Parsifal

***Parsifal*** (WWV 111) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner with the libretto by the composer himself loosely based on the 13th-century Middle High German epic poem *Parzival* of the *Minnesänger* Wolfram von Eschenbach, recounting the story of the Arthurian knight Parzival (Percival) and his quest for the Holy Grail.

Wagner conceived the work in April 1857, but did not finish it until 25 years later. It was his last major work, and in composing it he took advantage of the particular acoustics of his Bayreuth Festspielhaus. *Parsifal* was first produced at the second Bayreuth Festival in 1882. The Bayreuth Festival maintained a monopoly on *Parsifal* productions until 1903, when the opera was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.

## Roles

### Act 1

In a forest near the home of the Grail and its Knights, Gurnemanz, elder Knight of the Grail, wakes his young squires and leads them in prayer. He sees Amfortas, King of the Grail Knights, and his entourage approaching. Amfortas has been injured by his own Holy Spear, and the wound will not heal.

***Vorspiel***

Musical introduction to the work with a duration of c. 12–15 minutes.

**Scene 1**

Gurnemanz asks the lead Knight for news of the King's health. The Knight says the King has suffered during the night and is going early to bathe in the holy lake. The squires ask Gurnemanz to explain how the King's injury can be healed, but he evades their question and a wild woman – Kundry – bursts in. She gives Gurnemanz a vial of balsam, brought from Arabia, to ease the King's pain and then collapses, exhausted.

Amfortas arrives, borne on a stretcher by Knights of the Grail. He calls out for Gawain, whose attempt at relieving the King's pain had failed. He is told that Gawain has left again, seeking a better remedy. Raising himself somewhat, the King says going off without leave ("Ohn' Urlaub?") is the sort of impulsiveness which led himself into Klingsor's realm and to his downfall. He accepts the potion from Gurnemanz and tries to thank Kundry, but she answers abruptly that thanks will not help and urges him onward to his bath.

The procession leaves. The squires eye Kundry with mistrust and question her. After a brief retort, she falls silent. Gurnemanz tells them Kundry has often helped the Grail Knights but that she comes and goes unpredictably. When he asks directly why she does not stay to help, she answers, "I never help! ("Ich helfe nie!"). The squires think she is a witch and sneer that if she does so much, why will she not find the Holy Spear for them? Gurnemanz reveals that this deed is destined for someone else. He says Amfortas was given guardianship of the Spear, but lost it as he was seduced by an irresistibly attractive woman in Klingsor's domain. Klingsor grabbed the Spear and stabbed Amfortas. The wound causes Amfortas both suffering and shame, and will never heal on its own.

Squires returning from the King's bath tell Gurnemanz that the balsam has eased the King's suffering. Gurnemanz's own squires ask how it is that he knew Klingsor. He solemnly tells them how both the Holy Spear, which pierced the side of the Redeemer on the Cross, and the Holy Grail, which caught the flowing blood, had come to Monsalvat to be guarded by the Knights of the Grail under the rule of Titurel, father of Amfortas. Klingsor had yearned to become one of the Knights but, unable to stifle sinful desires in his mind, resorted to self-castration, for which offense Titurel refused to allow him to join the Order. Klingsor then set himself up in opposition to the Knights, learning dark arts, claiming the valley domain to the south of the mountainous realm of the Grail and filling it with beautiful Flowermaidens to seduce and enthrall wayward Grail Knights. It was here that Amfortas lost the Holy Spear, kept by Klingsor as he schemes to get hold of the Grail. Gurnemanz tells how Amfortas later had a holy vision which told him to wait for a "pure fool, enlightened by compassion" ("Durch Mitleid wissend, der reine Tor") who will finally heal the wound.

