recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Unnamed Appalachian Carcharodontosaurid

A new carcharodontosaurid theropod from the Huincul Formation (Aptian-Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Neuquén Province, Argentina, is described. Approximately the same size as Giganotosaurus carolinii Coria & Salgado, 1995, Mapusaurus roseae n. gen., n. sp. is characterized by many features including a deep, short and narrow skull with relatively large triangular antorbital fossae, relatively small maxillary fenestra, and narrow, unfused rugose nasals. Mapu-saurus roseae n. gen., n. sp. has cervical neural spines and distally tapering epipo-physes, tall dorsal neural spines, central pleurocoels as far back as the first sacral vertebra, accessory caudal neural spines, stout humerus with poorly defined distal condyles, fused metacarpals, ilium with brevis fossa extending deeply into ischial peduncle, and femur with low fourth trochanter. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Mapusaurus n. gen. shares with Carcharodontosaurus Stromer, 1931 and Giganotosaurus Coria & Salgado, 1995 several derived features that include narrow blade-like teeth with wrinkled enamel, heavily sculptured fa-cial bones, supraorbital shelf formed by a postorbital/palpebral complex, and a dorsomedially directed femoral head. Remains of Mapusaurus n. gen. were recovered from a bonebed where 100% of the identifiable dinosaur bones can be assigned to this new genus. Based on the metatarsals recovered, a minimum of seven individuals was buried at the site. It is conceivable that this bonebed represents a long term or coincidental accumulation of carcasses. The presence of a single carnivorous taxon with individuals of different ontogenic stages pro-vides evidence of variation within a single population, and may also indicate some behavioural traits for Mapusaurus roseae n. gen., n. sp.
Rugops

***Rugops*** (meaning "wrinkle face") is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that inhabited what is now Africa (Morocco & Niger) approximately 95 million years ago, during the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous.

Though known only from a partial skull found in the Echkar Formation and a left maxilla from the Kem Kem Beds, *Rugops* was initially estimated as being 6 metres (19.7 ft) long and 750 kilograms (1,650 lb) in weight based on comparisons with its relatives. Later estimates suggest a revised length of 4.4 metres (14.4 ft). At the same time other authors suggest that it measured 5.3 metres (17.4 ft) long and 410 kilograms (900 lb) in weight. The skull length of *Rugops* was about 31.5 centimetres (12.4 in). Paul Sereno, who led the team that discovered the fossil, said "It's not the kind of head designed for fighting or bone-crushing", suggesting that it may have been a scavenger. The top of the skull bears two rows of seven holes, each of unknown purpose, although Sereno has speculated that they may have anchored some kind of display crest or horns; based on the presence of grooves for blood vessels forming a pathway into these pits.

Like other abelisaurids, *Rugops* likely had very short, or even vestigial arms. These were probably useless in fighting, and may have only been used to counterbalance the dinosaur's head.[*citation needed*]

## Paleoecology

The discovery of *Rugops*'s skull in Niger in 2000 was a crucial breakthrough in the understanding of the evolution of theropods in that area, and demonstrates that this landmass was still united with Gondwana at that stage in history. It lived in the same locality and geological time period as *Spinosaurus*, *Carcharodontosaurus*, and *Deltadromeus*.
Thanos

***Thanos*** (named for the Marvel Comics character) is a genus of carnivorous brachyrostran abelisaurid dinosaur that lived in Brazil during the Santonian stage of the late Cretaceous Period. It contains only a single species known as ***T. simonattoi***.

## Discovery and naming

In 2014, it was reported in the scientific literature that Sérgio Luis Simonatto with a team of the *Museu de Paleontologia "Prof. Antonio Celso de Arruda Campos"* had found the front of a theropod axis near São José do Rio Preto. Several years later Fabiano Vidoi Iori uncovered the rear part of the same vertebra.

In 2018, the type species *Thanos simonattoi* was named and described by Rafael Delcourt and Fabiano Vidoi Iori online. The print version was published in 2020. The generic name refers to the Marvel Comics character Thanos, invented by Jim Starlin. The character's name is itself derived from the Greek θάνατος, *thanatos*, "death". The specific name honours Simonatto.

The holotype specimen, **MPMA 08–0016/95**, was found in the São José do Rio Preto Formation, part of the Bauru Group and dating from the Santonian; in 2014 it had been dated to the Maastrichtian. It consists of an almost complete axis fused with an axial intercentrum. It is missing several processes at the front, rear and sides. The specimen is currently housed at the Museu de Paleontologia de Monte Alto, Brazil.
Ceratosaurus

***Ceratosaurus*** /ˌsɛrətoʊˈsɔːrəs/ (from Greek κέρας/κέρατος, '**keras/keratos'** meaning "horn" and σαῦρος '**sauros'** meaning "lizard") was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur in the Late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to Tithonian). This genus was first described in 1884 by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh based on a nearly complete skeleton discovered in Garden Park, Colorado, in rocks belonging to the Morrison Formation. The type species is *Ceratosaurus nasicornis*.

The Garden Park specimen remains the most complete skeleton known from the genus, and only a handful of additional specimens have been described since. Two additional species, *Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus* and *Ceratosaurus magnicornis*, have been described in 2000 from two fragmentary skeletons from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry of Utah and from the vicinity of Fruita, Colorado. The validity of these additional species has been questioned, however, and all three skeletons possibly represent different growth stages of the same species. In 1999, the discovery of the first juvenile specimen was reported. Since 2000, a partial specimen was excavated and described from the Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, providing evidence for the presence of the genus outside of North America. Fragmentary remains have also been reported from Tanzania, Uruguay, and Switzerland, although their assignment to *Ceratosaurus* is currently not accepted by most paleontologists.

