recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Glossiphonia verrucata

source: gbif

Palaearctic region. Although G. verrucata is a rare species, it nevertheless has an extensive distribution within the Palaearctic. The boreal species inhabits northern Eurasia (Lukin 1976). There are recent findings from the Kharbey lake system, Russian North (Baturina et al. 2020) and the basins of the Lena River and Lake Baikal, Eastern Siberia (Kaygorodova et al. 2020).

Locations.

Not an abundant species. Point occurrence in Shaitanskaya River

##### ecology

Ecology. The boreal species inhabits the North Eurasia (Lukin 1976; Kaygorodova et al. 2019), including recent findings in The Netherlands (Soes and Cuppen 2004) and France (Nesemann 1990; d'Hondt and Ben Ahmed 2009).
Genus Haementeria

## Source: Wikipedia

***Haementeria*** is a genus of leeches in the family Glossiphoniidae. The genus was described in 1849 by Filippo De Filippi.

It has been found in Europe and America.

## Species

Species include:

* *Haementeria ghilianii* de Filippi, 1849
* *Haementeria officinalis* de Filippi, 1849
* *Haementeria tuberculifera* (Grube, 1871)
Kinabalu Giant Red Leech (Mimobdella buettikoferi)

## Source: Wikipedia

The **Kinabalu giant red leech** (*Mimobdella buettikoferi*) is a large bright orange-red coloured leech that is endemic to Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. It can grow to a length of over 50 cm (20 in).

## Etymology

The holotype was collected by Johann Büttikofer, and the specific name *buettikoferi* is derived from his surname.

## Ecology

The Kinabalu leech is not hematophagic and feeds only on worms such as the Kinabalu giant earthworm, *Pheretima darnleiensis*. It lives in the damp leaf litter and soil that often accumulates in fissures. It can be found in Kinabalu Park at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,000 metres (8,200 to 9,800 ft) where the trail runs over a rocky outcrop near to the Mempening and Paka Cave shelters. It is usually seen during or after heavy downpours.

## Taxonomy

Kinabalu giant red leech is currently classified under the genus *Mimobdella* of the family Salifidae. However Nakano (2011) has questioned its inclusion within the genus (as well as that of *Mimobdella thienemani*). The internal and external morphological characteristics of these two species do not fit the generic diagnostic criteria as established by the type species and the only other species in the genus, *Mimobdella japonica*.
Segmented Worms Wiki

**Welcome to the Segmented Worms Wiki!**
a community about Segmented Worms

We're a collaborative community website about Segmented Worms that anyone, including you, can build and expand. Wikis like this one depend on readers getting involved and adding content. Click the "ADD NEW PAGE" or "EDIT" button at the top of any page to get started!

*Need help building out this community?*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing your new community
* Guides
* All Help articles

You can also be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!

*Community Founders*: Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit the admin dashboard for more tips.
Glossoscolex giganteus

## Source: The company of biologists

1. Intravascular pressures and angiographic records have been made on the giant earthworm, *Glossoscolex giganteus*. The measurements were made on unanaesthetized animals after previous implantation of indwelling catheters.

2. The pressures developed by the peristaltic activity of the dorsal vessel showed an average systolic value of 24 cm. H2O while the diastolic value was 14 cm. H2O. The frequency was variable around 6-8 contractions per min.

3. Angiographic analysis showed the peristaltic activity to include about 25 segments and to move at a velocity of 12 segments per second at 18° C. The lumen of the dorsal vessel was almost fully constricted during peristalsis.

4. The peristaltic activity of the dorsal vessel was responsible for the filling of the lateral hearts. These in turn showed an increased force of contraction at each peristaltic contraction.

5. The five pairs of lateral hearts usually contracted in synchrony. Their frequency of contraction was considerably higher than the peristalsis of the dorsal vessel (20 beats per min.).

6. The pressures developed in the ventral vessel in response to the lateral heart contractions were considerable and exceeded 100 cm. H2O during vigorous activity. All intravascular pressures were markedly increased by general motor activity of the earthworm.
Genus Lumbricus

## Source: Wikipedia

The genus ***Lumbricus*** contains some of the most commonly seen earthworms in Europe among its nearly 700 valid species.

Characteristics of some commonly encountered species are:

* *Lumbricus rubellus* is usually reddish brown or reddish violet, iridescent dorsally, and pale yellow ventrally. They are usually about 25–105 mm in length, and have around 95-120 segments.
* *Lumbricus castaneus* varies from chesnut to violet brown; brown or yellow ventrally, and has an orange clitellum. They are usually about 30–70 mm long, and have around 82–100 segments.
* *Lumbricus terrestris* has several common names, including common earthworm, nightcrawler, and dew worm. It is strongly pigmented, brown-red dorsally, and yellowish ventrally. Setae are widely paired at both ends of the body. It is about 90–300 mm long, and has around 110–160 segments.
* *Lumbricus festivus* is not found in large numbers. It is red-brown, lighter ventrally, iridescent dorsally. The body length varies from 48–108 mm, with about 100–143 segments.
* *Lumbricus badensis*, the giant earthworm, also belongs to this genus. Its range is restricted to the Black Forest area of southwestern Germany. It's very large and grows up to 600mm.
Rustic Jumping Worm (Amynthas agrestis)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Amynthas agrestis***, the **Asian jumping worm,** is a species of worm in the family Megascolecidae. They have a smooth, glossy grey or brown body with a milky white clitellum, and can range from 1.5 to 8 inches (3.8 to 20.3 cm) in length. *Amynthas agrestis* is native to Japan and the Korean Peninsula, and was introduced to North America due to increased human activity during the 19th century; it is considered to be an invasive species in the United States. Worms within the genus *Amynthas* reproduce and develop quicker than their European counterparts.