At this moment, cries are heard from the Knights ("Weh! Weh!"): a flying swan has been shot, and a young man is brought forth, a bow in his hand and a quiver of matching arrows. Gurnemanz speaks sternly to the lad, saying this is a holy place. He asks him outright if he shot the swan, and the lad boasts that if it flies, he can hit it ("Im Fluge treff' ich was fliegt!") Gurnemanz tells him that the swan is a holy animal, and asks what harm the swan had done him, and shows the youth its lifeless body. Now remorseful, the young man breaks his bow and casts it aside. Gurnemanz asks him why he is here, who his father is, how he found this place and, lastly, his name. To each question the lad replies, "I don't know." The elder Knight sends his squires away to help the King and now asks the boy to tell what he *does* know. The young man says he has a mother, Herzeleide (Heart's Sorrow) and that he made the bow himself. Kundry has been listening and now tells them that this boy's father was Gamuret, a Knight killed in battle, and also how the lad's mother had forbidden her son to use a sword, fearing that he would meet the same fate as his father. The youth now recalls that upon seeing Knights pass through his forest, he had left his home and mother to follow them. Kundry laughs and tells the young man that, as she rode by, she saw Herzeleide die of grief. Hearing this, the lad first lunges at Kundry but then collapses in grief. Kundry herself is now weary for sleep, but cries out that she must not sleep and wishes that she might never again waken. She disappears into the undergrowth.

Gurnemanz knows that the Grail draws only the pure of heart to Monsalvat and invites the boy to observe the Grail rite in the hope that perhaps he might be the pure fool of the prophecy revealed to Amfortas. The youth does not know what the Grail is, but remarks that as they approach the path to the Grail castle it seems to him he scarcely moves, yet feels as if he had already traveled far. Gurnemanz answers him mysteriously that here time becomes space ("Zum Raum wird hier die Zeit").

**Verwandlungsmusik (Transformation)**

An orchestral interlude of about 4 minutes.

**Scene 2**

They arrive at the Hall of the Grail, where the Knights are assembling to receive Holy Communion ("Zum letzten Liebesmahle"). The voice of Titurel is heard, telling his son, Amfortas, to uncover the Grail. Amfortas is wracked with shame and suffering ("Wehvolles Erbe, dem ich verfallen"). He is the guardian of these holy relics yet has succumbed to temptation and lost the Spear. He declares himself unworthy of his office. He cries out for forgiveness ("Erbarmen!") but hears only the promise that he will one day be redeemed by the pure fool.

On hearing Amfortas' cry, the youth appears to suffer with him, clutching at his heart. The Knights and Titurel urge Amfortas to reveal the Grail ("Enthüllet den Gral"), and he finally does. The dark hall is now bathed in the light of the Grail as the Knights eat. Gurnemanz motions to the youth to participate, but he seems entranced and does not. Amfortas does not share in taking communion and, as the ceremony ends, collapses in pain and is carried away. Slowly the hall empties leaving only the young man and Gurnemanz, who asks him if he has understood what he has seen. When the lad cannot answer, Gurnemanz dismisses him as just a fool and angrilly sends him out with a warning to leave the swans in the Grail domain alone. A voice from high above repeats the promise: "The pure fool, enlightened by compassion".

### Act 2

***Vorspiel***

Musical introduction of c. 2–3 minutes.

**Scene 1**

Klingsor's magic castle. Klingsor conjures up Kundry, waking her from her sleep. He calls her by many names: First Sorceress (*Urteufelin*), Hell's Rose (*Höllenrose*), Herodias, Gundryggia and, lastly, Kundry. She is now transformed into an incredibly alluring woman, as when she once seduced Amfortas. She mocks Klingsor's mutilated condition by sarcastically inquiring if he is chaste ("Ha ha! Bist du keusch?"), but she cannot resist his power. Klingsor observes that Parsifal is approaching and summons his enchanted knights to fight the youth. Klingsor watches as Parsifal overcomes his knights, and they flee. Klingsor wishes destruction on their whole breed.

Klingsor sees this young man stray into his Flowermaiden garden and calls to Kundry to seek the boy out and seduce him, but when he turns, he sees that Kundry has already left on her mission.

**Scene 2**

The triumphant youth finds himself in a wondrous garden, surrounded by beautiful and seductive Flowermaidens. They call to him and entwine themselves about him while chiding him for wounding their lovers ("Komm, komm, holder Knabe!"). They soon fight and bicker among themselves to win his devotion, to the point that he is about to flee, but then a voice calls out, "Parsifal!" He now recalls this name is what his mother called him when she appeared in his dreams. The Flowermaidens back away from him and call him a fool as they leave him and Kundry alone.

