recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Cretoxyrhina

Cretoxyrhina, informally known as the ginsu shark, is a cretoxyrhinid mackerel shark from the Early-Late Cretaceous of the entire world. It was officially named in 1843 by Louis Agassiz. It was one of the biggest macropredatory (eating animals its size or larger) sharks to exist during the Cretaceous, and held the position of an aquatic top predator, even after larger marine reptiles came into the scene.

## Physiology

For the most part, Cretoxyrhina resembled a typical mackerel shark, with a torpedo-shaped body, triangular pectoral (arm) and dorsal (back) fins, a crescent-shaped caudal (tail) fin, a mid-sized head with a conical nose and large jaws, and 5 gills located near the head on each side of its body. However, its head was much like that of a thresher shark, as it had proportionally large eyes relative to its head, and its nose was rounded rather than pointy. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Cretoxyrhina was a predator, preying on fish, cephalopods, turtles, diving birds, small plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, and small mosasaurs. Its teeth were sharp, bore smooth serrations, and built on thick enamel (mineralized base that protects the tooth), allowing it to bite through any organic substance.

## Ecology

Cretoxyrhina was a formidable carnivore, and was capable of preying on many large marine animals that existed with it; many small mosasaur vertebrae with tooth marks show that they were a common staple of its diet (whether they were dead and alive), and fossil remains with noticeable bite damage showed that many of the fish it ate included the large, predatory Xiphactinus. Its teeth were smoothly serrated like those of a mako, but were broader, more massive, and built upon thicker enamel, allowing it to feed on large, fast-swimming, and well-armed prey; when feeding, Cretoxyrhina would have sliced its victim into bite-sized pieces, a behavior that earned it the common name of "Ginsu shark". However, despite its reputation as a fearsome predator, Cretoxyrhina is known to have scavenged from time to time (as all predators do), and bite marks on the arm of an ankylosaurian dinosaur showed that it would feed on bloated dinosaur carcasses that were washed out to sea before sinking. In general, Cretoxyrhina was a prominent predator ecologically similar to the extant great white shark, mainly feeding on bony fish, but occasionally going after vertebrate prey such as diving birds and small mosasaurs as well as feeding on carrion.

## In popular culture

Cretoxyrhina was featured in the 2007 documentary *Sea Monsters: A Prehistoric Adventure*, where it kills the mother of the protagonist Dolichorhynchops. It appeared again in another documentary, *Monsters Resurrected*, where it was shown as competing with Tylosaurus for the role of apex predator in the Cretaceous seas.
Orthoceras

This article is in need of updating.It contains info that may no longer be accurate, and will be revised to be more in line with modern research.

## Other Attributes

### Location

Estonia, Lithuania, Sweden, Ukraine, Belarus

### Diet

Planktivore

Orthoceras is an orthoceratid orthoceridan cephalopod mollusk from the Middle Ordovician of Estonia, Lithuania, Sweden, Ukraine, and Belarus. It was named in 1820 by Ernst Friedrich, Baron von Schlotheim. It was the most common orthoconic cephalopod during the start of the Paleozoic era, and is often confused with straight-shelled ammonites.

## Physiology

Orthoceras represented the generic orthoconic cephalopod. It was a squid-like mollusk with It was a squid-like mollusk with tentacles long enough to capture food, a small mouth hiding between its circular row of tentacles, and a straight shell. Its body would have been covered in smooth skin, and mostly covered by its hard shell.

## Diet

Orthoceras was a planktivore, sucking up colonies of plankton drifting through the water. Its tentacles would have been used to trap plankton, while its mouth would suck them up.

## Ecology

Despite its small size, Orthoceras was once thought to be a nektobenthic ambush predator, feeding on small invertebrates; in order to hunt, it would have swam up to its prey, right before proceeding to grab them with its tentacles and tear them apart with its beak. However, no evidence of a hard beak has been found, and it is likely that its large shell would have impeded its movement, making for an incompetent predator of free-swimming prey. Now, it is theorized that it fed on plankton drifting near the surface, possibly using its tentacles to trap prey before sucking it up with its mouth. As well as this, when attacked by predators, it may have been able to hide by withdrawing into its shell.
Brontoscorpio

Brontoscorpio is a scorpion (scorpionid arachnid arthropod) from the Pridoli-Early Devonian of the United Kingdom. It was named in 1972 by Erik Norman Kjellesvig-Waering. It was the biggest scorpion of all time, and was confused for being a pterygotid eurypterid, right before they discovered that it was a true scorpion.

## Physiology

Brontoscorpio had the generic scorpion body plan. It was an arachnid with a rounded cephalothorax, long arms with big claws, 2 small claws near its mouth, 4 pairs of walking legs, and a long tail ending in a venomous stinger. Its body would have been covered in a hard, chitinous exoskeleton.

## Diet

Brontoscorpio was a predator, preying on fish, trilobites, small eurypterids, smaller scorpions, and small invertebrates. Its large arm claws were used for getting a hold of any struggling prey while it subdued them with its stinger, while its smaller claws were used to rip off small chunks out of their bodies.

## Ecology

Not much is known about Brontoscorpio, although some may speculate that it lived similarly to other scorpions, crawling after prey before snatching it with its arm claws, stinging it, and eating it alive.

## In popular culture

Brontoscorpio was featured in the 1st episode of the 2005 documentary *Walking with Monsters*, where it chases down a Cephalaspis right before getting killed and eaten by a Pterygotus; as well as this, it was shown as stepping out of the sea in order to take advantage of the annual Cephalaspis migration. However, Cephalaspis started out in the Early Devonian, there is no evidence that Brontoscorpio was amphibious, and even though Brontoscorpio survived well into the Devonian, the land had already been colonized by the time Cephalaspis had come into the scene.
Anchiornis

Anchiornis is an anchiornithid theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. It was named in 2009 by Xu Xing and his crew. It was the first bird to exist, as well as one of the first prehistoric creatures to have their color revealed.

