recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
MacroMind SoundVision

**MacroMind SoundVision** was the first multimedia project developed by MacroMind (predecessor of Macromedia).

## Product history

The name "SoundVision" originated from a theoretical multimedia machine that MacroMind co-founder Marc Canter had dreamt of while performing with a band called Pitch in the late 1970s.

After the introduction of Apple Computer's Macintosh 128K in January 1984, MacroMind designed SoundVision with graphics, text, and sound capabilities, which were timed by a "score" based on an early implementation of MIDI. At the insistence of Hayden Software, the publisher, the sound and graphics features were split into two products that became MacroMind MusicWorks and VideoWorks, which were released in October 1984 and June 1985, respectively.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 *The Birth of MacroMind* by Marc Canter, p.63. Festival Ars Electronica. 2003-08.
2. ↑ The Pitch, Nuts To Soup (NTS) Live. 2016-05-13.
3. ↑ What Is an Authoring System? by Randall Packer, Ken Jordan, *Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality*, p.201. 2002.
4. ↑ PERIPHERALS; PORTABLE SCREEN FOR APPLE by Peter H. Lewis, *The New York Times*. 1985-02-19.

## External links

* MacroMind SoundVision at the Adobe Wiki
Blue Pacific Software

**Blue Pacific Software** was the original developer of Flash Printer, which became Macromedia FlashPaper.

## Product history

After Flash Printer was acquired by Macromedia, it was renamed FlashPaper and bundled with Macromedia Contribute 2. Blue Pacific's website went offline in 2017.

## References

1. ↑ Flash Printer, Blue Pacific Software. Archived 2004-12-12.
2. ↑ Macromedia Contribute 2 product overview, Macromedia. 2003-08-12.
3. ↑ Not Found, Blue Pacific Software. Archived 2017-05-02.[DEAD LINK]

## External links

* Blue Pacific Software official site (archived 2004-04-11)
* Blue Pacific Software at the Adobe Wiki
Mac OS X

**Mac OS X** was a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple for its Macintosh line of computers. It succeeded the "classic" Mac OS (which dates back to the launch of the original Macintosh in 1984) and NeXTSTEP (which was developed at NeXT after Steve Jobs left Apple). It has since been superseded by **macOS**, starting with macOS 10.12 "Sierra".

## Native PDF support

Mac OS X used a PDF-based imaging model called Quartz. This replaced NeXTSTEP's Display PostScript implementation to avoid royalty fees to Adobe Systems. However, as Mac OS X's use of PDF prioritizes speed and compatibility over features and compression, it is limited to PDF 1.3 (or PDF 1.4 for document "bundles" which contain embedded graphics). Newer PDF files will either display incorrectly or cause a performance hit as Mac OS X will internally downconvert the document for display.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 NeXT: Apple’s Right Choice by Jonathan Ploudre, Low End Mac. 2001-05-07.
2. ↑ Mac OS X and PDF by Laurens Leurs, Prepressure. 2013-08-09.
3. ↑ Why does Preview save as PDF version 1.3 instead of version 1.7 sometimes? by Lance000, Apple Communities. 2013-12-04.
4. ↑ Graphics & Imaging Overview, Apple Developer Connection. 2004-09-08. Archived 2004-09-17.
5. ↑ Speed up PDF viewing in Preview, Macworld | Mac OS X Hints. 2009-03-17.
6. ↑ If any of your apps don't work in MacOS Mojave, a small tweak in your settings might fix the problem by Dave Smith, Business Insider. 2018-12-06.

## External links

* macOS at Apple
* An Illustrated History of macOS at Git Tower
* A Summary of the Different Version of Mac OS X at PowerMax
* Mac OS X & macOS version code-names at MacWorld
* Mac OS X and PDF: The Real Story (PDF) by Leonard Rosenthol at Planet PDF (2001)
* Mac OS X at the Adobe Wiki
* Mac OS X at the Apple Wiki
* macOS at Logopedia
* macOS: Release history at Wikipedia
MacroMind Utility Disk

**MacroMind Utility Disk** was a set of graphics utilities that were developed by MacroMind and published by Hayden Software in early 1986.

## Utilities

Each utility was implemented as a desk accessory instead of an application so that early Macintosh computers without multitasking capabilities could launch them while another program was running.

* MacroMind ArtGrabber+ was a graphics utility for opening and viewing MacPaint files.
* MacroMind CheapPaint was a rudimentary paint program that originated from VideoWorks.
* MacroMind Trails was a kaliedoscopic utility with customizable graphics controls.

## References

1. ↑ Macintosh Gets Disney-Quality Animation Tools In Videoworks by Doug and Denise Green, *InfoWorld*, p.37. 1986-03-03.
2. ↑ MacroMind Utility Disk by Howard Bornstein, *Under the Apple*, p.30. 1987.
3. ↑ MacroMind CheapPaint by Howard Bornstein, *Under the Apple*, p.94. 1987.
4. ↑ MacroMind Trails by Howard Bornstein, *Under the Apple*, p.316. 1987.

## External links

* MacroMind Utility Disk at the Adobe Wiki
Macromedia ColdFusion 4.5 UltraDev 4 Studio

**Macromedia ColdFusion 4.5 UltraDev 4 Studio** is an early "Studio" software suite from Macromedia. It was superseded by Macromedia ColdFusion 5 UltraDev 4 Studio.

## Applications

* Allaire ColdFusion Studio 4.5
* Macromedia UltraDev 4

## External links

* Macromedia ColdFusion 4.5 UltraDev 4 Studio at Macromedia (archived 2001-06-25)
* Macromedia ColdFusion 4.5 UltraDev 4 Studio at the Adobe Wiki
1992

* **January:** Co-founder Marc Canter is ousted from MacroMind-Paracomp.
* **February 25:** Incorporation forms are filed for Macromedia in the state of Delaware.
* **March:** MacroMind-Paracomp and Authorware Inc. reveal their plans to merge, forming Macromedia.
* **July 10:** The merger of MacroMind-Paracomp and Authorware Inc. is completed.
* **October 30-November 1:** The 3rd annual Macromedia User Conference is held in San Francisco.
32-bit

**32-bit** refers to **thirty-two** binary (0 or 1) units of integer data. This allows for up to 4,294,967,296 combinations of values.

