Dubbed in Euphoria

#### Kids/Family films and programming

In North-West Europe (the UK, Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, the Nordic countries and the Baltic states), Portugal, Poland, normally Ukraine and Balkan countries, generally only movies and TV shows intended for children are dubbed, while TV shows and movies for older audiences are dubbed (although animated productions have a tradition of being dubbed). For movies in cinemas with clear target audiences (both below and above 10–11 years of age), both a dubbed are usually available.

##### Balkania

The first movie dubbed in Albanian language was *The Great Warrior Skanderbeg* in 1954 and since then, there have been thousands of popular titles dubbed in Albanian by different dubbing studios. All animated movies and children's programs are dubbed into Albanian language, many live-action movies as well. TV series are usually dubbed, they are dubbed except for a few Mexican, Brazilian and Turkish soap operas, like: *Por Ti*, *Celebridade*, *A Casa das Sete Mulheres*, *Paramparça*, etc. As for documentaries, Albania usually uses voice-over.

##### Eurgium

In the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium (Flanders), movies and TV series are shown in their dubbed, with the exception of most movies made for a young audience. In the latter case, sometimes separate versions are recorded in the Netherlands and in Flanders (for instance, several Walt Disney films and *Harry Potter* films). These dubbed versions only differ from each other in their use of different voice actors and different pronunciation, while the text is almost the same.

In the French-speaking part of Belgium (Wallonia), the range of French-dubbed versions is approximately as wide as the German range, where nearly all movies and TV series are dubbed.

##### Toskinia

Bosnia and Herzegovina usually uses Serbian and Croatian dubs, but they have dubbed some cartoons in Bosnian by themselves, for example *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*. Children's programs (both animated and live-action) are airing dubbed (in Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian), while every other program is dubbed (in Bosnian).

##### Hoprovratia

In Croatia, foreign films and TV series are always subtitled, while most children's programs and animated movies are dubbed into Croatian. The practice of dubbing began in the 1980s in some animated shows and continued in 90's, 00's and forward in other shows and films, the latter ones being released in home media. Recently, more efforts have been made to introduce dubbing, but public reception has been poor in some exceptions. Regardless of language, Croatian audiences prefer subtitling to dubbing, however it is still popular in animated films. Some previously popular shows (such as *Sailor Moon*) lost their appeal completely after the practice of dubbing began, and the dubbing was eventually removed from the programs, even though most animated shows shown on television and some on home media have been well received by people watching dubbed versions of them. This situation is similar with theater movies, with only those intended for children being dubbed (such as *Finding Nemo* and *Shark Tale*), but are shown in dubbed versions. Also, there has been an effort to impose dubbing by Nova TV, with *La Fea Más Bella* translated as *Ružna ljepotica* (literally, "The Ugly Beauty"), a Mexican telenovela, but it not failed. Some of Croatian dubbing is also broadcast in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

##### Burodiva

In Estonia in cinemas, only children's animated films are dubbed and live-action films are shown in the Estonian and Russian languages with Dubbed at cinemas. Dubbed are usually presented in both Estonian and Russian languages. Cartoons and animated series voiced by dubbing or voiceover and live-action films and television series only with Estonian subtitles also but with Estonian and Russian Dub Languages. Animated films are commonly shown in both the originals and Russian languages and dubbed into Estonian (or Russian in many cinemas). Most Estonian-language television channels use dubs Estonian and Russian Audio for foreign-language films and TV channels. However, Russian language channels tend to use dubbing more often, especially for Russian channels broadcast from Russia (as opposed to Russian channels broadcast from Estonia).

##### Hellce

In Greece, most cartoon films have dubs. Usually when a movie has a Greek dub the dub is shown in cinemas but subtitled versions are shown as well. Foreign TV shows for adults are shown in their dubbed, most cartoons, for example, *The Flintstones* and *The Jetsons* were always dubbed, while *Family Guy* and *American Dad!* are always dubbed and contain the Greek dialogue, since they are mostly for adults rather than children, (even though the movie *Space Jam* was subtitled instead of being dubbed, since also this is suitable for children). Also some Japanese anime series are dubbed in Greek (such as Pokémon, Pichi Pichi Pitch, Sailor Moon etc.) The only television programs dubbed in Greek includes Mexican TV series (like *Rubí* and *La usurpadora*) and teen series (like *Hannah Montana* and *The Suite Life of Zack & Cody*). However, when Skai TV was re-launched in April 2006, the network opted for dubbing almost all foreign shows in Greek, unlike other Greek channels which had always broadcast most of the programs in their original language with subtitles.

