Sherry Culhane

Sherry Culhane at Avery's trial

**Sheryl (Sherry) Leigh Culhane** is a forensic scientist with the Wisconsin State Crime Laboratory Bureau. She testified in Avery’s 1985 and 2007 trials as well as Brendan Dassey’s trial. Culhane analyzed the pubic hair that resulted in Avery's exoneration in 2003. In 2007 she testified Halbach’s DNA was found on a bullet recovered from Avery’s garage and that Avery’s blood was recovered from Halbach’s car.

## Career

In 1978 Culhane got her bachelor's degree in biological science from Mississippi College. After obtaining her bachelor's degree Culhane began working at the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office Crime Lab as a DNA analyst for about 3 years. In 1983 Culhane moved to Wisconsin and one year later, in 1984, she began working at the Wisconsin State Crime Lab in Madison as a Forensic Scientist.

In 1985 Culhane testified in Steven Avery's trial for sexual assault. Culhane had tested a hair recovered from the victim of the case. Avery could not be excluded as the source of the hair.

In 1996 Culhane became a DNA analyst after she followed a training program that same year about DNA processing. Culhane also attended schools and workshops on DNA and also studied molecular biology, statistics and biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and molecular and cell biology at the University of California.

Since 1997 Culhane is DNA Technical Unit Leader at the State Crime Lab. She is primarily responsible for the examination of physical evidence for the presence of biological material and try to develop DNA profiles from those materials. As a leader of the tech unit Culhane also trains new analysts, monitors quality control procedures, new equipment, and other things.

In 2003 Culhane analyzed, at the request of the Innocence Project, pubic hairs from Avery's 1985 conviction. Two of the eleven hairs had cellular material and were thus suitable for DNA analysis. One of the hairs belonged to a female, the other to a male. That male was not Steven Avery, but known sex-offender Gregory Allen. Avery was immediately released.

In her career Culhane has testified in over 90 trials, and over 30 times as a DNA expert.

## 2005 Steven Avery case

### 7 November 2005

*See also: blood in the RAV4*
Culhane became involved in the 2005 Avery case on 7 November 2005, when she was assigned to process the victim's vehicle, the first piece of evidence found in this case. She saw several reddish-brown stains that were consistent with the appearance of blood. A presumptive test for blood on those stains came back positive. Multiple stains were observed and swabbed in the cargo area of the RAV4. Crusted blood had also been recovered, as well as a Wild Cherry Pepsi can.

Each of the stains were submitted to presumptive tests to see if they tested positive for blood. All stains came back as positive for blood. The Pepsi can was not submitted to the presumptive test, because there was no visible stain on it. The opening of the can was swabbed for DNA. All stains were swabbed with a clean cotton swab with sterile water and later used for DNA analysis.

Earlier, Culhane had developed a full DNA profile of Teresa Halbach from a pap smear. Culhane compared her swabs from the RAV4 to the DNA profile from the pap smear and determined that Teresa Halbach is the source of the stains in the RAV4 and the biological material on the Pepsi can.

### 11 November 2005

On 11 November the State Crime Lab received a box full of charred remains from Steven Avery’s burn pit, which Culhane had to process for DNA. The remains had been subjected to intense heat (which degraded and breaks DNA), so Culhane looked for the least damaged area to process. Close to a piece of bone she recovered some tissue which wasn't completely burned up, which she designated Item BZ.

Culhane developed a partial DNA profile from the tissue from Avery's burn pit and compared it to Halbach's pap smear. A DNA profile consists of 15 "markers" (or 16 if you include the marker for gender) that make your profile unique. These markers can be compared to collected DNA profiles. If the markers are the same the DNA profile belongs to one individual. Item BZ only had 7 surviving markers (or 8 if you include the gender marker). All 7 markers were a match with Teresa Halbach's DNA profile.

### 28 March 2006

On 28 March Culhane took custody of a bullet that the State Crime Lab had received on 16 March. The bullet was recovered from Steven Avery’s garage in March 2006, following Brendan Dassey’s confession. Culhane began working in the bullet, aka Item FL, on 29 March. Culhane did a visual examination but noticed nothing on the bullet. Culhane then washed the bullet with a special substance so if there would be something on the bullet it would be washed off. She could then perform tests on the washed substance. Culhane managed to obtain a DNA profile from the washed off material and compared it to Halbach's DNA profile and concluded Halbach's DNA profile was on Item FL, the bullet.

