Mulan (2020 film)

Official release poster

***Mulan*** is a 2020 American action drama film produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1998 animated film of the same name, based on the Chinese folklore story, "The Ballad of Mulan." The film stars Yifei Liu in the title role, alongside Donnie Yen, Tzi Ma, Jason Scott Lee, Yoson An, Ron Yuan, Gong Li, and Jet Li. It is directed by Niki Caro, with a screenplay by Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver, Lauren Hynek, and Elizabeth Martin. Plans for a live-action remake began in 2010 but the project stalled in "development hell" for most of the decade. Filming took place in New Zealand and China from August to November 2018. Throughout production, the film was the subject of several controversies, including changes to the source material and filming in Xinjiang in light of the Uyghur genocide and Xinjiang re-education camps.

Disney held *Mulan*'s Hollywood premiere on March 9, 2020. Originally scheduled to be a wide theatrical release later that month, they ultimately cancelled it in the United States after being delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Disney instead premiered the film on September 4, 2020, on Disney+, for a premium fee in countries where the service had launched. The film had a traditional theatrical release in countries without Disney+ where theatres have re-opened. With a $200 million production budget, the film was a financial disappointment (partially due to the pandemic), grossing only $70 million, not including digital earnings from Disney+. The film generally received positive reviews from western critics, who praised the action sequences, visuals, and performances but criticized the screenplay. It received unfavourable reviews from Chinese audiences, who criticized the character development, inaccurate depictions of Chinese history, and Chinese cultural elements' mishandling.

## Plot

In Imperial China, Hua Mulan is an adventurous and active girl, to the disappointment of her parents, who hopes that she will be wed to a good husband one day. As a young woman, they forced Mulan to meet with a matchmaker to demonstrate her fitness as a future wife. Mulan, flustered, attempts to pour tea for the matchmaker, but a spider causes a panic that destroys the kettle, and the matchmaker calls her a disgrace in front of her family.

To the north, an imperial outpost is invaded by Rouran warriors, under Böri Khan's leadership. They are assisted by the witch Xianniang, who uses her magic to pose as a surviving soldier and report the attack to the Emperor of China; he then issues a conscription decree ordering every family to contribute one man to fight Khan's forces.

Imperial soldiers arrive in Mulan's village to enlist recruits, and her elderly and frail father, Hua Zhou, is forced to pledge his service as he has no sons. Realizing that her father has no chance of survival, Mulan flees with his armour, horse, and sword to join in his place. Mulan arrives at the training camp run by Commander Tung, an old comrade of Hua Zhou. Alongside dozens of other inexperienced recruits, she ultimately becomes a trained soldier under his tutelage without exposing her true identity.

The Khan's army continues to advance, forcing Tung to end training early and send his battalion to fight. Mulan chases some troops independently, but Xianniang confronts her, who mocks her for pretending to be a man. She attempts to kill Mulan, but her attacks are stopped by the leather with which Mulan's chest had been bound to hide her identity. Mulan removes her male disguise, returning to the battle just as the Rourans begin attacking her fellow troops with a trebuchet. Mulan uses discarded helmets and her archery skills to maneuver the trebuchet into firing on a snowy mountain, triggering an avalanche that buries the Rourans.

Mulan rides back to camp and rescues Chen Honghui, a soldier she befriended in camp. Unable to hide her true gender any longer, she is expelled from the army and begins returning home. On her way, she is confronted by Xianniang, who reveals that she was also shunned by her people and fights for Böri Khan only because he treats her as an equal and that no one else does. Additionally, she reveals that the outposts' attacks have been a diversion, as Khan's real plan is to capture and execute the Emperor for having his father killed. Risking execution, Mulan returns to her battalion to warn them of the impending capture. Tung decides to believe her and allows her to lead a unit to the Emperor's palace.

