God Only Knows

1966 song by the Beach BoysTemplate:SHORTDESC:1966 song by the Beach Boys

Template:Audio sample

"**God Only Knows**" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1966 album *Pet Sounds*. Written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher, it is a Baroque-style love song distinguished for its harmonic innovation and its subversion of typical pop music formula. It is often praised as one of the greatest songs ever written and as the Beach Boys' finest record.

The song's musical sophistication is demonstrated by its multiple contrapuntal vocal parts and weak tonal center (competing between the keys of E and A). Lyrically, the words are expressed from the perspective of a narrator who asserts that life without their lover could only be fathomed by God—an entity that had been considered taboo to name in the title or lyric of a pop song. It marked a departure for Wilson, who attributed the impetus for the song to Asher's affinity for standards such as "Stella by Starlight". Some commentators interpret "God Only Knows" as promoting suicidal ideations, although such an interpretation was not intended by the songwriters.

Wilson produced the record between March and April 1966, enlisting about 20 session musicians who variously played drums, sleigh bells, plastic orange juice cups, clarinets, flutes, strings, French horn, accordion, guitars, upright bass, harpsichord, and a tack piano with its strings taped. His brother Carl Wilson sang lead, a vocal performance that became regarded as Carl's best ever, with Brian himself and Bruce Johnston providing additional harmonies. The song ends with a series of repeating vocal rounds, another device that was uncommon for popular music of the era.

"God Only Knows" was issued as the B-side of "Wouldn't It Be Nice" in July 1966 and peaked at number 39 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. In other countries, it was the single's A-side, reaching the top 10 in the UK, Canada, Norway, and the Netherlands. Many songwriters, including Paul McCartney and Jimmy Webb, have cited "God Only Knows" as their favorite song of all time. In 2004, it was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". In 2021, it was ranked number 11 in *Rolling Stone*'s list of the greatest songs in history.

## Inspiration

"God Only Knows" is among the several songs that Brian Wilson and Tony Asher wrote for the Beach Boys' *Pet Sounds* album. Asher felt that it was the pair's most effortless collaboration, remembering that Wilson "spent more time tweaking the instrumental part than we did writing the words!" Recalling "God Only Knows", Wilson acknowledged that he had "not written that kind of song" before and said, "I think Tony had a musical influence on me somehow. After about ten years, I started thinking about it deeper [...] And I remember him talking about [the 1944 standard] 'Stella by Starlight' and he had a certain love for classic songs." Asher concurred that he felt he inspired Wilson to write the song.

 File:Lovin Spoonful 1965.jpg
Wilson's 1991 memoir states that the melody for "God Only Knows" derived from "a John Sebastian song I had been listening to". When presented with this information, Asher and Sebastian said they were unaware of such a connection. Biographer Mark Dillon suggested that, if the claim was true, then Wilson's inspiration would likely have been the vocal layering on "You Didn't Have to Be So Nice", a recent hit by Sebastian's band the Lovin' Spoonful. In later interviews, Wilson said that he wrote "God Only Knows" as an attempt to match the standard of the Beatles' album *Rubber Soul* (released in December 1965). In his recollection, he was under the influence of marijuana and was "so blown away" with the album that he sat at his piano and began writing the song.

Asked about *Pet Sounds* in various interviews, Wilson frequently emphasized the album's spiritual qualities, saying that he had held prayer sessions with his brother Carl and "kind of made [the album] a religious ceremony." At the time of the song's writing, he was married to singer Marilyn Rovell. Writing in his book about the album, Jim Fusilli noted a closing phrase Wilson had once written to his wife in 1964: "Yours 'til God wants us apart." In a 1976 radio interview, Wilson said that the song was not written for anyone in particular. Marilyn, who felt that much of the lyrical content on *Pet Sounds* was aimed at herself, commented of the song, "I'm the only one here, so it must be about me. Then I would think, 'No it wasn't.Template:'"

## Lyrics

The first time I heard it, Brian played it for me at the piano. And I went, "Oh my god, he's talking about God in a record." It was pretty daring to me. And it was another time I thought to myself, "Oh, boy, he's really taking a chance." I thought it was almost too religious. Too square.

—Wilson's then-wife Marilyn

At the time the song was written, referencing "God" in a title or lyric was generally considered a taboo for pop music, and there had been at least one recent instance of a record being banned from radio for having words such as "hell" or "damn". Asher said that he and Wilson had "lengthy conversations" about the lyric, "because unless you were Kate Smith and you were singing 'God Bless America', no one thought you could say Template:"'God' in a song. [...] He said, 'We'll just never get any air play." He believed that Wilson agreed to the title after being told by other people that it was "an opportunity to be really far out [because] it would cause some controversy, which he didn't mind." Dillon wrote that referring to God may have also been viewed as "a square move" due to the nascent decline of traditional religion in the United States.

