Enlightenment

**The Enlightenment** is the last period of Olden Times in the history of Earth. It begins in 1700, following the Baroque Era, and lasts until 1788 and the Romantic Era.

## Individuals

### America

Jonathan Edwards (1703-58)

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Pontiac (1714-69)

Sam Adams (1722-1803)

Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)

George Mason (1725-92)

Horatio Gates (1727-1806)

Charles Mason (1728-86)

Baron Von Steuben (1730-94)

George Washington (1732-99)

Francis "Swamp Fox" Marion (1732-95)

Martha Washington (1731-1802)

Jeremiah Dixon (1733-79)

Daniel Boone (1734-1820)

John Adams (1735-1826)

Paul Revere (1735-1818)

Patrick Henry (1736-99)

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

John Hancock (1737-1793)

Cornwallis (1738-1805)

Ethan Allen (1738-89)

Benedict Arnold (1741-1801)

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Abigail Adams (1744-1818)

John Jay (1745-1829)

John Paul Jones (1747-1792)

John Andre (1750-80)

James Madison (1751-1836)

Betsy Ross (1752-1836)

Molly Pitcher (1754-1834)

Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)

Nathan Hale (1755-1776)

Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804)

Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

Eli Whitney (1765-1825)

Dolley Madison (1768-1849)

Mike Fink (1770-1823)

Sally Hemings (1773-1835)

John James Audubon (1785-1881)

Davy Crockett (1786-1836)

### Fiction

Natty Bumppo (1717-1805)

Chingachgook

Rip Van Winkle (1727-1818)

Headless Horseman (d. 1776)

Ichabod Crane

Brom Bones

Katrina van Tassel

Barnabas Collins

Elly "Blair Witch" Kedward (1729-85)

### Caribbean

Toussaint L'Ouverture (1743-1803)

Anne Bonny (1697-1782)

Mary Read (1685-1721)

Calico Jack Rackham (1682-1720)

Black Bart Roberts (1682-1722)

Blackbeard (1680-1718)

#### Fiction

Long John Silver

J. Flint

Jack Sparrow (b. 1700)

### Britain

Edmond Halley (1656-1742)

Anne (1665-1714)

Rob Roy McGregor (1671-1734)

Jethro Tull (1674-1741)

George Berkeley (1685-1753)

Alexander Pope (1688-1744)

John Wesley (1703-91)

Dick Turpin (1705-39)

Henry Fielding (1707-54)

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)

David Hume (1711-1776)

Earl of Sandwich (1718-92)

Bonnie Prince Charlie (1720-88)

Adam Smith (1723-90)

Thomas Gainsborough (1727-88)

Edmund Burke (1729-97)

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802)

James Watt (1736-1819)

Edward Gibbon (1737-94)

George III (1738-1820)

James Boswell (1740-95)

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

William Godwin (1756-1836)

William Blake (1757-1827)

Horatio Nelson (1758-1805)

William Pitt (1759-1806)

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97)

Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823)

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Walter Scott (1771-1832)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)

Jane Austen (1775-1817)

Beau Brummel (1778-1840)

#### Fiction

Lemuel Gulliver

Tom Jones

Sophia Western\*

Tristram Shandy

Varney

Pamela Andrews

Jim Hawkins

Heathcliff

Catherine Earnshaw

### Ireland

Jonathan Swift

Richard Brinsley Sheridan

### France

Louis XVI

Louis XVII

Marie Antoinette

Dauphin Louis-Charles

Charlotte Corday

Georges Danton

Lafayette (1757-1834)

