Collared peccary

Species of mammals belonging to the peccary familyTemplate:SHORTDESC:Species of mammals belonging to the peccary family

*Sus tajacu* Linnaeus, 1758
*Muknalia minima* Stinnesbeck et al, 2017

The **collared peccary** (*Pecari tajacu*) is a species of artiodactyl (even-toed) mammal in the family Tayassuidae found in North, Central, and South America. They are commonly referred to as ***javelina**, **saíno***, or ***báquiro***, although these terms are also used to describe other species in the family. The species is also known as the **musk hog**. In Trinidad, it is colloquially known as ***quenk***.

## Taxonomy

Although somewhat related to true Old World pigs and frequently referred to as a pig, this species and the other peccaries are no longer classified in the pig family, Suidae. It has recently been placed in the genus *Dicotyles*, based on an unequivocal type-species selection; however, the IUCN still places it in the genus *Pecari*.

## Description

The collared peccary stands around 510–610 mm (20–24 in) tall at the shoulder and is about 1.0–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) long. It weighs between 16 and 27 kg (35 and 60 lb). The dental formula is: 2/3,1/1,3/3,3/3. The collared peccary has small tusks that point toward the ground when the animal is upright. It has slender legs with a robust or stocky body. The tail is often hidden in the coarse fur of the peccary.

## Range and habitat

The collared peccary is widespread throughout much of the tropical and subtropical Americas, ranging from the Southwestern United States to northern Argentina. They have been reintroduced to Uruguay in 2017, after 100 years of extirpation there. The only Caribbean island where it is native, however, is Trinidad. Until fairly recently, it was also present on the nearby island of Tobago, but is now exceedingly rare (if not extirpated) due to overhunting by humans. An adaptable species, it inhabits deserts, xeric shrublands, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, shrublands, flooded grasslands and savannas, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, and several other habitats; it is also present in habitats shared by humans, merely requiring sufficient cover. Peccaries can be found in cities and agricultural land throughout their range, where they consume garden plants. Notable populations are known to exist in the suburbs of Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona.

Due to the lack of fossil material or even specimens from archeological sites, it was assumed that javelinas only recently crossed into the US by way of Mexico. However, a fossil jaw of this species was discovered in Florida ("Collared peccary (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae, Pecari) from the late Pleistocene of Florida", Richard C. Hulbert, Gary S. Morgan & Andreas Kerner), proving that at some point in the late Pleistocene the species had already inhabited part of the Southern US.

## Diet

Collared peccaries are classified as herbivores. They normally feed on cactus, mesquite beans, fruits, roots, tubers, palm nuts, other green vegetation. However, they will also eat lizards, dead birds, and rodents if the opportunity presents itself. In areas inhabited by humans, they also consume cultivated crops and ornamental plants, such as tulip bulbs.

## Predators

The main predators of the collared peccary are cougars (*Puma concolor*), Mexican wolves (*Canis lupus baileyi*), coyotes (*Canis latrans*), jaguars (*Panthera onca*), and bobcats (*Lynx rufus*).

## Behavior

Collared peccaries are diurnal creatures that live in groups of up to 50 individuals, averaging between six and 9 members. They sleep in burrows, often under the roots of trees, but sometimes can be found in caves or under logs. However, collared peccaries are not completely diurnal. In central Arizona, they are often active at night, but less so in daytime.

Although they usually ignore humans, they will react if they feel threatened. They defend themselves with their tusks. A collared peccary can release a strong musk or give a sharp bark if it is alarmed.

They will also rub their scent on rocks and tree stumps to mark their territory, and rubbing the scent on each other to help with identification.

## Gallery

A herd seen by a fixed camera in Scottsdale, ArizonaRunning collared peccaryMother and juvenileA Pueblo drinking vessel
## References

1. ↑ Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M.; Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "*Pecari tajacu*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en .  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
2. ↑ Acosta, Luis E.; Garbino, Guilherme S. T.; Gasparini, Germán M.; Dutra, Rodrigo Parisi (9 September 2020). "Unraveling the nomenclatural puzzle of the collared and white-lipped peccaries (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae)". *Zootaxa*. **4851** (1): 60–80. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4851.1.2. PMID 33056737 Check `|pmid=` value (help).
3. ↑ "Collared Peccary: Javelina ~ Tayaussa ~ Musk Hog". Digital West Media Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
4. ↑ Reid, Fiona (2006). *Peterson Field Guide: Mammals of North America* (4th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Reid, Fiona (2006). *Peterson Field Guide: Mammals of North America* (4th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5.
6. ↑ "A un año de su liberación, los pecaríes ya se adaptaron y tienen cría". *ecos.la* (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Friederici, Peter (August–September 1998). "Winners and Losers". *National Wildlife Magazine*. National Wildlife Federation. **36** (5).
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sowls, Lyle K. (1997). *Javelinas and Other Peccaries: Their Biology, Management, and Use* (2nd ed.). Texas A&M University Press. pp. 61–68. ISBN 978-0-89096-717-1.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Animal Fact Sheet: Collared Peccary or Javelina". *Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum*. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
10. ↑ Ingmarsson, Lisa. "Pecari tajacu (collared peccary)". *Animal Diversity Web*. Retrieved 2020-10-28.

## External links

* Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: *Pecari tajacu*
* Smithsonian Wild: *Pecari tajacu*
* Arizona Game and Fish Department – Living With Javelina