recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Akkadian Sumer

**Akkadian Sumer** refers to the region of Sumer under the rule of the Akkadian Empire c. 2270–2083 BCE (short chronology).

The Eastern Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the "Neo-Sumerian Renaissance" that followed it. Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes. Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a "Semitic vs. Sumerian" conflict. However, it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered, by Sargon.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `roux1993`
2. ↑ *Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture* by T. Jacobsen
DUMU.ZI.SIPA (Dumuzid)

**DUMU.ZI.SIPA** (*Cune.* 𒌉 𒍣 𒉺𒇻 ) *Dumuzid sipad*, **Dumuzid the Shepherd** was the primary consort of the Lady Inanna. In Sumerian mythology, Dumuzid's sister was Geshtinanna, the Lady over vegetation.

In the Sumerian poem *Inanna Prefers the Farmer*, Dumuzid competes against the farmer Enkimdu for Inanna's hand in marriage.

In *Inanna's Descent into the Underworld*, Dumuzid fails to mourn Inanna's death, and when she returns from Kur (Sumerian underworld), she allows the *galla* demons to drag him down to the Underworld as her replacement. Inanna later regrets this decision and decrees that Dumuzid will spend half the year in the Underworld, but the other half of the year with her, while his sister Geshtinanna stays in the Underworld in his place, thus resulting in the cycle of the seasons.

Lord of Agriculture
Dumuzid was also an agricultural lord, associated with the growth of plants. Ancient Near Eastern peoples associated Dumuzid with the springtime, when the land was fertile and abundant. But during the summer months, when the land was dry and barren, it was thought that Dumuzid had "died". During the month of Dumuzid, which fell in the middle of summer, people all across Sumer would mourn over his death. An enormous number of popular stories circulated throughout the Near East surrounding his death.

Sumerian King List
In the Sumerian King List, Dumuzid is listed as an antediluvian king of the city of Bad-tibira and also an early king of the city of Uruk.

Tammuz
Dumuzid was reimagined by the Akkadians as Tammuz.

Notes

1. ↑ poss. a derivative of "faithful son", trans. “Son, life of a shepherd” or “Son, the shepherd”.

References
1. ↑ Mitchell 2005, p. 169.
2. ↑ "The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.2.1.1&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc&lineid=c211.15#c211.15.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 72. Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992" defined multiple times with different content
4. ↑ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. 74–84.
5. ↑ Ackerman 2006, p. 116.
6. ↑ Jacobsen 2008, pp. 74–84.
Inanna Prefers the Farmer

File:Inanna préfère le fermier.jpg
**Inanna Prefers the Farmer** is a Sumerian poem that begins with a playful conversation between Inanna and her brother Utu, who incrementally reveals to her that it is time for her to marry.Template:Snf Dumuzid comes to court her, along with a farmer named Enkimdu. At first, Inanna prefers the farmer, but Utu and Dumuzid gradually persuade her that Dumuzid is the better choice for a husband, arguing that, for every gift the farmer can give to her, the shepherd can give her something even better. In the end, Inanna marries Dumuzid. The shepherd and the farmer reconcile their differences, offering each other gifts.Template:Snf

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Kramer 1961, p. 101. Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "FOOTNOTEKramer1961" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "FOOTNOTEKramer1961" defined multiple times with different content
Trevor

**Trevor**is a traction engine.

## Persona

Trevor is very friendly and gets along well with the engines. He is also helpful and ready to give anybody advice. Trevor loves company, especially children. He likes giving them rides in his cart.

## Gallery

Trevor in the Railway SeriesTrevor in the Model SeriesTrevor in the CGI Series
Ishkur

**Ishkur**, *Išku*, is a Sumerian lord of the rain and thunderstorms of spring. He was the city god of Bit Khakhuru (perhaps to be identified with modern Al-Jidr) in the central steppe region. He was the son of Nanna, the moon god. When portrayed in human shape, Ishkur often holds his symbol—the lightning fork. Ishkur’s wife was the goddess Shala.

## Influence

Ishkur was adapted into Northwest Semitic and ancient Mesopotamian religions as
Hadad (Ugaritic: 𐎅𐎄 Haddu), Adad, Haddad (Akkadian), the storm and rain god.
Uras

**Uraš** or **Urash**, in Sumerian theology, is a goddess of earth, and a consort of the sky god Anu. She is the mother of the goddess Ninsun and a grandmother of the hero Gilgamesh. In Akkadian, she was the first consort of Anu, and the pair were the parents of the Anunnaki and the Utukki. Her name *Uras* even became applied to Anu himself, and acquired the meaning "heaven".

