recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Coelodus

*Coelodus* is an extinct genus of fish that lived in North/South America, Europe, Asia and Africa during from the Jurassic to the Late Paleocene.

## Description

Indeterminate *Coelodus* remains are known from the Wessex Formation.

## Species

* *C. decaturensis*
* *C. fabadens*
* *C. malwaensis*
* *C. plethodon*
* *C. streckeri*
* *C. subdiscus*
Durnonovariaodus

The skull of D. maiseyi. Credit: Sebastian Stumpf.

*Durnonovariaodus* is an extinct genus of hybodontiform shark-like chondrichthyes that lived in England during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

—Sebastian Stumpf
    *Durnonovariaodus* lived in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of Upper Jurassic, England ~150 million years ago, and was classified as a previously unknown genus and species of hybodontiform. This find is extremely rare, and was made nearly 20 years ago on the southern coast of England. The specimen is now held and curated in the Etches Collection; housing one of the most scientifically significant fossil collections of England.

## References

* https://scitechdaily.com/new-species-of-ancient-shark-discovered/
* https://peerj.com/articles/11362/
Caucasian moose

## Alces alces caucasicus

The Caucasian moose, or the Caucasian elk, (*Alces alces caucasicus*) is a subspecies of moose that lived in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.

## Paleobiology

Asiatic lions, Asiatic cheetahs, Persian leopards, brown bears, steppe wolves and Caspian tigers were some of the Caucasian moose's predators. Among them, the Eurasian lynx may have preyed on calves. During the mid 19th century, the subspecies was relatively common. From there, over-hunting led populations to decline. At the beginning of the 20th century, the species went extinct at an unknown time.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian\_moose
Cryptovolans

Credit: Fred Wierum.

*Cryptovolans* is a dubious genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur that lived in Mongolia during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*Cryptovolans* is known from about five specimens, all from Mongolia and date back to the Early Cretaceous. The femurs measure approximately 53 millimeters from both their lengths and widths. It was concluded that the animal weighed about 187 grams when it was living.

## Notable Specimens

* LPM 0200: One of the five type specimens of *Cryptovolans*.
* LPM 0201: One of the five type specimens of *Cryptovolans*.

## References

* https://dinosaurpictures.org/Cryptovolans-pictures
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=68239
Cimolestes

*Cimolestes* is an extinct genus of Eutherian that lived in North/South America and Africa through the Cretaceous to the Eocene.

## Description

*Cimolestes* is a small, shrew-like mammal, with four clawed paws and a long hairless tail. *Cimolestes* has notably small ears, and a long snout. *Cimolestes* has the most tail vertebrae of any mammal, as well as long flexible fingers.

## Paleoecology

*Cimolestes* was adapt to life in the trees; having teeth able to chew small animals and insects, a prehensile tail, good grip and agility.

## Classification

*Cimolestes* was once thought to have been a marsupial, but later considered a placental mammal. Research shows that *Cimolestes* is a stem Eutherian, with no closely related ancestor, and more placental than related to marsupials.
Coelosaurus (Gilmore, 1920)

## Coelosaurus

Assorted remains.

*Coelosaurus* is a preoccupied genus of Ornithomimid Dinosaur that lived in North America during the Cretaceous.

## Description

The other *Coelosaurus* is *C. affinis*, known from USNM 5704, 5684, 5453, 6108, 5703, 8456, 6107, 5652 of the Arundel Formation. This was intended as a replacement for *Dryosaurus affinis*.

## References

http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon\_no=65360
Clepsysaurus

AMNH FR 4991, "C." manhattanensis. Credit: Skye McDavid.

*Clepsysaurus* is a dubious genus of extinct archosaurs that lived in Pennsylvania during the Late Triassic.

## Classification

*Clepsysaurus* may represent a sauropodmorph, a phytosaur, or a basal archosaur. Its remains are non-diagnostic and have at different times been synonymized with various other genera, some of them also dubious. Diagnostic phytosaur remains sometimes lumped into *Clepsysaurus* are properly assigned to the genus *Rutiodon*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clepsysaurus
2. ↑ Rutiodon
Cerro Del Pueblo Ornithomimid

The Cerro Del Pueblo Ornithomimid is an unnamed genus of Ornithomimosaur that lived in Mexico during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

The specimen was found in the Las Aguilas Dinosaur Graveyard by an amateur paleontologist. The remains included cranial material allowing the authors to make a "secure identification".

## References

* https://theropoddatabase.com/Ornithomimosauria.htm
* https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP-2015-Program-and-Abstract-Book-9-22-2015.pdf (204)
Coelosaurus (Leidy, 1865)

## Coelosaurus

*Coelosaurus* is a preoccupied genus of ornithomimid dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

Leidy (1865) named *C. antiquus* based on a right tibia and other fragmented leg bones from the Late Maastrichtian of New Jersey. Russel (1972) placed the genus as a nomen dubium but as a valid Ornithomimid taxon. Baird and Horner (1979) recombined *Coelosaurus* as *Ornithomimus antiquus*. Since, others have found little validation for this, and fossils from the Severn, Mooreville Chalk and Blufftown Formations have since been referred since there are no better taxa to refer these remains to. Historically, some fossils identified as *Dryptosaurus* have been combined as *D. antiquus*. However, this has since been synonymized. CCK-85-1-1 is a right tibial shaft including part of the fibular crest from Blufftown. ANSP 9222 is also a right tibia, referred as the syntype. These two are very comparable, but CCK-85-1-1 is considerably larger and has a larger cranio-caudal diameter, which might reflect a positive allometry from a larger animal. The thin shaft walls and a large medullary cavity of CCK-85-1-1 demonstrate that this animal was lightly built and cursorial. These assigns it to Ornithomimidae, though it is much older and larger than the other specimens, it should not be lumped into *Ornithomimus* due to scarce material. Weishampel (2004) classifies it as indeterminate and thus a nomen dubium. ANSP 9151 is a caudal and PU 23503 a posterior caudal vertebra, NJSM 12503 is a pedal phalanx in private collection, a small metatarsal fragment is known from the private Miller Collection, USNM 256614 is a left femur, SMP VP-714 is a juvenile left tibia and lost "foot bones" are also known. The name "*Coelosaurus*" is preoccupied, pending replacement.

