recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Milk Snake

***Lampropeltis triangulum***, commonly known as the **milk snake** or **milksnake**, is a species of kingsnake; 24 subspecies are currently recognized. *Lampropeltis elapsoides*, the scarlet kingsnake, was formerly classified as the subspecies *L. t. elapsoides*, but is now recognized as a distinct species. The subspecies have strikingly different appearances, and many of them have their own common names. Some authorities suggest that this species could be split into several separate species. They are not venomous to humans. Milk snakes commonly exceed 60 cm (24 in) in total length (including tail), with very large specimens known to reach total lengths of 120 to 132 cm (47 to 52 in). They appear to be one of the smaller species of the kingsnake genus, as adults in the wild apparently average from 38 to 225 g (1.3 to 7.9 oz) in North America and most typically do not exceed a total length of 90 cm (35 in). However, unusually large milk snakes can become rather bulkier than average-sized adults and potentially weigh up to 750 to 1,400 g (1.65 to 3.09 lb), though high weights as such are generally reported from captivity. Males typically are larger than females in maturity, although females can be bulkier than males similar in length, as well. Generally more tropical populations, from Mexico and further south, reach larger adult sizes than milk snakes living in the temperate zones. They have smooth and shiny scales and their typical color pattern is alternating bands of red-black-yellow or white-black-red. However, red blotches instead of bands are seen in some populations. Some milk snakes have a striking resemblance to coral snakes, in Batesian mimicry, which likely scares away potential predators. Both milk snakes and coral snakes possess transverse bands of red, black, and yellow. Experts now recognize that common mnemonics that people use to distinguish between the deadly coral snake and the harmless milk snake are not 100% reliable. Some coral snakes do not have the typical banding colors or patterns. Examples of unreliable mnemonics commonly used:

* "Red on yellow kill a fellow. Red on black venom lack" or "Red touches black, it's a friend of Jack. Red touches yellow, it's bad for a fellow."

A juvenile eastern milk snake (*L. t. triangulum*)

A young milk snake found in central Tennessee that has just eaten a lizard

Due to the many colors of the eastern milk snake (*L. t. triangulum*), it can resemble the coral snake, corn snake, fox snake, scarlet snake, and most importantly, the venomous snake genera *Agkistrodon* and *Sistrurus*. Milk, fox, and scarlet snakes are killed because of a resemblance to the venomous pygmy rattlers. Juvenile milk snakes, which are more reddish than adults, are often killed because they are mistaken for copperheads. Enough distinction exists among the five to make the eastern milk snake fairly easy to identify. The eastern milk snakes also have a light-colored, V-shaped or Y-shaped patch on their necks. One subspecies is melanistic (almost all black).
Virginia Opossum

The Virginia opossum is North America's only marsupial. A marsupial is an animal with a pouch, like a kangaroo or a koala. The opossum has been around for at least 70 million years and is one of Earth's oldest surviving mammals! The opossum is about the size of a large house cat. It has a triangular head and a long pointed nose. It has grayish fur everywhere but on its ears, feet, and tail. Its tail is prehensile. A prehensile tail is adapted for grasping and wrapping around things like tree limbs. The opossum can hang from its tail for a short time. Some people think opossums hang from their tails and sleep. They don't. Their tails aren't strong enough to hold them for that long! The opossum has opposable hallux. Hallux is clawless big toes that work like thumbs. The hallux helps the Virginia opossum grab branches when it climbs. The opossum doesn't hibernate in the winter, but it often holes up during very cold weather because it runs the risk of getting frostbite on its hairless ears, tail, and toes. The Virginia opossum can be found in most of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and on the West Coast. It is also found in Mexico, Central America and in British Columbia, Canada. The Virginia opossum is nocturnal and uses its keen sense of smell to locate food. It is omnivorous and eats just about anything, including lots of different plants and animals like fruits, insects, and other small animals. Sometimes, it eats garbage and carrion. Carrion is dead animals. Because so much carrion is roadkill, opossums are often killed by cars while looking for food on roadways. A Virginia opossum female may have as many as 25 babies, but she usually will have between seven to eight. The reason opossums have so many babies to ensure that some of them survive. Like most marsupials, opossums are very small when they are born - about the size of a navy bean.

The babies climb up the mother's fur and into her pouch where they find a teat. Some babies will not find their way to the pouch and will die. If they make it to the pouch, only babies who find one of the thirteen teats will survive. They will stay in the pouch and suckle for 55-60 days. Then they will move out of the pouch and spend another four to six weeks on their mother's back. In some parts of their range, females will have three litters a year. The Virginia opossum has many behavioral adaptations it uses to survive. When threatened, it will exhibit behaviors like running, growling, belching, urinating and even defecating. Sometimes it will "play 'possum." and roll over, become stiff, drool, and its breathing will become slow and shallow. This coma-like state can last up to four hours Some predators will think the opossum is dead and go away!

