First Manchuria Campaign

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## First Manchuria Campaign

Chinese forces celebrating the initial withdrawal of Haidean forces from Inner Mongolia province, 2080.

Haidean soldier aiming down his sights against the Chinese in the fields on the outskirts of Changchun, 2079.

## First Manchuria Campaign

### Conflict:

Part of the Haidean-Japanese coalition against China and Korea

### Place:

Liaoning province, Jilin province, Inner Mongolia province

### Outcome:

Haidean-Japanese defeat* American intervention
* Harbin and Tokyo destroyed
* Haidean, Japanese and Periwanian withdrawal from all occupied territories
* Capitulation of the State of Japan and the Japanese Royal Family
* Treaty of Beijing (2083)

Combatants| * Haidean Republic
* Japanese Empire
* State of Periwan
* Korean Federation
* United States

Commanders|  **Zhang Liqiang** **Akihiro Takana** **Hafiz Megat*** Zou Chun
* Huo Kun
* Ren Jiahao
* Hiroto Jackson
* Minato Jiro
* Riku Kiyoshi
* Akram Mahmood
* Liang Mu
* Jamal Harding-Jacobs
* Peter Loray
* Ryul Yun-Seo

The First Manchurian Campaign (Simplified Chinese: 第一次满洲战役), otherwise known as 'The War That Could've Been Won' (Simplified Chinese: 本来可以打赢的战争) was a conflict fought by the Haidean Republic, with assistance from the State of Periwan and the Japanese Empire against the Republic of China, in an attempt to seize and control the Provinces of Liaoning and Jilin, as well as securing the Hulunbuir pocket, a region that separates the Haidean Republic from the Hulunbuir enclave located in Inner Mongolia province. The offensive was launched on the 3rd of July, 2079, and was expected to play a big part in the Japanese three-step plan to have full control of the Yellow Sea. Japanese and Haidean analysts expected the war to last for two years at the most. The State of Periwan offered their support towards their Haidean and Japanese counterparts in the war, as a result of close ties between the two countries, by supplying equipment, funding and troops to the front lines. The ultimate goal of the Haidean offensive was to capture the Chinese capital, Beijing.

However, an American intervention in mid 2080 quickly slowed down the offensive, with threats made by the White House to "obliterate" major Haidean and Japanese cities if both countries were to not pull out of their occupied territories. The war was prolonged even further when the United States launched the ODIN Defence System against Tokyo, Hiroshima, Sapporo and Okinawa, prompting a successful coup from Japanese militias, resulting in the collapse of the Japanese Empire on the 7th of December 2082. The Periwanian government, fearing similar attacks on major Periwanian cities, immediately withdrew from all occupied territories and declared neutrality. On the 10th of February, 2083, despite assurances that it was not going to interfere in the Haidean Campaign, the United States once again used the Orbital Defence Initiative against the Haidean Capital, Harbin, as well as other major Haidean cities, including Daqing, Qiqihar and Mudanjiang. This forced Haidean high command to file an unconditional surrender on the 13th of February, which was signed the next day, thus ending the war. America has since faced a lot of backlash from the international community, most notably the Republic of Chemgota, for failing to find a diplomatic solution to the war, and intervening in a conflict it had nothing to do with. Military analysts have argued that Haide and Japan would have achieved their goals, had the United States not intervened.

It was the first conflict that saw the devastating use of WMDs in the form of the use of orbital stationary weapons to cause devastation across Haide's major cities, this was considered to be a worse catastrophic event used against populated Human settlements ever since the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in which it is estimated to be around 20 to 30 million deaths as a result from the use of the ODIN weapons, the cost of damages dealt to the major cities was estimated to be roughly 3.2 Trillion. The damages dealt were irreplaceable and Haide relied on foreign Humanitarian assistance in order to rebuild and stabilise Haide from completely collapsing and dissolving from internal pressure and tension which ravaged the nation through class and societal differences which saw Haide spiral towards complete collapse until nations such as Chemgota and relief efforts from the United Nations and the Magadan Bloc supported the reconstruction efforts of the Haidean Republic. A civil war almost occurred yet again but was able to be prevented through a snap election, however Haide's leader during the First Manchuria Campaign, Zhang Liqiang, was re-elected into his position of President along with his cabinet remaining into power and the party.

