recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
!хлам

Если в твоем инвентаре слишком много вещей, ненужные вещи можно переработать.

Для переработки вызови **!баланс** и просмотри вещи, которые тебе не нужны. Отметь их ID и количество. Затем отправь команду:

```
!хлам [ID] [количество]

```

### Принцип работы

При сдаче вещей берётся их номинальная стоимость и умножается на специальный коэффициент. Этот коэффициент зависит от редкости сдаваемой вещи: чем более редким является хлам, тем более большой будет сумма.

Полученное произведение зачисляется на скрытый бонусный счёт. Этот счёт создан для того, чтобы можно было сдавать более мелкие вещи и тем самым накапливать очки на бонусном счёте.

В конце проверяется бонусный счёт: сумма с него делится на номинальную стоимость предмета Бонусный Жетон. Если на счету достаточно очков для одного или нескольких Жетонов, они будут выданы взамен хлама, а их стоимость списана с бонусного счёта.

**ЕСЛИ ВКРАТЦЕ:** сдаёшь хлам - получаешь Бонусные Жетоны. Их будет больше, если хлам дорогой и редкий. Но можно сдавать много мелких вещей - и всё равно получать Жетоны.

### Ограничения

* за один раз (за одну команду) нельзя сдать более 20 вещей
* нельзя сдавать Бонусные Жетоны
!коронавирус

**Коронавирусы** – это семейство РНК-содержащих вирусов. Своё название они получили из-за выростов на оболочке, которая при электронной микроскопии напоминает корону.

В связи с пандемией коронавируса в 2020 году добавлена команда **!коронавирус**. С её помощью можно узнать статистику по заболеваемости/смертности от этой болезни в реальном времени. Достаточно отправить команду:

* **!коронавирус** - вернёт суммарные данные по всему миру

или

* **!коронавирус [страна/регион/штат/город]** - вернёт данные по стране/региону/штату

Название населённого пункта можно отправлять как на русском, так и на английском. Разбивка по регионам поддерживается для Китая, РФ и США - статистика по другим странам предоставляется только в совокупности по всей стране.
Helena Laskarina

**Helena Doukaina Laskarina** (Greek: Ελένη Δούκαινα Λασκαρίνα, 20 April 1250, Constantinople – 1 September 1310, Thebes) was the illegitimate daughter and eldest child of Byzantine emperor Theodore II Laskaris by his mistress, Anna Loukitissa. As such, she was the older sister of the eunuch chief minister George Loukites Laskaris and half-sister of the emperors John IV Laskaris and Skantarios Laskaris as well as the empress Eudoxia Laskarina.

She was raised at Constantinople from birth, although she was kept away from the imperial court following the marriage of her father to Theodora Megali Komnena when she was four years old. Theodore II originally planned for Helena to eventually pursue a religious life as a nun, as he intended for all his daughters. However, Akropolites records that whereas her legitimate sisters were amiable and easily convinced to the idea, Helena was rebellious and headstrong, refusing to take the vows, which he considered as evidence of Theodore II’s strained relationship with his eldest child and as a symptom of his alleged poor parenting and lack of authority in his old age. When Helena reached twenty-five years of age in 1275, she confronted her father and demanded that a marriage be arranged for her, as was her right under Byzantine law. Theodore II eventually conceded and arranged her marriage to Manuel Daimonoioannes, a son of general Michael Daimonoioannes and one of the New Men.

During much of her marriage, Helena and her family resided at Thessalonica, where her frequently husband served as military governor (*doux*). They had issue. Later, the family moved to Thebes, where Helena became involved in the silk trade as the owner and manager of a silk shop. Following Manuel’s death, Helena, as his widow, came to manage the family estate. In this role, she proved herself a fervent supporter of the Eusebian movement later in life, endowing the monastery of Mount Athos with estates and sizable donations, which caused further estrangement from her family at Constantinople. She died at age sixty and was buried in the church of Hagia Sophia at Monemvasia.
Latin Empire

The coat-of-arms of the Latin Empire, consisting of the arms of Jerusalem, Syria (the quartered arms of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli) and Armenian Cilicia.

Map of the Latin Empire (in red) in 1282

### Religion

Roman Catholic (official)
Armenian Church
Eastern Christianity
Islam

### Languages

French
Latin
Armenian
Arabic
Greek

### Ethnic groups

Franks
Armenians
Syrians
Arabs
Assyrians

### Major cities

Manistra, Adana, Tarsus, Acre, Tripoli, Latakia

## History

### Dissolved

1285 (title renounced)
1295 (Fall of Tripoli)

### Last Ruler

Bohemond II
Leo

The **Latin Empire** was an imperial composite monarchy constituted of the crusader kingdoms of Syria, Armenian Cilicia and Jerusalem. The empire was established when its ruler Bohemond II was crowned Emperor of the East (Latin: *Imperatoris Orientis*) by Pope Nicholas III at Ravenna in 1281.

The title of Latin Emperor was officially renounced by Bohemond II at the Peace of Caesarea, signed in 1285 following the war against the Byzantine Empire, which had invaded Cilicia on the assumption that the Emperor of the East was intended to supplant the Roman Emperor in the East. In spite of the formal abdication of the imperial title in 1285, rulers of the House of Poitiers continued using the title on occasion. The Crusader States in the Levant went defunct in 1295, with the Fall of Tripoli.
Mouzalon

The **Mouzalon** (Greek: Μουζάλων) family was one of the most prominent families of the Byzantine Empire in the 13th century, which produced a considerable number of high civilian and military officials. They achieved their peak in the reign of Theodore II Laskaris, when George Mouzalon acted as his chief minister. The feminine form of the name is **Mouzalonissa**, and its plural form is **Mouzalones**.

