recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Aibi Akahara

**Aibi Akahara** [桌彭・愛嫁, 8 July 1787 - 11 January 1828) was a Kantonese writer, poet and *nijūgata* model. She is known for being one of the 'Six Beauties of Kanton'.

## Biography

Akahara was born in the city of Ōhiroshi as the daughter of the chief abbot of the *daihora* Shūzen Temple, Shingo Nonaka-Shūzen. Her elder brother, Shinochi Nonaka-Shūzen, was the 22nd abbot of the temple, and a noted explorer of Central Asia, while another brother, Yonyū Nonaka-Shūzen, was a politician who served in the House of Commons. Her mother's name is unknown; she was the daughter of a *sai* from Senzan Prefecture.

During her youth, Akahara became well-known throughout high society for her beauty and intelligence, eventually being acquainted with Anji Nagimi, the famous painter and woodblock printer. She soon became a favourite muse of his and modeled for a number of his paintings from 1803 until 1806. Eventually the two grew too close for the comfort of Akahara's family, who forebade her from involving herself in the world of modeling, which was viewed as sordid, and their relationship came to an abrupt end soon after her eighteenth birthday. During the short three-year period in which she worked, Akahara became famous across the country as a *jūsha*, or beauty, although it is doubtful that she was ever aware of this.

In 1809, Akahara entered into an arranged marriage with Toshihon Akahara, an aristocrat who was the brother of her sister-in-law. She went to southern Kanton with her husband in order for him to attend university there. She returned to the Kubura region after one year, leaving her husband behind (he went on to work at a bank in Ayama Prefecture). The couple lived apart for most of their lives.

Throughout her life Akahara sponsored various humanitarian efforts caused by famine or natural disasters, contributing to the reconstruction of multiple temples and the foundation of Aozu Hospital, one of Kanton's first modern medical centres.

Akahara was also a noted poet, having studied under a number of mentors including Toshi Ukamachi. She wrote numerous poems and short stories, most of which focused on faith and spirituality; she published her first volume of poems, *Zukeri Hana* (Falling Petals) in 1818, followed by a stage play *Kinai* (Twist of Fate) in 1820. A second volume of poetry followed in 1923, and her autobiography was released posthumously in 1930.

On 11 January 1928, Akahara contracted blood poisoning and passed away at the age of 44.
Kamai River

The **Kamai River** [窯倆免 かまい・み] is a river located in western Kōfu Prefecture. Its source lies in the foothills of the Taiyu Alps. The Kamai has two primary reservoirs, the Okuma Dam reservoir and the Asama Dam reservoir, both of which serve as regulators of flood control and for the supply of water. In the event of the river flooding, the dams serve to control and reduce water flow to lower basins.
Anzaki Temple

Anzaki Temple [劲红・方; あんざき・ほら] is a *daihora* or grand temple located in the city of Anzaki in Arami Prefecture. Built by Emperor Chōyū in the late 1400s, the Anzaki Temple is home to over 500 different *nendo*, each crafted for lesser royalty such as relatives, concubines or close friends of Kantonese Emperors. Annually it can receive up to 200,000 visitors a year.

For centuries Anzaki Temple has been the starting point of the famous Taiyu Kannō (Taiyu Pilgrimage), which follows a trail through Arami and Hamae Prefectures up to the slopes of the largest mountain in the Taiyu Alps, Mount Hyōjō.
Kōmizu River

The **Kōmizu River** [秡水免; こうみず・み] is a river located in central Inaki Prefecture. It flows through the centre of the prefectural capital Kōde, and splits the city into two wards, West and East. The Kōdebetsu Bridge crosses the Kōmizu at its central point and creates a vital link between these two districts.

The river itself is also known for its role in old Kōde urban legends concerning love-suicides, or *yakurai* (競殺); it is said that many young lovers have drowned themselves in its waters or thrown themselves from the Kōdebetsu Bridge, over-burdened by their personal misfortunes. Despite this, the inner-city banks of the Kōmizu are seen as a romantic spot for couples to meet and spend time together. Its local nickname is *Mizu no Airen* or 'River of Romance'.
Akan Castle

**Akan Castle** [あかん莽; あかん・がり] is a castle located in the city of Shikima, in central Zōhai Prefecture. It was constructed in the 1370s by the Summui king Hanno as a royal retreat and stronghold against invaders.

During the 1400s, Akan Castle was briefly the setting of the Eastern Court of Daizō, and served as the residence of the monarchs for around two years. It is not clear exactly when the royal court decided to move southward to the city of Nasamazu. After the construction of Niwanaji Castle in 1667, Akan fell into disuse for around a decade until it was bestowed to a local warlord who took up residence there and renovated the fort into a home for his extended family.

The castle was donated to the prefectural government in 1911, and was opened for public touring in the 1940s.
Araizu Falls

**Araizu Falls** [聖水彩; あらいず・ふし] is a waterfall located on the Ishigaku River, a tributary of the Gakuni River in Saka Prefecture. It is considered one of the most beautiful waterfalls in the prefecture, and indeed the wider Honzura region. The waterfall receives over 10,000 visitors annually, and was once considered somewhat of a sacred site.
Honzura dialects

The **Honzura dialects** [坎负丞言; ほんずら・じょうげん] are Kantonese dialects spoken in the Honzura region, the far northern region of the Kantonese mainland. Toward the far northern tip of the region, on the Aoma, Hamae and Arami coasts, the Honzura vernacular can differ so dramatically from standard Kantonese that it is sometimes rendered with subtitles in nationwide media. Additionally, the Honzura dialects are often viewed as the typical 'rural' or 'country bumpkin' accents in popular culture.

