recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Kanna Daiki

The **Kanna Daiki** [款大切; かんな・だいき], sometimes translated as the The Chronicles of Kanton, but more literally meaning 'Great Records of Kanton', is the second-oldest book of classical Kantonese history. The book is also called the Kanki [款切]. It is more elaborate and detailed than the Book of Ōhaki, the oldest, and has proven to be an important tool for historians and archaeologists as it includes the most complete historical records of ancient Kanton. The Kanna Daiki was finished in 760 AD under the supervision of Prince Chio and was dedicated to the Empress Sakayu.

The Kanna Daiki begins with the Kantonese creation myth [*muyō*], explaining the origin of the world and the first generations of divine beings [starting with the birth of Kasshingami] and goes on to cover a number of myths as does the Ōhaki, continuing its accont through to the events of the 8th century. It is believed to accuratey record the reigns of this period's Emperors. The Kanki shows a slight bias towards some rulers, focusing on their merits and virtues while emphasising or wholly fixating on the errors of others. It describes episodes from mythological legends. The Kanki also goes into precise detail on the creation of various Kiren gods, and other details of the Kiren religion as it existed at that time.
Kōzo

**Kōzo** [关盼; こうぞ] is a city located in Shinkō Prefecture. As of 2020, it has a population of around 23,000.

Kōzo is best known throughout the prefecture for its production of green tea, which is branded as Kōzo Haizō Chōcha [关盼海沿敢查], or Kōzo Seaside Green Tea.

The city is situated on the coast, and looks out over the northern side of Kishindai Harbour, which it uses alongside Hisama and Shitai as a commercial fishing port. Kōzo's fishing industry has declined steadily since the 1990s, with few workers to support it, and a lack of incentive to keep the local ports open. It is estimated that Kōzo Port will close by 2025.
Kannaiki

**Kannaiki** [韓做き; かんないき] was a ceremony undergone by an apprentice *meiri*, called a *hanmei*, as part of her coming-of-age ceremony and initiation into the world of the pleasure district. It is thought that the practice originated sometime in the 1400s.

The ceremony was conducted almost as soon as a *hanmei* had joined a brothel, so that her virginity was still intact. A patron would pay for the exclusive privilege of deflowering the young girl and simultaneously being her first customer. The price became higher the more attractive the *hanmei* was. A truly beautiful *hanmei* might be bid upon for hours. The money paid by the patron would be put toward paying off her debt to the brothel, although it usually only covered a small amount of what she was expected to give back. Because it offered this financial opportunity, however, it was seen as a privilege for a *hanmei* to be put forward for *kannaiki*, especially since many unknown or unattractive girls did not get the chance. There are a handful of accounts detailing how certain *hanmei* were so sought after during their *kannaiki* that they managed to win enough money to pay off their entire debt in one night.

It was common for the bidder who won the *hanmei* to become one of her benefactors, or even her *ōtomi* later down the line.
Migai Hills

The **Migai Hills** [免损彭仕; みがい・はらじ] is a range of large hills and mountains which run in a northward direction through Aoma Prefecture. The formation continues until it meets the start of Fugan Peninsula, where it begins to peter out into sloping foothills.

## Mountains

* Mount Ōkata
* Mount Shikata
* Mount Hinako
* Mount Yamii
* Mount Yukiba
Shikima

**Shikima** [尔南満; しきま / Sunpaku: えんぱ] is a city located on Dainan in Zōhai Prefecture. As of 2020, the city had a population of around 60,000.

Shikima has a long history as a farming township. In the pre-modern period it was the first settlement in Zōku to be introduced to the rice plant, and paddies are believed to have been set up by the early 1300s. Its population have traditionally also been involved in the making of Dainan-sōfu, a kind of tweed-like fabric which is valued for its durability and warmth. Even now there are still artesans who specialise in weaving Dainan-sōfu and sell the fabric as a unique cultural product.

Shikima sits on a flat plain, bordered by a number of other smaller settlements such as Kanatari and Saimaku, and is also the 'sister city' of Shitori. One of the city's most famous sites is Tokobori Castle, built in the mid-1600s.
Nagama

**Nagama** [長岩; ながま] is a city located in central Kawara Prefecture. As of 2020, the city had a population of around 12,000, making it the second-smallest in the prefecture.

Nagama has a mixed economy, with the manufacture of refractory bricks a major industry. Dairy and poultry farming, along with the cultivation of pearls, are also of significance. However, due to its proximity to the greater urban areas of Genzaki and to a lesser extent Miyado, Nagama also serves as a bedroom community.
Kisai Castle

**Kisai Castle** [南筌莽; きさいがり] is a castle located in Saibun, Shinkō Prefecture. Kisai Castle was originally built as a small fortress by the Hitora clan in the 10th century. At this time, it was known as Hitora-no-Kae (literally, home of the Hitora).

By the end of the 11th century, Kisai Castle had long-since been captured by the Shin clan, who gave the fortress its modern-day moniker. It was gifted to a vassal clan and various additions were made, such as a private temple, a crypt, a large guesthouse, stables and others. The castle was known as a welcoming pitstop for any travelling nobleman, and become particularly popular with various chiefs from neighbouring prefectures who valued the castle as a secluded coastal retreat.
Kanshi Falls

The **Kanshi Falls** [完行の彩; かんしのふし] is a waterfall located within the city of Saisawa, Ganyama Prefecture. It flows from the lowest slopes of Mount Kanabi in the Haō Mountains, and is considered one of Kanton's most beautiful waterfalls.

