recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Soyuz MS-19

**Soyuz MS-19** is the nineteenth launch of the Soyuz MS spacecraft and 147th flight of a crewed Soyuz spacecraft. It launched October 5th, 2021 with 1 cosmonaut, Anton Shkaplerov, and two space tourists to film a movie in an attempt to beat the United States in filming the first feature length fictional film in space. About 35-45 minutes of the film will be shot in space. About 9 days later, the Soyuz MS-18 spacecraft *Yuri A. Gagarin* will undock with the station with the two tourists from Soyuz MS-19 and the commander of Soyuz MS-18, Oleg Novitsky.

### Spacecraft

* Soyuz MS-19

* International Space Station

### Crew (Launch)

Launch Flight Engineer
 Spaceflight Participant 1
 Spaceflight Participant 2

### Crew (Landing)

 Flight Engineer
 Flight Engineer

Vande Hei and Dubrov were launched on Soyuz MS-18.

## See Also

* Soyuz MS-18, the preceding mission in the Soyuz program.
* Soyuz MS-20, the subsequent mission in the Soyuz program.
Space Launch System

The **Space Launch System** or **SLS** is a rocket under development by NASA to launch the Orion MPCV to the moon. It consists of a Core Stage and two Solid Rocket Boosters attached to the side. The Core Stage is orange, making it look very similar to the Space Shuttle's STS rocket. The solid rocket boosters that SLS will use are actually left over from the Space Shuttle program, furthering the similarity to STS.

## Criticism

It has faced much criticism for it's "old fashioned" approach compared to other in-development rockets like New Glenn and Super Heavy. This comes from it's origin in the canceled Constellation Program. The Ares rocket of that program was the basis for SLS, but development has taken so long that technology has advanced beyond it before it was ready for launch. is also faces criticism for it's use of the reusable RS-25 engines from the Space Shuttle on the expendable core stage.

## Configurations and Variants

These are the different versions and configurations of SLS.

## See Also

* Artemis Program, the program that SLS is a part of
* Saturn V, the most powerful rocket before SLS
* Space Transportation System, SLS's ancestor and the rocket used by the Space Shuttle
Probe

A **Probe** is similar to an artificial satellite, in that it does not carry humans or pressurized cargo bays. But instead of stay in orbit around a planet it is sent to other planets in the solar system to take pictures, readings and other data and transmit it back to earth. They usually look like a giant satellite dish attached to a small box with antennae sticking out. This is due to them needing to be in constant communication with Earth to accomplish their mission. This is how we have learned most of what we know about the planets.
Skylab Space Station

The **Skylab Space Station** is a space station type which used a modified Saturn V S-IVB stage for the "orbital workshop" and had an airlock and docking port. It would be visited by Apollo spacecraft. Only one station of type, Skylab, was launched, and one other, Skylab B was never launched and is on display.

## Spacecraft List

A list of spacecraft of this type.

 Skylab B
Martin Marietta Spacemaster

A drawing of the Spacemaster during launch.

### Mass

Total: 1,587,302 kg Booster Gross: 1,224,490kg Booster Empty: 203,342kg Orbiter Gross: 362,812kg Orbiter Empty: 80,000kg

### Number of Stages

2

The **Martin Marietta Spacemaster** was an early concept design by Martin Marietta (now joined as Lockheed Martin) for NASA to hopefully win the contract to build the Space Shuttle. It had an X-24 derived shuttle design with a "catamaran-style" booster. The two boosters had space in between them with a strut to connect the boosters to each other, as well as a mount for the shuttle. The shuttle would fly in between them during launch, then separate and continue to orbit. The booster would land at a runway and be refurbished and reused for another launch. The nested nature of the boosters meant the center of mass difference at stage separation would be minimal, and engine gimbaling would be reduced.

## Gallery

Line drawingSide-by-side images of model showing the booster and shuttle in launch configuration (left) and separate (right).
## Sources

* Wikipedia
* pmview.com
Elon Musk

> "I could either watch it happen or be a part of it." - Elon Musk
>
>

**Elon Musk** is a multi-billionaire and currently the richest person in the world. He founded and owns the company SpaceX, of which he is the Chief Engineer. SpaceX was directly funded by Elon Musk until they became self sufficient. SpaceX has developed four orbital vehicles since their founding, Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy and Starship. He also owns Tesla, an electric car company. He owned a Tesla Roadster that he used to commute to work until it was used as a mass simulator for the Falcon Heavy demonstration mission.
Stagecraft

A **Second/Upper Stage Spacecraft** or simply **Stagecraft** is a colloquial term used to describe a spacecraft which functions as the second stage of it's launch vehicle. This usually means it has main engines and a large fuel supply onboard. Stagecraft are most often used to make the second stage reusable. They often have a cargo bay with opening and closing doors which serve as fairings would on an expendable second stage.
Terran

**Terran** is a family of rockets developed by Relativity Space and is the first rockets to be entirely 3D printed. Terran 1 is expendable and Terran R is fully reusable. Where the name "Terran" comes from in unknown, but is most likely a reference to science fiction. The word "Terra" is commonly used as the name that aliens call Earth in Science Fiction, with the aliens calling humans "Terrans".

## Members

A list of the members of the Terran rocket family. Words in *italics* are for estimated or future/planned values.
X-37 Program

The **X-37 Program** is operated by the US Space Force and currently carries out spaceflights using one of two X-37B spacecraft. It contains a group of active and retired aircraft and spacecraft in support of developing an orbital spaceplane capable of carrying cargo and crew to orbit, as well as other, unknown classified missions. The Boeing Company has been the primary contractor for the X-37 program.

