Charles Bronson

**Charles Bronson** (born **Charles Dennis Buchinsky**; Lithuanian: *Karolis Dionyzas Bučinskis*; November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was often cast in the role of a police officer, gunfighter, or vigilante in revenge-oriented plot lines, had long-term collaborations with film directors Michael Winner and J. Lee Thompson, and appeared in fifteen films with his second wife Jill Ireland. After the end of World War II, Bronson worked at many odd jobs until joining a theatrical group in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He later shared an apartment in New York City with Jack Klugman while both were aspiring to play on the stage. In 1950, he married and moved to Hollywood, where he enrolled in acting classes and began to find small roles.[*citation needed*]

Bronson's first film role — an uncredited one — was as a sailor in *You're in the Navy Now* in 1951, directed by Henry Hathaway. Other early screen appearances were in *The Mob* (1951); *The People Against O'Hara* (1951), directed by John Sturges; *Bloodhounds of Broadway* (1952); *Battle Zone* (1952); *Pat and Mike* (1952), as a boxer and mob enforcer; *Diplomatic Courier* (1952), another for Hathaway; *My Six Convicts* (1952); *The Marrying Kind* (1952); and *Red Skies of Montana* (1952).

In 1952, Bronson boxed in a ring with Roy Rogers in Rogers' show *Knockout*. He appeared on an episode of *The Red Skelton Show* as a boxer in a skit with Skelton playing "Cauliflower McPugg". He appeared with fellow guest star Lee Marvin in an episode of *Biff Baker, U.S.A.*, an espionage series on CBS starring Alan Hale, Jr.

He had small roles in *Miss Sadie Thompson* (1953); *House of Wax* (1953), directed by Andre DeToth; *The Clown* (1953); *Torpedo Alley* (1953); and *Riding Shotgun*, starring Randolph Scott, directed by DeToth again.

Bronson had a notable support part as an Indian in *Apache* (1954) for director Robert Aldrich who then used him again in *Vera Cruz* (1954). Bronson then made a strong impact as the main villain in the Alan Ladd western *Drum Beat* as a murderous Modoc warrior, Captain Jack (based on a real person), who relishes wearing the tunics of soldiers he has killed.

He had roles in *Tennessee Champ* (1954) for MGM, and *Crime Wave* (1954) directed by de Toth.

In 1954, during the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) proceedings, he changed his surname from Buchinsky to Bronson at the suggestion of his agent, who feared that an Eastern European surname might damage his career.[17]

As "Charles Bronson", he could be seen in *Target Zero* (1955), *Big House, U.S.A.* (1955), and *Jubal* (1956).

Bronson had the lead role of the episode "The Apache Kid" of the syndicated crime drama *Sheriff of Cochise*, starring John Bromfield; Bronson was subsequently cast twice in 1959 after the series was renamed *U.S. Marshal*.[18]

He guest-starred in the short-lived CBS situation comedy, *Hey, Jeannie!* and in three episodes of *Alfred Hitchcock Presents*: "And So Died Riabouchinska" (1956), "There Was an Old Woman" (1956), and "The Woman Who Wanted to Live" (1962).

In 1957, Bronson was cast in the Western series *Colt .45* as an outlaw named Danny Arnold in the episode "Young Gun".[19] He had a support role in Sam Fuller's *Run of the Arrow* (1957).

Bronson scored the lead in his own ABC's detective series *Man with a Camera* (1958–1960), in which he portrayed Mike Kovac, a former combat photographer freelancing in New York City.[20]

He was cast in leading man roles in some low budget films, notably, *Machine-Gun Kelly* (1958), a biopic of a real life gangster directed by Roger Corman. He also starred in *Gang War* (1958), *When Hell Broke Loose* (1958), and *Showdown at Boot Hill* (1959).

On television, he played Steve Ogrodowski, a naval intelligence officer, in two episodes of the CBS military sitcom/drama, *Hennesey*, starring Jackie Cooper, and he played Rogue Donovan, an escaped murderer in *Yancy Derringer* (episode: "Hell and High Water"). Bronson starred alongside Elizabeth Montgomery in a *Twilight Zone*episode ("Two"; 1961). He appeared in five episodes of Richard Boone's *Have Gun – Will Travel* (1957–63).

Bronson had a support role in an expensive war film, *Never So Few* (1959), directed by John Sturges. Bronson was cast in the 1960 episode "Zigzag" of *Riverboat*, starring Darren McGavin.[21] That same year, he was cast as "Dutch Malkin" in the 1960 episode "The Generous Politician" of *The Islanders*.

In 1960, he garnered attention in John Sturges' *The Magnificent Seven*, in which he was cast as one of seven gunfighters taking up the cause of the defenseless. During filming, Bronson was a loner who kept to himself, according to Eli Wallach.[22]He received $50,000 for this role.[23] This role made him a favorite actor of many in the former Soviet Union, such as Vladimir Vysotsky.[24][25]

AIP put Bronson in the romantic lead of *Master of the World* (1961), supporting Vincent Price. He had a support role in MGM's *A Thunder of Drums* (1961) but a bigger part in *X-15* (1961).