### April 2006

Culhane received Item ID, a swab from the hood latch of Halbach's RAV4. Culhane began with a visual examination and noticed the swab was discoloured, but it was not a reddish-brown discolouration consistent with blood. Culhane developed a full DNA profile from the swab and compared it to all the buccal swabs she received. The test showed the hood latch DNA had Steven Avery's DNA profile.

### Unknown dates

Culhane received buccal swabs from all members of the Avery family, including Steven Avery. From his buccal swab she managed to develop a complete DNA profile. Culhane received swabs of numerous blood stains found in Halbach's vehicle and the Avery property. Swabs that were recovered from Avery’s garage were compared to Avery's buccal swab and proven to be Avery's. Blood from various places in Avery's trailer, including the floor and sink, were all proven Avery's as well. Swabs taken from blood in Avery’s own car also all belonged to Steven.

Culhane recieved the car key to Halbach's vehicle. No stains were noticed during her visual examination, so Culhane decided to swab the key. Culhane also put the key in the ignition of Halbach's vehicle and she could turn the ignition with it. She could also lock the car's doors with it. From the swab she took of the car key Culhane managed to develop a full DNA profile, which turned out to be Avery's.

Culhane compared the Avery buccal swabs to blood found on the driver's seat of the RAV4 (Item A-6), pieces of a crusted blood in front of the seat, near the console (Item A-7), blood near the ignition (Item A-8) as well as several other stains. The blood proved to be Steven Avery's.

## 2007 Steven Avery trial

Culhane gave testimony on day 10 and 11 of Steven Avery's trial (23 and 26 February 2007).

### direct examination

Prosecutor Norm Gahn begins the testimony by asking Culhane about her career so far and about working in the crime lab. Culhane explains she’s been working as a forensic scientist with the State Crime Lab for 23 years now. Over the years she has followed numerous workshops, schools, studies, etc. Since 1996 she has been a DNA analyst and has ran over 5,000 test since.

Gahn asks about proficiency tests and asks other questions related to handling evidence and result integrity. Culhane answers proficiency tests are tests designed to evaluate laboratory systems and analysts and she, her colleagues and the lab do them twice a year. She has passed all tests. The Crime Lab is accredited by ASCDL, a group of crime lab directors from all over the USA who audit labs once every five years. The State Crime Lab was last checked in May 2006.

Gahn asks about contamination, how often it occurs and what is done to prevent it. Culhane explains she has to file logs when contamination occurs. She filed 89 contamination logs since January 2001, not just for herself but also her 10 colleagues. Gahn asks how many DNA samples Culhane has processed since 2001 and Culhane estimates over 50,000. To prevent contamination, Culhane explains, all samples are kept separate and never extracted at the same time. All equipment that was used for a test (pipettes, bench tops, etc) is cleaned with bleach. Inbetween testing of different items, everything is cleaned with bleach as well.

Gahn asks what is typically done when a Crime Lab worker receives an item. Culhane explains she begins with a visual examination (for example to look for stains). She may follow-up with a presumptive test to get an indication what she's looking for. Everything she does, from receiving the item, noticing how its packaged and the actual examination is documented.

Gahn begins focussing on the Halbach case and asks Culhane how many items of evidence the State Crime Lab received in total. Culhane answers about 345 of which 180 were for the DNA unit. Gahn asks Culhane if this was a normal amount of evidentiary items for a case and Culhane responds it is not; it's a very large amount. Culhane did 41 presumptive tests on the 180 items she received.

About when she received Halbach's vehicle Culhane explains she began with a visual examination, documented what she saw (numerous reddish-brown stains consistent with blood) and took preliminary tests. She gave crime lab designations to the car (Item A) and sub-designations (Item A-1, Item A-2, etc) to evidence found inside the car, such as the blood). Culhane found several stains in the cargo area of the RAV4, labelled them A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4. She also found several stains in the front area of the RAV4 and pieces of crusted blood near the console. A Pepsi can was also found by her and swabbed around the opening for DNA. Gahn asks Culhane about a pap smear Culhane obtained. Culhane explained she used this to get Halbach's DNA profile. When she compared the DNA profile with the swabs in the cargo area and the Pepsi can they all came back as Halbach's. Culhane explained the chance that there is someone else with a DNA profile similar to Halbach's is 1 in 416 quadrillion.

