Compton, California

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**Compton** is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and, on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city in California to incorporate. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 96,456. It is known as the "Hub City" due to its geographic centrality in Los Angeles County. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, Downtown Compton, and Richland Farms. The city is generally a working class community, with some middle-class neighborhoods and poor neighborhoods, and is home to a relatively young population, at an average 25 years of age, compared to the American median age of 38 (based on 2018 data).

## History

Template:Update

 File:Compton-1914.jpg
In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded a tract of over 75,000 acres (300 km2) to Juan Jose Dominguez in this area. The tract was named Rancho San Pedro. Dominguez's name was later applied to the Dominguez Hills area south of Compton. The tree that marked the original northern boundary of the rancho still stands at the corner of Poppy and Short streets. Template:Citation needed The rancho was subdivided and parcels were sold within the Californios of Alta California until the lands were ceded after the Mexican-American war in 1848. American immigrants acquired most of the rancho lands after 1848.Template:Clarify

In 1867, Griffith Dickenson Compton led a group of 30 pioneers to the area. These families had traveled by wagon train south from Stockton, California, in search of ways to earn a living other than the rapid exhaustion of gold fields. Originally named Gibsonville, after one of the tract owners, it was later called Comptonville. However, to avoid confusion with the Comptonville located in Yuba County, the name was shortened to Compton. Compton's earliest settlers were faced with terrible hardships as they farmed the land in bleak weather to get by with just the barest subsistence. The weather continued to be harsh, rainy and cold, and fuel was difficult to find. To gather firewood it was necessary to travel to mountains close to Pasadena. The round trip took almost a week. Many in the Compton party wanted to relocate to a friendlier climate and settle down, but as there were two general stores within traveling distance—one in the pueblo of Los Angeles, the other in Wilmington—they eventually decided to stay put.

By 1887, the settlers realized it was time to make improvements to the local government. A series of town meetings were held to discuss incorporation of their little town. Griffith D. Compton donated his land to incorporate and create the city of Compton in 1889, but he did stipulate that a certain acreage be zoned solely for agriculture and named Richland Farms. In January 1888, a petition supporting the incorporation of Compton was forwarded to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, who in turn forwarded the petition to the State Legislature. On May 11, 1888 the city of Compton was incorporated with a population of 500 people. The first City Council meeting was held on May 14, 1888.

The ample residential lots of Richland Farms gave residents enough space to raise a family, and food to feed them, along with building a barn, and caring for livestock. The farms attracted the black families who had begun migrating from the rural South in the 1950s, and there they found their 'home away from home'. Compton could not support large-scale agricultural business, but it did give the residents the opportunity to work the land for their families.

The 1920s saw the opening of the Compton Airport. Compton Junior College was founded and city officials moved to a new City Hall on Alameda Street. On March 10, 1933, a destructive earthquake caused many casualties: schools were destroyed and there was major damage to the central business district. While it would eventually be home to a large black population, in 1930 there was only one black resident.

From the 1920s through the early 1940s, the Compton area was home to a sizable Japanese American population, a large proportion of whom were farmers. Shortly after President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in February 1942, Compton residents of Japanese descent were forcibly removed from their homes and incarcerated for the duration of World War II. Most were initially detained at the Santa Anita Assembly Center; they were later transferred to and incarcerated at Manzanar and other euphemistically named "Relocation Centers."

In the 1950s, middle-class black people began moving into the area, mostly on the west side. Compton grew quickly throughout the decade. One reason for this was Compton was close to Watts, where there was an established black population. The eastern side of the city was predominately white until the 1970s. Despite being located in the middle of a major metropolitan area, thanks to the legacy of Griffith D. Compton, there still remains one small pocket of agriculture from its earliest years.

During the 1950s and 1960s, after the Supreme Court declared all racially exclusive housing covenants (title deeds) unconstitutional in the case *Shelley v. Kraemer*, the first black families moved to the area. Compton's growing black population was still largely ignored and neglected by the city's elected officials. Centennial High School was finally built to accommodate a burgeoning student population. At one time, the City Council even discussed dismantling the Compton Police Department in favor of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department in an attempt to exclude blacks from law enforcement jobs. A black man first ran for City Council in 1958, and the first black councilman was elected in 1961.

