Human

Please do not edit this article unless this tag is removed, to avoid edit clashes. If the page has not been edited in a while, ask an admin what you should do.
The text on this page may have grammatical errors, incomplete data, broken images features and/or incorrect formatting.

 This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct. Before formal naming or identification, this organism was known as the following on this wiki:
**"Homo mituanis"**, **Red Deer Cave People** and **Enigma Man**

## Statistics

### Diet

Omnivorous

A human (*Homo*) is a genus of hominin that has lived worldwide from the Late Pliocene to the present day.

## History

Linnaeus (1758) coined *H. sapiens* (genus meaning "man" or "human being") as a monotypic species with several subspecies he considered to include the major races around the world. However, Linnaeus did not account for other species, which was shown by the description of *Homo neanderthalensis*. Thus started a trend of over-splitting morphotypes, which led to another issue; since Linnaeus had believed *Homo* was monotypic, he gave a lackluster definition that blurs the line between humans, australopiths and even chimpanzees. However, australopith and *Pan* lineages are traditionally excluded. Additionally, some suggest *H. sapiens* should be split into subspecies to include more derived extinct species, but this debate is unable to be settled because "species" and "subspecies" have many definitions.

## Description

    The Herto Man has many characters traditionally associated with anatomically derived *Homo sapiens*, including a high cranial vault, a globular profile and a flat face. The cranial capacity is ~1450. The skull is robust with a projecting brow, weakly-curved parietals and an occipital that flexes strongly, large dimensions and weak cheekbones. The braincase is elongate, where some think its functions and shape evolved recently in the *H. sapiens* lineage. These may suggest introgression with Neanderthals in Northernmost Africa[*citation needed*]. Jebel Irhoud bear thickened brow ridges but lacks prognathism. Root development is similarly seen in derived European children, but root crowns developed faster in the Irhoud. They were once classified as similar to late Aterian and Iberomaurusian *H. sapiens*, but analysis found they were different enough to represent different evolutionary advancements of *H. sapiens*.

* Eyasi 1.
* Eyasi 6.
* Eyasi.
* Eyasi.
* Eyasi.
* Eyasi.
* Eyasi 6.
* Eyasi 6.
* Eyasi 6.
* Eyasi 6.
* Eyasi 6.
1/11
The name "*H. njarasensis*" is made up of 6 poorly preserved and now lost skull fragments from Lake Eyasi. One cranium is preserved with a fragmented upper jaw, which has been named Eyasi 1. This is generally considered more well-preserved. Additionally, the occipital making up Eyasi 4 was recently described. These Eyasi 1-4 were announced on November 29, 1935 and in 1938. Their skulls are similar to LH 18 and Kabwe. They have a mix of traits considered modern, with a cranial capacity of 1100-1150 centimeters³. One fossil frontal (EH06) of an "archaic *Homo sapiens*" was described in 2008. Lake Eyasi has preserved multiple hominid remains, the most famous is Eyasi 1. Most of such fossils are difficult to date. They resemble *Homo sapiens* in multiple ways, but also share traits from Neanderthals (taurodont teeth, supraniac fossa). 5 wildebeest teeth from the same assemblage, using electron spin resonance and 230Th/234U, found an age of 88,000-132,000 years. This is much earlier than the previous estimates, but correlates well with other *H. sapiens*, and may indicate the date and spread of humans in Africa. Eyasi 4 is an occipital found where Kohl-Larsen found the other Eyasi hominids in the 1930s. Research shows these beds are similar to early MSA from the Upper Ndutu Beds of Olduvai Gorge.

## Classification

Discussion among paleoanthropologists, initiated by Stringer, suggest that the term plesiomorphic/apomorphic should replace archaic/modern in human evolution discussion. After getting responses from colleagues, they came to an agreement that basal/derived[*citation needed*] is far more accessible and less confusing to laymen. Human taxonomy has been debated for many years, with the old trend of splitting many species based on morphology slowly fading away with the usage of genetic and cladistic data. This produces multiple long-lasting and highly variable lineages. The cladogram below is combined from Teixeira and Cooper (2019), Roksandic et al. (2021), Dembo et al. (2015) and Ni et al. (2021), with certain species' placement inferred from their affinities:

