recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
House of Pilatos

The **House of Pilatos** is located in the Historic Centre of Lima, Peru. It is one of the oldest houses of Lima, constructed in 1590 by a Jesuit
priest by the name of Ruiz Portillo. The name of this large house was
given by the Spaniards who arrived and stated the similarity of the
house with one in Seville.
Patras Castle

The **Patras Fortress** (Greek: Κάστρο Πατρών) was built around the mid-6th century above the ruins of the ancient acropolis, on a low outlying hill of the Panachaiko
 Mountain and ca. 800 m from the sea. The castle covers 22,725 m² and
consists of a triangular outer wall, strengthened by towers and gates
and further protected originally by a moat, and an inner compound on the northeastern corner, also protected by a moat.

The first castle on the spot was built by Byzantine emperor Justinian I after the catastrophic earthquake of 551, re-using building material from pre-Christian structures. One of these *spolia*, the torso and head of a marble Roman statue, became part of the city's folklore, a sort of *genius loci*. It is known as the "*Patrinella*",
 a maiden who is supposed to have been transformed into a man during
Ottoman times, guards the city against disease and weeps whenever a
prominent citizen of Patras dies.

The fort remained in constant use thereafter, even until the Second World War. In the Byzantine period, it was besieged by Slavs, Saracens, Normans
 and many others, but it never fell. In particular, the successful
repulsion of a great siege of 805 AD by the Arabs and the Slavs was
attributed to the city's patron saint, St Andrew.

In 1205, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, it was taken over by the Franks, who strengthened it further, opening a moat on all three sides. In 1278, the Principality of Achaea pawned it to the local Latin (Catholic) Archbishop, while the Pope leased it to the Venetians for five years in 1408. The Latin Archbishop remained in possession of the castle until 1430, when it was taken by the Despot of the Morea and future last Byzantine emperor, Constantine Palaiologos, who made extensive repairs to its walls. The castle fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1458, and remained one of their main seats of power in the Peloponnese throughout the *Tourkokratia*. The Venetians took the castle in 1687 during the Morean War, and kept it until the Morea was retaken by the Turks in 1715.

Following independence, the castle remained in use by the Greek Army until after World War II.
 In 1973, the castle was turned over to the 6th Ephorate of Byzantine
Antiquities. It is used nowadays for cultural events, especially during
summer, and features a theatre with a capacity of 640 seats.
Historic Houses Wiki

Currently editing over 303 articles.
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About the Wiki | Latest articles | Categories | Wiki tutorial (Central wikia)

## About the Historic Houses Wiki

Welcome! The **Historic Houses Wiki**is a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit about historic houses around the world. We hope to make the Historic Houses Wiki the largest ever encyclopedia about historic and heritage houses.

## **Featured article**

The **Bootlegger House** is an Eastlake cottage in the historic Fourth Ward of Charlotte, NC that was built in 1894. It is one of several restored 19th- and early 20th-century houses in the Fourth Ward.
The Bootlegger House is so named due to the hidden area under the foyer stairs behind the wainscoting from when the house was used as a bootlegger house during Prohibition.

(**Full article...**)
Colonial Revival architecture

**Colonial Revival** (also **Neocolonial**, **Georgian Revival** or **Neo-Georgian**) architecture was and is a nationalistic design movement in the United States and Canada. Part of a broader Colonial Revival Movement embracing Georgian and Neoclassical styles, it seeks to revive elements of architectural style, garden design, and interior design of American colonial architecture. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876
 reawakened Americans to their colonial past. This movement gained
momentum in the 1890s and was accelerated by the early 20th century due
to the invention of the automobile, which expanded the ability of
ordinary Americans to visit sites connected with their heritage.
Barsebäck Castle

**Barsebäck Castle** is a castle in the village of Barsebäck, Kävlinge Municipality, close to the shore of Öresund in Scania, southern Sweden.
 It has existed in various versions at its present location since the
12th century, but only received its current shape during a major
renovations and rebuildings in 1889 and 1940. The current main structure
 is a three-story, 19th-century reconstruction in Dutch Renaissance style, made to resemble the many original Renaissance castles still remaining in the Scanian landscape.
Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling (Beijing)

The **Former Residence of Soong Ching Ling** (Chinese: 宋庆龄故居) is a museum in the Shichahai area of Beijing, China, and once was the last residence of Soong Ching-ling, the wife of Sun Yat-sen and later Vice-President and Honorary President of the People's Republic of China in 1981. The museum opened in 1982, was renovated in 2009, and is dedicated to her memory.

