日光采集，第二部分：设计与应用（1）

## EE201: Daylight Harvesting, Part 2: Design and Application (1)

ee201:日光采集，第2部分:设计和应用(1)

以下内容由128-王菲菲翻译

### EDUCATION CREDIT

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for CALCTP (CALCTP), NLCAA (NLCAA) and LEU (NCQLP) credit and 80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of credits. For CALCTP, NLCAA and LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES, Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIA CES.

### NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS

This course is registered with CALCTP, NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

### 教育学分

在本课程结束时，参与者将能够完成在线考试，及格分数为70+%有资格获得CALCTP (CALCTP)、NLCAA (NLCAA)和LEU (NCQLP)学分，80+%有资格获得LU/HSW时数(AIA/CES)。通过评分后，您将能够下载每种学分的结业证书。对于CALCTP、NLCAA和LC认证维护(LEUs)，信用是自我报告的。对于友邦保险/消费电子展，照明控制协会将向友邦保险消费电子展报告本课程获得的学分。

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### COPYRIGHT

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### DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and insured professionals.

### 版权

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### 放弃

本课程中包含的信息是从被认为可靠的来源获得的。因使用或误用本课程中包含的数据或信息而导致的错误、遗漏或损害所造成的损害，不属于照明控制协会、国家电气制造商协会、精讯通信公司或其员工或成员的责任。本课程中包含的所有信息都是为寻求其中所包含的主题信息的专业人士而发布的。本课程的目的不是提供专业服务，如设计、工程或咨询。如果寻求这些服务，应由经过适当培训、注册、监管和投保的专业人员提供。

### COURSE DESCRIPTION

Welcome to Part 2 of the EE201: Daylight harvesting course, covering design and application of a daylight harvesting control system. Daylight Harvesting, Part 2: Design and Application (1) and Part 3: Design and Application (2) describe a simple process for design and application of lighting controls used to enact energy-saving daylight harvesting control strategies. Part 2 educates participants about two critical initial decisions—whether the lighting should be switched or dimmed in response to daylight, and whether the system should be open or closed loop.

Daylighting, the use of daylight as a primary source of general illumination in a space, has become a more important feature of mainstream construction due to the sustainable design movement.

Numerous studies over the last 50 years attest to the importance of daylight in design. Research indicates that daylight can improve user satisfaction/performance and retail sales. These characteristics can make daylighted buildings more valuable and marketable.

Daylighting also enables daylight harvesting, a control strategy that has been demonstrated to generate up to 70 percent lighting energy savings. A daylight harvesting system decreases electric light contribution as daylight contribution increases.

### 课程描述

欢迎学习EE201第2部分:日光采集课程，包括日光采集控制系统的设计和应用。日光收集，第2部分:设计和应用(1)和第3部分:设计和应用(2)描述了用于实施节能日光收集控制策略的照明控制的设计和应用的简单过程。第2部分教育参与者关于两个关键的初始决定——照明应该根据日光进行切换还是调暗，以及系统应该是开环还是闭环。

由于可持续设计运动，采光，即利用日光作为空间中一般照明的主要来源，已经成为主流建筑的一个更重要的特征。

过去50年的大量研究证明了日光在设计中的重要性。研究表明，日光可以提高用户满意度/性能和零售销售。这些特点可以使采光建筑更有价值和市场。

采光还可以实现日光收集，这是一种控制策略，已被证明可以节省高达70%的照明能源。日光收集系统随着日光贡献的增加而减少了电灯贡献。

### LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, participants will be able to:

select dimming or switching as the output of the daylight harvesting control system, based on how the space is used.

distinguish between open- and closed-loop daylight harvesting control systems, and select an appropriate solution based on the application.

place photosensors in the space appropriately based on whether the control system is open or closed loop.

have general knowledge needed to begin designing a daylight harvesting control system.

Image courtesy of David Weigand

### 学习目标

在课程结束时，参与者将能够:

根据空间的使用情况，选择调光或切换作为日光采集控制系统的输出。

区分开环和闭环日光采集控制系统，并根据应用选择合适的解决方案。

根据控制系统是开环还是闭环，在空间中适当放置光电传感器。

具备开始设计日光采集控制系统所需的一般知识。

### DIMMING VERSUS SWITCHING

A key design decision will be how to control the lights. The two choices are switching or dimming:

Switching entails separate circuiting and control of alternate lamps/ballasts, fixtures or fixture rows, enabling one or more steps between OFF and full output.

Step dimming is similar to switching but the change in lighting state occurs across all lamps, providing a uniform visual appearance.

Continuous dimming enables a smooth, continuous change in light level across the given dimming range.

Image courtesy of Lawrence Berekeley National Laboratory

### 调光与开关

一个关键的设计决定将是如何控制灯光。两种选择是切换或调暗:

开关需要独立的电路和控制交替的灯/镇流器、固定装置或固定装置排，在关闭和全输出之间实现一个或多个步骤。

步进式调光类似于开关，但照明状态的变化发生在所有灯具上，提供统一的视觉外观。

连续调光能够在给定的调光范围内平滑、连续地改变亮度。

### CONTINUOUS DIMMING

Continuous dimming offers much broader flexibility, resulting in greater control accuracy. This, coupled with smooth transitions between light levels, increases the likelihood of occupant acceptance.