Since 1960, the waterfall and its associated plunge pool have been protected as a place of scenic beauty and a Natural Monument of the prefecture. Kanshi has attracted thousands of visitors in the last few decades and has become an extremely popular landmark. It is often featured on postcards and stamps from Ganyama Prefecture as a symbol of the region as a whole.
Noshiba

**Noshiba** [普吐; also known by his native name, Nonari] was the most prominent chief of the Samuki band of Summui in northern Heisai Prefecture during the 8th century. The Summui had emigrated to the northern coasts during the late 700s and settled primarily in the inland region now called Shinbara. Although they were able to blend somewhat peacefully with the peasantry, they were resented and antagonised by the officials of the Tengō clan, who viewed their presence as an invasion. Over many years, the Summui mixed with Kantonese natives and produced offspring known as Kanshū - half Summui and half Kantonese, but who often allied themselves more closely with the Summui.

Noshiba was born in the village of Samuki, an area which is now the northern ward of Shinbara in central Heisai. Nothing is known of his life until his participation in the Battle of Sappa Village in 867, during which he and a group of other men attacked a number of Tengō officials who were attempting to drive out Kanshū merchants. In 870, the Tengō lord Ueshizu no Haoku no Gi was appointed by the Emperor and given funding to conquer Noshiba, who was rallying large numbers of Kanshū and Summui men to fight back against Tengō hostility. Ueshizu, with a split army, hoped to surprise Noshiba at his home in Ōyami and assassinate him; however, his men were ambushed by a Kanshū cavalry which swept down from the hills and drove them towards Jian Beach. There, the Tengō soldiers were cornered and found themselves trapped between sea and land; they suffered a great defeat at the hands of Noshiba and his men. Ueshizu was personally executed by Noshiba, and his head was delivered to the Emperor's Court in a wooden box.

Another attack in 871 was unsuccessful too and it was not until 873 that any Kantonese general could claim success against the Kanshū. In that year Ueshizu's former chief officer, Kawaka no Ryūmi, was given a similar commission by the Emperor to subjugate the 'barbarians'. He and his 30,000 troops were somewhat successful as he reported back to the Court that they 'had conquered the rebels'.

It was clear that the Kanshū and Summui were not willing to accept defeat. In 877, Kawaka no Ryūmi returned to northern Shinbara and built Nagataki Castle in the heart of Samuki territory. He then reported that the warlord Noshiba had surrendered with more than 1,000 warriors. Kawaka delivered Noshiba to the capital, where he was executed by beheading. This was a major shift in the history of Summui conquest. Before this event, the Kantonese had simply deported women and children back to the Zōhai islands to entice warrior husbands and fathers to join their families there. Captured warriors had very rarely, if ever, been killed. The execution of Noshiba, who was both respected and loved by many Kanshū and Summui people, is thought to have been responsible for the sudden submission by the Summui and their unexpected reluctance to resist much longer.
Mount Ganyama

**Mount Ganyama** [阜山; がんやま] is a mountain located in the Ganyama range in southern Ganyama Prefecture. It has an estimated elevation of around 2,230 metres. There are a number of waterfalls and mountain springs situated on Mount Ganyama, making it a popular destination for those who practice *ebigō*.
Nurema Suisan

The **Nurema Suisan** [濡岩水算; ぬれま・すいさん] is a shrine located in southern Nurema, Kawara Prefecture. It was built in the 1400s, and is one of the largest shrines in Kanton. Each year it attracts up to 12,000 visitors. Its name, literally meaning 'water shrine', is in reference to the local water deities which are enshrined there. For the city of Nurema, which relies heavily on rice production, water has always been a valued resource, and the shrine is one of many throughout the area which rice farmers have traditionally used.

Suisan is situated at the base of Mount Katsuhara near the banks of the Nike River. It is unknown when exactly the building was erected, but historians believe it has existed since the 15th century.
Damyōryū

**Damyōryū** [禅权让; だみょうりゅう] is a Kiren deity who traditionally takes the form of a dragon, but may also appear as a human male. He is the leader of the earthly gods [*bakōgami*] and the guardian of the Shinodami, a great bridge which connects the celestial realm of Kumoshino with the human world of Heibaku. His name literally means 'bridge-guarding dragon', but he is also known as Ryūyagami, Ōryū, or Damyōgami. According to the Kanna Daiki, he is the husband of Reishingami.

Damyōryū is a symbol of strength, wisdom guidance and good judgement. As he is responsible for deciding who may pass on the Heavenly Bridge, he has the power to read the heart of any being, god or human, and see its true intention and nature. He is considered the patron spirit of scholars and teachers, but is also thought to favour those who seek to broaden their minds through knowledge. Most famously enshrined at the Ōsōryū Temple, he is also worshipped at over 4,000 other sites across the country.

According to some legends, Damyōryū had many liasons with human women and fathered many children, who went on to create their own clans on Earth. Most notably, the Shin clan of Shinkō Prefecture claimed to have their origin in Damyōryū.