## Physiology

Anchiornis was a bird with a sleek, streamlined body, a long tail, long arms with long fingers, and a long, bird-like head with a beakless snout and a mouth filled with small teeth. As well as this, it had long, shaggy feathers connected to its arms (making up its wings), smaller feathers connecting to its legs and feet, and a large crown of feathers atop its head. Most of its body (excluding its snout) would have been covered in long, vaned feathers; most of its body would have been grey in color, with black feet, a black tail and wings with white stripes curving from edge to edge, and a red crown of feathers with a grey front.

## Diet

Anchiornis was a predator, preying on insects and lizards. Its teeth were small yet sharp, and were used to get a hold of struggling prey as the bird swallowed them whole.

## Ecology

Anchiornis had arms that were 80% longer than its legs; adding onto the fact that its arms had long feathers, this would allow the bird to fly from tree to tree. However, its flying capabilities were not as well-refined as those of the later Microraptor, which had longer wing feathers than it did. As well as this, even for a primitive bird, Anchiornis had relatively long legs, and so, it would have been a relatively fast runner. As well as this, like many modern birds, it had intricate color patterns on its feathers; those patterned feathers would have been used for attracting mates and warding off rivals/predators.

## In popular culture

Anchiornis was featured in the 2010 documentary *Flying Monsters 3D*; however, it was only put in the documentary to serve as a prey item for the (outdated) Darwinopterus. It was given a more phenomenal portrayal in another documentary, *Rise of Animals: Triumph of the Vertebrates*, where it was shown as one of the earliest birds to fly through the Jurassic forests; the scene which features it also takes a look at its feathers, the main features that made it capable of performing this task.
Ophthalmosaurus

Ophthalmosaurus is an ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurian reptile from the Late Jurassic of the United Kingdom, France, Greenland, Mexico, and the United States of America. It was named in 1874 by Harry Govier Seeley. It is one of the most studied ichthyosaurs, as well as one of the most common and unique.

## Physiology

Ophthalmosaurus was an ichthyosaur with a sleek, streamlined body, 4 flippers, a long tail with a shark-like fin on its end, a large fin on its back, a conical head with large jaws, and large eyes on the sides of its head. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Ophthalmosaurus was a predator, preying on fish and cephalopods. Its teeth were small yet sharp, and were used to get a hold of slippery prey.

## Ecology

One of Ophthalmosaurus' key features was its large eyes; they were large in proportion to its body, and were protected by bony sclerotic rings, which would have maintained the shape of the eyeballs. This would allow Ophthalmosaurus to dive deep into the ocean, and would make it either a bathypelagic or nocturnal ichthyosaur, which would come in handy, since the pliosaurs, giant plesiosaurs with short necks and crocodile-like heads, were apex predators that swam in the epipelagic zone; it is even known that Ophthalmosaurus fell victim to bouts of joint pain (caused by decompression sickness) when avoiding the plesiosaurs due to coming up too quickly, similarly to modern whales. Along with this, it cruised through the water at a speed of 5.6 miles per hour, and could stay submerged for 20 minutes; with adaptations like these, we can assume that it could dive a depth of 600 meters and return to the surface within 20 minutes. As an ichthyosaur, Ophthalmosaurus would have given birth to live young; along with this, pups were delivered tail-first in order to prevent any chances of drowning.

## In popular culture

Ophthalmosaurus was featured in the 3rd episode of the 1999 documentary *Walking with Dinosaurs*, where it is shown as moving in large groups during the day and hunting at night; as well as this, it is breeding season for the ichthyosaurs, so they start to reproduce. Baby Ophthalmosaurus have to hide in reefs in order to obscure themselves from the Hybodus that prowl the seafloor, while adults have to be wary of the apex predator of the Jurassic oceans, the (egregiously-oversized) Liopleurodon.
Cryptoclidus

Cryptoclidus is a cryptoclidid plesiosaurian reptile from the Middle-Late Jurassic of the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and Cuba. It was named in 1892 by Harry Govier Seeley. It was notable for its small clavicle, which was buried between its shoulder bones.

## Physiology

Cryptoclidus was a plesiosaur with a bulky body, 4 flippers, a short tail with a small fin on its end, a long neck, and a small head with a mouth filled with sharp, interlocking teeth. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Cryptoclidus was a predator, preying on fish and cephalopods. Its sharp teeth were used to get a hold of slippery prey, and its long neck would have helped it snake into schools of fish.

## Ecology

Cryptoclidus would have regularly preyed on fish and cephalopods, often swimming near groups of its prey and flexing its neck to select an individual before grabbing it with its jaws. Sometimes, it would have also used its somewhat broad snout and interlocking teeth to sift food items from the sand. As well as this, a study done on its nostrils had led to the theory that it had a good sense of smell, and was able to detect odors and chemical traces in the water; this could allow it to detect hidden prey. Like its semi-close relative, Plesiosaurus, Cryptoclidus was also theorized to be able to crawl onto the rocky shores and lay eggs on land; however, with its bulky body and lack of skeletal features allowing it to do so, it was even less built for crawling on land than Plesiosaurus was, and so, would have been entirely aquatic, giving birth to live young.

## In popular culture

Cryptoclidus was featured in the 3rd episode of the 1999 documentary *Walking with Dinosaurs*, where it is depicted as being able to crawl onto land in order to escape the jaws of the (horribly oversized) Liopleurodon prowling the seas. As well as this, it was oversized to a length of 8 meters.
Helicoprion

### Location

Russia, United States of America, China, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Japan

### Diet

Carnivore

Helicoprion was a helicoprionid eugenodontid fish from the Cisuralian-Guadalupian of Russia, the United States of America, China, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Kazakhstan, and Japan. It was named in 1899 by Alexander Karpinsky. It was a strange eugenodontid notable for its tooth whorl (embedded in its lower jaw), which caused lots of confusion as to how it lived.