## References

1. ↑ Wayne Horowitz (1 January 1998). *Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography*. Eisenbrauns. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-0-931464-99-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&pg=PA231.
Cuneiform tablet discoveries

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Persepolis Fortification Archive | The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago". Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160929234803/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/persepolis-fortification-archive.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Bertman, Stephen (2005). *Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195183641.
3. ↑ Ellermeier, Friedrich., and Margret. Studt. *Sumerisches Glossar. Bd. 3, T. 6, Handbuch Assur / Friedrich Ellmermeier ; Margret Studt.*Hardegsen bei Göttingen: Selbstverl. Ellermeier, 2003. Print. Theologische und orientalistische Arbeiten aus Göttingen, 4; Theologische und orientalistische Arbeiten aus Göttingen, 4.
4. ↑ "The Hittite cuneiform tablets from Bogazköy | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160919072426/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/the-hittite-cuneiform-tablets-from-bogazkoey/.
5. ↑ Michel, Cecile, Old Assyrian Bibliography, 2001.
6. ↑ Tablets from the site surfaced on the market as early as 1880, when three tablets made their way to European museums. By the early 1920s, the number of tablets sold from the site exceeded 4,000. While the site of Kültepe was suspected as the source of the tablets, and the site was visited several times, it was not until 1925 when Bedrich Hrozny corroborated this identification by excavating tablets from the fields next to the tell that were related to tablets already purchased.
7. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
8. ↑ Moorey, P.R.S. (1992). *A Century of Biblical Archaeology*. Westminster Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664253929.
9. ↑ Amin, Osama S. M. (September 24, 2015). "The newly discovered tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh". Archived from the original on September 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160903191715/http://etc.ancient.eu/2015/09/24/giglamesh-enkidu-humbaba-cedar-forest-newest-discovered-tablet-v-epic/.
Snow Much Fun!

**Snow Much Fun!** is an upcoming episode written by Alexander Kvitblik. It is unknown what season it will appear in.

## Plot

When Terence accidentally sprays snow on Thomas, Thomas is determined to pay him back.

## Characters

* Thomas
* Terence

## Trivia

* The name on this episode is a pun on the phrase, "So much fun".
* This episode is loosely based on the magazine story, Snow Play.
* The working title of this episode was "Fair Snow Play", similar to the magazine story.
EN.KI

**EN.KI**, or **Enki** (𒂗 𒆠 Template:Lang) is the Sumerian god of water, knowledge (*gestú*), mischief, crafts (*gašam*), and creation (*nudimmud*). He was originally patron god of the city of Eridu. He was associated with the constellation **AŠ-IKU**, *the Field* (Square of Pegasus). Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40", occasionally referred to as his "sacred number". The planet Mercury, in Sumerian times, identified with Enki.

## References

1. ↑ Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions by J.H. Rogers
2. ↑ Jeremy A. Black, Jeremy Black, Anthony Green, Tessa Rickards, *Gods, demons, and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia* (1992), University of Texas Press, p. 145.
3. ↑ Benjamin R. Foster, Chpt. 4 "Mesopotamia" from *A Handbook of Ancient Religions* edited by John R. Hinnells (2007), Cambridge University Press, p. 174.
4. ↑ W. Röllig, "Götterzahlen", *Reallexikon der Assyriologie*, III (1957-1971), p. 500.
Sumerian military

The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantry carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers.

The Sumerian military used carts harnessed to onagers. These early chariots functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs, and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports, though the crew carried battle-axes and lances. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. The cart was composed of a woven basket and the wheels had a solid three-piece design.

Sumerian cities were surrounded by defensive walls. The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities, but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes.

## References

1. ↑ Roux, Georges (1992), "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin)
2. ↑ Winter, Irene J. (1985). "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV 16. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art. pp. 11–32. ISSN 0091-7338
Henry

**Henry** is a very strong and kind engine, but he is also a bit of a worrier.

## Persona

Henry is the No. 3 green engine. He is a long and fast engine and has a thoroughbred look. Like all thoroughbreds, he tends to be a little high-strung and a bit of a worrier. But on any day he'll give any engine a run for its money.

## Appearances

Henry will appear in The Megatrain and Trucks & Tunnels.

## Gallery

Henry in the Railway SeriesHenry in the model seriesHenry in the CGI series
Sumerian architecture

File:Sumerian - Dedication Nail - Walters 481457 - View A.jpg
Template:Main
The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. Sumerian structures were made of plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with mortar or cement. Mud-brick buildings eventually deteriorate, so they were periodically destroyed, leveled, and rebuilt on the same spot. This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities, which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain. The resultant hills, known as tells, are found throughout the ancient Near East.

## Brick work

According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them."

## Ziggurats

The ziggurats, considered to be the most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings, are large layered platforms that supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,Template:Citation needed such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails.