In humanoid depictions, Damyōryū is often portrayed as a stern-faced, solemn old man with flowing hair and a full beard. His face is heavily lined, implying sagacity, and he is dressed in very plain yet multi-layered robes, a traditional symbol of intelligence or wisdom. It is more common to see Damyōryū portrayed in his dragon form, however. Kantonese schools, libraries and other places of learning or knowledge will often be decorated with dragon symbols in reference to this revered deity.
Kuyama Prefecture

**Kuyama Prefecture** [导山近; くやま・こん] is a prefecture located in north-central Kanton, beneath the northern foothills of the Jōgai Alps. As of 2020, it has an estimated population of around 1 million. Kuyama is bordered by a number of other prefectures, including Kawara to the north and Genki to the west.

Sakamizu is the capital of Kuyama, with other major cities including Nagatsu, Ippon, and Ukiyami.

## History

Until the 1800s, Kuyama was a part of the province of Hondai, a large and extensive region which also held the modern-day prefectures of Sanmi and Genki. Therefore, Kuyama was known simply as Yakoro for centuries. Due to its relative proximity to the coastal regions, where Summui islanders were known to settle, Kuyama established a number of fortifications and walls around its northern boundaries in the 9th century to prevent the infiltration of non-Kantonese. For much of its history Kuyama was one of the most insular and inhospitable regions in the country, rarely allowing travelers to pass through its land. Its people were suspicious of outsiders, and inbreeding was particularly common in the southern, mountainous lands.

In 1440, the Isui Temple was constructed in what is now modern-day Sakamizu, the largest and most elaborate religious site in Kuyama at that time. The temple is a popular site for tourists and is used by monks even today.
Aijō-Tenaki Cliffs

The **Aijō-Tenaki Cliffs** [愛丞斐涛] are a series of cliffs located in north-western Ganyama Prefecture. The elevation of the cliffs averages around 30 metres.

The rocks were originally formed around 12 to 13 million years ago due to various volcanic activities, and were created by magma mixing with sedimentary rock. The Aijō-Tenaki area received protection by the national government in 1935 as a Natural Monument. It is considered a prefectural landmark and has been a source of much inspiration for filmmakers, writers and playwrights throughout history. It has been featured as a key location in a number of works of fiction, most famously the book/radio play *Long Way to Shore* by Ami Monyama.

## Legends

One legend has it that two lovers, born into families who hated each other, arranged to meet secretly at the cliffs and throw themselves down into the ocean in order to be together forever in death. Their ghosts are still said to haunt the area, which also gained its name from this myth. While *aijō-tenaki* literally means 'cliffs where the lovers stepped', it is a phrase hononymous to *aijō tenaki*, meaning 'lovers leaping'. Therefore the moniker is something of a double entendre.

Another legend says that the area's name originally came from a 'Princess Aijō', the daughter of a powerful chief, who was betrayed by her father and sent to live in a nunnery far away from her family and village. In order to escape her fate she ran to the cliffs and jumped into the sea, committing suicide. In the following years, her anguished ghost would cause terrible storms to occur throughout the surrounding area and every single crop harvest would fail and suffer blight. However, a local priest was able to finally subdue and purify the soul of Aijō, and afterwards the storms ceased.
Dainan

**Dainan** [大洒; だいなん] is the largest and most populous island among the Zōku islands of Zōhai Prefecture. Dainan is home to over 300,000 people, and is also the location of the prefectural seat, Nasamazu.

## Geography

Dainan lies north-west of Aoma Prefecture. At its southern tip lies the small island of Kagenan, and facing its western coast is Shinan. Like all of the Zōku islands, Dainan is subject to drought and is frequently struck by typhoons. However, the island is known for its impressive landscapes, particularly its towering eastern cliffs.

Atate Bridge [俺盾] connects Dainan and Kagenan. A ferry service running from the capital Nasamazu offers regular trips to Shinan. Dainan holds the largest concentration of native Sunpaku speakers, with over 40,000 speakers residing there.

## Culture

Dainan is home to a unique festival called Bokidari, which is held during the first week of August every year. People are encouraged to leave out paper lanterns on their doorsteps before going to bed. A group of ten men dressed in traditional fur-trimmed clothing and hats, carrying their own lamps on long poles, walk through the streets lighting these lanterns. Those who find that their lantern's wick has burned out by the morning (meaning that it was lit) are said to be blessed with good fortune for a whole year.

Various soups and noodle dishes are native to Dainan, such as *nijisu*, a kind of fish broth traditionally eaten by fishermen. The local drinking custom *sotobuki* first emerged in the 15th century in Senpu, and involves a group of people, usually sitting around a table. One drinks from a large glass, and then offers the glass to the person on their right, who takes a sip themselves and repeats the process. Once the glass has returned to the original drinker, he or she pours another glass and offers a toast, and a second round begins. The rounds will usually continue until all the available alcohol has been finished, or celebrations have come to an end.

There are a number of historical castles or *odoku* on the island which were built by the Summui people during the Kantonese invasions of the 1700s. Of the many important sites, Niwanaji Castle and Tokobori Castle are perhaps the most famous and popular amongst visitors.