The X-37 program was originally started in 1999 by NASA to develop an Approach and Landing Test Vehicle (ALTV) and Orbital Vehicle (OV). In 2004, the program was transferred to DARPA, and has been secret ever since. The ALTV or X-37A performed drop tests from a White Knight aircraft and demonstrated that it could successfully land. In 2006, The US Air Force announced it would develop it's own vehicle, called the X-37B or OTV. The X-37B's design is heavily based off of NASA's X-37A OV, which was never built. Two X-37B OTVs were built by Boeing for the US Air Force, and flew a collective five missions, until in 2020 the program was transferred to the US Space Force along with both X-37B spaceplanes. X-37C was a planned crewed version of the X-37B that could carry several astronauts to LEO. It is now canceled.

## Variations

There are four variations of the X-37B.

 X-37A (OV)
 X-37B (OTV)
 X-37C
Starship (Reference Page)

***Starship*** could refer to multiple pages. They are listed below. If you were directed here from a link, you can click "EDIT" above that page to change the link to go to the specific page if necessary.

## Spacecraft:

* The SpaceX Starship spacecraft and upper stage.

## Rocket:

* SpaceX's fully reusable SHLLV rocket Starship.
Delta IV Heavy

The **Delta IV Heavy** is a heavy lift rocket built and launched by the United Launch Alliance (ULA), a 50/50 venture between Boeing and Lockheed Martin. It currently is the last member of the Delta family of rockets to be operational, and flies NROL missions regularly. Some notable payloads are the Orion spacecraft during the Exploration Flight Test - 1 (EFT-1) and the *Parker Solar Probe*. The Delta IV Heavy is to the Delta IV what the Falcon Heavy is to the Falcon 9, and it mostly likely how the Falcon Heavy got it's name.
Skylab

**Skylab** was the only exclusively US space station launched by NASA. It was based off the idea of using a spent fuel tank as a habitation module. It eventually fell out of orbit and was destroyed, due to know space shuttles being around to boost it. Instead of constructing later Skylabs, the programs funding was taken to help with the Space Shuttle and ISS instead.

## Damage and Repair

During launch Skylab was damaged where one of the solar arrays became detached.
Starbase, TX

**Starbase** (also known as the **SpaceX Boca Chica test facility**, **SpaceX South Texas launch site** and similar names) is a launch complex and spaceport under construction in the town of Boca Chica, Texas. It is privately owned and operated by SpaceX. The name comes from the fact that Elon Musk has stated he actually intends to create a new town, called Starbase, TX, which would include the Starbase launch complex, the Boca Chica Village and the surrounding area.
Salyut Space Station

The **Salyut** space stations were the first type of space station ever developed by mankind, specifically the Soviet Union. They were given the designation DOS (Durable Orbital Station) civilian stations. They were mostly run by the Salyut Programme, however some Almaz stations were secretly run by the military Almaz program under Salyut names.

## The Salyut Legacy

Salyut modules were used in the construction of *Mir* and even the International Space Station. Zvezda, one of the original ISS modules was a Salyut based module originally built as part of the *Mir-2* program, which of course blended with Space Station *Freedom* to create the ISS.
Ship 20

**Starship 20** or **Ship 20** (previously called **SN20**) is the first SpaceX Starship prototype to be outfitted with a full heatshield and stacked on top a Super Heavy booster. It is planned to become the first to make it into space on an Orbital Flight Test in August or September of 2021.

## Gallery

Ship 20 on Booster 4 during an early August fit check. Notice the incomplete heatsheild.
## See Also

* Starship Orbital Flight Test (Starship OFT)
* SpaceX Starship
* List of SpaceX Starships
* Starship Super Heavy
Soyuz 14

**Soyuz 14** was first and only mission to successfully dock with and man Salyut 3. The spacecraft docked on July 4th, 1974 having been launched the previous day. The crew started taking pictures with the earth observation cameras on-board the station on July 9th. They sent some film back in the earth return capsule. They left the station and safely returned home on July 19th, spending a total of 15 days on-board.

### Spacecraft

* Soyuz 14
* Salyut 3

## See Also

* Soyuz 13, the preceding mission in the Soyuz program.
* Soyuz 15, the subsequent mission in the Soyuz program.
VSS Unity

***VSS Unity*** is the second SpaceShipTwo constructed and the first purpose built space tourism spacecraft to carry commercial passengers to space (by American standards). It carried Richard Branson, owner of Virgin Galactic, into space on July 11th, 2021 during Unity 22. It is the only SpaceShipTwo still active, as the *VSS Enterprise* was destroyed and production has already moved on to SpaceShip III.

## Missions

All suborbital missions flown by VSS Unity. This does not include the captive, free-flight and powered test flights it performed before VP-03.
Shuttle-Mir Program

The **Shuttle-*Mir* program** was a cooperation between America and Russia, and their space agencies, NASA and RFSA (ROSCOSMOS). During the Shuttle-*Mir* program, cooperation between NASA and ROSCOSMOS was so successful that the planned Space Station *Freedom* was changed to become the International Space Station.
Space Shuttle Columbia

> "The same Creator who names the stars, also knows the names of the seven souls we mourn today. The crew of the Shuttle Columbia did not return safely to Earth, yet we can pray that all are safely home." - President Bush, addressing the nation after the accident destroying the orbiter and killng 7 astronauts.
>
>

   **Space Shuttle *Columbia* (OV-102)** was the first operational Space Shuttle. It maid it's maiden launch on April 12th, 1981 during STS-1. It was the first reusable orbital spacecraft ever built and flown. It flew many missions, notably deploying the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Spacelab missions, launching Bill Nelson and a Hubble servicing mission. Columbia was tragically destroyed in an accident during reentry on STS-107 after a foam block from the ET punctured a hole in the wing during launch. This allowed plasma to enter the wing and the spacecraft broke up. All 7 crewmembers were killed.