## References

1. ↑ Sayce, Rev. A. H. (1908). *The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions* (2nd revised ed.). London, Brighton, New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 98–100. https://archive.org/stream/archaeologyofcun00sayc/archaeologyofcun00sayc\_djvu.txt.
CoBo

**CoBo** is an upcoming episode written by DonaldDouglasandToby6. It is unknown what season it will appear in.

## Plot

BoCo becomes fed up with Bill and Ben's tricks, so to give them a taste of their own medicine, he makes up a rumour that he has his own twin named CoBo.

## Characters

* Bill and Ben
* BoCo

Edward, Timothy and Marion are likely to appear.
Ziudsura

**Ziiudsura** is the protagonist in the *Epic of Ziudsura*, the Sumerian account of the epic *Flood story* found on the Ziudsura tablets.

## Instructions of Šuruppag

The instructions of Šuruppag

Ancestral lineage
* Ubara-Tutu (In Curuppag, Ubara-Tutu became king; he ruled for 18,600 years until the flood swept over), See Sumerian King List
* Šuruppag (SU.KUR.LAM)
* Zi-ud-sura

## References

1. ↑ Langdon, S. (1923), "The Chaldean Kings Before the Flood", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
Early Dynastic period

Template:Main
The dynastic period begins c. 2900 BC and was associated with a shift from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" (a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess, or a female figure when headed by a male god) towards a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great) and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as Enmerkar, Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh—who are supposed to have reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2700 BC, when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms. The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia, even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas, and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own.

The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk).

## References

1. ↑ Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once...; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion"
2. ↑ George, Andrew (Translator)(2003), "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (Penguin Classics)
Sumerian word list

Please take care with verifying any source of data of information on the internet (including any AI software such as OpenAI), the previous list had significant errors of some major concern (for what someone could potentially read and/or speak). Please ensure that you take extreme care with words that you write and speak and take steps to verify items prior to placing them into speech or thought. For reputable sources for the Sumerian word list, please refer to the following websites;

**Sumerian Word List Dictionary - External links**

* Sumerian Lexicon Search, SUMER.GRAZHDANI.EU 2016-2023
* Sumerian Lexicon, by John A. Halloran. That's the primary source for the 5000 entries of this online dictionary.
* The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary, by Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology
* The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, by the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford
* Sumerian language, English Wikipedia article
* Introduction to Sumerian grammar, by Daniel A. Foxvog
* Sumerian grammar lessons, a Wikibooks project
* Kategorie: Sumerisch, the Sumerian category of articles in the German Wiktionary

Hope this helps, Ed.
Dustin & the Twins

**Dustin & the Twins** is an upcoming episode written by DonaldDouglasandToby6. It is unknown what season it will be in.

## Plot

   When new engine Dustin starts making his way across the island and clearing the snow from the Main Line, Donald and Douglas become worried their snow-clearing days are numbered.

## Characters

* Donald and Douglas
* Dustin
Sumerian commodities

## Agriculture

Sumerian agriculture yielded barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard.

## Beer production

Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in early Sumerian brew making. The Sumerians brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers.

## Domesticated resources

Domestic sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, oxen, donkeys (equids); wool production allowed for making rugs, and clothing.

## Precious elements

Sumerians had access to and made use of alabaster (calcite), ivory, iron, gold, silver, carnelian, and lapis lazuli.

## Technology

Sumerian technology included: the wheel, cuneiform script, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lancepoints, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, waterskins, bags, harnesses, armor, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, harpoons and beer.

## References

1. ↑ Tannahill, Reay (1968). *The fine art of food*. Folio Society. Template:Page needed
2. ↑ Gately, Iain. *Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol*. Gotham Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-592-40303-5.
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sayce`
4. ↑ Diplomacy by design: Luxury arts and an "international style" in the ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BC, Marian H. Feldman, University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 120-121
Adab to Ninurta for Lipit-Eštar

*ETCSLtranslation : t.2.5.5.4*

An adab to Ninurta for Lipit-Eštar (Lipit-Eštar D)
1-3. Hero, mightiest of the Anuna gods, who comes forth from the E-kur! Ninurta, Lord Nunamnir created you like a great storm ……, he commanded you to achieve triumphs for him.

4. Barsud.

5-11. For you Nintur has opened wide her creative hands; she has breast-fed you from her sweet breasts; she has fed you with the milk of vigour. As if you were a spectacular wild bull, she has made your figure strong (?), she has made your limbs massive. She has fitted you out with …… appearance, awesome radiance and heroism. Your mother, Nintur, held you by the right wrist as she led you before your father in E-kur, the august shrine. Then she said: "Decide a great fate for the son who is your avenger!"

12. Šagbatuku.