* 32-bit color is typically split into four sets of 8-bit values for 256 levels per RGBA channel (red, green, blue, and alpha). The three 8-bit RGB values deliver 16,777,216 unique colors, the same as 24-bit color, but with the addition of 256 levels of transparency defined by the alpha channel.
* 32-bit sound allows for a range of up to 4,294,967,296 values (−2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647) per sample (Hertz).
* 32-bit addressing allows for access to up to 4,294,967,296 bytes, or 4 gigabytes of data.
* 32 bits of data make 4 bytes, referred to by programmers as a **longword**.

## External links

* 32-bit at the Adobe Wiki
* 32-bit at the Apple Wiki
* 32-bit computing at Wikipedia
Classic Mac OS

**"Classic" Mac OS** refers to a discontinued operating system that was developed by Apple Computer for use in its Macintosh product line. It has since been superseded by Mac OS X (now called macOS).

## Release history

* System 1, released January 24, 1984 (MacroMind MusicWorks is known to be supported on all systems; MacroMind VideoWorks requires at least 512 KB of RAM)
* System 2, released April 1985
* System 3, released January 1986
* System 4, released January 1987
* System 5, released October 1987
* System 6, released April 1988 (MacroMind Director 1.0 was supported from System 6.0.2)
* System 7, released May 13, 1991
* Mac OS 8, released July 26, 1997
* Mac OS 9, released October 23, 1999

## External links

* Classic Mac OS at the Adobe Wiki
* Classic Mac OS at the Apple Wiki
* Classic Mac OS at Wikipedia
Allaire JRun 3

The **Allaire JRun 3** is a J2EE application server that was marketed by Allaire Corporation and then Macromedia.

## Product history

JRun was originally developed in 1997 as a Java servlet engine by Live Software and subsequently purchased by Allaire, who brought out the first J2EE compliant version. JRun was acquired by Macromedia prior to its 2001 merger with and takeover of Allaire.

## References

1. ↑ The Java Servlet Runner, Live Software. Archived 1998-01-29.
2. ↑ Live Software, Inc. has been acquired by Allaire Corporation., Live Software. Archived 1999-10-12.
3. ↑ Macromedia Completes Merger With Allaire, Macromedia. 2001-03-20. Archived 2001-03-30.

## External links

* JRun 3 at Allaire (archived 2000-06-21)
* Macromedia JRun 3.1 at Macromedia (archived 2001-10-22)
* Allaire JRun 3 at the Adobe Wiki
ActionScript 2

**ActionScript 2.0** is the second major release of the ActionScript object-oriented programming language from Macromedia, based on the ECMAScript 4 Netscape Proposal with class-based inheritance.

## Product history

Macromedia Flash Player 7 (MX 2004) introduced ActionScript 2 along with support for CSS styling. ActionScript 2 can cross compile to ActionScript 1.0 byte-code, so that it can run in Flash Player 6.

Macromedia Flash Player 8 further extended both ActionScript 1 and 2 by adding new class libraries with APIs for controlling bitmap data at run-time, file uploads and live filters for blur and dropshadow.

## References

1. ↑ ECMAScript 4 Netscape Proposal. Netscape (June 30, 2003). Retrieved on April 11, 2019.

## External links

* ActionScript Technology Center at Adobe
	+ ActionScript 2.0 Language Reference (archived 2008-12-18)
	+ Flash Player Developer Center
* ActionScript 2 at the Adobe Wiki
Blue Sky Software

**Blue Sky Software** was a software developer based in La Jolla, California that created the RoboHELP line of help authoring tools.

## Products

* RoboHELP
* WinHELP Office
* Help 2 HTML
* Visual SQL
* Web Doctor
* WEB Office
* WinMaker Pro

## History

Blue Sky Software was originally founded in 1990 and changed its name to **eHelp Corporation** on April 4, 2000. On October 24, 2003, Macromedia announced that it would acquire eHelp for US$65 million in cash and stock in an agreement that was signed on October 22 and completed on December 19, 2003. Adobe Systems then acquired Macromedia on December 3, 2005.

## References

1. ↑ Blue Sky Software, Worldwide Leader in User Assistance Software, Emerges with New Name, *eHelp Corporation*., Business Wire. 2000-04-04. Archived 2017-02-26.
2. ↑ Macromedia to acquire eHelp, ActionScript. 2003-10-24. Archived 2006-12-15.
3. ↑ Flash Cam, Nexus Concepts. 2002-05-20. Archived 2005-02-06.
4. ↑ Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia, Adobe Systems. 2005-12-05. Archived 2005-12-07.

## External links

* Blue Sky Software official site (archived 1996-10-19, 1999-01-25)
	+ eHelp Corporation official site (archived 2000-05-11)
* Blue Sky Software at the Adobe Wiki
Allaire Cold Fusion Studio 3.1

**Allaire Cold Fusion Studio 3.1** is the first version of the ColdFusion Studio integrated development environment (IDE), released in November 1997 by Allaire Corporation.

ColdFusion Studio was based on HomeSite with CFML tools to support ColdFusion development.

## References

1. ↑ Power tools for the Web, by Steven M. Cohn, *Network World*, p.54. 1997-12-08.

## See also

* Allaire Cold Fusion 3
* Allaire HomeSite 3

## External links

* Cold Fusion Studio 3.1 at Allaire (archived 1998-01-20)
* Allaire Cold Fusion Studio 3.1 at the Adobe Wiki
Hertz

The **hertz** (symbol: **Hz**) is a unit of frequency derived from the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves.

## Variations

Hertz are commonly expressed in metric prefixes (decimals):

* A **kilohertz** (kHz) consists of 1,000 hertz ( 103 )
* A **megahertz** (MHz) consists of 1,000 kilohertz, or 1,000,000 hertz ( 106 )
* A **gigahertz** (GHz) consists of 1,000 megahertz, or 1,000,000,000 hertz ( 109 )
* A **terahertz** (THz) consists of 1,000 gigahertz, or 1,000,000,000,000 hertz ( 1012 )
* A **petahertz** (PHz) consists of 1,000 terahertz, or 1,000,000,000,000,000 hertz ( 1015 )
* An **exahertz** (EHz) consists of 1,000 petahertz, or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 hertz ( 1018 )

## Usage

The hertz is used by the computer industry to label the frequency of electronic components, notably the clock rate of central processing units (CPU). However, as manufacturers have adopted techologies such as caching, pipelining, multi-core processing, computing efficiency can vary significantly across different processor lines. As a result, the hertz is not an ideal measurement of processing power, leading to the megahertz myth.

