Explosion Yield Calculations

## Step 1: Find the Size of the Explosion

First, you have to find the exact page, or scene where an explosion is shown as a feat. Depending on the environment where the explosion occurred, you may have to scale the size of a smaller object that is shown in the map. Let's do an example...

### Example 1: An Explosion Occurs

An explosion of unknown size occurs in this picture, engulfing the object. Find the size of the explosion. The explosion is shown in the below scene.

* The first thing that notice is that you do not know the exact size of the object shown in the picture.
* However, you are allowed to find the size of the object by comparing it with an another object, such as the one shown beside the object.

## Step 2: Finding the Radius of the Explosion

From example 1, there is a scene that shows the object in relation to the object shown from the first picture. This is located below. We will use the height of the door as a reference in this case.

* Given that the door size of the door is 7 feet, or 2.13 metres tall, you can now find the size of the object.
* Log down the size of the object.
* After you have found the size of the object, you compare the size of the object to the diameter of the explosion shown in the first picture.
* Divide the diameter by two to get the radius of the explosion.

## Step 3: Finding the Yield of said Explosion

Here is a sample calculator that you can use in order to find the yield of an explosion, provided that you have found the exact diameter of it. Keep note that if the explosion is against a surface it is preferred, but not required, that you use the surface detonation setting on this calculator.

* Generally, you take the **near-total fatalities** section from the list of calculated values/calculator above.
* As for why it is used, the definition of near-total fatalities means states that: all large above-ground structures are destroyed within that radius, as well as causing 100% fatalities to anyone that is affected within the radius due to sheer pressure alone.
* When you get the result of said explosion, **you multiply the value by 0.5**. This is because only 40 to 50 percent of the total energy of the explosion is actually from the blast.
* Keep in mind that if the explosion is an actual nuclear explosion, you can disregard the point above.

If you are having a hard time using the nuclear calculator, this equation can be used to find the yield of said explosion.

* Air blast radius (near-total fatalities) Yield: **Y** = ((x/0.28)^3)/1000 with Y in megatons of TNT and x the radius in km.

However, the rules above are for explosions happening in mid-air. For explosions that happen on the ground, we use this formula:

* W = R^3\*((27136\*P+8649)^(1/2)/13568-93/13568)^2, where W is the yield in tons of TNT, R is the radius in meters, and P is the shockwave pressure in bars, where we generally use 1.37895 bars or 20 psi of pressure. For this specific formula, there is no need to divide the result by 2.

## Durability From Tanking an explosion

Let's say an explosion occurs and a character endures the explosion.
For one to scale to the full yield of an explosion, one of the three following conditions must be met:

1. The explosion happens inside the character's body
2. The explosion is fully covered by the character in some form (Like their hands or body covering the bomb or source of the explosion)
3. The character is face-hugging/bear-hugging the bomb/explosion source or standing/sitting/crouching right on top of it or directly adjacent to it and the bomb/explosion source happens to be smaller than them

If that explosion doesn't occur that close to the character the amount of energy that hits it will be significantly lower than the full energy of the explosion. To find the actual amount of the energy from the explosion that he/she tanks one first applies the inverse square law.

What does the inverse square law state?

* The further you are away from an explosion, the less damage you will take from it. That is, because the power of said explosion is distributed over a larger and larger surface area as the distance from the epicenter increases.
* The surface area of a sphere is **A** = 4πr^2. This is relevant because when an explosion occurs, the energy of said explosion radiates outwards as a sphere, unless obstructed. If it happens on the ground the explosion is restricted in the downwards direction and hence only expands in half a sphere, meaning **A** = (4πr^2)/2. Other surface areas are imaginable as well.
* The intensity of said explosion at a distance of r is **I** = P/A, where I = Joules of energy, A is as above and P=Power/Yield of explosion, in Tons of TNT.
	+ I is a measure of Energy per Area (J/m^2 in SI units).

How does that relate to the durability needed to survive an explosion?

* The amount of energy that hits a target if r meters away from an explosion is E=I\*CA, where I is calculated as described above and E is the energy the target is hit by. CA is the crossectional area of the target. That is the area of the largest cross section of the target that is orthogonal to the direction the explosion expands into. That is *not* half the surface area of the target, but less than that. For a sphere for instance this would not be 4\*pi\*r^2 / 2, but instead pi\*r^2 as that is the area of the largest cross-section which, in this case, is a circle with the same radius as the sphere laid through its center (in such a way that it is orthogonal to the expansion of the explosion).
	+ It should be noted that the above idea of calculating it via the crosssectional area is strictly speaking a simplification that work well when the size of the target is small when compared to that of the explosion at the point it hits it. If one imagines the source of the explosion as a lightsource and the shockwave of radius r as a sphere or dome, then the area of the shadow that the object throws on the sphere/dome is the precise area to be used. This is, in general, considerably more difficult to calculate, though. The crossectional area as explained above will generally provide an underestimation of the area in question.
* CA is approximately 0.68 m^2 for a grown human. It can also be estimated as half of the bodies surface area calculated using this, but that is a slight overestimation.

