Batman & Robin (film)

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* Arnold Schwarzenegger
* George Clooney
* Chris O'Donnell
* Uma Thurman
* Alicia Silverstone
* Michael Gough
* Pat Hingle
* Elle Macpherson
* June 12, 1997 (1997-06-12) (Los Angeles)
* June 20, 1997 (1997-06-20) (United States)
 Running time This template is from Wikipedia

***Batman & Robin*** is a 1997 American superhero film based on the DC Comics characters Batman and Robin. It is the fourth and final installment of Warner Bros.' initial *Batman* film series. The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, Alicia Silverstone, and Uma Thurman. *Batman & Robin* tells the story of Batman and Robin as they attempt to prevent Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing all mankind to death and repopulating the earth with mutant plants, while at the same time struggling to keep their partnership together. It is also to date the only live-action film appearance of Batgirl, who helps the title characters fight the villains.

Warner Bros. fast-tracked development for *Batman & Robin* following the box office success of the previous film, *Batman Forever*. Schumacher and Goldsman conceived the storyline during pre-production on *A Time to Kill*, while Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role over scheduling conflicts with *The Saint*. Schumacher had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmer's place before George Clooney won the role. Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997, two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.

*Batman & Robin* was released on June 20, 1997. While it performed modestly at the box office, making $238.2 million worldwide against a production budget of $125 million, the film was a critical failure and is often considered to be one of the worst films of all time. It is also the lowest grossing live-action Batman movie to date. Schumacher and Warner Bros. originally envisioned that *Batman Unchained* would follow the film. However, the film's poor critical reception ended plans for a sequel and the film series was rebooted with *Batman Begins* in 2005. One of the songs recorded for the film, "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" by The Smashing Pumpkins, won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 40th Grammy Awards.

## Plot

In Gotham, one year after the defeat of Two-Face and the Riddler in the previous film, Batman and Robin attempt to thwart Mr. Freeze from robbing diamonds, but he steals one and flees. In South America, Pamela Isley is working under Dr. Jason Woodrue, experimenting with the Venom drug. She witnesses Woodrue use the formula to turn the violent, but diminutive, convicted serial murderer Antonio Diego into a hulking monstrosity dubbed "Bane". Woodrue and Isley argue over the use of the drug and Woodrue kills her by overturning a shelf of various toxins. She transforms into the beautiful and seductive Poison Ivy before killing Woodrue with her poisonous kiss. She finds that Wayne Enterprises funded Woodrue, thus she takes Bane with her to Gotham City. Meanwhile, Alfred Pennyworth's niece, Barbara Wilson, makes a surprise visit and is invited by Bruce Wayne to stay at Wayne Manor until she goes back to school.

Wayne Enterprises presents a new telescope at a press conference interrupted by Isley. She proposes a project that could help the environment, but Bruce declines her offer, as it would kill millions of people. That night, a charity event is held by Wayne Enterprises with special guests, Batman and Robin, and she decides to use her abilities to seduce them. Freeze crashes the party and steals a diamond from the event. However, he is captured and sent to a chamber prison in Arkham Asylum, but escapes with the help of Ivy and Bane. Batman and Robin begin to have crime fighting relationship problems because of Ivy's seductive ability with Robin. Ivy is then able to contact Robin once more, she kisses him but fails to kill him due to Robin wearing rubber lips. Robin and later on Batman become trapped, but are rescued by Batgirl, who shows up and defeats Ivy, and reveals that she is Barbara Wilson and knows the location of the Batcave.