Xianniang uses her magic to be in the Imperial Chancellor's image and persuades the Emperor to accept Böri Khan's challenge to single combat while removing the city guards from their posts. The guards are murdered, and the Rourans prepare to burn the Emperor alive. Mulan's unit distracts the Rourans while Mulan goes to save the Emperor. Khan tries to snipe her with an arrow, but Xianniang, sympathetic to Mulan and disenchanted from Khan, transforms into a bird and sacrifices herself by intercepting the arrow. Mulan kills Khan, but not before he disarms her and destroys her father's sword. She frees the Emperor, who offers to let her join his guard. She declines the offer and returns to her village.

Mulan reunites with her family. Under the Emperor's leadership, an emissary from Commander Tung's administration arrives to present Mulan with a new sword while making a personal request that she join the Emperor's Guard.

## Cast

* Yifei Liu as Mulan, the eldest daughter of Hua Zhou, who defies both tradition and the law by disguising herself as a man by the name of Hua Jun, in order to enlist herself in the Imperial Army in place of her ailing father.
	+ Liu reprised her role in the Mandarin-language dubbing of the movie.
	+ Crystal Rao as young Mulan.
* Donnie Yen as Commander Tung, the high ranking leader of the Imperial Army and mentor to Mulan. Both Tung and Chen are based on Li Shang from the animated film.
* Jason Scott Lee as Böri Khan, a Rouran warrior-leader intent on avenging his father's death. Khan is based on Shan Yu from the animated film.
* Yoson An as Chen Honghui, a confident and ambitious recruit who joins Commander Tung's unit, and becomes Mulan's ally and love interest. Both Chen and Tung are based on Li Shang from the animated film.
* Gong Li as Xianniang, a powerful witch with shapeshifting abilities and an ally of Böri Khan.
	+ Li reprised her role in the Mandarin-language dubbing of the movie.
* Jet Li as The Emperor of China, a wise benevolent ruler, who orders the mobilization of troops via the conscription of one man from each household, to fight the invading Rouran army.
	+ Li reprised his role in the Mandarin-language dubbing of the movie.
* Tzi Ma as Hua Zhou, Mulan's father and a famed war veteran, who is now recalled to the Imperial Army despite his frail health.
* Rosalind Chao as Hua Li, Mulan's mother and Zhou's wife.
* Xana Tang as Hua Xiu, Mulan's younger sister. The character was created for the film's plot because the filmmakers felt that "this added a broader emotional context and added more motivation for [Mulan's] character."
	+ Elena Askin as young Xiu.
* Ron Yuan as Sergeant Qiang, the fiercely loyal second in command of the Imperial Regiment.
* Jun Yu as Cricket, a hapless recruit who joins Commander Tung's unit. Cricket is based on Cri-Kee, a cricket from the animated film.
* Jimmy Wong as Ling, a recruit who joins Commander Tung's unit.
* Chen Tang as Yao, a gruff recruit who joins Commander Tung's unit.
* Doua Moua as Chien-Po, a recruit who joins Commander Tung's unit.
* Nelson Lee as The Chancellor, a member of the Emperor's council in charge of conscripting new recruits to join the Imperial army. The Chancellor is based on Chi-Fu from the animated film.
* Cheng Pei-pei as the Matchmaker
	+ Cheng reprised her role in the Mandarin-language dubbing of the movie.
* Arka Das as Red Fez, who is possessed by Xianniang to enter a palace which she and Böri Khan conquer

Additionally, Ming-Na Wen, the original voice of Mulan in the animated film, its sequel, and other projects, cameos as an esteemed guest who introduces Mulan to the Emperor. Disney cast Utkarsh Ambudkar and Chum Ehelepola as Skatch and Ramtish, con artists, but they cut their roles from the final film.

## Production

### Development

As early as 2010, Walt Disney Pictures had expressed interest in a live-action adaptation of the 1998 animated film *Mulan* with Chinese international star Zhang Ziyi and chose Chuck Russell as the director. That version of the project never came to fruition.

