recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Queen Cassiopeia (2010 film)

**Queen Cassiopeia** is a minor antagonist in the 2010 film of *Clash of the Titans*.

## History

Cassiopeia becomes Queen of Argos sometime after Acrisius. She and King Kepheus have a daughter, and names her Andromeda.

## Personality

The queen was vain and self-centered, always believing Andromeda more pretty than any woman in Greece, even the goddess Aphrodite. Hades even believed she was a foolish woman and aged her to old age as punishment. Her husband and daughter still loved Cassiopeia, and both were heart-broken when she passed on.
Amphicyon

***Amphicyon*** (am-fih-sigh-on) was a genus of large predatory mammal that lived during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs.

## Characteristics

The largest *Amphicyon* species could grow to about 2.5 meters in length, 1.1 meters in height, and have a mass in excess of 600 kg.

*Amphicyon* is popularly referred to as the "bear dog." While not a bear nor a dog, it was comparable in some ways, possessing a dog-like head and a stocky bear-like body.

In online reconstructions, it is often portrayed incorrectly as a "digitigrade," meaning an animal that walked on its toes. Dogs, for example, are digitigrades. The toe acts as a foot and the foot gives the illusion of an extra joint. Amphicyonids were "plantigrades," meaning their back feet would be flat on the ground, similar to humans or bears.

## The living creature

The largest *Amphicyon* species would be apex predators, capable of wrestling down powerful prey like *Chalicotherium*. For a while, *Amphicyon* species coexisted with creodonts like *Hyaenodon* and enteledonts like *Daeodon*.

## Importance

Amphicyonids played an important role in Miocene ecology. *Amphicyon* species are known to have existed on every continent except Antarctica and South America.

This reconstruction, while cool, depicts *Amphicyon* incorrenctly as a "digitigrade"This reconstruction accurately depicts *Amphicyon* as a "plantigrade"
Hades

**Hades** is the main antagonist in *Clash of the Titans* and later reformed in *Wrath of the Titans* after Zeus apologized for abandoning Hades in the Underworld.

## Appearances

### Clash of the Titans (2010 remake)

Hades first appears after sending the Furies on the people of Argos and attacks the ship Perseus and his family are on.

Appearing on Mount Olympus, Hades begins to manipulate events to enact his revenge on his younger brother Zeus for leaving him hated and alone in the Underworld. He uses Zeus' anger at his advantage and manages to get permission to go down to where the mortals are, going around celebrating about bringing about the downfall of the Olympians.

Hades appears back to Argos, where his surprised to find Perseus is still alive and sole survivor of the ship. He approaches Cassiopeia, calling her a foolish mortal Queen, esspecially since the Gods are above them. He reveals his identity to the mortals, who all gasp in shock. To punish the city for their queen's insolence, Hades ages Cassiopeia and threatens that he will unleash the Kraken in ten days when the sun is eclipsed and have the entire city wiped from the earth, unless they sacrifice Princess Andromeda, who they have so foolishly compared to the gods to. Before disappearing, Hades reveals it is the will of Zeus and reveals to Perseus that the Lord of Olympus is his father.

Hades makes a deal with Acrisius: he'll destroy Zeus in exchange for the mortal man to destroy Perseus. Hades unleashes the Kraken and reveals to his brother he is going to destroy Zeus for leaving him in the Underworld.

On the tenth day of the deadline, Hades unleashes the Kraken but makes his intentions to Zeus: he needs the fear of humans to fuel on power. However, his  plan falls through when  Perseus uses Medusa's head to turn the Kraken to stone. Hades confronted and taunted Perseus of how he would live forever as a god; but with the  combined  forces of father and son, Perseus and Zeus  banish Hades back into the Underworld with Perseus' sword and Zeus' lightning. They both predict that Hades will return and attempt to take advantage of men growing weak and their fears again

### *Wrath of the Titans*

Hades returns in the 2012 sequel to the remake. He has aligned himself with Ares and Kronos by restoring his father back to power by draining Zeus of his essence. However after Zeus apologizes for abandoning Hades in the Underworld to be hated and feared. Hades forgives Zeus when his younger brother is nearing death and uses the last of his strength to revive his brother. The two join the human on the battle field to defend their allies from Kronos. Zeus is badly wounded and passes away from his wounds before making his peace with Perseus.

Hades tells Perseus that now he will travel the world as a mortal, thinking that now he has no powers, he will be better off without it.

## Images

1/2
Tale of the Yokai

**Tale of the Yokai** is the twentieth episode of the third season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

## Synopsis

When the Turtles are accidentally transported to the past, they happen to cross paths with a familiar ninja clan.

## Characters

### Major Characters

* Leonardo (Seth Green)
* Donatello (Rob Paulsen)
* Raphael (Sean Astin)
* Michelangelo (Greg Cipes)
* Oroku Saki (Kevin Michael Richardson)
* Hamato Yoshi (Hoon Lee)
* Tang Shen (Minae Noji)

### Minor Characters

* April O'Neil (Cameo)
* Casey Jones (Cameo)
* Hamato Miwa
* Hamato Yuta (Hoon Lee)
* Renet (Ashley Johnson)
* Hamato Clan Ninja (Yuri Lowenthal)
Perseus

**This article is a disambiguation page for Perseus**

The following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.

Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

There are four articles with that title:

* "**Perseus,**" the Greek myth that *Clash of the Titans* is based upon.
* **Perseus**, the Greek mythology character
* **Perseus**, the 1981 version of the character. First iteration of the character, portrayed by Harry Hamlin
* **Perseus**, the 2010 version of the character. Second iteration of the character, portrayed by Sam Worthington.
Coelophysis

***Coelophysis*** (see-low-fise-iss) was a genus of small, slender predatory dinosaur that lived between the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic.

