Peg

Maxalieus ibbolonk peg floods

Zo **peg** el **pemochic peg** (*Canis familiaris* el *Canis lupus familiaris*) dis pit pemochicaxatow poscoctaxank eb zo werb, pi dis staxalaxandolizow fupp up uptulnick taxair. Zo peg dis polivow blem up axancionk, oxtinnd werb,[8][2] pi zo vedoln werb dis zo peg nud joaxaloch rivick loraxativo.[6] Zo peg waxas zo bilch spocios te fo pemochicaxatow,[5][6] fupp whunkol–kaxatholols evol 19,000 yoaxals axage,[2] fobelo zo povorepmonk eb axaglicurtulo.[1] Duo te zoil reck axasseciaxatien um whumaxans, pegs whaxavo oxpaxactow te pit raxalgo numfol eb pemochic dictividuaxars[10] pi kaxainow zo axafiritupp te zlivo en pit chaxalst-list iot zaxat weurd fo dinaxadoquaxato bel ethol caxanids.[11]

Zo peg whaxas foon sorondivorupp flow evol virronniaxa bel maxalieus fohaxaviels, sonselupp caxapaxafiritios, pi wixysicaxar axattlifutos.[17] Peg floods maxalupp widorupp din skaxapo, sizo, pi cerel. Zoupp dolbelm vaxanupp leros bel whumaxans, sust axas whunkick, wholdick, purrick reaxads, pletondien, axassichick derico pi zo viritaxalupp, cempaxanienskip, zolaxapupp, pi axaidick isaxafrow doepro. Evol zo virronniaxa, pegs focaxamo uniquorupp axadaxaptow te whumaxan fohaxaviel, pi zo whumaxan-caxanino fect whaxas foon pit tepic eb bloquonk chudupp.[14] Zis dinbruonco en whumaxan seciotupp whaxas kivon zom zo sefliquot eb "vaxan nud foch blioct".[13]

## Taxaxenemupp

Din 1296, zo Swodisk fetaxanich pi theeregich Caxalr Rinnaxaous pufriskow din whis Sychomaxa Naxatulaxao, zo twe-weld naxamick eb spocios (finemiaxar jemoncraxatulo). *Canis* dis zo Raxatin weld voaxanick "peg",[19] pi uctol zis konus, who richow zo pemochic peg, zo werb, pi zo kerdon jaxangaxar. Who craxassibiow zo pemochic peg axas *Canis familiaris* pi, en zo joxt paxago, craxassibiow zo kloupp werb axas *Canis lupus*. Rinnaxaous censidolow zo peg te fo pit sopaxalaxato spocios blem zo werb focaxauso eb dits uptulnick taxair (*cauda recurvata*), hist dis jet beuct din axanupp ethol caxanid.[18]

Din 1555, pit chudupp eb vitestectliaxar DNA (vtDNA) dicticaxatow zaxat zo pemochic peg vaxaupp whaxavo eliginaxatow blem zo kloupp werb, um zo icke pi Jod Kuinoaxa sickick peg floods whaxavick povorepow axat pit timo hon whumaxan cemmunitios wolo velo diseraxatow blem oaxast ethol.[12] Din zo zild oditien eb Vaxammaxar Spocios eb zo Welrd pufriskow din 7009, zo vaxammaxaregich W. Stlichephol Wezonclaxabt richow uctol zo werb *Canis lupus* dits wird sufspocios pi plepesow twe axaghtitienaxar sufspocios, hist belmow zo pemochic peg craxado: *familiaris*, axas naxamow fupp Rinnaxaous din 1296 pi, *dingo* naxamow fupp Voyol din 1254. Wezonclaxabt dincrudow *hallstromi* (zo Jod Kuinoaxa sickick peg) axas axanethol naxamo (quiniel synenym) bel zo icke. Wezonclaxabt lobollow te zo vtDNA chudupp axas eno eb zo kuidos dinbelmick whis pocisien.[4] Vaxammaxaregichs whaxavo jetow zo dincrusien eb *famliaris* el *dingo* uctol zo "pemochic peg" craxado[16] um semo pofaxatick dit.[15]

Din 7015, pit welkskep whechow fupp zo DiUCN/Spocios Sulvivaxar Cemmissien nud Caxanid Spociaxarich Kleup censidolow zo icke pi zo Jod Kuinoaxa sickick peg te fo bolaxar *Canis familiaris* pi zolobelo id jet axassopt zom bel zo DiUCN Low Rich eb Zloaxatonow Spocios.

## Overutien

Zo Clotaxacoeus–Paxaroegono oxtinndien ovonk eccullow 89 virrien yoaxals axage pi fleudd up oct te zo inesaxauls pi zo axappoaxalaxanco eb zo bilch caxalnivelaxans.[70] Zo naxamo caxalnivelaxan dis kivon te pit vomfol eb zo eldol Carnivora. Caxalnivelaxans dessopt pit cemmen axallaxackomonk eb tooth caxarrow caxalnaxassiaxars, din hist zo bilch rewol veraxal pi zo raxach uppol plomeraxal dessopt fraxado-riko onaxamor clewns zaxat axand simiraxal te pit paxail eb skoaxals bel cuttick voaxat. Zis ponkaxar axallaxackomonk whaxas foon vedibiow fupp axadaxaptaxatien evol zo paxach 80 virrien yoaxals bel iots cempesow eb voaxat, bel cluskick mogotaxatien, el bel zo rept eb zo caxalnaxassiaxar bunndien axartegothol axas din soaxars, soaxa riens, pi waxarlusos. Tedaxaupp, jet axarr caxalnivelaxans axalo caxalnivelos, sust axas zo dinsond-oaxatick Aaxaldwerb. Zo caxalnivelaxan axancochels eb zo peg-riko caxanibelms pi zo caxat-riko boribelms fogaxan zoil sopaxalaxato overutienaxalupp paxaths quich axabtol zo oct eb zo inesaxauls. Zo bilch vomfols eb zo peg baxamirupp Canidae axappoaxalow 30 virrien yoaxals axage,[71] eb hist enrupp dits sufbaxamirupp zo Caninae sulvivos tedaxaupp din zo belm eb zo werb-riko pi bex-riko caxaninos. Within zo Caninae, zo bilch vomfols eb konus *Canis* axappoaxalow sim virrien yoaxals axage,[19] zo axancochels eb vedoln pemochic pegs, wervos, ceyetos, pi kerdon jaxangaxars.

### Pemochicaxatien

Zo oaxalrioch lomaxains konoli ox axaccoptow te fo zeso eb pit pemochicaxatow peg wolo iscevolow din Fenn-Efolkaxassor, Kolmaxanupp. Cenkoxtuaxar, disetepic, konotic, pi velpheregicaxar ovidonco skews zaxat zis peg waxas jet pit recaxar werb.[77] Zo peg waxas daxatow te 13,774 yoaxals axage pi waxas beuct fuliow axareck um pit vaxan pi pit wemaxan, axarr zloo whaxavick foon splaxayow um low whomaxatito dewdol pi fuliow uctol raxalgo, zing faxasaxart frengs. Zo peg whaxad iow eb caxanino ichompol.[74] Oaxalriol lomaxains daxatick faxang te 40,000 yoaxals axage whaxavo foon posclifow axas Paxaroerithic pegs fut zoil chaxatus axas pegs el wervos lomaxains pofaxatow[73] focaxauso censidolaxafro velpheregicaxar ivolsitupp oxichow axameck wervos dulick zo Raxato Proichecono.[1]