Following the end of the conflict, Haide's view towards the West shifted as the American intervention caused a uproar in popularism and nationalistic sentiment to further intensify their claims towards Manchuria as more national support for the war effort was booming, patriotic and nationalistic sentiment grew heavily, which was directed to aid in the redevelopment of Haide following the catastrophic events during the final stages of the First Manchuria Campaign. Furthermore, this alson caused a civil division between Chinese and Haidean residents despite being one people historically, thus diplomatic relations between the Republic of China, United States and Korea were suspended and cut off from diplomatic communications as Haidean embassies were closed in those nations. Japan was also heavily impacted by the conflict with American and its allies carried out a series of different amphibious, aerospace and naval operations across the Japanese Archipelago from several directions. This caused Japan to be heavily isolated by the American-led coalition from all main seas surrounding the nation, shortly afterwards headway towards capturing the Japanese capital of Tokyo were developed with coalition forces managing to secure Japan in less than 2 years, forcing an unconditional surrender from the latter and the dissolution of their Imperialist empire and with the Japanese monarchy being dissolved following a coup, thus making the Japanese system of government being reformed into a Presidential Republic, marking the end of hundreds of years of Monarchy tradition within Japan.

## Prelude to war

### Immediate Competition

Since the fall of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China has been steadily regaining it's foothold in the East Asia region, taking up all the remaining hardware and assets the PRC left behind, incorporating it into their own. Although somewhat a growing power, it had begun to slowly lose influence to the likes of the Haidean Republic, which had of just recently, developed into somewhat of an economical power, spreading influence in East Asia and the Pacific. This understandably infuriated the Chinese, who'd by then had recuperated ties with the State of Japan and the United States, proud of the fact that China had left it's Communist ideologies, and had reverted back to a Democracy. As a result of Haidean successes, tensions between the ROC and Haide immediately started to stem, but out of all disputes, the most notable was the Haidean claims of the entirety of the Manchuria region, backed by the Republic of Chemgota and the United Kingdom. However, due to a little fumbling by President Wu Dongwei, hostilities between the Haidean Republic and Japan started to brew and continued to rise throughout the duration of the 2060s, progressing into the 2070s. The situation wasn't going to improve that much further when Haide participated in Chemgotan-organized military parades in several venues as a show of strength and intimidation towards their Japanese and Chinese counterparts. At a time when tensions were at an all-time high, with what most predicted that war was to break out between Haide and Japan, the Haidean Presidential Elections were held in 2073, and President Wu Dongwei was voted out of power as a result of his handling of the aftermath of the Haidean Civil war, and the breaking down of relations with the Japanese, in which President Zhang Liqiang took his place. Promising to restore ties with Japan, he arranged several diplomatic summits which managed to pull Haide out of it's situation with the Japanese, eventually forming a military pact, with Periwan included.

As ties between the Japanese Empire and Haide improved, a series of events happened in the years leading up to the invasion. The White House announced that the United States was going to become an isolationist state, which gave Japanese and Haidean officials the opportunity to start planning a three-step offensive that would ensure that Haide and Japan was to secure and control the entirety of the Yellow Sea. The plan of the invasion was a swift two-front invasion of the Korean Federation, with the Japanese attacking from the south, and Haide from the north. Knowing that the United States was not going to intervene in anything the international community is doing, President Zhang Liqiang and top military officials began planning an invasion of the Republic of China, with the goal of annexing and incorporating all of Manchuria into Haide in order to establish Manchurian nationalism and nationhood. Japan and Periwan provided funding and equipment to Haidean forces, which by then had begun to build up forces on the Chinese border. By then, the United States had completed the Orbital Defence Initiative project, which would later be used against Haide and Japan in the early 2080s.

### Nationalism and the Haidean Civil War

The earliest known calls to war against China from the Haidean public came from far-right political movements from as early as before the Haidean civil war. Organizations such as the 'Restore Manchuria Movement', formed by a young Zhang Liqiang, amassed large crowds outside of government facilities and chanted "Restore Manchuria!" repeatedly along with other insults towards China, seeking a reason to wage war against the Chinese. The Dongwei administration were very much against the idea of a conflict with the Chinese, as Haide was still in the developing stage, and had not yet fully organized a proper military fully capable of invading the Chinese, which at the time were slightly better equipped. In the months preceding the Haidean civil war, Far-right leaders accused the Chinese of Haideophobia, inciting tensions, and repressing Haidean citizens in China. They also made multiple security demands of China, NATO, and non-NATO allies abroad. Commentators and Western officials described these as attempts to justify war. "Haideophobia is a first step towards genocide", Liqiang said in an interview said on the 9th of March, 2062.

When the Haidean civil war broke out in early 2063, the public were quick to assume that China were the ones who were supplying and funding the Communist militia, which made it their goal to topple the Haidean government, instating it with a Communist one. Although there was no proof that the Chinese were supplying the Haidean Workers Militia with equipment, it gave right-wing partisans more the will to oust the Communist junta's attempt to successfully coup the Haidean government. Eventually, in 2067, the Communist movement had dissolved completely, thus ending the civil war.