## Variations

The Honzura dialects can be broken down into a number of main varieties:

### Northern Honzura

* Funagi dialect, northern Aoma
* Aoma dialect, central Aoma
* Shikana dialect, southern Aoma and northern Hamae
* Manshi dialect, central and southern Hamae
* Anzaki dialect, majority of Arami
* Korosa dialect, urban Arami
* Shōya dialect, Shōya Island
* Hami dialect, east Hamae and west Arami

### Southern Honzura

* Saiman dialect, western Heisai
* Heimae dialect, southern Hamae and eastern Heisai
* Tōryū dialect, northern Tomono and northern Mikei
* Tomobura dialect, central Tomono
* Honsaika dialect, northern Saka and southern Heisai
* Kisaiji dialect, southern Saka
* Meisai dialect, far eastern Mikei
* Mikei dialect, southern Mikei
* Tsuba dialect, Tsuba
Miwara Bay

**Miwara Bay** [免桥港; みわら・もん] is a bay located on the southern coast of Zōhai Prefecture, facing the Umure Strait. It is bordered by the settlements of Nichō, Shishie, Tatai, Zaki, Kanatari and Kikaze, all of which are historical fishing and trading communities. Nichō in particular was historically known as a *byōbunja* or 'sailor's village', where seafarers could rest and recuperate in between voyages.

The bay has a long history of facilitating trade and communication between Zōhai islanders and Kantonese mainlanders. In particular, it was common from the 12th century onwards for inhabitants of Aoma and Arami to choose Miwara Bay as their landing spot due to it being easy to access from across the Umure Strait. In comparison, the larger port of Nasae Bay on the east Zōhai coast was far more developed yet was harder to navigate to, imposed tariffs and was often frequented by large trading vessels and cargo ships rather than by ferry passengers and merchants.
Kamai tea

**Kamai tea** [窯倆查 かまい・ちゃ] is a type of green tea produced in the Eiho Plain region of Kōfu Prefecture. It is also known as Eiho tea, Kōfu tea, or Sugora tea, and is prized for its sweet and rich flavour. In comparison to teas from other regions in Kanton, Kamai tea is characterised by its thick leaves, and hardy quality. This is because the region is relatively far north, and the cool climate, which sometimes causes frost during winter, makes it hard for tea trees to survive without thicker leaves. Kamai tea has been found to have some of the highest levels of the beneficial antioxidants found in green tea.
Mount Arui

**Mount Arui** [あるい山; あるい・さん] is a mountain located in southern Uchi Prefecture in the Kidatsu Hills. It overlooks the minor city of Nomori, and has a height of around 1,140 metres.

It is thought that Mount Arui's name comes from the local vernacular word *aruni* meaning 'pointed' or 'jagged', probably referring to its cleft appearance. Mount Arui has two separate peaks, the larger of which is called Õganhara and the smaller Shisohara.
Dossuyama

**Dossuyama** [安水山 どっすやま] is a city located in southern Mikei Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 64,000.

The area of present-day Dossuyama was part of ancient Namema Province, and later Sanzama Province. The well-known Sakadate Temple, which stands in the city centre, claims to have been founded in the year 951. It is also believed that a castle, known as Dosumizu, also once existed in the area during the 12th century, but was later ruined or destroyed. In 1341, Ya'on Castle was built just outside the town by the Omiya clan, taking advantage of Dossuyama's position on the border with Eiita Province. Sakadate Hot Spring, one of the oldest resorts in the prefecture, was founded in 1389.

From the 15th through to 18th centuries, Dossuyama was known as a popular *koman*.

## Geography

Dossuyama is located on the modern-day border with Kōfu Prefecture. It lies beneath the foothills of the lower Taiyū Alps, and the Ōki River also runs through the city centre. Dossuyama is known for having a very cool climate, much like the other southern Mikei municipalities. During the winter months, large amounts of ice and snow can greatly interrupt daily life in the city.

## Economy

Dossuyama has a mixed economy, dominated by light manufacturing of electronics, automotive components and food processing. Agriculture is dominated by rice cultivation on the flatlands and goat, horse and sheep rearing in more hilly areas.

## Local attractions

* Sakadate Temple
* Dossuyama Wildlife Park
* Ruins of Ya'on Castle
* Sakadate Hot Spring
* Sekiwara Canals
* Dossuyama Historical Village - small recreation of Dossuyama as a *koman*
* Dossuyama Museum
Esuda

**Esuda** [查萍 えすだ] is a city located in south-western Kōfu Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 32,000. The city is located on the fertile Eiho Plain and is one of the largest producers of black tea in the northern Kanton region.

Esuda is known for being one of the hottest areas in the summer in Kōfu Prefecture. This is caused by hot winds which blow in from the south, particularly around the inland Shunba region. Monsoons are also quite common during the spring and are enhanced by the large amount of precipitation which the city recieves. In 1989, the largest hailstones in recorded Kantonese history fell over Esuda, weighing around 3.5 kilograms on average. The Kantonese Meteorological Agency maintains a local meteorological observatory in Esuda.

In terms of economy, Esuda is a major industrial and commercial center within south-western Kōfu. Due to its location on the border with Kuyama Prefecture, Esuda is also a large bedroom community; many residents commute south each day into Kanyū. The highly prestigious institute Keida University has a campus in Esuda's city centre.