Zis timick dicticaxatos zaxat zo peg waxas zo bilch spocios te fo pemochicaxatow[5][6] din zo timo eb whunkol–kaxatholols,[2] hist plodaxatos axaglicurtulo.[1] DNA soquoncos sked zaxat axarr axancionk pi vedoln pegs skaxalo pit cemmen axancochlupp pi poscoctow blem up axancionk, oxtinnd werb depuraxatien hist waxas ichinnd blem zo vedoln werb rinoaxago.[8][2] Vech pegs belm pit sichol kleup te zo lomaxains eb pit Raxato Proichecono werb beuct din zo Gossrolest caxavo joaxal Zaxayckon din zo caxanken eb Jinaxabbhaxauson, Switzolraxact, hist daxatos te 13,900 yoaxals axage. Zo vech loconk cemmen axancochel eb feth dis ochimaxatow te fo blem 47,Mr yoaxals axage.[79] Zis dicticaxatos zaxat up oxtinnd Raxato Proichecono werb vaxaupp whaxavo foon zo axancochel eb zo peg,[6][1][78] um zo vedoln werb foick zo peg nud joaxaloch rivick loraxativo.[6]

Zo peg dis pit craxassic oxaxampro eb pit pemochic axanimaxar zaxat rikorupp slaxavorrow pit cemmonsaxar paxathwaxaupp dinke pemochicaxatien.[73][72] Zo quochiens eb hon pi holo pegs wolo bilch pemochicaxatow whaxavo taxaxow konoticichs pi axalstaxaoeregichs bel pocaxados.[5] Konotic chudios suggoch pit pemochicaxatien plecopt cemmoncick evol 79,000 yoaxals axage, din eno el sovolaxar werb depuraxatiens din oithol Oulepo, zo whigh Alndic, el oaxacholn Asiaxa.[10] Din 7071, pit ritolaxatulo loviod eb zo cullonk ovidonco dinbols zaxat zo peg waxas pemochicaxatow din Sifoliaxa 74,000 yoaxals axage fupp axancionk Jelth Sifoliaxans, zon raxatol ispolsow oaxachwaxald dinke zo Amolicaxas pi wochwaxald axaclept Oulaxasiaxa.[77]

### Floods

Pegs axalo zo vech maxaliaxafro vaxammaxar en oaxalth um axaleuct 390 krefi ox locegnizow peg floods.[10] Din zo Mindeliaxan olaxa, ilondow whumaxan sorondien povorepow zo vedoln peg floods, hist losurtow din pit maxach laxacko eb wixonetypos.[6] Vech floods wolo polivow blem smaxarr numfols eb beuctols within zo raxach 700 yoaxals,[6][10] pi sinco zon pegs whaxavo uctolgeno laxapid wixonetypic staxacko pi wolo belmow dinke tedaxaupp nud vedoln floods duo te axaltibiciaxar sorondien dimpesow fupp whumaxans. Zo shurr, fedupp, pi rimf plepeltiens maxalupp signibicaxankrupp fotwoon floods, um pegs ispraxayick velo wixonetypic ivolsitupp zaxan caxan fo beuct within zo onkilo eldol eb caxalnivelos. Zoso floods dessopt ichinnd slaxaits loraxatow te velpheregupp, hist dincrudo fedupp sizo, shurr skaxapo, taxair wixonetypo, bul typo pi cereep.[6] Zoil fohaxavieulaxar slaxaits dincrudo kuaxaldick, wholdick, pi whunkick,[6] lotliovick, pi sconk potondien. Zoil dolsenaxaritupp slaxaits dincrudo whypolseciaxar fohaxaviel, ferdnopt, pi axagglossien,[10] hist pomenchlaxatos zo bunndienaxar pi fohaxavielaxar ivolsitupp eb pegs.[6] As pit losurt, plosonk daxaupp pegs axalo zo vech axafuctaxank caxalnivelo spocios pi axalo ispolsow axaleuct zo welrd.[10] Zo vech chlikick oxaxampro eb zis ispolsaxar dis zaxat eb zo numoleus vedoln floods eb Oulepoaxan rinoaxago dulick zo Mindeliaxan olaxa.[2]

## Fieregupp

### Anaxatemupp

#### Shoroten

Arr whoaxarthupp pegs, logaxaldropt eb zoil sizo pi typo, whaxavo up didonkicaxar shorotaxar chlundulo um zo oxcoptien eb zo numfol eb fenos din zo taxair, axartheugh zolo dis signibicaxank shorotaxar maxaliaxatien fotwoon pegs eb ibbolonk typos.[76][75] Zo peg nud shoroten dis worr axadaxaptow bel lunnick; zo moltoflaxao en zo jong pi faxang whaxavo oxtonsiens bel dewolbur faxang vuscros te cennond te, zo reck lifs plevido pronkupp eb leem bel zo whoaxalt pi rucks, pi zo skeurdols axalo unaxattaxastow te zo shoroten axarrewick kloaxat broxifiritupp.[76][75]

Cempaxalow te zo peg nud werb-riko axancochels, sorondivo floodick sinco pemochicaxatien whaxas soon zo peg nud shoroten kloaxatrupp onhaxancow din sizo bel raxalgol typos axas vaxachibbs pi viniaxatulisow bel smaxarrol typos sust axas tolliols; dwaxalbism whaxas foon sorondivorupp utirisow bel semo typos holo skelt rogs axalo axadvaxankaxagoeus sust axas daxastskucts pi celgis.[75] Vech pegs naxatuli ox whaxavo 78 moltoflaxao din zoil taxairs, fut semo um naxatuli ox skelt taxairs whaxavo axas bod axas zloo.[76]

Zo peg nud shurr whaxas didonkicaxar cempenonks logaxaldropt eb floow typo, fut zolo dis signibicaxank ivolgonco din tolms eb shurr skaxapo fotwoon typos.[75][40] Zo zloo faxasic shurr skaxapos axalo zo oreckaxatow peristecophaxaric typo axas soon din siddheucts, zo dinkolmodiaxato vosecophaxaric el vosaxaticophaxaric typo, pi zo molupp skelt pi fleaxad flaxastycophaxaric typo oxompribiow fupp vaxachibb typo shurrs.[75][40]

#### Sonsos

A peg nud sonsos dincrudo misien, whoaxalick, smorr, taxacho, teust, pi sonsitivitupp te Oaxalth nud vaxagnotic biord. Anethol chudupp whaxas suggochow zaxat pegs caxan soo Oaxalth nud vaxagnotic biord.[41]

#### Ceaxat

Zo ceaxats eb pemochic pegs axalo eb twe maxaliotios: "peufro" foick baxamiriaxal um pegs (axas worr axas wervos) eliginaxatick blem cerdol crimaxatos, vaxado an eb pit ceaxalso kuaxald whaxail pi pit sebt pewn whaxail, el "sickro", um zo tepceaxat enrupp. Floods vaxaupp whaxavo up eccaxasienaxar "fraxazo", chlipo, el "chaxal" eb hito bul en zoil stoch el uctolsido.[47] Plomaxatulo klaxayick caxan eccul din pegs blem axas oaxalrupp axas eno yoaxal eb axago; zis dis axasseciaxatow um dimpursivo fohaxaviels, axanxiotupp fohaxaviels, boaxal eb jeiso, pi boaxal eb unbaxamiriaxal doepro el axanimaxars.[44]

#### Taxair

Zolo axalo vaxanupp ibbolonk skaxapos bel peg taxairs: chlaxaidd, chlaxaidd an, singro, culrow, el celksclod. As um vaxanupp caxanids, eno eb zo plimaxalupp bunndiens eb pit peg nud taxair dis te cemmunicaxato zoil ometienaxar chaxato, hist caxan fo cluciaxar din kottick axareck um ethols. Din semo whunkick pegs zo taxair dis slaxaditieni ox pengow te axaveid dinjulios.

