recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca

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***Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca*** (**rock-posy lichen**, **rockbright**) is a pale yellowish-green to gray-green umbillicate foiliose lichen . It was first described in 1791 by English botanist Sir James Edward Smith as *Lichen chrysoleucus*; Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf transferred it to the genus *Rhizoplaca* in 1905.

The single-leaf (monophyllous) umbillicate thallus can be 2–3.5 cm in width, with deep lobes. The thallus is relatively thick and lumpy with warts and lobules. The fruiting structures (apothecia have lightly pruinose, burnt-orange to tan discs rimmed, with a contrasting rim of pale greenish thallus-like tissue making them easy to identify. Apothecia are 0.8–2.5 mm diameter, and often numerous and crowded into each other.

It grows in Eurasia and western North America. In the Sonoran Desert region it grows at elevations from Template:Convert. It prefers siliceous rock, granite, schist, quartz, mica, and basalt, but is also found on sandstone and less commonly on calcareous rock. It grows from the high desert to the alpine zone. It is often nitrophilous, preferring dropping areas under bird perches.Template:Citation needed It is common on rock in inland arid mountain and desert habitats in California.Template:Rp

Lichen spot tests are K+ yellow or K-, KC+ yellow-orange, C-, and P- on the cortex, and K-, KC+ red or KC-, C-, and P+ yellow or P- on the medulla.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Template:ISBN
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol 1, Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, [1]

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hydnellum caeruleum

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***Hydnellum caeruleum*** is an inedible fungus, also commonly known as the blue-green hydnellum, blue spine, or blue tooth.

## External links

* Index Fungorum synonyms
* Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month pictures and more information
* healing-Mushrooms.net description, bioactive compounds and medicinal properties

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Parmotrema perlatum

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***Parmotrema perlatum***, commonly known as **black stone flower** or **kalpasi**, is a species of lichen used as spice in India. The species occurs throughout the temperate Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Typically used in meat dishes like nahari (Paaya), Bombay biryani, Goan meat stews, it is also used in vegetarian dishes. It is one of the ingredients in East Indian Bottle Masala, used for cooking Meats, fish and vegetables.

Some of the other names for it include *shaileyam* in Sanskrit, *kalpasi* in Tamil, *Dagar da Phool* in Punjabi, *dagad phool* in Marathi, *Raathi Pootha* (Banda puvvu) in Telugu "Kallu hoovu" in Kannada and *patthar ke phool* in Hindi, "Bojhwar" in northern India.

 File:Parmotrema perlatum.jpg

## External links

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Nidula shingbaensis

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***Nidula shingbaensis*** is a rare species of bird's nest fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Found in the north district of Sikkim (India), where it grows on small fallen twigs of Bhutan fir (*Abies densa*), it was described as new to science in 2013. It has a peridium measuring 6–9 mm tall with a mouth diameter of 5–7 mm. The peridium contains up to 40 small "eggs" (peridioles) measuring 0.9–1.3 mm in diameter. The peridioles are filled with broadly ellipsoid to elongated spores that are 6.9–8.3–9.8 by 4.9–5.4–6.1 μm. Measuring 650–720 μm thick, the peridium comprises six distinct tissue layers—a feature that is unique in the genus *Nidula*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Das 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Rubroboletus lupinus

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***Rubroboletus lupinus***, commonly known as the **wolf bolete**, is a bolete fungus of the genus *Rubroboletus*. Originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838 as species of *Boletus*, in 2015 it was transferred to *Rubroboletus*, a genus circumscribed the year previously to contain other allied reddish colored, blue-staining bolete species.

Elias Magnus Fries described the wolf bolete as *Boletus lupinus* in 1838. Its species name is derived from the Latin *lupus* "wolf".

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2015`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhao 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cibaomyces

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***Cibaomyces*** is an agaric fungal genus found in China, Japan, France, and Germany in forests containing Fagaceae. It resembles *Hymenopellis radicata* because of its size, radiating stipe and glutinous cap. Unlike species in the genus *Hymenopellis*, *Cibaomyces* produces spiny basidiospores. DNA sequence data show it to be distinct from *Dactylosporina*, another spiny-spored genus in the Physalacriaceae.

## Etymology

The name *Cibaomyces* is derived from the Chinese word pronounced "Cibao" which means "echinate spores", and the Ancient Greek, "-myces" referring to a fungus.

## Species

This genus includes only one species.

