recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Bavarian Peasants' League

**Color(s)** |      Green

The **Bavarian Peasants' League** (German: *Bayerischer Bauernbund*) was a political party in Bavaria. Formed in 1893, it represented the rural agrarian populace of Bavaria. It contrasted with most other agrarian parties and the Bavarian People's Party/Centre Party by having a more liberal and anti-clerical platform from the beginning.

After the 1918 November Revolution, the party became divided between a right-wing, a moderate-wing and a left-wing. Karl Gandorfer and Konrad Kübler represented the left-wing, which became increasingly influential due to their support for the increasingly popular concept of a socialist council republic. Membership to the organization grew from 7,000 in 1914 to 40,000 in 1919. In the 1919 Weimar elections, it received 282,986 votes and 4 seats.

When the May Revolution erupted, the right-wing and moderate-wing split away and joined the Bavarian People's Party, while the remaining left-wing aligned itself with the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) and Communist Party of Germany (KPD). After the end of the German Civil War, the party merged with the USPD and formed a regional agrarian section in Bavaria.
German Worker's Party

The **German Workers' Party** (German: *Deutsche Arbeiterpartei*, **DAP**) was a short-lived far-right political party established in Weimar Republic after the Great War. Founded by locksmith Anton Drexler, the party never exceeded a few dozen members and remained notable only within the city of Munich. It dissolved shortly after the onset of the German Civil War, after which party operations could no longer resume. Some party members would later join the far-right in Baden-Württemberg.
Christian People's Party

The **Christian People's Party** (German: *Christliche Volkspartei*, **CVP**) is a conservative political party in the Rhenish Republic. Though not a Rhenish nationalist party, it operates legally only in the Rhenish Republic.

The party was effectively formed on 15 February 1921 during a split at the congress of the German Centre Party. The two active branches, based in the Rhineland and Baden-Württemberg, fractured over support for the respective governments in those regions, as well as over the direction of the party. The Rhenish branch, led chiefly by longtime Mayor of Cologne Konrad Adenauer, opposed the monarchism and political Catholicism of the Baden-Württemberger branch, instead advocating a republican, pan-Christian and pro-French platform. With disagreements unable to be reconciled, Adenauer successfully led the majority of the Rhenish branch into forming the Christian People's Party. The minority of the Rhenish branch that opposed the split initially maintained their section of the Centre Party, but merged with the CVP after the 1929 elections.
1930 Japanese General Election

**17th** **General elections** were held in Japan on 20 February 1930. The Rikken Minseitō, which was led by Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi, won an overall majority in the House of Representatives. Voter turnout was 83.34%.

Due to the failure of Showa Economic Crisis and the National Unity Cabinet in 1927, which was launched to solve it, Minseito was able to win the 1928 election. The Hamaguchi Cabinet, which was formed, carried out strong corporate regulation and policies to stabilize people's livelihoods during its two-year rule. Prime Minister Hamaguchi has won widespread support among the public and the politician's great popularity has given Minseito confidence to hold the 1930 election.

Rikken Seiyukai, meanwhile, had not been properly assembled since the general election of 1928. Members who criticized the Takahashi Cabinet in 1924, joined the Shinsei Club led by Inukai Tsuyoshi through Seiyuhonto and won many seats in the 1928 election, sounding alarm over the division of conservatives. Seiyukai discussed the merger with the Shinsei Club, but with the sudden death of Party leader Tanaka Giichi in 1929, the merger discussion with the Shinsei Club came to nothing. Without a proper leader, Seiyukai elected Suzuki Kisaburo as the next leader, but Seiyukai was not ready for the next election.

As a result, the election ended in a landslide victory for Minseito, and Seiyukai compromised itself in two consecutive elections. The Shinsei Club also had a poor 42 seats, with talks of a merger with Seiyukai starting to flare up again. Meanwhile, Shakai Taishuto, led by Katayama Tetsu, made a significant move, winning 11 seats and other left-wing popular parties also won local seats. This election has cemented Hamaguchi Cabinet's support, but only nine months later, the cabinet was disbanded due to the assassination of Hamaguchi Osachi.
1929 Livonian general election

A **general election** was held in Livonia on 25 August 1929. It was the second election held in that country, with candidates again being elected to the Senate.

The process was the same as the previous election, with voters voting on either the "German List" or "Balt List" depending on their ethnicity. Each group received half of the seats, with 175 for each group, totalling 350 seats.

Seats were distributed proportionally based on voter share once again, but the National League engaged in fraud by using falsified results on the German List to mask a decline in votes. As a result, they received nine more seats than they should have, and the correct results were only published months later, by which time the new parliament had already convened. Turnout notably decreased for both voter demographics, with a more drastic drop among Balts.
Italian Republican Party

The **Italian Republican Party** (Italian: *Partito Repubblicano Italiano*, **PRI**) is an Italian republican and anti-clerical political party.

## History

The PRI was formed in 1895 by anti-monarchist republicans, who had previously been poorly organized politically. Aside from republicanism, the party claimed the legacy of figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi and took strong anti-clerical positions. The party had ties with the Italian Socialist Party and Italian Radical Party.