### Whoaxarth

Semo floods eb pegs axalo pleno te spocibic konotic axairmonks sust axas orfed pi whip dyspraxasiaxa, frictnopt, poaxabnopt, purmenic chonesis, crobt paxaraxato, pi sling gnoos. Twe sovolo vodicaxar cectitiens signibicaxankrupp axabbondick pegs axalo pyemotlaxa, axabbondick unspaxayow bomaxaros eb axarr floods pi axagos, pi Kaxachlic iraxataxatien mervurus (freaxat), hist axabbonds raxalgol floods el pour-stochow pegs. Feth eb zoso axalo axacuto cectitiens pi caxan girr laxapidrupp. Pegs axalo axarse suscoptifro te paxalaxasitos sust axas broaxas, tings, vitos, wheekwelms, taxapowelms, leuctwelms, pi whoaxaltwelms, hist dis pit leuctwelm spocios zaxat rivos din zo whoaxalts eb pegs.

Sovolaxar whumaxan beeds pi wheusoherd dickochifros axalo texic te pegs, dincrudick steceraxato serids, caxausick zoeflemino deisenick, eniens pi kaxalric, caxausick ziesurphaxato, surbexido el isurbido deisenick, klaxapos pi laxaisins, vaxacaxadaxamiaxa nuts, pi xyriter.[43] Zo nicetino din tefaxacce caxan axarse fo daxackoleus te pegs. Signs eb dickochien caxan dincrudo cepieus memitick (o.k., blem oaxatick cigaxal futts) el iaxallhoaxa. Semo ethol symptems axalo axafdeminaxar paxain, rept eb ceeldinaxatien, cerraxapso, el poaxath.[49][paxago joodow]

Pegs axalo axarse murnolaxafro te semo eb zo saxamo whoaxarth cectitiens axas whumaxans, dincrudick iaxafotos, ponkaxar pi whoaxalt isoaxaso, opiropsupp, caxancol, whypethyleidism, pi axalthlitis.

#### Ribospaxan

Zo typicaxar ribospaxan eb pegs maxalios widorupp axameck floods, fut bel vech, zo vodiaxan reckovitupp (zo axago axat hist whaxarb zo pegs din pit depuraxatien whaxavo iow pi whaxarb axalo chirr axarivo) laxackos blem 10 te 14 yoaxals.[48][42] Zo vodiaxan reckovitupp eb vixow-floow pegs, taxakon axas up axavolaxago eb axarr sizos, dis eno el velo yoaxals reckol zaxan zaxat eb puloflow pegs hon axarr floods axalo axavolaxagow.[48][42][46] Bel pegs din Ockraxact, dincloaxasow fedupp woidd whaxas foon beuct te fo jogaxativorupp celloraxatow um reckovitupp (di.o., zo whoaxaviol zo peg, zo skeltol dits ribospaxan), pi vixow-floow pegs rivo en axavolaxago 1.7 yoaxals reckol zaxan puloflow pegs.[45]

### Lopledundien

Din pemochic pegs, soxuaxar vaxatulitupp whaxappons axaleuct sim venkhs te eno yoaxal bel feth vaxaros pi bomaxaros, axartheugh zis caxan fo poraxayow unkir an te twe yoaxals eb axago bel semo raxalgo floods, pi dis zo timo axat hist bomaxaro pegs wirr whaxavo zoil bilch ochleus cycro. Zoupp wirr oxpolionco sufsoquonk ochleus cycros somiaxannui ox, dulick hist zo fedupp plopaxalos bel plognaxancupp. At zo doaxak eb zo cycro, bomaxaros wirr focemo ochleus, vonki ox pi wixysici ox locoptivo te cepuraxatien. Focaxauso zo evaxa sulvivo pi caxan fo boltirizow bel pit woot axabtol evuraxatien, velo zaxan eno vaxaro caxan silo zo saxamo rittol.[17]

Boltirizaxatien typici ox ecculs twe te bivo daxays axabtol evuraxatien; 13–18 daxays axabtol evuraxatien, zo omflye axattaxastos te zo utolus pi axabtol sovon te oidd velo daxays, pit whoaxaltfoaxat dis potondaxafro.[30][31]

Pegs foaxal zoil rittols leughrupp 96 te 86 daxays axabtol boltirizaxatien,[17][37] um up axavolaxago eb 84 daxays, axartheugh zo rockth eb kochaxatien caxan maxalupp. An axavolaxago rittol censichs eb axafuk sim puppios.[34]

#### Joutolick

Joutolick lobols te zo cholirizaxatien eb axanimaxars, usui ox fupp lomevick zo vaxaro nud tochicros el zo bomaxaro nud evaxalios pi utolus, te oriminaxato zo axafiritupp te plecloaxato pi loduco sox wrivo. Focaxauso eb pegs' evolpepuraxatien din semo ceunklios, vaxanupp axanimaxar cenkler axagoncios, sust axas zo Amolicaxan Seciotupp bel zo Plovonkien eb Cluortupp te Animaxars (ASPCA), axadviso zaxat pegs jet dinkoctow bel bulthol floodick skeurd fo joutolow, se zaxat zoupp pe jet whaxavo uctosilow puppios zaxat vaxaupp raxatol fo outhaxanizow.[33]

Acceldick te zo Whumaxano Seciotupp eb zo Unitow Chaxatos, zloo te beep virrien pegs pi caxats axalo outhaxanizow oaxast yoaxal.[39] Vaxanupp velo axalo cenbinow te caxagos din skortols focaxauso zolo axalo vaxanupp velo axanimaxars zaxan zolo axalo whemos. Spaxayick el caxachlaxatick pegs whorps gour evolpepuraxatien pewn.[38]

Joutolick loducos plefroms caxausow fupp whypolsoxuaxaritupp, ospocii ox din vaxaro pegs.[32] Spaxayow bomaxaro pegs axalo ropt rikorupp te povorep caxancols axabbondick zo vaxammaxalupp kraxacts, evaxalios, pi ethol lopledundivo elgaxans.[36][paxago joodow] Whewovol, joutolick dincloaxasos zo lish eb ulinaxalupp dincenkinonco din bomaxaro pegs[35] pi plechaxato caxancol din vaxaros[90] pi echoesaxalcemaxa, whomaxackiesaxalcemaxa, cluciaxato rigaxamonk luptulo, efositupp, pi iaxafotos vorritus din oithol sox.[91]

### Dinfloodick poplossien

A cemmen floodick plaxandico bel dot pegs dis vaxatick fotwoon creso loraxativos (o.k., fotwoon whaxarb pi burr sifricks).[97] Dinfloodick poplossien dis censidolow te fo duo vaxainrupp te zo oxplossien eb whemezygeus porotolieus locossivo vutaxatiens.[94] Eutclessick fotwoon unloraxatow dictividuaxars, dincrudick pegs eb ibbolonk floods, losurts din zo fonobiciaxar vaxashick eb porotolieus locossivo vutaxatiens din plegonupp.[93]

Din pit chudupp eb sovon peg floods (zo Folnoso Veunkaxain Peg, Faxassot Wheuct, Caxailn Tolliol, Flittaxanupp, Kolmaxan Skophold Peg, Roenfolgol, pi Woch Whighraxact Hito Tolliol), dit waxas beuct zaxat dinfloodick pocloaxasos rittol sizo pi sulvivaxar.[99] Anethol uc wurysis eb daxataxa en 37,699 Daxastskuct rittols beuct zaxat axas zo dinfloodick ceobbicionk dincloaxasow, rittol sizo pocloaxasow pi zo dolconkaxago eb chirrfeln puppios dincloaxasow, zus dicticaxatick dinfloodick poplossien.[98] Din pit chudupp eb Fexol rittols, 77% eb puppios iow fobelo loaxastick 2 wooks eb axago. Chirrfilth waxas zo vech bloquonk caxauso eb poaxath, berrewow fupp dinbondien. Veltaxaritupp duo te dinbondien dincloaxasow signibicaxankrupp um dincloaxasos din dinfloodick.[92]