 File:Compton-1920.jpg
In 1969, Douglas Dollarhide became the mayor, the first black man elected mayor of any metropolitan city in California. Two blacks and one Mexican-American were also elected to the local school board. Four years later, in 1973, Doris A. Davis defeated Dollarhide's bid for re-election to become the first female black mayor of a metropolitan American city. By the early 1970s, the city had one of the largest concentrations of blacks in the country with over ninety percent.Template:Citation needed In 2013, Aja Brown, age 31, became the city's youngest mayor to date.

For many years, Compton was a much sought-after suburb for the black middle class of Los Angeles. This past affluence is reflected in the area's appearance—Compton's streets are lined with relatively spacious and attractive single family houses. However, several factors have contributed to Compton's gradual decline. One of the most significant factors was a steady erosion of its tax base, something that was already sparse due to limited commercial properties. In later years, there were middle-class whites who fled to the newly incorporated cities of Artesia, Bellflower, Cerritos, Paramount and Norwalk in the late 1950s. These nearby cities remained largely white early on despite integration. This white middle class flight accelerated following the 1965 Watts Riots and the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

By the late 1960s, middle-class and upper-middle-class blacks found other areas to be more attractive to them. Some were unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County such as Ladera Heights, View Park and Windsor Hills, and others were cities such as Inglewood and Carson. Carson was particularly significant because it had successfully thwarted attempts at annexation by neighboring Compton. The city opted instead for incorporation in 1968, which is notable because its black population was actually more affluent than its white population. As a newer city, it also offered more favorable tax rates and lower crime.

## Geography

 File:Compton sign.jpg
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26 km2). 10.0 square miles (26 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (1.03%) is water.

Compton is bordered by the unincorporated Willowbrook on the north and northwest, the unincorporated West Compton on the west, the city of Carson on the southwest, the unincorporated Rancho Dominguez on the south, the city of Long Beach on the southeast, the city of Paramount and the unincorporated East Compton on the east, and by the city of Lynwood on the northeast.

### East Compton

East Compton, also known as **East Rancho Dominguez**, is a mostly industrial unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP). The population was 15,135 according to the 2010 Census. East Rancho Dominguez is an accepted city name according to the USPS, and shares the 90221 ZIP Code with Compton. Its sphere of influence is the city of Compton, which has tried to annex East Rancho Dominguez, but business and property owners in the area have opposed the annexation.

### 2010

The 2010 United States Census reported that Compton had a population of 96,455. The population density was 9,534.3 people per square mile (3,681.2/kmTemplate:Sup). The racial makeup of Compton was 31,688 (32.9%) Black; 24,942 (25.9%) White, (0.8% Non-Hispanic White); 655 (0.7%) Native American; 292 (0.3%) Asian; 718 (0.7%) Pacific Islander; 34,914 (36.2%) from other races; and 3,246 (3.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62,669 persons (65.0%).

The Census reported that 95,700 people (99.2% of the population) lived in households, 643 (0.7%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 112 (0.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 23,062 households, out of which 13,376 (58.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 10,536 (45.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6,373 (27.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,354 (10.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,725 (7.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 158 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,979 households (12.9%) were made up of individuals and 1,224 (5.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.15. There were 19,263 families (83.5% of all households); the average family size was 4.41.

The age distribution of the population was as follows: 31,945 people (33.1%) under the age of 18, 11,901 people (12.3%) aged 18 to 24, 26,573 people (27.5%) aged 25 to 44, 18,838 people (19.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,198 people (7.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.

There were 24,523 housing units at an average density of 2,424.0 per square mile (935.9/kmTemplate:Sup), of which 12,726 (55.2%) were owner-occupied, and 10,336 (44.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.9%. 53,525 people (55.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 42,175 people (43.7%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2009–2013, Compton has a median household income of $42,953, with 26.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

### Crime

Following the 1965 Watts Riot, crime in Compton rose sharply as more middle class residents fled. By 1970, it had the highest crime rates in the state of California. Compton's violent reputation reached the national spotlight in the late 1980s with the prominent rise of local gangsta rap groups Compton's Most Wanted and N.W.A, the latter of whom released the album *Straight Outta Compton* in 1988. The city became notorious for gang violence, primarily caused by the Bloods and Crips. After years of decline in crime, Compton's murder rate skyrocketed in 2004 with racial conflicts between blacks and Latinos. 2005 was the city's deadliest year on record when the city murder rate reached 72 killings
with a total population of 90,000 residents. The spike was the highest since 1991, when the city had more than 100,000 residents. The rise in homicides frightened residents who had long lived with high levels of gang violence but had seen a downturn in violent crime in recent years.