* Type of *H. australoideus africanus*.
* Calvaria and brow of a Palau 'dwarf'.
* Adult skull from Herto.
* Derived mandible from Gardarene.
* Longlin 1, a mandible.
* LL-1, a partial skull.
* The Maludong femur.
* Conglomerate Irhoud craniodental remains.
1/8
*Homo njarasensis* was originally named *Africanthropus njarasensis* by Weinhart but was later moved to the genus *Homo*. It has been proposed as an intermediate between *H. rhodesiensis* and *H. sapiens*, being the direct ancestor of *H. s. idaltu*. With this classification, *H. njarasensis* would be, or close to, the origin of derived humans. These fragments are reported as lost, and the name is no longer in use, seeing as how revision by White et al. (2003) classified *H. njarasensis* as a nomen dubium. Two skulls, the first described first named *Homo australoideus africanus*, and another found nearby first named *Homo drennani*, a mandibular fragment, femur, bricks and many stone tools (some "very unusual", others new types and several from modern San culture) from Cape Flats. Drennan considered the first taxon useful since it indicates an ancestral relationship to humans and Neanderthals (he, however, thought it a normal skull from the San peoples despite giving it a new name). Stinger reevaluated the skull, finding that it was an 8000-year-old skull and not a new species. and that the bricks were authentic and common to the era[*citation needed*].

A series of skulls (B:OR-14: 8-001, B:OR-15:18-005, B:OR-15:18-080 and B:OR-15:18-081) and pelves (B:OR-15:18-009 and B:OR-15:18-087) from Palau first thought to be of a dwarf population of *Homo sapiens* by Berger et al. (2008) who came to be by insular dwarfism. They are 900-2800 years old, and were compared to *Homo floresiensis*. Though partially unable for study due to being largely unprepared, they used this to dispute the validity of *Homo floresiensis*, However, these remains are thought to have been children, since there is no credible evidence to state they are adult or a dwarf variant. The Herto fossils were assigned holotype of *H. sapiens idaltu* (meaning "elder"), which was posited to be an ancestor to derived humans by White et al. (2003). However, it is more likely to represent an basal derived human, suggested by Stringer et al., to be slightly out of *H. sapiens* variations and is probably transitional between *Homo rhodesiensis* (though this species is not ancestral).

In 1927, archeological digs led by the Museum of Copenhagen investigating Garðar Cathedral Ruins, 12th century burial sites, found a large jaw and skull fragment and them sent to Professor F. C. C. Hansen's lab; coining "*H. gardarensis*" in 1929, he thought it was a 40-50 year-old Norseman who had 'reverted'. Others placed it in *Homo heidelbergensis*. Keith (1931) wrote a chapter of his new book, concluding it was an acromegalic *H. sapiens*. The bones were shelved in the Panum Institute in Copenhagen. Mark Hall uses the term *H. gardarensis* to refer to sasquatch-like cryptids he calls "trolls". A set of human remains that were once believed to belong to a secluded, basal enigmatic species of *Homo*. Darren Curnoe stated he would name them "H. mituanis" ("Enigma Man") if they were proven valid, but did not because they were debated. A 2022 study found that they were closest affiliated with modern Chinese and somewhat to modern indigenous North Americans. They were thought to have settled 100 kya ago and become secluded from other populations and had 'basal' traits, this confused scholars, suggesting a new name or that they were simply "archaic". Some thought that they were hybrids with an older population such as Denisovans, early-dispersed *Homo* or having relation with *Homo habilis*/*erectus*. Jebel Irhoud are sometimes assigned to *"Homo helmei"*, but are typically considered basal *H. sapiens*.

## Biology

Qafzeh 11 is a 13-year-old discovered in 1971 in a pit dug in bedrock, laying face-down with legs bent to the side and hands oriented to both sides of the neck. Large red deer antlers were clasped to the chest. Qafzeh 9-10 is a double burial with a late adolescent (9) and a young child (10) of undetermined sex.