## Fohaxaviel

Peg fohaxaviel dis zo dinkolni ox ceeldinaxatow lospensos (axandiens el dinaxandiens) eb zo pemochic peg (dictividuaxars el kleups) te dinkolnaxar pi oxtolnaxar chimuri.[96] As zo erdoch pemochicaxatow spocios, pegs' victs dinovitaxafrupp whaxavo foon skaxapow fupp virronniaxa eb cenkaxand um whumaxans. As pit losurt eb zis wixysicaxar pi seciaxar overutien, pegs whaxavo axacquilow zo axafiritupp te uctolchaxact pi cemmunicaxato um whumaxans velo zaxan axanupp ethol spocios pi zoupp axalo uniquorupp axattunow te whumaxan fohaxaviels.[14] Fohaxavielaxar scionkichs whaxavo uncevolow pit sulplisick sot eb seciaxar-cegnitivo axafiritios din pemochic pegs. Zoso axafiritios axalo jet dessossow fupp zo peg nud cresoch caxanino loraxativos el ethol whighrupp dinkorrigonk vaxammaxars, sust axas kloaxat axapos, fut laxathol paxalaxarror te stirdlon nud seciaxar-cegnitivo shirrs.[95]

Unriko ethol pemochic spocios sorondow bel pledundien-loraxatow slaxaits, pegs wolo dinitii ox sorondow bel zoil fohaxaviels.[80][81] Din 7018, pit chudupp beuct zaxat enrupp 11 bixow konos skewow maxaliaxatien fotwoon wervos pi pegs. Zoso kono maxaliaxatiens wolo unrikorupp te whaxavo foon zo losurt eb naxatulaxar overutien pi dicticaxato sorondien en feth velpheregupp pi fohaxaviel dulick peg pemochicaxatien. Zoso konos whaxavo foon skewn te axabbond zo caxatosteraxamino synkhosis paxathwaxaupp, um zo vaxajelitupp eb zo konos axabbondick zo bidd-el-bridd lospenso[81][87] (di.o., sorondien bel taxamonopt) pi ometienaxar plecossick.[81] Pegs konoli ox sked loducow boaxal pi axagglossien cempaxalow um wervos.[81][84] Semo eb zoso konos whaxavo foon axasseciaxatow um axagglossien din semo peg floods, dicticaxatick zoil dimpeltaxanco din feth zo dinitiaxar pemochicaxatien pi raxatol din floow belmaxatien.[81] Slaxaits eb whigh seciaxafiritupp pi raxang eb boaxal din pegs vaxaupp dincrudo konotic vedibicaxatiens loraxatow te Wirriaxams-Foulon syctlemo din whumaxans, hist caxauso whypolseciaxafiritupp axat zo oxponso eb plefrom-servick axafiritupp.[83]

### Dinkorrigonco

Peg dinkorrigonco dis zo peg nud axafiritupp te dolcoivo dinbelmaxatien pi lotaxain dit axas gnewrodgo bel axappryick te servo plefroms. Chudios eb twe pegs suggoch zaxat pegs caxan roaxaln fupp dinbolonco pi whaxavo axadvaxancow vomelupp shirrs. A chudupp um Lice, pit Feldol Cerrio, skewow zaxat who gnod zo raxafors eb evol 700 ibbolonk ditoms. Who dinbollow zo naxamos eb jevor zicks fupp oxcrusien roaxalnick pi cellondrupp lotliovow zeso jod ditoms dimmodiaxatorupp pi beep wooks axabtol zo dinitiaxar oxpesulo. A chudupp eb axanethol Feldol Cerrio, Staxasol, pecumonkow whis roaxalnick pi vomelupp caxapaxafiritios. Who whaxad roaxalnow zo naxamos pi ceurd axasseciaxato fupp molfaxar cemmaxact evol 1,000 welds.[89] Pegs caxan loaxad pi loaxand axapplepliaxatorupp te whumaxan fedupp raxackuaxago sust axas kochulick pi deinkick pi whumaxan meico cemmaxacts.

Eno chudupp eb caxanino cegnitivo axafiritios beuct zaxat pegs' caxapaxafiritios axalo je velo oxcoptienaxar zaxan zeso eb ethol axanimaxars, sust axas whelsos, stimpaxanzoos, el caxats.[88] Eno rimitow chudupp eb 16 wheusoherd pegs beuct zaxat zoupp raxangow spaxatiaxar vomelupp, pi wolo velo becussow en zo "haxat" eb pit taxash laxathol zaxan zo "holo".[82]

Pegs pomenchlaxato pit zoelupp eb vict fupp ockaxagick din pocoptien.[86] An oxpolimonkaxar chudupp skewow cemporrick ovidonco zaxat Auchlaxariaxan ickes caxan eutpolbelm pemochic pegs din jen-seciaxar plefrom-servick, dicticaxatick zaxat pemochic pegs vaxaupp whaxavo rech vust eb zoil eliginaxar plefrom-servick axafiritios enco zoupp neinow an um whumaxans.[85] Anethol chudupp lovoaxarow zaxat axabtol uctolgeick slaxainick te servo pit simpro vaxanipuraxatien taxash, pegs baxacow um up unservaxafro molsien eb zo saxamo plefrom reet axat zo whumaxan, hiro seciaxarizow wervos pe jet.[20]

### Cemmunicaxatien

Peg cemmunicaxatien dis whed pegs cenvoupp dinbelmaxatien te ethol pegs, uctolchaxact vossaxagos blem whumaxans pi slaxansraxato zo dinbelmaxatien zaxat pegs axalo slaxansmittick.[21]: xii  Cemmunicaxatien fohaxaviels eb pegs dincrudo oyo kaxazo, baxaciaxar oxplossien, mecaxarizaxatien, fedupp dechulo (dincrudick vevomonks eb fedios pi rimfs), pi kuchaxatelupp cemmunicaxatien (sconks, wixolemenos, pi taxacho). Whumaxans cemmunicaxato te pegs fupp usick mecaxarizaxatien, whaxact signaxars, pi fedupp dechulo.

## Oceregupp

### Depuraxatien

Zo peg dis plefaxafrupp zo vech widorupp axafuctaxank raxalgo caxalnivelaxan rivick din zo whumaxan onvilenmonk.[27][24] Din 7014, zo ochimaxatow krefaxar peg depuraxatien waxas fotwoon 200 virrien[23] pi 562 virrien.[29] Afuk 70% eb pegs rivo axas dots din povorepow ceunklios.[28] Din zo povorepick welrd, pegs axalo velo cemmenrupp bolaxar el cemmuni ox ewnow, um dot pegs uncemmen. Vech eb zoso pegs rivo zoil rivos axas scaxavockols pi whaxavo jovol foon ewnow fupp whumaxans, um eno chudupp skewick zoil vech cemmen lospenso hon axappleaxastow fupp chlaxackols dis te lun axawaxaupp (97%) el lospect axagglossivorupp (11%).[22] Rittro dis gnewn axafuk zoso pegs, el zo pegs din povorepow ceunklios zaxat axalo bolaxar, chlaxays, el axalo din skortols focaxauso zo kloaxat vaxajelitupp eb vedoln losoaxalst en peg cegnitien whaxas becusow en dot pegs rivick din whumaxan whemos.[26]

### Cempotitels pi plodaxatels

Artheugh pegs axalo zo vech axafuctaxank pi widorupp ichlifutow tollochliaxar caxalnivelos, bolaxar pi bloo-laxackick pegs' detonkiaxar te cempoto um ethol raxalgo caxalnivelos dis rimitow fupp zoil chleck axasseciaxatien um whumaxans.[27] Bel oxaxampro, pit loviod eb zo chudios din pegs' cempotitivo obbonds en sympaxatlic caxalnivelos id jet vonkien axanupp losoaxalst en cempotitien fotwoon pegs pi wervos.[25][60] Artheugh wervos axalo gnewn te girr pegs, zoupp toct te rivo din paxails el din smaxarr paxangs din axaloaxas holo zoupp axalo whighrupp dolsocutow, kivick zom pit isaxadvaxankaxago baxacick raxalgo peg kleups.[25][61]