Species includes:

* *Cibaomyces glutinis*

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hao2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moreau_et_al2015`
3. ↑ MycoBank 中文版 (2014-10-28).

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Psilocybe eximia

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***Psilocybe eximia*** is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Java, Indonesia, where it grows in muddy soil among ferns, grasses, moss, and leaf litter. The fungus was described as new to science in 2006 by mycologists Egon Horak and Dennis Desjardin.

## See also

* List of psilocybin mushrooms
* List of *Psilocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Horak 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena kentingensis

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***Mycena kentingensis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Found in Taiwan and described as new to science in 2013, the fruit bodies of the fungus are bioluminescent. Closely related species include *M. stylobates* and *M. adscendens*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Shih 2013`

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Rhizopogon vinicolor

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***Rhizopogon vinicolor*** is a species complex of ectomycorrhizal fungus which forms a mutualistic relationship with the Douglas-fir (*Pseudotsuga* spp.). The species was first described scientifically by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith in 1966.

## Taxonomy

 File:Douglas Firs Mount Hood National Forest.jpg
A number of species of *Rhizopogon* are morphologically similar and they are collectively known as the *R. vinicolor* species complex. A phylogenetic investigation of *R. vinicolor*, *R. diabolicus*, *R. ochraceisporus*, *R. parvulus* and *R. versiculosus* was published in 2002. It was determined that they separated into two distinct clades, *R. vinicolor* and *R. versiculosus*.

## Characteristics

The fruit bodies of *R. vinicolor* are produced underground. They are Template:Convert in diameter, rounded or irregularly shaped, of a dirty white colour, later red, and with a few rhizomorphs at the base. The peridium is a single layer, becoming wine-red when exposed. The gleba is firm and buff coloured, darkening with age, with small labyrinthine locules. The trama are well-filled with basidiospores. These are elliptical to ovoid, 5–9 × 3–5 μm, do not have a septum and are smooth and hyaline. The mycelial cords are few in number or absent altogether.

## Ecology

This species forms a mutualistic relationship with coniferous trees. Although some authorities state that *R. vinicolor* associates exclusively with the Douglas-fir, others mention it being found in association with the ponderosa pine and other pines and firs. The trees benefit from the saprophytic fungus which makes nutrients available by breakdown of the leaf litter and rotting wood, while the fungus benefits from the trees' photosynthetic mechanisms which produce carbohydrates.

The western red-backed vole is one of a number of rodents that feed on the fruit bodies. The spores then pass through the vole's gut and are deposited in faecal pellets throughout its extensive burrows. The spores are still viable and this enables the fungus to spread and form associations with uninfected trees. It has been found that if a forest is clear cut and all the dead wood removed, *R. vinicolor* and other mycorrhiza stop fruiting, the vole population dies out and any newly planted trees fail to thrive.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith1966`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kretzer2003`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rhizopogon vinicolor
4. ↑ MycoBank
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Schultz, Stewart T. The Northwest Coast: A Natural History. (1990) Timber Press, Inc. Portland, Oregon. p275-276.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phellodon secretus

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***Phellodon secretus*** is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Described as new to science in 2003, it is found in Finland, where it grows under the fallen trunks of pine trees. It somewhat resembles *Phellodon connatus*, but has a thinner stipe, a softer, cotton-like cap, and smaller, rounder spores.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Niemelä 2003`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Rhizomarasmius undatus

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***Rhizomarasmius undatus*** (syn. ***Marasmius undatus***) is a small mushroom which grows on fern rhizomes.

## Description

The species can be described as follows:

* The cap has a powdery covering (a pruina), is initially whitish and convex and later becomes brownish grey and expands to be flat. It grows to about 2.5 cm in diameter.
* The gills are whitish and distant, and broadly adnate to the stem, or slightly decurrent. The spore powder is white.
* The rigid stem can grow to about 12 cm long by about 2 mm in diameter. It is white at the top and dark brown to black lower down, with a puinose covering of short white hairs.
* The smell and taste are not distinctive.
* The spores are lemon-shaped to ellipsoid and measure roughly 9-12 µm x 5-7 µm.

## Naming and related species

The species epithet *undatus*, meaning "wavy", is the past participle of the Latin verb "undo" (= "I undulate").