Batman, Robin and Batgirl decide to go after Freeze together. By the time they get to the lab where Freeze and Bane are, Gotham is completely frozen. Batgirl and Ivy fight each other as Robin is attacked by Bane. Robin eventually defeats Bane when he and Batgirl kick apart his venom tubes stopping the flow of venom to his body, Bane collapses before transforming back to his original diminutive size of Antonio Diego and is left helpless on the ground. Meanwhile Batman and Freeze begin to fight each other, with Batman defeating Freeze. Batgirl and Robin manage to unfreeze Gotham; and Batman shows Freeze a recording of Ivy during her fight with Batgirl. Freeze learns that Ivy has betrayed him over the death of his wife. Ivy blamed Batman for Nora's death, but she informs Batgirl that it was her idea. Freeze is angered by the betrayal and is informed by Batman that his wife is not dead; she is restored in cryogenic slumber and has been moved to Arkham waiting for him to finish his research. Batman proceeds to ask Freeze for the cure Freeze has created for the first stage of MacGregor's Syndrome, the disease that Freeze's wife is suffering from, for a friend (Alfred) who is dying. Freeze atones for his misunderstanding by giving him medicine he had developed. Ivy is shown imprisoned in Arkham and Freeze walks in. Alfred is eventually healed and everyone agrees to let Barbara stay at Wayne Manor.

## Cast

* Arnold Schwarzenegger as Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze
 A Nobel Prize-winning molecular biologist and two-time Olympic decathlete who suffers a terrible accident while trying to cryogenically preserve his terminally ill wife. As a result, he is transformed into a criminal forced to live in a special sub-zero suit powered by diamonds. His goal is to hold Gotham to ransom in order to get the money he needs to complete his research to find a cure for his wife's disease.
* George Clooney as Bruce Wayne / Batman
 A billionaire industrialist who witnessed his parents' murder as a young boy. At night, Bruce becomes Batman, Gotham City's vigilante protector.
	+ Eric Lloyd portrays him as a child in a flashback.
* Chris O'Donnell as Dick Grayson / Robin
 The crime-fighting partner to Batman and ward of Bruce Wayne. He has begun to chafe against Batman's authority.
* Alicia Silverstone as Batgirl / Barbara Wilson
 Her parents had previously died in a car accident. Alfred, her uncle, was very close to her mother, Margaret. She is Alfred's niece and is an orphan.
* Uma Thurman as Dr. Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy
 A botanist who becomes a crazed eco-terrorist after being pushed into vials of chemicals, poisons and toxins, which replace her blood with aloe, her skin with chlorophyll and filled her lips with venom, making her kiss deadly. She also uses pheromones which make men fall in love with her.
* Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth
 The trusted butler for Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson. Alfred is dying of a rare disease from which Mr. Freeze's wife also suffers. He was later cured at the end.
* Pat Hingle as Commissioner James Gordon
 The police commissioner of Gotham City. He is close to Batman and informs him of numerous crimes.
* John Glover as Dr. Jason Woodrue / Floronic Man
 A deranged scientist who aims to create Venom-powered "supersoldiers" to sell to dictators and warlords in order to make millions. He is responsible for the creation of both Bane and Poison Ivy, the latter of whom kills him with a kiss from her toxic lips.
* Elle Macpherson as Julie Madison
 Bruce Wayne's girlfriend. She proposes to Bruce, but he does not respond, fearing for her safety.
* Vivica A. Fox as Ms. B. Haven
 Mr. Freeze's sexy assistant who flirts with him once and only once in the film. He is unresponsive, as he is still in love with his wife.
* Robert "Jeep" Swenson as Antonio Diego / Bane
 Poison Ivy's bodyguard and muscle, who was originally a diminutive serial murderer. Transformed into a hugely powerful "Super-soldier" by the strength-enhancing drug "Venom", he was seen getting Mr. Freeze's suit back from Arkham Asylum, as well as fighting against the main heroes several times. Despite proving more than a match for Batman and Robin earlier on, he is eventually defeated by Robin and Batgirl after they find a way to stop the venom flow to his brain.
	+ Michael Reid MacKay portrays him prior to his transformation.
* Vendela Kirsebom as Nora Fries
 Mr. Freeze's beloved cryogenically-frozen wife.
* Elizabeth Sanders as Gossip Gerty
 Gotham's top gossip columnist.
* Jesse Ventura as Arkham Asylum Guard
* Patrick Leahy as himself
* Jack Ingle as the Doctor
* Jack Betts as Party Guest
* Nicky Katt as Spike

