Proto-Athelo-Elsic

**Proto-Athelo-Elsic** (**PAE**) is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Athelo-Elsic languages. It is estimated to have been spoken as a single language around 5000 LE. It is believed to have been spoken around the Ayawi Plateau of Southeastern Athelia. The Proto-Athelo-Elsicians were believed to have been part of a farming culture during the Late Neolithic and had a fishing economy, with salmon as a staple.

## Phonology

The phonology of Proto-Athelo-Elsic has been reconstructed to a large extent. It had the following phonemes.

## Numerals

one-xyig

two-knoʔt

three-ʃruis

four-pyeʃwir

five-θlnkʷa

six-ʃwʔuk

seven-ʃnwaps

eight-traʔɬieħ

nine-naʃwin

ten-traʃwim

eleven-traʃwim xyig

twenty-knoʔtʃwim

hundred-dʃiat

thousand-aʃgʰak

## Grammatical Features

affixation-derivational and morphological affixes attached to words that change and modify the meaning in some way

Prefixes include /m-/ for causative and /s-/ for intransitive

voiced and unvoiced alternation of the initial consonant of some verbs that can affect the valency or form class of a word

Nouns are inflected for cases

verbs have tenses

accent is on any syllable and is characterized by pitch rather than loudness

some consonants change depending on the next vowel

possession is shown by prefixes and an ephenthetic -t- is added when prefixes are added to a vowel initial stem

prefixes lose vowels before kinship terms

there is a separate plural for each gender

an /i/ is added between two consonants when two morphemes are joined.

Sound changes

Õ'-Present and Indicative for verbs PAE
Wo-PA
W-PF and OF

Asi-animate proximaye plural PAE
Weshe-PA
Wesh-PF
Wosh-OF

Tunikun-Coscan Name

Tunitsun-Mocipian Name

The Black Wolves

Dhewbh
Wlkwos

Snak
Dkwəjn

Sikwowa
Mah

Snikwo

SOV Word Order

Dhenibwo-Black PAE
Mlkwəjs-Wolf PAE
Mlkwəjsewn-Wolves PAE
Danebwe-Black PA
Milkwajs-Wolf PA
Milkwajsion-Wolves PA
Tanep-Black PF
Mulxais-Wolf PF
Mulxaisio-Wolves PF
Tanəp-Black OF
Mulxos-Wolf OF
Mulxosio-Wolves OF

məXšer-fire in proto-Athelo-Elsic
maXšer PA
māsher PF
Māshr OF(day)

Pyeshwir-PAE Pyeshwer-PA Pishon-C Pesherv-Sanacer, e is lowtone and v is high. all ar long vowels

nath(aspirated)-to tie in PAE
Nat PA
naþ PF
Naf-OF(good)

"Good dayto you Hella!"

Adjectives have the suffix and agree with plural and gender

Qandhk-land PAE
Qndk-land PA
Qwntx-land PF OF C-Lkk

Osqwntx
Oscond
Osconders
Oscondic

-ewn plural suffix nominative case

Sound Changes Proto-Athelo-Elsic to Proto-Athelic

ə to a

o to we

o to a when followed by glottalized

l to r when word initial and intervocal

ē to e

ā to o

Õ to wo

Ī to y

Ei and ai to ie when stressed

Õi to ai and to ui when final syllable

Eu to  io

Ēu to iau

m0 to im and um when near X and hh

L and r and m and n acting as vowels turn to i+the consonant

Tt to st

K to sh

Kw to k

Sķ to sh

Ģ to zh

Gw to gw

S to sh when followed by r, u, k and i

Jə to a

Final gh is lost

Ruk to aw

Ng to ng

Lj to l

Ng to k when after an a

Yi to a

Iu to u

Tj to tsj

e to a when following a dental stop

t to y when word initial

Vowels are lost when before a glottal stop

Glottal stops before a vowel turn to y

Glottal stops are lost following a vowel

Vowels are lost following a velar stop or a lateral

We to wi

K to kw when the previous vowel is followed by an h

I to e when on a non final syllable but after a consonant that is not an s

I to e when final syllable

ł to þ

E is lost when between two ł or þ

Aspirate and glottalized merged with non

Sound Changes Proto-Athelic to Proto-Fersanic

A dental stop followed by an l turns into a ł
Lch turns to tł
Lsh turns to ł
g turns into gw
k turns into a kw
q turns into a qw
x turns into a xw
sx to s
shx fo s
im,in,il,ir to um,un,ul,ur
st to ss
glottal stop, X and hh are lost before vowels
Glottal stop, X and hh after vowels are lost but lengthen the previous vowels
The hh turns into a g when after an n or m but before a w
e,a and o word finally are lost
p to b
t to th
b to p
d to t
g to k
k to x
Word final m to n
Final n is lost
e to i when followed by a nasal
kw to k