## History

The site was once a garden used by princes and nobles of the Qing dynasty; the compound contains buildings that date back to the reign of the Kangxi Emperor and displays flowers and trees, ponds, and rockeries. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi granted the site to Prince Chun Yixuan, the father of the Guangxu Emperor. The residence was later used by Yixuan's son, Zaifeng, who was the father of Puyi, the Last Emperor. A Greek captain added a two-story mansion in the 1920s. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Premier Zhou Enlai suggested that the property might be suitable for Soong Ching-ling. Soong moved into the residence in 1963 and lived there until her death in 1981.

## Exhibits

The property occupies an area of about 20,000 m² presenting landscape consist of gardens with ponds. The mansion shows exhibits that relate to Soong's life. Documents and photographs show her childhood, student years, marriage, and political activities as interpreted through the official view. Another exhibit depicts her life and her decision to support the communist cause. Her love of the children of China is represented by another exhibit. The compound also contains her living quarters that include a number of rooms with the personal furniture and appointments as used by Soong such as her study, dining room and bedroom.

Since its inception the museum has been visited by more than 3.5 million people (2010).

## Other residencies

Soong's former residence in Shanghai has been also converted into a museum in her memory named Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 (Official Chinese Report) (May 28, 2009). Cultural Relics Base of Soong Chin Ling Former Residence Established. Retrieved on September 22, 2010.
2. ↑ China Central Television (cctv) (June 4, 2008). Soong Ching-ling's Former Residence. Retrieved on September 24, 2010.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 China Internet Information Center. Former Residence of Soong Ching Lin. Retrieved on September 22, 2010.
4. ↑ Xinhuanet (August 9, 2010). Tourists visit former residence of Soong Ching-ling. Retrieved on September 24, 2010.
5. ↑ Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence, Shanghai.

## External links

* Pictures of Soong Ching-ling's Residence
World Heritage Site

A **World Heritage site** is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural,
 historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally
protected by international treaties. The sites are judged important to
the collective interests of humanity.
Marble

**Marble** is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Marble is typically not foliated, although there are exceptions. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material.

## Construction marble

Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the term "marble" is used for any crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone, that geologists call the Holston Formation.

Ashgabat, the capital city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 *Guinness Book of Records* as having the world's highest concentration of white marble buildings.

## Cultural associations

As the favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects, marble has become a cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a favorite decorative material, and it is often imitated in background patterns for computer displays, etc.

## Artificial marble

Marble dust is combined with cement or synthetic resins to make *reconstituted* or *cultured marble*. The appearance of marble can be simulated with faux marbling, a painting technique that imitates the stone's color patterns.

## References

1. ↑ Marble Institute of America pp. 223 Glossary
2. ↑ "Turkmenistan enters record books for having the most white marble buildings | World news", theguardian.com, 2013-05-26. Retrieved on 2013-11-24.

## External links

* Dimension Stone Statistics and Information – United States Geological Survey minerals information for dimension stone
* USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed
* USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension
* USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed
* USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension
* Marble Institute of America
Ashantilly

**Ashantilly**, also called **Old Tabby**, is a historic house located north of Darien, Georgia. Thomas Spalding built the house in 1820. The house is made of tabby and was named after Ashintully Castle, an ancestral home in Perthshire, Scotland.

Spalding was a businessman in Darien and inherited property from his mother, Margery McIntosh. He was the owner of the Sapelo Island Plantation.

The Wilcox family bought Ashantilly in 1870 and they made several changes
 to the house, removing classical columns and marble flagging. The Haynes family moved to the house in 1918. In 1937 the house was gutted by a fire. Restoration of the house started in 1939, using period pieces salvaged in Savannah and Charleston. William Haynes started the Ashantilly Press in 1954 and a building for printing was built on the property. The family donated the property to the Ashantilly Center (a non-profit organization) in 1993.

Ashantilly was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 2015.

## Photos

Inside the front doorThe back of the houseThe house's entrance
## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 *Ashantilly and the Haines Family*, leaflet available at the house, dated May 2002.
2. ↑ Reid, A. G. (1997). *Strathardle: Its History & Its People : Facts, History, Legends Together with Personal Reminiscences.*
3. ↑ Coulter, E. Merton (1940-01-01). *Thomas Spalding of Sapelo.* University, La.: Louisiana State University Press.
4. ↑ National Park Service (2019-07-09). "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service.
Franklin House (Launceston)

**Franklin House** in Launceston, Tasmania, is a historic house that is preserved by Australia's National Trust and is open to the public. Built in 1838 for Britton Jones, it later became a school for boys.

## History

It is a Georgian style house that was built in 1838 for former convict Britton Jones, a Launceston brewer and innkeeper.