In 2013, the homicide rate was 36.8 per 100,000 residents, a decrease from the mid-2000s peak. Guns are used in the vast majority of homicides in Compton. Between 2000 and 2016, 91.5% were killed with guns compared to the national average of 67.7%. In 2015 there was a record low of 15 homicides while the homicide rate in the rest of the US increased.

The neighborhood lost residents with the worsening safety problems and, after the 1992 riots in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, many people of color left the city.

Although *U.S. News & World Report* did not list Compton in the 2011 "11 Most Dangerous Cities" for overall crime rates in the United States, it contrasts the CQ Press, using data from the FBI's annual report of crime statistics "Crime in the United States 2010," which ranked Compton as having the eighth highest crime rate in the country.

Compton experienced a drop in homicide in the late 1990s and 2000s. Crime has stabilized overall in the 2010s. The decrease in homicides has been attributed to various factors, including faster response times by police (reducing shots fired) and better medical care (increasing survival rates). The new mayor elected in 2013 has helped to settle turf wars between the gangs, which has further reduced the homicide rate.

#### "Gifts for Guns"

From 1999 to 2004, Compton's murder rate averaged at around 49 murders per 100,000 annually. In 2005 the city experienced an almost 45% increase in murders, although the annual numbers had dropped significantly in the prior three years. The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department began the annual "Gifts for Guns" program within that same year where the citizens of Compton were given the option to turn in firearms and receive a $50–$100 check for various goods in an effort to combat gun violence. People have turned in about 7,000 guns over the last few years, KABC-TV reported. The program's success has prompted the LASD to expand the program county-wide.

## Economy

 File:Gateway Town Center.jpg
Compton was recently designated as an "Entrepreneurial Hot Spot" by Cognetics, Inc., an independent economic research firm. Compton made the national list for best places to start and grow a business, and ranked #2 in Los Angeles County out of a field of 88 cities. The city's Planning and Economic Development department provides a business assistance program consisting of a comprehensive mix of resources to small business owners and entrepreneurs. The grocery chains Ralphs and Food 4 Less, subsidiaries of Kroger, are headquartered in Compton. Gelson's Market, a subsidiary of Arden Group, Inc., a holding company, is also based there.

Compton is 10.12 square miles and is fondly known as the “Hub City” because of its unique geographical proximity being in the center of the Los Angeles County boundaries. As the ‘Hub City’ it makes Compton strategically located along the Alameda Corridor, a rail passageway of 25% of all U.S. waterborne international trade, in addition to being a large industrial center for transit and distribution, business services, high technology, home and lifestyle products, metals, financial services, and textile manufacturing.
The Hub City is part of the Gateway region and has a 77-acre Compton / Woodley Airport that is home to 275 based aircraft and experiences over 66,000 flight operations each year. This air transportation asset is complemented by the Hub City's four major freeways adjacent to the City's boundaries. Interstate 710 runs from the seaports through the eastern boundary; the State Route 91 freeway extends through the southern boundary; Interstate 105 runs slightly along the north of the City; and Interstate 110 along to the west. Additionally, the Interstates 405 and 605 freeways are within two miles of Compton's southern and eastern edges, respectively.

Compton is surrounded by multiple freeways which provide access to destinations throughout the region. The Long Beach and Los Angeles Ports are less than 20 minutes from downtown Compton, providing access to international destinations for customers and suppliers. The Alameda Corridor, a passageway for 25% of all U.S. waterborne international trade, runs directly through Compton from north to south.

