recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Abracadabra

Abracadabra is a well-known magic word.

## Use

It can be used to make a protective phylactery, used as to cure illnesses and fevers, as well as inflammations, asthma, and, rarely, general misfortune. It is worn about the neck and created by writing on it in a triangle arrangement the letters "Abracadabra", removing the last letter with each subsequent row, as shown in the image:

This supposedly worked by linking the potency of the malady to the length of the word "ABRACADABRA", and as the word diminished, so too would the malady. According to Spence, it could also be written upside-down, with the name getting built up from row to row.

Julius Africanus stated that the word would also work just by saying it, instead of having to wear it in a phylactery.

## History

The first recorded use of "abracadabra" is in the writings of Severus Sammonicus, a gnostic physician from the 2nd century.

Some Jewish scholars claim it originates from kabala, owing to its similarity to the spell protecting someone from Shabriri, the demon of blindness, and if this is true, Abracadabra may have originally been the name of a demon associated with fevers, and Spence suggests it is another name for Abraxas.

If it was not the name of a demon, the use of "abracadabra" in spells evolved from earlier invocations where an entity's name would be evoked to gain power over that entity. Over time, the idea that a word or formulaic phrase could be manipulated to greater effect than a simple evocation allowed meant that magic words became more important than the name of the entity. As part of this evolution, the more incomprehensible or supernatural a word was, the greater its power.

"Abracalan" and "Aracalan" are variants of the word, and are reputed to have been the names of an ancient Syrian deity.

## See Also

* Abracax
* Name Taboo

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.3
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Unknown. (1972). "abracadabra", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.4
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 1
65th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the Queen of Coins.

## Upright Position - Brown Woman

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Opulence
* Riches
* Auspicious
* Luxury
* Sumptuousness
* Assurance
* Surety
* Trust
* Certitude
* Affirmation
* Security
* Boldness
* Liberty
* Frankness

## Reverse Position - Uncertain/Unsure

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Ambiguous
* Doubt
* Indecision
* Uncertainty
* Fear
* Fright
* Timidity
* Apprehension
* Vacillation
* Hesitation

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Amduscias

Amduscias is a Grand Duke of Hell. He commands twenty nine legions.

## Appearance

His true form is that of a unicorn.

When summoned, he takes on the form of a human.

## Other Abilities

When commanded, he can perform concerts, creating music without any instruments being present.

He can control trees with his voice.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.24
38th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the Knight of Cups.

## Upright Position - Arrival

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Approach
* Access
* Welcome
* Rapproachement
* Conformity
* Advent
* Reunion
* Approximation
* Incidental
* Affluence
* Comparison

## Reverse Position - Deception/Guile

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Deceit
* Villainy
* Misrepresentation
* Ruse
* Artifice
* Finesse
* Dexterity
* Suppleness
* Trickery
* Swindle
* Subtlety
* Irregularity
* Darkness

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Achillea

Achillea is the name of a genus of thistles, including yarrow and sneezewort.

The name comes from either Achilles' spear, or the tradition that Achilles used a plant from this genus to cure Telephus.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Unknown. (1972). "*Achillea*", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.6
Allix

Allix was a 17th Century CE French mathematician, mechanic, and musician.

## Life

Allix created an automaton that caused a skeleton to play a guitar - he attached a guitar to the skeleton's neck tuned to the same pitch as the one in its hands and placed the skeleton's fingers on the fretboard of the one it held. The resonance of the strings of the one he played interacted with modifications he had made to the skeleton, causing the one it held to match the notes automatically. The mechanisms he built moved the skeleton's fingers, but they did not actually touch the strings.

Those who witnessed the skeleton immediately accused him of witchcraft, and he was put on trial. They did not understand his explanations as to the science behind the automaton, and he was sentenced to hanging alongside the "magical" skeleton.

## Further Reading

* *Universal Biography of Musicians*, Fetis

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.21
Amalaric

Amalaric was a Visigoth King of Spain.

## Biography

Amalaric married the Frankish Princess Clotilde, sister of King Childebert.

Clotilde, while devoted to her husband, disapproved of Amalaric's excesses and was mistreated by him for not converting to Arianism, culminating in him blinding her.

Clotilde sent a blood-stained handkerchief to her brother, who then led an army against Amalaric. When Amalaric went to fight against him, he was shot with an arrow from an unknown source before the battle.

## Legends

Some chroniclers claim that it was the devil who shot him. De Plancy disagrees with this, since the arrow did not come from below, and instead implies that it was a heavenly hand that fired the arrow. This is one of the many examples of de Plancy's pro-French, pro-Catholic bias.