It was later a school for boys, between 1842-1866 when leased to schoolmaster William Keeler Hawkes. The house and gardens are located in Youngtown, Tasmania, and are available to public tours.

In 1960 Franklin house was the first heritage property taken over by the National Trust in Tasmania.

## Review of haunting claims

In early 2013 the Tas Ghost Hunting society undertook an investigation into possible paranormal activity after staff members reported unusual experiences while working there. They visited twice and set up equipment in a number of rooms. In a sitting room they reportedly found higher levels of energy than normal using an electromagnetic sensor. In an upstairs bedroom they asked several times the question "'What is your name?'" Mr. Hull a member of the Tas Ghost Hunting society said "'It came back with the answer, Will'".

In response, members of the Launceston Skeptics group have challenged the Tas Ghost Hunting society's results by saying "'It has to be good, if it's an extraordinary claim, that is that there are ghosts there it needs very solid evidence'". According to skeptic member Jin-Oh Choi '"We want to make sure the way they're recording the information is actually correct.'"

According to investigator Benjamin Radford most ghost hunting groups... make many methodological mistakes.... In his article for Skeptical Inquirer Radford concludes that ghost hunters should care about doing a truly scientific investigation "I believe that if ghosts exist, they are important and deserve to be taken seriously. Most of the efforts to investigate ghosts so far have been badly flawed and unscientific --- and, not surprisingly, fruitless."

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ghost hunters check Tasmania's Franklin House for bumps in the night. Australian Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved on 3 October 2015.
2. ↑ 'There's definitely something here'. Fairfax Regional Media. Retrieved on 3 October 2015.
3. ↑ Franklin House
4. ↑ Franklin House. Australian Council of National Trusts. Retrieved on 3 October 2015.
5. ↑ Sceptics get in the spirit with offer to help Tasmanian ghost hunters. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 3 October 2015.
6. ↑ Ghost-hunting mistakes: science and pseudoscience in ghost investigations. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved on 12 September 2015.
GW Campbell House

The **GW Campbell House** is a house in the historic district of Fourth Ward, Charlotte, North Carolina. Built in the 1890s by G.W. Campbell, this Victorian style house contains original hardwood floors, in addition to the original staircase, banister, and fireplaces. The house survived a fire, and served as a brothel until the 1980s, when it was renovated.
Casa de los Condes de la Torre Cossío y de la Cortina

**La Casa de los Condes de la Torre Cosío y la Cortina**, located on 94 Republica de Uruguay Street in the historic center of Mexico City was built in 1781 and the scene for one of Mexico City’s legends. The house is considered to be a fine example of civil architecture of the 18th century, shortly after the First Count De la Cortina received his noble title in 1773. The most notable member of this family would be Justo Gómez de la Cortina who was an important social and political figure in New Spain at the beginning of the 19th century.

## History

The previous house at this location belonged to a rich Spanish merchant named Juan Manuel González de Cossio, which was built over the former residence of Juan Manuel Sotomayor. González de Cossio received his title from the Spanish crown in 1773. The mansion itself was built in 1781. Despite being declared a national monument in 1931, the building was partially destroyed to make way to 20 de Noviembre Avenue. Also, nothing of the interior of the building has survived as it has long been adapted for commercial use.

## Legend

Only small remnants of the original interior remain as it has been greatly modified over the years.
Legend has it that González de Cossio suspected that his wife was cheating on him, despite others’ insistence to the contrary. This man sought out a curandero (a kind of healer/magician) who recommended that Juan Manuel kill the first man to pass by his house at 11pm. Juan Manuel decided to take this advice and before killing his victim, he asked the time, then proclaimed “You are indeed fortunate, for you know the very hour of your death.” Juan Manuel went on to kill a number of other victims, then repented of his actions. He died mysteriously while performing the penance ordered by his priest.

## Façade

The façade has a symmetrical design with three floors.

* Main portal: The main portal has a trilobite arch of carved stone. The door still contains the original metal studs, which were a sign of wealth in the 18th century.
* Covering: it is covered in tezontle (a reddish porous stone) and the window and door frame are done in chiluca, a grayish-white rock; as such it is considered a prototype of the palatial constructions to very soon follow.
* Entrance: the entrance is flanked by columns and the lintel decorated with small stone heads.
* Second floor: has a wide balcony with ironwork railings which rests on the main portal. ane four central doorways
* Frieze: At the end of the building, there is a frieze decorated with linked chains which frame small fleur-de-lis.
* Figures: Above this geometric figures top the cresting with pinnacles. The building still has it original gargoyles in the shape of cannons, which were put there as a reminder that the owner was a captain-general in the military. The square corner tower is patterned after conquistador-age buildings.
* Turret: Topping all of this is a tile-covered turret on a tower with decorative bastions reminiscent of the 16th century, and cannon-shaped gargoyles.
F.F. Tomek House

The **F.F. Tomek House**, also known as **The Ship House** or as the **Ferdinand Frederick and Emily Tomek House**, is a historic house at 150 Nuttall Road in Riverside, Illinois. It is prominent example of Prairie School design by Frank Lloyd Wright. Designed in 1904 and construction finished in 1906, the Tomek House is a well-preserved example of the style. In addition to being a good example of the Prairie style, the Tomek house documents the development of the style, which reached its clearest expression in Wright's Robie House in 1908. It is included in the Riverside Historic District and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999.