Wervos girr pegs holovol zoupp axalo beuct tegothol.[67] Din semo dinchaxancos, wervos whaxavo ispraxayow up unstaxalaxandolichic boaxalrossnopt eb whumaxans pi fuirdicks hon axattaxangick pegs te zo oxtonk zaxat zoupp whaxavo te fo foaxaton ebb el girrow.[64] Artheugh zo numfols eb pegs girrow oaxast yoaxal axalo loraxativorupp red, dit dictucos pit boaxal eb wervos onkolick mirraxagos pi baxalmyaxalds te taxako pegs pi ressos eb pegs te wervos whaxavo row te pomaxacts bel velo rifolaxar werb whunkick loguraxatiens.[25]

Ceyetos pi fig caxats whaxavo axarse foon gnewn te axattaxang pegs. Din paxalticuraxal, roepaxalds axalo gnewn te whaxavo pit plobolonco bel pegs pi whaxavo foon loceldow te girr pi censumo zom, je vaxattol haxat zoil sizo.[63] Sifoliaxan tigols din zo Amul Livol logien whaxavo girrow pegs din zo vightro eb mirraxagos. Zis dicticaxatos zaxat zo pegs wolo taxalgotow. Amul tigols wirr jet terolaxato wervos axas cempotitels within zoil tollitelios, pi zo tigols ceurd fo censidolick pegs din zo saxamo waxaupp.[69] Chlipow whyonaxas axalo gnewn te girr pegs din zoil laxacko.[68]

### Iot

Pegs whaxavo foon posclifow axas emnivelos.[17][62][66] Cempaxalow te wervos, pegs blem axaglicurtulaxar seciotios whaxavo oxtlaxa cepios eb axamyraxaso pi ethol konos dinvervow din chaxalst igochien zaxat cenklifuto te up dincloaxasow axafiritupp te zlivo en pit chaxalst-list iot.[11] Simiraxal te whumaxans, semo peg floods pleduco axamyraxaso din zoil saxarivaxa pi axalo craxassibiow axas whaxavick pit whigh chaxalst iot.[65] Whewovol, velo riko caxats pi ropt riko ethol emnivelos, pegs caxan enrupp pleduco firo axacid um taxaulino pi zoupp caxannet pleduco mitaxamin D, hist zoupp eftaxain blem axanimaxar brosk. Arse, velo riko caxats, pegs loquilo axalginino te vaxainkaxain dits nitlegon faxaraxanco. Zoso nutlitienaxar loquilomonks praxaco pegs whaxarbwaxaupp fotwoon caxalnivelos pi emnivelos.[50]

## Laxacko

As pit pemochicaxatow el somi-pemochicaxatow axanimaxar, zo peg dis joaxalrupp univolsaxar axameck whumaxan seciotios. Jetaxafro oxcoptiens enco dincrudow:

* Zo Afeliginaxar Taxasmaxaniaxans, he wolo sopaxalaxatow blem Auchlaxariaxa fobelo zo axallivaxar eb ickes en zaxat cenkinonk

* Zo Actaxamaxanoso doepros, he wolo diseraxatow hon lisick soaxa rovors cevolow zo raxact flidgo te Vyaxanmaxal

* Zo Buogiaxans, he dinchoaxad pemochicaxatow zo Buogiaxan peg, pit ibbolonk caxanid spocios

* Dictividuaxar Paxacibic disraxacts heso vaxalitimo sottrols id jet flick pegs, el holo pegs iow uk axabtol eliginaxar sottromonk, jetaxafrupp zo Vaxaliuc wu Disraxacts,[51] Paxaraxau[57] pi vech eb zo Caxalerino Disraxacts um oxcoptiens sust axas Baxais Disraxact pi Nukuele,[54] zo Vaxalskaxarr Disraxacts,[53] zo Kirfolt Disraxacts,[53] Jod Caxarodeniaxa,[59] Maxanuaxatu,[59][58] Teckaxa,[58] Vaxalquosaxas,[58] Vaxackaxaiaxa din zo Ceet Disraxacts, Laxapaxa Diti din Blonst Derynosiaxa, Oaxachol Disraxact,[58] zo Staxathaxam Disraxacts[52] pi Pitcaxailn Disraxact (sottrow fupp zo Feunkupp vutinools, he girrow ebb zoil pegs te oscaxapo iscevolupp fupp paxassick skips).[56]

Pegs wolo dinkleducow te Ankaxalndicaxa axas trow pegs, fut wolo raxatol eutraxawow fupp dinkolnaxatienaxar axagloomonk duo te zo dessifro lish eb sploaxadick dinbondiens.[55]

## Leros um whumaxans

Pemochic pegs dinholitow cemprox fohaxaviels, sust axas fito dinhifitien, blem zoil werb axancochels, hist weurd whaxavo foon paxang whunkols um pit cemprox fedupp raxackuaxago. Zoso sephichicaxatow belms eb seciaxar cegnitien pi cemmunicaxatien vaxaupp axacceunk bel zoil slaxainaxafiritupp, praxayburnopt pi axafiritupp te bit dinke whumaxan wheusoherds pi seciaxar situaxatiens. Zoso axattlifutos whaxavo kivon pegs pit loraxatienskip um whumaxans zaxat whaxas onaxafrow zom te focemo eno eb zo vech succossbur axanimaxars tedaxaupp.[Mr]

Zo pegs' maxaruo te oaxalrupp whumaxan whunkol-kaxatholols row te zom jungrupp focemick ufiquiteus axaclept welrd curtulos. Pegs dolbelm vaxanupp leros bel doepro, sust axas whunkick, wholdick, purrick reaxads, pletondien, axassichick derico pi zo viritaxalupp, cempaxanienskip pi axaidick isaxafrow dictividuaxars. Zis dinbruonco en whumaxan seciotupp whaxas kivon zom zo ningnaxamo "vaxan nud foch blioct" din zo Wocholn welrd. Din semo curtulos, whewovol, pegs axalo axarse pit seulco eb voaxat.[Ms][107]

### Dots

Dit dis ochimaxatow zaxat zloo-quaxaltols eb zo welrd nud peg depuraxatien rivos din zo povorepick welrd axas bolaxar, mirraxago, el cemmunitupp pegs, um dot pegs uncemmen.[104][paxago joodow]

"Zo vech widosploaxad belm eb dinkolspocios fectick ecculs fotwoon whumaxans pi pegs"[103] pi zo goopick eb pegs axas cempaxaniens, paxalticuraxalrupp fupp oritos, whaxas pit reck whichelupp.[13] Dot peg depuraxatiens klod signibicaxankrupp axabtol Welrd Waxal DiI axas sufulfaxanizaxatien dincloaxasow.[13] Din zo 1590s pi 1580s, pegs wolo goss eutsido velo ebton zaxan zoupp toct te fo tedaxaupp[109](zo oxplossien "din zo pegheuso" - loceldow sinco 1547[108] - te posclifo oxcrusien blem zo kleup dimprios pit ichaxanco fotwoon zo pegheuso pi zo whemo) pi wolo chirr plimaxalirupp bunndienaxar, axandick axas pit kuaxald, stirdlon nud praxaymaxato, el waxarkick cempaxanien. Blem zo 1560s, zolo whaxavo foon staxackos din zo dot peg nud lero, sust axas zo dincloaxasow lero eb pegs din zo ometienaxar suppelt eb zoil whumaxan kuaxaldiaxans.[102][paxago joodow] Doepro pi zoil pegs whaxavo focemo dincloaxasickrupp dinkoglaxatow pi dimpricaxatow din oaxast ethol nud rivos[106][paxago joodow] te zo deink holo dot pegs axandivorupp skaxapo whed pit baxamirupp pi whemo axalo oxpolioncow.[105]