## Characteristics

*Coelophysis* could grow to around 3 meters in length and 1 meter in height. Adults demonstrate two distinct morphs. One is comparatively more robust, probably reaching a mass of around 20 kg in life. The other is even more lightly built, probably only reaching around 15 kg.

## The living creature

In the past, *Coelophysis* has been thought to have been a cannibal, due to stomach contents that seemed to point toward cannibalistic behavior. However, these have since been shown to belong to an unrelated reptile. However, another discovery showed regurgitate material in the mouth of a *Coelophysis*, which seems to some to contain the teeth of a juvenile.

The two different *Coelophysis* body types are thought to indicate sexual dimorphism.

At a place called Ghost Ranch, many *Coelophysis* were buried together. This suggests pack-hunting behavior to some. However, others believe it was just a result of a flash flood killing multiple *Coelophysis* and washing them into a similar area.

## Importance

*Coelophysis* discoveries in Africa indicate that this genus lived into the Early Jurassic.

Since *Coelophysis* has been known to science for well over a hundred years, it has also been studied quite extensively. It is now the state fossil of New Mexico.
Poseidon (2010 film)

**Poseidon** was the god of the sea, the father of the demigod Agenor, the husband of Amphitrite, the brother of Hades and Zeus and the uncle of Perseus.

## Relationships

### Amphitrite

Amphitrite is Poseidon's wife. She is neither seen nor mentioned, but he did have other affairs with other mothers. But Amphitrite isn't shown having any resentment of the children in the myths, as she hardly seeks revenge like Hera does.

### Medusa

Poseidon attempted to seduce the priestess, Medusa. Athena caught them having sex in her temple and cursed Medusa so Poseidon would never want her again.

### Io

Poseidon tried to seduce Io, but she refused his advance. Instead of doing anything rash, all he did was curse her with immortality, unless she falls in battle.

## Trivia

* Poseidon was featured in *Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief*
Perseus (1981 film)

**Perseus** is the protagonist of the 1981 film, *Clash of the Titans*.

because Perseus had interacted with Zeus once, where the father contacted the son. The Greek god had supplied
Perseus with many gifts that helped the young man on his

## Family

* **Zeus** (father)
* **Danaë** (mother)
* **Andromeda** (wife)
* **Queen Cassiopeia** (mother-in-law)
* **Hera** (stepmother)
* **Poseidon** (paternal uncle)
* **Titans** (paternal ancestors)
Paralatitan

Paralatitan vs Carcharodontosaurus

Paralatitan is considered an "Extremely Massive Titanosaur" because many size estimates state that it could grow to over 40 metric tonnes. Very few other sauropod dinosaurs have reached near this size. It was much larger than Carcharodontosaurus, the dominant land predator of its time as well as the aquatic predator Spinosaurus, which in all likelihood did not normally attack dinosaurs. An adult Paralatitan probably had no predators.

## Size

Although it is smaller than the largest titanosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, it was still extremely massive. This has led to the question: why did late Cretaceous titanosaurs grow so large. This probably had to do with the appearance of flowering plants. These plants grew to produce enough food to feed these titanosaurs into giants. The size can also be accounted for by the fact that the later titanosaurs had more advanced eating systems.
Ein

**Ein** jest jedną z głównych postaci w anime *Cowboy Bebop*. Jest „psem danych”; rasy Corgi Pembroke, którego inteligencja została znacznie ulepszona przez placówkę badawczą, chociaż dokładnie to, co zrobiono w celu zwiększenia jego inteligencji, nigdy nie jest w pełni wyjaśnione w serii.

## Inteligencja Eina

Ein może wykonywać następujące czynności:

* Prowadzić samochód (tylko koło)
* Odbieranie telefonu
* Komunikowanie się z innymi zwierzętami
* Włamywanie się do komputerowej bazy danych przy użyciu swojego umysłu
* Granie w Shogi
* Oglądanie telewizji

Pomimo zwiększonej inteligencji, Ein pozostaje niezdolny do mówienia (poza szczekaniem jak każdy pies). Z tego powodu jego inteligencja w dużej mierze pozostaje niezauważona. Ed rozumiała Eina poprzez mowę ciała i szczekanie. Ein szczeka także raz na „tak” i dwa razy na „nie”.

W odcinku *Wild Horses* Ein wymawia nazwę odcinka. Spike to słyszy i jest zszokowany, ale wydaje się, że stara się tym nie przejmować. Będąc zapowiedzią, prawdopodobnie nie jest to uważane za kanoniczne.

## Ciekawostki

* Wszystkie wokalizacje Eina wykonał Cardigan Welsh Corgi o imieniu Jack, którego właścicielem jest producent serialu Kazuhiko Ikeguchi.
* Biorąc pod uwagę bardzo inteligentną naturę psa, nazwa „Ein” jest prawdopodobnie skrótem od „Einstein”.
* Popularność Eina w serialu spowodowała wzrost popularności Welsh Corgi o nazwie „Ein”.
* Inną możliwością jest to, że nazwa ta jest niemieckim tłumaczeniem słowa „jeden”. Można również zinterpretować, że w języku japońskim szczekanie psów jest „wan” (ワ ン, wymawiane tak samo jak „jeden”), stąd nazwa „Ein”.
* Aluzja do Eina pojawia się w serii *RWBY Rooster Teeth* poprzez postać Zweia (pies podobnej rasy i inteligencji). Eins to niemieckie słowo „jeden”, a Zwei to niemieckie „dwa”.
The Crypt of Dracula

**The Crypt of Dracula** is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

## Synopsis

The Turtles and Renet travel back in time to prevent Savanti Romero from creating his undead army by releasing Dracula from his tomb.

