Uintatherium

### Name Means

"Uinta Mountain/Uinta beast" or "Beast from/of the Uinta Mountains/Uintas/Uinta"

### Taxon

Mammalia, Dinocerata, Uintatheriidae

**Uintatherium**, (meaning "Beast of the Uinta Mountains") is an extinct genus of mammal that lived during the Eocene epoch, which includes a single species currently recognized, *U. anceps*. They were similar to today's rhinoceros both in size and in shape, although they are not closely related. Their fossils are the largest and most impressive of the finds at the excavation of Fort Bridger in Wyoming, and were a focal point of the Bone Wars between Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. Fossils have been found in both Wyoming and in Utah near the Uinta Mountains, to which the animal owes its name. It appeared in the early Eocene 52 million years ago and lived in the region that is now the American Southwest.

*Uintatherium* was a large browsing animal. Its most unusual feature was the skull, which is both large and strongly built, but simultaneously flat and concave: this feature is rare and not regularly characteristic of any other known mammal except in some brontotheres. Its cranial cavity was exceptionally small due the walls of the cranium being exceedingly thick. The weight of the skull was mitigated by numerous sinuses permeating the walls of the cranium, like those in an elephant's skull.

The large upper canines might have acted as formidable defensive weapons, and superficially resembled the canines of sabre tooth cats. Sexually dimorphic, the teeth were larger in males than in females. However they also might have used them to pluck the aquatic plants from marshes that seem to have comprised their diet. The skulls of the males bore six prominent knob-like ossicones which grew from the frontal region of the skull. The function of these structures is unknown. They may have been of use in defense and/or sexual display. *Uintatherium* went extinct about 37 million years ago, presumably due to climate change and competition with perissodactyls such as brontotheres and rhinos.

A cast of a *Uintatherium* skeleton is on display at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park.
*Uintatherium* was an extinct genus of large, hoofed mammals found as fossils in North America and Asia in terrestrial deposits that date from the middle of the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago). The size of a modern rhinoceros, *Uintatherium* was among the largest animals of its time. The limbs were strongly constructed to support the massive body. Three pairs of bony growths, or protuberances, were present on the skull, and the anterior pair may have supported prominent horns. The teeth were also distinctive: males of the genus possessed large, powerful canines; incisors were absent in the upper jaw but present in the lower jaw.

## Description

*Uintatherium* was a large browsing animal. With a length of about 4 m (13 ft), a height of 1.70 m (5.6 ft), and a weight up to 2 tonnes, it was similar to today's rhinoceros, both in size and in shape. Its legs were robust to sustain the weight of the animal and were equipped with hooves. Moreover, a *Uintathere's* sternum was made up of horizontal segments, unlike today's rhinos, which have compressed vertical segments.

Its most unusual feature was the skull, which is both large and strongly built, but simultaneously flat and concave: this feature is rare and, apart from some brontotheres, not regularly characteristic of any other known mammal. Its cranial cavity was exceptionally small due to the walls of the cranium being exceedingly thick. The weight of the skull was mitigated by numerous sinuses permeating the walls of the cranium, like those in an elephant's skull.

The large upper canine teeth might have served as formidable defensive weapons, and superficially resembled those of saber-toothed cats. Sexually dimorphic, the teeth were larger in males than in females. However, they also might have used them to pluck the aquatic plants from marshes that seem to have comprised their diet.

The skulls of the males bore six prominent knob-like ossicones that grew from the frontal region of the skull. The function of these structures is unknown. They may have been of use in defense and/or sexual display.

## Discovery

   Fossils of *Uintatherium* were first discovered in the Bridger Basin

The fossils of *Uintatherium* are among the largest and most impressive of the finds at the excavation of Fort Bridger in Wyoming, and were a focal point of the Bone Wars between Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. Between them, Marsh and Cope claimed the discovery of *U. anceps* specimens as discoveries of new species on twenty-two occasions (and therefore, originally gave these specimens many names aside from *Uintatherium anceps*).

Fossils of *U. anceps* have been found in the Bridger and Wakashie rock formations, in the states of Wyoming and Utah near the Uinta Mountains, which are commemorated in the generic name. An almost intact skull of *U. insperatus* was found in the lower part of the Lushi Formation of the Lushi Basin in Henan Province, China.

A cast of a *Uintatherium* skeleton is on display at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park. The skeleton of *Uintatherium* is also on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* In *Jurassic Park: Builder*, *Uintatherium* can be created in the Glacier Park section. It is usually the fifth animal in the Glacier Park, created in Kelly's mission *Camera Shy*. Its DNA is found in the South Patagonian Ice Field despite all fossil remains being found in North America and China. Also, since *Uintatherium* lived in the Eocene Epoch, it did not live in the Ice Age at all, thus placing it in a tundra habitat is inaccurate.
* *Uintatherium* appears in the Cenozoic Biosphere of *Jurassic World: The Game* as a Rare Savannah creature.