Chronography of Italy

**BOOK OF Johannes Annius OF Viterbo on The most correct Etruscan and Italian chronography** [Translated by Ras Feqade, AD 2022]

Every story is complete and is rendered most accurate, which consists of its substantial parts, which are three parts, it is clear: narration, choreography, and chronography. For every individual, as the Peripatetics relate, is composed of his own substance, and by two individualizing principles, which they call here and now, and are proper place and time. And when the narrative of individual events becomes the individual substance of the story, which relates individual events, it necessarily follows that it is demonstrated by two principles: place and time. For the story is not rendered whole and certain, if it be only said, "Alexander the Great overcame Darius the monarch"; but it must be added that in what places and times he routed, defeated, vanquished, subjected his army. By these principles, whatever Greek a liar dares in history, we have so brilliantly cut off in a book titled about the lies of the ancient Greeks, that in this age we should truly be ashamed, that some, otherwise learned, take pleasure in the lies of the Greeks, and accustom them to become insolent. It is good, says Cato, to look at the Greek letters, not to learn them. Accordingly, a part of the local history, which the Greeks call Topography and Chorography, as far as it is sufficient, was recorded by us in the commentary on Fabius Pictor, Sempronius, Cato, Myrsilus, and a fragment of the Itinerary of Antoninus Pius, and upon Berosus and the Plinian Topography, and in forty Questions of Annius. But the second part is of the time, which is kept public and approved by faith, as we have shown above on Metasthenes and Philo. That part of the Greeks they call chronography, that is, the digestion of times, of which there are two principles of proof. First, in order to show that the times which are brought forward do not differ from public and proof faith, as we have shown above on Metasthenes. The other, that kings and men may be arranged, who flourished in those times, and whose authors may remember either places, or both. Which we certainly do in this second part, which is about the times, in which we first extend men and times from Janus and the origin of Italy to Otho Caesar. By turning back thence, we prove the times and the men prescribed for the public faith. We'll finish the third part of the story that tells us what happened in their place.

The Etruscan Chronograph of Johannes Annius is compiled and corrected, the first part of which is the digest of Italy under the golden age, from the flood to the third kings Ninus and Cameses in 249 years, in this way:

* Solitude of Italy - 108
* First coming of Janus - 33
* Comerus Gallus - 58
* Ochus Veius - 50

['Solitude of Italy' refers to the years that Italy was uninhabited following the Deluge, until Noah founded a settlement at Genoa, which should be amended from 108 to 308 years, since the Deluge was placed exactly 200 years too late by Annius' sources. Noah thus founded Genoa in 2447 BC, called here "the first coming of Janus", and ruled the colony for 33 years until 2414 BC, after the Tower of Babel had collapsed in Sumer, when his grandson Gomer (aka 'Comerus Gallus') came to succeed him.

*Defloratio* also places the arrival of Gomer in 2414 BC, but places the arrival of Cameses (ie Ham) 102 years later, in 2312 BC, six years before the Era of Ninus. Thus Gomer and his successor Ochus Veius (unmentioned in *Defloratio* and known only from Annius) between them, had around 102 years and not 108 as given here. *Defloratio* does mention that Gomer introduced mobile chariot homes ("*veii*") to Italy in 2365 BC, and if Ochus Veius reigned 50 years, he must have succeeded soon thereafter in 2362 BC, meaning Gomer's reign should read 52 years. The total length of this timeframe from the Deluge to the arrival of Ham in Italy, 2755-2312 BC, is thus actually 443 years.]

Next are 430 years from Cameses to Atlas Italus, when Italy was under these kings:

* Cameses - 19
* Second coming of Janus - 82
* Cranus Razen - 54
* Aruns - 43
* Tages - 42
* Sicanus - 30
* Enakii Lukii - 30
* Apis - 10
* Lestrigon - 25
* Hercules - 30
* Tussus - 27
* Alteus - 7
* Hesperus - 12

[The 'second coming of Janus' is that of Noah's fourth son Barweyn, or Janus II, being conflated here with Noah or Janus I. The text of *Defloratio* says he came to Italy in the 29th year of Ninus, which is in the context an obvious error that should read the 19th year of Ninus, ie. 2287 BC. However, it states he did not take the kingship and expel Cameses until 3 years later, i.e. 2284 BC. Cameses, that is Ham, therefore ruled Italy from 2312 until 2284 BC, which is about 28 years.

*Defloratio* has 'Janus' ie Barweyn ruling Italy until the 10th year of Zameis-Ninias (Nanni of Ur), or until ca. 2202 BC, so 82 years for him is correct.