## Further Reading

* *Royal Theatre of Spain, to the year 540*, by Lambertini of Cruz-Houen

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.23
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.24
Aben-Ragel

Aben-Ragel was a 5th century Arab astrologer.

## History

He was born in Corduba at the start of the 5th century.

He wrote a book on horoscopes based on the inspection of the stars, which was translated into Latin and published in Venice in 1485 as *De judicious seu fatis stellarum*.

His predictions were known for their accuracy, though it is implied that he didn't make many.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.3
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 1
48th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 2 of Cups.

## Upright Position - Love

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Passion
* Inclination
* Sympathy
* Appeal
* Propensity
* Amity
* Benevolence
* Affection
* Attachment
* Taste
* Liaison
* Gallantry
* Attraction
* Affinity

## Reverse Position - Yearning

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Wish
* Vow
* Will
* Craving
* Desire
* Cupidity
* Lust
* Jealousy
* Passion
* Illusion
* Appetite

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Abdias of Babylon

Abdias of Babylon was a Babylonian author.

## History

He is claimed to be the author of the story about the magical combat between St. Peter and Simon the Magician, which St. Peter won. This story was translated by Julius Africanus and published in 1566 as *Historia certaminis apostolici*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.2
Aguapa

Aguapa is a tree said to grow in the Malay Archipelago, the shade of which is poisonous.

According to legend, a clothed man who sleeps under it swells up, and a naked man who sleeps under it dies. This was attributed to the devil by Indonesian Christians.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.10
Act of Truth

An Act of Truth is a motif where an action or phenomena that occurs immediately after a statement of declaration is made in order to confirm the truth or falsity of what was said. It is particularly common in stories from the Indian subcontinent, particularly to demonstrate chastity.

## Examples

* Chaste woman raising a fallen elephant with a touch, in "King Ratnadhipati and the White Elephant Svetarasmi" in the *Katha Sarit Sagara*.
* Sita being carried across a lake by the earth goddess after stating to the goddess that she would only be able to cross it if she had always been loyal to Rama, also in the *Katha Sarit Sagara*.
* Tibetan *Tale of Two Brothers* where an elephant could not give birth unless touched by a pure woman.
* The Golden Cup of the *Echtrae Cormaic*, which broke if three lies were said over it, and reformed over three truths, used to prove to Cormac the chastity of his wife.
* Count Hoyer, on the 11th February 1115 saying that he could not be defeated in battle any more than the rock near Welsholz, Saxony could show an imprint of his head. The rock softened to show the imprint, and Hoyer lost the battle and was killed.
* It is the origin of the "cross my heart and hope to die" saying when telling the truth
* Swearing on the Bible is meant to cause a disaster if the one swearing lies.
* In American colonial witch trials, "If I am not innovent may I choke on bread and cheese" was declared by suspected witches in an attempt to prove their innocence.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Unknown. (1972). "act of truth", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.8
Albigerius

Albigerius was a Carthaginian known to St. Augustine.

## Legend

According to St. Augustine, Albigerius was possessed by a devil who allowed him to enter trances, sending his soul from his body to learn things without being seen. Through this, Albigerius was always aware of what was going on around his home and, uniquely for cases such as these, could learn the thoughts of others.

De Plancy links this and similar cases to Aristotle's observations on Astral Projection.

## Powers and Abilities

Albigerius is said to have had the following abilities thanks to the devil who possessed him:

* Astral Projection
* Mind Reading

## Further Reading

* *History and Discourse of Specters*, by Leloyer

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.15
Abd-el-Azys

Abd-el-Azys was a 10th century Arab astrologer.

## History

His most famous work was the *Treatise of Judicial Astrology*, which was translated into Latin by Jean de Seville. The most notable translation was *Alchabitius, sum commento*, published in Venice in 1503.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.2
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 1
Adaox

"*Adaox*" is a Tsimshian word meaning "myth", distinguished from "*malesk*", meaning a personal adventure or historical story.

The Kwak'wala equivalent is "*nuyam*", Chinook is "*Ik!anam*", and Nlaka'pamux is "*spetakl*". The Shoshone equivalent, "*adaorh*" means "true story", and is recounted both orally and carved on totems.

## Content

An *adaox* is defined as something that takes place on the past. Animals can speak and behave like humans, and they generally tell the origin of something.

They occasionally contain supernatural events and characters, and some are given religious significance.

The main feature separating an *adaox* from a *malesk* is that *adaox* take place in an earlier period of the world, different to that of today.

A common example of an *adaox* is the Epic of Dzelarhons told by the Haida and Tsimshian.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Unknown. (1972). "adaox", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.9
Alopecia

Alopecia is a term which has a number of meanings in different contexts.

