Kingdom of England

The **Kingdom of England** is played by Hiandrew.

## Actions

The Treaty of Tours is proposed, to be signed between England and France, planning to secure a truce in the Hundred Years' War for half a decade (includes an arrangement for Henry VI to marry Margaret of Anjou apparently).

A significant fire blazes at Old Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, England.

Officials and people will work on expanding knowledge at King's College, Cambridge (3 years after it was founded by King Henry the VI [6]), bringing great minds all alike. Yes, there will be Queens' College soon.

Henry re-asserts his claim over Brittany. Hopefully peace negotiations don't break down because of that. Battle of Sark. Battle of Maine. Battle of Gascony.

Earliest known grant of a patent in England, by Henry VI to John of Utynam for the introduction of coloured glass manufacture. John Talbot re-captures Bordeaux as England regains control of much of Gascony. Battle of Castillon. Yet soon, with French resilience they go for re-re-capturing Bordeaux.

England plays on many Hit-and-Run tactics on & in France. They (either of them) don't seem on giving up though. BUT considering England is an island apart from Europe's mainland and the growing civil unrest in itself, it's not a surprise if England & France will pull out and stop.

Also building more defenses and reinforcing thousands of soldiers. Land and territories near France that England will be more especially focused on will be Calais, Iles Anglo Normandes, and the English Channel. More ships are built and there is seen some success in growing knowledge in military and education.

The Hundred Years' War may be ending very soon but feelings of Nationalism rise in France and England. Power of French Monarch also in noticed to increased. There was a high number of casualties amongst the nobility, particularly in France. A great wave of taxes to pay for the war which contributed to social unrest in both countries. Asks if Moscow can be friends with them.

Edward of Westminster invested as Prince of Wales. Thomas Bourchier enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, an office he will hold for almost 32 years. The Duke of York suppresses a rebellion led by Henry Holland. Henry VI recovers from his mental instability; the Duke of York is dismissed as regent.

England sets up more garrisons at places it still holds near France as it significantly tries to improve fleets of their owns to protect the English Channel (managing to startle France's fleet back, damaging some, yet the war caused many losses for both sides). The Hundred Years' War seems to be drawing to a possible close, with the French recapture of Bordeaux leaving the English retaining at least only Calais on French soil.

From the early 15th century, continuing into the 17th century, English ships will travel around the world searching for new trading partners and establishing new trading routes. In the process new peoples are to be encountered and lands mapped that were previously unknown to the English. Meanwhile there is some tension, controversy, and brawl in the Duke of York saga.

England asks France to draw out of the war again since he already got something that he said he wanted, so lives won't be taken for no good reason especially at Normandy since we are starting to pull out (not that we aren't scared just don't have time for them now). The Love Day is staged. Formal reconciliation between Yorkists and Lancastrians takes place at St Paul's Cathedral, London

Wars of the Roses: at the Battle of Blore Heath in Staffordshire, Yorkists under Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury defeat a Lancastrian force. Lancastrian victory at the Battle of Ludford Bridge. Following the battle, the Duke of York flees to Ireland. This all encourages England to strengthen their weapons and navy. Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent and capture the royal fleet during the Battle of Sandwich. Richard of York claims the throne in London.

Despite this, English and British monarchs continued to prominently call themselves kings of France, and the French fleur-de-lis was included in the royal arms. This will continue for a while and it's completed totally fine.

Parliament passes the Act of Accord, proclaiming Richard of York as the heir to the throne, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales. Weapons similar to the ~~future~~ bastions are build and spread in England, including catapults, sulphur gas, super-sized bombards, and culverins. At the Battle of Towton, the bloodiest battle ever fought on British soil, the Earl of March defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne. Margaret escapes, initially to Linlithgow Palace near Edinburgh.

Henry VI cedes Berwick upon Tweed to Scotland. Coronation of King Edward IV. Queen Margaret leads an invasion of Northumberland with French forces under Pierre de Brézé but are forced back and their fleet is wreaked. They fled to a castle that is captured within two months. At the Battle of Hedgeley Moor, Yorkist forces under John Neville defeat Lancastrians under Sir Ralph Percy, who is killed. Edward IV secretly married Elizabeth Woodville. He keeps the marriage a secret until 14 September. At the Battle of Hexham, Neville defeats the Lancastrian army. This marks the end of organized Lancastrian resistance for several years. Fifteen year-truce with Scotland signed by the Treaty of York.