## Physiology

Helicoprion resembled a shark, with a torpedo-shaped body, triangular pectoral and dorsal fins, a crescent-shaped caudal fin, a mid-sized head with a pointy, conical nose and large jaws. However, it had one major defining characteristic: its curved jaws had only one linear row of teeth; as well as this, its lower jaw was more curved than its upper jaw, which gave it the appearance of a buzz-saw. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Helicoprion was a predator, preying on soft-bodied cephalopods. Its tooth whorl had teeth designed for getting a hold of prey, as well as slicing their flesh.

## Ecology

For a while, it was unknown what Helicoprion's tooth whorl looked like, and many early reconstructions depicted it as a prehensile lash as well as a circular saw situated on the tip of a long lower jaw; however, recent studies (involving the most recent fossil and a CT scanner) have revealed that the whorl would have been situated directly in the lower jaw. As well as this, people did not know how it used said tooth whorl to feed, first depicting it as a lash against fish before considering it to be used as a saw for cutting through the shells of ammonites; once again, these hypotheses have been disproved, as a look at the fossil whorl confirms that the teeth didn't wear. Combined with the fact that it didn't replace worn teeth, it now causes people to speculate that Helicoprion was a specialized predator of soft-bodied mollusks, specifically cephalopods; in order to feed, Helicoprion would swim towards a prey item and open its mouth wide before biting down on it, and would proceed to open and close its mouth in a smaller angle in order to push prey further into its mouth. To add onto this, the teeth on its whorl served different functions; the front teeth snagged prey and pulled it further into its mouth, while the middle and back teeth punctured its meal and pushed it into its throat.

## In popular culture

Helicoprion was featured in a special episode of the documentary *River Monsters*, appearing alongside Xenacanthus, Xiphactinus, Leedsichthys, Megapiranha, Dunkleosteus, and Rhizodus as candidates for the most terrifying prehistoric river dweller. During this episode, Jeremy Wade, the scientist behind the show, researches how its tooth whorl functioned and what it ate; after a while, he rules it off its list due to its non-crushing bite.
Elaphrosaurus

Elaphrosaurus is a noasaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania and possibly the United States of America. It was named in 1920 by Werner Janensch. It was a unique theropod; as opposed to most other members of its family (which were carnivores), it ate plants.

## Physiology

Elaphrosaurus was a theropod with a slender body, a long tail, short arms with 3 fingers on each hand, a moderately long neck, and a small, conical head with a large beak in front of its mouth. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

As an adult, Elaphrosaurus was an herbivore, using its beak to strip branches of their leaves. Juvenile Elaphrosaurus, however, likely had smaller beaks that gave way to toothy jaws, and were omnivorous, feeding on leaves, lizards, and mammals alike.

## Ecology

Thanks to its leg proportions, Elaphrosaurus was able to run very quickly. This could be used to evade the jaws of predators, as it had no other defenses. As well as this, due a recent study done on one of its relatives, it is now believed that Elaphrosaurus was an herbivore, and fed on leaves by stripping them off of branches with its long beak. Juvenile Elaphrosaurus, however, likely had smaller beaks, as their jaws were also adorned with large, knife-like teeth; due to these strangely-equipped jaws, they were omnivores, both willing to feed on leaves and prey on small animals alike.
Triassic

After the Paleozoic Era ended, the Triassic period started. During this period, the Earth was still recovering from the meteor strikes, volcanic eruptions, and gas traps that defined the Permian extinction. The synapsids were the most common vertebrates around, followed by amphibians and reptiles. However, out of all the animal types, the reptiles would have their biggest moment to flourish; since their return to the water a period ago, the marine reptiles had diversified quite a bit, taking on all shapes, sizes, and diets. As well as this, the archosaurs (reptiles with lighter bones and stronger muscles) had evolved a lot, causing them to be just as diverse as all the other reptiles, and possibly even the synapsids. In fact, there were two kinds of those reptiles: one that would soon give rise to the crocodilians, and one that would soon give rise to the dinosaurs. Meanwhile, an order of smaller synapsids, the cynodonts, would evolve into mammals. Near the end of the period, the non-mammalian synapsids would soon decline, while the dinosaurs would begin to proliferate in preparation for their rule of all the Mesozoic; soon, climate change, rising sea levels, and an asteroid strike would impact the Earth, driving many genera to extinction and giving rise to the Jurassic.

**Lasted from 252.17-201.3 mya**

## Early Triassic Animals (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

* Proterosuchus
* Thrinaxodon
* Broomistega

## Middle Triassic Animals (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

* Cynognathus
* Atopodentatus
* Euparkeria
* Tanystropheus
* Placodus
* Mastodonsaurus
* Batrachotomus
* Leptolepis
* Nothosaurus
* Cymbospondylus

## Late Triassic Animals (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

* Henodus
* Shastasaurus
* Nautili
* Belemnites
* Cyclotosaurus
* Poposaurus
* Desmatosuchus
* Liliensternus
* Scleromochlus
* Saltopus
* Ornithosuchus
* Anaschisma
* Shuvosaurus
* Smilosuchus
* Placochelys
* Postosuchus
* Placerias
* Peteinosaurus
* Stagonolepis
* Coelophysis
* Drepanosaurus
* Psephoderma
* Plateosaurus
* Eudimorphodon
* Ichthyosaurus
帝王介紹

以下將用圖片來介紹卡片的版面配置。

## 與遊戲較無直接相關的內容

帝王名稱：每一位帝王的名字，少部分的王因為一般人的熟悉性，有加上「 大帝/太后/天皇/王 」的襯托

帝王稱號：每一位帝王都有一個響亮的稱號

在位年份：每一位帝王的在位年份，通常是指其登基的年份，而不是出生年份

帝王插圖：每一位帝王都有專屬的插圖

帝王版本 - 東/西方 - 編號：前面是帝王出現的版本包，目前有四種版本：

* 1. 標準版( STA ) ：STA 指的是標準版( Standard )
* 2. 特別版( SPE ) ：SPE 指的是特別版( Special )
* 3. 擴充版 - 名君篇( FAM ) ：FAM 指的是名君篇( Famous )
* 4. 擴充版 - 革新篇( INN ) ：INN 指的是革新篇( Innovation )