Aurunus (Aruns) followed Cranus in the 24th year of Arius (Lugal-Kisalsi), ca. 2150 BC; so about 52 years for Cranus.

Maloth Tages followed Aurunus in the 35th year of Aralius (Lugal-Annemundu), ca. 2109 BC, so about 41 years for Aurunus.

Sicanus followed Tages in the reign of Armatritis (Sargon), 42 years for Tages would bring him to 2067 BC, about the 3rd year of Armatritis.

30 years for Sicanus would bring him to 2037 BC, when the 3 Palensan tyrants, called here 'Enakii Lukii', may have taken over; leaving them only 26 years until Apis (Mentuhotep) drove them out in the 30th year of Belochus (Naram-suen of Akkad), ca. 2011 BC; or more likely the Palensans ruled a full 30 years from 2041 BC leaving 26 to Sicanus; at any rate Sicanus and the Palensans seem to have only 56 years between them, rather than 60 as Annius counts here.

Apis' ten years in Italy would be 2011-2001 BC, followed by Lestrigon, who was evidently driven out by Hercules (Nebtawyre) around the 21st year of Baleus (Ur Nammu), ca. 1984 BC. Lestrigon thus ruled no more than 17 years.

On the basis of *Defloratio*, it seems Hercules ruled Italy for 20 years to the 41st year of Baleus (c. 1964 BC), then again went to war with the 'gigantes', defeating them in the 2nd to last year of Baleus (c. 1959 BC), and thereafter Hercules reigned over Italy an additional 30 years, until 1929 BC. Thus Hercules should be assigned a total of 55 years over Italy. (Annius does not seem to have understood *Defloratio* correctly, and cannot be accused of fabricating it).

*Defloratio* has Thuscus aka Tussus, from the 39th year of Altades (Shulgi), a misprint for 29th year (c. 1929 BC), and until the 22nd year of Mamitus (Amar-suen) (c. 1888 BC), that is around 41 years. The smaller figure here is largely due to Altades' reign being shortened in *Defloratio* to only 32 years, when it is known from archaeology that Shulgi reigned for 48 years.

Hesperus took over from Alteus in the first year of Mancaleus (Ishbi-erra); which seems to mean c. 1879; this would give Alteus 8 or 9 years. Italus Kittim (Atlas) took over from Hesperus in the 12th year of Mancaleus, 1868 BC, so 12 years for Hesperus is correct.

In all, the sum of this era from the coming of Cameses in 2312 BC until the coming of Italus in 1868 BC should be 444 years.]

Next are 454 years from Italus to the destruction of Troy, under these Larthian kings of Italy:

* Italus Atlas - 19
* Morges - 20
* Coritus - 33
* Iasius - 50
* Coriban - 42
* Turrenus - 52
* Tarcon the elder - 23
* Abas - 15
* Olanus - 21
* Veibennus - 42
* Oscus - 34
* Tarcon II - 46
* Thyberinus - 30
* Mezentius - 22

[The name "Larthian" from *Larth*, Etruscan title meaning "Lord", probably refers to the Lydian dynasty that properly begins with Turrenus I, who was son of Atys of Maeonia (Lydia), usually said to be a descendant of Hercules' son by a Lydian princess, or possibly Q. Omphale (if her name does not belong to the story of the much later Greek Heracles). The Lydian son of Hercules is ascribed various names by Greek authors, but that of Xanthus, who calls him Tylon and the dynasty Tylonid, seems most authentic. The Larthians thus continued rule over Italy by agnates of Ham; the rulers before Turrenus had been of various other Osirid dynasties since Osiris Apis himself, thus agnates of Ham for c. 300 years.

19 years for Italus brings him to 1849 BC, which seems about right. 20 years for Morges brings him to 1829 BC, which again seems right. His successor 'Coritus' must be Camboblascon; 33 years brings him to 1796 BC, corresponding to the 4th year of Sparetus (Sumu-abum) when Jasius succeeded him in Italy according to *Defloratio*.

Jasius was slain in the 13th year of Ascatades (Ipiq-adad), c. 1750 BC, after a reign of around 46 years in Italy. His successor Coribantes left the kingdom to Turrenus Maeones, said to be in the last year of Ascatades, 1721 BC. This would mean a reign of only about 29 years for Coribantes. However, the *Supplement* says Turrhenus ruled from the 18th year of Aegyptus (Sobekhotep III) for 51 years, which would correspond to 1715-1664 BC. This would extend Coribantes to about 34 years.

The *Supplement* says Tarchon I ruled 11 years from the 2nd year of 'Menophis' (corresponding to 1664 BC, but from this point the pharaonic data there is artificial), followed by Abas for 15 years in the 35th year of Menophis, which seems an error for 25th year of Menophis, indicating 1640 BC. (However, if 11 years for Tarchon I is correct, he ruled only until 1653 BC.)

