Timeline of modern man

This **timeline of ancient history** lists historical events of the documented ancient past from the beginning of recorded history until the Early Middle Ages.

### Holocene

Further information: Epipalaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Neolithic Revolution, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, List\_of\_first\_human\_settlements#Holocene, Pre-modern\_human\_migration#Prehistory, Urheimat
The terms "Neolithic" and "Bronze Age" are culture-specific and are mostly limited to cultures of the Old World. Many populations of the New World remain in the Mesolithic cultural stage until European contact in the modern period.

* 11,600 years ago (9,600 BC): An abrupt period of global warming accelerates the glacial retreat; taken as the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch.
* 11,200–11,000 years ago: Meltwater pulse 1B, a sudden rise of sea level by 7.5 m within about 160 years.
* 11,000 years ago (9,000 BC): Earliest date recorded for construction of *temenoi* ceremonial structures at Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey, as possibly the oldest surviving proto-religious site on Earth.
* 11,000 years ago (9,000 BC): Emergence of Jericho, which is now one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Giant short-faced bears and giant ground sloths go extinct. Equidae goes extinct in North America.
* 10,500 years ago (8,500 BC): Earliest supposed date for the domestication of cattle.
* 10,000 years ago (8,000 BC): The Quaternary extinction event, which has been ongoing since the mid-Pleistocene, concludes. Many of the ice age megafauna go extinct, including the megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, cave lion, and the last of the sabre-toothed cats. The mammoth goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC.
* 10,800–9,000 years ago: Byblos appears to have been settled during the PPNB period, approximately 8800 to 7000 BC. Neolithic remains of some buildings can be observed at the site.
* 10,000–8,000 years ago (8000 BC to 6000 BC): The post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing the submersion of landmasses that had taken place over the previous 10,000 years.
* 10,000–9,000 years ago (8000 BC to 7000 BC): In northern Mesopotamia, now northern Iraq, cultivation of barley and wheat begins. At first they are used for beer, gruel, and soup, eventually for bread. In early agriculture at this time, the planting stick is used, but it is replaced by a primitive plow in subsequent centuries. Around this time, a round stone tower, now preserved to about 8.5 meters high and 8.5 meters in diameter is built in Jericho.
* 10,000–5,000 years ago (8,000–3,000 BC) Identical ancestors point: sometime in this period lived the latest subgroup of human population consisting of those that were all common ancestors of all present day humans, the rest having no present day descendants.
* 9,500–5,900 years ago: Neolithic Subpluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert region supports a savanna-like environment. Lake Chad is larger than the current Caspian Sea. An African culture develops across the current Sahel region.
* 9,500 years ago (7500 BC): Çatalhöyük urban settlement founded in Anatolia. Earliest supposed date for the domestication of the cat.
* 9,200 years ago: First human settlement in Amman, Jordan; 'Ain Ghazal Neolithic settlement was built spanning over an area of 15 hectares.
* 9,000 years ago (7000 BC): Jiahu culture began in China.
* 9,000 years ago: large first fish fermentation in southern Sweden.
* 8,200–8,000 years ago: 8.2 kiloyear event: a sudden decrease of global temperatures, probably caused by the final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which leads to drier conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia.
* 8,200–7,600 years ago (6200–5600 BC): sudden rise in sea level (Meltwater pulse 1C) by 6.5 m in less than 140 year; this concludes the early Holocene sea level rise and sea level remains largely stable throughout the Neolithic.
* 8,000–5,000 years ago: (6000 BC–3000 BC) development of proto-writing in China, Southeast Europe (Vinca symbols) and West Asia (proto-literate cuneiform).
* 8,000 years ago: Evidence of habitation at the current site of Aleppo dates to about c. 8,000 years ago, although excavations at Tell Qaramel, 25 kilometers north of the city show the area was inhabited about 13,000 years ago, Carbon-14 dating at Tell Ramad, on the outskirts of Damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium BC, possibly around 6300 BC. However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists.
* 7,500 years ago (5500 BC): Copper smelting in evidence in Plocnik and other locations.
* 7,200–6,000 years ago: 5200–4000 BC:Ghar Dalam phase on Malta. First farming settlements on the island.
* 6,100–5,800 years ago: 4100–3800 BC: Zebbug phase. Malta.
* 6,070–6,000 years ago (4050–4000 BC): Trypillian build in Nebelivka (Ukraine) settlement which reached 15,000–18,000 inhabitants.
* 6,500 years ago: The oldest known gold hoard deposited at Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria.
* 6,000 years ago (4000 BC): Civilizations develop in the Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent region (around the location of modern-day Iraq). Earliest supposed dates for the domestication of the horse and for the domestication of the chicken, invention of the potter's wheel.