## Ecology

The *Amynthas agrestis* became a problem in the United States, specifically the Southern United States, during the 19th century. There is increasing concern about this invasive species.

One of the main concerns is the over-consumption of leaf litter, which will impact the microbial and species diversity of the native soil. Many of these ecological scientists have created ways to control this invasive species. One of the main ways to control *Amynthas agrestis* is controlled burn in grassy fields and some forests. This method removes leaf litter, the main food source for *Amynthas agrestis,* which should thoroughly control the overall population of Asian worms.

## Lifecycle

The Asian jumping worm follows an annual life cycle. At least six months out of the year, the Amynthas agrestis spends its time in the larva stage, then it emerges between May and June.
Jawed Land Leeches (Family Haemadipsidae)

## Source: Wikipedia

**Haemadipsidae** (From Greek "haima" and "dipsa" ("blood" and "thirst", respectively)[*original research?*]) are a family of "jawed leeches". They are a monophyletic group of hirudiniform proboscisless leeches. These leeches have five pairs of eyes, with the last two separated by two eyeless segments. The family is monotypic, containing only the subfamily **Haemadipsinae**, though as the family can apparently be divided into two or three distinct lineages, at least one of the proposed splits, while not a distinct family, might be a valid subfamily.

Haemadipsids have two or three jaws. The two-jawed (duognathous) species were classified in a number of largely monotypic or non-monophyletic genera, so they were placed into a single monophyletic genus called *Chtonobdella*.

Commonly known as **jawed land leeches**, these annelids are known from subtropical and tropical regions around the Indian and Pacific Ocean. Well-known Haemadipsidae are for example the Indian Leech (*Haemadipsa sylvestris*) and the *yamabiru* or Japanese Mountain Leech (*Haemadipsa zeylanica*). Members of the family feed on blood, except *Idiobdella* which has adapted to eat small snails.

The other notable group of jawed blood-sucking leeches are the aquatic Hirudinidae. The Xerobdellidae are sometimes included in the Haemadipsidae, but their status as a distinct family is supported by sequence analysis of the nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA and mitochondrial COI genes as well as the anatomy of their sexual organs and nephridia; the latter are located at the belly rather than along the body sides as in the Haemadipsidae proper. All Xerobdellidae have three jaws.

Haemadipsidae probably originated in the Triassic, more than 150 million years ago (mya). The diversification of the large Asian genus *Haemadipsa* probably did not take place until the Eocene, about 50 mya.

Because members of this family are terrestrial, feed on vertebrate blood, and digest blood meals fairly slowly, they are used in invertebrate-derived environmental DNA (eDNA) research. By extracting DNA from leech guts and sequencing vertebrate-specific genes, it is possible to identify which vertebrate the leech in question has fed upon, and therefore what animals are in the surrounding habitat. This methodology can be complementary to camera trap biodiversity surveys, which often undercount smaller animals.

## Genera

GBIF includes:

1. *Chtonobdella* Grube, 1866
2. *Diestecostoma* Vaillant, 1890
3. *Geobdella* de Blainville, 1827
4. *Haemadipsa* Tennent, 1859
5. *Hygrobdella* Caballero, 1940
6. *Malagabdella* Richardson, 1975
7. *Mesobdella* Blanchard, 1893
8. *Planobdella* Blanchard, 1894
9. *Sinospelaeobdella* Liu, Huang & Liu, 2019
10. *Tritetrabdella* Moore, 1928
Square-tailed Worm (Eiseniella tetraedra)

## Source: Taylor & Francis Online

*Eiseniella tetraedra* (Savigny, 1826) (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) as a bioindicator of heavy metals

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the potential of the earthworm *Eiseniella tetraedra* (Savigny, 1826) as a bioindicator for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) exposure. The importance of earthworms in metal pollution monitoring is widely recognized in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, the levels of Cd and Pb in soils and earthworm tissues were studied at two locations, Polur Falls and a riverside area located in Abali, in the Elburz Mountains in Iran. At both locations the concentration of Cd and Pb in earthworms was higher than in the surrounding soils and a significant difference was found between the two stations, the latter probably attributable to the (1) amount of pesticides that are used for crop treatment in Abali and (2) presence there of clay, which is known to be rich in Cd. Data indicate that *E. tetraedra* is an efficient bioaccumulator of Cd and Pb and might act thus serve as a bioindicator of exposure.
Genus Placobdella

## Source: Wikipedia

***Placobdella*** is a genus of leeches belonging to the family Glossiphoniidae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

* *Placobdella ali* Hughes & Siddall, 2007
* *Placobdella appalachiensis* Moser & Hopkins, 2014
* *Placobdella bdellae* Ingram, 1957
* *Placobdella bistriata* Pinto, 1920
Lake Pedder Earthworm (Hypolimnus pedderensis) (extinct)

## Source: Wikipedia

The **Lake Pedder earthworm** (*Hypolimnus pedderensis*) is an extinct earthworm species in the family Megascolecidae. Its genus ***Hypolimnus*** is monotypic.

It was endemic to the Lake Pedder area in Tasmania, Australia, prior to its flooding in 1972 for a hydro-electric power scheme.