## Trivia

* Space Shuttle *Columbia* was named after the Apollo Command/Service Module Columbia.
Space Shuttle Challenger

> "The crew of the space shuttle *Challenger* honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives. We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and 'slipped the surly bonds of earth' to 'touch the face of God.'" - President Ronald Reagan
>
>

**Space Shuttle *Challenger*** (OV-099) was the second operational space shuttle constructed and flew 10 missions with many crew members making firsts, such as first civilian in space, first shuttle spacewalk, first American women in space, first African-American in space and first Canadian in space. It was destroyed in an accident during launch of STS-51-L, taking the lives of all 7 crew members aboard.

Space Shuttle Challenger never docked to the International Space Station.

## Commanders

* STS-6 - Paul J. Weitz
* STS-7 - Robert L. Crippen
* STS-8 - Richard H. Truly
* STS-41-B - Vance D. Brand
* STS-41-C - Robert L. Crippen
* STS-41-G - Robert L. Crippen
* STS-51-B - Robert F. Overmeyer
* STS-51-F - C. Gordon Fullerton
* STS-61-A - Henry W. Hartsfield, Jr
* STS-51-L - Francis B. Scobee

## Missions

 STS-7
 STS-8
 STS-41-G
 STS-51-L | First civilian to fly to space (Christa McAuliffe) however she never got there due to an explosion during launch, Due to weather conditions, the O-ring in the SRB was weak and ruptured during flight, resulting in total loss of vehicle and crew.

## Fun Facts

* *Challenger* is the only space shuttle that does not have a ship in the Star Trek universe with the same name.
* *Challenger* was named after the *HMS Challenger*, a steam-assisted Royal Navy *Pearl*-class corvette that led the scientific expedition of the nineteenth century bearing the same name.
Vulcan

**Vulcan** is an in development rocket made by the United Launch Alliance or ULA. It's upper stage, called Centaur can be substituted with the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage or ACES for more capabilities. Vulcan will use the BE-4 engine on the booster stage. There is a plan to have the engine mount detach from the booster and use a small heat shield and parachute to be recovered and reused to save launch costs and compete with the Falcon 9, Terran R, Neutron and New Glenn.

The BE-4 engines have gone behind schedule, causing Vulcan Centaur to fall behind schedule as well. Vulcan must fly 2 non national security missions before it can be certified to fly national security flights. The deadline for these two flights in September 30th, 2021. The first flight is Astrobotics Peregrine lunar lander and the second is the first flight of the Dream Chaser cargo spaceplane *Tenacity* to the ISS. If they fail to meet this deadline, they will lose out on their 60% share of National Security launches and the Pentagon may give their 60% share of National Security launches to SpaceX's Falcon 9, which is already scheduled to launch the other 40%.

## Variants

* Vulcan Centaur
* Vulcan ACES

## Sources

* Motley Fool: Blue Origin's Delays on BE-4 Bad News for ULA
Small Lift Launch Vehicle

A **Small Lift Launch Vehicle** (**SLLV** or **SLV**) or **Small Load Lifting Vehicle** is a launch vehicle classification defined as any rocket that is capable of lifting up to 2,000 kg (4,400 lbs) into LEO, or less than a Medium Lift Launch Vehicle.

## List of Small Lift Launch Vehicles

This list shows concepts, retired, active and in development SLLV rockets or other launch vehicles, in order of chronology. This list is incomplete.
Suborbital Accelerator

The SpinLaunch **Suborbital Accelerator** is a prototype kinetic launch system that uses a rotating carbon composite tether spinning inside a vacuum chamber to accelerator a small rocket to beyond the speed of sound. It is located at Spaceport America.

It performed it's first test launch on October 22, 2021.
Star-Raker

Star-Raker in orbit

**Star-Raker** is a giant HTHL SSTO spaceplane purposed by Rockwell International to create a network of solar power satellites. Early studies by Rockwell indicated that a Horizontal Takeoff, Horizontal Landing (HTHL) single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spacecraft was not possible and a HTHL two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) design was better, but changed their minds by the late 1970s with new materials and the "wet wing" design. Star-raker was said to have carried double the payload of the Boeing Reusable Aerodynamic Space Vehicle concept for a HTHL SSTO spacecraft.

## Configuration

### Engines

It had three sets of engines; jets, main engines and orbital maneuvering engines. It was planned to have made over a thousand flights a year (almost every eight hours). They would land at any airport in the US, restock cargo and launch again.

### Cargo Bay

Unlike the shuttle, the cargo bay was behind the cabin, and the entire nose and cockpit would swivel to the right and release the cargo. This is the position it would have been in if it docked to a space station, requiring the pilot to look out the left window to see.

## Gallery

A gallery of Star-Raker related images.

