Mexico

The United Mexican States is a Syndicalist Unitary Republic in Southern North America, it borders California to the north-west, Deseret to the north, Texas to the north east, and Central America to the south

## Mexico

### Motto

La Patria Va Primero("The Motherland Comes First")

### Leader

Pancho Villa (AKA Doroteo Arangulo Arámbula)(Chairman) Emiliano Zapata

### Ruling Party

Mexican Syndicalist Federationalist Party

## History

### The Mexican Revolution

#### Overthrow of the Porfiriato

After almost 35 years of continuous rule, President Porfirio Díaz announced in a 1908 interview with *Pearson’s Magazine* that he would not seek reelection but quickly reversed himself, setting off a flurry of political activity among opposition groups. In 1910 wealthy landowning reformer Francisco I. Madero announced his intention to challenge Díaz for the presidency and campaigned for open, fair, and free elections, growing his profile through writing a critique book called *The Presidential Succession Of 1910*. Díaz had Madero jailed to ensure his victory, but he escaped and fled to San Antonio, Texas, where he drafted the Plan of San Luis Potosí, with its slogan *Sufragio Efectivo, No Reelección* (effective voting, no reelection). He declared the Díaz presidency illegal and called for a revolt against him beginning on 20 November 1910, attracting the forces of rebel leaders such as Pascual Orozco, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata. After Madero’s forces won a series of victories in May 1911, Díaz abdicated the presidency and sailed for exile in Paris, where he died in 1915.

After a brief interim presidency under Francisco León de la Barra, Madero handily won the 1911 presidential election and was inaugurated on 9 November. Politically inexperienced, Madero immediately faced opposition when he demanded the guerilla forces that had helped him into power disarm in favor of the old Federal Army. After he refused to implement promised land reforms, Zapata issued the Plan of Ayala on 28 November and resumed his rebellion in Morelos. Orozco rose up in Chihuahua on 25 March 1912 after he was passed over for the governorship of the state in favor of Abraham González. Madero’s legalization of labor unions and inability to control the revolts alienated Mexican conservatives of his administration, as well as the US Ambassador to Mexico Henry Lane Wilson. On 9 February 1913, rebels led by General Félix Díaz, nephew of the ex-president, and General Bernardo Reyes escaped from jail and rallied their forces to overthrow Madero and restore the old political order. General Victoriano Huerta, formally in charge of the defense of Madero’s government, defected to the rebels in return for the office of the presidency and forced Madero and his vice president to resign on 19 February, after which they were murdered while in custody on 22 February.

#### Civil War: Huerta vs. Revolutionaries

Huerta faced immediate intense opposition upon his elevation to the presidency, and within a month rebellion had spread throughout Mexico, most prominently led by Governor Of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza. Carranza issued the Plan of Guadalupe on 26 March 1913 which rejected the legitimacy of the Huerta government and called all the revolutionaries to arms, a call answered by a swath of revolutionaries including future important actors such as Pancho Villa, Pablo González and Álvaro Obregón, to create the Constitutionalist Army. Initially supporting the Huerta regime were foreign and domestic business interests, landed elites, the Roman Catholic Church, and the German and British governments. US President Woodrow Wilson did not recognize the Huerta government despite the fact that the US Ambassador had helped him come to power, and in April 1914 American opposition to Huerta culminated in the seizure and occupation of the port of Veracruz by US marines and sailors.

In the south, Zapata took the city of Chilpancingo, Guerrero in mid-March, followed by the successive captures of several ports along the Pacific Coast. After federal garrisons in Morelos defected to him with their weapons, Zapata moved against the capital by sending his subordinates into Mexico state. In the northwest, Federal forces put a stern resistance and managed to bog down the campaign of Pablo González, but in the north, Constitutionalist forces made significant gains as Pancho Villa moved against the Federal Army in early 1914 near the border town of Ojinaga, Chihuahua, sending federal forces fleeing to Fort Bliss in New Mexico. On 3 April Villa’s forces took the city of Torreón after bitter fighting in the hills surrounding the city. Meanwhile, Obregón moved south from Sonora along the Pacific Coast and defeated federal troops at Orendain, Jalisco in early July, threatening Mexico City. Beaten at every angle, Huerta was forced to resign on 15 July and subsequently fled into exile, dying a year later.