The party supported the Italian intervention in the Great War for two reasons. Firstly, they considered France, a member of the Triple Entente, to be a bastion of human rights and representative of their views. Secondly, they sought the annexation of Trento and Trieste on a patriotic basis.

The post-war period fractured the party, with a number of left-wing figures, such as Pietro Nenni, joining the newly founded Communist Party of Italy. A number of others joined the Unitary Socialist Party. Their internal problems contributed to their disappointing electoral results.

When the Governo Military ascended to power in 1929, the party was vocal in its opposition. They were banned along with other parties, being driven underground. The party takes part in the Giustizia e Libertà movement of Carlo Rosselli.
1926 Livonian general election

A **general election** was held in Livonia on 29 August 1926. It was the first election held in that country since its establishment in 1919. Candidates were elected to the newly-formed Senate.

Following the establishment of Livonia, political parties, including Baltic-German parties, were suppressed in favor of the nonpartisan military regime of the Baltische Landeswehr. Many dissidents, especially those of non-German ethnicity, were imprisoned. Amidst economic troubles and increasing resistance from the majority Balt population, the regime of Rüdiger von der Goltz was forced to make political concessions to the opposition in 1925. This was largely a result of negotiations between Goltz and Kārlis Ulmanis, the leader of the Latvian Farmer's Union. Restrictions were relaxed and elections were agreed to be held, but under conditions that prevented a serious challenge to the military regime.

The elections were held with two voting lists. German voters voted on the "German List", while all other groups voted on the "Balt List". As per the terms of the agreement, half of the total seats were allocated to each list. The total amount of seats was 350, with 175 seats for each group. Seats were distributed proportionally for each list based on voter share. The voting system was widely seen as unfair and clearly over-representative of the German minority, but opposition to the military regime was nonetheless reduced for the time being.

Germans were able to vote for five political parties, with the military regime being organized under the National League. Intimidation tactics were employed to ensure a majority of votes for the National League. Balts were able to vote for twelve political parties, divided largely along ethnic and regional lines. Although the electoral law allowed the military regime to rule alone, members of the German-Baltic Reform Party and the German-Baltic People's Party joined the cabinet.
Combatants' Party

**Ideology** | Italian nationalismVeteran interests

The **Combatants' Party** (Italian: *Partito dei Combattenti*, PdC) was a nationalist political party in Italy, whose aim was to protect the interests of Great War veterans.

## History

It was formed for the 1919 general election and gained 4.1% of the vote and 20 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The party joined the leftist Italian Socialist Party of Nicola Bombacci as part of the opposition against the Christian democrat/Liberal majority.

By the 1921 election it had declined and won only 1.7% of the vote and 10 seats. They ran in an electoral alliance with the Sardinian nationalist Sardinian Action Party during this election. This time they joined the governing coalition of the right headed up by the Italian People's Party and the National Blocs.

The party progressively drifted closer to the fascists, which prompted the left-wing Sardinian Action Party to break off ties. Some members supported the failed fascist coup d'etat that was retrospectively labelled the March on Rome. After this was suppressed by the Royal Army, the PdC came under pressure from government authorities due to its fascist ties and chose to disband itself ahead of the 1924 elections, becoming an apolitical veterans organization known as the National Association of Combatants and Veterans (*Associazione Nazionale Combattenti e Reduci)*.
Baden-Württemberger federal election, 1921

**Federal elections** were held in Baden-Württemberg on 12 October 1921. They were the first elections held in the newly established country.

The fledgling state of Baden-Württemberg found itself politically divided and in a precarious situation. Its government abstained from declaring a separatist state, while also not officially considering themselves a part of a unified German nation primarily due to issues with France. However, all major parties remained in favor of a unified Germany, with the only separatist party, the Swabian Nationalist Party, gaining a mere 977 votes and no seats. In the end, no party gained a majority or even a significant plurality, with the results being clearly divided along regional and religious lines. The German Centre Party gained the most seats and formed a majority coalition government with the German National People's Party (DNVP) and the German People's Party (DVP).

The elections were held with universal suffrage, which had not been a right in the German Empire. The old imperial system that had overrepresented rural constituencies remained abolished as had been established in the Weimar Republic. These reforms remained primarily to avoid leftist and liberal unrest. The German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP) was the only party openly opposed to retaining these reforms.