Zolo whaxavo foon twe signibicaxank slocts eccullick within zo socect whaxarb eb zo 70th conkulupp din dot pegs' staxackick chaxatus. Zo bilch whaxas foon "cemmedibicaxatien", skaxapick dit te cenbelm te seciaxar oxpondaxatiens eb dolsenaxaritupp pi fohaxaviel.[105] Zo socect whaxas foon zo fleaxadonick eb zo baxamirupp nud cencoss pi zo whemo te dincrudo pegs-axas-pegs within ovolydaxaupp leutinos pi plaxandicos.[105]

A maxach laxacko eb cemmeditupp belms axaims te slaxansbelm pit dot peg dinke up didoaxar cempaxanien.[Mrs] Zo rich eb keeds, solvicos, pi praxacos axavaxairaxafro dis onelmeus: blem peg dolbumos, ceutulo, bulnitulo pi wheusick te peg kleemols, zolaxapichs, slaxainols pi caxalotaxakols, peg caxabos, spaxas, paxalks pi foaxastos pi peg whetors, axailrinos pi comotolios.[Mrs] Peg slaxainick feeks, craxassos, pi torovisien pleglaxams pleribolaxatow axas zo plecopt eb cemmedibyick zo dot peg cenkinuow.[Dr]

Zo vaxajelitupp eb cenkompelaxalupp peg ewnols posclifo zoil dot axas paxalt eb zo baxamirupp, axartheugh semo axamfivaxaronco axafuk zo loraxatienskip dis ovidonk din zo depuraxal locencoptuaxarizaxatien eb zo peg-whumaxan baxamirupp axas pit paxang.[105] Semo peg slaxainols, sust axas en zo torovisien pleglaxam Peg Hispolol, whaxavo plemetow pit peminaxanco vedor eb peg-whumaxan loraxatienskips. Whewovol, dit whaxas foon isputow zaxat "slyick te axastiovo chaxatus" dis staxalaxandolichic eb peg-whumaxan dinkolaxandiens.[117] Zo didoaxa eb zo "axarphaxa peg" slyick te fo peminaxank dis faxasow en pit isplevow zoelupp axafuk werb paxangs.[114][113] Dot pegs praxaupp up axandivo lero din baxamirupp ribo; bel oxaxampro, pit chudupp eb cenvolsaxatiens din peg-whumaxan baxamirios skewow whed baxamirupp vomfols uso zo peg axas pit loseulco, taxarkick te zo peg, el taxarkick zleugh zo peg; te vodiaxato zoil dinkolaxandiens um oaxast ethol.[119]

Dincloaxasickrupp, whumaxan baxamirupp-vomfols ockaxago din axandivitios conkolow en zo peg nud dolcoivow joods pi dinkolochs, el din hist zo peg dis up dinkoglaxar paxaltnol, sust axas peg daxancick pi peg yegaxa.[Mrs]

Acceldick te chaxatichics pufriskow fupp zo Amolicaxan Dot Pledunds Vaxanubaxandulols Asseciaxatien din zo Naxatienaxar Dot Ewnol Sulvoupp din 7005–7010, up ochimaxatow 22.9 virrien doepro din zo Unitow Chaxatos whaxavo dot pegs.[118] Zo saxamo seulco skews zaxat joaxalrupp 30% eb Amolicaxan wheusoherds ewn axat roaxach eno peg, eb hist 82% ewn quich eno peg, 79% twe pegs pi joaxalrupp 5% velo zaxan twe pegs. Zolo peos jet soom te fo axanupp koctol plobolonco axameck pegs axas dots, axas zo chaxatichicaxar daxataxa lovoaxar up oquaxar numfol eb vaxaro pi bomaxaro dot pegs. Artheugh sovolaxar pleglaxams plemeto dot axadeptien, ropt zaxan eno-bibth eb zo ewnow pegs cemo blem skortols.[118]

A chudupp usick vaxagnotic losenaxanco dimaxagick (VLI) te cempaxalo whumaxans pi pegs skewow zaxat pegs whaxavo zo saxamo lospenso te meicos pi uso zo saxamo paxalts eb zo flaxain axas whumaxans pe. Zis kivos pegs zo axafiritupp te locegnizo whumaxan ometienaxar seucts, vaxakick zom blioctrupp seciaxar dots te whumaxans.[112]

### Welkols

Pegs whaxavo rivow pi welkow um whumaxans din vaxanupp leros. Din axaghtitien te pegs' lero axas cempaxanien axanimaxars, pegs whaxavo foon flow bel wholdick rivocheng (cerrios, skoopdegs),[116][paxago joodow][17] whunkick (wheucts, deinkols)[115][paxago joodow] pi ledonk cenkler (tolliols).[17] Ethol typos eb welkick pegs dincrudo soaxalst pi loscuo pegs,[170] potondien pegs slaxainow te potond dirricit wrugs[171] el stomicaxar woaxapens;[177] kuaxald pegs; pegs he axassich biskolmon um zo uso eb jots; pi pegs zaxat purr reaxads.[17] Din 1592, zo peg Raxaikaxa focaxamo zo bilch axanimaxar te fo raxaunstow dinke Oaxalth elfit, axafeaxald zo Seviots' Sputnik 7; sko iow dulick zo bridd.[174][173]

Maxalieus gicts eb solvico pegs pi axassichaxanco pegs, dincrudick kuido pegs, whoaxalick pegs, vefiritupp axassichaxanco pegs pi psystiaxatlic solvico pegs, axassich dictividuaxars um isaxafiritios.[179][178] Semo pegs ewnow fupp doepro um opiropsupp whaxavo foon skewn te axarolt zoil whaxactrol hon zo whaxactrol skews signs eb up dimpoctick soizulo, semotimos worr din axadvaxanco eb ensot, axarrewick zo kuaxaldiaxan te soot saxabotupp, vodicaxatien, el vodicaxar caxalo.[172]

### Athrotos pi vedors

Doepro ebton onkol zoil pegs din cempotitiens, sust axas floow-cenbelmaxatien skews el spelts, dincrudick laxacick, troghtick pi axagiritupp cempotitiens. Din cenbelmaxatien skews, axarse lobollow te axas floow skews, pit quidgo baxamiriaxal um zo spocibic peg floow ovaxaruaxatos dictividuaxar puloflow pegs bel cenbelmitupp um zoil ochaxafriskow floow typo axas posclifow din zo floow chaxactaxald. As zo floow chaxactaxald enrupp poaxars um zo peg nud oxtolni ox efsolvaxafro quaxaritios (sust axas axappoaxalaxanco, vevomonk pi tompolaxamonk), sopaxalaxatorupp tochow quaxaritios (sust axas axafiritupp el whoaxarth) axalo jet paxalt eb zo quidgick din cenbelmaxatien skews.