### Evolution

One study used the cranial landmarks of several archaic *H. sapiens* fossils to create two hypothetical LCAs for the first anatomically modern human. They found that the earliest radiation of *Homo sapiens* began to form regional 'morphs' and hybridizing with regional populations before contracting into a 'modern' phenotype around ~200,000 years in response to climate change and thus extinctions. These morphs are Jebel Irhoud (which possibly introgressed with Neanderthals), the Ngaloba skull and a group that most resembles their virtual LCA (comprised of Florisbad, Eliye Springs and Omo 2). The refined phenotype is hypothesized to spawned more 'modern' specimens, such as Skhul, Qafzeh and Herto. The virtual fossils they generated show a mix of derived morphology through the compacted braincase and tucked face, as well as some basal morphology seen in older specimens.

### Technology

"*H. njarasensis*" was found near different ages of tools, such as Early Middle Stone Age, Levallois and 2 Archeulean choppers. These are said to be of a Sangoan culture. The remains originate from North Tanzania in the Lake Victoria region; 40 kilometers south of Garusi, 2 kilometers west of the southern peak of Mount Mumba, on the northeastern banks of Lake Eyasi (also known as Nyarassa and Nyasa), Eyasi village, 3o32 'South, 35o16' East. These were found on the surface of lacustrine sediments. At the Herto Member, Bouri Formation in a 5-kilometer radius, a long-lasting transitional industry is found with flakes, blades, side and end-scrapers, points, bifaces, flakes with soft hammering and handaxes.

### Diet

BOU-VP-16/1, an adult, bears a weak and thin 35-millimeter-long vertical cut over the bottom corner of the parietal and another, smaller vertical line over the right temporal. BOU-VP-16/2, an adult man, bears immense modification to 15/25 skullcap fragments with deep cuts associated with defleshing on the parietals, left cheekbone, frontal and occipital. He also has repetitive scraping around the circumference of the braincase interpreted as symbolic rather than for consumption. The lack of fragments from the base of the skull may mean the specimen was deposited as a skullcap. BOU-VP-16/5, a juvenile, has deep cuts indicating defleshing along the undersides of the sphenoid and temporals, likely from after the mandible was retrieved. The occipital and foramen magnum were broken into, with the edges polished and smoothed; similar to what some Papuan tribes do. This could indicate that these people were symbolically preparing their dead for a mortuary ritual. A deciduous tooth from Panga ya Saidi shows predominate C3 isotopes, possibly suggesting that the child's mother relied on this diet during breastfeeding.

### Distribution

* Maros-LBB-1a.
* TPL 1.
* TPL 2.
1/3
Humans settled in Sulawesi by around 70-60,000 years, as evidenced by the fragmentary and generally undiagnostic fragment Maros-LBB-1a. Around 60,000 years ago, skeletal elements belonging to a hominin anatomically distinct from humans but not a Neanderthal were found and allocated to *H. sapiens* from Laos, TPL 1-3. These morphs had a mix of these basal/derived characters: a distinct chin, robust mandibular corpus, broad arch and small size. Some of the oldest archeological evidence for the peopling of the Japanese Archipelago are the ~34-36,000 year-old Hiruzen Kogen (Nakayama-Nishi Site, Shimogoharatashiro Site, Shiroyama-Higashi Site) cluster, comprising of stone tools and axes.

### Paleopathology

In 2012, human fossils were found on the surface of Nataruk, Kenya that were mixed with gravel in a barren deserted area. The area many exposed remains, which spanned a ~200x100 meter area, forming clusters of bone by sandy ridges. By the time every hominin was excavated, 27 people (6 young children, a teenager and 20 adults) were found unburied, left in the shallow lagoon. 7 were men and 5 women. 10 individuals showed signs of violence, in areas most targeted in derived violent cases: the head, neck, ribs, hands and knees. 2 cases of projectiles also accompany them. One embedded in the side of the skull of one, 2 sharp-force trauma in the neck, 7 of blunt/sharp trauma in the head, 2 blunt forces to the knees, 1 in the ribs, 2 fractured hands probably caused attempting to block an attack. Lesions were made by three types of man-made weapon: projectiles including stone-tipped sharpened arrows, a club-like weapon and another close combat weapon, possibly a club or wooden handle with stone blades to cause large cuts. 2 individuals show no lesions, but hand position leads experts to believe they had been bound, one being a young woman who was in deep stages of pregnancy. The site was radiocarbon dated by Rachel Wood, optically simulated luminescence by Jean-Luc Schwenninger and uranium-series Rainer Grün. It is 10,500 and 9,500 years old.