## Economy

Dainan's economy focuses largely on agriculture, tourism, fishing, and light manufacture. The region is well-known for its tweed-like textile, called Dainan-sōfu, which is handwoven by specialist artesans based on the island. Most major cities focus on the tertiary and manufacturing industries within their own economies, although many smaller settlements are still reliant on traditional work such as farming and commercial fishing.

Tourism is also a large part of the Dainan economy, with many Kantonese being attracted to Zōhai Prefecture as a whole as being like 'a home away from home'. The local culture and language is often fascinating to mainlanders.
Ari Oreyami

**Ari Oreyami** [俺免・枊, April 16th 1925 - December 28th 1980] was a Kantonese painter who specialised in oils and gouache. She is especially known for her distinctively colourful, bright paintings, which often featured beautiful fruits, flowers, butterflies, and other idealised images of nature. Oreyami greatly enjoyed painting from life, and would often attempt to capture street scenes in busy parts of her home city, Meikai, as a way to bring movement into her works. During the 1960s, Oreyami ventured into portrait painting, and through the following years amassed a collection of over 650 sketch portraits of strangers she had drawn in the street. She has claimed that people-watching is her greatest inspiration.

## Biography

Ari Oreyami was born into a relatively wealthy family in the city of Meikai in Shinkō Prefecture. Showing an artistic flair from a young age, her parents enrolled her in formal training when she was eight years old; this experience Oreyami found 'incredibly stifling' and 'disappointing and frustrating'. The strict rules and regulations of her classes encouraged her to draw more freely in her spare time, creating works that disobeyed the laws of colour and composition that she had been taught. In 1944, Oreyami enrolled at the Seihan University of Art and Design, where she studied for four years before graduating. She painted continuously and was extremely prolific. However, it was not until 1950, when Oreyami was 25 years old, that she was discovered by a local art dealer and asked if she would consider selling her pieces.

Oreyami married fellow artist and impressionist Kenji Tsukosho in 1951; they had two children together. She did not stop painting until well into her 70s, when the deterioration of her body and onset of athritis made it much harder to work. After her death in 1980, a plaque was dedicated to Oreyami at Endan Park in Meikai, a public garden which she would often paint in.
Aomaki River

The **Aomaki River** is a river located in southern Aoma Prefecture. It originates from its source in the Aomaki Hills, flowing through the south-western district of Aoma city before reaching the coast. It is thought that the river is most likely a offspring of Lake Yamami, which lies on the slopes of Mount Gango. It begins as a small mountain stream and gradually forms a larger, more fast-flowing body as it descends into the foothills.

Aomaki is an important river for the city of Aoma as it provides fresh water and irrigation. It is one of the major rivers in the prefecture. The Aomaki Bridge acts as a passage over the river, connecting the western and central wards of Aoma city.
Kōko

A ***kōko*** [秡子; こうこ] is a kind of soft-bodied doll given to young, expectant mothers in Kanton, typically those who are experiencing their first pregnancy. They are thought to protect both the mother and the fetus from malicious spirits and ill fortune. According to tradition, they should be gifted to a mother by either her sister or sister-in-law. Up until the 15th century [although continuing in some regions], *kōko* were not given to mothers, but to newborn babies on the seven-day anniversary of their birth. The baby would keep the doll throughout the rest of its childhood.

The *kōko* was made of silk and stuffed with wool roving. It would have pleasing features embroidered or painted onto its face, and would be bald, just like a newborn baby. They were deliberately made to be devoid of gender. Typically *kōko* were unclothed, with featureless, simplified bodies. In many parts of Kanton, particularly in peasant culture, *kōko* were simplified to the extreme, as either a cloth head on a stick of wood, or a head attached to an oblong, limbless torso. In contrast, wealthy or high-ranking women could receive incredibly intricate and detailed dolls, complete with clothes, hair, and tiny hands and feet.
Eraba

**Eraba** [偉吐; えらば] is a city located in north-central Aoma Prefecture. As of 2020, it has an estimated population of 54,000.

Eraba is located on a slightly hilly plain along the lowest slopes of the Migai Hills. The Era River flows through its northern ward. Although the city is 90% landlocked, its southern district has access to a small section of Aoma Bay, although no fishing industry ever developed in Eraba.

The economy of the city is heavily dependent on manufacturing and agriculture. Coal mining was once a lucrative industry during the 19th and 20th centuries, taking place near to Mount Ōkata, but quickly died away by the 1970s as resources depleted. The city is the location for various facilities of the Kanton Atomic Energy Agency.
Honna Temple

**Honna Temple** [坎上方; ほんな・ほら] is a Kiren temple located in the southern district of the city of Honna in Heisai Prefecture. It is situated beside a cluster of hills known collectively as Mount Shihorami, and is mainly dedicated to the sun goddess Kasshingami. Along with a worship hall, performance hall, and reception area, Honna Temple also includes a magnolia garden complete with fountains at the back of the building. The building was originally constructed in 1584, but has undergone many changes and renovations.