It is only known from a specimen collected from a Lake Pedder beach in 1971. A 1996 survey failed to find it and it is presumed extinct.

The Lake Pedder earthworm mainly fed on microbes or algae on sand particles. Their feeding habits were seen to have a considerable impact on the banks of the lake, as the particles they consumed were deposited on the surface of the ground in the form of castings. As these castings were exposed to air, the soil was aerated, improving both the drainage and water holding capacity of the soil.
Genus Sparganophilus

## Source: Wikipedia

***Sparganophilus***, the only genus in the family **Sparganophilidae**, is a group of long, slender, limicolous (mud-dwelling) earthworms native to North America. The number of species is unknown, most of them are undescribed, throughout the continent and into Central America. One species, *S. tamesis*, has been introduced into the streams of Europe, where it is now widespread; its synonyms are *S. eiseni*, *S. benhami*, *S. guatemalensis*, *S. carnea*, *S. elongatus*, *S. cuenoti* and, newly, *S. langi*.

*Sparganophilus* species are characterised by a simple gut with no gizzard and no typhlosole. They are true earthworms, having a complex vascular system with capillaries and having the male pores far behind the female pores. They were at one time placed in the earthworm family Glossoscolecidae, but at present are considered to constitute their own family.

*Sparganophilus* species are commonly found in mud next to rivers and streams. They feed in the low oxygen mud and organic material, but with their highly vascularized posterior region on or near the surface.

*Sparganophilus* has no accepted common name.
Genus Barbronia

## Source: Wikipedia

***Barbronia*** is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Salifidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species:

* *Barbronia assiuti* Johansson, 1918
* *Barbronia delicata* Moore, 1939
* *Barbronia gwalagwalensis* Westergren & Siddall, 2004
* *Barbronia weberi* R. Blanchard, 1897
Genus Orobdella

## Source: Wikipedia

***Orobdella*** is a genus of leeches. It is the only genus in the monotypic family **Orobdellidae**. They are large annelids, with the largest species (*Orobdella octonaria*) exceeding 20 cm (7.9 in) in length, but some are much smaller: mature individuals of *Orobdella koikei* can measure only 4 cm (1.6 in). They inhabit the banks of mountain streams and feed on earthworms. The majority of species are endemic to Japan; two species are known from Taiwan, one from Korea, and one from Russian Far East.

## Species

*Orobdella* contains 21 species, including the following:

* *Orobdella dolichopharynx* Nakano, 2011
* *Orobdella esulcata* Nakano, 2010
* *Orobdella ghilarovi* Nakano and Prozorova, 2019
* *Orobdella ijimai* Oka, 1895
* *Orobdella kawakatsuorum* Richardson, 1975
* *Orobdella koikei* Nakano, 2012
* *Orobdella ketagalan* Nakano and Lai, 2012
* *Orobdella koikei* Nakano, 2012
* *Orobdella masaakikuroiwai* Nakano, 2014
* *Orobdella mononoke* Nakano, 2012
* *Orobdella octonaria* Oka, 1895
* *Orobdella shimadae* Nakano, 2011
* *Orobdella tsushimensis* Nakano, 2011
* *Orobdella whitmani* Oka, 1895
Metaphire posthuma

# The earthworm species *Metaphire posthuma* modulates the effect of organic amendments (compost vs. vermicompost from buffalo manure) on soil microbial properties. A laboratory experiment

## Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of compost and vermicompost produced from buffalo manure on soil bacterial diversity and activity in the presence and absence of the endogeic earthworm *Metaphire posthuma*. This experiment was carried out for 15 months with a maize–tomato–maize cycle under greenhouse conditions in Northern Vietnam. It showed a positive influence of compost and vermicompost on soil microbial properties, with higher cultivable bacteria, higher bacterial and catabolic diversity (Shannon diversity ‘H’ and Richness ‘S’) indices and higher enzymatic activities than control soils which only received mineral fertilizers. Differences also occurred between compost and vermicompost with lower activity and diversity in the soil amended with vermicompost, probably because of its higher molecular stability. The presence of *M. posthuma* led to divergent dynamics of bacterial community in soils amended with compost and vermicompost. Earthworms negatively influenced soil microbial properties in composted soil (lower Average Well Color Development ‘AWCD’), probably because of competition between bacteria and earthworms for organic resources and/or because of the consumption of microbes by earthworms. Conversely, the presence of earthworms increased bacterial diversity and activity with higher AWCD, and H and S indices for the vermicompost treatment, probably as a result of a stimulation of microorganisms that allow the degradation of stable organic matter and its further consumption by earthworms. In conclusion, this study clearly confirmed the different impacts of compost and vermicompost on bacterial activity and diversity and highlighted the importance considering the interaction of these organic substrates with local endogeic earthworms.
Genus Pheretima

## Source: Wikipedia

***Pheretima*** is a genus of earthworms found mostly in New Guinea and parts of Southeast Asia.

Species belonging to the genus Pheretima have a clitellum, which is a band of glandular tissue present on segments 14 to 16.

Individuals are hermaphroditic and reproduction can be either sexual or parthenogenetic. Female genital pores lie on the ventral surface of segment 14. A pair of male genital pores is situated ventrally on segment 18. Genital papillae may also be present ventrally. As with all earthworms, development of young is without a larval stage and takes place in cocoons.

