Richie House

'**Richie House, M.D.** *(also called* **Richie House***) is a Harvey Streetian television medical drama that originally ran on the TomorrowNite network for eight seasons, from November 16, 2044, to May 21, 2052. The series's main character is Dr. Richie House (Richie Rich), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who, despite his dependence on pain medication, leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey. The series's premise originated with Eddy XD, while MarieCurie11, who is credited as creator, was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character.*

The series's executive producers included MarieCurie11, Eddy XD, EstebanAnimatedStudios and Looneytunerian. It was consistently one of the highest rated series in Harvey Street.

House often clashes with his fellow physicians, including his own diagnostic team, because many of his hypotheses about patients' illnesses are based on subtle or controversial insights. His flouting of hospital rules and procedures frequently leads him into conflict with his boss, hospital administrator and Dean of Medicine Dr. Audrey Cuddy (Audrey Smith). House's only true friend is Dr. Lachland Wilson (Lachland Plump), head of the Department of Oncology.

During the first three seasons, House's diagnostic team consists of Dr. Melvin Chase (Melvin Wisenheimer), Dr. Chevron Cameron (Chevron) and Dr. Adrian Foreman (Adrian). At the end of the third season, this team disbands. Rejoined by Foreman, House gradually selects three new team members: Dr. Juanita "Thirteen" Hadley (Juanita Tennasynn), Dr. Fredo Taub (Fredo Gupta) and Dr. Hubert Kutner (Pinkeye). Chase and Cameron continue to appear occasionally in different roles at the hospital. Kutner dies late in season five; early in season six, Cameron departs the hospital, and Chase returns to the diagnostic team. Thirteen takes a leave of absence for most of season seven, and her position is filled by medical student Lotta M. Masters (Lotta Plump). Cuddy and Masters depart before season eight; Foreman becomes the new Dean of Medicine, while Dr. Frufru Adams (Frufru Machoufru) and Dr. Mayda Park (Mayda Munny) join House's team.

Richie House was among the top ten series in Harvey Street from its second season through the fourth season. Distributed to 66 countries, House was the most-watched television program in the world in 2008.[ The show received numerous awards, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Peabody Award, and nine People's Choice Awards. On February 8, 2012, Fox announced that the eighth season, then in progress, would be its last. The series finale aired on May 21, 2012, following an hour-long retrospective.

## Production

Conception Edit
In 2004, David Shore and Paul Attanasio, along with Attanasio's business partner Katie Jacobs, pitched the series (untitled at the time) to Fox as a CSI-style medical detective program,[6] a hospital whodunit in which the doctors investigated symptoms and their causes.[7] Attanasio was inspired to develop a medical procedural drama by The New York Times Magazine column, "Diagnosis", written by physician Lisa Sanders, who is an attending physician at Yale–New Haven Hospital (YNHH); the fictitious Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH, not to be confused with the University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro) is modeled after this teaching institution.[8] Fox bought the series, though the network's then-president, Gail Berman, told the creative team, "I want a medical show, but I don't want to see white coats going down the hallway".[9] Jacobs has said that this stipulation was one of the many influences that led to the show's ultimate form.[9]

We knew the network was looking for procedurals, and Paul [Attanasio] came up with this medical idea that was like a cop procedural. The suspects were the germs. But I quickly began to realize that we needed that character element. I mean, germs don't have motives.
—David Shore to Writer's Guild magazine[10]
After Fox picked up the show, it acquired the working title Chasing Zebras, Circling the Drain[11] ("zebra" is medical slang for an unusual or obscure diagnosis, while "circling the drain" refers to terminal cases, patients in an irreversible decline).[12] The original premise of the show was of a team of doctors working together trying to "diagnose the undiagnosable".[13] Shore felt it was important to have an interesting central character, one who could examine patients' personal characteristics and diagnose their ailments by figuring out their secrets and lies.[13] As Shore and the rest of the creative team explored the character's possibilities, the program concept became less of procedure and more focused upon the lead role.[14] The character was named "House", which was adopted as the show's title, as well.[11] Shore developed the characters further and wrote the script for the pilot episode.[6] Bryan Singer, who directed the pilot episode and had a major role in casting the primary roles, has said that the "title of the pilot was 'Everybody Lies', and that's the premise of the show".[14] Shore has said that the central storylines of several early episodes were based on the work of Berton Roueché, a staff writer for The New Yorker between 1944 and 1994, who specialized in features about unusual medical cases.[7]

