Kappa

## Appearance

A ***kappa*** (河童, *river-child*)—also known as *kawatarō* (川太郎, "river-boy"), *komahiki* (駒引, *horse-puller*), *kawatora* (川虎, *river-tiger*) or *suiko* (水虎, *water-tiger*)–is an amphibious *yōkai* demon or imp found in traditional Japanese folklore. They are typically depicted as green, human-like beings with webbed hands and feet and a turtle-like carapace on their backs. A depression on its head, called its "dish" (*sara*), retains water, and if this is damaged or its liquid is lost (either through spilling or drying up), the kappa is severely weakened.

The *kappa* are known to favor cucumbers and love to engage in sumo wrestling. They are often accused of assaulting humans in water and removing a mythical organ called the *shirikodama* from their victim's anus.

## Terminology

The name *kappa* is a portmanteau of the words *kawa* (river) and *wappa*, a variant form of 童 *warawa* (also *warabe*) "child". Another translation of kappa is "water sprites". The *kappa* are also known regionally by at least eighty other names such as *kawappa*, *kawako*, *kawatarō*, *gawappa*, *kōgo*, *mizushi*, *mizuchi*, *suitengu*.

Its names *kawaso* meaning "otter", *dangame* "soft-shelled turtle", and *enkō* "monkey" suggest its outward resemblance to these animals. The name *komahiki* or "steed-puller" alludes to its reputed penchant to drag away horses.

The kappa has been known as *kawako* in Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) where Lafcadio Hearn was based, and *gatarō* was the familiar name of it to folklorist Kunio Yanagita from Hyogo Prefecture.

## Sub-appearance

*Kappa* are said to be roughly humanoid in form and about the size of a child, inhabiting the ponds and rivers of Japan. Clumsy on land, they are at home in the water, and thrive during the warm months. They are typically greenish in color (or yellow-blue), and either scaly or slimy skinned, with webbed hands and feet, and a turtle-like carapace on their back. Inhuman traits include three anuses that allow them to pass three times as much gas as humans. Despite their small stature they are physically stronger than a grown man.

One peculiar trait is that *kappa* have a cavity on their head called a *sara* ("dish", "bowl", or "plate") that retains water or some sort of liquid, which is regarded as the source of the *kappa'*s power or life force. This cavity must be full whenever a *kappa* is away from the water; if it ever dries out, or if its water is spilled, the *kappa* loses its power and may even die. The *kappa* are sometimes said to smell like fish, and they can swim like them.

According to some accounts, *kappa's* arms are connected to each other through the torso and can slide from one side to the other. While they are primarily water creatures, they do on occasion venture onto land. When they do, the "dish" on their head can be covered with a metal cap for protection.

A hairy *kappa* is called a hyōsube.

## Behavior

*Kappa* are usually seen as mischievous troublemakers or trickster figures. Their actions range from the comparatively minor, such as looking up women's kimono if they venture too near to water, to the outright malevolent, such as drowning people and animals, kidnapping children, raping women and at times eating human flesh. Though sometimes menacing, it may also behave amicably towards humans. While younger kappa are frequently found in family groups, adult kappa live solitary lives. However, it is common for kappa to befriend other yōkai and sometimes even people.

### Cucumber

Folk beliefs claim the cucumber as their traditional favorite meal. At festivals, offerings of cucumber are frequently made to the kappa. Sometimes the kappa is said to have other favorite foods, such as the Japanese eggplant, *soba* (buckwheat noodles), *nattō* (fermented soybeans), or *kabocha*.

In Edo (old Tokyo), there used to be a tradition where people would write the names of their family members on cucumbers and send them afloat into the streams to mollify the *kappa*, to prevent the family from coming to harm in the streams. In some regions, it was customary to eat cucumbers before swimming as protection, but in others it was believed that this act would guarantee an attack.

A cucumber-filled sushi roll is known as *kappamaki*.

### As a menace

As water monsters, *kappa* have been blamed for drownings, and are often said to try to lure people into water and pull them in with their great skill at wrestling. They are sometimes said to take their victims for the purpose of drinking their blood, eating their livers, or gaining power by taking their *shirikodama* (尻子玉), a mythical ball said to contain the soul, which is located inside the anus.