Honna Temple was founded on the western bank of the Ōmizu River during the Koben administration, which was a time of renewed growth for Kanton as a whole. The upperclass was expanding, mostly with rich merchants, and in their growing numbers they began to require separate temples, residences and leisure areas from which the peasantry were excluded. Honna Temple was one such establishment, which explains its relatively lavish decoration, abundance of figures and statues, and its grand scale. It is said that the building was once much larger, spreading across most of the Shihorami hills and including a large monastry for monks, priests and nobles.
Daimachi

**Daimachi** [殆萦; だいまち] is a traditional Kantonese festival and national holiday held in mid-July every year. It only lasts for two days, making it unusual as a traditional celebration, but is often much anticipated. On the day of Daimachi, role reversal in appearance and dress is practised, typically involving cross-dressing or the donning of disguises. People are also encouraged to do things that they wouldn't ordinarily do, such as trying new foods or hobbies, and befriending or talking to strangers.

## History

Daimachi was first recorded as a festival held in Kaimon in 1711, and seemingly began as a type of summer festival. In olden times, Daimachi was considered far more significant and many more customs were practiced. Mainly it symbolised the cheer and carefree attitude that naturally accompanied the warm weather and bounty of summer. However it also had spiritual connotations; it was thought that dressing up in costumes and switching roles would confuse and distract evil spirits who might otherwise wish to steal the souls of humans.

There were a variety of activities carried out for Daimachi, many of which are no longer around. According to a record from 1737:

* Young women (virgins) would dress their hair in a style suited for grandmothers, and vice versa.
* Young boys and adolescent men would don colourful, highly decorated masks and challenge their friends and family members to recognise them in a game called *nagaaru*. If the other person wasn't successful, they would have to wear the mask themselves.
* Women and men would wear each other's robes, typically wife and husband swapping wardrobe.
* A game called *omae-bangi* was practiced by children, which involved speaking backwards or in deliberate gibberish until somebody could guess what they meant.

Many things which were normally considered taboo or risqué were considered acceptable on the day of Daimachi. For example, indulgence in alcohol, solicitation of prostitutes, and swearing, typically frowned upon heavily, had very little moral or social consequence during the festival. A popular phrase from the 1800s, *daimachi no ge shiki*, literally translates to 'forget what happened during Daimachi' - or in other words, nobody should be judged for what they did when they were caught up in the heat of the moment.

Travelling entertainers, especially female ones, who were normally looked down up during the rest of the year for their vagrancy and alleged low morals, were welcomed during Daimachi to perform bawdy songs, plays or poems for the amusement of a village or neighbourhood. In fact, these entertainers were thought lucky to be around on Daimachi, as they brought the evil spirits away with them when they left the area.
Hinru

**Hinru** [緋印; ひんる] are seal stamps offered to worshippers and visitors to Kiren temples in Kanton. Books called *hinruho*, which are used to collect the stampmarks, are also sold at these sites.

Long ago, *hinru* were used by priests to 'sign in' to a temple or other place of worship, and were also used when sending letters from monasteries or temples. However, from the 16th century they were used as a way for pilgrims and religious zealots to record the names of temples which they have worshipped at. Starting from the mid-1600s, pilgrimages became very popular among the Kantonese merchant class, who would set out on journeys aiming to visit every main temple in their prefecture. *Hinru* became a common way of keeping track of which sites had been seen, a commemorative project which could be looked back on for years to come.

To create a *hinru* record, the writer presses down the large stamp onto a page in his *hinruho*, which leaves the temple's name in bright red. He then uses a calligraphy brush to write his own name, the day on which he visited, the location of the temple, or any other notes he might wish to put down, in a rectangular pattern around the stamp. Towards the 1700s, it became common for names to be written on top of the stamp to create an overlap; this was considered both respectful to the temple, and auspicious.

Most temples will sell *hinru* and their accompanying books for less than £6.50GBP. Although pilgrimages are not so popular now and rarely undertaken by anybody not involved with a religious organisation, visitors to a temple may buy *hinru* purely to provide financially support.

Closely related to hinru is the practice of *nudakishi*, which was often used by those pilgrims who could not afford to buy *hinruho*. A seal would stamped onto a strip of white cloth instead.
Jūkei

**Jūkei** [優缶; じゅうけい] was the capital city of Kanton from 1373 until 1876. It was known by a number of names, such as Jūmon, Saimon, Saikeimon, Jūsai, Anmei, and sometimes Meimon during the late 1300s. Located in modern-day Kaichi Prefecture, Jūkei had its own separate area during its existence, named Yura Province. Although it was no longer the capital from 1876 onwards, Jūkei remained an important city both prefecturally and on a national level. It was renamed to Yurami in 1880.

Jūkei was known for being the city of the Imperial court and palace, the home of the Emperor, and much like its predecessor Meimon it was also the centre of fine arts and high culture. The Jūkei court (often known as Anmei meaning 'golden pasture') was considered the best place for writers, poets, artists, lyricists, and performers of skill to hone their craft.
Rinyora

**Rinyora** [りんよら] is a dance-based performance originating from medieval Kanton (roughly the 12th century). It was particularly popular during the early 1100s, and continued to be practiced by the peasantfolk until the 16th century. *Rinyora* is sometimes characterised as a form of song and dance with a strong backing beat - emphasis is often placed on the beat at the expense of the melody.

A *rinyora* performance consists of a basic story or narrative tale with rhythmic musical accompaniment. The main performer recites the narrative lines while dancing to the music (performed by separate musicians). The dancer was either a young girl or young boy. Their costume consisted of a plain straight-cut robe, decorated with a belt or necklace of beads, shells, seaglass or any other rustic accessory, and a tall cap made of woven reeds. It was not uncommon for male dancers to wear nothing but a loincloth.