This species was originally described in 1836 as *Agaricus undatus* by Miles Joseph Berkeley. As it happened, in 1838 the famous mycologist Elias Magnus Fries defined a completely different mushroom (now *Entoloma undatum*) under the same name, but due to the nomenclatural rules of precedence, that definition is illegitimate. This was confirmed when in 1849 Fries renamed Berkeley's fungus with the combination *Marasmius undatus*, a name which was current for more than a century. Then in 2000 it was one of the two initial species with which R. H. Petersen created the new genus *Rhizomarasmius*, the other one being the type species *R. pyrrhocephalus*.

## Ecology and distribution

This mushroom grows on rhizomes of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and probably other ferns. It is widespread but rare in northern and western Europe and has been reported from North Africa, North America, and the Altai mountains.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Antonín`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `FungaNordica`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `SF`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Courtecuisse`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lewis`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Petersen`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `MycoDB`

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Ripartites tricholoma

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***Ripartites tricholoma***, commonly known as the **bearded seamine**, is a species of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It was first described scientifically as *Agaricus tricholoma* by Albertini and Lewis David von Schweinitz in 1805, and later transferred into the genus *Ripartites* by Petter Karsten in 1879. It is found in North America and Europe, and has also been collected in Costa Rica.

## Description

 File:Ripartites tricholoma 161112w.jpg
This fungus is reminiscent of a Clitocybe, but the spore powder is light brown instead of white, and when young the cap rim is surrounded by spine-like hairs, which quickly disappear. The cap is convex and whitish with a diameter ranging up to 7 cm (the sources differ on the range of dimensions). The gills are off-white and they are somewhat decurrent down the brownish stem, which has a white frosting ("pruina") when fresh. The flesh has a mild taste and the smell is not distinctive. The roughly spherical spores are warty and about 5 µm x 4 µm in size.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Albertini1805`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Karsten1879`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRogers`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMacrofungiCostaRica`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon1987`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Eyssartier`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `FungaNordica`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Piriformospora

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***Piriformospora*** is a fungal genus of the order Sebacinales. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single endophytic root-colonising species ***Piriformospora indica***, discovered from orchid plants in the Thar desert in Rajasthan, India by Prof. Ajit Verma and group, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The fungus has typical pear-shaped chlamydospores, and thus, named as *P. indica* . Unlike mycorrhizal fungi, which cannot be cultured axenically, *P. indica* can be easily grown on various substrates. It has been found to promote plant growth during its mutualistic symbiotic relationship with a wide variety of plants. Experiments have shown that *P. indica* increases the resistance of colonized plants against fungal pathogens. It has also been found in experiments with barley that *P. indica*-inoculated plants are tolerant to salt stress and more resistant to root pathogens. *P. indica*-infested roots also show antioxidant capacity. The fungus also induces systemic disease resistance in plants. *P. indica* was found to require host cell death for proliferation during mutualistic symbiosis in barley. Its genome has been sequenced and was published in 2011.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Verma1998`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Serfling2007`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Waller2005`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Deshmukh2006`
5. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Leratiomyces ceres

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***Leratiomyces ceres***, commonly known as the **Redlead Roundhead**, is mushroom which has a bright red to orange cap and dark purple-brown spore deposit. It is usually found growing gregariously on wood chips and is one of the most common and most distinctive mushrooms found in that habitat. It is also known as ***Stropharia aurantiaca***, *Hypholoma aurantiaca*, *Naematoloma aurantiaca*, and a number of other synonyms. It is common in wood chips and lawns in North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere.

## Description

* **Cap**: 2 to 6 cm in diameter, with thin flesh and a bright red to brick red top which is convex to plane in age. Has partial veil remnants when young. The cap surface is usually dry, but can be slightly viscid when moist.
* **Gills**: Close, white to pale gray at first, later darker purple/brown or purplish grey with whitish edges. Attached (adnexed to adnate) and often notched.
* **Spores**: Dark purple/brown. 10-13.5 x 6-8.5 m. Elliptical and smooth.
* **Stipe**: Whitish, often with dark orange stains in age (most evident around base), 4–8 cm long, .5 to 1 cm wide, equal to slightly larger at the base, which often has pale yellowish mycelium attached. The veil is thin and leaves a fragile ring, sometimes not present with age. The stalk is smooth above the ring and has tiny scales below, which often wash off in rain.
* **Taste**: Mild
* **Odor**: Mild
* **Edibility**: Poisonous

Leratiomyces ceres (2004).jpgLeratiomyces ceresLeratiomyces ceres spores 1000x.JPGSpores 1000xLeratiomyces ceres (formerly known as Stropharia aurantiaca, Hypholoma aurantiaca, Naematoloma aurantiaca, etc.) (15809298769).jpgLeratiomyces ceres (formerly known as Stropharia aurantiaca, Hypholoma aurantiaca, Naematoloma aurantiaca, etc.) (15993317231).jpg
## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bridge PD, Spooner BM, Beever RE, Park DC. (2008). Taxonomy of the fungus commonly known as **Stropharia aurantiaca**, with new combinations in *Leratiomyces*. *Mycotaxon* 103:109–121.
2. ↑ Arora D. 1986. *Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi* (2nd edition). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. Template:ISBN.