## References

1. ↑ "hertz". (1992). *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language* (3rd ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

## External links

* Hertz at the Apple Wiki
* Hertz at Wiktionary
* Hertz at Wikipedia
2004

* **February 12:** Macromedia Director MX 2004 (v.10) is released by Macromedia.
* **March 29:** Macromedia Flex 1.0 is released.
* **August 16:** Macromedia Web Publishing System is released.
* **September:** Macromedia Director MX 2004 (v.10.1) is released by Macromedia.
* **November 1-4:** Macromedia MAX 2004 is held in New Orleans, Louisiana.
* **November 2:** Macromedia Flex 1.5 is shipped during MAX 2004.
* **November 9:** Macromedia Captivate is released.

## External links

* Press Releases for 2004 at Macromedia (archived 2005-01-29)
Beta software

**Beta version**, or simply "**beta**", is used to identify **software** that is undergoing pre-release testing in its development cycle. Such software may be packaged to undergo testing by individuals other than the developer. A **public beta** refers to software that is publicly previewed to gain wider feedback of its features.

## References

1. ↑ ARCHIVED: What is beta software?, Indiana University Knowledge Base. 2018-01-18.

## External links

* Beta Software at The Tech Terms Computer Dictionary
* Beta software at the Adobe Wiki
* Software release life cycle: Beta at Wikipedia
Macromedia DevNet

**Macromedia DevNet** was a software and support subscription service from Macromedia.

## Product history

Macromedia launched DevNet on February 10, 2003 with two levels of subscriptions. A **DevNet Professional** annual subscription included software from its Macromedia Studio MX Plus suite, along with access to upgrades as new versions became available. It was also offered as an upgrade to owners of Macromedia Studio MX.

### Applications

* Macromedia Flash MX (subscribers were upgraded to Flash MX 2004)
* Macromedia Dreamweaver MX (subscribers were upgraded to Dreamweaver MX 2004)
* Macromedia Fireworks MX (subscribers were upgraded to Fireworks MX 2004)
* Macromedia FreeHand 10 (subscribers were upgraded to FreeHand MX)
* Macromedia Contribute (Windows only, subscribers were upgraded to Contribute 2 and 3 for Mac and Windows)
* Macromedia HomeSite+ (Windows only)
* Macromedia ColdFusion MX Enterprise Edition (subscribers were upgraded to ColdFusion MX 6.1 Enterprise)
* Macromedia ColdFusion MX for J2EE
* Macromedia Flash Remoting
* Macromedia Flash Communication Server MX Personal Edition
* Macromedia JRun
* DevNet Resource Kits

### Resource Kits

*Main article: Macromedia DevNet Resource Kit*

A **DevNet Essentials** subscription was limited to access to DevNet Resource Kit CD-ROMs, which included components and extensions for Macromedia MX development tools. Originally known as the Macromedia MX Developer Resource Kit, the first two volumes were combined into a "Macromedia DevNet Resource Kit Special Edition" which was included with Macromedia Studio MX Plus. DevNet subscribers continued to receive additional volumes on a quarterly basis. The final release was volume 13 in October 2005.

## Discontinuation

On January 3, 2005, Macromedia migrated business subscribers to a volume licensing program. Support was ended by Adobe Systems (which had acquired Macromedia) on February 1, 2006.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Introducing Macromedia DevNet Subscriptions by Mike Chambers. 2003-02-10.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Levels and Features, Macromedia. Archived 2003-02-12.
3. ↑ DevNet Savings, Macromedia. Archived 2003-04-04.
4. ↑ DevNet Resource Kit, Macromedia. Archived 2003-04-13.
5. ↑ DevNet Resource Kit: Important Notice, Macromedia. Archived 2005-11-05.
6. ↑ Macromedia DevNet Subscriptions, Adobe Systems. Archived 2006-05-06.

## External links

* Macromedia DevNet at Macromedia (archived 2003-04-01)
	+ Macromedia DevNet Resource Kits (archived 2003-02-13)
		- DevNet Resource Kits – Released Volumes (archived 2005-01-04)
	+ Macromedia DevNet Subscriptions (archived 2003-10-01)
* Macromedia announces new DevNet subscription service by Matthew Humphries at Geek.com (2003-02-11)
* Macromedia DevNet at the Adobe Wiki
64-bit

**64-bit** refers to **sixty-four** binary (0 or 1) units of integer data. This allows for up to 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 combinations of values.

* 64-bit color, is typically split into four sets of 16-bit values for 65,536 levels per RGBA channel (red, green, blue, and alpha). The three 16-bit RGB values deliver 281,474,976,710,656 unique colors, the same as 48-bit color, but with the addition of 65,536 levels of transparency defined by the alpha channel. This range is also known as "deep color".
* 64-bit sound allows for a range of up to 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 values (−9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807) per sample (Hertz).
* 64-bit addressing allows for access to up to 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes, or 18.4 exabytes of data.
* 64 bits of data make 8 bytes, referred to by programmers as a **quadword**.

## External links

* 64-bit at the Apple Wiki
* 64-bit computing at Wikipedia
Macromedia Backstage Enterprise Studio

**Macromedia Backstage Enterprise Studio** is an early "Studio" suite of the Backstage website development tools developed by iBand and released by Macromedia after it had acquired iBand in March 1996.

## Applications

* Macromedia Backstage Designer Plus
* Macromedia Backstage Manager
* Macromedia Backstage Object Server
	+ Backstage Library of Objects

## Product history

In December 1995, iBand first announced Backstage for Windows 3.1, 95 and NT. Beta testing for Windows 95 and NT began in March 1996.