The name 'opossum' was first used in western culture by Captain John Smith in 1608. It comes from the  Algonquin name 'apasum', which means 'white animal.'
Great Horned Owl

The great horned owl is the most common owl of the Americas, easily recognizable because of the feather tufts on its head. These “plumicorns” resemble horns or, to some, catlike ears. Great horned owls are adaptable birds and live from the Arctic to South America. They are at home in suburbia as well as in woods and farmlands. Northern populations migrate in winter, but most live permanently in more temperate climes. The birds nest in tree holes, stumps, caves, or in the abandoned nests of other large birds. Monogamous pairs have one to five eggs (two is typical), both the male and female incubate, and the male also hunts for food. Owls are powerful birds and fiercely protective parents. They have even been known to attack humans who wander too close to their young. Like other owls, these birds have an incredible digestive system. They sometimes swallow their prey whole and later regurgitate pellets composed of bone, fur, and the other unwanted parts of their meal. Owls are efficient nighttime hunters that strike from above, and use their powerful talons to kill and carry animals several times heavier than themselves. Owls prey on a huge variety of creatures, including raccoons, rabbits, squirrels, domestic birds, falcons, and other owls. They regularly eat skunks, and may be the only animal with such an appetite. They sometimes hunt for smaller game by standing or walking along the ground. Owls have even been known to prey upon unlucky cats and dogs. Great horned owls are largely nocturnal so they can be difficult to spot. But in the dark after sunset, or just before dawn, they can often be heard vocalizing with their well known series of “Hoo H'hoos!”
Eastern Cottontail

The eastern cottontail has speckled brown-gray fur above, reddish-brown fur around its neck and shoulders and lighter fur around its nose and on its undersides. It has big eyes and a tail that is puffy white on the underside. In the winter its fur may be more gray than brown. There is another species of a cottontail in New England, the New England cottontail(*Sylvilagus transitionalis)*that is very similar to the eastern cottontail. It has a black patch between its ears and is usually smaller than the eastern cottontail and has shorter ears. It rarely comes out into the open. Both species of cottontail are found in New Hampshire. The New England cottontail is native to the state. The eastern cottontail was introduced to the state from the midwest in the early 1900s. The eastern cottontail is found from extreme southern Canada south to South America. In the U.S., it is found in most of the Eastern U.S. and in parts of New Mexico and Arizona. During mating season, males often fight with each other. The male and female also perform a kind of mating "dance". The male will chase the female. Eventually, the female will stop and face the male and box at him with her front paws. At some point, one of them will leap straight up in the air and then the other one will jump up in the air too. The eastern cottontail mates between February and September. The female builds a nest in a depression in the ground and lines it with soft materials and fur from her chest. The female gives birth about a month after mating. She has between one to nine babies, although she usually will have four to five young. The female feeds the young twice a day. The babies are weaned after about three weeks and leave the nest after about seven weeks. The female may mate again just hours after giving birth. Females can have three or four litters a year. Eastern cottontails are ready to mate when they are three months old. The eastern cottontails are solitary and very territorial. It is mostly nocturnal, but it sometimes will come out in the early morning and at dusk and sometimes during the day on dark days. The eastern cottontail can leap distances of between 10 and 15 feet. It will sometimes stand on its hind feet to watch for predators like coyotes, foxes, weasels, eagles, and hawks. When a predator is chasing it, the eastern cottontail will often leap from side to side to break its scent trail. It can run at speeds of up to 15 miles an hour.
Broad-Footed Mole

### Range

southern oregon south through california and western nevada to northern baja california. Specifically in nevada,

### Life Span

3-6 years

Active Night and Day beneath the Surface, the broad footed or California, mole seems to swim through the soil as it tunnels along, wedging its spindle-shaped body into the sod. it's powerful feet act like shovels; its fleshy nose packs the dirt. earthworms and other prey are detected by their vibrations. like other moles, the broad footed species have an extremely high metabolic rate, causing the animal to burn up so much food that it eats its own weight in food everyday. this mole resembles two other western species-this mole resembles two other western species- Townsend's mole and the coast mole.
Didelphodon

Throughout the history of life on earth, marsupials have been mostly confined to two continents: Australia (where the vast majority of pouched mammals live today) and Cenozoic South America. However, one family of marsupials--the pint-sized opossums--have prospered in North America for tens of millions of years, and are represented today by dozens of species. Didelphodon (Greek for "opossum tooth"), which lived in late Cretaceous North America alongside the last of the dinosaurs, is one of the earliest opossum ancestors yet known; as far as we can tell, this Mesozoic mammal wasn't significantly different from its modern descendants, burrowing underground during the day and hunting for insects, snails and possibly the hatchlings of prehistoric turtles at night.

