Tyto alba

(*Tyto alba*)
## Subspecies

* *T. a. alba* (western Europe to north Africa & West Canary Islands)
* *T. a. guttata* (central to eastern Europe)
* *T. a. poensis* (Bioko)
* *T. a. thomensis* (São Tomé Island)
* *T. a. affinis* (Sub-Saharan Africa to Comoros, Seychelles & Madagascar)
* *T. a. schmitzi* (Madeira & Porto Santo Island)
* *T. a. ernesti* (Corsica & Sardinia)
* *T. a. gracilirostris* (East Canary Islands)
* *T. a. detorta* (Cape Verde Islands)
* *T. a. erlangeri* (Greek Islands to Middle East)

## Reproduction

Females: 10 - 11 months

## Habitats

### Suitable

* 2.1 Dry savannas
* 3.5 Tropical/subtropical dry shrublands
* 3.7 Tropical/subtropical alpine shrublands
* 3.8 Mediterranean-type shrublands
* 4.4 Temperate grasslands
* 4.5 Tropical/subtropical dry grasslands
* 4.6 Tropical/subtropical flooded grasslands
* 4.7 Tropical/subtropical alpine grasslands
* 5.3 Shrub wetlands
* 5.7 Permanent marshes
* 5.8 Seasonal marshes
* 7.1 Caves
* 14.1 Arable lands
* 14.2 Pasturelands
* 14.3 Plantations
* 14.4 Rural gardens
* 14.6 Tropical/subtropical degraded forests
* 15.1 Water storage areas
* 15.6 Wastewater treatment areas
* 15.7 Irrigated lands
* 15.8 Seasonally flooded agricultural lands
* 15.9 Canals and drainage channels

### Marginal

* 3.6 Tropical/subtropical moist shrublands
* 5.4 Swamps and peatlands
* 14.5 Urban areas

