資治通鑑/卷001

## 威烈王二十三年（戊寅，西元前四〇三年）

### 1 〔九鼎震〕，初命晉大夫魏斯、趙籍、韓虔為諸侯。

1 [九鼎 being collapsed] , the first appointment for 魏斯, 趙籍, and 韓虔, where they were 晉state name大夫-es to feudal states.

臣光曰：臣聞天子之職莫大於禮，禮莫大於分，分莫大於名。何謂禮？紀綱是也；何謂分？君臣是也；何謂名？公、侯、卿、大夫是也。
Servant 光 saying that: Servants heard that the 天子's job is vastly manneristic, where the manner is vastly classified, where the class is vastly named. 禮Manner is what 紀綱handle is; 分Class is what 君臣Lord and Servant; 名 is what 公、侯、卿、大夫

夫以四海之廣，兆民之眾，受制於一人，雖有絕倫之力，高世之智，莫敢不奔走而服役者，豈非以禮為之〔紀〕綱(紀)哉！是故天子統三公，三公率諸侯，諸侯制卿大夫，卿大夫治士庶人。貴以臨賤，賤以承貴。上之使下，猶心腹之運手足，根本之制支葉；下之事上，猶手足之衛心腹，支葉之庇本根。然後能上下相保而國家治安。故曰：天子之職莫大於禮也。
Generally in the wasteland in the  Four Sea, Herds of wanderers are controlled by one human. Although he has super power and centurial wisdom and everyone who doesn't dare to leave but just comply to be conscripted, How is the manner is for handle! Therefore, the 天子 unified 3 公-es, where 3 公-es directing feudal states, where feudal states controlling 卿 and 大夫-es, where 卿大夫-es ruling 士-es and commoners. Nobles delegate to vulgars, while vulgars approve nobles. Highers ordering lowers, is like heart and stomach moving limbs, and is like stomp and roots controlling branches and leaves; Lowers serving highers, is like limbs protecting heart and stomach, and is like branches and leaves covering stomp and roots. After that, highers and lowers keep each others, states and families are ruled peacefully. Thus it is called that: the 天子's job is vastly manneristic.

文王序《易》，以乾坤為首。孔子繫之曰：「天尊地卑，乾坤定矣，卑高以陳，貴賤位矣。」言君臣之位，猶天地之不可易也。《春秋》抑諸侯，尊〔周〕(王)室，王人雖微，序於諸侯之上，以是見聖人於君臣之際，未嘗不惓惓也。非有桀、紂之暴，湯、武之仁，人歸之，天命之，君臣之分，當守節伏死而已矣。是故以微子而代紂，則成湯配天矣；以季札而君吳，則太伯血食矣。然二子寧亡國而不為者，誠以禮之大節不可亂也。故曰：禮莫大於分也。
In summary: the status of Lord and Servant cannot be changed as like Heaven and Earth cannot. Thus it is called that: the manner is vastly classified.

夫禮，辨貴賤，序親疏，裁群物，制庶事。非名不著，非器不形。名以命之，器以別之，然後上下粲然有倫，此禮之大經也。名器既亡，則禮安得獨在哉？昔仲叔於奚有功於衛，辭邑而請繁纓，孔子以為不如多與之邑。惟器與名，不可以假人，君之所司也。政亡，則國家從之。衛君待孔子而為政，孔子欲先正名，以為名不正則民無所措手足。夫繁纓，小物也，而孔子惜之；正名，細務也，而孔子先之。誠以名器既亂，則上下無以相有故也。夫事未有不生於微而成於著。聖人之慮遠，故能謹其微而治之；眾人之識近，故必待其著而後救之。治其微，則用力寡而功多；救其著，則竭力而不能及也。《易》曰：「履霜，堅冰至」，《書》曰：「一日二日萬幾」，謂此類也。故曰：分莫大於名也。
 Generally manner is differentiating nobles and vulgars, putting the order between familiars and strangers, producing various things, and controlling chores. it is not naming anything unclear, neither plating anything unfit. By naming to appoint, and by plating to differenciate, after that, highness and lowness being brilliant, naturally ethics exist, this is the bible of the manner. After names and plates failed, can there be the manner alone? In old days, 仲叔, who had contribution of 衛, refused a county but requested 繁纓, 孔子 thought it means more participation rather than city. 惟器與名，不可以假人，君之所司也。政亡，則國家從之。The lord of 衛 waited 孔子 to govern, 孔子 wanted to correct names in the first, thinking incorrect names would mean people cannot do anything. Generally 繁纓 are small things, but 孔子 valued them; generally correcting name is a subtle job, but 孔子 have done it in the first. After truly name and plate are confused, then there is no highers nor lowers reasonably. Generally things not existing can't survive when it's weak, but it can when it's clear. Saints have considered in a far, so could prevent from being weak but rule it; Herds have recognized in close, so had to wait for the clearness but in later look for it. Ruling the weakness is spending little of power but the contribution is big; Looking for the clearness is exhausting power but impossible to reach the level. 《易》曰：「履霜，堅冰至」，《書》曰：「一日二日萬幾」， saying things like this. Thus it is called that: the class is vastly named.