## Production

### Development

With the box office success of *Batman Forever* in June 1995, Warner Bros. immediately commissioned a sequel. They hired director Joel Schumacher and writer Akiva Goldsman to reprise their duties the following August, and decided it was best to fast track production for a June 1997 target release date, which is a break from the usual 3-year gap between films. Schumacher wanted to homage both the broad camp style of the 1960s television series and the work of Dick Sprang. The storyline of *Batman & Robin* was conceived by Schumacher and Goldsman during pre-production on *A Time to Kill*. Portions of Mr. Freeze's back-story were based on the *Batman: The Animated Series* episode "Heart of Ice", written by Paul Dini.

While Chris O'Donnell reprises the role of Robin, Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role of Batman from *Batman Forever*. Schumacher admitted he had difficulty working with Kilmer on *Forever*. "He sort of quit," Schumacher said, "and we sort of fired him." Kilmer said he was not aware of the fast track production and was already committed to *The Saint* (1997). Schumacher originally had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmer's place, but George Clooney was cast instead. Schumacher believed Clooney could provide a lighter interpretation of the character than Michael Keaton (in *Batman* and *Batman Returns*) and Kilmer. The shooting schedule allowed Clooney to simultaneously work on *ER* without any scheduling conflicts.

Patrick Stewart was considered for the role of Mr. Freeze, before the script was rewritten to accommodate Arnold Schwarzenegger's casting. Schumacher decided that Mr. Freeze must be "big and strong like he was chiseled out of a glacier". Schwarzenegger was paid a $25 million salary for the role. His prosthetic makeup and wardrobe took six hours to apply each day. Thurman took the role of Poison Ivy because she liked the femme fatale characterization of the character. Alicia Silverstone was the only choice for the role of Batgirl.

### Filming

The original start date was August 1996, but principal photography did not begin until September 12, 1996. *Batman & Robin* finished filming in late January 1997, two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule. The film was mostly shot at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California.

When comparing work on *Batman Forever*, Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, explained, "It just felt like everything got a little soft the second time. On *Batman Forever*, I felt like I was making a movie. The second time, I felt like I was making a kid's toy commercial." He also complained of the Robin costume, saying it was more involved and uncomfortable than the one he wore in *Batman Forever*, with a glued-on mask which caused sweat to pool on his face. According to John Glover, who played Dr. Jason Woodrue, "Joel [Schumacher] would sit on a crane with a megaphone and yell before each take, 'Remember, everyone, this is a cartoon'. It was hard to act because that kind of set the tone for the film." Production designer Barbara Ling admitted her influences for the Gotham City design came from "neon-ridden Tokyo and the Machine Age. Gotham is like a World's Fair on ecstasy." Rhythm and Hues and Pacific Data Images created the visual effects sequences, with John Dykstra and Andrew Adamson credited as the visual effects supervisors.

According to *Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6: Batman Unbound*, Chris O'Donnell revealed that despite hanging out with Arnold Schwarzenegger a lot off set and during promotion for the film, they never worked a single day together. This was achieved with stand ins when one of the actors wasn't available.

Stunt coordinator Alex Field taught Alicia Silverstone to ride a motorcycle so that she could play Batgirl.

### Music

Main article: Batman & Robin (soundtrack)
Like *Batman Forever*, the original score for the film was written by Elliot Goldenthal. The soundtrack featured a variety of genres by various bands and performers, showcasing alternative rock on the lead single "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" by The Smashing Pumpkins, on the Goo Goo Dolls' contribution, "Lazy Eye" and with R.E.M.'s song "Revolution". R&B singer R. Kelly also wrote "Gotham City" for the soundtrack, which became the other song featured in the end credits, as well as one of the singles, reaching the top 10 in the United States and in the UK. Eric Benét and Meshell Ndegeocello also contributed R&B songs. Also included was the top 5 second single, "Look into My Eyes" by the hip hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Other songs featured included electronic dance elements, including those by Moloko and Arkana. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 1997, a month before the film.