## External links

* Mykoweb - Stropharia aurantiaca
* Mushroom Expert - Stropharia aurantiaca

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Psilocybe thaiduplicatocystidiata

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***Psilocybe thaiduplicatocystidiata*** is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Chiang Mai University Park (Chiang Mai Province, Thailand), where it grows on soil with rotting dung, it was described as new to science in 2012. The specific epithet *thaiduplicatocystidiata* refers to its dimorphic pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia, and to Thailand.

## See also

* List of *Psilocybe* species
* List of psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Guzmán 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phallus cinnabarinus

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***Phallus cinnabarinus*** is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. Originally named in 1957 as *Dictyophora cinnabarina*, it was transferred to the genus *Phallus* in 1996 by Hanns Kreisel. It is found in Taiwan.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kreisel 1996`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycopan

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***Mycopan*** is one of several genera of agaric fungi (mushrooms) that were formerly classified in the genus *Hydropus* or *Mycena*. *Mycopan* is currently monotypic, containing the single species ***Mycopan scabripes***. It produces dusky colored fruit bodies that are mycenoid, but lack amyloid or dextrinoid tissues except for the amyloid basidiospores. Its stipe is notably scruffy from cystidioid end cells and unlike true *Hydropus* it does not bleed clear fluid. Phylogenetically, *Mycopan* is distant from the Mycenaceae and the type of that family, *Mycena*, and it is not with the type of *Hydropus*, *Hydropus fuliginarius*. *Mycopan* grouped closest to *Baeospora*. *Baeospora* was shown to be in the Cyphellaceae by Matheny and colleagues. *Mycopan scabripes* grows from debris in forest floors in North America and Europe.

## Etymology

The name *Mycopan* alludes to a fungal (myco-) version of Pan and his furry legs and woodland home.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bas1999`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead2013a`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moncalvo2002`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Matheny2006`

## External links

* AH Smith N.A. Mycena - *Mycena scabripes*
* MycoQuebec - *Hydropus scabripes*

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Macrocybe crassa

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***Macrocybe crassa*** is a species of fungus that is native to Sri Lanka, India (Kerala), Thailand and Malaysia. The large pale cream to brownish mushrooms can weigh up to 1.25 kg and have 40 cm diameter caps. They are widely consumed and highly regarded.

## Taxonomy

Miles Joseph Berkeley described this fungus as *Agaricus crassus* in 1847, calling it a "most magnificent species", from material collected in Peradeniya in Sri Lanka. However the name was illegitimate as the binomial had been used by Scopoli in 1772 for another fungus. Pier Andrea Saccardo placed it in the genus *Tricholoma* in 1887.

## Description

*Macrocybe crassa* form solid, large mushrooms that can weigh up to Template:Convert. The cap is from Template:Convert across, with rare specimens up to Template:Convert in diameter. Cream-white to yellow- or grey-brown with a darker centre, the cap is initially convex before expanding out and flattening, sometimes with a central boss. The crowded cream to white gills are adnexed to sinuate. The cylindrical stout white stem is Template:Convert high and Template:Convert across with a swollen base. The spore print is creamy white, and the oval spores are 5.0–6.5 μm long by 3.7–4.5 μm wide. The flesh is up to Template:Convert thick under the cap and has a hint of bitterness.

It can be distinguished from the related *M. gigantea* by the latter species' yellow gills and lack of swollen base to its stalk.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to Sri Lanka, India (Kerala), Thailand and Malaysia. It is highly regarded in Thailand but expensive as it is generally only available after the rainy season. It can be cultivated on sawdust of rubber trees, however.

