Grégoire Kayibanda

**Grégoire Kayibanda** (May 1, 1924 – December 15, 1976) was the first elected President of Rwanda. As pioneer of the Rwandese revolution, he led Rwanda's struggle for independence from Belgium, and replaced the Tutsi monarchy with a republican form of government. He asserted Hutu majority power.Template:Citation needed

## Early life and education

Grégoire Kayibanda was born on 1st May 1924 in Tare, Rwanda. He studied his primary school at Tare then at Kabgayi. Kayibanda was admitted in Saint Léon Minor Seminary of Kabgayi in 1937. After the completion of minor seminary in 1943, he continued to Major Seminary of Nyakibanda where he studied for four years.

## Background

The Hutu majority had long been resentful of power held by the Tutsi minority. They were encouraged by Hutu advocates in the Catholic Church, and by Christian Belgians (who were increasingly influential in the Congo). The United Nations mandates, the Tutsi elite class, and the Belgian colonists contributed to the growing social and political unrest. Gregoire Kayibanda, an ethnic Hutu, led the Hutu "emancipation" movement. He founded the political party *Parmehutu* (*Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu*; Hutu Emancipation Movement Party), and wrote his "Bahutu Manifesto" in 1957.

In reaction, in 1959 Tutsis founded the UNAR party, made up of those who desired immediate independence for Ruanda-Urundi based on the existing Tutsi monarchy. This group also became quickly militarized. Skirmishes began between UNAR and PARMEHUTU groups. Kayibanda's successful campaign brought the majority Hutu to power for the first time in Rwanda.

In 1961 the Rwandan monarchy was dissolved and, after a brief transitional administration by Dominique Mbonyumutwa, Kayibanda was elected president on October 26. Over the next three years, Kayibanda increased his power step by step. By 1965, Parmehutu was the only legal party in the country. At elections held that year, Kayibanda appeared alone on the ballot for president. He was reelected in 1969, again as the only candidate. In both elections, a single list of Parmehutu candidates was returned to the legislature. The 1962 constitution of Rwanda, enacted by Kayibanda's regime, proscribed communist activities and propaganda as Belgian settlers conditioned the gain of independence to the rejection of Communism, in the era of the iron curtain. The UNAR party threatened to turn their back on the Belgians and adhere to communism.

Kayibanda pursued a pro-Western, anticommunist foreign policy. Rwanda enjoyed cordial relations with the Republic of China, while strongly criticizing the People's Republic of China's policies in Africa. Kayibanda's government adopted a generally neutral stance on the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Vietnam War.

In the presidential elections of 1973 A project promulgated on May 18 was presented, the duration of the presidential term of Kabiyanda was extended from 4 to 5 years, the age limit of 60 years was also eliminated. With North-South regionalist rivalries, President Kayibanda's regime was accused of having progressively dismissed the political leaders of the north and of concentrating power in the hands of the nationals of his native prefecture, Gitarama.

He was placed under house arrest in Rwerere, Ruhengeri prefecture, and then, after the death of his wife, at his home in Kavumu near Gitarama. He was sentenced to death by decree No. 0001/74 / CM of the court martial of June 29, 1974. His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment by decision of Juvénal Habyarimana.

## Death

On July 5, 1973, defense minister Major General Juvénal Habyarimana overthrew Kayibanda in a military coup. Although described as bloodless, as a result of the coup, an estimated 55 people, mostly officials, lawyers or businessmen close to the previous regime, were reportedly executed. The families of these people were given sums of money to pay for their silence. The new government held Kayibanda and his wife in a secret location (rumored to be a house near Kabgayi), where they were reportedly starved to death.

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Constitution of Rwanda. November 24, 1962. Art. 39: “All communist activity and propaganda are forbidden.”
3. ↑ Nyrop, 1969, p. 89.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nyrop, 1969, p. 91
5. ↑ https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kayibanda-gra-goire.html
6. ↑ Mission d’information sur le Rwanda (French). “Celui-ci s’était construit sur la destruction de la Première République. Entre 1974 et 1977, 56 personnes, pour la plupart d’anciens dirigeants de la Première République, avaient été assassinés par les services de la sécurité. Le premier Président rwandais, Grégoire Kayibanda, était mort en détention en 1976, probablement de faim.”