基于面板的控制系统

## EE102B: PANEL-BASED CONTROL SYSTEMS

基于面板的控制系统

***以下内容由107-陈宇翻译***

### EDUCATION CREDIT

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for CALCTP (CALCTP), NLCAA (NLCAA) and LEU (NCQLP) credit and 80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of credits. For CALCTP, NLCAA and LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES, Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIA CES.

### 教育学分

本课程结束后，学员将能够完成在线考试，及格率为70+%，有资格获得CALCTP（CALCTP）、NLCAA（NLCAA）和LEU（NCQLP）学分，以及80+%的LU/HSW学时（AIA/CES）。通过评分后，您将能够下载每种学分的结业证书。对于CALCTP、NLCAA和LC认证维护（LEUs），信用是自报告的。对于AIA/CES，照明控制协会将向AIA CES报告本课程的学分。

### NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS

This course is registered with CALCTP, NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

### 未经认证机构认可

本课程在加州职业技术学院、NCQLP和AIA CES注册，用于继续专业教育。因此，它不包括可被视为或解释为这些组织对任何建筑材料或任何处理、使用、分发或处理任何材料或产品的方法或方式的批准或认可的内容

### COPYRIGHT

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws.  Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

### 版权

本演示文稿受美国和国际版权法保护。未经照明控制协会书面许可，不得复制、分发、展示和使用演示文稿。

### DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and insured professionals.

### 免责声明

本课程所包含的资料是从相信可靠的来源获得的。由于使用或误用本课程所含数据或信息而导致的错误、遗漏或损坏，不属于照明控制协会、国家电气制造商协会、ZING通信公司或其雇员或成员的责任。本课程所包含的所有信息都是为专业人士发布的，以寻求有关课程所包含主题的信息。本课程不提供专业服务，如设计、工程或咨询。如果寻求这些服务，则应由经过适当培训、注册、监管和保险的专业人员提供。

### INTRODUCTION

Turning lighting OFF when it is not being used saves energy. Automating that function is the most reliable method. As a result, most commercial building energy codes require automatic lighting shutoff. This common-sense strategy also adds value to lighting upgrades in existing buildings.

To turn the lighting OFF automatically along a branch circuit, we must add a switch. This switch features a low-voltage input to accept control signals and a line-voltage output to control the load. Switching may be local, such as a vacancy sensor turning the lights OFF in a room, or remote. Remote switching concentrates switches in a central assembly that may feature intelligence, which allows programming such as scheduled ON/OFF. This assembly resides in a metal cabinet-type enclosure called a panel.

The panel, in turn, can serve as the backbone for a complete energy code-compliant control system that responds to a wide range of control inputs for indoor and outdoor lighting control. It is typically sold as a new complete unit, though panelboard retrofit assemblies are available. This learning module describes common panel-based lighting control systems.

### 导言

图片由伊顿提供

不用时把灯关掉可以节省能源。自动化该功能是最可靠的方法。因此，大多数商业建筑能源规范要求自动关闭照明。这种常识性的策略也增加了现有建筑照明升级的价值。

要沿分支电路自动关闭照明，必须添加一个开关。该开关的特点是低压输入接受控制信号，线电压输出控制负载。开关可以是本地的，例如空置传感器关闭房间的灯，或者是远程的。远程开关将开关集中在一个中央组件中，该组件可能具有智能功能，允许编程，如定时开/关。此程序集位于一个称为面板的金属机柜式外壳中。

反过来，该面板可以作为一个完整的符合能源法规的控制系统的主干，该系统对室内和室外照明控制的各种控制输入作出响应。它通常是作为一个新的完整的单位出售，虽然配电板改装组件是可用的。本学习模块描述基于面板的照明控制系统。

### LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

* Apply load-scheduling strategies to commercial buildings.

* Select an appropriate load-scheduling strategy to achieve lighting automation.

* Select appropriate features for the equipment.

