照明控制介绍

**EE101: INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING CONTROL**

A good lighting design includes a good controls design. Lighting controls play a critical role in lighting systems, enabling users manually or automatically to:

* turn the lights ON and OFF using a switch;
* adjust light output up and down using a dimmer.

This basic functionality can be used to generate these benefits for the lighting owner:

* flexibility to satisfy user visual needs;
* automation to reduce energy costs and improve sustainability.

In recent years, lighting controls have evolved two additional capabilities:

* adjust light source color, including shade of white light;
* generate data via measuring and/or monitoring.

EE101: Introduction to Lighting Control provides an overview of the basic functionality of today’s lighting controls, benefits and the basic questions to ask when identifying an appropriate lighting control strategy.

一个优秀的照明设计包括一个好的控制设计。照明控制在照明系统中起着关键作用，使用户能够手动或自动：

* 通过使用开关开灯或关灯；
* 使用调光器上下调节光输出。

此基本功能可为照明用户带来以下好处：

* 满足用户视觉需求的灵活性；
* 自动化可降低能源成本并提高可持续性。

近年来，照明控制又发展出两种附加功能：

* 调整光源颜色，包括白光的阴影；
* 通过测量和/或监测生成数据。

EE101：照明控制简介概述了当今照明控制的基本功能、优点以及确定适当照明控制方案时要问的基本问题。

**LEARNING OBJECTIVES  学习目标**

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

* Explain the functionality and benefits of lighting controls.
* Recommend lighting controls to clients based on benefits appropriate for various applications.
* Identify lighting control strategies based on inputs and outputs.
* Match lighting control strategies to applications.

本课程结束时，您将能够：

* 解释照明控制的功能和优点。

* 根据适合各种应用场合的优点向客户推荐照明控制方案。

* 根据输入和输出确定照明控制方案。

* 将照明控制方案与应用相匹配。

#### **LIGHTING CONTROL EFFECTS AND BENEFITS  照明控制效果和效益**

LIGHTING CONTROL EFFECTS  照明控制效果

Lighting controls provide the following basic functions. End-users harness these functions to support energy management and/or visual needs.
照明控制有以下基本功能。利用这些功能，不仅节能，还可以达到用户的视觉需求。

产生适当数量的光… | Light output (intensity) dimming
…在需要光的地方… | Zoning of luminaires to controllers
…当需要光的时候。 | Automatically reduce lighting when the space is unoccupied

LIGHTING CONTROL EFFECTS  照明控制效果

Lighting controls are evolving to provide advanced functions, which vary in availability depending on system type and application need.
照明控制正在发展，以提供高级功能，这些功能根据系统类型和应用需求而变化。

在正确的颜色或白光的阴影下产生光… | Separately dimming arrays of LEDs with different colors or white-light
correlated color temperatures (CCTs)
…允许远程编程和控制… | Control systems with programming and lighting management capability
…告诉你你的灯是怎么工作的。 | Centralized intelligent control systems with measuring and/or monitoring/alarm capability

 BENEFITS: VISUAL NEEDS      优点：视觉需求

By adjusting the intensity of one or more layers of lighting in a space, lighting controls can:

* change space appearance;
* facilitate different functions of the space;
* alter atmosphere and mood;
* reduce glare;
* increase user satisfaction by providing users the ability to control their lighting.

通过调整空间中一个或多个照明层的强度，照明控件可以：

* ·改变空间形态；
* ·使空间拥有不同的功能；
* ·改变气氛和情绪；
* ·减少眩光；
* ·通过为用户提供控制照明的能力来提高用户满意度。

 BENEFITS: ENERGY MANAGEMENTS      优点：节能

By reducing lighting ON time, intensity or zoning, lighting controls reduce both demand and energy consumption. According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study, popular lighting control strategies produce 24-38% average lighting energy savings, which reduces building operating costs.

Because of strong energy savings, the majority of state commercial building energy codes require a wide range of controls in new construction. In existing construction, the controllability of LED lighting results in an ideal pairing with controls, combining to minimize energy costs.

通过减少照明的时间、强度或分区，照明控制减少了需求和能源消耗。根据劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室（LBNL）的一项研究，主流的照明控制方案平均可节省24-38%的照明能源，从而降低建筑运营成本。

由于大量节能，大多数州商业建筑能源法规要求对新建筑进行广泛的控制。在现有的建筑中，LED照明的可控性使其与控制装置完美配合，从而将能源成本降至最低。

**BASIC CONCEPTS  基本概念**

 BASIC FUNCTION 基本功能

Lighting controls are input/output devices and systems. The control system receives information, decides what to do with it, and then adjusts lighting power accordingly. Here we see a basic lighting circuit (switch leg). Power travels along the circuit to energize a group of lights. This lighting system supplies illumination.