Let's do an example.

### Example

An omnidirectional explosion of 7 kilotons of TNT occurs, and a human 30 meters away from the epicenter endures the explosion. How high is the durability of the human?

* First, we set **P** = 7000 Tons of TNT, as that is the yield of said explosion.
* Second, we set the radius, or **r** = 30m
* Third, we find the value of I, or the intensity of the explosion at a specific distance.
* **I** = (7000 Tons of TNT) / (4π((30m)^2))
* This means at 30 metres away from the epicenter of the explosion, the shockwave is hitting with an intensity of **I** = 0.619 Tons of TNT per m^2.
* CA = 0.68 m^2 for a human.
* So I\*CA = 0.619 Tons of TNT per m^2 \* 0.68 m^2 = 0.42092 Tons of TNT = E.
* The character can withstand a 0.42092 Tons of TNT blast, meaning Building level durability.

## Explosion Power from Radius/Area

The following lists of values lay out the area (near-total fatalities) that an explosion should cover to reach a certain Attack Potency. Since the calculator doesn't give results below 1 kiloton, the above would be useful; using these lists we will find the required area.

### Nuclear Explosions

* **Small Building level (4.8 - 17.7 m)** = The size of a Tennis court, the size of a Volleyball court, the area of a typical three-bedroom house
* **Building level (17.7 - 35.3 m)** = The surface of a Olympic-size swimming pool
* **Large Building level (35.3 - 62.3 m)** = An American football field area, a Soccer field area, a Baseball field area (including outfield), Hagia Sophia
* **City Block level (62.3 - 130 m)** = A cricket field area, a common city block from Manhattan, the Pyramid of the Sun area
* **Multi-City Block level (130 - 280 m)** = Great Pyramid of Giza area (min)
* **Small Town level (280 - 500 m)** = The Vatican City, The Pentagon
* **Town level (0.5 - 1.3 km)** = The City of London
* **Large Town level (1.3 - 2.7 km)** = The Smallest Oceania islands (min), Machu Picchu
* **Small City level (2.7 - 5 km)** = Nauru (min), Manhattan Island
* **City level ( 5 - 12.5 km)** = Teotihucan (min), Taipei City, Disney World, Paris (inner city), Washington D.C., Hollywood, Brooklyn
* **Mountain level (12.5 - 28 km)** = Andorra (min), Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Tokyo
* **Large Mountain level (28 - 45.5 km)** = Luxembourg (min), Trinidad Island
* **Island level (45.5 - 130 km)** = Jamaica, Belgium, Puerto Rico, Israel, Netherland, Yellowstone National Park
* **Large Island level (130 - 280 km)** = Austria, South Korea, North Korea, Greece, Great Britain, Cuba, Benelux
* **Small Country level (280 - 535.6 km)** = Philippines, Japan, Spain, Turkey, Germany, France
* **Country level (535.6 - 1300 km)** = Egypt, Alaska State, Mexico, Greenland, Argentina, India
* **Large Country level (1300 - 2555 km)** = Australia, Brazil, China, United States of America, Antarctica, the area of Pluto, Russia, Canada, South America, Europe
* **Continent level (2555 - 4600 km)** = Africa, the area of the Moon, The Americas, Asia
* **Multi-Continent level (4600 - 86614.1 km)** = The Area of Mars, the area of Earth, the area of Neptune

### Non-Nuclear Explosions

* **Small Building level (6 - 22.2 m)**
* **Building level (22.2 - 44.4 m)**
* **Large Building level (44.4 - 78.5 m)**
* **City Block level (78.5 - 163.7 m)**
* **Multi-City Block level (163.7 - 352.8 m)**
* **Small Town level (352.8 - 633.8 m)**
* **Town level (633.8 - 1637.4 m)**
* **Large Town level (1.67 - 3.53 km)**
* **Small City level (3.53 - 6.5 km)**
* **City level (6.5 - 16.4 km)**
* **Mountain level (16.4 - 35.3 km)**
* **Large Mountain level (35.3 - 57.4 km)**
* **Island level (57.4 - 163.7 km)**
* **Large Island level (163.7 - 352.8 km)**
* **Small Country level (352.8 - 674.8 km)**
* **Country level (674.8 - 1637.4 km)**
* **Large Country level (1637.4 - 3220 km)**
* **Continent level (3220 - 5800 km)**
* **Multi-Continent level (5800 - 86650 km)**

## See also

* Explosion Speed Calculations
* Other Calculation Instructions

## References

1. ↑ https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html
2. ↑ https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC87200/lbna26456enn.pdf