## Characters

* Leonardo (Seth Green)
* Donatello (Rob Paulsen)
* Raphael (Sean Astin)
* Michelangelo (Greg Cipes)
* Renet (Ashley Johnson)
* Dracula (Chris Sarandon)
* Esmeralda (Dana Delorenzo)
* Savanti Romero (Graham McTavish)
Titanoboa

***Titanoboa*** (tie-tan-oh-boe-ah) was a genus of giant snake that lived in South America during the Paleocene epoch.

## Characteristics

*Titanoboa* was first estimated at 12.8 meters in length and 1,135 kg in mass. A 2013 estimate suggests it could grow even larger, to around 14.3 meters in length.

## The living creature

*Titanoboa* is thought to have fed primarily on fish.

## Importance

*Titanoboa* is the largest snake currently known, greatly exceeded *Gigantophis* in length an mass. It has also been the subject of debates regarding its time period, the Paleocene epoch. During what is called the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the earth is thought to have been warmer than it was at any other time for the past billion years. However, the size of *Titanoboa* has been used to criticize these estimates, as some researchers believe *Titanoboa* would overheat if the ambient temperature was as high as others think.
Marmara

**Marmara** was the wife of Spyros, the adoptive mother of Perseus, biological mother of Tekla and the adoptive grandmother of Helius. She dies after Hades attack his ship .

## Family

* **Spyros (husband; deceased)**
* Tekla (daughter; deceased)
* **Perseus** (adoptive son)
* **Io** (deceased adoptive daughter-in-law)
* **Helius** (adoptive grandson)
Perseus (mythology character)

This article is about the mythology character.

```

 ### Species

 Demigod

 ### Gender

 Male

 ### Title(s)

 Prince

## Relationships

 ### Parent(s)

 Zeus (father)
Danae (mother)

 ### Sibling(s)

 Aeacus, Angelos, Apollo, Ares, Hephaestus, Heracles, Hermes, Minos, Rhadamanthus (half-brothers)
Aphrodite, Artemis, Athena, Eileithyia, Enyo, Eris, Ersa, Hebe, Helen of Troy, Pandia, Persephone,the Graces, the Horae, the Litae, the Muses, the Moirai (half-sisters)

 ### Spouse(s)

 Andromeda

 ### Child(ren)

 Perses, Heleus, Alcaeus, Sthenelus, Electryon, Mestor, Cynurus (sons)
Gorgophone, Autochthe (daughter)

 ### Other Family

 * Danae (mother)
* Zeus (father)
* Andromeda (wife)

```

**Perseus**, in Greek mythology, was the demigod son of Zeus and Danae.

## Family

* **Zeus** (father)
* **Danaë** (mother)
* **Andromeda** (wife)
* **Queen Cassiopeia** (mother-in-law)
* **Hera** (stepmother)
* **Poseidon** (paternal uncle)
* **Titans** (paternal ancestors)
Aeropostale

**Aéropostale, Inc.** (occasionally known as **Aéro**) is an American shopping mall-based specialty retailer of casual apparel and accessories, principally targeting 14-to-21-year-old young women and men through its Aéropostale stores and 4-to-8-year-old children through its P.S. from Aéropostale stores.

Aéropostale maintains control over its proprietary brands by designing, sourcing, marketing and selling all of its own merchandise.

The company operates over 992 Aéropostale stores in 50 states in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, and over 78 stores in Canada. P.S. from Aéropostale operates 99 stores in 22 states.

Aéropostale's licensees operated 31 Aéropostale and P.S. from Aéropostale stores in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, Mexico, and Panama.

The first store was opened by Macy's in 1987 at Westside Pavilion in West Los Angeles, California in 1987.
Giraffatitan

Once thought to be a different species of *Brachiosaurus*, *B. brancai*, ***Giraffatitan*** (jur-aff-uh-titan) is now known to be an entirely different genus.

## Characteristics

The most recent estimate puts the upper length of *Giraffatitan* at 26 meters. The projected shoulder height is 6.8 meters, and the mass is about 48,000 kg. *Giraffatitan* was a macronarian Sauropod, a group with longer forelimbs than hind limbs.

## The living creature

*Giraffatitan* was a higher-level browser, perhaps capable of feeding on treetops. It also had a very interesting nasal structure that may have been used for communication.

## Importance

For much of the 20th century, *Giraffatitan*, at the time credited as *Brachiosaurus*, was the heaviest dinosaur known. A series of studies have shown numerous differences between the two genera.
Apollo

**Apollo** is the god of the sun, the twin brother of Artemis, and is portrayed by Luke Evans.

## Apollo

### Family

Zeus - Father
Leto - Mother
Hera - Stepmother
Artemis - Sister
Perseus - Half-Brother
 Hephaestus - Half-Brother
 Hermes - Half-Brother
 Ares - Half-Brother
 Artemis - Half-Sister
 Athena - Half-Sister
 Aphrodite - Half-Sister
 Coeus - Grandfather
 Phoebe - Grandmother
 Kronos - Grandfather
 Rhea - Grandmother
 Gaia - Great-Grandmother
 Ouranus - Great-Grandfather
 Tartarus - Step-Great-Grandfather