照明控制是输入/输出设备和系统。控制系统接收信息，决定如何处理，然后相应地调整照明功率。这里我们看到一个基本的照明电路（开关脚）。电力沿着电路传输给一组灯供电。这个照明系统提供照明。

 SWITCHING 开关

One basic output is switching. Here we see a switch placed on the line between the power source and the load. When the switch closes (i.e., switch is flipped “ON”), the circuit completes, allowing power to flow to the load. When it opens, the circuit breaks (switched flipped “OFF”), which disrupts power to the load. This makes the switch a power controller.

一个基本的输出是开关。这里我们看到电源和负载之间的线路上有一个开关。当开关闭合时（即开关被“打开”），电路就流通了，允许电力流向负载。当它断开时，电路断开（开关断开），这会中断负载的电源。使开关成为电源控制器。

DIMMING 调光器

Another basic output is dimming. If a dimmer-switch is used, in addition to ON/OFF, it can alter current flowing through the load during the ON state, which raises or lowers light output. Here we see a dimmer placed on the line, with the output being continuous dimming over the load’s dimming range.

另一个基本输出设备是调光器。如果使用调光器开关，除了开/关之外，它还可以改变通电状态下流过负载的电流，从而提高或降低光输出。这里我们看到一个调光器放置在线路中，输出在负载的调光范围内连续调光。

COLOR AND CCT CONTROL     颜色和CCT控制

With LED, it is relatively economical to provide users the ability to adjust lighting color and CCT.

With tunable-white LED products, separately dimming arrays of warm- and cool-white LEDs allows users to adjust light source CCT. Other colors may be added to enhance the available color spectrum and ensure good color rendering.

Two other approaches are dim-to-warm (LED products that dim to a very warm white similar to incandescent dimming) and full color tuning (separately dimmable red, green and blue LEDs plus amber or white and potentially other colors).

使用LED，为用户提供调整照明颜色和CCT的能力是相对经济而言的。

使用可调白光LED产品，冷暖白色LED的单独调光阵列允许用户调整光源CCT。可以添加其他颜色来增强可用的光谱，并确保良好的显色效果。

另外两种方法是从暗到暖（LED产品变暗到非常温暖的白色，类似于白炽灯调光）和全彩色调谐（分别可调光的红色、绿色和蓝色LED加上琥珀色或白色以及其他可能的颜色）。

MANUAL VERSUS AUTOMATIC INPUT     手动输入与自动输入

The input may be manual, automatic or a combination of the two, as shown in this drawing depicting the functionality of a manual-ON wallbox occupancy sensor.

With manual control, the input is user-initiated and implemented by hand. It is ideal for applications driven by visual needs.

With automatic control, a signal from a sensor (occupancy or light sensor), computer or another building system provides the input. The input may be based on time of day, occupancy, light level or some other condition. Automatic control is ideal for energy management applications.

输入可以是手动、自动或两者的组合，如图所示，描述了手动壁箱占用传感器的功能。

在手动控制下，输入由用户手动启动和执行。它是满足视觉需求的理想选择。

在自动控制下，来自传感器（占用或光线传感器）、计算机或其他建筑系统的信号提供输入。输入可能基于一天中的时间、占用率、光照水平或其他一些条件。自动控制是节能的理想选择。

INTELLIGENCE     智能

With manual control, a human makes decisions about whether to adjust the lighting and by how much. With automatic control, a microprocessor or logic circuit performs this function. This microprocessor or logic circuit is called the lighting controller, which provides the control system’s intelligence. The lighting controller evaluates input control signals based on its algorithm and decides whether to adjust lighting power, when to adjust it, and by how much.

The controller may be installed as a logic circuit within a standalone control device or as a separate component within a control system. If a separate component, it may reside in a central location (centralized intelligence) or reside in proximity to the load or embedded in luminaires (distributed intelligence). The more distributed the system’s intelligence, the more flexible and responsive the lighting becomes.

通过手动控制，人们可以决定是否调节照明以及调节多少。对于自动控制，微处理器或逻辑电路可以执行此功能。这个微处理器或逻辑电路被称为照明控制器，它为系统提供智能控制。照明控制器根据其算法评估输入控制信号，并决定是否调整照明功率、何时调整以及调整多少。

控制器可以作为独立控制装置内的逻辑电路安装，也可以作为控制系统中的独立部件安装。如果是一个单独的组件，它可以位于中心位置（集中智能），或者位于负载附近或嵌入灯具中（分布式智能）。系统的智能越分散，照明就越灵活、响应越快。

SWITCHING VERSUS DIMMING OUTPUT    开关与调光输出

Often, both switching and dimming will be desirable in the same building.

Switching is simple but limited in flexibility and can be disruptive in spaces occupied by more than one user. As a result, it’s particularly effective for energy management applications such as automatic shutoff or reduction in vacant spaces, as well as manual control in spaces where user(s) have a unified expectation when the lights will be switched.