### 学习目标

本课程结束时，您将能够：

* 将负荷调度策略应用于商业建筑。

* 选择合适的负荷调度策略，实现照明自动化。

* 为设备选择适当的功能。

### SWITCHGEAR

Switchgear consists of power-switching devices used for electrical protection, electrical isolation, and local and remote switching. Electrical codes require that circuit breakers feed and protect each circuit. For remote lighting control, the circuit adds a switch to change the load.

The circuit breaker may integrate this switch, resulting in a controllable circuit breaker that provides both electrical protection and remote switching. Or the system may add low-voltage relay switches (called contactors when controlling very large loads). These switches typically reside in one or more additional panels installed downstream from the electrical panel. Relay-based panels may also house dimmer modules as well as relay switches.

### 开关设备

图片由施耐德电气提供

开关设备包括用于电气保护、电气隔离、本地和远程开关的电源开关装置。电气规范要求断路器为每个电路供电并提供保护。对于远程照明控制，电路会增加一个开关来改变负载。

断路器可以集成此开关，从而形成一个既提供电气保护又提供远程开关的可控断路器。或者系统可以增加低压继电器开关（当控制非常大的负载时称为接触器）。这些开关通常位于安装在电气面板下游的一个或多个附加面板中。基于继电器的面板也可以容纳调光器模块和继电器开关。

### CONTROLLABLE CIRCUIT BREAKERS VERSUS RELAYS

Controllable circuit breakers present advantages in:

* new buildings; and

* existing buildings where the breaker panel is not up to code.

Controllable circuit breakers are available in single-, 2- and 3-pole versions from 15-30A and from 120480VAC. They are robust, rated up to 200,000 switching cycles. Consolidating electrical protection with switching in the same panel can reduce material cost while saving wall space.

### 可控断路器与继电器

图片由伊顿提供

可控断路器具有以下优点：

* 新建建筑物

* 断路器面板不符合规范的现有建筑物。

可控制断路器有单极、2极和3极版本，分别为15-30A和120480VAC。它们很坚固，额定开关周期可达200000次。在同一面板内通过开关加强电气保护，可以在节省墙体空间的同时降低材料成本。

### CONTROLLABLE CIRCUIT BREAKERS VERSUS RELAYS

Image courtesy of Wattstopper

Low-voltage relay-based systems can be advantageous when:

* the building has a code-compliant electrical panel already installed;

* a relatively small number of loads needs adding;

* single- and 2-pole relays will do the job; and/or

* the switching cycle is lower.

Relays are typically used to control single-pole 120/277VAC and 2-pole 208/240VAC circuits. Threepole relays are available but relatively costly compared to 3-pole controllable breakers. Typical relays are rated from 20,000 to 50,000 switching cycles, though relays are available offering up to 250,000 cycles. Mechanical latching operation ensures the relay will remain in the last switched state if a power loss occurs.

### 可控断路器与继电器

图片由Wattstopper提供

在以下情况下，基于低压继电器的系统可能是有利的：

* 建筑物已安装符合规范的配电盘；

* 需要增加的荷载相对较少；

* 单极和双极继电器将起作用；和/或

* 切换周期较低。

继电器通常用于控制单极120/277VAC和2极208/240VAC电路。三极继电器可用，但与三极可控断路器相比成本相对较高。典型继电器的额定开关周期为20000至50000次，但继电器可提供多达250000次的开关周期。机械闭锁操作确保继电器在断电时保持在最后一个开关状态。

### LIGHTING AUTOMATION

Whether controllable circuit breakers or relays are used, the switch accepts input from control devices such as a timeclock, local switches, occupancy/vacancy sensors and light sensors. Low-voltage wiring connects these devices to the panel. The devices tell the switch to open or close the circuit. As such, the panel can serve as the platform for a complete energy code-compliant lighting control system:

**Scheduling**: Panels can enact scheduling strategies to turn lights OFF in large public spaces when they are predictably unoccupied.

**Other lighting control strategies**: Panels can provide switching and dimming of branch circuits based on other control inputs such as switches and sensors.

**Plug load control**: Specialized switches can turn OFF 50% of receptacles based on predicted occupancy, complying with the latest energy codes.