On March 30, 2015, *The Hollywood Reporter* reported that Disney had restarted the development of the live-action adaptation with Chris Bender and J. C. Spink producing, while Elizabeth Martin and Lauren Hynek would be writing the screenplay. On October 4, 2016, Disney announced that Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver would rewrite the script, combining the Chinese ballad and the 1998 animated film, while Jason T. Reed would be producing the movie along with Bender and Jake Weiner. On February 27, 2020, Reed said that Mulan's sidekick from the original film, Mushu, was removed due to the character's hostile reception in China. Reed also said, aside from both the original ballad and the animated movie, the filmmakers drew inspiration from different Chinese adaptations of the poem while writing the film. He stated that, since "[t]he traditional Disney audience and the diaspora Asian audience viewed the movie in one way, and the traditional Chinese in China audience viewed a slightly different way," the filmmakers "dug in to try and make sure that [they are] addressing both of those audiences in a thoughtful way."

### Casting

Since many accuse several 2010s Hollywood films of whitewashing, *Mulan* was under intense scrutiny since *The Hollywood Reporter* wrote that Disney was making a live-action adaptation of *the 1998 film*. An online petition titled "Tell Disney You Don't Want A Whitewashed Mulan!" received more than 100,000 signatures. On October 4, 2016, Disney announced a global search for a Chinese actress to portray the title role was underway. A team of casting directors visited five continents and saw nearly 1,000 candidates for the position with criteria that required credible martial arts skills, the ability to speak clear English, and star quality.

On November 29, 2017, Chinese-American actress Yifei Liu was cast in the film to portray the titular role of Mulan. Many celebrated this as a win for diversity in Disney films. Disney made further cast announcements for Donnie Yen, Gong Li, Jet Li, and Xana Tang in April 2018, Utkarsh Ambudkar and Ron Yuan in May, Yoson An and Chum Ehelepola in June, Jason Scott Lee in July, Tzi Ma, Rosalind Chao, Cheng Pei-Pei, Nelson Lee, Jimmy Wong and Doua Moua in August, and Chen Tang in September.

### Director

Disney initially sought an Asian director. They first considered Ang Lee, the Taiwanese-born director and two-time Academy Award winner for Best Director. *The Hollywood Reporter* mentioned that Lee was approached but declined on October 12, 2016. According to the report, published on November 22, 2016, he said that he would like to see an Asian director leading the film, but Lee declined because he still wanted to promote his film *Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk*. Next, Disney met with Jiang Wen for the position; finally, on February 14, 2017, New Zealander Niki Caro was hired as the director of the film, which made *Mulan* the second Disney film with a female director and a budget above $100 million following *A Wrinkle in Time*.

### Filming

Principal photography began on August 13, 2018, at New Zealand and China locations and wrapped on November 25, 2018. According to actress Gong Li, the film's production budget was $290–300 million due to the "massive and...unprecedented scale" of the sets, although many later reported the actual figure as $200 million. The budget makes *Mulan* the most expensive film ever directed by a woman.

### Post-production

Sony Pictures Imageworks, Weta Digital, Framestore, and Image Engine provided the visual effects. Seth Maury and Andres Langlands served as visual effects supervisors, and Sean Andrew Faden served as a production supervisor.

### Music

Main article: Mulan (2020 film)/Soundtrack
The remake does not feature any songs from the original film and instead uses instrumental versions of the original film's songs. Caro later explained that she deleted the songs because she felt their use did not fit with her realistic vision of the film; she believes that since people do not break out into song as they enter the war, the film should not either. Though she still tried to "honour the music from the animation in a very significant way," she did not want to disrespect the original film; however, Caro stated she could not find a place to use the original music. Producer Jason T. Reed clarified Caro's previous statement by saying that the songs would be featured "in a slightly different way" in the remake.

Harry Gregson-Williams, who previously worked with Caro on *The Zookeeper's Wife*, composed the film's score.