Version 1.0 of Macromedia Backstage Desktop Studio and Enterprise Studio were released as part of a trial beta program in April 1996 and shipped on April 29 and July 1, respectively. The Enterprise version's primary difference is that it includes additional Backstage Objects that support client-server databases, such as Informix, Oracle, and Sybase, while the Desktop version is limited to local desktop databases. Macromedia released Backstage Xtras Developers Kit later in the year to allow developers to build their own objects.

Backstage Enterprise Studio was superseded by Macromedia Backstage Internet Studio 2: Enterprise Edition in the first quarter of 1997.

## Awards

Backstage version 1.0 was selected as a Pick Hit at the NAB Show in April 1996 and received a World Class Award from *Java Developers Journal* in December 1996. It was *NetGuide'*s Editor's Choice in January 1997.

## References

1. ↑ Macromedia goes Backstage, CNET. 1996-03-13.
2. ↑ Web vendors introduce development advances by Nick Wingfield, *InfoWorld*. 1995-12-11.
3. ↑ Macromedia to pay $32M shares for web software firm iBand, *Computer Business Review*. 1996-03-19.
4. ↑ Backstage magic conjures sophisticated Web sites by Mike Heck, *InfoWorld*. 1996-04-15.
5. ↑ Macromedia launches Backstage web development line, *Computer Business Review*. 1996-06-27.
6. ↑ Macromedia Ships Backstage Products, Powerful Tools for Building Dynamic Web Sites, Macromedia. 1996-04-29. Archived 1999-09-10.
7. ↑ Macromedia Ships Backstage Enterprise Studio, Powerful Tools for Building Database-Driven Web Sites, Macromedia. 1996-07-01. Archived 1999-08-19.
8. ↑ Desktop apps get more Web tools by Pardhu Vadlamudi at *Info World*. 1996-12-16.
9. ↑ The Word on Backstage, Macromedia. Archived 1997-03-29.

## External links

* Backstage Developers Center support at Macromedia (archived 1997-03-29)
* Creating Web Sites with Macromedia's Backstage Desktop Studio by Dennis Hamilton, *Web Publishing: Professional Reference Edition*, ch.13. (1997)
* Macromedia Backstage Enterprise Studio at the Adobe Wiki
Putin's Boner

**Putin's Boner** is a song made by Helblinde. This song uses samples from the Russian anthem, Girls und Panzer and *Get Low* by Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz. It is rumored that Putin has awarded Helblinde a *Hero of the Russian Federation* (Russian: Герой Российской Федерации) for making this song, but this is not confirmed and Putin might've sent the FSB after him instead. There are several ranked beatmaps of this song on osu! and they all have between 500 thousand and 2.6 millions plays.
Adam Berrey

**Adam Berry** was the vice president of marketing at Macromedia.

## Education

Berrey received a B.A. in political science in 1995 from Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

## Career

### Allaire and Macromedia

Berrey joined Allaire Corporation in January 1996 and became director of product marketing and management. After Allaire was acquired by Macromedia in March 2001, Berrey became the VP of the application server business. Berrey was the VP of marketing from March 2002 to February 2003.

### After Macromedia

Berrey is presently the CPO and executive VP of marketing at Circle under CEO Jeremy Allaire. Berrey also sits on the board of directors of Promoboxx.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Adam Berrey, LinkedIn. Accessed 2020-08-08.

## External links

* Adam Berrey at AngelList
* Adam Berrey at Crunchbase
* Adam Berrey at Search for Common Ground
* Adam Berrey at Twitter
Macromedia Backstage Manager

**Macromedia Backstage Manager** was a remote website management utility that was released by Macromedia.

## Product history

The program was originally developed by iBand, which was acquired by Macromedia in March 1996. Backstage Manager was released as part of version 1.0 of Macromedia Backstage Desktop Studio and Enterprise Studio, which went on sale in June 1996.

It was also included as part of Macromedia Backstage Internet Studio 2, which was released in the first quarter of 1997.

## References

1. ↑ Macromedia goes Backstage, CNET. 1996-03-13.
2. ↑ Backstage magic conjures sophisticated Web sites by Mike Heck, *InfoWorld*. 1996-04-15.
3. ↑ Macromedia launches Backstage web development line, *Computer Business Review*. 1996-06-27.
4. ↑ Macromedia constructs new Backstage by Carol Silwa at *Network World*. 1996-12-09.
5. ↑ Desktop apps get more Web tools by Pardhu Vadlamudi at *Info World*. 1996-12-16.

## External links

* Backstage Manager by Dennis Hamilton, *Web Publishing: Professional Reference Edition*, ch.13. (1997)
* Macromedia Backstage Manager at the Adobe Wiki
Chicago

The **City of Chicago**, also known as **Chi-Town**, is a major municipal area in Northern Illinois that is home to many technology companies, such as the Braintree and formerly, MacroMind.

## Statistics

As of 2019, Chicago is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and the 3rd most populous city in the United States.

## MacroMind in Chicago

On April 16, 1984, MacroMind was first registered as operating out of a small office on 1028 West Wolfram Street in the Lakeview East neighborhood of Chicago. Co-founder Marc Canter stated that what became MacroMind actually started in the living room of his parents' home in Chicago. In 1989, MacroMind relocated to San Francisco, California, where it became Macromedia.

## References

1. ↑ QuickFacts: San Francisco County, California. US Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 5, 2019.
2. ↑ MacroMind Inc., BizStanding. 1984-04-16.
3. ↑ started in my parent's living in Chicago by Marc Canter, Twitter. 2020-07-28.
4. ↑ No Flash in the Pan: Macromedia survives a decade by reinventing itself by Benny Evangelista, *San Francisco Chronicle*. 2002-05-05.

## External links

* City of Chicago official website
	+ Lakeview community map (PDF)
* Early Chicago at the Chicago History Community
* Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
* Chicago at Wikipedia
Aldus FreeHand 1

**Aldus FreeHand 1.0** is the first major release of FreeHand that was marketed by Aldus Corporation.

## Product history

FreeHand was originally developed by Altsys Corporation from Fontographer's graphics engine as **Masterpiece**. It was licensed to Aldus in the fall of 1987, with Altsys retaining development rights.