The next king, Olanus, is omitted in the *Supplement*, which next mentions Veibennus for 38 years, from the 33rd year of 'Zetus', corresponding to 1592 BC. If Tarchon I ruled until 1640 BC, this leaves 48 years for Abas and Olanus, with Abas assigned 15 years from 1640-1625 BC and Olanus 33 years from 1625-1592 BC.

After Veibennus begins the 'Manethonian gap' in the record corresponding to the Mycenean age, in 1550 BC if he reigned 42 years as here, or in 1554 BC if he reigned 38 years as in the *Supplement*.

Oscus appears in the only fragment within the gap, which cannot be dated specifically, but mathematically speaking could begin as early as 1516 BC, or as late as 1352 BC.

Tarchon II appears after the gap ruling for 44 years, starting in the 47th year of a pharaoh whose name is missing in the artificial pharaonic scheme, but the year seems to correspond to ca. 1284 BC. 44 years would take him to 1240 BC, 46 years to 1238 BC, but the next king Tyberinus appears in the 29th year of 'Amenophis' corresponding to c. 1237 BC.

Tyberinus ruled 35 years according to the text of the *Supplement*, 30 according to this text, but the years from 'Amenophis' 29 (of 40) until 'Ammenephus' 16 (c. 1210 BC) would only allow for about 27 or 28 years. Most likely he ruled 35 years until 1202 BC.

Mezentius ruled until 3 years after the Fall of Troy (i.e. 1180 BC), thus his 22 years began in 1202 BC.

The actual length of time in the above section from the coming of Italus in 1868 BC until the end of Mezentius in 1180 BC, including the gap, is thus c. 688 years.]

Likewise, from the twenty-second year of Mezentius to the sixth of Caelius and the beginning of Romulus, counting five years of labor. The tribe of Aeneas also had 423 years of his reign under these kings of Italy:

* Tarchon III - 20
* Ocnus Bianor - 46
* Pipinus - 52
* Nicius - 47
* Piseus - 52
* Tuscus the younger - 39
* Annus - 25
* Felsinus - 43
* Bonus - 28
* Atrius - 27
* Marsyas - 18
* Etalus - 30
* part of Caelius - 5

[Thus section covers the time from 1180 BC, 3 years after the Fall of Troy, until the founding of Rome in 753 BC, which should total 427 years.

The *Supplement* also has Tarchon ruling "20 years", but from the 3rd to the 47th year of the "Diaspolitan dynasty of Egypt", then Ocnus for "46 years" from the 47th year of Diaspolitans, Pypinus for "52 years" from the 72nd year of Diaspolitans, Nyeius Fesulanus (= Nicius) for "47 years" from the 128th year of Diaspolitans, Pyseus the Pirate for "52 years" from the 166th year of Diaspolitans. The figures for years are what Annius reproduces here, while the actual date entries in the *Supplement* would indicate 44 years for Tarchon III (1180-1136 BC), 25 for Ocnus (1136-1111 BC), 56 for Pipinus (1111-1055 BC), and 38 for Nyeius (1055-1017 BC).

After Pyseus the Pirate, the remaining names and figures are listed in the *Supplement* without entries, essentially as above, except that it allows Felsinus 33 years rather than 43. This gives us 965 BC for the accession of Tuscus II, 926 BC for Amnus, 901 BC for Felsinus, 868 BC for Bon, 840 BC for Atrius, 813 BC for Marsias, 795 BC for Etalus, and 765 for Caelius. However Caelius began in 759 BC if Rome was built in his 6th year, so about 6 years are missing, provisionally assigning them to Felsinus brings the accession dates for the following kings to 862 BC for Bon, 834 BC for Atrius, 807 BC for Marsias, 789 BC for Etalus, and 759 BC for Caelius.]

From the sixth year of Caelius, when Romulus began, until the expulsion of the kings, there have been 244 years under these Larthians:

* remainder of Caelius - 15
* Galeritus - 20
* Lukius Tuscus - 25
* Cibitius - 82
* Lucumo Clusinus - 38
* Rhetus - 20
* Hyellus - 44

[Caelius reigned 21 years, 759-738 BC, and is the last king mentioned on the *Supplement*. The following Etruscan kings known from Annius here are Geleritus (738 BC), Lukius Tuscus (718 BC), Cibitius (693 BC), Lucumo Clusinus (611 BC), Rhetus (573 BC), and Hyellus (553-509 BC). 509 BC is indeed the year the Roman Republic was proclaimed, so this all seems consistent.]