Pheretima are generally nocturnal, like most earthworms, and have an aversion to light. They come out only at night, and feed and reproduce only at night. Similar to most earthworms, they must keep their body surface wet to respire. They are also called farmer's friend as they help in making the soil porous for easy irrigation.

Similar genera include *Amynthas*, *Archipheretima*, *Duplodicodrilus*, *Metaphire*, *Metapheretima*, *Pithemera*, and *Polypheretima*. In combination these "pheretimoid" genera have about 1,000 species, making them an important ecological and taxonomic group of Oriental species (cf. Lumbricidae from Eurasia; Moniligastridae from Indo-Asian region).

Pheretima worms are administered as a medicine in China. The worm contains biological agents beneficial in rat models of stroke. In clinical practice, it has been recognized for its curative effects in the treatment of epilepsy. It contains hypoxanthine, lumbrofebrin, and lumbritin.

## Species

* *Pheretima darnleiensis*, Kinabalu giant earthworm
* *Pheretima praepinguis*
Hemibdella soleae

## Source: Wikipedia

***Hemibdella soleae*** is a marine species of leech in the family Piscicolidae and the type taxon of its genus. Found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is a parasite of flatfish such as the common sole.

## Description

This small leech grows to a length of about 10 mm (0.4 in) when extended. It is roughly cylindrical, thicker in the middle and narrowing somewhat to a sucker at each end. Newly-hatched larvae are yellowish and transparent and have a pair of eyespots. As they grow they become opaque, with black speckles, and lose the eyespots; later they become beige or grey, and finally black.

## Distribution and habitat

The range of *Hemibdella soleae* extends across the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Like the flatfish it parasitizes, it is benthic and demersal (living on and just above the seabed) and occurs at depths down to about 200 m (660 ft).

## Ecology

*H. soleae* is an ectoparasite of flatfish such as the common sole (*Solea solea*). Like other marine leeches, it feeds on its host's blood, but unlike most freshwater species, it does not drop off the fish after it has fed, instead remaining attached by its anterior sucker. In the juvenile leech, the remnants of each blood meal is visible through the transparent skin as a small red ball inside. In the northern part of its range, the common sole is the main host, but further south, other fish are also parasitized; these include the Senegalese sole (*Solea senegalensis*), the wedge sole (*Dicologlossa cuneata*), the bastard sole (*Microchirus azevia*), the Klein's sole (*Synapturichthys kleinii*), the sand sole (*Pegusa lascaris*) and the Portuguese sole (*Dagetichthys lusitanica*). In the English Channel, small common sole may have one or two leeches on them while large fish may have forty or more of the parasites.

Adult leeches attached to the underside of fish lay eggs on the seabed in locations where the fish like to semi-bury themselves in the sediment; the eggs have stalks and are anchored to grains of sand. The free-swimming larvae search out a host fish and attach to the anterior end of the dorsal surface, the only part of the fish not buried in sediment. After a short period of development, the larvae migrate to the ventral surface of the fish. Here they attach to the host with their front sucker oriented towards the front of the fish.
Piscicolaria reducta

source;natureserve

## Conservation Status

### NatureServe Status

Global Status:

GNR

### Other Statuses

U.S. Endangered Species Act:

None

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC):

None

## Distribution

National and State/Provincial Distribution:

Endemism:

endemic to a single nation

## Ecology and Life History

### Mobility and Migration

Colonial Breeder:

No

Non-Migrant:

No

Locally Migrant:

No

Long Distance Migrant:

No

### Habitat

Habitat Type:

Freshwater

## Population / Occurrence Delineation

Group Name:

Default

Separation Distance for Unsuitable Habitat:

1 kilometers

Separation Distance for Suitable Habitat:

1 kilometers
Genus Eudrilus

## Source: Wikipedia

***Eudrilus*** is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Eudrilidae.

Species:

* *Eudrilus boyeri* Beddard, 1886
* *Eudrilus butteri*
* *Eudrilus decipiens* Perrier, 1871
* *Eudrilus erudiens* Ude, 1893
* *Eudrilus jullieni* Horst, 1890
* *Eudrilus kamerunensis* Michaelsen, 1903
* *Eudrilus lacazii* Perrier, 1872
* *Eudrilus milliemosbyae* Owa, 1996
* *Eudrilus pallidus* Michaelsen, 1891
* *Eudrilus peregrinus* Perrier, 1872
* *Eudrilus roseus* Michaelsen, 1892
* *Eudrilus simplex* Michaelsen, 1913
* *Eudrilus sodeindei* Owa, 1996
* *Eudrilus sylvicola* Beddard, 1887
Genus Helobdella

## Source: Wikipedia

***Helobdella*** is a genus of leeches in the family Glossiphoniidae, the freshwater jawless leeches. They occur worldwide.

These are small, flat leeches which do not feed on blood.

Several species in this genus are used as model organisms in the study of developmental biology.

It has been difficult to define species in this genus without DNA analysis. Like other leeches in this family, some *Helobdella* species are polymorphic, coming in different colors and patterns. On the other hand, some uniformly colored species are actually cryptic species complexes that may be divided into separate species with genetic analysis.

As of 2004 there were approximately 40 described species, with species being described and reclassified continually.