**Other load control strategies**: Some panels can control other building loads such as HVAC systems and dampers.

**Energy metering**: Some panel-based systems meter energy consumption and upload data via Ethernet connection to a central server or the Cloud for analysis using software.

### 照明自动化

无论使用可控断路器还是继电器，开关都接受来自控制设备的输入，如时钟、本地开关、占用/空闲传感器和光传感器。低压电线将这些设备连接到面板上。这些装置告诉开关打开或关闭电路。因此，该面板可作为一个完整的符合能源法规的照明控制系统的平台：

**调度**：面板可以制定调度策略，以便在大型公共空间无人时关闭灯。

**其他照明控制策略**：面板可根据其他控制输入（如开关和传感器）提供分支电路的开关和调光。

**插头负载控制**：根据预测的占用率，专用开关可以关闭50%的插座，符合最新的能源规范。

**其他负荷控制策略**：一些面板可以控制其他建筑负荷，如暖通空调系统和阻尼器。

**能源计量**：一些基于面板的系统计量能源消耗，并通过以太网连接将数据上传到中央服务器或云，以便使用软件进行分析。

### OTHER CONTROL STRATEGIES

Besides achieving energy savings and energy code compliance, panel-based control systems can deliver other value and benefits:

 Security response
 Building system integration
 Research/Horticulture

### 其他控制策略

除了实现节能和符合能源法规外，基于面板的控制系统还可以提供其他价值和好处

 安全响应
 建筑系统集成
 研究/园艺

SYSTEM INTELLIGENCE

Image courtesy of Schneider Electric

Adding a microprocessor to the panel gives the control system intelligence, allowing programming and scheduling. With an onboard lighting controller, the system operator can:

* group circuits in control zones;

* assign schedules (without needing a physical timeclock) and custom logic (IF/THEN decision-making, called the algorithm); and

* communicate directly with other panels, computers and building automation systems (BAS).

Panels are typically programmed at the panel’s frontboard, though Ethernet-based systems allow remote programming via operating software.

### 系统智能

图片由施耐德电气提供

在面板上增加一个微处理器使控制系统智能化，允许编程和调度。使用车载照明控制器，系统操作员可以：

* 控制区的分组电路；

* 分配时间表（不需要物理时钟）和自定义逻辑（如果/那么决策，称为算法）；

* 以及与其他面板、计算机和楼宇自动化系统（BAS）直接通信。

虽然基于以太网的系统允许通过操作软件进行远程编程，但面板通常在面板的前端进行编程

### CENTRALIZED ARCHITECTURE

Image courtesy of Wattstopper

Panel-based systems may be centralized or distributed. In a centralized configuration, the relays reside in a centrally installed panel. Multiple panels may install for control of single floors or campus buildings. They may operate independently or be networked, with the lighting controller residing in a “master” panel and controlling connected extension panels. This provides central scheduling for all panels in a hierarchical configuration.

In a distributed configuration, very small relay-based panels (typically controlling two to four 20A circuits, see image) install closer to their controlled loads. This approach can minimize wiring costs by reducing the length of homeruns between control devices and the panel. System intelligence may be similarly distributed, allowing autonomous room-based operation, though the system may allow networking of rooms.

### 集中式体系结构

图片由Wattstopper提供

基于面板的系统可以是集中式的，也可以是分布式的。在集中配置中，继电器位于集中安装的面板中。可以安装多个面板来控制单层或校园建筑。它们可以独立运行或联网，照明控制器位于“主”面板中，并控制连接的扩展面板。这为分层配置中的所有面板提供了中心调度。

在分布式配置中，非常小的基于继电器的面板（通常控制2到4个20A电路，）安装在离控制负载更近的地方。这种方法可以通过减少控制设备和面板之间的家庭运行时间来最小化布线成本。系统智能可以类似地分布，允许基于房间的自主操作，尽管系统可以允许房间联网。

***以下内容由121-佟雨亭翻译***

### NETWORKING

Networking allows data to flow between
devices in a control system. Common network options include RS-485 and
Ethernet.