    *H. sapiens* from Qafzeh Cave, found associated with flint artifacts, animal bones, sea shells, red ochre and an incised cortical flake. Some layers of this cave are average dated 96-115,000 years old with electron spin resonance and 92,000 years for thermoluminescence. 9 is the earliest evidence of mandibular and dental pathologies in early derived *H. sapiens*. Qafzeh 12 is a 3-year-old with hydrocephalus. Qafzeh 25 was discovered in 1979, believed to be a young man due to being robust and having tooth wear. This specimen underwent great taphonomic damage, with the skull and mandible being completely crushed. Qafzeh 11 bears the earliest evidence of head trauma that likely caused the individual personality and neurological troubles. Africa's earliest burial is Panga ya Saidi ~78,000 years ago, a three year-old child laid in fetal position on a pillow.

## Species

* *H. sapiens* (modern human)
* †*H. habilis*
* †*H. rudolfensis*
* †*H. erectus*
* †*H. antecessor*
* †*H.* *rhodesiensis*
* †*H. naledi*
* †*H. neanderthalensis* (Neanderthal)
* †*H. heidelbergensis*
* †*H. floresiensis*
* †*H. daliensis* (Denisovan)
* †*H. luzonensis*
* †*H. pekinensis*
* †*H. uxoris*?
* †*H. soloensis*?
* †*H. sediba*?
* †Sulawesi hominin?
* †LD 3501
* †Extinct Hominid 1 or †Xe
* †Extinct Hominid 2

### Reassigned Species

For species reassigned to other species/genera:

* *H. s. cognatus* (=bigfoot, hoax)
* †*H. piltdownensis* (=Piltdown Man, hoax)
* †*H. dawsoni* (=Piltdown Man, hoax)
* †*H. pongoides* (=Minnesota Iceman, hoax, ="Neanderthaloid wildmen")
* †"H. alaouite" (=hoax)
* †"H. sardiniensis" (=hoax or *H. sapiens*)
* *H. s. almas* (=wildmen of the Almas)
* *H. sylvestris* (=unknown primate; no referred specimens)
* †*"H." diluvii*
* †*"H." platyops*
* †*"H." palaeojavanicus*
* †*H. aethiopicus* (=*A. afarensis*, =*P. afarensis*)
* †*H. hadar* (=*A. afarensis*, =*P. afarensis*)
* †*H. antiquus* (=*A. afarensis*, =*P. afarensis*, =*O. praegens*)
* *"H." trogodytes* and subspp. (=*Pan*)
* *"H." paniscus* (=*Pan*)
* †*H. alalus*
* †*H. bourgeoisi*
* †*"H." neogeus*/*neogeus*
* †*H"." sinhaleyus*
* †*"H." ramidus*
* †"H. orcensis"
* †*H. simia*
* †*H. ramesi* (=Aurillac)
* †*H. riberoi* (=Otta flint tools)
* †*H. chapadmalensis*

For species reassigned to *H. sapiens*:

* †*H. wadjakensis* (=Wajak skulls)
	+ †*H. erectus wadjakensis*
* †*H. helmei* (=Florisbad skull)
	+ †*H. s. helmei*
* †*H. florisbadensis* (=Florisbad skull)
	+ †*H. f. helmei*
* *H. sapien* (lapsus)
* †*H. s. fossilis* (=Cro-Magnon)
	+ †*H. fossilis* infrasp. *proto-aethiopicus*
* †*H. drennani* (=Cape Flats skull)
* †*H. kanamensis* (=diseased *H. sapiens*)
* †*H. aurignacensis* (=Aurignacians)
	+ †*H. a. hauseri*
* †*H. gardarensis* (=Gardarene)
* †*H.* *grimaldensis*/*grimaldii*/*grimaldiensis* (=Grimaldi)
* †*H. pampaeus* (=Pampa el Pajón)
* †*H. chanceladensis* (=Chancelade Man)
	+ †*H. aproscopinus chanceladensis*
	+ †*H. s. chanceladensis*
	+ †*H. priscus*
* †"H. mituanis" (=Maludong and Longlin)
* †*H. spelaeus*
* †*H. manillensis*
* †*H. australoideus africanus* (=Cape Flats skull)
* †*H. capensis*
* †*H. boskopensis*
* †*H. talgajensis* (=Talgai skull)
* †*H. cromagnonensis*/*spelaeus*/*antiquus*/*larteri* (=Cro-Magnon)
* †*H. elmenteitanus*
* †*H. namasamensis* (=Grotte de Gamble)
* †*H. puninensis* (=Punin)
* †*H. lagoensis* (=Lagoa Santa)
* †*H. s. balangodensis*
	+ †*H. s. balangodensis* var. *negroideus*
* †*H. novusmundus* (="New World Man", exhumed fossils from Minnesota/Wyoming)
* †*H. pliocenicus* (=based on a skeleton from Samborombón)
* †*H. predmostensis*/*predmosti* (=Předmostí)
	+ †*H. s. predmostensis*
* †*H. mentonensis* (=Menton)
* †*H. pre-aethiopicus* (=Dordogne)
* †*H. europaeus* var. *fossilis*
* †*H. eurafricanus recens* (=Aurignacian)
* †*H. eurafricanus archaicus* (=Aurignacian)
* †*H. meridionalis protoaethiopicus* (=Aurignacian)

The following were once used in racial classification; they are all synonymous with *H. sapiens*.

* Referring to African people
	+ *H. s. cafer* (=Bantu peoples)
	+ *H. s. afer* (=black people or Border Cave skull)
	+ *H. s. hottentotus* (=Khoekhoen)
	+ *H. niger*/*aethiopicus* (=black people)
		- †*H. niger* var. *fossilis* (=Grotte des Enfants)
		- *H. negroideus*

* Referring to Asian/Middle Eastern people
	+ *H. flavus*/*mongolicus* (=Asian people)
		- *H. s. asiaticus* (=East Asian people)
		- *H. s. japeticus* (=Middle Eastern and Asian people)
			* *H. s. arabicus* (=Arabian people)
			* *H. s. indicus* (=Indian people)
			* *H. s. scythicus* (=Iranian people)
			* *H. s. sinicus* (=Chinese people)
			* *H. s. neptunianus* (=Austronesian people)
* Referring to North/South American people
	+ *H. americanus* (=North American indigenous people)
		- *H. a. americanus* (=person born in the United States, no race denoted)
		- *H. s. americanus* (=people from the Americas; indigenous)
	+ *H. s. mongoloideus* (=North American indigenous peoples)
	+ *H. s. hyperboreus* (=indigenous peoples of the Arctic)
	+ *H. s. patagonicus* (=Tehuelche people)
	+ *H. s. columbicus* (=Kalinago)
	+ *H. s. hyperboreus* (=Arctic indigenous)
* Referring to European people
	+ *H. afer*/*taganus* (=Portugese skeletons with basal and derived traits)
	+ *H. s. europaeus* (=West Eurasian people)
* Referring to Australasian people
	+ *H. s. tasmianus* (=Australians)
	+ *H. s. melaninus* (=Melanisians and Australians)
	+ *H. s. australasicus* (=Aboriginal Australians)
* Referring to cryptozoology
	+ *H. monstrosus*/*monstruosus* (=wildmen)
	+ *H. s. troglodytes* (=cryptozoological)
	+ *H. s. ferus* (=cryptozoological)
* †*H. attacorus* (="ancient people of rather obscure origin")
* *H. nocturnus* (=nocturnal people)
* *H. s. recens*
* *H. s. s. recens*