#### Civil War: Constitutionalists vs. Conventionists

The victorious revolutionaries met at the Convention of Aguascalientes in October 1914 to reconcile the various factions that had ousted Huerta from power. Carranza had expected to be named president of Mexico at the convention, but faced opposition from revolutionary generals Villa and Zapata. The Convention elected a new president for a limited term of 20 days and appointed Villa as head of the Conventionist Army, which subsequently took up arms against Carranza’s Constitutionalists. Villa and Zapata’s forces occupied Mexico City in December after Carranza and Obregón evacuated to Veracruz, where they received munitions from occupying US forces. The rival armies of Villa and Obregón fought from 6 to 15 April at the decisive Battles of Celaya, where the antiquated frontal cavalry charges of Villa’s *Division del Norte* were met by the shrewd, modern military tactics of Obregón. Smarting from his wounds Villa retreated to the north, where he was defeated in the border-town of Agua Prieta while trying to move towards the northeast. Badly defeated and reduced to a mere 200 loyal men, Villa retreated into the mountains of Chihuahua and turned to guerilla tactics to survive. On 9 March Villa ordered a cross-border attack on Columbus, New Mexico after the United States recognized Carranza’s government, and in response President Wilson authorized the Punitive Expedition under General John J. Pershing into Chihuahua to find and capture Villa. The expedition was unsuccessful in its mission, elevating Villa’s prestige and allowing him to revitalize his forces while significantly worsening American-Mexican relations.

In November 1916, Carranza was persuaded to convene a congress in Querétaro to revise the liberal constitution of 1857. Carranza’s original draft constitution was rejected by the delegates as being too conservative, and the delegates embedded radical reforms such as labor rights, agrarian reform, anticlericalism, and economic nationalization into the final document. After the Constitution was ratified in February 1917, Carranza was subsequently elected president but he still faced a large soft-opposition in the Congress and from local strongmen, and in some cases he was heavily undermined by its more radical elements. Meanwhile in the south, Zapata continued his rebellion under the Plan of Ayala as he had since the beginning of the revolution in 1910. Colonel Jesús Guajardo was tasked by Carranza with the mission of killing Zapata after Constitutionalist forces under Pablo González failed to eliminate Zapata's army, but disagreements between the many Carranzist factions allowed Zapata to offer Guajardo the option of switching sides. In the famous Deception of Chinameca, Guajardo defected to Zapata and took weapons, supplies, and men with him, allowing Zapata and his ideology to remain in fighting form for the remainder of the Carranza administration, a fact that greatly affected his legitimacy.

#### End of the Revolution

In early 1919, General Álvaro Obregón decided to use his immense popularity to run in the 1920 presidential election. Carranza announced that he would not participate in the elections and instead endorsed an obscure diplomat, Ignacio Bonillas, whom he planned to use as a puppet. Near election day, Carranza attempted to arrest Obregón and he fled to the state of Guerrero. Together with Governor of Sonoro Adolfo de la Huerta and General Plutarco Elías Calles, they announced the Plan of Agua Prieta, which attempted to form a coalition of military and labor supporters in order to depose Carranza. The rebellion was a success, with over three-quarters of the Mexican Army rejecting Carranza and joining the Sonoran generals. Carranza attempted to flee to Veracruz, but he was ultimately betrayed and assassinated on the 21 May 1920 in the mountainous north of the state of Puebla.

Despite the superiority of Obregón and De La Huerta’s forces over those of Zapata, they agreed to form a national government in order to avoid a new bloody campaign, putting an end to the armed phase of the Revolution. Obregón became the new president of Mexico and Zapata was confirmed as Secretary of Agriculture and Development in order to carry out his planned land reform project, while Villa was left to develop his ranch in Chihuahua.

### Revolución de Junio

On June 14th 1921, like in Albania, Villa and Zapata, as well as over 16,000 armed workers and peasants marched into the *Palacio Nacional* and deposed Huerta. The entire presidential brigade mutinied against Huerta, he, a reactionary would be deposed and shortly afterwards executed. Villa took over the nation and immediately pursued good relations with the Internationale.

### Post Coup Progress

Villa and Zapata increased literacy rates after siezing power, assured that every mexican man, woman or child would get education, housing, food, water, and recreation activities. Mexico began funneling arms to leftist movements in Latin America. Overall, Villa improved the lives of several million people by abolishing serfdom. Mexico made a deal with John Reed. To support the USSA when the 2nd American Civil War began.

### Mexican Involvement in the Second American Civil War

On April 19th, 1924, the United Socialist States of America declared independence from the United States of America. Shortly afterwards the nation descended into civil war. It was not until June 29th that Mexico intervened, with approximately 200,000 men, split into 5 divisions pummeled deep into Arizona and New Mexico.