Both the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) were banned from participation. Many of its supporters submitted blank ballots, resulting in over 180,000 invalid votes. To subvert the ban, some socialists ran under the "Socialist Freedom Party", however this was banned in 1922 and did not have any electoral success, having been suppressed and only present on the voting lists of a handful of constituencies.
Baltic Communist Party

***Balti Kommunistlik Partei (Estonian)***

The **Baltic Communist Party** (**BKP**) is a political party in Livonia and Estonia. It was formed in 1922 as a unification of the Communist Party of Estonia and Communist Party of Latvia, due to the political circumstances created by the establishment of Livonia. Though banned in Livonia, they have participated in elections through front parties. The party is a member of the Communist International, and receives funding and other forms of aid from the Soviet Union.
French Indochina

**French Indochina** or **Indochinese Union** is a colonial grouping of 4 protectorates: Annam*,* Tonkin, Cambodge, Laos and the colony of Cochinchine and Guangzhouwan territory and under a *Gouverneur-général de l'Indochine française.*

## Great Annamite Rebellion

### Assassination of Pierre Pasquier.

With the formation of the revolutionary societies in 1920s, several of them took to the tactics of assassinations, one of them being the right-wing section of the PNI, they carried out a series of shootings in Hanoi from spring 1930 to 31. This in turn triggered a large wave of repression and police arrests by the Surete de Indochine
Baltic Wars of Independence

* Livonian protectorate established over Estonia
* Baltic communist movement crippled
* Estonia (from 1919)

 Bermontians Reichswehr United Kingdom Lithuania

 Poland (to 1919) White Movement

 White Movement

**Support From:**
 United Kingdom (1918)

**Support From:**
Rüdiger von der Goltz
Alfred Fletcher

Alfred von Randow

Pavel Bermondt-Avalov

Silvestras Žukauskas

Edward Rydz-Śmigły

Jānis Balodis
Jorģis Zemitāns

Johan Laidoner
Ernst Põdder

Dmitry Nadyozhny

Jukums Vācietis

Pēteris Slavens

20,000 soldiers

50,000 soldiers

20,000 soldiers

3,000 soldiers

2,000 soldiers

8,000 soldiers

80,000 soldiers

40,000 soldiers

30,000 soldiers

30,000 soldiers

8,000 soldiers

7,000 soldiers

1,200 killed
4,000 wounded

1,800 killed
6,000 wounded

800 killed
2,000 wounded

20 killed
100 wounded

500 killed
2,000 wounded

7,000 killed
20,000 wounded

300 killed
4,000 killed
~20,000 civilians killed or missing

5,000 killed

200 killed
2,400 killed
7,000 wounded

700 killed
2,000 wounded

800 killed
2,000 wounded

400 killed

The Baltic Wars of Independence were a multi-party conflict that occurred in the Baltic region as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the Russian Revolutions of 1917. The three major factions were the Pro-German Livonians and Lithuanians, the native Latvians and Estonians, and the Baltic communists supported by the Russian Bolsheviks. In addition, anti-Bolshevik governments such as the United Kingdom and the Russian White Movement supported opposition against the Russian Soviet government and the Baltic communists.
German Democratic Party

The **German Democratic Party** (German: *Deutsche Demokratische Partei*, **DDP**) is a liberal party in Baden-Württemberg. It was formed in 1918 as the successor to the Progressive People's Party, representing the left-wing of German liberalism, in contrast with the right-wing national liberal German People's Party (DVP). Although originally in favor of a republic, the party has abstained from taking a position on form of governance since 1921. Its sister party in the Rhenish Republic is the Democratic Party of Germany (DPD), which was formed as part of an effort to unite German liberalism that succeeded in the Rhineland but failed in Baden-Württemberg.
Great Council of the State and Empire

*This article is a work in progress and has not been completed by its author(s). This content is not final.*

The **Grand Council of the State and the Empire** (French: *Grand conseil de l'Etat et de l'Empire*), abbreviated as Grand Council is the main body of the Regime of Marshals. An organization that holds and applies a great deal of control over government institutions, replacing the Military Committee of National Salvation and Preservation of the Empire in February 1927, it becomes by the July 1927 plebiscite an official state body. The council usually met at the Matignon hotel, Paris, which was also the seat of head of the French government.

## Member of the Council

### The Head of Government

#### President of the Council of Ministers

(1859-)
(1854-)

### Parliament

#### The Senate

(1863-)
(1874-)

### Ministers

#### Foreign Affairs

(1859-)
(1876-)

#### Interior and Religious Affairs

(1875-)
(1878-)

#### Justice

(1851-)
(1874-)

#### Labor and Public Works

(1878-)
(1884-)

#### Posts, Telegraphs and Phones

(1885-)
(1889-)

#### Pensions

(1877-)

####
Irish elections, 1921

Southern Ireland general election, 1921

 128 seats in the House of Commons of Southern Ireland
 Turnout
 Party
 Percentage

Two elections in Ireland took place in 1921, as a result of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 to establish the House of Commons of Northern Ireland and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. The election was used by Irish Republicans and Labour as the basis of membership of the Second Dáil.
Free Worker's Union of Germany

The **Free Worker's Union of Germany** (German: *Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschlands*, **FAUD**) is an anarcho-syndicalist political organization in Germany. It succeeded the Free Association of German Trade Unions (FVdG) in December 1919.

The FAUD supported the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) in launching the May Revolution and organized militias to fight in the civil war, especially in its political stronghold in the Ruhr. It was banned by the Rhenish Republic and Baden-Württemberg because of this, but continues to actively operate in the Rhenish Republic through front organizations.