In the lyrics, the narrator anticipates the dissolution of their romantic relationship, and asserts that life without their lover could only be fathomed by God. The deceptive opening line, "I may not always love you" was the subject of another argument between the songwriters. According to Asher, "I liked that twist, and fought to start the song that way. Working with Brian, I didn't have a whole lot of fighting to do, but I was certainly willing to fight for the end for that." In the next line, the narrator reassures that they will be with their lover "so long as there are stars above you". Marilyn interpreted the opening lines as autobiographical from Wilson's point of view: "he knew that I was there and I would never leave him, so he knew that he could abuse me, even though he didn't try to. I was never number one, I was always two or three. But if I would leave in some kind of a way, he would get totally distraught."

Of the songs on *Pet Sounds*, "God Only Knows" is the most lyrically ambiguous. Commentators have sometimes attributed a suicidal quality to the protagonist. In the second verse, the narrator declares that "life would go on [...] should you ever leave me", but if that outcome were to occur, then "what good would living do me?" The suggested implication is that they would end their life without their lover—an interpretation that Asher said was not intended by himself or Wilson. Among other interpretations, writer James Perone, who referred to the song as "one of the more unusual expressions of love in a 1960s' pop song", believed that there is "a hint that part of [the character's] 'love' may be self-serving and part of a cycle of codependency." *Cash Box* described the song as a "slow-shufflin' tender, romantic ode about a guy who is so much in love that he doesn't think that he could go on without his gal."

Asher stated that the intended expression of the song's lyrics was Template:"'I'll love you til [*sic*] the sun burns out, then I'm gone,' ergo 'I'm gonna love you forever.Template:'" Wilson commented that song was based around "being blind but in being blind, you can see more. You close your eyes; you're able to see a place or something that's happening."

## Composition

### Key ambiguity and motifs

It's not really in any one key. It's a strange song. That's just the way it was written. [...] It's the only song I've ever written that's not in a definite key, and I've written Template:Em of songs.

—Brian Wilson, 2008

"God Only Knows" contains a weak tonal center that is closest to E major and, in other sections, A major. Adding to this, almost all of the chords are inverted. An E major triad with its bass note in the root position is never invoked, and instead, the

## God Only Knows

```
position is favored. Of the tracks on *Pet Sounds*, it is the only one that lacks a strongly established primary key center (others employ key ambiguity to a lesser degree), and the only one that modulates its key up a fourth interval (others descend by a third).

```

In his book about *Pet Sounds*, Charles Granata writes that some of the musical devices that "God Only Knows" employs are usually "rather ordinary" by themselves. However, in this case, they were executed in a manner that was "far more sophisticated than anything the Beach Boys—or any other modern pop vocal group—had done before." According to musicologist James Garratt, the "tonal plasticity" made the song innovative not just in pop music, but also for the Baroque style it is emulating. He credits the sense of "expansiveness" evoked by the piece to this quality, emphasized by the disuse of authentic cadences and root-position tonics. Lambert states that "a clear sense of key" eludes the listener "for the entire experience—that in fact, the idea of 'key' has itself been challenged and subverted".

The song contains a recurring melodic motif that is reinforced by the lead vocal and the line played on French horn. Musician Andy Gill identified the verse and chorus melodies as variations on the same line, and added that this type of melodic variation was "very" similar to the technique as it is used in classical pieces such as Delibes' *Lakmé*. To Lambert, the song's use of vocal counterpoints evoked the sacred traditions of a cantata by Bach or an oratorio by Handel. He likened the use of sustained strings to those employed by Wilson on the *Pet Sounds* tracks "Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)" and "I'm Waiting for the Day".

Musicologist John Howland argues that it is the album's only track that can be accurately described as "baroque-pop", an often-specious term that was not used in critical discussions about *Pet Sounds* until rock critics in the 1990s began adopting the phrase in reference to artists that the album had influenced. Howland commented that some "classicistic gestures" are present in the orchestration for "God Only Knows", however, listeners must keep in mind that "orchestral instruments do not always signify baroque/classicistic textures".

### Intro, verse, and refrain

 File:God Only Knows diagram.png
"God Only Knows" starts with an A major chord accompanied by the sounds of accordions, harpsichord, and French horn, which are soon joined by bass, tambourine, and sleigh bells. At this point, the listener may hear the song as being in the key of A, although part of the line played on French horn includes a note (D

## God Only Knows

) outside of that key. According to Lambert, "The ear wants to hear the music in the key of A, and is just starting to feel that it's okay to dismiss the horn note [until the proceeding verse section]."

The verses begin with a D

## God Only Knows

```
chord, weakening the impression of an A key center, and is followed by a B minor6 chord, which does not strongly suggest the dominant (v) chord of E. As the verse develops, it gravitates closer to the key of E on the lines "you never need to doubt it / I'll make you so sure about it" before entering the hook line, "God only knows what I'd be without you", which begins with a return to an A major chord on the "God only" portion. The verse and refrain then repeats, this time with the addition of a string ensemble, before entering the next section of the composition.

```

Music theorist Daniel Harrison describes the progression as "highly chromatic" and writes, "in the absence of a strong E tonic, A major seems to fill the vacuum at the tonal center, since it is the chord that begins the refrain, and since it receives a strong tonic charge upon the resolution of the chord preceding the refrain. In addition, the opening chords of the verse, while nondiatonic to the nominative E major tonic, Template:Em diatonic to A." Lambert writes that the end of the refrain "recall[s] the chord progression of the introduction but [...] with an even slighter sense of tonal security." In a 2011 interview, Wilson commented that the melody of "I may not always love you" resembled the "I hear the sound of music" line from "The Sound of Music".