In it's aftermath, the Haidean economy was struggling, reeling from the effects of the devastating civil war. This only further fueled the anti-Chinese sentiment that the Haidean public were pushing for years. The Dongwei administration seemed to have changed their minds on the Haide-China disputes, and had from then, since the Haidean civil war, to start investing more into it's military, and eventually agree to public demand to prompt some sort of campaign to retake all of the Manchuria region, and possibly Beijing. Dongwei's security advisor, Junfeng Shi, believed that China had been waiting for a civil war inside the Haidean Republic to destabilize the Republic for years, in order to maintain relevancy. Haide had since updated it's national security strategy, published in 2070, saying that Haide may use "Militarist methods" to "Thwart Chinese actions that threaten the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Haidean Republic". Sources say the decision to invade China was not made until the Liqiang administration came into power.

### Invasion of Korea

The Japanese Empire launched the invasion of the Korean Federation on the 24th of April, 2079, where the Japanese initially invaded from Busan and Jeollanam-Do, and Haidean forces from the provinces of North Hamgyong, North Pyongan, Chagang and Ryanggang. Korean forces were almost completely overwhelmed with the sheer speed of the Japanese and Haidean invasion, with the Japanese taking Seoul on the 2nd of May, and Pyongyang the following week. It was from there that the United Nations began condemning the invasion, Chemgota and the United States respectively. In the north, Haidean airborne forces arrived via helicopters and paratrooper aircraft and battled Korean forces for control of the northern provinces. Korean forces initially pushed back the Haidean airborne troops, but were soon engaged by Haidean reinforcements. On the 5th of May, 2079, Haidean forces managed to fully capture the northern provinces from the Koreans. As a result, the battle shifted from those regions to areas near Pyongyang as the Haidean forces began to establish a foothold in northern Korea and press their advance. The State of Periwan did not participate in the invasion of Korea.

The invasion sparked outrage around the world, with sanctions and blockades being imposed upon Haide and most notably, Japan. Chemgota and the United States had threatened to invade Japan if they were to not pull out of Korea, although excluding Haide from these threats as it was rumoured that Haidean and Chemgotan officials had met prior to the invasion of Korea, supposedly discussing about the Haidean invasion of China.

Residents of Pyongyang reported constant shelling and airstrikes by Haidean and Japanese forces that have deprived them of water, food, electricity, and medicine. The constant bombardment have also prevented the residents from receiving humanitarian aid, evacuate from the town, or even remove corpses from the street. The Japanese were reported to be robbing residents, while Japanese soldiers were pressing their advance into Pyongyang.

According to Japanese media, the Korean Federation had collapsed on the 16th of May, 2079, following a lack of Korean resistance. President Jae Ji-Hyung was reportedly killed in Seoul when Japanese Special Forces raided the Blue House. Lieutenant General Ryul Yun-Seo fled to Beijing, in order to avoid being captured and killed by either Haidean or Japanese forces.

## Invasion of China

### Korean and Dong'an front (First phase)

On the 3rd of July, 2079, President Zhang Liqiang announced that Haidean forces have invaded China's Jilin province from Dong'an and Songbei district from Haide, and North Hamgyong, North Pyongan, Chagang and Ryanggang from Korea in an effort to target Changchun, in which they would advance further south to capture Liaoning province and it's provincial capital, Shenyang. Japanese and Periwanian troops also participated in the Chinese invasion, aiding Haidean troops from the sea. Rocket artillery targeted major Chinese cities, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Changchun and Shenyang with almost pin-point accuracy, destroying airfields, military outposts, weapons depots and pretty much anything that proved to be somewhat of a strategic value to Haidean high command. Haidean forces advanced into the Songyuan, Changchun and Baicheng regions on the 12th of July and besieged the region's administrative capitals. The next day Haidean and Japanese forces attacked and captured Jilin city. A separate advance into Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture the same day attacked the city of Yanji. Chinese defences were bogged down in the ensuing urban fighting, and Haidean forces successfully took half of Jilin, claiming that hundreds of Chinese armoured vehicles were destroyed and hundreds of soldiers were captured. Japanese forces also proceeded to attacked Baishan, deploying thermobaric weapons and cluster bombs, both of which were banned in the Geneva convention. Haidean and Japanese forces continued to press their advance, eventually taking over all of Jilin Province on the 21st of September.