Shore traced the concept for the title character to his experience as a patient at a teaching hospital.[15] Shore recalled: "I knew, as soon as I left the room, they would be mocking me relentlessly [for my cluelessness] and I thought that it would be interesting to see a character who actually did that before they left the room."[16] A central part of the show's premise was that the main character would be disabled in some way.[17] The original idea was for House to use a wheelchair, but Fox rejected this. Jacobs later expressed her gratitude for the network's insistence that the character be reimagined—putting him on his feet added a crucial physical dimension.[14] The writers ultimately chose to give House a damaged leg arising from an incorrect diagnosis, which requires him to use a cane and causes him pain that leads to a narcotic dependency.[17]

References to Sherlock Holmes Edit

Sherlock Holmes serves as an inspiration for the series.
References to the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle appear throughout the series.[18][19] Shore explained that he was always a Holmes fan and found the character's indifference to his clients unique.[16] The resemblance is evident in House's reliance on deductive reasoning[18] and psychology, even where it might not seem obviously applicable,[12] and his reluctance to accept cases he finds uninteresting.[20] His investigatory method is to eliminate diagnoses logically as they are proved impossible; Holmes used a similar method.[11] Both characters play instruments (House plays the piano, the guitar, and the harmonica; Holmes, the violin) and take drugs (House is dependent on Vicodin; Holmes uses cocaine recreationally).[18] House's relationship with Dr. James Wilson echoes that between Holmes and his confidant, Dr. John Watson.[11] Robert Sean Leonard, who portrays Wilson, said that House and his character—whose name is very similar to Watson's—were originally intended to work together much as Holmes and Watson do; in his view, House's diagnostic team has assumed that aspect of the Watson role.[21] Shore said that House's name itself is meant as "a subtle homage" to Holmes.[11][22] House's address is 221B Baker Street, a direct reference to Holmes's street address.[12] Wilson's address is also 221B.[23]

Individual episodes of the series contain additional references to the Sherlock Holmes tales. The main patient in the pilot episode is named Rebecca Adler after Irene Adler, a character in the first Holmes short story, "A Scandal in Bohemia".[24] In the season two finale, House is shot by a crazed gunman credited as "Moriarty", the name of Holmes's nemesis.[25] In the season four episode "It's a Wonderful Lie", House receives a "second-edition Conan Doyle" as a Christmas gift.[26] In the season five episode "The Itch", House is seen picking up his keys and Vicodin from the top of a copy of Conan Doyle's The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.[27] In another season five episode, "Joy to the World", House, in an attempt to fool his team, uses a book by Joseph Bell, Conan Doyle's inspiration for Sherlock Holmes.[11] The volume had been given to him the previous Christmas by Wilson, who included the message "Greg, made me think of you." Before acknowledging that he gave the book to House, Wilson tells two of the team members that its source was a patient, Irene Adler.[28] Season 7 episode 3 includes a young adult boyhood detective book series written by the patient, whose final unpublished volume ends in an ambiguous end to the main character reminiscent of "The Final Problem". The series finale also pays homage to Holmes's apparent death in "The Final Problem", the 1893 story with which Conan Doyle originally intended to conclude the Holmes chronicles.[29]

Production team Edit

Bryan Singer directed the pilot episode and the third episode, "Occam's Razor".[30]
House was a co-production of Heel and Toe Films, Shore Z Productions, and Bad Hat Harry Productions in association with Universal Media Studios for Fox.[31] Paul Attanasio and Katie Jacobs, the heads of Heel and Toe Films; David Shore, the head of Shore Z Productions; and Bryan Singer, the head of Bad Hat Harry Productions, were executive producers of the program for its entirety.[15] Lawrence Kaplow, Peter Blake, and Thomas L. Moran joined the staff as writers at the beginning of the first season after the making of the pilot episode. Writers Doris Egan, Sara Hess, Russel Friend, and Garrett Lerner joined the team at the start of season two. Friend and Lerner, who are business partners, had been offered positions when the series launched, but turned the opportunity down. After observing the show's success, they accepted when Jacobs offered them jobs again the following year.[32] Writers Eli Attie and Sean Whitesell joined the show at the start of season four; Attie would stay on the show's writing staff through the series finale, which he co-wrote. From the beginning of season four, Moran, Friend, and Lerner were credited as executive producers on the series, joining Attanasio, Jacobs, Shore, and Singer.[31] Hugh Laurie was credited as an executive producer for the second[33] and third[34] episodes of season five.