Hades - Uncle
Poseidon - Uncle
Agenor - Cousin
Hestia - Aunt
Demeter - Aunt
Helius - Nephew
 Io - Half-Sister-in-Law
Leptolepis

Leptolepis by Darren Pepper

Although *Leptolepis* looks relatively ordinary, it is among the most extraordinary fish ever. The first reason is of course that it was around from 242 to 112 million years, which means that it lived about 130 million years. Another huge excitement of *Leptolepis* is that evidence suggests that it was the oldest true bony fish. Bony fish in this case refers to ray-finned fish, because although previous fish such as *Dunkleosteus* had bones, they are not classified within this group. There is no evidence suggesting that there were Ray finned fish before *Leptolepis*.
Helius

**Helius** is the son of Perseus in the 2012 film *Wrath of the Titans*. He is also revealed to be the only child Perseus had with his wife Io.

## Biography

### Early Life

Helius was born off-screen to Io and Perseus

## Family

* **Io** (mother)
* **Perseus** (father)
* **Zeus** (paternal grandfather; deceased)
* **Danae** (paternal grandmother; deceased)
* **Spyros** (adoptive grandfather; deceased)
* **Marmara** (adoptive grandmother; deceased)
* **Tekla** (adoptive aunt; deceased)
* **Hades** (paternal great-uncle)
* **Poseidon** (Paternal great-uncle)
* **Agenor** (paternal first cousin once removed)
* **Hera** (paternal step-grandmother)
* **Kronos** (paternal great-grandfather; deceased)

## Mythology

Helius is based on Helius, one of the sons of Andromeda and

## Trivia

* In the mythologies, Helius is the son of Perseus and Andromeda (rather than Io like the movie version says).
Demeter

**Demeter** is the daughter of Rhea and Kronos and sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hera, and Hestia.

## History

Shortly after her birth, Demeter was eaten by her father and began to grow within him. Later, she was freed by her brother, Zeus. She later participated in the Titanomachy, joining her siblings and overthrowing their father, Kronos.

Many years later, an uprising began by King Acrisius. Demeter, along with the other gods, wanted to lay waste to Acrisius' warriors. Demeter gained a nephew when Zeus had a child with Danae. About twenty years later, Demeter sided with others to just make peace with the other humans. However, her brother, Hades told Zeus to let him loose upon the mortals and made them pay for destroying their temples.
Cryolophosaurus

***Cryolophosaurus*** (cry-oh-loaf-oh-sore-us) was a predatory dinosaur from Early Jurassic Antarctica.

## Characteristics

*Cryolophosaurus* was one of the largest known theropods of the Early Jurassic, reaching around 6.5 meters in length and 2 meters in height. It is estimated to have been over 460 kilograms.

The Crest of *Cryolophosaurus* was even larger than that of the famous *Dilophosaurus*.

## The living creature

The use of the crest of *Cryolophosaurus* is being debated. A popular conjecture is that it was used for sexual display. The diet of *Cryolophosaurus* is not fully understood, but some evidence suggests that small mammals made up part of its diet.

During the time of the Dinosaurs, there were no polar ice caps. This can be determined by the high level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at the time. However, that does not mean that there were no cold regions. The Antarctic soil does show evidence of permafrost, and it most likely snowed in the winter. It is possible that *Cryolophosaurus* and some other Antarctic dinosaurs would have possessed adaptations for this environment such as feathers.

## Importance

*Cryolophosaurus* is possibly the best known Antarctic dinosaur. Besides that, it's taxonomy has also been the subject of quite a bit of debate. Initially, it was thought to have been a Dilophosaur, however, this idea has been disputed.
Elasmosaurus

***Elasmosaurus*** (ee-las-mow-sore-us) was a genus of large Plesiosaur that lived in North America's interior seaways during the Late Cretaceous.

## Characteristics

*Elasmosaurus* length estimates range from 10 to 14 meters. The most iconic feature of *Elasmosaurus* is its neck, which contained 72 vertebrae and could exceed 7 meters in length.

## The living creature

*Elasmosaurus* was a large predator. It probably fed primarily on fish. Its eyes were positioned on the top of its head, meaning that it would see the water above it with an excellent degree of depth perception. This would have helped it catch fish higher in the water column. However, *Elasmosaurus* also was attacked by the large shark *Cretoxyrhina* on occasion.

## Importance

*Elasmosaurus* has become an iconic plesiosaur. It is also known for the paleontologist who named it, Edward Drinker Cope. Cope switched the neck and the tail in his first reconstructions.
Brontosaurus

***Brontosaurus*** (bront-oh-sore-us) was a genus of large Sauropod that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic.

## Characteristics

The largest *Brontosaurus* species could reach about 24.5 meters in length, and have a shoulder height of 8.5 meters. Large *Brontosaurus* are thought to have had a mass of around 15,000 kg. It had a large, bulky torso, a long neck, and an extremely long tail.

## The living creature

Fully grown Brontosaurus were comparable in size to their relatives *Apatosaurus* and *Diplodocus*. They would have probably been medium-level browsers. Adult *Brontosaurus* would have presented a formidable challenge to predators like *Allosaurus*, but juveniles could be taken down with less difficulty.

## Importance

*Brontosaurus* is easily the most famous Sauropod dinosaur, featured often in media, especially from the 20th century.

