Ket (Dylan) chup

## History

### Pickled fish and spices

In the 17th century, the Chinese mixed a concoction of pickled fish and spices and called it (in the Amoy dialect) kôe-chiap or kê-chiap (鮭汁, Mandarin Chinese guī zhī, Cantonese gwai1 zap1) meaning the brine of pickled fish (鮭, salmon; 汁, juice) or shellfish.[6]
 By the early 18th century, the table sauce had made it to the Malay
states (present day Malaysia and Singapore), where it was discovered by
English explorers. The Indonesian-Malay word for the sauce was *kecap* (pronounced "kay-chap"). That word evolved into the English word "ketchup".[7] English settlers took ketchup with them to the American colonies.[1]

The term *Ketchup* was used in 1690 in the *Dictionary of the Canting Crew* which was well acclaimed in North America.[8]

### Mushroom ketchup

Homemade mushroom ketchup in a plastic tub

In the United Kingdom, preparations of ketchup were historically and originally prepared with mushroom as a primary ingredient, rather than tomato.[9][10][11]
 Ketchup recipes begin to appear in British and then American cookbooks
in the 18th century. In a 1742 London cookbook the fish sauce has
already taken on a very British flavor, with the addition of shallots
and mushroom.
 The mushrooms soon became a main ingredient, and from 1750 to 1850 the
word ketchup began to mean any number of thin dark sauces made of
mushrooms or even walnuts.[12] In the United States, mushroom ketchup dates back to at least 1770, and was prepared by British colonists in "English speaking colonies in North America".[13] In contemporary times, mushroom ketchup is available in the UK, although it is not a commonly used condiment.[14]

### Tomato ketchup

Tomato ketchup, accompanied with additional condiments

Ketchup, a Tomato-based Brand product also called as Catsup

Many variations of ketchup were created, but the tomato-based version
 did not appear until about a century after other types. By 1801, a
recipe for tomato ketchup was created by Sandy Addison and was later
printed in an American cookbook, the *Sugar House Book*.[15]

1. *Get [the tomatoes] quite ripe on a dry day, squeeze them with your hands till reduced to a pulp, then put half a pound of fine salt to one hundred tomatoes, and boil them for two hours.*
2. *Stir them to prevent burning.*
3. *While hot press them through a fine sieve, with a silver spoon till nought but the skin remains, then add a little mace, 3 nutmegs, allspice, cloves, cinnamon, ginger, and pepper to taste.*
4. *Boil over a slow fire till quite thick, stir all the time.*
5. *Bottle when cold.*
6. *One hundred tomatoes will make four or five bottles and keep good for two or three years.*

This early recipe for "Tomata Catsup" from 1817 still has the anchovies that betray its fish-sauce ancestry:[12]

1. *Gather a gallon of fine, red, and full ripe tomatas; mash them with one pound of salt.*
2. *Let them rest for three days, press off the juice, and to each*

quart add a quarter of a pound of anchovies, two ounces of shallots, and
 an ounce of ground black pepper.

1. *Boil up together for half an hour, strain through a sieve, and*

put to it the following spices; a quarter of an ounce of mace, the same
of allspice and ginger, half an ounce of nutmeg, a drachm of coriander
seed, and half a drachm of cochineal.

1. *Pound all together; let them simmer gently for twenty minutes,*

and strain through a bag: when cold, bottle it, adding to each bottle a
wineglass of brandy. It will keep for seven years.
By the mid-1850s, the anchovies had been dropped.[12]

James Mease published another recipe in 1812. In 1824, a ketchup recipe using tomatoes appeared in *The Virginia Housewife* (an influential 19th-century cookbook written by Mary Randolph, Thomas Jefferson's cousin). American cooks also began to sweeten ketchup in the 19th century.[16]

As the century progressed, tomato ketchup began its ascent in
popularity in the United States. Ketchup was popular long before fresh
tomatoes were.[17] Many Americans[*who?*]
 continued to question whether it was safe to eat raw tomatoes. However,
 they were much less hesitant to eat tomatoes as part of a highly
processed product that had been cooked and infused with vinegar and
spices.[17]

Tomato ketchup was sold locally by farmers. Jonas Yerkes is credited as the first American to sell tomato ketchup in a bottle.[18] By 1837, he had produced and distributed the condiment nationally.[19] Shortly thereafter, other companies followed suit. F. & J. Heinz launched their tomato ketchup in 1876.[20] Heinz tomato ketchup
 was advertised: "Blessed relief for Mother and the other women in the
household!", a slogan which alluded to the lengthy and onerous process
required to produce tomato ketchup in the home.[21]
 With industrial ketchup production and a need for better preservation
there was a great increase of sugar in ketchup, leading to our modern
sweet and sour formula.[12]

