Appendix N

## Sources of Inspiration

*Army of Darkness* (Raimi, 1992)

*Black Death* (Smith, 2010)

*Excalibur* (Boorman, 1981)

*The Name of the Rose* (Annaud, 1986)

*Gawain and the Green Knight* (Weeks, 1973)

*The Seventh Seal* (Bergman, 1957)

*Monty Python and the Holy Grail* (Gilliam and Jones, 1975)

*The Vikings* (Fleischer, 1958)

*Henry V* (Branagh, 1985)

*The 13th Warrior* (McTiernan and Crichton, 1999)

*King Lear* (Brook, 1971)

*Valhalla Rising* (Winding Refn, 2009)

*Season of the Witch* (Sena, 2011)

## General

Anon. *The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*. Red and Black, 2009

Anon. Howell D. Chickering trans. *Beowulf*. Anchor, 2006

Anon. Pamela Sheingorn trans. *The Book of Sainte Foy*. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.

Anon. Jesse Byock trans. *Grettir’s Saga*. Oxford World’s Classics, 2005

Anon. Robert Cook trans. *Njal’s Saga*. Penguin Classics, 2002

Anon. Jesse Byock trans. *The Saga of the Volsungs*. Penguin Classics, 2000

Aquinas, Thomas. *Summa Theologica*. Coyote Canyon Press, 2010

Bede. Leo Sherley-Price and D.H. Farmer trans. *Ecclesiastical History of the English People*. Penguin, 1991

Bloch, Marc. *Feudal Society, Volume 1.* University of Chicago Press, 1964

--. *Feudal Society, Volume 2*. University of Chicago Press, 1964

Brook, Christopher. *The Age of Cloister*. HiddenSpring, 2002

Brown, Nancy Marie. *The Abacus and the Cross*. Basic Books, 2010

Byock, Jesse. *Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power*. University of California Press, 1990

Casson, Lionel. *Libraries in the Ancient World*. Yale UP, 2001

Cohn, Norman. *The Pursuit of the Millennium*. Oxford UP, 1970

Crawford, Sally. *Daily Life in Anglo-Saxon England*. Greenwood, 2009

Daniel-Rops, Henri. J.M. Dent and Sons trans. *The Church in the Dark Ages*. E.P. Dutton & Co, 1960

Davies, Owen. *Grimoires: A History of Magic Books*. Oxford UP, 2010

Flint, Valerie I. J. *The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe*. Princeton UP, 1991

Hall, Alaric. *Elves in Anglo-Saxon England*. The Boydell Press, 2009.

Harrison, Mark. *Anglo-Saxon Thegn 449-1066 AD*. Osprey, 1993

Inman, A. H. *Domesday and Feudal Statistics*. E. Stock, 1900

Jolly, Karen Louise. *Popular Religion in Late Saxon England: Elf Charms in Context*. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

King Solomon. F. C. Conybeare trans. *The Testament of King Solomon*. Createspace 2009

LeGoff, Jacques. Arthur Goldhammer trans. *The Medieval Imagination*. University of Chicago Press, 1988

Lindahl, Carl, John McNamara and John Lindow. *Medieval Folklore: A Guide to Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs*. Oxford UP, 2002

Mitchell, Bruce. *An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England*. Blackwell, 1994

Norwich, John Julius. *Byzantium: The Apogee*. Knopf, 1992

Rautman, Marcus. *Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire*. Greenwood, 2006

Reynolds, Susan. *Fiefs and Vassals*. Oxford UP, 1996

Roesdahl, Else. *The Vikings*. Penguin, 1991.

Rosenwein, Barbara H. ed. *Anger’s Past*. Cornell University, 1998

Southern, R. W. *The Making of the Middle Ages*. Yale UP, 1953

Sturluson, Snorri. Jean I. Young trans. *The Prose Edda*. University of California Press, 1954.

Verdon, Jean. George Holoch trans. *Travel in the Middle Ages*. University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.

Wakefield, Walter L. and Austin P. Evans, trans. *Heresies of the High Middle Ages*. Columbia University Press, 1991.

## Places and Place-Names

Ekwall, Eilert. *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names*. Oxford: Clarendon, 1936. Fourth edition, 1964. This is one of two sources for the names of cities, estates, castles, and other landmarks. Greg Stafford's process to name places is to take the toponyms as explained in the two sources and choose the one which is more Arthurian to his ear. In some cases, when both sources failed to provide something appropriate, Greg makes up a name.

Mills, A. D. *A Dictionary of English Place-Names*. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991. This is the other of the two sources for the names of cities, estates, castles, and other landmarks.