Star-Raker flyby over head painting.VentureStar, another purposed SSTO spaceplane.Star-rakers at a specialized space port transferring cargo.Star-raker approaching the airstrip.
## Sources

* Scott Manley Video on Star-Raker w/ KSP Model
* Alternatewars.com
* Encyclopedia Astronautica
Unity 22

**Virgin Galactic Unity 22** was the first flight of Virgin Galactic to carry a full set of passengers to space, 2 pilots and 4 passengers, to American-defined space on July 11th, 2021. It is best known for flying Richard Branson, owner of Virgin Galactic, making him the first person to fly to space on a spacecraft he personally owns.

### Crew

 Co-Pilot
 Passenger
 Passenger

## See Also

* Unity 21, the preceding mission in the SpaceShipTwo program.
* Unity 23, the subsequent mission in the SpaceShipTwo program.
William Shatner

> "We were basically one and the same, although Jim Kirk was just about perfect, and, of course, I am perfect." - William Shatner
>
>

**William Shatner** is an American actor, producer, director, author, recording artist and horsemen. He is best known for playing Captain James T. Kirk in the original Star Trek TV show, but he has reprised the role in 6 Star Trek movies as well. In the show, he was captain of the starship USS *Enterprise*, the namesake for the Space Shuttle *Enterprise*.

He flew to suborbital space aboard the *RSS First Step* on NS-18 on October 12th, 2021.
Saturn V

The **Saturn V** (pronounced **Saturn Five**) is the rocket used during the Apollo Program and sent the first people to walk on the moon there. It's usual payload was an Apollo Spacecraft with Command, Service and Lunar Modules and Launch Escape system. It is currently the most powerful rocket ever built, however rockets such as SLS and Starship will be more powerful when they complete testing and become operational.
Starship Orbital Flight Test

The **Starship Orbital Flight Test** (**Starship OFT**) will be the first flight of SpaceX's Super Heavy booster and the first orbital flight of Starship. It will test the SH Booster, the orbital flight profile with the Starship, Starship reentry and landing and the booster's suborbital reentry and landing. SpaceX originally planned to launch in July 2021, but due to technical delays and FAA approval, is has not happened yet and could possibly be puched back as late as the end of the year.
Units of Mass

**Units of Mass** describe the number of atoms or molecules in a substance. They also describe how much something weighs.

## Gram

The **gram** is the primary metric unit of mass, abbreviated **g**. Since it is a metric unit, there are kilograms (1000 grams), milligrams (0.001 grams) and others. One gram equals 0.002204623 pounds or about the weight of a house fly.

## Kilogram

Although the **kilogram** (abbreviated **kg**) is really just another version of the gram, due to the large mass of many spacecraft and small size of the gram, you will see the kilogram as often if not more than the gram. It equals 1000 grams or 2.20462284 pounds.

## Slug

A **slug** is the primary imperial unit for mass, however it is commonly mistakenly replaced with the pound which is the proper unit for weight. It is abbreviated

## Ton

The ton is an American weight unit and is different from the metric ton or tonne, although their weight is very close. It is equal to 2000.0 pounds or 907184.7 grams and 0.9071847 tonnes.

## Metric Ton (Tonne)

The **metric ton** or **tonne** is a metric unit of mass and is abbreviated **t**. It is equal to 1.102311 tons, 1000.0 kilograms and 1000000 grams.

## Atomic Mass Unit

The Atomic Mass Unit is an extremely small unit if mass, abbreviated **amu**. It equals 1.66053886 × 10-27 kg.
SpaceX reusable launch system development program

The **SpaceX reusable launch system development program** or **SpaceX RLSD program** is a privately funded program operated by SpaceX to develop orbital launch vehicles and systems with an end goal of bring the spaceflight industry to the level of reusability of aircraft.

Some vehicles and engines developed in the program:

* Falcon 1
* Merlin
* Kestrel
* Falcon 9
* Merlin Vac
* Dragon 1
* Falcon Heavy
* Dragon 2
* Starship/Super Heavy
* Starship spacecraft
* Raptor
* Raptor Vac
Tiangong 2

**Tiangong 2** was a space laboratory launched by the Chinese National Space Administration. It was planned to precede the larger modular station. It was launched September 15th, 2016 and reentered the atmosphere on June 19th, 2019. It was preceded my Tiangong 1 and preceded the Chinese Space Station.
Space Shuttle Enterprise

**Space Shuttle *Enterprise* (OV-101)** was the prototype space shuttle constructed for flight testing. It never actually flew in space and was named after the USS *Enterprise* (NCC-1701) from the TV Show Star Trek. It was originally going to be named *Constitution*, but pressure from Star Trek fans caused them to choose the name *Enterprise* instead.

To the right is a photo of the cast of Star Trek at the rollout ceremony for *Enterprise*. William Shatner (Captain Kirk) was unfortunately unable to attend. The man in the brown suit is Gene Roddenberry, the creator of the series.
Shenzhou 8

**Shenzhou 8** was the eighth flight of a Shenzhou capsule and the first to dock with another spacecraft, Tiangong 1. It was also the first unmanned Shenzhou flight since Shenzhou 4.

### Spacecraft

* Shenzhou 8
* Tiangong 1

## See Also

* Shenzhou 7, the preceding mission in the Shenzhou program.
* Shenzhou 9, the subsequent mission in the Shenzhou program.
Кустарно усиленная кожаная куртка

Кустарная поделка местных аборигенов. Берётся куртка кожаная, одна штука, сильно поношенная. И обшивается всякими там пластинками металла и кусками кожи в разных местах. Итого, несмотря на сомнительный внешний вид и не менее сомнительный комфорт от ношения подобной вещи, имеем неплохую за свою цену защиту.
Scaled Composites

**Scaled Composites** (or simply **Scaled**) is an aerospace company owned by Northrop Grumman. They are most well known for their use of nonmetal composite materials and winning the Ansari X Prize with their SpaceShipOne spacecraft. They also developed the SpaceShipTwo spacecraft along with Virgin Galactic until Virgin Galactic bought them out. They assisted Beechcraft Aerospace in construction of the Beechcraft Starship, which turned out to be a commercial failure.