### Break and coda

Like many of Wilson's compositions, "God Only Knows" subverted the then-standard 32-bar A-A-B-A pop song format. Following the second refrain, it segues into an instrumental linking passage, described by Dillon as an "avant-garde and unusually jarring transition for a tender love song" Lambert characterizes the passage as "a whirlwind of chord relations [...] based on wedging-together instrumental lines".

The song proceeds to repeat the progression of the verse and refrain, however, transposed up by a fourth and with the addition of new vocals. Multiple vocal parts are sung in counterpoint, a technique that is distinguished from the "oos" and "ahhs" style of vocals for which the Beach Boys are known. Lambert identifies this section as a "choral fantasy" of wordless voices that "climax[es] on a dramatic diminished chord". Music teacher Richard Battista, referring to this climax as a "sigh" from the singers, said that it is "totally unique in pop music. He didn't borrow that from the Four Freshmen, or the Everly Brothers, or the Coasters. That sigh is pure Brian Wilson." It concludes once again with the hook line, after which there is a repetition of the second verse.

According to Harrison, "The competition between E and A for tonic control is made clear during the break between verse 2 and the recapitulation of verse 1 lyrics. [...] the allusion to the harmonic structure of the verse is made subtle both by the transposition and by different melodic activity. Only when the music of the now A-major refrain is encountered do the voices return to their familiar words." Garratt writes, "While the idea of presenting the verse harmonies in the subdominant in the bridge was not new, what is striking here is the smoothness with which the song drops back into the original key – a moment rendered even more arresting by the truncated three-measure phrase that precedes it." Fusilli remarked that Wilson nearly "wr[ote] himself into a dead end", elaborating that "when the song returns to D Major, it must do so from B minor, which is kind of a static change, particularly when the next chord is a B minor with only a slight variation in the bass."

The song ends with a final coda that features repeating vocal rounds—a centuries-old technique that was highly unusual for pop music of the era— with triplet fills played on a drum kit. Wilson's 2016 memoir states, "I liked all those old songs that used rounds, like 'Row, Row, Row Your Boat' and 'Frère Jacques'. I liked rounds because they made it seem like a song was something eternal." At its conclusion, Lambert writes, "we hear A major chords that want to provide harmonic stability, but as before, the chords and vocal lines surrounding them make us want to think otherwise."

## Recording

### Backing track

 File:Carl Wilson.jpg
Instrumental tracking for "God Only Knows" began at 12:30 a.m. on March 10, 1966, at the Studio 3 room of Western Studios, Hollywood. The studio space was relatively small for the 20-some musicians that were hired for the session. Carl joined them on this occasion, playing 12-string electric guitar. As usual, Brian produced the session with engineer Chuck Britz.

Among the distinguishing features of the arrangement is an echo-laden "clip-clop" percussion part, sleigh bells played on every beat, and a low-range melodic phrases played on flute during the latter sections of the song. A strip of masking tape was placed over the strings of a piano while the bottoms of two plastic orange juice bottles were used for percussion. Singer Danny Hutton was present at the session, as he recalled, "[Brian] would hear something wrong, and bam 'One more time.' I just sat there and didn't say a word. I had been in sessions where I thought to myself, they should do this and that. Not this time. I just shut up. What could I add?" Bruce Johnston, who joined the band a year earlier, later said that he "didn't realize just how great" *Pet Sounds* was going to be until he witnessed this session.

A total of 22 takes were attempted for the song. The musicians struggled to play the instrumental break to Wilson's satisfaction. To address this issue, pianist Don Randi suggested to Wilson that they play the parts in staccato, rather than in full quarter notes. Wilson enjoyed the effect and incorporated the change. A string section was subsequently overdubbed onto take 20, marked as "best". The session ended at 4:30 a.m. The three-track recording of the instrumental was bounced to one channel of an eight-track tape to allow room for further overdubs.

### Vocals

The first round of vocal overdubs were recorded later that day at Columbia Studios. Brian sang the lead vocal at this juncture, after which he mixed rough edits of the song on March 13 and 22. These early mixes featured a discarded saxophone solo in its bridge and a different, a capella ending. The ending was a fuller arrangement that included the voices of Marilyn, her sister Diane, and Byrds producer Terry Melcher. In Carl's recollection, "[E]everybody got in on it. It was like 'Come on out here into the studio.' Brian would make up a little part. That was fun; we listened to it endlessly."

I gave the song to Carl because I was looking for a tenderness and a sweetness which I knew Carl had in himself as well as in his voice. He brought dignity to the song and the words, through him, became not a lyric, but real Template:Em.

