Dumb pipe

With regard to a mobile network operator (MNO, or *operator*), the term dumb pipe, or **dumb network**, refers to a network that is used simply to transfer bytes between the customer's device and the Internet, while being completely neutral with regard to the services and applications the customer accesses. The use of the term "dumb" refers to the fact that the network operator does not affect the customer's accessibility of the Internet such as by either limiting the available services or applications to its own proprietary portal (like a walled garden) or offer additional capabilities and services beyond simple connectivity (like a smart pipe, the term with which it contrasts). A dumb pipe primarily provides simple bandwidth and network speed.

Among the commonly understood operational models for a MNO are the dumb pipe, the smart pipe, and the walled garden.

## Description

A dumb network is marked by using intelligent devices (i.e. PCs) at the periphery that make use of a network that does not interfere with or manage an application's operation / communication. The dumb network concept is the natural outcome of the end to end principle. The Internet was originally designed to operate as a dumb network.

In some circles the dumb network is regarded as a natural culmination of technological progress in network technology. With the justification that the dumb network uniquely satisfies the requirements of the end to end principle for application creation, supporters see the dumb network as uniquely qualified for this purpose, as – by design – it is not sensitive to the needs of applications. The dumb network model can, in some ways, allow for flexibility and ease of innovation in the development of applications that is not matched by other models.

### Examples

One widely regarded example of the operator "dumb pipe" scenario is Apple's iPhone. The iPhone enables its users to directly surf the Internet with its mobile Safari browser and connects to Apple's iTunes Store for purchasing ringtones and music instead of the operator's own portal. Operators such as AT&T Mobility cannot offer their traditional services (such as downloads of wallpapers, ringtones, games, applications, etc.) as Apple controls the total iPhone user experience. Operators must be content to provide only the network connectivity and bandwidth which the iPhone has tripled in some cities. In addition to losing valuable revenue opportunities with the customer, operators are rumored to pay Apple a percentage of the customer's monthly bill as well. While the iPhone is a good example of the dumb pipe, not everyone believes it will ultimately be bad for operators.

Another example of the operator dumb pipe / smart pipe dilemma is the upcoming deployment of WiMAX technology. Companies such as Sprint Nextel and Clearwire are looking into ways to deploy WiMAX with additional services to keep them from becoming dumb pipes.

## Opinions

### Criticism

Critics of dumb network architecture posit two arguments in favor of "intelligent" networks. The first, that certain users and transmission needs of certain applications are more important than others and thus should be granted greater network priority or quality of service. An example is that of real time video applications that are more time sensitive than say, text applications. Thus video transmissions would receive network priority to prevent picture skips, while text transmissions could be delayed without significantly affecting its application performance. The second is that networks should be able to defend against attacks by malware and other bad actors.

The dumb network (and the end to end principle) was conceived of as an antithesis to the idea of a centralized intelligent computer network in which all applications were under central network control. A synthesis is taking place in the context aware networks. These networks allow intelligent devices to set up end-to-end applications as in the dumb network. However, they are aware of application needs and in the social and enterprise context in which the applications are being used. Thus the network can make decisions on resource allocation conflicts in light of the collective needs of all users and the purposes (social and enterprise) that guide them.

### Support

Advocates of dumb networks counter the first argument by pointing out that prioritizing network traffic is very expensive in monetary, technology, and network performance. Dumb networks advocates also consider the real purpose for prioritizing network traffic is to overcome insufficient bandwidth to handle traffic and not a network protocol issue. The security argument is that malware is an end-to-end problem and thus should be dealt with at the endpoints, and that attempting to adapt the network to counterattacks is both cumbersome and inefficient.

> "In a world of dumb terminals and telephones, networks had to be smart. But in a world of smart terminals, networks have to be dumb."
>
> — George Gilder, The Coming of the Fibersphere, Forbes ASAP, December 7, 1992
>

## See also

* Walled garden
* Smart pipe
* Series of tubes

## External links

* The Operators vs. the Media Brands
* The Pipe Is Only Dumb If You Make It That Way
* Juniper Research Report: Business Models for Mobile Content Players, Strategic Options & Scenarios 2007-2012 (Paywall)
* Study About MNOs Share of Mobile Content Market
* Rise of the Stupid Network, original release May 1997, by David S. Isenberg of AT&T Labs Research that explains several dumb network concepts.

1. ↑ Apple adds iPhone ringtones to iTunes
2. ↑ iPhone Triples AT&T's Data Traffic
3. ↑ Apple's European iPhone Deals
4. ↑ Inside Apple: An iPhone Invasion
5. ↑ Wired: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry
6. ↑ WiMAX Carriers Risk Becoming Dumb Pipes