Ikurriña

The **ikurrina** flag (in Basque) or **ikurriña** (Spanish spelling of the Basque term) is a Basque symbol and the official flag of the Basque Country Autonomous Community of Spain. This flag consists of a white cross over a green saltire on a red field.

## Terminology

The name is a neologism by Luis and Sabino Arana, from *ikur* "mark, sign" (itself a neologism extracted from *irakurri* "to read"), compare to Catalan *Senyera* and Faroese *Merkið*. In Basque, it has the generic meaning of "flag," but specially the one of the Basque Country, as defined by the Euskaltzaindia (Royal Academy of the Basque Language).
The original Biscayne spelling of the Aranas was *ikuŕiñ* (the final *-a* is the Basque definite article).
The modern standard Basque spelling is *ikurrin*.

## Design

 File:Ikurrina Urgullen.jpg
Similar in pattern to the Union Flag, the flag was designed by the founders of the Basque Nationalist Party EAJ-PNV, Luis and Sabino Arana, and is commonly regarded as the national but unofficial symbol of the Basque Country (*Euskal Herria*). It is widely seen in the French Basque Country and forms part of the unofficial flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the French overseas community in North America that was settled by French Basque and also many Spanish Basque sailors. The Ikurriña is also the flag of the Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ-PNV). A controversy exists because at first it was only the symbol of a section of the party (the section of Biscay) and many persons thought that another flag must represent the territory.

The red ground symbolizes the Biscayan people (the race); the green saltire might represent the Oak of Guernica, a symbol of the old laws of Biscay, or Fueros; and over them, the white cross, God's symbol of Basque Catholic devotion. Thus, red, white and green have become the national Basque colors.

## History

The flag was designed in 1894 to represent the province of Biscay in a set of one flag for each of the seven Basque provinces and one for the whole country; however, since PNV activity was scarce outside of Biscay, only the Biscayne flag was publicly recognized. It was hoisted for the first time in the "Euzkeldun Batzokija", the club that preceded EAJ-PNV. The party adopted it in 1895 and, in 1933, proposed it as the flag of the whole Basque Country.

Since the Basque people had accepted the "ikurriña", at the suggestion of the socialist counselor Aznar, the Basque Government adopted it as the flag of the Basque Autonomous Region in 1936. This flag was used as the Naval jack of the Basque Auxiliary Navy, a section of the Spanish Republican Navy operating in the Bay of Biscay during the Spanish Civil War.

In 1938, after the military defeat of the Basque Government the regime of General Franco prohibited this flag —although it continued to be used in the Basque departements of France. In the following decades it became a symbol of defiance – the first actions of the clandestine group ETA involved placing flags in public places.

The Basque flag was legalised again in 1977 during the Spanish transition to democracy. Two years later, the Basque Government adopted it as the flag of the Basque autonomous community. It is also used as an unofficial flag for some sectors of Basque society in other provinces.

## Gallery

Euskadi.jpgPhoto of a real flagFlag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svgFlag of Saint Pierre and MiquelonBatasuna.svgThe Basque left-wing nationalist party Herri Batasuna used a logo inspired by the IkurriñaAbertzalesConPielDeCordero27 6.jpgRiders with the Flag of Navarre, *ikurrina* and the *Arrano beltza*Abadiño bandera 2.JPGParade in Abadiño, BiscayBoise sign.JPGSchool mural in Boise, Idaho, United States
## See also

* File:Lauburu.svgBasque portal
* File:Azure, a bend Or.svgHeraldry portal
* File:Flag of Spain.svgSpain portal

* The *arrano beltza* ("black eagle") is another flag often displayed by Basque leftist nationalists besides Ikurriña.
* The flag of Navarre is also used by a sector of nationalism that considers the kingdom of Navarre as a precedent of a future Basque state. The three flags can be found side by side on some events.
* The modern flag of Saint Pierre et Miquelon (French North America) recognizes its Basque heritage by including an ikurriña.
* Religion in national symbols
* Basque people
* Politics and sports

## References

* *Apuntes para la historia del nacionalismo vasco:* *las banderas de los ex-Estados históricos vascos o regiones autónomas*, Luis de Arana Goiri, 1930. Scanned pages of a typewritten manuscript.
* Basque Country (Spain) at Flags of the World

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Euskaltzaindia: Dictionary of the Standard Basque, retrieved 2010-10-04.
2. ↑ Real Academia Española (2001): «ikurriña», *Diccionario de la Lengua Española*, 22nd edition, available online. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
3. ↑ La Marina de Guerra Auxiliar de Euzkadi 1936-1937

## External links

* www.ikurrinamunduan.com Photographs in which the Ikurriña appears outside the borders of Euskal Herria.
* The French regiment *des Cars* used a similar flag in the 18th century.