Pinogunian glossary

This is a list of words in the **Pinogunian language** (Pinogunian: **Pinoguni no Kotoba**) of Pinoguni.

Pinogunian is Paruko Mitubari's native language.

## Script

Pinogunian is written in a syllabary that evolved from its native pictograms.

An alternate script was derived from Daizhouvian characters, but is nowadays a decorative script after the nationalist edicts. Daizhouvian ideograms, known as Zou-kana, were reused to save space and differentiate meanings.

## Dialects

### Eastern Motozima dialect

Eastern Motozima Pinogunian pronounces "w" as "v", most likely due to Vozonid or Bujanski influence.

"Bimuka" is a word for "east" in eastern Motozima instead of "atyma".

Although Paruko's hometown is not in eastern Motozima, she sometimes pronounces "w" like that either because her family was originally from the east coast, or the dialect was widespread as a casual slang accent in pop culture. Or it could be because she lives in Bujan, influencing the way she pronounces her own language.

Archaic eastern dialects from Motoziman ports were the most likely origin of many Pinogunian loanwords in Wonao languages, dating back to the Fifteenth Age.

### Namirian/Eastern Pinogunic

In the Fifteenth Age, many Pinogunians migrated to the Wonao kingdoms to the east. Their language was an archaic dialect from eastern Motozima. Over time, they developed different varieties and pronunciations, influenced with Wonao words and terminology, that a modern Pinogunian would not understand a single sentence from any of those Pinogunic dialects.

The Pinogunians of the Wonao kingdoms also suggested another name, "Namirian" (from their native pronunciation of "rounin", or "wandering knight"), in response to the Pinogunian Empire waging wars against their homelands. Now both Wonao nations and Pinoguni have dictionaries for Pinogunians of both varieties to understand each other, as the former have ended up branching out into 57 new languages.

* Makkadal Namirish (Namire-vua)
* Bujanski Namiri (Namiri na Kotva)

### Bujanski Namiri

This is the native language of the Pinogunians who lived alongside the native Wonaos, as craftsmen, guards, knights, and architects.

* Consonant clusters formed by reduced vowels

## Pronouns

* I - ware, are
	+ ary (informal)
	+ boky, moky (informal, youth slang, also used by tomboy girls)
	+ waro (eastern dialects, pronounced "varo")
* thou - nare
	+ nary (informal)
	+ gimi, gimy (slang, affectionate)
	+ nory (eastern dialects)
* he/she/it - köre (general); söre, kare
	+ köre - nearer. this
	+ söre - far, that
	+ kare - far away, abstract, that (far)
* we - warewa
* you all - narera
* they - körera (near, general); sörera (far); karera (far away, abstract)

-ra is considered plural.

## Verbs

There are two main classes of verbs in Pinogunian: ikkita (godan, five-step) and bekkita (ichidan, one-step).

Ikkita verbs only change the last vowel (-u to -e, -eru, etc.); bekkita verbs usually end in -ru as a default.

All verbs that do not follow these categories are irregular verbs.

* -ru - present tense
* -re - continuous
* -reru - able to
* -nai - not
* -masu - polite imperative
* -ro, jo - imperative
	+ -e for ikkita verbs
* -jou - volitive (let us do)
* -sou - demonstrative (it is done like this)
* -reba - conditional (if you can do)
	+ wi-reba - if you can have this
* -rareru - passive (done by)
* -sareru - causative (makes you do, forces you to do)
* -nareba - if one cannot do
	+ suwe-nareba - if you cannot put these together
* -te - and you will do ...
	+ gegaku-te, paka-te, tudy-masu. - Please draw, measure, and continue.
* -(w)atta - past tense
* -(si)masita - perfect
* -(e)masita - continuous perfect
* -ra - irrealis, future

### Examples:

Sönö ni, boky arawa-se-masita. - Mitubari Paruko

*Park in, I show up-CONT-PERF*

I just arrived at the park. - Paruko Mitubari.

Söre wa, urarasii suwa desy. - This is a pretty chair.