In 1961, Bronson was nominated for an Emmy Award for his supporting role in an episode entitled "Memory in White" of CBS's *General Electric Theater*, hosted by Ronald Reagan. In 1962, he appeared alongside Elvis Presley in *Kid Galahad*. In 1963, he co-starred in the series *Empire*.[26]

Sturges cast Bronson for another Hollywood production, *The Great Escape* (1963), as claustrophobic Polish prisoner of warFlight Lieutenant Danny Velinski, nicknamed "The Tunnel King" (coincidentally, Bronson was really claustrophobic because of his childhood work in a mine). The film was a huge hit and Bronson had one of the leads, but he still found himself playing a villain in *4 for Texas* (1963) for Robert Aldrich.

During the 1963–64 television season Bronson portrayed Linc, the stubborn wagonmaster in the ABC western series, *The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters*.

Bronson had the lead in *Guns of Diablo* (1965), a Western. In the 1965–1966 season, he guest-starred in an episode of *The Legend of Jesse James*. In 1965, Bronson was cast as Velasquez, a demolitions expert, in the third season episode "Heritage" on ABC's WW II drama *Combat!*.

He had a relatively minor role in *Battle of the Bulge* (1965) and was billed fourth in MGM's *The Sandpiper* (1966), which the popularity of stars Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor propelled to a big success. He was billed third in *This Property Is Condemned* (1966).

In 1967, he guest-starred as Ralph Schuyler, an undercover government agent in the episode "The One That Got Away" on ABC's *The Fugitive*.[17]

That year Aldrich gave Bronson an excellent role in *The Dirty Dozen* (1967), where he played an Army death row convict conscripted into a suicide mission. It was a massive box office success but Bronson was only the third lead. He seemed unable to make the transition to star of major studio films in Hollywood. In *Villa Rides*(1968) he supported Robert Mitchum and Yul Brynner, playing the real-life Rodolfo Fierro.

Bronson made a serious name for himself in European films. He was making *Villa Rides* when approached by the producers of a French film *Adieu l'ami* looking for an American co-star for Alain Delon. Bronson's agent Paul Kohner later recalled the producer pitched the actor "on the fact that in the American film industry all the money, all the publicity, goes to the pretty boy hero types. In Europe... the public is attracted by character, not face."[27]

The film was a big success in Europe. Even more popular was *Once Upon a Time in the West* (1968) where Bronson played Harmonica. The director, Sergio Leone, once called him "the greatest actor I ever worked with",[28] and had wanted to cast Bronson for the lead in 1964's *A Fistful of Dollars*. Bronson turned him down and the role launched Clint Eastwood to film stardom.[29][30] The film was the biggest hit of 1969 in France.[31]

Bronson appeared in a French action film, *Guns for San Sebastian* (1968) alongside Anthony Quinn. In Britain, he was cast in the lead of *Lola* (1969), playing a middle-aged man in love with a 16-year-old girl. He then made a buddy comedy with Tony Curtis in Turkey, *You Can't Win 'Em All* (1970).

Bronson then played the lead in a French thriller, *Rider on the Rain* (1970) which was a big hit in France. It won a Hollywood Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film.[*citation needed*]

Bronson starred in some French-Italian action films, *Violent City* (1970) and *Cold Sweat* (1970), the latter directed by Terence Young. He was in a French thriller, *Someone Behind the Door* (1971) alongside Anthony Perkins, then starred in another directed by Young, the French-Spanish-Italian Western, *Red Sun* (1971). *The Valachi Papers* (1972) was a third with Young; Bronson played Joseph Valachi.

That year, this overseas fame earned him a special Golden Globe Henrietta Award for "World Film Favorite - Male" together with Sean Connery.

In 1972 Bronson began a string of successful action films for United Artists, beginning with *Chato's Land* (1972), although he had done several films for UA before this in the 1960s (*The Magnificent Seven*, etc.).

*Chato's Land* was the first film Bronson made with director Michael Winner. Winner was reunited with Bronson in *The Mechanic* (1972) and *The Stone Killer* (1973). Bronson worked with Sturges on *Chino* (1973), then did *Mr. Majestyk* (1974) with Richard Fleischer based on a book by Elmore Leonard.