## Spell

Alopecia is the name of a spell used to charm those who the spellcaster wants to harm.

## Marriage

In some contexts, "alopecia" is used to refer to the act of getting married.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.22
Achilles' Spear

Achilles' spear was the spear/lance used by Achilles, said to deal wounds that could not be healed unless the spear was used in the healing process.

## Legend

On the way to Troy, Achilles wounded King Telephus of Mysia with his spear. Telephus recieved an oracle telling him that "he who wounds shall heal", so he went to the Greek camp outside Troy and found Achilles. Achilles made an ointment using rust from the spear, which healed the wound when applied to it.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Unknown. (1972). "Achilles' spear", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.7
Abstinence

Like Abaris, skilled magicians can use magic to avoid having to eat or drink, and there are reports of certain youths associated with some saints who also did not need to eat or drink.

Marie Pelet de Labal from Hainaut is recorded as having survived from 6th November 1754 to 25th June 1757 without food or drink, and Anne Harler from Orival, near Rouen, is reported to have survived for 26 years using just a little milk, which she vomited up shortly after drinking it.

Genies are said to feed on fragrant fumes, resulting in them never producing excrement of any kind.

## References

1. ↑ de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.4
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.5
30th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 6 of Sceptres.

## Upright Position - Domestic

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Servant
* Valet
* Lackey
* Mercenary
* Subordinate
* Slave
* Mail
* Concierge
* Message
* Announcement
* Commission
* Household
* Servitude

## Reverse Position - Expectation

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Hope
* Expectation
* Trust
* Foresight
* Fear
* Apprehension

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Alrinach

Alrinach is the demon of the west.

## Appearance

When he appears, he takes the form of a woman and wears women's clothes.

## Powers and Abilities

Alrinach controls storms, earthquakes, rains, hails, and other similar weathers. He also submerges ships on occasion.

## Reference

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.23
Abel (disambiguation)

Disambiguation page for Abel (disambiguation)The following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
* Abel (Son of Adam) - Son of Adam, author of a book on judicial astrology.
* Abel de la Rue - Cobbler burned at the stake in 1692 for, amongst other things, sorcery and performing magic.
71st Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented by the 7 of Coins.

## Upright Position - Money

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Riches
* Sums
* Silver
* Silverware
* Whiteness
* Purity
* Candour
* Innocence
* Ingenuousness
* Moon
* Purging
* Purification

## Reverse Position - Unease

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Tormented spirit
* Affliction
* Chagrin
* Worry
* Solicitude
* Care
* Attention
* Diligence
* Application

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Ananisapta

"Ananisapta" is a Kabbalistic word which, when written on a blank parchment, is meant to be a talisman that protects the bearer against diseases.

## Meaning

According to Kabbalists, the word is the initials of the following Latin prayer: *Antidotum Nazareni Auferat Necein Intoxicationis, Sanctificet Alimenta Poculaque Trinitas Alma*

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.31
58th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 6 of Swords.

## Upright Position - Road

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Lane
* Path
* Way
* Progress
* Walk
* Consideration
* Middle
* Mannered
* Facet
* Expedient
* Course
* Career
* Promenade
* Dispatch
* Concierge

## Reverse Position - Explanation

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Publication
* Proclamation
* Obviousness
* Notice
* Publicity
* Authenticity
* Notoriety
* Denunciation
* Denotation
* Designation
* Knowledge
* Discovery
* Revelation
* Vision
* Apparition
* Appearance
* Admission
* Confession
* Protestation
* Approbation
* Authorisation

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Aleuromancy

Aleuromancy, also known as Alveromancy, is a form of divination performed using flour.

## Method

Rolled up notes or messages are placed in a pile of flour, which is then stirred or shaken nine times to mix them up.

The mixture would then be divided amongst the participants, with each person interpreting their assigned message as a theme for the prediction of their future.

## History

Apollo gained the epithet of *Aleuromantis* because he presided over this.

This form of divination was still used in parts of Greece at least as recently as the 19th century. They used bran or wheat chaff instead of flour, which de Plancy says may be an improvement over the original method.

## References

1. ↑ de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.23
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.17
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.18
Alice de Telieux

Alice of Telieux was a nun in the early 16th Century.

## Life

Alice de Telieux was a nun from the convent attached to the Monastery of Saint-Pierre in Lyon. She escaped from the convent and lived her life (a sinful one, in the words of the Catholic de Plancy), eventually dying in poverty but repenting her sins.

## Legend

After her death, her soul returned and manifested as a type of ghost known as a Spirit Knocker.