Species include:

* *Helobdella austinensis*
* *Helobdella chaquensis*
* *Helobdella cordobensis*
* *Helobdella cryptica*
* *Helobdella duplicata*
* *Helobdella elongata*
* *Helobdella europaea [de]*
* *Helobdella longicollis*
* *Helobdella malvinensis*
* *Helobdella michaelseni*
* *Helobdella modesta*
* *Helobdella paranensis*
* *Helobdella pichipanan*
* *Helobdella obscura*
* *Helobdella robusta*
* *Helobdella similis*
* *Helobdella stagnalis*
* *Helobdella triserialis*
* *Helobdella virginiae*
* *Helobdella wodzickiorum*
* *Helobdella xenoica*
Genus Poecilobdella

## Source: Wikipedia

***Poecilobdella*** is a genus of Asian leeches belonging to the family Hirudinidae. Together with the genus *Hirudinaria*, they have been called **Asian buffalo (or cattle) leeches**.

## Species

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility lists:

1. *Poecilobdella blanchardi* (Moore, 1901) - **type species** - previously placed in subgenus: *Limnatis (Poecilobdella)* Blanchard, 1893
2. *Poecilobdella hubeiensis* Yang, 1980
3. *Poecilobdella nanjingensis* Yang, 1996

Now placed in the genus *Hirudinaria*:

* *Poecilobdella javanica* (Wahlberg, 1855)
* *Poecilobdella manillensis* (Lesson, 1842)
Marvinmeyeria lucida

source: cdnsciencepub

## Abstract

*Marvinmeyeria lucida* (Moore, 1954) is noted for the first lime in Ontario. It has been reported to feed exclusively on freshwater gastropods but the present study shows that it also occurs in natural association with the fingernail clam. *Sphaerium occidentale* (Prime). This small leech is found in the pericardium of its sphaeriid host and shows a marked preference for larger clams (> 5.0 mm shell length). Infestation rates are highest in winter (11.1–15.5%), lowest in spring and fall (1.1–3.6%), and intermediate (4.1–5.4%) in estivating clams. Rates of infestation are inversely related to dissolved oxygen levels in spring, fall, and early summer and to temperature in the fall. Possible commensal, parasitic, and (or} predatory relationships of *M*. *lucida* with *S*. *occidentale* are discussed.
Genus Glossiphonia

## Source: Wikipedia

***Glossiphonia*** is a genus of Glossiphoniidae.

The genus was described in 1816 by James Rawlins Johnson.

It has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

* *Glossiphonia complanata* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Glossiphonia concolor* (Aphathy, 1888)
* *Glossiphonia heteroclita* (Linnaeus, 1761)
* *Glossiphonia lata* Oka, 1910
* *Glossiphonia smaragdina* Oka, 1910
* *Glossiphonia verrucata* (Müller, 1844)
Haemadipsa interrupta

## Source: Wikipedia

***Haemadipsa interrupta*** is a terrestrial leech found in the Malay Peninsula. It was described by John Percy Moore.

## Ecology and behavior

*Haemadipsa interrupta* occur on the ground in moist forests. They are fast and aggressive, feeding on a variety of prey by attaching themselves to the feet of passers-by.

## Description

*Haemadipsa interrupta* are distinctive by having their median dorsal stripe being broken into a series of dashes.
Snake Earthworms (Genus Amynthas)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Amynthas*** is a genus of earthworms in the family Megascolecidae.

## Species

* *Amynthas agrestis* (Goto and Hatai, 1899)
* *Amynthas alexandri* (Beddard, 1900)
* *Amynthas assimilis*
* *Amynthas borealis* (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* *Amynthas comptus* (Gates, 1932)
* *Amynthas defecta* (Gates, 1930)
* *Amynthas dorualis*
* *Amynthas exiguus* (Gates, 1930)
* *Amynthas fucosus* (Gates, 1933)
* *Amynthas gracilis* (Kinberg, 1867)
* *Amynthas hilgendorfi* (Michaelsen, 1892)
* *Amynthas hupbonensis* (Stephenson, 1931)
* †*Amynthas japonicus* (Horst, 1883)
* *Amynthas kinmenensis*
* *Amynthas longicauliculatus* (Gates, 1931)
* *Amynthas luridus* (Shen, Chang, & Chih, 2019)
* *Amynthas mekongianus* (Cognetti, 1922)
* *Amynthas minimus*
* *Amynthas mirifius*
* *Amynthas moakensis*
* *Amynthas morrisi* (Beddard, 1892)
* *Amynthas mujuensis*
* *Amynthas obsoletus*
* *Amynthas papulosus* (Rosa, 1896)
* *Amynthas phatubensis* (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* *Amynthas polyglandularis*
* *Amynthas pulvinus*
* *Amynthas ruiyenensis* (Shen, Chang, & Chih, 2019)
* *Amynthas sangumburi*
* *Amynthas siam* (Blakemore, 2011)
* *Amynthas srinan* (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* *Amynthas taiwumontis*
* *Amynthas tessellatus*
* *Amynthas tokioensis* (Beddard, 1892)
* *Amynthas tontong* (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* *Amynthas wuhumontis*
* *Amynthas wujhouensis*
Stibarobdella moorei

source: pensoft

Abstract

The present report is the northernmost capture of the piscicolid leech *Stibarobdella moorei* in the western South Atlantic Ocean. This is also the first time *S. moorei* is found associated to a batoid fish in the Brazilian coast, the eyespot skate *Atlantoraja cyclophora*. *Stibarobdella moorei* was found fixed in the dorsal side of a male eyespot skate, caught by bottom trawl around of the São Paulo coast, southeastern Brazil. A brief description of the morphology of the parasite and a discussion on the taxonomic status of the *S. moorei* are presented.
Helobdella europaea