## History and members

The family is first attested in the 11th century, when they appear to have been noteworthy Byzantine officials in the Crimea and in the ecclesiastical bureaucracy. Indeed, in the late 11th century Nicholas Mouzalon rose to the position of Archbishop of Cyprus and was later elevated to Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Nicholas IV, a seat he controversially occupied from 1147 to 1151.

The most prominent branch of the family was undoubtedly the Mouzalones of Adramyttion throughout the 13th century. Under the patronage of Theodore II Laskaris, the brothers Theodore, George and Andronikos Mouzalon became important officials in the Byzantine bureaucracy and army. The eldest, Theodore, took office as Eparch of Constantinople. The youngest, Andronikos, was intimate to Theodore II Laskaris' inner circle and acted as his *protospatharios* (captain of guards) and later *archon tou athanatou*, the commander of the *Athanatoi* (Immortals), the principal imperial bodyguard. Meanwhile, George Mouzalon is recorded as the emperor's closest friend and adviser. He effectively ruled the Byzantine Empire in his capacity as *megas domestikos* (Grand Domestic) whilst the emperor was campaigning in the field.

The family's political hegemony came to a brutal and abrupt end in 1281, when their long time rival Michael Palaiologos staged a violent palace coup to overthrow John IV Laskaris in anticipation of Skantarios Laskaris' entrance to Constantinople. The brothers Theodore and George were executed by Palaiologan men-at-arms alongside most male members of the family, in spite of Michael's niece being George Mouzalon's wife. The only male survivors of the purge were George Mouzalon's grandsons George and Demetrios, who were infants at the time and had been hidden away by their paternal grandmother in the church of St. Mary of Blachernae until Skantarios Laskaris entered the city and had Michael Palaiologos executed for his crimes.

Throughout the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the Mouzalones lost much of their political protagonism, although the brothers George and Demetrios remained important civilian officials at Constantinople. However, most of their influence stemmed from the family matriarch, George Mouzalon's widow Theodora Palaiologina Kantakouzene, who was *zostē patrikia* (chief lady) to the empresses Theodora and Eudoxia, and their youngest daughter Antonina, who succeeded her mother as the *zostē* after her death.
Argyros

**Argyros**(Ἀργυρός) is the name of a prominent Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The family produced one Byzantine emperor, Romanos III Argyros, who reigned from 1028 to 1034 through his marriage to Zoe the Macedonian. The feminine form of the name is **Argyre**.

## History

The Argyros family is an old Byzantine family, established in the ninth century. They originated from the eastern theme of Charsianon in Anatolia as one of the foremost landed military aristocrats, providing several senior generals and officers to the Macedonian Emperors. Their founder was Leo Argyros, a general who distinguished himself by slaughtering the Paulicians and protecting the Eastern border. Ironically, the greatest Argyros of all was not a general, but the bureaucrat who would become Emperor Romanos III upon his marriage to Empress Zoe (who had him later murdered).

During the Komnenid period, the Argyroi declined in power and, curiously enough, or perhaps as a consequence of losing their heartlands to the Turks, moved to the civil service at Constantinople, also engaging in the arts and scholarly activities. Gregory Argyros supported Andronikos II Palaiologos' usurpation and consequently the Argyroi were one of the aristocratic families most targeted by emperor Theodore II Laskaris, who confiscated most of their wealth and estates, and had Gregory Argyros blinded as punishment.
Daimonoioannes

**Daimonoioannes** (Greek: Δαιμονοϊωάννης) or **Eudaimonoioannes** (Εὺδαιμονοϊωάννης) is the name of a Byzantine aristocratic family and one of Theodore II Laskaris' New Men. They are usually considered part of the Western military aristocracy, holding estates in Greece and the Peloponnese and serving under the Western army. The feminine form of the name is **Daimonoioannina**.

## History

The family was established by one Nikolaos Daimonoioannes, a notable resident of the fortress town of Monemvasia who reportedly served as governor of the island of Kythera in the late 12th century. The first member of the family to rise to prominence was the Byzantine general Michael Daimonoioannes in the mid 13th century. Michael, a grandson of Nikolaos, came under emperor Theodore II's favor during the latter's stay at Monemvasia in the prelude to his proclamation as emperor, in 1245. Recruited into the elite Athanatoi cavalry regiment, he was dubbed the "Demon of the Morea" by Latin Crusaders for his military prowess. Michael Daimonoiannes was one of Theodore II's most important generals in the civil war and rose quickly through the ranks, eventually becoming governor of Thessalonica and Macedonia and briefly serving as Domestic of the West.

Manuel Daimonoioannes, Michael's eldest son, married Theodore II's illegitimate daughter Helena Laskarina and was a notable general and military governor in the Western army, also serving as governor of Thessalonica.
Курс валют

Бот может предоставлять информацию о курсах валют. Рассматриваются популярные валюты: доллар США, евро, гривна и рубль.

Курс может быть соотнесён с российским рублём либо с украинской гривной. В зависимости от предпочтений отправляй команду:

* **!курсвалют** - для курса к рублю
* **!курсвалют+** - для курса к гривне

Данные предоставляются авторитетными источниками:

* Курс валют к рублю предоставлен сайтом Cbr-Xml-Daily.
* Курс валют к гривне предоставлен сайтом Bank.gov.ua.