Gahn asks about Item BZ, which was a piece of charred tissue recovered from Avery's burn pit. Culhane explained she developed a partial DNA profile from Item BZ. The surviving parts of the DNA profile (roughly 50%) matched Halbach's profile. Culhane explained that the chance that the profile matched to someone other than Halbach is 1 person in 1 billion in the Caucasian population. Gahn asks if there are 1 billion people in the state of Wisconsin. Culhane believes there aren't.

Gahn asked Culhane about Item FL, a spent bullet recovered from Avery's garage. Culhane explained she did a visual examination of the bullet but saw nothing that hinted at a DNA source. She then washed the bullet with a liquid so she could test the liquid for DNA. Upon doing so she indeed found a DNA profile, which matched Halbach's. Culhane explained that prior to this she tested the equipment she was about to use for contamination with a so-called "control sample", a blank sample that is put through the equipment to see if its clean. If it comes back blank, it's clean. If it comes back with a DNA profile, that may mean the equipment is contaminated. After the test was done the control sample showed Culhane's own DNA. Culhane believed her DNA got on the sample because she was standing too close to it as she extracted it. Subsequently she tested Item FL (the washed off material), which came back with Halbach's DNA, and not Culhane's DNA, suggesting her theory was correct and the equipment was not contaminated. Other than Halbach's, no DNA profiles were found on Item FL.

Next, Gahn begins asking about Steven Avery. Culhane says she developed a full DNA profile from a buccal swab from Steven Avery. Gahn goes over the numerous blood stains that were found, in the garage, from the sink in Avery's trailer, the trailer floor, and several drops of blood in Steven Avery’s Pontiac Grand Am vehicle. Culhane said all stains were compared to Avery's buccal swab and all stains came back as Steven Avery's.

Gahn asks Culhane about a car key she received. Culhane responded she tested the key on Halbach's vehicle and she could lock doors with it as well as turn the ignition. She also developed a DNA profile from the key which matched Avery's.

Gahn asked Culhane about the numerous blood stains in Halbach's vehicle. Culhane explained she compared the stains to each of the buccal swabs she received. All stains belonged to Steven Avery.

### cross-examination

Defense attorney Jerry Buting asks Culhane if her analysis can tell how the bloodstains ended up in the car; whether it can tell Avery left the stains there himself or if someone else did. Culhane says her analysis only tells who the stains belong to and not how they got there. Buting concludes Culhane can't say Avery was inside Halbach's car. Culhane agrees.

Responding to the topic of contamination, Buting says unintentional and intentional contamination could've occurred before the evidence was delivered to the State Crime Lab. Buting also states a quality control tests wouldn't see that. Culhane agrees.

Buting asks about Culhane if she assigns herself to a case or not. Culhane answers most of the time she assigns herself to a case, such as in this case. Buting says Gahn pointed out earlier that Culhane tested the one pubic hair that freed Avery in 2003, because DNA tests had been developed. Culhane agrees and adds that in 1985 DNA testing wasn't available. Buting points out that Gahn did not mention Culhane had the pubic hair about a year before she actually tested it. Culhane says that's correct. Buting points out Gahn also didn't mention Culhane was involved in Avery's 1985 trial in which she testified about a hair test that had now become outdated. Culhane says she doesn't remember much of her testimony, but agrees the science has been superseded and was wrong on occasions.

Buting shows Exhibit 341 on the elmo, which is a note which Culhane wrote down following a conversation with co-lead investigator Tom Fassbender on 11 November 2005. The note says "try to put her in his home or garage". Culhane responds it had no bearing on her analysis at all.

Buting asks if Culhane swabbed the handcuffs. Culhane says she did but didn't find Halbach's DNA, but she did find Avery's DNA and another person's DNA, though she couldn't whose DNA it was and whether that person was male or female. Buting asks if she swabbed the license plates and if it's correct she found no usable DNA on them. Culhane agrees. Buting asks if Culhane found Halbach's or Steven's DNA anywhere on the .22 caliber rifle and Culhane says she did not.