*Rinyora* is sometimes referred to in classical and medieval Kantonese as simply *yoran* or 'dancing'. While the modern spelling is in plain characters, the word itself is based on the characters 汽 (*rin*, music) and 枪 (*yora*, dance).

The type of music which accompanies a *rinyora* performance experienced a resurgence of popularity in the late 1600s, especially around the central-western region, with the emerging merchant class who found it entertainingly rustic. The phrase *meiri rinyora no baki* ('making a *meiri* courtesan perform *rinyora*') is an expression which alludes to making somebody do something they are clearly uncomfortable with for comic effect.
Mount Seikata

**Mount Seikata** [沈岭山; せいかたーさん] is a mountain located in Shinkō Prefecture, in north Kanton. It overlooks the port city of Meikai, and sits just below Mount Senyu, which lies to its east. The mountain has a height of 560 metres.

Seikata's name literally means "rain ridge", and although it is officially classified as a mountain, its two lower reaches are technically arêtes. The slightly larger of the two, Zōkata, is popular with hikers and mountain bikers due to its challenging terrain and steady plateau-like trail. The other, Kikata, is inaccessible from the ground due to a rockslide which occured in 2007.

Despite its size and impressive landscape, Mount Seikata does not hold any mountain shrines or temples.

In wintertime, it is possible for visitors to use the small ski resort which sits on the mountain's flat western side.
Shisaki

**Shisaki** [尔縁; しさき] is a city located in far eastern Kawara Prefecture. As of 2020, it had an estimated population of 93,000.

Much of Shisaki is surrounded by rocky, jagged cliffs overlooking the ocean; its wide area spreads over a flat, well-irrigated plain which has promoted the rice farming industry there. In Shisaki's southern ward sits Mount Tsuri, overlooking the city's extensive industrial parks and factories. The Kayo River also flows through the centre of the city. Shisaki Harbour is the main harbour and is used by both commercial fishing vessels and passenger ships. The harbour is a regular stopover for both domestic and foreign ships, and is becoming an authentic international trading port.

The economy of Shisaki depends largely on fishing, the processing of raw materials, and the production of technological goods. Rice is a big export, along with sweet peas, bell peppers, tea and hemp. Major marine products include kelp, mackerel, tuna, spiny lobster and sweetfish.

## Local attractions

* Shisaki Harbour Festival [Shisaki Tōzai] is a festival held at Shisaki Harbour, and features rowing and archery contests. There are also street stalls, a fireworks display, and traditional costume pageants.
* Utori Temple is a worship site built on a seaside cliff outside Shisaki's northern ward. According to myth, the main deity of the temple is the father of the first Emperor of Kanton, Ukire no Kamisaki. Visitors pray for success in financial endeavours and general good fortune; it is also traditionally visited by local fishermen to give thanks after catching a large haul.
* Hirahana Bridge, a large ornamental bridge crossing the Kayo River
* Merchant's House Museum, a 17th-century merchant's abode open for tours
Futsukana Mining Museum

**Futsukana Mining Museum** [先笹湍別含; ふつかなたんばはん] is a museum located in Futsukana, Shinkō Prefecture. The museum educates visitors on the history of coal and granite mining in the Futsukana region, along with how the mining industry affected the local culture. It is located only a short distance from the largest coal mine in Futsukana on the outskirts of the city, which has been closed for over forty years.

The museum displays mining paraphernalia such as pickaxes, helmets, lamps, uniforms, shoes, water canteens and gas masks. Visitors can also book guided tours for the shaft of the nearby mine, which has been reconstructed safely for interested tourists.
Ganmei

**Ganmei** [阜德; がんめい] is a city located in south-central Ganyama Prefecture. As of 2020, it had a population of around 10,500, making it the least-populous city in the prefecture.

Ganmei is located just below the slopes of Mount Yūko in the Ganyama Mountains, and almost all of the city is included within the bounds of the Ganki National Park. Since the ground is mostly rocky and hilly, but with good grazing available, goat farming has proved successful; Ganmei is one of the only producers of goat's cheese in Kanton.

With the depletion of the mineral deposits at the Ganmei Mine from the 1990s, the economy of the city is now largely based on agriculture, forestry and seasonal tourism. Meizu Holdings, the owner of the Ganmei Mine, is active in the metal recycling industry. In terms of light manufacturing, the Fuzui Audio Corporation, a manufacturer of shortwave radio sets, TV tuners and AC adapters in the Sony group, is based in Ganmei. The town is known for its busy 'Morning Market' (来だんさん) on weekends, which claims a history of over 500 years.
Koman

**Koman** [児満; こまん] were rest-stops and post stations located throughout Kanton, built during the 14th century and being widely used until the 1800s. They were generally located along or nearby important highways which spanned across prefectures. *Koman*, literally translated as 'towns of rest', were settlements where travellers could rest on their journey in safe, secure lodgings. They were created as a result of the period of increased and more widespread traveling that began during the 1400s.