Matthew Wilder, who co-wrote the songs for the original film, said the remake would feature a new version of the song "Reflection," and that the music "thematically plays a large part in the new movie throughout the score." Christina Aguilera, who previously performed an end-credits version of "Reflection" for the original film, confirmed during a performance in The Xperience that she had recorded a new version of "Reflection," as well as new material for the remake's soundtrack. On March 6, 2020, she released a new single for the film's soundtrack, titled "Loyal Brave True." The song was written by Jamie Hartman, Harry Gregson-Williams, Rosi Golan and Billy Crabtree, and produced by Jamie Hartman. Disney also released the song in Spanish, as "El Mejor Guerrero."

Additionally, the singer confirmed that she would also release a re-recorded version of "Reflection." On March 8, Disney released a Mandarin-version of the song, titled "自己" ("Zìjǐ"), performed by Yifei Liu, while Aguilera's English version was issued later the same year, on August 28. Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack album on September 4, 2020.

## Release

*Mulan*'s world premiere was held at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on March 9, 2020. The film was initially scheduled for a November 2, 2018, theatrical release but was delayed, with *The Nutcracker and the Four Realms* taking its slot. Disney rescheduled it for March 27, 2020, before being removed from the release calendar due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film later rescheduled for July 24, 2020, taking the former slot of *Jungle Cruise*, and then was delayed again to August 21, 2020. On July 23, Disney removed the film from the release calendar once again.

On August 4, 2020, Disney announced that it had cancelled the film's wide theatrical release in the United States and would instead premiere the film for a premium fee on Disney+ on September 4, 2020. *Mulan* was available for purchase until November 2, 2020, and was made available for free to all subscribers on December 4. The film will not be offered in France as a premium offering, instead of releasing to Disney+ subscribers in the country for free later. Speaking about the US$29.99 price point for the film in the United States, Disney CEO Bob Chapek said, "We're trying to establish a new premiere access window to capture [the] investment we got [in the film]... From our research under a premiere access offering, not only does it get us revenue from our original transaction of PVOD, but it's a fairly large stimulus to sign up for Disney+." The premium fee will be approximately US$26.00 in other countries when considering conversion rates for their native currencies. Unlike other premium VOD releases that feature a 48-hour viewing window, *Mulan* will remain available to renters for as long as they subscribe to Disney+.

The film was still released theatrically in countries where theatres had re-opened and did not have Disney+. In China, Disney released the movie on September 11, 2020.

*Mulan* received a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association, the first Disney live-action remake given such a rating.

### Home media

Main article: Mulan (2020 film)/Home media
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released *Mulan* on Digital HD on October 6, 2020, followed by a DVD, Blu-ray, and Ultra HD Blu-ray release on November 10.

### Marketing

On July 7, 2019, Disney released the official teaser trailer and the official teaser poster during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Final broadcast. The teaser trailer was viewed 175.1 million times in its first 24 hours, including 52 million from China, making it the seventh most-viewed trailer in that time. On September 30, Disney released an exclusive photo featuring Liu as a soldier in the Imperial Army on *Empire'*s upcoming *Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker* issue. On October 24, Disney announced a prequel novel written by writer Grace Lin and they made a preview available online. Entitled *Mulan: Before the Sword*, Disney released the book on February 11, 2020. On November 4, a video clip filmed during a Toho cinema preview was leaked online, featuring new shots of Mulan as a warrior battling fiercely and taking off her hairband. On November 6, Liu was featured as one of the 25 stars of NextGen Talent 2019, nominated by *The Hollywood Reporter* with two new studio stills released concurrently. On November 20, Disney released the Japanese theatrical poster online, and on December 5, they released the official trailer. On January 26, 2020, Disney released six individual character posters, and on February 2, 2020, they released the final trailer. As a result of delaying its original March 2020 release, film executives estimated that each time they delayed the film, it cost Disney between $200,000 and $400,000 in marketing fees, a figure that could reach $5 million if Disney moved it out of the summer season altogether. *Variety* estimated that Disney spent around $50 million on global advertisement for the film, with *Deadline Hollywood* attributing $35 million of the marketing budget to TV ads.

