集中式智能照明控制，第1部分：技术

'*EE302:'* **Centralized Intelligent Lighting Control, Part 1: Technology** Course Number: 000000003021

Educator: Steve Mesh, LC

​​​​​EDUCATION CREDIT

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for LEU (NCQLP) credit and 80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of credits. For LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES, Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIA CES.

NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS

This course is registered with NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

COPYRIGHT

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and insured professionals.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Intelligent lighting controls represent the ultimate in lighting control. As energy

codes and owner requirements become more complex, intelligent control solutions are becoming increasingly common in new construction while becoming more adaptable to existing construction. Intelligent lighting control is also ideally suited to LED lighting.

Though solutions vary, a fully realized intelligent lighting control offers the benefits of addressable luminaires and/or groups of luminaires, layered and complex control strategies, software-based zoning and rezoning, elegant wired or wireless connections, and energy measurement and monitoring.

This Education Express course describes the basic technology of centralized intelligent lighting control systems and then provides application guidance.

*Image' **courtesy of Cree.***

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this learning module, students will be able to:

Identify the different types of intelligent lighting control solutions that are available.

Select intelligent lighting control solutions based on an understanding of typical hardware, topology and protocols used by hardwired and wireless systems.

Apply centralized intelligent lighting control systems to new and existing construction.

Advise lighting owners on operation and maintenance of the installed system.

INTELLIGENT LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS

An intelligent lighting control system is made up of 1) dimmable ballasts or drivers, 2) accessory devices such as switches and sensors, 3) power controllers (which may be the ballast or driver) and 4) supporting hardware and software used for communication and data storage. The lighting controller, where intelligence resides, may be centralized in a server or distributed at each point of control. The system may be luminaire-, room- or building-/campus-based.

The controllers are connected via dedicated control wiring or radio signals to build a network in which each controller has a unique IP address. These addressable controllers can be controlled and programmed individually and/or in groups. These and other system components used for communication and data storage are then configured in a topology—e.g., wiring bus, wireless mesh or star network.

To communicate and perform uniformly, the controllers must be designed in accordance with the same protocol. The controllers may be self- configuring or programmable using a handheld remote or computer. If centralized, the controllers supply data to a central storage point for display of energy consumption, occupancy data and lighting status.

LUMINAIRE-BASED INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS

A variety of control systems are packaged with LED

luminaires to offer luminaire-based solutions. Sensors and a controllable LED driver are embedded in each luminaire. Unlike typical standalone luminaires with integrated controls, these luminaires communicate with each other wirelessly and are preconfigured to simplify commissioning. In some systems, individual luminaires can be grouped via a handheld IR remote. Then the user assigns a low, medium or high ambient level for the occupied lighting state or in response to available daylight. No other commissioning is required.

*Image' **courtesy of Cree.***

ROOM-BASED INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS

The majority of installed intelligent lighting control systems are room-based, in which lighting

controls across the room or within the luminaires act as a single autonomous lighting control system. The advantage of room-based intelligent control systems is that they provide energy savings and energy code compliance with relatively simplified design, specification and commissioning.

A typical room-based solution incorporates plug-and-play sensors, switches and relay-based lighting/power controllers to switch and dim loads in that room. Some systems are based on controllers that contain two outputs for control of two control zones. Some offer control cabling to link rooms within a larger, scalable network. These systems often have preconfigured sequences of operation for easy energy savings optimization and energy code compliance.

*Image' **courtesy of WattStopper.***

CENTRALIZED INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Centralized control may be an extended feature option of a room-based controller solution or packaged as a fully integrated system. The primary advantage of this type of this system is it offers complex control strategy programming, energy information and monitoring.

Individually addressable luminaires can be zoned and rezoned from a single point using software, maximizing flexibility.

Luminaires can accept control input signals from a wide variety of devices from sensors and schedules to manual controls. The full range of control strategies can be implemented, from occupancy sensing to facility tuning to user control to demand response.

Complex sequences of operation can be programmed using software to optimize energy savings. Different combinations of strategies can be employed at different times.

Information on energy consumption, occupancy, luminaire/zone status and potentially other data, such as temperature or automated shading, can be recorded, stored and displayed.