From the kings expelled from Rome to the subjugation of the cities of Etruria, these Larthians reigned for 202 years.

* Porsena Clusius - 58
* Tolumnius Veiens - 22
* Eques Tuscus - 40
* Livius Fidenas - 48
* Elbius Tuscus - 32

[This gives the dates for the Etruscan kings Lars Porsena 509-451 BC; Tolumnius Veiens 451-429 BC; Eques Tuscus 429-389 BC; Livius Fidenas 389-341 BC; Elbius Tuscus 341-309 BC. The total should read 200 years. This brings us to the approximate date of the Roman victory over the Etruscans at the first battle of Lake Valdimo.]

After the slaying of Elbius, his son Prolarthes Turrenus reigned for 26 years, and gave the cities of Etruria to the Romans.

* Turrenus - 26

[This brings us to 283 BC, the approximate date of the Roman victory over the Etruscans at the second battle of Lake Valdimo.]

After the date of the cities of Etruria, the posterity of Elbius and Turrenus became famous under the Romans for 354 years, during which Turrenus lived until the conquest of Thuscia, and the silver coin of Rome sealed twelve years in triumph.

* Turrenus above - 15
* Titus - 40
* Volturrenus - 48
* Cecina - 56
* Menippus - 46
* Menodorus - 36
* Mecoenas - 56
* Sejanus - 23
* Scevinus - 33
* Otho Ferentinus - 1

[It is unclear what title if any these men held after Etruria was subjected to Rome in c. 283 BC, but the dates correspond to: Tyrrhenus 309-268 BC; Titus 268-228 BC; Volturrenus 228-180 BC; Caecina 180-124 BC; Menippus 124-78 BC; Menodorus 78-42 BC; Mecoenas 42 BC-AD 13; Sejanus AD 13-36; Scevinus 36-69; Otho Ferentinus 69. This last is clearly the sodomite Otho who was Roman Emperor for 3 months in AD 69; 'Scevinus' could plausibly correspond with his historical father Salvius.]

But because the common and approved faith of kings and times is sought, and every other author, though otherwise learned, is cast off, as Metasthenes and his commentaries, and the superior chronology of monarchies prove, therefore the public and approved faith of times and men must be given; and Suetonius mentions **Otho** from the twelve Caesars; Cornelius Tacitus of him and **Scevinus** in the life of Nero and Otho. Juvenal remembers **Sejanus** in his Satires on all the Earth, and Philo in the second book of his embassy, ​​and in the breviary of his times, as well as Suetonius in the life of Tyberius; the poets and historians with Suetonius remember **Mecoenas**. Appianus recounts of the civil wars that **Menodorus** aided the party of Julius Caesar. But at the same time Cato makes mention of all from Elbius to Menodorus in fragment 19 of the origins. But the public faith of the times is taken from the very reliable Olympiads. According to Livy, however, in Book 9 of *The Founding of the City*, Q Fabius subdued Etruria, a brilliant city, but did not begin a city, because the city of Etruria was not captured, as Valerius Maximus and Cato assert, concerning its origins. For Valerius Maximus, in book 4 at the end, to narrate the modesty of Etruscan Spurina, begins with these words: What follows is annexed to externals, because it was done before the state of Etruria was given. Cato also in the above-named fragment: **Turrenus**, he says, his father **Elbius** Lartha, being slain at the lake of Vadimonis, could not be enticed to render the cities of Etruria in the 2nd year of the 124th Olympiad, but could never be persuaded to receive Latin letters. But from the 2nd year of the 124th Olympiad, in which Turrenus gave the cities of Etruria, to the 1st year of the 212th Olympiad, in which Otho, as Eusebius attests, killed himself, there are 87 Olympiads and 3 years, which together constitute 348 years. Wherefore the public, and approved faith of the times and of the said men, in truth from Turrenus granting the cities of Etruria, to the death of Otho, the years mentioned above were reckoned by us. But because they have flourished for so many years, by the Roman princes themselves, to whom they have been dear, we lie with that mind and intellect, that we either throw an arrow to the center itself, or have little use of it, so that we do not damage the chronography. Hitherto concerning the state and approved men and times, by turning back from the death of Otho to Turrenus, the giver of the cities of Etruria.