## Synonyms

* *Neoanthropus*
* *Hesperanthropus*
* *Heoanthropus*
* *Notanthropus*
* *Silvanthropus*
* *Desertanthropus*
* *Paludanthropus*
* *Archaeoanthropus*
* *Africanthropus*
	+ *Afrikanthropus* (lapsus)
* *Palaeoanthropus*
	+ *Palaeanthropus* (lapsus)
* *Anthropus*
* *Archanthropus*
* *Atlanthropus*
* *Cyphanthropus*
* *Europanthropus*
* *Euranthropus*
* *Rhenanthropus*
* *Javanthropus*
* *Maueranthropus*
* *Metanthropos*
	+ *Metanthropus* (lapsus)
* *Nipponanthropus*
* *Pithecanthropus*
* *Praehomo*
* *Proanthropus*
* *Protanthropus*
* *Pseudhomo*
	+ *Pseudohomo* (lapsus)
* *Sinanthropus*
	+ *Sinathropus* (lapsus)
* *Tchadanthropus*
* *Telanthropus*
* *Tetraprothomo*
* *Triprothomo*
* *Diprothomo*
* *Prothomo*
* *Homo-proscopinus*/*Homo-aproscopinus*
	+ *Eurasianicus*
	+ *Asianicus*
	+ *Africanicus*
	+ *Australasicus*
	+ *Americanicus*
	+ *Eurafricanus*
	+ *Australianus*
	+ *Americanus*
* *Parahomo*
	+ "Sundanthropus"
* *Azykhanthropus*
* *Homopithecus*
* *Eoanthropus*
* *Hemianthropus*
* *Epanthropos*
* *Helacyton*
* *Protopithecanthropus*
* *Protoanthropus*
* *Prezinjanthropus*

## Notable Specimens

* Sardinia 1 "Tatana": A supposed skull announced in 2022, said to be 180, 120, 150, 250 or 400,000 years old, and announced as "Homo sardiniensis" on a far-right news site called Subspeciest the pseudoscientific belief that 'races' of people are distinct). The skull was claimed to be discovered in 2020 by a coastal farmer in Sardinia and kept as "a conversation piece", later being turned in to historians or antiquities experts and then to paleontologists on the mainland. The skull was then brought to Alan VanArsdale, concluding that the specimen reportedly disproves Out-of-Africa based on similarity to Herto (although the skull is coated in plaster and unprepared) and suggested direct relations to the Grimaldi skeletons. The skull apparently has a near-vertical forehead, small midface and primitive dentition, with the face and frontals very taphonomically flattened, and these features are suggested to be due to insularism and suggested that Italy is instead where *H. sapiens* evolved. The specimen is also apparently being worked on by Stefano Giovanni Loi, who states that he is under the direction of VanArsdale. Anthropologist and historian Kayleigh During suggests that VanArsdale is using a fabricated discovery to sell his recent book on hominid taxonomy. She also suggests that this need to disprove Out-of-Africa stems from a white supremacist viewpoint, as with subspecieism, which the sole news source promotes.

### Basal *H. sapiens*

* Dar-es-Soltane 5 or Rabat: A skull preserving most of the right side, associated with the Aterian industry. It is likely about 100,000 years old, very large and housed at Musee d'archeologie Rabat.
* Jebel Irhoud or Irhoud 1-5: Irhoud 1 is a skull, with 2 belonging to another skull and 3 is the mandible of a child. Irhoud 4 is a humerus and 5 is a hip bone. They are all roughly 300,000 years old.
* Wajak/Wadjak 1-2: A set of crania and mandible discovered from Java.
* Herto: BOU-VP-16/1 (a nearly complete skull missing the left skullcap), BOU-VP-16/2 (skull fragments), BOU-VP-16/3 (a parietal bone fragment), BOU-VP-16/4 (a parietal fragment), BOU-VP-16/5 (a nearly complete skull of a 6-7-year-old), BOU-VP-16/6 (a right upper molar), BOU-VP-16/7 (a parietal fragment), BOU-VP-16/18 (parietal fragments), BOU-VP-16/42 (an upper premolar) and BOU-VP-16/43 (a parietal fragment).
* LH 18 or Ngaloba: An early *H. sapiens* skull discovered by Mary Leakey's team in 1976, being about 120,000 years old. The cranium bears a mix of derived and basal characters and has a cranial capacity of ~1200. It differs from African *H. sapiens* to some degree but is considered the same species because they share far more similarities, being unlike *Homo neanderthalensis* and *Homo erectus* crania. In 2021, it was referred to *Homo bodoensis*, which is contested.