*Image' **courtesy of OSRAM Encelium.***

CENTRALIZED INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Centralized intelligent control systems, however, typically pose a higher cost than room-based solutions, as they incorporate additional components such as software, a server, gateways and potentially other components. Compared to other solutions, they typically pose more complex design, specification, installation and commissioning. Operation and maintenance require properly trained building staff.

Centralized intelligent control systems are the focus of the remainder of this learning module.

CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS: HARDWARE

The primary components of the centralized intelligent control system are the addressable ballasts or drivers (or controllers controlling 0-10V dimmable fluorescent ballasts) and the control input devices. Luminaires are individually addressable, though it is often possible to wire groups of luminaires to a single controller, resulting in a hybrid individual/group-addressed system. This approach can reduce cost but at the expense of limited flexibility in rezoning the system in the future.

Intelligent control systems designed to control large loads in multiple spaces or on more than one floor typically have a central server that connects to the system using wiring or radio signals. Some systems include other centralized or distributed components, connected to the central server, for routing communication and/or power wiring or transmitting/receiving wireless signals.

*Image' **courtesy of OSRAM Encelium.***

CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS: HARDWARE

A centralized intelligent lighting control system consists of power controllers (e.g., sensors,

switches, software, etc.) and components that process, store, transmit and display data.

A majority of centralized intelligent lighting control systems contain a central server, which is typically installed in an IT server room or electrical closet. Some or all of the components in the network are connected to the server—gateways, sensors, switches, ballasts/drivers, etc.

These systems typically allow for connection between some system components and the server via the owner’s existing communication network (intranet), if the owner allows it. Many systems, for example, allow gateways on each floor to be connected to the central server via an existing network. This eliminates the need to run wiring between floors. In this type of scenario, both the server as well as the gateways have discrete IP addresses that can be discovered on the building’s communication network. If the owner will not allow this setup, wireless components can be used, or dedicated wiring can be installed to connect them.

*Image' **courtesy of Lutron Electronics.***

MANUAL OVERRIDES

A variety of devices or method scan be used to manually control any zone or

combination of zones, including wallbox switches and dimmer-switches, preset scene dimmers, touchscreens, infrared remotes, software, mobile device apps and input from a building automation system.

*Image' **courtesy of Leviton.***

CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS: TOPOLOGY (WIRED)

Topology refers to how the parts of a system are interrelated and arranged. Centralized intelligent lighting control systems may be wired, wired with wireless accessory devices, or wireless.

In a wired system, manufacturers use a variety of topologies, with the most common being a bus, essentially the same as a computer network. Control devices are connected using a single pair of low-voltage wires or using an Ethernet or proprietary type of cable.

*Image' **courtesy of Philips Lighting Controls.***

CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS: TOPOLOGY (HYBRID WIRED/WIRELESS)

A significant number of manufacturers of wired solutions also offer control accessories (i.e., occupancy sensors, switches, etc.) that communicate wirelessly to one or more central gateways. This reduces wiring installation, enables control devices to be located where wiring would be difficult to install, and allows the mounting location of control devices to be adjusted with relative ease.

*Image' **courtesy of OSRAM Encelium.***

CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS: TOPOLOGY (WIRELESS)

Wireless lighting control systems typically use a topology consisting of a self-healing mesh network or a star pattern.

In a self-healing mesh network, data is transmitted through any series of wireless devices to communicate between the gateway and a given control point. If a device in the network fails, the signal automatically flows along an alternate path (“self healing”), increasing reliability.

*Image' **courtesy of Daintree Networks.***

CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS: TOPOLOGY (WIRELESS)

In a star topology, signals from all wireless control devices are transmitted within range

directly to and from one or more gateways that form the backbone of the network. Some systems allow designation of any wireless device as a repeater, allowing a portion of the system to function as a mesh network. The relatively low volume of signal traffic may increase reliability and speed.

*Image' **courtesy of Daintree Networks.***

PROTOCOLS

A protocol is a set of rules that define the behavior of components in a system. In a network, this includes communication. In lighting control networks, the protocol in use may be open, proprietary or a mix of the two.