One of the odd things about Didelphodon is that it was apparently suited to a semi-aquatic lifestyle: the recently discovered skeleton of a nearly intact specimen, recovered near a Triceratops individual, reveals a sleek, otter-like body equipped with a Tasmanian Devil-like head and strong jaws, which may have been used to feast on mollusks in lakes and rivers, as well as insects, plants, and pretty much anything that moved. However, one shouldn't take Didelphodon's guest appearances on animated TV documentaries too literally: in one episode of *Walking with Dinosaurs*, this tiny mammal is depicted unsuccessfully raiding a clutch of Tyrannosaurus Rex eggs, and an installment of *Prehistoric Planet* shows Didelphodon scavenging the carcass of a juvenile Torosaurus!
Pachyrhinosaurus

The first *Pachyrhinosaurus* fossils were actually discovered way back in‭ ‬1880,‭ ‬but they did not get the attention they deserved until the late‭ ‬1940s which would result in the establishment of the type species in‭ ‬1950.‭ ‬The most significant discovery relating to *Pachyrhinosaurus* however was the excavation of the Pipestone Creek bone bed in the late

   eighties‭ (‬originally discovered by Al Lakusta in‭ ‬1972‭) ‬which ultimately yielded three and a half thousand *Pachyrhinosaurus* bones as well as fourteen skulls.‭ ‬These bones represent individuals of all ages from fully grown adults to juveniles,‭ ‬suggesting that ceratopsians like *Pachyrhinosaurus* moved around in herds,‭ ‬possibly as a protection against large tyrannosaurid predators like *Albertosaurus*.‭
One explanation for this bone bed occurring is that the *Pachyrhinosaurus* were crossing a river that may have been swollen with flood water,‭ ‬resulting in treacherous conditions that claimed the lives of many of the herd.‭ ‬Similar bone beds are also known for other ceratopsian dinosaurs like *Centrosaurus* and *Styracosaurus*.‭ ‬Specimens from this bone bed display a mix of convex‭ (‬curved outward‭) ‬and concave‭ (‬curved inward‭) ‬bosses.‭ ‬While speculation for this has been cited as representing male and female specimens,‭ ‬the differences may have been caused by erosion of the material.‭ ‬Individuals from this bone bed were named *Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai* after Al Lakusta.
Jack Pine

**Jack pine** (*Pinus banksiana*) is an eastern North American pine. Its native range in Canada is east of the Rocky Mountains from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, and the north-central and northeast of the United States from Minnesota to Maine, with the southernmost part of the range just into northwest Indiana and northwest Pennsylvania. It is also known as **grey pine** and **scrub pine**.

In the far west of its range, *Pinus banksiana* hybridizes readily with the closely related lodgepole pine (*Pinus contorta*). The species epithet *banksiana* is after the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks. *Pinus banksiana* ranges from 9–22 m (30–72 ft) in height. Some jack pines are shrub-sized, due to poor growing conditions. They do not usually grow perfectly straight, resulting in an irregular shape similar to pitch pine (*Pinus rigida*). This pine often forms pure stands on sandy or rocky soil. It is fire-adapted to stand-replacing fires, with the cones remaining closed for many years, until a forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones, reseeding the burnt ground.

The leaves are in fascicles of two, needle-like, twisted, slightly yellowish-green, and 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1 1⁄2 in) long.

Jack pine cones are usually 5 cm (2 in) and curved at the tip. The cones are 3–5 cm (1 1⁄4–2 in) long, the scales with a small, fragile prickle that usually wears off before maturity, leaving the cones smooth.

Unusually for a pine, the cones normally point forward along the branch, sometimes curling around it. That is an easy way to tell it apart from the similar lodgepole pine in more western areas of North America. The cones on mature trees are serotinous. They open when exposed to intense heat, greater than or equal to 50 °C (122 °F). The typical case is in a fire, however cones on the lower branches can open when temperatures reach 27 °C (81 °F) due to the heat being reflected off the ground. Additionally, when temperatures reach −46 °C (−51 °F), the cones will open, due to the nature of the resin.
Porcupine

Porcupines are large, slow-moving rodents with sharp quills on their backs. They are found on every continent except Antarctica. Scientists group porcupines into two groups: Old World porcupines, which are found in Africa, Europe and Asia; and New World porcupines, which are found in North, Central, and South America.  The North American porcupine is the only species found in the United States and Canada. When Threatened by Predators Like Mountain Lions and Fishers, it turns it's back to the enemy, raises its approximately 30,00 quills, and strikes out with its tail. the barbed quills, which are really modified hairs loosely attached to the skin, become embedded on contract. the porcupine is a large nocturnal rodent. if seen during the day, it appears as a round, dark shape high in a tree. at night it clambers from tree to tree, often causing serious damage by feeding on buds, twigs, and bark. in areas where trappers have eliminated the porcupine's predators, its population has increased dramiticaly-much to the dismay of foresters.
Brachiosaurus

***Brachiosaurus (brach·i·o·saur·us)*** is a large genus of small skull (about the size of a common horse skull), long muscular tail, and thin columnar limbs. As with other Brachiosauridae, it was over 40 feet tall. It was a herbivore. genus Brachiosaurus, and Chicago. In 1899 Riggs had sent inquiries to rural locations in the western United States concerning fossil finds, and Bradbury, an amateur collector himself, reported that dinosaur bones had been collected in the area since 1885. It was Riggs' field assistant H. W. Menke who found the skeleton on July 4, 1900. Additional Brachiosaurus fossils are reported on Riggs Hill, but other fossil finds on the hill have been vandalized. Riggs published a short report in 1901, noting the unusual length of the humerus compared to the femur and the extreme overall size and the resulting giraffe-like proportions, as well as the lesser development of the tail, but did not publish a name for the new dinosaur.