## References

* https://www.jstor.org/stable/1305997
* https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691190594-013/pdf
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelosaurus\_antiquus
* http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Theropods/Coelosaurus.asp
Bulbasaurus

*Bulbasaurus* is an extinct genus of dicynodont that lived in Africa during the Late Permian.

## History

*Bulbasaurus* translates to 'bulbous lizard'. The animal was not directly named after the Pokémon Bulbasaur, and is instead named after the large nasal bosses. The species name, *phylloxyron* means 'leaf razor', as a homage to the ability Razor Leaf that the Pokémon can learn. *Phylloxyron* is also a reference to *Bulbasaurus*'s jaws, which can shear plants with ease. The authors confirmed this elsewhere.

## Description

*Bulbasaurus* has a strong fused premaxillae, which is very hooked at the end. The face bears a tall prominent ridge, which similar related species lack. The nasal bones are very large, with many notable ridges when viewed form the underside. The top of the head is flat, and stretches outwards the most compared with other parts of the skull. *Bulbasaurus* has two short tusks on its beak, which are very short and roughly 1.9 centimeters in diameter.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbasaurus
* https://twitter.com/Synapsida/status/826391177419169794
Challenger Deep Flatfish

Challenger Deep Flatfish is a supposed flat abyssal fish that lived in the Mariana Trench during the Holocene.

## History

On January 23, 1960, the bathyscaph Trieste, which was piloted by Jacques Piccard and Donald Walsh, had reached 35,800 feet (7 miles) beneath the surface as a record-setting expedition. This placed their craft in the Challenger Deep. As they touched down on the seabed, they describe a large flatfish that swam away. They recall:

—Eberhart (2002), Jacques and Dietz (1961)

Torben Wolff suggests this creature is a sea cucumber, possibly *Galatheathauria aspera*. If this "flatfish" is legit, it could be an extremely rare or critically endangered abyssal fish that may have gone extinct or be dwindling as deep sea fishing destroys abyssal biodiversity. However, neither pilots were marine biologists, so it could have easily be mistaken.

## Description

It has two distinct eyes and visits or inhabits abyssal oceanic depths, where no light penetrates. It is noted a fish with eyes at such depths would not be able to use them.

## References

* https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429980-700-the-deepest-limits-how-low-can-fish-go/amp/
* https://www.washington.edu/news/2017/11/28/theres-a-deeper-fish-in-the-sea/
* https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/BBLv222n3p171
* http://www.deepseachallenge.com/the-expedition/mariana-trench/
Chinese orangutan

## Pongo weidenreichi

Tooth labelled as Pongo pygmaeus weidenreichi, a classification that is currently under debate.

## Statistics

### Species

*Pongo weidenreichi*?*Pongo pygmaeus weidenreichi*?

### Diet

Omnivorous

The Chinese orangutan (*Pongo weidenreichi* or *Pongo pygmaeus weidenreichi*) is an extinct species of pongine that lived in China and possibly Thailand during the Early to the Middle Pleistocene.

## Description

The Chinese orangutan is known from Baikong, Juyuan and Queque Caves in Chongzuo, Guangxi China. These remains consists of over 70 teeth that were all attributed to the Chinese orangutan. these range from 2 to 1 million years old due to paleomagnetic analyses and faunal correlations. According to Harrison et al. in 2014, species-specific feature identification will need more material. They note the species is very similar to their modern cousins, but are much larger in size. The Chinese orangutan is the earliest documented fossil remains. In Doi Ta Ka cave, teeth identified as *Pongo* and *Gigantopithecus* are called *P. weidenreichi* by others. The form these teeth belonged to were contemporaneous with *Homo erectus*.

## References

* https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/fossil-pongo-from-the-early-pleistocene-gigantopithecus-fauna-of-
* https://www.academia.edu/1806109/Putative\_Homo\_erectus\_cranial\_fragments\_from\_Doi\_Ta\_Ka
Cf. Torosaurus

EMP 16.1. Credit: GetAwayTrike.

Cf. *Torosaurus*, represented by EMP 16.1 and RSM P3218, is a possibly unknown genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

In 2005, Sullivan et al. assigned EMP 16.1 and RSM P3218 to cf. *Torosaurus*, a classification which has sparked several errors. EMP 16.1 may be an atypical *Torosaurus* morph, an unknown ontogenetc stage or a new taxon. RSM P3218.1 was collected from 2017-2018, consisting of a partial frill, horncore, nasals and snout. The parietal has a differentiated thinning, which ends in a defined, crenulated less than 1 centimeter thick. This is adjacent to the parietal-squamosal suture. The margins form at the edge of 2 partially-preserved oblong fenestrae. The thinning may represent the thinning seen in older individuals. However, RSM P3218.1 shows subadult characteristics. The true affinities of "cf. *Torosaurus*" is yet unknown.

