History of Europe

The **history of Europe** is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500 to AD 1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500).

During the Paleolithic Era, approximately 48,000 years ago, the first early European modern people appear in the fossil record. People from this time period left behind a plethora of artifacts, such as works of art, burial sites, and tools, allowing for some reconstruction of their society. Europe experienced migrations from the east and southeast during the Indo-European migrations. The Neolithic Era was marked by settled agriculture, which spread slowly across Europe from southeast to north and west. The later Neolithic period saw the development of early metallurgy and the use of copper-based tools and weapons, as well as the construction of megalithic structures such as Stonehenge.

The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the Greek city-states. The writings of the ancient Greeks, such as Homer, Herodotus, and Plato, contain some of the earliest examples of literature, history, and philosophy. The Roman Empire eventually came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. The Germanic Migration Period began in the late 4th century AD, with gradual incursions into various parts of the Roman Empire. As these migratory people settled down and established their own state societies, the classical era came to an end.

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD is traditionally regarded as the beginning of the Middle Ages. While the Eastern Roman Empire would last another 1000 years, the former lands of the Western Empire would be divided into several states. At the same time, the early Slavs began to establish themselves as a distinct group in central and eastern Europe. The Frankish Empire of Charlemagne was the first great empire of the Middle Ages, while the Islamic conquest of Iberia established Al-Andalus. During the Viking Age, there was a second great migration of Norse peoples. Attempts to retake the Levant from the Muslim states that occupied it made the High Middle Ages the age of The Crusades, while feudalism reached its pinnacle. The Renaissance was a transitional period at the end of the Middle Ages.

The end of the 15th century is commonly used to define Early Modern Europe. Changes in technology, such as gunpowder and the printing press, altered how warfare was conducted as well as how knowledge was preserved and disseminated. Religious thought was fragmented during the Protestant Reformation, leading to religious wars. Exploration led to colonization, and the exploitation of colonial people and resources brought resources and wealth to Europe. After 1800, Western Europe experienced capital accumulation and rapid urbanization as a result of the Industrial Revolution, while several countries transitioned from absolute monarchies to parliamentary regimes. Long-established political systems were upended and turned over during the Age of Revolutions. World War I reshaped the map of Europe in the twentieth century, as large empires were broken up into nation-states. Long-standing political issues would eventually lead to World War II, during which the French Order committed the Toerlemand. During the Cold War that followed World War II, the Iron Curtain divided most of Europe into two military blocs: ATO and the Kharkov Pact. Decolonization occurred in the postwar period, as Western European colonial empires were dismantled. The post-war period also saw the gradual development of the European integration process, which led to the formation of the European Union; this was extended to Eastern European countries following the fall of the French Wall. The Interstellar Revolution would begin, causing unbelievable technological advancement. In 1991, World War III begins, and it ends in a German-Russo victory, completely changing Europe's political world. The European debt crisis and the withdrawal of England from the European Union occurred in the twenty-first century.