—Brian Wilson, August 1966

On April 11, the band returned to Columbia to add further (and ultimately final) vocal overdubs. This time, Carl took on the lead. Dillon suggested that Brian may have changed his mind on the lead partly to address concerns over the large percentage of singing roles he was granting himself for the album. According to Carl, Brian later told him that "God Only Knows" was written for his voice: "He says it fits my beautiful spirit. I know I shouldn't be embarrassed by a compliment but ..." Carl quoted the performance instructions he received from his brother: "Don't do anything with it. Just sing it real straight. No effort. Take a breath. Let it go easy." He had rarely sung lead on prior Beach Boys songs.

The coda was ultimately scaled down to three lines sung by two voices, Brian and Johnston. One of Wilson's lines duplicated the part that had been played on French horn. Johnston recalled, "at the end of the session, Carl was really fried, and he went home. [...] there were just [me and Brian]. So in the fade, he's singing two of the three parts. He sang the top and the bottom part and I sang in the middle." Of Wilson's decision to pare down the vocals, "It works because it caused a perfect vocal-to-track balance, and it's not too top-heavy. It's brilliant—a fine example of 'less is more.Template:'"

The 1996 stereo mix of the song, created by Mark Linett for *The Pet Sounds Sessions* box set, does not feature the same singers on the fade-out. Linett explained in the liner notes, "Brian's vocal at the start of the fade of 'God Only Knows' is missing on the multi track having been sung by Carl sometime after the mix Brian used on the original record had been created. The part doesn't exist separate from the track so [...] it's not available for the stereo mix."

## Release

 File:God Only Knows video.jpg
"God Only Knows" was first released on May 14, 1966, as the opening track of side two on *Pet Sounds*. In its review of the album, *Disc & Music Echo* referred to the song as "a standard gem with its hymnal feel." Norman Jopling of *Record Mirror* decreed that it had "a rollicking salvationist flavour but isn't going to convert anyone." Spencer Davis, frontman of the Spencer Davis Group, praised the song as the album's "most fantastic track" for a contemporaneous survey conducted by *Melody Maker*. At the suggestion of Johnston, Tony Rivers and the Castaways recorded a version of the song, which was issued about a week before the Beach Boys released their version as a single.

Brian had wanted to issue "God Only Knows" as a solo record by Carl, but according to Carl, Template:"'Good Vibrations', which should have been our next single, didn't turn out the way Brian wanted. We had to have another release and so ['God Only Knows' came out as a Beach Boys single]." On July 18, the song was issued as the B-side of the "Wouldn't It Be Nice" single in the US. Radio programmers ultimately hesitated to add the song to their playlists due to the word "God". On September 24, it peaked in the *Billboard* charts separately from the A-side, at number 39. It was ultimately their last B-side to chart there. Later reports suggest that the song was banned from radio in parts of the southern US, a claim that is likely spurious.

In other countries, the sides of the single were reversed, with "God Only Knows" as the A-side. On July 22, it was released as the group's third *Pet Sounds* single in the UK, debuting at number 30 on the *Record Retailer* chart. It peaked at number 2 on August 27, behind the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby". In September, "God Only Knows" reached number 4 in Canada's *RPM* chart and number 24 on France's *Music Media Monthly* chart. In October, the single peaked at number 11 in the Netherlands and number 6 in Norway. In November, coinciding with the band's first tour of the UK, a *God Only Knows* EP was issued there. It contained the title track, "Here Today", "Sloop John B", and "Wouldn't It Be Nice".

Responding to the group's growing popularity among the British, a promotional film for the song, directed by band publicist Derek Taylor, was filmed for the UK's *Top of the Pops* on April 25. The film featured the group (minus Johnston) at Lake Arrowhead, flailing around in grotesque horror masks and playing Old Maid. The clip originally ran for five minutes and incorporated excerpts of "Wouldn't It Be Nice", "Here Today", and "God Only Knows". Due to concerns from the BBC over the horror masks, the clip was later trimmed and re-cut to feature only "God Only Knows". It premiered on BBC-1 on August 4, with a repeat airing on September 1.

## Live performances

One of the few joys of seeing the Beach Boys in concert [...] was to hear Carl sing "God Only Knows." Even after adding a few backing musicians, the group really couldn't replicate *Pet Sounds* in a live setting with their limited instrumentation. But [...] he would offer a sweet, understated "God Only Knows" that would be the musical high point of the program.

—Jim Fusilli, *The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds* (2005)

The Beach Boys started adding the song to their live setlists on July 28, 1966, at a concert in Massachusetts. Reviewing their late 1966 European tour, *Melody Maker* critic Mike Henessey decreed that the live arrangement "sounded a little thin compared with the recorded [version]." Ray Coleman of *Disc & Music Echo* mentioned that performances of the song, however, still drew an "expected huge applause".

On August 25, 1967, the band (with Brian and minus Johnston) performed "God Only Knows" at a filmed concert in Hawaii. Footage of them playing the song at this show was later included in the 1984 documentary *An American Band*. On September 11, 1967, the band recorded another studio version of the song for a discarded, nominal live album known as *Lei'd in Hawaii*. It was later released on the 1998 compilation *Endless Harmony Soundtrack*.