*Ceratosaurus* was a medium-sized theropod. The original specimen is estimated to be 5.3 m (17 ft) or 5.69 m (18.7 ft) long, while the specimen described as *C. dentisulcatus* was larger, at around 7 m (23 ft) long. *Ceratosaurus* was characterized by deep jaws that supported proportionally very long, blade-like teeth, a prominent, ridge-like horn on the midline of the snout, and a pair of horns over the eyes. The forelimbs were very short, but remained fully functional; the hand had four fingers. The tail was deep from top to bottom. A row of small osteoderms (skin bones) was present down the middle of the neck, back, and tail. Additional osteoderms were present at unknown positions on the animal's body.

*Ceratosaurus* gives its name to the Ceratosauria, a clade of theropod dinosaurs that diverged early from the evolutionary lineage leading to modern birds. Within the Ceratosauria, some paleontologists proposed it to be most closely related to *Genyodectes* from Argentina, which shares the strongly elongated teeth. The geologically older genus *Proceratosaurus* from England, although originally described as a presumed antecedent of *Ceratosaurus*, was later found to be unrelated. *Ceratosaurus* shared its habitat with other large theropod genera including *Torvosaurus* and *Allosaurus*, and it has been suggested that these theropods occupied different ecological niches to reduce competition. *Ceratosaurus* may have preyed upon plant-eating dinosaurs, although some paleontologists suggested that it hunted aquatic prey such as fish. The nasal horn was probably not used as a weapon as was originally suggested by Marsh, but more likely was used solely for display.
Weldstone

A walled fortress town sitting on the Malum Mountian Range,the Garnesia/Rauthil boarder. Known for a star steel mine and a large source of iron, both sides have jockeyed for control over it. Due to its strategic value most of the fighting happens away from the city leaving it unmarred. The constant switching of rulership has led to the population not caring an outsider's allegiances and a general sense of neutrality. The city is quite placid for an area that is so contested.

After the iron was discovered diviners soon found small deposits of star steel, and although no large quantities have been recovered the city continues to dig ever deeper for find the planet's riches.

Its population sits at around 1500 people living withing the walls, with the out skirts housing many other who live in the various mines and farms in the outlying areas. A large deal of trade happens withing the safety of the walls making a few families a great deal of money, leading to a small trade republic that controls most of the happenings within the area.
Daspletosaurus

***Daspletosaurus*** (/dæsˌpliːtəˈsɔːrəs/ *das-PLEET-ə-SOR-əs*; meaning "frightful lizard") is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur that lived in Laramidia between about 79.5 and 74 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period. The genus *Daspletosaurus* contains two species. Fossils of the earlier type species, ***D. torosus***, have been found in Alberta, while fossils of the later second species, ***D. horneri***, have been found only in Montana. A possible third species, also from Alberta, awaits formal identification, and another possible species *D. degrootorum*, also exists, but it may belong to the separate genus *Thanatotheristes* instead. *Daspletosaurus* is closely related to the much larger and more recent tyrannosaurid *Tyrannosaurus rex*. Like most tyrannosaurids, *Daspletosaurus* was a multi-tonne bipedal predator equipped with dozens of large, sharp teeth. *Daspletosaurus* had the small forelimbs typical of tyrannosaurids, although they were proportionately longer than in other genera.

As an apex predator, *Daspletosaurus* was at the top of the food chain, probably preying on large dinosaurs like the ceratopsid *Centrosaurus* and the hadrosaur *Hypacrosaurus*. In some areas, *Daspletosaurus* coexisted with another tyrannosaurid, *Gorgosaurus*, though there is some evidence of niche differentiation between the two. While *Daspletosaurus* fossils are not as common as other tyrannosaurid fossils, the available specimens allow some analysis of the biology of these animals, including social behavior, diet, and life history.
Mochlodon

***Mochlodon*** is a genus of rhabdodontid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Austria and Hungary. It lived during the Late Cretaceous (85-80 Ma) and two species are known: *M. suessi* and *M. vorosi*.

In 1859 coal mine administrator Pawlowitsch notified the University of Vienna that some fossils had been found in the *Gute Hoffnung* mine at Muthmannsdorf in Austria. A team headed by geologists Eduard Suess and Ferdinand Stoliczka subsequently uncovered numerous bones of several species, among them those of a euornithopod dinosaur. Stored at the university museum, the finds remained undescribed until they were studied by Emanuel Bunzel from 1870 onwards. Bunzel in 1871 named the euornithopod a new species of *Iguanodon*: *Iguanodon suessii*. The specific name honours Suess and is today more often spelled *suessi*. In 1881 Harry Govier Seeley named a separate genus: *Mochlodon*. The generic name is derived from Greek *mokhlos*, "bar", and *odon*, "tooth", a reference to the bar-like median ridge on the teeth. The type species is *Mochlodon suessi*. *Mochlodon* and *Struthiosaurus*, the latter found at the same site, are the only dinosaur genera named from Austrian finds.

