recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Islamism

**Islamism** is a political ideology that advocates that public and political life should be guided by Islamic principles, with some Islamist movement supporting the full implementation of *sharia* law. Islamism is a form of identity politics that involves support for Muslim identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, and revitalization of the community, and it generally supports *sharia* law, pan-Islamic political unity, and the selective removal of non-Muslim/Western military, political, economic, social, or cultural influences in the Muslim world. Some Islamist thinkers advocated for peaceful political processes, while others, such as Sayyid Qutb, called for violence. During the Arab Spring of 2011, some Islamist currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist organization to date, the Islamic State. Islamism is typically regarded as a far-right ideology due to its opposition to both capitalism and communism, its support for pan-Islamic national unity, its support for authoritarianism, its support for paramilitary groups, its opposition to imperialism, and its support for the middle class (as seen in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Egypt).
Honolulu

**Honolulu** (/ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/; Hawaiian: [honoˈlulu]) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii, which its located in the Pacific Ocean. It is an unincorporated county seat of the consolidated City and County of Honolulu, situated along the southwest coast of the island of Oʻahu, and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city. Honolulu is Hawaii's main gateway to the world. It is also a major hub for finance, business, hospitality, and military defense in both the state and Oceania. The city is characterized by a mix of various Asian, Western, and Pacific cultures, as reflected in its diverse demography, cuisine, and traditions.

*Honolulu* means "sheltered harbor" or "calm port" in Hawaiian; its old name, ***Kou***, roughly encompasses the area from Nuʻuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street, which is the heart of the present downtown district. The city's desirability as a port accounts for its historical growth and importance in the Hawaiian archipelago and the broader Pacific region. Honolulu has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, first of the independent Hawaiian Kingdom, and after 1898 of the U.S. territory and state of Hawaii. The city gained worldwide recognition following Japan's attack on nearby Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which prompted decisive entry of the United States into the second World War; the harbor remains a major naval base, hosting the American Pacific Fleet, the world's largest naval command.

As Hawaii is the only state with no incorporated places below the county level, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as the "City of Honolulu"—not to be confused with the "City and County"—as a census county division (Also known as CCD). As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the population of Honolulu was 350,964, while that of the urban Honolulu census-designated place (CDP) was 802,459. The Urban Honolulu Metropolitan Statistical Area had 1,016,508 residents in 2020. With over 300,000 residents, Honolulu is the most populous Oceanian city outside Australasia.
Imperial Japanese Army

The **Imperial Japanese Army** served as the armed forces of the Japanese Empire from 1871 until the end of World War II and Japan's army in 1945. Founded in the aftermath of the Boshin War, the IJA had their first foreign war in the First Sino-Japanese War, and they proceeded to fight in the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, World War I in 1916-1918, the Russian Civil War, the Invasion of Manchuria in 1933, the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. After the eventual defeat in China and the Pacific, Japan was forced to surrender and the Imperial Army was disbanded.

## Gallery

Imperial japanese army ranks.Japanese army in 1876Imperial Japanese Army uniforms and ranks during World War II (From the US Army poster).Japanese troops surrendering on Saipan, June 1944.
Last Supper

Portrait of the Last Supper

The Last Supper was the final meal that Jesus shared with the Twelve Apostles before his crucifixion. It took place shortly after Jesus' arrival in Jerusalem and his cleansing of the Temple, and, during the meal, he predicted that one of his apostles would betray him; he also predicted that, before the next morning, Saint Peter would deny knowing him. He instituted the Eucharist by breaking bread and giving it to the Apostles, saying "This is my body given to you." He also passed around a cup of wine, saying to drink it, for he said that the wine represented his blood. He went on to wash his apostles' feet, and, while praying in the garden later that night, he was arrested by Roman soldiers.
New York

**New York** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located on the East Coast. The state is home to the most-populous city of America, New York City, and it has landmarks such as Niagara Falls, Albany, the Statue of Liberty, and many universities. New York was named for the Duke of York, the future James II of England, after England conquered the region from the United Provinces' New Netherland region in 1664, and the state became one of the most important colonies, with New York City and Albany being two major American cities. During the Industrial Revolution, New York was one of the most industrialized states, and New York City emerged as the commercial center of the United States during the 19th century. In 2015, New York had a population of 19,795,791, with 65.7% being whites, 15.9% African-Americans, 7.3% Asian-Americans, 3% multiracial, .6% Native Americans, and 7.5% other.
Liberal democracy

**Liberal democracy** is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism: free market capitalism, free multiparty elections, separation of powers between distinct governmental branches, the rule of law in an open society, and equal protection for all people. Liberal democracies usually have universal suffrage, but some do not have secret ballots. Liberal democracy has become the predominant form of government in the western world, existing in constitutional monarchies, parliamentary systems, presidential systems, and semi-presidential systems as "Western democracy".
Massachusetts