Disney Publishing Worldwide published a tie-in novelization of the film written by Elizabeth Rudnick on February 11, 2020.

## Controversies

The film is now known for several controversies relating to both production decisions and comments by individuals involved in the movie. Disney CFO Christine McCarthy has stated that the film has caused have created "a lot of issues for [Disney]."

### Yifei Liu's comments on Hong Kong

A call to boycott the film began when Yifei Liu reshared an image posted by the *People's Daily*, an official Chinese Communist Party newspaper. The picture included a quote from Chinese reporter Fu Guohao who worked for the state-owned tabloid *Global Times* and was subsequently assaulted by protesters during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests: "I support Hong Kong police. You can beat me now. What a shame for Hong Kong." It sparked international controversy, with many accusing Liu of supporting police brutality in Hong Kong. The hashtag, #BoycottMulan, has since started trending, advocating a boycott of the film. In response to the controversy, Liu was not present at the 2019 D23 Expo, despite presenting an exclusive sneak peek of the movie to fans.

### Removal of Li Shang

In a February 27, 2020 interview, film producer Jason T. Reed said that Mulan's love interest Captain Li Shang was dropped in response to the Me Too movement. In his statement, he explained that "having a commanding officer that is also the sexual love interest was very uncomfortable and we didn't think it was appropriate." Disney met the reasoning behind the removal with social media backlash from fans of the original film and members of the LGBTQ community, who deemed Shang's relationship with Mulan's male alter ego Ping to be bisexual. Reed was initially surprised by criticism of Shang's removal but acknowledged that the character had become an "LGBTQ icon" and clarified that Shang's role would be two new characters, Commander Tung and Chen Honghui.

In September 2020, Cynthia Vinney of *CBR* wrote that Honghui's interactions with Mulan were "more homoerotic" than Li Shang's in the animated version and likewise "can be read as bisexual." Lauren Puckett of *Harper's Bazaar* wrote, "Some fans understood and agreed with the #MeToo argument. Others found it offensive, arguing that Shang would never use his commanding position to coerce a woman into romance. He waited until after she was no longer under his command to pursue any sort of romantic relationship. And anyway, it was Mulan who had the crush on *him*! [...] Despite [Honghui's] attraction, he hardly has the same respect for her that brave and beautiful Li Shang did."

### Lack of diversity in production team

There was criticism over having a production team composed mainly of white people, such as director, costume designer, and screenwriter.

Disney received some criticism for hiring a white director for the film rather than an Asian director. In a February 2020 interview with *The Hollywood Reporter*, director Niki Caro responded to the criticism by saying, "Although it's a critically important Chinese story and it's set in Chinese culture and history, there is another culture at play here, which is the culture of Disney, and that the director, whoever they were, needed to be able to handle both — and here I am." In an August 2020 interview with *Film School Rejects*, Caro responded further to the criticism, saying, "Firstly, I resist the idea that you tell somebody who can tell what story. That sounds a little bit like censorship to me. An artist will express themselves, and the burden of responsibility is on the art. That will be judged — and should be judged. The other side of it is that more diverse people need to be allowed to tell stories. That's what it comes down to. The people who are hired for all kinds of stories need to be more diverse. It can't just be white people being hired to make movies, no matter what the subject matter is. Our culture is going to be richer for the more diversity there is, and the art, the movies, the television, it will be better. The more this conversation is being had, the more that diverse artists are given opportunities."

### Filming in Xinjiang

Many criticize the fact that filming took place in Xinjiang, where internment camps contain up to a million ethnically Turkic citizens. At the end of the credits, the film gives special thanks to several government entities in Xinjiang, including the now-sanctioned Xinjiang Public Security Bureau in Turpan, which operates the internment camps, and several local committees of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party. They added the public security bureau in Turpan to the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List in October 2019.