## Local attractions

* Funō Temple
* Miuki Tea District
* Esuda Gardens
* Mount Chagusa
Araminara earthquake

The **Araminara earthquake** [空免海・敷铠] occurred in the northern portion of Arami Prefecture at 18:06 local time on October 6 1989. The initial quake had a magnitude of 6.6 and caused noticeable shaking across the entire prefecture, additionally causing tremours in eastern Hamae Prefecture.

As late as November 3, fatalities attributable to the earthquakes occurred as perceptible aftershocks continued. 68 dead and 4,795 injuries were reported in total. Over one hundred thousand people fled their homes; the tremours caused houses to collapse in all major cities and damaged thousands in the region. The earthquakes also caused multiple landslides; recent typhoons had waterlogged the soil, making this more likely.

The quake broke water mains. Extensive electric power, telephone (including cellular telephone) and Internet outages were reported. Depletion of battery-powered back-up power supplies occurred in as little as a day.
Modori

**Modori** [もどり / Sunpaku: もどり] is a city located on the west coast of Zōhai Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 21,000.

Modori is often said to be one of the oldest settlements of Zōhai. It is well known for its specialty textile, *modori-sōfu*, a type of *sōfu* tweed made from wool. The town is also known for its *nōzan* (potato liquor) and its sheep farms.
Mount Asuhara

**Mount Asuhara** [沈彭山 あすはら・さん] is a stratovolcano located in the southern Taiyu Alps in Kōfu Prefecture. It has a height of around 2,220 metres, and is the tallest volcano in the prefecture; its last recorded eruption was in 1598. Asuhara is primarily known for its ski resorts, hot springs, and advanced hiking trails.

In local mythology, it is said that Mount Asuhara was seen as a symbol of good fortune and was believed to be the physical home of Aranimae, a local deity who is worshipped across the Honzuranō region. This deity has two faces; one face which is perpetually angry, and releases thunder in fits of rage, and another face which is gentle and benevolent, and releases rain so that all living things can grow. Mount Asuhara's name literally means 'rainy peak', and it was once believed that praying to the mountain would appease Aranimae and bring rain. During the late 1800s, postcards bearing a picture of the mountain were often sent to bring good luck to the receiver.
Arami dialect

The Arami dialect [空免丞言; あらみ・じょうげん] is one of Kanton’s most insular dialects, and it is almost never spoken outside of Arami Prefecture. Some have described it as being like the Hamae dialect mixed with the Aoma dialect. It is frequently described as being hard to understand, with many words and phrases being completely different from Standard Kantonese.

## Varieties

Arami has three varieties: Anzaki, which is spoken around the prefectural capital, Aramizō, which is spoken primarily in the north, and Aramidan, which is spoken in the prefecture's central region.

## Features

* /j/ coming after /n/ will result in a /hj/ sound. E.g. the word 言 [*genyo*, language] becomes /gen.hjo/.
* Much like Aoma dialect, the /n/ sound on the end of a word will be aspirated heavily, becoming more like /nuh/. In southern Arami it is even common for the ending ん to become a full な.
* Intervocalic, beginning and ending /g/ is very likely to become /ŋ/.
* Combinations of /n/ and /m/ side-by-side in a word will result in a merged /m/ sound. For example: 電槇 [でんまき] becomes でっまき, or more likely でっまぎ.
* The standard polite negative conjugation, -ない, will change to -なない.
* An ending /a, o/ sound is likely to become /ə/ and reduced much.
* /z/ at the beginning of words will often become a lightly-aspirated /ʑ/.
* The prohibitive mood changes from -ながい to -ざあ.
* The imperative mood becomes -ばちゃ.
* The /fu/ sound will often become more like the /pu/ sound.
* Questions are marked by the particle -なあ.

## Common vocabulary

* なう - I, me [neutral]
* ぼう - you [neutral]
* むけぎ - liar, cheat, fraud
* ぎ - rice [pronounced as ŋi]
* すぎ - to like, to enjoy
* らしゃ - anger, fury
* めつぎ - joy, happiness
* はご - vegetable
* べんのう - please
Sannō River

The **Sannō River** [山笹免; さんのう・み] is a river located in central Zōhai Prefecture. It flows through the towns of Shikima and Modori before depositing into the sea on the prefecture's west coast. Its source lies in the foothills of Mount Taiha, in the Nakahara range.

The river's original name, *Rūyo*, was in use until the late 1880s. In the Sunpaku language, the name translated literally as 'home of the cherry salmon'. However, the moniker was changed by the Kantonese government to Sannō because the word *rūyo* sounded too similar to the Kantonese word *rōyo*, meaning 'death' or literally, 'eternal sleep'. It is still known by some Modori locals as the Rūyo River.
Lake Yamami

**Lake Yamami** [山糸匆; やまみ・く] is a lake located in south-central Aoma Prefecture at the foothills of the Aomaki Hills. It is a corrie lake, or tarn, and was formed millions of years ago in a large crater which overlaps the slopes of three peaks: Mount Umeki, Mount Motobi and Mount Ido. A number of rivers find their source in Lake Yamami, some of them eventually connecting to the Aomaki River.
Shimaki

**Shimaki** [弹槇; しまき] are traditional reed curtains hung between rooms, in doorways, or in windows. They may also be made from bamboo stems; these curtains are called *takemaki* and are typically used for entrances. The reeds (or bamboo stems) are woven along thin pieces of rope or string, which are then hung from a wooden rail. *Shimaki* can be rolled up and tied to the rail, or they can be pulled up with a pulley and wrapped around the rail, similar to blinds. *Takemaki* are usually presented in two separate sheets, and are often hung in front of sliding doors.