**Massachusetts** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located in New England in the northeast of the country. The state is a global leader in biotechnology, higher education, finance, and maritime trade, with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) being a center of technological innovation in America. The state was one of the first states to be colonized by England, with the Pilgrims arriving at Plymouth in 1620 and the Puritans founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Since then, the state capital of Boston has been a center of education and maritime trade, serving as both a major port city and the location of Harvard College, University of Massachusetts, and MIT. In 2015, the state had a population of 6,794,422 people, with 83.2% being white, 8.8% African-Americans, 6.3% Asians, .5% Native Americans, less than .1% Pacific islanders, 3.1% multiracial, and 2.1% other races. 34% are Catholic, 21% Protestant, 3% Jewish, and 32% atheist, with 10% being Buddhists, pagans, Hindus, Muslims, and Mormons.
Red Army

The **Worker's and Peasant's Red Army** was the armed forces of the Soviet Union from December 1922 to 1946, although it was founded in February 1918 during the Russian Civil War. Reaching 20,000,000 troops during World War II, it was made up of inexperienced conscripts that were pushed into combat by political commissars and the NKVDsecret police. Its two major conflicts were the Russian Civil War of 1917-1921 and World War II (1939-1945).

## Early Years

Leon Trotsky founded the Worker's and Peasant's Red Army in February 1918 after the Russian Revolution with the goal of forming a military for the Bolsheviks in the Russian Empire. Under Trotsky's command, the Red Army fought against the White Army royalist-led serfs in the Russian Civil War and defeated Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Ukraine, Belarus, and many other former possessions of the Russian Empire that were granted independence by the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I. The Red Army was led by former czarist officers who trained peasants how to fight, and they employed cavalry into the 1920s. Like the White Army, they would force peasants to give up their grain and available men to join their side at gunpoint. However, the Red Army ensured the loyalty of its soldiers by holding their families hostage. The inspirational leadership of Trotsky and the experience of its commanding officers led to its victory in the civil war and the foundation of the communist Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in December 1922, also known as the Soviet Union. Trotsky became a hero leader of Russia and after Vladimir Lenin's death in 1923, Trotsky became leader. However, Trotsky was overthrown shortly after.
Los Angeles

**Los Angeles** is the second-largest city in the United States after New York City, located in southern California. The city was founded on 4 September 1781 by 44 settlers, who were of mixed African, indigenous, and Spanish ancestry. Ever since then, Los Angeles has been a city with large African-American and Latino populations, and its diversity led to it becoming a global city. When the Mexican-American War in 1846-1848 led to the United States taking over California, tens of thousands of settlers moved out west to settle the newly-conquered lands, and Los Angeles rapidly grew in size. On 4 April 1850, Los Angeles became a municipality, and the discovery of oil led to a population boom.

Los Angeles developed a large metropolitan area that came to incorporate several nearby cities such as Compton and Long Beach, and it became the second-largest city in America. During the 20th century, Hollywood became a center of entertainment, Beverly Hills became a home to the very wealthy and the celebrities, Signal Hill became an important sector of the oil industry, Venice Beach and Malibu became popular beaches for tourists and beach bums, Compton became a center of African-American culture (including hip-hop), East Los Angeles became a center of Mexican culture, and the San Gabriel Mountains became a scenic beauty that many coveted. In 2016, L.A. had a population of 18,351,929 people, a diverse population that included people of all races and religions.
Iroquois

The **Iroquois** were a confederacy of six Native American tribes located in northern New York and Ohio. The tribes were the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Tuscarora, Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes, who formed a loose confederation that was arguably the most powerful Indian nation in the eastern United States during the late 17th to late 18th centuries. The Iroquois fought several wars against the colonists, such as the Kingdom of France and Great Britain, but they would form an alliance with the British in 1754 at the start of the French and Indian War, with four of the six nations siding with the British in the American Revolutionary War and the Oneida and Tuscarora siding with the United States during the conflict. After the war, the United States would resettle the Iroquois, who offered little resistance to the whites at the time of the Northwest Indian War. Today, the Iroquois tribes live in Upstate New York, including the Mohawk Valley region. In 2010, 80,000 Iroquois lived in America and 45,000 in Canada.
Populism

**Populism** is the political belief that decisions are best made when everyone has a say. It enjoyed success in the United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, and in Scandinavia after the 1980s, and Peronism in Argentina has its roots in populism. Democracy, socialism, fascism, and communism all have their roots in populism, with the people being the focus of politics. Populism was associated with socialism and communism for much of the 19th and 20th centuries, but the rise of fascism during the 1920s-1930s and right-wing populism in the 1990s led to populism becoming a pejorative term. During the 21st century, there were two types of populism: "positive" populism, in which politicians listened to the people's views and represented them; and "negative" populism, in which politicians made inflammatory (often xenophobic) statements to win the support of "the little guy" against the establishment, other ethnicities, other parties, or any other opponents.