#### 4th millennium BC

Further information: 4th millennium BC
* 5,800 years ago: (3840 to 3800 BC): The Post Track and Sweet Track causeways are constructed in the Somerset Levels.
* 5,800 years ago (3800 BC): Trypillian build in Talianki (Ukraine) settlement which reached 15,600–21,000 inhabitants.
* 5,800–5,600 years ago: (3800–3600 BC): Mgarr phase A short transitional period in Malta's prehistory. It is characterized by pottery consisting of mainly curved lines.
* 5,700 years ago (3800 to 3600 BC): mass graves at Tell Brak in Syria.
* 5,700 years ago (3700 BC): Trypillian build in Maidanets (Ukraine) settlement which reached 12,000–46,000 inhabitants, and built 3-storey building.
* 5,700 years ago: (3700 to 3600 BC): Minoan culture begins on Crete.
* 5,600–5,200 years ago (3600–3200 BC): Ggantija phase on Malta. Characterized by a change in the way the prehistoric inhabitants of Malta lived.
* 5,500 years ago: (3600 to 3500 BC): Uruk period in Sumer. First evidence of mummification in Egypt.
* 5,500: oldest known depiction of a wheeled vehicle (Bronocice pot, Funnelbeaker culture)
* 5,500 years ago: Earliest conjectured date for the still-undeciphered Indus script.
* 5,500 years ago: End of the African humid period possibly linked to the Piora Oscillation: a rapid and intense aridification event, which probably started the current Sahara Desert dry phase and a population increase in the Nile Valley due to migrations from nearby regions. It is also believed this event contributed to the end of the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia.
* 5,300 years ago: (3300 BC): Bronze Age begins in the Near East Newgrange is built in Ireland. Ness of Brodgar is built in Orkney Hakra Phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins in the Indian subcontinent.
* 5,300–5,000 years ago (3300–3000 BC): Saflieni phase in Maltese prehistory.

#### 3rd millennium BC

Further information: 3rd millennium BC
* 5,000 years ago: Settlement of Skara Brae built in Orkney.
* 4,600 years ago: (2600 BC): Writing is developed in Sumer and Egypt, triggering the beginning of recorded history.

#### Post-historical prehistories

* 3,800 years ago (1800 BC): Currently undesciphered Minoan script (Linear A) and Cypro-Minoan script developed on Crete and Cyprus.
* 3,450 years ago (1450 BC): Mycenean Greece, first deciphered writing in Europe
* 3,200 years ago (1200 BC): Oracle bone script, first written records in Old Chinese
* 3,050–2,800 years ago: Alphabetic writing; the Phoenician alphabet spreads around the Mediterranean
* 2,300 years ago: Maya writing, the only known full writing system developed in the Americas, emerges.
* 2,260 years ago (260 BC): Earliest deciphered written records in South Asia (Middle Indo-Aryan)
* 1800s AD: Undesciphered Rongorongo script on Easter Island may mark the latest independent development of writing.

## Bronze Age and Early Iron Age

The Bronze Age was the period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper ores, and then combining those ores to cast bronze. These naturally-occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3000 BC. In some parts of the world, a Copper Age follows the Neolithic and precedes the Bronze Age.

The Iron Age was the stage in the development of any people in which tools and weapons whose main ingredient was iron were prominent. The adoption of this material coincided with other changes in some past societies often including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, although this was not always the case.

