recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Bahram II

Predecessor
 Successor
 Consort
 Religion

**Bahram II** (also spelled **Wahram II** or **Warahran II**; Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭‎) was the fifth Sasanian King of Kings (*shahanshah*) of Persia, from 1027 to 1033. Bahram II ascended the throne at a young age with the aid of the powerful Zoroastrian priest Kartir.

He had one of the most turbulent reigns of any Sassanid monarch. Right at the outset of his reign in 1028 the Roman emperor Aurelian launched a campaign into Mesopotamia. Bahram, unable to form an effective defense, was forced to flee to Istakhr, which would become the new capital, and the capital, Ctesiphon, was captured and sacked by the Romans. Ctesiphon would not fall back into Persian hands for about two hundred years. In response to these defeats revolts broke out in Khuzestan and Sakastan, and Bahram's brother the Kushano-Sasanian dynast Hormizd I Kushanshah claimed the throne and began a civil war. Meanwhile Aurelian began raiding and attacking across the Zagros with impunity. On 15 March 1030 the Persian army attempted to stop Aurelian at the Battle of Bagistana but were defeated, after this victory Aurelian began establishing new client kingdoms in Sassanid territory. In 1033, for an assortment of reasons, Aurelian decided to end his campaign in the east, and forced Bahram to sign the Treaty of Rhagae which: recognized Roman rule of everything west of the Zagros, ended the current Sassanids civil war, deposed Bahram II, and installed Bahram's son Bahram III as Rome's client King of Persia. Bahram II was paraded through Rome as part of Aurelian's triumph. He spent the remainder of his life in Rome as a hostage.
Great Crossing of the Rhine

The **Great** **crossing of the Rhine River** by a mixed group of barbarians which included Vandals, Alans,and Suebi occurred on the last day of the year 1159 AUC (December 31, 1159).

The temporary collapse of the Roman defense of the Rhine, together with the turmoil of civil war in the empire, made it possible for several Germanic tribes to establish themselves within the empire.
List of British monarchs

This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of Britain begins with Ambrosius Aurelianus, who was one of the generals of the Roman usurper Pelagius Britannicus. Though It would be his son,  Constantine II who would first officially style himself as *Rex Britannorum* or King of the Britons. This started the first unbroken line of kings to rule Britain, the House of Ambrosius or Ambrosian dynasty.
Domain of Lugdunum

The **Domain** or **Kingdom of Lugdunum** was a rump state of the Roman Empire in Gaul, along the Saone river valley.

The Domain of Lugdunum began when roman rule collapsed in the region, when regional governors refused to recognize Joannes the Indolent as emperor. Sicarius, the commander of the garrison of Lugdunum, seized power in the city and through clever politicking carved a small kingdom for himself out of the chaos that was Gaul at the time.

Sicarius died in 1262. His son Martinus succeeded to the rule.
Gaudentian dynasty

The **Gaudentian** dynasty, sometimes called the **Aetian dynasty** was a Roman imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235, during the Roman imperial period. The dynasty was founded by the short-lived emperor Gaudentius I ( 193–211), he was succeeded by his son Aetius. Aetius in turn was succeeded by his young son Gaudentius II who was  assassinated after a very short reign.

This assassination sparked the Anno Chao and ended the Gaudentian dynasty.

Aetius' second son Pelagius Britannicus years later attempted to retake the imperial throne but was defeated and killed.
Rontgen

Wilhelm nació en el pueblo de Lennep, Am Gänsemarkt, el 27 de marzo de 1845. Sus padres, Friedrich Conrad (1801-1884) y Charlotte Constanze (1806-1888) vivían en una casa elegante que durante más de treinta años les sirvió, al mismo tiempo, de residencia y sede de su comercio textil. En 1848, cuando la revolución se expandió por Alemania, la familia se trasladó a los Países Bajos, presuntamente por motivos comerciales, por lo que la mayor parte de la infancia de Wilhelm transcurrió en Apeldoorn, donde se encontraba su escuela. La idea era que al finalizar la secundaria él se hiciese cargo del negocio familiar.