## References

* http://dickinsonmuseumcenter.com/cret\_and\_beyond-abs09-bamforth\_and\_street/
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250070864\_Redescription\_of\_the\_ceratopsid\_dinosaur\_Torosaurus\_utahensis\_Gilmore\_1946\_and\_a\_revision\_of\_the\_genus
Cathartornis

*Cathartornis* is an extinct genus of teratorn that lived in North America from the Miocene to the Pleistocene.

## Description

*Cathartornis* is known from a single set of fossils, documented only once in 1910. They are more slender and short compared to *Teratornis merriami*. This indicates a more gracile build, hence the species name.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratornithidae
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathartornis
Cheirolepidoptus

*Cheirolepidoptus* is an extinct genus of mite that lived in Italy from the Triassic to the Triassic-Jurassic extinction.

## Description

*Cheirolepidoptus* is known from a single specimen. Its pretelosoma is annulated, four arms on its prodorsum, a thin cervix, and a heart-shaped pseudotagma. The type species is C. dolomiticus.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheirolepidoptus
Chimerarachne

Credit: Dinghua Yang.

*Chimerarachne* is an extinct genus of arachnids that lived in Asia during the Middle Cretaceous.

## Description

Though not being a 'true-spider', *Chimerarachne* shares many traits with modern arachnids. The spider has eight legs, is separated into two segments (thorax and head), however has a whip-like tail, hairless fangs and cylindrical segments at the back of its body.

## Paleobiology

Two individuals collected were considered male, and the other female because of the variation in their pediphalps. The tail on the end of *Chimerarachne* had a small stinger, the use of which is unknown.

## Paleoecology

*Chimerarachne* lived in small burrows on the forest floor. The tail was likely used for predatory reasons.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimerarachne
Canis africanus

## Canis (Xenocyon) africanus

*Canis (Xenocyon) africanus* is an extinct species of canid that lived in Africa from the Late Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene.

## Classification

The species was initially named *Canis africanus* by Pohle in 1928, later reclassified to *C. (Xenocyon) africanus*.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocyon#Canis\_(Xenocyon)\_africanus
Cerdocyon

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Cerdocyon* is a species of canid that has lived in South America and Europe since the Pliocene.

## Description

*Cerdocyon* are not truly related to foxes, and its name is a reference to *Cerdocyon*'s fox and dog-like qualities. *Cerdocyon* lives all over South America and Europe.

## Species

* *C. thous* (crab-eating fox)
	+ *C. t. thous*
	+ *C. t. azarae*
	+ *C. t. entrerianus*
	+ *C. t. aquilus*
	+ *C. t. germanus*
* †*C. ensenadensi*
* †*C. texanus*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating\_fox
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_canids#Prehistoric\_canids
Diplotomodon

*Diplotomodon* is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in New Jersey during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Diplomotodon* is known from holotype ANSP 9680 from near Mullica Hill in Navesink or Hornerstown Formation Maastrichtian-aged marine deposits. Joseph Leidy (1865) originally named it *Tomodon*, unaware of the genus of snake already occupying that name. After renaming it *Diplomotodon*, he suggested it was a fish. The holotype tooth is 3 inches long, is broad, flat and symmetrical and is non-recurved. Edward Drinker Cope (1870) concluded it was not a fish, but a carnivorous dinosaur. Ralph Molnar (1990) suggested it was synonymous with *Dryptosaurus*. Onwards it was considered a dinosaur. One strange conclusion was by Halsey Wilkinson Miller (1955), who placed it in Mosasauridae. David Weishampel (2006) placed it as tetanurae indeterminate. Today, it is generally known as a nomen dubium.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplotomodon
Camarillasaurus

Credit: Connor Ashbridge on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Camarillasaurus* is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in Camarillas, Teruel Province, northeastern Spain during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

Originally described as a ceratosaur at the time of its recovery; the new papers have rebranded the theropod as a member to Spinosauridae.  The known fossil evidence for this animal is extremely fragmentary, little to nothing of this genus is known. Restorations vary; some take traits from *Spinosaurus*, *Suchomimus*, and older reconstructions take ceratosaur traits. The holotype is thought to be a juvenile, and is based off of several vertebrae and ribs.

At the EVAP 2019 conference, Oliver Rauhut and colleagues suggested that *Camarillasaurus* represented a spinosaurid, rather than a basal ceratosaur. The team based this upon the new material unearthed, and the posterior caudal vertebrae. In 2019, dissertation by Adun Samathi gave the same hypothesis about *Camarillasaurus* that Rauhut and colleagues first suggested. In 2021, scientists confirmed *Camarillasaurus* was a spinosaur alongside analysis of new spinosaur from Thailand. They determined it a spinosaur due to vertebrae similarities with the new taxon reported from Thailand .

## Paleoecology

Nothing Significant about this particular species of theropod is known; besides the new classification. If *Camarillasaurus* is a spinosaur, it can be theorized that it is a generalistic carnivore, hunting terrestrial dinosaurs whenever possible; as well as stalking aquatic animals opportunistically. Camarillasaurus lived in the Camarillas Formation in Spain; containing several newly discovered dinosaurs *Iguanodon galvensis*, *Delapparentia turolensis* and *Gideonmantellia amosanjuanae*.

## References

1. ↑ http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2019/5605/5605.pdf
2. ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2021.1874372?journalCode=ghbi20#.YCK01VTXwKs.twitter
3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarillasaurus
4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarillas\_Formation
Cedar Mountain Iguanodont A

Cedar Mountain Iguanodont A at the bottom.