## Distribution

### Ecozones

* Afrotropic
* Palearctic

### Terrestrial Ecoregions

* AT0101 Albertine Rift montane forests
* AT0102 Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests
* AT0103 Cameroonian Highlands forests
* AT0105 Comoros forests
* AT0106 Cross-Niger transition forests
* AT0107 Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests
* AT0108 East African montane forests
* AT0109 Eastern Arc forests
* AT0111 Eastern Guinean forests
* AT0112 Ethiopian montane forests
* AT0113 Granitic Seychelles forests
* AT0114 Guinean montane forests
* AT0115 Knysna-Amatole montane forests
* AT0116 KwaZulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic
* AT0117 Madagascar lowland forests
* AT0118 Madagascar subhumid forests
* AT0119 Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
* AT0121 Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests
* AT0122 Niger Delta swamp forests
* AT0123 Nigerian lowland forests
* AT0124 Northeastern Congolian lowland forests
* AT0125 Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic
* AT0127 São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobón moist lowland forests
* AT0128 Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic
* AT0130 Western Guinean lowland forests
* AT0201 Cape Verde Islands dry forests
* AT0202 Madagascar dry deciduous forests
* AT0203 Zambezian Cryptosepalum dry forests
* AT0701 Angolan Miombo woodlands
* AT0702 Angolan Mopane woodlands
* AT0704 Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands
* AT0705 East Sudanian savanna
* AT0706 Eastern Miombo woodlands
* AT0707 Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
* AT0708 Itigi-Sumbu thicket
* AT0709 Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
* AT0710 Mandara Plateau mosaic
* AT0711 Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
* AT0712 Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic
* AT0713 Sahelian Acacia savanna
* AT0714 Serengeti volcanic grasslands
* AT0715 Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
* AT0716 Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
* AT0717 Southern Africa bushveld
* AT0718 Southern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic
* AT0719 Southern Miombo woodlands
* AT0721 Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic
* AT0722 West Sudanian savanna
* AT0723 Western Congolian forest-savanna mosaic
* AT0724 Western Zambezian grasslands
* AT0725 Zambezian and Mopane woodlands
* AT0726 Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands
* AT0801 Al Hajar montane woodlands
* AT0901 East African halophytics
* AT0902 Etosha Pan halophytics
* AT0903 Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna
* AT0904 Lake Chad flooded savanna
* AT0905 Saharan flooded grasslands
* AT0906 Zambezian coastal flooded savanna
* AT0907 Zambezian flooded grasslands
* AT0908 Zambezian halophytics
* AT1001 Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic
* AT1002 Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands
* AT1003 Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands
* AT1004 Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
* AT1005 East African montane moorlands
* AT1006 Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic
* AT1007 Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands
* AT1008 Ethiopian montane moorlands
* AT1009 Highveld grasslands
* AT1010 Jos Plateau forest-grassland mosaic
* AT1011 Madagascar ericoid thickets
* AT1012 Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets
* AT1013 Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands
* AT1014 South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic
* AT1015 Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic
* AT1201 Albany thickets
* AT1202 Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
* AT1203 Montane fynbos and renosterveld
* AT1302 Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
* AT1303 East Saharan montane xeric woodlands
* AT1305 Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands
* AT1306 Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert
* AT1307 Hobyo grasslands and shrublands
* AT1309 Kalahari xeric savanna
* AT1310 Kaokoveld desert
* AT1311 Madagascar spiny thickets
* AT1312 Madagascar succulent woodlands
* AT1313 Masai xeric grasslands and shrublands
* AT1314 Nama Karoo
* AT1315 Namib desert
* AT1316 Namibian savanna woodlands
* AT1317 Red Sea coastal desert
* AT1320 Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna
* AT1321 Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands
* AT1322 Succulent Karoo
* AT1401 Central African mangroves
* AT1402 East African mangroves
* AT1403 Guinean mangroves
* AT1404 Madagascar mangroves
* AT1405 Southern Africa mangroves
* PA0401 Appenine deciduous montane forests
* PA0402 Atlantic mixed forests
* PA0404 Balkan mixed forests
* PA0405 Baltic mixed forests
* PA0406 Cantabrian mixed forests
* PA0409 Celtic broadleaf forests
* PA0410 Central Anatolian deciduous forests
* PA0412 Central European mixed forests
* PA0418 Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
* PA0419 East European forest steppe
* PA0420 Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
* PA0421 English Lowlands beech forests
* PA0422 Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests
* PA0425 Madeira evergreen forests
* PA0429 North Atlantic moist mixed forests
* PA0431 Pannonian mixed forests
* PA0432 Po Basin mixed forests
* PA0433 Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
* PA0435 Rodope montane mixed forests
* PA0436 Sarmatic mixed forests
* PA0445 Western European broadleaf forests
* PA0501 Alps conifer and mixed forests
* PA0503 Caledon conifer forests
* PA0504 Carpathian montane forests
* PA0513 Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
* PA0803 Central Anatolian steppe
* PA0812 Middle East steppe
* PA0814 Pontic steppe
* PA0904 Nile Delta flooded savanna
* PA0905 Saharan halophytics
* PA0906 Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh
* PA1201 Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
* PA1202 Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
* PA1203 Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
* PA1204 Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
* PA1205 Crete Mediterranean forests
* PA1206 Cyprus Mediterranean forests
* PA1207 Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
* PA1208 Iberian conifer forests
* PA1209 Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
* PA1210 Illyrian deciduous forests
* PA1211 Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
* PA1212 Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
* PA1213 Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
* PA1214 Mediterranean woodlands and forests
* PA1215 Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
* PA1216 Northwest Iberian montane forests
* PA1217 Pindus Mountains mixed forests
* PA1218 South Appenine mixed montane forests
* PA1219 Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
* PA1220 Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
* PA1221 Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
* PA1222 Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
* PA1303 Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands
* PA1304 Atlantic coastal desert
* PA1320 Mesopotamian shrub desert
* PA1321 North Saharan steppe and woodlands
* PA1323 Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert
* PA1325 Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert
* PA1327 Sahara desert
* PA1328 South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert
* PA1329 South Saharan steppe and woodlands