Dimming changes intensity with smooth transitions between light levels, resulting in a high level of flexibility that can satisfy user visual needs. The majority of LED luminaires feature dimmable drivers as a standard or standard option, reducing the cost of dimming. Dimming is particularly suited to visual needs applications and for enacting energy management strategies, such as daylight-responsive or task tuning control, in occupied spaces

通常，在同一栋楼里，开关和调光都是可行的。

开关很简单，但灵活性有限，在多个用户的空间中可能会造成中断。因此，它可以有效地进行节能，如自动关闭或减少空置空间，以及在用户对开关灯有统一期望的空间中进行手动控制。

调光通过光照水平之间的平滑过渡来改变强度，从而产生一种可以满足用户视觉需求的高度灵活性。大多数LED灯具都将可调光驱动器作为标准或标准选项，从而降低调光成本。调光特别适用于视觉需求应用，以及在占用空间内实施能源管理策略，如日光响应或任务调谐控制。

CONTROL ZONING   控制分区

Control zoning is an important aspect of lighting control system design, as zoning is the mechanism through which lighting controls are assigned to lighting loads. A control zone is defined as one or more light sources controlled simultaneously by a single control output. Zones may be organized in accordance with energy codes, desired energy savings and flexibility, common lighting equipment (e.g., fluorescent vs. LED), space characteristics (e.g., furnishing and finishes), tasks, daylight availability and lighting schedules.

Smaller control zones (higher granularity of zones in a space or building) introduce greater flexibility and typically higher energy savings.  For this reason, a majority of energy codes regulate control zoning by imposing limits on area.

Traditionally, control zoning and future rezoning was limited by lighting circuit wiring. Advances in communications enable relatively economical zoning as granular as individual luminaires or ballasts/drivers, and zoning and rezoning using software instead of hardwiring.

控制分区是照明控制系统设计中的重要内容，因为分区是将照明控制分配给照明负载的机制。控制区域定义为由单个控制输出同时控制的一个或多个光源。可以根据能源代码，所需的节能和灵活性，常见的照明设备（例如荧光灯与LED），空间特征（例如家具和装饰），任务，日光可用性和照明时间表来分配区域。

较小的控制区域（空间或建筑物中区域的粒度较大）会带来更大的灵活性，并通常会节省更多能源。因此，大多数能源法规通过限制面积大小来调节控制分区。

传统上，控制分区和将来的重新分区受到照明电路布线的限制。通信的进步使得像单个照明器或镇流器/驱动器这样的颗粒状区域可以相对经济地进行分区，并且可以使用软件而不是接线来进行分区和重新分区。

CONTROLS NARRATIVE  控制叙述

Another important aspect of lighting control system design is definition of the sequence of operations for the system. The sequence of operation is a description of system outputs in response to various inputs for each control point. It is expressed as the controls narrative, a written document produced during the project conceptual design phase. This document serves as a project roadmap for the intended lighting control system.

Specifically, it can be used to:

* support contract document and specification preparation;
* provide clear direction during bidding to contractors and manufacturers;
* identify criteria for testing and accepting the control system;
* serve as a general reference for the owner detailing how the control system operates.

照明控制系统设计的另一个重要方面是定义系统的操作顺序。 操作顺序描述了系统输出对每个控制点的各种输入的响应。它表示为控制叙述，是在项目概念设计阶段生成的书面文档。 本文档用作预期照明控制系统的项目路线图。

具体来说，它可以用于：

* 支持合同文件和规范准备；
* 在招标过程中向承包商和制造商提供明确的指导；
* 确定测试和接受控制系统的标准；
* 作为所有者的一般参考，详细介绍控制系统的运行方式。

**以下译文来自172-21-马一菲**

**INTEROPERABILITY**
For a control system to provide proper operation, the ballast/driver and light source must be compatible; the ballast/driver must be compatible with the control strategy and control devices; and the control devices must be able to communicate if needed.

**互操作性**

为了使控制系统能够正常工作，镇流器/驱动器和光源必须兼容；镇流器/驱动器必须与
控制策略和控制设备；而且控制设备必须能够在需要时进行通信。

Largely, interoperability depends on control method or protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that define the behavior of components in a system. In a network, this includes communication. Examples include the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) and ZigBee. All controls must be designed to the same protocol to provide reliable interoperability, though different-protocol systems, including lighting and building automation, may integrate using a gateway, which may be a device or software function. The protocol may be:
· open, or standardized and available to all manufacturers, which provides multivendor choice;
· closed, or manufacturer-specific, which provides a solution optimized by the manufacturer but ties the owner to that manufacturer for future service, changes or expansion; or
· a mix of the two, such as an open protocol adapted to become manufacturer-specific, or a manufacturer-specific protocol that is made available to other manufacturers through licensing. Note that 0-10V dimming is a method, not a protocol. Controls and ballasts/drivers designed for 0-10V dimming therefore may be interoperable but produce somewhat different dimming performance. This is because they dim the same way but otherwise do not perform in accordance with the same uniform specifications. To ensure consistent dimming, it is recommended to avoid mixing ballast/driver types from different manufacturers in the same dimming system.