## History

The first *koman* post towns were established by the Shisei *kunjō* in the mid-1400s. The earliest stations were developed along the Daiōren, the main highway through Kanton which had finished its construction in 1432. Not all of the nation's major koman were completed or ready for use at the same time; in fact, there were still communities being set up by the time the Kuzukumo *kunjō* had come to power in 1477.

The lodgings provided in post towns were originally established for use by public officials and noblemen, and when there were not enough lodgings available, the homes and hostels of nearby towns were put into use. Since all other venues and businesses were intended for general use, they easily built a profit and flourished throughout the following years. However, most of the reserved lodgings for upper-class travelers eventually went bankrupt by the 17th century, and hotels and inns for public use which sprung up later proved more successful.

As the Daisei period arrived and brought along the spread of rail transport, the number of travelers visiting the *koman* greatly declined, and so their popularity and success declined. They became largely obsolete by the 1930s, although some have been preserved as historical sites by the government.

## Facilities and services

* Daimanjō [大満会]: general offices which helped to manage to the *koman*.
* Komeshi [児餌]: facilities for use by both the general public and the upper-classes, providing accommodation and food.
* Koto [児戸]: hostels and inns which provided accommodation, but did not serve meals. They were cheaper versions of the *komeshi* intended for use by poorer travelers.
* Chato [查戸]: restaurants and cafes which sold tea, food and alcohol to travelers.
* Kokyō [児孮]: general shops selling wares.
* Tsuban [突図]: signboards which informed passersby of recent news and events, particularly that which might affect road travel.
Sudawara

**Sudawara** [萍仂; すだわら] is a city located in north-western Aoma Prefecture on the Fugan Peninsula. As of 2020, it has a population of around 11,000, making it the smallest city in the prefecture.

The economy of Sudawara has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and commercial fishing. From the 1980s onwards, the village has become a center for various energy developments, which now dominate the local economy.
Mount Chō

**Mount Chō** [闲山; ちょう・さん] is a mountain located in the Ganyama range in southern Ganyama Prefecture. It has an estimated elevation of around 1,750 metres. It is a volcanic mountain, but is considered to be dormant or even extinct.

The mountain has a conical crater which is almost perfectly symmetrical in shape. The nearby area surrounding this crater is home to many hotsprings and have made it a popular tourist attraction. Within the crater itself lies the tarn, Lake Ūka.

Visitors can drive to within distance of the crater and can also use various hiking trails on the slopes of the mountain. Fishing on the shores of Lake Ūka is permitted, although only possible on its eastern and southern banks. There is also a visitor centre along the roadway near the crater, where a collection of eateries, facilities, a carpark and a bus-stop are located.
Senyu Temple

**Senyu Temple** [缪菌方; せんゆほら] is a temple located on an east-facing plateau, around halfway up the slopes of Mount Senyu in Shinkō Prefecture. Due to its isolated location, the temple was often used by monks and religious zealots as a place of hermit-style solitary worship. Ascetic practices were also conducted at the temple, typically to purify and reconcile those who had sinned.

According to local legend, Senyu Temple was founded in 760 AD by a travelling priest of unknown origins. Its original location was roughly eight miles from its current site, near the bottom of the mountain and close to modern-day Yamanago city. However, it is said that rockfalls caused damage to the building and it was relocated further up. In modern times, the temple has become a fairly popular spot for tourists and spiritualists alike, and offers a beautiful, sweeping view over the eastern reaches of Shinkō Prefecture.

Although little reliable information is known about the temple, we can assume that it was used as a hostel for pilgrims and monks during its time, with a small dormitory and two communal areas. There is also a garden at the back of the building. In the 11th century it was briefly used as a winter retreat for the Shin family. In the main hall of the temple, there are a number of small shrines where prayer can be conducted; although unclear, it is thought that the shrines are dedicated to a variety of local mountain deities.
Shunga

**Shunga** [盾占; しゅんが] is the tradition of naming those who have recently graduated in a specific profession. These names, most often those of the person's father, grandfather, mother, grandmother or teacher, are passed down through generations of lineages, and hold great honour and importance. *Shunga* names are also given with the expectation that the receiver shall embody the attributes which it conveys. Certain names have come to be associated with certain professions. In modern times some have been appropriated by wider society, with parents giving their newborns these names due to their connotations of honour and skill.

Professions which are known for holding *shunga* ceremonies are often ancient, focused on the traditional arts. Here are some examples, with common *shunga* names added:

* Theatre actor - *Hasai*, *Honza, Sōkan*
* Theatre musician/performing traditional musician - *Gaji, Hōrin, Jishō*
* Seamstress/tailor of traditional clothing - *Kibakinu, Yōryū, Nudama*
* Creator of traditional instruments - *Nenge*
* Manager of a teahouse [e.g. when one becomes owner of such an establishment, they receive a new name] - *Dangen, Chiken, Bōchō*
* *Seiryō - Furei, Kimoe, Moromiki*
* Lady-in-waiting/manservant for a royal family member - *Chūyū, Teichū, Nōya*
* Tea brewer - *Jii, Mizutsu, Juchi*
* Priest, monk or, in some areas, *honne - Zoyū, Chūzo, Zōchū, Noshibu, Jibai*
* One who comes into possession of a castle or large piece of land - *Yūgi*

*Shunga* ceremonies can be lengthy or brief depending on the field. The longest ceremony is normally that of the priest or monk, as it includes far more religious ritual.
Achika yo Koyō

**Achika yo Koyō** [雀鳥よ泍杨; *Achika and Koyō*] is a early *jūkyū* play written by the 14th-century playwright Mizuzake no Tanyō. One of the most highly regarded *jūkyū* plays of the early 1400s, it is mentioned more than any other in Tanyō's repertoire, and has been depicted many times in paintings and woodcuts. There are three main characters: Achika, the son of a landowner, Koyō, the daughter of a poor farmer, and a priest named Usayami. Generally considered a romantic tale, Achika yo Koyō is based loosely on an ancient eastern Kantonese legend.