The Cedar Mountain Iguanodont A is an unnamed genus of Styracosternan Ornithopod that lived in Utah during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description.

This taxon is housed at the Brigham Young University (BYU), and is currently being described by Rod Scheetz. The bones on display include: A maxilla, a tooth attached to a fragment of the jaw, and 10 vertebrae. Jim Kirkland believes 3 Iguanodont taxa co-occur at around 135 Ma, which would be *Hippodraco,* this taxon, and the Sail-backed Iguanodont. A partial tail, with 6 vertebra is known, but whether it is this taxon or the Sail-backed Iguanodont is not currently known. Jim Kirkland notes that iliac remains are nearly twice as large as those of *Iguanocolossus*, expressing doubt of possible synonymy. It is among the most well-represented Berriasian iguanodonts.

## References

* https://twitter.com/Paleojim/status/1512069630826737666
* https://twitter.com/Paleojim/status/1611544458600026112
Dubois' orangutan

## Pongo duboisi

Dubois' orangutan (*Pongo duboisi*) is an extinct species of hominid that lived in Sumatra during the Late Pleistocene.

## Description

This species is known from the LIda Ayer and Djambu deposits and was quite large, and, alongside the younger and slightly smaller *P. palaeosumatrensis* were possibly time-successive members of the *P. abelii* lineage, or a younger lineage distributed across Sundaland sister to *P. abelii* and *P. pygmaeus*.

## References

https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/fossil-pongo-from-the-early-pleistocene-gigantopithecus-fauna-of-
Dune shearwater

## Puffinus holeae

The dune, Canarian or Hole's shearwater (*Puffinus holeae*) is an extinct species of seabird that lived on the Canary Islands and Portugal from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene.

## Description

Between the Manx and Cory's shearwaters, the dune shearwater somewhere between their sizes, being large for a shearwater. Fossils have also been recovered from the archeological site Figueira de Brava cave in Portugal. The species honours Mrs. Jean Hole, who discovered the material from the Jandia Peninsula of Fuerteventura. They bred in dune fields, going extinct 2000-3000 thousand years ago, likely due to predation of humans when they arrived.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune\_shearwater
Eastern Desert sirenian

The Eastern Desert sirenian is an unnamed genus of sirenian that lived in Egypt during the Middle Eocene.

## Description

The specimen was teased in the 2021 SVP abstracts. A skeleton was reported from very fossilferous dolomitic limestone, which forms an extensive whitish-yellowish hard crystalline limestone that becomes very thick. The specimen was prepared from a quarry 100 kilometers south of the Khasm El-Raqaba quarry. The skeleton was embedded in the limestone, which was split into two blocks sectioned transversely. Together, the slabs are 150 centimeters long and 120 wide, forming a single individual that was deposited in the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory of Cairo University It represents a new genus and species based on differences between it and every other Egyptian sirenians.

## References

https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SVP\_2021\_VirtualBook\_final.pdf
Cockerellites

*Cockerellites* is a dubious genus of fish that lived in North America during the Eocene.

## Description

*Cockerellites* have been found in large shoals, indicating the fish schooled. *Cockerellites* has a flat body, like a sunfishes.

## Gallery

Cockerellites Being Prepared*Knightia eocaena*, *Eohiodon falcatus* [sic] and *Cockerellites* specimens at the Royal Ontario Museum.
**Credit: Clumsystiggy on DeviantArt.**
## References

https://geology.com/articles/green-river-fossils/fish-fossils.shtml
Cryptolithus

*Cryptolithus* is an extinct genus of trilobite that lived throughout the Ordovician period in Eurasia, North/South America and Africa.

## Distribution

*Cryptolithus* fossils have been found in Africa, especially in Morocco, in Turkey, which borders Asian and European boundaries, the United Kingdom, Venezuela, the United States and Canada.

## Description

*Cryptolithus* was mostly blind, likely because of the large shield atop the arthropods head. The shield forms a horseshoe-like shape; being thick near the body, and thinning near the edges which stretch backwards, behind the body. The ends of the shield are straight, and form a point. The rim of the head shield has small grooves, which slope up into three peaks, which are at their highest in the middle of the armour plating. The center-top segment of the plating reaches back, and has a hook facing backwards.

## Etymology

*Cryptolithus* may translate to hidden/secret stone; crypto meaning "hidden" or "secret" and lithus meaning "stone".

## Species

* *C. bellulus*
* *C. carimatus*
* *C. fittsi*
* *C. goldfussi*
* *C. inopinatus*
* *C. intertetus*
* *C. lorerainensis*
* *C. lorettensis*
* *C. ornatus*
* *C. portlockii*
	+ *C. p. girvanensis*
* *C. quadrillatus*
* *C. recurvus*
* *C. tessellatus*
* *C. ultimus*

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptolithus
CM 73372

CM 73372 with most of the tail excluded.

CM 73372 is an undescribed genus of Crocodylomorph that lived in Ghost Ranch, New Mexico during the Late Triassic.

## Description

The fossil of CM 73372 is known from most of a Post-cranial skeleton, including gastralia, left and right feet, tail, and hip bones. A taxonomic analysis conducted by Zanno et al. in 2015 recovered CM73372 as the most basal Crocodylomorph along with the taxon *Carnufex carolinensis*. It is currently being housed at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.