### Now let us prove the rest by turning back from this Turrenus to Romulus.

In publishing the Annals of the Romans, Titus Livius retained the faith and character of the times in his books from the founding of Rome, who most clearly states in the first book of those times, that there were kings at Rome from Romulus' to the expulsion of kings from Rome, for the age of 244 years. But from the expulsion of the kings to the subjugation of Etruria, he lists in each year 200 years of consuls and magistrates, which together with those above-mentioned produce 444 years, and 111 complete Olympiads. For the Olympiad among the Greeks is a four-year span, just as the lustrum five-year period is held by the Latins. Therefore, if you reckon in the first book of Livy From the founding of the City, the years from king Romulus until the Etruscans were subdued by Q Fabius at Lake Vadimonis in the 9th book, you will make the above-mentioned 111 Olympiads. Furthermore, as Fabius Pictor and Dionysius of Halicarnassus in the first book prove, and the more skilled, and Eusebius follows about the times: Rome was founded by Romulus after the first six Olympiads; and if you add to the above mentioned, there will be 142 complete Olympiads, when Fabius subdued the Etruscans, after killing Elbius Larthus at Lake Vadimonis. From the 117th to the second year of the 124th Olympiad, when Turrenus gave the cities of Etruria, near Cato, there are 26 years. Therefore, by the public and approved faith of the times, we have proved that **Turrenus** was Prolarthes, or the place of Larthis of Etruria, from the slain father to the given cities, for twenty-six years. But that from the slaughter of the Etruscans at Lake Vadimonis, the remaining 444 years to Romulus are numbered in Livius, from the first book of the Founding of the City until the ninth. Cato, in the first place, gives credence to Larthus, and mentions **Elbius** in the above-mentioned fragment, from whom Ptolemy noted the village of Elbius by the lake of Cyminius. **Livius Fidenas Posthumus**, also a leader admitted into the Latin army, after Rome was burned down by the Gauls, is mentioned in the first of the Saturnalia by Macrobius. The stone rooted **Eques**, whom the horses of Phaliscus served, by Ry-yellus, in the friendly relations of Paul. Livy relates the deeds of **Tolumnus** and **Porsena** together and by name in the second and fourth books of the Founding of the City. The inscriptions on the earth are preserved in the sanctuary of the Ashes of **Ry-yellus**, which we gave by the study of the origin of Etruscan literature and philosophy. **Rhetus**, from whom they were called Rhetios, Pliny in the third book of natural history and some others mention. The unfortunate deeds of **Lucumo Clusini**, Livy relates in part in the fifth book of the Founding of the City: **Cibicius** is still inscribed on the shrine of the ashes of Augustalus of Surren. **Lukius**, that is, for whom is inscribed Lucumus Tuscus, is mentioned by Festus that he founded the Lucenses, and especially that Lukius still possessed his estate, not far from Luca bears witness to it. **Caelius** and **Galeritus Lucumus**, of whom the mountains Caelius and Lucetes were formerly called, are mentioned by Varro in the first book of the Latin language, by Dionysus of Halicarnassus in the second book, and by Fabius Pictor on the origin of the city of Rome, and by Propertius in the fourth book of the Elegies. The public and approved faith, therefore, concerning the names of illustrious men, and from the time of the founding of the city until Otho Caesar, was faithfully restored by us. Now turning back from 430 years from the founding of the city to the overthrow of Troy, the faith is made public and approved in Latin history, which Livius touches on, in the first of Founding of the City, and Eusebius' in Of Time, and partly Manethon the Egyptian, in the supplement of Berosus. And although some may vary from the years of Aeneas, yet the most upright men compute six years from the capture of Troy until his destruction.

["*The Raeti are believed to be people of Tuscan race driven out by the Gauls; their leader was named Raetus.*" - Pliny.]

Whose argument is invincible, because if more or fewer were attributed, it would disagree with the public and approved faith of the times of the monarchy of the Assyrians, by which the times of private individuals are measured, as we have shown above on Metasthenes and Berosus. Therefore, partly by travelling, partly by reign, **Aeneas** led five years, and **Ascanius** thirty-eight. **Sylvius Posthumus**, twenty-nine. **Aeneas Sylvius** thirty one, **Latinus II** 50. **Alba** 39. **Atus Aegyptus**, 24. **Capis** twenty-eight. **Capetus**, thirteen. **Thyberinus**, of whom Thyberians, eight. **Agrippa** 40. **Remulus**, 19. **Aventinus** thirty-seven. **Procas**, twenty-three. **Amulius** 44. Therefore, from the burning of Troy to Amulius' successor Romulus, they were approved by the Latin public, 430 years.

[This Aeneid dynasty of Latium, from whom the first kings of Rome were descended, were descended, via the Trojan kings, from Dardanus, the brother of Jasius and hence presumably agnatic of Ham, and of Hercules via Tuscus, unlike the Larthian or Maeonian dynasty in Etruria, from Hercules via Tylon.]