嗚呼！幽、厲失德，周道日衰，綱紀散壞，下陵上替，諸侯專征，大夫擅政。禮之大體，什喪七八矣。然文、武之祀猶綿綿相屬者，蓋以周之子孫尚能守其名分故也。何以言之？昔晉文公有大功於王室，請隧於襄王，襄王不許，曰：「王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所惡也。不然，叔父有地而隧，又何請焉！」文公於是乎懼而不敢違。是故以周之地則不大於曹、滕，以周之民則不眾於邾、莒，然歷數百年，宗主天下，雖以晉、楚、齊、秦之強，不敢加者，何哉？徒以名分尚存故也。至於季氏之於魯，田〔恆〕(常)之於齊，，白公之於楚，智伯之於晉，其勢皆足以逐君而自為，然而卒不敢者，豈其力不足而心不忍哉？乃畏奸名犯分而天下共誅之也。今晉大夫暴蔑其君，剖分晉國，天子既不能討，又寵秩之，使列於諸侯，是區區之名分復不能守而並棄之也。先王之禮於斯盡矣。或者以為當是之時，周室微弱，三晉強盛，雖欲勿許，其可得乎？是大不然。夫三晉雖強，苟不顧天下之誅而犯義侵禮，則不請於天子而自立矣。不請於天子而自立，則為悖逆之臣。天下苟有桓、文之君，必奉禮義而征之。今請於天子而天子許之，是受天子之命而為諸侯也，誰得而討之！故三晉之列於諸侯，非三晉之壞禮，乃天子自壞之也。
Oh! 幽、厲 lost virtues, 周's 道 got obsolete in a day, The handles were split and broken, lowers surrendered and highers were replaced, feudal states conquered exclusively, 大夫-es were arbitrarily governing. 7-8 of 10 of the manner were lost. Those who got feudal by 文, 武 like a cloth linked to each other, all descendants of 周 so that they could defend their justification originally. Why do I mention it? In old days when 晉文公 had great contribution to the royal, he requested 襄王 a tunnel, but it's refused, saying that: 「王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所惡也。不然，叔父有地而隧，又何請焉！」.
文公 thus got afraid so couldn't dare do against it. It was that with the land of 周 not bigger than 曹,滕, and the population of 周 less populous than 邾,莒, but for a few centuries, the 宗 owned 天下, despite the powerfulness of 晉、楚、齊、秦, they couldn't dare to exert, why did it happen? It's just because 名分 let them exist. Even 季氏 went to 魯, 田 went to 齊, 白公 went to 楚, and 智伯 went to 晉, all their power was enough to expel their lord and to crown oneself, however were they, who finally couldn't dare, whether their power were not enough or their heart were not cruel? The answer is that they were afraid of lying 名 and of trespassing on 分 and also getting blamed from the entire of 天下. Now 晉 大夫-es despise their lord, divided and split the 晉 state, 天子 were not able to scold, and moreover, made feudal in favor of them, allowed them to be in a row with 諸侯, it was just a pathetic 名分 and even couldn't defend so got abandoned. The former 王-es did the manner completely perfectly. Does somebody think that, at the moment the royal of 周 were too weak, and 三晉 were too strong, so even though they don't want to allow, it wouldn't be possible? If so, it's certainly not. If 3 of 晉, though they were strong, juridically, ignoring the blame from 天下, violate the justice, and trespass on the manner, then it's not to obey 天子, and also to crown oneself, then it's being traitors. 天下 juridically had lords of  桓,  文, they had to follow  the manner and the justice, and even to be conquered. Now they requested to the 天子 and even approved by 天子, it was to get the appointment of 天子 and to be the feudal states, who would scold them! Therefore the reason why 三晉 are on the feudal states is not because 三晉 made the manner obsolete, but the answer is because 天子 made it obsolete by themselves.