In an open protocol, products from different manufacturers can be mixed in the same network with assurance of compatibility and a uniform set of behavior within the protocol’s defined rules. Examples include DALI and ZigBee.

Some manufacturers have either taken open protocols like DALI and modified them to create a proprietary protocol, or created one from scratch. In a fully integrated system, this entails all products in the system being from the same manufacturer. Some manufacturers, however, may provide for components, such as analog occupancy and photosensors, from other manufacturers; these devices are wired to interface modules allowing digital communication with the network.

INTEGRATION WITH BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

A majority of centralized intelligent lighting control systems can be integrated with other building systems such as building automation systems (BAS) for single-workstation control of multiple building systems. This integration requires that both systems comply with the same native protocol, such as BACnet, or a gateway and/or programming that can translate data crossing between the systems.

*Image' **courtesy of Leviton.***

IMPLEMENTATION IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION

Implementing a centralized intelligent lighting control system in a new

building is fairly straightforward. In existing construction, it can be challenging.

In some cases, new controls can be installed in existing fluorescent luminaires. The ballast would typically be replaced with a dimmable ballast, which would require installation of shunted lampholders if the existing ballast is instant-start. The ballast would be addressable, or an addressable controller would be installed at each luminaire or group of luminaires. In some cases, UL924 relays must be installed to bypass the controller during an emergency.

Some luminaires are easier to retrofit than others. Recessed fluorescent luminaires, for example, are typically easier than suspended luminaires because of more space in the ballast compartment or enclosed wireway, as shown below. In addition, when using a wired solution, low-voltage control wires must also be run between the luminaires to build the network.

*Image' **adapted from Daintree Networks.***

IMPLEMENTATION IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION

Given the complexity and potential cost associated with installing control components in existing luminaires, it may be desirable to replace the luminaires with a new control system. The process is similar to new construction. In this situation, LED luminaires are typically specified for their controllability and efficacy at full and dimmed output. If new luminaires are proposed, verify the existing layout will deliver adequate light levels and visual comfort. If not, the layout may need to be redesigned.

*Image' **courtesy of Enlighted.***

SOFTWARE

Centralized lighting control systems are set up and operated by accessing the system’s software. Manufacturers build in the following functions:

*Images' **courtesy of Lutron Electronics and Leviton.***

ACCESSING THE SYSTEM

A majority of intelligent lighting control systems are designed to allow remote access to the operating software, which typically resides on a central server.

Authorized users can access the software via a webpage or program from any computer within the organization, if the owner allows the server to reside on an internal network (intranet), or from a remote location, which may require creation of a virtual private network (VPN).

Risk-averse owners may not allow using their internal communication network to be used to access the system. In this event, it may be necessary to install a dedicated wireless access point (e.g., using a 3G modem, as shown in the below example) or some other communication method.

*Image' **courtesy of OSRAM Encelium.***

ACCESSING THE SYSTEM

Access to the system’s software will be needed by some or all of the following. Typically, different types of users are granted access to different types of system functions.

System operator/administrator—typically, somebody on the building staff.

Control system manufacturer—required for troubleshooting, software updates, commissioning and recommissioning, etc.

Lighting designer/engineer/other specifiers—enabling verification that the system has been installed and is operating as designed, or to retrieve data for analysis.

Occupants—if given limited access to area lighting should the system be configured to allow occupants to control luminaires and/or other devices connected to the system.

Public display—when the system collects energy consumption information and compares it to a baseline, a remote monitor can connect to the software (by accessing its URL) and display energy information for marketing purposes, such as a kiosk in a public lobby.

*Image' **created by Steve Mesh using Daintree Networks’ ControlScope Manager software.***

YOU’RE FINISHED

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course Centralized Intelligent Lighting Control, Part 1: Technology.

Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course.

You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for LEU (NCQLP LC) and LU/HSW (AIA CES) credit. A 70+% passing grade is required for LEU credit and 80+% for AIA CES credit. Upon passing the test, you may download a Certificate of Completion on the Courses page. If you are an AIA member, please email your course completion certificate to LCA[1]with your AIA number.

EE302:[2]Centralized[3]Intelligent[4]Lighting[5]Control,[6]Part[7]1:[8]Technology[9]Quiz​​​