Danish

## External Resources

en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Danish

reddit.com/r/danishlanguage

www.memrise.com/courses/english/danish/

https://www.reddit.com/r/duolingo/wiki/index#wiki\_danish

## **Basics 1**

### **Nouns**

Danish has two noun genders: **Common (or n-words)** and **neuter (or t-words)**. Each of these have their own article for indefinite singular. Common words take ***en*** and neuter words take ***et***.

In this skill you will only be dealing with indefinite and definite, singular nouns such as *a boy*, *the woman* etc. The following skills will gradually introduce you to the plural forms.

Unfortunately, in Danish there is no certain way to tell from a noun which gender it is. So this you will have to learn by heart. There have been made attempts to develop a pattern for determining the gender of a noun from the word itself, and one such can be found here.

The short version is that about 80% of nouns are common gender (taking ***en*** as the indefinite article), including most living and animate entities.

### **The Definite Form**

Instead of marking the definite form with an article, Danish uses postfixing. Simply put, the indefinite article is appended to the end of the noun to mark definiteness: `-en` for common gender and `-et` for the neuter gender.

* ***en mand*** (*a man*, common gender) adds `-en` and becomes ***manden*** (*the man*).
* ***vand*** (*water*, neuter gender) adds `-et` and becomes ***vandet** (the water)*.

If the noun already ends with `-e` most often only `-n` (for common) or `-t` (for neuter) is appended:

* ***et æble*** (*an apple*, neuter gender) becomes ***æblet*** (*the apple*).

To see how simple this really is, have a look at this table:

 et

In some cases an article is used instead of a postfix to mark the definite form, for example when modifying the noun with an adjective. But do not worry about this for now, it will be explained later. :) Furthermore, just to ruin the beautiful simplicity, some nouns change an internal vowel when put in the definite—Again, more about this later.

### **Subject Pronouns**

Subject pronouns are used to indicate the person performing an action: In the sentence "*you drive a car*," the word *you* informs us who is driving the car.

While this particular skill only involves singular subject pronouns (I, you, and he/she, specifically), we will show you all the (personal) subject pronouns here for completeness. Don't worry, we'll include this table again later when the rest of the subject pronouns are introduced!

 you
 he, she, it
 we
 you (plural)
 they

\* Depending on the grammatical gender of the subject. As a rule of thumb, use **den** for all living things, **det** for inanimate objects.

\*\* Always capitalized.

### **Present Tense Verbs**

You will love verbs in Danish. They conjugate not for the subject, not for the object, nor for the number of people. They only care about the time (present, past), the aspect (active, passive), and the mood (indicative, imperative). But do not worry about all that just yet, just be overjoyed that there are only seven forms of each verb. :)

For now, just know that present tense (things happening right now, or general statements) end in `-r`, and do not change regarding the person carrying out the action. As an example, look at the conjugations of *at spise* (*to eat*) in the present:

 you eat
 he, she, it eats
 we eat
 you (plural) eat
 they eat

Isn't that beautiful? Similarly, the only form of *to be* in present (*I am*, *you are*, *he, she, it is*, etc.) is simply er: ***jeg er*****, *du er*,** and so on.

To make things even simpler, as to the verb anyway, Danish verbs have no concept of continuous actions such as *I am eating*. When you say ***jeg spiser*** it means all of *I eat* (in general), *I am eating* (right now), or *I will eat* (tomorrow).

Alright, get on it and see you in the next skill!

## **Basics 2**

### **Subject Pronouns**

Here they are again, for your reference:

 you
 he, she, it
 we
 you (plural)
 they

\* Always capitalized.

### **Definite Nouns**

Once again, this beautifully simple system:

 et

Some examples from the previous skill:

* ***en mand*** (*a man*, common gender) becomes ***manden*** (*the man*)
* ***vand*** (*water*, neuter gender) becomes ***vandet** (the water)*.
* ***et** **æble*** (*an apple*, neuter gender) becomes ***æblet*** (*the apple*).

### **Plural Nouns**

Nouns form the plural by appending either `-er` (most commonly) or just `-e`:

* ***en avis*** (*a newspaper*) adds `-er` and becomes **aviser** (*newspapers*).
* ***en dreng*** (*a boy*) adds `-e` and becomes ***drenge*** (*boys*).

Again, if the words ends in an `-e` the double-e is eliminated:

* ***en pige*** (*a girl*) adds `-er` and eliminates the double-e to become ***piger*** (*girls*).

Whether a word uses `-er` or `-e` is unrelated to its grammatical gender, and is something that must be learned by heart. Furthermore, some nouns do not change at all in the plural. These must also be learned by heart. There are, however, some general guidelines:

* The `-er` postfix is the most common one. Nouns containing multiple syllables usually take the -er ending.
* Single syllabic words of the common gender (n-words) often use the `-e` ending.
* Short, single syllabic nouns of the neuter gender are most likely to remain unchanged in the plural.

Source.

Oh, and remember those irregular nouns we talked about in the previous lesson? This lesson will introduce the first of them:

* ***en mand*** (*a man*) adds no postfix, but becomes ***mænd*** (*men*).

### **Plural Definite Nouns**

In the plural definite form (such as *the cars*), nouns in Danish add `-ne` to the plural form:

* ***en kvinde*** (*a woman*) has the plural ***kvinder*** (*women*) and adds `-ne` to become ***kvinderne*** (*the women*).
* ***en dreng*** (*a boy*) has the plural ***drenge*** (*boys*) and adds `-ne` to become ***drengene*** (*the boys*).

This is independent from the grammatical gender of a noun, like the plural form. Again, however, some nouns are irregular, for example:

* ***en mand*** (*a man*) has the plural ***mænd*** (*men*) but regains the lost `-e` in the plural, adding `-ene` to become ***mændene*** (*the men*).

Hopefully you are not overwhelmed yet! There are very few irregular nouns, and most follow the system, that we can now show as a complete table including singular/plural and definite/indefinite:

indefinite
definite
indefinite
 et

Enjoy these lessons and see you in the next one :)

## **Common Phrases**

### **A Note on Capitalization**

As you might have noticed already, in Danish, the first person personal pronoun is not capitalized: It might be *I eat* in English, but in Danish it's ***jeg spiser***.

There are a number of other things, which are capitalized in English, that are not capitalized in Danish. This includes names of languages, as you will notice in this skill, but also days of the week and names of months.

### **Giving the Time of the Day**

This skill will teach you a number of words you can use to greet and part with people. Some are generic and can be used at any time, such as ***hej*** and ***farvel***. The word ***hej*** is a funny case that can both be used as a greeting and a farewell. Sometimes, for farewells, it is doubled into ***hej** **hej***.

Others can only be used at specific times of the day, and primarily as greetings:

* ***Godmorgen*** means *good morning* and so should only be used in the morning, logically.
* ***Godaften*** translates to *good evening* and is usually applicable after the work day ends.
* ***Goddag***, meaning *good day* can be used more freely, but is usually not used when ***godmorgen*** or ***godaften*** would be more appropriate.
* Just as in English, ***godnat*** (*good night*) is not used as a greeting, but only in parting -- or in wishing a friend or loved one a blissful sleep!

Danish has a few extra greetings for specific periods of the day, which will not be taught here. But don't be surprised if people give you either ***god** **formiddag*** or ***god** **eftermiddag*** for the period between morning and noon, and the afternoon, respectively.

### **The Case of the Missing "*Please"***

Unfortunately, Danish has no simple translation for the word *please*. Rather, asking for things politely involves some set phrases and modal verbs. Naturally, this will not appear in this skill, so don't fret. :)

We apologize deeply. We're really quite polite, truly!

## **Food**

### **Sticking** **Words** **Together**

You might already have noticed this trend. If not, this skill contains a few examples of how much Danes love to form new words by sticking two or more words together.

We call these "compound nouns", although sometimes they have become so ingrained in the language that they're really just plain words now. In some cases the words are just put together directly (no space), and in other cases they require a little glue, in the form of an `-e-` or an `-s-` between them.

This skill contains the following words built from individual meanings:

* ***Jordbær*** comes from ***jord*** meaning *earth* or *ground* and ***bær*** meaning *berry*: So, a berry growing near the ground? *Strawberry*!
* ***Svinekød*** is constructed from ***svin***, the glue `-e-` and ***kød***. The first part means *pig* (or, more literally, *swine*) and the second *meat*. Meat from a pig, or as it's called in English, *pork*.
* ***Morgenmad*** consists of the words ***morgen*** and ***mad***, translating to *morning* and *food*. Put them together, and they carry the meaning of *breakfast*.
* ***Aftensmad*** is similar, but with ***aften***, meaning *evening*, and the glue `-s-`. So this one is *dinner* or *supper*.

You will meet many more such words during this course, and there is even an entire skill dedicated to learning some more complicated ones further down the tree.

If you're ever having trouble deciphering a particular Danish word, try to see if you can't pick it apart in to smaller components, and understand it that way. :)

## **Animals**

### **Consonant Doubling**

Recall the way nouns are put into the definite:

 et

In some cases, however, it is necessary to double the ending consonant of a word when forming the definite (and also the plurals). For example, the word for *cat*:

* ***En** **kat*** becomes ***katten***.

This occurs when the preceding vowel is short, and the word does not already have two consonants succeeding it (in the same syllable). For example, the word for *dog* does not double the last consonant:

* ***En** **hund*** simply becomes ***hunden***.

As a rule of thumb, Danish marks a short vowel by having two consonants after it in the same syllable. However, unlike its siblings Swedish and Norwegian, we do not double the same consonant if nothing follows it. Hence, it is ***kat*** in Danish and not *katt* like in Swedish/Norwegian, but ***katten*** in all of them.

This explanation might not mean much to you now, but hopefully it will help you spell out words later. :)

## **Definite Articles**

### **The Definite Form**

As you may recall, Danish uses postfixing instead of marking the definite form with an article. Simply put, the indefinite article is appended to the end of the noun to mark definiteness: `-en` for common gender and `-et` for the neuter gender.