嗚呼！君臣之禮既壞矣，則天下以智力相雄長，遂使聖賢之後為諸侯者，社稷無不泯絕，生民之害糜滅幾盡，豈不哀哉！
Oh! The manner of  lordship became obsolete, thus in the 天下, smart and powerful deputies, taking hegemony, let feudal states which are after the saints, cannot lose the spirit of 社稷, livings and people get famine and become extinct soon, how cannot I feel sad!

2　初，智宣子將以瑤為後。智果曰：「不如宵也。瑤之賢於人者五，其不逮者一也。美鬢長大則賢，射御足力則賢，伎藝畢給則賢，巧文辯慧則賢，強毅果敢則賢，如是而甚不仁。夫以其五賢陵人，而以不仁行之，其誰能待之？若果立瑤也，智宗必滅。」弗聽，智果別族於太史為輔氏。趙簡子之子，長曰伯魯，幼曰無恤。將置後，不知所立。乃書訓戒之辭於二簡，以授二子曰：「謹識之。」三年而問之，伯魯不能舉其辭，求其簡，已失之矣。問無恤，誦其辭甚習，求其簡，出諸袖中而奏之。於是簡子以無恤為賢，立以為後。簡子使尹鐸為晉陽。請曰：「以為繭絲乎？抑為保障乎？」簡子曰：「保障哉！」尹鐸損其戶數。簡子謂無恤曰：「晉國有難，而無以尹鐸為少，無以晉陽為遠，必以為歸。」及智宣子卒，智襄子為政，與韓康子、魏桓子宴於藍台。智伯戲康子而侮段規，智國聞之，諫曰：「主不備，難必至矣！」智伯曰：「難將由我。我不為難，誰敢興之？」對曰：「不然。《夏書》有之曰：『一人三失，怨豈在明，不見是圖。』夫君子能勤小物，故無大患。今主一宴而恥人之君相，又弗備，曰不敢興難，無乃不可乎！蜹、蟻、蜂、蠆，皆能害人，況君相乎！」弗聽。

智伯請地於韓康子，康子欲弗與。段規曰：「智伯好利而愎，不與，將伐我；不如與之。彼狃於得地，必請於他人；他人不與，必向之以兵。然則我得免於患而待事之變矣。」康子曰：「善。」使使者致萬家之邑於智伯，智伯悅。又求地於魏桓子，桓子欲弗與。任章曰：「何故弗與？」桓子曰：「無故索地，故弗與。」任章曰：「無故索地，諸大夫必懼；吾與之地，智伯必驕。彼驕而輕敵，此懼而相親。以相親之兵待輕敵之人，智氏之命必不長矣。《周書》曰：『將欲敗之，必姑輔之；將欲取之，必姑與之。』主不如與之以驕智伯，然後可以擇交而圖智氏矣。奈何獨以吾為智氏質乎！」桓子曰：「善。」復與之萬家之邑一。智伯又求〔藺〕(蔡)、皋狼之地於趙襄子[5]，襄子弗與。智伯怒，帥韓、魏之甲以攻趙氏。襄子將出，曰：「吾何走乎？」從者曰：「長子近，且城厚完。」襄子曰：「民罷力以完之，又斃死以守之，其誰與我！」從者曰：「邯鄲之倉庫實。」襄子曰：「浚民之膏澤以實之，又因而殺之，其誰與我！其晉陽乎，先主之所屬也，尹鐸之所寬也，民必和矣。」乃走晉陽。