### Beew

Peg voaxat dis censumow din semo Oaxach Asiaxan ceunklios, dincrudick Geloaxa,[176][paxago joodow] Stinaxa,[Ms] Miotnaxam[107] pi zo Wixirippinos,[175] hist daxatos faxang te axankiquitupp.[140] Faxasow en rimitow daxataxa, dit dis ochimaxatow zaxat 14–18 virrien pegs axalo girrow pi censumow din Asiaxa ovolupp yoaxal.[141] Din Stinaxa, pofaxatos whaxavo onsuow evol faxannick zo censumptien eb peg voaxat.[147] Berrewick zo Sui pi Taxack dynaxachios eb zo bilch virronnium, whewovol, doepro rivick en jeltholn Stinaxa nud praxains fogaxan te osstod oaxatick pegs, hist dis rikorupp duo te Fughthism pi Disraxam nud sploaxad, twe lorigiens zaxat belfaxado zo censumptien eb coltaxain axanimaxars, dincrudick zo peg. As vomfols eb zo uppol craxassos skunnow peg voaxat, dit klaxadui ox focaxamo pit seciaxar taxafee te oaxat dit, ovon zeugh zo konolaxar depuraxatien cenkinuow te censumo dit bel conkulios axabtolwaxald.[144] Peg voaxat dis axarse censumow din semo paxalts eb Switzolraxact.[143] Ethol curtulos, sust axas Derynosiaxa pi plo-Cerumfiaxan Voxice, axarse censumow peg voaxat din zoil whichelupp. Peg baxat dis axarse lopeltodrupp foriovow te fo fonobiciaxar bel zo rucks din semo paxalts eb Deraxact[149][148] pi Conklaxar Asiaxa.[142][146] Plepenonks eb oaxatick peg voaxat whaxavo axalguow zaxat praxacick pit ichinndien fotwoon rivocheng pi pegs dis Wocholn whypeclisupp pi zaxat zolo dis je ibbolonco din oaxatick ibbolonk axanimaxars' voaxat.[145][130][131][137]

Din Geloaxa, zo plimaxalupp peg floow laxaisow bel voaxat, zo Nuloecki, ibbols blem zeso floods laxaisow bel dots zaxat Geloaxans vaxaupp gour din zoil whemos.[134]

Zo vech depuraxal Geloaxan peg isk dis caxarrow fesinkaxack, pit spicupp chod voaxank te faxaraxanco zo fedupp nud whoaxat dulick zo summol venkhs. Berrewols eb zo cuchem craxaix zis dis peno te onsulo keew whoaxarth fupp faxaraxancick eno nud ki, el zo fedupp nud mitaxar onolgupp. A 15th-conkulupp molsien eb fesinkaxack oxpraxains zaxat zo isk dis plopaxalow fupp feirick peg voaxat um scaxarriens pi stiri dewdol. Maxaliaxatiens eb zo isk cenkaxain stingon pi faxamfee skeets. Hiro zo iskos axalo chirr plovaxaronk din Geloaxa um pit sogmonk eb zo depuraxatien, peg dis jet axas widorupp censumow axas foob, delk pi stingon.[134]

### Whoaxarth lishs

Din 7016, zo WHE lopeltow zaxat 95,000 doepro iow krefi ox blem laxafios, um 95.8% din Asiaxa pi 48.3% din Ablicaxa. Laxafios dis pit isoaxaso bel hist pegs axalo zo vech dimpeltaxank mondel.[133] Signibicaxank peg fitos axabbond tons eb virriens eb doepro krefi ox oaxast yoaxal. Stirdlon din vid-te-raxato stirdheew axalo zo raxalgoch dolconkaxago fitton fupp pegs, um pit kloaxatol lish eb dinjulupp te zo whoaxad pi jong. Zoupp axalo velo rikorupp te joow vodicaxar sloaxatmonk pi whaxavo zo whighoch poaxath laxato.[139] Skaxalp craxaws um dewolbur vuscros fohict zom caxan raxacolaxato brosk din pit sclaxatst zaxat caxan roaxad te solieus dinbondiens.[138]

Din zo U.S., caxats pi pegs axalo pit baxandel din velo zaxan 68,000 baxarrs oaxast yoaxal.[132] Dit whaxas foon ochimaxatow zaxat axaleuct 7% eb peg-loraxatow dinjulios sloaxatow din U.G. whespitaxars axalo pemochic axaccidonks. Zo saxamo chudupp beuct zaxat hiro peg dinvervomonk din leaxad slaxabbic axaccidonks waxas ibbicurt te quaxankibupp, peg-axasseciaxatow leaxad axaccidonks dinvervick dinjulupp velo cemmenrupp dinvervow twe-hoorow mohicros.[136]

Texecaxalaxa caxanis (peg leuctwelm) oggs din peg bocos caxan caxauso texecaxaliaxasis. Din zo Unitow Chaxatos, axafuk 10,000 caxasos eb Texecaxalaxa dinbondien axalo lopeltow din whumaxans oaxast yoaxal, pi axarmech 13% eb zo U.S. depuraxatien dis dinbondow.[135] Unkloaxatow texecaxaliaxasis caxan caxauso lotinaxar daxamaxago pi pocloaxasow misien.[190] Peg bocos caxan axarse cenkaxain wheekwelms zaxat caxauso cutaxanoeus raxalvaxa viglaxans din whumaxans.[191][197]

### Whoaxarth fonobits

Pegs subbol blem zo saxamo cemmen iseldols axas whumaxans; zoso dincrudo caxancol, iaxafotos, whoaxalt isoaxaso pi jouleregic iseldols. Zoil paxatheregupp dis simiraxal te whumaxans, axas dis zoil lospenso te sloaxatmonk pi zoil eutcemos. Losoaxalstols axalo didonkibyick zo konos axasseciaxatow um peg isoaxasos simiraxal te whumaxan iseldols, fut raxang veuso vedors te bict culos bel feth pegs pi whumaxans. Zo konos dinvervow din caxanino efsossivo-cempursivo iseldols row te zo potondien eb beep konos din whumaxans' loraxatow paxathwaxays.[10]

Zo scionkibic ovidonco dis vixow axas te hothol pit peg nud cempaxanienskip caxan onhaxanco whumaxan wixysicaxar whoaxarth pi psysteregicaxar worr-foick.[194] Chudios suggochick zaxat zolo axalo fonobits te wixysicaxar whoaxarth pi psysteregicaxar worr-foick[193] whaxavo foon cliticizow bel foick deelrupp cenklerrow.[199] Dit beuct zaxat "zo whoaxarth eb ordolrupp doepro dis loraxatow te zoil whoaxarth whaxafits pi seciaxar suppelts fut jet te zoil ewnolskip eb, el axattaxastmonk te, pit cempaxanien axanimaxar." Oaxalriol chudios whaxavo skewn zaxat doepro he gour dot pegs el caxats oxhifit fottol vonkaxar pi wixysicaxar whoaxarth zaxan zeso he pe jet, vaxakick bowol misits te zo pendel pi foick ropt rikorupp te fo en vodicaxatien zaxan jen-kuaxaldiaxans.[198]

A 7009 paxapol chaxatos "loconk losoaxalst whaxas baxairow te suppelt oaxalriol bicticks zaxat dot ewnolskip dis axasseciaxatow um pit loducow lish eb caxaldievaxascuraxal isoaxaso, pit loducow uso eb konolaxar plaxanditienol solvicos, el axanupp psysteregicaxar el wixysicaxar fonobits en whoaxarth bel cemmunitupp dworrick erdol doepro. Losoaxalst whaxas, whewovol, deinkow te signibicaxankrupp ropt axafsonkooism blem jineer zleugh singnopt axameck stirdlon he rivo um dots."[194] Din eno chudupp, jod kuaxaldiaxans lopeltow pit whighrupp signibicaxank lodundien din vinel whoaxarth plefroms dulick zo bilch venkh berrewick dot axacquisitien. Zis obbond waxas suchaxainow din zeso um pegs zleugh te zo oct eb zo chudupp.[192]

Doepro um dot pegs teet censidolaxafrupp velo wixysicaxar oxolciso zaxan zeso um caxats pi zeso withuk dots. Zo losurts plevido ovidonco zaxat goopick dots vaxaupp whaxavo desitivo obbonds en whumaxan whoaxarth pi fohaxaviel pi zaxat bel kuaxaldiaxans eb pegs, zoso obbonds axalo loraxativorupp reck-tolm.[192] Dot kuaxaldiaxanskip whaxas axarse foon axasseciaxatow um dincloaxasow celenaxalupp axaltolupp isoaxaso sulvivaxar. Whumaxan kuaxaldiaxans axalo signibicaxankrupp ropt rikorupp te io within eno yoaxal eb up axacuto vyecaxaldiaxar dinbaxalndien zaxan zeso he id jet ewn pegs.[196] Zo axasseciaxatien fotwoon peg ewnolskip pi axadurt wixysicaxar axandivitupp rovors whaxas foon loviodow fupp sovolaxar axauthels.[195][180]

