Ammosaurus

*Ammosaurus major*

***Ammosaurus*** ("sand lizard") is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early and Middle Jurassic Period of North America. At 4 meters (13 feet) in length, it was small compared to some other members of its suborder, which included the largest animals ever to walk the Earth. Gregory S. Paul estimated its weight at 70 kg in 2010. It was a versatile animal, able to move both bipedally and quadrupedally, and may have been omnivorous. Remains have been discovered outside Connecticut but these are only tentatively, if at all, referred to *Ammosaurus*.

## Naming

The generic name *Ammosaurus* is derived from the Greek words "ἄμμος" ("*ammos"* as "sandy ground") and "*sauros"* ("lizard"), referring to the sandstone in which it was found and its reptilian nature. There is one currently valid species (*Ammosaurus major*), which is so named because it is larger than *Anchisaurus*, of which it was originally considered a second species, *Anchisaurus major*. Famous American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh created this specific name in 1889. In 1891, Marsh created the new genus *Ammosaurus* for this species. He subsequently named another species of *Anchisaurus* in 1892: *Anchisaurus solus*, based on a juvenile specimen, YPM 209, from the same quarry *Ammosaurus major* was found in. In 1932 Friedrich von Huene renamed this to *Ammosaurus solus*. Scientists now consider it synonymous with *Ammosaurus major*.

### Synonym with *Anchisaurus*?

The relationships of *Ammosaurus* with other dinosaurs are highly uncertain at this time. It is an early member of the suborder Sauropodomorpha and is most closely related to *Anchisaurus*, with which it may actually be synonymous. Different paleontologists consider *Anchisaurus* to be either a basal prosauropod or a sauropodomorph more advanced than prosauropods but outside of Sauropoda proper.

Marsh originally described *Ammosaurus major* as *Anchisaurus major*, although he removed it to its own new genus only two years later. However, some recent studies have suggested that *Ammosaurus* and *Anchisaurus* are the same animal after all (Sereno, 1999). Other scientists prefer to keep the two genera separate due to anatomical differences in the pelvis and hind foot, although the two animals are still considered sister taxa. Since specimen YPM 1883 was in 2015 designated as the neotype of *Anchisaurus polyzelus*, it is very likely that *Ammosaurus* is a subjective junior synonym of this species.

## Fossil discoveries

Fossils of *Ammosaurus* were originally discovered in the Portland Formation of the Newark Supergroup in the U.S. state of Connecticut. This formation preserves an arid environment with strong wet and dry seasons, from the Hettangian age into the Sinemurian age, between about 200 and 195 million years ago. The original specimens were recovered from a sandstone quarry, which was used in the construction of the South Manchester Bridge in Connecticut. In fact, the holotype specimen, YPM 208, was on 20 October 1884 discovered by quarry workers. Unfortunately, it consists of only the rear half of the skeleton, as the block containing the front half had already been installed in the bridge when Marsh procured the fossil. In August 1969, the bridge was demolished, and some *Ammosaurus* remains, later catalogued as YPM 6282, were recovered by a team organised by John Ostrom. Three other incomplete skeletons of different ages are also known from Connecticut, but there is no known skull. *Ammosaurus* is still found in Bajocian stage deposits of North America, making it one of the few "prosauropod" genera to survive into the Middle Jurassic.

### *Ammosaurus* outside Connecticut

*Ammosaurus* remains have been reported from other parts of North America, but may not represent the species *A. major*, if they even represent the genus at all.

The Navajo Sandstone of Arizona is the same age as the Portland Formation, and has produced prosauropod remains that have been referred to as *Ammosaurus*. However, it is possible that these actually belong to the genus *Massospondylus*, otherwise known only from South Africa.

In the eastern Canadian province of Nova Scotia, scientists have unearthed prosauropods from the McCoy Brook Formation, which is about 200 to 197 million years old, from the Early Jurassic Hettangian stage. The Nova Scotia material provides clues about the diet of these animals. A large number of gastroliths, stones swallowed to grind up plant material in the gut, were found in the abdomen, as well as bone from the skull of a small sphenodont, *Clevosaurus*. This indicates that these dinosaurs were omnivorous, with a diet mainly consisting of plants but with an occasional supplement of meat. However, these remains have never been fully described or illustrated and were only tentatively referred to *Ammosaurus*. A further study identified them as a new taxon of sauropodomorph, *Fendusaurus eldoni*.

## Dinosaur Earth Description

Ammosaurus was one of the earliest and smaller members of the huge plant-eating, sauropod (long-neck) dinosaur family. These include all the big long-necked dinosaurs like Brachiosaurus and Diplodocus. When it was first discovered back in 1884 in Connecticut, U.S. it was thought that it was a meat eater. Fossils of this dinosaur have also been found in the southwestern part of North America.
Since it was smaller than the giant sauropods that came later in the Jurassic, Ammosaurus probably spent some time on its hind legs. These back legs were quite a bit stronger and larger than its front legs, which would have enabled this dinosaur to rear up to get food or to defend itself.
Recently, some scientists have questioned this genus and are suggesting it should be classified as a species of Anchisaurus.

## References

* Fedak, T. J. (2007). Description and evolutionary significance of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the early Jurassic (Hettangian) McCoy Brook Formation. Ph.D. dissertation. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.
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* Weishampel, D.B. & Young, L.O. (1996). *Dinosaurs of the East Coast*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 275 pp.
* Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., Osmólska, H. (eds.) (2004). *The Dinosauria, Second Edition*. University of California Press., 861 pp.
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* Yates, A. M. (2004). *Anchisaurus polyzelus* (Hitchcock): the smallest known sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of gigantism among sauropodomorph dinosaurs. *Postilla* 230: 1-58. Template:OCLC

## Notes

1. ↑ Paul, G.S., 2010, *The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs*, Princeton University Press p. 164
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Marsh, O.C. (1889).
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Marsh, O.C. (1891).
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Galton, P.M. (1971).
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Galton, P.M., Upchurch, P. (2004).
6. ↑ Template:Cite journal
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `yates`
8. ↑ ICZN, 2015, "Opinion 2361 (Case 3561): *Anchisaurus* Marsh, 1885 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): usage conserved by designation of a neotype for its type species *Megadactylus polyzelus* Hitchcock, 1865", *Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature* **72**(2): 176-177
9. ↑ Olsen, P.E. (2002). STRATIGRAPHY AND AGE OF THE EARLY JURASSIC PORTLAND FORMATION OF CONNECTICUT AND MASSACHUSETTS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE TIME SCALE OF THE EARLY JURASSIC. Session No. 26
Studies of Depositional Systems and Sedimentary Rocks: In Honor of Edward Scudder Belt. 37th Annual Meeting (March 25-27, 2002).
10. ↑ Weishampel, D.B. & Young, L.O. (1996).
11. ↑ Weishampel, D.B. *et al.*. (2004).
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Fedak, T.J. (2007).
13. ↑ Shubin, N.H. *et al.* (1994).