Values Listing

This page talks about the values you can use to find for each calc.

## Material Densities

This is for when using different densities when finding mass or volume objects. Using this list  to help, including this

 Aluminum
 Cement
 Diamond
 Granite
 Human Body
 Rubber, Hard
 Water, Sea

Here are a more detailed list of materials:

### Periodic Table Densities

* 0.0899 g/L Hydrogen H 1
* 0.1785 g/L Helium He 2
* 0.9 g/L Neon Ne 10
* 1.2506 g/L Nitrogen N 7
* 1.429 g/L Oxygen O 8
* 1.696 g/L Fluorine F 9
* 1.7824 g/L Argon Ar 18
* 3.214 g/L Chlorine Cl 17
* 3.75 g/L Krypton Kr 36
* 5.9 g/L Xenon Xe 54
* 9.73 g/L Radon Rn 86
* 0.534 g/cc Lithium Li 3
* 0.862 g/cc Potassium K 19
* 0.971 g/cc Sodium Na 11
* 1.55 g/cc Calcium Ca 20
* 1.63 g/cc Rubidium Rb 37
* 1.738 g/cc Magnesium Mg 12
* 1.82 g/cc Phosphorus P 15
* 1.848 g/cc Beryllium Be 4
* 1.873 g/cc Cesium Cs 55
* 2.07 g/cc Sulfur S 16
* 2.26 g/cc Carbon C 6
* 2.33 g/cc Silicon Si 14
* 2.34 g/cc Boron B 5
* 2.54 g/cc Strontium Sr 38
* 2.702 g/cc Aluminum Al 13
* 2.99 g/cc Scandium Sc 21
* 3.119 g/cc Bromine Br 35
* 3.59 g/cc Barium Ba 56
* 4.47 g/cc Yttrium Y 39
* 4.54 g/cc Titanium Ti 22
* 4.79 g/cc Selenium Se 34
* 4.93 g/cc Iodine I 53
* 5.24 g/cc Europium Eu 63
* 5.323 g/cc Germanium Ge 32
* 5.5 g/cc Radium Ra 88
* 5.72 g/cc Arsenic As 33
* 5.907 g/cc Gallium Ga 31
* 6.11 g/cc Vanadium V 23
* 6.15 g/cc Lanthanum La 57
* 6.24 g/cc Tellurium Te 52
* 6.51 g/cc Zirconium Zr 40
* 6.684 g/cc Antimony Sb 51
* 6.77 g/cc Praseodymium Pr 59
* 6.77 g/cc Cerium Ce 58
* 6.9 g/cc Ytterbium Yb 70
* 7.01 g/cc Neodymium Nd 60
* 7.13 g/cc Zinc Zn 30
* 7.19 g/cc Chromium Cr 24
* 7.3 g/cc Promethium Pm 61
* 7.31 g/cc Indium In 49
* 7.31 g/cc Tin Sn 50
* 7.43 g/cc Manganese Mn 25
* 7.52 g/cc Samarium Sm 62
* 7.874 g/cc Iron Fe 26
* 7.895 g/cc Gadolinium Gd 64
* 8.23 g/cc Terbium Tb 65
* 8.55 g/cc Dysprosium Dy 66
* 8.57 g/cc Niobium Nb 41
* 8.65 g/cc Cadmium Cd 48
* 8.8 g/cc Holmium Ho 67
* 8.9 g/cc Cobalt Co 27
* 8.9 g/cc Nickel Ni 28
* 8.96 g/cc Copper Cu 29
* 9.07 g/cc Erbium Er 68
* 9.3 g/cc Polonium Po 84
* 9.32 g/cc Thulium Tm 69
* 9.75 g/cc Bismuth Bi 83
* 9.84 g/cc Lutetium Lu 71
* 10.07 g/cc Actinium Ac 89
* 10.22 g/cc Molybdenum Mo 42
* 10.5 g/cc Silver Ag 47
* 11.35 g/cc Lead Pb 82
* 11.5 g/cc Technetium Tc 43
* 11.724 g/cc Thorium Th 90
* 11.85 g/cc Thallium Tl 81
* 12.02 g/cc Palladium Pd 46
* 12.37 g/cc Ruthenium Ru 44
* 12.41 g/cc Rhodium Rh 45
* 13.31 g/cc Hafnium Hf 72
* 13.5 g/cc Curium Cm 96
* 13.546 g/cc Mercury Hg 80
* 13.67 g/cc Americium Am 95
* 14.78 g/cc Berkelium Bk 97
* 15.1 g/cc Californium Cf 98
* 15.4 g/cc Protactinium Pa 91
* 16.65 g/cc Tantalum Ta 73
* 18.95 g/cc Uranium U 92
* 19.32 g/cc Gold Au 79
* 19.35 g/cc Tungsten W 74
* 19.84 g/cc Plutonium Pu 94
* 20.2 g/cc Neptunium Np 93
* 21.04 g/cc Rhenium Re 75
* 21.45 g/cc Platinum Pt 78
* 22.4 g/cc Iridium Ir 77
* 22.6 g/cc Osmium Os 76