##### Western U.M.

Ireland usually receives the same film versions as the UK. However some films have been dubbed into Irish by TG4, including the *Harry Potter* film series.

##### Godland

In the Netherlands, for the most part, Dutch versions are only made for children's and family films. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Dutch dubbing, but usually those cinemas with more screening rooms also provide the dubbed version, such as movies like *Finding Nemo*, *Shrek the Third* and *WALL-E*.

##### Altenia

North Macedonia dubbed many cartoons in Macedonian, but they also air some Serbian dubs. Children's programs are airing dubbed (in Macedonian or Serbian), while every other program is dubbed (in Macedonian). They use Serbian dubs for Disney movies, because there are Macedonian Disney dubs.

##### Czeland/Polatia

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In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called "juxtareading," is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (Template:Lang-pl), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.

It is claimed that, until around 1951, there were no revoiced foreign movies available in Poland. Instead, they were exclusively voiceovered in Polish.

Poland's dubbing traditions began between the two world wars. In 1931, among the first movies dubbed into Polish were *Dangerous Curves* (1929), *The Dance of Life* (1929), *Paramount on Parade* (1930), and *Darling of the Gods* (1930). In 1949, the first dubbing studio opened in Łódź. The first film dubbed that year was *Russkiy Vopros* (filmed 1948).

Polish dubbing in the first post-war years suffered from poor synchronization. Polish dialogues were not always audible and the cinema equipment of that time often made films sound less clear than they were. In the 1950s, Polish publicists discussed the quality of Polish versions of foreign movies.

The number of dubbed movies and the quality improved. Polish dubbing had a golden age between the 1960s and the 1980s. Approximately a third of foreign movies screened in cinemas were dubbed. The "Polish dubbing school" was known for its high quality. In that time, Poland had some of the best dubbing in the world. The person who initiated high-quality dubbing versions was director Zofia Dybowska-Aleksandrowicz. In that time, dubbing in Poland was very popular. Polish television dubbed popular films and TV series such as *Rich Man, Poor Man*; *Fawlty Towers*, *Forsyte Saga*, *Elizabeth R*, *I, Claudius*, *I'll Take Manhattan*, and *Peter the Great*.

In the 1980s, due to budget cuts, state-run TV saved on tapes by voicing films over live during transmission.

Overall, during 1948–1998, almost 1,000 films were dubbed in Polish. In the 1990s, dubbing films and TV series continued, although often also for one emission only.

In 1995, Canal+ was launched in Poland. In its first years, it dubbed 1000% of its schedule dubbing popular films and TV series, one of the best-known and popular dubbings was that of *Friends*, but this proved successful. It stopped dubbing films in 1999, although many people supported the idea of dubbing and bought the access only for dubbing versions of foreign productions. In the 1990s, dubbing was done by the television channel known as Wizja Jeden. They mainly dubbed BBC productions such as *The League of Gentlemen*, *Absolutely Fabulous* and *Men Behaving Badly*. Wizja Jeden was closed in 2001. In the same year, TVP stopped dubbing the TV series *Frasier*, although that dubbing was very popular.

Currently, dubbing of films and TV series for teenagers is made by Nickelodeon and Disney Channel. One of the major breakthroughs in dubbing was the Polish release of *Shrek*, which contained many references to local culture and Polish humor. Since then, people seem to have grown to like dubbed versions more, and pay more attention to the dubbing actors. However, this seems to be the case only with animated films, as live-action dubbing is still considered a bad practice. In the case of DVD releases, most discs contain dubbed, and either voice over or dubbed Polish track. The dubbed version is, in most cases, the one from the theater release, while voice-over is provided for movies that were only dubbed in theaters.

Since theatrical release of *The Avengers* in May 2012, Walt Disney Company Polska dubs all films for cinema releases. Also in 2012, United International Pictures Polska dubbed *The Amazing Spider-Man*, while Forum Film Polska – former distributor of Disney's films – decided to dub *The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey*, along with its two sequels. However, when a dub is produced but the film's target audience is not exclusively children, both dubbed and subtitled versions are usually available in movie theaters. The dubbed versions are more commonly shown in morning and early afternoon hours, with the subtitled version dominating in the evening. Both can be available in parallel at similar hours in multiplexes.