*Kappa* have been used to warn children of the dangers lurking in rivers and lakes, as *kappa* have been often said to try to lure people to water and pull them in. Even today, signs warning about *kappa* appear by bodies of water in some Japanese towns and villages.[*citation needed*]

*Kappa* are also said to victimize animals, especially horses and cows. The motif of the *kappa* trying to drown a horse is found all over Japan.

Lafcadio Hearn wrote of a story in Kawachimura near Matsue where a horse-stealing kappa was captured and made to write a sworn statement vowing never to harm people again.

In many versions the *kappa* is dragged by the horse to the stable where it is most vulnerable, and it is there it is forced to submit a writ of promise not to misbehave.

### Defeating the kappa

It was believed that there were a few means of escape if one was confronted with a *kappa*. *Kappa* are obsessed with politeness, so if a person makes a deep bow, it will return the gesture. This results in the kappa spilling the water held in the "dish" (*sara*) on its head, rendering it unable to leave the bowing position until the plate is refilled with water from the river in which it lives. If a person refills it, the *kappa* will serve that person for all eternity. A similar weakness of the *kappa* involves its arms, which can easily be pulled from its body. If an arm is detached, the *kappa* will perform favors or share knowledge in exchange for its return.

Another method of defeat involves *shogi* or *sumo* wrestling: a *kappa* sometimes challenges a human being to wrestle or engage in other tests of skill. This tendency is easily used to encourage the *kappa* to spill the water from its *sara*. One notable example of this method is the folktale of a farmer who promises his daughter's hand in marriage to a *kappa* in return for the creature irrigating his land. The farmer's daughter challenges the *kappa* to submerge several gourds in water. When the *kappa* fails in its task, it retreats, saving the farmer's daughter from the marriage. *Kappa* have also been driven away by their aversion to iron, sesame, or ginger.

### Good deeds

*Kappa* are not entirely antagonistic to human beings.

Once befriended, *kappa* may perform any number of tasks for human beings, such as helping farmers irrigate their land. Sometimes, they bring fresh fish, which is regarded as a mark of good fortune for the family that receives it. They are also highly knowledgeable about medicine, and legend states that they taught the art of bone setting to human beings. There are also legends that Kappa will save a friendly human from drowning

## Regional Variations

Along with the *oni* and the *tengu*, the *kappa* is among the best-known *yōkai* in Japan.

The kappa is known by various names of the creature vary by region and local folklore. In Shintō, they are often considered to be an avatar (*keshin*) of the Water Deity or *suijin*.

Shrines are dedicated to the worship of *kappa* as water deity in such places as Aomori Prefecture or Miyagi Prefecture. There were also festivals meant to placate the *kappa* in order to obtain a good harvest, some of which still take place today. These festivals generally took place during the two equinoxes of the year, when the *kappa* are said to travel from the rivers to the mountains and vice versa.

The best known place where it has been claimed Kappa reside is in the Kappabuchi [ja] waters of *Tōno* in the Iwate Prefecture. The nearby Jōkenji [ja] In Tōno, there is a Buddhist temple that has komainu dog statues with depressions on their heads reminiscent of the water-retaining dish on the kappa's heads, said to be dedicated to the *kappa* which according to legend helped extinguish a fire at the temple. The Kappa is also venerated at the *Sogenji* Buddhist temple in the Asakusa district of Tokyo where according to tradition, a mummified arm of a Kappa is enshrined within the chapel hall since 1818.[*citation needed*]

In his *Tōno Monogatari*, Kunio Yanagita records a number of beliefs from the Tōno area about women being accosted and even impregnated by *kappa*. Their offspring were said to be repulsive to behold, and were generally buried.

## In media

The kappa is probably the best known creature of the Japanese folk imagination; its manifestations cut across genre lines, appearing in folk religion, beliefs, legends, folktales and folk metaphors.

In Japan, the character Sagojō (Sha Wujing) is conventionally depicted as a *kappa*: he being a comrade of the magic monkey Sun Wukong in the Chinese story *Journey to the West*.

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's 1927 novella *Kappa* centers on a man who got lost and ended up in the land of the kappa near Mount Hotakadake. The story heavily focuses on the subject of suicide and Akutagawa took his own life the year the work was published. Kappas are a recurring image in David Peace's novel *Patient X*, itself about the life and work of Akutagawa.