The type specimen PIUW 2349 was found in the Grünbach Formation of the Gosau Group dating from the Lower Campanian, about 80 million years old. It consists of a dentary, two vertebrae (presently lost), a parietal, a scapula, an ulna, a manual ungual, a femur and a tibia. Bunzel did not assign a holotype. In 2005 the dentary was chosen as the lectotype.
Eocarcharia

***Eocarcharia*** (meaning "dawn shark") is a genus of carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation that lived in the Sahara 112 million years ago, in what today is the country of Niger. It was discovered in 2000 on an expedition led by University of Chicago paleontologist Paul Sereno. The type and only species is *Eocarcharia dinops*. Its teeth were shaped like blades and were used for disabling live prey and ripping apart body parts. *Eocarcharia*’s brow is swollen into a massive band of bone, giving it a menacing glare (leading to the specific name *dinops* or "fierce-eyed"). It may have reached lengths of 6–8 m (19.7–26.2 ft).

## Paleoecology[edit]

In the Elrhaz Formation, dinosaurs that lived with *Eocarcharia* include theropods *Kryptops palaios* and *Suchomimus tenerensis*, sauropod *Nigersaurus taqueti*, and ornithopods *Ouranosaurus nigeriensis*, *Lurdusaurus arenatus*, and *Elrhazosaurus nigeriensis*.
Kőrös River Formation

For the Neolithic culture, see Körös culture. For other uses, see Körös (disambiguation).

"Koros" redirects here. For Greek mythological figure, see Corus (mythology). For the Croatian town known in Hungarian as Kőrös, see Križevci, Croatia.

The **Körös** (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkørøʃ]) or **Criș** (Romanian pronunciation: ['kriʃ]) (German: *Kreisch*) is a river in eastern Hungary and western Romania. Its length is 128.6 km (79.9 mi) from the confluence of its two source rivers Fehér-Körös (*Crișul Alb*) and Fekete-Körös (*Crișul Negru*) to its outflow into the Tisza. Its drainage basin area is 27,537 km2 (10,632 sq mi). It has three source rivers, all of which have their origin in the Apuseni Mountains in Transylvania, Romania: Crișul Alb (Fehér-Körös), Crișul Negru (Fekete-Körös) and Crișul Repede (Sebes-Körös). The confluence of the rivers Fehér-Körös (*Crișul Alb*) and Fekete-Körös (*Crișul Negru*) is near the town Gyula. The Körös downstream from Gyula is also called the Kettős-Körös (Hungarian for "double Körös"). 37.3 km further downstream, near Gyomaendrőd, the Sebes-Körös (*Crișul Repede*) joins the Criș/Körös. The section downstream from Gyomaendrőd is also called the Hármas-Körös (Hungarian for "triple Körös"). The Körös flows into the Tisza River near Csongrád.

It was known in antiquity as the "Chrysus", *Crisus*, *Crisia*, *Grisia*, or *Gerasus*, while an archaic German name is *Kreisch*.

**Dinosaurs was found**:

- Drigsaurus

- Cephalospondylus

- Triovenator

- Maxillatyrannus

- Microplosaurus

- Geonichtus

- Armissaurus

- Körössaurus
Ceratosuchops

***Ceratosuchops*** (meaning "horned crocodile face") is a genus of spinosaurid from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Britain.

## Discovery and naming[edit]

Diagram showing known material of *Ceratosuchops* (rear) and *Riparovenator* (front)

In 2021, the type species ***C. inferodios*** was named and described by a team of paleontologists including Chris Barker, Darren Naish, David Hone and others. The specific name means "hell heron", in reference to the ecology presumed by the research team.

The holotype remains of this taxon consist of **IWCMS 2014.95.5** (premaxillary bodies), **IWCMS 2021.30** (a posterior premaxilla fragment) and **IWCMS 2014.95.1-3** (a nearly complete braincase), all of which were recovered from rocks in Chilton Chine of the Wessex Formation and stored at Dinosaur Isle museum. Referred remains include a single right postorbital (**IWCMS 2014.95.4**).

## Description[edit]

*Ceratosuchops* is estimated to measure 8.5 m (27 ft) in length based on the skeletal reconstruction in the describing paper by Dan Folkes, 2021.

## Phylogeny[edit]

The authors recovered *Ceratosuchops* as a member of the newly erected clade, Ceratosuchopsini, closely related to *Suchomimus* and the coeval *Riparovenator*.

## Paleoenvironment[edit]

*Ceratosuchops* lived in a dry mediterranean habitat in the Wessex Formation, where rivers were home to riparian zones. Like most spinosaurs, it would have fed on available small to medium-sized aquatic and terrestrial prey in these areas.
Ozraptor

***Ozraptor*** (meaning "Australian thief") is a genus of possibly abelisauroid theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) Colalura Sandstone of Australia, known from fragmentary remains.

## Contents

* 1Discovery and naming
* 2Classification
* 3See also
* 4References

## Discovery and naming

In 1967 a group of four twelve-year-old Scotch College schoolboys found a fossil at the Bringo Railway Cutting site near Geraldton, which they showed to professor Rex Prider of the University of Western Australia. He had a cast made that he sent to experts of the British Museum of Natural History in London who thought it likely belonged to an extinct turtle. Re-evaluation of the bone in the 1990s after being prepared out of the rock by John Albert Long and Ralph Molnar classified the fossil as the shinbone of a genus of theropods.

In 1998 Long and Molnar named and described the type (and only) species *Ozraptor subotaii*. The generic name is derived from "Ozzies", the nickname for Australians, and a Latin *raptor*, "seizer". The specific name honours a fictional character, the swift-running thief and archer "Subotai" from the movie *Conan the Barbarian*.