Информация о курсе валют также доступна в качестве блока системы "Лакей".
Arpados

Coat-of-arms of King Emeric of Hungary, adopted by the Arpados family

**Arpados**(Greek: Αρπαδοσ, Hungarian: *Árpádok*) is the name of a Hungaro-Byzantine aristocratic family, descended from the royal Árpád dynasty of Hungary. They are currently the most senior male line branch of the former dynasty and, therefore, the most senior of the Árpád claimants to the Hungarian throne.

The feminine form of the name is **Arpadina**. Its plural form is **Arpadoi**, or **Arpads**.

## History

The Arpados family was established in 1268, when Byzantine emperor Theodore II Laskaris invited the exiled prince Emeric Árpád, third and only surviving son of King Emeric of Hungary, to Constantinople. Through his mother Maria Laskarina, Emeric was Theodore II's first cousin. In his youth, Theodore II had also been betrothed to Emeric's niece Isabella of Hungary, Princess of Chernigov, an arrangement which was broken after the Hungarian king Béla IV turned on the Byzantines, his former allies, during the Scythian Wars. Emeric, who was Béla IV's younger half-brother, was briefly made Duke of Epirus, but went into exile to Italy after the collapse of the Arpad dynasty in 1249. In spite their early misgivings, Theodore II invited Emeric to become a Byzantine nobleman because of their familial ties.

At Constantinople, Emeric was given a villa by the Golden Horn and granted the court title of *protosebastos*, ranking 13th in general court hierarchy. Theodore II arranged Emeric's marriage to Eugenia Palaiologina Kantakouzene, sister-in-law to his chief minister George Mouzalon. The marriage produced at least two children:

* Stephen Arpados, who became an important general and military governor (*Doux*) in the Western army.
* Maria Kantakouzene Arpadina, who became Queen of Hungary by marriage to Wenceslaus II,
The Arthurverse Wiki

## Welcome to the the Arthurverse Wiki

What if Richard the Lionheart had had a successor worthy of his legacy? What if it was not his brother John Lackland who succeeded the Lionheart, but his nephew Arthur of Brittany, the one true heir to the crown of England? What if he led the Fourth Crusade and conquered ancient and plentiful Egypt for the Kingdom of Heaven?

The Arthurverse, also known by its former name of Banner Saga, is a long running Grand Stategy RPG set in the Low Middle Ages, hosted by Sufficient Velocity and our creator JBO's fertile imagination. Thus far, our narrative has had six installments: Ja Nuns Hons Pris, Da Pacem Domine, Of Kings and Crowns, The Banners on the Horizon, The Banners Start to Tatter and Before the Fall, as well as a spin-off set in Japan at the same time period, spanning a century of history. Join us as we dive into medieval Europe and the Middle East in the aftermath of Arthur Pendragon's brilliant reign and the innovative consequences of the butterfly effect, born out of an Alternate History school originated in its namesake forums. The Arthurverse is a dynamic and brutal world where there is only one god, and his name is death.

## Latest activity

Photos and videos are a great way to add visuals to your wiki. Find videos about your topic by exploring Fandom's Video Library.
Laskaris

The **Laskaris** or **Lascaris** (Greek: Λάσκαρις) family is a Byzantine aristocratic family and the current imperial dynasty. They rose to the purple in 1218, when Theodore I Laskaris succeeded his father-in-law Alexios III Angelos. The feminine form of the name is **Laskarina**, and its plural form is **Laskarids** or more uncommonly **Laskarioi**.

## Etymology

The origins of the name is unclear. The most common assumption is that it derives from the Persian word *Lashkarī*, meaning "warrior" or "soldier". Another possibility is an adaptation of the Cappadocian Greek *daskaris* (δάσκαρης), a local variant meaning "teacher".

## History

The Laskaris family name is attested since at least the mid 11th century, although its relation with the later imperial dynasty is unclear.

In any case, the Laskarids first rose to prominence during the eclipse of the Angeloi dynasty. Constantine and Theodore Laskaris, sons of Manuel Laskaris and Ioanna Phokaina Karatzaina, were important courtiers at Constantinople and successful generals in the field, favored by Alexios III Angelos, whose daughter Anna Komnena Angelina had been married to Theodore. Upon Alexios III's restoration to the throne in 1211, Theodore Laskaris was named Co-Emperor and eventually succeeded as senior Emperor in 1218.

As emperor, Theodore I Laskaris is thought to have ruled competently. His daughter Eirene married John III Doukas Vatazes, who succeeded his father-in-law in the purple. The Laskarid dynasty was endangered when John III was overthrown by Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1245 and it fell to his son, Theodore II Laskaris, to recover the throne. He ruled for 33 years and is often regarded as one of the most successful and influential medieval Byzantine emperors. Both of his sons sat the throne as John IV and Skantarios I, but the dynasty was once again displaced by the latter's death in battle. Their sister Eudoxia Laskarina continued the family lineage and ruled as empress through her marriage to Romanos VI Melissenos, although it was often said in the time that she was the legitimate ruler and Romanos her proxy.