Despite hopes for seizing some possessions on the south coast of England, the French Kingdom concedes that they probably couldn't get past England's wooden wall, and so propose a treaty to be signed at Calais, in which:

* England shall cede all its French territories, all currently occupied by France, to France, with the exception of Calais which isn't occupied.
* The English Channel will remain accessible to both forces for whatever it is they want to do.
* Twenty year truce.

The long gruelling war is finally over, but this is just the beginning - at least we mustn't forget the War of the Roses. The Hanseatic League of north Germany declares war on England over trade issues linked the English cloth industry.

Naval strategy of commerce raiding will be used. To have the war turn more favor to us, we go after Paul Beneke and Peter von Danzig maybe destroying him and it or something. This totally won't hurt both of our economies and the League totally won't be in the lead keeping trading bases forever.

Re-foundation of Queens' College, Cambridge by Elizabeth Woodville. Coronation of Elizabeth Woodville as Queen Consort. Reform of the coinage, including introduction of the Angel and the Rose Noble. Marriage of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy to Margaret of York, sister of Edward IV. King Edward arrested and imprisoned after his army abandons him but later released by Warwick following widespread rioting.

Treaty of Perpetual Friendship between England and Burgundy. The Anglo-Hanseatic War has already been finished for a decade. Magdalen College School, Oxford, established by William Waynflete. Thomas de Littleton's Treatise on Tenures published posthumously, the first ever printed text on English law. Richard, Duke of Gloucester invades Scotland and captures Edinburgh. Capture of Berwick: Scots surrender Berwick-upon-Tweed to Richard, ending his campaign; the town remains permanently English hereafter. Act concerning Swans sets out that swans are the property of the monarch (or those given permission by him to own them).

Following the death of Edward IV, the 12-year-old Edward V becomes king with his uncle the Duke of Gloucester acting as Lord Protector. Hastings Execution, Richard declared illegitimate, Coronation, Disappearance, rebellion by Henry Stafford crushed and executed. *Golden Legend* published. Parliament passes the act Titulus Regius. William Caxton publishes his English translation of Aesop's Fables. Richard (III) establishes Council of the North. Treaty of Nottingham: three-year truce between England and Scotland signed.

Thomas Malory's 1470 book Le Morte d'Arthur published by Caxton. Start of serious outbreak of sweating sickness. Battle of Bosworth Field is fought between the armies of King Richard III and rival claimant to the throne Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond. Richard dies in battle and Henry becomes King Henry VII of England, ending the Middle Ages in England and beginning of the Tudor dynasty. Coronation of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey.

Marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York. Henry defeats the Stafford and Lovell Rebellion. Birth of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York's eldest son Arthur at Winchester. First recorded use of the word 'football' to describe a game in which the ball is kicked. Lambert Simnel is crowned King "Edward VI of England" in Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland. He claims to be Edward, Earl of Warwick and on 5 June lands in Furness with an army to challenge Henry VII for the throne.

At the Battle of Stoke Field, the final battle of the conflict, the rebellion of pretender Lambert Simnel, led by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln and Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell, is crushed by troops loyal to Henry VII. The Gold Sovereign is first issued. Thomas Parr is born (1483, alleged oldest living man, dies 1635).

Perkin Warbeck claims to be the son of King Edward IV of England at the court of Burgundy. Perkin Warbeck begins a campaign to take the English throne with a landing in Ireland. Truce of Coldstream secures a 5-year peace with Scotland. Henry VII imposes a benevolence (tax). Some England soldiers surprisingly attack Boulogne while sanctions are imposed on Burgundy for supporting Warbeck.Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, recognises Warbeck as rightful King of England.

Battle of Deal: Perkin Warbeck's troops land at Deal, Kent, in support of his claim to the English crown, backed by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. They are routed before Warbeck himself can disembark, and he retreats to Ireland and then to Scotland. Parliament passes the Treason Act, still in force as of 2019.

Vagabond Act requires vagabonds to be punished. Henry VII commissions the world's first dry dock at Portsmouth. Henry VII signs the commercial treaty Intercursus Magnus with Venice, Florence and the villes of the Hanse and Pays-Bas. King Henry VII issues letters patent to Italian-born adventurer John Cabot and his sons, authorising them to discover unknown lands.

James IV of Scotland invades Northumberland in support of the pretender Perkin Warbeck. Cornish Rebellion incited by war taxes. Treaty of Ayton establishes 7-year peace with Scotland. John Cabot sets sail from Bristol on the ship Matthew (principally owned by Richard Amerike) looking for new lands to the west. Cornish rebels under Michael An Gof are soundly defeated by Henry VII at the Battle of Deptford Bridge near London.