## Useage

*Shimaki* were traditionally used to protect a building from wind, dust, and rain, as well as to keep a home warm on cold days and to provide shade on hot summer days. They can also be used for decorative purposes or for dividing a room into two separate spaces. *Shimaki* are very portable and were traditionally used by travellers as equivalents to tarpaulin, protecting against rain or sun and providing shelter.

Exterior *shimaki* and *takemaki* are traditionally used by shops and restaurants as a means of protection from sun, wind, and dust, and for displaying a shop's name or logo. Names are often Kantonese characters, but may also be emblems or abstract designs. Painted *shimaki* are called *rushimaki*. Designs are generally traditional to complement their association with traditional establishments, but modern designs also exist. Interior *shimaki* are often used to separate dining areas from kitchens or other preparation areas, which also prevents smoke or smells from escaping.

*Shingyō* (public bathhouses) traditionally place *takemaki* across their entrances. They are also hung in the front entrance of a shop, with the name of the shop written on the front.
Funagi dialect

The **Funagi dialect** [風长丞言; ふなぎ・じょうげん] is a dialect spoken in northern Aoma Prefecture, on and around the Fugan Peninsula. The dialect is known to be starkly divergent from standard Kantonese, and even people living in the same prefecture may have some trouble understanding it.

The dialect is spoken most in the settlements of Onzu, Yamo, Jisu, Mesama, Hatai, northern Usamae, Ido and northern Yōshō. In the town of Onzu, which lies on the Fugan Peninsula itself, there is an annual summer Funagi Dialect Contest (風长丞言の競蒔) in which teams of native speakers create short skits or performances, usually humourous, using the dialect. In June 2007, a short segment featuring the competition was broadcast nationally.

## Vocabulary

* に - I, me
* にゃあ - you, them
* ばった - but
* じょうじゃ - countryside
* しゃい - (the) same
* とんど; とんどり - friend, buddy
* くうだちゃ - irritating, annoying
* じゃんい - money, cash
* やあ - home
* ご - rice (cooked)
* ごへ - field, paddy
Atama

**Atama** [あたま / Sunpaku: あたま] is a city located in north-central Uchi Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 16,000.

Atama's name comes from an archaic and regional Sunpaku word meaning 'valley' or 'shallow dip', which fairly accurately describes the city's location beneath the slopes of the Anodari Hills; Mount Yori overshadows the outskirts of its northern ward. The Settosu River flows through Atama's southern ward, which is used primarily for wheat and rice farming.

In terms of cultural attractions, Atama is known regionally for its annual Lantern Festival (*chiya no machi*) which takes place every October and features a parade of lanterns through the city centre. The Atama Atsumizu *reijo* is a popular spot for tourists and locals alike.
Yomizu Inn

**Yomizu Inn** [云水肩戸 よみず・よと] is a historic *yoto* (Kantonese inn) located in the city of Kaguchi, Arami Prefecture. The establishment is over 500 years old and is one of the oldest and most famous in the prefecture. It has an adjacent reijo named Yomizu Sanjo which is supplied by slightly sulfuric natural hot springs. Annually, Yomizu can experience over 20,000 visitors.

The setting for the famous 1940s novel *Winter Mist* by Ōgae Chūyū is based upon the location of the inn. The room in which Ōgae stayed and wrote while he was there has been preserved.
Ihana

**Ihana** [阳设; いはな / Sunpaku: しろだら] is a city located in western Uchi Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 12,000, making it the smallest city.

Manganese was once mined at the foothills of Mounts Fuki and Yoshi to the south of the city; however, mining ceased in Ihana in 1984. The Settosu River provides irrigation for the production of rice, potatoes, and soybeans. Beef, pork, and poultry are also traditionally raised in Ihana.
Yūgo

**Yūgo** [佑貢; ゆうご / Sunpaku: ゆいご] is a city located in northern Uchi Prefecture on the Yūgo Headland. As of 2022, it has a population of around 60,000.

Since the early 19th century, Yūgo has been developing as a centre of the steel industry and agricultural sector in Uchi. There are large cement factories, steel mills, oil refineries, and shipyards clustered around the port of Yūgo, and minor commercial fishing still persists, although it only makes up around 5% of the local economy. North Kanton Steel Works Ltd. has its headquarters based in Yūgo.

The city's northern coastline is known across the Daizō region for its scenic views and peaceful winter retreats; Yūgo has one of the highest concentrations of *reijo* in Uchi, and for this reason is nicknamed *Atsumizuma* ('town of hot water'). Yūgo's climate, particularly in winter, can be very harsh, and even summers can be quite cool and wet.
Iromizu Pass

The **Iromizu Pass** [阳水山量; いろみず・さんりょう] is a mountain located in the Banzan Mountains which divide Hamae Prefecture in half. Throughout history, and into the modern day, the pass has served as a road connecting the Shimae and Kanmae regions of the prefecture and enabling smooth travel throughout Hamae.
Senpu

**Senpu** [紐夫; せんぷ / Sunpaku: せんぷ] is a city located in south-western Zōhai Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 23,000.

Senpu is the origin of the beer brand Snapdragon, which has grown to become one of the most famous and popular beer companies in the country. The city is also the home of the traditional Summui drinking custom *sotobuki*. There are multiple Sudaro shrines located around the region, some of which are believed to date back to the early 1100s.