* ***en** **mand*** (*a man*, common gender) adds `-en` and becomes ***manden*** (*the man*)
* ***vand*** (*water*, neuter gender) adds `-et` and becomes ***vandet** (the water)*.

If the noun already ends with `-e` most often only `-n` (for common) or `-t` (for neuter) is appended:

* ***et** **æble*** (*an apple*, neuter gender) becomes ***æblet*** (*the apple*).

Put in a table, it looks like this:

 et

### **Consonant Doubling**

In some cases, however, it is necessary to double the ending consonant of a word when forming the definite (and also the plurals). For example, the word for *cat*:

* ***En** **kat*** becomes ***katten***.

This occurs when the preceding vowel is short, and the word does not already have two consonants succeeding it (in the same syllable). For example, the word for *dog* does not double the last consonant:

* ***En** **hund*** simply becomes ***hunden***.

As a rule of thumb, Danish marks a short vowel by having two consonants after it in the same syllable. However, it does not double the same consonant if nothing follows it. Hence, it is ***kat*** in Danish and not *katt* but ***katten*** in the definite form. Another example is ***æg*** (*egg*), which in the definite form is ***ægget*** (*the egg*).

### **Plural Definite Nouns**

In the plural definite form (such as *the cars*), nouns in Danish add `-ne` to the plural form:

* ***en*** ***kvinde*** (*a woman*) has the plural ***kvinder*** (*women*) and adds `-ne` to become ***kvinderne*** (*the women*).
* ***en*** ***dreng*** (*a boy*) has the plural ***drenge*** (*boys*) and adds `-ne` to become ***drengene*** (*the boys*).

This is independent from the grammatical gender of a noun, like the plural form. Again, however, some nouns are irregular, for example:

* ***en*** ***mand*** (*a man*) has the plural ***mænd*** (*men*) but regains the lost `-e` in the plural, adding `-ene` to become ***mændene*** (*the men*).

The complete table including singular/plural and definite/indefinite looks like this:

indefinite
definite
indefinite
 et

## **Plurals**

### **Plural Nouns**

Nouns in Danish form the plural by appending either `-er` (most commonly) or just `-e`:

* ***en** **avis*** (*a newspaper*) adds `-er` and becomes ***aviser*** *(*newspapers).
* ***en** **hund*** (*a dog*) adds `-e` and becomes ***hunde*** (*dogs*).

Again, if the words ends in an `-e` the double-e is eliminated:

* ***en** **pige*** (*a girl*) adds `-er` and eliminates the double-e to become ***piger*** (*girls*).

Whether a word uses `-er` or `-e` is unrelated to its grammatical gender, and is something that must be learned by heart. Furthermore, some nouns do not change at all in the plural. These must also be learned by heart. There are, however, some general guidelines:

* The `-er` postfix is the most common one. Nouns containing multiple syllables usually take the -er ending.
* Single syllabic words of the common gender (n-words) often use the `-e` ending.
* Short, single syllabic nouns of the neuter gender are most likely to remain unchanged in the plural.

Source.

A small number of nouns change an inner vowel when forming the plural, such as:

* ***en** **and*** (*a duck*) becomes ***ænder*** (*ducks*).
* ***en** **bog*** (*a book*) becomes ***bøger*** (*books*).

Typically these are transformations from **a** to **æ** or **o** to **ø**.

Another group of nouns, typically long words that end in `-el` and `-en` without stress on the last syllable, will drop that *e*. Examples include:

* ***en** **kartoffel*** (*a potato*) adds `-er` but then drops the *e* before the *l* to become ***kartofler*** (*potatoes*)
* ***en** **tallerken*** (*a plate*) adds `-er` and drops the *e* before the *n* to become ***tallerkner*** (*plates*).

### **Consonant Doubling**

Recall the way nouns are put into the definite:

 et

In some cases, however, it is necessary to double the ending consonant of a word when forming the plural (and also the definite). For example, the word for *cat*:

* ***En** **kat*** becomes ***katte***.

This occurs when the preceding vowel is short, and the word does not already have two consonants succeeding it (in the same syllable). For example, the word for *dog* does not double the last consonant:

* ***En** **hund*** simply becomes ***hunde***.

As a rule of thumb, Danish marks a short vowel by having two consonants after it in the same syllable. However, it does not double the same consonant if nothing follows it. Hence, it is **kat** in Danish and not *katt*.

### **Words from English**

A limited number of loan words from English retain their original, English plural form:

* ***En** **sandwich*** (*a sandwich*) is simply ***sandwiches*** in Danish.

However, it would not, in most cases, be wrong to form the plural using the Danish structure, if you so wish. :)

## **Genitive Nouns**

### **The Genitive Case**

Forming the genitive in Danish is so simple you might think we're kidding. But we're not! :) One simply adds -`s` (no apostrophe) to whatever one wishes to put in the genitive. For example:

* ***Kvindens** **æble*** which means ***the** **woman's** **apple***.

To break it down: `kvinde` (*woman*) + `-n` (*the*, or definite) + `-s` (*'s*, or genitive).

This is the only way of forming the genitive. There is no equivalent to the English *of*, such as in *the house of my parents*. Instead the `-s` is used every time, for all things:

* ***Husets** **børn*** which in English would be ***the** **children** **of** **the** **house***, consisting of `hus` (*house*) + `-et` (definite) + `-s` (genitive).

If the word that the `-s` is appended to already ends in an s or an s-sound, an apostrophe is used instead of an extra *s*:

* ***En** **gris'** **avis*** meaning ***A pig's newspaper*** (gris meaning pig).

Most often, the genitive is not even referred to as a grammatical case at all, because it can really be appended to anything, and not just nouns. Entire clauses can be put in the genitive, such as *the-lady-at-the-back of-the-bus's hat* although some people consider it bad language. But don't worry about that now!

If you know your vocabulary from the previous skills, this one should be a breeze. :)

## **Possessive Pronouns**

### **Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives**

Danish does not distinguish between possessive adjectives (*my*, *your*, etc) and possessive pronouns (*mine*, *yours*, etc). The same word is used in both cases, for example ***min*** for *my* or *mine* here:

* ***It is my newspaper*** becomes ***det er min avis***.
* ***The newspaper is mine*** is ***avisen er min***.

However, possessive pronouns and adjectives for the first and second person singular (*my*, *mine*, *your*, *yours* in English) must be declined towards the thing being owned:

The full table of possessive pronouns/adjectives looks like this:

 your & yours
 his, her & hers, its
 our & ours
 your & yours
 their & theirs

\* Common/neuter/plural corresponding with the item being owned.

Note that the third person impersonal possessive pronoun (*its* in English) declines with the grammatical gender of the item that is owning, and not the item being owned:

* ***Vi drikker kattens vand*** becomes ***vi drikker dens vand*** because ***kat*** is of the common gender (n-word). In English this would be ***we drink the cat's water*** or ***we drink its water***.
* ***Vi spiser dyrets mad*** becomes ***vi spiser dets mad*** because ***dyr*** is of the neuter gender (t-word). In English, this is ***we eat the animal's food*** or ***we eat its food***.

The possessive adjectives (***dens*** or ***dets***) in these examples stay the same regardless of the grammatical gender of the noun they modify. So it is:

* ***Vi læser dyrets avis*** (*we read the animal's newspaper*) into ***vi læser dets avis*** (*we read its newspaper*) even though ***avis*** is common (an n-word).

This is contrary to how the first and second person possessive adjectives behave:

* ***Jeg læser din avis*** (*I read your newspaper*). Here ***din*** is used because ***avis*** is common (n-word).
* ***Jeg spiser dit æble*** (*I eat your apple*). Here it is ***dit*** because ***æble*** is neuter (t-word).

The declension table for ***min*** (*my*, *mine*) and ***din*** (*your*, *yours*) looks as follows:

 Neuter (t-word)

### **Reflexive Possessive Adjectives**

As an added complication, Danish has a different set of pronouns when something is being owned or belongs to by whomever is the subject of the sentence. These behave like the possessive adjectives and pronouns for the first and second person above, in that they decline corresponding to the item being owned:

 Neuter (t-word)

To better understand this concept in English, one can imagine adding the word *own* after the possessive adjective:

* ***Manden læser sin avis*** means ***the man reads his (own) newspaper*** while if the man was reading someone else's newspaper, it would be ***manden læser hans avis***.

This extra dimension only comes into play for the third person singular, and can be helpful in distinguishing to whom exactly an item belongs. However, it takes a bit of getting used to. :) Try to determine if an item belongs to the person performing the action in the sentence (the grammatical subject) or someone else. This other person could also be mentioned in the sentence, but does not carry out the action. As mentioned above, you can perform a test in your head by inserting *own* after the possessive adjective (in English): If it sounds weird, you should not be using ***sin/sit/sine***.

## **Object Pronouns**

### **Object Pronouns**

Object pronouns are the targets of actions in sentences, and stand in the place of the names of people or other objects. In English these are *me*, *you*, *him*, *her*, *it*, *us,* and *them*.

Now, some languages differentiate between direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns (*cough*, Spanish, *cough*), but we Danes like to keep, at least, object pronouns simple. So don’t get your heart racing too fast already. ;)

This table shows the English object pronouns and their equivalents in Danish:

 you
 him, her, it
 us
 you (plural)
 them

\* This object pronoun changes to match the grammatical gender of the word that the object pronoun replaces. For example:

* ***I will take it down*** when talking of *a frame* becomes ***jeg vil tage den ned*** because ***en ramme*** *(a frame)* is of the common gender.
* ***I will take it down***, speaking of *a map* becomes ***jeg vil tage det ned*** because ***et kort** (a map)* is neuter.

Here is a few examples of how to use Danish object pronouns:

* *I am dancing with them* = ***Jeg danser med dem**.*
* *The dog looks at her* = ***Hunden ser på hende**.*
* *They give us the newspaper* = ***De giver os avisen**.*

That was it! See, not that scary, huh? Just remember the table and you'll do just fine in this lesson. ;) Good luck!