## History

The Tomek house was constructed for Ferdinand Frederick Tomek from 1905 to 1906. Tomek worked in a factory that produced picture frames and wooden moldings. The Tomeks resided in the house until 1924. The house is considered an important artifact of the development of Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie School of design. Barry Byrne was the assistant architect for the house. The Tomek house served as a model for the Robie House, Wright's famed 1910 design. Like most of his projects, Wright designed the furniture for the Tomek house.

In 1973, the Illinois Historic Structures Survey identified it as a significant site. The house has been extensively restored. The Illinois Department of Conservation approved a grant for this purpose to the Moran family in 1979. The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency approved the changes and issued a Certificate of Rehabilitation. In 1993, the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy was offered an easement to help protect the residence. On January 20, 1999, the house was named a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service, owing to its role as a site of national-level significance.

## External links

* Images on peterbeers.net
* Images on iastate.edu
Colonnade

In classical architecture, a **colonnade** is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or curved. The space enclosed may be covered or open. In St. Peter's Square in Rome, Bernini's great colonnade encloses a vast open elliptical space.

When in front of a building, screening the door (Latin *porta*), it is called a portico, when enclosing an open court, a peristyle. A portico may be more than one rank of columns deep, as at the Pantheon in Rome or the stoae of Ancient Greece.

When the intercolumniation is alternately wide and narrow, a colonnade may be termed *araeosystyle* (Gr. αραιος, "widely spaced", and συστυλος, "with columns set close together"), as in the case of the western porch of St Paul's Cathedral and the east front of the Louvre by Perrault.

## History

Colonnades have been built since ancient times and interpretations of the classical model have continued through to modern times, and Neoclassical styles remained popular for centuries. At the British Museum, for example, porticos are continued along the front as a colonnade. The porch of columns that surrounds the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. (in style a *peripteral* classical temple) can be termed a colonnade. As well as the traditional use in buildings and monuments, colonnades are used in sports stadiums such as the Harvard Stadium in Boston, where the entire horseshoe-shaped stadium is topped by a colonnade. The longest colonnade in the United States, with 36 Corinthian columns, is the New York State Education Building in Albany, New York.

## References

1. ↑ *Colonnade* from Encyclopædia Britannica
2. ↑ Student Resource Glossary
3. ↑ New York State Department of Education Building. Emporis. Retrieved on 2009-5-23.
Board roof

A **board roof** or **boarded roof** is a roofing method of using boards as the weather barrier on a roof. Board roofs can be applied in several ways, the basic types have the boards installed vertically and installed horizontally. *Double board roofs* were sometimes used on railroad cars.

## Vertical board roofs

Vertical board roofs may have the boards installed in a number of ways. The *board-on-board* roof has two layers of vertical boards, the upper layer covering the gap between the boards in the lower layer. The lower layer may be spaced apart or installed tightly together. In any type of vertical board roof the boards may be grooved to catch runoff.

The board-and-batten *roof the upper layer are slender pieces of lumber called battens. The lower layer of boards are installed tightly because the battens are narrow.*

Traditional roof coverings in Japan are mostly thatch, tile and wood shingle but some board roofs were used and are called yamatobuki (大和葺), the boards themselves naga-itabuki (長板葺)

The framing for a vertically boarded roof needs purlins spaced evenly apart instead of rafters. In parts on New England a common type of roof framing has *common purlins* which are boarded vertically, but evidence of these roofs having exposed boards as roofing is rare.

Animal shelters may have board roofs which are a single layer with small gaps between the boards to allow light and ventilation. Any leakage is minimal and does not bother the animals.

## Horizontal board roofs

Horizontal board roofs may be made with rectangular boards or wedge shaped boards called clapboard.