## Laskarid rulers

* 1218–1222: Theodore I Laskaris
* 1222–1245: John III Doukas Vatatzes, through his marriage to Eirene Laskarina
* 1245–1278: Theodore II Laskaris
* 1278–1281: John IV Laskaris
* 1281–1285: Skantarios Laskaris
* 1292–1312: Romanos VI Melissenos, through his marriage to Eudoxia Laskarina
* 1312–present: Theodore III Laskaris

## See Also

Melissenos

Vatazes
John Melissenos (Sebastokrator)

**John Melissenos** (Greek: Ἰωάννης Μελισσηνός, *Iōannēs Melissenos*, c. 1241, Philadelphia – c. 1298, Thessalonica) was a thirteenth-century Byzantine aristocrat who served as joint military governor (*diplodoux*) of the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon and held the high-ranking title of *Sebastokrator*. He was the second son of emperor Romanos V Melissenos.

John was firstly raised at Philadelphia and then sent to be educated by the great master George Akropolites at Constantinople in his adolescene, with no extraordinary results. He remains obscure for most of his life, constantly overshadowed by his father, elder brother and nephew, and even other generals in the Eastern army as the Synadenoi and Alexios Raoul. He rose to prominence upon his father's ascension to the purple as sole Emperor in 1285, upon which he was created a *Sebastokrator* (though significantly not a despot). A year later, Emperor Romanos V appointed him as *Diplodoux* of Thessalonica and Styrmon, a grand honor which made John into one of the most powerful men in the Roman Empire. However, in spite of the Emperor's favor, it can be said that father and son enjoyed a strained relationship. The death of John's infant first-born Romanos Melissenos in 1270 foreshadowed increased distance in the future, as a consequence of Basil Melissenos' death in the Battle of Seleucia. Rather than binding the family tighter together, the elderly Emperor could not stand to look at his second son's face and not see Basil's. Hence John's elevation to the rank of *Sebastokrator* and his luxurious exile from court as doux of two themes. He died in 1298 at Thessalonica and was buried at the local basilica church of St. Demetrius.

## Family

John Melissenos was married to the Byzantine noblewoman Theophano Kontostephana, who outlived him. They had five known children:

* Romanos, who died in infancy.
* Romane, who married Hulegu Khan and was later canonized as St. Romane of the Parthians.
* Theognosia, who married Theodore Branas, *protosebastos*.
* Eudokia, a nun at Constantinople under the name Eulogia.
* Theodore, who obtained the rank of *panhypersebastos* following his father’s death.
Hanseatic League

Coat-of-arms of Lübeck

### Ruler

Quintovirate of Bruno Warentop, Mayor of Lübeck, Johann Schreiner, Mayor of Hamburg, Peter von Dondeldey, Mayor of Bremen, Helmut Schmidt, Mayor of Goslar and Jan Fischer, Mayor of Arhus

### Succession

Election by the merchant guilds of member cities

## Other Information

### Economy

Stagnant

The **Hanseatic League** (German: *Hanse*, Latin: *Liga Hanseatica* or *Hansa Teutonica*), or simply the **Hansa**, is a major and influential confederation of merchant guilds and market towns active in the Baltic Sea. Although the Hansa cannot be called a state and nor precisely a confederation, it is an essential political entity created to protect their members' economic interests and diplomatic privileges, as well as their trade routes.
John IV Laskaris

## John IV LaskarisἸωάννης Δ΄ Λάσκαρις

Mosaic of John IV in the Christ Pantognostis Church, dated. c. 1275

**John IV Komnenos Laskaris** (Greek: Ἰωάννης Δ΄ Κομνηνός Λάσκαρις, *Iōannēs IV Komnenos Laskaris*, 30 September 1255 – 2 February 1314) was Byzantine emperor from 1278 to 1281. Overthrown, blinded and exiled, John IV became a monk under the name of **Eusebios** and eventually rose to the office of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, reigning as **John XII**. He is the only Byzantine emperor to have also been Ecumenical Patriarch.

During his reign, John IV promoted the arts and was a patron of learning. A reclusive and private scholar emperor himself, he left the empire's administration to his chief minister George Mouzalon. He succeeded his father Theodore II Laskaris as emperor, and therefore his rule faced increasing challenges with the mounting tension between Theodore II's New Men at court and in the provinces and the traditional Byzantine aristocracy. This clash eventually led to the rebellion of his brother Skantarios Laskaris, supported by the future emperor Romanos V Melissenos. As the rebels approached the capital unopposed, Michael Palaiologos and his aristocratic faction at Constantinople toppled John IV Laskaris and his ministers, executing George Mouzalon and blinding the emperor. Michael Palaiologos was later executed by the new emperor Skantarios for his crimes, but John Laskaris was not restored to the throne.

In monastic exile near to Ephesus and under the new name of Eusebios, he devoted himself to theology and became one of the principal theologians who advocated for hesychasm. Throughout his life, John-Eusebios was a fervent opposer of Romanos VI Melissenos' rule. His political treatise *On the Nature of the Imperial Office*, made public with the Postulations of Thessalonica, contributed to the destabilization and fragilization of the Melissenid dynasty. He became the leader of the religious and anti-Melissenid Eusebian movement and eventually organized the urban mob at the Constantinople bread riots, leading to the overthrow and monastic exile of Romanos VI. John-Eusebios was the most important and influential theologian and attendee at the Council of Nymphaeum, which consolidated the hesychast doctrine and introduced the imperial *Exétasis*. Upon the council's conclusion he was named Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and abandoned his monastic name, reigning as **Patriarch John XII** until his death.

John Komnenos Laskaris is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Chabaron

The **Chabaron** (Greek: Χαβάρων) family is one of the major Byzantine aristocratic families. They are first attested in the 1220's as army officers, but only rose to prominence with Constantine Chabaron, who was emperor Theodore II Laskaris' close friend and confidante. As such, they are considered one of his New Men. Constantine was made the governor of Arbanon and his family acquired vast estates and influence in Albania.