In 1903, the paleontologist Elmer Riggs concluded that *Brontosaurus* was an invalid genus based on similarities to *Apatosaurus*. While a 2015 study reached a different conclusion, restoring *Brontosaurus* as a valid genus, some paleontologists still agree with Riggs' interpretation.
Corythosaurus

A deviant art artist's reconstruction of Corythosaurus

***Corythosaurus*** (core-eeth-oh-sore-us) was a genus of Hadrosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## Characteristics

Large *Corythosaurus* could reach about 8.1 meters in length, 2.7 meters in height, and a mass of 3,079 kg.

*Corythosaurus* is best known for its helmet-shaped crest. This could reach about 70 cm in height.

## The living creature

*Corythosaurus* was a herbivore. Analysis of its scleral rings, bones within its eyes, showed that *Corythosaurus* might have been active for some of the daytime and the nighttime.

Analysis of the ear drums of *Corythosaurus* show that it could also hear quite well, meaning that hearing was one of its most important senses. This reinforces the idea that its subfamily, the Lambeosaurine Hadrosaurs, which are known for hollow crests, used these crests for communication, perhaps to warn other individuals of nearby predators. It is also possible that these crests were used for display.

*Corythosaurus* would have been primarily quadrupedal, or four legged. It might have reared up on its hind legs to access higher vegetation.

## Importance

Early Hadrosaur reconstructions depicted them as swamp-dwellers. A *Corythosaurus* specimen was found with the impressions of what appeared to be "webbing" on its feet, similar to a duck. Therefore, this seemed to back up the idea of a swamp-dwelling creature. However, later study revealed that this was simply caused by skin imprints from what would have been similar to foot-padding, seen on many modern animals.

The first *Corythosaurus* specimen was discovered in 1911. However, the two best preserved specimens were uncovered in 1912. They were being transported to England in 1916 on the cargo ship *SS Mount Temple*, famous for its controversial role in the *Titanic* story. On 6 December, *SS Mount Temple* was intercepted by SMS *Mowe*, an Imperial German commerce vessel modified to attack allied merchant shipping. *SS Mount Temple* was sunk, and the *Corythosaurus* specimens, along with many other fossils, and 1,200 horses intended to serve on the western front, went down with the ship.
Hyaenodon

***Hyaenodon*** (hi-een-oh-don) was a genus of large predatory mammal that inhabited North American, Eurasia and Africa, from the late Eocene to the middle Miocene.

## Characteristics

*Hyaenodon* was a genus of Creodont, a family of predatory mammal that had adapted to fill a wide variety of lifestyles. Even the size among species within the genus *Hyaenodon* was dramatically varied. The largest species, *Hyaenodon gigas*, could grow to around 3 meters in length, and probably weighed over 500 kg. On the other end of the spectrum, *Hyaenodon microdon* was about half a meter long, and probably did not weigh more than 5 kg.

## The living creature

As Cerodont, *Hyaenodon* had a relatively large head and relatively powerful jaws. Its brain was more primitive than later large predators such as Amphicyonids, also known as Bear Dogs.

Along with Entelodonts, which were important Miocene carnivores related distantly to hippopotemi, large *Hyaenodon* species were probably the top predators of North America, and likely preyed on primitive horses and camels.

Larger *Hyaenodon* species probably faced competition from Enteledonts and Mesonychids. Some Nimravid species might also have been able to challenge some of the smaller *Hyaenodon* species over carcasses.

Eventually, Creodonts became "second-rate" predators as the overall environmental shifts resulted in their likely hunting styles becoming less viable. During the Miocene, Amphicyonids appear to have migrated to North America, and some see this as being a small factor in the extinction of *Hyaenodon*.

## Importance

   Creodonts are some of the most important animals in Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene ecology. *Hyaenodon* is probably the best known of all of these animals. It has been represented in popular media several times and has also been extensively studied due to the large number of material and species attributed to it.
Aucasaurus

***Aucasaurus*** (au-ka-sore-us) was a genus of medium-sized Abelisaur that lived in South America during the Late Cretaceous, about 85-80 million years ago.

## Characteristics

*Aucasaurus* could grow to around 6.1 meters in length and 2 meters in height. It's mass was around 1,500 kg.

While Tyrannosaurs like *T. rex* are often stereotyped as having proportionally small arms, Abelisaurs had even smaller arms relative to their body size. *Aucasaurus* in particular had extremely short arms and basically no fingers and no claws.

## The living creature

*Aucasaurus* was a predator, probably feeding on medium-sized prey items.

## Importance

The holotype of *Aucasaurus*, meaning the specimen that the description of the genus was based on, was only missing the end of its tail, making it the most complete Abelisaur yet described. It's braincase was analyzed, and its brain bears interesting differences from some other Abelisaurs.

The skull of the *Aucasaurus* holotype was also damaged, leading to speculation that it died in a fight.
Saurophaganax

***Saurophaganax*** (sore-oh-fag-an-acks) was a genus of Allosaurid predatory dinosaur that lived in what became the Jurassic Morrison Formation.

## Characteristics

Length estimates range from 10.5 to 13 meters. At its head, *Saurophaganax* would have been around 4 meters tall. It's mass estimates range from 3,000 to 4,500 kg.

## The living creature

*Saurophaganax* is only known from fragmentary remains from the Morrison formation. This could be down to multiple factors. As the largest predator found in the formation, *Saurophaganax* likely needed large territories for themselves, similar to today's big cats. On the other hand, the medium sized *Allosaurus*, which is the most common carnivore found in the Morrison formation, required less food to sustain itself and therefore could coexist more easily with it's own kind.