Parsifal wonders if the Garden is a dream and asks how it is that Kundry knows his name. Kundry tells him she learned it from his mother ("Ich sah das Kind an seiner Mutter Brust"), who had loved him and tried to shield him from his father's fate, the mother he had abandoned and who had finally died of grief. She reveals many parts of Parsifal's history to him and he is stricken with remorse, blaming himself for his mother's death. He thinks himself very stupid to have forgotten her. Kundry says this realization is a first sign of understanding and that, with a kiss, she can help him understand his mother's love. As they kiss Parsifal suddenly recoils in pain and cries out Amfortas' name: he feels the wounded king's pain burning in his own side and now understands Amfortas' passion during the Grail Ceremony ("Amfortas! Die Wunde! Die Wunde!"). Filled with this compassion, Parsifal rejects Kundry's advances.

Furious that her ploy has failed, Kundry tells Parsifal that if he can feel compassion for Amfortas, then he should also be able to feel it for her. She has been cursed for centuries, unable to rest, because she saw Christ on the cross and laughed at His pains. Now she can never weep, only jeer diabolically, and she is enslaved to Klingsor. Parsifal rejects her again but then asks her to lead him to Amfortas. She begs him to stay with her for just one hour, and then she will take him to Amfortas. When he still refuses, she curses him to wander without ever finding the Kingdom of the Grail, and finally calls on her master Klingsor to help her.

Klingsor appears on the castle rampart and hurls the Spear at Parsifal to destroy him, but it miraculously stops in midair, above his head. Parsifal seizes the Spear in his hand and makes with it the sign of the Cross, banishing Klingsor's magic. The whole castle with Klingsor suddenly sinks as if by an earthquake and the enchanted garden withers. As Parsifal leaves, he tells Kundry that she knows where she can find him.

### Act 3

***Vorspiel***

Musical introduction of c. 4–6 minutes.

**Scene 1**

The scene is the same as that of the opening of the opera, in the domain of the Grail, but many years later. Gurnemanz is now aged and bent, living alone as a hermit. It is Good Friday. He hears moaning near his hut and finds Kundry lying unconscious in the brush, similarly as he had many years before ("Sie! Wieder da!"). He revives her using water from the Holy Spring, but she will only speak the word "serve" ("Dienen"). Gurnemanz wonders if there is any higher significance to her reappearance on this special day. Looking into the forest, he sees a figure approaching, armed and in full armour. The stranger wears a helmet and the hermit cannot see who he is. Gurnemanz admonishes him firmly for being armed on a sanctified ground and all the more so on a day when the Lord himself, bereft of all arms, had offered his own blood as a sacrifice to redeem the fallen world, but gets no response. Finally, the apparition removes the helmet and Gurnemanz recognizes the lad who shot the swan; to his amazement the returnee also bears the Holy Spear.

Parsifal tells of his desire to bring healing to Amfortas ("Zu ihm, des tiefe Klagen"). He relates his seemingly unending arduous wandering, how he strayed again and again, unable to find a way back to the Grail. He was forced to resist and fight countless enemies to guard the Spear, suffering all manner of harms in the process, but has never desecrated the relic by wielding it in battle, preserving the purity of its holiness. Gurnemanz tells Parsifal that the evil curse preventing him from finding the right path has now been lifted, since he finds himself in the Grail's domain. However, in his absence Amfortas has never unveiled the Grail, and lack of its sustaining powers has caused the death of Titurel. Parsifal is overcome with pity, blaming himself for this state of affairs, and almost faints with exhaustion. Gurnemanz tells him that today is the day of Titurel's funeral, and that Parsifal has a great duty to perform. Kundry washes Parsifal's feet and Gurnemanz anoints him with water from the Holy Spring, recognizing him as the pure fool, now enlightened by compassion and freed from guilt, and proclaims him the foretold new King of the Knights of the Grail.

Parsifal looks about and comments on the beauty of the meadow. Gurnemanz explains that today is Good Friday, when all the world is renewed. Kundry silently weeps with remorse and is baptised by Parsifal, who gently kisses her on the forehead and tells her to believe in the Redeemer. Tolling bells are heard in the distance. Gurnemanz says "Midday: the hour has come. My lord, permit your servant to guide you!" ("Mittag: – Die Stund ist da: gestatte Herr, dass dich dein Knecht geleite") – and all three set off for the castle of the Grail. A dark orchestral interlude ("Mittag") leads into the solemn gathering of the Knights.

