Emperor Penguin

## Description

The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri ) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica. The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching 100 cm (39 in) in length and weighing from 22 to 45 kg (49 to 99 lb). Feathers of the head and back are black and sharply delineated from the white belly, pale-yellow breast and bright-yellow ear patches.

Like all penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. Its diet consists primarily of fish, but also includes crustaceans, such as krill, and cephalopods, such as squid. While hunting, the species can remain submerged around 20 minutes, diving to a depth of 535 m (1,755 ft). It has several adaptations to facilitate this, including an unusually structured haemoglobin to allow it to function at low oxygen levels, solid bones to reduce barotrauma, and the ability to reduce its metabolism and shut down non-essential organ functions.

The only penguin species that breeds during the Antarctic winter, emperor penguins trek 50–120 km (31–75 mi) over the ice to breeding colonies which can contain up to several thousand individuals. The female lays a single egg, which is incubated for just over two months by the male while the female returns to the sea to feed; parents subsequently take turns foraging at sea and caring for their chick in the colony. The lifespan is typically 20 years in the wild, although observations suggest that some individuals may live to 50 years of age.

## Appearance

The Emperor penguin is the largest penguin species in the world. This bird is a rather interesting species from a biological standpoint. The Emperor penguin has streamlined plumage, consisting of shiny, water-repellent feathers, which prevent the skin from getting wet. The webbed feet of the animal make swimming much easier. The head is big, the neck is short and thick, and the tail is wedge-shaped and short. The tiny wings of the penguin resemble flippers by their shape. The blackish-blue head is covered with large white and yellow markings on the ears of the animal. The upperparts are blue-grey while the underparts are white, except with the upper breast, having a pale yellow coloring. Males and females are alike.

## Distribution

Emperor penguins occur in the Deep South, distributed along the coastline and throughout the compacted ice of the Antarctic continent. They almost always breed on stable pack ice near the coast and up to 18 km (11 mi) offshore. Breeding colonies are usually in areas where ice cliffs and icebergs provide some protection from the wind

## Behavior

These birds are non-migratory, living deep in the Southern Ocean throughout the year. Emperor penguins can be active at any time of the night and day. They are highly social birds, gathering in groups to forage and nest. They form large nesting colonies; if the weather is good and usually defend only small areas around them. When it gets too cold, the birds huddle together. Breeding adults have to constantly travel between the nesting and foraging areas all year round. When in water, Emperor penguins are excellent swimmers; when on land, they either walk with the identifying waddling gait or slide over the ice surface on their bellies, propelling themselves with their feet.

## Diet

This penguin is a carnivore (piscivore and molluscivore), feeding exclusively upon aquatic animals. Their diet mainly consists of krill and fish, supplemented with squid and crustaceans.

## Reproduction

The Emperor penguins have serially monogamous system, mating with only one mate during each season. In March-April, the birds return to their breeding colonies. The gestation period lasts for 63 days. Usually, a female penguin lays a single egg, leaving it to the male, and going out to sea. The male is responsible for keeping the egg warm, carrying it on his feet, and incubating the egg for 9 weeks. The hatching occurs after 70 days, which matches the return of the female. When the chick hatch out, the male leaves to forage, and this time the female has to care for the hatchling, feeding it and keeping it warm. The chicks of the Emperor penguin grow up quite rapidly. Reaching the age of 150 days, the young fledge. Male penguins start breeding at 5-6 years old while females - at 5 years of age.

## Population

### Threats

Global warming negatively affects the population of these animals, decreasing the area of pack ice, which is the natural habitat of the Emperor penguins. Another concern is fishing vessels that sometimes accidentally catch these penguins in their nets.

### Number

The overall estimated population of these penguins is about 595,000 mature individuals. Despite the fact, that the total population of the Emperor penguin is presently stable, on the IUCN Red List the species is classified as Near Threatened.

### Ecological niche

Emperor penguins are an irreplaceable link in the ecosystem of their range. These birds consume various marine species such as small fish, cephalopods, or crustaceans. Besides, penguins are an important source of food for larger local predators, including leopard seals and large sharks.

## Fun Facts

In the Deep South of Antarctica, where these penguins live, the temperature occasionally drops as low as -60C. These birds are able to survive due to having large stores of body fat as well as several layers of scale-like feathers. In addition, during harsh weather conditions, birds in colonies huddle together in order to preserve heat.

Emperor penguins are top swimmers and excellent divers. They are able to dive at a depth of up to 500 m, remaining submerged for about 22 minutes.

Behind their eyes, these birds possess a special supraorbital gland, which acts as a filter, clearing their blood from salt. Due to this gland, the penguins are able to ingest salty ocean water while hunting; the salt is then filtered and released through the animal's beak or by sneezing.

Emperor penguins undergo so-called "catastrophic molt": unlike other birds, who molt a few feathers at a time, the Emperors lose and regrow the whole plumage at one. The period of molt lasts for 2-3 weeks, during which they live on land without going to sea.

The ears of Emperor penguins are not visible, but the birds have a strong sense of hearing, which helps them find each other in their large breeding colonies by emitting distinct calls.

Emperor penguins are very powerful birds. In one case, a crew of 6 men, trying to capture a single male penguin for a zoo collection, were repeatedly tossed around and knocked over before all of the men had to collectively tackle the bird, which weighs about half as much as a man.