## Edibility

*M. crassa* mushrooms are cooked in mustard oil and spices in West Bengal. They are known in Bengali as *dhoodh chhatu*, from the word for "milk" as they are said to smell like milk when dried.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `berk47`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `sacc87`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler1998`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `inyod16`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `dutta14`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Penicillium zhuangii

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***Penicillium zhuangii*** is a fungus species in the genus *Penicillium*. Described as new to science in 2014, it was isolated from plant leaves in China. It is morphologically similar to *Penicillium lividum*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Wang 2014`

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Pluteus cervinus

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***Pluteus cervinus***, also known as ***Pluteus atricapillus*** and commonly known as the **deer shield** or the **deer** or **fawn mushroom**, is a mushroom that belongs to the large genus *Pluteus*. It is found on rotten logs, roots and tree stumps and is widely distributed. It can also grow on sawdust and other wood waste. Being very variable in appearance, it has been divided into several varieties or subspecies, some of which are sometimes considered species in their own right. It is edible, but not often collected for the table.

## Taxonomy

The species name, *cervinus*, although generally thought to refer to the colour of the cap, actually refers to antler-like protrusions on its prominent thick-walled pleurocystidia (of which there can be one to three).

## Description

The cap can be up to 15 cm in diameter, but is often much smaller. Initially it is bell-shaped, and often wrinkled when young. Later it expands to a convex shape. The cap can be deer-brown, but vary from light ochre-brown to dark brown, with a variable admixture of grey or black. The centre of the cap may be darker. The cap surface is smooth and matte to silky-reflective. The cap skin shows dark radial fibres when seen through a lens, indicating that the microscopic cuticle structure is filamentous. The gills are initially white, but soon show a distinctive pinkish sheen, caused by the ripening spores. The stipe is 5–12 cm long and 0.7-2.0 cm in diameter, usually thicker at the base. It is covered with brown vertical fibrils on a white ground. The flesh is soft and white. The mushroom has a mild to earthy radish smell and a mild taste at first, which may become slightly bitter.

The spore size is approximately 8×5μ, and the individual spores are elliptical and smooth. The spore print is salmon-pink to reddish brown.

It grows on logs and stumps, and can be found most commonly in the spring and fall.

## Gallery

Pluteus cervinus in situ.jpgMature P. cervinusYoung Pluteus cervinus in situ.jpgYoung P. cervinusPluteus.cervinus.cystidia.400x.JPGCystidia with apical projectionsPluteus.cervinus.spores.1000x.jpg*Pluteus cervinus* sporesPluteus cervinus01.jpg*Pluteus cervinus*

## Citations

1. ↑ Phillips R. *Pluteus cervinus*. Rogers Plants Ltd. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved on October 27, 2009.
2. ↑ National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms, 2006
Kuo, Michael (December 2004). Pluteus cervinus: The Deer Mushroom. Retrieved on August 8, 2013.
4. ↑ Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month

## References

* This article is partly translated from the German page.
* Meinhard Moser: *Basidiomycetes II: Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze*, Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart (1978). English edition: translated by Simon Plant: *Keys to Agarics and Boleti* (Roger Phillips 1983)
* Régis Courtecuisse, Bernard Duhem : *Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe* (Delachaux & Niestlé, 1994-2000). Template:ISBN

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Phlebia radiata

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***Phlebia radiata***, commonly known as the **wrinkled crust**, is a common species of crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. It grows as a wrinkled, orange to pinkish waxy crust on the decaying wood of coniferous and deciduous trees, in which it causes a white rot. The fungus was first described scientifically in 1821 by Elias Magnus Fries.

## Description

The fruitbody of *Phlebia radiata* is resupinate—flattened against its substrate like a crust. It is wrinkled, orange to pinkish in color, and has a waxy texture. It is circular to irregular in shape, reaching a diameter up to Template:Convert, although neighbouring fruitbodies may be fused together to form larger complexes up to Template:Convert in diameter. The soft texture of the flesh hardens when the fruitbody becomes old. The fungus is inedible.

In mass, the spores are white. Microscopic examination reveals additional spore details: they are smooth, allantoid (sausage-shaped) to elliptical, and inamyloid, measuring 3.5–7 by 1–3 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Phlebia radiata* is a saprophytic species, and causes a white rot in the wood it colonizes, fallen logs and branches of both coniferous and hardwood trees.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Davis 2012`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1821`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 1986`

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Hygrocybe splendidissima

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***Hygrocybe splendidissima***, commonly known as the **splendid waxcap**, is a mushroom of the waxcap genus *Hygrocybe*. Found in Europe, it was originally described as new to science in 1960 by British mycologist Peter Darbishire Orton as a species of *Hygrophorus*. The type was collected by Orton in fields near Membury, Devon, in 1957 Meinhard Moser transferred the species to the genus *Hygrocybe* in 1967. Derek Reid thought that the fungus was more appropriately classified as a form of the scarlet waxy cap, *Hygrocybe punicea*.