En 1862, sus padres lo inscribieron en la Escuela Técnica de Utrecht, y él se fue a vivir a la casa del Dr. Jan Willem Gunning (1827-1900). Además de ser amigo de su padre, este médico daba clases de química en la universidad. Él fue quien alimentó la fascinación de Wilhelm por las ciencias naturales

Sin embargo, el joven Roentgen no pudo obtener el certificado de finalización de estudios secundarios (necesario para inscribirse en la universidad), debido a que lo expulsaron en 1863 con la acusación de haber dibujado una caricatura de un profesor (que supuestamente fue realizada por un compañero)

Mientras asistía como oyente a la Universidad de Utrecht, Roentgen se enteró por un compañero, Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Thormann, que el recién fundado Polytechnikum en Zúrich admitía estudiantes en base a un examen de ingreso, aun cuando no tuvieran un certificado de terminación de estudios secundarios. Así, aprovechó la oportunidad y comenzó a estudiar Ingeniería mecánica
Battle of Cambete (1030)

Location
 25,000• 3,000 cavalry
 Negligible

The **Battle of Cambete**, also sometimes called the **Massacre of Cambete**, was a military battle that took place on 29 May 1030 between the Roman army of Marcus Ceionius and many thousands of Germanic raiders.

The Germanic raiders had been cut off from their escape over the Rhine, by both the Roman fleet of Bonosus and two legions (under Proculus and Constantius) and were forced to turn and fight the Romans
Diotimus Africanus I

Predecessor
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 Spouse

**Diotimus Africanus I** was the second emperor of the Southern Roman Empire. He was originally the governor of Cyrenaica, and he became emperor after the death of Lucas Septimius Acindynus in 1251. Acindynus, only having a daughter, Luca Alexandriana, had designated Diotimus, who he saw as a loyal and astute governor as his heir.

Despite this designation upon his ascension Diotimus faced a large amount of opposition and internal turmoil, which dominated his short reign before he died of an unknown ailment, probably due to his advanced age, in late 1253.
Succession crisis of 1059

The **succession crisis of 1059** came about as a result of the sudden death of Roman emperor Constantius Britannicus after a brief reign on the throne. Because of the short nature of his reign Constantius had never designated a Caesar (heir). The two most popular candidates were Constantius' son, the young, ambitious, and popular, Constantine and Bassianus, an extremely popular skilled general and politician. It is said by most, though some dispute it, that Bassianus was more marginally more popular than Constantine among both the military and aristocracy. However, being Constantius' son, Constantine still possessed a strong claim, and strong support, for the imperial throne.

At the time of Constantius' death Constantine was in southern Egypt preparing for a campaign against the Kingdom of Kush, whereas Bassianus was already in Italy. With his advantage in location Bassianus swiftly made his way to Rome where the Senate, despite sizable opposition from the pro-Constantine faction, named him Emperor. Despite this declaration many presumed Constantine would still attempt to take the throne, and people feared a civil war. Doing nothing to lessen these fears, Constantine delayed his planned campaign and traveled to Alexandria. Some sources report that Constantine began rallying troops to launch his civil war, though others deny this. Luckily, after a tense few weeks, for unclear reasons (possibly Constantine's realization that Bassianus was already too well supported to take on) Constantine announced that he wouldn't challenge Bassianus.

In months after this Constantine travelled to meet Bassianus in Italy. The two, only a couple years apart in age, made friends with one another and got along well. After some negotiations Bassianus (probably out of a mixture of caution and admiration) bestowed onto Constantine the title of Caesar, making him his presumptive heir. The two also seem to have, after this, spent some time working out the governance of the empire. Later historians claim that Constantine's input was a major factor in Bassianus' Edict of Antioch (though this is disputed).

Having been satiated Constantine returned to Egypt to launch his campaign into Kush, ending the crisis.
Huns

The Huns
 Tengrism (suspected)

The **Huns** were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 12th and 14th century AUC. The Huns established a powerful, but short-lived, Hunnic Empire in Europe, conquering the Goths and many other Germanic peoples living outside of Roman borders, and causing many others to flee into Roman territory. The Huns are thought to have originated from the Xiongnu, the Turkish or Mongolian nomadic northern neighbors of the Chinese, but no consensus has yet been made on the subject. However, most studies suggest a link between the Xiongnu and the Huns.

