Heronoi language

The **Heronoi language** (Heronoi: **Heronoi Quita**) is the native language of the Heronoi people, who live in the kingdom of Heronoja at northeastern Palkyras.

## Dialects

### Wanaxawoikoi Heronoi

In the Heronoi dialect spoken in the capital city, Wanaxawoiko, later used among youngsters across the nation, u tends to be pronounced as [ɯ] or [ʊ], especially when unstressed and short.

### Western Heronoi

* z - [z~ʑ] not [dz]
* -k (before g, g', gw, k, kh, qu)
* -s - [ʃ]
* r - [l], following vowel omitted
* dh - [z]
* th - [s]
* w - [β]
* x - [xs]
* gw, qu - [xw]

### Eastern Heronoi

* ō - [wo] after g, g', k, and kh
* gw - merged to b, g, p except in formal words
* qu - merged to b, f, g, p except in formal words
* th - [tʰ]
* dh - [z]
* z - merged to g, s
* r - [l] in many words
* l and š are considered separate phonemes from r and x
* x - [ʃ] at the start of words

### Siangwaanian Heronoi, Waxeroi, Southern Heronoi

This is the dialect Gworofando and Wiresa uses, and its pronunciation is considered the standard pronunciation in Siangwaan.

It is sometimes also known as Southern Heronoi or (derogatorily) as Waxeroi. The Waxeroi Heronoi who use it insist the terms "Siangwaanian Heronoi" and "Southern Heronoi" should be used, as they consider themselves as Heronoi. Although it was derived from Eastern Heronoi, it was influenced by the Heronoi dialect of the capital.

* Similar to and influenced by Standard Heronoi
* th - [tʰ]
* dh - [ð~d]
* r - [r] (trill)
* -ō verbal suffix - [-wo(n)]
* u - [ɯ] or [ʊ] when short
* x - [ks~is]. [ks] between vowels, [is-] at the start of a word
* ö - [ø], [-oi] at the end of a word
* -an adjective - [aŋ]
* Keeps gw and qu

## Pronouns

nominative - accusative - genitive

* I: imo/ima - omo/oma - iso/ise (masc/fem)
	+ ja is an informal form of "I" used among young Heronoi.
* thou: du/dawa - dumo/duma - dusa/duwasa
* he/she: ito/ita - seto/seta - itosa/itisa
* singular/anonymous they - etai - sete - itese
* romantic we - dwaima - dwaimaja - dwaisa
* inanimate it: itu - setu - itesu
* abstract it: itumo - setyma - itysu
* we: itwö - tömo - twosa
* you: wo - twymo - wosa
* they: tetwo - setwo - twesa
* royal I: Wanaxa
* royal thou: Dwaxa
* royal he/she: Dwaxasa
* royal they: Wixa - Wixama - Wixasa

-sa is used for genitive for words, but if a word ends with sa, -sa is changed to -so.

-toge - -self

-mai - (plural)

## Verbal tenses

Infinitive - continuous - perfect

* Past: -(n)iki - -(j)ōniki - -(jō)kita

* Present: -ō/-jō/-nō - -(j)ōki - kö- ... -(j)ōki
* Present classical/religious: -jona - -jonaki - kö- ... -jonaki
	+ Shortened to -on - -onni - kö- ... -na in hymns and anthems.

* Future: dwí- - dwí- ... -(jō)ki - dwí- ... -(jō)kita

### Others

* Passive: ...-tö bi X - done by X

* g'a before verb - do not
	+ e.g. g'a temō - do not use
* g'a after verb - cannot
	+ e.g. temō g'a - cannot use
* -sō - should, must, need to
* -(o)nö - with (something)

## Basic verbs

* nijō - to do
* temō - to use something
* jessajō - to need
* samō - to have
* idájō - to come
* miwajō - to be able to do something
* tajenō - to want to do something
* nödijō - to become something
* sēnbaō - to meet
* amijō - to eat
* muxijō - to drink
* symējō - to sleep
* sujō - to break, to smash, to shatter

## Grammatical bits

### Articles

* te - and
* -(o)ry - or
* oto- , -teja - also
* nu - but, except, however
* mo ... - for
* -porý - except
* ... tes - X of Y
* -nin - of a substance or colour