13-15. Enlil looked at him with joy and decided his fate: "Uta-ulu, may your name be exalted throughout the extent of heaven and earth. Your awesome radiance will make all the great gods tremble with fear."

16. 2nd barsud.

17-23. "Your roaring and commands make all the foreign countries submit. Your frightening look makes all enemies tremble! Uta-ulu, when like all the evil winds you rise to …… like Gibil, the lord of ……, the hero;

[ 1 line unclear ]

After you have completely devastated the rebellious lands, ……, all the great gods will duly praise your supremacy!" …… your father decided your destiny.

24. Sa-gida.

25-26. ……, make …… hostile to him bow down for Lipit-Eštar, the son of Enlil!

27. Ĝišgiĝal of the sa-gida.

28-41. *3 lines unclear*
You have counted …… as ruin-mounds, to be mixed with dust. You have swept over ……, you obliterated it. Ninurta, hero of Enlil, as you are sitting on your throne-dais, may your spouse, the true lady Ninnibru, who embraces you, step before you daily with friendly words on behalf of Lipit-Eštar! Uta-ulu, may you be his aid when he prays! May he be able to rely on your words, may he be peerless! May he be the king whose fate Ninurta decides, the one endowed with attractiveness! Lipit-Eštar, the prince who is a supporter of yours, the son of Enlil, has established justice in Sumer and Akkad, and made the Land feel content.

42. May the shepherd, the expert, most wise in leading, guide the people for you!

43. Sa-ĝara.

44. Great hero, when for prince Lipit-Eštar you reduce to heaps the rebellious lands which are insubordinate to him, may ……!

45. Ĝišgiĝal of the sa-ĝara.

46-49. Lord, mighty flood which tears out the roots of the enemy! Ninurta, mighty flood which tears out the roots of the enemy, may you put a weapon into the mighty hands of prince Lipit-Eštar which will snap his enemies in two as if they were reeds!

50. Its uru.

51. An adab of Ninurta.
Samson

**Samson** is a cabless tank engine from the Mainland.

## Persona

Samson is rather full of himself. He is very strong for a small engine and is proud of the fact that he can pull lots of trucks! He doesn’t like to make mistakes, but he often does, like getting lost on his first trip to Sodor and ending up sleeping in the quarry.

## Trivia

* Samson is Alexander Kvitblik's favourite character.
Sumerian agriculture

The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as c. 5000 BC – 4500 BC. The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques, including organized irrigation, large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping involving the use of plough agriculture, and the use of an agricultural specialized labour force under bureaucratic control. The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC).

## Irrigation

The Sumerians developed irrigation techniques that were similar to those used in Egypt. American anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization, and that 89% of the population lived in the cities.

Because Sumerian agriculture depended heavily on irrigation, they developed the *shaduf*, canals, channels, dykes, weirs, and reservoirs. The frequent violent floods of the Tigris, and less so, of the Euphrates, meant that canals required frequent repair and continual removal of silt, and survey markers and boundary stones needed to be continually replaced. The government required individuals to work on the canals in a corvee, although the rich were able to exempt themselves.

As is known from the "*Sumerian Farmer's Almanac*", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the *Akitu* or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately, the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop.

## Harvest

Sumerians harvested during the spring in three-person teams consisting of a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf handler. The farmers would use threshing wagons, driven by oxen, to separate the cereal heads from the stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain. They then winnowed the grain/chaff mixture.

They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard.

## References

1. ↑ Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1927). *Footprints of Early Man*. Blackie & Son Limited.
2. ↑ Adams, R. McC. (1981). *Heartland of Cities*. University of Chicago Press.
3. ↑ By the sweat of thy brow: Work in the Western world, Melvin Kranzberg, Joseph Gies, Putnam, 1975
4. ↑ Tannahill, Reay (1968). *The fine art of food*. Folio Society. Template:Page needed
Utu

**Utu** was an ancient Mesopotamian deity of the sun, justice, morality, and truth, and the twin brother of the goddess Inanna, the Queen of Heaven. His main temples were in the cities of Sippar and Larsa. He was believed to ride through the heavens in his sun chariot and see all things that happened in the day. He was the enforcer of divine justice and was thought to aid those in distress. According to Sumerian mythology, he helped protect Dumuzid when the *galla* demons tried to drag him to the Underworld and he appeared to the hero Ziusudra after the Great Flood. In the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, he helps Gilgamesh defeat the ogre Humbaba.