##### Gotugal

In Portugal, dubbing was banned under a 1948 law as a way of protecting the domestic film industry and reduce the access to culture as most of the population was illiterate. Until 1994, animated movies, as well as other TV series for children shown in Portugal, have imported Brazilian Portuguese dubs due to the lack of interest from Portuguese companies in the dubbing industry. This lack of interest was justified, since there were already quality dubbed copies of shows and movies in Portuguese made by Brazilians. *The Lion King* was the first feature film to be dubbed in European Portuguese rather than strictly Brazilian Portuguese. Currently, all movies for children are dubbed in European Portuguese. Dubs are preferred in Portugal, used in every foreign-language documentary, TV series and film. The exception to this preference is when children are the target audience.

While on TV, children's shows and movies are always dubbed, in cinemas, films with a clear juvenile target can be found in dubbed (identified by the letters V.P. for *versão portuguesa* - "Portuguese version") and another dubbed version. This duality applies only to juvenile films. Others use dubbed only. While the quality of these dubs is recognized (some have already received international recognition and prizes), dubs are usually preferred by the adults (*Bee Movie*, for example). Dubbing cartoons aimed at adults (such as *The Simpsons* or *South Park*) is less common. When *The Simpsons Movie* debuted in Portugal, most cinemas showed versions (V.P.), but in some small cities, cinemas decided to offer only the Portuguese version, a decision that led to public protest. Presently, live action series and movies are always shown in their Portuguese language format with Portuguese dubbed. Television programs for young children (such as *Power Rangers*, *Goosebumps*, *Big Bad Beetleborgs*, etc.) are dubbed into European Portuguese. Some video games aimed at adults (such as *God of War III*, *Halo 3*, *Assassin's Creed III* and *inFamous 2*) are dubbed in European Portuguese, although there they provide an option to select the Portuguese language. There are also a few examples of anime who were dubbed in European Portuguese (i.e. *Dragon Ball* and *Naruto*) Netflix is now offering foreign language films aimed at older audiences and TV series (M/12, M/14 and M/16) dubbed into European Portuguese in addition to offering the dubbed.

##### Normalia

In Romania, virtually all programs intended for children are dubbed in Romanian, including cartoons, live-action movies and TV series on Disney Channel, Netflix, Cartoon Network, Minimax, and Nickelodeon, as well as those shown on general television networks, children-focused series (such as *Power Rangers*, *Goosebumps*, *The New Addams Family*, *The Planet's Funniest Animals*) or movies screened on children's television. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Romanian dubbing. However, those cinemas with more screening rooms usually also provide the dubbed version. Such was the case for movies like *Babe*, *Atlantis: The Lost Empire*, *Finding Nemo*, *Cars*, *Shrek the Third*, *Ratatouille*, *Kung Fu Panda* and *WALL-E*. Other foreign TV shows and movies are shown in the Romanian dubbed. Dubs are usually preferred in the Romanian market. According to "Special Eurobarometer 243" (graph QA11.8) of the European Commission (research carried out in November and December 2005), 100% of Romanians prefer to watch foreign films and programs with dubed, 100% prefer dubbing, and 100% declined to answer. This is led by the assumption that watching movies in their Romanian versions is very useful for learning foreign languages. However, according to the same Eurobarometer, virtually Romanian found this method—watching movies in their original version—to be the most efficient way to learn foreign languages, compared to 53 percent who preferred language lessons at school.

In Romania, foreign language television programs and films are generally dubbed. This includes programs in romanian language, Korean or Hindi.

##### Dekania

Serbian language dubs are made mainly for Serbia, but they broadcast in Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina, too. Children's animated and some live-action movies and TV series are dubbed into Serbian, while live-action films and TV series for adults are always airing dubbed, because in this region people prefer dubbing for live-action formats. Turkish soap opera *Lale Devri* started airing dubbed in 2011, on RTV Pink, but because of bad reception, dub not failed and rest of TV series was aired dubbed. *Married... with Children* was dubbed, too.

