Columbia (Symbol)

Personified Columbia in American flag gown and Phrygian cap, which signifies freedom and the pursuit of liberty, from a World War I patriotic poster.

**Columbia** (/kəˈlʌmbiə/; *kə-LUM-bee-ə*) is the personification of the United States. It was also a historical name used by some Europeans and Americans to describe the Americas, the New World. It is also a name given to the "Spirit of the Frontier", used to illustrate manifest destiny, among several other American political causes.[*citation needed*] It has given rise to the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions and companies; for example: Columbia University, the District of Columbia(the national capital of the United States), and the ship *Columbia Rediviva*, which would give its name to the Columbia River. Images of the Statue of Liberty largely displaced personified Columbia as the female symbol of the United States by around 1920, although Lady Liberty was seen as an aspect of Columbia.[1] The District of Columbia is named after the personification, as is the traditional patriotic hymn "Hail Columbia", which is the official vice presidential anthem of the United States Vice President.

Columbia is a New Latin toponym in use since the 1730s for the Thirteen Colonies. It originated from the name of Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and from the ending *-ia*, common in Latin names of countries (paralleling Britannia, Gallia, and others).

## History:

Massachusetts Chief Justice Samuel Sewall used the name Columbina (not Columbia) for the New World in 1697.[4] The name Columbia for America first appeared in 1738[5][6] in the weekly publication of the debates of the British Parliament in Edward Cave's *The Gentleman's Magazine*. Publication of Parliamentary debates was technically illegal, so the debates were issued under the thin disguise of *Reports of the Debates of the Senate of Lilliput* and fictitious names were used for most individuals and placenames found in the record. Most of these were transparent anagrams or similar distortions of the real names and some few were taken directly from Jonathan Swift's *Gulliver's Travels while* a few others were classical or neoclassical in style. Such were Ierne for Ireland, Iberia for Spain, Noveborac for New York (from Eboracum, the Roman name for York) and Columbia for America—at the time used in the sense of "European colonies in the New World".[7]

The name was perhaps first coined by Samuel Johnson, thought to have been the author of an introductory essay (in which Columbia already appears) which explained the conceit of substituting Lilliputian for English names; Johnson also wrote down the *Debates* from 1740 to 1743. The name continued to appear in *The Gentleman's Magazine* until December 1746. Columbia seems an obvious calque on America,[*according to whom?*]substituting the base of the surname of the discoverer Christopher Columbus for the base of the given name of the somewhat less well-known Amerigo Vespucci.[*citation needed*] As the debates of Parliament, many of whose decisions directly affected the colonies, were distributed and closely followed in the British colonies in America, the name Columbia would have been familiar to the United States' founding generation.

In the second half of the 18th century, the American colonists were creating their own identity distinct from that of their British cousins. At that time, it was common for European countries to use a Latin name in formal or poetical contexts to confer an additional degree of respectability on the country concerned.[8] In many cases, these nations were personified as pseudo-classical goddesses named with these Latin names. Located on a continent unknown to and unnamed by the Romans, Columbia was the closest that the Americans could come to emulating this custom.

A defiant Columbia in an 1871 Thomas Nast cartoon shown protecting a defenseless Chinese man from an angry Irish lynch mob that has just burned down an orphanage.

By the time of the Revolution, the name Columbia had lost the comic overtone of its Lilliputian origins and had become established as an alternative, or poetic name for America. While the name America is necessarily scanned with four syllables, according to 18th-century rules of English versification Columbia was normally scanned with three, which is often more metrically convenient. For instance, the name appears in a collection of complimentary poems written by Harvard graduates in 1761 on the occasion of the marriage and coronation of King George III.[9]

Behold, Britannia! in thy favour'd Isle;
At distance, thou, Columbia! view thy Prince,
For ancestors renowned, for virtues more;[10]
The name Columbia rapidly came to be applied to a variety of items reflecting American identity. A ship built in Massachusetts in 1773 received the name *Columbia Rediviva* and it later became famous as an exploring ship and lent its name to new Columbias.