### 连续调光

连续调光提供了更广泛的灵活性，从而提高了控制精度。这一点，加上光线水平之间的平滑过渡，增加了顾客接受的可能性。

### CONTINUOUS DIMMING

Due to its relatively high degree of control accuracy, dimming can produce higher energy savings in spaces where daylight levels are highly variable and/or close to electric light levels. These systems typically present a higher initial cost and more sophisticated commissioning. Some manufacturers have introduced auto-commissioning capabilities for their products, which can reduce the complexity previously associated with calibration and testing.

### 连续调光

由于其相对较高的控制精度，在日光高度可变和/或接近电灯水平的空间中，调光可以产生更高的节能效果。这些系统通常具有较高的初始成本和更复杂的调试。一些制造商已经为他们的产品引入了自动调试功能，这可以降低以前与校准和测试相关的复杂性。

### CONTINUOUS DIMMING

Due to its relative transparency, dimming is ideally suited to applications where:

1) occupants perform stationary or critical tasks;

2) daylight provides a smaller portion of the required light level or is highly variable; and/or

3) where light fixtures must be mounted in the normal field of view.

### 连续调光

由于相对透明，调光非常适合以下应用:

1)居住者执行固定或关键任务；

2)日光提供了所需光照水平的较小部分，或者是高度可变的；

3）灯具必须安装在正常视野内。

### SWITCHING

Switching and step dimming traditionally presented a lower initial cost and are easier to commission (although the falling cost of dimming ballasts are bring costs into par, and automatic commissioning controls can simplify commissioning for dimming systems), but offer less control accuracy and potentially lower energy savings. For automatic control systems, there is also a risk of occupants not accepting it.

### 转换

传统上，开关和步进调光具有较低的初始成本，并且更容易调试(尽管调光镇流器的成本下降使成本持平，并且自动调试控制可以简化调光系统的调试)，但是控制精度较低，并且潜在地降低了节能。对于自动控制系统来说，还有一个风险就是用户不接受它。

Due to the control system having less flexibility and accuracy, switching and step dimming daylight harvesting control systems typically generate high energy savings in applications with very high, consistent amounts of daylight.

由于控制系统的灵活性和准确性较低，切换和步进调光日光采集控制系统通常在日光量非常高且一致的应用中产生高能量节省。

Because the control effect is more intrusive than continuous dimming, switching and most step dimming daylight harvesting controls are ideally suited to applications where:

1) occupants perform non-stationary, non-critical tasks (e.g., hallways, atria);

2) daylight level is high and consistent (2-3 times greater than minimum electric light levels); and

3) light fixtures/lamps are mounted high and not in the normal field of view.

因为控制效果比连续调光更具侵入性，所以开关和大多数步进调光日光采集控制非常适合以下应用:

1)居住者执行非静止的、非关键的任务(例如，走廊、心房)；

2)日光水平高且一致(比最小电灯水平高2-3倍)；

3）灯具/灯具安装在高处，不在正常视野内。

### CLOSED VERSUS OPEN LOOP

Another key decision point will be whether the daylight harvesting control system should be closed versus open loop.

Closed loop systems measure the combined electric light and daylight level reflected from the task surface (see top image). This allows the designer to set a target light level that the controller maintains by adjusting electric light output through switching and/or dimming. The sensor "sees" the results of its adjustment and may make further adjustments based on this feedback, creating a CLOSED loop.

Placed at the daylight aperture or outside the building, open loop systems "see" only incoming daylight and adjust electric light output based on estimated task light levels (see bottom image). Because they "see" only daylight, they are OPEN loop.

### 闭环对开环

另一个关键决定点是日光采集控制系统应该是闭环还是开环。

闭环系统测量从任务表面反射的组合电灯和日光水平(见上图)。这允许设计者通过开关和/或调光来调整电光输出，从而设置控制器维持的目标光水平。传感器“看到”其调整的结果，并可能根据该反馈进行进一步的调整，从而形成一个闭环。

开环系统放置在日光孔处或建筑物外部，仅“看到”进入的日光，并根据估计的任务光线水平调整电灯输出(见下图)。因为它们只“看见”日光，所以它们是开环的。

### CLOSED LOOP

Closed loop systems are considered more precise than open loop. Sensor placement is more critical, however, particularly in spaces where indirect general lighting is installed. (This image shows typical locations for closed loop sensors.)

Commissioning is also typically more complex than with open loop systems, although some manufacturers have introduced closed loop sensors with auto-commissioning capabilities, making them simple to set up and calibrate.

Image courtesy of the Lighting Design Lab

### 闭环

闭环系统被认为比开环系统更精确。然而，传感器的放置更为关键，尤其是在安装了间接普通照明的空间。(此图显示了闭环传感器的典型位置。)

调试通常也比开环系统更复杂，尽管一些制造商已经引入了具有自动调试功能的闭环传感器，使其易于设置和校准。

### CLOSED LOOP

Ideal applications for closed loop systems include windows with blinds or shades, and spaces with frequently changing lighting conditions.

