clause, the Supreme Court has held that the federal government cannot set bail at "a figure higher than is reasonably calculated" to ensure the defendant's appearance at trial. The Supreme Court has ruled that the Excessive Fines Clause and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause apply to the states, but has not done this regarding the Excessive Bail Clause.

## Text

> Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
>
>
Erin Houchin

Official portrait, 2023

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Indiana's 9th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2023

**In office**
November 18, 2014 – February 4, 2022

**Erin Suzanne Houchin** (née **Mount**; born September 24, 1976) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Indiana's 9th congressional district since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, she represented the 47th district in the Indiana Senate from 2014 to 2022.
David M. Apatang

Apatang in 2019

## 13th Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands

**Assumed office**
January 9, 2023

**In office**
January 12, 2015 – January 8, 2023

## Member of theNorthern Mariana Islands House of Representativesfrom the 1st Saipan district

**In office**
1995–2009

**David Mundo Apatang** (born July 10, 1948) is a Northern Mariana Islander politician who is serving as the 13th Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands since 2023. He previously served as the Mayor of Saipan from 2015 to 2023. As a Republican, Apatang formerly served in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives. Apatang was elected lieutenant governor in the 2022 election on an independent ticket headed by Arnold Palacios.
George H. Moses

Moses in 1918

**In office**
March 6, 1925 – March 3, 1933

**In office**
November 6, 1918 – March 3, 1933
Served with Henry F. Hollis and Henry W. Keyes

**In office**
May 31, 1910 – September 30, 1912

**In office**
July 5, 1909 – September 30, 1912

**George Higgins Moses** (February 9, 1869 – December 20, 1944) was an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from New Hampshire and served in two ministerial posts under William Howard Taft.
George Poindexter

**In office**
June 28, 1834 – November 30, 1834

**In office**
October 15, 1830 – March 3, 1835
Served with Powhatan Ellis and John Black

**In office**
January 5, 1820 – January 7, 1822

**In office**
December 10, 1817 – March 3, 1819

**In office**
March 4, 1807 – March 3, 1813

**In office**
1803–1807

**George Poindexter** (April 19, 1779 − September 5, 1853) was an American politician, lawyer and judge from Mississippi. Born in Virginia, he moved to Mississippi Territory in 1802. He served as United States Representative from the newly admitted state, was elected Governor, and served as a United States Senator.

 State attorneys general
Elena Kagan

Official portrait, 2013

## Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

**Assumed office**
August 7, 2010

**In office**
March 19, 2009 – May 17, 2010

**In office**
1997–2000

**Elena Kagan** (born April 28, 1960) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 10, 2010, and has served since August 7, 2010. Kagan is the fourth woman to become a member of the Court. She is a registered Democrat in Washington, D.C.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/which-supreme-court-justices-are-registered-democrats-and-republicans-fix-the-court-investigates
Eric Holcomb

Official portrait, 2016

## 51st Governor of Indiana

**Assumed office**
January 9, 2017

**In office**
March 3, 2016 – January 9, 2017

**In office**
January 3, 2011 – July 22, 2013

**Eric Joseph Holcomb** (born May 2, 1968) is an American politician serving as the 51st and current Governor of Indiana since 2017. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 51st Lieutenant Governor of Indiana from 2016 to 2017 under Governor Mike Pence, who left the governorship in 2017 to become the Vice President of the United States. Holcomb was nominated to fill the remainder of Lieutenant Governor Sue Ellspermann's term after she resigned on March 2, 2016, to become president of Ivy Tech Community College. He won the 2016 election for governor of Indiana over Democratic nominee John R. Gregg. Holcomb was reelected in 2020 over Democratic nominee Woody Myers and Libertarian nominee Donald Rainwater.
Donald Trump

Official portrait, 2017

**In office**
January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021

**Donald John Trump** (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, businessman, and media personality who served as the 45th President of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Before entering politics, he was chairman and president of the Trump Organization from 1971 to 2017 and hosted a reality television show, *The Apprentice*, from 2004 to 2015. Since leaving office, Trump has remained heavily involved in the Republican Party. In November 2022, he announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2024 United States presidential election, seeking a second non-consecutive term.

Throughout 2023, Trump was indicted in several criminal cases. In March a grand jury in Manhattan, New York City indicted him on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records; in June a federal grand jury in Florida indicted him on 37 counts related to his alleged mishandling of classified documents, with 3 more charges added later on; and in August a federal grand jury in D.C. indicted him on 4 felonies in connection to the January 6 storming of the United States Capitol, and a grand jury in Atlanta, Georgia indicted him on 13 felonies alleging that he conspired to overthrow the results of the 2020 presidential election. This made Trump the first president in American history to be criminally charged at either the state or federal level, facing a total of 91 criminal charges.
Gavin Newsom

Newsom in 2019

## 40th Governor of California

**Assumed office**
January 7, 2019

**In office**
January 10, 2011 – January 7, 2019

**In office**
January 8, 2004 – January 10, 2011

**In office**
January 8, 1997 – January 8, 2004

**Gavin Christopher Newsom** (born October 10, 1967) is an American politician and businessman serving as the 40th Governor of California since January 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 49th Lieutenant Governor of California from 2011 to 2019 and as the 42nd Mayor of San Francisco from 2004 to 2011.