*Key to English Place Names*. University of Nottingham (http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk). A good source if you want to rename someplace that is not listed here or on the website. The more places that you look, the more you realize how speculative a lot of this research is. Be sure to choose what you like rather than what is most correct, and rephrase names to be less academic.

*Open Domesday*. Data created by Professor J.J.N. Palmer, site by Anna Powell-Smith (http://domesdaymap.co.uk/). This website is the source for the names and locations of the hundreds and settlements. It is neither perfect nor easy to use, but is still the best source for this information. As a point of information, Greg used this site as the source for calculating the income for the hundreds in the game. After a variety of complex and perhaps unnecessary calculations, the value listed as “Taxes Paid” divided by 4 is the King Arthur Pendragon value in £.

## Royalty and Governance

Jolliffe, J. E. A. *Angevin Kingship*. London: Black, 1963. This is a heavyweight academic book that’s chock full of information. Herein Greg discovered the “right of royal ire” and other awesome details about the eyre, royal household, palaces, and more.

Green, Judith A. *The Government of England under Henry I*. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986. The Uther Period is encapsulated as being “Norman,” and most people think of William the Conqueror. Greg thinks that Henry I provides a better comparison. This book shows how the “Lion of Justice” lived in a transitional period between the overtly brutal military oppression of William I and the subtly brutal legal oppression of Henry I’s grandson, Henry II.

Morris, William Alfred. *The Medieval English Sheriff to 1300*. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1968. A heavy academic tome, this book takes a century by century look at this very important royal office, with quite a bit of detail.

Church, S. D. *The Household Knights of King John*. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999. This book really defined household knights for Greg. They are closest to the “adventuring knights” concept of knights. It includes both theory and examples. Recommended!

Cam, Helen Maud. *The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls: An Outline of Local Government in Medieval England; with 11 Ill. and 2 Maps*. New York, N. Y.: Franklin, 1973. This is the definitive book on the hundreds, as far as Greg is concerned. Cam dissects the details of the information collected across England by Edward I in 1274-5. Here is an explanation of the local hundred and county government, the sheriffs, and the many lesser authorities.

Cam, Helen Maud. *Liberties and Communities in Medieval England: Collected Studies in Local Administration and Topography*. London: Merlin, 1963. A dense academic book, the several articles concentrate on single subjects and provide intricate and intimate details on them. It assumes a fair level of expertise, such as knowing what a Quo Warranto procedure is. Not for everyone, but useful for subjects like “Early Groups of Hundreds,” “The Marshalsy of the Eyre,” “The Hundred and the Hundredal manor,” “The Hundred outside the North Gate of Oxford,” and so on

Powicke, Michael R. *Military Obligation in Medieval England; a Study in Liberty and Duty*. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962. A surprising tome, especially concerning the historical use of peasants as soldiers. Here’s a clue: archers.

## Uther

Geoffrey, and Lewis G. M. Thorpe. *The History of the Kings of Britain*. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966. This is the book that started the written tradition of King Arthur, originally written in Latin in 1136. It traces the legendary history of Britain from 1115 BC, when Brutus the Trojan landed, to King Cadwaller, who died in 689. King Arthur is the subject of the longest part. Other translations exist, but Greg recommends this one because of its 82-page Index. OBLIGATORY.

## Nobility

Crouch, David. *The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France: 900-1300*. Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman, 2005. This interesting book explores the rise of the aristocracy, starting with the “anyone who has a horse and arms” era and ending in true snobbery. It goes from the uneven earliest standards of knighthood to the earliest moral justification stage to the development of ethical growth into the “because that’s how it is” era.

Stenton, F. M. *The First Century of English Feudalism*. Oxford: Clarendon, 1961. Frank Stenton is one of grand old men of English medieval studies. He is one of those that Greg calls “footnote authors,” because his work is always found quoted in footnotes of newer works. His analysis of the system of baronial honours, knights, and obligations is still a foundational work, and a treasure trove for details.

Coss, Peter R. *The Lady in Medieval England: 1000-1500*. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole, 1998. This is Greg's favorite book on this nearly neglected subject. Chapters on “Origins” cover the early period, passing through “Gentility and Social Position” and concluding with “The Role of the Lady in Later Medieval England”. Intervening chapters cover visual representations, literature, and “Lady versus Lord: Antagonist Relations”. RECOMMENDED.

Given-Wilson, Chris. *The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The Fourteenth-century Political Community*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987. Although the fourteenth century is much after the Uther Period, some of the background in this book is nonetheless valuable. This book will come into its own for the Tournament Period, but is very valuable nonetheless. RECOMMENDED.