三家以國人圍而灌之，城不浸者三版。沈竈產鼃，民無叛意。智伯行水，魏桓子御，韓康子驂乘。智伯曰：「吾乃今知水可以亡人國也。」桓子肘康子，康子履桓子之跗，以汾水可以灌安邑，絳水可以灌平陽也。絺疵謂智伯曰：「韓、魏必反矣。」智伯曰：「子何以知之？」絺疵曰：「以人事知之。夫從韓、魏之兵以攻趙，趙亡，難必及韓、魏矣。今約勝趙而三分其地，城不沒者三版，人馬相食，城降有日，而二子無喜志，有憂色，是非反而何？」明日，智伯以絺疵之言告二子，二子曰：「此夫讒臣欲為趙氏游說，使主疑於二家而懈於攻趙氏也。不然，夫二家豈不利朝夕分趙氏之田，而欲為危難不可成之事乎？」二子出，絺疵入曰：「主何以臣之言告二子也？」智伯曰：「子何以知之？」對曰：「臣見其視臣端而趨疾，知臣得其情故也。」智伯不悛。絺疵請使於齊。

趙襄子使張孟談潛出見二子，曰：「臣聞脣亡則齒寒。今智伯帥韓、魏而攻趙，趙亡則韓、魏為之次矣。」二子曰：「我心知其然也，恐事末遂而謀洩，則禍立至矣」。張孟談曰：「謀出二主之口，入臣之耳，何傷也？」二子乃陰與張孟談約，為之期日而遣之。襄子夜使人殺守堤之吏，而決水灌智伯軍。智伯軍救水而亂，韓、魏翼而擊之，襄子將卒犯其前，大敗智伯之眾。遂殺智伯，盡滅智氏之族。唯輔果在。

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> In summary, 智伯 was violent, so his subordinates, 魏桓子 and 韓康子, betrayed 智伯, with 趙襄子, all family of 智氏 got extinct. 輔果 was the only alive.
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臣光曰：智伯之亡也，才勝德也。夫才與德異，而世俗莫之能辨，通謂之賢，此其所以失人也。夫聰察強毅之謂才，正直中和之謂德。才者，德之資也；德者，才之帥也。雲夢之竹，天下之勁也，然而不矯揉，不羽括，則不能以入堅；棠溪之金，天下之利也，然而不熔范，不砥礪，則不能以擊強。是故才德全盡謂之聖人，才德兼亡謂之愚人，德勝才謂之君子，才勝德謂之小人。凡取人之術，苟不得聖人、君子而與之，與其得小人，不若得愚人。何則？君子挾才以為善，小人挾才以為惡。挾才以為善者，善無不至矣；挾才以為惡者，惡亦無不至矣。愚者雖欲為不善，智不能周，力不能勝，譬之乳狗搏人，人得而制之。小人智足以遂其奸，勇足以決其暴，是虎而翼者也，其為害豈不多哉！夫德者人之所嚴，而才者人之所愛。愛者易親，嚴者易疏，是以察者多蔽於才而遺於德。自古昔以來，國之亂臣，家之敗子，才有餘而德不足，以至於顛覆者多矣，豈特智伯哉！故為國為家者，苟能審於才德之分而知所先後，又何失人之足患哉！
In summary, Servant 光 saying that: 智伯's falling is due to the talent was over the virtue

3　三家分智氏之田。趙襄子漆智伯之頭，以為飲器。智伯之臣豫讓欲為之報仇，乃詐為刑人，挾匕首，入襄子宮中塗廁。襄子如廁心動，索之，獲豫讓。左右欲殺之，襄子曰：「智伯死無後，而此人欲為報仇，真義士也！吾謹避之耳。」乃捨之。豫讓又漆身為癩，吞炭為啞，行乞於市，其妻不識也。行見其友，其友識之，為之泣曰：「以子之才，臣事趙孟，必得近幸。子乃為所欲為，顧不易邪？何乃自苦如此！求以報仇，不亦難乎？」豫讓曰：「〔不可〕！既已委質為臣[6]，而又求殺之，是二心也。凡吾所為者，極難耳。然所以為此者，將以愧天下後世之為人臣懷二心者也。」襄子出，豫讓伏於橋下。襄子至橋，馬驚，索之，得豫讓，遂殺之。襄子為伯魯之不立也，有子五人，不肯置後。封伯魯之子於代，曰代成君，早卒，立其子浣為趙氏後。襄子卒，弟桓子〔嘉〕逐浣而自立[7]，一年卒。趙氏之人曰：「桓子立，非襄主意。」乃共殺其子，復迎浣而立之，是為獻子。獻子生籍，是為烈侯。魏斯者，桓子之孫也[8]，是為文侯。韓康子生武子〔啟章〕[9]，武子生虔，是為景侯。