The FAUD is active in German politics, where it participates in the council system and has deputies in both national legislative chambers. Some within the FAUD oppose participation in this system. Although called a worker's union, it has not functioned as such since 1922 due to the legal structure of trade unionism in Germany. Under the recent leadership of Rudolf Rocker and Augustin Souchy the FAUD has expressed opposition to many policies of the majority communist government.

## Elections

Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils
 1927 | Fritz Kater | 18 / 808 | 2.2
 1930 | Rudolf Rocker | 19 / 835 | 2.3

Congress of People's Deputies
 1930 | Rudolf Rocker | 2 / 45 |  0
Fasci Italiani di Combattimento

The **Italian Fasci of Combat** (Italian: *Fasci Italiani di Combattimento*, FIC), until 1919 called **Fasci of Revolutionary Action** (Italian: *Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria*, FAR), was an Italian fascio organization, created by Benito Mussolini in 1914. Its associated political party was the **Revolutionary Fascist Party** (Partito Fascista Rivoluzionario, PFR).

Its ideology was based around Italian nationalism and support for the Italian intervention in the Great War, as well as republicanism and a form of non-class struggle based "socialism" sometimes labelled national syndicalism. It was decidedly "third position", hoping to unite left-wing syndicalists with right-wing liberals, conservatives and nationalists.

In the 1921 elections it took part in an electoral alliance known as the National Blocs, which included the Italian Liberal Party. It was succeeded by the National Fascist Party as part of a concession to the right-wing of the party by Mussolini. He had personally preferred a more proletarian-oriented name like “Fascist Labor Party” or “National Labor Party”.

Some figures who initially supported the movement would later reject it. Among them was trade unionist Alceste De Ambris, who would go on to support the Arditi del Popolo.
German Völkisch Freedom Party

The **German Völkisch Freedom Party** (German: *Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei*, **DVFP**) is a German far-right political party operating in Baden-Württemberg. It also operates illegally underground in the Free Socialist Republic of Germany.

The party was founded on 11 February 1921 as a political proponent of the Völkisch movement. Although not originally conceived as a Catholic-centric party, extremist politics in Baden-Württemberg quickly became defined along religious lines, with the explicitly Protestant German Fatherland Party being formed two months later. Although Catholic-centric, the party supported the governments of the Protestant-centric German National People's Party (DNVP) in 1926 and 1929 during the Chancellorship of Wilhelm Bazille. However, with the rise of the Prussian exile Alfred Hugenberg to the leadership of the DNVP, the DVFP refused to support another DNVP government after the 1931 elections.
Khuzestan Confederation

The **Khuzestan Confederation** (Arabic: اتحاد خوزستان, Farsi: کنفدراسیون خوزستان) is a country in the Middle East.

Khuzestan was established in 1922 by Sheikh Khaz'al, the Emir of Arabistan. His domain and the surrounding area had been largely autonomous from the central Persian government for years. However, in 1921 the Russian-led Persian Cossack Brigade and its leader Vsevolod Starosselsky seized power in Tehran and soon sought to undermine the traditional administrative structure in Persia. Khaz'al responded by building an alliance between the Luri tribes and his largely Arab domain. These efforts were supported by the British, who viewed Starosselsky with great distrust but lacked the resources to take action. Although reluctant, Khaz'al declared the official separation of Khuzestan from Persia under British pressure.

The territory of Khuzestan contains most of the known oil in Persia, and Anglo-Persian Oil Company quickly came to dominate the country. British exploitation has led to discontent at various times, especially among the Lurs, and has helped to foster distrust towards Sheikh Khaz'al.
Economic Party (Italy)

**Political position** | Right-wing

The **Economic Party** (*Partito Economico*, **PE**) was an Italian political party founded in 1919 in Turin by a group of dealers and industrialists worried by the Decennio Rosso. The party was characterized by an economist vision and a conservative and reactionary tendency.

The Economic Party was particularly rooted in the major cities of Northern Italy and Sicily, also thanks to the alliance with the Agrarian Party. In the 1919 general elections the party got 1.5% of the vote and 7 seats. In the 1921 general elections, it got only the 0.8% of the vote and 5 seats. This poor result prompted them to merge into the Agrarian Party in 1924, which itself disbanded not long after.
International Brigades (Germany)

Country
 Size
 Motto
 Disbanded
 Notable commanders

The **International Brigades** (German: *Internationale Brigaden*) were foreign volunteer units assembled under the guidance of the Communist International to aid the Spartacists in the German Civil War.

The Brigades existed for most of the conflict, from October 1919 to November 1920, though it was largest in mid-1920. In total, an estimated 15,000 people served in the International Brigades, with around 1,000 being killed or wounded. Although the Brigades participated in a number of battles, they played their most important role in the Battle of Berlin, where they aided in halting the advance of White Army until reinforcements could arrive. However, not all Brigadists had a combat role, with many serving as doctors, journalists, translators and propagandists, among other roles. The headquarters of the Brigadists was in the Berlin Palace.