The City of Compton's Parks and Recreation Department operates and maintains a total of 16 playgrounds for a combined 118 acres (48 ha) of active park space. Facilities include six community centers, seven neighborhood parks, two walking parks, two competition size swimming pools, three regulation size gymnasiums, a skate park, Jackie Robinson Baseball Stadium, Nine-Hole Par 3 Golf Course, and the two-story 29,641 square feet (2,800 m2) Douglas F. Dollarhide Community Center.Template:Citation needed

## Arts and culture

 File:Logo N.W.A grafit.JPG
Some episodes of the sitcom *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air* took place in Compton because Will Smith's friend, DJ Jazzy Jeff lived there. Many rap artists' careers started in Compton, including N.W.A (Eazy-E, MC Ren, Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, DJ Yella), Coolio, DJ Quik, The Game, Kendrick Lamar, YG, and Compton's Most Wanted. In their lyrics, they rap about the streets and their lives in Compton and the areas nearby. Many well-known NBA players attended high school in the city as well. Arron Afflalo attended Centennial High School; DeMar DeRozan attended Compton High School; and Tayshaun Prince, Tyson Chandler, Brandon Jennings, Cedric Ceballos and the late Dennis Johnson attended Dominguez High. Actor/comedian Paul Rodriguez Sr. also attended Dominguez High.

Until recently, Compton's population was dominated by a black demographic, but Latinos now represent the largest ethnic group in the city. Despite the shift in population, many black professional athletes and entertainers are originally from Compton. Blacks continue to dominate local politics, holding most elected positions in the city. Although an inner suburb of Los Angeles, Compton has seen an increase of middle-class residents in the last few years, due to its affordable housing despite the portrayals of Compton in the media, which are typically exaggerated. With the influx of immigrants and the demographic shift in ethnic population, it was after the 2000 U.S. Census that Latinos were recognized as the majority.

Compton has a growing Pacific Islander, Filipino, and Vietnamese population. West Compton and unincorporated Willowbrook have more middle class blacks than the central city (west of Alameda St.) and unincorporated East Compton, the latter of which has a higher number of Hispanics and working-class blacks. Lower-income subsections on Compton Boulevard have many businesses owned by Latinos.Template:Citation needed

Compton has been referred to on numerous occasions in gang affiliation, gangsta rap and g-funk songs, especially in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, and so has attained an association not only with gang violence and crime, but with hip hop music as well. The city is known as the home of many famous rappers. (see list) Compton has evolved into a younger population; the median age of people living in Compton was 25 at the time of the last full census survey in 2010; the United States average at the time was 35.3.

Compton is home to the Compton Cricket Club, the only all American-born exhibition cricket team. Its founder, Ted Hayes, said, "The aim of playing cricket is to teach people how to respect themselves and respect authority so they stop killing each other."

### Historical landmarks

Angeles Abbey Cemetery contains examples of Byzantine, Moorish and Spanish architectural styles. The cemetery was built in 1923 and survived the 1933 Long Beach earthquake.

Compton Airport opened on May 10, 1924. Located on Alondra Boulevard, the airport offers flight training, has accommodations for more than 200 planes, and is home to several aviation clubs.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial: This Civic Center monument is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It is surrounded by the Civic Center, Compton Court House, Compton City Hall, and Compton Public Library.

The Eagle Tree is a natural boundary marker of Rancho San Pedro dating to 1858. It contains a historic marker and plaque placed by the Daughters of the Golden West in 1947.

The 'Heritage House' was built in 1869 and is a California Historical Landmark. The oldest house in Compton, it was restored as a tribute to early settlers. It is an important landmark of Compton's rich history. At the corner of Myrrh and Willowbrook near the Civic Center Plaza, the Heritage House is a rustic-looking home that will eventually have a museum detailing early life in Compton. For now it shows the stark difference between the simple life of the 19th century and the fast-paced urban environment of the 21st.

Woodlawn Cemetery is the final resting place of 18 Civil War veterans. It has been a Los Angeles County Historic Landmark since 1946.

### City sites

* The **Major League Baseball Academy** is a youth baseball academy providing free baseball and softball instruction to Southern California youth.
* **Tomorrow's Aeronautical Museum** is a non-traditional compilation of a living interactive museum, after-school programs, gang intervention programs and flight school.

## Government

### Municipal government

After Lionel Cade, an accountant, assumed the mayor's office in 1977, one of the first orders of business was to conduct an audit of the city's finances. It was discovered that the city was $2 million in debt. The administration was able to eliminate the huge deficit in one year by making cuts in every department. It also aggressively sought federal funding to help pay for essential services, which was at least partially effective. However, with the passage of the property tax cutting initiative Proposition 13 by California voters, Compton was one of the cities hardest hit, since it had already eliminated most of the excess from its budget.