And Manetho lists several Larthes, who reigned in those times, from Mezentius to Atrius. But other authors also relate them, as Virgil (**Tarcon III**) in the Aeneid 3 and 10. **Ocnus** in the tenth book of Virgil. The inscription of Cybelaria mentions **Pipinus**, from whom Livy mentions the Pipinienses of the Tuscan territory in the ninth book of the Founding of the City. **Nycius**, from whom Nycea Turreni in Corsica, and Ethalia Turrena from the chief island, Diodorus points out in Book VI, and the names themselves prove it. Pliny mentions **Marsyas**, the general of the Turreni, in chapter 3 of the natural history, as well as the inscription of Cybelaria. Pliny in 7 of natural history and many celebrate the invention of **Piseus** the brass trumpet. Manetho gives credit to **Tuscus II** in the supplement of Berosus, and the most ancient memory of Tuscanelles has been hewn out, which is stated by Tuscanella after the captivity of Troy, a Monopolis founded by Ascanius, and with the passage of time increased by Tuscus Larthus. **Annius** witnesses Annia Tusca, the oldest family from whom Antoninus Pius was born, as Helius the Spartan, serves with a distinguished argument. From this they likewise record the monuments of **Bonus**, of which the families and the family of Turna Bona and Bona, and I think Bonella persevered, and the brass cut off under Antoninus Pius, prove the things which are with me. The Adriatic Sea & town of Atria entirely demonstrate **Atrius**, as some think, and Pliny seems to indicate in the third book of natural history, although some think that it was from the colony of Volterra, as we showed above on the fragments of Cato. Hitherto Manetho mentions these above-named Larthes, and also the authors mentioned above. Those who follow have been widely approved, namely, **Felsinus**, from whom, as Bologna was founded, both Cato and Sempronius report in fragments concerning the partition of Italy; and from him they reveal that it was first called Felsina, thence Bonona after Bonus his successor. Having shown these things, a time must be brought for the public fidelity; But there is until now, from the foundation of Dardania to the cut out, which Archilochus reveals by the public faith of the annals of the kings of Troy, and we have explained at great length in his memoirs, 297 years. Eusebius reckons the same number of times, following the same public fidelity of the times. Moreover, from the foundation of Dardania up to the first year of the Italians, from the public trust of antiquities, Berosus collects 157 years through the Assyrian kings. And if you add them above, there will be 454 years from the first year of Italus to Aeneas and the destruction of the Trojans.

[Pyseas the Pirate (as *Defloratio* calls him) ruled Tyrrhenia c. 1017-965 BC, when they would be among the 'Nine Bows' or 'Sea Peoples' coalition (Tursha), and he is credited by Pliny with inventing the naval beakhead, that front part of ships often fashioned like a dragon or other mythological figure, and the scorpion catapult, in addition to bronze trumpets, amid a list of military inventions.]

Which, indeed, and the other public faith of the times of the rulers of Latium, having been transferred from Berosus and Manetho, is thus shown: After the death of **Hesperus**, his brother **Italus** resumed the empire of Vetulonia, leaving his daughter Roma in the town of Capena, which he had founded under the Aventine, as Fabius Pictor asserts about the origin of the city of Rome. Therefore, as Berosus and Manetho signify, **Roma** reigned in Latium for 46 years; **Romanessus** her son 79; **Picus I** 57. **Faunus I**, 30; **Annus Faunigena**, who, as Silius witnessed, placed Agilla, the daughter of Trasimeno, the son of Turrenus, reigned for 54 years. **Vulcan** 36. **Mars surnamed Janus**, 23. **Caeculus surnamed Saturn** 36. **Picus II** 34. **Faunus II**, 24. **Latinus**, later father in law of Aeneas, 38. Therefore it is also demonstrated by the official times of the governors of Latium that they were public and approved from Italus to the destruction of the Trojans for 454 years.

[This Romanessid dynasty ruled Latium and Italy south of the Tiber from 1867 BC until the arrival of Aeneas in 1180 BC, 687 years; the agnatic ancestor beyond Romanessus is unknown because the known line passes through his mother Roma, daughter of Atlas Kittim. All these Latin kings are mentioned in *Defloratio* and *Supplement* except Vulcan; the dates thereby indicated for them, differing in reign length in many cases, are: Q. Roma 1867-1821 BC; Romanessus 1821-1750 BC (71 yrs); Picus I 1750-1696 BC (54 yrs); Faunus I 1696-1666 BC; Amnus Faunigena 1666-1661 BC (5 yrs); Vulcan 1661-1625 BC; Janus III Mars Italus 1625-1602 BC; Caeculus Saturnus in the gap along with Oscus; Picus II 1284-1252 BC (32 yrs); Faunus II 1252-1210 BC (42 yrs); and Latinus 1210-1180 BC (30 yrs).]