## Marketing

The *Batman & Robin* film trailer debuted on the February 19, 1997 episode of *Entertainment Tonight*. Warner Bros. spent $15 million to market and promote the film, in addition to its $125 million production budget. The studio also brought in toy companies to be involved with pre-production, including the design of concept art and character illustrations. Director Joel Schumacher criticized Warner Bros.'s strategy for *Batman & Robin* as being overtly toyetic.

Various Six Flags parks (Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Over Texas, and Six Flags St. Louis) all debuted coasters themed to the film (all of which have since been closed or re-themed to *Batman: The Animated Series*). Taco Bell featured a promotional campaign including collectible cups and a contest with a replica of the film's Batmobile as a grand prize. A junior novelization of the screenplay, written by Alan Grant, was published along with the release of the film in 1997.

## Reception

### Box office

*Batman & Robin* was released on June 20, 1997 in North America, earning $42,872,605 in its opening weekend, making it the third-highest opening weekend of 1997. The film declined by 63% in its second week. *Batman & Robin* faced early competition with *Face/Off* and *Hercules*. Schumacher blamed it on yellow journalism started by Harry Knowles of Ain't It Cool News and other film websites such as Dark Horizons. The film went on to gross $107.3 million in North America and $130.9 million internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $238.2 million. Warner Bros. acknowledged *Batman & Robin*'s shortcomings in the domestic market but pointed out success overseas.

### Critical reaction

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"If there's anybody watching this, that... let's say, loved *Batman Forever*, and went into *Batman & Robin* with great anticipation, if I've disappointed them in any way, then I really want to apologize. Because it wasn't my intention. My intention was just to entertain them."
—Joel Schumacher's apology for his work on the film

Upon release, *Batman & Robin* received generally unfavorable reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 11% approval rating based on reviews from 85 critics with an average rating of 3.7/10. The website's consensus reads: "Joel Schumacher's tongue-in-cheek attitude hits an unbearable limit in *Batman & Robin*, resulting in a frantic and mindless movie that's too jokey to care much for." On Metacritic, the film achieved an average score of 28 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, signifying "generally unfavorable reviews".

Schumacher and producer Peter MacGregor-Scott blamed the negative reception of *Batman & Robin* on Warner Bros.' decision to fast track production. "There was a lot of pressure from Warner Bros. to make *Batman & Robin* more family-friendly," Schumacher explained. "We decided to do a less depressing *Batman* movie and less torture and more heroic. I know I have been criticized a lot for this, but I didn't see the harm in that approach at all." Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* criticized the toyetic approach and Mr. Freeze's one-liner jokes in his two-star review of the film. Kenneth Turan of the *Los Angeles Times* believed the film "killed" the *Batman* film series, and felt *Batman & Robin* depended too much on visual effects. Desson Thomson of *The Washington Post* largely disapproved of Schumacher's direction and Akiva Goldsman's script. Mick LaSalle, writing in the *San Francisco Chronicle*, said, "George Clooney is the big zero of the film, and should go down in history as the George Lazenby of the series." However, Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* gave a positive review. She praised Uma Thurman's acting, as well as the production and costume design.

*Batman & Robin* was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Make-up and Best Costume, but won none. Alicia Silverstone won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress. Other nominations at the Razzie Awards included Schumacher (Worst Director), George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell (Worst Screen Couple), Akiva Goldsman (Worst Screenplay), both Chris O'Donnell and Arnold Schwarzenegger (Worst Supporting Actor), Uma Thurman (Worst Supporting Actress), as well as Billy Corgan (Worst Song for "The End Is the Beginning Is the End"). *Batman & Robin* also received nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property. Ultimately, out of 11 nominations, *Batman & Robin* garnered only one Razzie Award.