Brachiosaurus BodyBrachiosaurus NeckBrachiosaurus HeadBrachiosaurus Feet
Red Tailed Hawk

### Food

Varied, includes small mammals, birds, reptiles. Diet varies with location and season. Mammals such as voles, rats, rabbits, and ground squirrels often major prey; also eats many birds (up to size of pheasant) and reptiles, especially snakes. Sometimes eats bats, frogs, toads, insects, various other creatures; may feed on carrion.

### Range

North America, from the interior of Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies

### Weight

10-15 years

Red-tailed hawks are known for their brick-colored tails, but there are more than a dozen subspecies of various colorations, and not all of them have this characteristic.

These birds of prey are also known as buzzard hawks and red hawks. By any name, they are keen-eyed and efficient hunters. Red-tails prefer open areas, such as fields or deserts, with high perching places nearby from which they can watch for prey. But these birds are adaptable and also dwell in mountains and tropical rain forests. Hawks have even embraced human habitats. They often perch on telephone poles and take advantage of the open spaces along the roadside to spot and seize mice, ground squirrels, rabbits, reptiles, or other prey. Breeding season initiates a spectacular sequence of aerial acrobatics. Hawk pairs fly in large circles and gain great height before the male plunges into a deep dive and subsequent steep climb back to circling height. Later, the birds grab hold of one another with their talons and fall spiraling towards earth.

Red-tailed hawks are monogamous and may mate for life. They make stick nests high above the ground, in which the female lays one to five eggs each year. Both sexes incubate the eggs for four to five weeks, and feed the young from the time they hatch until they leave the nest about six weeks later.

Red Tailed Hawk FlyingRed Tailed Hawk Flying away with a Snake
Big Brown Bat

### Range

extreme northern parts of Canada through the United States, Mexico, Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean Islands.

### Life Span

18-20 years in the wild.

Big brown bats *(Eptesicus fuscus)* are considered "large" for an American bat. They have brown to glossy copper-colored fur on their back with the belly fur being lighter. Their ears are small, rounded and black in color as are their wing membranes and tail. Their lips are fleshy and their nose is broad for the size of their face. Big Brown Bat usually emerge at twilight to pursue prey over meadows, suburban streets, and city traffic. they detect beetles and other insects by emitting high pitched noises that bounce off objects and back as echoes.
Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution. Despite the complexity of the science, there are certain unifying concepts that consolidate it into a single, coherent field. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species. Living organisms are open systems that survive by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain a stable and vital condition defined as homeostasis.
Saber Toothed Cat

**Sabre-toothed cat**, also called **sabre-toothed tiger**, any of the extinct catlike carnivores belonging to either the extinct family Nimravidae or the subfamily Machairodontinae of the cat family (Felidae). Named for the pair of elongated bladelike canine teeth in their upper jaw, they are often called sabre-toothed tigers or sabre-toothed lions, although the modern lion and tiger are true cats of the subfamily Felinae.

Sabre-toothed cats existed from the Eocene through the Pleistocene Epoch (55.8 million to 11,700 years ago). According to the fossil record, the Nimravidae were extant from about 37 million to 7 million years ago. Only distantly related to felids, they include the genera *Hoplophoneus*, *Nimravus*, *Dinictis*, and *Barbourofelis*. The Machairodontinae, extant from about 12 million to less than 10,000 years ago, include the more familiar *Smilodon* as well as *Homotherium* and *Meganteron*. Sabre-toothed cats roamed North America and Europe throughout the Miocene and Pliocene epochs (23 million to 2.6 million years ago). By Pliocene times, they had spread to Asia and Africa. During the Pleistocene, sabre-toothed cats were also present in South America. The most widely known genus of sabre-toothed cats is *Smilodon*, the “sabre-toothed tiger.” A large, short-limbed cat that lived in North and South America during the Pleistocene Epoch, it was about the size of the modern African lion (*Panthera leo*) and represents the peak of sabre-tooth evolution. Its immense upper canine teeth, up to 20 cm (8 inches) long, were probably used for stabbing and slashing attacks, possibly on large herbivores such as the mastodon. Several physical adaptations of *Smilodon* suggest such a hunting technique: its skull was modified to accommodate the attachment of strong neck muscles for bringing the head down; the lower canines were reduced; and the molars formed shearing blades with no trace of grinding surfaces. In addition, the jaw could be opened to about a 90° angle to free the upper canines for action; however, some paleontologists suggest that since the muscles in the jaw would have had to stretch significantly to enable such a wide gape, they would have been relatively weak compared with those of modern cats. The bones of many *Smilodon* specimens have been recovered from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California; the cats were apparently mired in the tar as they preyed on other animals that had also become trapped.
Analysis Program (BOR 033, Secret)

## Analysis Program

* Card
* Illustration
* Animated

**Analysis Program** is an Action Card in *TEPPEN*.

## Effects

Add 1 Unit Card in your deck to your EX Pocket.

If that card has <Coordination>, give it +2 HP and <Shield>.

## Stats

* Rarity:  Common
* MP: 2

## Flavor Text

The fate of the world rests in this analysis.