The holotype, **UWA 82469**, was found in the Colalura Sandstone, dating to the middle Bajocian, about 169 million years ago. It consists of the distal or lower end of a left tibia. Together with *Rhoetosaurus*, *Ozraptor* is among the oldest known Australian dinosaurs.

The specimen is 8 centimetres (3.1 in) long and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) wide at the lower end. From these measurements, a total length for the shinbone was estimated of about 17 to 20 centimetres (6.7 to 7.9 in) and for the animal as a whole of about 2 metres (6.6 ft). Three diagnostic features were established enabling it to be upheld as a distinct species of dinosaur: the ascending process of the astragalus had a rectangular shape with a straight upper end; the astragalar facet had a vertical ridge; the medial condyle was weakly developed.

## Classification

Only known from one partial leg bone, *Ozraptor* is difficult to classify. In 1998 the describers could not more precisely determine the classification than a Theropoda *incertae sedis*. In 2004 Thomas Holtz thought it was a member of the Avetheropoda. In 2005 another study, by Oliver Rauhut, suggested that it was indeed a theropod, and more specifically, a member of the Abelisauroidea based on the presence of the distinct vertical median ridge on the astragalar groove. Classified as one, *Ozraptor* would be the oldest known abelisauroid.
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Aucasaurus

***Aucasaurus*** is a genus of medium-sized abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from Argentina that lived during the Late Cretaceous (Santonian to Campanian stage) of the Anacleto Formation. It was smaller than the related *Carnotaurus*, although more derived in some ways, such as its extremely reduced arms and almost total lack of fingers. The type skeleton is complete to the thirteenth caudal vertebra, and so is relatively well understood, and is the most complete abelisaurid yet described. However, the skull is damaged, causing some paleontologists[*who?*] to speculate that it was involved in a fight prior to death.

In 2009, Novas suggested that *Aucasaurus garridoi* might be a junior synonym of *Abelisaurus comahuensis*. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul renamed *Aucasaurus garridoi* into *Abelisaurus garridoi*. This has found no acceptance.[*citation needed*]

*Aucasaurus* is known from finds in the Río Colorado Subgroup, a Late Cretaceous group comprising the Anacleto Formation in the Neuquén Basin of Argentina that has yielded many dinosaur fossils. Numerous sauropod eggs are also known from this deposit.

*Aucasaurus* short, deep-snouted skull was not as short or as deep-snouted as that of *Carnotaurus*. Also, instead of horns, it had a pair of low ridges above each eye.

In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated its body length at 5.5 metres, its weight at 700 kilograms. In 2016, its length was estimated to be 6.1 metres (20 ft) and at least 1.5 tons in weight (comparable to Skorpiovenator) but heavier than the other genus Ilokelesia, which was estimated to be 200-240 kilograms in weight in a comprehensive analysis of abelisaur size.
Monolophosaurus

***Monolophosaurus*** (/ˌmɒnoʊˌlɒfoʊˈsɔːrəs/ *MON-o-LOF-ə-SAWR-əs*; meaning "single-crested lizard") is an extinct genus of tetanuran theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Shishugou Formation in what is now Xinjiang, China. It was named for the single crest on top of its skull. *Monolophosaurus* was a mid-sized theropod at about 5 metres long.

A nearly complete skeleton of a theropod new to science was discovered by Dong Zhiming in 1981, during stratigraphic exploration for the benefit of the oil industry. The fossil was not unearthed until 1984. In 1987, before description in the scientific literature, it was referred to in the press as *Jiangjunmiaosaurus*, an invalid *nomen nudum*. In 1992 it was mentioned by Dong Zhiming as *Monolophosaurus jiangjunmiaoi*, and in 1993 by Wayne Grady as *Monolophosaurus dongi*. These latter names also lacked a description and therefore were *nomina nuda* as well.

In 1993/1994, Zhao Xijin and Philip John Currie named and described the type species *Monolophosaurus jiangi*. The generic name is derived from Greek μόνος, *monos*, "single", and λόφος or λόφη, *lophos/lophè*, "crest", in reference to the single crest on the snout. The specific name refers to Jiangjunmiao, an abandoned desert inn near which the fossil was found. Jiangjunmiao means "the temple (*miao*) of the general (*jiangjun*)"; local legend has it that a general was buried here.

The holotype **IVPP 84019** was discovered in the Junggar Basin, in layers of the Wucaiwan Formation dating from the Bathonian-Callovian. It consists of a rather complete skeleton including the skull, lower jaws, vertebral column and pelvis. The rear of the tail, the shoulder girdle and the limbs are lacking. It represents an adult or subadult individual. The type specimen was restored with plaster to be used in a travelling exhibit. Its left side was encased in foam which has hindered subsequent study. A reconstruction was made of the missing elements to create casts of complete skeletal mounts. In 2010, two studies by Stephen Brusatte, *et al* redescribed the holotype, at the time still the only specimen known, in detail.

In 2006, Thomas Carr suggested that *Guanlong*, another theropod with a large, thin, and fenestrated midline crest and from the same formation, was in fact a subadult individual of *Monolophosaurus*. Usually *Guanlong* had been considered a proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid, but Carr had performed an analysis in which both specimens clustered and were allosauroids. More conservatively, in 2010 Gregory S. Paul renamed *Guanlong* into a *Monolophosaurus* species, *Monolophosaurus wucaii*, presuming the taxa might be sister species. In 2010, Brusatte e.a. rejected the identity, pointing out that the *Guanlong* holotype was actually a fully adult individual.
Dracovenator

***Dracovenator*** (/ˌdrækoʊvɛˈneɪtər/) is a genus of neotheropod dinosaur that lived approximately 201 to 199 million years ago during the early part of the Jurassic Period in what is now South Africa. *Dracovenator* was a medium-sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, that could grow up to an estimated 7 m (23.0 ft) long. Its type specimen was based on only a partial skull that was recovered.