## Plot

The character of Koyō ('wind in the trees') is the daughter of a landowner, and is to be married to a powerful local lord; however, she yearns to travel to the capital city and live in the Imperial Court. Achika ('sparrow'), the son of a poor farmer who works on the holdings of Koyō's family, yearns to become a famous knight or warrior, in order to gain wealth and prestige. The two meet by chance during a harvest festival and fall in love. However, due to their difference in social status they are unable to marry.

The pair spend eleven months away from each other, only to meet at the next harvest festival a year later and find that their feelings have grown stronger. Koyō goes to see a wise local priest by the name of Usayami, who advises her to conduct a special ritual in order to staunch her love for Achika. During this ritual Koyō is required to empty the nearby Chōzu River of all its water; Usayami tells her that only then will her heart forget about Achika. Koyō takes a bucket and begins working for five days and five nights, until she eventually falls down in exhaustion by the bank of the river. Usayami comes to inspect her progress and remarks that she has not made even a finger of difference to the level of the river.

Koyō revives herself and works for another five days, before her body fails her once again and she collapses in fatigue. This time, she dies by the riverbank, and the passion still simmering within her soul causes her to transform into a tall weeping willow. Achika, who is hunting in the forest, happens across the river and stops to refill his waterskin, unaware of the willow which contains the soul of his lover. Thinking of Koyō, whom he has not seen in ten days, he begins to weep. The marks of his tears upon the roots of the willow awaken Koyō's soul trapped inside, and Achika realises that she has died and reincarnated as this tree.

Grief-stricken, Achika goes to see Usayami and asks him how to overcome his own heartache. Usayami tells him to spend five days and five nights counting the blades of grass in the forest, after which time his soul will be set free. Achika tries his hardest to complete this impossible task, but after ten days of exhaustion wandering in the forest, he falls to his knees and exclaims, "If only I could fly from this place!". He then dies. Yet his soul, kept alive by the force of his determination and his love for Koyō, transforms into that of a sparrow.

Achika, reincarnated into the body of the small bird, flies back to Koyō's willow and alights in her branches, where he stays for the rest of eternity.
Miashisama

**Miashisama** [身沈麦; みあしさま] is the Kiren goddess of rain. She is believed to become extremely bad-tempered during the wintertime, when she also becomes the goddess of snow and ice. Miashisama is the sister of the wind god Usakazeya and a daughter of the Moon Emperor Uigami. She is one of the three Koyūshin gods of abundance, and is heavily worshipped during harvest festivals alongside Omiinegami and Chūzuri.

Miashisama is often invoked during water purification rituals in order to help bless the water that is being used. She is thought to be the patron spirit of temple employees [e.g. *honne*, priests, and servants/assistants] and is also associated with childbirth. In fact, Miashisama is often appealed to by pregnant women, asking for an easy and painless labour.

In popular and historical art, Miashisama is depicted often as a beautiful young woman with long black hair and white skin, dressed in fine blue or white silk robes. She often holds a pitcher of water [which she pours over the Earth to cause rain showers] and a pink or white lotus flower.
Shimaki

**Shimaki** [弹槇; しまき] are traditional reed curtains hung between rooms, in doorways, or in windows. They may also be made from bamboo stems; these curtains are called *takemaki* and are typically used for entrances. The reeds (or bamboo stems) are woven along thin pieces of rope or string, which are then hung from a wooden rail. *Shimaki* can be rolled up and tied to the rail, or they can be pulled up with a pulley and wrapped around the rail, similar to blinds. *Takemaki* are usually presented in two separate sheets, and are often hung in front of sliding doors.

## Useage

*Shimaki* were traditionally used to protect a building from wind, dust, and rain, as well as to keep a home warm on cold days and to provide shade on hot summer days. They can also be used for decorative purposes or for dividing a room into two separate spaces. *Shimaki* are very portable and were traditionally used by travellers as equivalents to tarpaulin, protecting against rain or sun and providing shelter.

Exterior *shimaki* and *takemaki* are traditionally used by shops and restaurants as a means of protection from sun, wind, and dust, and for displaying a shop's name or logo. Names are often Kantonese characters, but may also be emblems or abstract designs. Painted *shimaki* are called *rushimaki*. Designs are generally traditional to complement their association with traditional establishments, but modern designs also exist. Interior *shimaki* are often used to separate dining areas from kitchens or other preparation areas, which also prevents smoke or smells from escaping.

*Shinku* (public bathhouses) traditionally place *takemaki* across their entrances. They are also hung in the front entrance of a shop, with the name of the shop written on the front.