Buting points out the State Crime Lab got increasingly busy in recent years and that the DNA Unit's backlog of work, approximately tripled between 2003 and 2005 and that Avery's case put a lot of demand on Culhane's resources. Culhane agreed. Culhane also agreed that there was a shortage of analysts at the State Crime Lab in 2005.

Buting says Culhane never found any of Steven's DNA on the door handles. Culhane acknowledges. Buting says Culhane found Avery's blood in the front of the car, but not in the back of the vehicle. Culhane again acknowledges. Buting asks of the stains in the front of the car were within reach of someone just a door. Culhane agrees. Buting concludes someone could've planted the blood like that.

Buting switches to the hood latch swab. He points out the swab was discoloured, to which Culhane agrees, but no presumptive test for blood was done on the swab. Culhane explains there was no visual indication for blood and the discolouration was inconsistent with blood. Culhane explains she also didn't do a presumptive test because she didn't want to waste any of the (trace amount) sample on such a test. Buting asks if Culhane can't rule out blood as the source, and Culhane agrees.

Buting points out Culhane didn't do a presumptive test on the car key as well, because of the lack of visual indicators. Culhane acknowledges. Buting refers to an article called "*Trace DNA: A Review Discussion of Theory and Application of the Transfer of Trace Quantities of DNA Through Skin Contact*" by Ray Wickenheiser. Culhane believes she's read it. Buting makes several references to this article. Buting asks if Culhane's DNA testing can show if DNA was planted. Culhane agrees it cannot. Buting points out his Wickenheiser article says when two people touch an object there would be a mixture. Culhane disagrees, saying there are cases where that happened, but studies showed that when more than one person handles an object you will find the last person's DNA and none other. Or no DNA at all.

Buting asks Culhane if one would clean the garage floor with bleach before the police came you would not expect to find any DNA. Culhane agrees. Buting points out DNA was found. Buting asks about the rifle that was discovered and if Culhane found blood on the barrel from blow back spatter. Culhane says she did not. Buting points out Culhane didn't find Steven's DNA on the license plates, and Culhane agrees. Buting asks if Brendan Dassey's DNA was ever found. Culhane says it wasn't.

Buting points out the number of mistakes Culhane has made in a two year period, 7 in total, more than her colleagues (50 all combined). Buting points out if contamination occurs the lab's protocal actually forbids the analyst from saying who the DNA profile belongs to and it should be reported as inconclusive. Thus, the DNA on bullet FL should've been reported as inconclusive and not as belonging to Halbach's. Culhane acknowledges. Buting says if something like that occurs the test is supposed to be done, but Culhane was unable to do so because there was not enough sample. Culhane acknowledges. Buting clarifies there was no evidence placing Halbach inside the trailer or garage. The bullet is the only item to do so. Culhane agrees.

Buting points out Culhane filled in a form to deviate from protocol and that this was the first time she ever did that in 23 years at the State Crime Lab. Culhane agrees.

### re-direct examination

In reference to bullet FL and other analyses by Culhane, Gahn asks what exactly is written down in a report about the case. Culhane explains it's everything they examined, how they examined it, equipment used, what the results were, et cetera. Gahn asks whether this would include contamination, such as Culhane's DNA in the control sample. Culhane responds that too was in the report. Gahn asks if she was hiding anything. Culhane responds she wasn't. Gahn asks if her report was handed over to the defense. Culhane says it was.

Gahn asks if the ASCDL had seen the contamination log and whether the were concerned about it. Culhane says they saw it and to her knowledge were not concerned. Gahn asks why such logs are kept and Culhane responds because humans do the analyses the possibility of contamination is unavoidable, especially because the Crime Lab has such sensitive instruments.

Gahn asks if Culhane was training anyone while she was extracting the control sample. Culhane explains she was training two people. She believes that as she was talking to them while extracting the control sample she brought her DNA into the sample. Gahn asks why Culhane felt deviation from protocol was appropriate, Culhane explains that she thought it was because it was her own DNA, and not DNA from an unknown person. She could trace where the DNA came from. Also, her DNA got on the control sample, not in the bullet or the sample washed off of the bullet. Gahn asks if the presence of Culhane's DNA in the control sample caused the presence of Teresa Halbach's DNA profile on the bullet. Culhane says it did not.