## Further Reading

* *The Marvellous Story of the Spirit that has Appeared Recently at the Monastery of the Nuns of Saint-Pierre in Lyon, etc.* by Adrien de Montalembert.
* *Legends of the Other World*

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.20
Aaron (disambiguation)

Disambiguation page for Aaron (disambiguation)The following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
* Aaron (High Priest) - Brother of Moses
* Aaron (Magician) - Byzantine magician tried for banditry
Ababinili

Ababinili is the chief god of the Chickasaw Native Americans. He is the god of fire, the sun, light, and life.

## Appearance

When he manifests on Earth, he appears as a fire, most notably the annual sacred fire of the Chackasaws.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Unknown. (1972). "Ababinili", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.1
10th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

## Upright Position - Moderation

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Capricorn
* Moderation
* Difference
* Continence
* Abstinence
* Patience
* Calm
* Sobriety
* Frugality
* Chastity
* Alleviation
* Consideration
* Accommodation
* Confederation
* Reconciliation
* Conciliation
* Tempering of musical notes
* Temperature of air
* Climate
* Thoth
* Book of Thoth

## Reverse Position - Spirituality

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Minister
* Priest
* Priesthood
* Clergy
* Church
* Council
* Synod
* Religion
* Sects

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Abaddon

Abaddon the Destroyer is the Chief of Demons of the Seventh Hierarchy. He is often mistaken for the exterminating angel of the same name.

In the *Book of Revelations*, Abaddon is the name of the King of the Grasshoppers.

## References

1. ↑ de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.1
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 1
25th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the Knave of Sceptres.

## Upright Position - Stranger

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Strange
* Uncommon
* Unusual
* Unknown
* Unprecedented
* Extraordinary
* Surprising
* Admirable
* Marvellous
* Prodigy
* Miracle
* Episode
* Digression
* Anonymity

## Reverse Position - News/Novelty

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Announcement
* Instruction
* Opinion
* Warning
* Admonition
* Anecdotes
* Chronicle
* History
* Tales
* Fables
* Ideas
* Education

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Adam's Peak

Adam's Peak is a mountain in Sri Lanka, also known as Samanalakanda. It has a depression in the shape of a massive footprint, and is a pilgrim site for Muslims, Buddhists, Christians, and Hindus.

## Legends

In the Islamic tradition, Adam was shown all the problems with the world by an angel at this place, and the footprint is that of Adam.

In the Buddhist tradition, it is the site of the Sripada (Sacred Footstep of Buddha), the imprint of his last contact with the earthly world.

In the Hindu tradition, it is thought to be the footprint of Śiva, with a Tamil legend describing how rivers flow from his footprint on the mountain.

In the Christian tradition, the footprint is that of St. Thomas.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Unknown. (1972). "Adam's Peak", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.9
Acephali

Acephali are a mythical people who are said to have had a kingdom in Libya

## Myth

As recorded by Herodotus and Josephus, the Acephali were said to have no head, but instead have their face on their chest.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Unknown. (1972). "Acephali", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.6
African Builders' Architects

The African Builder's Architects was an esoteric association founded by C. F. Koffen in the 18th century.

## Overview

On paper, the association was one which studied literary culture and undertook intellectual endeavours. However, one of the requirements to join was reaching a certain level within Freemasonry.

The association included as members most notable literati of Europe in the 18th century, with branches in Worms, Cologne, and Paris.

In 1806, a pamphlet was published in Berlin titled *A Discovery Concerning the System of the Order of African Architects*.

## Practices

The association was affiliated with the Society of Alethophilas/Lovers of Truth, from which one of its grades gained its name.

From the name of the grades, it can be surmised that its practices were drawn from Egyptian, Christian, and Templar traditions.

### Inferior Grades

1 - Apprentice of Egyptian Secrets

2 - Initiate into Egyptian Secrets

3 - Cosmopolitan

4 - Christian Philosopher

5 - Alethophilos

### Higher Grades

1 - Esquire

2 - Soldier

3 - Knight

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 6
Alphitomancy

Alphitomancy is an ancient form of divination performed using barley bread.

## Method

The most common form of alphitomancy is as follows: pure barley flour is kneaded with milk and salt, and no leaven is added to it. This is then wrapped in greased paper, baked under ash, and rubbed with verbena leaves. It is then fed to a suspected liar, and if they gain indigestion from it, they are proven to be a liar.

Another form of alphitomancy is recorded as having been practiced in the forest near ancient Lavinium: a snake/dragon was kept in a cave and, on certain days, young girls would make cakes for it using honey and barley flour. They would enter the cave blindfolded, and the serpent would not eat the cake of any who was not without reproach.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.22
Acculturation

Acculturation is the study of the process of how a culture changes as a result of contact with people from a different culture.