According to Reuters, after the controversy about the film's links with the Xinjiang erupted overseas, the Chinese government ordered media outlets not to cover the release of *Mulan*. At a September 10 conference, Disney CFO Christine McCarthy said in response to the controversy that they shot "almost the entirety" of the film in New Zealand, but Disney used 20 Chinese locations to "accurately depict some of the unique landscape and geography of the country." U.S. Senator Josh Hawley sent a letter to Disney CEO Bob Chapek asking, among other things, for clarification on Chinese government involvement in the film. The Human Rights Foundation also sent a letter to Chapek asking Disney to condemn human rights violations and consider donating some of the film's earnings to promote human rights in Xinjiang.

In September 2020, 135 British MPs signed a letter condemning China's human rights abuses, addressed to Liu Xiaoming, Chinese ambassador to the U.K., in response to a BBC video detailing the production of *Mulan*. On October 7, 2020, British politician Iain Duncan Smith sent an email to Disney, criticizing the filming in Xinjiang, with Disney defending it, saying, "it is standard practice across the film industry worldwide to acknowledge in a film's credits the cooperation, approvals, and assistance provided by various entities and individuals over the course of a film's production." Iain responded by saying, "Disney's corporate policy does not appear to care about the human rights issues," on Twitter.

## Reception

### Premium video on demand

*Variety* estimated *Mulan* would need to be rented by about 8.4 million subscribers (13.8%) to break-even. On the weekend of the film's release, many downloaded the Disney+ app 68% more than the past weeks' total, similar to the 72% spike upon *Hamilton*'s release that July. *Deadline Hollywood* reported that industry sources with knowledge of the situation "are figuring that Disney may not have earned great presales" and that they could put *Mulan* on a third party service before the December release. However, following the film's opening weekend, *Business Insider* reported it had been viewed by 1.12 million households (only including users renting with TV-connected devices), which would result in $33.5 million in sales for Disney. Yahoo! Finance then reported that, according to analytics research firm 7Park Data, nearly 29% of U.S. Disney+ subscribers that accessed the app from September 1 to 12 purchased *Mulan*, which in the best-case scenario would result in $261 million for Disney. 7Park Data co-founder Brian Lichtenberger stated Yahoo! Finance overestimated *Mulan*'s revenue, as their figures were for accounts active during that period and not the total subscriber base, and clarified that 10.3% of all accounts purchased the film, with U.S. revenue estimated to be $62–93 million; Yahoo! Finance amended their article to reflect this.

According to Nielsen ratings, *Mulan* was one of the top ten most-watched streams in the United States between August 31 and September 6, 2020. During its opening weekend between September 4–6, *Mulan* drew 525 million streaming minutes in the United States.

In its first weekend of being available on other digital platforms, *Mulan* was the top-rented film on FandangoNow, and third on both Apple TV and Google Play. In its second weekend in the open market, the film placed second at Fandango, fourth on Google Play, and fifth at Apple TV. In October 2020, *The Hollywood Reporter* said the film was the most popular PVOD title amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and the following month *Variety* reported the film was the sixth-most watched straight-to-streaming title of 2020 up to that point.

### Box office

*Mulan* grossed $5.9 million from nine countries in its international opening weekend, including $1.2 million in Thailand and $700,000 in Singapore, both of which were the highest debuts of 2020 in the respective countries. It also made $800,000 in both the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. In its second weekend, the film made $29.1 million from 17 countries, including $1.8 million in Russia and finishing first in Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and South Africa. Through three weekends, the film had grossed $57 million internationally.