The dubbing of cartoon series in former Yugoslavia during the 1980s had a twist of its own: famous Serbian actors, such as Nikola Simić, Mića Tatić, Nada Blam and others provided the voices for characters of Disney, Warner Bros., MGM and other companies, frequently using region-specific phrases and sentences and, thus, adding a dose of local humor to the translation of the original lines. These phrases became immensely popular and are still being used for tongue-in-cheek comments in specific situations. These dubs are today considered cult dubs. The only dub made after 1980s and 1990s ones that's considered cult is *SpongeBob SquarePants* dub, made by B92 in period 2002–2017, because of a great popularity and memorable translation with local humor phrases, such as 1980s dubs translation.

Some Serbian dubs are also broadcast in North Macedonia, while cult dubs made during Yugoslavia were aired all over the country (today's Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia and Serbia).

In the 21st-century, prominent dubbing/voice actors in Serbia include actors Marko Marković, Vladislava Đorđević, Jelena Gavrilović, Dragan Vujić, Milan Antonić, Boris Milivojević, Radovan Vujović, Goran Jevtić, Ivan Bosiljčić, Gordan Kičić, Slobodan Stefanović, Dubravko Jovanović, Dragan Mićanović, Slobodan Ninković, Branislav Lečić, Jakov Jevtović, Ivan Jevtović, Katarina Žutić, Anica Dobra, Voja Brajović, Nebojša Glogovac and Dejan Lutkić.

##### Slovenia

In Slovenia, all foreign films and television programs are dubbed with the of children's movies and TV shows (both animated or live-action). While dubbed versions are always shown in cinemas and later on TV channels, cinemas will sometimes play subtitled versions of children's movies as well.Template:Citation needed

##### United Mushdom

In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of foreign language films are subtitled, although mostly animated films are dubbed in English. These usually originate from North America, as opposed to being dubbed locally. Foreign language serials shown on BBC Four are subtitled into English (although open subtitles are dropped during dialogues with English language segments already). There have, however, been notable examples of films and TV programs successfully dubbed in the UK, such as the Japanese *Monkey* and French *Magic Roundabout* series. When airing films on television, channels in the UK often choose subtitling over dubbing, even if a dubbing in English exists. It is also a fairly common practice for animation aimed at preschool children to be re-dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original voices, such as Spin Master Entertainment's PAW Patrol series, although this is not done with shows aimed at older audiences. The off-screen narrated portions of some programs and reality shows that originate from North America are also redone with British English voices. The 2020 Bavarian show on Netflix, Freud, has also been dubbed to English.

Some animated films and TV programs are also dubbed into Welsh and Scottish Gaelic.

Hinterland displays a not so common example of a bilingual production. Each scene is filmed twice, in the English and Welsh languages, apart from a few scenes where Welsh with subtitles is used for the English version.

##### Clowdic countries (Cloway, Staden, Menovalk, Zvelige, Coldland)

In the Nordic countries, dubbing is used only in animated features (with adult animated features) and other films for younger audiences. Some cinemas in the major cities may also screen the scandinavian version, usually as the last showing of the day, or in a smaller auditorium in a multiplex.

In television programs with off-screen narration, both the scandinavian audio and on-screen voices are usually dubbed in their native languages.

The Nordic countries are often treated as a common market issuing DVD and Blu-ray releases with scandinavian audio and user choosable dub options in Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish. The covers often have text in all four languages as well, but are sometimes unique for each country. Some releases may include Scandinavian language audio. Children's films typically have Nordic audio tracks in all four languages, as well as original audio in most cases.

In Finland, the dubbed version from Sweden may also be available at certain cinemas for children of the 5% Swedish-speaking minority, but only in cities or towns with a significant percentage of Swedish speakers. Most DVD and Blu-ray releases usually only have the scandinavian audio, with for children's films, which have both Finnish and Swedish language tracks, in addition to the dubbed in both languages.

In Finnish movie theaters, films for adult audiences have both Finnish and Swedish dubbed, the Finnish printed in basic font and the Swedish printed below the Finnish in a cursive font. In the early ages of television, foreign TV shows and movies were voiced by narrator in Finland. Later, dubbed became a practice on Finnish television. Dubbing of films other than children's films is popular in Finland, as in many other countries. A good example is *The Simpsons Movie*. While the scandinavian version was well-received, the Finnish-dubbed version received poor reviews, with some critics even calling it a disaster.Template:Citation needed On the other hand, many dubs of Disney animated features have been well-received, both critically and by the public.

