Lactarius fuliginosus

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***Lactarius fuliginosus***, commonly known as the **sooty milkcap**, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The medium-sized fruit bodies have velvety, grayish-brown caps and crowded gills. It is found in deciduous forests of Asia, Europe, and North America.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by Austrian botanist Karl Von Krapf in 1782 as *Agaricus fuliginosus*. Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned this name in his 1821 *Systema mycologicum*, and later (1838) transferred it to the genus *Lactarius* in his *Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici*. Other synonyms include Paul Kummer's 1871 *Galorrheus fuliginosus* and Otto Kuntze's 1891 *Lactifluus fuliginosus*. Paul Konrad and André Maublanc's subspecies *picinus* is now known as the distinct species *L. picinius*. *L. fuliginosus* form *speciosus*, described by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1928, has been elevated to a distinct species as *L. romagnesii*, while his form *albipes* is now *L. azonites*. Fries's 1838 form *major* is now *L. lignyotus*.

*Lactarius fuliginosus* is classified in the section *Plinothgali* of subgenus *Plinthogalus* in the genus *Lactarius*. Species in this section are characterized by having caps and stipes ranging in colour from buff to pale brown to grayish-brown and pinkish-staining flesh. Molecular analysis published in 2012 showed that *L. fuliginosus* and *L. picinus* are sibling species, and cannot be reliably distinguished using morphology alone. Dirk Stubbe suggests that the geneti of *L. fuliginosus* from *L. picinus* was a fairly recent event that involved a host switch from deciduous to coniferous trees.

The specific epithet *fuliginosus* derives from the Latin word for "sooty". It is commonly known as the "sooty milkcap".

## Description

 File:2009-12-25 Lactarius fuliginosus (Fr.) Fr 71479.jpg
The cap is convex to flattened, sometimes with a small central depression, and measures Template:Convert in diameter. The surface of the cap is dry, smooth, and has a velvety texture. It sometimes develops small wrinkles in the center, while the cap margin develops irregular grooves in maturity. Its colour is buff to grayish-brown to dark fawn, sometimes with darker spots and a lighter margin. The crowded gills have an adnate to slightly decurrent attachment to the stipe. They have an olive-buff to pinkish-buff colour, and stain pinkish. The cylindric stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick and tapers to the base. Its surface texture is similar to the cap, but is coloured paler, and is whitish near the top. The flesh is whitish, but stains pinkish where injured; it is thick and firm in the cap and stipe. It has no significant odor and a mild to slightly acrid taste. The mushroom's sparse latex is white but dries pinkish, imparting that colour when it stains the gills and flesh. *Lactarius fuliginosus* is not edible, and may be somewhat poisonous.

The spore print is pinkish buff. The spores are spherical to broadly ellipsoid, measuring 7.4–9.2 by 6.6–8.4 µm. The spore surface is covered with an almost complete reticulum with narrow ridges up to about 1 µm high, and irregular warts that stain amyloid with Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are somewhat club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 40–55 by 10–12 µm. The cap cuticle is in the form of a trichoepithelium measuring 50–100 µm thick comprising cylindric terminal hyphae measuring 20–45 by 5–8 µm.

### Similar species

*Lactarius azonites* is similar in appearance to *L. fuliginosus* but can be distinguished by its cap shape with an irregularly scalloped margin, the irregular and often anastomosing gills, the pale to almost whitish stipe, and the thick flesh that quickly turns red with injury. Microscopically, its spores have more regular surface ridges and a more widely meshed reticulum.

## Habitat and distribution

*Lactarius fuliginosus* is ectomycorrhizal with deciduous trees. Its fruit bodies grow on the ground in deciduous forests of Europe and North America. In Asia, it has been recorded from Kashmir Valley in India, China, and Japan.

## Chemistry

The fruit bodies were noted to have insecticidal properties in a 1990 publication. Later research revealed the presence of a stearic acid ester that, upon injury to the mushrooms, coverts to an acrid phenol compound that oxidizes to a mixture of benzofuran and red chromene pigments. This is part of a wound-activated chemical defense system used by the fungus to deter mycophagy.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1838`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kummer 1871`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kuntze 1891`
4. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen *et al*. (2000), p. 242.
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lange 1928`
6. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen *et al*. (2000), p. 234.
7. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen *et al*. (2000), p. 226.
8. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen *et al*. (2000), p. 27.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Stubbe 2012`
10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rea 1922`
11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRecommended English Names for Fungi - Scottish Fungi`
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Heilmann-Clausen *et al*. (2000), pp. 244–5.
13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ettore 2012`
14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Chapuis 1980`
15. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen *et al*. (2000), p. 239.
16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Abraham 1985`
17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dowd 1990`
18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Conca 1981`
19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Debernardi 1992`
20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Spiteller 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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