## References

1. ↑ http://www.sumerian.org/sumlogo.htm s.v. "babbar(2)"
2. ↑ Frederick Augustus Vanderbergh : *Sumerian Hymns from Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum*. Columbia University Press, 1908. p. 53.
3. ↑ Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul (2001). "Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF)". *Electronic Journal of Folklore* (Estonian Literary Museum) **16**: 7–35. doi:10.7592/fejf2001.16.planets. ISSN 1406-0957. http://www.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol16/planets.pdf.
The Sumerian cuneiform character is encoded in Unicode at U+12313 𒌓 (Borger nr. 381). Borger's 381 is U4. http://www.sron.nl/~jheise/signlists/top20.html

Cite error: `<ref>` tags exist for a group named "fn", but no corresponding `<references group="fn"/>` tag was found
George & the Brakevans

**George & the Brakevans** is an upcoming written by DonaldDouglasandToby6. It is unknown what season it will appear in.

## Plot

After hearing Mavis grumble about shunting brakevans, George decides to pull a trick, though it turns out his sense of humor is destructive.

## Characters

* Mavis
* George

Thomas, Percy and Toby are likely to appear.
Education

**Sumerian education**

Sumer’s achievements are owed to the development of their cuneiform system of writing. Their formal system of education was practiced by teachers who lived in the early third millennium BCE. Their achievements serve as the foundation for our modern intellectual and scientific milestones of today. Without the Sumerians, we would not be where we are today. It was from Sumer that writing and learning spread the world over.

In Erech, some of the earliest Sumerian signs can be found — consisting of more than a thousand small pictographic day tablets inscribed primarily with bits of economic and administrative memoranda. There are several which contain word lists intended for study and practice, as early as 3000 BCE, which serve as evidence for scribes thinking in terms of teaching and learning.

By the middle of the third millennium BCE, there must have been a number of schools throughout Sumer, where writing was taught formally. In Shuruppak, the home city of the Sumerian Noah, quite a number of school “textbooks” dating from about 2500 BCE were excavated at the turn of the 20th century. They consisted of lists of gods, animals, artifacts, and a varied assortment of words and phrases.

## References

* Samuel Noah Kramer, Samuel N. *The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character*, University of Chicago (1963), p. 229
Sumer Wiki

· Minoan civilisation
Sumerian · civilisation
· Indus Valley civilisation
· Mt. Olympus
· Cedar Forest
· Göbekli Tepe
Kabul ·
Ur ·
· Susa
Cairo ·

## Subjects

* City-states
* Culture
* Economics
* Language
* Literature
* Theology

Template:Side

*Help build this community*

This Wiki is about Sumerian studies and its influence on surrounding cultures up until the end of the Ur III period by 2004 BCE. The dating criteria used on this wiki is *Before Common Era* (BCE) and not *Before Christ (BC).*

* Rules of this wiki
* Getting Started
* How to Contribute
* Managing this community
* Guides
* All Help articles

Be part of the larger Fandom family of communities. Visit Fandom's Community Central!
Sumerian technology

**Sumerian technology** included: the wheel, cuneiform script, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lancepoints, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, waterskins, bags, harnesses, armor, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, harpoons and beer.

## Boat making

The Sumerians were known for building coracle "round-shaped" reed boats; weaved with natural elements such as animal hair; decorated or protected with animal; and reinforced with bitumen for waterproofing; There is evidence of oared boats, however, marsh-boats were more common; pulled upstream by people and power animals along banks, or through marshes.
Duncan

**Duncan** is the sixth engine on the Skarloey Railway.

## Persona

Duncan grumbles a lot, which can often annoy the other engines. He means well but will "Rock 'n Roll" along the rails whenever the mood takes him. Duncan has a great big heart when he wants to show it but is rather misguided.

## Gallery

Duncan in the Railway SeriesDuncan in the Model SeriesDuncan in the CGI Series
Sumer

**Sumer** (Template:IPAc-en) is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the first civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley.Template:Pageneeded Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC.

## Etymology

The term *Sumerian* is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic-speaking inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the East Semitic-speaking Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as *ùĝ saĝ gíg ga* (cuneiform: 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), phonetically /uŋ saŋ gi ga/, literally meaning "the black-headed people", and to their land as *ki-en-gi(-r)* (cuneiform: 𒆠𒂗𒄀) ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble'), meaning "place of the noble lords". The Akkadian word *Shumer* may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term *šumerû* is uncertain. Hebrew *Shinar*, Egyptian *Sngr*, and Hittite *Šanhar(a)*, all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of *Shumer*.