Kappas, and creatures based on them, are recurring characters in Japanese tokusatsu films and television shows. Examples include the kappas in the Daiei/Kadokawa series *Yokai Monsters*, the 2010 *kaiju* film *Death Kappa*, and King Kappa, a *kaiju* from the 1972 Tsuburaya Productions series *Ultraman Ace*.

In the long running anime *One Piece*, a self-proclaimed kappa appears in "The Land Of Wano" story arc. In reality he is a Fish-man who hides his identity as a Kappa to avoid discrimination. Just like ancient mythological lore though he is a sumo wrestler; the highest ranked at that holding the Yokozuna title. He is a friendly samurai who serves under the previous Shogun of Wano.

These yokai also represent Japan as a nation, featuring in advertisements for a range of products from a major brand of sake to Tokyo-Mitsubishi Bank's DC Card (a credit card). In their explicitly commercial conceptions, yokai are no longer frightening or mysterious—the DC Card Kappa, for example, is not a slimy water creature threatening to kill unsuspecting children but a cute and (almost) cuddly cartoon character.

*Summer Days with Coo* is a 2007 Japanese animated film about a kappa and its impact on an ordinary family, written for the screen and directed by Keiichi Hara based on two novels by Masao Kogure.

It is said that the company president of Calbee liked Kappa, so he wanted the name "Kappa" to be included in one of his products. That brought about Kappa Ebisen, a popular shrimp flavored snack in Japan.

In the live-action Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III movie, the turtles were called "Kappa" when they travelled back in time to Feudal Japan.

Jeremy Wade of *River Monsters* in the episode "Cold-Blooded Horror" investigates two river creatures that inspire some of the myths in Japanese folklore, among those is the Kappa. Through his discovery the inspiration leads to the Japanese Giant Salamander is what inspired the Kappa legend.

### Video games

The video game series *Animal Crossing* features a kappa by the name of Kapp'n, who serves roles of transport across the series. In *Animal Crossing* for the Nintendo Gamecube, Kapp'n transports the player to Animal Island if a Game Boy Advance is connected to the system. In *Wild World*, Kapp'n is a taxi driver who transports the player to the town they move to at the start of the game, asking the player's name and the name of the town. This role is seen again in *City Folk* but with Kapp'n as a bus driver. New Leaf sees Kapp'n in the role of a seafarer again, transporting players to Tortimer's Island, and also introduces the rest of his family, wife Leilani, daughter Leila, and mother Grams. Kapp'n is also known to sing sea shanties while transporting the player, usually about life or his love of cucumbers.

In the anime series Sarazanmai, the main characters are turned into Kappas by the Prince of the Kappas and collect *shirikodama*.

The Kappa is also found as a yokai in *Yo-kai Watch*.

The video game series *Touhou Project* has a kappa character as the stage 3 boss of *Mountain of Faith*, Nitori Kawashiro.

In the video game *Smite*, Kuzenbo, supposed King of the Kappas is a playable God.

In *Final Fantasy VI*, the "imp" status transforms a character into a kappa, as noted by its distinctive *Sara* crown and duck's bill. Note also that the tutorial demonstrating how to use Gau's Rage skill is given by an imp named "Kappa." It's likely this is not the character's name, but instead, a descriptor of what it is (an anonymous *kappa*), and the translator either left it as is or did not catch the reference.

The *Monster Hunter* franchise introduced the monster Tetranadon in the game *Monster Hunter: Rise*. It has a crest on its head similar to that of the *sara* and has a move-set designed to fight the player similar to *sumo.*

In the video game *Yakuza: Like a Dragon*, one of the Part-Time Hero quests, *Kappture the Kappa*, involves photographing various statues of Kappa around Isezaki Ijincho.

In the Google Doodle browser game, *Doodle Champion Island Games*, one of the team mascots is a version of a Japanese Kappa. The Kappa also appear all throughout the island.

In the video game *NioH*, the kappa is a yokai that drops plenty of loots when he is killed, thus he has a tendency to flee and "trick" the player into larger yokai.

In the video game *Open Sorcery: Sea++*, one can encounter a kappa guarding a shrine, who will only let the player enter if they pay proper respects to the shrine.