## Programs

* Ansari-X Prize competition
* SpaceShipOne program
* X-37 program (X-37A drop tests)
* SpaceShipTwo program
Terran R (Rocket)

**Terran R** is a fully reusable, completely 3D-printed MLLV orbital rocket in development by Relativity Space, intended to make it's maiden launch in 2024. It is a member of the Terran family of rockets. It's look and design is very reminiscent of the SpaceX Starship system, which is also fully reusable, however in terms of capabilities it is more comparable to the Falcon 9 in payload capacity.

The name is similar to it's predecessor, Terran 1, but the "R" most likely stands for "reusable".

## Design and Development

According to Zach Dunn of Relativity Space in an email to IEEE Spectrum*,* the wings on the first and second stages are "aerodynamic surfaces to help stabilize the stages during reentry. For the second stage specifically, they aid in distributing the heat and aero loading over the full side of the stage. This distribution of load coupled with the use of exotic alloys for the second stage will enable reentry and recovery." It will not land on a run way like the Space Shuttle, because this does not generate enough lift for that.

It is unclear how Terran R's first stage will be recovered at this time, however it is fairly certain that the booster will be recovered in a manner similar to the Falcon 9 booster.

## Stages

### Booster (Stage 1)

The Booster of Terran R is currently under development and will most likely be based off of the Terran 1 booster, but also takes inspiration from the Super Heavy and Falcon 9 boosters. It will be 3D printed and reused.

### Upper Stage (Stage 2)

The Terran R upper stage is a very similar vehicle to the SpaceX Starship and Space Shuttle in that it acts as the upper stage/fairings of it's launch vehicle but also as a separate spacecraft in orbit. It will land and be reused.

## Gallery

A graphic from Relativity Space showing Terran R during launch.Terran 1 (Left) and Terran R (Right) size comparison by Relativity.A render of the Terran R upper stage in orbit with cargo bay doors open.A 3D render of the Terran R upper stage in orbit.A recreation of Terran R upper stage in the game Simple Rockets 2. (User credit unknown)
## Sources

* IEEE Spectrum: Wings Explained
* NASA Spaceflight Forum: Upper Stage Orbiter Renders (Page 8 post by user lamontagne)
Salyut 1

**Salyut 1** was the first Salyut space station and the first space station ever to be launched. It was made by the Soviet space program as part of the Salyut programme and paved the way for Mir and the ISS. It fell out of orbit and was destroyed. The only known photograph of it is to the right, taken from Soyuz 11. It is a very rare and special photograph. (Found on Wikipedia credit to user who uploaded it).
Spacecraft List

This page contains a list of some note-worthy individual spacecraft that have existed. Not all are currently in use, and some are conceptual/in planning or in construction. I have attempted to list at least one representative from every type of space craft, but I am still in the process of adding them to the wiki, so I will be adding them to this list as I add them to the spacecraft wiki.

For a list of different **types** of spacecraft, view the Spacecraft Types List page. Feel free to add to this list if you wish. Happy Writing!

The category for pages about individual spacecraft is the Spacecraft category.

Note: A lot of the ships had only internal designations, like No. 20 (*Faith 7*) and SN20 (*Starship OFT*), so their designations can easily be confused with another spacecraft.
Yuri A. Gagarin (Spacecraft)

***Yuri A. Gagarin*** (no. 748) is the Soyuz MS spacecraft launched for Soyuz MS-18. It launched with 2 cosmonauts and 1 NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei. It will return to earth 9 days after the launch of Soyuz MS-19 with the 2 space tourists of that mission and 1 cosmonaut from Soyuz MS-18. The other cosmonaut and Vande Hei will stay for a full year aboard the ISS.
VMS Eve

**VMS *Eve*** (Tail number **N348MS**) is a WhiteKnightTwo jet aircraft built by Scaled Composites and operated by Virgin Galactic. It was unveiled on July 28th, 2008 and made it's maiden flight on December 21st, 2008.

## Fun Fact

* VMS *Eve* is named after Evette Branson, the mother of Richard Branson, the owner of the Virgin Group, including Virgin Galactic.
Stoke Space rocket

The **Stoke Space rocket** is an unnamed fully reusable MLLV rocket designed and under development by Stoke Space Technologies. It will feature a reusable first stage similar to that of New Shepard and the Falcon 9. The second stage will be a space capsule with engine allowing it to act as a second stage and a landing engine. The engine has a unique thrust chamber design known as the "three-pack", with three exhaust ports. It is not know how the engine is handle the difficulty of operating efficiently at sea level pressure and vacuum.

## Stages

### Booster (Stage 1)

It will feature a reusable first stage similar to that of New Shepard and the Falcon 9.

### Capsule (Stage 2)

The second stage will be a space capsule with engine allowing it to act as a second stage and a landing engine. The engine has a unique thrust chamber design known as the "three-pack", with three exhaust ports. It is not know how the engine is handle the difficulty of operating efficiently at sea level pressure and vacuum.
Skylon

An artist's rendering of Skylon in orbit.