### 闭环

闭环系统的理想应用包括带百叶窗或遮光帘的窗户，以及照明条件经常变化的空间。

With closed loop systems, photosensor placement is critical. In windowed spaces, a rule of thumb is to place the sensor 2 window heights deep into the space. Sensor placement should take into account the possibility of changing reflectivity of tasks; for example, if the sensor is oriented towards a desk, the sensor will detect different light levels depending on what is placed on the desktop, such as white paper. In open interior spaces, consider allocating one sensor at least every 30 linear feet of window wall; for each partitioned space such as a private office, allocate one sensor per space. Consider operable shades and, if needed, consider additional sensors to account for differences in illumination caused by different shade positions. (Note that window height is commonly defined as distance from floor to top of glazing.)

对于闭环系统，光电传感器的放置至关重要。在窗口空间，经验法则是将传感器2窗口高度放置在空间深处。传感器放置应考虑改变任务反射率的可能性；例如，如果传感器朝向桌子，传感器将根据桌面上放置的东西(如白纸)检测不同的亮度。在开放的室内空间，考虑至少每隔30英尺的窗户墙配置一个传感器；对于每个分区空间(如私人办公室),为每个空间分配一个传感器。考虑可操作的阴影，如果需要，考虑额外的传感器，以解决不同阴影位置引起的照明差异。(请注意，窗户高度通常定义为从地板到玻璃顶部的距离。)

When using closed loop systems, it is important to ensure that the photosensor not be placed with a direct view of substantial light emission from nearby indirect light fixtures. In some spaces, it may be advantageous to specify the photosensor as an integral component on the bottom face of the fixture, avoiding this issue. Similarly, avoid placing closed loop sensors where they receive exposure to direct sunlight, or are exposed to hard shadows caused by interior objects.

当使用闭环系统时，重要的是要确保光电传感器不会直接看到附近间接灯具发出的大量光。在一些空间中，将光电传感器指定为固定装置底面上的整体组件可能是有利的，从而避免了这个问题。同样，避免将闭环传感器放置在阳光直射的地方，或者暴露在由内部物体造成的硬阴影下。

### OPEN LOOP

Open loop systems enable multiple control zones to be controlled by a single photosensor. More forgiving of "errors" in placement of the sensor or its field of view, open loop systems offer greater calibration flexibility. Note that manual or automatic shading may block daylight, but the sensor may signal the controller to change the lights anyway; for this reason, local overrides are useful.

### 开环

开环系统使多个控制区能够由单个光电传感器控制。开环系统对传感器位置或视野中的“误差”更加宽容，提供了更大的校准灵活性。请注意，手动或自动遮光可能会阻挡日光，但传感器可能会向控制器发出信号，要求其改变灯光；因此，本地覆盖很有用。

Ideal applications for open loop systems include skylights or clerestories (rows of windows set into upper walls) without shades as well as spaces with relatively constant daylighting conditions.

开环系统的理想应用包括没有遮阳的天窗或天窗(成排的窗户安装在上部墙壁上)，以及采光条件相对稳定的空间。

With open loop systems, photosensors are typically placed at or near daylight apertures, oriented either towards incoming daylight or the closest reflected surface (as long as the reflected component does not include any electric light contribution). (Note that window height is commonly defined as distance from floor to top of glazing.)

对于开环系统，光电传感器通常放置在日光孔处或附近，朝向入射日光或最近的反射表面(只要反射分量不包括任何电光贡献)。(请注意，窗户高度通常定义为从地板到玻璃顶部的距离。)

Often, there is no single ideal choice, with either closed or open loop systems being effective in the space, as long as the sensor is placed in a suitable location.

通常，没有单一的理想选择，无论是闭环系统还是开环系统在空间中都是有效的，只要传感器放置在合适的位置。

### DUAL LOOP

A new alternative to closed and open loop systems combines these approaches in a system called dual loop. Developed at the California Lighting Technology Center in partnership with companies including WattStopper, dual loop systems utilize open and closed loop photodiodes looking in different directions.

双回路闭环和开环系统的一种新替代方案将这些方法结合在一个称为双回路的系统中。双环系统由加州照明技术中心与wattstopper等公司合作开发，利用开环和闭环光电二极管从不同方向观察。

Dual loop systems provide greater accuracy than using open loop alone, while providing greater resistance to transient light level changes than using closed loop alone.

双环系统比单独使用开环系统提供更高的精度，同时比单独使用闭环系统提供更大的抗瞬态光水平变化的能力。

### YOU'RE FINISHED

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course Daylight Harvesting, Part 2: Design and Application (1).

Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course.

You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for CALCTP (CALCTP), LEU (NCQLP LC) and LU/HSW (AIA CES) credit. A 70+% passing grade is required for LEU and CALCTP credit and 80+% for AIA CES credit. Upon passing the test, you may download a Certificate of Completion on the Courses page. If you are an AIA member, please email your course completion certificate to your AIA number.

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