## References

1. ↑ The key role of Fontographer in the font revolution by David Bergsland, *Fontographer: Practical Font Design for Graphic Designers*. Radiqx Press. 2011-09.
2. ↑ Aldus Licenses Altsys' Mac Graphics Program, *InfoWorld* p.65. 1987-09-21.
3. ↑ Aldus to Add Products, Enhance Pagemaker, *InfoWorld* p.125. 1987-10-26.

## External links

* Aldus FreeHand 1 by Ian Kelleigh at The FreeHand Source (archived 2004-12-11)
* Aldus FreeHand 1 at the Adobe Wiki
Macromedia Contribute 2

**Macromedia Contribute 2** is the second major version of Contribute, released by Macromedia in summer 2003. It was later bundled with Macromedia FlashPaper.

## Compatibility

Version 2 was the first to add support for Mac OS X; version 1 supported Windows only.

## Legacy activation

Adobe Systems, which acquired Macromedia in December 2005, disabled the activation server for legacy Macromedia products on December 15, 2012. Users who wish to activate Contribute 2 after this date will need to follow this procedure.

## References

1. ↑ Macromedia Contribute 2 product overview, Macromedia. 2003-08-12.
2. ↑ Contribute (2): System Requirements, Macromedia. Archvied 2003-07-31.
3. ↑ Macromedia Contribute: System Requirements, Macromedia. Archvied 2002-11-14.
4. ↑ Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia, Adobe Systems. 2005-12-05. Archived 2005-12-07.
5. ↑ Activation error | Macromedia branded products, Adobe Systems. Archived 2013-10-10.

## External links

* Macromedia Contribute 2 at Macromedia (archived 2003-06-02, 2004-07-18)
* Macromedia Contribute 2 at the Adobe Wiki
Floppy disk

**Floppy disks** or **diskettes** are a removable storage medium in which data is recorded onto a flexible magnetic surface.

Early MacroMind and Macromedia software were delivered on floppies, favoring the 3½-inch version developed by Sony and first adopted by Apple Computer's early Macintosh line. As CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs became more popular physical media formats, Sony ended production of 3½" floppy disks in April 2010.

## References

1. ↑ The floppy disk is dead (and Apple helped kill it) by Michael Grothaus, EnGadget. 2010-04-28.

## External links

* Floppy disk at the Apple Wiki
* Floppy disk at Wikipedia
Allaire Cold Fusion 1

**Allaire Cold Fusion 1.0** is the first version of the ColdFusion web application development platform, released in July 1995 by Allaire Corporation.

## Version 1.5

Released in February 1996, Cold Fusion 1.5 was advertised as being a major step forward in flexibility and scaleability, with the ability to add functionality through the use of "Cold Fusion Fuel Packs".

## References

1. ↑ Allaire Corp Form '10-K405' for 12/31/1998, SEC Info. 1998-12-31.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 ColdFusion Versions, CFDocs. Accessed 2019-10-27.
3. ↑ Colf Fusion Version 1.5 Features, Allaire. Archived 1996-10-19.

## External links

* Cold Fusion Version 1.5 at Allaire (archived 1996-10-19)
	+ Cold Fusion Fuel Packs (archived 1996-10-19)
* Allaire Cold Fusion 1 at the Adobe Wiki
Macromedia Authorware 2

**Macromedia Authorware 2** is the second major version of Authorware, released in 1993. It was the first cross-platform version released simultaneously for Macintosh and Windows. It was also the first version to be released after the merger of Authorware Inc. with MacroMind-Paracomp in 1992, forming Macromedia.

## Editions

* **Macromedia Authorware Professional 2.0**, for commercial use.
* **Macromedia Authorware Academic**, a non-commercial release of Authorware Star 2.2 for the education market.

## References

1. ↑ An Overview of Authorware 7 — and Its Evolution by Joseph Ganci, *The eLearning Developer's Journal*, p.3-4. 2003-09-22.
2. ↑ *Learning Authorware 2 : an introduction to interactive multimedia with Authorware Professional* (Windows or Macintosh) by P. Newhouse and R. Oliver, Napier. 1994. ISBN: 1863830243.
3. ↑ A Multimedia Authoring System for Crafting Topic Hierarchy, Learning Strategies, and Intelligent Models (PDF) by Wing-Kwong Wong and Tak-Wai Chan, *International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (1997)*, 8, p.72-77.
4. ↑ Authorware Academic: Windows Version by Macromedia Inc., Amazon UK. 1994-10-01.
5. ↑ Authorware Academic Macintosh by Macromedia Inc., Amazon. 1994-10-01.

## External links

* Authorware 2.0 migration to 7.01 at Adobe Support Community (2007-12-19, archived 2019-10-31)
* Authorware Flash Conversion / Re-Host at inXsol
* macromedia.authorware at Google Groups
* Macromedia Authorware 2 at the Adobe Wiki
DVD-ROM

**DVD-ROM** (an acronym for **Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory**) is an optical media format that was popular in the early 2000s, superseding the CD-ROM format.

## Specifications

The standard data rate of a video DVD is 1,353 KB per second, about nine times that of a standard CD at 1x speed. DVDs can also be double-layered and/or double-sided to further increase capacity.

## History

DVD-ROM became the default method of installing Adobe Creative Suite 3, which incorporated Dreamweaver, Fireworks, and Flash after Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in December 2005. Adobe has since phased out using physical media in favor of applications downloaded directly through Adobe Creative Cloud.

## References

1. ↑ DVD Book A: Physical parameters. Mpeg.org. Retrieved on 2009-08-22.
2. ↑ AVOS Companies – OSFAL Group. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008.
3. ↑ Taylor, Jim. DVD Demystifed FAQ. Dvddemystified.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved on 2009-08-22.
4. ↑ DVD-14. AfterDawn Ltd.. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
5. ↑ System requirements | Master Collection, Adobe Systems. 2016-12-01.
6. ↑ Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia, Adobe Systems. 2005-12-05. Archived 2005-12-07.
7. ↑ Confused About the Adobe Creative Cloud? Maybe This Will Help by Nicole S. Young, Photofocus. 2015-05-12.