Pearce, Ernest Harold. *Walter De Wenlok, Abbot of Westminster*. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1920. Walter was an important figure in the reign 1283 of Edward I, but only a part of this ponderous book is useful to Pendragon, primarily in providing a historical example of a great lord’s lifestyle, including his retainers, estates, expenditures, and so on.

## Castles

Armitage, Ella S. *The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles*. London: J. Murray, 1912. Definitive in its time, it is still incredibly useful about its subject. “Early” here means the Norman period. Very, very cool because it has ground diagrams of just about all the castles it explains.

Fry, Plantagenet Somerset. *Castles of the British Isles*. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1990. This is one of two books that Greg uses as the definitive source on castles for Pendragon. It has introductory information, then lists them by country (England, Scotland, Wales) with historical information, and lots and lots of diagrams. Highly recommended.

Wilkinson, Frederick. *The Castles of England*. London: G. Philip, 1973. This is the other of two books that Greg considers to be a definitive source on castles for Pendragon. With minimal introductory information, it lists castles and gives their histories, arranged alphabetically for England. Highly recommended.

De Re Militari. *Society for the Study of Medieval Military History* (http://www.deremilitari.org). This site is a jewel, with high quality articles and reviews on its subject. Most are short articles on specific subjects. It is investigative, and is a great source to see the difference between Pendragon’s literature-based combat system and the historical reality. As long as we remember that difference, though, it is a good source.

## Forests

Young, Charles R. *The Royal Forests of Medieval England*. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 1979. As far as Greg is concerned, this is the book on the subject. It’s got details of the legal systems through the centuries and, hallelujah, maps.

Bechmann, Roland. *Trees and Man: The Forest in the Middle Ages*. New York: Paragon House, 1990. A wonderful and complete work on the forests, this is one of Greg's favorite books. It uses French examples rather than English, but the period had such overlap between French and English terminology and practices that the difference is minimal. It explains the astonishing ecology of the forest-dwelling peoples, folk who lived where the fields changed every few years yet certain trees were preserved for a century before being cut, the impact of saws, forest resources, and extensive forest vocabulary.

James, Thomas B. *The Palaces of Medieval England: C. 1050-1550: Royalty, Nobility, the Episcopate and Their Residences from Edward the Confessor to Henry VIII*. London: Seaby, 1990. The unwalled sites for non-military pleasures get considerably less coverage than the formidable castles. This book is about the halls, hunting lodges, and personal retreats of the period.

## Caledonia, Pictland, and the North

### Main Sources

Bord, J and C. *Atlas of Magical Britain*. Sidgewick and Jackson. 1990

Dingwall, P. *Dumfries and Galloway*. Discovery Guides. Encyclopedia Britannica.

Feachem, R.W. *A Guide to Prehistoric Scotland*. Batsford. 1963.

Kinross, J. *Discovering Castles in England and Wales*. Shire Publications. 1984.

Lewin, P., Hillery, C. & Parker, M. *Northumberland Coast and Cheviot Hills*. Discovery Guides. 1987.

Matthews, J. *The Celtic Shaman -A Handbook*. Element. 1991.

Morris, J. *The Age of Arthur*. Weidenfeld and Nicholson. 1989.

Naddair, K. *Keltic Folk and Faerie Tales - Their Hidden Meaning Explored*. Century. 1987.

Price, D. *Scottish Borders*. Discovery Guides.

Pochin Mould, D.D.C. *Scotland of the Saints*. B.T. Batsford. 1952.

Ritchie, A. *Picts*. HMSO Publications. 1987.

Salter, M. *Discovering Scottish Castles*. Shire Publications. 1985.

### Other Reading

Alcock, L. *Arthur's Britain*. Penguin Books. 1985.

Ashe, G. *A Guidebook to Arthurian Britain*. Aquarian Press.

Ashe, G. *Mythology of the British Isles*. Metheun. 1990.

Beresford Ellis, P. *Celtic Inheritance*. Muller.

Beresford Ellis, P. *Dictionary of Celtic Mythology*. Constable. 1992.

Chadwick, N. *The Celts*. Penguin Books. 1971.

Coghlan, R. *Encyclopaedia of Arthurian Legends*. Element. 1991.

Frank, B. *Discover Scotland*. J. Bartholomew & Son. 1984.

Geoffrey of Monmouth. *The History of the Kings of Britain*. Penguin Books. 1966.

Grimble, I. *Clans and Chiefs*. Blond and Briggs.

Jenner, M. *Scotland Through the Ages*. Mermaid. 1989.