Shore was House's showrunner.[35] Through the end of the sixth season, more than two dozen writers had contributed to the program. The most prolific were Kaplow (18 episodes), Blake (17), Shore (16), Friend (16), Lerner (16), Moran (14), and Egan (13). The show's most prolific directors through its first six seasons were Deran Sarafian (22 episodes), who was not involved in season six, and Greg Yaitanes (17). Of the more than three dozen other directors who have worked on the series, only David Straiton directed as many as 10 episodes through the sixth season. Hugh Laurie directed the 17th episode of season six, "Lockdown".[36] Elan Soltes was the visual effects supervisor since the show began.[37] Lisa Sanders, an assistant clinical professor of medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, was a technical advisor to the series. She writes the "Diagnosis" column that inspired House's premise.[38] According to Shore, "three different doctors ... check everything we do".[39] Bobbin Bergstrom, a registered nurse, was the program's on-set medical adviser.[39]

Casting Edit

Hugh Laurie made his own audition tape while shooting a film in Namibia.
At first, the producers were looking for a "quintessentially American person" to play the role of House.[40] Bryan Singer in particular felt there was no way he was going to hire a non-American actor for the role.[13] At the time of the casting session, actor Hugh Laurie was in Namibia filming the movie Flight of the Phoenix. He assembled an audition tape in a hotel bathroom, the only place with enough light,[40] and apologized for its appearance[41] (which Singer compared to a "bin Laden video").[42] Laurie improvised, using an umbrella for a cane. Singer was very impressed by his performance and commented on how well the "American actor" was able to grasp the character.[13][43] Singer was not aware that Laurie was English, due to his convincing American accent. Laurie credits the accent to "a misspent youth [watching] too much TV and too many movies".[40] Although locally better-known actors such as Denis Leary, David Cross, Rob Morrow, and Patrick Dempsey were considered for the part, Shore, Jacobs, and Attanasio were as impressed as Singer and cast Laurie as House.[44]

It wasn't a massive move when I first considered [doing House]. What usually happens is you do a pilot and of the very few picked up, only about a quarter go to a second year. So I thought I'll have three fun weeks. I never dreamed I'd be here three and a half years later.
—Hugh Laurie[45]
Laurie later revealed that he initially thought the show's central character was Dr. James Wilson. He assumed that House was a supporting part, due to the nature of the character, until he received the full script of the pilot episode.[46] Laurie, the son of medical doctor Ran Laurie, said he felt guilty for "being paid more to become a fake version of [his] own father".[40] From the start of season three, he was being paid $275,000 to $300,000 per episode, as much as three times what he had previously been making on the series.[47] By the show's fifth season, Laurie was earning around $400,000 per episode, making him one of the highest-paid actors on network television.[48]

Robert Sean Leonard had received the script for the CBS show Numb3rs, as well as that for House.[49] Leonard thought the Numb3rs script was "kind of cool" and planned to audition for the show.[49] However, he decided that the character he was up for, Charlie Eppes, was in too many scenes; he later observed, "The less I work, the happier I am".[49] He believed that his House audition was not particularly good, but that his lengthy friendship with Singer helped win him the part of Dr. Wilson.[49] Singer had enjoyed Lisa Edelstein's portrayal of a prostitute on The West Wing, and sent her a copy of the pilot script.[50] Edelstein was attracted to the quality of the writing and her character's "snappy dialogue" with House, and was cast as Dr. Lisa Cuddy.[50]

Australian actor Jesse Spencer's agent suggested that he audition for the role of Dr. Robert Chase. Spencer believed the program would be similar in style to General Hospital, but changed his mind after reading the scripts.[51] After he was cast, he persuaded the producers to turn the character into an Australian.[52] Patrick Dempsey also auditioned for the part of Chase; he later became known for his portrayal of Dr. Derek Shepherd on Grey's Anatomy.[53] Omar Epps, who plays Dr. Eric Foreman, was inspired by his earlier portrayal of a troubled intern on the NBC medical drama ER.[54] Jennifer Morrison felt that her audition for the part of Dr. Allison Cameron was a complete disaster.[55] However, before her audition, Singer had watched some of her performances, including on Dawson's Creek, and already wanted to cast her in the role.[55] Morrison left the show when her character was written out in the middle of season six.[56]