Since the 1940s Senpu has been a small-scale centre of textile production, but due to its seaside location and its historical sights the city has also become a popular tourist spot. In recent years various agricultural crops have been grown in the rugged farmland areas of Senpu. Commercial fishing was once a busy industry but has now died away. Resort hotels have existed in the coastal areas of Senpu since the 1950s, and tourism remains an important part of the economy of the city.
Myōri

**Myōri** [妙欺; みょうり / Sunpaku: まおり] is a city located in south-eastern Zōhai Prefecture. As of 2020, it had a population of around 94,000.

The area of modern-day Myōri was historically agricultural. The area was additionally used as a retreat for members of both the Summui and mainland aristocracy from the 1200s. Consequently, the settlement was strongly influenced, economically and culturally, by the central Summui state. The city's proximity to the former capital of Takemugi meant that there was often interactions between the aristocracy in the capital and the common merchant classes of Myōkei.

The city is located on the large Doshō Plain, to the south of Nasamazu, and is surrounded by various other smaller settlements. It has some access to Kagino Bay, but a fishing community never developed. Lake Kokuya lies to the east of Myōri, and is fed by the Haka River, which flows down from the Torichi Mountains. Lake Kokuya is known for the production of scallops, shrimps and oysters, which contributes considerably to the wider economy.

## Economy

Agricultural production has declined in Myōri over recent decades. Like many other areas of Zōhai, the city is known for its berry farms and its horticulture. Rice and wheat are also cultivated in the farming sector of the city, along with *naranō* potatoes.

Rent from land used for military testing facilities by the Kantonese government remains a large source of income for Myōri. In recent years the government has attempted to further diversify the local economy, focusing on traditional crafts in particular.

## Local attractions

The nearest beach to the city, Myōrigino Sands, is a popular spot for tourists and locals. Other attractions include:

* Mount Ukabi Hiking Trails
* Lake Kokuya
* Myōri Summer Festival
* Kozō Park
* Myōri Central Gardens
Omiya Castle

**Omiya Castle** [重妙莽 おみや・がく] is a castle located in the city of Omiya, Mikei Prefecture. From the early 1400s until the late 1800s, the castle was the main residence of the Omiya clan of Sanzama Province. It is also known as Tanimae Castle, or less commonly, Omiya-Daiman.

Omiya Castle is located on a plateau overlooking the city of Omiya between the fork of the Daiyama and Dainoko Rivers. The site is protected naturally by the moat-like formation of the rivers, and by a deep forest to the north. This forest was strictly protected during the last few centuries and is a rare surviving portion of the original virgin forests of Honzura. The area is now managed as a botanical garden by Honzura University.
Ōzata National Park

**Ōzata National Park** [尬歹陀保、おおざた・どうほ] is a national park in the west of Tomono Prefecture, spanning across a large portion of the Yūmi Mountains. The total area is divided into two regions: the Higazata region and the Shirazata region.

The Ōzata National Park is a popular tourist destination for mountain climbing, hiking and hot spring resorts. The Higazata area is home to a large number of popular hiking trails, while the Shirazata area is known primarily for its *reijō*. There are a number of famous mountains within the park, including Mount Shū, Mount Shinobu and Mount Ōhara.
Yōshō

**Yōshō** [由商; ようしょう] is a city located in northern Aoma Prefecture. As of 2020, it had a population of around 60,000.

Yōshō lies in the eastern foothills of the lower Migai Hills; to the north of the city, Lake Ashi lies surrounded by reedy wetlands. The central part of the city is characterised by its orderly grid-shaped streets and its narrow canals, which are supplemented by the many small tributaries of the lower Ashi River. Many avenues in central Yōshō are also lined with crabapple and cherry blossom trees.

The township flourished as a farming village throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, also becoming a ranch area for breeding cavalry horses. Yōshō's economy is largely based on agriculture; garlic, ginger, potatoes, oats, wheat, rice, beansprouts and carrots are some staple crops of the city. However, a good percentage of the population is employed in the tertiary sector.

## Local attractions

* Yōshō Daiwari, the largest canal in the city on which boats can be driven
* Shikoba Falls, a large waterfall located in the northern ward
* Yōshō Arts Centre and Museum
* Hinakusa Park, a park filled with crabapple trees, which is often the site of *hinamachi*
Senzan University

**Senzan University** [绘山盖含；ぜんざん・がいはん] is a private university located in Senzan, Heisai Prefecture, established in 1993. It is the first university in Kanton to be dedicated to computer science. The university specializes in computer science education, both hardware and software, at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It is known for its open access to computers; there is a 1:1 ratio of computers to students, and students have access to a computer 24 hours a day. Additionally, the computers are replaced every three years, so the available computer equipment is always recent technology.

In addition to computer science, English language education is an important aspect of Senzan University. The university is officially bilingual and all official meetings and correspondence are interpreted and translated. Approximately 40% of professors come from overseas, including countries such as Vietnam, India, South Korea, Canada, United States, Russia and China. Not only do students enroll in English courses throughout their undergraduate programs, many of their computer science courses are taught in English. Students are required to write a graduation thesis in English. The university has international students at the masters and doctoral levels.
Tōnomi University

**Tōnomi University** [宛希盖含; とうのみ・がいはん] is a private university located in Tōwara, the capital of Tomono Prefecture, established in 1955. It is ranked as the fifth-best university in the prefecture.

The institute's schools include:

* Department of International Business
* Department of International Economics
* Department of Paramedical Science
* Department of Management and Administration
Shunga

**Shunga** [盾占; しゅんが] is the tradition of naming those who have recently graduated in a specific profession. These names, most often those of the person's father, grandfather, mother, grandmother or teacher, are passed down through generations of lineages, and hold great honour and importance. Shunga names are also given with the expectation that the receiver shall embody the attributes which it conveys. Certain names have come to be associated with certain professions. In modern times some have been appropriated by wider society, with parents giving their newborns these names due to their connotations of honour and skill.