Maximilian Robespierre

Louis Antoine de Saint-Just

Jean-Paul Marat

Honoré Mirabeau

Marquis de Sade

Voltaire

Denis Diderot

Montesquieu

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Antoine Lavoisier

Joseph-Ignace Guillotin

Alessandro Cagliostro

Napoleon Bonaparte

Josephine Bonaparte

Franz Anton Mesmer

#### Fiction

Candide

Doctor Pangloss

Jean Valjean

Sydney Carton

Charles Darnay

Madame Dufarge

Percy "Scarlet Pimpernel" Blakeney

L'estat de Lioncourt

### Italy

Giacomo Casanova

Antonio Stradivari

Antonio Vivaldi

Giambattista Vico

Alessandro Volta

### Germany

Frederick the Great

Johann Sebastian Bach

Joseph Haydn

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Immanuel Kant

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Friedrich Schiller

Adam Weishaupt

#### Fiction

Hieronymus Munchausen

Werther

Victor Frankenstein

Frankenstein Monster

Low Countries

### Scandinavia

Carl Linnaeus

Anders Celsius

Emanuel Swedenborg

### Eastern Europe

Empress Maria Theresa

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Antonio Salieri

Baal Shem Tov

Casimir Pulaski

The Mechanical Turk

### Russia

Catherine the Great

Grigory Potemkin

Vitus Bering

Georg Steller

### Oceania

Fletcher Christian

William Bligh

James Cook

Joseph Banks

Daniel Bernoulli
St. Germain
Joseph Priestley
Belinda Fermor
Count D'Erlette
Angel

Half King

Evangeline Bellefontaine

# Timeline

## 1703

**January 30:** The 47 Ronin avenge their late master--Edo, Japan.

**May 27:** Peter the Great (1672-1725) founds St. Petersburg.

**June 16:** Lemuel Gulliver discovers Brobdingnag in northwest North America, staying there until 1705.

Lothario is breaking hearts in Genoa.

## 1705

Construction of Buckingham Palace begun.

Edmond Halley (1656-1742) predicts the return of his Comet.

## 1707

Gulliver visits Laputa and other Pacific islands, returning to England in 1710.

## 1711

Gulliver meets the Houyhnhnms.

Rob Roy McGregor (1671-1734) becomes an outlaw.

A lock of Belinda Fermor's hair is stolen in an incident written up by Alexander Pope (1688-1744).

## 1713

Varney the Vampire throws himself into Mount Vesuvius.

The Maltese Falcon surfaces in Spain. (See 1840).

**August 1:** Every King of Britain between now and 1830 is named George.

## 1715

Pamela Andrews marries the master who imprisoned and attempted to rape her.

Gulliver is exiled from the land of the Houyhnhnms and makes his final return to England.

## 1716

Edward "Blackbeard" Teach (1680-1718) becomes a pirate captain.

## 1717

Birth of Natty Bumppo--Old Saybrook, Connecticut.

**November 28:** Blackbeard captures the *Queen Anne’s Revenge*, which becomes his flagship.

## 1718

* Long John Silver begins a three-year tour with the pirate Edward England.
* **May 7:** New Orleans founded.
* **November 5:** Birth of Tristram Shandy
* **November 22:** Blackbeard killed in a sea battle at Ocracoke, North Carolina.

## 1719

A spell is put on the village of Brigadoon--Scotland

Daniel Defoe writes up the story of Robinson Crusoe.

## 1720

Captain Jack Sparrow recaptures *The Black Pearl*.

Pirates Anne Bonney, Mary Read and Calico Jack Rackham are captured.

**August:** The South Sea Bubble pops.

## 1722

**February 10:** Bartholemew Roberts--Black Bart the pirate (b. 1682)--killed in a naval battle off the coast of Gabon.

## 1723

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) composes *The Four Seasons*.

## 1726

Jonathan Swift (1667-1743) compiles the memoirs of Lemuel Gulliver.

## 1728

Natty Bumppo loses his parents in an Indian raid--Kinderhook, New York.

## 1729

John Wesley (1703-91) launches the Methodist movement at Oxford.

Jonathan Swift (1667-1743) makes the modest proposal that Irish children be sold as food to wealthy Englishmen.

## 1732

**February 22:** Birth of George Washington.

## 1733

Natty Bumppo, having been adopted by the Delaware Indians, becomes the blood brother of the Mohican Chingachgook.

**December:** The preaching of Rev. Jonathan Edwards (1703-58) sparks the Great Awakening.

## 1737

Baron Munchausen (b. 1720) begins his adventures.

The Comte D'erlette publishes *Cultes des Goules*.

## 1738

George Washington (1732-1799) cuts down a cherry tree; admits it.