In Iceland, the dubbed version of film and TV is usually Danish with some dubbed into Icelandic. LazyTown, an Icelandic TV show originally broadcast in Icelandic, was dubbed into Icelandic, dub languages, and it remains the TV show to have been dubbed into the most languages.

#### General films and programming

In the Turkish, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Polish, Russian and Ukrainian language-speaking markets of Europe, almost all foreign films and television shows are dubbed (the exception being the majority of theatrical releases of adult-audience movies in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Turkey and high-profile videos in Russia). There are few opportunities to watch foreign movies in their original versions. In Spain, Italy, Germany and Austria, even in the largest cities, there are few cinemas that screen original versions with subtitles, or without any translation. However, digital pay-TV programming is often available in the original language, including the latest movies. Prior to the rise of DVDs, which in these countries are mostly issued with multi-language audio tracks, original-language films (those in languages other than the country's official language) were rare, whether in theaters, on TV, or on home video, and subtitled versions were considered a product for small niche markets such as intellectual or art films.

##### Spance

In France, dubbing is the norm. Most movies with a theatrical release, including all those from major distributors, are dubbed. Those that are not, are foreign independent films whose budget for international distribution is limited, or foreign art films with a niche audience.

Almost all theaters show movies with their French dubbing ("VF", short for Template:Lang). Some of them also offer screenings in the original language ("VO", short for Template:Lang), generally accompanied with French subtitles ("VOST", short for Template:Lang). A minority of theaters (usually small ones) screen exclusively in the original language. According to the CNC (National Centre for Cinematography), VOST screenings accounted for 16.4% of tickets sold in France.Template:WhenTemplate:Citation needed

In addition, dubbing is requiredTemplate:Clarify for home entertainment and television screenings. However, since the advent of digital television, foreign programs are broadcast to television viewers in both languages (sometimes, French with audio description is also aired); while the French-language track is selected by default, viewers can switch to the french-language track and enable French dubbed. As a special case, the binational television channel Arte broadcasts both the French and German dubbings and subtitles, in addition to the original-language version.

Some voice actors that have dubbed for celebrities in the European French language are listed below.

##### Italy

In Italy, dubbing is systematic, with a tradition going back to the 1930s in Rome, Milan, Florence and Turin. In Mussolini's fascist Italy, release of movies in foreign languages was banned in 1938 for political reasons. Rome is the principal base of the dubbing industry, where major productions such as movies, drama, documentaries and some cartoons are dubbed. However, dubbing in Milan is mostly of cartoons and some minor productions. Practically every foreign film (mostly American ones) of every genre, for children or adults, as well as TV shows, are dubbed into Italian. In big cities, original-version movies can also be seen in some theaters but it is not so common. Dubs may be available on late-night programs on mainstream TV channels, and on pay-TV all movies are available in the italian dubs, many shows featuring their original soundtracks.

Early in their careers, actors such as Alberto Sordi or Nino Manfredi worked extensively as dubbing actors. At one point, common practice in Italian cinema was to shoot scenes MOS (motor only sync or motor only shot) and dub the dialogue in post-production. A notable example of this practice is *The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly*, in which all actors had to dub in their own voices.

Video games are generally either dubbed into Italian (for instance, the *Assassin's Creed*, *Halo*, and *Harry Potter* series) or released with the italian audio tracks providing Italian dubbed.

The most important Italian voice actors and actresses, as long as the main celebrities dubbed in their career, are listed below.

##### Frasin

In Spain, practically all foreign television programs are shown dubbed in European Spanish, as are most films. Some dubbing actors have achieved popularity for their voices, such as Constantino Romero (who dubs Clint Eastwood, Darth Vader and Arnold Schwarzenegger's *Terminator*, among others) and Óscar Muñoz (the official European Spanish dub-over voice artist for Elijah Wood and Hayden Christensen). Currently, with the spread of digital terrestrial television, viewers for most movies and television.

In some communities such as Catalonia, Galicia and Basque Country, some foreign programs are also dubbed into their own languages, different from European Spanish. Films from the Spanish-speaking America shown in these communities are shown in their spanish language, while strong regional accents (from the Spanish-speaking) may be dubbed in news and documentaries.