## External links

* DVD-ROM at the Adobe Wiki
* DVD-ROM at the Apple Wiki
* DVD and DVD-ROM at Wikipedia
Macromedia ColdFusion

Genre

**Macromedia ColdFusion** (now called **Adobe ColdFusion**) is a commercial rapid web-application development platform created by Joseph J. Allaire in 1995. (The programming language used with that platform is also commonly called ColdFusion, though is more accurately known as CFML.) ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database. By version 2 (1996), it became a full platform that included an integrated development environment (IDE) in addition to a full scripting language.

## History

Cold Fusion was originally released by Allaire Corporation in 1995. After acquiring Allaire in 2001, Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in December 2005.

## References

	* Wallack, Todd (January 23, 1999). Allaire sees stellar market debut. *Boston Herald*. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved on 2015-11-02.
	* Metz, Cade (October 9, 2014). Beef up your browser. *PC Mag*. Retrieved on 2015-11-02.
	* Auerbach, Jon (January 30, 1998). Massachusetts Rises Despite Passing of High-Tech Giants. *Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved on 2015-11-02.
	* Hilwa, Al (January 2015). Turning Up the Heat on Mobile Application Development with ColdFusion 11. *IDC White Paper*. Retrieved on 2015-11-02.
2. ↑ Allaire Corp Form '10-K405' for 12/31/1998, SEC Info. 1998-12-31.
3. ↑ Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia, Adobe Systems. 2005-12-05. Archived 2005-12-07.

## External links

* ColdFusion Home at Adobe
	+ ColdFusion Family
* ColdFusion 5 at Macromedia (archived 2001-05-02)
* ColdFusion 1.5 at Allaire (archived 1996-10-19)
* CFDocs UltraFast CFML Documentation Reference
	+ ColdFusion Versions
* Adobe ColdFusion at the Adobe Wiki
* Adobe ColdFusion at Wikipedia
MacroMind FireWorks

**MacroMind FireWorks** was a post-production module from MacroMind Three-D, an early 3D animation and rendering animation package that was released by MacroMind in 1991.

## Product history

Originally named **MacroMind ImageWorks** during development, it could be used to composite individual frames generated by MacroMind Three-D's RenderWorks module with additional effects into PICT sequences or PICS files. Macromind Three-D was succeeded by Macromedia Extreme 3D in 1996.

The name would be revived in 1998 with Macromedia Fireworks, a more sophisticated graphics editor with support for web features.

## References

1. ↑ 2D & 3D Animation: MacroMind 3D (Mac), University of Macedonia (Greek). 2007-02-15.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 MacroMind Three-D does animation and rendering by Doug and Denise Green, *InfoWorld*. 1991-07-15.
3. ↑ Macromind Three-D animation, rendering, and video production software (developer version), The Internet Archive. 2017-09-11.
4. ↑ MacroModel weds Three-D, lives happily ever after, *Macworld*, vol.13, p.60. 1996.
5. ↑ Fireworks Download Free try and buy trial version, Macromedia. Archived 1998-06-12.

## External links

* MacroMind Three-D Demo by ねこのこね! at Nifty Cocolog (2012-03-20)
* MacroMind FireWorks at the Adobe Wiki
Macromedia Authorware 6

**Macromedia Authorware 6** is the sixth major version of Authorware, released by Macromedia solely for Windows on September 18, 2001. It was also packaged with Macromedia eLearning Studio and the first release of eLearning Suite.

## Version 6.5

Authorware 6.5 was released in September 2002.

## References

1. ↑ An Overview of Authorware 7 — and Its Evolution by Joseph Ganci, *The eLearning Developer's Journal*, p.6-7. 2003-09-22.
2. ↑ Macromedia Authorware 6 and eLearning Studio now available, Macromedia. 2001-09-18. Archived 2001-09-20.
3. ↑ Macromedia introduces Authorware 6.5, Macromedia. 2002-09-05. Archived 2002-09-07.

## External links

* Authorware 6/ 6.5 at Macromedia (archived 2001-11-08 / 2002-09-07)
	+ Authorware 6.5 Upgrade Guide (archived 2002-10-02)
* Authorware 6.5 Release Notes at Adobe
* Macromedia Authorware 6 at the Adobe Wiki
Elemental Software

**Elemental Software** was a software developer in Carlsbad, California that had originally created Drumbeat 2000 before being acquired by Macromedia.

## History

Elemental Software was co-founded by Peter S. Hirshberg in 1996 and released Drumbeat 1.0 in 1997. Early investors included Microsoft and financier George Soros. Drumbeat 2.0 shipped on June 2, 1998. Drumbeat 2000 shipped in March 1999, followed by eStore Builder for Drumbeat 2000 to support the growing market of internet retailers.

On July 6, 1999, Elemental entered into an agreement to be acquired by Macromedia within 45 days in exchange for 625,000 shares of Macromedia stock worth approximately US$24 million. The acquisition was completed on October 4, 1999.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Elemental Software Ships Drumbeat 2000, *Information Today* vol.16, no.3. 1999-03.
2. ↑ Microsoft Among Investors in Elemental by Reuters, *Los Angeles Times*. 1997-12-10.
3. ↑ Elemental Software ships Drumbeat 2.0, MacTech. 1998-06-02.
4. ↑ E-Commerce, No Coding by Gary Gunnerson, *PC Magazine*. 1999-07.
5. ↑ Macromedia - Drumbeat FAQ, *Information Today* vol.16, no.3. 1999-03.
6. ↑ Macromedia buys Elemental Software, CNET. 2002-01-02.
7. ↑ Macromedia completes acquisition of Elemental Software, Macromedia. 1999-10-04. Archived 2000-06-03.

## External links

* Elemental Software corporate overview (archived 1998-12-05)
* Elemental Software (acquired) at PitchBook
* Elemental Software at the Adobe Wiki

### Articles

* E-Commerce, No Coding by Gary Gunnerson at *PC Magazine* (1999-07)
* Web development market consolidates as it matures by Dana Gardner at *InfoWorld* (1999-07-19)
John Henry Thompson

**John Henry Michael Thompson** (born June 15, 1959), known among his peers as "**J.T.**", is a Jamaican-American software engineer that was the chief scientist of MacroMind and its successor, Macromedia.