## References

1. ↑ The name is from Akkadian *Template:Lang*; Sumerian 𒆠𒂗𒂠 Template:Lang, approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land". Template:Lang means "native, local", in(ĝir NATIVE (7x: Old Babylonian) from *The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary*). Literally, "land of the native (local, noble) lords". Stiebing (1994) has "Land of the Lords of Brightness" (William Stiebing, Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture). Postgate (1994) takes *en* as substituting *eme* "language", translating "land of the Sumerian heart" (John Nicholas Postgate (1994). *Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History*. Routledge (UK). . Postgate believes it not that eme, 'tongue', became en, 'lord', through consonantal assimilation.)
2. ↑ King, Leonid W. (2015) *A History of Sumer and Akkad* (Template:ISBN)
3. ↑ Cuneiform ancient.eu
4. ↑ W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). *The Ancient Near East*. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 28.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 K. van der Toorn, P. W. van der Horst (Jan 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible". *The Harvard Theological Review* **83** (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502.

## Resources

* History, 9 Things You May Not Know About the Ancient Sumerians
Thomas

**Thomas** is the main character in Thomas & Friends™: Wooden Railway Tales. He is a cheeky little engine who works on his very own branch line with his coaches, Annie and Clarabel.

## Persona

Thomas is the No. 1 blue engine. He is a cheeky little engine who often gets into scrapes, usually by being over-eager to do things best left to bigger and more sensible engines. But clouds never last long in Thomas' world and soon he's bustling about again, playing his part in the yard and on his very own branch line. Thomas works hard and he always strives to be a Really Useful Engine.

## Appearances

* Season 1 - A New Beginning, As the Wheels Turn, Bertie's Breakdown, and Two Ways

Thomas will also appear in How Thomas Saved Christmas, Good Train Gone Bad, Snow Much Fun!, Stanley's Branch Line, The Mountain Monster, Thomas' Smelly Problem, Thomas & Toad, and Where's Stuart?

## Gallery

Thomas in the Railway SeriesThomas in the model seriesThomas in the CGI series
Inanna

* Inanna
* Ishtar
* Aphrodite
* Venus
* Nanna

The cult of *Inanna* influenced future generations to come.

A re-imagining of *Inanna* by the Babylonians.

A re-imagining of Ishtar (Inanna), by the Macedonians (Greeks).

A re-imagining of Aphrodite (Ishtar/Inanna), by the Romans.

Scholars debate connections between Nanna, a Norse deity, to other related icons. However, there are likenesses that cannot be overlooked.

**Inanna** (𒀭 𒈹 Template:Transl) was the ancient Sumerian goddess of love, beauty, sex, desire, fertility, war, combat, justice, and political power. She was known as the "Queen of Heaven" and was the patron goddess of the Eanna temple at the city of Uruk, which was her main cult center. She was associated with the planet Venus and her most prominent symbols included the lion and the eight-pointed star. Her husband was Dumuzid the Shepherd and her *sukkal*, or personal attendant, was the goddess Ninshubur (who later became the male deity Papsukkal). Inanna was worshipped in Sumer at least as early as the Uruk period (Template:Circa 4000 BCE – Template:Circa 3100 BCE),
SES.KI

**SES.KI**, or **Nanna** (Sumerian: 𒀭𒋀𒆠 Template:Lang) was the god of the moon in the Mesopotamian mythology of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia. Nanna is a Sumerian deity, the son of Enlil and Ninlil. The two chief seats of Nanna's/Sin's worship were Ur in the south of Mesopotamia and Harran in the north.

The Sumerian ”Enlil and Ninlil” tells of the descent of Enlil and Ninlil, pregnant with Nanna/Sin, into the underworld. There, three "substitutions" are given to allow the ascent of Nanna/Sin. The story shows some similarities to the text known as "The Descent of Inanna".

The earliest spelling found in Ur and Uruk is DLAK-32.NA (where NA is to be understood as a phonetic complement). The name of Ur, spelled (cuneiform: 𒋀𒀕𒆠) LAK-32.UNUGKI=URIM2KI, is itself derived from the theonym, and means "the abode (UNUG) of Nanna (LAK-32)". He was also the father of Ishkur.
The pre-classical sign LAK-32 later collapses with ŠEŠ (the ideogram for "brother"), and the classical Sumerian spelling is DŠEŠ.KI, with the phonetic reading *na-an-na*. The technical term for the crescent moon could also refer to the deity, (cuneiform: 𒀭𒌓𒊬 DU4.SAKAR). Later, the name is spelled logographically as DNANNA.

Sin
Sin had a beard made of lapis lazuli and rode on a winged bull. The bull was one of his symbols, through his father, Enlil, "Bull of Heaven", along with the crescent and the tripod (which may be a lamp-stand). On cylinder seals, he is represented as an old man with a flowing beard and the crescent symbol. In the astral-theological system he is represented by the number 30 and the moon. This number probably refers to the average number of days (correctly around 29.53) in a lunar month, as measured between successive new moons.