During their 50th-anniversary reunion tour, in 2012, the group played along to a pre-recorded vocal track taken from Carl's 1980 performance of the song at Knebworth. Mike Love said of Carl in a contemporary report, "Nobody ever could or will sing ‘God Only Knows’ as beautifully as he did. It's miserable that he's not there with us. Carl was the real stickler for making the band sound as absolutely perfect as could be. That influence is still felt to this day." The original performance was released on the 2002 live album *Good Timin': Live at Knebworth England 1980*.

## Recognition and legacy

 File:God Only Knows - Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (2014-12-30 13.09.36 by Sam Howzit).jpg
"God Only Knows" is often praised as one of the greatest songs ever written, as the Beach Boys' finest record, as Carl's best vocal performance, and as Brian's most quintessential work. Writing in his book *America in the Sixties* (2010), historian John Robert Greene identified the song as "one of the most complex—and beautiful—songs in the annals of American popular music" and credited it with remaking "the ideal of the popular love song. Granata deemed "God Only Knows" a musically and technically impressive accomplishment that Wilson and the Beach Boys never repeated on their subsequent records. In 2012, music journalist Dan Caffrey argued that the descriptor "teenage symphony to God", originally reserved for the band's *Smile* album, was better suited for "God Only Knows". He wrote that the song "has resonated with generations of music fans simply because of its concept", before concluding, "The entire world will listen to it for years to come."

Among Wilson's associates, Asher reflected, "This is the one that I thought would be a hit record, because it was so incredibly beautiful [...] I guess that in the end, [it] is the song that most people remember, and love the most." Carl referred to it as "the classic example [of Brian's writing] that takes it to a new plateau." Johnston opined that the song marked Carl's finest vocal performance: "Carl's vocal doubling is excellent—especially when he sings 'O what good would living do me?' He goes up a major third there, and it's just as clean as a whistle." The Wilsons' mother Audree commented, "What can you say about it? I still think it's one of his greatest pieces. I love it. So many times, I have thought how incredible it is that it's my son, my sons who did that." Don Randi remarked of the song, "That one, they should give to every music class, and say 'Here, do this one. Do it a capella.' Give 'em a key note and see what happens. There'll be a lot of suicides."

"God Only Knows" has occasionally appeared in other media. It served as a musical cue in the films *Boogie Nights* (1997) and *Love Actually* (2003). Author Thomas Pynchon paid homage to the song by incorporating it into the closing paragraphs of his Wilson-inspired novel *Inherent Vice* (2009). The 2013 video game *BioShock Infinite* contains a turn-of-the-century barbershop quartet that sings the song while floating past the player on an airship. The song was also used in the opening credits of the HBO series *Big Love*.

### Other songwriters

 File:Paul McCartney black and white 2010.jpg
Many songwriters, including Paul McCartney and Jimmy Webb, have cited "God Only Knows" as their personal favorite song.

* McCartney described it as "the greatest song ever written". His 1976 song "Silly Love Songs" incorporates a build-up of vocal counterpoints in the same style as "God Only Knows". The song additionally inspired, in part, the Beatles' "Here, There and Everywhere". Wilson felt uncomfortable with the praise and said in 1976 that if McCartney's "greatest song" assertion was true, "[then] what was there left for me to do?" In 2002, Wilson and McCartney performed the song as a duet at the Adopt-A-Minefield Benefit Gala in Los Angeles. McCartney later said that he was so overwhelmed by Wilson's presence that he "broke down" during the soundcheck rehearsals.
* Bono remarked that the string arrangement was "fact and proof of angels".
* Barry Gibb said that it "blew the top of my head off [...] My first thought was, oh dear, I'm wasting my time, how can I ever compete with that? We've [the Bee Gees] been competing with that ever since."
* Margo Guryan said that the song inspired her to pursue a career in pop music instead of jazz piano. She said, "I freaked [when a friend played me the song]. I thought it was just gorgeous. I bought the record and played it a million times, then sat down and wrote 'Think of Rain.Template:'"
* John Lennon, according to *Rolling Stone* co-founder Jann Wenner, "said he really dug [the song] and the world perked up".
* Pete Townshend said, Template:"'God Only Knows' is simple and elegant and was stunning when it first appeared; it still sounds perfect".
* Webb enjoyed its Baroque influence and felt that it "represents the whole tradition of liturgical music that I feel is a spiritual part of Brian's music. And Carl's singing is pretty much at its pinnacle—as good as it ever got."

### Accolades and polls

As of 2021[update], "God Only Knows" is listed as the 16th highest rated song of all time on Acclaimed Music.