魏文侯以卜子夏、田子方為師，每過段干木之廬必式。四方賢士多歸之。文侯與群臣飲酒，樂，而天雨，命駕將適野。左右曰：「今日飲酒樂，天又雨，君將安之？」文侯曰：「吾與虞人期獵，雖樂，豈可無一會期哉！」乃往，身自罷之。韓借師於魏以伐趙。文侯曰：「寡人與趙，兄弟也，不敢聞命。」趙借師於魏以伐韓，文侯應之亦然。二國皆怒而去。已而知文侯以講於己也，皆朝於魏。魏由是始大於三晉，諸侯莫能與之爭。使樂羊伐中山，克之，以封其子擊。文侯問於群臣曰：「我何如主？」皆曰：「仁君。」任座曰：「君得中山，不以封君之弟而以封君之子，何謂仁君？」文侯怒，任座趨出。次問翟璜，對曰：「仁君也。」文侯曰：「何以知之？」對曰：「臣聞君仁則臣直。向者任座之言直，臣是以知之。」文侯悅，使翟璜召任座而反之，親下堂迎之，以為上客。文侯與田子方飲，文侯曰：「鐘聲不比乎？左高。」田子方笑。文侯曰：「何笑？」子方曰：「臣聞之，君明樂官，不明樂音。今君審於音，臣恐其聾於官也。」文侯曰：「善。」子擊出，遭田子方於道，下車伏謁。子方不為禮。子擊怒，謂子方曰：「富貴者驕人乎？貧賤者驕人乎？」子方曰：「亦貧賤者驕人耳，富貴者安敢驕人？國君而驕人則失其國，大夫而驕人則失其家。失其國者未聞有以國待之者也，失其家者未聞有以家待之者也。夫士貧賤者，言不用，行不合，則納履而去耳，安往而不得貧賤哉！」子擊乃謝之。文侯謂李克曰：「先生嘗有言曰：『家貧思良妻，國亂思良相。』今所置非成則璜，二子何如？」對曰：「卑不謀尊，疏不謀戚。臣在闕門之外，不敢當命。」文侯曰：「先生臨事勿讓。」克曰：「君弗察故也。居視其所親，富視其所與，達視其所舉，窮視其所不為，貧視其所不取，五者足以定之矣，何待克哉！」文侯曰：「先生就捨，吾之相定矣。」李克出，見翟璜。翟璜曰：「今者聞君召先生而卜相，果誰為之？」克曰：「魏成。」翟璜忿然作色曰：「西河守吳起，臣所進也；君內以鄴為憂，臣進西門豹；君欲伐中山，臣進樂羊；中山已拔，無使守之，臣進先生；君之子無傅，臣進屈侯鮒。以耳目之所睹記，臣何負於魏成？」李克曰：「子〔之〕言克於子之君者[10]，豈將比周以求大官哉？君問相於克，克之對如是。所以知君之必相魏成者，魏成食祿千鐘，什九在外，什一在內，是以東得卜子夏、田子方、段干木。此三人者，君皆師之；子所進五人者，君皆臣之。子惡得與魏成比也！」翟璜逡巡再拜曰：「璜，鄙人也，失對，願卒為弟子。」

吳起者，衛人，仕於魯。齊人伐魯，魯人欲以為將，起取齊女為妻，魯人疑之，起殺妻以求將，大破齊師。或譖之魯侯曰：「起始事曾參，母死不奔喪，曾參絕之。今又殺妻以求為君將。起，殘忍薄行人也。且以魯國區區而有勝敵之名，則諸侯圖魯矣。」起恐得罪。聞魏文侯賢，乃往歸之。文侯問諸李克，李克曰：「起貪而好色，然用兵，司馬穰苴弗能過也。」於是文侯以為將，擊秦，拔五城。起之為將，與士卒最下者同衣食，臥不設席，行不騎乘，親裹贏糧，與士卒分勞苦。卒有病疽者，起為吮之。卒母聞而哭之。人曰：「子，卒也，而將軍自吮其疽，何哭為？」母曰：「非然也。往年吳公吮其父(疽)[11]，其父戰不還踵，遂死於敵。吳公今又吮其子，妾不知其死所矣，是以哭之。」

4　燕湣公薨，子僖公立。

威烈王二十四年（己卯，西元前四〇二年）

1　王崩，子安王驕立。

2　盜殺楚聲王，國人立其子〔疑，是為〕悼王[12]。