Sound changes Proto-Fersanic to Old Fersing

z to r
Non lengthened vowels are lost when on the last syllable preceeded by an r
ahi to æ
Word intial a to e when preceeded by a palatal
az preceeded by a lateral is lost and lengthens the previous consonant
ai to o
Aha to ā
th to f
Word final n is lost
iu to long y
A z before a nasal to a đ
U followed by a nasal turns to a long y and the nasal is lost
wa is lost before a lateral
a stop followed by an e turns into a stop followed by an j(be to bjo)
First syllable e turns to an o
B to v intervocally
A vowel followed by an h+consonant is lengthened and the h is lost
O to a when followed by a w
Wu to o
A k preceded by a vowel+nasal turns to a ch
Ey after a gw turns into a öy
Unstressed vowels turn into ə

sound changes Proto-Athelic to Coscan

Proto-Athelic to Coscan

pw- → p(r)- → p-

{s,θ,ʔ,h}{p,t,ʧ,k} → elongated second consonant

p → kw / \_ ? kw

{p,b} {t,d} → m n / \_{n,m}

Ø → p / m\_{l,s,t}

kw → Ø / C\_C

kw → k / \_{o,i,C}

gw → gu / ŋ\_

w → Ø / g\_V{l,r}

gw → v

kʲ→ k

r-T- → Ṭ-

t → k / \_l

t → Ø / C\_#

t → d / V\_

dw → b

d → Ø / V:\_#

d → Ø / C\_

d → l "in many dialects"

g → Ø / \_h

kwa- → kʷa-

kwə- → kʷɨ-

V → Vː / \_T[+voiced]{T[-voiced],F[-voiced]} "(i, e, and o sometimes bypass this)"

{t,d} → s / \_s

{k,g} → ŋ / \_n

{d,n,r} → l / \_l

{d,t}t → tst → ss

Ø → t / ss\_r

d → r / \_ ? r

s-r- → ʂ-

sr- → ʂ-

sl- → s-

s-l- → tʰ- or z-

{ʔs,hs,ʔr,hr} → sː

s → z → r / V\_V

s → θ → f / #\_r

s → θ → b / \_r

s → z / \_C[+voiced]

z → Ø / \_C[+voiced]

s → z / \_{N,l,r}

z → Ø / \_{l,r}

s → z → l / l\_

s → z → r / r\_

ss → s / \_#

ss → s / {A,Vː}\_

C₁C₂C₃C₄ → {C₃C₄,C₄}

C₁C₂C₃ → C₁C₃

r- → l-

C-r- → l-

Cr- → C-

l- → d- or ji-

C-l- → d- or ji-

Cl- → T- or Tɕ-

ml-, ŋl- → dʑ-

r → s / \_C[+obs]

l/r → n

l̩ → ol

l̩ː → l

r̩ → or

r̩ː → r

l → r / \_Vl

l → r / lV\_ "(in suffixes with l if root already has l)"

r → Ø / r ? \_

θ → r

{ʔ,h}ʃ → ʃː

h → Ø / \_m

{n,r} → Ø / \_r

{m̩,n̩} → e{m,n}

n̩ː → n

mm → n / {A,Vː}\_

n → r / \_r

n → l / l\_

n → r / \_ ? r

n → Ø / V[+nasalized]

(w,j)V[short] → Ø / C\_#, "only in three+-syllable words or two-syllable words in which the first syllable contains a long vowel"