And from the common and most approved faith of Berosus and Manetho, as the Latin rulers and their times, so both corresponding to Larthes of Italy in Vetulonia, and their times are reckoned from Italus to Mezentius. And nevertheless the Latin historians and monuments did not suppress them. For Livy makes mention of **Mezentius**, in the first of Founding of the City. Also Dionysius of Halicarnassus in Book 1, Macrobius in the first Saturnalia, and Vergil in the Aeneid VIII and XI, and so on. **Thyberinus** the father of Ocnus, from the fate of Manto, from whom Albula was called Thybris, Vergil mentions in the Aeneid 18, and other authors. Of **Tarcontus II**, who cast Cacus into the Labyrinth, Solinus also speaks in the Collectanea. Of **Oscus** are the colonies of Osca and Capua (for the Osci are Capuenses, as Servius says on Aeneid) and Volosca, that is, ancient Osca, and by the syncopation of the Volsci, as has been explained in the investigations of Annius. Monuments preserve **Veibenus surnamed Massus**, and the city of Massa in Thuscia, and Caelius Veibenus from his family, as Varro mentions in the first book of the Latin language, where he asserts that the mountain Caelius was named by a noble Tuscan leader, Celius Veibenus, or by synaeraic composition Vibenus. For in this composition we convert the letters e and i, and we often use syncopation, as we call the Veilumbri, and Veibeni, and Veiterbi, Vilumbri Vibeni Viterbi, as we have shown elsewhere. That **Olanus** was the duke of Tuscany, who first founded Milan, is evidenced by Cato in fragment vii of the origins. **Abas**, from whom Abantes people in Tuscany to the head of the Abius coast, has a perpetual argument for that region, from which Lucumus, by the name of Torvus, was the chief of the maritime fleet for Aeneas, as Virgil is the author in the ten Aeneids, naming him Torvus Abantes. Of **Tarcontus the ancient** and his father **Turrheno Meone**, the books are full as of **Atlas Italus**, and the son of Italus **Morgetes**, and Italus' father-in-law Coritus, and his son **Jasius**. But of Bantes, whom Berosus calls **Coribantes**, that is, the spear-headed Bantes, the inscription of Gravisca makes mention, as we have explained in his commentaries on the origin of the Etruscan letters. So much, therefore, of the approved and public fidelity of the times have they been said of the Larthes of Etruria, from Italus to Mezentius. Now the times and Larthes are to be shown from Hesperus, the predecessor of Italus, to Cameses. And they have public faith in the antiquities of Berosus, who by the kings of the Assyrians, reckons the Italian colonies, year totals and Larthes from Cameses, who ruled in the first year of Ninus, as far as Italus; as we have assigned, whose memories have many authors, as Cameses, Saturnus, Janus have Iginus, Protarchus, Macrobius in Saturnali 1, and in part Poetas. The so-called places of the Volturnae remember of **Cranus Razenus**, and Myrsilus of the origin of Italy, and Dionysius in Book 1 of the book saying, that the Tuscans call themselves from their Duke Razenuos. Of Aruntes, whom Berosus calls **Arunus**, the ancient Aruntini, the Aruntini Rullienses, and the Aruntini Fedentiores, preserve the memory of his colony of Thuscans, of whom we have explained on the fragment of Cato 16, and from 15 to 19 and other commentaries. All with Berosus include **Tages**, who was the first to teach the Thusci divination of entrails. The estates of **Sicanus** remain in the field of Vetulonia, which we call the Sicania Valley, as the rivers **Enakios** we call Kat Enakios among the congregations of the giants whom Apis and his son Hercules the Egyptian assaulted. Whence we also say the valley of the giants around Tuscanella, and the plain of Cymeus near Cat Enakia, where the Italians followed the just **Jupiter Apis**, against the giants, as Diodorus asserts in Book VI, and we have proved invincible by the arguments and authors of Berosus. Apis ruled over Italy for several years, and his grandson, whom the Greeks call the Cannibal, the Etruscans, Kurkius, the Latins and Berosus, **Lestrigon**; and also **Hercules** even to **Hesperus**, all the above-named tombs confirm with Berosus. And therefore from **Cameses** to Hesperus, Berosus and the historians and their monuments provide an extensive faith of times and men. Now from the times before Cameses and Nicius, which Laţins call the golden ages, the public faith must be taken.