References
1. ↑ "Enlil and Ninlil: translation". http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm.
Luke

**Luke** is a narrow gauge engine who primarily works at the Blue Mountain Quarry.

## Persona

Luke is a small engine, even for the Narrow Gauge Railway. When Luke first arrived on Sodor, he hid out of shame believing that he caused an engine to fall into the sea. With Thomas' help, Luke learned the truth and was able to stop hiding. Nowadays, he's a gentle, sensitive engine who may want time to be alone sometimes.
Toby

**Toby** is a steam tram. He has a faithful coach named Henrietta and works on Thomas' Branch Line.

## Persona

Toby is the No. 7 brown tram engine. He’s square – old-fashioned both in looks and nature. Toby’s always happy to work and is usually found on the Quarry line.

## Appearances

Toby will appear in Toby the Brakevan and Toby's Snowplough.

## Gallery

Toby in the Railway SeriesToby in the Model SeriesTOby in the CGI Series
Mavis

**Mavis**is a diesel engine who works at Ffarquhar Quarry.

## Persona

Mavis is a feisty diesel engine who is usually found working at the Quarry. She is full of her own ideas and doesn't take kindly to advice, which can sometimes get her into trouble. However, she still acts like a motherly figure to the other engines. Being a friendly Diesel, Mavis is usually the first one Thomas turns to when the Steamies and Diesels need to work together.

## Appearances

Mavis will appear in George & the Brakevans and Toby's Snowplough.

## Gallery

Mavis in the Railway SeriesMavis in the Model SeriesMavis in the CGI Series
Out On the Town

**Out On the Town** is an upcoming episode written by DonaldDouglasandToby6. It is unknown what season it will be in.

## Plot

An old church in Suddery is threatened to be knocked down by the Pack to be replaced by a shopping center. Trevor and Butch disagree over whether this is the right thing, and this escalates into a full scale argument.

## Characters

* Trevor
* Butch
* Ms. Jenny

The Pack will also appear.
Bertie

**Bertie** is a red bus who works near Thomas' Branch Line.

## Persona

Bertie and Thomas have been the strongest of friends ever since their Great Race. Bertie is a friendly bus who is always ready to help any engine, as long as they're prepared to admit roads are sometimes just as useful as rails. However, he can be quite cocky and boastful about himself, especially to Thomas.

## Appearances

* Season 1 - As the Wheels Turn and Bertie's Breakdown

## Gallery

Bertie in the Railway SeriesBertie in the Model SeriesBertie in the CGI Series
Gugalanna

**Gugalanna** (poss. meaning “canal inspector of An”) was the first husband of Ereshkigal, the queen of Kur, the Sumerian underworld. Their son is Ninazu. In *Inanna's Descent into the Underworld*, Inanna tells the gatekeeper Neti that she is descending to the underworld to attend the funeral of "Gugalanna, the husband of [her] elder sister Ereshkigal".

## Ennugi

Gugalanna may be an alternative name for Ennugi, one who was an attendant and throne-bearer of Enlil.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 77.
2. ↑ Kramer 1961, p. 90.
3. ↑ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, p. 55.
4. ↑ Michael Jordan, Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002
Bert

**Bert**is a blue tender engine on the Arlesdale Railway.

## Persona

Bert is the quietest of the Arlesdale Railway engines. He is the oldest out of the original three and also very easy going and friendly. One thing Bert doesn’t like, however, is the idea that bigger engines, and some people, might look down him and his friends just because they’re small. Bert usually gets on with his jobs without complaining and doesn’t mind what kind of work he does as long as he’s treated with respect.

## Gallery

Bert in the Railway SeriesBert in the CGI Series
Logan

**Logan** is a steam shunter who works at the Crosby Coal Company.

## Persona

Logan is a rough and tumble, strong little shunter. He is very friendly and hardworking. When he had a mishap with Edward and Gordon, he quickly discovered the value of patience and how it is indeed possible to correct a mistake.

## Appearances

Logan will appear in Samson & Logan, The Perfect Job and Toby the Brakevan.
NIN.LIL (Ninlil)

**NIN.LIL** (𒀭 𒊩 𒌆 𒆤 DNIN.LÍL, "lady of the open field" or "Lady of the Wind"), **Ninlil** is the consort deity of Enlil. She lived in Dilmun with her family.

## Aspects of Nanna

In Sumerian mythology, Ninlil was impregnated by her husband Enlil, who lie with her by the water, where she conceived a boy, Nanna/Suen, the future moon deity. As punishment Enlil was dispatched to the underworld kingdom of Ereshkigal, where Ninlil joined him. Enlil impregnated her disguised as the *gatekeeper*, where upon she gave birth to their son Nergal, god of death. In a similar manner she conceived the underworld god Ninazu when Enlil impregnated her disguised as the *man of the river of the nether world, a man-devouring river*. Later Enlil disguised himself as the *man of the boat*, impregnating her with a fourth deity Enbilulu, god of rivers and canals. All of these act as substitutes for Nanna/Suen to ascend.