The composition of the stone will reveal its origins, and the spectrum of purple light will show us its riddles, revealing the truth.
American Badger

### Food

pocket gophers, ground squirrels, moles, marmots, prairie dogs, woodrats, kangaroo rats, deer mice, and voles.

### Life Span

25 Years

The Badger is a brown fur-covered mammal with short legs and low profile. The head appears pointed and small for the body. They have short ears and a short, furry tail.

Badgers weigh 4 to 12 kg. The body is flattened, and the legs are short and stocky. The fur on the back and flanks of the animal ranges from grayish to reddish. The ventrum is a buffy color. The face of the badger is distinct. The throat and chin are whitish, and the face has black patches. A white dorsal stripe extends back over the head from the nose. Badgers are found primarily in the Great Plains region of North America. Badgers occur north through the central western Canadian provinces, in appropriate habitat throughout the western United States, and south throughout the mountainous areas of Mexico (source: Animal Diversity Web).

Badgers prefer to live in dry, open grasslands, fields, and pastures. They are found from high alpine meadows to sea level.

Badgers occur in open habitats in eastern Washington including semi-desert, sagebrush, grassland, meadows, and grassy bald spots on high ridge tops. They can be present in open forest (primarily Ponderosa Pine) with grassy ground cover. Badgers are solitary animals who are mainly active at night. They tend to be inactive during the winter months. They are not true hibernators but spend much of the winter in cycles of torpor that usually last about 29 hours. (topor: a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility.)

Badgers are known to be excellent digging machines. Their powerfully built forelimbs allow them to tunnel rapidly through the soil and other substrates. They construct underground burrows for protection and sleeping. A typical badger den may be as far as 3 meters below the surface, contain approximately 10 meters of tunnels and an enlarged sleeping chamber. Badgers use multiple burrows within their home range.

If threatened, they attack explosively with hissing, growling and

biting. Mating occurs in late summer or early autumn but embryos are arrested early in development. Development of the zygote pauses at the blastocyst stage, usually for about 10 months, until environmental conditions (day length and temperature) are appropriate for implantation in the uterus. Implantation is delayed until December or as late as February. After this period embryos implant into the uterine wall and resume development. Although a female is technically pregnant for 7 months, the actual gestation is only 6 weeks. Litters of 1 to 5 offspring, with an average of 3, are born in early spring. Females are able to mate when they are as young as 4 months old, but males do not mate until the autumn of their second year. Most females mate after their first year.
Wildlife

North **America** has a diverse array of **wildlife** species and is home to an estimated 457 mammals (e.g. bison, raccoon, mountain lion, beaver, moose, and jaguar), 914 birds (e.g. Bald Eagle and Goose) 662 reptiles (e.g. alligator) more than 300 amphibians and 4,000 known arachnids (e.g bark scorpion).
Alligator Gar

THE PREHISTORIC RELATIVES of this megafish inhabited many parts of the world, but today gars live only in North and Central America.

Of the seven known gar species, the alligator is the largest, reaching up to ten feet (three meters) long and tipping the scales at up to 300 pounds (140 kilograms). These menacing-looking behemoths are generally olive green or yellow and have a heavily scaled body. A tooth-filled mouth and wide, alligator-like snout give the species its name.

These freshwater giants may look fierce, but attacks against people are unknown. They can pose a passive danger, though—the fish's eggs are poisonous to humans if ingested.

Adult gars have few natural predators, although alligators have been known to attack them. Young are preyed upon by larger fish. Alligator gars prey on fish, but they are opportunistic and have been known to feed on everything from waterfowl and small turtles to carrion.

Alligator gars are found throughout much of the coastal U.S. Southeast. They inhabit waters as far west as Texas and Oklahoma, as far north as the Mississippi River Basin and the lower Ohio and Missouri river systems, and southern drainages well into Mexico. Gars inhabit lakes, bayous, and bays and are able to tolerate brackish and even salt water. But these toothy giants prefer large, slow-moving rivers, particularly those with wide floodplains, where shallow waters provide hatchlings with some protection from predators.

Unfortunately for the alligator gar, flood-control measures such as dams and dikes have dramatically altered their riverine ecosystems and largely eliminated their preferred spawning habitats across North America. These breeding challenges have contributed to significant population declines across much of the animal's range.

Alligator gars are also targeted by both commercial and sport fisheries and have frequently been overfished. They are now protected by law in parts of their range.
Timber Rattlesnake

