Second Chinese Civil War

NRA troops preparing their succesful defence of Shanghai

* Kuomintang controls south of the Yangtze River, Communists control north of the river

## Belligerents

### Side 1

 Republic of China
 Ma Clique
**Supported by:**

* United States of America

### Side 2

 People's Republic of China
**Supported by:**

* Vladivostok

### Side 3

 Manchukuo
 All-Russian Government of Amur

### Side 4

 Tibet
**Supported by:**

* United Kingdom

### Side 5

 East Turkestan Republic
 Mongolia
**Supported by:**

* Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

## Commanders and leaders

### Commanders and leaders:

 Chiang Kai-shek
 Ma Hongkui

### Commanders and leaders:

 Puyi
 Konstantin Rodzaevsky

### Commanders and leaders:

 Tenzin Gyatso
 Tsarong

### Commanders and leaders:

 Ehmetjan Qasim
 Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

The **Second Chinese Civil War** was the second phase of the Chinese Civil War that re-commenced in 1946 after the defeat of Japan in the Pacific War and ended in 1949 with the Yangtze Ceasefire. It involved a number of combatants, primarily the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. It also involved the Empire of Manchukuo, Tibet, and the East Turkestan Republic.

As the war dragged on the weakened Kuomintang couldn't break the Communist forces under Mao, but simultaneously American support for Chiang Kai-shek allowed him to defend against the People's Republic. Thus the war ended in a stalemate, with neither side able to make effective moves across the Yangtze River - leading to the Yangtze Ceasefire in which, though technically the war was still being fought, both sides agreed to lay down arms for the time being.

The war had weakened both sides enough that other areas were able to become independent with their own ideologies and cultures, for example in the north many remnants of the Japanese army that didn't want to return to the Home Islands stayed in Manchukuo, theoretically loyal to their former puppet Emperor Piyu. To the west the Ma Clique, who had supported the Kuomintang, were separated from the Nationalist forces and so continued their existence, and further to the west the East Turkestan Republic, formerly a Soviet puppet but now ally of Mongolia became independent. Lastly the British supported the Tibetan nationalist vision, thus allowing for a British Protectorate to be formed over the theocracy.

## Aftermath

### Cultural impacts

#### Linguistics

With such a stark division of north and south China, both nations began to diverge culturally. Linguistically in the Republic of China Mandarin slowly fell out of fashion. Though many still spoke it, Cantonese and Hokkien began to rise in popularity - especially among the rapidly growing middle classes - due to the economic importance of the Guangdong and Hokkien districts. While in the People's Republic of China, Mandarin overwhelmingly remained the spoken language, even among the future middle-classes.

#### Culinary

Another point of divergence for the two China's was the culinary branching. Where the ROC held the vast majority of rice-producing land, many in the PRC lost access to the staple food. While simultaneously much of the wheat-producing land was in northern China, leading to the ROC losing much of their native-grown wheat. This led to rice featuring far less in northern Chinese culinary culture, with wheat replacing it, while in the south the Chinese were able to use the port of Amoy and the special privileges given to the United States of America through it to import wheat.

#### Architecture

For many centuries architecture had been divided between regions of China, however with the division both politically and ideologically the differences became increasingly stark. In southern China two of the most important regions of Guangdong and Hokkien would have a heavy influence, their European-influenced styles of Têng-á-kha and Tong lau came to be seen increasingly throughout the ROC.

In the PRC