中間是帝王的分類，目前有四種版本：

* 1. 東方王( E ) ：E 指的是東方王( East )
* 2. 西方王( W ) ：W 指的是西方王( West )
* 3. 傳奇王( L ) ：特指特別版王，L 指的是傳奇篇( Legend )
* 4. 寶島傳奇( T ) ：特指特別版王，T 指的是臺灣篇( Taiwan )

後面則是帝王的編號，基本上是以在位年份和原作創造該王的時間來排定的。

## 帝王總覽

可以由此快速前往並瀏覽每位帝王的詳細資料：

東方王：主要以中國、日本的帝王為主。

西方王：主要以歐洲、美洲的帝王為主。

特別版王：是為了紀念某些人物、事件、或是特別的日子所設計的。

## 勝利條件

遊戲中，每位帝王都有其對應的勝利條件，

當玩家的每一項勝利條件都「 達到或超過 」時，

該玩家立即勝利。

## 快速勝利條件

當玩家進行教學場、或是趕時間的時候，可以依此顏色來當作快速勝利條件。

不同的帝王，快速勝利條件也不一樣：

▲三種快速勝利條件不同的帝王，表示方式也不同

「 紅色 」：指的是該玩家只要「 達到或超過政權 」的勝利條件，即可獲勝。

「 藍色 」：指的是該玩家只要「 達到或超過宗教 」的勝利條件，即可獲勝。

「 棕色 」：指的是該玩家只要「 達到或超過王國 」的勝利條件，即可獲勝。

## 帝王技能

我們為每位帝王都設計三項技能，這些技能是依照這位帝王的歷史故事所設計的，

玩家在遊戲時，可以藉由技能的歷史故事，從而瞭解一名帝王當時的背景。
Permian

After rainforest collapse brought the Carboniferous to an end, the Permian period started. During this time, all the landmasses of the world combined together into a large supercontinent known as Pangaea. Most of Pangaea consisted of deserts, although swamps and rivers were present. In terms of animals, the synapsids diversified quite a bit, becoming the dominant land vertebrates of the time; near the start of the period, they were present in the form of primitive, reptilian pelycosaurs, while later on, they evolved into more advanced, mammalian therapsids. As well as this, the reptiles also diversified, growing to large sizes, evolving protective armor, taking to the water, and even evolving lighter bones and stronger muscles. Meanwhile, the amphibians and fish remained common. As well as this, the giant ferns that were present in the Carboniferous were eventually replaced by conifers, seed-bearing plants, and mosses. Soon, meteor strikes, volcanic eruptions, gas traps, and a runaway greenhouse effect would impact the Earth, driving almost all genera to extinction, ending the Paleozoic Era, and giving rise to the Mesozoic Era.

**Lasted from 298.9-252.17 mya**

## Cisuralian Animals (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

* Dimetrodon
* Helicoprion
* Seymouria

## Guadalupian Animals (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

* Lycaenops
* Anteosaurus
* Tapinocephalus
* Moschops
* Bradysaurus
* Rhinesuchus
* Pareiasaurus
* Gorgonops
* Diictodon
* Cistecephalus

## Lopingian Animals (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

* Scutosaurus
* Moschorhinus
* Inostrancevia
* Euchambersia
* Lystrosaurus
* Dicynodon
Guanlong

Guanlong is a proceratosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. It was named in 2006 by Xu Xing and his associates. It was a small theropod notable for being one of the earliest tyrannosauroids, as well as having a large crest.

## Physiology

Guanlong was a small theropod with a slender body, a long tail, long arms with three fingers on each hand, a moderately long neck, a long, conical head with large jaws, and a large, oval-shaped crest atop its head. Most of its body (excluding some of its legs and all of its snout) would have been covered in short, fuzz-like feathers.

## Diet

Guanlong was a predator, preying on lizards, small mammals, pterosaurs, small ornithischians, and smaller theropods. Its teeth had knife-like serrations from front to back, and were used to cut into the hides of large prey.

## Ecology

So far, all we know about Guanlong is that it had a large, likely flamboyant crest atop its head, used for display; whether it was used for attracting mates or for recognition by other members of its species is unknown.

## In popular culture

Guanlong was featured in the 2009 adventure movie *Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs*, where a pack of the proceratosaurids harasses Manny the woolly mammoth and his friends while they try to traverse an unbalanced, rocky field; interestingly enough, the director states that Guanlong was supposed to be a substitute for the famous Velociraptor, a small dromaeosaurid often featured in films as a vicious, pack-hunting menace. It was once again featured in the 2011 documentary *Dinosaur Revolution*, where a hungry pair of the theropods try to eat any small mammal they could find in the Jurassic forests.
Rugops

Rugops is an abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Niger. It was named in 2004 by Paul Sereno and his associates. It was a strange theropod dinosaur that has lent itself to some debate due to the texture of its skull.

## Physiology

Similarly to most other abelisaurids, Rugops was a theropod with a stout body, moderately long legs, and a long tail, extremely small and stubby arms with 4 short, clawless fingers on each hand, a moderately long neck, and a small head with a short snout and large jaws. Its body would have been covered in bumpy, scaly skin.

## Diet

Rugops was a predator, preying on small crocodylomorphs and smaller theropods. Its teeth were smaller than those of other abelisaurs, and were used to get a hold of struggling prey as the dinosaur swallowed them whole.