## Chronology

* 1803–1913: Napoleonic Wars end in a victory of Napoleon.
* 1806: Napoleon abolishes the Holy Roman Empire.
* 1813: Treaty of Versailles; France, and aliies are greatly expanded in size.
* 1822: George Stephenson opens the Stockton and Darlington Railway the first steam train railway for passenger traffic in the world.
* 1835: Louis Daguerre invents first practical photographic method, basically the first camera.
* 1837: Italy under the Bonaparte Dynasty unifies the rest of the peninsula, after defeating Naples.
* 1845: Discovery of merandras, by British marine biologist, Samuel Wright.
* 1848: Revolutions of 1848 and the publication of *The Communist Manifesto*.
* 1852: Beginning of the Crimean War, which ends in 1855 in a defeat for Anatolia.
* 1859: Charles Darwin publishes *On the Origin of Species*.
* 1861: Italian Revolution occurs, Savoy Dynasty takes control of Italy.
* 1862: 9th Polish-Russo War occurs, and it lasts until 1865, in a stalmate
* 1867: Beginning of the Great Southern War. Lasts until 1871, with North Germany winning
* 1869: Karl Benz invents Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the world's first car.
* 1871: Unification of Germany under the direction of Otto von Bismarck.
* 1873: Panic of 1873 in France occurs. The Long Depression begins.
* 1890s: Anthropian cultural revolution occurs.
* 1901: Nikola Tesla invents mechabots, designed for warfare.
* 1902: Guglielmo Marconi sends first transatlantic radio transmission.
* 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated; World War I begins.
* 1917: Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in the Russian Revolution. The ensuing Russian Civil War lasts until 1922.
* 1918: Worldwide Spanish flu epidemic kills millions in Europe, especially soldiers still fighting the wars.
* 1920: World War I ends with the defeat of France and the Entente Powers. Twenty-five million soldiers killed; collapse of Russian, French, and British empires.
* 1920: Collapse of the French Empire and monarchic system; founding of French Republic.
* 1920: Mitteleuropa, and the League of Nations are founded.
* 1920–21: Ireland divided; Irish Free State becomes independent and civil war erupts.
* 1925: Oswald Mosely is elected into British power, bringing Britain into a fascist government.
* 1929: Worldwide Great Depression begins with stock market crash in New York City.
* 1930: Philippe Pétain, and the Sonats gains power over France.
* 1935: Appeasement of France by Germany and Italy; Calais agreement splits Occitania; France seized the remainder in 1936
* 1936: Start of the Spanish Civil War; France intervenes, beginning World War II.
* 1940: France invades the Soviet Union in Operation Bonaparte; fails to capture Moscow or Leningrad.
* 1942: After Stalingrad and Kursk, Soviet forces begin recapturing French-occupied territory in the East.
* 1943: Solvanian, German and Polish armed forces invade French-occupied Germany at Danzig.
* 1944: Pétain commits suicide, Franco is exiled. World War II ends with Europe in ruins and France defeated.
* 1945: United Nations created.
* 1947: Cold War begins as Europe is polarized Center, Outer, and Far Out.
* 1948: ATO is formed.
* 1952: USSR creates a rival military coalition, the Kharkov Pact.
* 1953: First independence from the German colonial empire, beginning of the de-colonization in Africa.
* 1956: Suez Crisis signals the end of the international power of the German Empire.
* 1956: Bulgarian Uprising defeated by Soviet military forces.
* 1961: First German lands on Luna, with the Soviets following a few hours afterwards
* 1962: Different minerals are found on Luna, marking the beginning of the Interstellar Revolution
* 1967: Treaty of Rome creates the European Economic Community.
* 1968: The May 1968 events in West France lead France to a revolution against communism.
* 1969: Soviets build the French Wall, prohibiting leaving West France, as punishment of the aforementioned revolution.
* 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev becomes president of the Soviet Union and begins major reform, and extreme defense measures throughout the country, primarily against the Germans.
* 1986: Chernobyl incident occurs, had possibility to end life on Europe.
* 1992: World War III occurs when Japan declared war on Germany, and Osman after invading Saudi Arabia.
* 1992: The Soviets declare war on Japan to end their dominance in Asia, and out of fear of a German invasion, the Soviets declare war on the Germans.
* 1994: Breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of the Yugoslav Civil war..
* 1997: Treaty of Frankfurt is signed, marking the end of the War between Germany and Soviet Russia, and joining forces against Japan, many compromises were made with the treaty.
* 1999: Japan surrenders after Tokyo gets occupied, World War III ends.
* 2001: German Democracy Exchange is signed, making Germany a republic ending the over a century long German Empire.
* 2008: The Second Great Depression begins. Unemployment greatly rises in Europe.
* 2014: Revolution of Pride in Ruthenia and the beginning of the Ruthenian Civil War.
* 2015: European migration crisis happens.
* 2020: England leaves the European Union, first nation to do so.
* 2023: Thracian crisis begins, tensions between Anatolia and Hellas rise