source: springer

New information on the occurrence of *Helobdella europaea* Kutschera, 1987 was obtained. Four individuals assigned to this species were found in a private aquarium in Kharkiv. *Helobdella europaea* has not been recorded for Ukraine so far. The taxonomic identity of the leeches was confirmed by both a morphological examination and a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on all available *cox1* sequences of *Helobdella* leeches. *Helobdella europaea* was found to have extremely low genetic diversity, which has been probably caused by the founder effect. The variability of the coloration pattern of *H. europaea* was documented and discussed in the light of its potential usefulness for identification. The species can invade local freshwater ecosystems as has been already happened elsewhere.
Tiger Leech (Haemadipsa picta)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Haemadipsa picta*** (common names: **tiger leech**, or less commonly, **stinging land leech**) is a large (up to 33 mm long) terrestrial leech found in Borneo, Indochina, and Taiwan. It was described by John Percy Moore based on specimens collected from Sarawak, Borneo. It preys primarily on medium- to large-sized mammals, including humans.

## Ecology and behavior

*Haemadipsa picta* occur on bushes and grasses about 1 metre or higher above the ground in moist forests. They are fast and actively moving, and even known to fall onto hikers from higher bushes or leaves. They attach themselves to the hands, arms, shoulders, and even neck of passers-by. The bites of this species are comparatively painful and difficult to heal, hence the common name "stinging land leech" (although *Haemadipsa ornata*, with a similarly painful bite, would deserve this name too).

## Description

*Haemadipsa picta* measure 13–33 mm (0.51–1.30 in) in length. The anterior sucker diameter is 1.3–2.5 mm (0.051–0.098 in) and the posterior one 2.5–3.7 mm (0.098–0.146 in). It is easily recognized by its longitudinally striped reddish brown dorsum: there is a broad, bluish-gray, yellow-greenish, or multicolored median-paramedian field that contains three to five black or dark brown broken stripes inside. There is also a white or pale yellowish longitudinal marginal stripe with dark-spotted borders. The venter is uniformly yellowish brown.
Smooth Turtle Leech (Placobdella parasitica)

## Source: Wikipedia

***Placobdella parasitica*** is a species of leech found in North America. Leeches are habitual ectoparasites of vertebrates in aquatic environments. *Placobdella parasitica* is differentiated from other members of the genus *Placobdella* by its smooth dorsal surface, simple to complicated pigmentation, and abdomen with 8 to 12 stripes.
Genus Anisochaeta

***Anisochaeta*** is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Megascolecidae.

The species of this genus are found in Australia and New Zealand.

Species:

* *Anisochaeta aemula* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta alba* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta ancisa* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta andrea* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta angusticlavia* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta aperta* Blakemore, 1997
* *Anisochaeta aterpaenulata* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta brevis* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta buckerfieldi* Blakemore, 1997
* *Anisochaeta bulla* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta calpetana* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta calvasaxea* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta celmisiae* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta cethana* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta chani* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta clavi* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta conspecta* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta corinna* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta coxii* (Fletcher, 1887)
* *Anisochaeta eastoni* Jamieson, 2000
* *Anisochaeta erica* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta felix* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta filix* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta flava* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta floris* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta garilarsoni* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta gigantea* (Benham, 1906)
* *Anisochaeta greeni* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta ima* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta isla* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta kiwi* Blakemore, 2013
* *Anisochaeta lata* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta lavatiolacuna* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta liberalis* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta longiductis* Blakemore, 1997
* *Anisochaeta magna* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta martha* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta mawbanna* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta megagaster* Blakemore, 1997
* *Anisochaeta metandris* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta novaeangelica* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta novaeanglica* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta novocombei* Blakemore, 1997
* *Anisochaeta palustris* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta paucula* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta portusarturi* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta proandris* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta rava* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta rubeospina* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta scottsdalei* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta sebastiani* Blakemore, 1997
* *Anisochaeta simpsonorum* Blakemore & Kingston, 1997
* *Anisochaeta stumpysinensis* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta tamara* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta toonumbari* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta trichaeta* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta tunicata* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta vincula* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta virgata* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta yabbratigris* Blakemore, 2000
* *Anisochaeta zeehan* Blakemore, 2000
Hirudo orientalis

## Source: Wikipedia

***Hirudo orientalis*** is a species of medicinal leech. It has been confused with *Hirudo medicinalis*, but has recently been recognized as a different species. This Asian species is associated with mountainous areas in the subboreal eremial zone and occurs in Azerbaijan, Iran, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. It occurs also in Georgia, and probably in Armenia.

## Morphology

### External characters

Length up to 108 mm, width of maximum body 10 mm, width of anterior sucker 4 mm, width of posterior sucker 5.5 mm. Gonopores are separated by five annuli. There are complete somite fiveannulate. Body surface is covered with numerous papillae. There are five eye pairs. Sulcus is present as a narrow and distinct groove running from the crypt of the median dorsal jaw to the dorsal rim of the anterior sucker. Dorsal surface color is mainly grass green, there are two orange paramedian stripes which are thin and fragmented and two orange paramarginal stripes which are broad and encompassing black segmentally arranged quadrangular or rounded spots. Lateral margins of body with yellow stripes encompassing black, segmentally arranged rounded spots. Black spots are located on the central annulus (a2) of each segment. Ventral region is mainly black, with metameric pairs of light greenish markings.