Raul L. Madrid identified three types of populism: ethnopopulism, traditional populism, and neoliberal populism. All three kinds of movements employed personalistic appeals, focused their appeals on the lower classes, and made anti-establishment appeals. However, traditional populism included nationalist, state interventionist, and redistributive policies and appeals, while neoliberal populism instead supported market-oriented measures. Ethnopopulism, which has played a key role in the formation of Latin America's *indigenismo* movement and Europe and the Americas' right-wing populism, combines ethnic and populist appeals or policies. In Latin America, ethnopopulist parties aimed to include Native American populations in national politics, but, in Europe, ethnopopulist movements were exclusionary, right-wing, and anti-immigration parties. In Latin America, ethnopopulists typically employed nationalist and state interventionist appeals, but some populists such as Alberto Fujimori and Alejandro Toledo championed market-oriented measures.
[Category:Politics]]
Oregon

**Oregon** is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, with Salem being the capital and Portland the largest city. The state was one of the major regions involved in the fur trade during the 19th century, and it was jointly ruled by the United Kingdom (as a part of Canada) and the United States until 1843, when the state gained an autonomous government, and in 1859 Oregon became a state after eleven years of being a territory. In 2015, the state had a population of 4,028,977 people.
Ibn Saud

**Ibn Saud** (January 15, 1875-November 9, 1953) was King of Nejd from 1902 to 1932 and King of Saudi Arabia from 23 September 1932 to 9 Novembe 1953, preceding Saud of Saudi Arabia. He was the man who united the Arabian Peninsula under Nejd and the House of Saud, and the new country would be known as "Saudi Arabia" after the ruling dynasty. Ibn Saud had 45 sons with several wives, and his large family would go on to be billionaires due to profits from the sale of oil.

## Biography

Ibn Saud was born on January 15, 1875 in Riyadh, Nejd, the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the last ruler of Nejd. At the age of 15, Ibn Saud lost his home to the Rashidis when they seized Riyadh, and in 1901 he led a raiding expedition into Nejd. On January 15, 1902, he recaptured Riyadh, forming the Third Saudi State and beginning the Unification of Saudi Arabia. In the following years, Ibn Saud and bands of warriors proceeded to seize much of the peninsula from other tribes and the Kingdom of Hejaz, and on September 23, 1932 he declared that he was the King of "Saudi Arabia". In 1927, he established a *shura* council, and he structured Saudi Arabia as a theocracy, adhering to *sharia* law with strict rules and even worse punishments. During World War II, he was a neutral ruler, but the discovery of oil led to him allying with the United States on February 14, 1945 after meeting with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Saudi-US alliance would be maintained for the rest of the century and beyond. Ibn Saud wanted to fight communism, as did the USA, but he supported Palestine and the Arab League against Israel in the First Arab-Israeli War in 1948, sending 3 thousand troops as a symbol of his involvement in the war. In 1951, Aramco was founded as an oil company with both Saudi and US involvement, and Saudi Arabia became a booming center of oil production shortly before Ibn Saud's death in 1953. He had at least 45 sons and many wives, with Islam permitting polygamy, and the House of Saud would go on to rule Arabia for several more years.
Kamakura Shogunate

The **Kamakura Shogunate** was a feudal military government of Japan that ruled from Kamakura from 1192 to 1333. Minamoto Yoritomo founded the shogunate in the aftermath of the Genpei War, and two more Minamoto *daimyo* would rule the shogunate, followed by two Fujiwara and the rest being of various clans, including minor Imperial princes. The Hojo clan assumed regency over the shoguns after 1203, and they were the real rulers of the shogunate until their fall in 1333, when Emperor Go-Daigo launched a rebellion against the Hojo clan and seized Kamakura. The Kemmu Restoration followed as the Emperor attempted to retake power, but Ashikaga Takauji would crush the Emperor's forces and claim power for the new Ashikaga Shogunate shortly after.
Prostitution

**Prostitution** is the sale of sexual services to clients in exchange for currency or property. Historically, most prostitutes have been women, and prostitution was a common practice in ancient societies; it is often called "the world's oldest profession". Prostitutes were commonly kept in brothels, businesses that would entertain guests with young prostitutes and rent rooms to customers so that they could receive their service in private. However, the rise of the Abrahamic faiths led to prostitution becoming a sin, with Christianity, Islam, and Judaism opposing prostitution. Prostitution was illegal in many countries for years, although regulated prostitution was made legal in South America (except for Guyana and Suriname), Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, and some parts of Africa and Asia during the 20th and 21st centuries in order to prevent criminals from taking advantage of its illegality. In countries where prostitution is illegal, criminals known as "pimps" control several prostitutes and take almost all of their income, as well as encouraging the prostitutes to sell drugs or use drugs. Pimps typically ignore safety standards and care little for their employees, which is a major reason why several countries legalize and regulate prostitution as a part of their fight against pimping.
Punjab

The **Punjab** is a region of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan, with Lahore being the largest city in the region. Its name means "Land of Five Rivers" in Punjabi, referring to the vast amount of rivers located in the region. The region is also home to the Punjabi people, who speak the Punjabi language; in 1941, 53.2% of Punjabis were Muslim, 29.1% were Hindu, 14.9% were Sikh, 1.5% were Christian, and 1.3% were other religions. Since the Partition of India, Punjab was divided between Pakistan and India, with most Punjabi Muslims emigrating to Punjab, Pakistan and most Hindus and Sikhs emigrating to Punjab, India. In 2017, Punjab had a population of 172,004,636 people.
Lithuania

**Lithuania** is a unitary parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe's Baltic region, bordering Russia's Kaliningrad and Poland to the southwest, Belarus to the east, and Latvia to the north. For much of its history, it was a pagan stronghold that fought against the Germans and Russians, but found itself under the control of both nations (and Poland) from the 1500s until they gained their independence from the Soviet Union in 1990.