**Skylon** is an SSTO robotic spaceplane underdevelopment by Reaction Engines Limited. It will attempt to achieve SSTO capability with the use of the contemporarily under development Synergetic Air-breathing Rocket Engine, which will use atmospheric oxygen as long as possible before switching to LOX fed from an onboard tank, reducing tank and fuel weight to allow it to reach orbit with out shedding a stage.

A cutaway diagram of Skylon.
Space Shuttle Endeavour

**Space Shuttle *Endeavour*** **(OV-105)** was the fifth and last operational space shuttle to be constructed. It's maiden flight was May 7th, 1992 and it's final flight was May 16th, 2011, making a total of 25 flights over 19 years. It flew the first and last major ISS Assembly missions and also the first Hubble service mission. It also rendezvoused and docked with *Mir* and exchanged crew. It flew three missions in one years in 1993.

## Construction

Endeavour originally started construction in the beginning of the Shuttle program program, but was halted because they wanted to have 4 active Shuttle, originally *Columbia*, *Challenger*, *Discovery* and *Atlantis. A*fter the destruction of *Challenge*r, a replacement orbiter was needed and *Endeavour* was completed and made operational.

## Fun Facts

* Dragon 2 C206 was named *Endeavour* after this shuttle during its maiden flight in Demo-2.
* *Endeavour* is named after the *HMS Endeavour* that took Captain James Cook on one if his historic voyages of exploration in the Pacific Ocean.
Salyut 6

**Salyut 6** (DOS-5) is a soviet space station from the Salyut Programme. It was the first of a "second-generation" of Salyuts, most notably having a second docking port allowing for waste disposal and propellant resupply. This allowed for extended missions. It fell out of orbit in 1982. The picture to the right shows a soyuz and progress spacecraft docked to it.
Space Transportation System

The **Space Transportation System** or **STS** (commonly referred to as the **Space Shuttle**) was the first partially reusable orbital launch system. It was developed under the Space Shuttle Program. It consisted of four major components, an External Tank (ET), and Space Shuttle orbiter and two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs).

## Stages

### Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) (Stage 1)

The Solid Rocket Boosters or SRBs were two reusable solid fueled rockets attached to the side of the External Tank (discussed below). The solid fuel boosters were picked due to their high thrust-to-weight ratio and the ability to manufacture the in a state that would other wise not gain potential jobs from the program, something Congress, who ultimately had to approve the design before it could be worked on, valued. However, solid-fueled rockets cannot be throttled or turned off, with makes them more dangerous than liquid fueled rockets. The SRBs were ultimately responsible for the destruction of Space Shuttle *Challenger*, possibly the worst disaster in spaceflight history. After separation, the SRBs descended to a splashdown in the Atlantic under parachute.

### External Tank (ET) (Stage 1 1/2)

The External Tank was a large liquid fuel tank attached to the belly of the Space Shuttle and served as the core of the rocket during ascent. The ET did not have engines, instead it's fuel was pumped to the three RS-25 engines in the Space Shuttle orbiter. The orbiter was mounted to the side of the ET, this allowed it to burn it's engines all the way from lift off to orbital insertion, saving the weight extra engines would have added. The ET was the only expendable part of the rocket, as after separation in suborbital space, it reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed. It was originally painted white, but after a few flights it was realized that it was not needed and the paint was eliminated to save weight. This revealed the orange insulation underneath giving the STS rocket the familiar rocket we all know and love.

### Space Shuttle Orbiter (Stage 3/Payload)

The Space Shuttle orbiter was the first orbital spaceplane developed to functionality. There were 5 orbiters over 40 years and each flew over 2 dozen times, landing and being refurbished for another flight after each mission. This orbital insertion stage/spacecraft has it's own page here at Space Shuttle.
Units of Weight

**Units of Force** (also **Units of Thrust** or **Units of Weight**) describe the force an engine or other mechanism uses to propel a projectile. This article needs filling in. These units can often be confused with units of mass, as the weight of an object is directly related to it's mass. The more mass an object has, the it will way, but this will be different depending on gravity. On object weighing 70 pounds on earth has almost zero weight in outer space.

## Newton

This is the metric unit of weight. The Newton is a metric unit (abbreviated **N**) and therefore can be a kiloNewton, megaNewton, etc. It is named for Sir Isaac Newton for his Three Laws of Motion which created the need for this unit. A newton can be broken down to:

k
i
l
o
g
r
a
m
∙
m
e
t
e
r

s
e
c
o
n

d
2

{\textstyle kilogram\bullet meter\over\ second^2}

## Pound

The pound is the most common English/Imperial unit for weight. Pound is abbreviated **lb** or **lb**. 1 pound is 16 ounces. A pound can be broken down to:

s
l
u
g
∙
f
o
o
t

s
e
c
o
n

d
2

{\textstyle slug\bullet foot\over\ second^2}

## Ounce

Another English unit for weight, smaller than a pound. Abbreviated **oz**. 1 ounce is 0.0625 pounds.
Vostok

**Vostok** ("East" in Russian) is a multipurpose spacecraft design by the Soviet Union space program.

## Variants

* Vostok 1K, a prototype, used in the Korabl-Sputnik 2 (Sputnik 5) mission.
* Vostok 2K, also known as the Zenit spy satellite.
* Vostok 3KA, the crewed variation, used until the programs cancellation.