The volunteers in the International Brigades came from all over the world, though most were from Europe. The largest amount of volunteers came from France, including a number of Great War veterans. In France and many other countries, those who served in the International Brigades often violated the law of their home country by serving. As a result, some Brigadists chose to remain in Germany after the conclusion of the civil war. All Brigadists, whether they settled in Germany or not, were granted German citizenship in December 1920.
Governo Militare

**Political position** | Right-wing

The **Governo Militare di Transizione per la Stabilità** (English: *Transitional Military Government for Stability*), most often known simply as the **Governo Militare** (English: *Military Government*), is the name of the military regime that has ruled Italy since 15 January 1929. General Pietro Badoglio serves as its leader as Prime Minister of Italy.

## History

The ascension of the regime was triggered by the assassination of then-Prime Minister Luigi Sturzo on 28 April 1928 during the Decennio Rosso (English: *Red Decade*). With the government paralyzed, General Pietro Badoglio was appointed as Prime Minister on 5 May 1928 with the support of the governing parties. The last time a military man had been Prime Minister was under Luigi Pelloux from 1898 to 1900 after the Bava Beccaris massacre. Badoglio had previously made a name for himself in leading the suppression of the fascists during the March on Rome. Elections were indefinitely suspended, a move supported by most of the non-socialist political parties. His military background and methods brought fierce attacks from left-wing parties and media, who accused him of trying to lead Italy down the same path as France. To demonstrate his "dedication to democracy", he resigned on 5 October 1928.

The transition to dictatorship came a few months later. The new government of Giuseppe Spataro came under great pressure due to protests and labour unrest in November and December. Spataro resigned on 15 January 1929 after having lost the confidence of parliament and his own party. With the absence of a clear partisan candidate, Badoglio was once again instated as Prime Minister. However, this term would prove to be more authoritarian. On 20 January, through royal decree, martial law was declared across Italy and lethal force employed against the demonstrators. On 1 February, through yet another royal decree, five opposition political parties were banned: the Communist Party of Italy, Unitary Socialist Party, Italian Republican Party, Sardinian Action Party and Lion of Saint Mark. Badoglio subsequently appointed a number of military officials to various cabinet posts, solidifying his rule.

The regime succeeded in quelling the labour unrest that had been common in Italy throughout the Decennio Rosso. However, its policies also led to an ongoing militant resistance movement. To politically legitimize the regime, the Stability Coalition was founded. Included in the coalition was the Italian Nationalist Association, once close to the fascists, which has gradually grown more and more influential in the government.

## Cabinet

The current Badoglio cabinet exists with the backing of the Stability Coalition, which includes the Italian Reformist Socialist Party, the Italian Liberal Party, the Democratic Liberal Party, the Italian People's Party and the Italian Nationalist Association.
Baden Farmer's League

The **Baden Farmer's League** is a regional party acting in the interests of farmers in the Grand Duchy of Baden, a constituent of the Kingdom of Baden-Württemberg.

It was once a part of the Reichslandbund, which included the regional counterparts in Württemberg, Hohenzollern and Hesse. However, this dissolved in 1920, and since then all parties have acted independently.
Italian Social Democratic Party

The **Italian Social Democratic Party** (Italian: *Partito Democratico Sociale Italiano*, PDSI) was an Italian social liberal political party. It dissolved in 1929.

## History

The Italian Social Democratic Party was formed for the 1919 general election by the union of the Constitutional Democratic Party with several other parties of the liberal left. In that occasion the PDSI, that was especially strong in Southern Italy, gained 10.9% of the vote and 60 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.

Four years later, in 1921 general election the PDSI won only 4.7% of the vote and 29 seats, partly to do with the formation of the fascist-led National Blocs and the alignment of elements of the party with that alliance.

In January 1922 the "National Council of Social Democracy and Radicalism" was officially created; this event is considered the date of the PDSI official formation and of the dissolution of the Italian Radical Party. The main party's founders were Giovanni Antonio Colonna di Cesarò, Arturo Labriola and Ettore Sacchi.

The party re-branded itself in the aftermath of the failed fascist coup d'etat known as the March on Rome, taking a staunchly anti-fascist position afterwards. It increased its vote share to 7.8% in the 1924 elections, regaining 13 seats in the process for a total of 42 seats.

The PDSI experienced a number of internal conflicts after 1924 amidst the events of the Decennio Rosso. Factionalization eventually led to the dissolution of the party shortly after the rise of the Governo Militare in 1929. Its members largely joined the Italian Reformist Socialist Party and Democratic Liberal Party, both of whom went on to support the military dictatorship.
1928 Japanese General Election

**16th** **General elections** were held in Japan on 20 February 1928. Minseito, led by Hamaguchi Osachi, won more seats than Seiyukai at the House of Representatives for the first time, resulting in the collapse of the National Unity Cabinet led by Tanaka Giichi. Voter turnout was 80.3%.

After Seiyukai's overwhelming victory in the 1924 election, Seiyukai began to divide. When party leader Hara Takashi announced his retirement and respected economist Takahashi Korekiyo took the helm of Seiyukai, members of the party opposing the party's excessive conservatism and rigidity began to criticize Takahashi. Since 1925, many lawmakers have left Seiyukai to join the Kakushin Club led by Inukai Tsuyoshi, and Seiyukai's power has gradually weakened.