## **Clothing**

### **How to Wear in Danish**

In Danish, the most common way to express that someone is wearing something is to say that they *have it on* them, literally. In Danish, *to wear* becomes ***at have på***.

This conjugates to ***har på*** in the present tense. Let's see some examples:

* ***I wear shoes*** becomes ***jeg har sko på*** where ***sko** (shoes)* is the object being worn.
* ***She is wearing a hat*** becomes ***hun har en hat på***. Here en ***hat*** is the object being worn.

Notice how the object (what is being worn) is put between the actual verb (***har***) and the preposition (***på***). This is true also for many other phrasal verbs in Danish, some of which you will meet later in this course.

You might already have realized that English has the same behavior: For example in the sentence *I put my dress on* where *dress* (the object) is put between *put* and *on*.

While not a part of this particular skill, we can give you a sneak peak and tell you that in Danish this particular sentence would be ***jeg tager min kjole på***. So, *to put on* is ***at tage på*** in Danish, and the object is put in the exact same location as it is in the English sentence. Easy, huh?

One more thing to note is that in Danish it is possible to omit the article before the thing you’re wearing. For instance:

* ***Jeg har en kjole på*** → literally *I have a dress on* meaning *I am wearing a dress*
* ***Jeg har kjole på*** → literally *I have dress on* meaning *I am wearing a dress*

Both options are correct, though, so don’t worry. ;) Most often the second one (without article) is used, while the first one is chosen if one wishes to add emphasis to the item being worn.

Since you already speak English, this part of Danish should not be a problem for you at all! :) Good luck!

## **Present 1**

### **Present Tense**

Good news—the Danish present tense is very simple! You just have to add an `-r` to the infinitive form and voila! Your verb is now in the present tense. Here is an example of how to conjugate three regular, Danish verbs in the present tense:

 regne
 arbejde

The amazing thing is that this doesn’t change according to who is doing the action like some of you may be used to (I’m looking at you Frenchmen, Englishmen, Italians, Germans and basically the rest of the world!). Look here:

 du synger
 han/hun/den/det synger
 vi synger
 I synger
 de/De synger

Easy right? You should do just fine in this lesson. Don’t worry about the irregular verbs, you just have to learn them by heart like in any other language—okay, maybe a little worry is suitable. But hey! You’ve already learned the irregular verb *to be*! There aren’t many irregular verbs left prying on you out there—at least not in the present tense. ;)

### **Kan godt lide**

This expression does not have a literal translation in English, but it means *to like*. If one says *to like well* we're a bit closer to the Danish structure.

The word ***godt*** is not super important for the meaning and could be omitted, but it is nonetheless used a lot, and serves to enhance the liking somewhat. So, if you want to say that you like food, you could either say:

* ***Jeg kan godt lide mad*** (literally *I can well like food*) or simply:
* ***Jeg kan lide mad*** (literally *I can like food*).

That was it—have fun and good luck with the present tense!

### **To Know and not to Know**

In Danish, the verb ***at vide*** (*to know*) is transitive, meaning it must always take an object. This means you cannot literally translate *I know* or *I do not know* without adding what it is you know or do not know. For the general case, such as when answering a question, ***det*** is added:

* ***Hvornår spiser vi?*** (*When will we eat?*) to which you might answer:
* ***Det ved jeg ikke*** (literally *it know I not*) or ***Jeg ved det ikke*** (literally *I know it not*).

There is a very slight difference between the two, emphasizing either that you do not know **that** or that **you** don't know it. In most cases, however, you can use either one.

## **Colors**

### **Adjectives**

Congratulations! You have now reached one of the slightly more difficult parts of the Danish language: adjectives. Let us take a few moments to go through how they work in Danish.

Adjectives decline according to the grammatical gender and number of the noun that they modify. In Danish you would say ***a green apple*** with the sentence ***et grønt æble***. You have already seen ***et æble***, so let us discuss the middle part: ***grønt***. ***Grøn*** is the Danish word for ***green***. When used to describe a neuter gender noun such as ***æblet***, the adjective is suffixed with `-t` and becomes ***grønt***.

There are three ways an adjective can be declined: `-`, `-t`, or `-e`. `-` is used for common gender nouns, `-t` is used for neuter gender nouns, and `-e` is used for plural in both genders. This is also described in the following table:

 Plural

There are irregular adjectives that are missing one or more of the forms, such as ***blå*** (*blue*), which can only be: ***blå*** or ***blåt***. Here ***blå*** is used for both singular common and both plural forms: ***De blå bukser*** (*The blue pants*). But also ***lilla*** (*purple*) is irregular and only has one form used for all nouns: ***et lilla bord*** (*a purple table*), ***en lilla fisk*** (*a purple fish*), and ***tre lilla stole*** (*three purple chairs*).

### **Adjectives and Definite Nouns**

While nouns normally express definiteness using a postfix, this changes to using an article if any adjectives (such as a color) is attached to the noun.

If the color (or in general adjective) is used with a definite noun, then it is put between the definite article and the noun: ***En rød bil*** (*a red car*) becomes ***den røde bil*** (*the red car*). In this case the adjective is declined the same way as for the *plural*, no matter the grammatical number or gender of the noun.

As a reminder, *the car* without any adjectives is simply ***bilen***, expressing the definite with the `-en` postfix and no article involved.

### **Color Variations**

Variations of colors can also be formed by prefixing `lyse-` or `mørke-` to describe light and dark colors. As an example there is the color ***rød*** (*red*), which can become ***lyserød*** (*light red* or *pink*) or ***mørkerød*** (*dark red*).

With this in mind you should be able to master Danish colors. Good luck, and see you in the next skill!

## **Questions**

### **Questions**

Welcome back! One very important thing to learn is how to ask questions. Danish has the following standard question words, all starting with `hv-`:

 hvor
 hvordan
 hvorfor
 hvem
 hvis
 hvornår
 hvilken/hvilket/hvilke

Most of these are simply used like they would be used in English. The equivalents of *which* (***hvilken***, ***hvilket***, and ***hvilke***) work just like adjectives. If you ask the question: ***Hvilke æbler er dine?*** (*which apples are yours?*), then it is declined *according to the gender and number of the noun*. Here's a quick table to illustrate this:

### **Inversion**

Inversion is when the normal order of words changes in certain situations. In English inversion is used when asking questions, i.e. *you are eating* becomes *are you eating?* when formulated as a question. The same holds for Danish, for instance:

* ***Han spiser et æble*** (*he eats an apple*) becomes ***Spiser han et æble?*** (*Is he eating an apple?* or *Does he eat an apple?*).

In English, saying *eats he an apple?* (the literal translation) sounds a bit queer, and one would of course involve the continuous form *is eating* or add *do/does*. However, no construction using `-ing` or *to do* exists in Danish, and as such the inversion helps to mark the sentence as a question.

When using modal verbs (auxiliary verbs) in Danish it is only the modal verb that is inverted:

* ***Han vil spise et æble*** (*he will eat an apple*) becomes ***vil han spise et æble?*** (*will he eat an apple?*).

Here Danish and English are very similar. A key point to remember, though, is that Danish does not use *to do* as an auxiliary in the way English does, and as such questions will lose the *do/does* when translated into Danish: *Do you swim?* becomes ***svømmer du?***. Note the inversion!

Inversion is used in other cases, too, but you'll pick those up on your way further down the course. Hopefully this skill will allow you to pry out all sorts of interesting information from Danes. Good luck, and power on. :D

## **Prepositions 1**

### **Prepositions**

Prepositions in Danish are used similarly to prepositions in English. They describe spatial or temporal relations, but can also mark syntactic and semantic roles.

But what does that mean? It means that prepositions are very important and are used very frequently in both Danish and English. Prepositions can describe how you got a present, where you went, or even who you did something for. Their uses are vast, but there are not that many prepositions in neither Danish nor English.

In this skill we will introduce you to some of the prepositions. Please remember that there is not a 1-to-1 correlation between Danish and English prepositions! For example, a preposition such as ***på*** (in most cases ***on***), might sometimes mean ***in***: In Danish you might say ***jeg bor på slottet*** which literally translated becomes ***I live on the castle*****.** While it is indeed possible to live on top of a castle, what you most likely wanted to say was ***I live in the castle*****.**

But don't fret! Danish and English are very close languages, and sometimes the same prepositions might be used in exactly same way in both languages:

* ***Æblet er på bordet***, translates to ***the apple is on the table***.

Prepositions are just one of those tiny annoying things that you really need to learn, but can only acquire through constant practice and exposure to the language.

Please do not get frustrated with our language because of this skill! It really didn't mean to hurt you. Instead, enjoy all those words that make English and Danish the best pals in the world, such as ***efter*** (*after*), ***nær*** (*near*), and ***under*** (*under*).

## **Conjunctions**

### **Conjunctions**

Not much to say here, really! Aren't you delighted? :) Conjunctions (glue between parts of sentences) work pretty much the same in Danish as in English.

So instead of tedious explanations, we'll just give you this nifty table of conjunctions:

 eller
 fordi
 men
 når
 mens
 at
 hvis
 om

To clear up any confusion about ***hvis*** versus ***om***, let's grab two quick examples:

* ***I eat if you eat*** becomes ***jeg spiser hvis du spiser***.
* ***I don't know if she eats*** becomes ***jeg ved ikke om hun spiser***.

*If* becomes ***hvis*** in the first example because one clause is conditionally dependent on the other one: I will only eat, if you will also eat! In the second one, it becomes ***om***, expressing that there's an a certain doubt surrounding the statement. The latter is often used when asking for information about the state of things:

* ***Do you know, if she is eating?*** becomes ***Ved du, om hun spiser?***

## **Dates and Time**

### **Today, Tonight, & Tomorrow**

In English there are words for today, tonight, tomorrow, and yesterday. These words all become two words in Danish. For instance ***i dag*** means *today*. Here ***dag*** means *day*, so the literal translation is *in day*. The same goes for *tomorrow* and *yesterday*, which are ***i morgen*** (*in morning*) and ***i går***, respectively.