*Dracovenator* is estimated to have measured between 5.5 and 6.5 meters (18 and 21 ft) in length. Others estimates suggest that *Dracovenator* was at most 7 m (23 ft) long and weighed 400 kilograms (882 pounds). The holotype specimen, **BP/1/5243**, consists of both premaxillae, a fragment of the maxilla, two dentary fragments, a partial surangular bone, a partial angular bone, a partial prearticular bone, an articular bone, and several teeth. *Dracovenator* has a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla. The back end of the lower jaw features an array of lumps and bumps, a condition seen in *Dilophosaurus*, but to a much smaller extent. Munyikwa and Raath (1999) reassigned paratype BP/1/5278, which was originally assigned to *Syntarsus rhodesiensis*, to *Dracovenator*, a juvenile specimen which consists of bones from the front of the skull, teeth, and jaw bones.

A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism. According to Yates (2005) *Dracovenator* can be distinguished based on the following characteristics: the presence of a large bilobed fossa surrounding a large lateral premaxillary foramen that is connected to the alveolar margin by a deep narrow channel; a deep, oblique notch on the lateral surface of the articular bone, separating the retroarticular process from the posterior margin of the glenoid, a particularly well-developed dorsal, tab-like processes on the articular bone-the first on the medial side, just posterior to the opening of the chorda tympanic foramen and the second on the lateral side on the anterolateral margin of the fossa for the m. depressor mandibulae.
Apatodraco

Apatodraco was a Pliosaurid, a type of marine reptile. It was 13.37 m long and its weight was 22.39 tons. Apatodraco's bite force was 180271.18 N. It lived during the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian period in South-Eastern Hungary. There was only one neck vertebra found. It has only one specimen yet, SEH 2020. Only one species is known, Apatodraco gigas. It was found in 2020.05.08. Apatodraco means "Deceptive Dragon", which is referred to first the vertebra was thought to belong to a Rhabdodontid, but later that was incorrect.
Riparovenator

***Riparovenator*** ("riverbank hunter") is a genus of baryonychine spinosaurid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) period of Britain, the type species is ***Riparovenator milnerae***.

## Discovery and naming[edit]

Diagram showing known material of *Riparovenator* (front) and *Ceratosuchops* (rear)

Between 2013 and 2017, spinosaurid fossils were uncovered at the beach near the Chilton Chine before being brought to Dinosaur Isle. Such remains had been generally referred to *Baryonyx* but were understood recently to represent two species new to science.

In 2021, the type species *Riparovenator milnerae* was named and described by a team of palaeontologists including Chris T. Barker, David William Elliot Hone, Darren Naish, Andrea Cau, Jeremy A.F. Lockwood, Brian Foster, Claire E. Clarkin, Philipp Schneider and Neil John Gostling. The generic name is derived from the Latin *rīpārius*, "of the river bank", and *vēnātor*, "hunter". The specific name honors Angela Milner, deceased in August 2021.

The holotype remains of this taxon consist of IWCMS 2014.95.6 (premaxillary bodies), IWCMS 2014.96.1, 2; 2020.448.1, 2 (a disarticulated braincase) and IWCMS 2014.96.3 (a partial lacrimal and prefrontal), all of which were recovered from rocks in the Chilton Chine of the Wessex Formation. Referred remains include a posterior nasal fragment (IWCMS 2014.95.7) and an extensive caudal axial series of twenty-two vertebrae (IWCMS 2020.447.1-39), representing around fifty individual bones in total.

## Description[edit]

*Riparovenator* is estimated to have measured about 8 - 9 metres (26 - 30 feet) in length based on the skeletal reconstruction in the describing paper by Dan Folkes.

## Classification[edit]

In 2021, *Riparovenator* was, within Spinosauridae, placed into the Baryonychinae. The authors in a cladistic analysis recovered *Riparovenator* as a member of the newly erected clade, Ceratosuchopsini, closely related to *Suchomimus* and the coeval *Ceratosuchops*, its sister species.

## Palaeoecology[edit]

*Riparovenator* lived in a dry Mediterranean habitat in the Wessex Formation, where rivers were home to riparian galleries. Like most spinosaurids, it would have fed on aquatic prey as well as other terrestrial prey in these areas.
Theriosuchus

***Theriosuchus*** is an extinct genus of atoposaurid neosuchian from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Europe (Hungary & southern England), Southeast Asia (Thailand) and western North America (Wyoming), with fragmentary records from Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sites in China, Morocco, and Scotland.

Three valid species are currently recognized: *Theriosuchus pusillus* from southern England, *T. grandinaris* from Thailand, and *T. morrisonensis* from the Morrison Formation of North America. *Theriosuchus* was previously assigned to Atoposauridae, but a 2016 cladistic analysis recovered it as a neosuchian more closely related to members of the family Paralligatoridae than to atoposaurids.