Kenseikai, who recorded back-to-back defeats, took advantage of Seiyukai's split and began to stimulate the voter sentiment of the urban middle class and the bourgeoisie. Meanwhile, with the collapse of Tokyo's financial market in 1927, Showa Economic Crisis hit Japan, which served as an opportunity for Kenseikai. The ball fell to Kenseikai's court when Seiyukai's Uchida Cabinet failed to solve the crisis early. The Wakatsuki Cabinet, the first cabinet led by Kenseikai with the approval of the emperor, was thus launched in April 1927.

However, Wakatsuki Cabinet ended in five months due to the continuous opposition and obstruction of Seiyukai, and the National Unity Cabinet led by Tanaka Giachi of Seiyukai was launched to resolve the economic crisis. But Tanaka Cabinet was also unable to resolve the economic crisis due to persistent disputes, and under these circumstances, the 1928 general election was held.

The result was a victory for Kenseikai, who renamed himself Minseito. Seiyukai, who failed to resolve the internal divisions within the party, lost many of its members to Inukai's Shinshi Club, only winning significantly fewer seats than Minseito. Meanwhile, Shakai Taishuto, led by Katayama Tetsu, who first appeared in the election, created a sensation with seven seats. The result of this election also ended Tanaka Cabinet's short five-month term, with the first Cabinet, Hamaguchi Cabinet, which Minseito led on its own.
1924 Japanese General Election

**15th** **General elections** were held in Japan on 10 May 1924. Rikken Seiyukai, which was led by Hara Takashi, won an overall majority in the House of Representatives. Voter turnout was 91.2%.

In the 1920s, all economic indicators were falling slightly, but Seiyukai, led by Hara Takashi, nonetheless enjoyed tremendous popularity. Based on his own popularity, Hara continued to improve the rural economic structure, expand infrastructure, and suppress the left, represented by the Peace Preservation Law of 1921. The 1924 general election was held without much change, and ended in a victory for Seiyukai without much change.
Leadership of the Free Socialist Republic of Germany

The **government of the Free Socialist Republic of Germany**, established in 1919, is divided into multiple different leadership positions.

Legally, there is no singular head of state or head of government, with both roles being fulfilled by a collective head of state known as the People's Council, which is a section of the Congress of People's Deputies. In practice, however, the Chairperson of the People's Council functions as head of state, while the Deputy Chairperson functions as head of government. The strongest position aside from the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson is the President of the lower legislative body, the Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils.

## Congress of People's Deputies

### Chairpersons of the People's Council

The position of Chairperson was established with the 1921 constitution, which replaced the Council of People's Deputies with the Congress of People's Deputies. The position is re-elected every time a legislative election is held. Although the incumbent Chairperson can be re-elected to serve another term, thus far all incumbents have resigned in favor of a new candidate as per unwritten tradition.
Battle of Ponta Delgada (1931)

187 soldiers

1 battleship
2 cruisers
13 killed
22 wounded
7 killed

The **Battle of Ponta Delgada** (Portuguese: *Batalha de Ponta Delgada*) was a brief but important battle on the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago that took place on 12 December 1931. It was a part of the Portuguese Civil War.

After the failed 17 November monarchist coup in Lisbon, the Azores were de facto under the control of the revolutionary socialist Portuguese Republic. The strategic capital and port of Ponta Delgada was seized by the local garrison, which numbered 133 by 12 December. The garrison had received news of the failed coup by radio, and chose to declare their loyalty to the Portuguese Republic.

On 12 December, monarchist forces numbering 187 in total were transported to Ponta Delgada by British warships of the Royal Navy. After blockading the port, a Portuguese monarchist soldier was sent to deliver the demand for surrender to the garrison. After arriving by boat, he was shot immediately, and the garrison refused to surrender.

The port was then bombarded by the British warships, and monarchist soldiers subsequently assaulted the port city. The garrison was low on ammunition and supplies in general, and was forced to surrender after about an hour of fighting, sustaining heavy casualties in the process. At the end of the day, 13 dead and 22 wounded were counted out of the republican garrison, while 108 were captured. 7 dead and 15 wounded were counted out of the monarchist forces. 3 civilians were killed during the bombardment of the city.

While the battle itself was short and relatively insignificant, the monarchist victory in the battle secured the strategically important Azores archipelago for the monarchists. It is also, so far, the most direct case of British involvement in the Portuguese Civil War.
Hungarian Revolution

* Establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
* Establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic

**Support from:**
 Soviet Russia (from March 1919) Spartacist Germany (from May 1919)

**Support from:**
 Béla Kun
 István Bethlen
 Miklós Horthy

The **Hungarian Revolution** was a pair of revolutions from 1918 to 1919 in Hungary which led to the independence of Hungary, the creation of a liberal republic, and finally the rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

The Hungarian Revolution coincided with the Hungarian-Czechoslovak War and Hungarian-Romanian War. The Kingdom of Romania and French Republic supported the counterrevolutionary government based in Szeged, known as the Anti-Bolshevik Committee.
General Confederation of Labour - Workers' Force