### Noun affixes

* -dono - doer
* -bono - doer of a profession

* -doro - doer of a formal profession
* -bano - -ism, -ness
* -janna - -ness
* -wai - demonym
* -bo - demonym, -er
* -wajo - person of a certain tribe, ethnicity, or race
* -waja - woman of a certain group
* -janna - -ish, -ian, -ese

### Place prepositions

* -ni(n) - in, at, or a substance
* -sö́ - on, above
* -(jo)di - towards, to
* -wö - from
* -pe - out of
* twixa - between
* -dwazau - through
* -dosö, -dosoi - under
* -risö, -risoi - over
* -jori - very near
* -ori - near
* -roni - far
* -dároni - far away from
* kare - against, to the opposite of
* gworija, gworo - north
* esa, esanoja - east
* oboja, boja - south
* besotoja, beso - west

### Time prepositions

* -mi, mija - now
* re- - again
* waraxoe, waxoje - therefore, so that
* -ma - while

### Amounts

* tosso - very, many
	+ Women sometimes use ... hi or ... si as their form of "very".
* toso - more
* gise - few
* -ida - full of
* -tare - lacking in
* quone - any
* des(a) ... - -er
* tosda ... - -est
* aro- - all
* amoi, enboi - every
* thoka - than
* -iro/-ira, -(i)ko/-(i)ka - lesser, smaller
* -oro/-ara, -dwaro, -quasa, -dwosa - greater

### Questions

* ka - what
* oty - when
* peta - where
* onnö - who
* pasa, sa - how
* kane, kaneja - can I/you/they/we do ... ?

### Miscellaneous

* ra- - only
* -wara, -noi - like something
* toni - this
* tani, dani - that
* noi - so that
* suga - just, should, need to
* ameje - although, even though
* ari .../aroi ... - there is, there are
* dasu - because
* dasuma - because (archaic)

## Basics

* je, ne, mie - yes
* daija - truly
* g'a - no
* daraki - hello
	+ hane daraki - hello (Siangwaanian and Eastern Heronoi)
* darakinoi - greetings
* hane - hi there
* haja, hai - hail to you
* idaki(na)noi, dakinoi - welcome
* dwikai dipisa (du)? - how are you? (lit. "is your harvest fine?")
* (dipisa) iso tosso - I am fine (lit. "my harvest is many")
* du sijanō? - do you understand?
* ka du temō? - what are you doing? (lit. "what are you using?")
* tossodari, tosari - thank you
* ka tosso? - anything else?
* idájō jes! - come here!
* wikauge, wikaute - sorry
	+ sýmunte in Eastern Heronoi
* tarauma - goodbye
* taraumas - farewell
* majaraira - may you shine forever, long live, happy birthday
* Bexara ... - May you have a happy (festival)
* Bexara Najewanani - Happy Birthday
* Bexara Nezawai! - Happy New Year!
* Bexara Genaxanda - Happy Independence Day
* Bexara Bexajóma - Happy Full Moon
* rai ... - let me, let them ...
* -aje? - (interrogative), ... ?
* -je(s)! - (intensifier), ... !

## Numbers

Modern and Old Heronoi (O)

0; 1-10

* (O) g'owos, anna, dwos, tiri, pweso, iru, aixa, anija, saisa, jaraxa, pijewo/saiti
* gogwo; ana, duwo, tiri, peso, iru, axa, anē, aisa, jaxa, pewo
* 11-20: anpijo, dwepijo, tiripijo, setpijo, rypijo, (e)xapijo, (a)nēpijo, (ai)sēpijo, jaxēpijo, wisaiti/waisati/dwosati
* 30-90: tirisati, pessoti, irysati, atxati, naisati, aisati, jatxati
* 100 - mija
* 200-900 - dwemija, tirimija, pesomija, irymija, axamija, naisamija, aisamija, jaxamija
* 1000 - adara
* 2000-9000 - dwedara, tiridara, pesodara, irudara, axadara, naisadara, aisadara, jaxadara
* 10000 - kywano
* 100000 - dawando, dwaratho
* 1 million - wiwanda, wawinda