* c. 3200 BC: Sumerian cuneiform writing system and The Egyptian hieroglyphs
* 3600 BC: Around this time, the Minoan culture begins
* 3200 BC: Newgrange built in Ireland
* 3200 BC: Cycladic culture in Greece
* 3200 BC: Norte Chico civilization begins in Peru
* 3200 BC: Rise of Proto-Elamite Civilization in Iran
* 3150 BC:First Dynasty of Egypt
* 3100 BC: Skara Brae in Scotland
* c. 3000 BC: Egyptian calendar
* c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.
* c. 3000 BC: Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in Romania and Ukraine
* 3000 BC: Jiroft civilization begins in Iran
* 3000 BC: First known use of papyrus by Egyptians
* 2800 BC: Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
* 2800 BC: Longshan culture in China
* 2700 BC: Minoan Civilization ancient palace city Knossos reach 80,000 inhabitants
* 2700 BC: Rise of Elam in Iran
* 2700 BC: The Epic of Gilgamesh becomes the first written story
* 2700 BC: The Old Kingdom begins in Egypt
* 2600 BC: Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the *Instructions of Shuruppak* and the *Kesh temple hymn*.
* 2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and India) begins
* 2600 BC: Emergence of Maya culture in the Yucatán Peninsula
* 2560 BC: King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Land of Punt in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time.
* 2500-1500 BC: Kerma culture in Nubia
* 2500 BC: The mammoth goes extinct.
* 2334 or 2270 BC: Akkadian Empire is founded, dating depends upon whether the Middle chronology or the Short chronology is used.
* 2200-2100 BC: 4.2 kiloyear event: a severe aridification phase, likely connected to a Bond event, which was registered throughout most North Africa, Middle East and continental North America. Related droughts very likely caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt and of the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.
* 2200 BC: completion of Stonehenge.
* 2055 BC: The Middle Kingdom begins in Egypt
* 2000 BC: Domestication of the horse
* 1900 BC: Erlitou culture in China
* 1800 BC: alphabetic writing emerges
* 1780 BC: Oldest Record of Hammurabi's Code.
* 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture; The beginning of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
* 1600 BC: Minoan civilization on Crete is destroyed by the Minoan eruption of Santorini island.
* 1600 BC: Mycenaean Greece
* 1600 BC: The beginning of Shang Dynasty in China, evidence of a fully developed Chinese writing system
* 1600 BC: Beginning of Hittite dominance of the Eastern Mediterranean region
* c.1550 BC: The  New Kingdom begins in Egypt
* 1500 BC: Composition of the Rigveda is completed
* c.1400 BC: Oldest known song with notation
* 1400-400 BC: Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico, during Mesoamerica's Formative period
* 1200 BC: The Hallstatt culture
* 1200-1150 BC: Bronze Age collapse in Southwestern Asia and in the Eastern Mediterranean region. This period is also the setting of the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey* epic poems (which were composed about four centuries later).
* c. 1180 BC: Disintegration of Hittite Empire
* 1100 BC: Use of Iron spreads.
* 1000 BC: Nok culture in West Africa
* c. 1000 BC: King David begins his reign as the second King of Israel, after Saul
* 1046 BC: The Zhou force (led by King Wu of Zhou) overthrow the last king of Shang Dynasty; Zhou Dynasty established in China
* 890 BC: Approximate date for the composition of the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*
* 970 BC: King Solomon begins his reign as third King of Israel, after David
* 814 BC: Foundation of Carthage by the Phynician in today known Tunisia
* 800 BC: Rise of Greek city-states
* c.785 BC: Rise of the Kingdom of Kush

## Classical antiquity

Main articles: Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It refers to the timeframe of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Ancient history includes the recorded Greek history beginning in about 776 BC (First Olympiad). This coincides roughly with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC and the beginning of the history of Rome.