RS-485 is a physical layer standard
governing the electrical characteristics of the sender and receiver in a
network. Economical, easy to install and resilient, it is often used for
control signaling between panels and input devices. However, it offers limited
bandwidth unsuitable for data-intensive communication such as metering.

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), the most broadly
used network IT protocol, is both a physical layer and application layer
standard, thereby able to govern communication between devices. It allows
more-intensive and higher-speed data, such as energy metering. Data can feed to
a central server or the Cloud for software- and optionally web browser-based
control and data viewing.

### 网络

网络允许数据在控制系统中的设备之间流动。常见的网络选项包括 rs-485和ethernet.rs-485是管理网络中发送方和接收方电气特性的物理层标准。经济，易于安装和弹性，它经常用于控制信号之间的面板和输入设备。然而，它提供了有限的带宽。不适用于数据密集型通信，例如 Ethernet(IEEE802.3) ，最广泛使用的网络 it 协议，既是物理层标准，也是应用层标准，因此能够控制设备之间的通信。它允许更密集和更高速的数据，如电能计量.数据可以提供给中央服务器或云进行软件，还可以选择基于web浏览器的控制和数据查看。

### CONNECTING THE SYSTEM

Input devices and panels, and master and

extension relay-based panels, connect using low-voltage wiring.

Standard #20 AWG Class 2 low-voltage wiring
connects panels with low-voltage input devices such as switches and sensors.
Plenum-rated wire satisfies plenum and riser requirements. It provides a
dedicated path for low-voltage control signals.

Panels may be connected using data
communications cabling. This type of wiring also connects panels to digital
input devices. It typically allows bi-way communication, which enables built-in
metering. Be sure to select appropriate data communications wiring and note
manufacturer limits on maximum number of connected devices and wiring length.

### 连接系统

输入设备和面板，以及基于继电器的主板和扩展板，使用低电压接线连接。标准 # 20 awg 类2低电压接线用开关和传感器等低电压输入设备连接面板。 额定气室导线满足气室和立管的要求。 它为低压控制信号提供专用通道。面板可以使用数据通信电缆连接。 这种线路还可以连接面板和数字输入设备。 它通常允许双向通信，从而实现内置计量。 请务必选择适当的数据通信接线，并注意制造商对连接设备的最大数量和接线长度的限制。

### WEB-BASED CONTROL AND METERING

Panel-based systems are available that can
measure energy consumption and monitor real-time voltage using metering
capability built into the panel. Data feeds via Ethernet connection to a
central server or the Cloud. It then views in the manufacturer’s control software or recognized

third-party (e.g., BAS) software via a secure web browser interface.

Using this information, facility operators
can measure and compare energy consumption for different loads across
buildings, departments and processes during different times of the day, week,
month, season or year. This information can provide valuable insight into
optimizing energy efficiency. It can verify performance of newly installed
systems. And it satisfies measurement and verification requirements in programs
such as LEED.

The same software also allows the facility
operator to change schedules and issue commands to the control system

### 基于网络的控制和测量

面板为基础的系统，可以测量能源消耗和监测实时电压使用计量能力内置到面板。 数据传输通过以太网连接到中央服务器或云。 然后通过一个安全的网页浏览器界面，查看制造商的控制软件或认可的第三方(例如 bas)软件。利用这些信息，设施运营商可以测量和比较一天、一周、一个月、一个季节或一年不同时间不同建筑物、部门和过程的不同负荷的能源消耗。 这些信息可以为优化能源效率提供有价值的见解。 它可以验证新安装系统的性能。 该软件还允许设施操作人员改变计划和向控制系统发出命令。

### INTEGRATION

Integrating a lighting control system and
BAS can provide greater flexibility, efficiency and control. In an integrated
system, data from a single component, such as a lighting control device, can be
used to manage the overall building systems. Conversely, a single computer
dashboard can control all building systems. Achieving this capability requires
these systems be able to share data.

