Nouns

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Nouns in Kazakh do not bear grammatical gender or noun-class and, subsequently, agreement for gender is not observed in Kazakh.

Nouns do decline for **case** and **number**.

### Cases

#### **Nominative Case**

Nominative case - Атау септік

* ат - name
* атау - to name
* септік - case (grammar case)

Менің атым Димаш. - My name is Dimash.

Aтау септік means literally ‘the naming case’.

It is basic, unmarked form of the noun, pronoun, numeral, etc. Words in nominative case don't have any case suffix.

The word in nominative case answers one of the questions:

* Кім? - Who?
* Кімдер? – Who? (plural)
* Не? - What?
* Нелер? – What? (plural)

The nominative case is used to name: person, subject, phenomena.

Nouns (or noun phrases) in nominative case serve as a **subject** of the sentence. Underline words are in nominative case:

* Димаш хат жазды. (Dimash hat jazdy) - Dimash wrote a letter.
* Ана тамақ пісірді. (Ana tamaq pisirdi) - Mother cooked a food.
* Студенттер келді. (Studentter keldi) - Students came.
* Құстар келді. (Qustar keldi) - The birds came.

It may also be a **direct object** if a noun is indefinite, which means in English noun would be marked with 'a' / 'an' instead of 'the'.

* Азамат қалам сатып алды. - Azamat bought **a** pencil.
* Азамат қалам**ды** сатып алды. - Azamat bought **the** pencil. - Accusative case for direct object
* қалам - pencil

You can test yourself on the following page: Tili Softmaker. Be aware that the page uses only Latin alphabet, not Cyrillic.

### Possessive Endings - my / your, etc

Possession in Kazakh is expressed with suffixes - possessive endings. Let's demonstrate it along with personal pronoun in genitive case. Look at the table.

If you pay close attention, you will notice:

* **2SG.POL = 2PL = 2PL.POL** - 2nd person in singular (formal) and 2nd person in plural (both informal and formal) **have the same endings**
* **3SG = 3PL** - 3rd person both in singular and plural **have the same ending**

So de facto you have to learn only 5 versions of possessive ending, not 8 of them :)

бала – a child

менің бала**м** – my child (менің - my) (бала + -м)

сенің бала**ң** – your child (singular, informal) (сенің - your) (бала + -**ң**)

сіздің бала**ңыз** – Your child (singular, formal) (сіздің - your) (бала + -**ңыз**)

оның бала**сы** – his / her child (оның - his, her, pay attention there is no л from ол) (бала + -**сы**)

біздің бала**мыз** – our child (біздің - our) (бала + -**мыз**)

сендердің бала**ңыз** – your child (plural, informal) (сендердің - your) (бала + -**ңыз**)

сіздердің бала**ңыз** – Your child (plural, formal) (сіздердің - your) (бала + -**ңыз**)

олардың бала**сы** – their child (олардың - their) (бала + -**сы**)

Отан – homeland

менің Oтаным – my homeland

сенің Oтаның – your homeland (singular, informal)

сіздің Oтаныңыз – Your homeland (singular, formal)

оның Oтаны – his / her homeland

біздің Oтанымыз – our homeland

сендердің Oтаныңыз – your homeland (plural, informal)

сіздердің Oтаныңыз – Your homeland (plural, formal)

олардың Oтаны – their homeland

тіл – language

менің тілім – my language

сенің тілің – your language (singular, informal)

сіздің тіліңіз – Your language (singular, formal)

оның тілі – his / her language

біздің тіліміз – our language

сендердің тіліңіз – your language (plural, informal)

сізлердің тіліңіз – Your language (plural, formal)

олардың тілі – their language

## Vocabulary

### Most frequent nouns

* As perTurkish frequency list , as I haven't found trustworthy Kazakh frequency list.

### Nous from 625 base thematic list

Source: https://blog.fluent-forever.com/base-vocabulary-list/

#### Animal

* жануар - animal
* ит - dog
* мысық - cat
* балық - fish
* құс - bird
* қанат - wing (this is also common male name in Kazakhstan)
* сиыр - cow
* шошқа - pig
* тышқан - mouse
* жылқы - horse

#### Transportation

train, plane, car, truck, bicycle, bus, boat, ship, tire, gasoline, engine, (train) ticket, transportation

* пойыз - train
* ұшақ - plane
* машина - car
* жүк автомобилі - truck
* велосипед - bicycle
* автобус - bus
* қайық - boat
* кеме - ship

#### Location

city, house, apartment, street/road, airport, train station, bridge, hotel, restaurant, farm, court, school, office, room, town, university, club, bar, park, camp, store/shop, theater, library, hospital, church, market, country (USA, France, etc.), building, ground, space (outer space), bank, location