The role the Huns played in the 12th and 13th century decline of the Roman Empire is debated by historians. While some believe that the Huns were the largest cause of the decline, others believe that the Hunnic incursion into Europe may have helped the Romans by weakening the Germanic tribes who were migrating into Roman territory for reasons unrelated to the Huns, such as climate.

They do not seem to have had a unified government when they entered Europe, but rather to have developed a unified tribal leadership in the course of their wars with the Romans. The Huns spoke a language of their own, but few traces of it remain and its linguistic family is still subject to debate. According to dominant theories, it would be a Turkish language, but other languages ​​were spoken in the Hunnic Empire, including East Germanic languages like Gothic. Their military might was largely built upon mounted archery.

## Name and etymology

The Huns are known by different names in ancient texts: Khounn, Hounn, Xoûvoi, Xoóvvoi, Ouvvoi, Hunni, Chunni. Chinese sources call them Hiong-nou, Xwn or Xiongnu.

The name *Hun* is attested in classical European sources as Greek *Οὖννοι* (*Ounnoi*) and Latin *Hunni* or *Chuni*. John Malalas records their name as *Οὖννα* (*Ounna*). Classical sources also frequently use the names of older and unrelated steppe nomads instead of the name *Hun*, calling them Massagetae, Scythians, and Cimmerians, among other names.

## Origin

It is generally agreed upon that the Huns were a

## History

*Main Article: History of the Huns*

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Alypius (Comes Domesticorum)

**Alypius** (19 August 1197 - 11 July 1259) was Roman soldier who who served as *Comes Domesticorum* under Varronianus the Good. He helped Gelasius overthrow Varronianus in 1245. Upon the ascension of  Constantine II Alypius was named governor of Egypt and Palestina. As Governor in 1246 he prepared to invade the Second Palmyrene Empire, but the Palmyrene's struck first and invaded Egypt, and Alypius was killed at the  Battle of Pelusium. The battle, despite his death, was only a minor defeat, and Alypius' lieutenant, Acindynus was eventually able defeat the Palmyrenes and push them out of Egypt. Acindynus would later become the first emperor of the Southern Roman Empire.
Polemius (Southern Roman usurper)

Reign
 Born
 Died

**Polemius** (1 December 1189 - 21 July 1254) was a general and usurper emperor of the Southern Roman Empire.
The Commander of Legio III Augusta he, and his legion, revolted at the start of July against Emperor Diotimus Africanus II in response to a deduction in pay, which was apart of Diotimus' reforms. The legion was decisively defeated at the Battle of Ammaedara on 21 July 1254, in the aftermath of which the legion was disbanded and Polemius was captured and executed.

He had one daughter Polemia Eucheria, who was married to Marcus Patricius Augustinus.
Palladius

Reign
 Predecessor
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**Gaius Anicius Palladius** (7 January 1164 – 1 April 1212) was a Roman Emperor from 1203 to 1206 and again from 1211 to 1212 during the Anno Chao.

He claimed the imperial throne in response to the murder of Gaudentius II and the elevation of Heraclius, but eventually agreed to recognize Mithraius as emperor. After Mithraius' death in 1211 Palladius once more claimed the imperial throne, but he was defeated by  Theodosius. After his defeat he fled and was never seen again. His ultimate fate is unclear, even among contemporaries, and is a matter of debate among historians.

## Early life and career

Born as Gaius Anicius Petronius Palladius to the powerful Anicius family. His father was Petronius Maximus, a wealthy senator and a prominent aristocrat and consul in 1186 and 1196. His grandfather was Anicius Probinus, consul in 1124. Palladius himself had a promising career becoming consul in 1202 at the age of 38.
Edict of Antioch

**Edict of Antioch** (Latin: *Edictum Mediolanense*, Greek: Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων), was a proclamation issued by the Roman emperor Bassianus that established freedom of religion within the Roman Empire. It was issued on 24 June 1066 AUC. The edict granted all people of the empire freedom to worship whatever deity they pleased, pledged the tolerance of Christianity, enshrined the Christian right to organize and establish churches, restored confiscated Christian property, and rescinded status of the cult of Sol Invictus as the official state religion of the Roman Empire.
Siege of Ganzak (1204)

Location
 Roman Empire
Christian Armenians
 Marcian
Vardan Mamikonian
Acacius
Romulus
Mihr Narseh
Sixtus
 35,000 Romans and
25,000 Armenians
 4,400

The **Siege of Ganzak** took place when the allied Roman and Armenian army, under the Roman general, and future emperor, Marcian, besieged the fortified city of Ganzak in July 1204.