Professions which are known for holding shunga ceremonies are often ancient, focused on the traditional arts. Here are some examples, with common shunga names added:

* Theatre actor - Hasai, Honza, Sōkan
* Theatre musician/performing traditional musician - Gaji, Hōrin, Jishō
* Seamstress/tailor of traditional clothing - Kibaki, Yōryū, Nudama
* Creator of traditional instruments - Nenge
* Manager of a teahouse [e.g. when one becomes owner of such an establishment, they receive a new name] - Dangen, Chiken, Bōchō
* *Senkō* - Furei, Kimoe, Moromiki
* Lady-in-waiting/manservant for a royal family member - Chūyū, Teichū, Nōya
* Tea brewer - Jii, Mizutsu, Juchi
* Priest, monk or, in some areas, *horane* - Zoyū, Chūzo, Zōchū, Noshibu, Jibai
* One who comes into possession of a castle or large piece of land - Yūgi

Shunga ceremonies can be lengthy or brief depending on the field. The longest ceremony is normally that of the priest or monk, as it includes far more religious ritual.
Shinsui Falls

**Shinsui Falls** [伸水彩; しんずい・ふし] is a waterfall located in the city of Akagetsu, Tomono Prefecture. It is one of the city's most famous natural landmarks, and receives over 10,000 visitors yearly.

The waterfall's name literally means 'clean/pure water'. In ancient times, monks of the nearby Yoraku Temple and the surrounding region believed its waters to be holy and would often bathe and conduct rituals there.
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Sakashizu

**Sakashizu** [坂亲 さかしず] is a city located in southern Kōfu Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 30,000.

Sakashizu is located at the border between Kuyama and Kōfu Prefectures, and is essentially a suburb of the wider Kanyū urban area. The entire city is located on the Eiho Plain, with the Tadama River running through the western part of the city, and the Fusei River running through the eastern part of the city. Sakashizu is one of the centres of tea and *izan* production in the prefecture, producing over 90,000 gallons of *izan* each year on average.

Fukōgo Printing has a large factory in Sakashizu, which is also home to a number of other light manufacturing, electronics and transportation/warehousing companies. However, due to its proximity to Kanyū, over a third of the workforce commutes daily, making Sakashizu largely a bedroom community.

## Local attractions

* Sakashizu Temple
* Mount Kadahita
* Dōgō Woodlands Nature Reserve
Reijo

**Reijo** [熱些; れいじょ] is the standard name given to hot springs in Kanton. As a volcanically active country, Kanton has hundreds of *reijo*. However, they are most commonly found near mountains, especially dormant or active volcanoes, and in the northern and eastern regions.

*Reijo* come in many types and forms, including outdoor [*ureijo*] and indoor [*bureijo*]. Baths may be run either publically by a municipality or privately, often as part of a hotel or *yoto*. Bathhouses which feature *reijo* are known as *reishinda*. The presence of a reijo is often indicated on signs and maps by the symbol ♨ or the word れい. Traditionally, *reijo* were located outdoors, although many inns have now built indoor bathing facilities as well. Nowadays, as most households have their own bath, the number of traditional public baths has decreased, but the number of tourists visiting hot spring resorts has doubled in recent years.

## Terminology

The standard word *reijo* is used in all parts of Kanton, but different regions also have their own terms for the hot spring. In the north, *reijō* with an elongated /o:/ is more common, and appears in the names of almost every hot spring resort. In the central belt, the word *shizuke* is more common, although *reijo* is used more frequently nowadays. In the south, the term is *reishi.*

## Public bathing

Traditionally, *reishinda* establishments allowed all adults to bathe together, regardless of gender, but children under the age of 12 were given their own separate space. This originated from the belief that young children were susceptible to adult 'uncleanliness' which could easily infect them during bathing and make them mature too early, or learn things they didn't understand too soon. Nowadays, this notion is of course not taken seriously; however, childrens' areas still exist in public bathhouses. Since the 1800s, gender separation has been enforced in *reishinda*, although the tradition of mixed bathing has persisted in rural areas. Some inns or bathhouses may offer 'women-only' or 'children-only' hours.

Historically, bathing was always done naked, but nowadays it is prohibited and considered public indecency. Men cover their genitals with a small towel or lioncloth while out of the water, while women usually wear two towels, one around their chest and other around their hips. While in the bath, people wear swimsuits known as *joki*.

Until the outlawing of prostitution in 1708, *reishinda* (and indeed, regular *shinku*) were commonly used as places of solicitation by prostitutes. The women would identify themselves by tying a strip of white cloth around their ankle, or sometimes their wrist. If a customer wanted her attention, he would pull on the piece of cloth; if the girl accepted him, they would then arrange to meet later in a more private setting.
Nagaru

**Nagaru** [曼絵; ながる] is the stage makeup worn by jūkyū actors, mostly when performing the most sophisticated, complex, famous or glamourous of plays. It is generally made with oil paint, liquid clay, or regular body paint in modern times.

*Naguru* makeup consists of brightly-coloured 'splotches' of colour over a stark black foundation, the colours and patterns symbolising aspects of the character. From the 1700s onwards, *nagaru* masks have been used in jūkyū theatre if paint was too expensive or time-consuming to apply; these are known as *sennagaru*. Though *nagaru* was originated and developed extensively by hongyū performers and street artists, it has morphed and changed so much over the centuries that it has been equally influenced by jūkyū itself.