在很大程度上，互操作性取决于控制方法或协议。协议是一套定义系统中组件行为的规则。在网络中，这包括通信。例如数字可寻址照明接口（DALI）和ZigBee。所有控制装置必须设计成尽管不同协议的系统，包括照明和楼宇自动化系统，可能会集成到同一协议中，以提供可靠的互操作性。使用一个网关，该网关可以是一个设备或软件功能。该协议可以是：
- 开放式，或标准化，可供所有制造商使用，提供多厂商选择；
- 封闭式，或制造商专用，提供由制造商优化的解决方案，但在今后的服务、变更或扩展方面将业主与该制造商捆绑在一起；
- 两者的混合，例如一个开放的协议被修改为制造商专用，或者一个制造商专用的协议通过许可提供给其他制造商。请注意，0-10V调光是一种方法，而不是一种协议。因此，为0-10V调光而设计的控制器和镇流器/驱动器可能是可以互操作的，但产生的调光性能却有些不同。这是因为它们的调光方式相同，但其他方面的性能却不符合相同的统一规格。为了确保调光的一致性，建议避免在同一调光系统中混合不同制造商的镇流器/驱动器类型。

**SOFTWARE**
Various apps and software support implementation of lighting control systems. The most robust software is available for centralized intelligent networked lighting control systems. Residing on a server or in the Cloud, the software may provide many functions, such as:
1) discover control points (devices, etc.)
2) assign control points to zones
3) program sequences of operation for zones
4) calibrate sensors
5) monitor control points and issue service alerts/alarms
6) record and display energy use and other recorded data
7) back up data and event logs and create users/access levels

**软件**

各种应用程序和软件支持照明控制系统的实施。集中式智能网络照明控制系统的软件最为强大。该软件驻留在服务器上或云端，可以提供许多功能，如：
1) 发现控制点（设备等）；
2) 将控制点分配给各区；
3) 区段的程序运行顺序；
4) 校准传感器；
5) 监控控制点，并发出服务警报/报警；
6) 记录并显示能源使用情况和其他记录数据；
7) 备份数据和事件日志，并创建用户/访问级别。

**WIRED SYSTEMS**

Control devices may communicate using:
· Line-voltage wiring. also called powerline communication or phase-control dimming. When used for control, line-voltage wiring provides a path for both power and control signals. While simple, it is not flexible, limiting control options.
· Low-voltage wiring. When used for control, low-voltage wiring provides a dedicated pathway for control signals, which manifest as variations in voltage. Because this type of wiring is not limited to conduit, it is flexible. However, each shared function requires its own wire, resulting in the potential for a large number of low-voltage wires with associated risks of miswiring.
· Digital low-voltage wiring. This type of low-voltage wiring transmits control signals comprised of digital binary messages instead of variations in voltage. A pair of wires forms a bus, or transmission path for control signals connecting multiple luminaires and control devices that communicate. Control zones are created using software instead of hardwiring. The operator may program and calibrate the control devices remotely. The wiring potentially is bi-way, allowing collection of data from sensors.
Low-voltage control wiring is typically transported in bulk and cut in the field. Structured wiring options are available, such as factory-installed terminations with RJ45, RJ11 or other connectors, which can simplify installation though they require predetermined wire lengths.

**线路系统**

控制设备可以使用以下方式进行通信：
- 线路电压接线，也叫电力线通信或相控调光。当用于控制时，线电压接线为电源和控制信号提供了一条路径。虽然简单，但不灵活，限制了控制选择。
- 低压接线。当用于控制时，低压接线为控制信号提供了一条专用通道，表现为电压的变化。由于这种类型的布线不受限于导管，所以它很灵活。然而，每个共享功能都需要自己的导线，导致可能出现大量的低压导线，并有相关的误接线风险。
- 数字式低压接线。这种类型的低压布线传输由数字二进制信息组成的控制信号，而不是电压变化。一对导线形成总线，或控制信号的传输路径，连接多个灯具和通信的控制设备。控制区是用软件代替硬接线创建的。操作者可以远程对控制设备进行编程和校准。布线可能是双向的，允许从传感器收集数据。
低压控制布线通常是批量运输，并在现场切割。结构化布线选项是可用的，例如工厂安装的RJ45、RJ11或其他连接器的终端，虽然它们需要预先确定的电线长度，但可以简化安装。

**WIRELESS SYSTEMS**

Wireless controls communicate using radio waves or some other wireless approach, eliminating control wiring. This is particularly attractive for implementing sophisticated controls in existing buildings. Control input devices may be powered by an internal battery or by harvesting energy from ambient light, temperature differential or mechanical energy produced by flipping a switch. They communicate control signals from a wireless transmitter to a wireless receiver in a lighting controller, which is installed at the luminaire, a junction box or at a panel.

**无线系统**

无线控制使用无线电波或其他无线方式进行通信，消除了控制线路。这对于在现有建筑中实施复杂的控制特别有吸引力。控制输入设备可以由内部电池供电，也可以从环境光、温差或打开开关产生的机械能中获取能量。它们从无线控制设备上传达控制信号。发射器到照明控制器中的无线接收器，该控制器安装在灯具、接线盒或面板上。

**COMMISSIONING**

Commissioning is a recommended quality assurance process that ensures that installed lighting control systems operate in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and construction documents. The Commissioning Process is defined by ASHRAE Guideline 0 (and summarized in IES-DG-29) and requires a number of steps, including Owner Project Requirements, Basis of Design, functional testing, systems manual and operator training. Some commissioning activities are required by the latest commercial building energy codes. To support commissioning,
manufacturers offer devices that are either self-calibrating or are easier to calibrate.