#### Controversies

Civic corruption has also been a widespread problem in Compton. In the early 1990s, United States Attorney Joey Chin conducted a series of investigations, centered on a phony waste-to-energy scheme, that ultimately ensnared a number of prominent elected officials.

In 2000, the Compton Police Department was disbanded amidst controversy and charges of corruption. The police department claims it was disbanded after investigations of gang activity led to then-Compton Mayor Omar Bradley. Once this became public, the mayor charged it was the police who were themselves corrupt, and he disbanded the police department. Omar Bradley has since faced serious corruption charges. Regardless of the situation, an alternative form of law enforcement was sought. Compton's policing needs are currently served by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.

Eric J. Perrodin, the city's former mayor, was investigated in 2007 by the California State Bar for threatening to violate a local newspaper's First Amendment rights after the paper printed an investigative report relative to a contract granted to one of Perrodin's associates. Following the report, Perrodin threatened to yank the city's advertising contract with the paper A Times review of city records shows Perrodin was absent from city board and commission meetings nearly two-thirds of the time between July 2009 and July 2010.

Current recall efforts are a direct response from residents of the accusations of corruption of the city's mayor and council. Some of the accusations involve the issuing of city contracts to personal donors and friends. One particular accusation involved the trash and recycling contract of the city to Pacific Coast Waste and Recycling LLC in 2007, whose leadership donated large amounts of money to Perrodin's political coffers.

Notices of intent to circulate recall petitions against four Compton city officials are expected to be filed in August 2010, by a group of citizens who claim corruption in Compton is being ignored by the same authorities who were shocked by the recent salary controversy in the city of Bell.

Compton has discharged its city manager for the second time in three years. *The Los Angeles Times* says the City Council voted in a closed meeting, September 9, 2010, to fire Charles Evans. *The Times* says council members refused to discuss the reasons for their decision. Evans took office in 2007, after the dismissal of previous City Manager Barbara Kilroy. City Controller Willie Norfleet will take over until a permanent manager can be named.

### Politics

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Compton is one of the most consistently Democratic cities in California's political history. No Democrat has received less than 90% of the vote in a presidential election in the last 40 years.

### State and federal representation

In the state legislature, Compton is in Template:Representative, and in Template:Representative.

In the United States House of Representatives, Compton is in Template:Representative.

## Education

 File:Centennial High School.jpg
The city is served by Compton Unified School District. The district is a participant of the FOCUS program conducted by the University of California, Irvine. The goals of the program are to improve mathematics and science achievement by uniting the efforts of mathematics, science, education and research library faculty and staff with educators of the school district.

The CUSD provides public education for grades K–12. The district operates 24 elementary schools, eight middle schools, three high schools, and one adult school, which also serves as an alternative school. The district maintains five alternative learning schools.

The four high schools of the CUSD are Centennial High School, Compton Early College High School, Dominguez High School, and Compton High School.

The city is also served by El Camino College Compton Education Center, which offers community college courses for those planning to enter a four-year degree program, as well as those seeking further education in specific trade fields.

Reed Christian College is a non-profit private institution, located in Compton. The program lasts for less than one year, and total enrollment is approximately 120 students.

The Compton Library offers adult, children's and Spanish language materials; reference services; a Literacy Center and a Homework Center; public computers with Internet access and word processing capabilities; public typewriters; and a bilingual story time every Saturday at 12:00 noon.

Occidental's Center for Food and Justice and its Compton Farm-to-School project were featured in a segment of *Life and Times*, a half-hour news program on public television's KCET in Los Angeles.

Barack Obama Charter School is a kindergarten through sixth grade public charter school.

## Infrastructure

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the South Health Center in Watts, Los Angeles, serving Compton.

The United States Postal Service operates the Compton Post Office at 701 South Santa Fe Avenue the Hub City Post Office at 101 South Willowbrook Avenue, and the Fashion Square Post Office at 2100 North Long Beach Boulevard.

