NVP Bible Chapter 4.2: Fly High, Sky Rules

# Fly High, Sky Rules (Aviation)

An **atmosphere** (from Ancient Greek *ἀτμός (atmós)* 'vapour, steam', and *σφαῖρα (sphaîra)* 'sphere') is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelope a planet, and is held in place by gravity. The Navalpunk world would be no exception to this, as there'd be an atmosphere present which allows this chapter of The Navalpunk Bible, **Chapter 4.2: Fly High, Sky Rules**.

The atmosphere of the Navalpunk new world is composed of nitrogen (64.1%), oxygen (8%), argon (1.1%), methane (14%), hydrogen (10.9%) and carbon dioxide (1%) with trace gases (<0.9%). Much of the lower atmosphere acts like the normal old world atmosphere of Earth which much of the nitrogen for fauna, oxygen for respiration, methane from native megafauna wastes and carbon dioxide from exhalations from living entities on the world allows the Navalpunk new world maintain a close Earth-like functionality. Much of the composition of the atmosphere also minimises the harmful effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, the solar wind, and cosmic rays including mana particles to protect organisms from genetic damage.

## Structure

### Stratification

The gaseous composition of the world's atmosphere is determined by the history of the formation of the planet and it's subsequent terraforming over time. Much of the gaseous mixtures of the new world atmospheres are typically heightened from it's old world counterpart, as the atmosphere from the bottommost layer up to the boundary of the exosphere would extend up to approximately 9,900 to 20,000 kilometres. In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, the temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions, this temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, the Navalpunk new world can be separated into five main layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, rotosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The altitudes of the five layers are as follows:

* Exosphere: 9,900 to 11,010 kilometres
* Thermosphere: 1,100 - 9,000 kilometres
* Rotosphere: 912 - 1,100 kilometres
* Mesosphere: 158 - 420 kilometres
* Stratosphere: 25 - 157 kilometres
* Troposphere: 0 - 25 kilometres

### Troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 24 kilometres, although this altitude varies depending on position on the planet, with some variation due to weather however. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause with three minor boundaries inbetween, a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone that is isothermal with height.

The Trophosphere is bounded in three subsections, the following being:

* **Troposphere Majoras** Is contained within the troposphere, containing a large portion of the mass of the troposphere and would be the densest subsection of the layer, nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft.
* The **Troposphere Medias** is the middle subsection of the troposphere, this layer is 9 to 15 kilometres in altitude and would be isothermal in nature. This layer of the atmosphere is the only air legal altitude which allows civilian aircraft to traverse in, however the increased density of khartoline in this altitude meant that travel in high speeds (Mach 2, or 2,450km/h) would pose a increased risk of a collision cascade and subsequent engine fire.
* The final layer, **Troposphere Minoras** (in altitudes 17 to 24 kilometres in height) is the final layer in the troposphere distinct for being the least atmospherically dense subsection simply owed to it's height, this also is where increased background radiation is often felt, rated around 1.28 Sieverts per hour from decreased absorption of high-energy mana particles.

All three sections of the Troposphere is protected by thin layers of **Banhwana Mediary Line** or **pétamic rings** for short. It is a layer in the world's atmosphere that is described as having a high concentration of khartoline Ct3(BiM5O24)(SiO)2 which is caused from curabitur wastes naturally or via greenhouse gases which leads them into high atmosphere. In relation to other parts in relations to other gases in the atmosphere. The Banhwana line contains less than 4 parts per million of ozone. The thickness of the Banhwana line's thickness varies seasonally, geographically and the amount of emissions of curabitur in the world.

The radar altering features on the Banhwana line meant that avionics meant that this layer cuts to a quarter of a radar's wavelength similar to that of a less effective version of "Window" chaff which resonate and re-radiate radio signals which may feed radar systems false returns but could be filtered out if they are oriented at higher angles. During the current season of Navalpunk, the final Banhwanan line atop the troposphere minoras would contain warspite.

Being that curabitur has unique magnetic properties, passing through Banhwanan lines would lead to a failure in computer systems and other electronics such as avionics and such. Autopilot would be useless by this time and would require manual flight.

### Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 25 kilometres above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 96 kilometres and is known as the "golden altitude" due to how little density of pétamines in this layer (some 0.2 parts per million) and thin atmospheric density.

The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level. It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of the atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude.

### Mesosphere

The mesosphere is the third highest layer of the atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause to the mesopause at 620 kilometres above sea level.

Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85oC.

Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can sublimate into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds of ice particles. These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or similarly before sunrise. The mesosphere is also the layer where even the largest meteors would burn up upon entrance. It is too high up the atmosphere to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft.

The Mesosphere is divided between two subsections, the following being:

* **Mesosphere Majoras** is the lower subsection of the mesosphere with an altitude 97 to 157 kilometres.
* The upper subsection, **Mesosphere Minoras** is the higher subsection of the mesosphere 157 to 620 kilometres high up the atmosphere.

### Rotosphere

[Atmospheric layer not available until Season 3/4]

### Thermosphere

[Atmospheric layer not available until Season 4+]

### Exosphere

[Atmospheric layer not available until Season 4+]

### Atmospheric In-lore Rules and Principles

Within the six layers above which is largely determined by bordering pétamic rings, several in-lore rules and principles which was in-tandem with the Navalpunk Bible may be found with the following:

* The higher atmospheres is covered by a thick layer of curabitur called the Banhwanan Mediary Line (BML) which has a high density of pétamines most typically khartoline which allows objects increased dynamic lift and is distinct for it's (purely cosmetic) 'sparking' which was from collisions between khartoline and a solid object such as aircraft. When traversing past some 9 - 15 kilometres of altitude in the troposphere medias, the density of khartoline meant that aircrafts were at a high risk (70 - 80%) of a collision cascade and engine fires.
* While passing through Banhwanan lines, the unique magnetic properties of curabitur autopilot and radar would be useless by this time and would require manual flight.
* A collision with khartoline grains in the atmosphere is typically harmless, generating very little heat when colliding with a solid object in atmosphere and giving it's distinct sparking effect from a grain being split open and all the energy content inside (assuming it was charged with mana) would be releasd. This sparking en masse would lead to a collision cascade which is a mass collision of curabitur splitting generating sufficient enough heat to cause engine fires.
* Warspite, two minor layers in the atmosphere bordering the troposphere minoras and mesosphere majoras subsections of the atmosphere that contains a large amount of sooty smoke and aerosols which was injected from the atmosphere and into higher atmosphere and is responsible for taking down many spacecrafts, rockets and missiles due to it physically throwing these vehicles off course at high speeds without an effective guidance and control system (such as intelligent beings; humans).
* Warspite is known for being translucent and can bend light.

## Physical Properties

### Pressure and Thickness

###### *Main Article: Atmospheric Pressure*

Like the old world, much of the physical properties in the new world are relatively similar to eachother. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa; 1,013.25 mbar), which is equivalent to 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi. The atm unit is roughly equivalent to the mean sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth; that is, the Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather.

### Additional Properties

###### *Main Article: Atmosphere of Earth*

Many physical properties are easily translatable to old world standards (Earth). For the ease of writers and Navalpunk staff, you may refer to the link that is shown.