ManyTemplate:Who observers thought Schumacher, a gay man, added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline. James Berardinelli questioned the "random amount *[sic]* of rubber nipples and camera angle close-ups of the Dynamic Duo's butts and Bat-crotches." Similar to *Batman Forever*, this primarily included the decision to add nipples and enlarged codpieces to Batman and Robin suits. Schumacher stated, "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues, which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct." Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, felt "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual." George Clooney joked, "Joel Schumacher told me we never made another *Batman* film because Batman was gay". Clooney himself has spoken critically of the film, saying, "I think we might have killed the franchise", and called it "a waste of money".

## Cancelled sequel and later plans

See also: Batman in film § Abandoned\_developments\_of\_a\_fifth\_film
During the filming of *Batman & Robin*, Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies, prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a fifth film. However, writer Akiva Goldsman turned down an offer to write the script. In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth *Batman* film. A projected mid-1999 release date was announced. Titled *Batman Unchained*, Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain. Through the use of his fear toxin, he resurrects the Joker as a hallucination in Batman's mind. Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter. George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman, Robin, and Batgirl. It was also hoped that Jack Nicholson would reprise the role of the Joker. However, following the poor critical reception of *Batman & Robin*, Clooney vowed never to reprise his role.

Warner Bros. decided to consider a live-action *Batman Beyond* film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's *Batman: Year One*. Warner would then produce whichever idea suited them the most. Schumacher felt he "owe[d] the Batman culture a real *Batman* movie. I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight." He approached Warner Bros. about doing *Batman: Year One* in mid-1998, but they were more interested in hiring Darren Aronofsky. Aronofsky and Miller developed a *Year One* script with Aronofsky to direct, but it was ultimately canceled. Christopher Nolan was eventually hired to helm the next *Batman* film in January 2003, resulting in the rebooted *Batman Begins* (2005).

In "Legends of the Dark Knight", an episode of *The New Batman Adventures*, three teenagers discuss their ideas about what Batman is really like. They briefly meet a youth called Joel whose idea of Batman reflects characterizations and costumes portrayed within Schumacher's *Batman and Robin*. The teens treat Joel's ideas with utter disdain. In *Watchmen*, director Zack Snyder and comic book artist Dave Gibbons chose to parody the molded muscle and nipple Batsuit design from *Batman & Robin* for the Ozymandias costume. The film is referenced in the *Batman: The Brave and the Bold* episode "Legends of the Dark Mite!", when Bat-Mite briefly uses his powers to transform Batman's costume into the same suit shown in the Schumacher *Batman* films, before declaring it "Too icky". The Batman from *Batman & Robin* later appeared as part of an army of Batmen gathered from across the Multiverse in "Night of the Batmen!", complete with the blue rubber Batsuit. Additionally, there were worries within Warner Bros. surrounding the negative critical reaction to *Batman & Robin* and how that may come to harm the success of the subsequent direct-to-video animated film *Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero*, which was originally planned for release at around the same time as *Batman & Robin* but was subsequently delayed. However, *SubZero* received a far stronger positive response from critics than *Batman & Robin*, with Mr. Freeze's role within it being seen in a much more positive light, returning his popularity as a *Batman* villain to a level comparable to that reached by him within the two Emmy-winning episodes the character featured in of *Batman: The Animated Series*.