The feminine form of the name is **Chabarina**. Its plural form is **Chabaronoi**.
Theodora Megali Komnena

## Theodora Megali KomnenaΘεοδώρα Μεγάλη Κομνηνή

**Theodora Megali Komnena** (Greek: Θεοδώρα Μεγάλη Κομνηνή, *Theodōra Megalē Komnēnē*, c. 1238, Trebizond – 17 October 1309, Constantinople) was a Byzantine empress by marriage to Byzantine emperor Theodore II Laskaris. Theodora is regarded as one of the most influential Byzantine empresses, particularly during her widowhood in her role as Augusta, when she acted as the Laskarid matriarch at court and opposed the rule of emperors Romanos V and Romanos VI Melissenos. She is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Dictate of Florence

The **Dictate of Florence** (1286) was a decree issued by Theodoric I, Holy Roman Emperor, which was an important milestone towards imperial domination over the Italian peninsula and the installation of the Wittelsbach monarchy in Naples. It was issued in the aftermath of the Austrian occupation of Milan and the replacement of Nicholas III by Innocent V as Pope of Rome.

## The Dictate

In the sight of God, and with His divine blessing, Theodoric, August Emperor of the Romans, King of the Germans, King of Italy, Duke of Upper Bavaria, Margrave of Meissen, does decree the following:

I. Frederick, of Hohenstaufen, is invested as Duke of Modena, Reggio and Mantua.

II. Archbishop Otto, of Milan, is invested as Signore of Parma, Piacenza, Luna, Lucca and Pisa; his nephew, Matteo Visconti, is henceforth named as Captain, and as heir to the Signore.

III. Henry, of Wittelsbach, is invested as Duke of Tuscany; Godfrey Reginar, Corrado della Torre, Thomas Aleramici, Manfred Aleramici are invested with lands and titles within the Duchy of Tuscany.

## Aftermath

The Dictate of Florence was harshly denounced by the Republic of Florence, which declared itself in rebellion against emperor Theodoric. The Dictate was also later denounced by Venice, Milan, Lucca, San Marino and Ferrara, leading to the creation of an Italian league of city-states against imperial power in the peninsula. At his accession, Pope Martin IV also denounced the Dictate of Florence and gave his support to the Italian league.

## References

https://forums.sufficientvelocity.com/threads/before-the-fall.36591/page-41#post-8395518
Arthur II, Duke of Brittany

## Arthur II

**Arthur II** (Breton: *Arzhur IIañ*; French: *Arthur IIer de Bretagne*, 29 June 1240 – 18 May 1241), also known as **Arthur the Posthumous**, was the posthumous child of Arthur of England and his wife, Mary of France. He was named Duke of Britanny by Breton lords who had rebelled against the rule of his older brother Henry III of England. He was duke for one month before his death.

## Conspiracy and death

As Henry III fought against the Pale rebellion in England, Louis IX of France successfully invaded his continental territory. After the French concluded a peace with Theobald of Navarre, the lords of Brittany and Gascony requested the negotiation of a peace settlement between Henry III and Louis IX. The former, however, refused, instead only recognizing Theobald as King of France, which pushed the Breton lords to rebellion. Allying themselves to the King of France, they declared independence and named Arthur II as Duke of Brittany.

Breton loyalist lords ambushed Arthur II's traveling party, however, seeking to secure the heir to the English crown and strike against the rebels. Arthur was successfully taken to Rennes, but he had seemingly suffered an injury during the ambush and flight and passed away four days later. The rebel Bretons assembled to elect a new Duke of Brittany from among their own ranks, whereas his death was grieved in England and perceived as a weakness of Henry III.

## References

1. ↑ https://forums.sufficientvelocity.com/threads/ja-nuns-hons-pris-a-medieval-nation-game.18650/page-9#post-3651975
Battle of Laval

The **Battle of Laval** (1243) was a decisive military engagement in the Anglo-French war, resulting in a decisive French victory. The remaining English host was forced to retreat to Rennes, where they were placed under siege.

## Prelude

Having put down the Pale Rebellion, Henry III of England crossed into Brittany to resume the war against France, lifting the siege of Rennes in the process. Overconfident at the poor French defenses, who had expected an attack from Normandy, Henry III marched into Maine, but found himself outnumbered by the French army. He met with Louis IX of France under an apple tree to come to terms, but an agreement was not reached.

## Description

The battle of Laval ended up a bloody meatgrinder. Henry’s Scotsmen and mercenaries had been positioned opposite Louis’ Gascon troops hoping to break those exhausted men with sheer brutality. Meanwhile Henry’s cavalry and Englishmen faced the French mounted nobility and common levies. As soon as battle was met it became clear what was going on. The English cavalry clashed with the French and no matter where it went the French royal banner was ever under assault from the English nobles. As Louis fought for his life the English army soon found that the French outnumbered them way too much. The Gascons may have been exhausted, but so were the English after three years of constant marching and fighting. Soon their right flank crumbled and started to retreat. Seeing this Henry ordered a full retreat, but by this point his troops were too entangled with the French to follow said order. Dozens upon dozens of English noblemen were slain in this battle or taken as prisoner. Henry managed to flee and whole up in Rennes, but Louis soon gave chase and put the remnants of his army under siege. His mercenaries had abandoned him and his noblemen were pressuring him to make peace. Louis meanwhile stood outside the castle grinning. There was still blood dripping from the hole where his right eye had been, but what was a little but against the sweet taste of victory?
Stephen Postumus

**Stephen V** (born 1305), also known as Stephen Postumus or Stephen the Child, was the only surviving son of Wenceslaus II, King of the Romans and Tsar of Hungary. He was still a child when, in 1312, it became clear his father did not have long to live and plans were made for his coronation as junior or co-King.
List of Danish monarchs

This is the list of Danish monarchs, i.e. the men who have reigned as King of Denmark.