The **General Confederation of Labor - Workers' Force** (French: *Confédération Générale du Travail - Force Ouvrière*, or simply *Force Ouvrière*, FO), is a French labor union confederation. The organization was founded in June 1922, after the exclusion of minority reformist lead by Léon Jouhaux of General Confederation of Labour (France). The CGT-FO mostly rejects party politics, though a majority of members in power are part of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).
25 May Coup (France)

* Victory of *Cartel des gauches*
* Important workers strike
* Rise of communism in France
* Religious conflict
* Economic crisis

* Exile of socialists and radicals to Great Britain, Belgium, Spain, and the United States of America
* Fall of Herriot Government and Third Republic
* Establishment of the military government with the Military Committee of National Salvation and Preservation of the Empire
* Beginning of Regime of Marshals
* Paris Prefecture of Police

**Support from:**
PC-SFIC
SFIO
Radical Party
CGTU
CGT-FO
Republican Association of Veterans

**Diplomatic supports from:**
 Rhenish Republic
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Italy
 Socialist Germany
 Soviet Union
* French Army
* Pro-military policeman

  French Action
* *Camelots du Roi*

League of Youth Patriots
League of Section Chiefs
National Republican League
National Union of Fighters

Hubert LyauteyLouis Franchet d'EspereyFerdiand FochPhilippe PétainHenri Mordacq

**Party leaders:**
Austrian People's Party

**Political position** | Single issue

The **Austrian People's Party** (German: *Österreichische Volkspartei*, **ÖVP**) is a minor Austrian political party founded by Irene Harand, a human rights activist. Her movement is often known simply as the "Harand Movement". The party is, for the most part, single issue, opposing anti-semitism and racism in general.
Henry Ford

**Henry Ford** (July 30, 1863 – present) is an American captain of industry and a business magnate, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production, U.S. Senator from Michigan and the Democratic Party candidate for President of the United States in the 1928 election.
British West Indies

The **British West Indies** is a collective term for the British colonies established in the Caribbean: the Bahama Islands, British Leeward Islands, British Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Dependencies, British Honduras and British Guiana. The term also rarely includes the island of Bermuda.

There has been a slow movement towards centralization and potential federalization since the Great War as an extension of the federalization experiments in the Windward and Leeward Islands. The first major step was the reintegration of Barbados into the Windward Islands in 1930, which had previously been left separate as a result of a rebellion in 1876. This was followed with economic treaties and the establishment of joint administrative organizations. These reforms, along with the economic turmoil onset by the London Market Crash, has resulted in the development of political parties and labour movements both on a local and region-wide scale.
Hungarian Soviet Republic

The **Hungarian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic** (Hungarian: *Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság*), commonly known as the **Hungarian Soviet Republic** (Hungarian: *Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság*), is a country in Eastern Europe. It was founded on 21 March 1919 after a seizure of power in the Hungarian People's Republic by Béla Kun and the communists of the newly-formed Hungarian Socialist Party, after a merger of the Party of Communists in Hungary and the Social Democratic Party of Hungary, and the appointment of the social democrats to power by President Mihály Károlyi.
Futurist Political Party

The **Futurist Political Party** (Italian: *Partito Politico Futurista*, **PPF**) was an Italian political party founded by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti as an extension of the futurist artistic and social movement. The party had a radical program which included promoting gender parity and abolishing marriage, inheritance, military service and secret police. The party was also strongly anti-clerical and anti-monarchy, and considered the whole current order to be "absolutely infested, reactionary, ineffective, stupid and often criminal".

The party aligned with the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini, but Marinetti personally grew distasteful towards politics after the failure in the 1919 elections. By 1920 the party had merged with the Italian Fasci of Combat. However, the futurists remained at odds with the core of the fascist movement, and Marinetti along with others resigned at the Second Congress of the Fasci in May 1920 over Mussolini's attempts to court conservative landowners. Marinetti additionally considered the principles of anti-clericalism and republicanism to have been abandoned. Nonetheless, the futurist movement continued to influence the fascist movement through their newspaper, *Roma Futurista*.

After the March on Rome and its failure, Marinetti once again took interest in the fascist movement. He believed that it could serve as a moment of "awakening" for the fascist movement that would rekindle its radical principles. The departure of the conservative bourgeois Italian Nationalist Association enabled the rise of national syndicalists and futurists within the underground fascist movement. Marinetti thus joined the National Fascist Party where he has become a very influential figure.