One film UA brought into the domestic mainstream was *Violent City*, an Italian-made film originally released overseas in 1970, but not issued in the U.S. until 1974 under the title *The Family*.[32]

Bronson's most famous role came when he was age 52, in *Death Wish*, the most popular film with director Michael Winner.[33]He played Paul Kersey, a successful New York architect who turns into a crime-fighting vigilante after his wife is murdered and his daughter sexually assaulted. This movie spawned four sequels over the next two decades, all starring Bronson.[34]

Bronson starred in two films directed by Tom Gries: *Breakout* (1975), and *Breakheart Pass* (1975), a Western adapted from a novel by Alistair Maclean, which was a box office disappointment.[35] He also starred in the directorial debut of Walter Hill, *Hard Times* (1975), playing a Depression-era street fighter making his living in illegal bare-knuckled matches in Louisiana. He earned good reviews. Bronson reached his pinnacle in box-office drawing power in 1975, when he was ranked 4th, behind only Robert Redford, Barbra Streisand, and Al Pacino.[36]

Bronson did a Western comedy for UA, *From Noon till Three* (1976) but it was not well received. At Warner Bros he made *St. Ives* (1976), his first film with director J. Lee Thompson. He played Dan Shomron in *Raid on Entebbe* (1977), then was reunited with Thompson in *The White Buffalo* (1977), produced by Dino de Laurentiis for UA. UA also released *Telefon* (1977), directed by Don Siegel.

Bronson went on to make two films for ITC, *Love and Bullets* (1979) and *Borderline* (1980). He was reunited with Thompson on *Caboblanco* (1980), and played Albert Johnson in *Death Hunt* (1981), opposite Lee Marvin.

In the years between 1976 and 1994, Bronson commanded high salaries to star in numerous films made by smaller production companies, most notably Cannon Films, for whom some of his last films were made.[*citation needed*]

Bronson was paid $1.5 million by Cannon to star in *Death Wish II* (1982), directed by Michael Winner.[37] In the story, architect Paul Kersey (Bronson) moves to Los Angeles with his daughter. After she is murdered at the hands of several gang members, Kersey once again becomes a vigilante. The film was a big success at the box office.

Cannon Films promptly hired Bronson for *10 to Midnight* (1983), in which he played a cop chasing a serial killer. The movie marks the fourth collaboration between Bronson and director J. Lee Thompson. The supporting cast includes Lisa Eilbacher, Andrew Stevens, Gene Davis, Geoffrey Lewis, and Wilford Brimley.

ITC Entertainment hired Thompson and Bronson for *The Evil That Men Do* (1984), co-starring Theresa Saldana, and Joseph Maher. The film was adapted by David Lee Henry and John Crowther from the novel of the same name by R. Lance Hill. Bronson plays a former assassin, who comes out of retirement to avenge the death of his journalist friend.

Cannon reunited Bronson and Winner for *Death Wish 3* (1985). It is the last to be directed by Winner. Kersey returns to battle with New York street punk gangs while receiving tacit support from an NYPD lieutenant (Ed Lauter).

In *Murphy's Law* (1986), directed by Thompson, Bronson plays Jack Murphy, a hardened, antisocial LAPD detective who turns to alcohol to numb the pain of harsh reality. His ex-wife (Angel Tompkins) has become a stripper and his career is going nowhere. His world is turned upside down when an ex-convict (Carrie Snodgress) frames him for putting her in prison earlier in his career.

Bronson had a slight change of pace with a television film, *Act of Vengeance* (1986), playing real-life union worker Joseph Yablonski. It was directed by John Mackenzie. The movie is based on the book, *Act of Vengeance* by Trevor Armbrister, a story about the corruption that occurred during the United Mine Workers' presidential elections in 1969. It premiered on April 21, 1986.

More typical of this period were four Cannon action films: *Assassination* (1987) directed by Peter Hunt, and three with Thompson: *Death Wish 4: The Crackdown*(1988), *Messenger of Death* (1989) and *Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects* (1989).

Bronson's first non action film in a long time was *The Indian Runner* (1991), directed by Sean Penn. He followed this with some TV movies, *Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus* and *The Sea Wolf* (1993).

Bronson's last starring role in a theatrically released film was 1994's *Death Wish V: The Face of Death*.[17] His final films were the TV movies *Family of Cops* (1995), *Breach of Faith: A Family of Cops 2* (1997) and *Family of Cops 3* (1999).

Sergio Leone offered Bronson the part of "Man with No Name." in A Fistful of Dollars . Bronson declined, arguing that the script was bad. Bronson was again approached for a starring role in the sequel For a Few Dollars More but he passed, citing that the sequel's script was like the first film.[38] Bronson was offered both the roles of Tuco and Angel Eyes in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Bronson wanted to accept but he had to declined both, as he was in England filming The Dirty Dozen.[39] Bronson would later star in Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968).[40]

Ingmar Bergman wanted to make a film with Bronson but the actor turned him down. "Everything is weakness and sickness with Bergman," he said.[41]

He was considered for the role of Snake Plissken in *Escape from New York* (1981), but director John Carpenter thought he was too tough looking and too old for the part, and decided to cast Kurt Russell instead.

Bronson auditioned for the role of Superman for the 1978 film adaptation, but producer Ilya Salkind turned him down for being too earthy and decided to cast Christopher Reeve.[42]