## Importance

There is an ongoing scientific debate over the validity of the *Saurophaganax* genus, specifically whether or not it is actually a species of *Allosaurus*. If it is in fact a species of *Allosaurus*, it would be the largest known species, with a length 2 and 5 meters longer than an average *Allosaurus fragilis*, the most common species of *Allosaurus*. However, the most recent studies tend to classify *Saurophaganax* as a separate genus, pointing to differences in the vertebrae among other factors.
Apatosaurus

***Apatosaurus*** (uh-pat-oh-sore-us) was a genus of large Diplodocid Sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic.

## Characteristics

Large *Apatosaurus* could approach 23 meters in length. At the shoulder, they were around 5 meters tall. For a Diplodocid Sauropod, they was very heavily built. Most modern mass estimates are between 21,000 and 38,000 kg. However, one specimen has been estimated between 32,000 and 72,000 kg.

## The living creature

*Apatosaurus* was an herbivore, probably feeding on medium-level vegetation. It shared its environment with numerous large predators such as *Allosaurus*. These carnivores might have posed a threat to younger individuals, but a healthy adult *Apatosaurus* was probably too large to have any natural predators.

## Importance

*Apatosaurus* is one of the oldest known Diplodocids. It has been analyzed extensively, showing interesting similarities and differences to the famous *Diplodocus*.

*Apatosaurus* is the type genus of a subfamily, containing itself and the similar *Brontosaurus*. In the early 1900s, a study concluded that *Brontosaurus* and *Apatosaurus* were members of the same genus. This was accepted for more than a century, although, the name "*Brontosaurus*" was still used commonly, and it became perhaps the most famous of all Sauropods. A 2015 study concluded that *Brontosaurus* was, in fact, a separate genus, and it now contains several former *Apatosaurus* species. However, not all paleontologists agree with this classification.
Giganotosaurus

***Giganotosaurus*** (giga-note-oh-sore-us) was a genus of Carcharodontosaur that lived in the Patagonian region of Argentina during the Mid Cretaceous.

## Characteristics

Like all large Carcharodontosaurs, not enough is known about *Giganotosaurus* to be certain about size estimates. However, almost 70% has been preserved on one specimen, allowing for more certainty than usual. It could have reached 12 meters in length, and, some individuals possibly exceeded 16 meters.

The head of *Giganotosaurus* was proportionally quite large. Its eyes were positioned on the sides of its head, meaning that it would not have good depth perception in comparison to later predators like *Carnotaurus*.

## The living creatures

*Giganotosaurus* is thought to have fed primarily on long-necked Sauropods. *Andesaurus* has been suggested as a potential prey item. *Giganotosaurus* would have been the apex predator of its environment, more than capable of forcing smaller carnivores off of their kills.

## Importance

*Giganotosaurus* has become one of the most famous predatory dinosaurs as it was claimed to have been larger than *T. rex*, the animal that has been historically given this title. It is also possible that *Giganotosaurus* exceeded the famous *Spinosaurus* in size supposing the "semi-aquatic" *Spinosaurus* reconstructions are correct.
Ambulocetus

***Ambulocetus*** (am-byoo-low-see-tus) was a genus of terrestrial whale that is known from Eocene Pakistan.

## Characteristics

*Ambulocetus* could grow to around 3 meters in length. Its mass might have exceeded 230 kg. It had a long snout that would have been useful for capturing fish.

## The living creature

*Ambulocetus* is thought to have behaved similarly to a modern crocodile. It could probably wait in the water as an ambush predator, but would have also been capable of short bursts of speed.

## Importance

*Ambulocetus*, along with *Pakicetus*, is one of the most famous early whales. It is also interesting because it represents whales' transition from a semi-aquatic lifestyle to a fully-aquatic lifestyle.
Neovenator

***Neovenator*** (nee-oh-veh-nuh-tore) was a genus of large predatory dinosaur that lived in Europe during the Early Cretaceous.

## Characteristics

*Neovenator* could grow to around 7.6 meters long, 2.5 meters tall, and between 1,000 and 2,000 kg.

While large, *Neovenator* was also fairly lightly built.

## The living creature

A study of the skull of *Neovenator* suggests it had sensory organs on its snout, similar to modern-day crocodilians and waterfowl. These are used to detect prey in the water, usually in low-visibility conditions. However, *Neovenator* is thought to have lived completely on land. Therefore, they were possibly used in courtship, perhaps to look over nests. In *Neovenator*, these structures are better preserved than those of any other predatory dinosaur.

*Neovenator* was one of the apex predators of its environment. However, it would have coexisted with the Spinosaur *Baryonyx*, which might have occasionally forced *Neovenator* off of kills.

## Importance

*Neovenator* is known to be a relative of *Allosaurus* and *Carcharodontosaurus*. However, it is not classified within the same family as either due to differences. It does belong to both the clades Allosauria and Carcharodontosauria. A "clade" is a classification based on a common ancestor and its descendants as opposed to normal "ranked taxonomy."
Mammuthus

## Mammuthus primmigenius

Woolly Mammoth

Mammuthus is an extinct genus commonly referred to as 'Mammoths'. They were highly adapted to living in the climate of the Pleistocene when they first appeared.

They may have been hunted by Ice Age humans and Homotherium. They also encountered a lot of the famous Ice Age fauna including Coelodonta (Woolly Rhino). Their tusks can still be found today and sometimes weigh several hundred pounds.

Mammoths also had a long coat of hair that could possibly shed in the summer months. They had a well adapted trunk similar to that of an Asian Elephant.

The Woolly mammoth was well adapted to the cold. Despite its thick fur, it also had several other adaptations. Its ears were much smaller than those of the African elephant, so Mammuthus probably did not loose as much heat through these.