### Other Densities

Here is other Densities for other materials and substances:

* Water 1 g/m³ (salt water is 1.02 g/m^3)
* Fire .3 kg/m^3
* Air/Atmospheric 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level
* Concrete-gravel Stone 2.0–2.6 g/cm3 (stone density varies depending on type)
* Wood (oak) 0.6-0.9 kg/m3
* Concrete 2400 kg/m^3
* Magma 2480 kg/m^3
* Neon 0.9002 g/L

### Websites

There is some websites with other materials.

* http://www.psyclops.com/tools/technotes/materials/density.html
* https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-densities-of-some-common-materials-used-in-buildings
* http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/density.html

### NOTE

* Just to let people know that cc = cm^3
* **fictional elements** unless have explicit chemical/physical components information cannot have an assumed density or stated to be indestructible just because it says, it must still be reviewed to see where it stacks.

## Cloud Thickness

Different types of clouds have a characteristic thickness to them. The thickness is the distance from the lower border to the upper border of the clouds. If clouds can't be directly scaled this is usually the only way to figure out the height to use for the calculation of the affected cloud volume.

## Lightning Feats

### What is real lightning?

Most electricity in fiction is not as fast as real lightning. Often it is supernatural in nature, and is possibly not even electricity. Therefore lightning is only accepted as such under certain circumstances.

* Cloud-to-ground lightning is considered to be real lightning, as long there is nothing suggesting otherwise.
* For any lightning that isn't cloud-to-ground both of the following conditions have to be met:
	+ It is only considered as real lightning if it has demonstrated at a minimum a few properties that real lightning has. Some examples are: making muscles of affected beings contract, having an (electro)magnetic field, being shown to actually move with a speed similar to lightning, flowing through conducting materials, the character being able to manipulate real electricity or electromagnetism in general, generating ozone or causing electrolysis.
	+ The speed of real electricity can change due to a variety of factors, but for practical purposes, concerning attacks that are electricity-based, if they display power comparable to that of natural lightning, they should be considered to move at a comparable speed. It is required to show that the electricity carries an energy of at least 5 billion Joules or a voltage of around 100 million Volts in order to qualify.

### Scientific basis

The speed of lightning can vary mostly in the range of 1.0-14×105 m/s. For the purpose of calculating speed feats we use the average lightning speed of 4.4×105 m/s (Mach 1294), which is suggested by this study. Similar studies have found average speeds within the same order of magnitude, albeit lower.

The clouds that usually cause thunderstorms build about 200m to 4000m above the ground. In this wiki, 2000m is the standard assumption.

### Calculation

The calculation for the speed a character moves at when dodging/reacting to lightning is a very simple one.

The formula is:

### Cloud-to-Ground lightning

Based on the formula and scientific basis we can now make an estimation on which speed characters, that dodged cloud-to-ground lightning, should be placed at. We do that by inserting the distance values and the speed values into the formula. For the distance the character moved we will assume one meter, as that seems reasonable. Should a character appear to have moved a lot more or a lot less than this, a separate calculation has to be made using the formula above.

## Cloud Mass

In order to determine the cloud mass from its volume one simply has to multiply it with the clouds density. However, what a clouds density is can be defined in two different ways

1. The density of the water in the cloud.
2. The density of the water and air in the cloud together.

Which to use depends on which way the cloud was affected. Chemical changes, like vaporization or condensation of water use the first density, while movement changes like the creation of instabilities or changing the clouds position or shape use the second density.

The density of the water and air in the cloud together is approximately 1.003 kg/m3.

The density of just the water in the cloud is the liquid water content. The liquid water content depends on the cloud type. Following values can be used as orientation:

 fog
 stratus
 cumulus
 stratocumulus
 Nimbostratus

## Earthquake Power Chart

This is a basic chart that yields the output of Earthquakes from Magnitude 1 to 10.5

You can use this and this chart to estimate the appropriate magnitude.

## Explosion Radius/Area

### Nuclear Explosions

These values can only be used when the detonation has a nuclear origin. See Explosion Yield Calculations for more information.