* In 2004, it was ranked number 25 in *Rolling Stone*'s list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
* In 2006, it topped *Pitchfork*'s list of the finest songs of the 1960s. Dominique Leone contributed for its entry, "if you need a tie into the legacy of 1960s youth culture, glance no further than the naïve but strained optimism locked inside this song."
* In 2008, *Popdose* staff members ranked it the best single of the previous 50 years, writing, "It is simply one of the most beautifully composed and arranged songs in the history of not just pop music, but Western music. To place 'God Only Knows' in its proper context is to [place it with] 1836 Frédéric Chopin."
* In 2011, *Paste* ranked the song number two on their list of the 20 greatest Beach Boys songs.
* In a 2012 reader's poll conducted by *Rolling Stone*, it was voted the best Beach Boys song; the editors wrote that it had won "by a significant margin" and added that it was "one of the most heart-melting love songs ever penned [...] gorgeous in its form and sentiment".
* In 2012, it topped *Consequence of Sound*'s list of the "100 Greatest Songs of All Time".
* In 2016, it topped *Paste*'s list of "The 100 Best Songs of the 1960s".
* In 2021, it was re-ranked number 11 in *Rolling Stone*'s list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
* In 2022, *The Guardian*'s Alexis Petridis ranked the song number eight on his list of the 40 greatest Beach Boys songs.

## Cover versions

Template:External media

"God Only Knows" has been covered by a wide variety of artists that includes Andy Williams, Neil Diamond, Olivia Newton-John, Glen Campbell, David Bowie,Toni Tennille, Joss Stone, Mandy Moore, Michael Stipe, Rivers Cuomo, JR JR, and Taylor Swift. In 2007, Lyle Lovett performed a rendition of the song during Wilson's Kennedy Center Honor commemoration. Wilson later said it was "the best version I ever heard, including the Beach Boys."

### BBC Music version

To commemorate the launch of BBC Music, a cover version of the song was simulcast across BBC television and radio channels on October 7, 2014. It featured an assortment of artists (including Wilson himself) that were collectively credited as the Impossible Orchestra. The music video, directed by François Rousselet, showed the artists in lavish, fantastical computer generated settings. The track was released the following day as a charity single for Children in Need 2014.

Wilson said: "All of the artists did such a beautiful job [...] I can't thank them enough, I'm just honored that 'God Only Knows' was chosen. 'God Only Knows' is a very special song. An extremely spiritual song and one of the best I've ever written." However, the promotion drew much of the same criticisms that were afforded to the BBC's 1997 version of "Perfect Day".

Accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra, each of the following performers are listed in order of appearance, singing vocals unless otherwise specified:

* Martin James Bartlett – celeste
* Pharrell Williams
* Emeli Sandé
* Elton John (the only artist who also performed on the 1997 version of "Perfect Day")
* Lorde
* Chris Martin
* Brian Wilson
* Florence Welch
* Kylie Minogue
* Stevie Wonder – vocals, harmonica
* Eliza Carthy
* Nicola Benedetti – violin
* Jools Holland – piano
* Brian May – electric guitar
* Jake Bugg
* Katie Derham – violin
* Tees Valley Youth Choir
* Alison Balsom – piccolo trumpet
* One Direction
* Jaz Dhami
* Paloma Faith
* Chrissie Hynde
* Jamie Cullum
* Baaba Maal
* Danielle de Niese
* Dave Grohl
* Sam Smith

Lauren Laverne, Gareth Malone, and Zane Lowe also appear in the video.

## Personnel

Per band archivist Craig Slowinski.

**The Beach Boys**

* Bruce Johnston – backing vocals
* Brian Wilson – backing vocals
* Carl Wilson – lead vocals, twelve-string electric guitar

**Guest**

* Terry Melcher – tambourine

**Session musicians** (also known as "the Wrecking Crew")

* Hal Blaine – drums and sleigh bells
* Carl Fortina – accordion
* Jim Gordon – plastic orange juice cups
* Bill Green – flute and alto flute
* Leonard Hartman – clarinet and bass clarinet
* Jim Horn – flute and alto flute
* Carol Kaye – twelve-string electric guitar
* Larry Knechtel – harpsichord
* Jay Migliori – clarinet
* Frank Morocco – accordion
* Ray Pohlman – electric bass guitar
* Don Randi – tack piano with taped strings
* Alan Robinson – French horn
* Lyle Ritz – upright bass

**The Sid Sharp Strings**

* Jesse Erlich – cello
* Leonard Malarsky – violin
* Sid Sharp – violin
* Darrel Terwilliger – viola

**Technical staff**

* Chuck Britz – engineer (track)
* Ralph Valentin – engineer (vocals)
* "Don T." (uncertain) – second engineer (vocals)

## Charts

Template:Col-float

The Beach Boys version
 US *Cash Box* Top 100 | 38

Template:Col-float-break

The Vogues version
 US *Billboard* Easy Listening | 21

Template:Col-float-break

Marilyn Scott version
 US *Billboard* Hot 100Template:Full citation needed | 61

Template:Col-float-break

Template:SinglechartTemplate:SinglechartTemplate:SinglechartTemplate:Singlechart

BBC Music version

Template:Col-float-end

## Certifications

Template:Certification Table Top
Template:Certification Table Entry
Template:Certification Table Bottom