**委托**

调试是一个建议的质量保证过程，它确保安装的照明控制系统按照制造商的建议和施工文件运行。调试过程由ASHRAE Guideline 0定义（并在IES-DG-29中进行了总结），需要一系列的步骤，包括业主项目要求、设计基础、功能测试、系统手册和操作员培训。一些调试活动是最新的商业建筑能源规范所要求的。为了支持调试工作。制造商提供的设备要么是自校准的，要么是更容易校准的。

**LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES**

**照明控制策略**

**CONTROL STRATEGIES**

Combining various inputs and outputs results in several unique lighting control strategies available that can address visual needs, energy management needs, or both. In turn, control strategies can be combined in the same space via layering to maximize value.
· Manual control
· Occupancy sensing
· Time scheduling
· Daylight response
· Institutional task tuning
· Color tuning
· Data generation
· Demand response

**控制策略**

将各种输入和输出结合起来，就有了多种独特的照明控制策略，可以满足视觉需求，也可以满足能源管理需求，或者两者兼而有之。而控制策略则可以通过分层在同一空间内进行组合，实现价值最大化。
- 手动控制
- 占用感应
- 时间安排
- 日光反应
- 机构任务调整
- 调色
- 数据生成
- 需求反应

**MANUAL CONTROL**

Manual control is a simple strategy providing users the capability of choosing light levels either in steps (switching) or over a wide range with smooth transitions between levels (dimming). Visual needs drive manual control, though it may save energy as a byproduct. Typical applications include private and open offices, meeting and education spaces, houses of worship, entertainment venues and other spaces.
According to LBNL, this strategy can result in 31% average lighting energy savings.
Switching may be ON/OFF or multilevel via separate ON/OFF control of separate ballasts/drivers or luminaires. Dimming may be continuous, providing smooth transition across a dimming range, or stepped, providing either an abrupt or a smooth transition between two or more fixed outputs.

**手动控制**

手动控制是一种简单的策略，为用户提供了分步选择灯光等级的能力（开关），或在很大的范围内平滑过渡到不同等级（调光）。视觉需求驱动着手动控制，尽管它可以作为副产品节省能源。典型的应用包括私人和开放式办公室、会议和教育空间、礼拜场所、娱乐场所和其他空间。
根据LBNL的数据，这种策略可以使照明能源平均节省31%。
通过对不同镇流器/驱动器或灯具的单独开/关控制，可以实现开/关或多级开关。调光可以是连续的，在整个调光范围内提供平滑过渡，也可以是阶梯式的，在两个或多个固定输出之间提供突然或平滑过渡。

**OCCUPANCY SENSING**

Occupancy sensors are devices that automatically turn the lights ON and OFF based on whether the space is occupied. By ensuring the lights are
ON only while the space is occupied, occupancy-based strategies realize 24% average lighting energy savings, according to LBNL.
Occupancy sensors are highly suited to smaller, enclosed spaces that are intermittently occupied, such as private offices, classrooms, conference rooms, copy and break rooms, restrooms and other spaces. They may be networked for larger spaces.
If the sensor provides automatic shutoff but requires manual-ON, it is commonly called a vacancy sensor. Alternately, the sensor may automatically turn the load on to 50%, with manual operation via a switch needed to turn the lights ON to full. These sensors are commonly called partial-ON occupancy sensors.

**占用感应**
占用传感器是根据空间是否有人居住而自动开启和关闭灯光的设备。根据LBNL的数据，通过确保只有在空间有人时才开灯，基于占用的战略可实现24%的平均照明节能。
占用传感器非常适用于小型的、封闭的、间歇性占用的空间，如私人办公室、教室、会议室、复印室和休息室、洗手间和其他空间。对于较大的空间，可将其联网。
如果传感器提供自动关闭功能，但需要手动开灯，则通常称为空缺传感器。另外，传感器可以自动将负载开到50%，需要通过开关手动操作才能将灯开到全开。这类传感器通常被称为部分开启式占位传感器。

**TIME SCHEDULING**

Scheduling adjusts the output of the lighting system based on a time event implemented using a time-clock, which may be implemented using a microprocessor built into the control system. At certain times, controlled lights will turn O N, OFF or dim to either save energy or support changing space functions. Scheduling is highly suitable for larger, open spaces that are regularly occupied as well as spaces that are intermittently occupied but where the lights must remain ON all day for safety or
security reasons. Local override (time extension) wall controls are often used to allow for irregular use of the space. Occupancy-based strategies (lumping together time scheduling with occupancy sensing) can realize 24% average lighting energy savings, according to LBNL.