## References

1. ↑ "Boarded roof" def. 1.Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. *Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction*. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural, 2008. 43. Print.
2. ↑ "Double-board roof". Forney, Matthias N., Leander Garey, and Calvin A. Smith. *The Car-builder's Dictionary: An Illustrated Vocabulary of Terms Which Designate American Railroad Cars, Their Parts and Attachments*. New York: Railroad Gazette, 1879. Print.
3. ↑ The Roof from tesa
4. ↑ JAANUS
5. ↑ Fream, William, William Youatt, and Thomas Hartwell Horne. *The Complete Grazier and Farmers' and Cattle-Breeders' Assistant; A Compendium of Husbandry Embracing the Breeding*. London: C. Lockwood, 1893. 667-668. Print.
Louisville, Kentucky

**Louisville** is the largest city in Kentucky and the 29th most populous city in the United States.

The Old Louisville neighborhood is the largest historic preservation district solely featuring Victorian homes and buildings in the United States; it is also the third-largest such district overall. Victorian
architecture is a series of architectural revival styles. The reason
that the Victorian style became so popular is because it began to
emigrate. First the colonies, then the British empire, then the
world started to find out about how beautiful Victorian architecture
seemed. Downtown Louisville is home to many preserved structures. The buildings of West Main Street in downtown Louisville have the largest collection of cast iron facades of anywhere outside of New York's SoHo district.

## Noteable houses

* Bray Place
* Brennan House
* Conrad-Caldwell House
* Peterson-Dumes
Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation

The **Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation** was a plantation on the Altamaha River in Glynn County, Georgia. It produced rice from 1800 until 1915, when growing rice became unprofitable. Then it was primarily a dairy farm until 1942.

## History

The property that would become the Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation was
originally named Broadface; in 1806, the land was purchased by William Brailford, who renamed it Broadfield. After he died, the property passed to his son-in-law, Dr. James M. Troup, brother of Governor George Troup. When Troup died in 1849, the plantation was 7,300 acres in size and exploited the labor of 357 enslaved people; the property passed on to his daughter, Ophilia Troup, and her husband, George Dent. The current main house was built in the early 1850s and they added "Hofwyl" to the name about that time.

After the American Civil War, large parts of the land was sold to pay taxes and by the time James Dent took over the property in 1880, the wealth was gone.

When James Dent died in 1913 the family was still in debt. His son James, and his daughters Miriam and Ophilia Dent operated the land as a dairy farm until 1942. At its peak as a dairy farm, it had about 35
cows and produced 100-150 bottles of milk per day. When the dairy shut down in 1942, the property was finally out of debt. The two sisters (the fifth generation of the family to live there) lived at the house until the last survivor, Ophelia, died in 1973. She left the property to the state of Georgia.

Since then, the marsh has reclaimed the rice fields. The plantation site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and is operated as a Georgia State Historic Site. The Georgia Department of Natural Resources manages 1,268 acres of land and 696 acres of marsh.

## Photos

Front of the main houseSide of the main house, showing the detached kitchen
## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 *Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation - State Historic Site,* State of Georgia, 2014.
2. ↑ Cleveland, Jean. "Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation". *Georgia Encyclopedia.*
Chateauesque

**Chateauesque**, also called the **Francis I Style** or **Chateau Style**, is a revival architecture style based on the French Renaissance architecture of French country houses, or chateaux, built in the Loire Valley from the late fifteenth to early seventeenth century.

The term chateauesque is credited to American architectural historian Bainbridge Bunting, though it appears in publications predating Bunting's birth.

The style frequently features buildings incongruously ornamented by the elaborate towers, spires, and steeply-pitched roofs of sixteenth century châteaux, themselves influenced by late Gothic and Italian Renaissance architecture.

Despite their French ornamentation, as a revival style,buildings in the châteauesque style do not attempt to completely emulate a French château. Châteauesque buildings are typically built on an asymmetrical plan with a roof-line broken in several places and a facade composed of advancing and receding planes.
Macy-Colby House

The **Macy-Colby House** is a historic saltbox house at 257 Main Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts. It is a historic house museum and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2008. In addition to being very old, it is notable because it is associated with Thomas Macy, an early settler of Nantucket and the subject of a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier. It is also associated with the locally significant Colby family.

## History

Thomas Macy built the house, probably in 1649. It was sold to Anthony Colby in 1654. Obadiah Colby extensively modified the house in the early 1740s.

Anthony Colby’s descendants owned the Macy–Colby property for 245 years;
 nine generations of Colbys lived in this house. In 1899, Moses Colby donated the house and property to the Bartlett Cemetery Association as a
 memorial to the Colby and Macy families, and to the people of Amesbury,
 Massachusetts. The property is maintained by the Friends of the
Macy–Colby House Association, and is open to the public on Saturdays in
the summer.