*This IS, very-beautiful-ADJ chair IS.*

Raadumo, gimy uwesii, jo nee! - "You are so cute, Radumo!"

*Radumo, thou cute-ADJ, EMPHASIS!*

Toma-ru - Toma-re

to stop - [you must] STOP!

## Affixes

### Location

* be ... - towards ... , to
* -tomo - together
* seri - behind
* töbo - far
* woti - very far
* yra - top
* uwe - up
* sida - down
* kita - north
* atyma - east
* bimukasi, bimoka - east (dialectal)
* minami - south
* nisa, nima - west
* ... ni - in
* ... kara - from ...
	+ E.g. Bujana kara - "From Bujan"
* uti - within
* sötö - outside

### Amount

* obo, oo- - big, great
* tiisai, tejesai - small
* nakaba - half
* tomo - both

### Time

* arawe - now
* juwe ni - therefore
* sore de ba, sore de wa - if so, therefore
* nakaba - almost
* noti - after
* woti - far before; far afterwards (in the future)

### Being

* -ja - place of ... , doer
* o- - the honoured ...
* -mono - object or creature of
* -moto - place of
* -tö - place of

## Basics

* to - and
* arui, arawi, awi - or
* sikari - however, but (formal)
* kari - but (informal)

## Greetings

* Konobi wa - hello
* Ii ikimotu ka?; Ikimotu ka? - How are you?
	+ Informal: Kinmo ka?
* Ware ikimotii desu - I am doing well.
	+ Informal: Ware kimo desu.
* Warokotta - I am sorry
* Arigatii - Thank you
* Mukatte masu; mukattema - Goodbye; I am going
	+ Informal: muka - "bye"
* Medetari - good job; i like to hear this
* Medeta masu - good luck to you; may the Gods bless
	+ Equivalent to Sanskrit "svasti" or Slavic "slava", as an expression of blessing
* Omedetari - congratulations

A

* aba jo - goodbye
* abare - sorrow
* aka - red
* aki - autumn
* ama - sky, space, heaven
* amasaja - astronomy
* ame - rain
* ane - older sister
* Aradasa - Ardesch
* aragi - peace, serenity, quiet
* araware-ru - to appear
* arawa-su - to show, to display; to write
* arawaja - writer, author
* arawe - present, appearing, present time, current
* arawe-su - to exist, to manifest
* ar(aw)etamo-ru - (about a work or object) to survive
* ... ari - there is
* a-ru - to be, to have, to exist
* arui - or, otherwise
* asa - morning, dawn
* asa - hemp, flax, linen
* asa-iro (朝色) - morning colour, orange
* asi - foot, commoner
* asigaru, segara (足軽) - foot soldier, private, rifleman, infantry
* asii, masii, garasii - wicked, corrupt, evil
* asita - next morning, tomorrow
* atama - head
* (a)tari - new
* ate-ru - to apply, to hit a target
* ato - later
* awi - indigo, dye
* awo - blue

B

* baba - mother
* badime - start, beginning
* badime-ru - to start
* bajasi - grove
* bara - field
* baraja - farmer, crop-worker
* basi - point
* basi - bridge
* bata - field, farm; flag
* bataja - farmer
* batamoto - bannerman, flag bearer, high ranking officer
* ... be - to(wards) ...
* beja - room, apartment lot, slot
* beziri - holy, sacred; a saint, a holy person
* beni - crimson
* be-ru - to decrease
* -bo - ... hundred
* bou - (D) dharma
* böjo - wolf
* Bujana - Bujan
* bukuro - bag
* bukurobu - owl, (slang) nerd, smarty
* Buppousou - (D) the Three Gems of Buddhism: the Buddha, the Sangha, and the Dharma; also the name of a small bird, the rollerbird/dollarbird
* buta, buto - two
* butabo - two hundred
* Butu - the Buddha
* byme-mi - stepping on
* bymi - writing
* bysa - room, chamber
* byta - pig