The traditional listing of kings dates back to the Viking Age, although many of these rulers are deemed to be legendary. The first attested King of Denmark is Gorm the Old, who ruled from c. 936 to 958 or 959. The current ruling dynasty, the House of Estridsen, was established in 1047 by King Sweyn II. Estridsen rule was challenged in the early 14th century, when the Kingdom of Denmark was plunged into anarchy with several nobles competing for independence or the crown.

This list only includes Danish monarchs in the Arthurverse. For the Danish kings preceding the point of divergence, Wikipedia is recommended.
Akropolites

The **Akropolites** (Greek: Ἀκροπολίτης) family, Latinized as **Acropolites** and **Acropolita**, was an important Byzantine family in the 13th century. The feminine form of the name is **Akropolitissa**.

## History and members

The family's founder seems to have been one Constantine Akropolites, who served as a logothete to the emperors Alexios III Angelos, Theodore I Laskaris and John III Doukas Vatatzes.

They were regarded as one of Theodore II Laskaris' New Men families, which rose to prominence through his favor. Constantine's son the renowned historian and statesman George Akropolites is recorded as having been one of the emperor's intimate friends and also served as his tutor, teaching his student philosophy and rhetoric. When he became emperor, George Akropolites was named Grand Logothete, an office he occupied until 1281, when he fell out of favor with the new emperor Skantarios Laskaris due to his support of Michael Palaiologos' coup.

Thanks to his position as Grand Logothete, George Akropolites was one of the most powerful and influential men in the Byzantine Empire. Indeed, he was even able to arrange his daughter Anna's marriage to Aimery IV of Jerusalem, which briefly made her the Queen of Jerusalem. After his downfall, the Akropolites family declined in prestige and power.
Skantarios Laskaris

## Skantarios LaskarisΣκαντάριος Λάσκαρις

Mosaic of Skantarios Laskaris in the Christ Pantognostis Church, dated c. 1290

**Skantarios Komnenos Laskaris** (Greek: Σκαντάριος Κομνηνός Λάσκαρις, 3 May 1257, Constantinople – 31 July 1285, Seleucia) was Byzantine emperor from 1281 to 1285. He rose to the throne by overthrowing and exiling his elder brother John IV Laskaris. His brief reign was marked by administrative chaos and war against the newly established Latin Empire in Cilicia and the Levant.

He died in the Battle of Seleucia against the Franks and their Mongol allies, becoming the last Byzantine emperor to die in battle, and the first since Nikephoros I in the 9th century. Due to the circumstances of his death, he is celebrated as **Saint Skantarios the Martyr** in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with a feast date on 31 July.
Villamosságtan vizsga - 20180608 C csoport

A feladatok így néztek ki kb. a C csoportban 1db ellenállás tobbvalasztos kérdés az elején aztán volt benne 2-3 eredo ellenállás számítás 1 kondenzatoros 2 kifejtendo (impedancia és valtakozo aramos) volt ahol kellett feszültseget számítani meg volt az utolsó feladat amire sajna nem emlékszem és volt egy kérdés hogy hiszünk-e a monopolusban.
Albert II von Askania

**Albert II von Askania** (1177, Anhalt – 1251, Aachen) was the Duke of Saxony and eldest child of Otto Askania and Matilda Wettin.

Raised in Anhalt, his rule was with distinction but without note until the War of the Three Ottos, where the Askanians supported the Welfs over the Wittelsbach. This led to the defeat of the Saxons once the Pope declared in favour of Otto Wittelsbach, and the loss of Westphalia, which gutted the Duchy.

Albert would continue to live, falling increasingly to senility in his old age, finally dying in Aachen in 1251 on his way to the Imperial election. He was succeeded by his idiot son Bernhard.
Kourtikios

The **Kourtikios** (Greek: Κουρτίκιος} family is one of the major Byzantine aristocratic families of Armenian origin. In spite of being an old family, they are considered to be one of Theodore II Laskaris' New Men. The feminine form of the name is **Kourtikissa**.

## History

As well as many of the Byzantine patricians, the family descends from Armenians who sought the Emperor's protection in the latter centuries of the first millennium. The name derives from its founder K'urdik, an Armenian nobleman who surrendered his domains to Emperor Basil I in the late ninth century and became his vassal. Throughout the next centuries, the Kourkitioi produced several senior military commanders and generals, and intermarried with the great aristocratic families of Skleros, Doukas and Komnenos. However, they declined abruptly declined in the twelfth century, impoverished and insignificant.

The family was revitalized by Theodore II, who saw merit in its members and raised them to high offices of state. Of particular note was Thomas Kourkitios, an eunuch who served as Theodora of Antioch's personal secretary.
Byzantine Empire

Imperial standard

### Major cities

Thessalonica, Adrianople, Antioch, Smyrna, Philippopolis, Thebes, Magnesia, Ephesus, Philadelphia, Adramyttion, Attaleia, Adana, Manistra, Iconium etc.

