Amanita verna

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***Amanita verna***, commonly known as the **fool's mushroom**, **destroying angel** or the **mushroom fool**, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus *Amanita*. Occurring in Europe in spring, *A. verna* associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The caps, stipes and gills are all white in colour.

## Taxonomy

*Amanita verna* was first mentioned in the scientific literature by French mycologist Jean Bulliard in 1780 as form *vernus* of *Agaricus bulbosus*. Bulliard warned that it could be easily confused with the edible field mushroom (*Agaricus campestris*), and that remedies for those who had eaten it included putting vitriolic ether in wine or crushed garlic in milk. The species name *verna* is derived from the Latin word for "spring". Three years later, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck gave it distinct species status in his *Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique*.

The fool's mushroom (*Amanita verna*), also known as the spring destroying angel or death angel, is a close relative of *Amanita phalloides*, the death cap, and a member of the mushroom genus *Amanita*. *Amanita verna*, like its close relative, belongs to the subfamily Phalloideae.

## Description

The fool's mushroom is pure white, all the way to the gills and the stipe. This fungus, like all amanitas, has a volva. The fool's mushroom's cap is Template:Convert wide, and is about the same height.

This mushroom's lamellae is free and white, and the volva is bag-like and large. Its annulus is white and membranous, and *A. verna* react yellow with 20% potassium hydroxide solution, unlike its relative
*Amanita phalloides var. alba* while Amanita virosa gets an orangeyellow reaction. The mushroom's spores are smooth and elliptical.

## Habitat and season

The fool's mushroom grows in European woodlands and hardwood forests in springtime as the fungus' Latin name (Amanita verna or spring destroying angel) suggests.

Unlike various closely related poisonous amanitas, this mushroom is not known to occur in North America.

## Toxicity

Closely related to other deadly pure white amanitas, the fool's mushroom is one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world. Just like the death cap, this organism contains a fatal dose of alpha-amanitin, which causes liver failure if not treated immediately. While this mushroom (along with many other deadly and edible fungi) also contains phallotoxins, these phallotoxins are not toxic to humans (when ingested) as they are poorly absorbed.

This mushroom's toxicity and symptoms are similar, if not identical to that of the death cap. Like other members of the subfamily Phalloideae, the fool's mushroom has been implicated in a number of serious or fatal poisonings.

There are no negative symptoms from eating this fungus until 6–24 hours after ingestion. The first symptom is simply unease. Violent cramps and diarrhea follow. On the third day, the same symptoms repeat themselves, but while to many this may seem like a sign of recovery, most of the time it is simply a herald of the final onset of symptoms, which include kidney and liver failure due to amatoxins. At this point, drastic measures like liver transplants need to be taken, or the victim would most likely die.

## See also

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* Amanitin
* List of *Amanita* species
* List of deadly fungi
* Mushroom poisoning

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bulliard 1780`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lamarck 1783`
3. ↑ This month's fungus is the death angel, Amanita bisporigera, Amanita virosa, and Amanita verna. Retrieved on December 27, 2012.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Takahashi, Hiroshi. Amanita verna (English, Japanese). Retrieved on November 4, 2009.
5. ↑ Volk, Tom (1997-09-01). Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for September 1997. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved on November 4, 2009.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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