## History

Lithuania was founded as an independent republic on February 16, 1918 as a puppet state of the German Empire, who took over the region from the Russian Empire during World War I. Lithuania's independence was not realized until November 11, 1918, when the World War I ceasefire forced the German troops to surrender. Lithuania was granted independence as a German satellite nation along with neighboring Poland, **Lithuania**, and Belarus, and Lithuania fought a war of independence against the Soviet Union, who attempted to reclaim all of the former lands of the Russian Empire. The Baltic states of Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia remained independent in these wars, defeating the Red Army of the USSR through guerrilla warfare by 1921. In 1923, the Lithuanian Army occupied Memel from the French postwar government after a rebellion to join the Lithuanian Prussians with the motherland.

Lithuania remained an independent country until June 15, 1940, when 500,000 Red Army troops occupied the Baltic countries without much opposition. The Soviets were driven out a year and a week later, when Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa and occupied eastern Europe up to the gates of Moscow. The Lithuanian Forest Brothers fought a guerrilla war against both the Germans and Soviets, but in July 1944 Lithuania was occupied by the Soviets once more.

Lithuania was a part of the USSR as the Lithuanian SSR until 11 March 1990, when Lithuania was granted independence from the Soviets after a revolution. The new government was a unitary parliamentary republic ruled democratically from the capital of Vilnius.

## Culture

By 2014, Lithuania had a population of 2,944,459 people. In 2011, a census showed that 84.1% of the population were Lithuanians, 6.6% were Poles, 5.8% Russians, 1.2% Belarusians, .5% Ukrainians, .1% Jews, .1% Tatars, .1% Germans, .1% Romani, .1% Latvians, and 1.3% others. 77% were Roman Catholic, 4.8% Orthodox, .8% Protestant, 6% nonreligious, and 10% other, including Jews.
Poles

**Poles**, also called **Polish people**, are a Slavic ethnic group native to Poland. Poland is one of the least-diverse countries in the world, with almost all people being Slavs. There are 60,000,000 Poles on Earth, with 37,394,000 living in Poland proper, 10,600,000 in the United States, 3 million in Brazil, 3 million in Germany, 1,250,000 in Israel, 1 million in Canada, 1 million in France, and millions elsewhere. The majority of ethnic Poles are Catholic, while there are minorities such as Polish Jews and a few Muslim Tatars in Poland.
Ira Hayes

**Ira Hayes** (January 12, 1923 – 24 January 24, 1955) was a Native American United States Marine Corps Corporal during World War II who was famously one of the six flag raisers at the Battle of Iwo Jima.

## Biography

Ira Hayes was born in Sacaton, Arizona in 1923, and he came from the Pima tribe. The Pima were successful farmers before the US government cut off their water supply, preventing them from eating.

Hayes joined the US Marine Corps to leave the reservation, eat regularly, and send money home to his family, and he helped to raise an American flag over Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. Hayes and the five other photographerd flag-raisers became national heroes, but, following the war, he became an alcoholic after returning home to persecution; he also knew that he was not one of the original flag-raisers, as most of the original ones had been killed.

In 1946, he travelled 1,500 miles through hitchhiking and arrived in Weslaco, Texas, where he told the original flag holder's family the truth about their son's death, gave them his medal, and walked home. He died of alcohol poisoning after a night of drinking on January 24, 1955.

## Gallery

Ira Hayes saying his goodbyes to John Bradley and Rene Gagnon during the opening of the Marine Corps memorial.
Mediterranean

The **Mediterranean Sea** is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar (only at 8.7 miles wide). Its name means "inland" in Latin, as it is practically its own independent body of water due to being nearly completely separated from the ocean. The lands along the Mediterranean and the derivative Balearic Sea, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Alboran Sea, Libyan Sea, and Levantine Sea are closely-related in climate, with chaparral being the main climate; mountains and beaches are other common features, with seafood and plants dominating the sources of food for the countries along the sea.
Maryland

**Maryland** is a state of the United States located in the Mid-Atlantic region on the Chesapeake Bay. Colonized in 1632 by England, George Calvert named the province for Queen Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of King Charles I of England, the contemporary ruler of England. Calvert intended for the province to be a home for Catholics and other groups escaping persecution, and it was the home of religious freedom in America. In 1788, Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the US Constitution and join the United States, and the capital of Washington DC was established on land donated by the state. With a population of 6,006,401 people, it is one of the most densely-populated states in America, and it has a highly-diversified economy. Its capital is Annapolis, named for Anne Arundel - wife of Governor Cecil Calvert - and the federal district of Washington DC is located in southern Maryland. In 2010, Maryland's population consisted 60.1% of whites, 26% of African-Americans, .3% Native Americans, 2.1% Asians, 9% other races, and 2.6% multiracial.
Nationalist Spain