## Early life and education

Thompson was born to Jamaican laborers who frequently moved between cities for work. He credits his mother who "encouraged me to excel in school and taught me that education is a stepping-stone to financial and creative independence."

Thompson earned a degree in Computer Science and Visual Studies from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983.  His younger brother Jervis W. Thompson also pursued computer science and excelled as a student.

## Career

In 1984, Thompson joined LucasFilm's Droid Works, where he worked on EditDroid, a pioneering non-linear editing system.

### MacroMind and Macromedia

Thompson and Erik Neumann are credited with creating the Lingo programming language that was used by Macromedia Director. Thompson's other projects included MacroMind VideoWorks II, VideoWorks Accelerator,  MediaMaker, and Action!.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 An Unofficial Brief History of Director by Luke Wigley, Lingo Workshop. 2017-01-27.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 John Henry Thompson – invented lingo programming used in Macromedia Director and Shockwave – African American History Month 2015, Adafruit. 2015-02-26.
3. ↑ Gift of Love by Liz Karagianis, MIT Spectrum. Fall 2001.
4. ↑ DaLingoKid by Jervis W. Thompson, Jervo. Accessed 2020-12-17.
5. ↑ An homage to John Henry Thompson, creator of the Lingo programming language and the interactive CD-ROM boom of the nineties by Joey deVilla, Global Nerdy. 2020-06-02.

## External links

* John Henry Thompson official website
	+ JHT home personal website
* John Henry Thompson at YouTube
* John Henry Thompson by Earl Banton at Pioneers of Computing
* John Henry Thompson at Famous Black Inventors
* John Henry Thompson at Black in History (2013-04-18)
* John Thompson at the IEEE Global History Network (archived 2012-04-26)
* John Thompson at the Engineering and Technology History Wiki
* John Henry Thompson at the Adobe Wiki
* John Thompson (inventor) at Wikipedia
ActionScript 1

**ActionScript 1.0** is the first major release of the ActionScript object-oriented programming language from Macromedia. It was introduced in Macromedia Flash Player 5, with influences from JavaScript and ECMA-262, 3rd edition.

## Product history

Macromedia Flash Player 2 was the first Flash playback engine to contain any kind of rudimentary scripting support. Basic actions included gotoAndPlay, gotoAndStop, nextFrame and nextScene for timeline control. Flash Player 3 expanded basic scripting support with the ability to load external SWF files (loadMovie). Flash Player 4 was the first version to contain a full scripting implementation, then called *Actions*. The scripting was a flash-based syntax and contained support for loops, conditionals, variables and other basic language constructs.

Macromedia Flash Player 5 included ActionScript 1.0, which used prototype-based programming based on ECMAScript, and allowed full procedural programming and object-oriented programming for design-based development. Flash Player 6 (MX) added an event handling model, accessibility controls and support for switch. The first version with support for the AMF and RTMP protocols which allowed for on demand audio/video streaming.

Macromedia Flash Player 7 (MX 2004) introduced support for ActionScript 2.0.

## References

1. ↑ Standard ECMA-262. Ecma-international.org. Retrieved on April 22, 2013.

## External links

* Flash 5 Action Script Reference at Macromedia (archived 2000-10-19)
	+ ActionScript Dictionary (archived 2002-10-15)
		- Flash 5 ActionScript Dictionary (archived 2002-10-04)
		- Flash MX ActionScript Dictionary (archived 2003-04-01)
	+ Using ActionScript (archived 2001-10-23)
	+ Flash MX Application Development Center (archived 2002-06-01)
		- Macromedia Flash MX documentation (archived 2002-04-08)
* ActionScript Technology Center at Adobe
	+ ActionScript 2.0 Language Reference (archived 2008-12-18)
	+ Flash Player Developer Center
* ActionScript 1 at the Adobe Wiki
Adobe Bundles

**Adobe Bundles** may refer to one of the following software suites that were marketed by Adobe Systems after its acquisition of Macromedia in December 2005:

## Bundles

The packages combined applications from Adobe Creative Suite 2 Premium and Creative Suite Production Studio Premium with those from Macromedia Studio 8.

Adobe Design BundleAdobe Video BundleAdobe Web Bundle
## References

1. ↑ Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia, Adobe Systems. 2005-12-05. Archived 2005-12-07.
2. ↑ Adobe Bundles datasheet (PDF), Adobe Systems. 2005-11-17.

## External links

* Adobe Bundles at Adobe (archived 2006-01-18)
	+ Adobe Design Bundle (archived 2005-12-07)
	+ Adobe Video Bundle (archived 2006-01-18)
	+ Adobe Web Bundle (archived 2005-12-07)
* Adobe Bundles at the Adobe Wiki

**This is a disambiguation page for Adobe Bundles**

Please follow one of the links or search if the page you're looking for is not listed. If an internal link redirected you here, you may wish to change it to point directly to the intended page.
Aldus FreeHand 3

**Aldus FreeHand 3.0** is the third major release of FreeHand developed by Altsys Corporation and released in 1991 by Aldus for Macintosh and Windows. It is cross-compatible with Virtuoso 1.0 for NeXTSTEP.

## New features

FreeHand 3.0 updated the user interface with resizable palettes and added support for compound paths. Text could also be converted to paths.

FreeHand 3.1 was released in October 1991 to add support for Macintosh System 7 and pressure-sensitive drawing.

### Optional features

Users of FreeHand 3.x could install EPS Exchange, an optional plug-in from Altsys that provides access to Adobe Illustrator 88 and Illustrator 3.0 file formats.

## References

1. ↑ Altsys Virtuoso for NeXTSTEP Now Available, Altsys Corporation. 1992-10-29.
2. ↑ Mac Bulletin: FreeHand and Illustrator Talk, *Macworld*. 1991-08.
3. ↑ Tech Talk: FreeHand Opens Illustrator Drawings by Barry Zuber, *Upper and Lower Case The International Journal of Type and Graphic Design*, International Typeface Corporation, vol.19, no.1, p.41. Spring 1992.
Rick Fury

**Rick Fury** was Kei’s partner of four years before he was killed.

## Appearance

Rick had short brown hair, elongated sideburns, green eyes, and has a lower horizontal scar running across the lower part of his nose. He dressed in a dark brown suit with an olive green tie and shoes.