**Scene 2**

Within the castle of the Grail, Titurel's funeral is to take place. Mourning processions of Knights bring Titurel's coffin and the Grail shrine, as well as Amfortas on his litter, to the Grail hall ("Geleiten wir im bergenden Schrein"). Expected to perform the ritual, Amfortas begs his deceased father, whose demise he acknowledges as his further guilt, to plead by the Redeemer to grant him the unique mercy of death, which alone would finally deliver him from all his pain. ("Mein Vater! Hochgesegneter der Helden!"). The Knights desperately urge Amfortas to keep his promise and at least once more, for the very last time uncover the Grail again, but Amfortas, in a frenzy, says he will never again show the Grail, as doing so would only prolong his unbearable torment. Instead, he commands the Knights to kill him and end with his suffering also the shame he has brought on the Knighthood. At this moment, Parsifal appears and declares but one weapon can help: only the same Spear that inflicted the wound can now close it ("Nur eine Waffe taugt"). He touches Amfortas' side with the Holy Spear and both heals the wound and absolves him from sin. Extolling the virtue of compassion that made a pure fool knowing, Parsifal replaces Amfortas in his kingly office and orders to unveil the Grail. As the Grail glows ever brighter with light and a white dove descends from the top of the dome and hovers over Parsifal's head, all Knights praise the miracle of salvation ("Erlösung dem Erlöser!"). Kundry, at last released from her curse and redeemed, slowly sinks lifeless to the ground with her gaze resting on Parsifal, who raises the Grail in blessing over the worshipping brotherhood.

## Musical Numbers

### Act 1

* "Eh! Oh! Guardia così fate voi dormendo?" (Gurnemanz, Knights, Esquires, Kundry)
* "Sì qui! ... Sta ben! ... Possiamo un po'" (Amfortas, Knight, Gurnemanz)
* "Non dir! Ah, ah ... E se non giova?" (Kundry, Esquires, Gurnemanz)
* "Oh, santa lascia, prodigioso acciar!" (Gurnemanz, Esquires)
* "Titurel, il pio campion" (Gurnemanz, Esquires)
* "Ah! Chi fu quell'empio?" (Esquires, Gurnemanz, Knights, Parsifal)
* "Or di'. Sinor a nulla hai risposto" (Gurnemanz, Parsifal, Kundry)
* "Dal bagno già ritorna il Re" (Gurnemanz, Parsifal)
* "Il tempo qui, figliuolo, diventa spazio" (Gurnemanz)
* "Tu bada ben - or si vedrà" (Gurnemanz, Knights, Flowermaidens)
* "Mio figlio Amfortas, sei pronto al rito?" (Titurel, Amfortas)
* "Pietà fa saggio" (Voice from Above, Knights, Titurel)
* "Il mio sangue sia vin" (Voice from Above)
* "O giubilo santo!" (Titurel, Flowermaidens, Knights, Chorus)
* "Che fai tu qui?" (Gurnemanz, Chorus)

### Act 2

* "È giunto il di" (Klingsor, Kundry)
* "Il più forte convien quest'oggi domar" (Klingsor, Kundry)
* "Qui fu il clamore - armi, fiere grida!" (Flowermaidens, Parsifal)
* "Parsifal, resta!" (Kundry, Parsifal, Flowermaidens)
* "Un sogno tutto ciò non è?" (Parsifal, Kundry)
* "Ho visto, il figlio sul materno sen" (Kundry)
* "Ahimè! Ahimè! Che feci?" (Parsifal, Kundry)
* "Amfortas! La piaga! la piaga!" (Parsifal, Kundry)
* "Ah crudel! Gli altrui dolori atroci nel cor tu senti" (Kundry, Parsifal)
* "Va via, o femmina vil!" (Parsifal, Kundry, Klingsor)

### Act 3

* "Di là venuto è il grido ... " (Gurnemanz, Kundry)
* "Salve, frate! smarrito qui" (Gurnemanz)
* "Dio mi la ritrovarti!" (Parsifal, Gurnemanz)
* "Signor, se un reo poter ti deviò dal tuo cammin" (Gurnemanz, Parsifal)
* "No! no! la sacra fonte sia vital lavacro al pellegrin ... " (Gurnemanz, Parsifal)
* "Con l'onda pura sii tu" (Gurnemanz, Parsifal)
* "Ma pur non è cosi" (Gurnemanz, Kundry, Parsifal)
* "Mezzodi ... è questa l'ora" (Gurnemanz)
* "Nell'arca qui rinchiuso scortiam il Gral pel mistico rito" (Chorus)
* "Si, onta, onta su di me!" (Amfortas, Chorus)
* "Soltanto un'arma val ... " (Parsifal)
* "O divin prodigo" (Chorus)