{w,j}V[short] → Ø / V[+long]\_#; "I'm unsure if this is a universal change"

jeː → iː / C\_

ja → iː / C\_C

j → Ø / C\_

we → o

wi → i / {t,r}\_

w → u / t\_

w → Ø / s\_o

e → i

e o → i u / \_ŋ

o → u / \_{m{b,k},l̴}

o → e / w\_{r,s,t}

oː → uː / \_r

aj → ai → ae "or > e: in rustic dialects"

ej → eː → iː "but stays at e: in rustic dialects"

oj → oi → oe → uː

aw → au "or > o: in rustic dialects"

{e,o}w → ou → uː

{i,o} → e / \_#

{i,e} → Ø / \_# (sometimes)

a → e / \_C(C)#

e → i / \_{s,t}#

o → u / \_C(C)# except when {u,w}\_C(C)#

{a,e,o}i → ei → iː / \_(C)(C)#

Vː → V / \_{m,(n)t,l,r}#

Vː → V / \_#

e → o / \_w

e → o w\_

V → Vː / \_zC[+voiced]

V₁ → V₂ / \_ ? V₂ (rare)

V → Vː / \_z{l,r}

V → Vː / \_{d,t}t

Vː → V / \_C(C)# "(irregular: often before -m, -t, -nt, but never before ?s)"

V → {Vː,V[+nasalized]} / \_n{f,s}

P = labials, A = diphthongs, T = stops, F = fricatives

**Coscan**
to Caitanese

#d\_ to t

#n\_ to l

#r\_ to ar

#sC to isC

#Vn,d to V˦

#Vp,t,k to V˧˥

#Vs to V˥˩

#v\_ to b

#\_g to t

#\_l to ng

#\_ng to n

#\_N to nasalized vowel

a: to o

Co: to Cau

CrV to wi

CV: to wa

dV, tV to tja

e: to a

gl to ja

grV/krV to gjV/kjV

g to k

gV to dzV

g\_# to s

h to x

ju to ji

l\_# to th

nj to j

o: to e

pl, fl, kl to pr, fr, kr

ps to s:

qi to hja

q to h

r to l

stop finals to ?, except for t, p , ng, n and k

Voiced stop-finals to unvoiced

Vp,t,kV to Vb,d,gV

\_nd\_,\_ld\_,\_l:\_ to ɖ:

**Proto-Athelic**
to Sanacer

·
a→ aː

·
c → ts

·
d → ts

·
e, i, u → ɨ

·
k → ts / \_i

·
k, kʲ, ɡ→ k

·
kʷ gʷ→ k plus labialization

·
kʷ gʷ → k / \_i

·
w → Ø / h\_i, t\_ , th\_

·
wV, jV → V̏ː / #\_ (i.e.
the vowel following the dropped glide becomes long and acquires low-falling
tone)

·
V → Ø / C\_hC

·
Vh→ Vː / \_#

·
Ø → V̋ː / C\_# (i.e. a
long vowel with high-rising tone (usually one of /a̋ː i̋ː ʌ̃̋ː/, the conditions
are unclear) is added after any word-final consonant)

·
iji → iː

·
iː, uː → i, u

·
tsn → hst

·
n → h / \_st

·
n, → Ø / \_j

·
p, b→ p

·
t → Ø / \_k, \_n, n\_

·
t, d → t

·
j → Ø / ts\_

·
Ø → i / C\_R (i.e. an
epenthetic /i/ is inserted before /n ɹ w j/ if another consonant precedes)

·
s → Ø / #h\_V

·
ts → s / h\_

·
ks → ts / \_V

·
nh → hn

·
final nasals → n

·
q → k

·
x → Ø / \_k

·
x → h / \_C, except when
C\_C or \_k

·
x → k

·
C[+laryngeal] → Ø /C[+resonant +syllabic]\_\_C

·
C[+laryngeal] → aː /C\_\_C

·
iC[+laryngeal] → ja

·
uC[+laryngeal] → wa

\*All voiced consonants are
devoiced

Palatalisation before
front vowels, including, but not limited to:

·
t → tɕ

·
k → ɕ

·
st → ɕː

·
l → ʎ

·
n → ɲ

·
As a synchronic
allophonic rule, /t ts k/ are realized as [d dz ɡ ɡʷ] before vowels.

Vowels

a→ aː

·
e, i, u → ɨ

·
iː, uː → i, u

·
C[+laryngeal] → aː /C\_\_C

ə → ʌ̃

Pyeshwer

Milkwajs