D

* daki - mountain peak
* dama-ru - to be quiet
	+ Dama-re - Shut up
* da-su - to take something out, to show, to expose
* dera - temple
* de-ru - to leave, to go out
* X wa, ... desy - it is ...
* duti - land

G

* gara-su - to harm, to corrode, to degrade
* gati - victory
* gati-ru - to win, to prevail
* gegaku - (Dai) drawing
* gegaku-ru - (Dai) to draw
* gökase - something that moves, anime, cartoons, doodles
* gumi - team, group
* guti - mouth

I

* idumi - spring of water, wellspring
* iki - life, breath, living, alive
* ikimotu - pleasant mood, content
* i-ku - to go
* ikuba - target
* iku-bu - to shoot
* ikusa - soldier, warrior, shooting arrows, battle, army, military
* inoti - life, lifespan
* ipa - rock
* Irawana - Irajon
* irö - colour
* iso - fifty
* ita-ru - to reach
* ito - kid, child
* itu - five
* ituba-ru - to lie
* iwa - lava
* iwo - fish (in general)

J

* ja - eight; house, home, family
* -ja - place of; -ist, worker of
* jabo - eight hundred
* jado - inn
* jagura - tower, outpost
* jama - mountain
* jasu-i - cheap; clean
* jawaragu - harmonious
* je - large river, lake
* je - older brother or sister
* jebi - lobster, prawn, shrimp
* jeda - branch
* jemira - quiver, bag
* jemirako - handbag, pouch
* joku - good
* jome-ru - ... is able to read, can read
* Jomi - Hell, a dystopia
* jomibito - demons, Terrans
* jomikuni - a dystopia, a "hell on earth"
* jomimono - hellish creature, an abomination, a great monster
* jo-mu - to read
* jomuja - reader, speaker
* jonaka - midnight
* Joretara - Joltaraata
* joru - night
* jö - world, generation, era
* jö - society
* jöja, jeja - "era after era", enduring; an orange fruit
	+ Named because the fruits did not seem to drop even in winter.
* jöja-iro, je-jaro, je-joro, jejo-iro - orange colour
* jökö - sideways, crossroad
* jöpi - evening, night before a festival
* jö(tu) - four
* jörödu - ten thousand, a lot
* ju - holy, blessed
* juniba - holy ground, holy site, place around a temple or shrine
* jupu - evening, dusk, sunset
* jupube - last evening, yesterday
* juwe ni - therefore

K

* ka - a day
* kabari - a change
* kaba-ru - to change
* kaberi - return, homecoming
* kabe-ru - to return home
* kabu - share, stump
* kaburi - headdress, hat
* kabuto - helmet
* kadi - a smith, an engineer, a mechanic
* kadija - a blacksmith
* kado - gate
* kagaburi - crown
* kage - shadow
* Kakureguni - Hidden Land, Wannaenid Empire
* kakure-ru - to hide
* kami - god, wight
* kamigami - many gods and/or wights
* Kamikuri - Arrival of the Gods; New Year's Day; October 1
* kamimija, kanmija - palace of a god, large shrine or temple
* kami-na-tuki (神在月) - month of the gods, October
	+ The holy month, when the Gods were believed to arrive on Idumo's great temple.
* kamija - house of a god or wight, small shrine
* kamo - duck
* kamome - seagull
* kamuri - hat, rank
* kane - gold
* kanuti - forging
* kaperu - frog
* karada - body, structure
* kari - temporary
* karui - lightweight
* kasa - umbrella
* kasasagi - magpie
* kasira - upper part, head, leader
* katana - blade, sword
* kaze - wind
* ke - container, tank
* keda(mono) - beast
* kemono - animal
* ken shou - (D) seeing one's true nature
* Keronoja, Kerona - Heronoja
* ki - tree, wood
* ki - fort
* ki - yellow
* kijo-i - clean, pure
* ki-ku - listen; to ask; to smell
* kimo - liver
* kita - north
* kiwa - very, extremely
* ko - child
* kobori - ice
* kobosu - to spill
* koe-ru - to go over, to cross through, to pass over, to exceed
* kokoromi-ru - to try, to examine
* kome - rice
* komi - together
* kono - this
* konobi wa - this day; hello, greetings
* kowe - voice
* kökö(nö), kögö - nine
* kökörö - heart
* körö - season, period of time
* kötö - something, occasion, act, action, duty, something abstract; word
* kötöba - a language
* kudira - whale
* kumisi - (雲石) cloud stone, marble
* kumo - a cloud
* kuni, guni - realm, country
* kuniuti, kunijoti - within the country, domestic
* kunisötö - outside the country, foreign, international
* kure-ru - to set (the sun or moon), to get dark
* kuri - arrival
* ku-ru - to arrive
* kusuri - medicine
* kuwe-ru - to kick
* kyro - black
* Kyrobyne - Black Ships, Wannaenid Empire, Wannaenid military or navy
	+ Pinogunian members of the Zvestarid Coalition used it to refer to Wannaenid fleets.
	+ This became the name used for the Wannaenid Empire after its conquest of Zvesta and nearby islands, and after horrific reports of Wannaenid cruelty had been broadcast in Pinoguni and its allies.
* Kyrojorobi, Kyrojomi - Black Armour, Wannaenid Empire, Wannaenid soldiers
	+ The shortened form "Kyrojomi" also means "Black Hell", referring to the Wannaenids' dark-coloured armour and brutality.