### Derived *H. sapiens*

* "Zlatý kůň": A skull presenting the oldest preserved human genome, at 47,000-45,000 years ago.
* Maros-LBB-1a: A right maxilla and frontal process.
* TPL 1-3: TPL 1 (frontal, occipital, right parietal, right temporal and a toothed maxilla) and TPL 2 (mandible) from the same layers, with TPL 3 (?adult mandible) lacking some traits seen in 2 (non-robust mandibular corpus, broad anterior mandibular arch and a developed chin retained).
* Peştera Muierii 1-2: Skulls from Peştera Muierilor. The entire genome of Peştera Muierii 1 was sequenced in 2021 after extensive genetic work from 2016 determining it was from mtDNA Haplogroup U6. DNA was extracted from the temporal of Peştera Muierii 2. Both were found to be women. They are 35,000 and 33,000 years old respectively.
* Atbara River: In 2018, Sudanese fieldwork revealed a diverse assemblage of fauna from the middle Atbara River. Around 30 species were recovered. The extinct include: *Palaeoloxodon jolensis*, *Kolpochoerus*, *Syncerus* and a hipparionine. Postcrania referable to *H. sapiens* and lithics were also recovered. This site dates to ~150,000 years, finding Archeulean continuing into the Middle Stone Age. These people lived in a diverse grassland/woodland with a complex fluvial history that was altered by the Pleistocene climate and tectonics.
* Qafzeh 6, 9-12 and 25: Qafzeh 9-10 is a double burial with a late adolescent (9) and a young child (10) of undetermined sex; Qafzeh 11 is a 13-year-old burial; Qafzeh 12 is a 3-year-old with hydrocephalus; Qafzeh 25 is a young man; Qafzeh 6 is a relatively complete skull discovered in 1933 by R. Neuville.
* Nataruk: An assemblage of wounded individuals ~10,000 years old, suggesting that this site is the earliest case of warfare.
* "Red Deer Cave People" or "Enigma Man": Li Changqing (1979) discovered a block of fine-grain sediment containing human remains, animal fossils, charcoal and burnt clay from a cave near De'e, Longlin County, Guangxi Province, China. These were all assigned specimen number LL-1, shipping them to Kunming of the Yunnan Province for study. A mandible and some bones from the body were extracted from the block. Charcoal from the interior braincase were dated using U-T dating to find an age of 17,830-13,290 years in various of the Red Deer specimens, and 11,510 years for the Longlin specimen. Longlin Cave excavation resumed in 2008, finding several more human remains. Most of the known material from this cave was recovered from the initial excavation, however. In 2010, the rest of the crania and postcrania were prepared from the Red Deer block. In 1989, the Red Deer Cave near Mengzi City, Yunnan found new human remains. These would not be found to be important until Curnoe, Xueping et al. (2008) dated and described existing East Asian human remains to study the poorly-studied Asian archeological record.

* Eyasi 1-6 (EH01-06): The initial discoveries were from 1935 and 1938, including a skull and partial mandible alongside stone tools near Lake Eyasi (also known as Lake Njarasa, Nyarassa and Nyasa or Lake Eyasi) in Tanzania. Other fossils were found in Olduvai Valley in 1936. Three skulls again near Eyasi were found in 1938. Other remains were found near near a surveyed embankment, preserving a skull, mandible, teeth, stone tools and animal remains and other remains. Populations at Eyasi were found alongside Mid-Pleistocene-aged fauna, including: *Hipparion*, a large giraffe and fossil baboons. Species from the Gamblian pluvial are: two extinct antelope species, one large extinct predator, zebras, giraffes, pigs, warthogs, hippos, white and black rhinoceroses, baboons, monkeys, porcupines and small rodents

## Gallery

### Fossils

A restored skull from Border Cave, seen here as *H.* sp., is now thought to be a apomorphic *H. sapiens*."Zlatý kůň".
**Credit: Martin Frouz.**KNM-ES or ES 11693.Dar-es-Soltane 5.Peştera Muierii 1.Florisbad Skull.Omo 1-2.Qafzeh 9.Qafzeh 11.KNM-ES 11693Several Nataruk skeletons.
### Reconstructions

Red Deer Cave People reconstruction.Red Deer Cave People reconstruction.