Only a few basic colours are used in *nagaru* makeup: red, white, pale blue, and yellow. Whilst white is often used to exaggerate features, such as the eyelid area and the lips, the other colours are used to give the audience clues about the character's nature.

* Red indicates intensity of some kind. In a male character, it indicates courage, virility, virtue, heroism, and determination. In a female role, it may indicate passion, love or kindliness.
* Yellow makeup represents a negative emotion such as fear or jealousy. It suggests an untrustworthy character, or somebody who is hiding something. It may also symbolise uncertainty, naivety and a lack of knowledge or wisdom.
* Pale blue makeup is used to represent evil, and any character who is not human, such as a ghost, demon or other type of oijō. A combination of yellow and blue on a character's face symbolises inner evil and malice which is being disguised.
Yukigata University

**Yukigata University** [雪岭盖含；ゆきがた・がいはん] is a private university located in Yukigata, Heisai Prefecture, established in 1941. The university was formed by integrating three national colleges within Yukigata. The university at first consisted of two faculties: the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Economics. In 1966 the Department of Liberal Arts was renamed Department of Education. Modern faculties include:

* Department of Anthropology and Sociology
* Department of Administration
* Department of Economics
* Department of History
* Department of Education
* Department of Biological Science

The university has campuses in Yukigata, Senzan, and Shinomi.
Niraka Hot Spring

**Niraka Hot Spring** [边鳥熱些 にらか・れいじょう] is a *reijō* located in the city of Omiya, Mikei Prefecture. It is one of the most popular and well-known hot spring resorts in Mikei Prefecture, and is renowned for its scenic, peaceful beauty.

According to local legend, the hot spring was discovered by Prince Shūdoshi of the Omiya clan and his most favoured concubine as they were on an outing. The area became known thereafter as a rendezvous spot for lovers, and even in modern times is the site of many marriage proposals and romantic dates.
Wakatsu University

**Wakatsu University** [若們盖含; わかつ・がいはん] is a public research university located in the city of Wakatsu, Saka Prefecture, established in 1923. It is considered the most prestigious university in the prefecture, and one of the best in the Honzura region. It has an additional campus in Yukuzō. Often it is referred to colloquially as 'Waka-Yu' (ワカユ).

The university is primarily focused on STEMM subjects, physical education, and related areas of study. Wakatsu is also known for welcoming international students into its programs.
Mount Taiha

**Mount Taiha** [亥坤山; たいは・さん] is a mountain located in central Zōhai Prefecture, and is a part of the Nakahara range, which is the largest in the prefecture. It has an elevation of around 1,370 metres, and is positioned on the border between the city of Shikima and the village of Kudo.

In wintertime, it is possible for visitors to use the small ski resort which sits on the mountain's flat western side. Like most of the mountains in the Nakahara range, Mount Taiha often accummulates a lot of good powder snow during the cold winter months.
Tohara River

The **Tohara River** [鷲彭免; とはら・み] is a river located in central Tomono Prefecture and southern Saka Prefecture. It is the second-largest river in the Honzura region and has been a source of irrigation for the surrounding agricultural region for centuries.

The Tohara River is particularly reknowned for its scenic beauty, and it has been featured in a number of films and novels as an iconic location.
Yamamawa

**Yamamawa** [山廻; やままわ / Sunpaku: うらしゅ] is a city located in central Inaki Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 31,000.

Regionally, Yamamawa is known as "the fruit kingdom of Honnan" and is especially well known for its cherries as well as for apples, pears and persimmons. Indeed, Yamamawa is the largest producer of fruits in Inaki Prefecture. Additionally, Yamamawa has a large industrial park; the majority of its businesses are involved in manufacturing and research and development.

## Local attractions

Much of the city's tourism is focused around nature-based, outdoor pursuits.

* Daiyama - a forested hill with scenic views and good hiking/mountain biking trails
* Yamamawa Waterfall
* Kakasu River - used for whitewater rafting
* Onmae Park
* Kojūki Temple
* Megamimizu Park
Tarase

**Tarase** [辛牙 たらせ] is a city located in northern coastal Saka Prefecture. As of 2022 it had a population of around 23,000.

Tarase began as a fishing village overlooking the Honnami Bay region, and soon became known as a temple town or *horama* after the construction of Teibi Temple - originally the largest temple in Kantai Province, and now the *daihora* of Saka Prefecture and the most popular site of worship in the region. Fishing remained the settlement's main industry well into the late medieval era, along with the production of pottery and ceramic vases, cups, utensils and religious tools.

## Geography

Tarase is located just south of the Nōri Peninsula, on Honnami Bay. The Gakuni River runs along the southern boundary of the city, and Lake Iwami is situated to the north-east. The Tarase coastline is famous as one of the most picturesque areas in Saka Prefecture.

## Economy

Tarase has a mixed industrial base of light manufacturing and food processing. The main agricultural crops are rice and chestnuts, while the large fishing industry focuses mainly on fish such as mackerel and herring, and scallops, oysters, and octopus. The area is also known for stone quarrying of a particular form of granite widely used in construction and for grave stones.

## Local attractions

* Tarase Coast
* Teibi Temple
* Tarase Natural Reserve - a sprawling pine forest in the north of the city
* Tarase City Museum
* Tarase Lighthouse
* Tarase Minjū Museum of Art
* Tarase Ceramics Festival - held every March
Sakashizu Temple

**Sakashizu Temple** [坂亲方 さかしず・ほら] is a temple located in the city of Sakashizu, Kōfu Prefecture. It is one of the oldest surviving temples in the prefecture and also one of the most popular throughout the year.