Two species previously assigned to this genus, *Theriosuchus ibericus* and *T. symplesiodon*, have been reassigned to the new genus *Sabresuchus*. On the other hand, *Theriosuchus guimarotae* from Portugal has been reassigned to *Knoetschkesuchus*.
Cryolophosaurus

***Cryolophosaurus*** (/ˌkraɪoʊˌloʊfoʊˈsɔːrəs/ or /kraɪˌɒloʊfoʊˈsɔːrəs/; "CRY-oh-loaf-oh-SAWR-us") is a genus of large theropod dinosaur known from only a single species ***Cryolophosaurus ellioti***, from the early Jurassic of Antarctica. It was about 6.5 metres (21.3 ft) long and 465 kilograms (1,025 lb) in weight, making it one of the largest theropods of its time. Individuals of this species may have grown even larger, because the only known specimen probably represents a sub-adult. *Cryolophosaurus* is known from a skull, a femur and other material, the skull and femur of which have caused its classification to vary greatly. The femur possesses many primitive characteristics that have classified *Cryolophosaurus* as a dilophosaurid or a neotheropod outside of Dilophosauridae and Averostra, whereas the skull has many advanced features, leading the genus to be considered a tetanuran, an abelisaurid, a ceratosaur and even an allosaurid. *Cryolophosaurus* is currently considered to be a derived neotheropod, close to Averostra.

*Cryolophosaurus* possessed a distinctive "pompadour" crest that spanned the head from side to side. Based on evidence from related species and studies of bone texture, it is thought that this bizarre crest was used for intra-species recognition. The brain of *Cryolophosaurus* was also more primitive than those of other theropods.

*Cryolophosaurus* was first excavated from Antarctica's Early Jurassic, Sinemurian to Pliensbachian aged Hanson Formation, formerly the upper Falla Formation, by paleontologist Dr. William Hammer in 1991. It was the first carnivorous dinosaur to be discovered in Antarctica and the first non-avian dinosaur from the continent to be officially named. The sediments in which its fossils were found have been dated at ~194 to 188 million years ago, representing the Early Jurassic Period.
Sinosaurus

***Sinosaurus*** (meaning "Chinese lizard") is an extinct genus of theropod dinosaur which lived during the Early Jurassic Period. It was a bipedal carnivore approximately 5.6 metres (18 feet) in length. Fossils of the animal were found at the Lufeng Formation, in the Yunnan Province of China.

## Discovery and naming[edit]

The composite term *Sinosaurus* comes from *Sinae*, the Latin word for the Chinese, and the Greek word '**sauros'** (σαυρος) meaning "lizard"; thus "Chinese lizard". The specific name, *triassicus*, refers to the Triassic, the period that the fossils were originally thought to date from. *Sinosaurus* was described and named by Chung Chien Young, who is known as the 'Father of Chinese Vertebrate Paleontology', in 1940.

The holotype, IVPP V34, was found in the Lower Lufeng Formation, and consists of two maxillary (upper jaw) fragments, four maxillary teeth, and a lower jaw fragment with three teeth. The teeth are laterally compressed, and feature fine serrations both at their anterior and posterior edges. The teeth are also variable in size and are curved backwards. This material is too fragmentary to determine the length and weight of this dinosaur. Over the years, other fossils were referred to *Sinosaurus*, some of which were material that was shown to belong to two sauropodomorphs. The fossils include a postcrania, with a sacrum with three preserved sacral vertebrae. The material assigned to "*Sinosaurus* postcrania" includes a mix of plateosaurid and melanorosaurid elements. All the material from the Red Beds block has now been reassigned to *Jingshanosaurus.*

KMV 8701 was originally discovered in 1987. The specimen was identified as a new species, and was named *Dilophosaurus sinensis*. Then in 1994, during a field expedition, a more complete specimen was found, and was assigned to the same species. In 2003, Dong Zhiming studied the material of *Sinosaurus triassicus*, finding it to be quite similar to *Dilophosaurus sinensis*. As *Sinosaurus* was named earlier, "Dilophosaurus" *sinensis* became its junior synonym. In 2013, a study by Currie et al., confirmed that *D. sinensis* was the same animal as *S. triassicus* On the other hand, Wang *et al.* (2017) stated that it needs to be further investigated whether *D. sinensis* is indeed a junior synonym of *S. triassicus*, and noted that the two species are different at least in the anatomy of the premaxilla. The authors tentatively assigned *D. sinensis* to the genus *Sinosaurus*, but retained it as a species distinct from *Sinosaurus triassicus*. Specimen KMV 8701 consists of a skull (measuring 525 mm), and is nearly complete. The animal was about 5.6 m (18 ft) long. It has been assigned now to *Sinosaurus*, but the specimen still lacks sufficient description and preparation.
Aerosteon

***Aerosteon*** is a genus of megaraptoran dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of Argentina. Its remains were discovered in 1996 in the Plottier Formation, dating to the Santonian stage (about 84 million years ago). They were originally described as coming from the Anacleto Formation. The type and only known species is *A. riocoloradense*. Its specific name indicates that its remains were found 1 km (0.6 miles) north of the Río Colorado, in Mendoza Province, Argentina.

They show evidence of a bird-like respiratory system. *Aerosteon'*s name can be translated as *air bone* and derives from Greek ἀήρ (*aer*, "air") and ὀστέον (*osteon*, "bone").

*Aerosteon* was first described by Sereno *et al.* in a paper which appeared in the online journal PLoS ONE in September 2008. However, at the time, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature did not recognize online publication of names for new species as valid unless print copies were also produced and distributed to several libraries, and that this action is noted in the paper itself. PLoS ONE initially failed to meet this requirement for *Aerosteon*. On May 21, 2009, the journal's managing editor coordinated with the ICZN to correct this oversight, publishing a comment to the original paper with an addendum stating that the requirements had been met as of that date. Consequently, though the description appeared in 2008, *Aerosteon* was not a valid name until 2009.