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Garratt 2014, p. 37.
2. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Beckerman, Jim (March 21, 2015). "'Walk Away Renee' collaborator Michael Brown of Englewood Cliffs, dies at 65". *The Record*. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
3. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ames Carlin, Peter (September 5, 2008). "That Lucky Old Brian Wilson". *Oregon Live*. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
4. ↑ Granata 2003, p. 83.
5. ↑ Template:Cite AV media notes
6. ↑ Kent 2009, p. 16.
7. ↑ Wilson & Gold 1991, p. 138.
8. ↑ Dillon 2012, p. 112.
9. ↑ Badman 2004, pp. 122, 124.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"How Brian Wilson heard 'Rubber Soul,' got baked and wrote 'God Only Knows'". *The Denver Post*. July 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
11. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
12. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Lambert 2007, p. 244.
14. ↑ Fusilli 2005, p. 101.
15. ↑ Interview with Brian Wilson (MP3). WNEW-FM 102.7 (November 3, 1976).
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Template:Cite AV media notes
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Leaf 1978, p. 82.
18. ↑ Granata 2003, pp. 100–101.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Badman 2004, p. 121.
20. ↑ Dillon 2012, p. 113.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Granata 2003, p. 101.
22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 Lambert 2007, p. 245.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Dillon 2012, p. 114.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Perone 2012, p. 79.
25. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
26. ↑ Zollo 2016, p. 283.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Harrison 1997, p. 39.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lambert 2008, pp. 115–116.
29. ↑ Garratt 2014, p. 38.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Granata 2003, p. 100.
31. ↑ Harrison 1997, pp. 39, 42.
32. ↑ Granata 2003, p. 63.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Garratt 2014, pp. 36–38.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Granata 2003, p. 156.
35. ↑ The Genius of Pet Sounds: Artists Reveal Their Favorite Aspects of The Beach Boys' Classic (June 18, 2016).
36. ↑ Lambert 2007, p. 246.
37. ↑ Howland 2021, pp. 210–217, 358.
38. ↑ Howland 2021, p. 218.
39. ↑ Brian Wilson gives a brief summary of his hit songs (March 2, 2011).
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Granata 2003, p. 174.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Dillon 2012, p. 115.
42. ↑ Granata 2003, pp. 175–176.
43. ↑ Fusilli 2005, p. 102.
44. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Viney, Liam (July 12, 2015). "Love & Mercy: what Brian Wilson's story tells us about genius and music". *The Conversation*. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
45. ↑ Wilson & Greenman 2016, p. Template:Page needed.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 Pet Sounds LP. Endless Summer Quarterly.
47. ↑ Template:Cite AV media notes
48. ↑ Template:Cite AV media notes
49. ↑ Granata 2003, p. 117.
50. ↑ Granata 2003, p. 219.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Badman 2004, p. 122.
52. ↑ Granata 2003, p. 37.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Dillon 2012, p. 116.
54. ↑ Template:Cite AV media notes
55. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Badman 2004, p. 126.
57. ↑ Sold on Song Top 100 – God Only Knows. BBC (2005).
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Granata 2003, p. 176.
59. ↑ Template:Cite AV media notes
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Badman 2004, p. 130.
61. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 134.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Badman 2004, p. 139.
63. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
64. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 135.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 Badman 2004, p. 142.
66. ↑ Granata 2003, p. 188.
67. ↑ Turner, Steve (2018). *Turn, Turn, Turn: Popular Songs Inspired by the Bible*. Worthy. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-945470-86-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=8aqIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Badman 2004, p. 145.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Badman 2004, p. 148.
70. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 156.
71. ↑ Badman 2004, pp. 130–131.
72. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 131.
73. ↑ Fusilli 2005, p. Template:Page needed.
74. ↑ Kirkey 2019, p. 46.
75. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 155.
76. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 160.
77. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 198.
78. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 200.
79. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Dillon, Mark (June 15, 2012). "The Beach Boys at 50". *The Star*. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Granata 2003, p. 99.
81. ↑ Black, Johnny (2008). *Classic Tracks Back to Back: Singles and Albums*. Thunder Bay Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1592238729. https://archive.org/details/classictracksbac0000unse/page/80/.
82. ↑ Greene 2010, p. 155.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 100 Greatest Songs of All Time: 01. THE BEACH BOYS – "GOD ONLY KNOWS" (September 21, 2012).
84. ↑ Template:Cite AV media notes
85. ↑ Template:Cite AV media notes
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Dillon 2012, p. 117.
87. ↑ Ortolano, Scott (2017). *Popular Modernism and Its Legacies: From Pop Literature to Video Games*. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-5013-2511-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=AMw4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
88. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
89. ↑ Why Did 'Big Love' Change Its Credits? God Only Knows. *The New York Times* (January 11, 2010).
90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Nobile, Drew (2020). *Form as Harmony in Rock Music*. Oxford University Press. pp. 232–234. ISBN 978-0-19-094838-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=3uveDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
91. ↑ Granata 2003, p. 227.
92. ↑ Rodriguez 2012, p. 78.
93. ↑ Everett 1999, p. 60.
94. ↑ Leaf 1978, p. 89.
95. ↑ Kent 2009, p. 3.
96. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 Musicians On Brian Wilson.
98. ↑ Broome, Eric (September 2001). Margo Guryan. *Mean Street magazine*.
99. ↑ Badman 2004, p. 207.
100. ↑ The Beach Boys God Only Knows. Acclaimed Music.
101. ↑ The 200 Best Songs of the 1960s (August 18, 2006).
102. ↑ The Popdose 100: Our Favorite Singles of the Last 50 Years (November 24, 2008).
103. ↑ Blau, Max (May 16, 2011). The 20 Best Beach Boys Songs. *Paste*.
104. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
105. ↑ The 100 Best Songs of the 1960s (July 29, 2016).
106. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
107. ↑ Petridis, Alexis (January 27, 2022). The Beach Boys' 40 greatest songs – ranked!. *The Guardian*.
108. ↑ Dillon 2012, pp. 117–118.
109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"God only knows how the BBC made this video". *The Telegraph*. October 9, 2014. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
110. ↑ BBC Music's God Only Knows in aid of BBC Children in Need. BBC (October 7, 2014).
111. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"BBC unveil all-star version of God Only Knows, 17 years after Perfect Day". *The Guardian*. October 7, 2014. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
112. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"God Only Knows BBC music video: Like a propaganda film made by a dictatorship losing its credibility". *The Independent*. October 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
113. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"God Only Knows: not quite a perfect day as BBC sings its own praises". *The Guardian*. October 7, 2014. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
114. ↑ Launches with God Only Knows, a star-studded film featuring 'The Impossible Orchestra'. *BBC Music* (October 7, 2014).
115. ↑ Who's in the Impossible Orchestra?. *BBC Music* (October 7, 2014).
116. ↑ Nyman, Jake (2005) (in fi). *Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja* (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 96. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
117. ↑ Cash Box Top 100 Singles (September 3, 1966).
118. ↑ Joel Whitburn's Bubbling Under the Billboard Hot 100 1959-2004Template:Full citation needed
119. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
120. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
121. ↑ Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada (February 21, 1970).
122. ↑ *Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990* - Template:ISBN