## Phylogyny

CM 73372 is in a polytomy along with *Carnufex* and the rest of Crocodylomorpha, making it the basalmost Crocodylomorph along with aforementioned taxon. This phylogyny was recovered by Zanno *et al.* (2015)

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnufex
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-aZl8JYe\_Y
* https://www.researchgate.net/figure/CM-73372-skeleton-with-most-of-the-tail-omitted-left-lateral-view\_fig25\_260694237
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost\_Ranch#Geology\_and\_palaeontology
Costepeiromys

Credit: Skye McDavid.

*Costepeiromys* is an extinct genus of mountain beaver that lived in Nebraska during the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene.

## History

The genus was named by Korth et al. (2022) from the Chadron Formation. It is represented by 10 specimens found 9 meters below the UPW that were discovered by using extant ant colonies (mounds 1, 3, 5, 6) from the Big Cottonwood Creek Member. The specific epithet is after *Atta* mounds, where the specimens were discovered. SDSM 155705 (left m2) is the holotype; SDSM 155711, 155763, (m1s), SDSM 155706-155710 (m3s), SDSM 155712 and 155713 (M3s) are referred specimens. Clint Boyd, a coauthor of the study, commissioned many different paleoartists to produce renditions of their new taxa.

## Description

Brachydont cheek teeth, lophules in the cheek teeth basin enamel, posteriorly-opening trigonids on the lower molars, a complete hypolophid on the lower molars and having a distinct S-curve on the m3 and a partial ectolophid on the M3 distinguish the genus. The morphology is clearly prosciurine.

## Paleoecology

It is one of over 80 taxa in the Chadron Formation and was once of 10 new taxa named in 2022. This formation dates to the Latest Eocene-Earliest Oligocene.

## References

* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361037651\_Fossil\_mammals\_from\_ant\_mounds\_situated\_on\_exposures\_of\_the\_Big\_Cottonwood\_Creek\_Member\_of\_the\_Chadron\_Formation\_latest\_Eocene-early\_Oligocene\_Sioux\_County\_Nebraska
* https://twitter.com/boydpaleo/status/1517683122598514690
Dachongosaurus

Credit: Jack Wood.

"*Dachongosaurus*" or "*Dachungosaurus*" is a naked genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in China during the Early Jurassic.

## Description

"*Dachongosaurus*" is known from a partial articulated skeleton recovered from the Dark Red Beds, Lower Lufeng Series of Sinemurian-agd Yunnan, China. It was possibly a Cetiosaur, with the suggested species epithet being "*yunnanensis*", which was coined by Zhao (1985). As with Zhao's other naked names, nothing has resurfaced or published. However, there is a possibility the remains were described under a new name.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs
Diochus electrus

*Diochus electrus* is an extinct genus of rove beetle that lived in the Baltic region during the Middle Eocene.

## History

*D. electrus* is represented by KU-NHM-ENT, B-244, a single adult female included in clear orange Baltic amber from the Blaue Erde deposits. The specimen currently sits in the Division of Entomology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Stylianos Chatzimanolis and Michael S. Engel (2011) named the species in ZooKeys, given the name electrus, meaning "amber" from the Latin electrum. It was the first definitive staphylinine from the fossil record, disregarding *Bembicidiodes*, which was previously considered of this group and named in 1888. It is 1/11 species of the Palearctic realm.

## Description

*D. electrus* is known from a singular well-preserved female specimen recovered in the Baltic Regions 35 millimeters (0.14 inches) long. The ovoid head is 0.56 x 0.48 millimeters (0.022 x 0.019 inches) and has fine sculpturing with sporadic punctations. The antennae lack a geniculate structure, which allows it to be assigned to diochini. Though it is similar to *Coomania*, the neck is more robust. The elytra are 0.75 millimeters (0.030 inches) long and 0.67 millimeters (0.026 inches). They are longer than the 0.64 millimeter (0.025 inch) pronotum. All other 10 Palearctic *Diochus* bear pronotum longer than elytra, which, thus, distinguishes *D. electrus* as a species.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diochus\_electrus
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=221555
Cothurnocystis

Credit: Franz Anthony.

*Cothurnocystis* was a strange, boot-shaped Calcichordate that lived during the Ordovician in North America, Europe and Africa.

## Description

*Cothurnocystis*' tail might have contained a notochord, and the small slits in its body might have filtered food. Most scientists believe it was just a weird echinoderm. *Cothurnocystis* had an outer “skin” of hard plates.

## Paleoecology

*Cothurnocystis* may have dragged itself along the seafloor, pushing water through the strange slits in their skin to filter food from water. The thin tail may have helped *Cothurnocystis* slowly swim through water.

## Reference

Dorling Kindersley Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life, p. 32

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cothurnocystis
Duranteceratops

Credit: HodariNundu on DeviantArt.

"Duranteceratops" is a naked genus of Ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in South Dakota during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

"Duranteceratops" is a skull from the Hell Creek Formation, which is reportedly distinct from *Triceratops*. Unearthed by amateur fossil hunter John Carter, the fossil was mentioned in Prehistoric Times (Spring 2017, no. 121) as to be named "Duranteceratops". The skull was bought by Alan Detrich in Buffalo in 2012, convinced it was "one-of-a-kind". The skull is massive - about the size of a human. The skull was restored, and examined by John Carter to see if the specimen could be a new species. Carter, Detrich and the restorer agreed that the skull was distinct. The specimen had a 17-inch long nasal horn and is 8 feet long, the latter was confirmed by Neal and Pete Larson. The nasal horn is placed at the tip of the jaw and the frill abnormally curves upward. Larson spent over 1000 hours preparing and restoring the skull after the project first began in March 2013. Here, Larson worked part-time for a year and full-time from April-July, noting it was a difficult process. The restoration was embedded in 3-6 inches of sideritic iron. The skull was, apparently, mostly intact upon discovery. Detrich tried to donate the specimen to a North American museum, but it is unknown what has happened since 2015, where the specimen was reported on last.