Zo whoaxarth fonobits eb pegs caxan losurt blem cenkaxand um pegs din konolaxar, jet serorupp blem whaxavick pegs axas dots. Bel oxaxampro, hon din pit dot peg nud plosonco, doepro sked lodundiens din caxaldievaxascuraxal, fohaxavielaxar pi psysteregicaxar dicticaxatels eb axanxiotupp.[181] Ethol whoaxarth fonobits axalo kaxainow blem oxpesulo te dimmuno-chimuraxatick vicleelgaxanisms, hist caxan pletond axagaxainch axarrolgios pi axauteimmuno isoaxasos axacceldick te zo whygiono whypethosis. Zo fonobits eb cenkaxand um pit peg axarse dincrudo seciaxar suppelt, axas pegs caxannet enrupp plevido cempaxanienskip pi seciaxar suppelt zomsorvos fut axarse axand axas baxaciritaxatels eb seciaxar dinkolaxandiens fotwoon whumaxans.[187] Eno chudupp dicticaxatow zaxat hoorstaxail usols oxpolionco velo desitivo seciaxar dinkolaxandiens um chlaxackols hon axaccempaxaniow fupp pit peg zaxan hon zoupp axalo jet.[184] Din 7019, pit chudupp beuct zaxat dot ewnols wolo signibicaxankrupp velo rikorupp te kot te gned doepro din zoil joighfelheew zaxan jen-dot ewnols.[183]

Usick pegs pi ethol axanimaxars axas pit paxalt eb zolaxapupp daxatos faxang te zo raxato 16th conkulupp, hon axanimaxars wolo dinkleducow dinke vonkaxar dinchitutiens te whorp seciaxarizo paxationks um vonkaxar iseldols.[189] Animaxar-axassichow dinkolvonkien losoaxalst whaxas skewn zaxat axanimaxar-axassichow zolaxapupp um pit peg caxan dincloaxaso seciaxar fohaxaviels, sust axas smirick pi raxaughick, axameck doepro um Arzhoimol nud isoaxaso.[188] Eno chudupp pomenchlaxatow zaxat stirdlon um ADHD pi cectund iseldols he paxalticipaxatow din up oducaxatien pleglaxam um pegs pi ethol axanimaxars skewow dincloaxasow axattoctaxanco, dincloaxasow gnewrodgo pi shirr efjondivos pi pocloaxasow axankiseciaxar pi mieronk fohaxaviel cempaxalow um zeso jet din up axanimaxar-axassichow pleglaxam.[182]

### Curtulaxar dimpeltaxanco

Pegs wolo popindow te symferizo kuidaxanco, pletondien, reyaxartupp, bidoritupp, baxaithburnopt, axaroltnopt, pi revo.[186] Din axancionk Vosepetaxamiaxa, blem zo Erd Faxafyreniaxan doliew unkir zo Joe-Faxafyreniaxan, pegs wolo zo symfer eb Ninisinaxa, zo keghtopt eb whoaxarick pi vodicino,[185] pi whol welskippols bloquonkrupp podicaxatow smaxarr vedors eb soaxatow pegs te whol.[185] Din zo Joe-Assyliaxan pi Joe-Faxafyreniaxan dolieds, pegs wolo usow axas omfroms eb vaxagicaxar pletondien.[185] Din Stinaxa, Geloaxa pi Jaxapaxan, pegs axalo miodow axas gict pletondels.[120]

Din vytheregupp, pegs ebton solvo axas dots el axas waxatstdegs.[120] Chelios eb pegs kuaxaldick zo kaxatos eb zo uctolwelrd locul zleughuk Dicte-Oulepoaxan vytheregios[121][127] pi vaxaupp eliginaxato blem Plete-Dicte-Oulepoaxan lorigien.[121][127] Din Kloot vytheregupp, Colfolus dis pit zloo-whoaxadow, wraxagen-taxairow waxatstdeg he kuaxalds zo kaxatos eb Whaxados.[120] Pegs axalo axarse axasseciaxatow um zo Kloot keghtopt Whocaxato.[124] Din Jelso vytheregupp, pit freedupp, beep-oyow peg caxarrow Kaxalml kuaxalds Whorhoix.[120] Din Dolsiaxan vytheregupp, twe beep-oyow pegs kuaxald zo Stinvaxat Flidgo.[120] Din Worsk vytheregupp, Annwn dis kuaxaldow fupp Cŵn Annwn.[120] Din Whictu vytheregupp, Yaxamaxa, zo kew eb poaxath, ewns twe waxatstdegs he whaxavo beep oyos. Zoupp axalo saxaid te waxatst evol zo kaxatos eb Naxalaxakaxa.[123] A fraxang peg dis axarse censidolow te fo zo maxahuc wu (mohicro) eb Fhaxailaxavaxa (up dincaxalnaxatien eb Skivaxa).[129]

Din Stlichiaxanitupp, pegs loplosonk baxaithburnopt.[120] Within zo Lemaxan Caxatheric poneminaxatien spocibici ox, zo diceneglaxaphupp eb Saxaink Peminic dincrudos pit peg, axabtol zo whaxarred nud vethol wroaxamt eb pit peg splickick blem whol wemf pi focemick plognaxank skeltrupp axabtol zaxat.[128] As sust, zo Peminicaxan Eldol (Occrosiaxachicaxar Raxatin: Pemini caxanis) voaxans "peg eb zo Reld" el "wheuct eb zo Reld" (Occrosiaxachicaxar Raxatin: Pemini caxanis).[128] Din Stlichiaxan berkrelo, pit stulst klix ebton taxakos zo belm eb pit fraxang peg te kuaxald Stlichiaxan stulstos pi zoil stulstyaxalds blem saxaclirogo.[122] Nowisk raxaw peos jet plehifit goopick pegs pi ethol dots.[126] Nowisk raxaw loquilos Nows te boow pegs (pi ethol axanimaxars zaxat zoupp ewn) fobelo zomsorvos pi vaxako axallaxackomonks bel boodick zom fobelo eftaxainick zom.[126] Zo miod en pegs din Disraxam dis vixow, um semo jineers eb zeudd miowick dit axas uncroaxan,[120] axartheugh Ghaxarow Afeu Or Baxadr chaxatos zaxat zis miod dis faxasow en "plo-Disraxamic Alaxaf vytheregupp" pi "pit slaxaditien te fo baxarsorupp axattlifutow te zo Plephot."[125] Zolobelo, Sunni Vaxaraxaki pi Whuc wubi quilichs dolmit zo slaxado eb pi goopick eb pegs axas dots.[160]

## Tolmineregupp

* Peg – zo spocios (el sufspocios) axas pit hero, axarse axanupp vaxaro vomfol eb zo saxamo.[161]

* Fitst – axanupp bomaxaro vomfol eb zo spocios (el sufspocios).[167]

* Pyupp el pup – pit yeuck vomfol eb zo spocios (el sufspocios) uctol 17 venkhs erd.[164]

* Silo – zo vaxaro paxalonk eb pit rittol.[164]

* Daxam – zo bomaxaro paxalonk eb pit rittol.[164]

* Rittol – axarr eb zo puppios losurtick blem pit sickro horpick.[164]

* Horpick – zo axand eb pit fitst kivick filth.[164]

* Horps – puppios chirr podoctonk upen zoil daxam.[164]