## Ecology

Initially, Rugops was hypothesized to be a scavenger based on its supposedly fragile skull and small teeth; however, it is rare for vertebrates to mainly subsist on carrion (and those that do have strong jaws and thick teeth, both of which Rugops lacked), and there were many smaller animals for it to prey on. As well as this, the presence of small pits atop its snout was thought to indicate concentrations of blood vessels and nerves, which would lead to potential ideas about it being attached to a display structure or able to be pumped full of blood to flush bright red. [1] However, these structures may have simply correlated with thick scales similar to those of certain crocodylians and lizards. It is possible that said scales were thick and knobby enough to serve as armor, with rival males engaging in slow headbutting fights similarly to marine iguanas; while this is supported by more taxonomically derived abelisaurids such as Carnotaurus and Majungasaurus having clear adaptations for headbutting, more remains will need to be dug up in order to determine if Rugops' vertebrae were strong enough to support this behavior, since it is currently known from only a skull. [2]

## In popular culture

Rugops was featured in the 1st episode of the 2011 documentary *Planet Dinosaur*, where it is shown scavenging on dead Onchopristis left behind by Spinosaurus; while it is likely that it would indeed try to feed on carcasses left behind by larger predators, it is said to have only scavenged instead of hunting for food. On a more minor note, while Rugops did live with Spinosaurus at one point, its remains are absent from the geological formation the episode focuses on.

## References

1. Sereno, P. C., Wilson, J. A., & Conrad, J. L. (2004). New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271(1546), 1325–1330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2692
2. Delcourt, R. (2018). Ceratosaur palaeobiology: New insights on evolution and ecology of the southern rulers. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x
Paralititan

Paralititan is a sauropod sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Egypt. It was named in 2001 by Joshua Smith and his associates. It was one of the largest sauropods to have roamed Africa during the Cretaceous, as well as one of few sauropod species to have inhabited mangrove swamps[1].

## Physiology

Paralititan was a large sauropod with a bulky, downwards-sloping body, a deep torso, 4 large, erect, pillar-like legs, a moderately long tail, a long neck, and a small head. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Paralititan was an herbivore, feeding on leaves from large trees. Its peg-like teeth were used to strip branches of their leaves, and its long neck and limbs allowed it to access vegetation some 12 meters in the air without rearing.

## Ecology

So far, all we know about Paralititan is that its long, upwards-pointing neck allowed it to feed off the treetops without having to rear up, as well as to minimize competition with smaller sauropods. As well as this, it would have traveled in small herds in order to protect juveniles from harm; juveniles and subadults would have fallen prey to predators such as Carcharodontosaurus, while adults were impervious to predation.

## In popular culture

Paralititan was featured in the 5th episode of the 2011 documentary *Planet Dinosaur*, where it is shown as traveling in small herds and drinking from rivers to cool down. A juvenile that strays from the herd gets attacked by a(n inaccurately misplaced) Sarcosuchus, which tussles with a Carcharodontosaurus for rights to the juvenile sauropod and loses; however, just as the Carcharodontosaurus is about to claim its meal, the juvenile sauropod's relatives advance towards it in an attempt to get their offspring back, scaring the theropod off.

## References

1. Smith, J. B., Lamanna, M. C., Lacovara, K. J., Dodson, P., Smith, J. R., Poole, J. C., Giegengack, R., & Attia, Y. (2001, June 1). A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous MANGROVE deposit in Egypt. Science. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/292/5522/1704.
Moschorhinus

Moschorhinus is an akidnognathid therapsid synapsid from the Lopingian of South Africa. It was named in 1920 by Robert Broom. It was another notable disaster taxon, and it, like had decreased in size in order to survive the Permian extinction.

## Physiology

Moschorhinus was a therocephalian with 4 legs, a regularly-shaped body, a short tail, and a mid-sized head with a mouth containing large canines in the front and smaller teeth in the back. Its body would have been covered in fur.

## Diet

Moschorhinus was a predator, preying on dicynodonts, cynodonts, and small reptiles. Near the curves of its jaws, it had a pair of large canines, which were used for cutting into prey.

## Ecology

Overall, Moschorhinus was very similar to gorgonopsians such as Inostrancevia; it was a large therapsid predator with big canines that were used to slice into the hides of prey. In fact, due to surviving the cataclysmic Permian extinction, it seemed to replace their roles for a little while before going extinct itself. However, after the deadly event, it decreased in size, going from a large size of 1.5 meters to a slightly more modest size of 1.2 meters, which was still enough to make it the biggest synapsid predator in the Early Triassic. This phenomenon is called the Lilliput effect, and happens with many other organisms that have survived extremely fatal extinction events.
司馬衷

## **晉惠帝 - 司馬衷**

帝王：司馬衷

稱號：晉惠帝

在位年份：CE.290

編號：STA - E - 003

## **主要技能 - 食肉糜**

**主動 - 獲取：**< 開始階段；執行 1 次 >
你可以抽 1 張牌；
若此階段你沒有「 手牌 」，則改為抽 2 張牌( 每 4 點貿易值 +1 張 )。

**被動 - 獲取：**
當任意一名其他王在你的回合內獲得「 手牌 」時，在結算後，你可以獲得 1 點「 財富 」。

```
 何不食肉糜？

```

```
 宮中無缺，何來無糧？

```

## **為官為私**

**被動 - 強化：**
當你建造出「 封地 」時，該「 封地 」可以獲得一次「 農家 」的效果。

**被動 - 強化：**
當你建造出「 農家 」時，該「 農家 」可以獲得一次「 封地 」的效果。

* 封地

卡牌效果：[ 建造、立即 ]增加 1 點貿易值。
　　　　　[ 建造、一次 ]你可以使你任意一張王國牌的建造費用降低 1 點。
備註：詳細說明請參考封地。

* 農家

卡牌效果：[ 建造、立即 ]增加 1 點貿易值。
　　　　　[ 建造、立即 ]你可以立即抽 1 張牌。
備註：詳細說明請參考農家。

```
 此鳴者，為官乎？為私乎？