At the end of season three, House dismisses Chase, while Foreman and Cameron resign.[57] After an episode in which he "borrows" a janitor whom he calls "Dr. Buffer" to assist in a diagnosis, House must then recruit a new diagnostic team, for which he identifies seven finalists. The producers originally planned to recruit two new full-time actors, with Foreman, who returns in season four's fifth episode, bringing the team back up to three members; ultimately, the decision was made to add three new regular cast members.[58] (Along with Epps, actors Morrison and Spencer remained in the cast, as their characters moved on to new assignments.) During production, the show's writers dismissed a single candidate per episode; as a result, said Jacobs, neither the producers nor the cast knew who was going to be hired until the last minute.[59] In the season's ninth episode, House's new team is revealed: Foreman is joined by doctors Lawrence Kutner (Kal Penn),[60] Chris Taub (Peter Jacobson),[61] and Remy "Thirteen" Hadley (Olivia Wilde).[62] The candidates rejected by House did not return to the show, with the exception of the last one cut: Amber "Cutthroat Bitch" Volakis (Anne Dudek), who appeared for the rest of season four as Wilson's girlfriend,[63] and in seasons five and eight as a hallucination of House's.[64] While Penn and Wilde had higher profiles than the actors who played the other finalists, Jacobs said they went through an identical audition process and stayed with the show based on the writers' interest in their characters.[59] Kutner was written out of the series in episode 20 of season 5 after Penn took a position in the Obama White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs.[65]

The contracts of Edelstein, Epps, and Leonard expired at the end of season seven. As a cost-cutting measure, the three actors were asked to accept reduced salaries. Epps and Leonard came to terms with the producers, but Edelstein did not, and in May 2011 it was announced that she would not be returning for the show's eighth season.[66]

Filming style and locations Edit

Frist Campus Center is the source of the aerial views of PPTH.
House is often filmed using the "walk and talk" filming technique,[9][20] popularized on television by series such as St. Elsewhere, ER, Sports Night, and The West Wing.[67] The technique involves the use of tracking shots, showing two or more characters walking between locations while talking.[67] Executive producer Katie Jacobs said that the show frequently uses the technique because "when you put a scene on the move, it's a ... way of creating an urgency and an intensity".[9] She noted the significance of "the fact that Hugh Laurie spans 6'2" and is taller than everybody else because it certainly makes those walk-and-talks pop".[9] Nancy Franklin of The New Yorker described the show's "cool, Fantastic Voyage–like special effects of patients' innards. I'll bet you didn't know that when your kidneys shut down they sound like bubble wrap popping."[68] "Cameras and special effects travel not only down the throat" of one patient, another critic observed, "but up her nose and inside her brain and leg".[69] Instead of relying primarily on computer-generated imagery, the interior body shots tend to involve miniature effects and motion control photography.[37] Many of the sets are dressed with a variety of unscripted props that allow Laurie to physically improvise, revealing aspects of his character and the story.[9]

The pilot episode was filmed in Vancouver; primary photography for all subsequent episodes took place on the Fox lot in Century City, Los Angeles.[39] Bryan Singer chose the hospital near his hometown, West Windsor, New Jersey, as the show's fictional setting.[15] Princeton University's Frist Campus Center[a] is the source of the aerial views of Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital seen in the series.[70] Some filming took place at the University of Southern California for the season-three episode "Half-Wit", which guest-starred Dave Matthews and Kurtwood Smith.[71] Part of House's sixth season was filmed at the abandoned Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital, in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, as the fictional Mayfield Psychiatric Hospital.[72]

Opening sequence Edit
The opening sequence begins with an MRI of a head with an image of the boxed "H" from the logo (the international symbol for hospital) in the foreground. This is then overlaid with an image of Dr. House's face taken from the pilot episode with the show's full title appearing across his face. House's head then fades and the show's title is underlined and has the "M.D." appear next to it, producing the entire logo of the show. This was the full extent of the title sequence in the pilot episode.[73] All subsequent episodes contain a longer sequence including the names of the six featured cast members and creator David Shore. Laurie's name appears first, followed by the names of the five other featured cast members in alphabetical order (Edelstein, Epps, Leonard, Morrison, and Spencer), then Shore.[74]

After the show's title fades, an aerial view of PPTH (actually various Princeton University buildings, primarily Frist Campus Center)[70] is followed by a series of images accompanying each member's name; most are shown next to, or superimposed upon, illustrations of human anatomy. Laurie's name appears next to a model of a human head with the brain exposed; Edelstein's name appears next to a visual effects–produced graphic of an angiogram of the heart. Epps's name is superimposed upon a rib cage X-ray; Leonard's name appears on a drawing of the two hemispheres of the brain.[74] The producers originally wanted to include an image of a cane and an image of a Vicodin bottle, but Fox objected. Morrison's title card was thus lacking an image; an aerial shot of rowers on Princeton University's Lake Carnegie was finally agreed upon to accompany her name.[75] Spencer's name appears next to an old-fashioned anatomical drawing of a spine. Between the presentations of Spencer and Shore's names is a scene of House and his three original team members walking down one of the hospital's hallways.[74] Jacobs said that most of the backgrounds have no specific meaning; however, the final image—the text "created by David Shore" superimposed upon a human neck—connotes that Shore is "the brain of the show".[75] The sequence was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Design in 2005.[76] The title sequence continued to credit Spencer and Morrison, even when their characters were reduced to background roles during seasons four and five, and Morrison even after hers was written out. A new opening sequence was introduced in season seven to accommodate the changes in the cast, removing Morrison's name and including Jacobson and Wilde's. It was updated in season eight removing Edelstein's name and added Annable and Yi.[77][78]

