Venetian Republic

After the First Italian War, the League of Venice, emerged triumphant in driving the French out of Naples. The end of the war gave birth to Venetian Republic.

Republic of Venice Coat of Arms

## Venetian Republic

### Location

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### Precced by

* Republic of Venice
* House of Borgia

### Succeded by

* The Second Roman Republic
* The First French Empire
* Venetian Province

The victory bolstered their confidence and created a brief period of stability in Italy. However, the peace was short-lived, as tensions between major European powers continued to simmer, and a new conflict loomed on the horizon.

In 1508, the War of the League of Cambrai erupted. This war was a complex web of alliances and rivalries that pitted the League of Cambrai, formed by France, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and some Papal houses, against the Republic of Venice. The main reason for this conflict was the desire to curb Venice's influence and territorial expansion in the region.

The League of Cambrai, with its formidable alliance, quickly gained the upper hand. Venice faced a challenging situation, surrounded by powerful adversaries and lacking the support of its former allies from the League of Venice. The war resulted in significant territorial changes in Northern Italy. The combined forces of the League of Cambrai managed to seize several important Venetian possessions, including some of its territories in Lombardy and Friuli.

Despite initial setbacks, Venice demonstrated resilience and determination. The war's tide began to turn when Pope Julius II, recognizing the growing dominance of France in Italy, decided to switch sides and form a new alliance.

With the re-formation of the Holy League, the dynamics of the war shifted dramatically. The Holy League's forces, under the command of general Julius II's own nephew, Giuliano della Rovere (future Pope Julius II), launched a successful counteroffensive against the League of Cambrai. They managed to reclaim some of the lost territories and push back the French and their allies.

In 1511, the Holy League achieved a decisive victory against the French at the Battle of Ravenna. The French commander, Gaston de Foix, Duke of Nemours, was killed in the battle, which further weakened the French position in Italy. The Holy League's success was a turning point in the war, and it began to dismantle the alliance that had once been so formidable.

In 1513, Pope Julius II passed away, but the war raged on, with shifting alliances and occasional lulls in the fighting. In 1516, peace negotiations finally led to the conclusion of the War of the League of Cambrai.

The Treaty of Noyon, signed in 1516, brought an end to the conflict. The terms of the treaty recognized some territorial gains for France and the Holy Roman Empire, but overall, Venice managed to retain most of its core territories. The peace marked the end of the League of Cambrai, and the geopolitical landscape of Italy was once again reshaped.

In the following years, Italy faced further challenges as the Italian city-states were often caught in the crossfire of larger conflicts and power plays.

In 1527, Italy was once again plunged into chaos when Charles V's troops, led by the Duke of Bourbon and other mercenary forces, launched a brutal and devastating sack of Rome. The city suffered immense destruction, and the Pope was taken prisoner. The armies of King Philip II of Spain defeated those of Pope Paul IV in the Italian War of 1551–1559 fought to prevent growing Spanish dominance in Italy.

In the summer of 1570, the Ottoman empire struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near Limassol on 2 July 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia.

The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria, defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto.

Despite victory Cyprus remained under Ottoman rule, rivalry with Hapsburg Spain and the Holy Roman Empire led to Venice's last significant wars in Italy and the northern Adriatic. Between 1615 and 1618 Venice fought Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in the Uskok war in the northern Adriatic and on the Republic's eastern border, while in Lombardy, to the west, Venetian troops skirmished with the forces of Don Pedro de Toledo Osorio.

During the brief war a Venetian army led by provveditore Zaccaria Sagredo and reinforced by French allies was disastrously routed by Imperial forces at the battle of Villabuona and Venice's closest ally Mantua was sacked, but reversals elsewhere for the Holy Roman empire and Spain ensured the Republic suffered no territorial loss and the duchy of Mantua was restored to the candidate backed by Venice and France, Charles II Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers.

The Cretan War (1645–1669) had significant consequences for both Venice and the Ottoman Empire. For Venice, the loss of Crete marked the end of its centuries-long presence in the eastern Mediterranean and significantly weakened its maritime and economic power. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire's victory further expanded its territories and solidified its control over the eastern Mediterranean.

In December 1714, began the last Turkish–Venetian War, in Croatia, also known as the War of Sinj was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. It was the last conflict between the two powers, and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice's major possession in the Greek peninsula, the Austrian victories led to the signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, which ended the war.

In spring 1796, Piedmont fell, and the Austrians were beaten from Montenotte to Lodi. The army under Bonaparte crossed the frontiers of neutral Venice in pursuit of the enemy. By the end of the year, the French troops were occupying the Venetian state up to the Adige. Vicenza, Cadore and Friuli were held by the Austrians. With the campaigns of the next year, Napoleon aimed for the Austrian possessions across the Alps. In the preliminaries to the Peace of Leoben, the terms of which remained secret, the Austrians were to take the Venetian possessions in the Balkans as the price of peace (18 April 1797) while France acquired the Lombard part of the State.

After Napoleon's conquest, Doge Ludovico Manin surrendered unconditionally on 12 May, and abdicated, while the Major Council declared the end of the republic. According to Bonaparte's orders, the public powers passed to a provisional municipality under the French military governor. On 17 October, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, agreeing to share all the territory of Venice, with a new border just west of the Adige River. Venice became an Austrian territory, under the name of Venetian Province.

A revolutionary movement proclaimed Repubblica Tiberina on 4 February 1798, when republicans took power in the city of Perugia. A month later, they formed the Roman Republic.