It seemed that the Haidean forces were only taking over Jilin province, after Haidean troops briefly stopped any further advance until the 23rd November, 2079, when Haidean mechanized ground forces advancing from Tonghua, Liaoyuan and Baicheng combined with additional air assaults by Haidean paratroopers, attacked and took control of Tieling and Fushun after breaking through Chinese defenses at the Battle of Fushun City. Some of the Chinese Fighters attempted to ambush Japanese reinforcements before reaching Fushun City, halting the reinforcements for a time, but the attempt failed as Haidean and Japanese troops entered the City and helped to expel the Chinese defenders. According to the Haidean Ministry of Defence, the capture came following an operation that involved some 150 helicopters. The figure of about 1,200 Chinese casualties and several hundred casualties on the Haidean side was announced. This claim was met with skepticism, with numerous journalists who witnessed the battle, outright refuting this claim. Nevertheless, Haidean and Japanese forces established a foothold in both divisions and began to man checkpoints inside the area, paving the way for further advances.

Haidean, Japanese and Periwanian troops continued to press their advance into the rest of Liaoning, using encircling tactics to demoralize and capitulate Chinese defences. Haidean efforts to capture the capital, Shenyang included a probative spearhead on the 9th of January, 2080 from the north of Tieling and Fuxin district, apparently to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack from Japan along the east. These were intended to encircle Shenyang from the northwest and east. From the south, Japanese and Periwanian forces invaded Dalian from the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, advancing into Dandong and meeting with Haidean forces in the town of Yingkou, where they agreed to cede the area to Haide as it was "Rightful Haidean territory". From the Liaodong Peninsula, Haidean and Japanese forces launched numerous aerial assaults against the Huludao and Chaoyang districts, with the intent to capitulate Chinese supply lines and further demoralize Chinese troops, as well as scaring the civilians into submission, which unleashed devastating destruction upon civilian and military infrastructure. This tactic ultimately worked, with Chinese civilians becoming informants aimed at informing Haidean and Japanese about possible Chinese positions, with the fear of being killed if they were not to give in to their Haidean and Japanese occupiers. This would end up in long Chinese convoys being formed trying to enter Jilin province, stemming from various cities, mainly Chengde and Chifeng. The convoys would face daily bombardment, with vehicles often breaking down as a result of poor maintenance. A lot of the armoured vehicles in the convoy were widely abandoned, with one of the main causes being the fact that they had simply run out of fuel. Nonetheless, on the 27th of February, Chinese media revealed that Huludao and Chaoyang district had fallen to Haidean, Japanese and Periwanian forces, and that Liaoning was "Due to be completely closed off to China in a matter of weeks".

On the 1st of March, 2080, Chinese officials had announced that the entirety of Jilin province had fallen under Haidean, Japanese and Periwanian control. At the same time, Haidean and Japanese high command had stated that Step one of the Three-Step plan was complete, with the next goal being to occupy Beijing and Tianjin. This caused a burst of panic amongst the Chinese public, which had begun to start fleeing the Beijing and Tianjin provinces. It had been estimated that as many as 180,000 Chinese soldiers were killed, wounded or captured by Haidean forces. Around 32,000 Haidean, Japanese and Periwanian casualties were reported by Haidean and Western media, although Chinese officials claim that the count was at around 60,000.

### Inner Mongolia front (First phase)

The Inner Mongolia front saw some of the heaviest fighting between Haidean and Chinese troops in the whole war, with heavy casualties being inflicted on both sides. On 14th of April, Haidean officials announced that all troops and divisions in North-Eastern Haide have conducted an second front in the Daxing'anling region, under General Ren Jiahao, who was placed in charge of combined military operations, including the units who were previously deployed in the Korean and Dong'an fronts, with the aim of incorporating the Hulunbuir enclave into the main Haidean landmass. By the 27th of April, Haidean progress in the region appeared to not be going as fast as Haidean high command had hoped, by Mongolian volunteers continuing to hold out and ambushing Haidean troops in several parts of roads to key cities, disrupting the Haidean supply chain. On the 2nd of May, Western media confirmed that Haide had launched a new invasion front referred to as a "North-eastern assault" in the Daxing'anling region, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Beijing and Tianjin in China. As of the 30th of May, military analysts described Haidean advances as "Stagnating" and "Uneven". An anonymous US Defence Official described Chinese and Mongol resistance to be "Doing significantly better than forces in Liaoning". On the 10th of June, 2080, the Conflict Intelligence Team, reported that Colonel General Huo Kun had been put in charge of the Haidean advance into Daxing'anling region, replacing General Jiahao, who was re-stationed to make way for the advance into Beijing and Tianjin.