## Description

Denver Fowler, though having not seen the specimen, thinks that the specimen is a crushed *Triceratops prorsus* skull with a posteriorly-pushing narial strut and a missing rostral. He suggests that the specimen is not only pathological, but that the nasal horn is comparable to those of late *T. prorsus* and that the added height seems to be due to the nasals and narial strut being distorted.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs
* https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/dinosaur-skull-found-in-buffalo-likely-a-new-species/article\_b33d3375-b74c-5941-aa0b-281ad59b430a.html
* https://twitter.com/df9465/status/1525862739654098945
Canis cedazoensis

C. cedazoensis range.

*Canis cedazoensis* is an extinct speices of canid that lived in southern North America during the Pleistocene.

## Decription

This species is a suggested hypercarnivore based on dentition morphology, similar but more hypercarnivorous than jackals. It was close in size to the golden jackal. *C. cedazoensis* may form an endemic clade with *Canis thooides* and *Canis feneus*, and *C. cedazoensis* is possibly an ancestor to *Canis lepophagus*. *Canis cedazoensis* coexisted with Armbruster's wolf and the dire wolf for 1.8 million years. *Canis cedazoensis* competes with *Smilodon* and *Homotherium*. *Canis cedazoensis* lived 300,000 years ago.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis\_cedazoensis
Dracopelta

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## History

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## Description

*Dracopelta* was a small Ankylosaur, being about 1 meter (2 feet), and is known from a single partial skeleton. The holotype consists of a rib cage, a putative pelvis, an ungual, a fibula, a tibia, a distal femur, ribs thirteen dorsal vertebrae and five osteoderms. It is is hard to determine the exact size of the animal, due to the fragmentary nature of the remains. In 2021, it was suggested this specimen to be called MG 3.

## Classification

*Dracopelta* is the first Ankylosaur to be recognized from the Late Jurassic, and is now the basalmost member of Ankylosauria. *Dracopelta* was originally classified in Nodosauridae. It was confirmed as an ankylosaurian in 2021.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracopelta
* https://www.lneg.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CG21-04-1305\_Russo-e-Mateus.pdf
CM 11338

Cast of the specimen as found. Credit: Ben P L on Flickr.

CM 11338 is an unnamed species (probably genus) of Camarasaurid Sauropod that lived in Utah during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

This taxon is known from a complete skeleton of a juvenile individual, preserved in articulation. This specimen differ from other *Camarasaurus* assigned taxa by. "Mid caudals with ventrolateral ridges, concave ventral surfaces, and high pedicels, anterior caudals with concave ventral surfaces, sacral ribs do not exceed ilium, mid- and posterior dorsal spines inclined, concave ventral surfaces, and without prezygoparapopphyseal laminae, box-shaped manual phalanx I-1, mid-cervicals without prespinal lamina, (and an) unexpanded paroccipital process." *Camarasaurus* has been a taxon long overlooked in Morrison Sauropod studies, so the taxon is overlumped, and according to Tschopp et. al. paraphyletic with the valid *Cathetosaurus/Camarasaurus lewisi. Camarasaurus* actually represents 6-7 known genera.

## Phylogeny

This cladogram was recovered by Tschopp et. al. (2014)

## References

* Tschopp et al., 2014 poster
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus\_lentus
Citipes

*Citipes* is an extinct genus of Caenagnathid dinosaur that lived in Canada during the Late Cretaceous,

## Description

*Citipes* is known from incomplete remains, including a mandible, fragmentary pelvis and partial legs. Specializations in *Citipes*' beak show that it was a herbivorous theropod. *Citipes* was thought to have been an Ornithomimid, then reclassified into several Caenagnathoid genera. The holotype specimen consists of a tarsometatarsus, and a pair of ilia and vertebrae have been associated with *Citipes*. Along with that, a fused pair of dentaries, a tibia and isolated metatarsals are referred to *Citipes*. Osteohistological shows that *Citipes* was smaller than other Caenagnathid dinosaurs the genus is affiliated with. *Citipes* is distinguished from related taxa by fused foot bones.

Unnamed material from the Dinosaur Park Formation consisting of an incomplete pelvis. This material may belong to *Citipes* or *Chirostenotes*. The material has been described, and likely belongs to a known bearer.

## Classification

*Citipes* is a sister taxon to *Elmisaurus rarus*, making it a Caenagnathid theropod by definition.

## Synonyms

* *Chirostenotes elegans*
* *Elmisaurus elegans*
* *Leptorhynchos elegans*
* *Ornithomimus elegans*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citipes
* https://twitter.com/matthew\_rhodes\_/status/1266492610169860096
Canis orcensis

Credit: Antonio Manclova.

*Canis orcensis*, nicknamed the little wolf, is an extinct species of wolf that lived in Spain during the Early Pleistocene.

## History

The specimen was discovered in 1976, by a team from the Institute of Paleontology Miquel Crusafont, lead by Josep Gilbert. In 2021, the species was named by a team lead by Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro; Saverio Bartolini Lucenti, Mª Patrocinio Espigares, Sergio Ros-Montoya, Paul Palmqvist and Joan Madurell-Malapeira are the other authors. The paper was published in Comptes Rendus Palevol.