**Nationalist Spain** was an alliance of armed conservative, nationalist, Catholic, and fascist political factions which took up arms against the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. It included the fascist Falange party, the national conservative and Catholic CEDA party, the monarchist Spanish Renovation party, and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion, who supported the coup d'etat attempt of July 1936 and fought to overthrow the leftist Frente Popular government of republican Spain. General Francisco Franco emerged as the leader of the Nationalist faction, and the faction received the support of the fascist dictatorships of Nazi Germany, Italy, and Portugal during the war, while also receiving religious support from the Papacy. After the war, many former Nationalists joined the Falange party, which morphed from a Falangist-fascist party into a big tent, far-right authoritarian party including both fascist and national conservative elements.
Persia

**Persia** is a region of Central Asia, corresponding to the present-day country of Iran. Persia was renowned for its status as a dominant early civilization from 550 BC to 651 AD (with some interruptions, including Alexander the Great's Greek rule and Seleucid rule), and the region was the home of Zoroastrianism. From 633 to 654, Persia was conquered by the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate, and Persia was converted to Islam; it would later become the largest Shia country in the world. Today, Persia is known as the "Islamic Republic of Iran".
John Locke

**John Locke** (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an Enlightenment thinker from England and the "father of liberalism". Locke developed political philosophy, agreeing with Thomas Hobbes that there was a contract between the king and his citizens, although he argued that humans were born with a blank state (*tabula rasa*).

## Biography

John Locke was born in Wrington, Somerset, England on 29 August 1632, and he attended Westminster School, where he developed an interest in the teachings of Rene Descartes. In 1652, he was admitted to Christ Church in Oxford, and he studied medicine. After successfully treating Anthony Ashley Cooper for a liver disease, he was taken into Cooper's household in 1667, becoming both a physician and a writer. His patron, as a member of the Whig Party, influenced Locke's views during the 1670s, and Locke became a political philosopher and Enlightenment thinker. Locke argued that people are born with a *tabula rasa* (blank slate), meaning that nurture formed humans' personalities, not nature. He also argued that knowledge was determined only by experience, saying that he would be the first person to throw his writings into the fire if they proved to be untrue. Locke's views on the right to life, liberty, and property would influence the United States' founding fathers during the American Revolutionary War, and his views were some of the main principles of classical liberalism and republicanism.
NKVD

The **People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs** (**NKVD**) was the secret police of Josef Stalin that was formed in 1934 and dissolved in 1946. The NKVD included the regular police force of the Soviet Union, firefighters, and border guards, and it was also used for repression and political killings. They were responsible for the gulag system of forced labor camps and the forced deportations of Chechens, Kulaks, and other nationalities and groups of people into remote areas such as Siberia and Kazakhstan. Famous atrocities incuded the Great Purge and the Katyn Massacre, and the NKVD was feared by many; German field marshal Robert Ritter von Greim poisoned himself in May 1945 rather than be turned over to the NKVD for torture.
Low Countries

The **Low Countries** is a coastal region of Western Europe that consists of the nations of the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of France, Germany, and Luxembourg. The region stretches from Gravelines and Dunkirk in France to the southwest to German East Frisia in the northeast and Luxembourg and French Thionville in the southeast. The region was famous for its trade and its guild system during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, with guilds and councils encouraging the free flow of goods and craftsmen in the region and governing cities. The region was once almost entirely ruled by the House of Habsburg as the "Habsburg Netherlands" and the "Seventeen Provinces" from the 16th to 18th centuries, but the Dutch Revolt and the expansion of France would lead to the dissolution of both. Today, the countries are closely related through European Union membership and historical ties, and they prove to be a mixture of Flemish/Dutch, French, and German cultures.
Omi

**Omi** (臣) was a Japanese hereditary title (*kabane*) that was given to designated clans during the Kofun Period, specifically those descended from the Imperial Family. Along with the *Muraji* these powerful families composed the majority of the Yamato Court, with the only major recorded *Omi* outside of Yamato influence being the *Izumo*. Most *Omi* drew their names from their geographic origin, such as the previously mentioned Izumo (出雲), the Soga (蘇我), the Katsuragi (葛城), the Heguri (平群), the Kose (巨勢) and the Kasuga (春日).

Often *Omi* were powerful, semi-autonomous families that were merely annexed by the Court and many claimed to be descended from the Imperial line (皇別氏族, *kōbetsu shizoku*) although admittedly through the legendary Emperor Kōgen. The most powerful *Omi* added the *ō* (大, lit. "great") prefix to their title, naming themselves *ōomi* (大臣). These clans held near unchallenged authority and power within the Yamato Court, often surpassing that of the Ōkimi (later named *Tennō*). The most famous of the *Ōomi* were the Soga clan, who dominated the Yamato Court throughout the 6th and 7th centuries.

The title of *Ōomi* was eventually replaced by the title of *Ason* (朝臣) in the Eight Kabane reforms of 684.