First, by the transmitter of public faith Berosus, who says that before Ninus there was an Inundation under **Ogyges Janus**, in the years 149 and 131 after the flood, Babylon was founded by Saturn the father of Bel, and in his tenth year Janus sent colonies to Thuscas under the leadership of **Comerus Gallus**, whose son **Ochus Vejus** was from whom remains the vestige of Mount Vejochus. Likewise, Xenophon, in his book of equivocals, writes at the same time a column in Babylon cut down from Semiramis by the public faith, as we showed in the commentaries of the same author. For he lists from the inundation to Saturn the father of Bel, in 131 years. And from Saturn to the son Belus, 56 years. And from Belus to Ninus the years 62. Thus, from the Inundation to Ninus, the first monarch was 249. And they called it the golden age, because it was the first generated with the human race after the flood, who, by no vengeance, either by written law or fear, but of their own accord worshiped upright fidelity, as Ovid says in the first book of the Metamorphoses, and Justin in the first Epitome of Trogus. And, as they say, it lasted until Jupiter, who, taking up arms, put to flight Saturn, that is, as Berosus points out to Ninus, who had received the lieutenant's command from his father Belus, in order that he might completely destroy Saturnus Saga and the Caspian. For also Ninus himself is called by interpretation as Jupiter, as is proven in the commentaries on Xenophon. For Saturn Apteras, whom the liar Greece pretends to have come to Janus in history, did not flourish in the Golden Age, when Italy was called Saturnia, but long after the Iron Age, when the name of Italia shone with other surnames, ***Janicula, Saleumbrona, Camesena, Saturnia, Apenina, or Taurina, and Hesperia***, as we have shown above in the second fragment of Cato, and the third and fourth. And on Fabius Pictor. Cato assigns the same times to Janus and the early colonies in fragment 2, saying, "It was the origin of Italy that was most splendid, both in time and in the origin of the nation." For it began in the Golden Age under the leading gods, Janus, Cameses, Saturnus, in the Phoenician and Saga nations. And a little later: Among the authors it is agreed by the Phoenician and Chaldeans historians, before Ninus about 250 years, during which the Golden Age lasted, the lands were overflowing, and in Scythia men were saved. And from these I have said that Janus had come to the Vatican, and to the Galli the forefathers of the Umbrians. And later, going from the Vatican, he founded the Royal and Pontifical cities around the Tiber. Then twelve colonies, founded in Thuscia, had given fasces to hold the unskilled workers in the office of the Golden Age. Again, Fabius the painter speaks these things to a word of the origin of the city of Rome under Janus, Cameses and Saturnus. At the beginning of the empire of Italy, it came to be in the hands of two nations. Later, the Romans began in the beginning of the Tuscans under Janus, in the golden age and era, which was the first day of the human race under Janus for almost 250 years before Ninus, Janus held Tuscany on the left side of Tiber at the beginning of the Golden Age. Cameses and Saturn on the right side, near the end of the golden age. And after having declared the customs of the Golden Age, he immediately adds, which Trogus, Justinus, and others assert, saying, that Ninus was the first to have changed those golden ancestral customs by a new desire of ruling. Accordingly, we have rightly referred to the times of the Golden Age from the common faith of all, in which in the beginning after the Solitude of Italy we wrote that the Janiculate colonies were built in Tuscany at Janus' first coming, as Cato and Fabius Pictor indicate, that departing later Janus sent Comerus Gallus, per Berosus 141 years after the flood. To him succeeded his son Ochus, surnamed Veius or Curulis. We have, therefore, tested our Etruscan and Italian Chronograph, which contains from the flood to Otho Caesar, 2377 years. Now, therefore, as God's supporter and illustrator, as we have said in other commentaries, we have completed the first part of the Topical and Chronological History, now also we have transferred from the public and approved faith the chronology, and the temporal, which, from the flood of the ancient Ogyges, up to the first Otho, he wrote out in equal numbers as many years as the public faith of the monarchies gathers, as it is evident when comparing them both.

[Annius here seems to calculate the date of the deluge to 2308 BC, which I estimate is 447 years after it occurred, in 2755 BC. This discrepancy is mostly because neither he nor his sources seem to be aware that 1) the 331 years elapsing between the flood and the collapse of the Tower in *Jubilees*, were preserved as "131 years" in European records, resulting in a loss of 200 years; and 2) the pages roughly corresponding to the Mycenean Age, c. 1545-1318 BC, seem to have been ripped out of the Master copy of European records, most likely in the 4th century BC, as can be detected especially in the received version of the so-called *Manethonian Supplement* (*"Pseudo-Manetho"*), meaning a further discrepancy of about 227 years from this gap. These are the two largest discrepancies in our calculations among many other more minor ones, resulting in the overall difference between them of 447 years.]

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