```

```
 其鳴於田野，乃吾樂也。

```

## **為嵇侍中血**

**被動：**
當你受到「 干擾或控制效果 」影響時，在該效果結算前，你可以進行一次 [ 擲骰判斷 ] ：擲一骰子，
**被動 - 防禦：**<1> 若其點數為 1~2 點，你可以免除該效果。
**被動 - 控制：**<2> 若其點數為 3~6 點，你可以花費 2 張牌並指定任意一名其他王，
　　　　　　　　由該王代替你承受此效果；結算後，該王立即抽 1 張牌。

```
 此血，乃嵇侍中之護主之血，勿去！

```

```
 以身受箭，此恩難報！

```

## **技能詳解**

* **食肉糜**

　　　若是擁有「 入獄狀態 」，可以用「 食肉糜 」獲得的「 手牌 」去解除「 入獄狀態 」嗎？

　　　可以；因為解除「 入獄狀態 」的時機也是在回合開始階段；
　　　只要在同一個階段內，所有動作的執行順序皆能由你自行決定。

* **為官為私**

　　　當我建造出「 農家 」時，要怎麼表示它擁有「 封地 」的效果？

　　　只需要將「 農家 」置於一次性效果區，即表示該「 農家 」擁有「 封地 」的效果。

* **為嵇侍中血**

　　　若是沒有手牌，受到負面效果影響，還可以發動「 為嵇侍中血 」的第 2 項選擇嗎？

　　　不行；若是沒有手牌，不能發動第 2 項選擇。

　　　受到負面效果影響時，可以完全不發動「 為嵇侍中血 」的技能嗎？

　　　可以；由你自己選擇是否發動技能。
Crassigyrinus

Crassigyrinus is an amphibian from the Mississippian of the United Kingdom. It was named in 1929 by David Meredith Seares Watson. It was a strange amphibian, as it chose aquatic life over terrestrial life; in fact, there is some doubt that it is even an amphibian.

## Physiology

Crassigyrinus was a unique animal. It was a fish-like animal with 4 short, stubby legs, a long tail similar to that of a tadpole, a thin, long body, and a big head with big jaws. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Crassigyrinus was a predator, preying on small fish. Its jaws had 2 rows of teeth (one of which had a pair of fangs), which were designed for biting into fish and crushing them.

## Ecology

Unlike most amphibians, which were capable of both swimming in water and crawling into the land, Crassigyrinus was completely aquatic, swimming around in rivers and freshwater lakes. One feature that indicates this is the extreme shortness of the legs, which would have done no good for crawling onto land, and would only be used for traversing underwater obstacles and latching onto mates during the mating process. Its eyes were big, which probably suggests that the animal hunted at night or in deep waters. Instead of swimming around and chasing prey, Crassigyrinus would have been an ambush hunter, lurking near underwater plants and waiting for prey to come by; once they did, it would speed toward them and bite them.

## In popular culture

Crassigyrinus was featured in the 5th episode of the 2006 TV series *Prehistoric Park*, where it was featured as a freshwater hunter that swam around in the Carboniferous swamps. As well as this, it bites Nigel Marven in the ankle (without him knowing), and when he finally finds it, he realizes he has to let it go, as he has no way to transport it safely.
Mollusk

The mollusks are a diverse group of invertebrates that can prove to be quite unique. They have soft and boneless bodies, a mantle used for breathing and excretion, a radula for scraping food, and in some cases, shells for protection. In the beginning of time, mollusks had inhabited the seas alongside arthropods and fish. They flourished during the Paleozoic Era, and started to show uniqueness in themselves. Later, in the Devonian, they had evolved to become more modern.

## Mollusks Throughout Time (note that those are not all the ones that exist)

### Ordovician Mollusks

* Cameroceras
* Endoceras
* Orthoceras

### Triassic Mollusks

* Nautili
* Belemnites
Thrinaxodon

Thrinaxodon is a thrinaxodontid therapsid synapsid from the Early-Middle Triassic of South Africa and Antarctica. It was named in 1894 by Harry Govier Seeley. It was a missing link between the more primitive synapsids of the Permian and the small mammals of the later Triassic, and is known to be a great survivor due to its burrowing habits.

## Physiology

Thrinaxodon resembled the generic cynodont, a therapsid with 4 semi-erect legs, a slender body, and a mid-sized head. Like all other cynodonts, its legs were more erect than those of the other therapsids. Its body would have been covered in fur.

## Diet

Thrinaxodon was a predator, preying on insects, worms, small reptiles, and smaller cynodonts. Its small yet sharp teeth were used to get a hold of any struggling prey.

## Ecology

Thrinaxodon would have had a lifestyle similar to that of its more advanced mammal descendants: a small synapsid that hides in a burrow at day and only goes out to forage at night in order to steer clear of the early predatory dinosaurs that were the most active during daylight. In fact, it even had a few mammalian features, such as fur for insulation. As well as this, it had a few adaptations for living in a burrow; its legs are short and erect, its tail is short, and its body is much more long than it is wide. Not only did this allow it to slink through the tunnel of a burrow with ease, but it also allows for resting in comfortable positions in burrows, easily leading up to prolonged dormancy.

## In popular culture

In the first episode of the 1999 documentary *Walking with Dinosaurs*, an unidentified cynodont is shown living in a burrow and only hunting at night in order to escape diurnal predators such as Coelophysis. Many people assume that this cynodont is Thrinaxodon; if this is so, then it would be heavily misplaced through time and space.
聖文