## List of Ōomi

* Takenouchi no Sukune (武内宿禰) (84–Unknown)
* Wanihifure omi no mikoto (和邇日触)
* Katsuragi no Tsubura (葛城円) (d. 456)
* Mononobe no Omae (物部小前)
* Heguri no Matori (平群馬鳥) (d. 498)
* Kose no Ohito (許勢男人) (d. 529)
* Soga no Iname (蘇我稲目) (c. 506–570)
* Soga no Umako (蘇我馬子) (551–626)
* Soga no Emishi (蘇我蝦夷) (587–645)
* Soga no Iruka (蘇我入鹿) (d. 645)
Kentucky

**Kentucky** is one of the fifty states of the United States, having its capital at Frankfort. Kentucky is nicknamed "the Bluegrass State", and it is known for its horse racing, tobacco, bluegrass music, college basketball, fried chicken, and automobile manufacturing. Kentucky was settled during the American Revolutionary War, and it was admitted to the union on 1 June 1792 as the 15th state. In 2015, the state had a population of 4,425,092, with 87.8% being whites, 7.8% African-Americans, 1.1% Asians, .2% Native Americans, .1% Pacific Islanders, 1.3% other, and 1.7% multiracial; 48.9% of the whites are English, 11.1% Germans, and 8.8% Irish.
Poland-Lithuania

**Poland-Lithuania**, formally the **Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth**, was a confederation that ruled Poland and Lithuania under personal union from 1569 to 1795. Poland and Lithuania had been under personal union under the House of Jagiellon since 1386, and the Union of Lublin in July 1569 led to the consolidation of Poland and Lithuania into a single kingdom. The nation would be a large, multiethnic society with a population of 11,000,000 people by the early 17th century, and the constitutional monarchy ensured religious freedom in much of the country.

In 1717, the Russian Empire began to exert its influence over Poland-Lithuania, which began to lose its independence as Russia intervened more and more in the commonwealth's affairs. The Bar Confederation uprising against the Russian-dominated government was put down by Russian troops, and the First Partition of Poland began in 1772 as Russia, Prussia, and the Austrian Empire partitioned the country. In 1793, Poland was once more partitioned after the Russian Empire assisted anti-constitution rebels against the Polish-Lithuanian government, and Poland was finally partitioned in 1795 after Tadeusz Kosciuszko's failed uprising against Russia. Poland-Lithuania ceased to be an independent nation after this occupation.
Ian Smith

**Ian Smith** (April 8, 1919 – November 20, 2007) was Prime Minister of Rhodesia from 13 April 1964 to 1 June 1979, succeeding Winston Field and preceding Abel Muzorewa. He presided over a white minority government that remained in power after independence from Britain, and his racial policies led to the Rhodesian Bush War, which resulted in the end of white minority rule and the expulsion of many whites from the country by Robert Mugabe's African nationalist ZANU rebels.

## Biography

Ian Smith was born in Selukwe, Southern Rhodesia on 8 April 1919, and he served in the British Royal Air Force from 1941 to 1946. After his return to Rhodesia he joined the United Rhodesia Party and became a member of the South Rhodesian Legislative Assembly, serving from 1948 to 1953. Upon the creation of the Central African Federation he became chief whip of the United Federal Party in the new Federal Parliament in 1953. He broke with the UFP in 1961 and proceeded to co-found the right-wing, segregationist, and racist Rhodesian Front, as whose leader he was elected Prime Minister of Rhodesia. In an effort to preserve racial discrimination despite British hostility, he proclaimed the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, declaring Rhodesia a republic in 1970. International pressure, as well as increasingly successful guerrilla organizations led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo, forced him to concede the principle of black majority rule from the mid-1970s. However, his obstinate, although ultimately abortive, efforts to enshrine the predominant position of whites in a new constitution prolonged the civil war until 1979, when an agreement was reached with the black opposition. Succeeded by Abel Muzorewa and then by Mugabe, he led white opposition in Zimbabwe immediately following independence in 1980, though he became increasingly marginalized as the whites came to trust Mugabe. He remained in Zimbabwe until 2005, when he moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where he died in 2007 at the age of 88.
Kyushu

**Kyushu** is the third largest and the most southerly island of Japan's Home Islands. Its name means "nine provinces", referring to its traditional provinces of Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyuga, Osumi, and Satsuma; it is now home to Fukuoka, Kumamoto, Nagasaki, Oita, Saga, Kagoshima, and Miyazaki Prefecture. Kyushu was traditionally an impoverished mining region, and it became a hotbed of early ultranationalism during the late 19th century and evolved into a stronghold of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party. In 1920, Kyushu had a population of 6,742,000, and it rose to 10,941,000 in 1960 and 11,249,154 in 2018.
Judaism

**Judaism** is an ancient monotheistic religion, the sixth-largest religion on Earth. The faith originated with the Ten Commandments, which were said to have been handed down to Moses by God on Mount Sinai in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. Moses spread these commandments to his people, the Jews, and Judaism followed these tenets: having one god, having no graven images or likenesses of God, never taking God's name in vain, remembering the sabbath (prayer) day, honoring one's parents, refraining from violence, refraining from adultery, not engaging in theft, not bearing false witness (lying), and not coveting (jealousy).