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herto\_Man
3. ↑ https://twitter.com/HumanOrigins/status/1342477861127671810
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel\_Irhoud#Human\_remains
5. ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248408000304?via%3Dihub
6. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/44602535
7. ↑ https://twitter.com/ChrisStringer65/status/1513920998625660935
8. ↑ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/evan.21929
9. ↑ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943
10. ↑ https://twitter.com/ChrisStringer65/status/1409418572984729600
11. ↑ https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/fulltext/S2666-6758(21)00055-2
12. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1SsIT6CLYo
13. ↑ Africanthrop // Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982
14. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=frY5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1095&lpg=PT1095&dq=Homo+njarasensis&source=bl&ots=9v1Cs5luWV&sig=ACfU3U3j5ut8pqezixj6J05WxQnnB23g3w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1p56usZrvAhUCXc0KHdvGCOoQ6AEwCHoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q=Homo%20njarasensis&f=false
15. ↑ https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/africanthropus
16. ↑ https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01669
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 https://books.google.ca/books?id=UbRBAAAAQBAJ
18. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843893?seq=10
19. ↑ Berger, L. R., Churchill, S. E., De Klerk, B. & Quinn, R. L. PLoS One 3, e1780 (2008).
20. ↑ https://www.nature.com/articles/452133a
21. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo\_gardarensis
22. ↑ https://cryptozoologicalreferencelibrary.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/woodley-2011.pdf
23. ↑ http://www.sci-news.com/genetics/red-deer-cave-human-genome-11002.html
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120314-new-human-species-chinese-plos-science-red-deer-cave/
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21586-chinese-human-fossils-unlike-any-known-species.html
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303470
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4683062
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 https://www.academia.edu/13278341
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378881
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/bone-suggests-red-deer-cave-people-mysterious-species-human/
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 https://doi.org/10.4436%2FJASS.94028
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 https://theconversation.com/bone-suggests-red-deer-cave-people-a-mysterious-species-of-human-52437
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 http://www.sci-news.com/genetics/red-deer-cave-human-genome-11002.html
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skhul\_and\_Qafzeh\_hominins
35. ↑ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dna-suggests-modern-humans-emerged-from-several-groups-in-africa-not-one-180982242/
36. ↑ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11213-w
37. ↑ https://antropogenez.ru/location/211/
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panga\_ya\_Saidi#Human\_remains
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257273
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 https://www.livescience.com/22527-tam-pa-ling-cave-human-remains.html
41. ↑ https://sj.jst.go.jp/news/202208/n0822-01k.html
42. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataruk#The\_discoveries\_at\_Nataruk
43. ↑ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/the-strange-case-of-the-minnesota-iceman/
44. ↑ https://www.studocu.com/es/document/universidad-de-alicante/prehistoria-en-la-peninsula-iberica/temario-prehistoria-de-la-peninsula-iberica/9530096
45. ↑ http://www.woolmerforest.org.uk/library/Fossil%20men%20-%20elements%20of%20human%20palaeontology%20-%20M.%20Boule%20(1923).pdf
46. ↑ https://fr.copernicus.org/articles/24/65/2021/
47. ↑ http://www.danstopicals.com/errors88.htm
48. ↑ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/four-species-of-homo-youve-never-heard-of-part-ii-156735412/
49. ↑ H. KLAATSCH u. O. HAUSER: Homo aurignacensis Praehist. Zeitschr. I.
50. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/659640.pdf
51. ↑ https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap\_0037-8984\_1948\_num\_9\_1\_2828
52. ↑ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4158630/
53. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda\_Man
54. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human\_taxonomy
55. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names\_for\_the\_human\_species
56. ↑ https://t.co/FWLSbU6vSl
57. ↑ https://twitter.com/chrisstringer65/status/1253595143686500352
58. ↑ https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/ngaloba-lh-18
59. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6766536/
60. ↑ https://cosmosmagazine.com/history/palaeontology/9-funky-stories-for-fossil-day/
61. ↑ https://www.pnas.org/content/103/46/17196
62. ↑ https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SVP\_2021\_VirtualBook\_final.pdf
63. ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=isbn%3A9965938997
64. ↑ Korean Wikipedia
65. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1SsIT6CLYo
66. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautavel\_Man
67. ↑ The National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan vol. 1, 2000