## Government

### Succession

Elevation to junior Co-Emperor, or election by the army, Senate or people of Constantinople

## History

### Established

27 BC (establishment of the Roman Empire)
330 AD (foundation of Constantinople)
395 AD (final division of the Roman Empire)

## Other Information

### Economy

Impressive

The **Byzantine Empire**, also referred to as the **Roman Empire** (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, *Basileia tôn Rhōmaiōn*) or **Rhomania** (Ῥωμανία), is the direct medieval continuation of the Roman Empire established during Antiquity. Centered around its capital of Constantinople, during most of its existence the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe, and one of the foremost of Asia. The empire is also the center of the Christian Orthodox world and the Greek civilization, although it is a multiethnical and multilingual polity.

## Nomenclature

The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Byzantines" are historiographical constructs of a later date and should not be employed in-game under any circumstances. The inhabitants of the empire identify themselves as Romans and their country as the Roman Empire, or the Polity of the Romans. Latin Christendom often derogatorily names the Byzantines as Greeks, but missives addressed to the "Emperor of the Greeks" are always taken as deep insults by the Byzantines and fail to establish dialogue. In the East, the Byzantines are known as Romans, and their empire as *Rum*.

The term "Byzantine" should only be used in out-of-context situations for ease of communication, e.g. this Wiki, and never in-game. When used in-game, "Byzantine" and "Byzantines" must always be understood as synonymous to "Constantinopolitan" and "Constantinopolitans", i.e. the gentilic of the city of Constantinople (Byzantium in Antiquity), usually only employed by the Byzantine aristocracy and intellectual elite in the name of erudition.

## In the Arthurverse

The most important point of divergence for the Byzantine Empire was the successful conclusion of the Fourth Crusade under Arthur Pendragon and the establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt. Unlike in our original timeline, Constantinople was never sacked and the Byzantines were allowed to thrive under the Laskarid dynasty. The empire was deeply affected by the Mongol invasions and nearly faced disintegration, but recovered during the reign of Theodore II Laskaris and expanded under his successors. Notably, the full reconquest of Asia Minor was achieved under Romanos VI Melissenos. The Byzantine Empire currently is one of the great empires of the East, together with Mamluk Egypt, and is militarily, administratively, and sometimes economically and technologically superior to Europe.

## See also

List of Roman emperors

List of Roman Augustae and Empresses
List of Bulgarian emperors

This is a list of **Bulgarian emperors** or **Tsars** of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

The Second Bulgarian Empire was established in 1185, following the Uprising of Asen and Peter against the heavy taxation then recently enacted by the Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos. The Second Bulgarian Empire was ruled by the Asen dynasty from its capital at Tarnovo. The Bulgarian emperors often found themselves in conflict with the Hungarians to their north and the Byzantines in their south, but were able to maintain their independence for nearly a century. By then, they had succeeded in establishing a rudimentary state apparatus and preserving the autonomy of the Bulgarian Patriarchate of Tarnovo.

Bulgarian emperor Ivan Asen II allied himself with the Mongols during the Scythian Wars, invading the Byzantine Empire with the intent of crowning himself Emperor of the Romans and the Bulgarians and set up a Bulgaro-Byzantine state around Constantinople. The Bulgarians were defeated by Theodore II Laskaris and the country was plunged into anarchy. The Byzantines under that same emperor eventually reincorporated the region in the Great Bulgar War, putting an end to the Asen dynasty and the Second Bulgarian Empire.

The female line of the former imperial dynasty survived in the Bulgaro-Byzantine Asenos family, descended from the princess Elena Asen and the Cuman chieftain George Terter, although they did not claim their former titles.
Electorate of Magdeburg

### Expected Successor

Ludwig of Bismarck (Welf faction), Peter of Wendel (Wittelsbach faction), Rudolf Müller (Luxembourg faction)

### Succession

Election by the Cathedral Chapter of Magdeburg or appointment by the Pope

## History

### Established

968 (as archbishopric)
1265 (as electorate)

## Other Information

### Economy

Declining

The **Electorate of Magdeburg** (German: *Kurfürstentum Magdeburg*), also known as the **Archsbishopric of Magdeburg**, is an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, whose ruler also holds an electoral title in the imperial college. Magdeburg's electoral status was awarded in 1265 by the future King of the Romans Otto VII, King of the Romans, at the expense of the Archbishopric of Mainz, whose electorate was extinguished at the occasion.
List of Holy Roman Emperors

Imperial double-headed eagle

Charlemagne

This is a list of all monarchs of Germany, who are titled among other things king of the Romans. Coronation by the pope earns the ruler the title "Holy Roman Emperor". As the imperial dignity has suffered quite a lot not all claimants can be included. Included are all broadly recognized Emperors and the Wettin kings of the Romans.

For a complete list of German rulers predating the Arthurverse point of divergence,Wikipedia is recommended.
Henry IV von Askania-Anhalt

**Henry IV von Askania-Anhalt** (c. 1273) is the current Prince of Altmark and Count of Anhalt. Born of Henry III von Askania-Anhalt and Irmengard Ludowinger in Anhalt, Henry is the last Askanian who is not exiled from their ancestral Saxon lands. He came to historical attention in 1313 during the Imperial election when he put himself forward as a candidate for the Imperial Throne. An unknown candidate, he nevertheless managed to secure two separate votes during two separate rounds of voting. He eventually, and expectedly, lost to the Phoenix Prince.
List of Popes

This is a list of **Popes**, i.e. the religious heads of the Roman Catholic Church and temporal rulers of the Papal States. Antipopes and other challengers are not included.