The *Webster's Dictionary* of 1913 defined *‘catchup’* as: *“table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Also written as ketchup].”*

Modern ketchup emerged in the early years of the 20th century, out of a debate over the use of sodium benzoate as a preservative in condiments. Harvey W. Wiley, the "father" of the Food and Drug Administration in the US, challenged the safety of benzoate which was banned in the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. In response, entrepreneurs including Henry J. Heinz, pursued an alternative recipe that eliminated the need for that preservative.[3]

Prior to Heinz (and his fellow innovators), commercial tomato
ketchups of that time were watery and thin, in part due to the use of
unripe tomatoes, which were low in pectin. They had less vinegar than modern ketchups; by pickling
 ripe tomatoes, the need for benzoate was eliminated without spoilage or
 degradation in flavor. But the changes driven by the desire to
eliminate benzoate also produced changes[*clarification needed*] that some experts (such as Andrew F. Smith[22]) believe were key to the establishment of tomato ketchup as the dominant American condiment.

### Later innovations

Ketchup packets

In fast food outlets, ketchup is often dispensed in small packets.
Diners tear the side or top and squeeze the ketchup out of the ketchup packets.
 In 2011, Heinz began offering a new measured-portion package, called
the "Dip and Squeeze" packet, which allowed the consumer to either tear
the top off the package and squeeze the contents out, as with the
traditional packet, or, in the alternative, tear the *front* off the package and use the package as a dip cup of the type often supplied with certain entreés.[23]

Previously, fast food outlets dispensed ketchup from pumps into paper
 cups. This method has made a resurgence in the first decade of the 21st
 century with cost and environmental concerns over the increasing use of
 individual packets.

In October 2000, Heinz introduced colored ketchup products called EZ
Squirt, which eventually included green (2000), purple (2001), pink
(2002), orange (2002), teal (2002), and blue (2003).[24] These products were made by adding food coloring to the traditional ketchup. As of January 2006 these products have been discontinued.[25]

## Terminology

The term used for the sauce varies. *Ketchup* (sometimes spelled *catsup* in American English, called "a failed attempt at Anglicization"[26]) is the dominant term in American English and Canadian English, with "catsup" being the prominent term in some southern US states.[27] In these dialects, *tomato sauce* refers to pasta sauce, and is not a synonym for ketchup. *Tomato sauce* is more common in Commonwealth English (e.g., Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa). In British English, the two terms are interchangeable. *Red sauce* is used in Welsh English, Scottish English and some parts of England, such as the Black Country, and in South London, often contrasting with brown sauce
 with which it is often served—but in Canadian and American English,
"red sauce" refers to various tomato-based sauces commonly paired with
pasta dishes, and is not a synonym for ketchup.

The etymology of the word *ketchup* is unclear, with multiple competing theories.[28]

### China theory

One prominent theory is that word came to English from the Cantonese "keh tsup" (茄汁 *ke2 zap1*, a shorterned version of 蕃茄汁 *faan1 ke2 zap1* "tomato sauce; tomato juice").[29]

An alternative theory is that the word derives from one of two words from the Fujian region of coastal southern China: "kôe-chiap" (in the Xiamen accent) or "kê-chiap"[30] (in the Guangzhou accent). Both of these words (鮭汁, kôe-chiap and kê-chiap) come from the Amoy dialect of China, where it meant the brine of pickled fish (鮭, salmon; 汁, juice) or shellfish.[6] There are citations of "koe-chiap" in the *Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of the Amoy* (London; Trudner) from 1873, defined as "brine of pickled fish or shell-fish."

### Malay theory

Ketchup may have[7] entered the English language from the Malay word *kicap* (pron. "kichap", also spelled *kecap*, *ketjap*). Originally meaning "fish sauce", the word itself derives the Chinese terms[31] above.

In Indonesian cuisine, which is similar to Malay, the term *kecap* refers to fermented savory sauces. Two main types are well known in their cuisine: *kecap asin* which translates to 'salty kecap' in Indonesian (a salty soy sauce) and *kecap manis*
 or literally 'sweet kecap' in Indonesian. Kecap manis is a sweet soy
sauce that is a mixture of soy sauce with brown sugar, molasses, garlic,
 ginger, anise, coriander and a bay leaf reduced over medium heat until
rather syrupy. A third type, *kecap ikan*, meaning "fish kecap" is fish sauce similar to the Thai *nam pla* or the Philippine *patis*. It is not, however, soy-based.