After the Sassanid defeat at  Arbela the remainder of the Sassanid Army fled into Atropatene only to be trapped in the city of Ganzak by a combined Roman Armenian army. After a three month siege the Romans were able to breach the city and most of the remaining Persians surrendered.
Aemilian Plague

The **Aemilian Plague**, also known as the **Plague of Bassianus** (after Bassianus, a roman emperor who died of it), was a pandemic that afflicted the Roman Empire about from 1072 to 1075 AUC. Though the plague itself was not super damaging to the roman population (though an estimated 100,000 died from it) it also killed off many livestock causing widespread food shortages that (in combination with deaths from the plague itself) killed over a million. Its name comes from Aemilia Hilaria, a young physician, whose work surrounding the plague helped better the human understanding of disease, and she was one of the first proponents of what would become the germ theory of disease (partially inspired by the writings of Varro). The agent of the plague is thought to be a form of anthrax.

After the death of Bassianus efforts by Constantine I, such as assigning convicts to grind Rome's flour (to lower the price of food), helped reduce the strain caused by the pandemic.
Battle of Eutresis

Location
 Heraclian Forces
 Parthenius
 Legio V Macedonica
Legio XIII Gemina
Various Auxiliary Regiments
Legio I Pia Graeca
 15,000
 1200 killed
Surrender of 5500

The **Battle of Eutresis** was a battle during the Anno Chao that took place near the town of Eutresis in Boeotia. It was fought between  Marcus Parthenius, a Heraclian, and an army led by Valentinus who supported Theodosius. The battle was a decisive victory for Parthenius, though because of Valentinus' escape it wouldn't be until much later in Corinth that Valentinus would finally be defeated.
Belisarius

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Belisarius *(Latin: Gaius Julius Belisarius; Greek: Βελισάριος, translit. Velisários*'; 11 March 1252 – 14 January 1318), was the Roman emperor from 1286 to 1318. His reign saw the restabilization of the empire, and the reconuqest of much of its former territory. This initiated an era of relative peace internally known as the *Pax Belisaria*.
Gaudentius I

Predecessor
 Died
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 Dynasty

**Gaudentius I** (Latin: Publius Gaudentius; 20 February 1115 - 15 April 1178) was Roman emperor from 1184 to 1185, and the father of the Roman emperor Aetius.

Gaudentius was born into nobility and had a successful military and political career. In 1149 he was elected as consul. After his term as consul, he served as the Governor of Africa for six years. Once his term as governor ended he joined the court of Valentinian the Galatian, who he quickly became close friends with. In 1168 Valentinian appointed Gaudentius Prefect of his Praetorian Guard. He maintained the position for a long 16 years during the rest of Valentinian's reign and that of his son Justin I. After Justin's death Gaudentius was proclaimed emperor.

His brief reign was turbulent having to defeat two usurpers before solidifying his control. Shortly after establishing his control he fell ill for over a month and then died. He was succeeded by his son Aetius.

## Early life

Gaudentius was born in or around the city of Durostorum in Moesia Inferior to a noble Roman family in the year 1115, during the early years of the reign of the Emperor Germanus. He married Licinia, an Italian nobelwoman.

Not too much is known about his early life.

## Military and political career

Around the age of 21 Gaudentius began his political and military career, joining the senate at the age of 25. He served in the military with distinction, and was elected Consul in the year 1148. After his time as consul he became the proconsul of Africa for two three year terms from 1149 to 1155. After this Valentinian the Galatian named him prefect of his Praetorian Guard. This seems to indicate that Gaudentius enjoyed the trust of Valentinian.