## **文藝青年 - 聖文**

帝王：聖文

稱號：文藝青年

在位年份：CE.2014

編號：SPE - T - 011

## **希望的種子**

**被動 - 強化：**
你可以讓你所有的牌號皆 +1。

**主動：**你擁有「 種子標記 」可以用來發動技能。
**主動 - 獲取：**< 開始階段；執行 1 次 >
你可以獲得 0 點「 財富 」( 每 1 點種子 +1 點 )。

**主動 - 強化：**< 征服階段；執行 N 次 >
你可以花費任意數張「 號碼合計為 8 的牌 」來提升 1 點「 種子 」。

```
 當一個世掌，不是攻下一座城堡。

```

```
 而是種下一顆希望的種子！

```

## **食安宣言**

**被動 - 控制：**
當任意一名其他王受到「 干擾效果 」影響時，在該效果結算後，
你可以和該王分別暗置展示 1 張牌；之後，公開並比較牌號大小後棄置該展示牌。

若你的牌號大於、等於該王，你可以讓「 該干擾效果的發動王 」棄置 2 點「 財富 」( 每 4 點徵稅值 +1 點 )；
而該目標王能獲得其中 1 點「 財富 」、你獲得剩下的「 財富 」。

```
 罰到他怕，關到他倒！

```

```
 千萬不要挑戰我的決心！

```

## **次元切割**

**被動 - 控制：**
你可以花費 1 點「 種子 」並指定一張「 正在發動的戰術牌 」，
在該牌結算前，你可以指定任意一名王，該王成為該牌的發動王。
( 只改變發動者，不影響該牌原指定效果和原目標王。 )

**被動 - 控制：**
當你受到「 干擾效果 」影響時，在該效果結算前，
你可以花費 1 點「 種子 」並指定任意一名其他王，由該王代替你承受此效果。

```
 我從來沒說過是我，是媒體寫的！

```

```
 那是對手抹黑！

```

## **技能詳解**

* **希望的種子**

　　　當我進行「 翻牌判斷 」時，我可以發動 / 不發動「 希望的種子(1) 」嗎？

　　　可以；「 翻牌判斷 」的牌在當下是屬於你的，你可以選擇發動或不發動「 希望的種子(1) 」來改變牌號。

　　　當我進行< 貿易階段 >時，我可以發動「 希望的種子(1) 」來增加其價值嗎？

　　　可以；改變牌號( +1 )可以增加牌的價值。

* **食安宣言**

　　　這個技能好像有點眼熟...？

　　　最高罰金 2 億，一半是你的，另一半是我......( 查水表！ )

　　　如果「 該干擾效果的發動王 」的「 財富 」不足 2 點，則我和目標王誰會先拿到「 財富 」？

　　　依照技能敘述，目標王會先獲得其中 1 點「 財富 」、你才獲得剩下的「 財富 」。

* **次元切割**

　　　「 次元切割(1) 」詳解？

　　　「 次元切割(1) 」即改變「 戰術牌 」的發動者，不影響該牌原指定效果和原目標王。
　　　例如：你打出「 政權在握 」後發動「 次元切割(1) 」，這時，
　　　其他王若選擇給手牌是給你( 牌的效果不變 )；
　　　而發動反制技能將會針對「 你指定的那名倒楣的發動者 」( 戰術牌的發動者改變 )。
Aquilolamna

Aquilolamna, informally known as the eagle shark, is an aquilolamnid mackerel shark from the Late Cretaceous of Mexico. It was named in 2021 by Romain Vullo and his associates. It was one of the strangest sharks to exist during the Cretaceous, due to its elongated pectoral fins; as well as this, its remains were housed in a private collection and purchased from a commercial dealer back in 2012, and they got increasing amounts of attention up until their publication 9 years later.

## Physiology

Aquilolamna was an extremely bizzare shark. It had a long, slightly flattened, torpedo-shaped body, a noticeable lack of dorsal (back), pelvic ("leg"), and anal (rear) fins, and a large, broad head with a large, wide mouth. Perhaps the most defining trait of Aquilolamna was its long, wing-like pectoral fins, which spread out to a width greater than its body length. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Aquilolamna was a planktivore, sucking up colonies of plankton. Its large, toothless mouth would have been used to filter plankton from the water.

## Ecology

Aquilolamna's broad head, wide mouth, and wing-shaped pectoral fins may indicate that it was a suspension feeder, sucking in organic debris suspended in the water; in particular, it may have filled an ecospace similar to that of a manta ray, being an slow-moving filter feeder that swam in the epipelagic zone. However, unlike manta rays and like most other sharks, Aquilolamna still had a strong tail with a well-developed caudal fin; as well as this, its pectoral fins mainly served as stabilizers, although they could assist in underwater propulsion via slow flapping movements. Due to this, Aquilolamna likely swam through the water by a combination of lateral tail undulation (smooth, wavy movements) and pectoral fin oscillation (simple back-and-forth movements), with its tail providing the main thrust and its pectoral fins assisting in putting on bursts of speed or maneuvering. The only modern fishes to combine both methods of propulsion are guitarfishes and electric rays; however, their pectoral fins operate via undulatory movements similar to those of stingrays, whereas Aquilolamna's pectoral fins operated via simple oscillation. In general, sharks like Aquilolamna may have been among the more prominent filter-feeding animals in the Cretaceous seas, alongside large planktivorous pachycormids; both may have went extinct due to mass plankton death from ocean acidification.[1]

## References

1. Vullo, R., Frey, E., Ifrim, C., González, M. A. G., Stinnesbeck, E. S., & Stinnesbeck, W. (2021, March 19). Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans. Science. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6535/1253.
Eustreptospondylus

Eustreptospondylus is a megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of the United Kingdom. It was officially named in 1964 by Alick Donald Walker. Since its discovery, it has gotten rid of the extremely old theory that dinosaurs were dragon-like, swamp-dwelling beasts, and it was thought to be a species of Megalosaurus before finally being described as its own genus.

## Physiology

Eustreptospondylus was a theropod with a slender body, a long tail, moderately-sized arms with 3 fingers on each hand, and a large head with a mouth containing lots of big teeth. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Eustreptospondylus was a predator, preying on mid-sized sauropods, small pterosaurs, and smaller theropods. Its teeth had knife-like serrations from front to back, and were used to cut into the hides of large prey.