## See also

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* List of *Hygrocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Orton 1960`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moser 1967`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Reid 1972`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phloeomana speirea

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***Phloeomana speirea***, commonly known as the **bark bonnet**, is a species of fungus in the family Porotheleaceae. It is a bark-inhabiting agaric that produces fuscous-colored to whitish mycenoid to omphalinoid fruit bodies in temperate forests. The fungus was first described to science as *Agaricus speireus* by Elias Fries in 1815. Scott Redhead transferred it to the new genus *Phloeomana* in 2013, in which it is the type species.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `BMS`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Redhead 2013`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1815`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius tesquorum

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***Lactarius tesquorum*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. It was described in 1979 by Georges Malençon based on collections from Morocco, but was later identified in other Mediterranean countries.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Malencon 1979`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Contu 1986`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lalli 1988`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Ramaria conjunctipes

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***Ramaria conjunctipes*** is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in North America and Thailand.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Marr 1974`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maneevun 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Rhodactina incarnata

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***Rhodactina incarnata*** is a species of secotioid fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is found in the sandy soil of dry, Dipterocarpaceae-dominated forests in Chang Mai, northern Thailand. The fungus was described as new to science in 2006, becoming the second species in genus *Rhodactina*. The specific epithet *incarnata*, derived from the Latin for "flesh-colored", refers to the fruitbody color.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yang 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Ischnoderma resinosum

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***Ischnoderma resinosum*** is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Commonly known as the **late fall polypore**, **resinous polypore**, or **benzoin bracket**, this shelf mushroom is Template:Convert across, velvety, dark red/brown, aging black. Its spongy but tough, sweet smelling flesh exudes a red liquid when young. This fungus fruits on hardwood logs and stumps in late autumn. A widely distributed species, it has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.

The species was originally described as *Boletus resinosus* in 1794 by German botanist Heinrich Schrader It has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history, having been juggled between several genera. Petter Karsten transferred it to *Ischnoderma* in 1879 to give it the name by which it is currently known.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlFungorum synonymy: Ischnoderma resinosum`

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Ramaria sanguinea

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***Ramaria sanguinea***, commonly known as the **bleeding coral** or the **bloody coral**, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1799. It was transferred to the genus *Ramaria* by Lucien Quélet in 1888.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon 1799`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quélet 1888`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Phellinus linteus

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***Phellinus linteus*** (Japanese "meshimakobu", Chinese "song gen", Korean "sanghwang", English "Meshima", American English "black hoof mushroom") is a medicinal mushroom used in Japan, Korea and China for centuries to prevent ailments as diverse as gastroenteric dysfunction, diarrhea, haemorrhage and cancers.

It is shaped like a hoof, has a bitter taste, and in the wild grows on mulberry trees. The stem's color ranges from dark brown to black. In Korean traditional medicine, the mushroom is consumed in the form of hot tea.

Early research has suggested that *Phellinus linteus* has anti-breast cancer activity.

A paper published by Harvard Medical School reported that *Phellinus linteus* is a promising anti-cancer agent, but that more research is required to understand the mechanisms behind its anti-cancer activity.

Nine compounds were isolated from the active ethylacetate fraction of the fruiting body and identified as protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, hispidin, davallialactone, hypholomine B, interfungins A and inoscavin A of which interfungins A is a potent inhibitor of protein glycation.

Extracts from fruit-bodies or mycelium of *Phellinus linteus* stimulate the hormonal and cell-mediated immune function; quench the inflammatory reactions caused by a variety of stimuli, and suppress tumor growth and metastasis.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal
5. ↑ Zhu, Tongbo; Sung-Hoon Kim; Chang-Yan Chen."A Medicinal Mushroom: Phellinus Linteus". *Current Medicinal Chemistry*, 2008, Vol. 15 Issue 13, p1330-1335, 6p, Template:Webarchive