The **Timber rattlesnake** (*Crotalus horridus*) also commonly known as canebrake rattlesnake or banded rattlesnake, is a species of **venomous pit viper** found in the eastern region of the United States.
They are found from southern Minnesota and southern New Hampshire and south from north Florida to east Texas. The species historical range also included Canada, but it's considered extirpated since 2001. There are no subspecies currently recognized.
Timber rattlesnakes are found in lowland cane thickets, deciduous forests in rugged terrain, high areas around swamps and river floodplains, mountainous areas, pine and hardwood forests and also in rural habitats in farming areas. Their numbers are typically lower in the highly urbanized or housing development areas.
The timber rattlesnake has a wide head and narrow neck and is a large, heavy-bodied snake with the characteristic rattle on the end of the tail. Adult snakes range from 76 to 152 cm (30-60 inches) in length, with the record specimen being more than 6 feet (183 cm) long. They weigh on average between 0.5 Kg and 1.5 kg (1.1 and 3.3 lb), but large snakes can weigh as much as 4.5 kg or 9.9 lb. The timber rattlesnake has a brown or yellowish to a grayish body, but some individuals are very dark, almost a solid black.
Somewhere from 20 to 29 dark brown or black V-shaped or M-shaped crossbars with jagged edges the distinctive pattern across their back.
They often also present a rust-colored stripe along the length of their back. Even with their large size, their cryptic coloration is able to conceal them both from prey and predators.
 The dorsal scales of the snake are keeled. The species has yellow eyes with elliptical or cat-like pupils. The timber rattlesnake will typically shed its skin twice a year with another segment being added to the rattle after each shed.
During spring and fall, the species is most active during the day, but the timber rattlesnake becomes nocturnal during the intense heat of the summer months. During the winter, timber rattlesnakes brumate in dens, in limestone crevices, often together with **black rat snake s**and **copperhead snakes**. Like all rattlesnakes when they feel threatened or are harassed they will vibrate their tail causing the loosely connected segments to make the distinct rattling sound. Their lifespan may be anywhere from 16 to 22 years in the wild. The timber rattlesnake is the 3rd **largest venomous snake** in the US and is one of North America's most dangerous snakes, due to its impressive size, long fangs and high venom yield. However, the species relatively mild disposition and a long hibernation period mean there aren't that many bites.
The bite symptoms include local pain and swelling, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramping and diarrhea, and muscular spasms throughout the entire body. Like many other rattlesnake species, there is a considerable geographic variation in the species venom toxicity, 4 different venom patterns have been described for the timber rattlesnake.
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David Attenborough's wildlife specials: Wolf

Wolves are so wary and elusive and their senses so acute that even world-renowned wolf biologist David Mech hardly ever sees them. Mech and others have had to piece together what is currently known about the lives of wolves by radio-tracking them from air over the lakes and forests of Northern Minnesota. Cameraman, Jeff Turner, spent a staggering seven months of each year, for three years, camping out in Northern Canada's Wood Buffalo National Park, home of the largest wolves in the world. In midwinter, he recorded a pack of 20 wolves harassing a herd of buffalo for seven whole days and nights before making their kill. Traveling north to Ellsemere Island, Jeff also filmed a pair of pure white Arctic wolves struggling to rear their pair of young. In India, as far south as wolves live, Ian McCarthy filmed the Indian wolves hunting the fleet-footed black buck. Near the town of Brasov, in Transylvania, an ultra-sensitive nightvision camera was used to record for the first time a family of wolves descending from their forest home to raid the town's garbage bins for let over food. As producer Mike Salisbury says: "Even the howl of the wolf, that once struck terror into our hearts, is now regarded by many as one of the most thrilling sounds of the natural world."
Sophia Liana

Sophiatul Liana binti Mohammed Sobri (lahir 9 Oktober 1990) atau lebih dikenali sebagai Sophia Liana atau Sophia De Fam merupakan seorang rapper wanita Malaysia. Beliau meruapakan salah seorang ahli kumpulan trio De Fam menerusi lagu #SUPERGIRLS!

## Kerjaya

Sophia Liana memulakan kerjaya beliau pada usia 24 tahun apabila beliau dan rakan yang lain seperti Azira Shafinaz dan Cik Manggis buat cover lagu daripada Iggy Azalea iaitu Black Widow.

## Imej rambut

Sophia Liana digelar sebagai wanita "freehair"! Pada awal kerjaya beliau, Sophia menyimpan rambut yang panjang.

Dari 18 Oktober 2018, Sophia telah membuat keputusan memotong rambutnya sehingga paras bahu.
Downy Woodpecker

Our smallest woodpecker, the downy is also among our most widespread and familiar species; it is a confiding bird that often visits feeders. In all respects it suggests a small version of the hairy woodpecker, both differing from our other species by the broad white stripe down the back. Poly­typic. Length 6' The small size and often acrobatic foraging on small branches and twigs are distinctive, and the plumage pattern can be confused only with the hairy. Has hybridized with the Nuttall’s. Adult: black crown, auricular and malar; upper back, scapulars and rump black, but a broad white stripe extends down the center of the back. Underparts unmarked white (to grayish buff in some populations). Outer tail feathers white with limited black spotting; variable white spotting on the upperwing coverts and barring on the remiges. Male has a small red nuchal patch, lacking in the female. Juvenile: as in other pied woodpeckers, both sexes have a pale red patch in the center of the crown, more extensive in male. The 7 subspecies differ mainly in size (northern birds generally larger), underpart color (white to gray tinged), amount of black in rectrices, and amount of white spotting in wings. Southeastern birds are smaller and slightly grayer below than boreal and northeastern birds. Pacific coast birds have reduced white spotting on the wing coverts and secondaries; such white spotting is most highly developed in birds east of the Rockies. Birds of the Pacific Northwest are tinged gray on the back and gray-buff below. Nearly identical in patterning to the hairy woodpecker. The downy is much smaller, with a short bill (much shorter than head); outer tail feathers usually show black spots (but these can be lacking, and darkest Hairy subspecies may show a few spots). Pale nasal tuft of the downy is relatively larger than in the hairy. The hairy shows a larger wedge of black from the rear of the malar stripe onto the breast. Note differences in calls. Call: *pik* call is higher and much softer than hairy’s sharp, ringing *peek*. Commonly gives a distinctive high, slightly descending and accelerating whinny, *kee-kee-kee-kee*. Drum: a soft roll, slightly slower than that of hairy; about 17 beats a second, with drum lasting 0.8–1.5 seconds. Common; uncommon in northern boreal regions. Year-round: resident in a variety of deciduous woodlands and, more sparsely, in coniferous forests; also found in parks, gardens, and orchards, even in urban regions. Absent from most of the lowlands of the desert Southwest. Dispersal: this species is not migratory, but some individuals can disperse long distances. Casual in southern Arizona, Queen Charlotte Island.
Least Shrew