Since the Exodus from Egypt, the Jews were constantly harassed and discriminated against, whether it was by the pagan peoples of Egypt, Babylon, and the Roman Empire during the BCE era, or by the Christians of Europe and the Muslims of the Middle East during the Common Era. Judaism is a unique faith, as its followers have formed an ethnoreligious diaspora; because of the frequent migrations of the Jews due to persecution, many Jewish ethnic divisions have formed, such as the Ashkenazim in Eastern Europe, the Sephardim in Spain, Portugal and North Africa, and Mizrachi Jews in the Middle East, among others. All of the divisions, however, continue to adhere to their religion, and they are united by the Hebrew language.

Judaism holds that Moses, David, Solomon, and other great Jewish leaders were prophets from God, and that God was preparing to send a new messiah to deliver them, the "chosen people", from evil. Judaism does not believe that Jesus was the son of God or a prophet; Jesus was a rabbi who spread his own message, which would evolve into Christianity. Jews would be accused by the Christians of killing Jesus due to the opposition to Jesus' teachings by the Jewish elders in the Roman province of Judaea, and Jews would frequently suffer persecution at the hands of the Christians due to being seen as "Christ-killers".

It would not be until 1948 that the Jews had a land of their own, Israel, which was formed in the aftermath of World War II. Today 14,300,000 people practice Judaism, while many other people are of ethnic Jewish descent or descended from religious Jews.
Jewish Mob

The **Jewish Mob** is an American Jewish organized crime syndicate that originated in the late 19th century in New York City. In the early 1900s, famous Jewish mob bosses such as Arnold Rothstein, Meyer Lansky, Bugsy Siegel, Waxey Gordon, and Manny Horvitz rose to prominence, taking advantage of bootlegging liquor during Prohibition, running gambling rings, engaging in loansharking, and turning contract killing into a business in the form of Murder, Inc.. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Jewish Mob began to work together with the ethnically-Italian American Mafia, and the two organizations began to merge, with many Jewish criminals acting as associates of Mafia families; Lansky and Siegel were both major figures in the Italian Mafia. During the 21st century, the Jewish Mob engaged in diamond smuggling and trading, and it refused to enter the drug trade.
Patriots

The **Patriots**, also known as the **Whigs** or **Revolutionaries**, were supporters of the American cause during the American Revolutionary War. The patriots supported the idea of an independent United States that was ruled by a republican government, not by a monarch, as Great Britain was. The patriots came from all backgrounds, including lawyers like John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, planters like Thomas Jefferson and George Mason, merchants like Alexander McDougall and John Hancock, and ordinary farmers like Daniel Shays and Joseph Plumb Martin, and they were united by their belief in a free America. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine were key leaders of the republican movement, and Paine's pamphlet *Common Sense* essentially outlined the views of the Patriots; they were not willing to be ruled by a monarch whose word was seen as more valuable than that of the House of Commons, the Americans were not willing to depend on a power 3,000 miles away, and that a small island would not rule a large continent. The patriots also opposed "taxation without representation" and the British government's arbitrary rule in the colonies. Between 40% and 45% of the population of the Thirteen Colonies supported the patriots during the war, and the patriots would find a new nation after the war came to an end in 1783. Afterward, the patriots were divided into the liberal and pro-decentralization Democratic-Republican Party and the conservative and pro-centralization Federalist Party.

## Gallery

A portrait of Patriot's fighting the British.Patriot militiamen in Boston Harbor in 1773.
Queens

**Queens** is the easternmost and largest borough of New York City, located in western Long Island and to the north of Brooklyn. Queen's County was established in 1683 as a county of New York, and it was named for Queen Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II of England. Queens was incorporated into New York City as a borough in 1898, and it would become the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world during the 21st century as several hundred thousand immigrants from across the world came to Queens; in 2015, 48% of Queens' 2,339,150 residents were foreign-born. In 2000, 44.08% of the population was white, 20.01% African-American/black, 17.56% Asian, 11.68% other races, 6.11% multiracial, .5% Native American, and .06% Pacific islander, with 24.97% of respondents identifying as Hispanic.
Matthew Axelson

**Matthew Axelson** (25 June 1976-28 June 2005) was a US Navy SEALs Sonar Technician Second Class and sniper during the Afghanistan War. He was killed during Operation Red Wings in 2005.