## History

The term "acculturation" was first used by J. W. Powell in 1880 to describe cultures borrowing from each other.

It was quickly replaced by the term "diffusion", which initially attempted to reconstruct the prehistory of cultural interaction based on the distribution of various cultural traits. Diffusion reached its initial climax in 1925, after which it began to lose its prominence due to the fact that its findings are generally difficult to provide any real evidence for. By the mid 1930s, "acculturation" was replacing "diffusion".

In the USA, research into acculturation became known as "acculturation studies", and put emphasis on the lives of people and instead of looking at prehistory, focused mostly on historical interactions. It looked not only at what was borrowed by a receiving culture, but also the context of the borrowing and why part of another culture was incorporated into that of the receiving culture, as well as how these borrowed cultural aspects have then been altered by the receiving culture.

In the UK, it was instead known as "culture contact research", and a committee of the Social Science Research Council made the *Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation* in 1935 to direct and focus research on this field. Notably, this committee's definition of "acculturation" included the importance of the duration and intensity of cultural contact as aspects of study, something which was quickly discarded by scholars since they could not be measured satisfactorily, and instead researchers focused on the observation and use of historical documents to study how a culture changes.

## Use

Acculturation has a major role in the study of folklore, and folklore studies provide much data that researchers looking into acculturation can use:

* Folktales can be broken down into a number of elements (motifs), including characters, events, and plot details.
* Literary forms can be used to show how people during the time of a story's composition lived their lives.
* Acculturation can be used to understand how variations of a particular motif arise.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Herskovits, M. (1972). "acculturation", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.5-6
Agobard

Agobard was an archbishop of Lyons in the 9th century.

## Life

Agobard wrote a number of works against judicial trials and against various superstitions, such as the belief that sorcerers made storms and controlled hail and bad weather. His argument against these was that, by saying mortals can do these things, power is being taken away from God. He is said to have successfully removed superstitions from his diocese.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.9
Alrunes

Alrunes are succubi or witches who de Plancy says were the mothers of the Huns, and are thus similar in nature to the aliorumnas in that regard.

In Scandinavia, "alrune" is another name for a mandrake.

## Powers and Abilities

Alrunes were capable shapeshifters, being able to take on many forms, though they were unable to change their physical sex.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.23
Adamantius

Adamantius was a Jewish doctor who converted to Christianity in Constantinople during the reign of Constantius III. He specialised in physiognomy (judging people by the shape of their face).

## Works

* *Physiognomy*, 2 volumes, dedicated to Canstantius III. Contains many contradictions and daydreams. Included in the *Scriptiores Physiognomonioue Veteres* printed in Greek and Latin by J.G.F Franzii in Altembourg, 1780.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.7
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 3
17th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

## Upright Position - Mortality

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Death of a person referred to by Card 13
* Death
* Last breath
* End
* Extinction
* Annihilation
* Destruction
* Attack
* Murder
* Assassination
* Homicide
* Suicide
* Regicide
* Massacre
* Carnage
* Butchery
* Slaughter
* Poisoning
* Alteration
* Decay
* Corruption
* Putrefaction

## Reverse Position - Nothing

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Death of a person referred to by Card 13
* Inertia
* Sleep
* Paralysis
* Lethargy
* Fainting
* Petrification
* Negation
* Nullity
* Annulment
* To paralyse
* To petrify
* To ruin
* To put to sleep
* Somnambulism

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Abel de la Rue

For other uses, see Abel (disambiguation)

Abel de la Rue was a cobbler who was arrested in Coulommiers in 1692. He was burned at the stake as a sorcerer, magician, knotter of aiguillettes, thief, and murderer.

## References

1. ↑ de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.2
2. ↑ de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.3
Anabaptists

The Anabaptists are a Christian sect that traces its origins to Martin Luther. They practice a second baptism, wherein believers can make a conscious decision to be baptised, instead of just having it forced on them as children without their consent.

## See Also

* John of Leyden
* Münster

## References

1. ↑ de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.30
Androgina

Androgina was a Monferrato witch active in the early 16th century.

## Biography

In 1536 she was witnessed entering houses, the residents of which would die soon afterwards. She was arrested and judged. She confessed to being part of a coven with forty other witches, who made an ointment that, when used to grease a door latch, would cause those who touched it to die soon afterwards.

## Similarity to Other Incidents

A similar event occurred in Geneva in 1563, and was associated with a seven-year plague outbreak in the city.

Another similar occurrence is recorded in Rome in 152 BCE, wherein 170 people identified by later authorities as witches were executed for a poisoning campaign.

