Contorsion tensor

The **contorsion tensor** in differential geometry is the difference between a connection with and without torsion in it. It commonly appears in the study of spin connections. Thus, for example, a vielbein together with a spin connection, when subject to the condition of vanishing torsion, gives a description of Einstein gravity. For supersymmetry, the same constraint, of vanishing torsion, gives (the field equations of) 11-dimensional supergravity. That is, the contorsion tensor, along with the connection, becomes one of the dynamical objects of the theory, demoting the metric to a secondary, derived role.

The elimination of torsion in a connection is referred to as the *absorption of torsion*, and is one of the steps of Cartan's equivalence method for establishing the equivalence of geometric structures.

## Metric geometry

In metric geometry, the contorsion tensor expresses the difference between a metric-compatible affine connection with Christoffel symbol

Γ

i
j

k

{\displaystyle \Gamma\_{ij}{}^k}

 and the unique torsion-free Levi-Civita connection for the same metric.

The contorsion tensor

K

k
j
i

{\displaystyle K\_{kji}}

 is defined in terms of the torsion tensor

T

l

i
j

=

Γ

l

i
j

−

Γ

l

j
i

{\displaystyle {T^{l}}\_{ij}= {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ij} -{\Gamma^{l}}\_{ji} }

 as

K

k
j
i

=

1
2

(

T

k
j
i

−

T

j
i
k

T

i
k
j

)

{\displaystyle K\_{kji} = \frac{1}{2} (T\_{kji} - T\_{jik} + T\_{ikj}) }

where the indices are being raised and lowered with respect to the metric:

T

i
j
k

≡

g

i
l

T

l

j
k

{\displaystyle T\_{ijk} \equiv g\_{il} {T^{l}}\_{jk}}

.
The reason for the non-obvious sum in the definition is that the contorsion tensor, being the difference between two metric-compatible Christoffel symbols, must be antisymmetric in the last two indices, whilst the torsion tensor itself is antisymmetric in its first two indices.

The full metric compatible affine connection can be written as:

Γ

l

i
j

=

Γ
¯

l

i
j

K

l

i
j

,

{\displaystyle {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ij} =\bar\Gamma^{l}{}{}\_{ij} + {K^{l}}\_{ij},}

Where

Γ
¯

l

j
i

{\displaystyle \bar\Gamma^{l}{}{}\_{ji} }

 the torsion-free Levi-Civita connection:

Γ
¯

l

j
i

=

1
2

g

l
k

(

∂

i

g

j
k

∂

j

g

k
i

−

∂

k

g

i
j

)

{\displaystyle \bar\Gamma^{l}{}{}\_{ji} = \frac{1}{2} g^{lk} (\partial\_{i}g\_{jk} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij}) }

One way to quickly derive a metric compatible Affine Connection is to repeat the sum-sum difference idea used in the derivation of the Levi-Civita connection but not take torsion to be zero. Below is a derivation.

Convention for derivation (Choose to define connection coefficients this way):

∇

i

v

j

=

∂

i

v

j

Γ

j

i
k

v

k

,

{\displaystyle \nabla\_{i}v^{j} = \partial\_{i}v^{j} + {\Gamma^{j}}\_{ik} v^{k},}

∇

i

ω

j

=

∂

i

ω

j

−

Γ

k

i
j

ω

k

,

{\displaystyle \nabla\_{i}\omega\_{j} = \partial\_{i}\omega\_{j} - {\Gamma^{k}}\_{ij} \omega\_{k},}

We begin with the Metric Compatible condition:

∇

i

g

j
k

=

∂

i

g

j
k

−

Γ

l

i
j

g

l
k

−

Γ

l

i
k

g

j
l

=
0
,

{\displaystyle \nabla\_{i}g\_{jk} = \partial\_{i}g\_{jk} - {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ij}g\_{lk} - {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ik}g\_{jl} = 0,}

Now we use sum-sum difference (Cycle the indices on the condition):