Warbeck proclaimed as King in Bodmin. Treaty of Ayton establishes 7-year peace with Scotland. Leaders of the Second Cornish Uprising surrender to the King at Taunton. Warbeck, having deserted his army, is captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire. Merchant Adventurers granted a trade monopoly with the Netherlands. Cabot leaves Bristol on his second voyage to the Americas; he is never to be seen again. The final Welsh revolt of the medieval era breaks out in Meirionydd, North Wales; Harlech Castle is captured by the rebels before the revolt is suppressed.

13-year-old Catherine of Aragon, the future first wife of Henry VIII, is married by proxy to his brother, 12-year-old Arthur, Prince of Wales. Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English crown, is hanged at Tyburn following an alleged attempt to escape from the Tower of London. Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last legitimate male heir to the House of York, is beheaded for allegedly conspiring in Warbeck's escape. ~~They both die.~~

Planning and sailing West, also helping Lithuania do that too. Archbishop of Canterbury-elect Thomas Langton dies before his consecration. First royal court held at the new Richmond Palace.

Henry Deane elected to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. Catherine of Aragon first sets foot in England, at Plymouth; on 4 November she meets her intended spouse, Arthur, Prince of Wales, for the first time, at Dogmersfield in Hampshire. Marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales to Catherine of Aragon at St Paul's Cathedral in London by the Archbishop of Canterbury, followed by a public bedding.

death of Arthur, Prince of Wales of fever, at Ludlow Castle, aged 15. He is buried in Worcester Cathedral. James Tyrrell executed for allegedly murdering the Princes in the Tower.

Treaty between England and the Holy Roman Empire signed at Aachen. England and Lithuania plan and help each other to sail for the West. Bristol merchants already return from Newfoundland carrying three native people and cod from the Grand Banks.

Construction of Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey begins. Marriage of James IV of Scotland and Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor. William Warham enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Henry Tudor created Prince of Wales. Private liveried retainers banned. Silver shilling is the first English coin to be minted bearing a recognisable portrait of the King. Planned marriage of Henry Tudor and Catherine of Aragon postponed when the dowry fails to arrive from Spain. Philip of Burgundy lands at Melcombe Regis after the fleet carrying him to Castile runs into a violent storm. Edmund de la Pole imprisoned as a rival claimant to the throne. Henry VII arranges a marriage between his younger daughter, Mary Tudor and Habsburg Archduke Charles. (Formation of the League of Cambrai between France and the Habsburgs results in the wedding between Mary Tudor and Archduke Charles being called off?)

The 17-year-old Henry VIII becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry VII; he will reign for 38 years. His grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort serves as regent until her death on 29 June. Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon, his brother's widow. Brasenose College, University of Oxford, is founded. Coronation of Henry VIII (oh no). Death of Lady Margaret Beaufort initiates foundation of St John's College, Cambridge. Court chaplain Thomas Wolsey becomes royal almoner. 'St Paul's School, London', 'Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn', & 'Royal Grammar School, Guildford' is founded.

* Working on exploration. England invades Scotland and Ireland, attempting to conquer the British Isles!

## Flavour Text

*Ever since 1337 the conflict over who is the rightful King of France has been ravaging both France and England for over a hundred years. The English retain control over Normandy and Guyenne while Charles VII in Paris has the support of most of the regional nobles of France.*

*With the treaty of Tours in May, the English Lancasters and French Valois families have seemingly traded territory for peace. Among its stipulation are the handover of the county of Maine, a point that was never cleared with the English Parliament, and which is likely to anger noble and commoner alike on the far side of the channel. The fear of public backlash has so far lead to this handover being stalled for months, with the word of the English negotiators increasingly being questioned in the French court.*

*England is itself in a precarious situation. A king since he was nine months old, Henry VI has now grown up to assume the crown and actual rule of the kingdom. Even as an adult however Henry seems unwilling to rule, some would say he is even worryingly detached from reality. Intriguing nobles of the realm have instead come to dominate Henry's regime, assuming power and positioning themselves for a future succession. Such feuds might well cripple the internal stability of the Kingdom, especially if hostilities in France commence again.*

*With the English busy with continental and internal affairs the dominion over Ireland has shrunken to a thin strip along the sea known as 'The Pale', with Gaelic lords as well as Hiberno-Normans acting entirely independent of the English Crown. There are few if any English troops on the island anymore much to the enjoyment of the Irish. Should matters in London and Paris finally settle however, the Irish lords are likely to be made a much higher priority.*