Under Colonel General Huo Kun, the Haidean military was ordered to pull out of the region in order to regroup, and bring forward a new plan of attack. Haidean officials eventually settled on an old Russian tactic, excessively using heavy howitzer and rocket artillery to break down morale amongst Chinese and Mongolian defenders. Within hours, Haidean missile attacks immediately took place from the 18th of June, striking Hulunbuir and Hinggan League, reportedly killing hundreds of civilians and injuring thousands more. On the 20th of June, President Chung Lei said that China would be expecting a major renewed Haidean offensive in the Hulunbuir region. American officials said that Haide had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere in Haide, and therefore was preparing to retract, resupply, and redeploy infantry, mechanized and tank divisions back into the Inner Mongolia front. Military satellites photographed extensive Haidean convoys of infantry and mechanized units deploying south from places such as Zalatun to Donggou on the 26th of June, apparently part of the planned Haidean redeployment of some of it's Liaoning front troops to the Inner Mongolia front of the invasion.

#### American intervention

It was at this time when the American President, Theodore Rockefeller, announced to the world in a statement addressed to the U.N. on the 1st of July, 2080, that the United States was not going to remain an isolationist state, and that the White House has just declared war on Japan and Haide. The exact reason why the United States declared war on Japan and Haide is currently unknown, but this statement was met with much criticism, with numerous countries, most notably Chemgota, defending the Haidean offensive specifically, claiming that Haide is committing a "Rightful act to unite the entirety of the Manchuria region as a single political entity in the name of Haidean nationalism and brotherhood.". The United States ignored these claims, and had already begun deploying thousands of troops and military hardware into Inner Mongolia province by August 2080. This would ultimately slow down the Haidean offensive even further, with the use of advanced American weapon systems taking out halves of entire divisions weekly. Haidean officials eventually had to settle with using attrition and trench warfare tactics, to try and counter the new American onslaught. General Huo Kun would request to the Emperor Takana to bring in General Minato Jiro to assist him in maintaining their offensive against the Americans. The Japanese would eventually send over troops that fought in the invasion of Korea to reinforce the Haidean contingent.

Additional Haidean troops were redeployed from Jilin to the Daxing'anling region, as the Chinese military, with much assistance from the Americans, have once again started to push back the initial Haidean re-offensive. With this, the initial American and Chinese counter-offensive soon lost its momentum and a new attack wave was sent in with several new Chinese divisions from Western China joining the battle. After failing to re-capture Holingol, American and Chinese forces surrounded and paused in front of the city in order to lure Haidean and Japanese forces into reinforcing it with units from Korea.

In the eastern parts of Daxing'angling province, American and Chinese troops attempted to re-capture Hulunbuir, and met strong Haidean resistance. On the 25th of September, 2080, the Xilingol air base was attacked by Haidean paratrooper forces with, which according to Western media, destroyed several American Air Force planes and started a fire. On the 1st of October, Major General Jamal Harding-Jacobs, head of the American military in Inner Mongolia, announced that Haidean forces had almost completely surrounded the city of East Ujimqin Banner. The following week, American forces were once again repelled from Holingol during a second attack against the city. Tongliao was reportedly captured by Haidean forces on the 11th of October, although fighting continued.

### Inner Mongolia front (Second phase)

As fighting between Haidean and Japanese forces against the Chinese and Americans further intensified, Haidean artillery and aerial attacks further intensified on Chinese cities that were harbouring American troops who were awaiting orders for another American counteroffensive. Generals Huo Kun and Minato Jiro met with other high-ranked military officials on the 14th of October to plan and discuss ways to overcome the American defenders, in hopes of annexing the entire western portion of Inner Mongolia province. Soon after these talks were held, Haidean and Japanese forces attacked the Zhangjiakou air base, which housed American attack drones. The attack caused immense damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure. The next day, American forces countered the Haidean attack by striking the Taobei air base. On the 17th of October, Haidean forces had reportedly fired long range DF-34 cruise missiles from Heihe province at the civilian airports in Inner Mongolia and Beijing. Many Chinese air defence facilities were destroyed or damaged as a result of the Haidean missile strikes. In the opening days of the conflict, Haide fired many cruise and ballistic missiles at Chinese ground-based early warning radars, thereby blinding the Chinese Air Force to their air activity. Additionally, craters in the operating surfaces at the major Chinese air bases hindered Chinese aircraft movements, and several Chinese surface-to-air missile batteries were destroyed.