This house dates to ca. 1745 according to the Massachusetts Historical
Commission/ Massachusetts Cultural Resources Information System.
Empire style

The **Empire style** is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism. It flourished between 1800 and 1815 during the Consulate and the First French Empire periods, although its life span lasted until the late-1820s. From France it spread into much of Europe and the United States.

The style originated in and takes its name from the rule of the Emperor Napoleon I in the First French Empire,
 when it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French
state. The previous fashionable style in France had been the Directoire style, a more austere and minimalist form of Neoclassicism, that replaced the Louis XVI style. The Empire style brought a full return to ostentatious richness. The style corresponds somewhat to the Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, and the Regency style in Britain.
John P. Parker House

Viewed from the northwest

The **John P. Parker House** is a historic house museum at 300 North Front Street in Ripley, Ohio. It was home to former slave and inventor John P. Parker (1827–1900) from 1853 to his death in 1900. Parker was an abolitionist and a well-documented conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of escaped slaves. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and it was further designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is now owned and managed by a local nonprofit organization as a museum about Parker's life and the abolitionist movement.

## Description and history

The John P. Parker House is located on the Ohio River waterfront, north of the center of Ripley. It is in an relatively isolated setting, apart from other residences in Ripley, on what was once a partly industrial property. The building is a two-story brick structure, with a side gable roof that has stepped gables. A lower two-story wood frame ell extends to the rear. The front facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay, topped by a transom window. Windows are plain sash, set in rectangular openings with stone lintels.

The house is all that is left of a larger manufacturing complex built about 1853 for the business of John Parker, which originally included a machine shop, blacksmithy, and foundry. Most of these facilities were damaged or destroyed by a fire in 1889, and were not rebuilt by Parker. Ripley was a hotbed of abolitionist sentiment in the antebellum period, and it was thus a well-known target for slaves escaping across the river from Kentucky, a slave state. Although Parker's property was close to the river, he apparently rarely sheltered slaves in his home, its remote location equally attractive to fugitive slaves and slave catchers. Parker was born into slavery, but was given an education by his physician owner, and was able to purchase his freedom. He regularly crossed into Kentucky in search of escaping slaves, and brought them into the network of Underground Railroad supporters in Ripley.

The property was sold by Parker's wife not long after his death, and was used in support of a coal shipping operation for many years. In the 1990s it was purchased by a local nonprofit and rehabilitated for use as a museum.

## See also

* John Rankin House (Ripley, Ohio), a major Underground Railroad stop in Ripley

## References

1. ↑ Aboard the Underground Railroad. *John P. Parker House*. National Park Service (2008-06-16).

## External links

* John Parker House web site
* Parker House
William G. Harrison House

**William G. Harrison House** is a historic residence in Nashville, Georgia. It is also known as the **Eulalie Taylor House** and is located at 313 South Bartow Street. It was built in 1904 and is a one-story frame Queen Anne-style house with Folk Victorian details.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 30, 1995. It was deemed architecturally significant "as a good and exceptionally intact example of a Queen Anne-type cottage with Folk Victorian detailing built at the turn of the [20th] century". Features consistent with the Queen Anne cottage style are:

* characteristic square layout with projecting gables to front and side
* rooms are asymmetrical and there is no central hallway
* pyramidal roof (hipped roof would also be consistent)
* interior-located chimney
* built in early 1900s in a rural area (while also popular in both urban and rural areas in 1880s and 1890s)

William G. Harrison (1868–1923), a local lawyer and businessman, had the home built and lived in it until his death.
Overcarsh House

The Overcarsh House

The **Overcarsh House** is a historic Queen Anne style house in Charlotte, North Carolina's historic Fourth Ward. It was built in 1879. It is sheathed in weatherboard, sits on a brick foundation, and has a hipped roof on
the main block. It features extended gable-roofed bays, a conical-roofed tower, shallow entrance porch, and decorative gables. Its builder, Elias Overcarsh was a prominent Methodist minister. The Overcarsh family owned the house until 1966.

Its most distinctive design feature is its circular turret tower at the corner facade. It also features sunburst gables, a bracketed front porch, and pineapple carving around the front door.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## References

1. ↑ Jo Ann Williford; Davyd Foard Hood & Jim Sumner (n.d.). "Overcarsh House". *National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory*. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
2. ↑ "History of Fourth Ward". *Friends of Fourth Ward*. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
3. ↑ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service.
John Steinbeck House (Salinas, California)

**John Steinbeck House** is a historic house restaurant and house museum at 132 Central Avenue in Salinas, California. The house was the boyhood home to the author John Steinbeck.

Steinbeck's boyhood home is a turreted Victorian building in downtown Salinas, which has been preserved and restored by the Valley Guild, a nonprofit organization.The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Fixed menu lunches are served Monday through Saturday, and the house is open for tours during the summer on Sunday afternoons.
The National Steinbeck Center is located two blocks away at 1 Main Street.