The holotype specimen, **MCNA-PV-3137** consists of some cranial bones, a number of partial or complete vertebrae from the neck, back, and sacrum, several cervical and dorsal ribs, gastralia, furcula (wishbone), left scapulocoracoid, left ilium, and left and right pubes. The incomplete fusion of some of its bones indicate that it was not quite fully mature. No dental material is known for this taxon as the isolated tooth initially referred to the holotype was revealed to belong to an abelisaurid theropod.
Titanovenator

The Kenyan giant, known as the nickname "Titanovenator", is a naked genus of abelisaurid dinosaur that lived in Kenya during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

Titanovenator was first mentioned by Sertich et al. (2013) based on an abstract of the 73rd annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Additionally, it was mentioned by Boyd (2020). However, it is still considered a nomen nudum, as "Titanovenator" is simply a nickname used to refer to this new abelisaur, so it is still considered an indeterminate abelisaurid.

## Description

Titanovenator is known from the Lapurr Mountains of northwest Turkana, Kenya, which apparently make the first definitive non-marine fauna of the critical terminal Cretaceous interval. Also called the "Turkana Grits", Titanovenator diversifies known fauna from the Maastrichtian, found alongside crocodyloforms, pterosaurs and dinosaurs (2 iguanodonts, 3 macronarians and 2 theropods). The name consists of multiple cranial, axial column and appendicular skeletal isolated specimens. These were all referred to the same taxon via a tall, rugose premaxilla, an anteroventrally-inclined posterior border of the postorbital, and a prominent dorsal projection of the parietals and supraoccipital. An associated partial skull, strongly coossified, has a thick and weakly-sculptured skull roof with n prominent ornamentation. The astragalocalcaneum is fully coossified, having a prominent transverse sulcus at the anteroventral surface. The ascending process is low, subrectangular and separated from the anterior surface of the astragalus by fossa. Material comparison suggests this individual may have been 11-12 meters long, which is seen in many Gondwanan faunas, which reflects the global Late Cretaceous allosauroid-spinosaurid turnover.
Edmarka

***Edmarka*** is a genus of dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America. The name honors scientist Bill Edmark. It was a theropod closely related to *Torvosaurus*, and may, in fact, be a junior synonym of that genus. Its fossils, including a partial skeleton, were found at Como Bluff, Wyoming.

The type species, *E. rex*, was described in 1992 by Robert Bakker, Donald Kralis, James Siegwarth and James Filla. They distinguished their new species from *Torvosaurus tanneri* by features of the jugal bone, which shows both primitive and derived features. The scapula-coracoid, ribs, and pubis were also described. Bakker *et al.* were impressed with the size of *Edmarka*, noting that it "would rival *T. rex* in total length," and viewing this approximate size as "a natural ceiling for dinosaurian meat-eaters." Torvosaurine megalosaurs appear to occupy the top predator niche only in the lower and middle Morrison Formation, and were replaced in the upper Morrison Formation by giant allosaurids. The presence of *Torvosaurus* and *Edmarka* in various Morrison Formation rocks upholds Dr. Robert T. Bakker's theory that there is only one large predator in a setting, and the presence of it prevents the evolution of any other.

Overall *Edmarka* was around 35 feet and was a fierce meat eater. In popular culture *Edmarka* is not well known mainly because he gets overshadowed by other carnivores of that time like *Allosaurus* and *Saurophaganax*.
Trachosaura

Trachosaura was a Hadrosauridae dinosaur, that lived during the Santonian-age in the South Great Plains of Hungary, The South Great Plains is one of the 7 regions of Hungary. Trachosaura (Rough Lizard) was 4.85 meters long and 1.96 meters tall, it weighed 560.19 kg. It was found in 2020.05.08. Trachosaura belonged to the Hadrosaurinae subfamily. Trachosaura lived in large groups. Only one specimen was found, it is SGPH 2020, and one fragmented vertebra was found. The fragmented vertebra was 4cm. One species is described, Trachosaura imperus.
Megaraptor

***Megaraptor*** ("giant thief") is a genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived in the Turonian to Coniacian ages of the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been discovered in the Patagonian Portezuelo Formation of Argentina. Initially thought to have been a giant dromaeosaur-like coelurosaur, it was classified as a neovenatorid allosauroid in previous phylogenies, but more recent phylogeny and discoveries of related megaraptoran genera has placed it as either a basal tyrannosauroid or a basal coelurosaur.

## Description[edit]

*Megaraptor* was initially described as a giant dromaeosaur, known primarily from a single claw (about 30 cm long) that resembled the sickle-shaped foot claw of dromaeosaurids. The discovery of a complete front limb, however, showed that this giant claw actually came from the first finger of the hand. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 8 metres (26 ft), its weight at 1 tonne (2,200 lb). The hands were unusually elongated, bearing sickle-shaped claws even more recurved than those of spinosaurids.