Missile attacks and bombardment of the cities of Xilingol League, Zhangjiakou, Chengde and Chifeng continued as the second phase of the offensive began. On the 30th of October, Haidean General Huo Kun in a military confrence meeting said that Haide has planned to extend its Inner Mongolia front after the capture of Tongliao further west to include annexing Hebei province. Chinese officials described this intention as simply "Intentions of the Haidean imperialist evil", saying that it contradicted previous Haidean claims that it did not just want to take the Manchuria region in China and that the statement was an admission that "The goal of the whole war is not unification of all Manchu peoples, but simply the annexation of northeast China.". On the 4th of November, Haidean and Japanese forces resumed missile strikes on Hebei province, destroying military facilities and causing hundreds of civilian casualties.

As the fighting in the Inner Mongolia front progressed into 2081, American forces have started to have become bogged down from utter exhaustion, as Haidean and Japanese artillery attacks on Chinese and American positions further intensified, many suffering from the effects of PTSD after the war. It was said that entire columns of vehicles on both sides could be seen anywhere within miles of each other, destroyed. This made an impact on troops from both contingents, saying that the sight of the destroyed vehicles "Was one no sane person could tolerate". Corpses were have said to be littered on the streets, with many Chinese ones being booby-trapped by the Japanese. This caused further deaths on the Chinese-American side as they attempted to remove the bodies from the front lines. Nonetheless, American and Chinese forces continued to hold out against Haidean offensive efforts, ambushing Haidean military columns and disrupting it's logistical hubs from which officers were operating and commanding Haidean units from. This cycle was to continue on throughout the duration of the war in the Inner Mongolia front, with American and Chinese troops attempting counteroffensive after counteroffensive, with vice versa being said for the Haidean and Japanese contingent. Throughout the prolonging nature of the war, Haidean and Japanese forces were never able to fully take control of Hebei province.

### Korea and Dong'an front (Second phase)

Down near Beijing, Haidean and Japanese forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on the key cities of Tangshan and Qinghuangdao. On the 10th of April, 2082, Japanese missiles destroyed the Tangshan International Airport. Haidean and Japanese missile attacks followed by waves of ground troops were launched upon the town of Jizhou, north-west on the outskirts of Beijing, detonating in a public mall and causing at least 18 deaths while drawing condemnation from Chemgota, among other nations, who spoke of it as being a "war crime". Nonetheless, Haidean forces were eventually pushed out of Jizhou by Chinese and American forces stationed in Beijing.

On the 31st of August, 2082, repeated missiles attacks reportedly killed several people at a Chinese Navy Fleet outpost in Bohai Wan and Bohai Bay. Large explosions were reported at Tianjin Binhai International Airport in Tianjin on the same day. Satellite imagery showed that dozens of Chinese and American aircraft and naval equipment were damaged or destroyed. The cause of the explosions is supposedly unknown, but may have been long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; Haidean officials claimed that it had been a Haidean missile attack. A week later there were explosions and widespread fires at makeshift arms depots near Baoding near Beijing, in which China blamed "sabotage". Railway lines and several power stations were also damaged.

## Order of Battle

### Chinese forces

Although the Chinese military vastly outnumbered the Haidean forces, their under-preparedness and the speed of the Haidean-Japanese advance compelled the Chinese to deploy the majority of their forces along China's northeastern frontier in an attempt to deter the fast-approaching Haidean and Japanese forces.

The Chinese force that engaged the Haidean and Japanese consisted of units from the Central and Northern Theater Command.

**Aviation and Special Forces Command**

* 601st Air Cavalry Brigade
* Special Force 4th Battalion
* 603rd Air Cavalry Brigade

**1st Military Region:** commanded by Major General Cao Yuhan, responsible for the defense at Northeast region.

* Main forces:
	+ 3rd Armoured Division, consisted of 2nd Tank Regiment, 12th Tank Regiment, 141st Motorised Regiment and 68th Artillery Regiment.
	+ 338th Mechanised Division, consisted of 460th Mechanised Regiment, 461st Motorised Regiment, 462nd Reconnaissance Regiment and 208th Artillery Regiment.
	+ 346th Mechanised Division, consisted of 246th Motorised Regiment, 677th Infantry Regiment, 851st Mechanised Regiment and 188th Artillery Regiment.
	+ 325th Infantry Division, consisted of 8th Infantry Regiment, 41st Infantry Regiment, 288th Infantry Regiment and 189th Artillery Regiment.
	+ 242nd Infantry Brigade.