## See also

* John Steinbeck House (Monte Sereno, California), another Steinbeck home on the NRHP

## References

1. ↑ John Steinbeck's Home and Birthplace, Information Point. Retrieved 2007.
Louis Gourd House

The **Louis Gourd House** is a Victorian house in Charleston, South Carolina which was once the carriage house of the Calhoun Mansion. The house, built in the 1870s, once included eight stalls, space for
carriages, and servants' quarters, but the interior was entirely removed
 as part of the building's conversion into a residence. The Church Street portion of the lot was divided off from the Calhoun
Mansion (facing on Meeting Street) and sold separately for the first
time in 1932. When the building was acquired by Mr. and Mrs. Louis Gourd in 1939, they quickly hired Charleston architect Albert Simons to plan to remodeling of the building. he house he designed includes a main hall, living room, dining room,
kitchen, gun room, and maid's quarters on the first floor with
additional bedrooms and baths upstairs. Ironwork on the front and rear of the house was designed by Mr. Simons and includes his initials in the corners.
Fennimore House

The **Fennimore House** is a Craftsman Bungalow style house located on 323 W. 9th Street in the historic district of Fourth Ward, Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1895, and originally had four rooms. It was expanded on the first and second floor, and in the rear and attic. Its front facade, front door, and fireplace mantles are original.
Eketorp

**Eketorp** is an Iron Age fort in southeastern Öland, Sweden, which was extensively reconstructed and enlarged in the Middle Ages. Throughout the ages the fortification has served a variety of somewhat differing uses: from defensive ringfort, to medieval safe haven and thence a cavalry garrison. n the 20th century it was further reconstructed to become a heavily visited tourist site and a location for re-enactment of medieval
 battles. Eketorp is the only one of the 19 known prehistoric
fortifications on Öland that has been completely excavated, yielding a
total of over 24,000 individual artifacts. The entirety of southern
Öland has been designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Eketorp fortification is often referred to as **Eketorp Castle**.
Tabby

**Tabby** is a type of concrete made by burning oyster shells to create lime, then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells. Tabby was used by early Spanish settlers in present-day North Carolina and Florida, then by English colonists primarily in coastal South Carolina and Georgia.

Revivals in the use of tabby spread northward and continued into
the early 19th century. Tabby was normally protected with a coating of
plaster or stucco.

## Examples

* Wormsloe Plantation house ruins, Isle of Hope, Georgia
* Horton House, Jekyll Island, Georgia
* Ashantilly, McIntosh County, Georgia
* Isaac Fripp House Ruins, Saint Helena Island near Frogmore, South Carolina
* Gamble Plantation Mansion, Ellenton, Florida
* George Adderly House, Marathon, Florida
Sheppard House

The **Sheppard House** is a Queen Anne style house with late Victorian touches built in 1898. It is unique in that it is one of only a few houses still in their original sites and orientations in the historic district of Fourth Ward, Charlotte, North Carolina. It is in exceptionally good condition for its age, and features a slate roof, trim under its eaves, and stained glass windows.
Ionic order

The Ionic order forms one of the three classical orders of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric and the Corinthian. There are two lesser orders: the Tuscan (a plainer Doric), and the rich variant of Corinthian called the composite order, both added by 16th-century Italian architectural writers, based on Roman practice. Of the three canonic orders, the Ionic order has the narrowest columns.

The Ionic capital is characterized by the use of volutes. The Ionic columns normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform; the cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart.

Since Vitruvius, a female character has been ascribed to the Ionic (in contrast to the masculine Doric).

The Ionic column is always more slender than the Doric; therefore it always has a has: Ionic columns are eight and nine-column diameters tall, and even more in the Antebellum colonnades of late American Greek revival plantation houses.

Ionic columns are most often fluted. After a little early experimentation, the number of hollow flutes in the shaft settled at 24. This standardization kept the fluting in a familiar proportion to the diameter of the column at any scale, even when the height of the column was exaggerated. Roman fluting leaves a little of the column surface between each hollow; Greek fluting runs out to a knife edge that was easily scarred.

In some instances, the fluting has been omitted. English architect Inigo Jones introduced a note of sobriety with plain Ionic columns on his Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace, London.
Heart pine

**Heart pine** refers to the non-living center of the pine tree trunk. Builders prefer the heartwood to the sapwood due to its strength, hardness, and attractive golden red hue. An inch of heart pine requires 30 years growth. The favored tree for heart pine, the longleaf pine, nearly went extinct due to logging.