## See also

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* Homosexuality in the Batman franchise
* List of films featuring powered exoskeletons
* List of films considered the worst

## References

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2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Karger, Dave (July 11, 1997). "Big Chill". *Entertainment Weekly*. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
3. ↑ Nelson, Michael J (June 20, 2000). "Mike Nelson's Movie Megacheese". ISBN 978-0-380-81467-1. Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
4. ↑ "The 50 Worst Movies Ever". *Empire*. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
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6. ↑ Aaron Couch (June 14, 2015). "'Batman' Movie Series: List of Unmade Projects - Hollywood Reporter". *The Hollywood Reporter*.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Fleming, Michael (February 21, 1997). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat". *Variety*. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 Joel Schumacher, Peter MacGregor-Scott, Chris O'Donnell, Val Kilmer, Uma Thurman, John Glover, *Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound*, 2005, Warner Home Video
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Michael Mallory; Michael Fleming (March 5, 1997). "Holy caped caper, IV". *Variety*. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. ↑ Setlowe, Rick (March 5, 1997). "The write kind of director". *Variety*. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Unknown parameter `|dead-url=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
11. ↑ Paul Dini, *Batman & Robin: The Heroes*, 2005, Warner Home Video
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13. ↑ Ramey, Bill (December 16, 2009). "William Baldwin Talks Batman & Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths". Batman-on-film.com. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
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22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Allstetter, Rob (August 1997). "The Bat-Box". *Wizard* (72). p. 120.
23. ↑ Barbara Ling, *Bigger, Bolder, Brighter: The Production Design of Batman & Robin*, 2005, Warner Home Video
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32. ↑ Weiner, Rex (July 29, 1997). "Www.h'w'd.ticked". *Variety*. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
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36. ↑ Kenneth Turan (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
37. ↑ Desson Thomson (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". *The Washington Post*.
38. ↑ Mick LaSalle (June 20, 1997). "Batman Chills Out". *San Francisco Chronicle*.
39. ↑ Janet Maslin (June 20, 1997). "Batman and Robin". *The New York Times*.
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42. ↑ Daniel, Mac (June 12, 2005). "Batman and Robin". *The Boston Globe*. Retrieved May 17, 2006.
43. ↑ Hirschberg, Lynn (November 3, 2002). "Questions for George Clooney; True Confessions". *The New York Times*.
44. ↑ Fleming, Michael (February 21, 1997). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat". *Variety*. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2008. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
45. ↑ Linder, Brian (July 27, 2000). "Rumblings From Gotham". *IGN*. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
46. ↑ Fleming, Michael (November 11, 1997). "Schumacher trims sails". *Variety*. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Hughes, David (March 2004). "The Dark Knight Strikes Out". *Tales From Development Hell*. London: Titan Books. pp. 192–211. ISBN 1-84023-691-4.
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49. ↑ "Legends of the Dark Knight". Dan Riba (director), Bruce Timm; Robert Goodman (writers). *Batman: The Animated Series*. October 10, 1998. No. 19, season 2.
50. ↑ Frosty (June 26, 2008). "Exclusive Zack Snyder Video Interview Backstage at Saturn Awards". *Collider.com*. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2008. Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
51. ↑ Dave Gibbons (December 2008). "Watchmen's artist tells us how the famed graphic novel changed his life and gives some thoughts on the upcoming movie and game". *Electronic Gaming Monthly*. p. 53.
52. ↑ "Legends of the Dark Mite!". Ben Jones (director), Paul Dini (writer). *Batman: The Brave and the Bold*. May 29, 2009. No. 19, season 1.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Stomp Tokyo Video Reviews - Batman & Mr. Freeze: Subzero". Stomptokyo.com. March 25, 1998. Retrieved May 21, 2013.

## External links

* Warner Bros. page
* Batman & Robin at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
* *Batman & Robin* on IMDb
* *Batman & Robin* at the TCM Movie Database
* *Batman & Robin* at AllMovie
* *Batman & Robin* at Box Office Mojo
* *Batman & Robin* at Rotten Tomatoes
* *Batman & Robin* at RiffTrax

Template:Batman in popular media

Template:1989–1997 Batman film series
Template:Joel Schumacher
Template:Akiva Goldsman