Delancre implies that all three of these incidents may have been the result of mundane poisoning, instead of witchcraft.

## Further Reading

* *Demonomanie*
* *Table of Inconstancy, etc.*

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.32
Androalphus

Androalphus is a Marquis of Hell. He commands thirty legions.

## Appearance

He generally appears in the form of a peacock with a deep voice.

He can also take human form, which he uses for teaching.

## Knowledge

Androalphus can teach the following to his summoner:

* Geometry
* Astronomy
* Sophistry

## Magic Items

Androalphus is also said to provide his summoner with figures of birds, which allow them to avoid being taken to court.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.32
75th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 3 of Coins.

## Upright Position - Nobility

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Noble
* Substantial
* Important
* Grand
* Major
* Extensive
* Vast
* Sublime
* Renowned
* Famous
* Powerful
* Lofty
* Illustrious
* Quality
* Reputation
* Consideration
* Generosity of spirit
* Nobility of process
* Liberality

## Reverse Position - Child

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Puerility
* Infancy
* Childishness
* Frivolity
* Weakening
* Abasement
* Diminution
* Pettiness
* Lowness
* Mediocrity
* Meticulous
* Bagatelle
* Baseness
* Cowardice
* Rejection
* Petite
* Puny
* Rampant
* Vile
* Abject
* Humble
* Abjection
* Humility
* Humiliation

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Absolute

Absolute is a figure mentioned in reference to Theosophy.

## Details

Absolute, also referred to as the Logos and the Word of God, is described as an entity of whom all of existence is a manifestation of in a way that humans can comprehend.

Humans are described as offshoots of the Absolute, and will all eventually become part of it again.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 2
33rd Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 3 of Sceptres.

## Upright Position - Undertaking

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* To embark on
* Commence
* Usurp
* To take over
* Audacity
* Temerity
* Boldness
* Impudence
* Enterprising
* Hardy
* Business
* Embarrassed
* To disconcert
* Crippled

## Reversed Position - Pains Coming to an End

In its reversed position, this card has the following meanings:

* End
* Cessation
* Discontinuation
* Interruption of mishap
* Interruption of torture
* Interruption of pain
* Interruption of travail

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
2nd Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

## Upright Position - Explanation

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* 2nd Element (fire)
* 1st day of creation
* Taurus
* Information
* Unraveling
* Development
* Instruction
* Opening
* Analysis
* Discovery
* Interpretation
* Revelation
* Clarity
* Elucidation
* Light
* Radiation
* Glory
* Sun
* Temple of heat
* Eternal bulwark
* Heaven and earth
* Glorification

## Reversed Position - Fire

In its reversed position, this card has the following meanings:

* Heat
* Clarification
* Spark
* Ray of light
* Gleam
* Flame
* Conflagration
* Burn
* Ardour
* Fire of love
* Flame
* Passion
* Ignite
* Enflame
* Meteors
* Lightning
* Thunder
* Storm
* St. Elmo's fire
* Magnetism
* Outer fire
* Inner fire
* Central fire
* Magnet
* Sulphur
* Philosophical fire
* Salamander
* Fire
* Dissention
* Mental discord
* Venting anger
* Making fire
* Bone of contention
* Cook
* Heating
* Inflammation

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
73rd Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 5 of Coins.

## Upright Position - Male and Female Lover

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* In love
* Lovers
* Beau
* Husband
* Woman
* Spouse
* Boyfriend
* Girlfriend
* Anthusiast
* Mistress
* To like
* To cherish
* To adore
* Match
* Accord
* Convention
* Rapport
* Fitness
* Propriety

## Reverse Position - Disorder

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Muddled
* Counter order
* Misconduct
* Trouble
* Confusion
* Chaos
* Damage
* Ravage
* Ruin
* Dissipation
* Decline
* Disturbance
* Libertinage
* Discord
* Disharmony

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
64th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the King of Coins.

## Upright Position - Brown Man

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Shopkeeper
* Merchant
* Banker
* Stockbroker
* Calculating person
* Speculator
* Physical
* Geometry
* Mathematics
* Science
* Master
* Professor

## Reverse Position - Vice

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Fault
* Foible
* Defectiveness
* Conformation
* Flawed
* Informed nature
* Disturbance
* Ugliness
* Deformity
* Corruption
* Stench

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Alchemy

Alchemy is a form of Chemistry that deals with the transmutation of metals. It is defined in the *Picatrix* as matter-to-matter magic. It uses manufactured substances to perform an act of force on another object instead of having the person performing the alchemy perform the act of force. Poisons are a simple form of alchemical compound that transmute a body by varying degrees towards the state of an unliving corpse.