The Foton and Voskhod spacecraft are derived from the Vostok design.
Space Flyer Unit

The **Space Flyer Unit** (**SFU**) was a reusable retrievable spacecraft launched by JAXA on a H-II rocket. It had research and testing material on board and was retrieved by Space Shuttle *Endeavour* during STS-72. It was then delivered to Japan for refurbishment and reuse.

## See Also

* European Retrievable Carrier, a comparable spacecraft by ESA
United Launch Alliance

The **United Launch Alliance** or **ULA** is a rocket manufacturing venture formed by Boeing and Lockheed Martin, being the main rocket developing department for both companies. They are currently working on the Vulcan rocket. They also partnered with Bigelow Aerospace to create the future Lunar Depot with the ACES Upper stage.
Soviet Space Program

**Soviet Union Space Program** was the USSR's space agency. They are most famous because they lost the space race R.I.P. LOL. Developed Soyuz and Buran spacecraft, along with Salyut space stations.

Note: The logo can be illegal in some countries, only use this image for science, and teaching purposes
World Seed

## About

World Seed is a procedurally generated sandbox MMORPG with roguelike features. The main focus of the game is build-diversity & character progression.

*"The six gods of the universe battle for singularity and you must fight back to preserve balance."*

In this game you'll become stronger by crafting & upgrading your equipment or simply *roll the dice* and hope for some epic loot to drop as you slay enemies.

It's a harsh world to survive in, so make sure to bring some friends along when in need of help.

## Freedom of Choice

### **Your strategy is valid**

World Seed won't push you in linear line of progression. We believe great games are the ones that offer the player to choose their own path, guided by the rules of the game.

### **Build diversity**

There are few restrictions on how you build your characters. We're actively working towards keeping most builds and strategies viable.

### **Distance from center**

There is no *traditional leveling system* in World Seed. The further from the center you travel, the harder the game gets. Defeating high-level creatures will reward you with equipment of the same gearscore.

### **Tier progression**

The *rarity and quality* of your **items** are based on item tier. There are 10 tiers in the game represented by roman numerals.

Every tier of an **equipment** unlocks new tier perks for you to choose from.

## Infinite World

World Seed features an infinite world which is procedurally generated. Its content is renewed every hour.

## Crafting

World Seed offers two methods of crafting: your typical “x materials to craft y,” but also *upgrading*. Upgrading items in World Seed is done by combining three equal items to a better one, yielding +1 in *tier level*.

Most items in World Seed can be upgraded this way. This offers a unique feature which prevents items from becoming *obsolete* as you progress further into the game.

## Free to play

You can play World Seed for free in your browser! Visit https://worldseed.eu/ to get started.
Shenzhou 11

**Shenzhou 11** was the only mission to the Chinese space station Tiangong 2. It has only 2 crew members instead of three like the Tiangong 1 missons did.

### Spacecraft

* Shenzhou 11
* Tiangong 2

## See Also

* Shenzhou 10, the preceding mission of the Shenzhou program.
* Shenzhou 12, the subsequent mission of the Shenzhou program.
Shenzhou 10

**Shenzhou 10** or **SZ-10** was the fifth crewed flight of the Shenzhou program and the third and final flight to Tiangong 1. During the mission Wang Yaping gave a lecture from the station to school children in Beijing. Wang Yaping was one of only 2 women in space along with Karen Nyberg on the ISS on June 16th, 2019, the 50th Anniversary of Vostok 6 when Valentina Tereshkova became the first women in space.

### Spacecraft

* Shenzhou 10
* Tiangong 1

### Crew

 Crewmember
 Crewmember

## See Also

* Shenzhou 9, the preceding mission in the Shenzhou program.
* Shenzhou 11, the subsequent mission in the Shenzhou program.
Voyager-class station

A 3D rendering of the Voyager-class with an approaching SpaceX Starship.

The **Voyager-class station** (previously called **Von Braun Class Station**) is planned type of space station made by the Gateway Foundation. It is planned to be used to ultimately make going to space a more natural thing and pave the way for their main goal: the Gateway spaceport. It is also planned to bring in a new era of space construction, as many of the pieces are planned to be assembled in space. The Gateway Foundation wishes to use multiple Voyager-class stations to create a network of 'spaceports' similar to the airplane and airport system on earth. They also plan to use Sierra Nevada Corporation's Dream Chaser spaceplane as escape vehicles, docked along the outer edge or the habitation ring. The center docking hub would be where visiting spacecraft dock. The main spacecraft planned to dock with the station is purposed to be the SpaceX Starship.
Starhopper

***Starhopper*** or ***Starship Hopper*** doubled as a prototype for the SpaceX Starship and test for the Raptor engine. It flew 1 tethered flight test and then 2 untethered, the last being a 150 meter hop. It was then retired after this flight. It's unusual appearance was not what was originally intended. It had a nose cone making it look more similar to the finished Starship, but due to wind damage it was decided to completely remove it and subsequent tests had no nose cone, including the 150m hop. The first article to fly with a nosecone was SN8.

## Flights

All test flights made by Starhopper.

 First Free Flight Test
 150m Starhopper Hop
Steel Bar

**Steel Bar** is a material obtained through Gathering or Dismantling Equipment. It is most commonly found in the Nature and Frost biomes (on a **Safe**\* tile) and Lightning, Earth and Fire biomes (on a **Danger**\*\* tile) **Steel Bar** can also be found while scavenging in the Water or Void biomes. **Steel Bar** can be used for crafting equipment or it can be sold to the inns.

\* **Safe** tiles are tiles on which you can freely stand without getting attacked by a monster.