Karr, P.A. *The King Arthur Companion*. Chaosium. 1983.

Laing, L. & J. *The Picts and the Scots*. Alan Sutton. 1993.

McNeil, F.M. *lona: A History of the Island*. Blackie and Son. 1959.

Marsden, J. *Northanhymbre Saga*. Kyle Kathie. 1992.

Meadows, K. *Shamanic Experience - A Practical Guide to Contemporary Shamanism*. Element. 1991.

Murray, J. *Murrays Handbook for Scotland (1894)*. David and Charles. 1971.

Ritchie, A. & Breeze, D.J. *Invaders of Scotland*. HMSO Publications.

Ritchie, A. *Scotland B.C*. HMSO Publications. 1988.

Squire, C. *Celtic Myth and Legend Poetry and Romance*. Gresham.

Stephenson, J.B. *Exploring Scotland's Heritage*. HMSO Publications.

Stewart, R.J. *Celtic Gods, Celtic Goddesses*. Blandford. 1990.

Tabraham, C. *Scottish Castles and Fortifications*. HMSO Publications. 1986.

Toulson, S. *Celtic journeys*. Hutchinson. 1985.

## History

Anonymous. *The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, translated by Garmonsway, G.N., J.M. Dent Publisher, 1953 (original 9th century AD).

Barber, Richard. *The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief*. Penguin Books, 2004.

Bulfinch, Thomas. *Age of Fable: Vol. II: The Age of Chivalry*. Lee & Shepard Publishers, 1858.

Caesar, Julius. *Gallic War*, translated by Hammond, C., Oxford University Press, 1996 (original c. 50 BC).

Geoffrey of Monmouth. *The History of the Kings of Britain*, translated by Thorpe, L., Penguin Books, 1966 (original 1136 AD).

Goodrich Lorre, Norma. *King Arthur*. Franklin Watts, 1986.

*The Holy Grail*. Harper Collins, 1992.

Jenkins, Elizabeth. *The Mystery of King Arthur*. Dorset Press, 1990.

Jung, Emma and Von Franz, Marie-Louise. *The Grail Legend*. Sigo Press, 1986.

Karr, Phyllis Ann. *The King Arthur Companion*. Chaosium, 1983.

Konstam, Angus, and Wagner, Paul. *Pictish Warrior AD 297-841*. Osprey Publishing, 2002.

Malory, Sir Thomas. *Le Morte d’Arthur*, edited by Cowen, J., 1978 (original 1485 AD).

Markale, Jean. *King of the Celts*. Inner Traditions, 1994.

Matthews, John and Stewart, Bob. *Warriors of Arthur*. Blandford Press, 1987.

Morris, John. *The Age of Arthur*. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973.

Tranquillus, Suetonius. *The Life of Caligula*, translated by Graves, R., revised by Grant, M., collected in *The Twelve Caesars*. Penguin Books, 1989 (original 121 AD).

Tactitus, Cornelius. *The Annals of Imperial Rome*, translated by Grant, M., Penguin Books, London, 1956 (original c. 112 AD).

### Online Resources

Royalty of Post-Roman Britain, from Early British Kingdoms. Vortigern Studies, British History 400-800. http://www. vortigernstudies.org.uk/vortigernhomepage.htm Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com

Roman Conquest of Britain, from Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman\_conquest\_of\_Britain

King Arthur, from Timeless Myths. http://www.timelessmyths.com/arthurian/arthur.html

Ireland circa 400 A.D., from Ireland’s History in Maps. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire400.htm NOTE: currently offline, most content retrievable from https://web.archive.org/web/20170630155347/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire400.htm

Timeline 400-500, from Dr. Wheeler’s Homepage at Carson-Neuman. http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/timeline\_400.html

Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. http://www.roman-empire.net/index.html NOTE: currently offline, most content retrievable from https://web.archive.org/web/20171013040356/http://www.roman-empire.net:80/index.html

Celtic Twilight. http://www.celtic-twilight.com NOTE: Above site currently offline, most content retrievable from http://www.zendonald- son.com/twilight/index.htm

World History 400-500 AD, from History Central. http://historycentral.com/dates/400ad.html

400 AD to 476 AD: Dissolution, from Pilgrim Travel: Chronological Tables on CD Rom. http://www.pilgrimtravel.com/page9.html NOTE: currently offline, most content retrievable from https://web.archive.org/web/20160330094548/http://pilgrimtravel.com/page9.html

Barbarian Movements, from School of Divinity. http://www.animatedmaps.div.ed.ac.uk/Divinity6web/movements.html