## Platform

### *Democrazia futurista*

The ideas and political proposals of the futurists, expressed in *Roma Futurista*, were collected by Marinetti in the volume *Democrazia futurista* in 1919, which includes:

* Abolition of marriage and of the traditional family. Children should be able to be raised by the state with funds obtained from a "filiatico tax", a tax on free love.
* Bureaucratic decentralization and abolition of seniority in state careers.
* Abolition of the right of succession.
* "Technical government without a senate and with an excitatory", i.e. a youth council formed by a dozen citizens under 30 years elected by direct universal suffrage.
* Social ownership.
* Land reform that draws on the ideas of Henry George.
* Pensions for war veterans.
* Gender equality in employment and participation in political life.
* Abolition of military service and establishment of a light army of volunteers.
* Establishment of "schools of courage and patriotism".
* Prison reform and abolition of political police.
Latgalian Labour Party

The **Latgalian Labour Party** (Latvian: *Latgales Darba partija*, **LDP**) is a social democratic regionalist political party in Livonia. It was formed on 27 November 1925 by Jezups Trasuns. The party is the smaller of the two regionalist political parties in Latgale, with the other being the more conservative Christian Union of Latgale Peasants. The party is well known for advocating for radical land reform, without compensation for landowners.
1926 United Kingdom general strike

The **1926 general strike in the United Kingdom** was a general strike that lasted 9 days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the British government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for 1.2 million locked-out coal miners. Some 1.7 million workers went out, especially in transport and heavy industry. The government was prepared and enlisted middle class volunteers to maintain essential services.
Austrian Socialist Republic

The **Austrian Socialist Republic** (German: *Österreichische Sozialistische Republik*), commonly known as **North Austria**(German: *Nordösterreich*), is a country located in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Free Socialist Republic of Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, and the Republic of Austria to the south and east.
Fengtian Clique

*This article is a work in progress and has not been completed by its author(s). This content is not final.*

 **Capital** | Beijing (de jure)

The **Fengtian Clique** (Chinese: 奉系軍閥) is a military faction in China led by the warlord commander Zhang Zuolin. Based in Manchuria, it is the last remnant of the pre-Kuomintang Republic of China, commonly known as the Beiyang government. Though it disputes Kuomintang rule with the support of Japan, the Fengtian Clique no longer controls the Beiyang seat of government in Peking due to their defeat in the Northern Expedition, which has greatly reduced their legitimacy and power in China.
Benito Mussolini

Born
 Political party
 Spouse(s)
 Father
 Mother
 Children
 Residence
 Occupation

**Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini** (/bəˈniːtoʊ mʊsəˈliːni, muː-/; Italian: [beˈniːto mussoˈliːni]; born 29 July 1883) is an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the now-banned National Fascist Party (*Partito Nazionale Fascista*, PNF). He is serving 30 years in prison for his role in the March on Rome.

Known among fascists as *Il Duce* ("The Leader"), Mussolini is the founder of Italian Fascism. In 1912, Mussolini had been a leading member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), but was expelled from the PSI for advocating military intervention in the Great War, in opposition to the party's stance on neutrality. Mussolini served in the Royal Italian Army during the war until he was wounded and discharged in 1917. Mussolini denounced the PSI, his views now centering on nationalism instead of socialism and later founded the fascist movement which came to oppose egalitarianism and class conflict, instead advocating "revolutionary nationalism" transcending class lines.

In 1922, he and the Blackshirts (the paramilitary of the PNF) launched a failed coup against the liberal Italian government, which would later become known as the March on Rome. He and hundreds of other fascist leaders were imprisoned and trialed, where he was sentenced to 30 years for treason. He is currently residing at Regina Coeli Prison in Rome. Despite the ban, the party continues to operate in his absence under a quadrumvirate leadership composed of Achille Starace and Italo Balbo, who represent the right-wing of the party, as well as Edmondo Rossoni and Michele Bianchi, who represent the left-wing.
Baden-Württemberger federal election, 1926

**Federal elections** were held in Baden-Württemberg on 14 October 1926.

The German Centre Party government found itself in a crisis after the events of the Blutmai. Chancellor Eugen Bolz resigned in favor of the right-wing leader of the party Constantin Fehrenbach, who died in office less than a year later. The elections were initially to be held in October 1925, but the political situation was highly uncertain and it was feared a deadlocked government could paralyze the country at a critical moment.

Ultimately the Centre Party sustained significant losses and more importantly lost the support of the German National People's Party (DNVP), which achieved notable electoral gains and formed a government with the German Democratic Party (DDP), German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP) and the German People's Party (DVP) with DNVP party leader Wilhelm Bazille as the new Chancellor. Köhler managed to maintain his leadership over the Centre Party despite the defeat. This was the first election held after the ban of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
3rd German Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils

The **3rd German Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils** was held between 17–22 June 1919. It was the first congress held after the May Uprising and the subsequent onset of the German Civil War.

## Election

An election of a new congress was declared after the consolidation of the so-called Berlin Government, evolved from the Berlin Executive Council that had been the legal authority over all councils in Germany. Under a provisional government dominated by the KPD and USPD, the Berlin Government sought a "second revolution" waged against the counterrevolutionary forces of the right, who had attempted to seize power in April 1919 in a putsch that prompted a mass general strike. Due to the compromise between the MSPD government and the putschists in May, the MSPD was practically eliminated from the councils, leaving them with no representation in the congress. The election process was also complicated by the conditions of the civil war. The KPD held far greater influence than in the previous congress due to disproportionate support in the areas where delegates were able to be sourced from.