## 1739

**April 7:** Dick Turpin hanged as a horse thief--York

## 1741

Giacomo Casanova (1725-1798) begins his career of seduction.

**June:** Natty Bumppo, known as the Deerslayer, is dubbed
Hawkeye by the Huron Indian he kills helping to rescue Chingachgook’s
captive fiancee--Lake Ostwego, New York

## 1742

**April 13:** Georg Frideric Handel (1685-1759) debuts his *Messiah*--Dublin

## 1743

**September 13:** The Treaty of Worms signed, forging an alliance between Britain, Austria and Sardinia.

## 1745

* **July 23:** Bonnie Prince Charles, the Young Pretender, invades

Scotland to spark the Jacobite Rising to restore the Stuarts to the
British throne.

* **November 24:** Tom Jones (b. 1724) expelled from the home of Squire Allworthy--Somerset
* **December 29:** Tom Jones weds Sophia Western.

## 1746

Sir Francis Dashwood founds the Hellfire Club.

**April 16:** The forces of Bonnie Prince Charlie are vanquished at the Battle of Culloden.
 Whether his defeated soldiers take the high road or low road back to
Scotland, their true loves will never meet again on the bonnie banks of
Loch Lomond.

**June 27:** Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to the Isle of Skye.

## 1749

Henry Fielding publishes a novel based on the life of Tom Jones.

## 1750

Captain J. Flint buries gold on Treasure Island.

## 1751

Denis Diderot (1713-84) begins publishing the Encyclopedie.

## 1752

Ben Franklin (1706-1790) flies his kite.

David Hume (1711-76) becomes the librarian of the University of Edinburgh.

Munchausen retires to his country estate, where he dies in 1797.

## 1753

A man born in 1727 is transformed into the vampire later known as Angel--Galway, Ireland

## 1754

**May 28:** Lt. Col. George Washington and the Mingo chief Half King (1700-54) ambush a troop of Canadians in the first battle of the French and Indian War--Uniontown, Pennsylvania.

## 1755

**April 15:** Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-84) publishes his Dictionary of the English Language.

**August 10:** The British begin to expel the Acadians from Canada, many of whom end up in Louisiana, where they become Cajuns. Among the deportees is Evangeline Bellefontaine, who ends her days in Philadelphia.

**November 1:** The Lisbon Earthquake kills 100,000; Candide and Dr. Pangloss are among the survivors.

## 1756

**June 19:** British prisoners kept in the Black Hole of Calcutta.

**June 29:** The first battle of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France--Minorca, Spain.

## 1757

Battling the Hurons alongside Natty Bumppo during the French &
Indian War, Chingachgook becomes the last of the Mohicans when his son
is killed.

## 1758

Voyage of Long John Silver and Jim Hawkins to Treasure Island

## 1759

Voltaire publishes the adventures of Candide and Dr. Pangloss.

## 1760

**October 25:** George III (1738-1820) becomes King of England.

## 1762

**July 9:** Catherine the Great (1729-1796) becomes Empress of Russia.

## 1763

* February 10: The Seven Years' War comes to an end with the Treaty of Paris.
* The Marquis de Sade (1740-1814) begins his life of libertinage.
* James Watt develops the steam engine
* **April 27:** Chief Pontiac (1720- 69) launches his Rebellion--Detroit.
* **May 16:** Samuel Johnson meets James Boswell (1740-95), who will be his biographer.

## 1765

The Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792) invents the sandwich to facilitate his gambling habit.

**March 22:** The British Parliament imposes the Stamp Act on the Thirteen Colonies.

**April:** Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon draw their line--Pennsylvania/Maryland

The Regulators launch their war against corrupt officials--Mecklenburg, North Carolina

## 1768

Captain James Cook (1728-1779) makes his first voyage to the Pacific.

Extinction of Steller’s sea cow

## 1769

Rip Van Winkle falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains. (See 1789.)

## 1770

**March 5:** Boston Massacre

The Mechanical Turk, a chess-playing automaton, is unveiled at the court of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.

## 1771

**August:** Heathcliff (b. 1764) comes to Wuthering Heights.

## 1772

Young Werther commits suicide as a result of his sorrows.