M

* mabe - before, front
* madi - city
* Makkatara - Makkadal
* make-ru - to lose, to fail
* maneki - consequence, result
* mane-ku - to invite, to incur, to lead to
* Manosa - Marnos
* mato - target, round, disc
* mawi-ru - to come, to arrive
* me - eye
* me - a bud, a sprout
* me - a (young) woman
* megu-mu - to bless, to favour
* megu-mu - to bud, to sprout
* megumu - blessing, favour
* meri, medi - a friend
* me-ru, me-du - to like someone or something
* meteri - a friend, one who is liked
	+ Ware (no) meteri - my friend
* mete-ru - to enjoy
* midori - green
* midu - water
* mija - palace, great temple
* mija-dukasa - high priest in a temple
* mikötö - orders, edict
* mimasi - throne
* misago - osprey
* miso - thirty
* misoka - last day of a month
* miti - path, road, belief
* mi(tu) - three
* mitygi - finance, tribute, contribution
* mity-gu - to support, to finance
* mityja - supporter, funder
* mogura - mole
* moje-ru - to burn
* momo - hundred
* mono - thing, creature
* -mono - thing or creature of
* motiwi-ru, mowi-ru - to use
* moto - source, base
* mottai nai - (D) it is a waste, how wasteful
* mottai-ru - (D) to waste
* mo-tu - to have, to hold
* mu ga - (D) anatta, non-self
* mugi - wheat
* mumasi - skilled

N

* -na - of something
* na - blade, edge
* nada - bay or ocean
* naga-bi - long
* nakaba - half, almost
* nami - wave
* namiri - (浪人) a ronin, a wandering knight
	+ The main characters of many legends.
* Namo Amida Butu, Namo Amida - (S) Namo Amitabha, Praise be to Amitabha
	+ A common prayer in Pinoguni as many Pinogunians are Buddhists.
* nani - what
* nanijuwe, najuwe - why, how
* nasi - nothing, zero
* natu - summer
* nekkörö - intimate
* nemokörö - polite
* nikara-ru - to become a threat, to be an enemy
* nikari - enemy
	+ E.g. "Kynobyne no Nikarira" - "Enemies of the Wannaenids"
* nika-ru - to hate, to dislike
* niwa - garden, family
* niwaja - gardener, forager
* nizi - rainbow
* ... no - (genitive)
* nobo-ru - to rise up
* noko - remainder, damaged goods, fragment
* noko-ru - to remain, to continue existing
* nokotamo - survival
* nokotamo-ru - to survive
* nosyri - buzzard
* noti - after, later
* nu - swamp, wetlands
* nuje - thrush
* nyre-ru - ro be wet
* nusi - master of a skill, user of