* 776 BC: First recorded Ancient Olympic Games.
* 753 BC: Founding of Rome (traditional date)
* 745 BC: Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria. With time he conquers neighboring countries and turns Assyria into an empire.
* 728 BC: Rise of the Median Empire.
* 722 BC: Spring and Autumn period begins in China; Zhou Dynasty's power is diminishing; the era of the Hundred Schools of Thought.
* 700 BC: the construction of Marib Dam in Arabia Felix.
* 660 BC: purported date of the accession of Jimmu, the mythical first Emperor of Japan.
* 653 BC: Rise of Persian Empire.
* 612 BC: An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying Nineveh and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire.
* 600 BC: Pandyan kingdom in South India.
* 600 BC: Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("*Great Realms*" or "*Great Kingdoms*") emerge in India.
* 600 BC: Evidence of writing system appear in Oaxaca used by the Zapotec civilization.
* c. 600 BC: Rise of the Sao civilisation near Lake Chad
* 563 BC: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism is born as a prince of the Shakya tribe, which ruled parts of Magadha, one of the Maha Janapadas.
* 551 BC: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, is born.
* 550 BC: Foundation of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.
* 549 BC: Mahavira, founder of Jainism is born.
* 546 BC: Cyrus the Great overthrows Croesus King of Lydia.
* 544 BC: Rise of Magadha as the dominant power under Bimbisara.
* 539 BC: The Fall of the Babylonian Empire and liberation of the Jews by Cyrus the Great.
* 529 BC: Death of Cyrus
* 525 BC: Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt.
* c. 512 BC: Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern Thrace, Macedonia submits voluntarily, and annexes Libya, Persian Empire at largest extent.
* 509 BC: Expulsion of the last King of Rome, founding of Roman Republic (traditional date).
* 508 BC: Democracy instituted at Athens
* c. 500 BC: completion of Euclid's *Elements*
* 500 BC: Panini standardizes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Ashtadhyayi. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit
* 500 BC: Pingala uses zero and binary numeral system
* 499 BC: King Aristagoras of Miletus incites all of Hellenic Asia Minor to rebel against the Persian Empire, beginning the Greco-Persian Wars.
* 490 BC: Greek city-states defeat Persian invasion at Battle of Marathon
* 483 BC: Death of Gautama Buddha
* 480 BC: Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes; Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis
* 479 BC: Death of Confucius
* 475 BC: Warring States period begins in China as the Zhou king became a mere figurehead; China is annexed by regional warlords
* 470/469 BC: Birth of Socrates
* 465 BC: Murder of Xerxes
* 458 BC: *The Oresteia* by Aeschylus, the only surviving trilogy of ancient Greek plays, is performed.
* 449 BC: The Greco-Persian Wars end.
* 447 BC: Building of the Parthenon at Athens started
* 432 BC: Construction of the Parthenon is completed
* 431 BC: Beginning of the Peloponnesian war between the Greek city-states
* 429 BC: Sophocles's play *Oedipus Rex* is first performed
* 427 BC: Birth of Plato
* 424 BC: Nanda dynasty comes to power.
* 404 BC: End of the Peloponnesian War
* 400 BC: Zapotec culture flourishes around city of Monte Albán
* c. 400 BC: Rise of the Garamantes as an irrigation-based desert state in the Fezzan region of Libya
* 399 BC: Death of Socrates
* 384 BC: Birth of Aristotle
* 331 BC: Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela, completing his conquest of Persia.
* 326 BC: Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
* 323 BC: Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon.
* 321 BC: Chandragupta Maurya overthrows the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha.
* 305 BC: Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of Paropanisadai (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qanadahar) and Gedrosia (Baluchistan)from Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian satrap of Babylonia, in return for 500 elephants.
* 300 BC: Sangam literature (Tamil: ???? ?????????, Canka ilakkiyam) period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam)
* 300 BC: Chola Empire in South India
* 300 BC: Construction of the Great Pyramid of Cholula, the world's largest pyramid by volume (the Great Pyramid of Giza built 2560 BC Egypt stands 146.5 meters, making it 91.5 meters taller), begins in Cholula, Puebla, Mexico.
* 273 BC: Ashoka becomes the emperor of the Mauryan Empire
* 261 BC: Kalinga war
* 257 BC: Th?c Dynasty takes over Vi?t Nam (then Kingdom of Âu L?c)
* 255 BC: Ashoka sends a Buddhist missionary led by his son who was Mahinda Thero (Buddhist monk) to Sri Lanka (then Lanka) Mahinda (Buddhist monk)
* 250 BC: Rise of Parthia (Ashkâniân), the second native dynasty of ancient Persia
* 232 BC: Death of Emperor Ashoka; Decline of the Mauryan Empire
* 230 BC: Emergence of Satavahanas in South India
* 221 BC: Qin Shi Huang unifies China, end of Warring States period; marking the beginning of Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the Great Wall by the Qin Dynasty begins.
* 207 BC: Kingdom of Nan Yueh extends from Canton to North Vi?t Nam .
* 206 BC: Han Dynasty established in China, after the death of Qin Shi Huang; China in this period officially becomes a Confucian state and opens trading connections with the West, i.e. the Silk Road.
* 202 BC: Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama.
* 200 BC: El Mirador, largest early Maya city, flourishes.
* 200 BC: Paper is invented in China.
* c. 200 BC: Chera dynasty in South India.
* 185 BC: Shunga Empire founded.
* 149-146 BC: Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day Tunisia and Libya.
* 146 BC: Roman conquest of Greece, *see Roman Greece*
* 121 BC: Roman armies enter Gaul for the first time.
* 111 BC: First Chinese domination of Vi?t Nam in the form of the Nanyue Kingdom.
* c. 100 BC: Chola dynasty rises in prominence.
* 80 BC: The city of Florence is founded.