The least shrew ( *Cryptotis parva*) was thought to be widespread throughout much of Pennsylvania, although mainly in localized populations, during the mid-1900s. During that period, surveys conducted across the state found this mid-sized insectivore in every region of Pennsylvania except the northcentral counties. More recent surveys suggest the least shrew has now disappeared from many of the sites where it was once present and that it now is restricted to southeastern counties. Since 1990, surveys have found the least shrew at only three isolated sites in York and Adams counties, with possibly one of the most extensive populations occurring within the Eisenhower National Historic Site near Gettysburg. Unknown isolated populations may still occur elsewhere in the state. If so, they would most likely be in jeopardy of localized extirpation. Pennsylvania listed the least shrew as endangered in 1990. The species is found throughout much of the eastern United States, ranging from New York south to Florida and through the Midwest into Central America. The least shrew appears to be secure globally.
Jaguar

Jaguars are the largest of South America's big cats. They once roamed from the southern tip of that continent north to the region surrounding the U.S.-Mexico border. Today significant numbers of jaguars are found only in remote regions of South and Central America—particularly in the Amazon Basin.

These beautiful and powerful beasts were prominent in ancient Native American cultures. In some traditions the Jaguar God of the Night was the formidable lord of the underworld. The name jaguar is derived from the Native American word *yaguar*, which means “he who kills with one leap. Unlike many other cats, jaguars do not avoid water; in fact, they are quite good swimmers. Rivers provide prey in the form of fish, turtles, or caimans—small, alligatorlike animals. Jaguars also eat larger animals such as deer, peccaries, capybaras, and tapirs. They sometimes climb trees to prepare an ambush, killing their prey with one powerful bite. Most jaguars are tan or orange with distinctive black spots, dubbed "rosettes" because they are shaped like roses. Some jaguars are so dark they appear to be spotless, though their markings can be seen on closer inspection.

Jaguars live alone and define territories of many square miles by marking with their waste or clawing trees.

Females have litters of one to four cubs, which are blind and helpless at birth. The mother stays with them and defends them fiercely from any animal that may approach—even their own father. Young jaguars learn to hunt by living with their mothers for two years or more.

Jaguars are still hunted for their attractive fur. Ranchers also kill them because the cats sometimes prey upon their livestock.

Jaguar Prowling at NightJaguar attacking a CaimanPromotional Poster From WorldPressBlack Jaguar With Cub
Mountain Lion

Mountain Lions, also known as cougars, pumas, or panthers, are North America's largest wild cat, weighing up to 200 pounds. The male is about one third larger than the female. Their average length of head and body is 3-5 feet, and their tail is 2-2.7 feet long. Their tail, measuring nearly one-third of their total length, gives them excellent balance. When stalking and attacking prey, mountain lions utilize extraordinary leaping abilities. They are capable of running jumps exceeding 40 feet and standing vertical leaps of up to 15 feet. Mountain lions are typically an ambush predator, stalking their prey before finding the opportunity to leap on its back and deliver a suffocating neck bite. After a successful kill of a large animal, a mountain lion will typically drag the carcass to a spot where it can be covered with brush. It will then return to feed over a period of days. Mountain lions will leave a carcass after it begins to spoil. This means that during hot weather, they may have to kill 2 or more Deer per week due to spoiling of the meat.

Mountain Lions are solitary animals except during mating. They are mostly nocturnal, relying on their acute senses of vision, smell, and hearing to guide them through the darkness. An individual lion’s home range may cover from 5 to over 100 square miles. While the territories of the female and male may overlap, the territory of same sex mountain lions will not. Both sexes mark their territories with scrapes and their scent to warn other lions of their borders. Females also use scrapes and scent to advertise that they are in estrus.

There is no specific mating season for mountain lions, although most of the time it is between December and March. During mating, the male and female will stay together for 3-10 days until they depart from each other. Mountain lions are polygamous animals, meaning they mate with several others. A female is pregnant for approximately 90 days until she gives birth to either 1 to 4 cubs. Lion cubs, or kittens, have distinct black spots coving their otherwise tawny fur. The mother cares for her cubs for one to two years, until they venture out on their own. Mountain lions live an average of 12 years in the wild.