## Bibliography

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* Dillon, Mark (2012). [[[:Template:Google]] *Fifty Sides of the Beach Boys: The Songs That Tell Their Story*]. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-77041-071-8. Template:Google.
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* Fusilli, Jim (2005). *Beach Boys' Pet Sounds*. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-1266-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=xVIx8qes4V8C. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
* Garratt, James (2014). "Values and Judgments". In Downes, Stephen. *Aesthetics of Music: Musicological Perspectives*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-48691-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2tbpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
* Granata, Charles L. (2003). [[[:Template:Google]] *Wouldn't it Be Nice: Brian Wilson and the Making of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds*]. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-507-0. Template:Google.
* Greene, John Robert (2010). *America in the Sixties*. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5133-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=RY5JKjL7VBEC. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
* Harrison, Daniel (1997). "After Sundown: The Beach Boys' Experimental Music". In Covach, John; Boone, Graeme M.. *Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis*. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–57. ISBN 978-0-19-988012-6. http://www.lipscomb.umn.edu/rock/docs/Harrison1997\_BeachBoys.pdf. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
* Howland, John (2021). *Hearing Luxe Pop: Glorification, Glamour, and the Middlebrow in American Popular Music*. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-30010-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu0lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
* Kent, Nick (2009). "The Last Beach Movie Revisited: The Life of Brian Wilson". *The Dark Stuff: Selected Writings on Rock Music*. Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780786730742. https://books.google.com/books?id=bPMO0CtuBAsC&pg=PA39. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
* Lambert, Philip (2007). *Inside the Music of Brian Wilson: The Songs, Sounds, and Influences of the Beach Boys' Founding Genius*. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-0748-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=3sGoAwAAQBAJ. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
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* Rodriguez, Robert (2012). *Revolver: How the Beatles Re-Imagined Rock 'n' Roll*. Montclair: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-009-0. https://archive.org/details/revolverhowbeatl0000rodr.
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* Kirkey, Christopher (2019). "Good Authentic Vibrations: The Beach Boys, California, and Pet Sounds". *Authenticity in North America: Place, Tourism, Heritage, Culture and the Popular Imagination*. Taylor & Francis. pp. 41–60. ISBN 978-0-429-80234-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=rhTADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
* Zollo, Paul (2016). *More Songwriters on Songwriting*. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-306-81799-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NQPTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA274. Retrieved April 26, 2021.

## Further reading

* Sellars, Jeff, ed (2015). *God Only Knows: Faith, Hope, Love, and The Beach Boys*. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4982-0767-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=CGKPCwAAQBAJ.

## External links

* Lyrics
* Brian Wilson and George Martin dissect The Beach Boys’ ‘God Only Knows’ back in 1997
* God Only Knows (Instrumental Stereo Mix) on YouTube
* God Only Knows (Live At Michigan State University/1966) on YouTube
* God Only Knows ("Lei'd In Hawaii" / Studio Stereo Mix) on YouTube
* The Beach Boys - God Only Knows (From "Good Timin: Live At Knebworth" DVD) on YouTube
* God Only Knows (Live At Jamaican World Music Festival, Montego Bay, Jamaica/1982) on YouTube
* Brian Wilson 'God Only Knows' - Late Show #PlayAtHome on YouTube

Template:Pet Sounds

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