### Internal characters

**Jaws and teeth:** This species has three jaws, as is typical for a medicinal leech, which are monostichodont and bearing papillae. The papillae do not have any pores or fissures. Each jaw has 80 (min: 71 – max: 91) teeth; each tooth's average size is 33 µm

**Male reproductive system:** Atrium is large, bulbous with a glandular cover and located at ganglion in segment XI. Penis sheath is long broad duct bent anteriorly, not reaching ganglion in segment XII. Epididymis are medium-sized, discoid, tightly packed masses of ducting standing upright on either side of the atrium and located between ganglia in segments XI and XII. Ejaculatory bulbs are fusiform, well developed, and not larger than epididymes the dorsocefalic faces of which they circle. Vas deferens is thin ducts running from epididymis posteriorly. Testisacs is ovoid, approximately 1.5 times the size of ovisacs and located posterior to ganglion in segment XIII.

**Female reproductive system:** Vagina has an upright, long, evenly curved tube entering directly into ventral body wall posterior to ganglion in XII. Common oviduct enters the vagina subterminally at a small vaginal caecum. Ovisacs are globular, small. Common oviduct has a thin duct forming several loops and covered with a thick layer of glandular tissue bound to the cephalic face of vagina. Entire female reproductive system located between ganglia XII and XIII.

## Reproduction properties

The mature individuals deposit average 2.53 cocoons within one month. Each cocoon has averagely 8.55 hatchlings. According to these figures, *H. orientalis* deposite more cocoon than *H. medicinalis* (1.65), but less than *Hirudo verbana* (3.29). Hatchlings number per cocoon is also medium compared to the previous species (*H. medicinalis*: 6.73, *H. verbana*: 10.45)
Thin Jumping Worm (Amynthas gracilis)

## Use of Amynthas gracilis (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) and Bougainvillea litter for rehabilitation of overexploited soils, in Campeche, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.

Yucatan peninsula is one of the recent emerged lands in Mexico; where more of the soils have low organic matter content, and/or the organic horizon is thin (2-5cm). The industry of material extraction for construction purposes is well developed in Yucatan Peninsula, due to the fact of the calcareous material that can be obtained by the maternal rock. Therefore, the material extraction promotes the desertification of the areas, and soil erosion. Bougainvillea sp is a tropical and subtropical woody, evergreen, shrubby vine (Kobayashi et al. 2007), it has a wide range of distribution and it roots are superficial, what allows the plant to inhabit soils with a thin layer of soil organic matter. Earthworms as ecosystem engineers (Jones et al. 1994) can modify their environment, forming borrows and incorporation organic matter into the soil. The aim of this study was to rehabilitate soils without organic matter horizon by the use of earthworms and Bougainvillea litter. The study was developed at mesocosmos level in the laboratory of soils at El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Campeche, Mexico. Individual of anecic earthworms were collected and reproduced previously, anecic worms can better incorporate organic matter in to the soil than epigeics or endogeics worms, in Mexican tropical terrestrial ecosystems, anecic worms are almost absent or scarce. In this study we used the exotic earthworm Amynthas gracilis (native in Taiwan),that used to inhabit banana plantations with low technology in southeast Mexico, as exotic has a wide range of tolerance to different amounts of soil organic matter and pH. Four treatments with 4 replicas were established: a) calcareous soil without organic matter horizon+earthworms+litter, b) calcareous soil with organic matter horizon+ earthworms+litter, c) calcareous soil without organic matter horizon+litter, d) calcareous soil with organic matter horizon+litter. After 60 days of study, we observed how earthworms developed successfully in treatments with and without organic matter horizon. Higher amount of litter was incorporated into the soil in those treatments with earthworms. Soil invertebrates populated those treatments with organic matter and earthworms. This study shows that Bougainvillea sp and A. gracilis can be a good combination for rehabilitation of soils without organic matter layer in tropics. Further studies are required in order to observe same results at the field level.
Southern Worm (Aporrectodea trapezoides)

## Source: Science Learning Hub

The southern worm is dark greyish brown in colour. It lives in the top 20–30 cm of soil. It ingests (swallows) soil as it burrows, eating the organic matter. The soil passes through the earthworm’s digestive system. The digestion process can change soil nutrients into a form more accessible to plants.

Scientific name: *Aporrectodea trapezoides*

Status: introduced

Soil niche: endogeic

Length: 40–90 mm

Image: Ross Gray
Suborder Hirudiniformes

## Source: Wikipedia

The **Hirudiniformes** are one of the currently-accepted suborders of the proboscisless leeches (Arhynchobdellida). Their best-known member is the European medical leech, *Hirudo medicinalis*, and indeed most of the blood-sucking "worms" as which leeches are generally perceived belong to this group. In general, though some leeches suck blood, many are predators which hunt small invertebrates.

The Arhynchobdellida were formerly divided into two groups, denoted by presence or absence of toothed jaws. But this does not represent a natural division, as has now been determined - the most primitive proboscisless leeches are not found among the jawed blood-sucking forms as was generally believed, but among the jawless predators.

## Taxonomy

**"Jawed leeches"** - termed "Gnathobdellae" or "Gnathobdellida" - are exclusively found among the Hirudiniformes, but the order contains a number of jawless families as well. The jawed, toothed forms make up the aquatic Hirudidae and the terrestrial Haemadipsidae and Xerobdellidae (sometimes included in the preceding but worthy of recognition as an independent family). These might actually form a clade, which would then be placed at superfamily rank, but it seems that the Hirudidae might rather be close relatives of the carnivorous Haemopidae instead.