## Description

Sometimes called the "little wolf", *C. orcensis* is known from 1.6 million-year-old deposits from Venta Micena deposit, Orce, Spain. It was distinct from *Canis estruscus* and *Canis arnensis*. The remains were judged compared to *Canis etrscus* and *Canis mosbachensis*, and found the anatomical and metric data retrieved was enough to erect a new species. The dentition alludes to hypercarnivory. Comparative traits in the craniodental morphology is backed by geochemical evidence (such as abundant stable nitrogen isotopes in the fossils). *C. orcensis* was hypercarnivorous when other canids tended to be omnivorous.

## Paleoecology

Venta Micena has since become well-known for paleontology, exhibiting a human presence, including teeth, artifacts and butcher marks on animal carcasses. *C. orcensis* lived with mammoths, rhinoceros, horses, deer of many sizes, small bovids, panthers, lynx, two saber-toothed cats, *Pachycrocuta brevirostris*, bears, badgers, other canids, *Lycaon*, rabbits, miscellaneous rodents, shrews and invertebrates.

Venta Micena has a horizontal level that is 1 meter thick and fertile. This surface can be followed for 2.5 kilometers and preserves fossils within 1 kilometer2; 60 fossils on average within 1 mile2. For this reason, Venta Micena is among, if not the, most fossil-abundant Quaternary site in the world.

## References

1. ↑ https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/comptes-rendus-palevol/20/17
2. ↑ https://diaridigital.urv.cat/en/a-new-fossil-species-of-small-wolf-dated-1-6-million-years-old-is-found-at-the-sites-of-orce-southern-spain/
Cladocyclus

Credit: Hytrioskjan on DeviantArt.

*Cladocyclus* is an extinct genus of ichthyodectid fish that lived in South America, Europe and Africa during the Middle Cretaceous.

## Description

*Cladocyclus* is known from many well-preserved fossils.

## Species

* *C. gardneri*
* *C. geddesi*
* *C. lewesiensis*
* *C. occidentalis*

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladocyclus
Canis hewitti

*Canis hewitti* is an extinct species of canine that lived in Guateng, South Africa during the Early Pleistocene.

## History

*Canis hewitti* was named by Fourvel and Frerebeau (2022) based on 27 dental and postcranial remains unearthed from the Kromdraai A site.

## Description

*C. hewitti* is comparable in size to the the African wild dog, but differs based on an m1 with the trigonid 2/3 does the crown length, a metaconid disassociated from the protoconid and a hypoconid and entoconid forming a talonid, which denotes the genus *Canis*. The long and thin p4 with a high protoconid that flanks backwards from a well-developed cusp and a following small accessory denticle suggests specialization in flesh cutting. It seems to potentially be ancestral to *Canis atrox* of Kromdraai A.

## Paleoecology

Kromdraai A Locality that ranges up to 2 million years old, but the site of *C. hewitti* is only 1.8 million years old. It is a popular site for the discovery of the holotype of *Paranthropus robustus* and a rich bone assemblage of over 10,400 collected fossils (as of 2022). The occupation of the typical large canid niche by *C. hewitti* is deemed strange.

## References

* https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03694237/
* https://books.google.ca/books?id=vbhtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=Canis+hewitti&source=bl&ots=sicudeWQDv&sig=ACfU3U0LYfHL2PYfBSjviv9uJYXdS4rbDQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMq5bGksn5AhVNlYkEHQIDAqcQ6AF6BAghEAM#v=onepage&q=Canis%20hewitti&f=false
CUGB P1202

CUGB P1202 is an unnamed genus of enantiornithes that lived in Asia during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

The holotype juvenile specimen preserves melanosomes alongside feather imprints and the animals mostly-complete skeleton. A large portion of the animal was likely iridescent. Regions of the neck and behind the wing are known to preserve black feather pigment[*citation needed*].

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiornithes#Dubious\_genera\_and\_notable\_unnamed\_specimens
Cretacladoides

*Cretacladoides* is an extinct genus of shark that lived in Austria and France during the Early Cretaceous.

## Etymology

The generic name of *Cretacladoides* is a combination of the words Cretaceous, cladodont, and the Greek word "oides", translating to "similar," or "likeness,". This alludes to its age and similarities to the teeth of Palaeozoic cladodontomorph chondrichthyans.

## Description

*Cretacladoides* is known solely from teeth. These are multicuspid, with a tooth crown similar to the cladodonts of the Devonian, and measure less than 1 millimeters in width and height. Its teeth most closely resemble those of falcatid symmoriiforms, such as *Falcatus*, indicating a possible ghost lineage. The first cusplet pair is small, while the second pair is three quarters of the main cusp's height. When present, the third pair is half of the second pair's size.

## Paleoecology

The locality from which *Cretacladoides* is known, the Klausrieglerbach locality, bears the fossils of at least four other chondrichthyans, as well as ammonites, calpionellids and dinoflagellates. The paleoenvironment was a dysoxic, and the fauna of the area lived in the deep-sea.

## References

* Iris Feichtinger, Andrea Engelbrecht, Alexander Lukeneder & Jürgen Kriwet (2018) New chondrichthyans characterised by cladodont-like tooth morphologies from the Early Cretaceous of Austria, with remarks on the microstructural diversity of enameloid, Historical Biology, 32:6, 823-836.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretacladoides
Deinocheirus

Credit: Max Bellomio.

*Deinocheirus* is an extinct genus of deinocheirid ornithomimosaurian theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Mongolia during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

This genus was represented by a single set of claws for a long time, leading to strange classifications and interpretations. However, later specimens revealed that *Deinocherius* was a large, hump-backed and duck-billed ornithomimosaur. It was one of the heaviest ornithomimosaurs. Though it was bulky, it's skeleton was hollowed. They were not suited to speed, unlike most ornithomimosaurs, and lived in swamps, deltas and rivers.