\*\* **Danger** tiles are tiles on which you get attacked by a monster (you cannot skip this fight). This is indicated by a skull below the tile.
Unity 23

**Unity 23** is a planned flight of VSS *Unity* and the first crewed research flight for SpaceShipTwo set for late September to early October 2021. It is being flown for the Italian Air Force and the National Research Council.

### Crew

 Passenger
 Engineer
 Engineer

## See Also

* Unity 22, the preceding mission in the SpaceShipTwo program.
* Unity 24, the subsequent mission in the SpaceShipTwo program.
VentureStar

A 3D rendering of VentureStar deploying a payload into orbit.

**VentureStar** was a planned SSTO (Single Stage to Orbit) spaceplane. It was canceled due to continued problems, and is currently not in development. The fuel tanks were too heavy to reach orbit. It was based off the X-33.

## Links

* YouTube Animation Using Shuttle Footage
SpaceX

**Space Exploration Technologies Croporation** or **SpaceX** is a privately owned commercial space company, owned my Elon Musk, who also owns Tesla. It was originally founded to reduce the price of orbital class launches, which achieved with the Falcon 9 rocket, which is now the most launched rocket in the world. They designed the Dragon 1 spacecraft to ride the Falcon 9 to deliver cargo to the International Space Station. The also have other spacecraft types in various stages of planning and building. SpaceX received a contract from NASA to send Dragon 1 spacecraft to the ISS, the CRS-1 contract. The last Dragon 1 spacecraft from that contract returned to earth on Tuesday, April 7th, 2020.

Dragon 2 is a new and improved spacecraft based on Dragon 1 capable of transporting 4 astronauts to the ISS or cargo.

SpaceX is now developing the Starship, their next generation 100% reusable launch vehicle. The reusable upper stage spacecraft, also called Starship, will hopefully take humans to Mars. It is partly funded by a contract from NASA for a slightly modified version called Lunar Starship of Starship HLS to land humans on the moon as part of the Artemis program.

## Programs

* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program
	+ Commercial Resupply Services
	+ Commercial Crew Program
* SpaceX reusable launch system development program
* Artemis Program
* Starship Mars Program
ASC Society

The **ASC Society**, was founded on the 3rd February 1990 by 7 countries. Their headquarters were located in Cairo, Egypt until 2011, when they were moved to Cape Town, South Africa, due to the political instability originated from the Arabic Spring.

## Members

**Founders in Negrito**

* **Algeria (Joined 1990)**
* Angola (Joined 1992)
* Cameroon (Joined 2007)
* Cape Verde (Joined 2006)
* **DR Congo (Joined 1990)**
* **Egypt (Joined 1990)**
* **Ethiopia (Joined 1990)**
* Kenya (Joined 2007)
* Liberia (Joined 2008)
* Libya (Joined 1992)
* **Morocco (Joined 1990)**
* Mozambique (Joined 2006)
* Nigeria (Joined 2006)
* Senegal (Joined 2008)
* **South Africa (Joined 1990)**
* Tanzania (Joined 1992)
* **Tunisia (Joined 1990)**
* Zimbabwe (Joined 2008)
Soyuz MS-18

**Soyuz MS-18** is the eighteenth launch of the Soyuz MS spacecraft and 146th flight of a crewed Soyuz spacecraft. It launched on April 9th, 2021 with 2 cosmonauts and 1 NASA Astronaut, Mark Vande Hei. The spacecraft (no. 748) is named *Yuri A. Gagarin* after the first man to orbit the earth. The *Yuri A. Gagarin* will undock with the station with the two tourists from Soyuz MS-19 and the commander of Soyuz MS-18, Oleg Novitsky. Mark Vande Hei and the other MS-18 cosmonaut Pyotr Dubrov will remain on the station for a full year and return on a later mission.

### Spacecraft

* *Yuri A. Gagarin* (no. 748)

* International Space Station

### Crew (Launch)

 Flight Engineer
 Flight Engineer

### Crew (Landing)

Launch Flight Engineer
 Spaceflight Participant 1
 Spaceflight Participant 2

Shipenko and Pereslid were launched on Soyuz MS-19.

## See Also

* Soyuz MS-17, the preceding mission in the Soyuz program.
* Soyuz MS-19, the subsequent mission in the Soyuz program.
Salyut 3

**Salyut 3** (OPS-2) was a military salyut space station. It was equipped with earth observation cameras, and earth return capsule and an on-board gun for defense. It currently holds the record for first and only spacecraft to be known to have weaponry ever. However, it is quite possible that other spacecraft have been armed since Salyut 3, but the information has not yet been disclosed.

## Armament

It had an on-board gun, but the exact type isn't publicly documented. However, it was claimed to be a Rikhter R-23 and the commander of Soyuz-14 who visited the station has confirmed it.

It was to be used for "self defense" to prevent hostile forces from boarding. The only crew to man the station, Soyuz-14, didn't use the gun. However, reports say that before the station was deorbited into earth's atmosphere, the gun was remotely fired by the ground. Some sources say it was fired to depletion, whiles others say that only three test firings took place during the Salyut 3 mission. Perhaps we will never know.

## Missions

 Soyuz 14 | Successfully docked and manned the station. Earth observation operations.
 Soyuz 15 | Malfunction caused the Soyuz to be unable to dock with the station and return to Earth.

## Fun Facts

* Salyut 3 is actually the fifth Salyut station to be launched. DOS-2 and DOS-3 (Kosmos 557) were both failed stations which were destroyed before any missions were preformed, and therefore not given a Salyut name