O

* o- - honourific suffix, the honoured ...
* o-asi - penny, cent, credit, dollar
* obari - conclusion
* obo, oo- - big, great
* oboi - many
* obo-kimi, ookimi - king
* obomi - official (title)
* (o)bomugi - barley
* obonari - mediocre, average
* obonaru - daimyo, lord, duke
* oboro - hazy, cloudy, uncertain; seafood
* obosi - many
* obozimai - spell
* o-ikusa - soldier, warrior
* o-mijage - gift
* omobi - thought
* omo-bu - to think
* oomisoka - new year's eve
* ootugomori - final day of the year, apocalypse, catastrophe, doom
* ooseno tori ni - as you say, it shall be done
* opomu-takara, oboo-takara - people
* osa-mu - to calm down, to pacify
* osawe-ru - to press
* o-takka - war, fighting
* o-tazune - asking (polite)
* oto - younger brother or sibling
* oto-ru - to be lesser
* otö - sound
* otuge - prediction
* owari - end, stop

Oe
--

* öjögu - to swim
* Öredata - Oenlamta
* ötöna - adult, elder

P

* pabi - ash, soot
* pakari - measurement, scale, plan
* paka-ru - to measure, to consult, to plan, to seek help or advice
* pama - beach
* pana - flower
* pana - nose
* paroka - spring's red, apple
* paru - spring
* patati - twenty
* patu - start, first
* pi - sun
* pi, pe - (small) fire
* pige - beard
* pija - cold
* pikari - light
* Pinoguni - Land of the Sun, Pinoguni
* Pinoguni no Kötöba, Pinoguni Kötöba - Pinogunian language
* pirö-i - wide
* pirömu - virtue
* piru - day, daytime
* pisoka - secret
* pitö - one
* piza - knee
* pono - fire, bonfire
* ponopo, pono - great fire
* posi - star
* pösi - star, planet
* pube-ru - to increase
* pujo - winter
* pune, pyne - ship
* pu-ru - to fall
* puru-beru - to tremble, to rumble
* puru-bu - to shake, to tremble, to wield, to demostrate an ability, to prosper
* puru-i - old
* purusato - homeland, former home
* pyri - a swing
* py-ru - to swing

R

No native Pinogunian word begins with "R". Many of them were originally loanwords from Daizhouvian and Wonao languages.

* rounin - (CD, 浪人) a wandering knight, a ronin

S

* sa - an arrow
* saburabi - watchman, samurai, knight
* sagi - heron, egret
* -(s)aja - study of ..., -logy
* saka-bu - to divide
* sakana - large fish
* saki - good fortune, blessing, happiness
* sa-ku - to open, to burst
* sakyra - cherry flowers, cherry, cherry tree
* saraba - farewell
* sa-ru - to leave
* satori - understanding, knowledge
* sato-ru - to be spiritually awakened, to be enlightened, to realise the truth
* satoru - enlightenment, wisdom, understanding
* sawa - swamp, wetlands
* serö - gentleman, champion
* si - branch
* sibawi - play, theatrical performance
* sibo - seawater, favourable chance, good luck
* sibo ne - good luck
* sibo-ru - to bend, to torment
* si-bu - to force, to compel
* siduku - drops
* sige-ru - to grow thick
* sika - deer
* sikiwi - threshold, edge, boundary
* sima, zima - island
* sinöbi - spy, assassin, ninja
* sinö-bu - to cover
* siobo - tide
* Sirewa - Hiriwa
* siri - one's back (considered a rude word)
* siro - white
* siro - castle, fortress
* si-ru - to know, to understand
* siwori - folded branch, bookmark
* -so - -ty, amount of tens
* sora - sky
* sora jome-nai - (slang) unskilled, noob
* sore de ba - if so; then
* sönö - a park, a garden
* surube - sign, post
* sugi - cedar tree
* sumeragi - emperor
* suwa - chair
* suwa-ru - to sit down
* suwe - end, final; the future
* suweri - placement, array, set
* suwe-ru - to set, to place
* suzume - sparrow