No serious consideration was given to using the name Columbia as an official name for the independent United States,[*citation needed*] but with independence the name became popular and was given to many counties, townships, and towns as well as other institutions.

* In 1784, the former King's College in New York City had its name changed to Columbia College, which became the nucleus of the present-day Ivy League Columbia University.
* In 1786, South Carolina gave the name Columbia to its new capital city. Columbia is also the name of at least nineteen other towns in the United States.
* In 1791, three commissioners appointed by President George Washington named the area destined for the seat of the United States government the Territory of Columbia. It was subsequently (1801) organized as the District of Columbia.
* In 1792, the *Columbia Rediviva* sailing ship gave its name to the Columbia River in the American Northwest (much later, the *Rediviva* would give its name to the Space Shuttle Columbia)
* In 1798, Joseph Hopkinson wrote lyrics for Philip Phile's 1789 inaugural "President's March" under the new title of "Hail, Columbia". Once used as *de facto* national anthem of the United States, it is now used as the entrance march of the Vice President of the United States.
* In 1865 Jules Verne's novel *From the Earth to the Moon*, the spacecraft to the moon was fired from a giant Columbiad cannon.

In part, the more frequent usage of the name Columbia reflected a rising American neoclassicism, exemplified in the tendency to use Roman terms and symbols. The selection of the eagle as the national bird, the heraldric use of the eagle, the use of the term Senate to describe the upper house of Congress and the naming of Capitol Hill and the Capitol buildingwere all conscious evocations of Roman precedents.

The adjective Columbian has been used to mean "of or from the United States of America", for instance in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, Illinois. It has occasionally been proposed as an alternative word for American.

Columbian should not be confused with the adjective pre-Columbian, referring to a time period before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492.

## Personification:

As a quasi-mythical figure, Columbia first appears in the poetry of African-American Phillis Wheatley starting in 1776 during the revolutionary war.

One century scarce perform'd its destined round,
When Gallic powers Columbia's fury found;
And so may you, whoever dares disgrace
The land of freedom's heaven-defended race!
Fix'd are the eyes of nations on the scales,
For in their hopes Columbia's arm prevails.[11]

Columbia in an 1865 Thomas Nast cartoon asking the government to allow black soldiers to vote.

Especially in the 19th century, Columbia was visualized as a goddess-like female national personification of the United States and of liberty itself, comparable to the British Britannia, the Italian Italia Turrita and the French Marianne, often seen in political cartoons of the 19th and early 20th century. This personification was sometimes called Lady Columbia or Miss Columbia. Such iconography usually personified America in the form of an Indian queen or Native American princess.[12]

The image of the personified Columbia was never fixed, but she was most often presented as a woman between youth and middle age, wearing classically-draped garments decorated with stars and stripes. A popular version gave her a red-and-white-striped dress and a blue blouse, shawl, or sash, spangled with white stars. Her headdress varied and sometimes it included feathers reminiscent of a Native American headdress while other times it was a laurel wreath, but most often it was a cap of liberty.

Early in World War I (1914–1918) the image of Columbia standing over a kneeling "Doughboy" was issued in lieu of the Purple Heart Medal. She gave "to her son the accolade of the new chivalry of humanity" for injuries sustained in "the" World War.

In World War I, the name Liberty Bond for savings bonds was heavily publicized, often with images from the Statue of Liberty. The personification of Columbia fell out of use and she was largely replaced by the Statue of Liberty as a feminine symbol of the United States.[13] When Columbia Pictures adopted Columbia as its logo in 1924, she appeared (and still appears) bearing a torch—similar to the Statue of Liberty and unlike 19th-century depictions of Columbia.

Statues of the personified Columbia may be found among others in the following places.