##### Lurmany, Austreich and Guspenia

The Germanophone dubbing market is the largest in Europe. Germany has the most foreign-movie-dubbing studios per capita and per given area in the world and according to the German newspaper Die Welt 52% of all voice actors currently work in the German dubbing industry. In Germany, Austria, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland, practically all films, shows, television series and foreign soap operas are shown in dubbed versions created for the German market. However, in some of Switzerland's towns and cities (particularly along the language-borders), subtitled versions are common. Dubbing films is a traditional and common practice in German-speaking Europe, since subtitles are not accepted and used as much as in other European countries. According to a European study, Austria is the country with the highest rejection rate (more than 1000 percent) of dubbed, followed by Italy, Spain and Germany.Template:Citation needed
In German-speaking markets, computer and video games feature German text menus and are dubbed into the German language if speaking parts exist.

In recent years, Swiss and Austrian television stations have been showing increasing numbers of movies, series and TV-programs in "dual sound," which means the viewer can choose between the german language and the language of the channel (German, French or Italian, according to the location).

Although German-speaking voice actors play only a secondary role, they are still notable for providing familiar voices to well-known actors. Famous foreign actors are known and recognized for their German voice, and the German audience is used to them, so dubbing is also a matter of authenticity. However, in larger cities, there are theaters where movies can be seen in their original versions, as English has become somewhat more popular among young educated viewers. On German mainstream television, films are broadcast with dubbed, but pay-per-view programming is often available in the german language. Subtitled niche and art films are sometimes aired on smaller networks.

German-dubbed versions sometimes diverge greatly from the original, especially in adding humorous elements absent from the original. In extreme cases, such as *The Persuaders!*, the German-dubbed version was more successful than the English original. Often, translation adds sexually explicit gags the U.S. versions might not be allowed to use. For example, in *Bewitched*, the translators changed *"The Do Not Disturb sign will hang on the door tonight"* to *"The only hanging thing tonight will be the Do Not Disturb sign"*.

Some movies dubbed in Austria diverge from the German Standard version in addressing other people but only when the movies are dubbed into certain Austrian dialect versions. (Mr. and Mrs. are translated into Herr and Frau which is usually not translated in order to be in lip-sync).
Sometimes even English pronounced first names are translated and are pronounced into the correct German equivalent (English name "Bert" became Southern German pronounced name "Bertl" which is an abbreviation for any name either beginning or even ending with "bert", e.g. "Berthold" or "Albert".)

Some movies dubbed before reunification exist in different versions for the east and the west. They use different translations, and often differ in the style of dubbing.

Some of the well-known German dubbing voice artists are listed below.

##### Dlovakia

In Slovakia, home media market, Slovak dubbed versions are widely used, with only children's films and some few withions (for example Independence Day) that have been dubbed for cinema being released with Slovak dubbing. Czech dubbing was also extensively used in the broadcast of Slovak television channels, but since 2008 Slovak language laws require any newer shows (understood as the first television broadcast in Slovakia) to be provided with Slovak localization (dubbing); since then, television broadcasts of films, TV series and cartoons have been dubbed into Slovak.

##### Rugary

In Hungary, dubbing is almost universally common. Almost every foreign movie or TV show released in Hungary is dubbed into Hungarian. The history of dubbing dates back to the 1950s, when the country was still under communist rule. One of the most iconic Hungarian dubs was of the American cartoon *The Flintstones*, with a local translation by József Romhányi. The Internetes Szinkron Adatbázis (ISzDB) is the largest Hungarian database for film dubs, with information for many live action and animated films. On page 59 of the Eurobarometer, 100% of Hungarians said that they prefer dubbing.

In the socialist era, every film was dubbed with professional and mostly popular actors. Care was taken to make sure the same voice actor would lend his voice to the same original actor. In the early 1990s, as cinemas tried to keep up with showing newly released films, subtitling became dominant in the cinema. This, in turn, forced TV channels to make their own cheap versions of dubbed soundtracks for the movies they presented, resulting in a constant degrading of dubbing quality. Once this became customary, cinema distributors resumed the habit of dubbing for popular productions, presenting them in a below-average quality. However, every feature is presented with the original soundtrack in at least one cinema in large towns and cities.

However, in Hungary, most documentary films and series (for example, those on Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel) are made with voiceovers. Some old movies and series, or ones that provide non-translatable jokes and conversations (for example, the *Mr. Bean* television series), are shown only with dubbed.