There were several species of Mammoth. Mammuthus primmigenius, the most famous, was not the largest. Mammuthus trogontherii, the shongua river or steppe mammoth, was close to five meters tall and eight meters long. The Columbian mammoth of the Americas was almost as large reaching seven meters in length and four meters in height.

## Color

Different mammoths had different color based off several genes. Most were a darker more chocolate colored brown while some were tan, almost yellow. Some could be more ruddy in color too.

## Extinction

Mammoths lived until 2,000 B.C. when they died out because of their over grazing on Wrangel Island. It is possible that they are still around but this is highly unlikely.

## Resurrection

It has been proposed that humans should attempt to bring them back through cloning. The DNA of the Dinosaurs is long gone, but that of the Mammoths is still around. It also would be possible to use sperm from a mammoth to breed with a currently existing elephant like the Asian elephant. However, there is some resistance as some fear that this is 'playing god'. Also, others think it would be a sad end for the genus to end up trapped in zoos dependent on humans, supposing they could not live in the wild today.
Kentrosaurus

***Kentrosaurus*** (ken-tro-sore-us) was a genus of Stegosaur that lived in Africa during the Late Jurassic.

## Characteristics

While *Kentrosaurus* was a large animal, it was fairly small for a Stegosaur, growing to around 4.5 meters in length, 1.5 meters in height, and a mass of 1,000 kg.

*Kentrosaurus* is known for the spikes extending from its shoulder.

## The living creature

*Kentrosaurus* was a herbivore. Due to its posture, it probably fed on low vegetation.

*Kentrosaurus* would have been a suitable size for many predatory dinosaurs to attack. However, it's protective adaptations would have made this a very tall order. As a stegosaur, it had extensive small bony structures covering its skin. The tail contained at least forty vertebrae, meaning it was quite flexible, its many spikes probably covering a 180 degree arc behind the animal. The defensive nature of these spikes is evidenced by a wound on an *Allosaurus* from the related stegosaur *Stegosaurus*. Any predator that got past the tail would then be confronted by the shoulder spikes, which would make it very hard to launch a safe attack at a *Kentrosaurus*.

## Importance

*Kentrosaurus* has become quite famous for its distinctive shoulder spikes. When named, it was nearly considered an invalid taxon due to the similarity between "Kentrosaurus" and the Ceratopsian *Centrosaurus*. While several alternate names were proposed, *Kentrosaurus* is considered valid.

Many *Kentrosaurus* individuals were found together, suggesting to some that this dinosaur lived in large herds.
Postosuchus

***Postosuchus*** (post-oh-souk-us) was a genus of Rauisuchian predator that lived during the Late Triassic in what is now North America.

## Characteristics

Possibly exceeding 4 meters in length and 1.2 meters in height, *Postosuchus* was one of the largest known Triassic predators. It's mass might have exceeded 300 kg.

## The living creature

While *Postosuchus* has often been compared to a crocodile, its behavior would have been more similar to later large predatory dinosaurs. It was probably a bipedal carnivore, and its ecological position might not have even been too different from the Triassic predatory dinosaur *Herrerasaurus*.

## Importance

*Postosuchus* is almost certainly the most famous Rauisuchian due to its appearance in the 1999 miniseries *Walking With Dinosaurs*. However, it was portrayed as a crocodile-like carnivore in this series. Recent study has concluded with relative certainty that its forelimbs could not be used as legs.
Spinosaurus

***Spinosaurus*** (spy-no-sore-us) is probably the most famous Spinosaur. It lived in Africa during the Mid Cretaceous.

## Characteristics

*Spinosaurus* is the longest known predatory dinosaur. Only small amounts of material have been attributed to this genus. Length estimates for *Spinosaurus* range from 15-22 meters, and mass estimates can be as low as 6,000 kg, or above 10,000 kg.

## The living creature

Like all Spinosaurs, its unique long crocodile-like snout would have made it excellent at capturing slippery fish. Its nostrils were positioned closer to its eyes, meaning that it could keep its snout mostly submerged and still be able to breathe. The snout of *Spinosaurus* also appears to have pores on the end that could possibly detect electrical signals from passing fish. The tail of *Spinosaurus* was also flat and, in the interpretation of some researchers, paddle-like.

Despite its obvious specialization, it was not confined to the water. Isotopic analysis shows some *Spinosaurus* populations were not more aquatic than other theropods.

## Importance

When German Paleontologist Ernst Stromer first described *Spinosaurus* remains in 1915, it was thought to have been a Carnosaur, a relative of *Allosaurus*. With more research moving it to the Spinosaur family with the famous *Baryonyx*, it also became widely accepted as being the largest ever predatory dinosaur, toppling *Giganotosaurus* and *Tyrannosaurus*. It is certainly one of the most popular of all predatory dinosaurs, appearing often in films and documentaries.

While some suggest it was a specialist fish-hunter, others believe it to have been a generalist, more like a bear. While capable of catching fish, this reconstruction also portrays it as forcing smaller carnivores from kills. At this point, there is not sufficient evidence to prove or disprove either interpretation. This debate is discussed in greater detail here.
Ceratosaurus

***Ceratosaurus*** (suh-rat-oh-sore-us) was a genus of theropod dinosaur that is known from Late Jurassic North America and Portugal.

## Characteristics

The largest *Ceratosaurus* grew to around 7 meters in length, 2 meters in height. Varying mass estimates have been presented, but all in the neighborhood of 700 kg.

*Ceratosaurus* is known for its nasal horn as well as the bony ridges above its eyes which would have resembled additional horns.