T

* ta - rice paddy
* tabe-ru - to eat
* taga - eagle
* taka - bamboo
* taka - hawk
* taka-bi - high
* tama - soul, spirit
* tame-su - to attempt, to try
* tamoti - preservation, maintenance
* tamo-tu - to keep, to maintain; to preserve
* tani - valley
* tataka - a fight
* tataka-bi - a battle, a war
* tataka-bu - to fight
* tategami - mane
* tawabe - cloth
* tazune-ru - to ask
* te - hand
* tidi - father
* tikara - strength, labour, tax
* tiri - dust
* titöse - thousand years, long live
* toboto-i - noble
* toge - thorn
* togu - sequel, next day
* tomo - both
* tomo- - co-
* -tomo - including ..., altogether
* tomotamo - coexistence, diplomacy
* Toreturi - Toleduri
* to-ru - to take
* tö - place
* töbo - far
* töri - bird
* törewi - torii gate in front of shrines or temples
* töse - year
* tösedori - aging, growth, entropy
* tösedo-ru - to grow old
* tö(wo) - ten
* tuba - fight, war
* tubame - swallow bird
* tuba-ru - to fight, to kill
* tuba mono - weapon
* tudumi - drum
* tudyke-ru - to continue
* tudy-ku - to continue, to be continued
* tu(ki)gomori - moon hiding, final day of a month
* tuki - moon
* tuma - wife
* tume - claw
* tuti, duti - earth
* tutiberu, tutibureri - earthquake
* tutome - morning, early morning (before sunrise)
* tuwe - cane, rod, staff, pole
* tyju - frost, dew
* tyku-ru - to make
* tyma - spouse
* tytu-ku - to poke

U

* ukaga-bu - to ask (humble), to hear (humble)
* Ukona - Ohon
* umai - delicious
* umi - sea
* ura - tip, top
* urara - beauty
* urarasii - beautiful, very beautiful
* urasii - beautiful, pretty
* ure - tip of a branch, spear-tip
* uri - gourd, squash, melon
* usagi - rabbit
* usi - cow
* usibo - tide
* uta - song
* uti - inside, in, within; strike; blow
* u-tu - to strike, to beat, to hammer metal
* utytu - reality, consciousness
* uwe - hunger
* uwemono - plants
* uwesii, rawesii (from urara) - cute
* uwe-ru - to plant, to insert

W

* wa - ring, circle, arc, disk
* wara-bu - to laugh, to bloom
* warokotta - my bad, I am sorry
* warosii - bad, poor
* wasi - eagle
* wata - entrails, intenstines
* waza - art, technique, style
* waza - deed, act, action
* wazabapi - act of the gods, disaster, catastrophe
* wegui - harsh
* wejami - disease
* wemi - smile, blooming
* we-mu - to smile, to bloom
* wesa - animal food
* wi - well
* wino(sisi) - wild boar
* wi-ru - to bring along; to stay in, to live in; (of animate objects) to have
* Wisenaka - Visenga
* wo - flax; man, male
* wobari - ending
* woba-ru - to end
* wobe-ru - to end something, to finish
* wobitö - husband
* wodori - a dance
* wodo-ru - to dance
* woga-mu - to bow, to pray, (humble) to see
* woka-su - to defy, to afflict, to defile
* woke - bucket
* wo-ku - to invite
* womina - woman
* wora - a book, something folded
* woradasi - publication, publishing a book
* wori - fragrance
* woroga-mu - to bow down, to worship
* worö - a peak; a tail; having; ownership; a long thread
* wo-ru - to have, to possess; to bend, to fold
* wosa - leader; reed
* wosameri - learning, mastery; domination; rule; offering; achievement
* wosame-ru - to learn a skill, to reform one's self, to improve; to dominate, to suppress; to rule over; to store, to supply, to dedicate, to achieve, to put back to its place
* wosana(go), wosango - young child
* wosanai - childish
* wosibe-ru - to inform, to tell
* woso - otter
* Wosura - Vozolaz
* woti - far away, long ago, a long time from now, past, future
* wotoko - boy
* wöki-ru - to get up, to wake up, to stand up
* wökö - foolish, absurd
* wöno - axe

Z

* zen - (D) dhyana meditation
* Zouguni - Daizhou
* Zou-kana - Daizhouvian characters, nowadays not commonly used.