## Ecology

Like its cousin, Megalosaurus, Eustreptospondylus would have been a beach-comber, walking onto the shorelines to scavenge marine reptile carcasses and eat any small animals moving about. The first Eustreptospondylus fossil came from what used to be a small island; this may lead people to believe that it was a good swimmer, and could swim from island to island, much like a Komodo dragon. However, not everyone agrees with this, and some scientists have an alternate explanation for this; this explanation states that the theropod might have just died before being swept out into the ocean. As well as this, many people think that Eustreptospondylus was a very small megalosaur that was subject to insular dwarfism; however, this theory has arisen because the fact that the first specimen discovered was supposed to be a subadult was frequently overlooked.

## In popular culture

Eustreptospondylus was featured in the 3rd episode of the 1999 documentary *Walking with Dinosaurs*, where it is shown as a beach-combing theropod that regularly scavenges carcasses on the beach, but is not afraid to eat live prey; as well as this, it was accurately-sized for once. At the end of the episode, a whole pack of the theropods feast on a(n egregiously oversized) Liopleurodon that due to having been tossed ashore by a violent storm and suffocating on land.
Poposaurus

Poposaurus is a poposaurid reptile from the Late Triassic of the United States of America. It was named in 1915 by Maurice Mehl. It was another of the most unique reptiles to roam Triassic North America, due to its posture.

## Physiology

Despite being a paracrocodylomorph, Poposaurus had a build very similar to the dinosaurs it was distantly related to, with a slender body, long hindlegs, moderately-sized arms, an extremely long tail, and a big head with large jaws. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Poposaurus was a predator, preying on small dinosaurs, large anomodonts, cynodonts, and small crocodylomorphs. Its teeth had knife-like serrations from back to back, and were used to cut into the hides of large prey.

## Ecology

The most interesting thing about Poposaurus is its bipedal posture; back when it was discovered, its long legs and deep hip socket were believed to be similar to that of an early dinosaur such as Coelophysis (despite the fact that Poposaurus was later found out to be a paracrocodylomorph). Bipedal locomotion for Poposaurus was confirmed when more complete specimens were discovered and more accurate studies were made; this bipedal posture may have evolved from the "high walking" (walking with an erect posture) locomotion of modern crocodiles, which is believed to be ancestral to all archosaurs. Despite being similar in posture and diet to the large rauisuchid Postosuchus, Poposaurus occupied a different ecological niche. Due to its slender build and long tail, Poposaurus would have been a fast and agile runner, and would have lived the lifestyle as a pursuit predator (as opposed to Postosuchus' lifestyle of ambush predator).
Physogaleus

Physogaleus is a requiem shark from the Eocene-Miocene of the entire world. It was officially named in 1980 by Henri Cappetta. It was previously thought to be a species of tiger shark before finally being described as its own genus.

## Physiology

Although no body fossils of Physogaleus have been found, it can be assumed that, as an extinct requiem shark, Physogaleus may have resembled its close relative, the tiger shark; it was a fish that would have had a torpedo-shaped body, triangular pectoral (arm) and dorsal (back) fins, a crescent-shaped caudal (tail) fin, a mid-sized head with a pointy, conical nose and large jaws, and 5 gills located near the head on each side of its body. Its body would have been covered in scaly skin.

## Diet

Physogaleus was a predator, preying mainly on bony fish, but also snacking on smaller cartilaginous fish, crustaceans, and small cephalopods. Although its teeth were sharp and pointy, they did not have massive, sharp serrations; due to this, it can be assumed that it would have not preyed on hard-shelled vertebrates such as turtles, rather going for prey it could easily slice into smaller, more digestible chunks of flesh.

## Ecology

So far, all we know about Physogaleus is that it would have had a diet that mainly consisted of bony fish, but also rarely included smaller sharks, rays, cephalopods, and crustaceans (similarly to the extant sand tiger shark); as well as this, similar to modern requiem sharks, it would have swam around in warmer oceans as opposed to colder ones, and it would have been a slow-moving ambush predator that could achieve sudden bursts of speed in order to catch prey.

## In popular culture

In the second episode of the 2001 documentary *Walking with Beasts*, an unidentified shark is shown as a prey item for the giant whale Basilosaurus (which is portrayed as a seafaring animal rather than the brackish water creature it is); later, when the Basilosaurus is attempting to hunt down a troop of Apidium in the mangrove swamps, the shark kills one of the monkeys and frightens the others into fleeing, depriving the whale of its food. Many people assume that this shark is Physogaleus; this does make some sense, as Physogaleus had a global distribution and lived during the Eocene (however, it is unknown how opportunistic of a predator Physogaleus was).
Euchambersia

Euchambersia is an akidnognathid therapsid synapsid from the Lopingian of South Africa. It was named in 1931 by Robert Broom. It was a truly unique therocephalian, mainly due to the venom glands connected to its large canines.

## Physiology

Euchambersia was a therocephalian with 4 legs, a regularly-shaped body, a short tail, and a mid-sized head with a mouth containing large canines in the front and smaller teeth in the back. Its body would have been covered in fur.

## Diet

Euchambersia was a predator, preying on dicynodonts, cynodonts, and small reptiles. Near the curves of its jaws, it had a pair of large canines, which were used for cutting and injecting venom into prey.

## Ecology

Unlike other akidnognathid therocephalians, Euchambersia was an ambush predator with a venomous bite. Connected to its large canines were venom glands which culminated in a groove near the outer sides of those huge teeth. With teeth like these, Euchambersia could simply bite its prey, let go, and let the venom do its dirty work. Overall, this hunting mechanic would have been very useful when dealing with large prey.

## In popular culture

Euchambersia was featured in the 3rd episode of the 2005 documentary *Walking with Monsters*, where it is shown as a nocturnal ambush predator that kills a Lystrosaurus with its venom. Very weirdly, the narrator mentions that its venom is more potent than that of a black mamba's (this is most likely just wishful thinking); as well as this, it is depicted as living with Lystrosaurus, Proterosuchus, and Euparkeria even though it lived a few million years before the three evolved.