## Classification[edit]

The hand is quite distinct from other basal tetanurans, so it was not initially clear whether *Megaraptor* was an allosaurid, a carcharodontosaurid, a spinosauroid, or something else entirely. Subsequent studies, as well as the identification of close relatives with similar large claws on the forelimbs (see below), helped identify *Megaraptor* as a highly advanced and lightly built allosauroid, and a member of the family Neovenatoridae. More recent studies have proposed that *Megaraptor* and its kin are actually tyrannosauroids or spinosauroids as opposed to allosauroids. A juvenile specimen described in 2014 has provided more evidence towards *Megaraptor* being a primitive tyrannosauroid. The discovery of *Gualicho* indicates that *Megaraptor* may not be a tyrannosauroid, but either an allosauroid or basal coelurosaur.

When first discovered and prior to publication, the spinosaurid *Baryonyx* was also reported to be a dromaeosaurid, and the allosauroid *Chilantaisaurus* was reported to be a possible spinosaurid, both based on the large hand claws.
Hungarian Dinosaurs Page

Hungary is a country nowadays, around 360 million years ago it was a place for the dinosaurs.

Dinosaurs/Creatures in Hungary:

- Hungarosaurus

- Basal Titanosaurian

- Unnamed Hungarian Abelisauridae

- Theriosuchus

- Allodaposuchus

- Iharkutosuchus

- Ajkaceratops

- Struthiosaurus

- Caiman Fish

- Turtles

- Unnamed fish

- Pneumatoraptor

- Komlosaurus

- Drigsaurus

- Maxillatyrannus

- Triovenator

- Bekesaurus

- Rhabdodon

- Mochlodon

- Unnamed Megalosaurs

- Bakonydraco

- Magyarosuchus

- Pannoniasaurus

- Disortodon

- Bauxitornis
Epanterias

***Epanterias*** is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur from the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian age Upper Jurassic upper Morrison Formation of Garden Park, Colorado. It was described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1878. The type species is *Epanterias amplexus*. This genus is based on what is now AMNH 5767, parts of three vertebrae, a coracoid, and a metatarsal. Although Cope thought it was a sauropod, it was later shown to be a theropod. Gregory S. Paul reassessed the material as pertaining to a large species of *Allosaurus* in 1988 (which he classified as *Allosaurus amplexus*). Other authors have gone further and considered *E. amplexus* as simply a large individual of *Allosaurus fragilis*. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul and Kenneth Carpenter noted that the *E. amplexus* specimen comes from higher in the Morrison Formation than the type specimen of *Allosaurus fragilis*, and is therefore "probably a different taxon". They also considered its holotype specimen not diagnostic and classified it as a *nomen dubium*.

## Etymology[edit]

The generic epithet translates to "buttressed" in Greek, in reference to the vertebrae. The word *amplexus* refers to the copulatory position of Amphibians in which males clasp their mates. Therefore, the specific epithet means "clasping buttressed vertebrae" in Latin.
Kurupi

***Kurupi*** is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Marília Formation of Brazil. The type and only species is ***Kurupi itaata***. It is so named because its remains were found near a love hotel.

## Etymology

The generic name is named for Kurupi, a god of fertility and sex from Guaraní mythology. According to the authors, "The choice of the name is due to the fact that the fossils were found in the region of “Motel Paraíso” (“Paradise Motel”), a place intended for intimate encounters." The specific name is derived from the Tupi language and has two roots: *ita*, meaning hard, and *atã*, meaning rock. This name is in reference to the cemented rocks of the Monte Alto region. Together, the generic and specific name can be translated as *rock-hard Kurupi*, or *rock-hard god of sex*.

## Description

The holotype, **MPMA 27-0001/02**, consists of three caudal vertebrae and a partial pelvic girdle. The authors estimate that the animal was 5 metres (16 ft) long. It would have been a cursorial, stiff-tailed hunter.

## Classification

The describers assign *Kurupi* to the Abelisauridae, but its precise relationships are uncertain because a phylogenetic analysis only generates a massive polytomy of abelisaurids more derived than *Spectrovenator*.
Hungarosaurus

***Hungarosaurus tormai*** is a herbivorous nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) Csehbánya Formation of the Bakony Mountains of western Hungary. It is the most completely known ankylosaur from the Cretaceous of Europe.

## Contents

* 1Discovery and naming
* 2Description
* 3Phylogeny
* 4Paleoecology
* 5See also
* 6References
* 7External links

## Discovery and naming

The species was named by Atilla Ősi in 2005. The generic name is derived from Hungary and the Greek *sauros*, lizard. The specific name honours András Torma, the amateur paleontologist who discovered the fossil site in 2000.

Four specimens of *Hungarosaurus tormai* are known, all collected from an open-pit bauxite mine near the village of Iharkút, Veszprém County, in the Bakony Mountains (Transdanubian Range) of western Hungary. The quarry exposes the Csehbánya Formation (which overlies the Halimba Formation, also Cretaceous in age), which is a floodplain and channel deposit consisting largely of sandy clays and sandstone beds. The specimen designated as the holotype is MTM Gyn/404 (in the collections of the Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest, Hungary) and consists of 450 bones, including portions of the skull (premaxilla, left prefrontal, left lacrimal, right postorbital, jugal and quadratojugal, left frontal, pterygoid, vomer, the right quadrate and a fragment of the left quadrate, basioccipital, one hyoid), an incomplete right mandible, three cervical vertebrae, six dorsal vertebrae, ten caudal vertebrae, ossified tendon fragments, three cerival and thirteen dorsal ribs, five chevrons, the left scapulocoracoid, right scapula, portions of the right manus, a partial pelvis, and more than one hundred osteoderms.

## Description

The length of *Hungarosaurus* has been estimated at about 4 to 4.5 meters. The skull of this dinosaur is estimated to have been 32–36 centimetres in length.