## Personality

Not much is known about Rick’s personality, but contrary to his partner’s Kei’s impulsivity, he maintained a calm demeanor.
Hayden Software

**Hayden Software** was a software publisher that was spun off as a subsidiary of Hayden Books in 1981. It operated out of the historic Wannalancit Mills building in Lowell, Massachusetts.

The company focused on software for Apple Computer and was the first publisher of programs developed by MacroMind, the predecessor of Macromedia.

## Macintosh products

* Da Vinci Interiors
* Hayden: Pranks
* Hayden: Speller (1984)
* Maclopedia
* MasterPieces (1984)
* MacroMind ArtGrabber with Body Shop (1985)
* MacroMind MusicWorks (October 1984)
* MacroMind Utility Disk (1986)
* MacroMind VideoWorks (June 1985)
* Sargon III (1984)
* Turbo Turtle (1985)
* Word Challenge II (1984)

## References

1. ↑ Hayden Strikes Mac Gold by Marguerite Zientara, *InfoWorld*. 1985-03-04.
2. ↑ Hayden Software Co., Inc. | Trivia by Xoleras, MobyGames. 2009-04-24.
3. ↑ Peripherals; Portable screen for Apple by Peter H. Lewis, *The New York Times*. 1985-02-19.

## External links

* Hayden Software at Datorföreningen Lysator
* Hayden Software at Giant Bomb
* Hayden Software Co., Inc. at MobyGames
* Hayden Software at the Adobe Wiki
Jamie Fenton

**Jamie Faye Fenton** (born **Jay Fenton** in 1964) is one of the co-founders of MacroMind, the predecessor of Macromedia, which was acquired by Adobe Systems in December 2005. Fenton was part of the original team behind MacroMind VideoWorks, which evolved into Macromedia Director.

Fenton gained early acclaim in 1981 as the creator of *Gorf*. The MacroMind company was named after one of the characters in *Gorf*. She was drawn to computer technology while in school because its highly predictable nature appealed to her and provided a haven from being bullied by other students. Jamie transitioned from male to female around 1998 and has been active in the transgender community.

## References

1. ↑ Marc Canter's Work and Careers by Chris Jacques, *Intro. to Multimedia*. Archived 2006-04-23.
2. ↑ Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia, Adobe Systems. 2005-12-05. Archived 2005-12-07.
3. ↑ An Unofficial Brief History of Director by Luke Wigley, Lingo Workshop. 2017-01-27.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Secrets of Ms. Gorf by Annalee Newitz, *Metro Silicon Valley*. 2001.
5. ↑ Gorf Classic, *Classic Videogame Hardware Genius Guide*. 2011.
6. ↑ *The Birth of MacroMind* by Marc Canter, p.63. Festival Ars Electronica. 2003-08.

## External links

* Jamie Fenton at Fentonia
* Jay Fenton at the Internet Movie Database
* Jamie Faye Fenton at MobyGames
* Jamie Faye Fenton at Twitter
* Jamie Fenton at YouTube
* Jamie Fenton at the Adobe Wiki
* Jamie Fenton at the Engineering and Technology Wiki
* Jamie Fenton at Wikipedia
1995

* **January 23:** The acquisition of Altsys Corporation by Macromedia is completed. Altsys founder James Von Ehr becomes vice president of Macromedia's Digital Arts Group.
* **August 1:** Macromedia ships Authorware 3.0 with a complimentary suite of Director Multimedia Studio.
* **August 30:** Macromedia acquires Fauve Software, the developers of xRes.
* **October:** Macromedia licenses Java from Sun Microsystems.
* **October 30-November 1:** The 6th annual Macromedia User Conference is held in San Francisco.
* **December 2:** Macromedia completes its acquisition of OSC, the developers of Deck II.

## External links

* Press Releases for 1995 at Macromedia (archived 1999-10-05)
2-bit

**2-bit** refers to **two** binary (0 or 1) units of integer data. This allows for up to 4 combinations of values, typically from 0 to 3.

* 2-bit color allows for up to 4 grays, or 4 colors assigned by a color lookup table (CLUT). This is also referred to as the CGA standard by PC users.
* 2-bit sound allows for a range of up to 4 values (−2 to +1) per sample (Hertz), though at the expense of introducing more quantization noise.

## References

1. ↑ What you think you know about bit-depth is probably wrong by Robert Triggs, Sound Guys. 2019-07-16.

## External links

* 2-bit at the Apple Wiki
* 2-bit computing at Wikipedia
Macromedia Contribute Publishing Server

**Macromedia Contribute Publishing Server** (CPS) is a lightweight server component that was offered as an option to enterprise users of Contribute 3 to enable central management of users and site connections while tracking site-wide publishing activities.

## Product history

The server software was originally released in July 2004 as **Contribute Publishing Services**, a key component of the Macromedia Web Publishing System bundle.

In November 2004 it was updated to version 1.11 and renamed **Contribute Publishing Server**, with support for Contribute 3 and well as Dreamweaver 8 users.

After Adobe Systems' acquisition of Macromedia in December 2005, CPS was no longer updated past version 1.11, but remained available as a server option that was compatible with Adobe Contribute 4, CS3, and CS4.

## References

1. ↑ Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia, Adobe Systems. 2005-12-05. Archived 2005-12-07.
2. ↑ Adobe Contribute 4, Adobe. Archived 2006-10-13.
3. ↑ Contribute Publishing Server (CS3), Adobe Systems. Archived 2007-04-30.
4. ↑ Adobe Contribute Publishing Server (CS4), Adobe Systems. Archived 2008-10-06.

## External links

* Macromedia Web Publishing System at Macromedia (archived 2004-07-19)
	+ Contribute Publishing Services (archived 2004-07-22)
	+ Contribute Publishing Server (1.11) (archived 2005-11-03)
* Contribute Publishing Server (1.11) at Adobe (archived 2006-05-02, 2007-04-30)
	+ Adobe Contribute Publishing Server (archived 2008-10-06)
* Adobe Contribute Publishing Server at the Adobe Wiki