Gahn asks Culhane what she would have done if she had accidentally brought her DNA on the pubic hair that freed Avery, would she not have reported the hair belonged to Gregory Allen as per protocol or would she try to deviate from protocol? Culhane she would try to deviate from protocol, because she wouldn't be able to retest the hair, just like she wasn't able to retest the bullet sample.

### recross-examination

Buting asks about Culhane deviating from protocol and that her reason for doing so was because she couldn't retest her sample. Culhane responds the original item cannot be retested, but her extracts are available for re-testing. She said she did not retest them because the result would've been the same. "Because it was already contaminated"? Buting asks. Culhane explains her extracts of the bullet never were contaminated.

Buting asks whether Culhane's test on the pubic hair that turned out to belong to Gregory Allen required Culhane to deviate from protocol. Culhane said it did not. Buting asks if Culhane had followed protocol and not try to deviate from it her report on bullet FL would've said "inconclusive". Culhane agrees.

### further redirect examination

Gahn asks why scientists allow for deviations in protocol. Culhane answers that sometimes there are circumstances that warrant deviation. Gahn asks if the item FL scenario was such a circumstance. Culhane thinks so. Gahn asks why. Culhane answers because it was her own DNA. A source that she could track. It had no scientific bearing on the bullet sample.

### further recross-examination

Buting asks Culhane doesn't really know where her contamination came from. Culhane responds its her own DNA, but agrees she isn't 100% sure that it got there because she was talking to her students during extraction.

## 2007 Brendan Dassey trial

Culhane gave testimony on day 3 of Brendan Dassey's trial (18 April 2007).

## 2016 - 2021 Zellner investigation

In January 2016 it became known postconviction attorney Kathleen Zellner had been representing Steven Avery following the case's portrayal in the Netflix documentary *Making a Murderer* in December 2015. Throughout her representation Zellner has been very vocal on social media about the case, often tweeting about planted evidence, the investigators and other possible culprits, but in none of her tweets she specifically mentioned Culhane or any of the DNA analyses Culhane has performed for this case. In two tweets she uses the term "junk science" in reference to the science in the Avery case, but it's unclear (and unlikely) if this is a reference to Culhane.

In June 2017 Zellner filed her *Motion for Post-conviction Relief* in which she presented a theory about the bullet with Halbach's DNA. While Avery's 2007 defense team alleged Culhane played a significant role in this piece of evidence, alleging the DNA got on the bullet because of crime lab contamination, Zellner presents an investigator applied some of Halbach's chapstick on a random bullet recovered from a wall in Avery's garage. This suggests Zellner trusts Culhane's test results and eliminates her (in Zellner's case) of (unintentional) wrongdoing.

Zellner has never commented on the note by Fassbender to Culhane.

## References

1. ↑ MaM Wiki notes: Because the Crime Lab received the bones on the 11th, that doesn't mean Culhane began her analysis that same day. It currently is unknown when she did begin her analysis.
2. ↑ MaM Wiki notes: the American Society of Crime Lab Directors.

1. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 44
2. ↑ *Curriculum Vitae of S. Culhane*, page 2
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 82
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 84
5. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 85
6. ↑ *Curriculum Vitae of S. Culhane*, page 3
7. ↑ *Curriculum Vitae of S. Culhane*, page 1
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 83
9. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 87
10. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 133
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 134
12. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 141
13. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 146
14. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 142
15. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 147
16. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 149
17. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 157
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 158
19. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 159
20. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 163
21. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 76
22. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 164
23. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 165
24. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 173
25. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 176
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 172
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 181
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 183
29. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 188
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 189
31. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 94
32. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 95
33. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 118
34. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 113
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 126
36. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 123
37. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 124
38. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 156
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 162
40. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 166
41. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 10 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 167
42. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 5
43. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 6
44. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 7
45. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 12
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 13
47. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 17
48. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 30
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 34
50. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 33
51. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 82
52. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 83
53. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 84
54. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 91
55. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 92
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 93
57. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 96
58. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 104
59. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 113
60. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 116
61. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 117
62. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 134
63. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 141
64. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 142
65. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 143
66. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 146
67. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 154
68. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 156
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 162
70. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 166
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 191
72. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 194
73. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 195
74. ↑ *Avery Trial Transcripts*, day 11 - testimony of Sherry Culhane, page 196