For lighting and BAS to talk, they must be
use the same protocol or employ a gateway (whether a device or built-in functionality)
that enables communication. The most popular are BACnet, LonWorks and ModBus.
Many lighting control and BAS systems share BACnet to enable integration based
on it being an open standardized protocol, though the designer must understand
BACnet has various dialects, such as BACnet/IP and BACnet MS/TP. Further, the
operator must decide which system will be the foundation of the integrated
system, including choices of which system’s schedules and objects to use. Some solutions partially integrate,
enabling the BAS to manage occupancy-based strategies while separating other
strategies such as daylight response.

### 一体化

集成照明控制系统和基站可以提供更大的灵活性、效率和控制。 在一个综合系统中，来自单个组件(如照明控制装置)的数据可用于管理整个建筑系统。 相反，一个单独的电脑仪表盘可以控制所有的建筑系统。 要实现这一功能，需要这些系统能够共享数据。照明和基础通话，他们必须使用相同的协议或采用网关(无论是设备或内置功能) ，以支持通信。 最受欢迎的是 BACnet,LonWorks 和ModBus。 许多照明控制系统和下位机系统共享 BAS，以实现基于开放标准化协议的集成，但设计者必须了解 BACnet / IP 和 BACnet MS/TP等多种方言。 此外，操作员必须决定哪个系统将作为综合系统的基础，包括选择哪个系统的时间表和使用的对象。 一些解决方案进行了部分集成，使BAS能够管理基于占用率的策略，同时分离其他策略，如日光响应。

### INTEGRATION

Another strategy is to expand the
capabilities of a lighting control system, as some systems can handle HVAC,
service water heater and motor loads. This might be suitable if the building
currently does not have or will not have a comprehensive BAS, and if the
lighting panel will have unused inputs/outputs. In this case, the panel can
extend to provide many energy code-required functions, such as automatic
shutoff of HVAC systems and dampers.

Additionally, the panel can configure to
accept control signals from other systems, such as security systems.

### 一体化

另一个策略是扩大照明控制系统的能力，因为一些系统可以处理HVAC，服务热水器和电机负载。 这可能是适当的，如果建筑物目前没有或不会有一个全面的基础，如果照明面板将有未使用的输入 / 输出。 在这种情况下，面板可以扩展到提供许多能源代码要求的功能，如自动关闭暖通空调系统和阻尼器。此外，面板可以配置为接受来自其他系统的控制信号，如安全系统。

### EMERGENCY CIRCUITS

It is essential that the building’s emergency lighting will not be switched
according to the implemented lighting schedules, but instead operate
continuously, as in the case of exit signs, or when needed during a power
failure, as in the case of emergency units.

Some panels compartmentalize emergency
lighting circuits to ensure they will receive power during a power failure and
will operate when needed. Relays can be specified with normally closed contacts
to ensure continuation of electrical contact to supply power from a backup
power source during a primary power failure. Special emergency lighting
remotely operated circuit breakers are also available. To verify your
requirements, refer to the Life Safety Code, NFPA 101, as well as your state
and local regulations and fire codes.

### 应急电路

建筑物的应急照明设备不能按照实施的照明时间表进行切换，而必须连续运行，例如在出口标志的情况下，或在停电时需要时，例如在紧急装置的情况下。 继电器可指定为常闭触点，以确保在主电源故障时继续电接触以从备用电源供电。 还有特殊的紧急照明遥控断路器。 为了验证你的要求，请参考生命安全守则，美国消防协会101号，以及你们州和地方的法规和消防守则。

### OVERRIDES

    Panel-based systems often implement time

scheduling as a control strategy. In this case, the system turns OFF the lights
based on what time it is, not whether a space is actually unoccupied.

Therefore, so occupants working afterhours
do not suddenly find themselves in the dark, they should be given the
capability of overriding the shutoff event and temporarily keep the lights ON
in their area. Energy codes typically limit the override period to 2 or 4
hours. For space controls, energy codes typically limit the maximum override
zone to between 2,500 and 10,000 sq.ft., depending on the code and size of the
enclosed space.

Additionally, the facility operator may
require the ability to override the schedule via remote switching. In this
case, the override area may constitute multiple spaces or even entire
buildings. Such overrides are important when interfacing with security and fire
alarm systems.