### Law enforcement

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department operates the Compton Station in Compton. When the LASD replaced the Compton Police Department in 2000, they increased patrol service hours from 127,410 to 141,692. Compton Station is centrally located in the Los Angeles area. The station is easily accessible from the Century Freeway (I-105) to the north, the Gardena Freeway (SR-91) to the south, the Harbor Freeway (I-110) to the west, and the Long Beach Freeway (I-710) to the east. Diane Walker, a 30-year veteran of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, was promoted to the rank of Captain by Sheriff Lee Baca, and is now Commander of Compton Station. There is also a LASD substation located in the Gateway Towne Center.

### Transportation

 File:COMPTON AIRPORT 2.jpg
Four freeways are within or near the city's boundaries and provide access to destinations throughout the region. Interstate 710 runs through the eastern boundary, State Route 91 runs through the southern boundary. Interstate 105 runs slightly along the north of the city, and Interstate 110 along to the west.

The Metro Blue Line light rail runs north–south through the city; Compton Station is in the heart of the city, adjacent to the Renaissance Shopping Center. The Blue Line connects Compton to downtown Los Angeles and downtown Long Beach.

There is also a Compton Renaissance Transit System that serves the area.

Compton/Woodley Airport is a small general aviation airport located in the city. The airport lies within busy airspace, as it is situated within a few miles of both Los Angeles International Airport and Long Beach Airport.

Greyhound Lines operates the Compton Station.

Collectively, these multifaceted transportation links lend justification to the city's familiar nickname of "the Hub City."

## Notable people

* List of people from Compton, California

## Sister cities

On January 19, 2010, the Compton City Council passed a resolution creating a sister cities program, to be managed as a chapter of the Compton Chamber of Commerce. The city has established partnerships with four cities:

* Template:Country data NGATemplate:Namespace detect showall Onitsha, Anambra, Nigeria (2010)
* Template:Country data SAMTemplate:Namespace detect showall Apia, Samoa (2010)
* Template:Country data SPATemplate:Namespace detect showall Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain (2012)
* Template:Country data BULTemplate:Namespace detect showall Targovishte, Bulgaria (2010)Template:Citation needed

The city is also looking to add sister partnerships with Yanga, Mexico, and Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of people from Compton, California
* South Los Angeles
* Kempten