**时间安排**

调度根据使用时间时钟实现的时间事件调整照明系统的输出，时间时钟可以使用控制系统中内置的微处理器实现。在特定的时间，受控的灯光将打开、关闭或变暗，以节省能源或支持改变空间功能。调度非常适用于经常有人居住的大型开放空间，以及间歇性有人居住的空间，但出于安全考虑，灯光必须全天开启。
安全原因。局部超控（时间延长）墙控制通常用于允许不规则使用空间。根据LBNL的数据，基于占用的策略（将时间安排与占用感应混为一谈）可以实现24%的平均照明节能。

**DAYLIGHT RESPONSE**

Daylight-responsive control (also called daylight harvesting) uses a light sensor (also called a photosensor or photocell) with a power controller to switch or dim lighting in response to available daylight. As light levels rise above a target threshold due to daylight contribution, the photosensor signals the controller to reduce light output, thereby saving energy. According to LBNL, daylight-responsive control can generate 28% average lighting energy savings.
This strategy is highly suitable for lighting zones adjacent to windows and clerestories and under skylights and roof monitors—anywhere daylight is consistent and plentiful.

**日光反应**

光响应控制（也称为日光采集）使用光传感器（也称为光传感器或光电池）和电源控制器，根据可用的日光切换或调暗照明。当光照水平因日光贡献而上升到目标阈值以上时，光传感器会向控制器发出信号，以减少光输出，从而节约能源。根据LBNL的数据，日光响应式控制可以产生28%的平均照明节能效果。
这种策略非常适用于临近窗户和屋顶的照明区域，以及天窗和屋顶监控器下的照明区域--任何日照稳定和充足的地方。

**TASK TUNING**

Also called “institutional tuning” and “high-end trim,” task tuning involves reducing lighting in a space based on IES-recommended maintained task light level requirements or user preference for individual spaces rather than the originally designed maintained light levels, which may be higher than needed. According to LBNL, task tuning generates 36% average lighting energy savings.

任务调整

任务调整也被称为 "机构调整 "和 "高端修饰"，任务调整是根据IES推荐的维持任务光照水平要求或用户对个别空间的偏好，而不是最初设计的维持光照水平（可能高于需要的水平）来减少空间的照明。根据LBNL的数据，任务调整可以产生36%的平均照明节能。

**以下译文来自172-24-张泽昊**

COLOR TUNING

By separately dimming red, green, blue and potentially other color LEDs, virtually any color can be produced. This is called color tuning. Color tuning is suitable for entertainment, signage and similar applications. By separately dimming arrays of warm- and cool-CCT white LEDs, luminaire CCT can be adjusted across a range, which is called tunable-white lighting. Below are several examples of opportunities for tunable-white general lighting:

· Automatically shift to a very warm CCT during dimming to imitate incandescent dimming.

· Dynamically calibrate CCT across installed luminaires and maintain the designated CCT over time.

· Adjust CCT after initial installation to fine-tune the appearance of spaces and objects such as art.

· Adjust CCT to accommodate changing space use, displays, interior finishes and user preference.

· Automatically adjust CCT to produce an idealized daylight cycle or optimally blend with actual daylight.

· Imitate the color appearance of popular traditional light sources and customize new light sources.

· Play a potential role in circadian lighting, as light rich in blue wavelengths acts as a circadian stimulus.

色彩调校

通过分别调光红、绿、蓝和其他有可能的颜色的LED，几乎可以产生任何颜色。这就是所谓的色彩调谐。色彩调整适用于娱乐、标识和类似的应用。通过分别对暖色和冷色CCT白光LED阵列进行调光，灯具的CCT可以在一定范围内进行调整，这就是所谓的可调谐白光照明。以下是几个可调整白光照明的例子。

- 在调光过程中自动切换到一个非常温暖的CCT，以模仿白炽灯调光。

- 动态校准已安装灯具的CCT，并长期保持指定CCT。

- 在初次安装后调整CCT，以微调空间和艺术品等物体的外观。

- 调整CCT，以适应不断变化的空间使用、展示、室内装饰和用户偏好。

- 自动调整CCT，以产生理想化的日光周期或与实际情况完美融合。

日光。

- 模仿流行的传统光源的颜色外观，定制新的光源。

- 在昼夜照明中发挥潜在的作用，因为富含蓝色波长的光可以作为昼夜刺激。

DATA GENERATION

Some lighting control systems allow data collection from control pointsconnected via a digital network. The system may directly measure or

estimate energy consumption and/or monitor operating parameters.Additional sensors may collect data such as occupancy and temperature.

In some outdoor lighting control systems, other sensors may be addedthat collect data on everything from carbon monoxide to snowfall.

Data feeds to a server or the Cloud for retrieval and use via software.Energy consumption data may be analyzed and shared for a variety of

purposes. Monitored conditions may prompt alarms for maintenance response, such as the example shown here.