## The living creature

While *Ceratosaurus* was a large predator, it lived in the same time and place as *Allosaurus* and *Torvosaurus*, two genera that could each grow even larger. In sites where *Allosaurus* and *Ceratosaurus* are present together, *Allosaurus* outnumbers *Ceratosaurus* by a ratio of around 7.5:1. Perhaps *Allosaurus* was the apex predator and *Ceratosaurus* was rarer in areas where *Allosaurus* was present.

It has been suggested that *Ceratosaurus* could have lived in the water due to a number of potentially aquatic adaptations, including a proportionally broader tail than *Allosaurus*. While *Ceratosaurus* might have spent more time in the water, it is not seen by most as being fully semi aquatic, meaning that it is thought to have spent most of its time on land, probably living near rivers and only swimming when necessary.

## Importance

*Ceratosaurus* is well known due to its interesting appearance.
Triceratops

Triceratops reconstructed by a deviantart user

***Triceratops*** (try-sare-uh-tops) was a genus of large horned dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

## Characteristics

Large *Triceratops* could grow to around 9 meters in length, 3.5 meters in height, and 12,000 kg in mass.

*Triceratops* possessed a proportionally large frill. It was a Chasmosaurine, a subfamily noted for smaller horns when compared to their frills. However, for a Chasmosaurine, *Triceratops* had fairly large horns.

Imprints have revealed that *Triceratops* had a series of quills on its back.

## The living creature

*Triceratops* was a herbivore, probably a low-level browser.

The use of the horns and frill have been analyzed. Popularly, *Triceratops* is depicted as the "dinosaur hero," a plant-eater that fearlessly faced *T. rex* in battle. The horns seem to have been weapons used against other *Triceratops* for conflicts, perhaps over territory. *Triceratops* specimens have been found with what seem to be hones caused by the horns of other individuals. However, the frill is fairly brittle, and probably would be damaged in a charge, meaning that *Triceratops* might not have turned its horns on attacking Tyrannosaurs like it is popularly depicted as doing.

## Importance

Along with *Stegosaurus* and *T. rex*, *Triceratops* is the most famous dinosaur. It appears frequently in books, documentaries, films, and toys. Along with *Stegosaurus* and *T. rex*, it is the only dinosaur that is widely known by the general public in developed nations.

Recently, a debate has arisen when some paleontologists concluded that the related genus *Torosaurus* was actually the adult *Triceratops*. This led to media articles and social media videos with titles such as "*Triceratops* didn't exist." However, due to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the original name will be chosen as being valid. *Triceratops* was named before *Torosaurus*, meaning, if they are indeed the same genus, "*Triceratops*" will still be correct. At the same time, not all paleontologists are convinced that they are indeed synonymous.
Diplodocus

***Diplodocus*** (dip-low-doe-cus) is a genus of large Sauropod that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic.

## Characteristics

The largest species, *D. hallorum*, could exceed 36 meters in length. It would probably be around 4.5-6.4 meters at the shoulder, but its total height could be much more when it held its head fully erect. *Diplodocus* is known for its extremely long tail, containing around 80 vertebrae. The tail of *D. hallorum* could exceed 18 meters in length.

## The living creature

*Diplodocus* was probably a medium-level browser, which would have prevented competition with shorter Stegosaurs and taller Sauropods. Adult *Diplodocus* might have been too large for predators such as *Allosaurus*. However, carnivores like *Allosaurus* could probably pose a threat to younger individuals.

## Importance

*Diplodocus* is one of the most iconic dinosaurs. For a long time, it was the longest Sauropod known from reasonably complete material. It is also the type genus of the family Diplodocidae, the family that contains many other significant genera such as *Apatosaurus* and *Brontosaurus*.
Shunosaurus

***Shunosaurus*** (shoo-no-sore-us) is a genus of Sauropod that lived in China during the Late Jurassic. It is most known for a club-like bone on the end of its tail.

## Characteristics

Large *Shunosaurus* are estimated to have reached 9.5 meters in length and about 3.5 meters in height. Mass estimates reach 3,000 kg.

*Shunosaurus* is most known for a spikey "club" made out of bones on the end of its tail. It also had a relatively short neck by Sauropod standards.

## The living creature

The use of the club on the tail of *Shunosaurus* is not certain, but it is believed to have been a defense mechanism. It would have presented a formidable threat to any predators, as a lump of bone swung by a powerful Sauropod tail would be able to seriously wound any medium-sized theropod.

## Importance

The tail club of *Shunosaurus* is one of several other interesting defense mechanisms among Sauropods. Others including spines in *Amargasaurus* and armor in *Saltasaurus*. It is assumed that more Sauropod genre might have possessed a tail club similar to *Shunosaurus*.
Mosasaurus

***Mosasaurus*** (mow-sa-sore-us) was a genus of large Mosasaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous. Specimens assigned to *Mosasaurus* have been found on most continents.

## Characteristics

There are several different estimates of the size of *Mosasaurus*. However, the largest species is thought to have been under 13 meters, although, some specimens indicate an it could have grown slightly larger than this.

Like most Mosasaurs, *Mosasaurus* would have been long and "serpentine." However, the largest species is also the most robust, whereas the other species are more lightly built.

## The living creature

*Mosasaurus* was an apex predator, probably feeding primarily on smaller marine reptiles and large fish. It lived with other large Mosasaurs like *Tylosaurus*, but probably coexisted due to "niche partitioning," meaning that the two species used the environment differently.

## Importance

Mosasaurus is a relatively well known Mosasaur. It is also quite possibly the largest.