* The 1863 Statue of Freedom atop the United States Capitol building, though not actually called Columbia, shares many of her iconic characteristics.[14][15]
* Atop Philadelphia's Memorial Hall, built 1876
* The replica Statue of the Republic (Golden Lady) in Chicago's Jackson Park is often understood to be Columbia. It is one of the remaining icons of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.
* In the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, dedicated 1949.
* In the Monument of Angola, Indiana.

## Modern Appearances:

Political cartoon from 1860 depicting Stephen A. Douglasreceiving a spanking from Columbia as Uncle Sam looks on approvingly

Since 1800, the name Columbia has been used for a wide variety of items.

* The naming of the New World and of the newly independent country of Colombia after Christopher Columbus in the early 19th century is discussed at Colombia § Etymology.
* In the 1840s, British Columbia, now a province of Canada, was named by Queen Victoria. The details of the naming of the Columbia River and the Columbia provinces around it are discussed at British Columbia § Etymology.
* The element niobium was first called columbium, a name which some people still use today. The name columbium, coined by English chemist Charles Hatchett upon his discovery of the metal in 1801,[16]reflected that the type specimen of the ore came from America.[17]
* Avenues and streets in various cities and towns throughout the United States named Columbia Avenue or Columbia Street, such as the Columbia Avenue Historic District in Davenport, Iowa and various Columbia Avenues in Pennsylvania cities.
* Columbia County, Pennsylvania.
* Columbia, Pennsylvania in Lancaster County.
* Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City, which first adopted the name Columbia College in 1784 to replace King's College.
* The song "Hail, Columbia", an American patriotic song. It was considered with several other songs one of the unofficial national anthems of the United States until 1931, when "The Star-Spangled Banner" was officially named the national anthem.
* The song "Columbia, Gem of the Ocean" (1843) commemorates the United States under the name Columbia.
* Columbia Records, founded in 1888, took its name from its headquarters in the District of Columbia.
* Columbia Pictures, named in 1924, uses a version of the personified Columbia as its logo after a great deal of experimentation.[18]
* CBS's former legal name was the Columbia Broadcasting System, first used in 1928. The name derived from an investor, the Columbia Phonograph Manufacturing Company, owner of Columbia Records.
* The Command Module of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, the first manned mission to land on the Moon, was called *Columbia* (1969).
* The Space Shuttle *Columbia*, built 1975–1979, was named for the exploring ship *Columbia*.
* A personified Columbia appears in *Uncle Sam*, a graphic novel about American history (1997).
* The setting of the 2013 video game *BioShock Infinite* is the fictional city of Columbia, which makes frequent use of Columbia's image. Columbia herself is believed to be an archangel by the citizens.

## Notes:

1. **Jump up^**
2. **Jump up^**
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4. **Jump up^** Thomas J. Schlereth, "Columbia, Columbus, and Columbianism" in *The Journal of American History*, v. 79, no. 3 (1992), 939
5. **Jump up^** *The Gentleman's Magazine*, Vol. 8, June 1738, p. 285
6. **Jump up^** Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Dec. 1885, pp. 159–65
7. **Jump up^** *Debates in Parliament*, Samuel Johnson.
8. **Jump up^** E.g. "Gallia" for France, "Helvetia" for Switzerland, "Lusitania" for Portugal, "Caledonia" for Scotland, and "Hibernia" for Ireland, etc.
9. **Jump up^** Hoyt, Albert. "The Name 'Columbia'", *The New England Historical & Genealogical Register*, July 1886, pp. 310–13.
10. **Jump up^** *Pietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos*, no. xxix. Boston, Green and Russell, 1761.
11. **Jump up^** Selections from Phillis Wheatley *Poems and Letters* Archived 2006-09-08 at Archive.is
12. **Jump up^**
13. **Jump up^**
14. **Jump up^**
15. **Jump up^**
16. **Jump up^**
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18. **Jump up^** Bernard F. Dick. *The Merchant Prince of Poverty Row: Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures*. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 40–42.