数据生成

一些照明控制系统允许从通过数字网络连接的控制点收集数据。该系统可以直接测量或 额外的传感器可以收集数据，如占用率和温度。 在一些户外照明控制系统中，还可以添加其他传感器，收集从一氧化碳到降雪等各种数据。 数据通过软件反馈到服务器或云端进行检索和使用。的目的。受监控的条件可能会提示维护响应的警报，如这里所示的例子。

DEMAND RESPONSE

Demand response (DR) involves reducing lighting power either upon request from the power supplier

during an emergency event (emergency DR), or based on time of day to minimize demand costs

(economic DR). As a significant portion of the typical building’s lighting load can’t be turned OFF during

operating hours, this typically entails dimming

需求响应

需求响应(DR)是指在紧急事件中，根据供电商的要求减少照明功率(紧急DR)，或根据一天中的时间来减少需求成本。(经济DR)。由于典型建筑的大部分照明负荷不能在工作时间内关闭，这通常需要调光。

GENERAL TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

GENERAL TYPES OF LIGHTING CONTROLS

Lighting controls may be categorized as:

· Standalone devices

· Room-based control systems

· Centralized building control systems

控制系统的一般类型

一般类型的照明控制器

照明控制可分为以下几类。

- 独立设备

- 基于房间的控制系统

- 中央楼宇控制系统

STANDALONE CONTROLS

Standalone controls are control devices designed to provide autonomous operation of a lighting load, which may be a luminaire or luminaires installed on a switch leg. They typically install on the AC power line and directly control the load.

Examples include toggle switches, occupancy sensors, timer switches, dimmers, light sensors and hotel keycard switches.

The advantages are they are relatively simple to install, are familiar to installers, and do not require connection to a lighting controller. The disadvantages are adjustable standalone controls require individual calibration, and layering multiple control strategies on the same load can result in complex wiring

独立控制装置

独立控制装置是设计用来提供照明负载的自主操作的控制装置，这些负载可能是安装在开关腿上的灯具或灯具。它们通常安装在交流电源线上，直接控制负载。

例子包括拨动开关、占位传感器、定时开关、调光器、光传感器和酒店钥匙卡开关。

其优点是安装相对简单，安装人员熟悉，不需要与照明控制器连接。缺点是可调式独立控制需要单独校准，而且在同一负载上分层使用多种控制策略会导致布线复杂。

STANDALONE EMBEDDED SENSORS

Standalone occupancy and light sensors may be mounted in or attached to luminaires for autonomous luminaire control. Typically, sensors are specified via the luminaire manufacturer and installed at the factory. However, they may be specified from a control manufacturer for relatively simple field attachment. The controls may offer options such as dimming or switching to a lower light level during vacancy instead of turning OFF. If the luminaires dim instead of shut OFF, additional scheduling control may be needed to provide energy code-compliant shutoff.

The advantage of this approach is individual luminaire control, which maximizes energy savings and responsiveness, but without additional wiring. A concern is that autonomous individual luminaire control may produce a mix of ON, dimmed and OFF states on the ceiling, which may present an aesthetic tradeoff.

一体化嵌入式传感器

独立的占位和光照传感器可以安装在灯具中，也可以连接到灯具上，以实现灯具的自主控制。通常情况下，传感器由灯具制造商指定，并在工厂安装。但是，也可以由控制制造商指定，以便进行相对简单的现场安装。控制装置可以提供诸如调光或在空闲期间切换到较低的光照水平而不是关闭等选项。如果灯具变暗而不是关闭，可能需要额外的调度控制来提供符合能源规范的关闭。

这种方法的优点是独立的灯具控制，可以最大限度地节约能源和提高响应速度，但无需额外的布线。令人担忧的是，自主的独立灯具控制可能会在天花板上产生开、暗和关的混合状态，这可能会带来美学上的折衷。

ROOM-BASED CONTROL SYSTEMS

Room-based control systems include a package of lighting controllers and input devices designed to offer plug-and-play installation, out-of-the-box energy code compliance, and autonomous room-based operation.

The majority of room lighting controllers feature manual switch, occupancy and light sensor inputs; 2-3 relays for switching; and 2-3 dimming outputs for dimming. Typically, Ethernet cabling connects switches and sensors to the controller. Line-voltage wiring connects the lighting controllers and the luminaires. For dimming, the controller transmits signals via line- or low voltage wiring. The controllers install near the luminaires.

These systems often feature preconfigured sequences of operation foreasy energy code compliance. Some systems enable the controllers toconnect with each other and to a central server for scalable centralized

networked lighting control. The advantage of this approach is simplicity.