Following the death of Valentinian in 1180, Justin I became the new co-emperor. Since he was underage, Valentinian, on his deathbed, appointed Gaudentius as the caretaker for Justin until he came of age. As such Gaudentius, from his position as praetorian prefect, became the *de facto* co-emperor of Basilius II. When  Victorinus killed Basilius in 1183 and proclaimed himself emperor, Gaudentius refused to acknowledge him as a legitimate co-emperor. Gaudentius, with the young emperor Justin accompanying, marched to depose Victorinus. While they were still on their way east, Justin fell ill to a fever. On 18 October 1184 Justin died and Gaudentius was chosen by the army to succeed him.

### Controversy

Some historians assert that Justin was assassinated by Gaudentius, rather than dying of plague, however there is no contemporary evidence to support this claim. This controversy dates back to Heraclius, who, after overthrowing Gaudentius' grandson Gaundentius II, spread the rumor in an attempt to delegitimize the Gaudentian dynasty.
Romanus' African War

Location
 Territorialchanges
 Legio VII GeminaLegio I IoviaLegio V IoviaLegio II IsauraLegio II Flavia ConstantiLegio II TraianaSeveral vexillationsVandal Army
 40,000-55,000 Romans20,000-40,000 Vandals700 ships and transports
 12,000-18,000

**Romanus' African War** (1254), also called **Romanus' invasion of Africa**, was a major military campaign fought between the Roman Empire and Southern Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Romanus I. The conflict was a massive Roman invasion of Africa, conducted by Romanus' Comes Domesticorum Diaco, with the goal of annihilating the Southern Empire once and for all. The invasion was triggered primarily by worsening food shortages in Rome that necessitated the recapture of Africa and the threat of the Southern Romans to Italy and Sicily.

As a part of the invasion the Vandals were allowed to cross into Africa to aid the Roman war effort.

Despite some initial setbacks the campaign was a resounding victory and the Southern Roman Empire was destroyed. However the victory was immediately diminished. The Vandals, after the war, proceeded to establish their own kingdom in Africa, taking most of the recaptured territory after the ensuing Third Vandalic War.
Ctesiphon

**Ctesiphon** (Persian: 𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭; Greek: Κτησιφῶν; Syriac: ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ‎) was a major metropolis of the classical age, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris. Ctesiphon served as the main capital of Persia, in the Parthian and Sasanian eras for hundreds of years. Ctesiphon the capital of the Sassanid Empire until it's capture by the Roman emperor Aurelian. The city was recaptured by Kavad I, but it was never again the capital.
Oescus

**Oescus**, **Palatiolon** or **Palatiolum** is an important city on the Danube river in Roman Moesia. It later became known as **Ulpia Oescus**.

For a short time it was linked by the longest and most famous stone bridge across the Danube with the city of Sucidava.

The city at one point reached a area of 280,000 m2 and a population of 100,000.

In 1206 AUC the plains and swamps outside of the city were the site of the Battle of Oescus between the Romans and Huns.

## Etymology

The name of the Roman city comes from the river Oescus. It probably meant "water" in the local Thracian dialect.
Narbona

**Narbona** (Classical Latin: Narbo) is a city in southern Gallia. It is located about 15 km, or 9 miles, from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and was historically a prosperous port.

The city was established by the Roman Republic in 636 AUC, as **Colonia Narbo Martius**, colloquially **Narbo**, and made into the capital of the newly established province of Gallia Transalpina. It was located on the Via Domitia, which connected Italy to Hispania. Narbona was therefore located at an important strategic crossroads, situated where the Via Domitia connected to the Via Aquitania, which led toward the Atlantic. The city later became the capital, and lent its name to, the province of Gallia Narbonensis.

It was the second oldest Roman colony in Gaul, after Aquae Sextiae. Despite only being the second oldest it gained the nickname "*the eldest daughter of Rome outside Italy*".
Permedius

Predecessor
 Died
 Spouse
 Religion

**Permedius** (Latin: *Gaius Quintus Permedius*; 15 April 1171 – 2 June 1206) was Roman Emperor for 48 days in 1206, during the Anno Chao. He was born in Greece to an obscure family possibly at the village of Pellana. As a young man he advanced in ranks through Rome's military hierarchy eventually becoming a legate. In 1203 he aided Heraclius in his overthrow of Gaudentius II. Permedius seized power after the death of the emperor Heraclius in 1206. He reigned until he was killed in battle with Mithraius.
Dai Dynasty

The **Dai Dynasty** was a Chinese imperial dynasty that was in power from 1520 to 1535. The dynasty arose in 1520 after the successful rebellion of Guo Ziyi against the Tang dynasty. It is also noteworthy for being the only Christian state to rule over all of China.