### 覆盖

基于面板的系统通常将时间调度作为一种控制策略。 在这种情况下，系统根据时间来关灯，而不是根据一个空间是否真的没有灯光。因此，下班后工作的人不会突然发现自己身处黑暗之中，他们应该有能力控制关闭事件，并暂时保持他们所在区域的灯光亮着。 能源代码通常把超驰时间限制在2到4个小时。
对于空间控制，能源代码通常将最大覆盖范围限制在2,500到10,000平方英尺之间，具体取决于封闭空间的代码和大小。 在这种情况下，覆盖区可能构成多个空间，甚至整个建筑。 当与安全和火灾报警系统接口时，这种覆盖非常重要。

### OVERRIDES

A typical local-area override is a
low-voltage switch. This switch produces a control signal that is transmitted
to the panel, which controls the load. Digital low-voltage switches are
programmable and networkable. Alternately, depending on the system and desired
approach, occupants may receive the ability to override the OFF event using
telephones, cell phones, tablets or a PC.

### 覆盖

典型的局部覆盖是一个低压开关。 这个开关产生一个控制信号，传输到控制负载的面板。 数字低压开关是可编程和网络的。 或者，根据系统和所需的方法，使用者可以使用电话、手机、平板电脑或个人电脑覆盖关闭事件。

### OVERRIDES

After the override, the lights will remain
ON until the next OFF event. When the next OFF event occurs depends on the type
of system. The majority of panel-based systems operate in one of two modes.

In a sweep-based system, the OFF event
occurs at a set interview during non-occupied hours (e.g., every two hours
after closing time). An occupant override simply toggles the relay or breaker
to the ON state. The relay/breaker remains ON until the next programmed sweep.
This type of system may inconvenience occupants if they initiate an override
just before the OFF sweep.

Alternately, a logic-based system can be
used. In this type of system, scheduled events are programmed, and overrides
are set up with preset countdown timers. If either the schedule or override is
in a True state, the lights will remain ON. It may be possible with this type
of system to program custom configurations using special logic commands.

### 覆盖

在超驰装置之后，灯会一直亮着，直到下一个关闭事件。 下一个关闭事件发生的时间取决于系统的类型。 大多数基于小组的系统在两种模式中的一种运行。在基于扫描的系统中，关闭事件发生在非占用时间的特定面试时间(例如，每两个小时关闭时间)。 使用者只需将继电器或断路器切换到开启状态。 继电器 / 断路器继续工作，直到下一次程序扫描。 这种类型的系统可能会给居住者带来不便，如果他们在关闭扫描之前启动一个覆盖。 在这种类型的系统中，计划的事件被编程，重写被设置为预设的倒计时器。 如果时间表或者超驰装置处于正常状态，灯就会一直亮着。 对于这种类型的系统，可以使用特殊的逻辑命令编写定制配置程序。

### OVERRIDES

Although not required by energy codes, it
is generally desirable to warn occupants that the lights are about to turn OFF.
For example, as long as the controlled light source is not HID, the panel can “blink” the lights OFF and ON to warn occupants. Depending on the
manufacturer, the number of blinks and the time before shutoff may be
specifiable.

Frequent switching poses a negligible
effect on LED product life but may reduce fluorescent lamp life. If fluorescent
lamps are used and lamp life is a concern, alternating lamps (if bilevel
switching is employed) or some percentage of luminaires can be set to blink. If
HID lamps are used, there may be task lights or other lighting in the space
that can be set to blink. Alternately, an audible signal can warn occupants.

### 覆盖

虽然能源守则并不要求这样做，但通常还是希望告诫居住者熄灭灯光。 例如只要受控光源不隐藏，面板可以“闪烁”的灯关闭和警告居民。 视乎制造商而定，闪烁的次数及关闭前的时间可能有所不同。频繁切换对产品寿命的影响微乎其微，但可能会缩短荧光灯寿命。 如果使用荧光灯，并且关注灯泡寿命，交替灯(如果采用双级开关)或一定比例的灯具可以设置为闪烁。 如果使用藏灯，可能会有任务灯或其他照明空间可以设置为闪烁。 另一方面，声音信号也可以警告居住者。