Many of the most well-known leeches belong to this family, most notably the medical leeches, such as the European species, already mentioned, which is prominent among these. Other medical Hirudiniformes of lesser importance are for example other species of the genus *Hirudo*, the North American medical leech (*Macrobdella decora*), and the Asian medical leech (*Hirudinaria manillensis*). Among the better-known bloodsucking land leeches are species belonging to the Asian genus *Haemadipsa*: they include the Indian leech (*H. sylvestris*) and the *yamabiru* or Japanese Mountain Leech (*H. zeylanica*).
Theromyzon maculosum

source: natureserve

## Conservation Status

### NatureServe Status

Global Status:

GNR

### Other Statuses

U.S. Endangered Species Act:

None

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC):

None

## Distribution

National and State/Provincial Distribution:

## Ecology and Life History

### Mobility and Migration

Colonial Breeder:

No

Non-Migrant:

No

Locally Migrant:

No

Long Distance Migrant:

No

### Habitat

Habitat Type:

Freshwater

## Population / Occurrence Delineation

Group Name:

Default

Separation Distance for Unsuitable Habitat:

1 kilometers

Separation Distance for Suitable Habitat:

1 kilometers
True Leeches (Infraclass Euhirudinea)

## Source: Wikipedia

**Euhirudinea**, the **true leeches**, are an infraclass of the Hirudinea. These clitellate annelids are of somewhat unclear relationships; namely the relationships of Hirudinea with oligochaetes are in need of revision. It may be that the presumed sister taxon of the Euhirudinea, the Acanthobdellidea, turns out to be more distantly related, as was already the case with the Branchiobdellida. Thus, eventually Euhirudinea might become a junior synonym of Hirudinea.

True leeches are subdivided into two groups, the Arhynchobdellida or Arhynchobdellae (proboscisless leeches), and the Rhynchobdellida or Rhynchobdellae (jawless leeches). Note that the lack of jaws is a plesiomorphy, while the presence of a proboscis is an apomorphy – not all Arhynchobdellida have jaws, but all Rhynchobdellida have a proboscis. The best-known leech species, *Hirudo medicinalis* (European Medical Leech), belongs to the Arhynchobdellida.
Euhirudinea leeches tend to hunt for nutrients in the morning, or afternoon. This is significant because leeches that hunt in the morning are found in larger sizes than those who hunt in the afternoon. Therefore, morning feeding seems to be more nutritious for the leeches than those who feed during the afternoon. Furthermore, these leeches are found either on trail, or off-trail, this is important for there had been found a greater amount of leeches that are found off-trail, than those that are on-trail.
Particle Controller

For other uses, see Particle Controller (disambiguation).

This item lets you choose particle effects to display around yourself.

**The *Particle Controller*** is an item found in the Fun Crate being of Rare rarity.

## Obtaining

The Particle Controller can be found inside the Fun Crate.

## Chance

The chance of getting the Particle Controller is Rare. (Moderate Chance)

## Usage

### Spawning

This item is used to display cosmetics in the form of particles.
Family Piscicolidae

## Source: Wikipedia

The **Piscicolidae** are a family of jawless leeches in the order Rhynchobdellida that are parasitic on fish. They occur in both freshwater and seawater, have cylindrical bodies, and typically have a large, bell-shaped, anterior sucker with which they cling to their host. Some of the leeches in this family have external gills, outgrowths of the body wall projecting laterally, the only group of leeches to exchange gases in this way.

Worldwide, around 60 genera and 100 species of leeches are in this family, all parasitic on the blood of marine, estuarine, and freshwater fishes. These leeches are less common in the tropics, and more abundant in temperate and polar waters.

## Taxonomy

Historically, the Piscicolidae have been divided into three subfamilies: the Pontobdellinae, characterised by two pairs of pulsatile vesicles on each urosome segment; the Pontobdellinae, characterised by a single pair of pulsatile vesicles on each urosome segment; and the Platybdellinae, with no pulsatile vesicles. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses performed by Williams and Burreson in 2006, do not support these subdivisions. The Piscicolidae were confirmed as being monophyletic, but the Platybdellinae were shown to be polyphyletic with four distinct clades, and the Piscicolinae were similarly polyphyletic, again with four distinct clades, and the Pontobdellinae were paraphyletic with respect to the genus *Oxytonostoma*.

## Ecology

The Piscicolidae are parasitic on the blood of fishes. They produce a variety of anticoagulants to help them drink blood freely. Some species are host-specific, while others can accept a larger range of hosts. Some, such as the European *Piscicola geometra*, take a blood meal and then drop off the host and hide somewhere while they digest the blood; some, mostly in marine or estuarine habitats with soft substrates, attach themselves temporarily to a crustacean after leaving their fish host; others remain attached to a fish semipermanently. Leeches are hermaphrodites, and mating may take place on or off the fish host, but in either case, the cocoon, usually containing a single egg, is deposited elsewhere, usually stuck to a stone or piece of vegetation, or even to the carapace of a crustacean. When the egg hatches, the juvenile leech has about a week to find a suitable fish host for itself.

## Selected species

* *Piscicola geometra*
* *Pontobdella muricata*
* *Trachelobdella lubrica*