## References

1. ↑ "Hub City – About Compton". City of Compton. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150201173012/http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/About-Compton/hub-city.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
2. ↑ Compton City Council (March 5, 2013). "City Council Agenda". p. 17. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150216214401/http://www.comptoncity.org/agenda/2013/03\_2013/130503/20778402272013062143181.pdf. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
3. ↑ "California Cities by Incorporation Date" (Word). California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities\_by\_incorp\_date.doc. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
4. ↑ "City Manager". City of Compton. http://www.comptoncity.org/depts/manager/cmanage.asp. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Elected Officials". City of Compton. http://www.comptoncity.org/officials/default.asp. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
6. ↑ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016\_Gazetteer/2016\_gaz\_place\_06.txt. Retrieved Jul 19, 2017.
7. ↑ Template:Cite GNIS
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Compton (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0615044.html. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `USCensusEst2018`
10. ↑ "ZIP Code(tm) Lookup". United States Postal Service. https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 "Comptoncity.org". http://www.comptoncity.org/. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
12. ↑ "Compton city, California – Population Finder – American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?\_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo\_id=16000US0615044&\_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C16000US0615044&\_street=&\_county=compton%2C+california&\_cityTown=compton%2C+california&\_state=&\_zip=&\_lang=en&\_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&\_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&\_submenuId=population\_0&ds\_name=null&\_ci\_nbr=null&qr\_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&\_keyword=&\_industry=. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
13. ↑ "Eagle Tree" (in en). City of Compton. http://www.comptoncity.org/visitors/eagletree.asp. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "1 The Past | Departures". KCET. July 23, 2010. Archived from the original on September 15, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100915160002/http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/richland-farms/the-past/. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
15. ↑ Template:Cite book
16. ↑ Template:Cite book
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 "History of the City | About Compton". Comptoncity.org. March 10, 1933. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100710154944/http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/About-Compton/history-of-the-city.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
18. ↑ Scott, Allen John and Edward Soja (1996). *The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century* Berkeley: University of California Press. 10.
19. ↑ McWhorter, John (August 15, 2005). "Outlook: The Negative Impact of the Watts Riots", *The Washington Post*. Retrieved on August 29, 2010.
20. ↑ "Growing Pains of a Young City – City of Carson, CA". City of Carson. Archived from the original on July 16, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100716131444/http://ci.carson.ca.us/content/department/about\_carson/growing\_pains.asp. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
21. ↑ Website Services & Coordination Staff(WSCS). "2010 Census Interactive Population Search". *census.gov*. https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0621034%7ctitle=2010#.VGq-XDX8PWA.gmail. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
22. ↑ "USPS.com® – ZIP Code Lookup". *usps.com*. http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/zcl\_3\_results.jsp. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
23. ↑ The Compton Bulletin Online – LOCAL NEWS. Web.archive.org (October 8, 2007). Retrieved on 2011-02-10.
24. ↑ City of Carson SOI Update Resolution, March 8, 2006
25. ↑ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Compton city". U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0615044. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
26. ↑ "SOCDS Census Data Output: Compton city, CA". *huduser.org*. http://socds.huduser.org/Census/race.odb?msacitylist=31100\*0600015044\*1.0&metro=cbsa. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
27. ↑ "'Straight Outta' a different Compton: City says much has changed in 25 years", *Los Angeles Times* (August 14, 2015).
28. ↑ del Barco, Mandalit (August 17, 2005). "A Deadly Year for the City of Compton" (in en). https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4804296.
29. ↑ GARVEY, MEGAN (2006-01-02). "Compton Killings Highest in Years" (in en-US). https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jan-02-me-compton2-story.html.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Crime in Compton, California (CA)". *city-data.com*. http://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-Compton-California.html.
31. ↑ "The Homicide Report". http://homicide.latimes.com/neighborhood/compton/year/all. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
32. ↑ "The Homicide Report". http://homicide.latimes.com/neighborhood/compton/year/2015. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
33. ↑ "Demographic Information". Comptoncity.org. December 3, 1991. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100710154937/http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/About-Compton/demographic-information.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
34. ↑ Kurtzleben, Danielle. "The 11 Most Dangerous Cities". *US News & World Report*. https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/02/16/the-11-most-dangerous-cities. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
35. ↑ "AMSAFC2.WK4". http://os.cqpress.com/citycrime/2010/City\_crime\_rate\_2010-2011\_hightolow.pdf. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
36. ↑ "Homicide in Los Angeles: An Analysis of the Differential Character of Adolescent and Other Homicides". https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/193812.pdf. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
37. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160123080201/http://s3.amazonaws.com/nixle/uploads/pub\_media/user21087-1323214707-media1. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
38. ↑ Jennings, Angel (September 28, 2015). "Compton selected to receive federal aid to reduce violent crime". http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-compton-selected-to-receive-federal-aid-20150928-story.html.
39. ↑ "Crime rate in Compton, California". *City-Data.com*. http://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-Compton-California.html. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