基于房间的控制系统

基于房间的控制系统包括一揽子照明控制器和输入设备，旨在提供即插即用的安装、开箱即用的能源规范合规性和基于房间的自主操作。

大多数房间照明控制器具有手动开关、占用和光传感器输入；2-3个继电器用于开关；2-3个调光输出用于调光。通常，以太网布线将开关和传感器连接到控制器上。线路电压布线连接照明控制器和灯具。对于调光，控制器通过线路或低压接线传输信号。控制器安装在灯具附近。

这些系统通常具有预先配置的操作顺序，便于遵守能源法规。有些系统可以使控制器相互连接，并连接到中央服务器，以实现可扩展的集中网络化照明控制。这种方式的优点是操作简单。

LUMINAIRE-BASED NETWORKED SYSTEMS

In this type of approach, LED luminaires feature factory-installed embedded sensors and lighting controller. The lighting controllers have unique addresses within the lighting network, enabling them to be grouped and programmed. Many solutions feature preconfigured sequences of operation to simplify setup and provide energy code compliance. Controllers are connected using low-voltage wiring or wirelessly using radio waves. Some systems offer the capability to assign luminaires to groups and program them using a handheld IR remote. Control zoning is not limited to switch legs. Some systems permit interfacing with building management systems, a central server or other networks.

基于照明的网络系统

在这种类型的方法中，LED灯具的特点是工厂安装的嵌入式传感器和照明控制器。照明控制器在照明网络中具有独特的地址，使它们能够被分组和编程。许多解决方案都具有预先配置的操作顺序，以简化设置并符合能源法规。控制器通过低压接线或使用无线电波进行无线连接。一些系统提供了将灯具分配到组并使用手持式红外遥控器对其进行编程的功能。控制分区不限于开关腿。有些系统允许与楼宇管理系统、中央服务器或其他网络连接。

ROOM-BASED NETWORKED SYSTEMS

This approach embeds a lighting controller in each luminaire, but the sensors install outside the luminaire. Luminaires and input devices are connected typically using Ethernet or other low-voltage wiring, forming a network of individually addressable/controllable luminaires. This allows luminaires to be zoned and rezoned individually or in groups and with multiple control strategies. Programmable features

may include scheduling, target light levels and time delays. Some systems permit interfacing with building management systems, a central server or other networks.

以房间为基础的网络系统。

这种方法在每个灯具中嵌入一个照明控制器，但传感器安装在灯具外。灯具和输入设备通常使用以太网或其他低压线路连接，形成一个可单独寻址/控制的灯具网络。这样就可以对灯具进行单独或分组分区和重新分区，并采用多种控制策略。可编程功能 可包括调度、目标光照水平和时间延迟。有些系统允许与楼宇管理系统、中央服务器或其他网络连接。

TRADITIONAL BUILDING-LEVEL CONTROL

Traditionally, lighting automation at the building level was implemented using control panels, typically housed in a central location such as an electrical room. These panels are metal enclosures housing relays, contactors, remotely operated circuit breakers or dimmer modules. A typical low-voltage panel has low-voltage inputs for control signals and line-voltage outputs for controlling the loads. Intelligent panels feature an integral lighting controller for assigning input devices to loads plus scheduling of control functions. Connecting local switches to the panel allows local override of scheduled shutoff so users aren’t left in the dark afterhours.

This approach centralizes lighting control and can be integrated with building management systems but offers limited flexibility in control zoning. Each zone requires low-voltage wiring run back to the panel.

传统的建筑控制措施

传统上，建筑物内的照明自动化是通过控制面板来实现的，通常安装在电气室等中央位置。这些面板是金属外壳，里面装有继电器、接触器、遥控断路器或调光模块。典型的低压面板具有用于控制信号的低压输入和用于控制负载的线电压输出。智能面板具有一个集成的照明控制器，用于将输入设备分配给负载和控制功能的调度。将本地开关连接到面板上，允许本地覆盖计划关闭，因此用户不会在下班后被留在黑暗中。

这种方法将照明控制集中起来，并可与楼宇管理系统集成，但在控制分区方面提供的灵活性有限。每一个区域都需要低压接线跑回面板。

CENTRALIZED INTELLIGENT NETWORKED CONTROL SYSTEMS

Centralized intelligent networked control systems provide programmable lighting control for entire floors, buildings or campuses. They may be an extended-feature option of a room-based control solution or packaged as a comprehensive system. Operating software and data reside on a central server or in the Cloud.

Luminaires are individually addressable within a network, enabling zoning and rezoning using software, maximizing flexibility. Luminaires accept control input signals from a wide variety of control devices, enabling a full range of control strategies including complex sequences of operation. A major advantage of this type of system is energy consumption, occupancy, luminaire/zone status and potentially other data can be recorded, stored and displayed for energy analysis and maintenance purposes

集中式智能网络控制系统

集中式智能网络控制系统为整个楼层、建筑物或校园提供可编程的照明控制。它们可以是基于房间的控制解决方案的扩展功能选项，也可以作为一个综合系统打包。操作软件和数据存放在中央服务器或云端。

灯具在网络中可单独寻址，可使用软件进行分区和重新分区，最大限度地提高灵活性。灯具可以接受来自各种控制设备的控制输入信号，实现包括复杂操作顺序在内的全方位控制策略。这类系统的一个主要优势是可以记录、存储和显示能源消耗、占用率、灯具/区域状态和其他可能的数据，以便进行能源分析和维护。

YOU’RE FINISHED

You have completed the EE101: Introduction to Lighting Controls course. Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course. You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for credit towards your education goals.

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