The ultimate goal of alchemy is to create the Philosopher's Stone, also known as the Elixir.

## See Also

* Philosopher's Stone
* Gobineau

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.16
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Picatrix, (1256). *Picatrix*. Bk.1, Ch.2
Added Equipment

Added Equipment is a folklore motif used in one particular tale.

## Tale

In the Chiricahua, Lipan, and White Mountain Apache story of Coyote being challenged to lie and get away with it, Coyote says he can tell the lie, but he needs to go home and get things first. He asks to be lent a white horse/mule/burro to go and get it. He handles the animal in such a way as to prevent it from going anywhere until its owner has equipped it with a high-quality saddle, a saddle-blanket, a bridle, and spurs. Coyote then rides away and either never returns, or takes all the equipment, paints the horse back, and then sells it back to its owner, running away when the first rain reveals the truth. One version adds that he also convinces the owner to give him his hat, coat, and boots.

## Analysis

This motif is a sub-motif of the stolen goods sold to owner motif, indicating that the above tale was potentially part of a wider master-thief myth-cycle.

It has been suggested that the Chiricahua, Lipan, and White Mountain Apache adapted a European story to their lifestyle, environment, and general culture to produce this story, owing to the stolen goods sold to owner motif being much more common in Europe than in America.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Unknown. (1972). "added equipment", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.10
8th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

## Upright Position - Etteilla

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Day of rest
* Scorpio
* Nature
* Repose
* Tranquillity
* Retreat
* Private life
* Seclusion
* Solitary life
* Life of the hermit
* Religious life
* Orphic life
* Repose of the old men
* Temple of heat
* Silence
* Taciturnity

## Reverse Position - Female Querent

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Imitation
* The Garden of Eden
* Effervescence
* Bubbling
* Fermentation
* Leaven
* Acidity

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Abandoned Children

"Abandoned Children" is a folklore motif that appears all over the world.

## Basic Features

* At least one, often two, sometimes seven, or rarely an entire community's children would be abandoned or driven away.
* Reasons vary, with poverty and starvation being the most common, followed by fear of a prophecy's fulfilment. Other reasons include weakness, illegitimacy, incestuous parentage, jealousy of a relative, perceived ungratefulness, and disobedience or stupidity.
* Children survive, flourish, and prosper. Generally by being raised by animals, fostered by a supernatural being, or being found and adopted by royalty.
* They cause misery for their surviving parents.

## Examples

* Abraham, abandoned by parents until reclaimed by mother.
* Cochiti story of a deer who found an abandoned baby and took it in, raising it with its own children.
* Cyrus, adopted by Mithridates the farmer, and eventually taken to the royal court before being sent back to Persia.
* Moses, adopted by the daughter of the Pharaoh of Egypt
* Gros Venture story of tribe's children being abandoned by the adults and slowly hunted down by a hag until only one boy and girl survived. Found their parents only to be abandoned again and found by a dog who granted them fire. They survived, with the boy being able to kill with his stare and the girl directing him. Eventually taken back in by their tribe, only for boy to accidentally stare at and kill the elders.
* Hansel and Gretel, lost in the woods
* Joseph, sold to a merchant and eventually became the vizier of Egypt.
* Juan and Maria, similar to Hansel and Gretel
* Lipian Apache story where an old woman abandons her children to marry a younger man. Children survive in the forest and learn to hunt and use the body parts of the animals they killed. Eventually found and taken back by their tribe, and the son kills his mother with a club.
* Oedipus, abandoned by father due to prophecy he'd kill him and marry his mother, later killed father at a crossroads and married his widow.
* Orestes, taken from his homeland by a nurse to save him from his murderous mother, taken in by King Strophius
* Romulus & Remus, raised by Lupa before founding Rome and getting revenge on their great-uncle

## See Also

* Animal Nurse
* Deer Boy
* Reversal of Fortune

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Unknown. (1972). "Abandoned Children", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. pp.1-2
Acherusia

Acherusia is a name given by the Greeks to some swampland in Egypt near Heliopolis. Some said that it was a lake, not a swamp.

## Legends

It was believed that the spirits dead who had been deemed worthy of honoured burial crossed this swamp to reach the afterlife, while those who weren't given honours and simply buried in the nearby cemetery instead wandered the edges of the marsh, unable to cross it.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.5
Agnan

Agnan is an American demon who torments people.

## Legends

While he appears all over the Americas, he most often appears in Brazil amongst Jerusalem artichokes.

## Abilities

Agnan is an accomplished shapeshifter, and can appear before anyone who wants to find him.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.9
Acheri

Acheri are a type of ghost from India.