* Local forces:
	+ At Hebei Province: 567th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 1 battalion of air defense artillery and 7 infantry battalions
	+ At Beijing Province: 123rd Infantry Regiment, 199th Infantry Regiment and 7 infantry battalions
	+ At Shandong Province: 43rd Infantry Regiment, 244th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 4 battalions of air defense artillery and 5 infantry battalions
* Armed police forces (Border guard): 12th Mobile Regiment at Shandong, 4 battalions, some companies and 24 border posts

**2nd Military Region:** commanded by Major General Liang Mu, responsible for the defense at the Inner Mongolia region.

* Main forces:
	+ 316th Infantry Division, consisted of 98th Infantry Regiment, 148th Infantry Regiment, 147th Infantry Regiment and 187th Artillery Regiment.
	+ 345th Infantry Division, consisted of 118th Infantry Regiment, 121st Infantry Regiment, 124th Infantry Regiment and 190th Artillery Regiment.
	+ 326th Infantry Division, consisted of 19th Infantry Regiment, 46th Infantry Regiment, 541st Infantry Regiment and 200th Artillery Regiment.
* Local forces:
	+ 122nd Infantry Regiment, 191st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
	+ 191st Infantry Regiment, 254th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
	+ 193rd Infantry Regiment, 741st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 5 infantry battalions
* Armed police forces (Border guard): 16th Mobile Regiment at Ordos City, some companies and 39 border posts

In addition, Chinese forces were supported by about 50,000 militia at each Military Region

**Air force**

* 372nd Air Division
	+ 1 air flight of ten F-15s
	+ 1 air flight of ten A-10s
	+ 1 air flight of seven UH-1s and three UH-7s
* 919th Air Transport Regiment responsible for transporting troops
	+ Several C-130, C-119 and C-47
* 371st Air Division
	+ 916th Helicopter Regiment
		- Several Blackhawks, Ka-52s and Mi-24s
	+ 918th Air Transport Regiment
	+ 923rd Fighter Regiment
		- Several MiG-29s and F-22s

The Air Force of the Republic of China heavily participated in the combat directly, with many being lost. These aircraft provided support to the ground troops, transported troops from cities to the front lines, as well as performing reconnaissance purposes.

**Air Defence**

* Inner Mongolian regions:
	+ 267th Air Defence Regiment
	+ 276th Air Defence Regiment
	+ 285th Air Defence Regiment
	+ 255th Air Defence Regiment
	+ 257th Air Defence Regiment
* Northeastern region:
	+ 274th Air Defence Regiment
	+ 275th Air Defence Regiment
	+ 250th Air Defence Regiment

### Haidean forces

The Haidean contingent were much better prepared for the assault, as the Haidean government had been planning it for some time. As such, this gave the Haideans an upper hand in the conflict, right up until American intervention.

**Dong'an Front** commanded by the Front Headquarter of the Harbin Military Region. General Zou Chun and President Zhang Liqiang

* Beijing Group: Commander Shi Guozhi
	+ 41st Army Commander-Zhang Xudeng, Political Commissar Tien Wang
		- 121st Armoured Division Commander-Zheng Wenshui
		- 122nd Armoured Division Commander-Li Xinliang
		- 123rd Armoured Division Commander-Li Peijiang
* South Group: Commander-Wu Zhong (Deputy Commander of the Daqing Military Region)
	+ 42nd Army Commander-Wei Huajie, Political Commissar-Xun Li
		- 124th Armoured Division Commander-Gi Hun
		- 125th Armoured Division
		- 126th Armoured Division
* East Group: Commander-Jiang Xieyuan (Deputy Commander of the Qiqihar Military Region)
	+ 55th Army Commander-Zhu Yuehua, Temporary Political Commissar-Guo Changzeng
		- 163rd Rocket Division Commander-Bian Guixiang, Political Commissar-Wu Enqing, Chief of Staff-Xing Shizhong
		- 164th Mechanised Division Commander-Xiao Xuchu (also Deputy Commander of 55th Corps)
		- 165th Mechanised Division
		- 1st Artillery Division
* Reserve Group (came from Mudanjiang Military Region, Deputy Commander-Han Huaizhi
	+ 43rd Army Commander-Zhu Chuanyu, Temporary Political Commissar-Zhao Shengchang
		- 127th Infantry Division Commander-Zhang Wannian (also as the Deputy Commander of 43rd Corps)
		- 128th Infantry Division
		- 129th Infantry Division
	+ 54th Army Commander-Han Huaizhi (pluralism), Political Commissar-Zhu Zhiwei
		- 160th Motorised Division Commander-Zhang Zhixin, Political Commissar-Li Zhaogui
		- 121st Anti-tank Division
		- 162nd Motorised Division Commander-Li Jiulong
	+ 50th Army Temporary Commander-Liu Guangtong, Political Commissar-Gao Xingyao
		- 148th Infantry Division
		- 150th Infantry Division
	+ 20th Army (only dispatched the 58th Division into the war)
		- 58th Infantry Division (commanded by the 50th Corps during the war)
* Jixi Military Region (as a provincial military region) Commander-Zhao Xinran
	+ 1st Regiment of Frontier Defense
	+ 2nd Regiment of Frontier Defense
	+ 3rd Regiment of Frontier Defense
	+ The Independent Infantry Division of Jixi Military Region
* Air Force of Guangzhou Military Region
	+ 7th Air Force Corps
		- 13th Air Force Division (aero-transport unit came from Harbin)
* 70th Antiaircraft Artillery Division
* The 217 Fleet of South Sea Fleet
* 8th Navy Aviation Division
* The Independent Tank Regiment of Jixi Military Region
* 83rd Jixi Boat Regiment
* 84th Jixi Boat Regiment