## Dialects

### Niwabetu dialect

Paruko is from Niwabetu, a town from the northeastern shore of Motozima, the main island of Pinoguni. Her local dialect has some words from the Misibase ethnicity, or because her family is half-Misibase.

(M) - Misibase loanword

* ban simasite, bansimaa - thank you
* bimuka - east
* gaina, kainaii - huge, super
	+ Also the name of a local supermarket chain.
* kjotu-ii, ketuwe ii - scary
* mesu - (M) a river, a stream
	+ Related to Paramosirian "pet" or "bet" (river)
* poromesu, pomesu - (M) a big river
	+ Paramosian: poro pet, poro bet (great river)
* tego ... - can you please ... (informal)
* tjombosii, tombosii - a little
* tutoma - morning

## Trivia

* The author based Pinogunian on kun'yomi readings and Old Japanese phonology.
	+ In Pinogunian, ö survives as an independent phoneme;
	+ t and d remain unsoftened, not becoming ts, ch, or j;
	+ wi, we, and wo are retained, not becoming i, e, or o;
	+ and p remains as p or becomes b; never becoming h or f.
* Pinogunian would be written in a syllabary, and the government reintroduced Zou-kana (Daizhouvian ideograms) to help people tell different words apart.
	+ The Pinogunian syllabary would be based on the jindai moji, forgeries claimed to be native Japanese writing, especially the "Izumo script".
* The dialectal pronunciation of "w" as "v" may had led to the survival of the phonemes "wi", "we", and "wo", leading to their restoration in standard Pinogunian.
* Paruko's dialect was based on the Unpaku dialect of western Honshu, as it was supposedly related to the zuzu dialects of western Japan. Some historians and linguists claimed that the Emishi people spoke a language related to Japanese and the zuzu dialects.
	+ The author also based the Misibase on the Emishi people of ancient Japan.
* The existence of Pinogunian words in Wonao languages, along with Pinogunian communities in Wonao countries, was inspired by the fictional island of Luggnagg from Gulliver's Travels and the Japanese communities in Southeast Asia formed by exiles during the Sengoku period.
	+ Wonao Pinogunians were also based on Yamada Nagamasa (a samurai in Thailand), Japanese Americans who fought against the Japanese Empire in World War II, and ethnic Russians in Ukraine who fought against the 2022 Russian invasion of their country.
* "Namiri" was from a kun'yomi (native) pronunciation of "rounin" (浪人), a wandering samurai.
* This was the name chosen by the Pinogunians who became assimilated into the Wonao kingdoms they lived under, after they were threatened by attacks from a Pinogunian empire. Instead of accepting the imperial army's offers, they took up arms and went to war on the side of their fellow Wonao soldiers.

### Pronunciation

* h - [x~h]
* j - [j]
* ö - [ø]
* s - [s], [ɕ] before i
* w - [w~ʋ]
	+ ([ʋ] may be due to Bujanski or Irajonian influence)
* y - [ɯ]
* z - [d͡z], [ʑ] before i
* double vowels make a long sound
* foreign phonemes include h and l and (occasionally) v and f

## See also

### Nearby languages

* Bujanski language
* Ēosomê language
* Wonao glossary
* Makkadalish glossary - a number of Pinogunian words also influenced Makkadalish due to trade.
* Daizhouvian loanwords in Wonao languages

### Other syllabaries

* Heronoi language
* Sevraejan language