The Christian nature of the dynasty was unpopular, and within a year after the death of Guo Ziyi a large Buddhist revolt occurred led by Zhu Ci. The revolt was partially successful, and the Dai lost control of the North to the emerging, Northern Qin dynasty, whereas the remaining Dai southern state became known as the Southern Dai. This marks the start of the second period of the Northern and Southern dynasties.
Battle of Arbela (1204)

Location
  Theodosius
Marcian
Proculus
Procopius
Abbousta
Mihr Narseh
Izad Gushnasp
Ashtat
Sixtus

The **Battle of Arbela** was a decisive battle that took place in 1204 AUC between the forces of the Roman Army of  Theodosius and the Sassanid Persian Army.

The battle took place on the plains between the Great Zab River and city of Arbela. Theodosius' victory here was key to his conquests in Persia, as after this battle the Sassanid military was effectively decapitated. The Battle was followed with the invasions of Atropatene, which culminated with the Siege of Ganzak, and of Susiana.
Georgius Joannes Africanus

Reign
 Born
 Died

**Georgius Joannes Africanus** (24 January 1198 - 7 May 1252) was a former slave who, after rising through the ranks of the military, became a usurper of the Southern Roman Empire. Despite his high popularity, especially among the rank and file soldiers, he was assassinated in a conspiracy and replaced by Theodatus.
Moesia Inferior

**Moesia inferior** ("Lower Moesia ") was a province of the Roman Empire on the eastern Balkan Peninsula. It extended over several hundred kilometers in a west-east direction on the southern bank of the lower Danube *(Danuvius)*. The area was named after the local Thracian tribe of the Moesi, and was part of the larger region of Moesia.
Jewish Revolt of Sabatus

Sometimes called the **Fourth Jewish–Roman War** or, the **Fourth Jewish Revolt**, in 1141-1142 the Jews of Roman Palaestina, in response to growing Christian presence, revolted against Rome. The revolt was crushed by Emperor Constans I. The revolt was led by a messianic claimant named Sabatus or Sabbatai.
Nova Aetas Wiki

This wiki is meant as a repository for all canonical *Nova Aetas* lore and information. All pages are written "in-universe" as if by someone from within that timeline. Trivia and references to our own history are generally not permissible here, except in meta articles. The wiki is still very much under construction and help is always appreciated. If you wish to contribute, please ensure you are adding acceptable and relevant content.

* The *Nova Aetas* Timeline
* Frequently Asked Questions
* List of Countries
* List of Heads of State and Governments
* List of Important People
Arianism

**Arianism** is a Christological doctrine and sect of Christianity that originated in the mid eleventh century. It was named after its founder, Arius (1009-10089), a presbyter of Alexandria. Arian theology holds that the Son is distinct from the Father and therefore subordinate to the Father. The term *Arian* is derived from the name Arius; it was not what the followers of Arius's teachings called themselves, but rather a term used by outsiders. The nature of Arius's teachings and his supporters were opposed to the theological doctrines held by Homoousian Christians, regarding the nature of the Trinity and the nature of Christ.

## Theology

In Arianism, the dogma of the Trinity is not accepted. Both Jesus and the Holy Spirit are seen as subordinate creations of God . Jesus is only subordinate to God in this, while the Holy Spirit is subordinate to both Jesus and God.

Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God the Father. The Arian concept of Christ is based on the belief that the Son of God did not always exist but was begotten within time by God the Father, therefore Jesus was not co-eternal with God the Father.
Estados de agregación

La materia en la Tierra se presenta en tres estados ampliamente diferenciados: estado gaseoso, estado líquido y estado sólido.