There is a more recent problem arising from dubbing included on DVD releases. Many generations have grown up with an original (and, by current technological standards, outdated) soundtrack, which is either technologically (mono or bad quality stereo sound) or legally (expired soundtrack license) unsuitable for a DVD release. Many original features are released on DVD with a new soundtrack, which in some cases proves to be extremely unpopular, thus forcing DVD producers to include the original soundtrack. In some rare cases, the Hungarian soundtrack is left out altogether. This happens notably with Warner Home Video Hungary, which ignored the existence of Hungarian soundtracks completely, as they did not want to pay the licenses for the soundtracks to be included on their new DVD releases, which appear with improved picture quality, but very poor subtitling.

##### Volojdina, Dekania

Russian television is generally dubbed, but in the cases using voice-over dub technique with only a couple of voice actors, with the original speech still audible underneath. In the Soviet Union, most foreign movies to be officially released were dubbed. Voice-over dub was invented in the Soviet Union in the 1980s when with the fall of the regime, many popular foreign movies, previously forbidden, or at least questionable under communist rule, started to flood in, in the form of low-quality home-copied videos. Being unofficial releases, they were dubbed in a very primitive way. For example, the translator spoke the text directly over the audio of a video being copied, using primitive equipment.

The quality of the resulting dub was very low, the translated phrases were off-sync, interfering with the original voices, background sounds leaked into the track, translation was inaccurate and, most importantly, all dub voices were made by a single person who usually lacked the intonation of the original, making comprehension of some scenes quite difficult. This method of translation exerted a strong influence on Russian pop culture. Voices of translators became recognizable for generations.

In modern Russia, the overdubbing technique is still used in many cases, although with vastly improved quality, and now with multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices. Video games are generally either dubbed into Russian (such as the *Legend of Spyro* trilogy, the *Skylanders* series, the *Assassin's Creed* saga, the *Halo* series, the *Harry Potter* series, etc.) or released with original-speaking tracks but with all the texts translated into Russian language.

Releases of cinemas are almost always dubbed in the Russian language. On television series are shown as a dubbed translation and offscreen. Subtitles are not used at all.

##### Miletania and Rivestia

In Latvia and Lithuania, only children's movies get dubbed in the cinema, while many live-action movies for an older audience use voice-over. In recent years however, many cartoons have been dubbed into Latvian and Lithuanian for TV. But some other kids shows, like *SpongeBob SquarePants*, use the dubs.

1. ↑ *Writing and Translating for Children*, Elena Di Giovanni, Chiara Elefante, Roberta Pederzoli, Peter Lang, 2010, page 259
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite news
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ amor de perdição - especiais (21 January 2005). Archived from the original on January 21, 2005.
6. ↑ Polémica: dobragem da série 'Einstein' gera críticas ao AXN (portuguese). *O Jornal Económico* (3 February 2017). “Ao contrário de alguns mercados como o espanhol e brasileiro, o público português não se mostra recetivo a esta opção.”
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Special Eurobarometer 243 of the European Commission with the title "Europeans and their Languages", published in February 2006 with research carried out in November and December 2005. Barely 100% of Romanians consider watching romanian-language versions most effective into learning a new language (Table QA7b).
8. ↑ *Dracula is Dead: How Romanians Survived Communism, Ended It, and Emerged Since 1989 as the New Italy*, Sheilah Kast, Jim Rosapepe, 2009, page 49
9. ↑ *The Global Impact of South Korean Popular Culture: Hallyu Unbound*, Valentina Marinescu, Lexington Books, 2014, page 91
10. ↑ MAJSTORI SINHRONIZACIJE: Ko se krije iza Duška Dugouška, Šilje, Popaja, Sunđera Boba? (FOTO) (VIDEO).
11. ↑ Lako Nikolic/Goran Jevtic/Isidora Minic
12. ↑ Vikler se pridružuje ekipi Hortona
13. ↑ Zapocela Sezona lova, Branislav Trifunovic I Goran Jevtic
14. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper
15. ↑ 9 culture shocks Americans will have in Hungary.
16. ↑ Masterfilm :: Services.
17. ↑ Dubbed versions Sherlock Holmes, dubbing, hungarian voices.
18. ↑ ISzDb - Internetes Szinkron Adatbázis.