The temple was founded in 1245 by a local monk named Akahara no Jiryō, who went on to serve as its first abbot, and later relocated to the famous Anzaki Temple in contemporary Hasetsu Province. The site was owned by the Sadawa clan, and was known as Sadama Temple for the majority of its history. During the early 14th century, the temple was partially destroyed during an attack from a local clan revolting against the Sadama, but was successfully rebuilt a few years later. The temple was renamed Sakashizu Temple in 1934 soon after the establishment of Sakashizu as an official prefectural city.

The temple grounds are situated adjacent to a large forested area known as the Dōgō Woodlands Nature Reserve. The building itself is home to an annex which is used as a training ground for monks, who can often be seen working there.
Tatai

**Tatai** [たたい / Sunpaku: たたい] is a city located in southern Zōhai Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 24,000. Perhaps one of the city's most interesting facts is that it is home to five centenarians - in other words, people who have surpassed the age of 100.

The Tatai area has some of the oldest settlement remains, in the form of wheelhouses, on Daizō Island. The Yamatami and Sōda Rivers, which run through the city's valley land, was the focus of these early settlements. A number of ruins of minor *odoku* (castles and forts) can be found in the area. Tatai was originally merged with the town of Nichō for most of its existence, until the two were made separate in 1951 on account of the region's growing population.

Ferry services run from Tatai Port in western Miwara Bay to the northern coast of Aoma Prefecture.
Uehara

**Uehara** [上彭 うえはら] is a city located in northern Arami Prefecture. As of 2022, it has a population of around 140,000. Generally the city is known for its abundance of snow, the huge annual *hinamachi* festival, *nōzan* production and hot springs.

The area of present-day Uehara has been inhabited for thousands of years; numerous ancient ruins and artifacts have been discovered around the region. Uehara was the home of the Kuzuyama clan, who were the most respected and powerful vassals of the Hasetsu. During the 13th to 15th centuries, it grew to become a prosperous mining town which produced large amounts of iron; this industry also made the Kuzuyama very wealthy. Musatsu Castle, the headquarters of the family, has been well-preserved and remains a popular tourist site.

## Economy

Uehara is a regional commercial and industrial centre, with heavy industry concentrated around the Ueharaki ward, and light manufacturing and commerce around the Kuzuyama ward. Tourism also contributes heavily to the city's economy. The Kadowari Reijō situated beneath the slopes of Mount Uehara is one of the top *reijō* resorts in the Honzura region. In winter, an abundance of snow makes skiing popular on the southern hills, and in spring the Uehara Hinamachi is held, the second largest *hinamachi* event in the prefecture. Additionally, Uehara is a big producer of *nōzan*.

## Geography

Uehara is located on the north side of the Iyadō mountain chain. The Miyamizu River flows through Uehara's centre, providing a huge amount of irrigation for agriculture. Lake Ayamazake lies on the eastern border of the city. Uehara is located in a shallow valley region known as the Uehara Basin which is particularly fertile and ideal for growing grains such as wheat, barley and oats. Potatoes also grow well in the area, which has contributed to the city's prosperous *nōzan* industry.

## Local attractions

* Musatsu Castle
* Uehara Hinamachi
* Mount Uehara
* Uehara City Park
* Tetsuya Reijō
* Yamahato Ski Resort
* Lake Ayamazake
* Uehara Lantern Festival
* Shindori Ume Park
Shinbon University

**Shinbon University** [行坎盖含；しんぼん・がいはん] is a private university located in Hitama, Tomono Prefecture, established in 1901. It is the oldest university in the prefecture, and is ranked as the third-best. The institute began as the Hitama Sewing School, expanding into a junior college in 1934, and eventually renamed Shinbon University in 1940. Its schools include:

* Department of Nursing
* Department of Psychology
* Department of Living Science
* Department of Art and Design
* Department of Music
* Department of Textiles and Fashion
Nōyū Bay

**Nōyū Bay** [午滾港 のうゆう・もん] is a bay located along the central western coast of Saka Prefecture in the north of Kanton. It is known for being the location of the Port of Wakada, the most significant harbour in the prefecture and one of the largest in the Honzura region.

The bay has been a centre of fishing, seafaring and maritime activity since ancient times. It is believed by historians to be the site of earliest known contact with foreign ships, having been visited by Chinese sailors in the 4th century; although none settled there, it is believed that trade occurred. Nōyū Bay is a popular tourist destination due to its white sandy beaches, distinctive cliffs, and picturesque views of the ocean.

The bay was hit hard by the effects of the 2011 Kanjō Bay disaster, and a huge amount of damage was caused to ships, fishing vessels, and infrastructure, and not least the death and injury of many fishermen who were out working when the tsunami hit.
Narami

**Narami** [海果 ならみ] is a city located in central coastal Saka Prefecture. As of 2022, it had a population of around 10,000, and it is the smallest city in the prefecture.

Narami is known for being situated around Cape Narami, a famously picturesque and scenic coastal region which is a large tourist draw for the city. Due to the presence of the Narado River, Narami has been able to traditionally focus on both fishing and rice farming using water from the river for irrigation. Narami is also known for Nakinoyaka Temple, an ancient temple which has been the site of worship for centuries. Each year, the Nakinoyaka Festival is held, during which fishermen and farmers alike pray for good fortune at the temple.