∂

i

g

j
k

−

Γ

l

i
j

g

l
k

−

Γ

l

i
k

g

j
l

∂

j

g

k
i

−

Γ

l

j
k

g

l
i

−

Γ

l

j
i

g

k
l

−

∂

k

g

i
j

Γ

l

k
i

g

l
j

Γ

l

k
j

g

i
l

=
0

{\displaystyle \partial\_{i}g\_{jk} - {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ij}g\_{lk} - {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ik}g\_{jl} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - {\Gamma^{l}}\_{jk}g\_{li} - {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ji}g\_{kl} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij} + {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ki}g\_{lj} + {\Gamma^{l}}\_{kj}g\_{il} = 0}

∂

i

g

j
k

∂

j

g

k
i

−

∂

k

g

i
j

−

Γ

k
i
j

−

Γ

j
i
k

−

Γ

i
j
k

−

Γ

k
j
i

Γ

j
k
i

Γ

i
k
j

=
0

{\displaystyle \partial\_{i}g\_{jk} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij} - \Gamma\_{kij} - \Gamma\_{jik} - \Gamma\_{ijk} - \Gamma\_{kji} + \Gamma\_{jki} + \Gamma\_{ikj} = 0}

Now use the torsion tensor definition (Coordinate Basis) to rewrite the connection:

T
k

i
j

=

Γ
k

i
j

−

Γ
k

j
i

{\displaystyle {T^k}\_{ij}= {\Gamma^k}\_{ij} - {\Gamma^k}\_{ji} }

Γ

k
i
j

=

T

k
i
j

Γ

k
j
i

{\displaystyle \Gamma\_{kij} = T\_{kij} + \Gamma\_{kji} }

Substitute the torsion tensor definition into what we have:

∂

i

g

j
k

∂

j

g

k
i

−

∂

k

g

i
j

−
(

T

k
i
j

Γ

k
j
i

)
−

Γ

j
i
k

−
(

T

i
j
k

Γ

i
k
j

)
−

Γ

k
j
i

(

T

j
k
i

Γ

j
i
k

)

Γ

i
k
j

=
0

{\displaystyle \partial\_{i}g\_{jk} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij} - (T\_{kij} + \Gamma\_{kji}) - \Gamma\_{jik} - (T\_{ijk} + \Gamma\_{ikj}) - \Gamma\_{kji} + (T\_{jki} + \Gamma\_{jik}) + \Gamma\_{ikj} = 0}

Clean it up and combine like terms

2

Γ

k
j
i

=

∂

i

g

j
k

∂

j

g

k
i

−

∂

k

g

i
j

−

T

k
i
j

−

T

i
j
k

T

j
k
i

{\displaystyle 2\Gamma\_{kji} = \partial\_{i}g\_{jk} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij} - T\_{kij} - T\_{ijk} + T\_{jki} }

The torsion terms combine to make an object that transforms tensorially. Since these terms combine together in a metric compatible fashion, they are given a name, the Contorsion tensor, which determines the skew-symmetric part of a metric compatible affine connection.

We will define it here with the following motivation.

K

k
j
i

=

1
2

(
−

T

k
i
j

−

T

i
j
k

T

j
k
i

)

{\displaystyle K\_{kji} = \frac{1}{2} (- T\_{kij} - T\_{ijk} + T\_{jki}) }

Cleaning it up to match the indices by using the anti-symmetry of the torsion tensor yields what we will define to be the torsion tensor:

K

k
j
i

=

1
2

(

T

k
j
i

−

T

j
i
k

T

i
k
j

)

{\displaystyle K\_{kji} = \frac{1}{2} (T\_{kji} - T\_{jik} + T\_{ikj}) }

Subbing this back into our expression, we have:

2

Γ

k
j
i

=

∂

i

g

j
k

∂

j

g

k
i

−

∂

k

g

i
j

2

K

k
j
i

{\displaystyle 2\Gamma\_{kji} = \partial\_{i}g\_{jk} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij} + 2 K\_{kji} }

Now isolate the connection coefficients, and group the torsion terms together:

Γ

l

j
i

=

1
2

g

l
k

(

∂

i

g

j
k

∂

j

g

k
i

−

∂

k

g

i
j

)

1
2

g

l
k

(
2

K

k
j
i

)

{\displaystyle {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ji} = \frac{1}{2} g^{lk} (\partial\_{i}g\_{jk} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij}) + \frac{1}{2} g^{lk} (2 K\_{kji}) }

Recall that the first term with the partial derivatives is the Levi-Civita connection expression used often by relativists.