* **Room level (4.8 - 17.7 m)** = The size of a Tennis court, the size of a Volleyball court, the area of a typical three-bedroom house
* **Building level (17.7 - 35.3 m)** = The surface of a Olympic-size swimming pool
* **Large Building level (35.3 - 62.3 m)** = An American football field area, a Soccer field area, a Baseball field area (including outfield), Hagia Sophia
* **City Block level (62.3 - 130 m)** = A cricket field area, a common city block from Manhattan, the Pyramid of the Sun area
* **Multi City Block level (130 - 280 m)** = Great Pyramid of Giza area (min)
* **Small Town level (280 - 500 m)** = The Vatican City, The Pentagon
* **Town level (0.5 - 1.3 km)** = The City of London
* **Large Town level (1.3 - 2.7 km)** = The Smallest Oceania islands (min), Machu Picchu
* **Small City level (2.7 - 5 km)** = Nauru  (min), Manhattan Island
* **City level ( 5 - 12.5 km)** = Teotihucan (min), Taipei City, Disney World, Paris (inner city), Washington D.C., Hollywood, Brooklyn
* **Mountain level (12.5 - 28 km)** = Andorra  (min), Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Tokyo
* **Large Mountain level (28 - 45.5 km)** = Luxembourg (min), Trinidad Island
* **Island level (45.5 - 130 km)** = Jamaica, Belgium, Puerto Rico, Israel, Netherland, Yellowstone National Park
* **Large Island level (130 - 280 km)** = Austria, South Korea, North Korea, Greece, Great Britain, Cuba, Benelux
* **Small Country level (280 - 535.6 km)** = Philippines, Japan, Spain, Turkey, Germany, France
* **Country level (535.6 - 1300 km)** = Egypt, Alaska State, Mexico, Greenland, Argentina, India
* **Large Country level (1300 - 2555 km)** = Australia, Brazil, China, Unites States of America, Antarctica, the area of Pluto, Russia, Canada, South America, Europe
* **Continent level (2555 - 4600 km)** = Africa, the area of the Moon, The Americas, Asia
* **Multi-Continent level (4600 - 86614.1 km)** = The Area of Mars, the area of Earth, the area of Neptune

### Non-Nuclear Explosions

* **Small Building level (6 - 22.2 m)**
* **Building level (22.2 - 44.4 m)**
* **Large Building level (44.4 - 78.5 m)**
* **City Block level (78.5 - 163.7 m)**
* **Multi-City Block level (163.7 - 352.8 m)**
* **Small Town level (352.8 - 633.8 m)**
* **Town level (633.8 - 1637.4 m)**
* **Large Town level (1.67 - 3.53 km)**
* **Small City level (3.53 - 6.5 km)**
* **City level (6.5 - 16.4 km)**
* **Mountain level (16.4 - 35.3 km)**
* **Large Mountain level (35.3 - 57.4 km)**
* **Island level (57.4 - 163.7 km)**
* **Large Island level (163.7 - 352.8 km)**
* **Small Country level (352.8 - 674.8 km)**
* **Country level (674.8 - 1637.4 km)**
* **Large Country level (1637.4 - 3220 km)**
* **Continent level (3220 - 5800 km)**
* **Multi-Continent level (5800 - 86650 km)**

## Other Values

* For Values in Technique Speeds, Click Here.
* For Values in Comprehensive Destruction, Click Here.
* For Values of finding calories in pounds for trees, Click Here.
* For Values of Sandstorms and Duststorms criteria.

## Gallery

This section will have images that have their own values listed that would help mostly with px scaling if there are no inverse way to make certain px scaling

## References

1. ↑ [1]
2. ↑ [2]
3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus\_cloud#Description
4. ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/stratus-clouds
5. ↑ http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/dept/clouds-intro.htm
6. ↑ http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/dept/clouds-intro.htm
7. ↑ https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus
8. ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/stratus-clouds
9. ↑ http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/dept/clouds-intro.htm
10. ↑ https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469%281950%29007%3C0054%3AVALWCI%3E2.0.CO%3B2
11. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbostratus\_cloud
12. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus\_cloud
13. ↑ http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/dept/clouds-intro.htm
14. ↑ http://es.vaisala.com/Vaisala%20Documents/Scientific%20papers/2.Campos,%20Saba,%20Warner.pdf
15. ↑ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=D4862F763A4196979F07E07DA6B89E01?doi=10.1.1.589.8160&rep=rep1&type=pdf
16. ↑ https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1412/1412.3537.pdf
17. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus\_cloud#Appearance
18. ↑ http://pernerscontacts.upce.cz/24\_2011/Krollova.pdf