## Paleobiology

### Diet

*Deinocherius* was omnivorous based on cranial morphology and stomach contents preserving gastroliths, associated fish scales and a beak that indicates a diet of plants. It was probably opportunistic and able to hunt on land and in water

### Conflict

It was in competition with *Tarbosaurus*, based on bite marks. However, it is unclear if this was an act of predation, conflict or scavenging. The last one seems probable because of its size and defensive capabilities.

## References

* https://a-dinosaur-a-day.com/post/188509798990/deinocheirus-mirificus
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278358391\_Mystery\_of\_the\_horrible\_hands\_solved
* https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2016/01/31/deinocheirus-a-giant-ornithomimosaur/
* https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/blog/65-deinocheirus-mirificus-no-longer-an-enigma/
* https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13874
* https://www.cashadvance6online.com/3d-dinosaur-wallpapers/3723878212.html [Comparison with Therizinosaurus]
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267745382\_Resolving\_the\_long-standing\_enigmas\_of\_a\_giant\_ornithomimosaur\_Deinocheirus\_mirificus
* https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-dinosaur-emerges-Two-new-almost-complete-skeletons-of-Deinocheirus-mirificus\_fig1\_267758694
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257047934\_Tyrannosaur\_feeding\_traces\_on\_Deinocheirus\_TheropodaOrnithomimosauria\_remains\_from\_the\_Nemegt\_Formation\_Late\_Cretaceous\_Mongolia [Tyrannosaurid bite marks study]
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267758694\_Palaeontology\_Mystery\_of\_the\_horrible\_hands\_solved
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280132120\_First\_insights\_into\_the\_bone\_microstructure\_of\_Deinocheirus\_mirificus
Diceratops

Credit: Adobe Stock.

*"Diceratops"* is a dubious genus of Ceratopsian that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## Classification

*"Diceratops"* is directly synonymous with "*Nedoceratops*", which itself is synonymous with *Triceratops*. *"Diceratops"* was named alongside *Diceratus* around the same time, and are based off of a Ceratopsian skull with a short frill, and upturned brow horns. The material holotype this genus is based on has been confirmed to be the same holotype skull that creates the genus *Nedoceratops*.

Like Nedoceratops; "*Diceratops*" is about 15 feet long, and weighs about 2-3 tons, and ate plants during the Late Cretaceous in North America. *"Diceratops"* was authored by Hatcher, and co-authored by Lull, who then published the paper posthumously. Scientists were not sure about the validity of *"Diceratops"*, and suggested it may be a pathological. It was made a subgenus of *Triceratops*, being published as *Triceratops (Diceratops) hatcheri*. The subgenus included the species *T. (D. ) obtusus*, which further solidified the ontogenetic stage theory.

The name was made synonymous due to the name being used in the family Hymenopteran, and was reclassified in 2007 by Andrey Sergeevich Ukrainsky. Unaware that the animal had been named by Ukrainsky, Octávio Mateus erected another dubious genus: "*Diceratus".*

## References

* https://www.thoughtco.com/diceratops-1092706

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedoceratops
Cyrenopsis

*Cyrenopsis* is an extinct genus of clam that lived in Australia during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

*Cyrenopsis* is known from an abundant fossil count, many of which, are opalized. Most are around 3 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide, and larger.

## References

https://twitter.com/PaleoCameron/status/1324660980484329472
Chunkosaurus

"Chunkosaurus" is a naked-named genus of animal that may have lived in New Jersey.

## History

It was prepared over the span of a week, and was probably collected from New Jersey. The remains had all diagnostic characters destroyed during diagenetic and geologic processes, jokingly termed "C. dynamus". The term "Chunkosaurus" may be a catch-all term rather than referring to a single taxon.

## References

* https://twitter.com/Schticklord/status/1595505185836904448
* https://twitter.com/Schticklord/status/1595479086188707858
* https://twitter.com/Schticklord/status/1595846057707061249
Diabloceratops

Credit: Chris Masnaghetti.

*Diabloceratops* is an extinct genus of centrosaurine dinosaur that lived in Utah during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

*Diabloceratops* is a very stocky ceratopsid that lived in Utah during the Late Cretaceous. *Diabloceratops* was very small compared to other centrosaurs: individuals reached around 2 meters long and weighed about 1.3 tons. *Diabloceratops* have two long, curved horns just above its eye orbits. Unlike other centrosaurines; *Diabloceratops* lacked bony knobs on their frills, but rather had two larger horns, instead of the many usual. *Diabloceratops* have four sturdy legs, a short tail and face.

## Paleoecology

*Diabloceratops* lived in the Wahweap Formation of Late Cretaceous Utah. During this time, the Western Interior Seaway would have been at its widest, only barely keeping Laramidia attached to North America. This habitat would have been ruled by large lakes, floodplains, and stretching east-flowing rivers. The abundance of rapid sedimentation tells scientists that the area had a seasonal wet climate, and good fossil preservation.

*Diabloceratops* shared a paleoenvironment with hadrosaurs *Acristavus*, *Adelolophus*, several unnamed ankylosaurs and pachycephalosaurs, and *Lythronax* as the apex predator. An abundance of marsupials, lungfish, bowfins, fish, sharks, rays, and many more types of animals provided a diverse paleoenvironment that Diabloceratops inhabited.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabloceratops
* https://archive.org/details/g.s.paul2016theprincetonfieldguidetodinosaurs/page/n253/mode/1up