## Further reading

* Cho, S.H. “The Effects of Mesima-Ex, the Immunomodulator in Curatively Resected Gastric Cancer”, Journal of Korean Cancer Association (1997),29(5):800-806.
* Ikekawa, T. et al. “Antitumor action of some Basidiomycetes, especially Phellinus linteus”, Gann (1968),59(2):155-157.
* Kim, S. “Anti-tumor Effects of Mesima EX in Various Types of Cancer Patients”, Journal of Korean Cancer Association (1991),23(2):211-217.
* Song, K.-S. et al. ”Protein-bound polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus inhibits tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis and alters Wnt/β-catenin in SW480 human colon cancer cells”, BMC Cancer (2011),11:307.
* Tsuji, T. et al. ”Phellinus Linteus Extract Sensitizes Advanced Prostate Cancer Cells to Apoptosis in Athymic Nude Mice”, PLoS ONE (2010),5(3):e9885.

## External links

* Reuters UK article on use of *Phellinus linteus* in fighting breast cancer cells
* Medicinal Mushrooms: Their Therapeutic Properties and Current Medical Usage with Special Emphasis on Cancer Treatments by Cancer Research UK (the American equivalent to the US National Cancer Institute), 2001, Richard Sullivan
* Scientific Studies on Phellinus linteus (PubMed)
* Updated Scientific Studies on Phellinus linteus

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Psilocybe thaicordispora

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***Psilocybe thaicordispora*** is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Found near Huai Nam Dang National Park (Chiang Mai Province, Thailand), where it grows on the ground in open subtropical forest at an elevation of Template:Convert, it was described as new to science in 2012. The specific epithet *thaicordispora* refers to the section *Cordisporae*, and to Thailand.

## See also

* List of *Psilocybe* species
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Guzmán 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Pholiota adiposa

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***Pholiota adiposa*** is a species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It was originally described by German naturalist August Batsch in 1786 as a species of *Agaricus*. Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus *Pholiota* in 1871. It is found in Europe, where it grows both saprophytically and as a weak parasite on living and dead stems of European beech trees.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Batsch 1786`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kummer 1871`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Noordeloos 1999`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Ramalina hyrcana

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***Ramalina hyrcana*** is a species of lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Known from Iran, it was described as new to science in 2011.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Psilocybe wayanadensis

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***Psilocybe wayanadensis*** is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family. The mushroom contains psilocybin, a prodrug for the psychedelic tryptamine psilocin.

It was described from the state of Kerala in India.

## See also

* List of Psilocybin mushrooms
* Psilocybin mushrooms
* Psilocybe
* [url=http://www.librifungorum.org/Image.asp?ItemID=331&ImageFileName=0198b.jpg Original species description]

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Pleurotus nebrodensis

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***Pleurotus nebrodensis***, commonly known as *Funciu di basilicu* is a fungus that was declared by the IUCN as critically endangered in 2006. This fungus only grows on limestone in northern Sicily in association with *Cachrys ferulacea* (family Apiaceae). The characteristics of the mushroom are its creamy white to yellow colour, its diameter of between Template:Convert, its extremely angled gills, and the breaking apart of the cap surface at maturity.

## Taxonomy

The first record of the mushroom was in 1866 by Italian botanist Giuseppe Inzenga, who named it *Agaricus nembrodensis*; it was described as "the most delicious mushroom of the Sicilian mycological flora". This was widely agreed upon, which has led to widespread cultivation, by professionals and amateurs. In 1886, French mycologist Lucien Quélet transferred the species to the genus *Pleurotus*. Recent research has shown that *P. nebrodensis* is closely related to, but unique from, *Pleurotus eryngii*, which also occurs in the Mediterranean Basin and is associated with plants in the family Apiaceae.

## Decline

*P. nebrodensis* was classified as critically endangered is because it is found in an area of less than Template:Convert, and the population has become fractured. In addition, there are not as many mature fungi, and it is losing its natural habitat. An additional reason for the decline is that collectors are now picking unripe specimens. It is currently estimated that fewer than 250 *Pleurotus nebrodensis* reach maturity every year.

## Conservation

Currently there are no laws to protect *Pleurotus nebrodensis*. Even in protected areas there has not been a ban on picking of unripe specimens. However, a draft of rules has been created, and could be approved. This draft proposes protecting all ages of the *Pleurotus nebrodensis* in one part of Madonie Park, a sanctuary, while in another section of the park it will protect any non-mature mushroom. In addition to this, this fungus is being grown, like a crop, to reduce the strain on the wild population. These fungi that are cultivated for conservation are produced in tunnels that are covered by black nets. These cultivated fungi have the same flavor and aroma as the wild specimens.