*Tonight* is slightly different, because in Danish this could either be ***i aften*** (*in evening*) or ***i nat*** (*in night*), depending on what time you mean. The times for when to use which depends on who you are talking to, but the general definition is that ***aften*** is used for events occurring between ***18:00 and 24:00***, while ***nat*** is from **sunset to sunrise**. Think of *evening* versus *night* and you're good to go!

Because we want you to do well, here's a table for your viewing pleasure:

 i morgen
 i går
 i aften
 i nat

The table is left uncapitalized on purpose in order to avoid confusion as to whether something is generally spelled capitalized.

### **Periods of the Day**

While English has the concepts of *morning*, *noon*, *afternoon*, *evening*, and *night*, Danish has an extra one for the period between morning and noon. We call this one ***formiddag*** (*pre-noon*) just like ***eftermiddag*** is *afternoon*. Take a look at this table of the periods and points of the day used in everyday Danish:

Of course, individual people might have separate understandings of the exact definitions of these time periods.

### **The Word "Om"**

The tiny word ***om*** is a brave one, serving many purposes. We saw it as a conjunction earlier, but it is used when talking about doing some action during a time period. It can either be translated as *in* or *during* in this case. Thus:

* ***He sleeps in the morning*** would be ***han sover om morgenen.***

Here it would be **wrong** to construct the sentence using ***i*** (the literal *in*). In fact, we won't even show you the example using ***i***. That's how wrong it is. ;)

### **Weekday**

In Danish we have the notion of *a weekday*, which is called ***en hverdag***, which can also be translated as *an every day*. This word is usually used about workdays, which in Denmark are considered to be Monday through Friday, even if some admirable people work Saturday and Sunday. The word is not generally used about holidays even if these might be located on a day that is between Monday and Friday.

Now we're already talking about days, take a look at this table we've crafted especially for you:

 tirsdag
 onsdag
 torsdag
 fredag
 lørdag
 søndag

The Danish words are not capitalized to make it even more obvious that we do not do such silly things in Danish. Simple enough, hm? :)

## **Adjectives 1**

### **Adjectives**

Since we have already introduced how to work adjectives in the Colors skill, let us just quickly recap what we learned earlier.

Adjectives decline according to the gender and number of the noun that they modify. In Danish you would say *a big apple* with the sentence ***et stort æble***. You have already seen ***et æble***, so let us discuss the middle part: ***stort***. ***Stor*** is the Danish word for *big* (along with several other words). When used to describe a neuter gender noun such as ***æblet*** it is then suffixed by `-t` and becomes ***stort***.

There are three ways an adjective can be declined: `-`, `-t`, or `-e`. `-` is used for common gender nouns, `-t` is used for neuter gender nouns, and `-e` is used for plural. This is also described in the following table:

 Plural

There are irregular adjectives that are missing one or more of the forms, such as ***beskidt*** (*dirty*), which can only be ***beskidt*** or ***beskidte***. Here ***beskidt*** is used for both of the singular forms: ***En beskidt abe*** (*a dirty monkey*). Other words, such as ***moderne*** (*modern*) are irregular in a different way and only have one form used for all nouns: ***et moderne bord*** (*a modern table*).

### **Adjectives and Definite Nouns**

While nouns normally express definiteness using a postfix, this changes to using an article if any adjectives is attached to the noun.

If the adjective is used with a definite noun, then it is put between the definite article and the noun: ***En åben bil*** (*an open car*) becomes ***den åbne bi**l* (*the open car*). In this case the adjective is declined the same way as for the **plural**, no matter the grammatical number or gender of the noun.

As a reminder, *the car* without any adjectives is simply ***bilen***, expressing the definite with the `-en` postfix and no article involved.

I wish I could tell you which adjectives are irregular, but unfortunately there are no real rules for that. Even with this in mind I am sure you will do great. Good luck!

## **Adverbs**

### **Adverbs**

Adverbs in Danish are, like in English, a group consisting of a lot of different words, with numerous functionalities. Adverbs modify or describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or entire sentences.

### **Word Order**

Adverbs sometimes behave slightly different in Danish compared to English. This is usually when they are used to describe a verb. Take the example:

* **V*i spiser generelt med vores bedstemor.***

This becomes either *we generally eat with our grandmother* or *we are generally eating with our grandmother*. Notice how the verb (*eat*/*eating*) and adverb (*generally*) are on opposite sides of each other in the Danish and English sentence.

When a sentence is started by an adverb describing the verb, then the verb will follow immediately after. To explain this, let us consider this example:

* ***Generelt spiser jeg kød*****.**

This example translates literally to *Generally eat I meat*, however in English *I* and *eat* would be switched giving the sentence *generally I eat meat* or *generally I am eating meat*.

### **Declension**

Remember that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Therefore they do not decline to the noun of the sentence:

* ***Hun spiser muligvis et æble*** which means ***she is possibly eating an apple***.

In fact, adverbs in Danish only decline to express comparative or superlative, just like in English (e.g. *small*, *smaller*, *smallest*). But don't worry about these for now, you'll learn these further down the tree. :)

### **From Adjective to Adverb**

Just like an adjective in English can be converted to an adverb by adding *-ly*, so it is possible in Danish, in general by adding `-t`:

* **Normal** (*normal*) becomes **normalt** (*normally*)
* **Fuldstændig** (*complete*) becomes **fuldstændigt** (*completely*).

This is not something you need to use actively in this skill, but you might find it interesting to note these converted adjectives.

Now, go and have fun with this skill and see you in the next one!

## **Determiners**

### **Determiners**

Determiners modify words that determine the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. In short, they describe things in further detail. Some Danish determiners may be a little confusing, since you’ve already learned the word—but with a different meaning! To help you out, we have explained everything below.

### **Den and Det**

You might recognize ***den*** (common gender) and ***det*** (neuter gender) from sentences like: ***Den spiser*** = *It eats*, but you are about to learn something new! ***Den*** and ***det*** can also mean *that* as long as the determiner is accompanied by a noun. E.g.:

* ***Den spiser*** means ***it eats***.
* ***Den mand spiser*** means ***that man eats***.

### **De**

At this point you’ve learned to combine ***de*** with a verb to form a simple present tense: ***De* *spiser*** = *They eat*. But if you combine ***de*** with a plural noun, your sentence will get a whole new meaning:

* ***De kjoler er smukke*** = *Those dresses are beautiful*.
* ***De mænd arbejder*** = *Those men are working*.

### **Disse**

This determiner works the same way as de, but simply means *these* instead.

Here is a table to make it "bell-clear" as we say in Danish:

 that
 these
 those

### **Anden and Andet**

These two determiners means the same but change gender according to the noun they describe. As you might have guessed ***anden*** is common gender and ***andet*** is neuter gender.

### **Sådan and Sådanne**

n English these would both be translated to *such*, but be aware that in Danish we differentiate between ***sådan*** (singularis) and ***sådanne*** (pluralis). They have to match the noun they describe too—but at least you don’t have to worry about gender with these two.

We hope that was helpful. Good luck!

## **Prepositions 2**

### **Ad versus Af**

Danish has two propositions that both translate roughly to the English *of*, and to make it worse they are also pronounced almost or exactly the same. These are ***ad*** and ***af***.

***Ad*** is used to describe a direction *along*, *through*, or *towards* something, and can often be eliminated in the English translation. For example:

* ***Jeg går ned ad gaden*** means ***I'm walking down (along) the street***.
* ***Pigen kigger ud ad vinduet*** means ***the girl is looking out (of) the window***.
* ***Hunden løber ind ad døren*** means ***the dog runs in (through) the door***.
* ***De griner ad ham*** means ***they're laughing at him**.*

***Af*** on the other hand describes something originating *from* something, physical movement *away from* from something or a *cause* of something. It also doubles as the word for *off*. Here's a few examples:

* ***Du stiger af toget*** means ***you get off the train***.
* ***Stolen er lavet af træ*** means ***the chair is made of wood***.
* ***Tag kjolen af*** means ***take the dress off***.
* ***Den er fuld af vand*** means ***it is full of water***.

Even Danes get these two mixed up, with a clear tendency towards the disappearance of ***ad***. Poor word. As mentioned, in spoken language there is no distinction between these two, so don't worry too much about it!

Now run along and learn some more prepositions!

## **Numbers**

### **Numbers**

Welcome back! It's now time for you to learn how to count. I know you probably learned that quite a few years ago, but now it is time for you to do it in Danish! Isn't that exciting?

Here's the list of numbers:

### **The Logic Behind the Numbers**

You are probably looking at the numbers, and thinking, there is absolutely no system behind that madness. And I would almost agree, except there is. You see, in Danish the number system is from a time where people loved to count by twenties, or something like that.

The numbers from fifty and up are short forms of their original words, so let us have a look at those: ***halvtredsindstyve***, ***tresindstyve***, ***halvfjerdsindstyve***, ***firsindstyve***, and ***halvfemsindstyve***. These weird number using halv- come from a line of old number words used to describe the base number minus a half, for instance: ***halvanden*** *(2-0.5 = 1.5)*, ***halvtredje** (3-0.5 = 2.5)*, ***halvfjerde** (4-0.5 = 3.5)*, and ***halvfemte** (5-0.5 = 4.5)*. Today only ***halvanden*** is left as a standalone word and is frequently used, while the others only appear in the aforementioned weird long forms.