#### Clothing

hat, dress, suit, skirt, shirt, T-shirt, pants, shoes, pocket, coat, stain, clothing

#### People

son\*, daughter\*, mother, father, parent (= mother/father), baby, man, woman, brother\*, sister\*, family, grandfather, grandmother, husband\*, wife\*, king, queen, president, neighbor, boy, girl, child (= boy/girl), adult (= man/woman), human (≠ animal), friend (Add a friend’s name), victim, player, fan, crowd, person

#### Job

Teacher, student, lawyer, doctor, patient, waiter, secretary, priest, police, army, soldier, artist, author, manager, reporter, actor, job

#### Society

religion, heaven, hell, death, medicine, money, dollar, bill, marriage\*, wedding\*, team, race (ethnicity), sex (the act), sex (gender), murder, prison, technology, energy, war, peace, attack, election, magazine, newspaper, poison, gun, sport, race (sport), exercise, ball, game, price, contract, drug, sign, science, God

#### Art

band, song, instrument (musical), music, movie, art

#### Beverages

coffee, tea, wine, beer, juice, water, milk, beverage

#### Food

egg, cheese, bread, soup, cake, chicken, pork, beef, apple, banana, orange, lemon, corn, rice, oil, seed, knife, spoon, fork, plate, cup, breakfast, lunch, dinner, sugar, salt, bottle, food

#### Home

table, chair, bed, dream, window, door, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, pencil, pen, photograph, soap, book, page, key, paint, letter, note, wall, paper, floor, ceiling, roof, pool, lock, telephone, garden, yard, needle, bag, box, gift, card, ring, tool

#### Electronics

clock, lamp, fan, cell phone, network, computer, program (computer), laptop, screen, camera, television, radio

#### Body

head, neck, face, beard, hair, eye, mouth\*, lip\*, nose, tooth, ear, tear (drop), tongue, back, toe, finger, foot, hand, leg, arm, shoulder, heart, blood, brain, knee, sweat, disease, bone, voice, skin, body

#### Nature

sea\*, ocean\*, river, mountain, rain, snow, tree, sun, moon, world, Earth, forest, sky, plant, wind, soil/earth, flower, valley, root, lake, star, grass, leaf, air, sand, beach, wave, fire, ice, island, hill, heat, nature

#### Materials

glass, metal, plastic, wood, stone, diamond, clay, dust, gold, copper, silver, material

#### Math / Measurements

meter, centimeter, kilogram, inch, foot, pound, half, circle, square, temperature, date, weight, edge, corner

#### Misc Nouns

map, dot, consonant, vowel, light, sound, yes, no, piece, pain, injury, hole, image, pattern, noun, verb, adjective

#### Months

January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December

#### Days of the week

Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday

#### Time

year, month, week, day, hour, minute, second , morning, afternoon, evening, night, time

Other words (not nouns from the list)
Color: red, green, blue (light/dark), yellow, brown, pink, orange, black, white, gray, color

Directions: top, bottom, side, front, back, outside, inside, up, down, left, right, straight, north, south, east, west, direction

Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 42, 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 62, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 90, 91, 92, 100, 101, 102, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 10000, 100000, million, billion, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, numberC

Verbs: work, play, walk, run, drive, fly, swim, goC, stop, follow, think, speak/say, eat, drink, kill, die, smile, laugh, cry, buy\*, pay\*, sell\*, shoot(a gun), learn, jump, smell, hear\* (a sound), listen\* (music), taste, touch, see (a bird), watch (TV), kiss, burn, melt, dig, explode, sit, stand, love, pass by, cut, fight, lie down, dance, sleep, wake up, sing, count, marry, pray, win, lose, mix/stir, bend, wash, cook, open, close, write, call, turn, build, teach, grow, draw, feed, catch, throw, clean, find, fall, push, pull, carry, break, wear, hang, shake, sign, beat, lift

Adjectives: long, short (long), tall, short (vs tall), wide, narrow, big/large, small/little, slow, fast, hot, cold, warm, cool, new, old (new), young, old (young), good, bad, wet, dry, sick, healthy, loud, quiet, happy, sad, beautiful, ugly, deaf, blind, nice, mean, rich, poor, thick, thin, expensive, cheap, flat, curved, male, female, tight, loose, high, low, soft, hard, deep, shallow, clean, dirty, strong, weak, dead, alive, heavy, light (heavy), dark, light (dark), nuclear, famous

Pronouns: I, you (singular), he, she, it, we, you (plural, as in “y’all”), they.