The film made $23.2 million on its opening weekend in China, a low figure but a 23% improvement upon *Aladdin*'s debut the year before. Several factors including the film receiving a Chinese release date days back, giving little chance to build a strong marketing campaign, the film's Disney+ digital release resulting in pirated copies online, a lack of local press coverage due to partially shooting the movie in Xinjiang to avoid drawing attention to the political controversies surrounding the film, as well as poor reception from fans on sites such as Maoyan and Douban, were cited as contributing to the film's muted performance. The film fell 72% in its second weekend in the country to $6.5 million.

### Critical response

On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average of 66 out of 100 from 52 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On the review aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% rating from 299 critics. The site's critical consensus read, "It could have told its classic story with greater depth, but the live-action *Mulan* is a visual marvel that serves as a stirring update to its animated predecessor."

Richard Roeper of the *Chicago Sun-Times* gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, praising the "fine cast, exciting action and spectacular visuals" and writing, "This is such a great-looking film, with amazing set pieces and dazzling action and colors so vibrant they would dazzle a Crayola factory, it will still play well on your home monitor. There are so many gorgeous shades of orange and magenta, blue and yellow, it's as if we're seeing these colors for the first time." Kate Erbland of IndieWire gave the film a "B+", calling it a "remarkable action epic that carves its own path" and wrote, "*Mulan* is perhaps the best example of how to marry the original with something fresh. 'The Ballad of Mulan' has always been an epic-scale story about the power of being yourself in a world not ready to accept that, a tale that will likely always have resonance."

Leah Greenblatt of *Entertainment Weekly* gave the film a B+ and described it as "a classic hero(ine) 's tale, exhilarating in its elaborate set pieces and large-scale ambitions even when the smaller human story within it sometimes falls short." Writing for *Variety*, Peter Debruge said, "On one hand, the result isn't immediately recognizable as 'a Disney movie,' but neither does it establish its own narrative or visual signature, the way Tarantino did when remixing Asian influences for *Kill Bill*. This is pure pastiche, as Caro and her crew shamelessly pilfer from kung fu, Fifth Generation and Hong Kong action movies, incorporating anime and Bollywood touches as well."

Mick LaSalle of the *San Francisco Chronicle* wrote, "*Mulan* is a spirit lifter, and though it doesn't arrive as planned, it could not arrive at a better time," saying, "Throughout *Mulan*, there are shots of such visual splendor that viewers will catch their breath. In one, the morning mist clears and reveals an army in the distance, with its flags and colors, a frightening yet strangely beautiful sight." Justin Chang of the *Los Angeles Times* wrote, "*Mulan* is a heroic muddle, one that elicits both a disappointed sigh and an appreciative nod. It lays down a marker of progress achieved and progress to come."

Aja Romano of *Vox* wrote, "The *Mulan* remake jettisons everything great about Disney's animated classic and delivers nothing new." and "Mulan's few bright spots can't save it from clunky writing."

### Accolades

 Best Actress In An Action Movie
 Outstanding Visual Effects – Theatrical Feature
 People's Choice Awards

### Chinese audiences' criticism

Chinese critics and audiences poorly received *Mulan*. The film scored 4.7 out of 10 on the rating site Douban. Reviewers on Douban contended that the film had flat characters and a bland story with details that did not make sense. Many people also appeared unsatisfied with how the film handles certain Chinese cultural elements. One of the more common complaints about the film is its treatment of *qi.* *Qi* is a traditional idea in martial arts and Chinese medicine concerning a person's energy flow. But in *Mulan*, *qi* becomes a magical power that the eponymous heroine possesses. That power is limited by dishonesty, though, keeping Mulan from realizing her full potential until she strips away her disguise as a man. Other Chinese viewers complained about some of the characters' make-up, saying that it reflects Western stereotypes of China rather than being a reflection of actual Chinese culture.

Yanni Chow and Carol Mang of Reuters wrote that the film had "a lacklustre reception in Hong Kong" amidst calls from pro-democracy activists for a boycott.

## Sequel

In April 2020, Disney reported developing a *Mulan* sequel with Chris Bender, Jason T. Reed, and Jake Weiner returning as producers.