Right, let us now discuss how this helps us understand the number ***halvtreds***: First we take the long form ***halvtredsindstyve***, which can be split into ***halvtredje***, ***sinde*** (*times*), and ***tyve***. Now this gives us ***"2.5 times 20", which is 50.***

Here's the quick rundown for the rest of them:

 halvfjerds
 firs
 halvfems

I hope this at least gives you an idea of why the Danish numbering works like it does. :)

### **Counting from Twenty and Beyond!**

In this course we are currently not teaching how to count to twenty-one and such due to a limitation with Duolingo. But here is how you do it:

Taking a two digit number above twenty it is written as XY, where X is the ten, and Y is the one. Let us take 34 as an example. Here X = 3 (thirty) and Y = 4 (four). In English you would say X-Y, so thirty-four. But Danish does it in reverse (which is different from both Norwegian and Swedish), so you would say Y-***og***-X. Let us consider our example of 34 again, here X = 3 (***tredive***) and Y = 4 (***fire***), which gives us ***fireogtredive*** (*four-and-thirty*). Note that in Danish numbers are treated like one word, where in English they are hyphenated. Let us do another quick example: 57 would be *fifty-seven* in English, but ***syvoghalvtreds*** in Danish.

### **More Things: Flere versus Mere**

In English *more* can be used both to indicate a larger amount of something and a larger count, or number, of things. In Danish, however, we use ***mere*** for a amounts and ***flere*** for counts:

* ***Vi har mere mad end jer*** meaning ***we have more food than you***, but:
* ***Vi har flere biler end jer*** meaning ***we have more cars than you***.

The same goes for the superlative:

* ***Vi har mest vand*** meaning ***we have the most water***, but:
* ***Vi har flest børn*** meaning ***we have the most kids***.

You might have realized that these are the comparative and superlative forms of ***meget*** and ***mange***:

 many

### **Age**

Now, I bet you want to know how to tell your age in Danish. Or maybe not... But I will teach you how anyways!

It's simple. Use the verb ***at** **være*** (to be): "***Jeg er tyve år gammel***." You can also just forget about "***gammel***" and say: "***Jeg er tyve år***". If you change the pronoun nothing happens, so just go for it!

You may encounter someone saying: "***Jeg har en ven på tyve år.***" Wait, what? Is he sitting on top of twenty years? Actually, this is just the clumsy Danish way of saying: "I have a twenty year old friend." But don't worry about how to use this expression for now, you will learn that later. ;-)

Phew! That was a lot of text and a lot of new information! Some practice on this subject should do you good now. ;)

## **Past 1**

### **Past Tense**

Welcome to another verb skill! You have already been through a couple of present tense skills. I cannot promise you that this skill will be just as easy, since it is not as brain dead simple as adding a simple `-er` at the end of the stem of the verb.

I promise you though that this skill is fairly simple still, since the verb is not conjugated according to the gender or number but rather to the verb itself. Seeing as English is probably simpler here, I'm sorry for promising too much.

In Danish there are two regular conjugations in the past tense. The conjugations are `-ede` and `-te`. These are added to the stem of the verb.

Here are examples of verbs using the `-ede` conjugation:

Translation
Tense
 elske
 lytte

The last word ***lytte*** does not quite follow the pattern, but if you forget the magically added second `t` then it does. This magically appearing second `t` is simply due to Danish consonant doubling, which is explained in previous skills, but here is a quick recap:

It occurs when the preceding vowel is short and the word does not already have two consonants succeeding it (in the same syllable). For example, the word for *cat*:

* ***En kat*** becomes ***katte***.

As a rule of thumb, Danish marks a short vowel by having two consonants after it in the same syllable. However, it does not double the same consonant if nothing follows it. Hence, it is ***kat*** in Danish and not *katt*.

Now let us take some examples of verbs using the `-te` conjugation:

Translation
Tense
 høre
 tænke

### **Irregular Verbs**

It would be too simple if all verbs were regular, so like in English we also have irregular verbs when it comes to past tense. With these verbs there are very few rules to help you, and the only surefire way to know how it is conjugated is to look in a dictionary.

I hope this was not too scary. Have fun with this skill! :D

## **Infinitive 1**

### **Infinitve Verbs**

Welcome back to another round of verbs, your host this evening is ever-friendly owl, Duolingo and Team Danish. We will guide you through the infinitive form of verbs. The infinitive form is also called the ***at-form*** in Danish, because at is placed in front of all verbs when on their own, for instance:

* ***at være*** means ***to be***.

The word ***at*** (*to* when used with infinitive verbs) can easily be confused with the word ***og*** (*and*) in speech, since they are pronounced the same way by the certain members of the careless youth today.

### **Modal Verbs**

In Danish the infinitive form is usually preceded by the ***at*** word except when used with modal verbs, such as *can*, *will*, etc. An example of this is: ***Jeg kan gå*** (*I can walk*), where ***kan*** (*can*, *may*, or *able to*) is a modal verb and ***gå*** (*walk*) is the infinitive form of the verb. In this skill we will introduce ***kan*** and ***vil*** (*will* or *want to*) as the only modal verbs for now. You will encounter many of these later, and learn the grammar behind those. For now, do not worry too much about it, and instead learn the way infinitive verbs work.

More examples of this are:

* ***Jeg kan ikke gøre det*** which means ***I cannot do it***.
* ***Hun vil blive her*** which means ***she wants to stay here***.

### **Infinitive as subject or object**

The infinitives in Danish may be used as the subject or object of a verb, just like in English. For instance:

* ***At rejse er at leve*** (*to travel is to live*), here both at ***rejse*** and at ***leve*** are infinivites used as subject and object, respectively.
* ***Jeg elsker at spise æbler*** (*I love to eat apples* or *I love eating apples*).

Thank you for your time, and good luck with this skill. It can be a little difficult to learn when to add the ***at***, but we believe in you!

## **Past 2**

### **Past Tense**

In Danish there are two regular conjugations in the past tense. The conjugations are `-ede` and `-te`. These are added to the stem of the verb.

Here are examples of verbs using the `-ede` conjugation:

Translation
Tense
 elske
 lytte

The last word ***lytte*** does not quite follow the pattern, but if you forget the magically added second `t` then it does. This magically appearing second `t` is simply due to Danish consonant doubling, which is explained in previous skills, but here is a quick recap:

It occurs when the preceding vowel is short and the word does not already have two consonants succeeding it (in the same syllable). For example, the word for *cat*:

* ***En kat*** becomes ***katte***.

As a rule of thumb, Danish marks a short vowel by having two consonants after it in the same syllable. However, it does not double the same consonant if nothing follows it. Hence, it is ***kat*** in Danish and not *katt*.

Now let us take some examples of verbs using the `-te` conjugation:

Translation
Tense
 høre
 tænke

### **Irregular Verbs**

It would be too simple if all verbs were regular, so like in English we also have irregular verbs when it comes to past tense. With these verbs there are very few rules to help you, and the only surefire way to know how it is conjugated is to look in a dictionary.

### **Da versus Når: Past and Future**

In English the conjunction *when* can be used to indicate how something relates time-wise to something else:

* *I was tired when he arrived.*
* *I will do it when she tells me to.*

Notice how the first one describes something that occurred in the past, while the other one describes something that have not yet come to pass.

You have already met the Danish conjunction ***når***, which translates to *when*. However, ***når*** is only used when speaking of the present or the future. When describing the past, we use ***da*** instead:

* ***Jeg spiser når jeg kan***, the familiar one, meaning *I will eat when I can* or *I eat when(ever) I can*. But:
* ***Jeg var træt da han kom*** indicates something that has already passed (*I was tired when he arrived*) so we use ***da*** instead.

Enjoy another blast from the past!

## **Adjectives 2**

### **Adjectives**

Here's a recap of how to handle adjectives in Danish.

Adjectives decline according to the grammatical gender and number of the noun that they modify. In Danish you would say *a big apple* with the sentence ***et stort æble***. You have already seen ***et æble***, so let us discuss the middle part: ***stort***. ***Stor*** is the Danish word for *big* (along with several other words). When used to describe a neuter gender noun such as ***æblet*** it is then suffixed by `-t` and becomes ***stort***.

There are three ways an adjective can be declined: `-`, `-t`, or `-e`:

 Plural

There are irregular adjectives that are missing one or more of the forms, such as ***beskidt*** (*dirty*), which only has that form for both singulars, and then another for plural (***beskidte***). Other words, such as ***moderne*** (*modern*) have one form used for everything.

### **Adjectives and Definite Nouns**

While nouns normally express definiteness using a postfix, this changes to using an article if any adjectives is attached to the noun.

If the adjective is used with a definite noun, then it is put between the definite article and the noun: ***En** **åben** **bil*** (*an open car*) becomes ***den** **åbne** **bil*** (*the open car*). In this case the adjective is declined the same way as for the plural, no matter the grammatical number or gender of the noun.

As a reminder, *the car* without any adjectives is simply ***bilen***, expressing the definite with the `-en` postfix and no article involved.

### **Comparative and Superlative**

Just like English, adjectives in Danish can be declined to indicate a degree This works exactly like in English, where you either postfix the adjective with `-ere` (or `-re`) for comparative and `-st` (or `-est`) for superlative or put the words ***mere*** (*more*) or ***mest*** (*most*) in front. The usual rules of consonant doubling and no repetition of *e* applies.

We apologize deeply for the two forms of comparative and superlative even in regular adjectives. There's is no clear way to determine which one it is except for what "sounds best": The `-ere` and `-st` are by far the most common ones, with `-re` being used for very common adjectives, and `-est` when the absence of *e* would make the word uncomfortable to pronounce (for a Dane!). Here's a few pretty regular adjectives:

Note that, in the comparative and superlative the adjectives no longer have any agreement with the grammatical gender of the noun the modify. The superlative declines with an added `-e` when put in the definite:

* ***Vi har de hurtigste biler*** meaning ***we have the fastest cars***.

Unfortunately, there are a bunch of completely irregular adjectives, just like in English. You'll get a chance to practice some of these in this skill:

 old
 big
 small
 young

***Mere*** (*more*) and ***mest*** (*most*) work exactly like in English when used to indicate the degree of an adjective:

* ***Du er mere intelligent end mig*** meaning ***you are more intelligent than me***.
* ***Hun er den mest intelligente i klassen*** meaning ***she is the most intelligent in the class***.

The general rule is that words of Latin or Greek origin take ***mere***/***mest*** and not postfix, while all other words can take either one. Some people will frown upon not using the postfix form for irregular adjectives, however.

### **More Things: Flere versus Mere**

In English *more* can be used both to indicate a larger amount of something and a larger count, or number, of things. In Danish, however, we use ***mere*** for a amounts and ***flere*** for counts:

* ***Vi har mere mad end jer*** meaning ***we have more food than you***, but:
* ***Vi har flere biler end jer*** meaning ***we have more cars than you***.

The same goes for the superlative:

* ***Vi har mest vand*** meaning ***we have the most water***, but:
* ***Vi har flest børn*** meaning ***we have the most kids***.

You might have realized that these are the comparative and superlative forms of ***meget*** and ***mange***:

 many

Have fun!

## **Present Perfect**

### **Present Perfect**

Congrulations! You have approached some more interesting verb tenses.

This skill focuses on the present perfect tense. This tense is very similar to English in that it (usually) uses ***har*** (*have* or *has*) combined with the past participle of the verb. The verb then has either `-t` or `-et` added to the stem form, depending on if it ends with an *e* or not.

For you grammar hawks out there, the present perfect is formed with ***at have*** (or ***at være***, *to be*, see below) plus the past participle.

Let us have a look at some example of this:

* ***Jeg har læst bogen*** meaning ***I have read the book***.
* ***Jeg har boet i Danmark*** meaning ***I have lived in Denmark***.

The stem form of the two words are: ***læs*** and ***bo*** respectively.

There is nothing too difficult about this tense when coming from English, since the word order is basically identical between the two languages even for questions, which previously caused some more complex structures:

* ***Har du læst bogen?*** meaning ***have you read the book?***

### **Using "er"**

In modern English, present perfect is almost exclusively done using *have* or *has*, but in Danish there are also verbs that use ***er*** (the present form of ***at være***, *to be*) instead of ***har***. However, these are few and in this skill only concerns ***blevet*** (*become*) and ***ankommet*** (*arrived*).

An example being:

* ***Jeg er blevet gammel*** meaning ***I have become old***.

In general, words that use ***er*** have to do with moving, such as walking, going, running, moving, arriving, and so on. For language buffs, this will ring a bell as being a shared tendency across European languages, even in older English.

Anyway, I am sure you will breeze right through this, and even if you do not, then no harm done. I am here to teach you!

## **Danish Food**

### **It Is All About the Food**

Welcome to another relaxing skill in the world of the Danish course. We promise that this skill will not be about all those pesky verbs and their annoying rules. This skill will instead use what you have already learned, and give you some Danish culture at the same time.

Some people love to cook food, and some people just love to eat it. In this skill we will have a look at some food that is very common in Danish culture, and add some food which was not introduced in the Food skill you already had. The reason this skill is further down is so that we can use it to rehearse with you guys some of the verb conjugations you have already learned. See, there is a reason behind the madness!

### **Danish-only Food**

In this skill you will encounter some words that are very difficult to translate, or the translation will simply be literal, since the food does not exist outside of Denmark and the Danish culture (at least not to the same extent or in the same variation). Some of these are ***flæskesteg***, which is a very common Danish dish that is basically roasted pork. You can read more about this dish on Wikipedia. Not all of these dishes will be described on the English Wikipedia, but if you finish this course we can almost guarantee that you can read about them on the Danish Wikipedia.

There are a lot more dishes than we can describe here, but go have fun and learn about some of the Danish food!

## **Relative Pronouns**

### **Relative Pronouns**

Relative pronouns are used as relative clauses that modifies the main clause of the main sentence. For instance:

* ***Jeg har bøgerne som de taler om*** meaning ***I have the books that they are talking about***.

Here the word ***som*** is used to refer to the noun ***bøgerne*** from the main sentence.

In Danish there are two very common relative pronouns: ***som*** and **der**. Both can be used instead of *which* or *that*, however there is a simple rule: ***som*** can be used for both subject and object, but ***der*** can only be used for objects.

The question words ***hvem***, ***hvilket***, ***hvilken***, and ***hvilke*** can also be used as relative pronouns, however since they are not essential and have already been presented, they are left out from this skill. ***Hvem*** is used to refer to a person, while ***hvilket***, ***hvilken***, and ***hvilke*** are used for non-human entities.

There are, however, two more words that are left in the skill: ***hvad*** and ***hvis***, translating to *what* and *whose*.

 hvis
 hvem
 hvilke/hvilket/hvilken
 hvad

These are some words that will be fairly easy to translate since they have a rather nice correlation with English. Also, if you're ever in doubt whether to use ***der*** or ***som***, then ***som*** is the safer bet. Now, good luck with the skill!

## **Indefinite Pronouns**

### **Referring to the Indefinite**

Welcome to something confusing!

A very common thing in Danish is to say something like ***man må ikke bande*** (*one must not swear*), when talking about some general person. Indefinite pronouns are used when referring to an unknown or unspecified being, object, or place.

There are three difficult pronouns that it is key to understand the difference between, since they are generally translated to almost the same in English. These three words are: ***man***, ***én***, and ***ens***. The last word is slight different, since it is the possessive indefinite pronoun, but let us wait with that. The apostrophe on ***én*** is optional, and you might also encounter it (elsewhere) written with a double-e instead (***een***). It merely serves to differentiate it from the meaning of *a* or *one*.

First we will look at the two words ***man*** and ***én***. ***Man*** is only used as the subject, and can be translated to *one* or *you*. Which one it is translated to comes down to preference in most cases, or which side of the Atlantic you were/one was born on. ***Én*** can only be used as the object, and also translates to *one* or *you*. Therefore it is usually easy to translate to English, but it requires a lot more thought going back.

Here are some examples:

* ***Det er dejligt når andre tænker på én*** (*It is nice when others think of you*), here it is the object, since others think of the pronoun, and thus it is ***én***.
* ***Man spiser ikke heste*** (*you do not eat horses* or *one does not eat horses*), here it is the subject and thus it is ***man***.

I hope this is pretty clear, because now we will extend it with the word ***ens***. This is the possessive indefinite pronoun and translates to *your* or *one's*. This should be pretty straight forward, but let us take an example:

* ***Det er ikke altid godt når andre går ind i ens hjem*** (*It is not always good when others go into one's home*), the English sentence can obviously use both *your* and *one's*. I just arbitrarily picked *one's* for this example.

I hope this is clear. There are not many indefinite pronouns worth spending time on learning, so this is a very focused skill. Good luck!

## **Modality**

### **Modal Verbs**

Modal verbs (*can*, *may*, *shall*, *will*, etc.) are auxiliary, meaning they modify the verb and express whether the action described is seen as a plan, intention, prediction, permission, and so forth. In Danish the modal verbs leave out the infinitive mark ***at*** when combined with infinitive verbs:

* ***Kan du høre hende synge?*** meaning ***can you hear her sing?***
* ***Jeg kunne ikke høre hende synge*** meaning ***I could not hear her sing**.*

Modal verbs are rather common in Danish, but most can be directly translated to English. There are however some words that you should look out for.

### **Words to Look For**

***Må***

*May* and *must* are often translated into the same word: ***må***. Therefore the difference from English is described through the rest of the sentence.

* ***Må jeg spørge dig om noget?*** meaning ***may I ask you about something?***
* ***Hun må være meget glad*** meaning ***she must be very happy***.

The past and conditional of ***må*** is ***måtte***:

* ***Hun måtte ikke spise mere*** meaning ***she was not allowed to eat any more***.

***Vil***

The Danish word ***vil*** can express a want, an intention or demand, or an opinion or prediction. Please note that even though English uses *will* to indicate future this is not the case for Danish. In Danish it is only used to describe future actions if you want to underline an intention or opinion.

* ***Han kommer senere*** becomes ***he will come later***.

The past and conditional of ***vil*** is ***ville***:

* ***Ville han komme herhen?*** meaning ***would he come over here?***

***Skal***

The past and conditional of ***skal*** is ***skulle***. This word covers a lot of things, so let us list them:

* A plan, system, suggestion, or agreement: ***Du skulle prøve det!*** meaning ***you should try it!***
* Usually with the word nok: A promise or an assurance: ***Du skal nok blive god*** meaning ***you will be good** (I assure you!)*
* The pattern behind a behavior: ***Hvorfor skal du altid lytte?*** meaning ***why do you always have to listen?***
* A common opinion: ***H.C. Andersen skulle være god*** meaning ***Hans Christian Andersen should be good** (I heard it from my friends)*
* A feared scenario: ***Jeg er bange at han en dag skal falde*** (*I fear that he shall one day fall*)

Please note that ***skal*** is also used for describing transport or intent:

* ***Jeg skal til Danmark*** (*I am going to Denmark*)
* ***Jeg skal flyve til England*** (*I will be flying to England*)
* ***Du skal hjem nu*** meaning *you are going home now.*
* ***Vi skal ud at løbe*** meaning *we are going to go running.*

### **More Modal Verbs in One Phrase**

In Danish you can combine modal verbs:

* ***Du skal kunne tale dansk*** meaning ***you must be able to speak Danish***, where ***kunne*** becomes *be able to*.

Right, this should get you started! Hopefully you are not too terrified of Danish yet. We wish you the best of luck!

## **Past Perfect**

### **Past Perfect**

Well then, this skill is rather simple if you aced the Present Perfect, and even if you did not then this is again very similar to the English past perfect.

This tense uses the Danish word ***havde*** (from ***at have***, *to have*) combined with the past participle of the verb. Therefore the verb either has `-t` or `-et` added to the stem form of the word. This mostly depends on it ending with an *e* or not.

Some examples:

* ***Jeg havde læst bogen*** meaning ***I had read the book***.
* ***Jeg havde boet i Danmark*** meaning ***I had lived in Denmark***.

The stem form of the two words are: ***læs*** and ***bo*** respectively.

There is nothing too difficult about this tense when coming from English, since the word order is basically identical between the two languages even for questions, which previously caused some more complex structures:

* ***Havde du læst bogen?*** meaning ***had you read the book?***

### **Using "var"**

As with present perfect, then past perfect is almost exclusive done using *had*, but in Danish there are also verbs that use ***var*** (past tense ***at være***, *to be*) instead of ***havde***.

One example is:

* ***Jeg var gået da du kom*** meaning ***I had left when you arrived***.

In general, words that use ***var*** have to do with moving, such as walking, going, running, moving, arriving, and so on. Just like in the present perfect.

So, basically this skill is present perfect all over again, with a different auxiliary. Free repetition! Enjoy!

## **Progressive Actions**

### **Progressive Aspect**

The progressive aspect describes something that is happening over an extended period of time, e.g.: *I’m sleeping.* or *I was reading a book*. The progressive aspect is also often used when another action interrupts an on-going event, e.g.: *I was eating when a ninja appeared in the window.*

In Danish we do not have a specific conjugation of the verb to express this, as some other languages do. Instead we have a number of different constructs used in expressing on-going events.

**Står/Sidder/Ligger/Går og…**

Danes often use either one of the verbs ***står***, ***sidder***, ***ligger*** and ***går*** together with the verb that describes the thing we are also doing to express that we do it right now. For example:

* ***Jeg sidder og læser**.* = literally ***I’m sitting and reading**.*
* ***Han står og snakker**.* = literally ***He’s standing and talking**.*
* ***De ligger og sover**.* = literally ***They’re lying and sleeping**.*

You will often see that the word ***lige*** is added after the first verb:

* ***Jeg sidder lige og læser**.*
* ***Han står lige og snakker**.*
* ***De ligger lige og sover**.*

The adding of ***lige*** is sometimes unimportant, but it can also change the meaning from something being done in the present to that someone is busy doing something and must not be interrupted. You will have to judge this by the situation. For example:

* ***Må jeg spørge om noget?*** = ***May ask (about) something?***

***Nej, jeg sidder lige og læser**.* = ***No, I'm busy reading**.*

* ***Hvad laver du?*** = ***What are you doing?***

***Jeg sidder lige og læser**.* = ***I'm reading**.*

***I gang med, i færd med and at være ved noget...***

The best translation for these three phrases would be either *in the midst of* or to add `-ing` to the verb stem. They all mean the same, but ***i gang med*** and ***at være ved noget*** is used more often both in written and spoken language whereas ***i færd med*** occurs less often—you are most likely to find this phrase in Danish literature.

Here are a few examples to help you understand the phrases better:

* ***Jeg er i gang med at lave mad*** means either ***I’m cooking food***or***I’m in the midst of cooking food****.*
* ***Han var i færd med at undervise børnene*** means either ***he was teaching the children*** or ***he was in the midst of teaching the children.***
* ***Jeg er ved at tænde lysene*** means either ***I’m lighting the candles*** or ***I’m in the midst of lighting the candles**.*

Please note that ***at være ved at*** is a little different from ***i gang med*** and ***i færd med***—it can also mean *to be about to something* as seen in these examples below:

* ***Jeg er lige ved at forstå**.* = ***I’m just about to understand**.*
* ***Jeg er ved at være færdig**.* = ***I’m about to be done**.*

***Være ved at blive***

Means *is about to become*, *becoming* or *in the midst of becoming—*sometimes it can mean all three things at once!

* ***Det er ved at blive mørkt**.* = ***It’s getting dark**.*
* ***Det er lige ved at blive mørkt**.* = ***It’s just about to become dark**.*
* ***Han er ved at blive en mand**.* = ***He is becoming a man*** or ***he is in the midst of becoming a man**.*
* ***Vi er ved at blive gamle**.* = ***We are getting old**.*

Don’t worry too much about that weird little word ***lige***. There is no accurate translation and the meaning will change according to the sentence’s structure and the situation. This is one of the queer things of the Danish language, that you can only come to understand with time.

This was just about everything you had to know about the Danish progressive actions. We hope it wasn’t too confusing. Good luck with it!

## **Reflexive Pronouns**

### **Reflexive Pronouns**

Hey! You have made it this far? Impressive. We are at reflexive pronouns and we are glad you are here with us.

Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that refer to a noun, adjective, adverb, or pronoun that precedes or follows it within the same clause. That is kinda confusing though, so let us just take an example:

* ***Manden vasker sig*** (*The man washes himself*).

In this example ***sig*** is the reflexive pronoun referring to the man.

Let us get an overview with the following table:

 dig
 sig
 os
 jer
 sig

### **The Use of "Selv"**

You may sometimes encounter the use of the reflexive pronoun followed by the word ***selv***. This does not change the way it is translated, and Danes may use it or not. It can be used to express an added emphasis, if so desired.

We hope that this will be easy enough for you, or else we can hunt down the people who control Danish. They sure have let it run wild.

## **Compound Nouns**

### **Compound Nouns**

Hey there! Here's a relaxing skill for you. The purpose of this skill is to properly introduce you to compound nouns. Compound nouns are less common in English than they are in Danish, since they are usually split into separate words in English. In Danish there is in theory no limit to how long a compound noun can be.

A compound noun always has a noun as the last part and is pronounced with one strong stress. If a compound is spoken with one strong stress and consists of two or more parts that are regular nouns, then the compound is always written in one word, no matter how long the compound noun might be:

* ***telefonledning*** (*telephone cord*)
* ***parkeringsbilletautomat*** (*parking ticket machine*)
* ***studieopholdsforsikringspolice*** (*study insurance policy*)

Right, go have fun with this skill, and we will see you in the next one!

## **Passive Present**

### **Passive Present**

This skill will probably mess with your brain a little bit.

Passive voice is not that common in English, but it is very common in Danish. Therefore we decided to teach you both passive present and passive past. Passive past will come a little later, but be very much like this. Passive voice is so common that if you do not know it, you will probably be lost when you come to Denmark. Okay, just kidding, but it is common!

Passive voice can be formed in two ways: `-s`-passive, and ***blive***-passive. Let us have a look at both:

* `-s`-passive is formed by adding `-s` to the infinitive of a verb instead of the present form `-r`: ***sælges*** (*is sold* or *is being sold*) where the present form is ***sælger*** (*sells*).
* ***blive***-passive is formed by the word ***bliver*** and the perfect form of the verb: ***bliver solgt*** (same as above).

Here are some examples:

* The `-s`-passive: ***Smørret tages fra skabet*** (*the butter is taken from the cabinet*) can be made into ***blive***-passive in the following way: ***Smørret bliver taget fra skabet***. Both sentences are translated into the same in English in this case.
* The `-s`-passive: ***Historien fortælles igen og igen*** (*the story is told again and again*) becomes: ***Historien bliver fortalt igen og igen***.

Please note that some verbs can be used in both forms, some verbs change meaning slightly depending on the form, and some verbs can only exist in one form. There are no real way to know except for looking it up.

Good luck with these. Be sure to ask questions if something is confusing!

## **Politeness**

### **Politeness**

If you want to impress the old ladies in Denmark, you have to be polite—and we are here to help you with that!

The formal form of addressing someone is not that common in Denmark anymore. Some shop assistants and cashiers use this form, but while some customers might appreciate this, others might find it a little unusual and weird. Among young people it’s almost extinct, but it’s always considered appropriate to address the elderly and higher-rankings in the polite form.

***De, Dem and Deres***

When speaking to someone in a formal manner, you will have to use the 3rd person plural: ***De/Dem*** = *you* and ***Deres*** = *your*.

***De*** is used (instead of ***du***) when talking directly to someone:

* ***De ser godt ud*** = ***You look good***.
* ***Hvem er De, frue?*** = ***Who are you, ma’am?***

***Dem*** means the same as ***De***, but is either being controlled by a preposition or is the object of a verb:

* ***Hvad kan jeg gøre for Dem, hr.?*** = ***What can I do for you, sir?***
* ***Kan jeg hjælpe Dem?*** = ***Can I help you?***

***Deres*** means *your* or *yours*. It is used when talking about something belonging to the person you are addressing in a polite manner:

* ***Er dette Deres?*** = ***Is this yours?***
* ***Skal jeg tage Deres jakke?*** = ***Shall I take your jacket?***

Please note how the D is always capitalized in written language to distinguish between plural and polite form.

***Fru and frue***

***Fru*** is used when talking to a married woman and ***frue*** to either a married woman or to a woman above the age of around 30.

You can use ***frue*** independently of her last name:

* ***Har De det godt, frue?*** = ***Are you well, ma’am?***
* ***Frue, De må ikke være her*** = ***Ma’am, you are not allowed to be here***.

***Fru*** requires you to mention the last name of the woman:

* ***Fru Hansen er her ikke i dag**.* = ***Mrs. Hansen is not here today***.
* ***Hr. og fru Aagaard bor på en gård**.* = ***Mr. and Mrs. Aagaard live on a farm**.*

***Frk. and frøken***

***En frøken*** is *a miss* - an unmarried, young woman or girl. The same rules applies here as explained above: ***frk***. requires you to mention the last name of the young woman whereas ***frøken*** can be used independently:

* ***Frk. Jensen er meget smuk**.* = ***Miss Jensen is very beautiful**.*
* ***Er du en frøken eller frue?*** = ***Are you a miss or a ma'am?***

***Hr. and herre***

***Hr***. can be used both with and without the mention of last name. It describes an adult man, married as well as unmarried:

* ***Undskyld mig, hr., De glemte Deres pung**.* = ***Excuse me, sir, you forgot your wallet**.*
* ***Hr. Olsen smiler til sin kone**.* = ***Mr. Olsen smiles at his wife**.*

***Herre*** is not a common form of addressing, but is often used when talking of sports, clothing and toilets:

* ***herretoilet*** = ***gentlemen's lavatory***
* ***herretøj*** = ***men’s clothing***
* ***herrefodbold*** = ***football for men*****.**

***Herre*** can also mean the Lord (God) if the h is capitalized:

* ***Du må bede Herren om tilgivelse**.* = ***You must ask the Lord for forgiveness***.

At last ***herre*** can mean sire or master as seen in these examples:

* ***Katten er sin egen herre**.* = ***The cat is his own master**.*
* ***Lægen er her, herre**.* = ***The doctor is here, sire***.

Please note, that this use of ***herre*** in the meaning of *sire* only appears in literature and movies which takes place in old times. It's not used in real, everyday life.

***Bede om***

***At bede*** means *to ask for* (and also *to pray*, but that’s not important right now), so if you want something, you will have to ask like this: ***Må jeg bede om vandet?*** is literally *May I ask for the water?* Same goes for actions, favors, help, ect:

* ***Må jeg bede dig om en tjeneste?*** = ***May I ask you a favor?***
* ***Må jeg bede om noget hjælp?*** = ***May I ask for some help?***
* ***Jeg må bede dig gå nu**.* = ***I will have to ask you to leave now**.*

***At være så venlig***

It is always good to know this phrase: ***Vil du være så venlig at…*** is literally *Would you be so kind to…* It functions as the English *please*, but is used at the beginning of the sentence:

* ***Vil De være så venlig at flytte Dem lidt?*** = ***Would you move yourself a little, please?***
* ***Vil du være så venlig at lave mad i aften?*** = ***Would you make dinner tonight, please?***

Pay attention to the verb: when following ***være så venlig*** it has to be infinitive.

***Tak for mad***

If you should ever find yourself at a Danish dinnertable, you will have to say ***tak for mad*** when you’ve finished your meal. It literally means: *thanks for food*. The answer to this will almost always be: ***velbekomme***. The English language does not have anything corresponding, but it functions as a kind of *you’re welcome*.

That was it! You are now armed to the teeth with politeness. This skill should not be too difficult – good luck with it!

## **Present Participle**

### **The Limited Present Participle**

In English, the present participle has a wide array of applications, such as forming the progressive (*I am eating*), forming adjective phrases (*You are sitting at the table*), or for adverbial clauses with the subject implied by the main clause (*Looking at the stack of papers, I am overwhelmed*). In English, it is formed by adding `-ing` to the stem.

In Danish, however, the usage is much more limited. It is only used to convert a verb into an adjective, and sometimes an adverb. It is formed by adding `-ende` to the verb stem.

For example, *to smile* is ***at smile*** (easy, huh?). The stem here is `smil-`, to which we add `-ende`:

* ***Den smilende mand spiser** **en is*** meaning ***the smiling man is eating ice cream***.

Here the verb is used as an adjective to describe a property of a noun. Another example could be:

* ***Jeg hader skrigende børn*** meaning ***I hate screaming children***.

Imagine you have a younger sibling who is just now returning from the playground, having hurt himself enough to cry a bit. The verb is ***at græde*** with the stem being `græd-`. So we might describe the situation:

* ***Barnet kom grædende ind*** where we use the verb in the present participle to describe the manner in which the child came in: *The child came crying in.*

More naturally, perhaps, in English one would say *the child came in, crying*. Notice how the present participle is free to move around in English, while it is more locked down in the adverb position in Danish.

The present participle can also be used descriptively, like any other adjective:

* ***Hun er en smilende person***. Here the verb is smile which we saw before, so this translates to *she is a smiling person* (i.e. someone who smiles often).
* ***Du er krævende*** from ***kræve*** (*demand*) hence *you are demanding* (i.e. a demanding person).
* ***Skrigende børn er irriterende***. Double up! Here we have ***at*** ***skrige*** and ***at irritere***, in English *to scream* and *to annoy*. Converting to adjectives we get: *Screaming children are annoying*.

While it can be tempting to try to translate, for instance, the progressive (*I am eating*) using the present participle just the same in Danish, this would be wrong! Don't do it!

In summary, present participle only for adjective and adverb purposes. :)

## **Imperative**

### **Imperative**

So, you may be wondering why we have not been more demanding. I mean in the sense of having sentences such as: "Go away!" and such. This is because it requires a special mood of the verb in Danish, different from the infinitive. However, this mood is equivalent to the stem of the word. So it's really not that hard. :)

Imperative is also called ***bydeform*** in Danish (*bidding-form*roughly translated), because it is used to issue commands and biddings. So that we know that, why not have a look how it actually works?

 at synge
 at betale
 at lytte
 at fortælle

It is pretty simple, since it just has the form of the stem of the word which we've already used in other skills to form other tenses.

To find the stem, or imperative, one can just strip off any *e*-s that you can (and any double consonants like in the table above), and then you have your word. If the word is so short that removing the *e* leaves it with one letter or only consonants, then you went too far.

Now you can say things like:

* ***Gå væk!*** (*Go away!*)
* ***Se her!*** (*Look here!*)
* ***Tal nu eller ti for evigt!*** (*Speak now or forever hold your peace*)

Okay that last one was a phrase that is probably very situational. Anyway, have fun issuing commands!

## **Future**

### **The Unmarked Future**

Welcome to the skill that is not recognized by many Danes in daily speech: The future.

This is because Danish usually has an unmarked future, meaning it uses the present tense as future. Future in Danish can also be formed with the use of modals such as ***vil*** (*want*) or ***skal*** (*must* or *shall*) followed by the infinitive. Lastly future can be formed with ***blive*** (*become*), which in this case will have the meaning *will be*.

* Examples of using the present tense: ***Jeg rejser i morgen*** (*I will travel tomorrow*) and ***jeg kommer senere*** (*I will come later*).
* Examples of using modals: ***Jeg skal svømme i morgen*** (*I am going to swim tomorrow*) and *j**eg vil drikke tre glas vand i næste uge*** (*I will drink three glasses of water next week*).
* Lastly we have future using ***blive***: ***Bliver det nogensinde godt igen?*** (*Will it ever become good again?*)

There is really nothing else to it. Either Danes do not care about the future, or we care so much that it is a very incorporated part of our language. Who knows? Don't look at us.

## **Passive Past**

### **Passive Past**

This skill is so similar to the passive present that this might seem very alike. However, the ways of forming passive are slightly different in the past, even though they are called the same things. This skill is again one of the most difficult skills to grasp coming from English, since passive is not that common as it is in Danish. Passive voice is very common in Danish.

Passive voice can be formed in two ways: `-s`-passive, and ***blive***-passive. Let us have a look at both:

* `-s`-passive is formed by adding `-s` to the active form of a verb (`-te` or `-ede`): ***solgtes*** (*was sold* or *was being sold*) where the active form is ***solgte*** (*sold*).
* blive-passive is formed by the word blev and the perfect form of the verb: blev solgt (same as above).

Here are some examples:

* The `-s`-passive: ***Dørene åbnedes for to timer siden*** (*the doors were opened two hours ago*) can be made into ***blive***-passive in the following way: ***Dørene blev åbnet for to timer siden***. Both sentences are translated into the same in English in this case.
* The `-s`-passive: ***Loven ændredes efter mange år med krig*** (*the law was changed after many years with war*) becomes: ***Loven blev ændret efter mange år med krig***.

Please note that some verbs can be used in both forms, some verbs change meaning slightly depending on the form, and some verbs can only be exist in one form. There are no real way to know except for looking it up.

Good luck with these! Please do not hesitate to ask questions, this is one of the most confusing areas of learning Danish.

## **Future Perfect**

### **The Nonexistent Conjugation**

Future perfect is a conjugation that is not strictly found in Danish. Therefore this skill is a little... strange. However, we want to still give you the option to speak about something that will have happened in the future, but haven't happened yet, because that is just way cooler.

In Danish future perfect is be formed by using present perfect about an action that is not happening now, but will happen in the future. This is a bit confusing, so let us take some examples:

* ***Jeg har fundet mine nøgler når du kommer*** (*I will have found my keys when you arrive*), in this sentence the future comes through the use of *when you arrive*.
* ***Manden har spist sin mad i morgen aften*** (*the man will have eaten his food tomorrow evening*), again the sentence becomes future due to the use of *tomorrow evening*.

Notices how the sentences can quickly become present perfect if we remove the future part:

* ***Jeg har fundet mine nøgler*** meaning ***I have found my keys**.*
* ***Manden har spist sin mad*** meaning ***the man has eaten his food***.

If you want to be nit-picky about it, the perfect future can be formed using ***vil have*** (*will have*) just like in English, but it sounds rather strange.

As you can see Danish does not use future perfect and it is also not that common in colloquial Danish. However, we understand that you guys come from a different language and thus may love this conjugation, therefore we will be teaching you guys this!

Aren't we nice?

## **Conditional Perfect**

### **The What-If**

Ever wanted to say that you would have gotten away with something if it had not been for those meddling kids? Well now you can do so in Danish. After this skill, anyway.

So the above paragraph already uses conditional perfect. It is a grammatical construction that uses the conditional mood combined with the perfect aspect. A typical phrasing in English would be: *would have* + perfect tense of the verb, e.g. *would have gotten*. The same goes for Danish, however it is fairly common to use the modal verbs: ***kunne***, ***ville***, ***skulle***, and then ***have***. Here are some examples.

* ***Jeg kunne have købt en bil, hvis jeg havde haft nok penge*** (*I could have bought a car, if I had had enough money*).
* ***Det ville have ændret mit liv, hvis vi havde vundet*** (*It would have changed my life, if we had won*).

There are several more, but you get the idea: modal verb + ***have*** + perfect tense of verb. This is very similar to English.

Now go ace this skill and we will see you in the next one!

## **H.C. Andersen**

### **The Secret Bonus Skill**

First of all: congratulations for reaching the bottom of the tree! You made it through 68 skills so far! As a little “present” we made this secret bonus skill for you. Maybe you’ve seen it down there in the bottom wondering what “Once Upon” was supposed to mean. Wait no longer!

We are happy to reveal that this is a skill dedicated to one of Denmark’s most beloved authors, the world famous H.C. Andersen.

These lessons will focus on some of his most famous fairy tales such as The Little Mermaid, The Ugly Duckling, The Snow Queen, The Nightingale and many more! And who knows? Maybe you’re able to read them all in Danish now!