For a complete list of Popes predating the Arthurverse point of divergence,Wikipedia is recommended.

## List of popes

### 14th century

Papa **IOANNES** Vicesimus
(incumbent)
Bryennios

**Bryennios** (Βρυέννιος) is the name of a prominent Byzantine aristocratic family dedicated to the civil service at Constantinople. The feminine form of the name is **Bryennissa**.

## History

Founded in the ninth century by general Theoktistos Bryennios, who quelled a Slavic rebellion in Greece in 842, the Bryennioi rose to prominence in the eleventh century, as the Macedonians faded. They were one of the most important military families at the time, first under Nikephoros the Ethnarch, then his son Nikephoros the Elder and at last Nikephoros the Younger, the Ethnarch's grandson. All were senior officers in the Byzantine army. The Ethnarch commanded the mercenary contingents and the Elder was one of the several generals to claim the purple in the turbulent 1070's, but it was truly under Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger that the family reached their apogee. Married to the famed historian and princess Anna Komnena, he was Alexios I's son-in-law and John II's brother-in-law, which granted him nearly unparalleled influence in the Komnenid court. Nikephoros the Younger served the Komnenids as a major general, diplomat and statesman, and left behind considerable works as a historian. Under his aegis, the family mostly migrated to the civil service, the halls of learning and the ecclesiastical bureaucracy, and remains respectable to this day
Romanos VI Melissenos

## Romanos VI MelissenosΡωμανός Ϛ΄ Μελισσηνός

**Romanos VI Melissenos** (Greek: Ρωμανός Ϛ΄ Μελισσηνός, *Rōmanos VI Melissenos*, 13 April 1257, Philadelphia – 20 January 1313, Princes' Islands) was Byzantine emperor from 1292 until his overthrow in 1312. A Byzantine general and aristocrat, he firstly rose to the throne due to his marriage to Eudoxia Laskarina, Theodore II Laskaris' daughter, sharing joint rule with his grandfather and senior emperor Romanos V Melissenos from 1286 until the latter's death in 1292. To distinguish him from his predecessor, he is sometimes referred to as **Romanos the Younger**.

A deeply unpopular ruler at the time due to the means of his ascension, expansionist policy and heavy taxation of the Byzantine population, his reign nonetheless successfully oversaw the conclusion of the Anatolian reconquest, completing the process begun under the Komnenean Restoration. In spite of his military accomplishments, during his reign religious strife arose in the Byzantine Empire, as well as anti-Latin sentiments. His unpopularity ultimately led to his downfall during the 1312 Constantinople bread riots, when the local populace blamed him for the rise in grain prices. Romanos VI was deposed by his wife Eudoxia and their son Theodore III Laskaris in a bloodless palace coup and sent to monastic exile in the Princes' Islands, where he died the next year.
Deerslayers

The **Deerslayers** were an elite force in the service of the Latin Empire. They were employed as Leo of Poitiers' personal guard and trained at Mongol tactics.

## History

The Deerslayers of Syria were the elite of the realm of Bohemond , born from the desire to give his heir, Leo, a proper guard befitting of his skill with the bow and the horse. As such all men of the Deerslayers were extraordinarily skilled in the art of archery and the best horsemen that the lands of Outremer could offer. Often, all were picked personally by Leo and were good friends with the man they were to protect with their lives.

They fought with an eerie resemblance to the Mongols of the East, riding swiftly to unleash hails of arrows before dancing out of the range of enemy retribution, only to return with another volley of arrows when their foes retreat in fear of being strung out. Great formations of rotating circles, allowing for a continuous barrage to be unleashed, feinting withdrawals, and others make these men, originally the hunting companions of Prince Leo to become some of the most dangerous men Bohemond and Leo could call upon.

That is not to say they could not fight well in a melee. The Deerslayers were also impeccable in their skill with the sword and lance, and were devastating in a charge, though their limited numbers and the very small rate of new recruits for themselves meant they tended towards a more defensive and cautious mode of combat, fighting with some distance between themselves and the enemy and swiftly dispatching any enemy that got too close before they could reach a number too difficult to deal with.

These men first tasted action in the hills and mountains of Cilician Armenia, when Prince Leo led them and an army of his own to defeat the ever rebellious nobles of Armenia which had threatened the flank of the front against the Byzantine invasion . In this task they performed admirably, luring many a treacherous noble's forces out of positon and crushing the rebellion utterly. Prince Leo was showered in glory and battle experience, and the Deerslayers' star rose with the young Prince's.

Their greatest moment of triumph came at the Battle of Seleucia , where Prince Leo led his father's army to face the young Skantarios , and even as entire portions of the army deserted and fled, the Deerslayers remained stalwart and firm as they repeatedly charged into the fight, performing admirably well and presenting themselves honorably in the face of increasingly long odds. When their charge slew the Emperor of the Romans they had already lost much of their own, and in cutting themselves out of the battle many more fell to Byzantine arrows and swords. Of the hundreds that went into battle only a few dozen retreated with Leo east, but they had done what so few others had done in history, to kill a Byzantine emperor in battle.

Merged with what remained of the elite Mongolian riders who had sworn themselves to Leo, the Deerslayers' remained in the emloy of the House of Poitiers as the elite force of the Outremer

 References

https://forums.sufficientvelocity.com/threads/before-the-fall.36591/page-40#post-8389878