* 49 BC: Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great.
* 44 BC: Julius Caesar murdered by Marcus Brutus and others; End of Roman Republic; beginning of Roman Empire.
* 40 BC: Roman conquest of Egypt.
* 30 BC: Cleopatra ends her reign as the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
* 27 BC: Formation of Roman Empire: Octavius is given titles of Princeps and Augustus by Roman Senate - beginning of Pax Romana. Formation of influential Praetorian Guard to provide security to Emperor
* 18 BC: Three Kingdoms period begins in Korea. The temple of Jerusalem is reconstructed.
* 6 BC: Earliest theorized date for birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Roman succession: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar groomed for the throne.
* 4 BC: Widely accepted date (Ussher) for birth of Jesus Christ.
* 9: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, the Imperial Roman Army's bloodiest defeat.
* 14: Death of Emperor Augustus (Octavian), ascension of his adopted son Tiberius to the throne.
* 26-34: Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, exact date unknown.
* 37: Death of Emperor Tiberius, ascension of his nephew Caligula to the throne.
* 40: Rome conquers Morocco.
* 41: Emperor Caligula is assassinated by the Roman senate. His uncle Claudius succeeds him.
* 43: Rome enters Britain for the first time.
* 54: Emperor Claudius dies and is succeeded by his grand nephew Nero.
* 68: Emperor Nero commits suicide, prompting the Year of the four emperors in Rome.
* 70: Destruction of Jerusalem by the armies of Titus.
* 79: Destruction of Pompeii by the volcano Vesuvius.
* 98: After a two-year rule, Emperor Nerva dies of natural causes, his adopted son Trajan succeeds him.
* 100-940: Kingdom of Aksum in the Horn of Africa
* 106-117: Roman Empire at largest extent under Emperor Trajan after having conquered modern-day Romania, Iraq and Armenia.
* 117: Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son Hadrian succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out of Iraq and Armenia.
* 126: Hadrian completes the Pantheon in Rome.
* 138: Hadrian dies of natural causes. His adopted son Antoninus Pius succeeds him.
* 161: Death of Antoninus Pius. His rule was the only one in which Rome did not fight in a war.
* 161: Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor of the Roman Empire. He is often ranked by historians as one of the greatest roman emperors.
* 180: Reign of Marcus Aurelius officially ends.
* 180 - 181: Commodus becomes Roman Emperor.
* 192: Kingdom of Champa in Central Vi?t Nam.
* 200s: The Buddhist Srivijaya Empire established in Maritime Southeast Asia.
* 220: Three Kingdoms period begins in China after the fall of Han Dynasty.
* 226: Fall of the Parthian Empire and Rise of the Sassanian Empire.
* 238: Defeat of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Valerian (253–260), by Shapur I of Persia, (Valerian was captured by the Persians).
* 280: Emperor Wu established Jin Dynasty providing a temporary unity of China after the devastating Three Kingdoms period.
* 285: Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires.
* 285: Diocletian begins a large-scale persecution of Christians.
* 292: The capital of the Roman empire is officially moved from Rome to Mediolanum (modern day Milan).
* 301: Diocletian's edict on prices
* 313: Edict of Milan declared that the Roman Empire would tolerate all forms of religious worship.
* 325: Constantine I organizes the First Council of Nicaea.
* 330: Constantinople is officially named and becomes the capital of the eastern Roman Empire.
* 335: Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta empire.
* 337: Emperor Constantine I dies, leaving his sons Constantius II, Constans I, and Constantine II as the emperors of the Roman empire.
* 350: Constantius II is left sole emperor with the death of his two brothers.
* 354: Birth of Augustine of Hippo
* 361: Constantius II dies, his cousin Julian succeeds him.
* 378: Battle of Adrianople, Roman army is defeated by the Germanic tribes.
* 380: Roman Emperor Theodosius I declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical.
* 395: Theodosius I outlaws all religions other than Catholic Christianity.
* 406: Romans are expelled from Britain.
* 407-409: Visigoths and other Germanic tribes cross into Roman-Gaul for the first time.
* 410: Visigoths sacks Rome for the first time since 390 BC.
* 415: Germanic tribes enter Spain.
* 429: Vandals enter North Africa from Spain for the first time
* 439: Vandals have conquered the land stretching from Morocco to Tunisia by this time.
* 455: Vandals sack Rome, capture Sicily and Sardinia.
* c. 455: Skandagupta repels an Indo-Hephthalite attack on India.
* 476: Romulus Augustus, last Western Roman Emperor is forced to abdicate by Odoacer, a chieftain of the Germanic Heruli; Odoacer returns the imperial regalia to Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno in Constantinople in return for the title of *dux* of Italy; most frequently cited date for the end of ancient history.
* 476: The Roman Empire doesn't really dissolve. The succeeding empire: Byzantine, was an extension until 1453 AD.

## End of ancient history in Europe

The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity. Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. AD 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius. The Early Middle Ages are a period in the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 to 1000. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century. Western scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the fall of Rome in AD 476, the death of the emperor Justinian I in AD 565, or the coming of Islam in AD 632 as the end of ancient European history.

## Maps

Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC.Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC.Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC.Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC.World in AD 1.World in AD 100.Eastern Hemisphere in AD 200.World in AD 300.Eastern Hemisphere in AD 476.