A Mountain Lion GrowlingMountain Lion Prowling the Forest at NightA Mountain Lion with a Deer KillMountain Lion With Cubs
Musk Ox

Muskoxen live in the frozen Arctic and roam the tundra in search of the roots, mosses, and lichens that sustain them. In winter, they use their hooves to dig through snow to graze on these plants. During the summer, they supplement their diet with Arctic flowers and grasses, often feeding near water. These animals have inhabited the Arctic for many thousands of years, and their long shaggy hair is well adapted to the frigid climate. The outer hairs, called guard hairs, cover a second, shorter undercoat that provides additional insulation in winter. This undercoat falls out when temperatures climb at winter's end.

Female musk oxen carry their calves during an eight-month pregnancy, but after birth, there is little time to waste. The infants are able to keep up with their mothers and the rest of the herd within a few hours. Muskoxen are herd animals, and groups of two or three dozen animals are sometimes led by a single female. Herds use cooperation to deal with predation by wolves or dogs. When threatened, they “circle the wagons” and array themselves with their young in the middle and their sharp horns facing outward toward their foes. A cornered musk ox can be a fearsome enemy, charging with its massive bulk and attempting to use its horns to deadly effect.

Such defenses are not terribly effective against human hunters, who killed great numbers of musk oxen for their hides and meat. Today, legislation protects herds in Alaska, Norway, and Siberia, where the animals live on preserves.
Center for Biological Diversity

The **Center for Biological Diversity**, based in Tucson, Arizona, is a nonprofit membership organization with approximately 1.1 million members and online activists, known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action, scientific petitions, creative media and grassroots activism. It was founded in 1989 by Kieran Suckling, Peter Galvin, Todd Schulke and Robin Silver. The Center has offices and staff in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California, Oregon, Illinois, Minnesota, Alaska, Vermont, Florida and Washington, D.C. Given a small grant by the Fund for Wild Nature, the organization started in 1989 as a small group by the name of *Greater Gila Biodiversity Project*, with the objective to protect endangered species and critical habitat in the southwest. The organization later grew and became the Center for Biological Diversity. Kieran Suckling, Peter Galvin, and Todd Schulke founded the organization in response to what they perceived as a failure on the part of the United States Forest Service to protect imperiled species from logging, grazing, and mining. As surveyors in New Mexico, the three men discovered "a rare Mexican spotted owl nest in an old-growth tree",] but their discovery was overshadowed by Forest Service plans to lease the land to timber companies; Suckling, Galvin, and Schulke believed that it was within the Forest Service’s mission to save sensitive species like the Mexican Spotted Owl from harm, and that the government had not performed its duty in deference to corporate interests.
Woolly Mammoth

Woolly mammoths were closely related to today's Asian elephants. They looked a lot like their modern cousins, except for one major difference. They were covered in a thick coat of brown hair to keep them warm in their home on the frigid Arctic plains. They even had fur-lined ears.
Their large, curved tusks may have been used for fighting. They also may have been used as a digging tool for foraging meals of shrubs, grasses, roots and other small plants from under the snow. Though woolly mammoths went extinct around 10,000 years ago, humans know quite a bit about them because of where they lived. The permafrost of the Arctic preserved many woolly mammoth bodies almost intact. When the ground around riverbanks and streams erodes, it often reveals the corpse of a long-dead mammoth that looks much like it did when it died.

For example, in 2007 in Siberia, a pair of mummified baby mammoths were found. The bodies were so well preserved that CT scans found the mammoths died from choking on mud 40,000 years ago. The mud was like a "really thick batter that they got clogged in their trachea and they were unable to dislodge by coughing," said study co-author Daniel Fisher, the director of the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology. "It basically prevented them from taking them another breath." Botanist Mikhail Ivanovich Adams recovered the first Siberian woolly mammoth fossils in 1806. Over a dozen soft-tissue specimens have been found since then. Woolly mammoths were around 13 feet (4 meters) tall and weighed around 6 tons (5.44 metric tons), according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). Some of the hairs on woolly mammoths could reach up to 3 feet (1 m) long, according to National Geographic.
Dracorex

Dracorex was a **herbivore**. It lived in the **Cretaceous** period and inhabited **North America**.

Discovered in 2004, the genus Dracorex is a Pachycephalosaur that is directly related to the Pachycephalosaurus. It resembles the latter closely, but has more elaborate ornamentation on its crest around the bony bowl that both genera share.

Some researchers think that Dracorex and another genus called Stygimoloch may actually represent growth stages of the Pachcephalosaurus rather than distinct genera of their own.

The name Dracorex means “dragon king” and the only known species of Dracorex is named “Hogwartsia” in honor of the Hogwart’s school from the Harry Potter series of novels.

Art depicting the Dracorex usually emphasizes the spiked protrusions from the skull that make up the crest.

Quick facts about Dracorex:

* Existed from Campanian Age to Maastrichtian Age
* Lived in a terrestrial habitat
* Was a herbivore
* Reproduced by laying eggs
* 30 different specimens have been found by paleontologists

All the Dracorex illustrations below were collected from the internet. Enjoy and explore: