recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Adriano Espaillat

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New York's 13th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2017

**In office**
January 1, 2011 – December 31, 2016

**In office**
January 1, 1997 – December 31, 2010

**In office**
1991–1993

**Adriano de Jesús Espaillat Rodríguez** (born September 27, 1954) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for New York's 13th congressional district, serving since 2017, and the first Dominican-American and first formerly undocumented immigrant to ever serve in Congress. He previously served in the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
1864 United States presidential election

President of the United States

**November 8, 1864**

← 1860
1868 →

## Overview

**Nominee**
**Abraham Lincoln**
George B. McClellan

**Political party**
National Union
Democratic

**State**
Illinois
New Jersey

**Running mate**
**Andrew Johnson**
George H. Pendleton

**Electoral vote**
**212** (+ 17 invalidated)
21

**Popular vote**
**2,218,388**
1,812,807

**Percentage**
**55.0%**
45.0%

## Results

Red denotes states won by Lincoln/Johnson and blue denotes those won by McClellan/Pendleton; no electoral votes were counted from Louisiana or Tennessee, and a Nevada elector abstained from casting a vote

### Elected President

Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Abraham Lincoln
National Union

The **1864 United States presidential election**, the 20th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. In the midst of the American Civil War, incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party defeated the Democratic nominee, former Commanding General of the Army George B. McClellan, by a wide margin of 212–21 in the Electoral College, with 55% of the popular vote. For the election, the Republican Party and some Democrats created the National Union Party, with former Democrat Andrew Johnson as Lincoln's vice presidential candidate.

## Results

Because eleven Southern states had declared secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, only twenty-five states participated in the election. Three new states participated for the first time: Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada. Despite Kentucky's state government never seceding from the Union, the Commonwealth had an election participation rate decrease of almost 40% compared to the election of 1860.

McClellan won just three states: Kentucky, Delaware, and his home state of New Jersey. Lincoln won in every state he carried in 1860 except New Jersey, and also carried a state won four years earlier by Stephen A. Douglas (Missouri), one carried by John C. Breckinridge (Maryland) and all three newly admitted states (Kansas, Nevada and West Virginia). Lincoln was highly popular with soldiers and they in turn recommended him to their families back home. The following states allowed soldiers to cast ballots: California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Out of the 40,247 army votes cast, Lincoln received 30,503 (75.8%) and McClellan 9,201 (22.9%), with the rest (543 votes) scattering (1.3%). Only soldiers from Kentucky gave McClellan a majority of their votes, and he carried the army vote in the state by a vote of 2,823 (70.3%) to 1,194 (29.7%).

One elector from Nevada did not cast a vote in the Electoral College.
Advice and consent

In the United States, **advice and consent** is a power of the United States Senate to be consulted on and approve treaties signed and appointments made by the President of the United States to public positions, including Cabinet secretaries, federal judges, Officers of the Armed Forces, United States attorneys, ambassadors, and other smaller offices. This power is also held by several state senates, which are consulted on and approve various appointments made by the state's chief executive, such as some statewide officials, state departmental heads in the governor's cabinet, and state judges (in some states). In modern practice, the advice and consent role is used as a means of confirming an executive's intended nominees for certain government positions. Only once confirmed, can the designate take the oath of office to become the incumbent.

 Principles and terminology
 Styles
 Administrative divisions
Adlai Stevenson I

Official portrait, c. 1892

**In office**
March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

**In office**
March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1881

**In office**
March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877

**Adlai Ewing Stevenson** (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) served as the 23rd Vice President of the United States from 1893 to 1897. Previously, he served as a U.S. representative from Illinois in the late 1870s and early 1880s. After his subsequent appointment as assistant postmaster general of the United States during Grover Cleveland's first administration (1885–89), he fired many Republican postal workers and replaced them with Southern Democrats. This earned him the enmity of the Republican-controlled Congress, but made him a favorite as Grover Cleveland's running mate in 1892, and he duly became vice president of the United States.
Andrew Garbarino

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New York's 2nd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2021

**In office**
January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2020

**Andrew Reed Garbarino** (born September 27, 1984) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for New York's 2nd congressional district since 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the New York State Assemblyman for the 7th district from 2013 to 2020.
Ambrose Hundley Sevier

## President pro tempore of the United States Senate

**In office**
December 27, 1845

**In office**
September 18, 1836 – March 15, 1848
Served with William S. Fulton and Chester Ashley

**In office**
February 13, 1828 – June 15, 1836

## Member of theArkansas House of Representatives

**In office**
1823–1827

**Ambrose Hundley Sevier** (November 4, 1801 – December 31, 1848) was an American attorney, politician and planter from Arkansas. A member of a political family that dominated the state and national delegations in the antebellum years, he was elected by the legislature as a Democratic Senator, serving from 1836 to 1848.
1996 United States presidential election

President of the United States

**November 5, 1996**

← 1992
2000 →

## Overview

**Nominee**
**Bill Clinton**
Bob Dole

**Political party**
Democratic
Republican

**State**
Arkansas
Kansas

**Running mate**
**Al Gore**
Jack Kemp

**Electoral vote**
**379**
159

**Popular vote**
**47,401,185**
39,197,469

**Percentage**
**49.2%**
40.7%

**Nominee**
Ross Perot

**Political party**
Reform

**State**
Texas

**Running mate**
Pat Choate

**Electoral vote**
0

**Popular vote**
8,085,294

**Percentage**
8.4%

Blue denotes states won by Clinton/Gore and red denotes those won by Dole/Kemp

The **1996 United States presidential election** was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1996. Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeated former Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole, the Republican nominee, and Ross Perot, the Reform Party nominee.

## Results

Clinton won a decisive victory over Dole, becoming the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections since Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the popular vote, he out-polled Dole by over 8.2 million votes. The Electoral College map did not change much from the previous election, with the Democratic incumbent winning 379 votes to the Republican ticket's 159. In the West, Dole managed to narrowly win Colorado and Montana (both had voted for Clinton four years earlier), while Clinton became the first Democrat to win Arizona since Harry S. Truman in 1948. In the South, Clinton won Florida, a state he had failed to win in 1992, but lost Georgia, a state that he had carried. Clinton was the first Democrat to win re-election to the presidency since Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the first Southern Democrat to win re-election since Andrew Jackson in 1832.
Beth Van Duyne

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Texas's 24th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2021

**In office**
February 2017 – August 2019

**In office**
July 7, 2011 – May 16, 2017

## Member of theIrving City Council

**In office**
2004–2010

**Elizabeth Ann Van Duyne** (born November 16, 1970) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Texas's 24th congressional district. A member of the Republican Party, she was Mayor of Irving, Texas from 2011 to 2017. She was an official in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Trump administration.
1916 United States presidential election

President of the United States

**November 7, 1916**

← 1912
1920 →

## Overview

**Nominee**
**Woodrow Wilson**
Charles Evans Hughes

**Political party**
Democratic
Republican

**State**
New Jersey
New York

**Running mate**
**Thomas R. Marshall**
Charles W. Fairbanks

**Electoral vote**
**227**
254

**Popular vote**
**9,126,868**
8,548,728

**Percentage**
**49.2%**
46.1%

**Nominee**
Allan L. Benson
Frank Hanly

**Political party**
Socialist
Prohibition

**State**
New York
Indiana

**Running mate**
George Ross Kirkpatrick
Ira Landrith

**Electoral vote**
0
0

**Popular vote**
590,524
221,302

**Percentage**
3.2%
1.2%

## Results

Blue denotes states won by Wilson/Marshall and red denotes those won by Hughes/Fairbanks

### Elected President

Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic

The **1916 United States presidential election** was the 33rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson defeated former Governor of New York Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican candidate. Other third party candidates were Allan L. Benson of the Socialist Party and Frank Hanly of the Prohibition Party.

## Results

The electoral vote was one of the closest in American history. Wilson took 30 states for 277 electoral votes, while Hughes won 18 states and 254 electoral votes. Wilson's popular vote margin of 3.1 percent was the smallest attained by a victorious sitting president since 1812 and retained that status until 2004.

The total popular vote cast exceeded that of 1912 by 3,500,000. The very large total vote was an indication of an aroused public interest in the campaign. It was larger in every section, notably in the East North Central section. Some of this was due to the extension of suffrage to women in individual states. In Illinois, for example, the total vote was one million greater than in 1912. It increased by more than 260,000 in Kansas, and in Montana, it more than doubled.

Among the third-party candidates, Benson's vote dropped to a little over half of what Eugene V. Debs had earned at the previous election, though this would still represent the best-ever showing of any Socialist candidate other than Debs. Hanly's performance would mark the last time the Prohibition Party exceeded one percent of the popular vote, with the party quickly declining into irrelevance after the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919.
2008 United States presidential election

President of the United States

**November 4, 2008**

← 2004
2012 →

## Overview

**Nominee**
**Barack Obama**
John McCain

**Political party**
Democratic
Republican

**State**
Illinois
Arizona

**Running mate**
**Joe Biden**
Sarah Palin

**Electoral vote**
**365**
173

**Popular vote**
**69,498,516**
59,948,323

**Percentage**
**52.9%**
45.7%

## Results

Blue denotes states won by Obama/Biden and red denotes those won by McCain/Palin

### Elected President

George W. Bush
Republican
Barack Obama
Democratic

The **2008 United States presidential election** was the 56th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, the junior United States Senator from Illinois, defeated the Republican ticket of John McCain, the senior United States Senator from Arizona. Obama became the first African American and the third sitting United States Senator to be elected president, joining Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy. The election took place in the midst of the 2008 financial crisis and saw the most votes cast for any nominee for president until 2020.

## Results

Obama won every region of the country by double digits except the South, which McCain won by nine percent. McCain won most of the Deep South, where white voters had generally supported Republican candidates by increasingly large margins in the previous few decades. Obama won all of the 2004 swing states (states that either John Kerry or George W. Bush won by less than 5%) by a margin of 8.5 percent or more except for Ohio, which the Democrat carried by 4.5 percent. Obama also defied political bellwethers, becoming the first person to win the presidency while losing Missouri since 1956 (as well as the first Democrat ever to do so) and while losing Kentucky and Tennessee since 1960. He was the first Democrat to win without Arkansas since that state joined the Union in 1836 and the first Democrat to win the presidency without winning West Virginia since 1916. Obama won the electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, largely comprising the city of Omaha. Nebraska's other four electoral votes went to McCain.

According to the Federal Election Commission, an unusually high number of "miscellaneous" write-ins were cast for president, including 112,597 tallied in the 17 states that record votes for non-listed candidates. There were more presidential candidates on the ballot than at any other time in U.S. history, except for the 1992 election, which also had 23 candidates listed in at least one state.
Acting President of the United States

## Acting President of the United States of America

***Most recent holder*
Kamala Harris**

### Term length

Situational (until someone higher in the line of succession can assume office, or until the next presidential election)

### Constituting instrument

United States Constitution
Presidential Succession Acts

### First holder(s)

George H. W. Bush

An **acting President of the United States** is an individual who legitimately exercises the powers and duties of the President of the United States even though that person does not hold the office in their own right. There is an established presidential line of succession in which officials of the United States federal government may be called upon to take on presidential responsibilities if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate) during their four-year term of office; or if a president-elect has not been chosen before Inauguration Day or has failed to qualify by that date.

If the president dies, resigns, or is removed from office, the Vice President of the United States automatically becomes president. Likewise, were a president-elect to die during the transition period, or decline to serve, the vice president-elect would become president on Inauguration Day. A vice president can also become the acting president if the president becomes incapacitated. However, should the presidency and vice presidency both become vacant, the statutory successor called upon would not become president, but would only be acting as president. To date, three vice presidents—George H. W. Bush (once), Dick Cheney (twice), and Kamala Harris (once)—have served as acting president. No one lower in the presidential line of succession has so acted.

## Acting Presidents of the United States

 Principles and terminology
 Styles
 Administrative divisions
1992 United States presidential election

President of the United States

**November 3, 1992**

← 1988
1996 →

## Overview

**Nominee**
**Bill Clinton**
George H. W. Bush

**Political party**
Democratic
Republican

**State**
Arkansas
Texas

**Running mate**
**Al Gore**
Dan Quayle

**Electoral vote**
**370**
168

**Popular vote**
**44,909,889**
39,104,550

**Percentage**
**43.0%**
37.5%

**Nominee**
Ross Perot

**Political party**
Independent

**State**
Texas

**Running mate**
James Stockdale

**Electoral vote**
0

**Popular vote**
19,743,821

**Percentage**
18.9%

## Results

Blue denotes states won by Clinton/Gore and red denotes those won by Bush/Quayle

### Elected President

George H. W. Bush
Republican
Bill Clinton
Democratic

The **1992 United States presidential election** was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1992. Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas, and a number of minor candidates. This election marked the end of a period of Republican dominance that began in 1968.

## Results

Bill Clinton won the election by a wide margin in the Electoral College, receiving 43% of the popular vote against Bush's 37.4% and Perot's 18.9%. It was the first time since 1968 that a candidate won the White House with under 50% of the popular vote. Only Washington, D.C., and Clinton's home state of Arkansas gave the majority of their votes to a single candidate in the entire country; the rest were won by pluralities of the vote. Clinton was the first Democrat since 1964 to win a majority of states.

Perot received 19,743,821 with 18.9% of the popular vote. The billionaire used his own money to advertise extensively, and is the only third-party candidate ever allowed into the nationally televised presidential debates with both major party candidates (Independent John B. Anderson debated Republican Ronald Reagan in 1980, but without Democrat Jimmy Carter, who had refused to appear in a three-man debate). Perot's almost 19% of the popular vote made him the most successful third-party presidential candidate in terms of popular vote since Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election. Also, his 19% of the popular vote was the highest ever for a candidate who did not win any electoral votes. Although he did not win any states, Perot managed to finish ahead of one of the two major party candidates in two states: In Maine, he received 30.44% of the vote to Bush's 30.39% (Clinton won Maine with 38.77%); in Utah, he collected 27.34% of the vote to Clinton's 24.65%. Bush won that state with 43.36%. He also came in second in Maine's 2nd congressional district where he had his best overall showing. He won 33.2% of the vote there and missed out on the district's 1 elector by only 4.5% of the vote.
Austin Knudsen

## 43rd Attorney General of Montana

**Assumed office**
January 4, 2021

**In office**
January 5, 2015 – January 7, 2019

**In office**
January 3, 2011 – January 7, 2019

**Austin Knudsen** (born 1980/1981) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 25th Attorney General of Montana. A Republican, he previously served as the Speaker of the Montana House of Representatives from 2015 to 2019. During his time in the Montana House from 2010 to 2018, he represented the Culbertson area in House District 36.
Avril Haines

Official portrait, 2021

## 7th Director of National Intelligence

**Assumed office**
January 21, 2021

**In office**
January 11, 2015 – January 20, 2017

**In office**
August 9, 2013 – January 10, 2015

**Avril Danica Haines** (born August 27, 1969) is an American lawyer and senior government official who currently serves as the 7th Director of National Intelligence in the Biden administration. She is the first woman to serve in this role. Haines previously served as Deputy National Security Advisor and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Obama administration; the first woman to hold either position. Prior to her appointment to the CIA, she served as Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs in the Office of White House Counsel.
Bess Truman

**In role**
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953

**In role**
January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945

**Elizabeth Virginia Truman** (née **Wallace**; February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982) was the wife of President Harry S. Truman and the First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953. She also served as the Second Lady of the United States in 1945.
Arthur Sewall

**Arthur Sewall** (November 25, 1835 – September 5, 1900) was an American shipbuilder from Maine, best known as the Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1896, running mate to William Jennings Bryan. From 1888 to 1896, he served as a member of the Democratic National Committee and unsuccessfully ran for Maine's Senate seat against Eugene Hale.
Aruna Miller

Official portrait, 2023

## 10th Lieutenant Governor of Maryland

**Assumed office**
January 18, 2023

**In office**
December 1, 2010 – January 9, 2019

**Aruna Miller** (née **Katragadda**; November 6, 1964) is an American politician who has served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Maryland since 2023. Miller, a Democrat, is a former member of the Maryland House of Delegates who represented Legislative District 15 in Montgomery County.
1816 United States presidential election

President of the United States

**November 1 – December 4, 1816**

← 1812
1820 →

## Overview

**Nominee**
**James Monroe**
Rufus King

**Political party**
Democratic-Republican
Federalist

**State**
Virginia
New York

**Running mate**
**Daniel D. Tompkins**
John Eager Howard

**Electoral vote**
**183**
34

**Popular vote**
**76,592**
34,740

**Percentage**
**68.2%**
30.9%

## Results

Green denotes states won by Monroe/Tompkins and orange denotes states won by King/Howard

### Elected President

James Madison
Democratic-Republican
James Monroe
Democratic-Republican

The **1816 United States presidential election** was the eighth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from November 1 to December 4, 1816. The first election following the end of the War of 1812, Democratic-Republican candidate James Monroe defeated Federalist Rufus King. This election was the last in which the Federalist Party fielded a presidential candidate.

## Results

When the votes were counted, Monroe had won all but three of the nineteen states. King thought that a Monroe victory was inevitable, and did not seriously contest the election. Each of the three states that were won by King voted for a different person for vice president. Three of Maryland's eleven districts were won by Federalist electors. However, these electors did not vote for King or for a Federalist vice president, instead casting blank votes as a protest.
1876 United States presidential election

President of the United States

**November 7, 1876**

← 1872
1880 →

## Overview

**Nominee**
**Rutherford B. Hayes**
Samuel J. Tilden

**Political party**
Republican
Democratic

**State**
Ohio
New York

**Running mate**
**William A. Wheeler**
Thomas A. Hendricks

**Electoral vote**
**185**
184

**Popular vote**
4,035,974
**4,288,546**

**Percentage**
47.9%
**50.9%**

## Results

Red denotes states won by Hayes/Wheeler and blue denotes those won by Tilden/Hendricks

### Elected President

Ulysses S. Grant
Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican

The **1876 United States presidential election** was the 23rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1876, in which Republican nominee Rutherford B. Hayes faced Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. It was one of the most contentious presidential elections in American history, and gave rise to the Compromise of 1877 by which the Democrats conceded the election to Hayes in return for an end to Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.

## Results

According to the commission's rulings, of the 2,249 counties and independent cities making returns, Tilden won in 1,301 (57.85%), and Hayes carried only 947 (42.11%). One county (0.04%) in Nevada split evenly between Tilden and Hayes. This was the last election held before the end of the Reconstruction era, which sought to protect the rights of African Americans in the South, who usually voted for Republicans. No antebellum slave state would be carried by a Republican again until 1896. Hayes was also the only Republican president ever to be elected who failed to carry Indiana.

A dispute over the validity of some states' electors led to the Election Commission and Compromise of 1877, in which a committee between five Representatives, five Senators and five Associate Justices of the Supreme Court met to resolve the matter. Democratic leaders in Congress reluctantly agreed to accept Hayes as president in return for the withdrawal of federal troops from the last two Southern states that were still occupied: South Carolina and Louisiana. Republican leaders also agreed to a number of handouts and entitlements, including federal subsidies for a transcontinental railroad line through the South. Although some of the promises were not kept, particularly the railroad proposal, that was enough for the time being to avert a constitutional crisis.
Christopher W. Grady

## 12th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

**Assumed office**
December 20, 2021

**Christopher Watson Grady** (born November 28, 1962) is a United States Navy admiral who serves as the 12th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff since December 20, 2021. He most recently served as the commander of United States Fleet Forces Command and United States Naval Forces Northern Command from May 2018 to December 2021, with additional duties as commander of United States Naval Forces Strategic Command and Joint Force Maritime Component Commander from February 2019. He previously served as commander of the United States Sixth Fleet, commander of Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO, deputy commander of United States Naval Forces Europe - Naval Forces Africa and Joint Force Maritime Component Commander Europe from October 2016 to March 2018.
Arizona's 7th congressional district

Arizona's 7th congressional district since January 3, 2023

**Arizona's 7th congressional district** is a congressional district in Arizona that elects a member to the United States House of Representatives. It was created in 2003.

## United States Representatives from Arizona's 7th congressional district

 Raúl Grijalva | January 3, 2003–January 3, 2013

 Judicial
 Representation
Brett Guthrie

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Kentucky's 2nd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2009

**In office**
2000–2008

**Steven Brett Guthrie** (born February 18, 1964) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Kentucky's 2nd congressional district. Guthrie previously served as a Republican member of the Kentucky Senate, representing the 32nd district.
Brian Mast

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Florida

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2017

**Brian Jeffery Mast** (born July 10, 1980) is an American politician and U.S. Army veteran who has served as the U.S. Representative for Florida's 21st congressional district since 2023, having previously represented the 18th district from 2017 to 2023. Mast is a member of the Republican Party.
Bill Frist

**In office**
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007

**In office**
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2007
Served with Fred Thompson and Lamar Alexander

**William Harrison Frist** (born February 22, 1952) is an American physician, businessman, and politician who served as United States Senator from Tennessee from 1995 to 2007. A heart and lung transplant surgeon by occupation, he was Senate Majority Leader from 2003 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Barzillai J. Chambers

## Chair of the Texas Greenback Party

**In office**
1882

## Member of theCleburne Board of Aldermen

**In office**
1875

**Barzillai Jefferson Chambers** (December 5, 1817 – September 16, 1895) was an American surveyor, lawyer, businessman, farmer, and politician. Born in Kentucky, he moved to Texas to join its war for independence against Mexico. Chambers stayed in Texas after its independence and annexation by the United States, earning a living as a surveyor and farmer in Johnson County. In the American Civil War, he served briefly in the Confederate States Army, then returned to his farming and business interests, becoming part-owner of a bank in his hometown of Cleburne. In the 1870s, Chambers became concerned with farming and monetary issues in politics, eventually joining the nascent Greenback Party in 1876. He ran unsuccessfully for Vice President of the United States on the Greenback ticket with presidential nominee James B. Weaver of Iowa in 1880.
Connecticut

## State

**State of Connecticut**

Flag

Seal

### Nickname(s):

The Constitution State, The Nutmeg State, The Provisions State, The Land of Steady Habits

### Anthem(s):

"Yankee Doodle"

Connecticut highlighted in red

## Government

### U.S. senators

Richard Blumenthal (D)
Chris Murphy (D)

## Demographics

### Demonym(s)

Connecticuter
Connecticutian
Nutmegger

## History

### Admitted to the Union

January 9, 1788

**Connecticut** is a state in the United States of America. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the south, Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west.

 Judicial

 Military
Anti-Masonic Party

Anti-Freemasonry
Anti-Jacksonianism
American System

The **Anti-Masonic Party** was a political party in the United States active from 1828 to 1840 and again from 1872 to 1888. It was formed from a faction of the National Republican Party. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a single-issue party and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform to take positions on other issues. After emerging as a political force in the late 1820s, most of the Anti-Masonic Party's members joined the Whig Party in the 1830s before the party disappeared.

After experiencing unexpected success in the 1828 House elections, the Anti-Masons began to adopt positions on other issues, most notably support for internal improvements and a protective tariff. Several Anti-Masons, including William A. Palmer and Joseph Ritner, won election to prominent positions. In states such as Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, the party controlled the balance of power in the state legislature and provided crucial support to candidates for the Senate. In 1831, the party held the first presidential nominating convention, a practice that was subsequently adopted by all major parties. The convention chose former attorney general William Wirt as the party's nominee in the 1832 presidential election. Wirt won 7.8% of the popular vote and carried Vermont in the Electoral College.

A second Anti-Masonic Party was active from 1872 to 1888, but was more religious-based and led by Jonathan Blanchard.

 Historical
 Minor parties
 Historical
 State, territorial, and local parties
 Historical
Angie Craig

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Minnesota's 2nd district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2019

**Angela Dawn Craig** (born February 14, 1972) is an American politician, retired journalist, and former businesswoman serving as the U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 2nd congressional district since 2019. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She is the first out LGBTQ+ member of Congress from Minnesota. She is also the first lesbian mother (and grandmother) ever to serve in Congress.
Cindy Hyde-Smith

Official portrait, 2021

## United States Senatorfrom Mississippi

**Assumed office**
April 9, 2018
Serving with Roger Wicker

**In office**
January 10, 2012 – April 1, 2018

**In office**
January 4, 2000 – January 10, 2012

**Cindy Hyde-Smith** (née **Hyde**; born May 10, 1959) is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Mississippi since 2018. A member of the Republican Party, she was previously the Mississippi Commissioner of Agriculture and Commerce and a member of the Mississippi State Senate.
Bob Ferguson

Ferguson in 2009

## 18th Attorney General of Washington

**Assumed office**
January 16, 2013

**In office**
November 24, 2009 – January 16, 2013

**In office**
January 1, 2004 – January 16, 2013

**Robert Watson Ferguson** (born February 23, 1965) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 18th Attorney General of Washington. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected in 2012 and re-elected in 2016 and 2020. Prior to serving as attorney general, Ferguson was a member of the King County Council and served as its chair from 2009 to 2013.
Christopher M. Carr

## 48th Attorney General of Georgia

**Assumed office**
January 8, 2019

**In office**
November 2013 – November 2016

**Christopher Michael Carr** (born February 8, 1972) is an American lawyer and politician. A Republican, he is the current Attorney General of Georgia. In 2016, Governor Nathan Deal appointed Carr as Attorney General to fill a vacancy created by the departure of former Attorney General Sam Olens. Carr was elected to a four-year term in Georgia's 2018 statewide elections. He is running for a second term in the 2022 Georgia Attorney General election.
Cindy Axne

**In office**
January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023

**Cynthia Lynne Axne** (née **Wadle**; born April 20, 1965) is an American politician who was the U.S. Representative from Iowa's 3rd congressional district from 2019 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she narrowly defeated incumbent Republican David Young in the 2018 election.
Anna Harrison

**In role**
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
Served with Jane Irwin Harrison (acting)

**In role**
January 10, 1801 – December 28, 1812

**In role**
October 1, 1804 – July 4, 1805

**Anna Tuthill Harrison** (née **Symmes**; July 25, 1775 – February 25, 1864), wife of President William Henry Harrison and grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison, was nominally First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841, but she never entered the White House. At the age of 65 years during her husband's presidential term, she was the oldest woman ever to become First Lady (a title held until Jill Biden became First Lady in 2021), as well as having the distinction of holding the title for the shortest length of time, and the first person to be widowed while holding the title. She was the last First Lady to have been born in British America.
Chris Murphy

Murphy in 2013

## United States Senatorfrom Connecticut

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2011
Serving with Richard Blumenthal

**In office**
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013

**In office**
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007

**In office**
January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2003

## Member of theSouthington Planning and Zoning Commission

**In office**
1997–1999

**Christopher Scott Murphy** (born August 3, 1973) is an American lawyer, author, and politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Connecticut since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Connecticut's 5th congressional district from 2007 to 2013. Before being elected to Congress, Murphy was a member of both chambers of the Connecticut General Assembly, serving two terms each in the Connecticut House of Representatives (1999–2003) and the Connecticut State Senate (2003–2007).
Bridget Hill

## 38th Attorney General of Wyoming

**Assumed office**
March 1, 2019

**In office**
2013–2019

**Bridget Hill** (born 1974) is an American attorney and government official from the state of Wyoming. She is the 38th Attorney General of Wyoming, serving since March 2019. She was previously the Director of the Wyoming Office of State Lands and Investments from 2013 to 2019.
Confederation

*This article is about the form of government. For the first constitution of the United States, see Articles of Confederation. For the breakaway state during the American Civil War, see Confederate States.*
A **confederation**, also called a **confederacy** is a union of sovereign states united for purposes of a common action. A confederation is typically established by a treaty and deals with critical issues, such as defense, foreign relations, internal trade or currency, with the general government being required to provide support for all its members. Confederalism differs from federalism, in that central authority of a confederation is typically weaker than that of a federation, and membership in a confederation is voluntary.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States experienced trade and economic problems. On May 25, 1787, delegates from the states met in Philadelphia to rewrite the Articles into a new Constitution, with executive power vested in the President of the United States. The Confederate States of America, the breakaway state during the American Civil War, also established a confederal form of government.

 Principles and terminology
 Styles
 Administrative divisions
Bill Clinton

Official portrait, 1993

**In office**
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001

**In office**
January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992

**In office**
January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981

**In office**
January 11, 1977 – January 9, 1979

**William Jefferson Clinton** (né **Blythe III**; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to his presidency, he served as Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981 and 1983–1992) and as Attorney General of Arkansas (1977–1979). A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was known as a New Democrat, and many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of former United States Secretary of State, former United States Senator, and two-time candidate for president Hillary Clinton.
Champ Clark

**In office**
April 4, 1911 – March 3, 1919

**In office**
March 4, 1919 – March 2, 1921

**In office**
March 4, 1909 – March 3, 1911

**In office**
March 4, 1897 – March 2, 1921

**In office**
March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895

**James Beauchamp Clark** (March 7, 1850 – March 2, 1921) was an American politician and attorney who represented Missouri in the United States House of Representatives and served as Speaker of the House from 1911 to 1919.
Bernie Sanders

Sanders in 2023

## United States Senatorfrom Vermont

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2007
Serving with Peter Welch
Served with Patrick Leahy

**In office**
January 3, 1991 – January 3, 2007

**In office**
April 6, 1981 – April 4, 1989

**Bernard Sanders** (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician and activist who has served as the senior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007. He was the U.S. Representative for the state's at-large congressional district from 1991 to 2007. Sanders is the longest-serving independent in U.S. congressional history. He has a close relationship with the Vermont Progressive Party and the Democratic Party, having caucused with the latter in the House and Senate for most of his congressional career. Sanders unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States in 2016 and 2020, finishing in second place in both campaigns. Before his election to Congress, he was the 37th Mayor of Burlington, Vermont.
Charles W. Bryan

Bryan, c. 1920–1925

**In office**
January 8, 1931 – January 3, 1935

**In office**
January 3, 1923 – January 8, 1925

**In office**
1935–1937

**In office**
1915–1917

**Charles Wayland Bryan** (February 10, 1867 – March 4, 1945) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 20th and 23rd Governor of Nebraska, and Mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska, and was the Democratic nominee for vice president in 1924. He was the younger brother of Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, who was the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, 1900, and 1908.
Cheri Bustos

**In office**
January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023

## Member of theEast Moline City Councilfrom the 4th ward

**In office**
2007–2011

**Cheryl Lea Bustos** (née **Callahan**; October 17, 1961) is an American journalist, healthcare executive, and politician who was the U.S. Representative from Illinois's 17th congressional district from 2013 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the first woman elected to Congress from her district.
Carlos A. Giménez

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Florida

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2021

**In office**
July 1, 2011 – November 17, 2020

**In office**
January 3, 2005 – April 12, 2011

**In office**
May 9, 2000 – January 29, 2003

**In office**
1991–2000

**Carlos Antonio Giménez** (born January 17, 1954) is a Cuban-born American politician and retired firefighter currently serving as the U.S. Representative for Florida's 28th congressional district since 2023. A Republican, he represented Florida's 26th congressional district from 2021 to 2023, served Mayor of Miami-Dade County from 2011 to 2020, a Miami-Dade County Commissioner from 2003 to 2011, and Chief of the Miami Fire Department from 2991 to 2000.
Carl Hayden

**In office**
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1969

## United States Senatorfrom Arizona

**In office**
March 4, 1927 – January 3, 1969
Served with Henry F. Ashurst, Ernest McFarland, Barry Goldwater, and Paul Fannin

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Arizona's at-large district

**In office**
February 19, 1912 – March 3, 1927

## Personal details

### Parents

Charles Trumbull Hayden
Sallie Calvert Davis

### Education

Arizona State University
Stanford University

## Military service

### Battles/wars

World War I

**Carl Trumbull Hayden** (October 2, 1877 – January 25, 1972) was an American politician and the first United States Senator to serve seven terms. Serving as Arizona's first Representative for eight terms before entering the Senate, Hayden set the record for longest-serving member of the United States Congress more than a decade before his retirement from politics. He served as President pro tempore of the Senate from 1957 to 1969 and was a member of the Democratic Party.
Claudia Tenney

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom New York

**Assumed office**
February 11, 2021

**In office**
January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019

**In office**
January 1, 2011 – December 31, 2016

**Claudia L. Tenney** (born February 4, 1961) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for New York's 24th congressional district since 2023, having previously represented the 22nd district from 2017 to 2019 and from 2021 to 2023. She is a member of the Republican Party.
Congress of the Confederation

Great Seal of the United States, 1782

## Meeting place

Independence Hall (first)
Federal Hall (last)

The **Congress of the Confederation**, also known as the **Confederation Congress**, formally the **United States in Congress Assembled**, which continued to refer to itself as the **Continental Congress**, was the national legislature of the United States from 1781 to 1789 under the Articles of Confederation.

With membership carrying over from the original Continental Congress, the Congress of the Confederation opened in the last stages of the American Revolution. Congress had little power, and without the external threat of a war against the British, it became quite difficult to get enough delegates to meet to form a quorum. Nonetheless, Congress still managed to pass important laws, most notably the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The country incurred a massive debt as a result of the War of Independence. As a result, the Confederation Congress endorsed the Philadelphia Convention to issue a proposed new Constitution for the United States. The last meeting of the Continental Congress was held March 2, 1789, two days before the new United States Congress took over.

The Confederation Congress was presided over by a president who, much like the President of the Continental Congress, held little executive power over the body.

 Military
City

A **city** is a densely-populated area in the United States. Cities generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, and communication. Their density facilitates interaction between people, government organizations and businesses, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving efficiency of goods and service distribution. This concentration can also have significant negative consequences, such as forming urban heat islands, concentrating pollution, and stressing water supplies and other resources.

Unlike states, which are separate sovereign entities from the federal government, city and county governments are subordinate to the state, meaning there is no separation of powers between them.

Each state and territory has their own capital city. The nation's capital, Washington, D.C., is situated on the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia. There are also many major cities throughout the U.S.

## Major cities

This wiki defines a "major city" as a city in the United States whose population is 1,500,000 people or greater, according to the most recent United States Census.

## Federal district

 Principles and terminology
 Styles
 Administrative divisions
Andrea Salinas

Official portrait, 2023

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Oregon's 6th district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2023

**In office**
September 12, 2017 – January 3, 2023

**Andrea Rose Salinas** (born December 6, 1969) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Oregon's 6th congressional district since 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, Salinas served as the Oregon State Representative for the 38th district from 2017 to 2023.
Charles W. Fairbanks

**In office**
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909

**In office**
March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1905
Served with David Turpie and Albert J. Beveridge

**Charles Warren Fairbanks** (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905 and the 26th Vice President of the United States from 1905 to 1909. He was also the Republican vice presidential nominee in the 1916 United States presidential election. Had the Republican ticket been elected, Fairbanks would have become the third, and to date only Republican and non-consecutive Vice President to multiple presidents (after George Clinton and John C. Calhoun).
Chip Roy

## Member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom Texas's 21st district

**Assumed office**
January 3, 2019

**In office**
January 5, 2015 – March 9, 2016

**In office**
April 2011 – October 2011

**In office**
2009

**Charles Eugene** "**Chip**" **Roy** (born August 7, 1972) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Texas's 21st congressional district. A member of the Republican Party, Roy took office on January 3, 2019. Before his election to Congress, he served as chief of staff to Senator Ted Cruz and as First Assistant Attorney General of Texas under Ken Paxton.
Connie Conway

Official portrait, 2022

**In office**
June 14, 2022 – January 3, 2023

**In office**
December 1, 2008 – November 30, 2014

**In office**
January 9, 2001 – November 18, 2008

**Connie Marie Conway** (born September 25, 1950) is an American politician who served as the U.S. Representative for California's 22nd congressional district in 2022. She previously served as a member of the California State Assembly from 2008 to 2014. Before that, Conway was a member of the Tulare County Board of Supervisors from 2001 until 2008. She is a member of the Republican Party.
Anne E. Lopez

## 18th Attorney General of Hawaii

**Assumed office**
December 5, 2022

**Anne E. Lopez** (1962/1963) is an American attorney, government official, and former healthcare executive. She has served as the 18th Attorney General of Hawaii since December 5, 2022. Prior to her appointment by Governor Josh Green, Lopez was chief operating officer and general counsel for the Hawaii Health Systems Corporation.
Benjamin Gratz Brown

**In office**
January 4, 1871 – January 3, 1873

**In office**
November 13, 1863 – March 3, 1867
Served with John B. Henderson

**Benjamin Gratz Brown** (May 28, 1826 – December 13, 1885) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Senator, the 20th Governor of Missouri, and the Liberal Republican vice presidential candidate in the presidential election of 1872.