## See also

Template:Portal

* Edible mushrooms
* Flora of Italy
* Cuisine of Sicily
* List of *Pleurotus* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `redlist`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `mushnews`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `zerv01`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `sustain`

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank

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Pseudobaeomyces

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***Pseudobaeomyces*** is a fungal genus in the Icmadophilaceae family. It is monotypic, containing the single lichen species ***Pseudobaeomyces insignis***, found in Asia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Psilocybe thaiaerugineomaculans

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***Psilocybe thaiaerugineomaculans*** is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Chiang Mai University Park (Chiang Mai Province, Thailand), where it grows on cow dung, it was described as new to science in 2012. The specific epithet *thaiaerugineomaculans* refers to its similarity to *Psilocybe aerugineomaculans*, and to Thailand.

## See also

* *List of *Psilocybe* species*
* List of Psilocybin mushrooms

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Guzmán 2012`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Parmelia asiatica

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***Parmelia asiatica*** is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Known from China, it was described as new to science in 2011.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lumbsch 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mycena cyanorrhiza

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***Mycena cyanorrhiza*** is a small white mushroom which has a blue base. It grows in forests on wood and has a white spore print.

## Chemistry

The mushroom contains psilocybin (Allen et al., 1991).

## Gallery

Mycena cyanorrhiza1.jpg*Mycena cyanorrhiza*Mycena cyanorrhiza2.jpg*Mycena cyanorrhiza*Mycena cyanorrhiza3.jpg*Mycena cyanorrhiza*Mycena cyanorrhiza4.jpg*Mycena cyanorrhiza*Mycena cyanorrhiza6.jpg*Mycena cyanorrhiza*Mycena cyanorrhiza8.jpg*Mycena cyanorrhiza*M c7.jpg*Mycena cyanorrhiza*

## External links

* Mycena cyanorrhiza description and photo

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Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

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***Pseudohydnum gelatinosum*** (common names include **toothed jelly fungus**, **false hedgehog mushroom**, **cat's tongue**, and **white jelly mushroom**) is an edible mushroom. Although bland, it can be candied or marinated. A widely distributed species, it is found in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North America, Central America, and South America. The fungus grows in woodlands on dead trunks, logs, and stumps.

## See also

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* *Hydnum repandum*, the hedgehog mushroom
* *Hericium erinaceus*, another mushroom called "hedgehog mushroom"

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Mucronella bresadolae

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***Mucronella bresadolae*** is a species of fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It was originally described by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1888 as *Clavaria bresadolae*. E.J.H. Corner transferred it to the genus *Mucronella* in 1970. It is found in Europe and North America.

 File:2011-12-04 Mucronella bresadolae (Quél.) Corner 187668.jpg
## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1970`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Parasola plicatilis

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***Parasola plicatilis*** is a small saprotrophic mushroom with a plicate cap (diameter up to 35 mm). It is a widely distributed species in Europe and North America. This ink cap species is a decomposer which can be found in grassy areas, alone, scattered or in small groups. The fruiting bodies grow at night after rain, and will self decompose after spore dispersion is achieved. Otherwise, they are quickly dried up in morning sunlight, or will eventually collapse beneath the weight of their caps.

## References

1. ↑ http://www.mushroomexpert.com/parasola\_plicatilis.html

## External links

* Template:Commons category-inline

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Phaeolepiota

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***Phaeolepiota*** is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Phaeolepiota aurea***. *P. aurea*, commonly known as **golden bootleg** or **golden cap** is a mushroom found throughout North America and Eurasia – often next to nettles.

## Edibility

Various cook books recommend the golden bootleg for its fine taste. Late studies have shown that the fruit body contains traces of hydrogen cyanide, which is known to be toxic to humans. Therefore, the mushroom is no longer considered edible. Heat treatment like cooking reduces the concentration of the poisonous acid, which might be the reason *Phaeolepiota aurea* was considered edible in the past.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Phaeolepiota aurea at mushroomthejournal.com Template:Webarchive

## External links

* Template:Commons category-inline

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Peziza arvernensis

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***Peziza arvernensis*** is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. This fungus appears as brown cups, often in small groups, on soil in broad-leaved woodland, especially with beech. The ascocarps can grow quite large, up to Template:Convert across. This species is widespread in Europe with a few records from North and South America.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* *Peziza arvernensis* at GBIF

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