## Biography

Matthew Axelson was born in Cupertino, California in 1976, and he earned a degree in political science at California State University in Chico, where he met his wife. Axelson joined the United States Navy because he wanted to challenge himself, and he was deployed to Afghanistan in April 2005. On 28 June 2005, he took part in Operation Red Wings - an operation to eliminate Taliban commander Ahmad Shah - and he served as his team's sniper. After the locals betrayed the Americans to the Taliban, the team engaged in a firefight with overwhelming numbers of Taliban fighters, and Axelson died of bullet wounds to the chest and head and from an RPG blast.
Idaho

**Idaho** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located in the Pacific Northwest. The state's largest city and capital is Boise, and it is the sixth least-densely populated state in the USA, with a population of 1,654,930 people in 83,571 miles (a region the size of New England), and most of the state consists of mountains. Today, it is known as the "Gem State" due to its abundant supply of gemstones of nearly every type, and it is also known as the "Potato State" due to being a leading producer of the crop.
Laborer

A **laborer** is a person who provides unskilled manual labor, especially construction services, road paving, shoveling snow, digging graves, chain gangs, picking up leaves, and mining. Most laborers have historically earned living wages, being paid a small amount money for hard work, and disappointment with low wages for hard labor led to the growth of socialism and communism in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as the rise of unions.
Paris

**Paris** is the capital and most populous city in France, covering 41 square miles, and having a population of 2,206,488 people in 2015. Paris was settled by the Gallic Parisii in the 3rd century BC, and the Romans turned Paris into a military camp. The Romans founded the town of *Lutetia* on the site of present-day Paris, and Christianity was introduced in the mid-3rd century AD by Saint Denis, whose martyrdom led to the district of "Montmartre" being named for him. In 508, King Clovis I made Paris the capital of the Franks, and Paris became the largest and most prosperous city in France under the rule of the House of Capet. By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. Landmarks such as the Notre Dame cathedral, the Place Vendome, and Les Invalides were built, and Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780 as the city expanded. In 1789, the city became the center stage of the French Revolution, and the royal family was forced to return to Paris from Versailles as a result of the revolution. Paris expanded as more people moved into the city and as the city's borders expanded, and Paris would be the site of bloodshed during the Revolution, the Franco-Prussian War, and the Paris Commune Revolt. By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to 2,715,000 people, with artists from around the world moving to the city. However, the rise of the American city of New York City led to Paris being displaced as the world's fashion and art capital, but Paris remained a major worldwide tourist destination.
Kirtland

**Kirtland** is a city in Lake County, Ohio. The area was surveyed by Moses Cleaveland and his party in 1796, and it was named for Trumbull County judge Turhand Kirtland. Its first settlers arrived in 1811, and, from 1831 to 1838, Kirtland was the headquarters of the LDS Church of Joseph Smith; the Mormons built the Kirtland Temple. In 1838, the majority of Mormons left Kirtland for Missouri, and the population diminished. After World War II, several residential subdivisions were built, and the township was incorporated in 1968. In 2012, Kirtland had a population of 6,855 people.

## Gallery

Location of KirtlandRace statistics in 2016
Ralph T. Wolfe

**Ralph Terrence Wolfe** (May 22, 1972-April 1 2006) was a Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps during the Afghanistan War.

## Biography

Ralph Terrence Wolfe was born on May 22 1972 in New York City, New York. Wolfe joined the United States Marine Corps and was deployed to Afghanistan, rising to the rank of Lieutenant and commander of US forces stationed at Camp Freedom. In 2006, he led the fightback against the Taliban at the Battle of Camp Freedom, but he was killed in action with most of his men.
Germans

**Germans** are a Germanic people native to Central Europe that make up the majority of the populations of Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Luxembourg, with historical minority groups in the Alsace-Lorraine region of France, the Sudetenland region of the Czech Republic, the Pomerania and Silesia regions of Poland, the East Prussia region of Russia (formally called "Kaliningrad Oblast"), and the Jutland region of Denmark. There are 150 million Germans worldwide, with the majority of Americans identifying as "German-Americans"; they are also located in other regions such as South America, Canada, Russia, and Kazakhstan. North Germans are almost all Protestant, while almost all South Germans are Catholic.
Martin Luther

**Martin Luther** (10 November 1483-18 February 1546) was a German priest and monk who began the Protestant Reformation with his *Ninety-five Theses* in 1517. His followers became known as "Lutherans", the first major sect of Protestants.

## Biography

Martin Luther was born on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire, the son of Hans Luder. He received his master's degree from the University of Erfurt in 1505, and he decided to drop out of law school in favor of becoming a priest and monk after he survived a thunderstorm and swore to serve God. In 1508, he began teaching at the University of Wittenberg. Luther would be alienated from the Catholic Church when friar Johann Tetzel was sent to Wittenberg in 1516 to collect indulgence money (money paid to the Pope or his archbishops in exchange for forgiveness of sins). Luther came to the conclusion that he needed to be the voice of true Catholicism, and he wrote the *Ninety-five Theses* in protest against the church. He nailed these papers to the All Saint's Church in Wittenberg, and he became the leader of the new faith of Lutheranism when the Pope excommunicated him. Luther proceeded to question the scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences, and his faith broke away from Catholicism, becoming the first Protestant church. He considered all baptized believers to be holy priests, that the Bible was the only source of divinity (and not the pope's words), and that eternal life and salvation are won through God's graces and not only through good deeds. His teachings began the Protestant Reformation, and Protestantism would spread to England, Scandinavia, and parts of Germany before his 1546 death.