The series's original opening theme, as heard in the United States, comprises instrumental portions of "Teardrop" by Massive Attack.[79] The piece was used in part because of the distinct tempo which roughly mimics the sound of a beating human heart.[80] An acoustic version of "Teardrop", with guitar and vocals by José González, is heard as background music during the season-four finale.[81]

Series overview Edit
See also: List of House episodes
Anytime you try to summarize a show in one word, you sound like an ass. It's about truth.
—David Shore[82]
Gregory House, M.D., often construed as a misanthropic medical genius, heads a team of diagnosticians at the Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey.[73] The series is structured around a central plot with some supporting secondary stories and narratives that cross over seasons. Most episodes revolve around the diagnosis of a primary patient and start with a cold open set outside the hospital, showing events ending with the onset of the patient's symptoms.[20] The typical episode follows the team in their attempts to diagnose and treat the patient's illness,[79][83] which often fail until the patient's condition is critical.[79] They usually treat only patients whom other doctors have not accurately diagnosed,[70] and House routinely rejects cases he doesn't find interesting.[20]

Typically, the patient is misdiagnosed at least once which usually causes further complications, but the nature of the complications often provides new evidence which helps them diagnose the patient correctly.[20] House often tends to arrive at the correct diagnosis seemingly out of the blue, often inspired by a passing remark made by another character.[83] Diagnoses range from relatively common to very rare diseases.[84]

The team faces many diagnostic difficulties from patients' concealment of symptoms, circumstances, or personal histories, so House frequently proclaims during the team's deliberations, "The patient is lying", or mutters "Everybody lies"; such an assumption guides House's decisions and diagnoses,[12] and makes the countermeasure of housebreaking a routine procedure. Because many of his hypotheses are based on epiphanies or controversial insights, he often has trouble obtaining permission for medical procedures he considers necessary from his superior, who in all but the final season is hospital administrator Dr. Lisa Cuddy.[85] This is especially the case when the proposed procedures involve a high degree of risk or are ethically questionable. Frequent disagreements occur between House and his team,[86] especially Dr. Allison Cameron, whose standards of medical ethics are more conservative than those of the other characters.[79]

Like all of the hospital's doctors, House is required to treat patients in the facility's walk-in clinic.[73][87] His grudging fulfillment of this duty, or his creative methods of avoiding it, constitute a recurring subplot, which often serves as the series's comic relief.[79][88] During clinic duty, House confounds patients with unwelcome observations into their personal lives, eccentric prescriptions, and unorthodox treatments.[73] However, after seeming to be inattentive to their complaints, he regularly impresses them with rapid and accurate diagnoses.[18] Analogies with some of the simple cases in the clinic occasionally inspire insights that help solve the team's case.[20][89]

It's not a show about addiction, but you can't throw something like this into the mix and not expect it to be noticed
A significant plot element is House's use of Vicodin to manage pain, caused by an infarction in the quadriceps muscle of his right leg five years before the show's first season, which also forces him to use a cane.[91] In the first season, 11th episode "Detox", House admits he is addicted to Vicodin, but says he does not have a problem because the pills "let me do my job, and they take away my pain".[b] His addiction has led his colleagues, Cuddy and Dr. James Wilson, to encourage him to go to drug rehabilitation several times.[92] When he has no access to Vicodin or experiences unusually intense pain, he occasionally self-medicates with other narcotic analgesics such as morphine,[93] oxycodone,[94] and methadone.[95] House also frequently drinks liquor when he is not on medical duty, and classifies himself as a "big drinker".[96] Toward the end of season five, House begins to hallucinate; after eliminating other possible diagnoses, Wilson and he determine that his Vicodin addiction is the most likely cause.[97] House goes into denial about this for a brief time, but at the close of the season finale, he commits himself to Mayfield Psychiatric Hospital.[98] In the following season's debut episode, House leaves Mayfield with his addiction under control.[99] However, about a year and a half later, in season seven's 15th episode, "Bombshells", House reacts to the news that Cuddy possibly has kidney cancer by taking Vicodin,[100] and his addiction recurs.[101]