## References

1. ↑ "Enlil and Ninlil: translation". Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford. http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm.
Sumerian domestication

File:Ur mosaic.jpg
In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the *shaduf* was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases."

 File:Issue of barley rations.JPG
## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sayce`
Samson Gets Wasted

**Samson Gets Wasted** is an upcoming episode written by DonaldDouglasandToby6. It is unknown what season it will appear in.

## Plot

After Samson's incident at the Crosby Coaling Plant, he is sent to work at the Waste Dump with Scruff, while Whiff does Samson's work.

## Characters

* Whiff
* Scruff
* Samson

The Fat Controller is likely to appear.
Stanley

**Stanley** is a silver tank engine.

## Persona

Stanley is the "boy-next-door" of the Fat Controller's Railway. He is a little bit bigger, a little bit newer, and a little bit stronger than Thomas. Stanley's positive attitude, charm, and friendliness and came to see why he was so popular and well-liked among the other engines. Thomas and Stanley are firm friends. There is nothing Stanley would not do for another engine. And if he could not do it, he would find someone who could. He is sleek, smart, and stylish as he eagerly goes about his work.

## Appearances

* Season 1 - Bully for Stanley

He will also appear in Stanley's Branch Line.

## Gallery

Stanley in the model seriesStanley in the CGI series
A New Beginning

**A New Beginning** is the very first episode of Thomas & Friends™: Wooden Railway Tales, and is written by Alexander Kvitblik.

## Plot

Thomas is sad when the old windmill on his branch line breaks.

## Characters

* Thomas

Annie and Clarabel are likely to appear.

## Trivia

* The working title of this episode was "Thomas & the Windmill".
Rosie

**Rosie**is a pink tank engine who idolizes Thomas.

## Persona

Rosie is a tomboy tank engine - feisty, fun and very free spirited! She idolizes Thomas and wants to be like him While this sometimes drives Thomas crazy, he has come to realize they can be Really Useful Engines together

## Gallery

Rosie in the Model SeriesRosie in the CGI Series
Stafford

**Stafford** is an battery-electric shunting engine.

## Persona

Stafford is an electric engine who runs on batteries. He is very helpful and has a great sense of humor. His range isn't as far as the Steamies and the Diesels. He often needs to remind the other Sodor engines that his batteries are low and need charging.
Wikia Littlewitchacademia

## Bienvenue sur le wikia Little Witch Academia !

Nous sommes heureux de vous accueillir sur le wikia basé sur l'univers de *Little Witch Academia* ! Ce wikia est tout récent et est en court de production, ainsi nous vous prions d'être indulgent, et si vous le souhaitez, de participez à sa construction !

Si vous le souhaitez, vous pouvez modifier une page déjà existante, ou alors en créer une nouvelle ici :

☀http://fr.littlewitchacademia.wikia.com/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:CreatePage
Byron

**Byron** is a bulldozer.

## Persona

Byron’s a giant bulldozer that likes to push things around. He's capable of moving lots of dirt with a single push of his blade. He's very proud and doesn't like to waste his talents on jobs he feels are beneath his stature. Byron’s the envy of all the other vehicles...or, at least, he thinks he is.
The Flying Scotsman

**The Flying Scotsman**is the last of Gordon's brothers.

## Persona

The Flying Scotsman is proud, pompous and somewhat smug; he viewed engines from Sodor with low expectations and remarked that he believed that no famous engines came from Sodor. He also enjoys teasing Gordon, referring to him as his "little brother" to annoy him.

## Gallery

The Flying Scotsman in the Railway SeriesThe Flying Scotsman in the CGI Series
Timothy the Ghost Engine

**Timothy the Ghost Engine** is an upcoming episode written by DonaldDouglasandToby6. It is unknown what season it will appear in.

## Plot

After Bill and Ben play a trick on Molly, Timothy decides to give the twins a taste of their own medicine.

## Characters

* Bill and Ben
* Molly
* Timothy

Marion is likely to appear.

## Trivia

* The episode will satirize a fanfiction called *The Untold Story of Timothy.*
SteamTeam

**SteamTeam** is an episode writer in Thomas & Friends™: Wooden Railway Tales. He has written a total of four episodes for the series.

## Episodes Written

### Season 1

* Bertie's Breakdown
* Booming Bells
* Bully for Stanley
* For Sale

## Trivia

* SteamTeam was the first person Alexander Kvitblik asked to write episodes for his series.

## External Links

* YouTube channel
* Second YouTube channel
* Twitter profile