## Legends

Acheri are the disease-bringing ghosts of little girls. They live on mountain peaks, but come down into the valleys at night to party.

They leave people wearing red clothing alone, so many children in areas where they are said to come wear red threads around their neck to protect them from disease.

When children are ill, the achari's shadow is said to be cast over them.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Unknown. (1972). "acheri", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.6
29th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 7 of Sceptres.

## Upright Position - Speaking

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Discourse
* Discussion
* Symposium
* Conversation
* Dissertation
* Deliberation
* Speech
* Pronunciation
* Grammar
* Dictionary
* Language
* Idiom
* Jargon
* Patois
* Negotiation
* Market
* Exchange
* Measure
* Commerce
* Traffic
* Correspondence
* Dialect
* Statements
* To hurl
* To confer
* To gossip
* To cause
* To devise
* Prattle
* Chatter

## Reverse Position - Indecisive

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Irresolution
* Uncertainty
* Perplexity
* Fickleness
* Looseness
* Variation
* Variety
* Diversity
* Hesitation
* To stagger
* To vacillate
* Versatility

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Alain de L'isle

Alain de l'Isle was a 12th century Bernardine monk and Bishop of Auxerre.

## Legends

It is said that he wrote his commentaries after he heard a great noise being made by his copy of Merlin's prophecies.

## Works

* *Explanationes in Prophetias Merlini Angli* (Explanation of the Prophecies of Merlin), 1170

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.13
67th Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the Knave of Coins.

## Upright Position - Brown Boy

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Study
* Instruction
* Application
* Meditation
* Reflection
* Travail
* Occupation
* Apprenticeship
* Schoolboy
* Discipline
* Pupil
* Apprentice
* Enthusiast
* Student

## Reverse Position - Extravagance

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Profusion
* Superfluity
* Largess
* Luxury
* Sumptuousness
* Magnificence
* Abundance
* Multiplicity
* Liberality
* Good deed
* Generosity
* Charity
* Crowd
* Multitude
* Depredation
* Dilapidation
* Pillage
* Dissipation

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Amniomancy

Amniomancy was a form of divination that involved examining the caul that occasionally covered the head and face of a newborn, and was typically performed by midwives. The name is derived from the Greek "amnios", used to refer to this caul.

## Method

If the caul was red, it meant the baby would have good fortune, but if it was white-grey, they would have a misfortunate future.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.28
61st Card (Book of Thoth Tarot)

This card is typically represented using the 3 of Swords.

## Upright Position - Distance

In its upright position, this card has the following meanings:

* Departure
* Absence
* Distance
* Dispersion
* Background
* Delay
* Detain
* Repugnance
* Aversion
* Hate
* Disgust
* Horror
* Incompatibility
* Upset
* Opposition
* Unsociable
* Misanthropy
* Incivility
* Separation
* Division
* Rupture
* Antipathy
* Section
* Break

## Reverse Position - Aberration

In its reverse position, this card has the following meanings:

* Madness
* Straying
* Alienation of spirit
* Distraction
* Foolish behaviour
* Error
* Setback
* Loss
* Detour
* Distance
* Dispersion

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etteilla, (1790). *Cours theorique et pratique de livre de Thot*. App
Abigor

## Appearances

### Appears in

An Encyclopædia of Occultism
Dictionnaire Infernal

Abigor is a Grand Duke of Hell. He commands sixty legions.

## Appearance

Abigor appears as a rider carrying a spear, standard, or scepter.

## Knowledge

Abigor can teach his summoner the following:

* Secrets of war
* The future
* How to be loved by one's soldiers

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.3
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Spence, L. (1920). *An Encyclopædia of Occultism*. 2 ed. pg. 1
Acheron

Acheron is one of the five rivers of the Greek Underworld, known as the River of Pain or Woe. Its waters are said to be bitter to the taste.

## Legends

In the middle-ages, Acheron weas said to be the name of a Monster.

In Classical Mythology, Acheron was a man who brought drinks to the imprisoned Titans. As punishment, Jupiter transformed him into a river and had him flow through the Underworld.

In Jewish eschatological legend, the Acheron surrounds Paradise, and the souls of the dead must either cross it or bathe in it in order to enter.

In Christian legend, the Acheron, and by extension the Acherusian Lake, flows with white water and surrounds the City of God. Repentant sinners are thrown into it by Michael before he brings them into the city of righteousness.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 de Plancy, J. C., (1863). *Dictionnaire Infernal*. 6ed. pg.5
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Unknown. (1972). "Acheron", in Leach, M. (ed) *Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend*. 3rd ed. p.6