Following suit, define the following to be the torsion-free Levi-Civita connection:

Γ
¯

l

j
i

=

1
2

g

l
k

(

∂

i

g

j
k

∂

j

g

k
i

−

∂

k

g

i
j

)

{\displaystyle \bar\Gamma^{l}{}{}\_{ji} = \frac{1}{2} g^{lk} (\partial\_{i}g\_{jk} + \partial\_{j}g\_{ki} - \partial\_{k}g\_{ij}) }

Then we have that the full metric compatible affine connection can now be written as:

Γ

l

i
j

=

Γ
¯

l

i
j

K

l

i
j

,

{\displaystyle {\Gamma^{l}}\_{ij} =\bar\Gamma^{l}{}{}\_{ij} + {K^{l}}\_{ij},}

## Affine geometry

In affine geometry, one does not have a metric nor a metric connection, and so one is not free to raise and lower indices on demand. One can still achieve a similar effect by making use of the solder form, allowing the bundle to be related to what is happening on its base space. This is an explicitly geometric viewpoint, with tensors now being geometric objects in the vertical and horizontal bundles of a fiber bundle, instead of being indexed algebraic objects defined only on the base space. In this case, one may construct a contorsion tensor, living as a one-form on the tangent bundle.

Recall that the torsion of a connection

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 can be expressed as

Θ
ω

=
D
# θ
d
θ
ω
∧
θ

{\displaystyle \Theta\_\omega = D\theta = d\theta + \omega \wedge \theta}

where

θ

{\displaystyle \theta}

 is the solder form (tautological one-form). The subscript

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

 serves only as a reminder that this torsion tensor was obtained from the connection.

By analogy to the lowering of the index on torsion tensor on the section above, one can perform a similar operation with the solder form, and construct a tensor

Σ
ω

(
X
,
Y
,
Z
# )
⟨
θ
(
Z
)
,

Θ
ω

(
X
,
Y
)
⟩
⟨
θ
(
Y
)
,

Θ
ω

(
Z
,
X
)
⟩
−
⟨
θ
(
X
)
,

Θ
ω

(
Y
,
Z
)
⟩

{\displaystyle \Sigma\_\omega(X,Y,Z)=\langle\theta(Z), \Theta\_\omega(X,Y)\rangle +
\langle\theta(Y), \Theta\_\omega(Z,X)\rangle
- \langle\theta(X), \Theta\_\omega(Y,Z)\rangle
}

Here

⟨
,
⟩

{\displaystyle \langle,\rangle}

 is the scalar product. This tensor can be expressed as

Σ
ω

(
X
,
Y
,
Z
# )
2
⟨
θ
(
Z
)
,

σ
ω

(
X
)
θ
(
Y
)
⟩

{\displaystyle \Sigma\_\omega(X,Y,Z)=2\langle\theta(Z), \sigma\_\omega(X)\theta(Y)\rangle}

The quantity

σ
ω

{\displaystyle \sigma\_\omega}

 is the **contorsion form** and is *exactly* what is needed to add to an arbitrary connection to get the torsion-free Levi-Civita connection. That is, given an Ehresmann connection

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

, there is another connection

ω

σ
ω

{\displaystyle \omega+\sigma\_\omega}

 that is torsion-free.

The vanishing of the torsion is then equivalent to having

Θ

ω

σ
ω

=
0

{\displaystyle \Theta\_{\omega+\sigma\_\omega} = 0}

or

d
# θ
−
(
ω

σ
ω

)
∧
θ

{\displaystyle d\theta = - (\omega +\sigma\_\omega) \wedge \theta}

This can be viewed as a field equation relating the dynamics of the connection to that of the contorsion tensor.

## Relationship to teleparallelism

In the theory of teleparallelism, one encounters a connection, the Weitzenböck connection, which is flat (vanishing Riemann curvature) but has a non-vanishing torsion. The flatness is exactly what allows parallel frame fields to be constructed. These notions can be extended to supermanifolds.