**Inner Mongolia Front** commanded by the Front Headquarter of the Harbin Military Region. Lieutenant-General Ren Jiahao, Huo Kun, President Zhang Liqiang

* 11th Army (consisted of only two divisions) Commander-Chen Jiagui, Political Commissar-Zhang Qi
	+ 31st Armoured Division
	+ 32nd Armoured Division
* 13th Army Commander-Yan Shouqing, Political Commissar-Qiao Xueting
	+ 7th Combined Arms Division
	+ 8th Combined Arms Division
	+ 39th Artillery Division
* 14th Army Commander-Zhang Jinghua, Political Commissar-Fan Xinyou
	+ 40th Armoured Division
	+ 41st Armoured Division
	+ 42nd Armoured Division
	+ 149th Infantry Division
		- 11th Regiment of Frontier Defence
		- 12th Regiment of Frontier Defence
		- 13th Regiment of Frontier Defence
		- 14th Regiment of Frontier Defence
		- 1st Garrison Division of Daxing Military Region commanded by 11th Army in the war
	+ 65th Antiaircraft Artillery Division
	+ 4th Artillery Division
	+ Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region
	+ 86th Bateau Boat Regiment
	+ 23rd Logistic Branch (consisted of five army service stations, six hospitals, eleven medical establishments)
	+ 17th Automobile Regiment commanded by 13th Corps during the war
	+ 22nd Automobile Regiment
	+ 5th Air Force Corps
	+ 44th Air Force Division (fighter unit)
	+ Independent unit of 27th Air Force Division
	+ 15th Air Force Antiaircraft Artillery Division

## Impact on the public

### Chinese conscription program

In the early days of the war, although Chinese resistance in Inner Mongolia was somewhat slowing down the Haidean advance for a time, it was upon the realization that the Haidean and Japanese advance was much quicker and more successful in obtaining objectives than the Chinese had anticipated, that President Chung Lei immediately enacted martial law and a general mobilization of all male Chinese citizens in the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong and Liaoning between 21 and 45, who were banned from leaving the country, with the exception of an ongoing medical condition, such as a terminal illness or cancer. The mass conscription campaign, known as the "Save Beijing Campaign", was aimed to gather as much troops as humanly possible in order to deter the Haidean advance towards Beijing. They were given the name "The Civil Kuomintang Territorial Defence Forces". The whole program however, was very rushed, with no manageable time frame to gather enough munitions, weapons and such to their newly-made army. Conscripts were often ill-equipped, supplied with outdated, Cold War-era weaponry. Videos began to surface on social media platforms showing Chinese troops eating out of ration packs dating back to the times when the People's Republic of China still existed. As of this, the Chinese conscripts were quite easily demoralized and disheartened upon the sight of the more professional, well-equipped Haidean forces they were told to fight against. It was said that thousands of Chinese troops just outright refused to fight out on the front lines, and that they would rather simply lay down their weapons and surrender to Haidean and Japanese forces. Other Chinese males who did not want to partake in the campaign attempted to flee to the southern, central and western provinces of China to avoid conscription, though there are no official sources stating whether these attempts were in any way successful.

Chinese authorities warned that those who did not take up arms and fight would face "Severe consequences", with those being from imprisonment, to execution. As a result, there were immediate protests against the conscription campaign with daily rallies in China itself. As well as the demonstrations, petitions and open letters were published in opposition to the program, and public figures, both cultural and political, released statements against the program. The protests were met with widespread repression by the Chinese authorities. At least 14,900 people were detained over a one-month period. The Chinese government cracked down on other forms of opposition to the program, including introducing widespread censorship measures and repression against people who signed anti-conscription petitions.