## Colours

* sija - colour
* ari - red
* gwepei - orange
* g'ori - green
* teru - light blue
* ósana - blue
* poryko - purple
* kuruso - golden colour
* sari - silver colour
* túron - brown
* sensa - tan
* araja - white
* arija - white (as in heated metal)
* sonnö - grey
* hatē - black

## Heronoi alphabet

* а - a
* і - i
* о - o
* е - e
* у - u
* ѡ - ō
* ѣ - ē
* ѵ - y
* ѫ - ö
* д - d
* т - t
* н - n
* ԁ - dh
* ѳ - th
* б - b
* п - p
* м - m
* ф - f
* к - k
* г - g
* һ - kh
* ҁу - qu
* гў - gw
* с - s
* з - z
* р - r
* х - h
* ў - w
* ј - j
* ѯ - x
* ґ - g'
* тў - tw
* дў - dw

## Standard Heronoi pronunciation

* a - [ä], [ʌ~ə] unstressed
* an - [ʌn], [ʌ̃~ʌŋ] in the adjective suffix -an
* dw - [dʷ]
* dh, ð - [ð]
* ē - [æ], [ej] after w
* g - [g], [j] before short [i]
* gw - [gw]
* g' - [gʱ]
* j - [j]
* kh - [x]
* n before m - long m
* n before n - long n
* n before other consonants - nasalises consonant
* ö - [ø], [-øj] after w, [-wo̞j] at the end of a word
* ō - [ɔ], [ʌ] in the verbal ending -ō
* qu - [kw]
* r - [ɾ]
* s before any consonant - [ʃ-]
	+ e.g. ssuzi (kiss)
* s before s - long s
* s before s at the start of a word - [ʃ]
* s at the end of a syllable - [-s]
	+ e.g. taraumas (farewell)
* t before any consonant - long consonant
* t before s - [t͡s]
* t before x - [kːs]
* tw - [tʷ]
* th - [θ]
* x - [k͡s]
* y - [y], [ɯ] when unstressed, [-jo̞] at the end of a word
* z - [d͡z]
* á, í, ó, é, ú, ý, ḗ, ṓ, ö́ - long vowel

## Sample

Aro-kara haja. G'a kewarynō itumo nymaweböna.

[ˈäɾokäɾʌ ˈhäjʌ gʱa keˈwaɾynʌŋ iˈtumo nymaˈwebønʌ]

All blood is holy. Do not spill it unnecessarily.

Daqueja desa haita aro-jötaiti-mai. Gwijezō dusa ratha-ni sajaraxa-jodi, te du dwí-raxada toso. Haja Fereijo!

[ˈdäkʷejʌ ˈdesʌ ˈhai̯tʌ ˈäɾojøtai̯timai̯ ˈgʷijed͡zo ˈdusa ˈräθʌni ˈsäjʌɾʌk͡sʌjodi tɛ du ˈdʷiːɾak͡sʌdʌ ˈtoso ˈhäjʌ feˈɾejːo]

Ambition -est high all-goal-PLU. Stay-PRES thy path-in stars-towards, and thou FUT-achieve many. Praise Freyr!

Ambition is the highest of all goals. Stay on your path to the stars, and you will achieve much. Hail Freyr!

Ја ґа тере. - Ja g'a tere. - I am not a doll.

### Dialects

Standard Heronoi - Western Heronoi - Eastern Heronoi

* paxeta (waterfall) - pahset(a) - pašeda
* togwa (shop) - tohwa - toga
* thoregwo (person) - sorihwo - tholigo
* wanaxa (king) - vanehsa - wanakšo, wanšo
* xefo (sword) - hsefo - šepo

## Gallery

Names of ethnic Heronoi in Siangwaan, written in their native language.tynason, "stop""Bexara Genaxanda! 1996 Obištij Sōrok!" (Happy Independence Day! 1996, Common Era!)
## Trivia

* The author based the Heronoi language on transliterations of the Linear B script of Mycenaean Greek, as he noticed that their spelling resembles Japanese romaji.

## See also

* Heronoi glossary
* Heronoi mythology
* Heronoi calendar
* Bujanski language
* Marnosyn language
* Josolchir language
* Heronoi insults