40. ↑ Linthicum, Kate (December 9, 2008). "Residents turn in guns in Compton", *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved on August 12, 2010.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Compton Sheriff's Station 2009 Year in review publication
42. ↑ "Compton Jobs (CA)". Simply Hired. http://www.simplyhired.com/a/local-jobs/city/l-Compton,+CA. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
43. ↑ "Contact Us Template:Webarchive." *Kroger* and Aldi, Superior Grocery Store, Smart 'n Final. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
44. ↑ Gelson's – About Gelson's Template:Webarchive
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.7 45.8 Fitzpatrick, Kyle (August 7, 2015). "15 Other Things Straight Outta Compton", *Los Angeles Magazine*.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Hub City | About Compton". Comptoncity.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150201173012/http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/About-Compton/hub-city.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
47. ↑ "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air: Information from". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/the-fresh-prince-of-bel-air. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
48. ↑ "American Experience, George H. W. Bush". pbs.org. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bush41/timeline/. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
49. ↑ "History of the City | About Compton". Comptoncity.org. March 10, 1933. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100710154944/http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/About-Compton/history-of-the-city.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
50. ↑ Compton (city), California entry, State & County QuickFacts, US Census Bureau. Accessed August 10, 2015.
51. ↑ "Compton California (CA) Census and detailed community profile". AmericanTowns.com. http://www.americantowns.com/ca/compton-information. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
52. ↑ "Compton CRicket Club". *tedhayes.us*. http://cricket.tedhayes.us/. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 "Heritage House | Historical Landmarks". Comptoncity.org. Archived from the original on August 31, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100831003623/http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/Historical-Landmarks/heritage-house.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
54. ↑ Spencer, Terry (November 15, 1987). "Compton's Historic Tree Has Fallen Far From Glory Days".
55. ↑ "Tomorrow's Aeronautical Museum". https://www.tamuseum.org/. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
56. ↑ William A. Fischel Serrano and Proposition 13: Comment on Isaac Martin, "Does School Finance Litigation Cause Taxpayer Revolt", Dartmouth College, 2009
57. ↑ "Popular Articles & Stories for October 25, 1990 – Los Angeles Times", *The Los Angeles Times*.
58. ↑ Former Compton Mayor among Five Officials Arrested after Probe Template:Webarchive. *BlackPressUSA*
59. ↑ District Attorney's Office Probing Prosecutor Over Alleged Threats. "Metropolitan News-Enterprise".
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Sewell, Abby (September 9, 2010). "Compton council fires city manager". "Charles Evans is the second top administrator to be fired in three years. Mayor Eric Perrodin says the top priority for a new city manager will be to reestablish a local police department in Compton."
61. ↑ [1] Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
62. ↑ BETTY PLEASANT, Contributing Editor (August 18, 2010). "Bottom Line: In Compton, recall paperwork soon to land on the desks of top city officials". Wavenewspapers.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100823002147/http://www.wavenewspapers.com/opinion/Bottom-Line-In-Compton-recall-paperwork-soon-to-land-on-the-desks-of-top-city-officials-101040384.html. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
63. ↑ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/ssov/pres-by-political-districts.pdf
64. ↑ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2012-general/ssov/pres-by-political-districts.pdf
65. ↑ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2008-general/ssov/5-pres-by-political-districts.pdf
66. ↑ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2004-general/ssov/pres\_general\_ssov\_all.pdf
67. ↑ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2000-general/ssov/pol-dis.pdf
68. ↑ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/1996-general/ssov/president-pol-district.pdf
69. ↑ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/1992-general/ssov/ssov-complete.pdf
70. ↑ https://archive.org/details/statementofvote81988cali/page/30
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80. ↑ FOCUS Program Participants. FOCUS at UCI
81. ↑ "Compton Early College High School: Home Page" (in en). https://cechs-compton-ca.schoolloop.com/.
82. ↑ "Occidental College :: Oxy in the News". Oxy.edu. June 22, 2005. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110310202324/http://www.oxy.edu/x2948.xml. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
83. ↑ "South Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
84. ↑ "Post Office Location – COMPTON." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
85. ↑ "[2]." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
86. ↑ "Post Office Location – FASHION SQUARE." *United States Postal Service*. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
87. ↑ "Compton Station Template:Webarchive." Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Retrieved on January 21, 2010.
88. ↑ Esquivel, Paloma (March 31, 2008). "Compton feeling good: A shopping center with several national retail chains gives a self-esteem boost to a city branded as poor and crime-ridden.". http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/31/local/me-compton31.
89. ↑ "Los Angeles County Sheriff's Dept. – Compton Station". La-sheriff.org. http://www.la-sheriff.org/stations/for2/compton/index.html.
90. ↑ "Sister Cities of Compton". comptonsistercities.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160123040049/http://www.comptonsistercities.org/. Retrieved July 2, 2013.

## Further reading

* Adams, Emily, "Bush's Compton Roots Raise Thorny Issue", *Los Angeles Times*, August 3, 1992, page B-1
* McClave, Stuart (University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication journalism major). "Compton: Who should govern?" (Opinion). *Los Angeles Times*. April 3, 2014.
* Miller, Gary J., *Cities by Contract: The Politics of Municipal Incorporation*, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1981
* Gould, Lewis L. (editor), *American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy*, Garland Publishing, New York and London, 1996. See pages 612–613 regarding the Bush family's "nomadic" existence in the cities of Huntington Park, Bakersfield, Whittier, Ventura and Compton, California.
* Straus, Emily E., *Death of a Suburban Dream: Race and Schools in Compton, California.* Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.

## External links

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