Much of the available heart pine on the market today is longleaf pine from old buildings. Prior to 1900 it was a source for poles, pilings, posts, saw-logs, flooring, plywood, pulpwood, and naval stores.
Pilasters

The **pilaster** is an architectural element in classical architecture used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall surface, usually treated as though it were a column, with a capital at the top, plinth (base) at the bottom, and the various other elements. In contrast to a pilaster, an engaged column or buttress can support the structure of a wall and roof above.

## Definition

In discussing Leon Battista Alberti's use of pilasters, which Alberti reintroduced into wall-architecture, Rudolf Wittkower wrote, "The pilaster is the logical transformation of the column for the decoration of a wall. It may be defined as a flattened column which has lost its three-dimensional and tactile value."

A pilaster appears with a capital and entablature, also in "low-relief" or flattened against the wall.

Pilasters often appear on the sides of a door frame or window opening on the facade of a building, and are sometimes paired with columns or pillars set directly in front of them at some distance away from the wall, which support a roof structure above, such as a portico. These vertical elements can also be used to support a recessed archivolt around a doorway. The pilaster can be replaced by ornamental brackets supporting the entablature or a balcony over a doorway.

When a pilaster appears at the corner intersection of two walls it is known as a **canton**.

As with a column, a pilaster can have a plain or fluted surface to its profile and can be represented in the mode of any architectural style. During the Renaissance and Baroque architects used a range of pilaster forms. In the giant order pilasters appear as two storeys tall, linking floors in a single unit.

The fashion of using this element from ancient Greek and Roman architecture was adopted in the Italian Renaissance, gained wide popularity with Greek Revival architecture, and continues to be seen in some modern architecture.

Pilaster is frequently also referred to as a non-ornamental, load-bearing architectural element in non-classical architecture where a structural load must be carried by a wall or column next to a wall and the wall thickens to accommodate the structural requirements of the wall.

## Notes

1. ↑ A useful phrase to identify a section of pilaster without a capital, with only its fluting to identify its relation to a column, is "pilaster strip".
2. ↑ Ching, Francis D. K. (1995). *A Visual Dictionary of Architecture*. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. ISBN 0-442-02462-2, p. 266.

## References

* Lewis, Philippa and Gillian Darley, *Dictionary of Ornament* (1986) NY: Pantheon
Victorian architecture

**Victorian architecture** is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. *Victorian* refers to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), called the Victorian era,
 during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in
construction. However, many elements of what is typically termed
"Victorian" architecture did not become popular until later in
Victoria's reign. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic
 revivals of historic styles. The name represents the British and French
 custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within
this naming and classification scheme, it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture, and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture.
Liddell-McNinch House

The **Liddell-McNinch House** is a historic home in Charlotte, North Carolina's Fourth Ward district. It was built between 1891 and 1893 and it is a Queen Anne / Shingle style frame dwelling. The house has a highly complex roof-line of projections, gables, porches, and spreading eaves. It also has wall surfaces of weatherboards, shingles, broken planes, swells, and cavities. It features a wraparound porch and a recessed porch on the second level. The house's roof design is fish scale and diamond patterns of slate shingles.

President William Howard Taft visited the house in 1909.

The house is named after two of its previous owners, Vinton Linddell and Charlotte mayor Samuel S. McNinch. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Today, the house is home to the McNinch House Restaurant.

## References

1. ↑ "History of Fourth Ward". Friends of the Fourth Ward. *Retrieved 2018-10-18.*
2. ↑ Mary Alice Hinson; H. McKelden Smith; Patsy B. Kinsey. "Liddell-McNinch House". *National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory.* North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
3. ↑ Kratt, Mary Norton (1992). *Charlotte, Spirit of the New South.* John F. Blair, Publisher. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-89587-095-7.
4. ↑ National Park Service (2019-07-09). "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places.* National Park Service.
5. ↑ *mcninchhouserestaurant.com.* Retrieved 2018-10-18.
Chilota architecture

**Chilotan architecture** is a unique architectural style that is mainly restricted to the Chiloé Archipelago and neighboring areas of southern Chile. These buildings have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History

Chiloé, in part because of its physical isolation from the rest of Chile and access to different materials, has a unique colonial architecture that differs substantially from typical Chilean Spanish colonial architecture.

Houses and buildings
Nearly all the houses and buildings in colonial Chiloe were built with wood, and wooden shingles were extensively employed. The roof shingles of Fitzroya came to be used as money and called *Real de Alerce*. In the late 19th century many *palafitos*, or stilt houses, were built in cities such as Castro and Chonchi.

## External links

* Unesco World Heritage Site - The Churches of Chiloe
* Churches of Chiloe: descriptions and photograph gallery