## 1773

**December 16:** The Boston Tea Party, in which Sam Adams
(1722-1803) and the Sons of Liberty dress up as Indians and dump tea
into Boston Harbor in protest of British trade policies.

## 1774

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793) declares, "Let them eat cake!"

Franz Anton Mesmer discovers animal magnetism.

## 1775

**March 23:** Patrick Henry (1736-1799) declares, "Give me liberty or give me death!"

**April 18:** Silversmith Paul Revere (1734-1818) rides to Lexington to warn "The British are coming!"

**April 19:** Minutemen fire the Shot Heard Round the World at the Battle of Lexington and Concord.

**May 10:** Ethan Allen (1738-1789) captures Ticonderoga with his Green Mountain Boys (and Benedict Arnold).

**June 15:** The Second Continental Congress appoints George Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

**June 17:** Continentals don't fire until they see the whites of their eyes at the Battle of Bunker Hill.

**July 26:** Benjamin Franklin appointed Postmaster General of the new American Post Office.

**September 8:** Daniel Boone (1734-1820) blazes the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap to open Kentucky to pioneers.

**November 28:** Establishment of the American Navy.

## 1776

**January 9:** Thomas Paine (1737-1809) publishes *Common Sense*.

**May 1:** Adam Weishaupt (1748-1830) founds the Bavarian Illuminati.

**June:** Betsy Ross (1752-1836) sews the first American flag--Philadelphia

**July 4:** Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson and signed in Philadelphia by John Hancock and others, proclaims America as an independent nation.

Adam Smith writes *The Wealth of Nations*.

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) advocates pursuing the greatest good for the greatest number.

**September 22:** Nathan Hale (b. 1755), revolutionary spy, regrets that he has but one life to give to his country--New York City

**October 9:** San Francisco founded by Spanish missionaries.

**October 28:** Hessian loses his head at the Battle of White Plains, becoming the Headless Horseman.

**December 25:** Washington crosses the Delaware to attack the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton.

## 1777

**June 14:** John Paul Jones given a mission to raid coastal towns in England.

**July 27:** The Marquis de Lafayette volunteers his services to the Revolution.

**October 7:** General Horatio Gates wins the Battle of Saratoga.

**November 15:** Continental Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation.

**December 17:** Washington camps at Valley Forge for the winter.

## 1778

**February 23:** Baron Von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge to drill the troops.

**June 28:** Sergeant Molly Pitcher mans a cannon at the Battle of Monmouth.

**September 14:** Benjamin Franklin sent as a diplomat to France.

## 1779

**September 23:** John Paul Jones declares that he has not yet begun to fight--off the coast of England.

**October 11:** Count Casimir Pulaski killed at the Battle of Savannah.

## 1780

**August:** Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights.

**August 3:** Benedict Arnold is appointed commander of West Point, which he conspires with spy John Andre to betray.

Francis Marion earns the nickname The Swamp Fox.

Lestat de Lioncourt becomes a vampire--Paris.

## 1781

**October 19:** Lord Cornwallis surrenders to the Marquis de Lafayette

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) offers a *Critique of Pure Reason*--Koningberg, Prussia.

## 1783

**March:** Catherine Earnshaw marries Edgar Linton--Wuthering Heights.

**September:** Heathcliff returns to Wuthering Heights.

## 1784

The poet William Blake (1757-1827) opens his print shop--London.

Philip Lemarchand creates the puzzlebox known as the Lament Configuration.

**February 27:** “Death” of the Count of St. Germain.

**March 20:** Catherine Linton (b. 1765) dies in childbirth--Wuthering Heights.

## 1785

The alchemist Comte de Cagliostro (1743?-1795?) is implicated in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace (belonging to Marie Antoinette).

Elly Kedward is banished for witchcraft from Blair Township, Maryland.

Robert Burns (1759-96) points out that the best-laid schemes of mice and men gang aft agley.

**August 29:** Daniel Shays launches his Rebellion

## 1787

U.S. Constitution written.

**July:** Thomas Jefferson brings Sally Hemings (b. 1773) to live with him in Paris.

## 1788

-91

Construction of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.