### Gaseoso

El estado gaseoso se caracteriza por no tener superficie límite y de ahí la tendencia a ocupar el máximo volumen disponible. En este estado las variaciones de la presión y la temperatura influyen notablemente sobre el volumen. La materia en estado gaseoso no tiene pues, un volumen fijo ni una forma fija y tiene gran compresibilidad.

### Liquido

En el estado líquido la materia toma la forma del recipiente que la contiene, sólo tiene una superficie límite de la cual dependen algunas de sus características principales (viscosidad y tensión superficial). La influencia de la temperatura y la presión sobre el volumen son menores.

### Solido

En este estado la materia varía poco su volumen y no tiene forma propia. Por último, el estado sólido se caracteriza por tener forma y volumen determinado, siendo en este estado prácticamente inapreciable la variación del volumen al cambiar la temperatura y la presión.

### Bibliografía:

1. ↑ Beltrán, H.(2011)Tema estados de agregación. Tomado de: https://ocw.uca.es/pluginfile.php/239/mod\_resource/content/1/Tema\_5.\_Estados\_de\_Agregacion.pdf
Germanus (son of Constantine II)

**Germanus** (1252-1287) was the son of King Constantine II of Britain.

Germanus was said to be the strongest man on the island. He died along with his brother Pelagius when the two dueled to see who would become king after their father's death.

Germanus never married but he did father two bastards:

Cephorus, who was born in 1270 and grew up to be a minor noble and the progenitor of the Cephorian dynasty. And a daughter, Pelagia, who was born in 1274 and died at the age of four.
Babylon

**Babylon** is a major city built on the Euphrates river in Mesopotamia and the capital city of the ancient Babylonian empire. The city, built along both banks of the river, had steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. The earliest known mention of Babylon appears on a clay tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad of the Akkadian Empire. The city was reconstituted by the Roman emperor Aurelian as Babylonia Aureliana and made the capital of the new Roman province in the region.
Theodosiopolis

Originally existing under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia, Karin served as the capital of the region of Karin, in Upper Armenia. Theodosius fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after himself. After this it became the chief military stronghold in western Armenia. Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was a fiercely contested point in the many wars between the Romans, Persians, and Armenians.
Aurelian's Persian War

Location

**Aurelian's Persian War** was a series of campaigns by Roman Emperor Aurelian beginning in 1029 against the Sasanian Empire. The war was very successful for Rome and severely weakened the Sassanids.

In 1028, Aurelian set his eyes on the Sassanid Empire, and early the following year he launched his invasion. The Sassanids were weakened by recent political turmoil and would struggle to form a meaningful defense. Aurelian brought his army down along the Euphrates facing little resistance. On 3 June 1029 Aurelian captured and sacked the Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon, destroying large parts of the city. Aurelian spent the next year securing all of all the territory west of the Zagros mountains(Mesopotamia). Aurelian annexed the region splitting it into three new provinces: Babylonia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria. Towards the end of the year Aurelian also established, renamed and rebuilt, the city of Babylonia Aureliana, on the site of old Babylon.

In over the next three years Aurelian campaigned in the Caucuses, which he annexed most of (including Armenia), and across the Zagros into Persia. He defeated a large Sassanid force at the  Battle of Bagistana and brought his army as deep as Parthia. In 1033 Aurelian's illness, a revolt in Isauria, and increasing Persian resistance led Aurelian to make peace with the Treaty of Rhagae. In the terms of the treaty among other stipulations the Sassanids accepted Roman control of everything west of the Zagros, and Bahram II was deposed in favor of his son Bahram III, who would serve as a client ruler.

Aurelian's war against Persia fulfilled the dreams of Trajan and established a strong Roman presence in the east. While much of Aurelian's conquests would quickly dissipate, the Sassanid Empire was permanently weakened and it would be hundreds of years before it began to come back into its former power. As a result of this the Sassanids would be unable to retake Mesopotamia for over two hundred years, beginning a long period of Roman rule in Mesopotamia.
Lucius Coillus

**Lucius Coillus** (AUC 1158-1223) was a Roman Governor  Britannia of in the early 13th century. Of unknown origins, he was a Roman citizen, probably of equestrian rank.

After the  assassination of Gaudentius II Lucius became the *de facto* regent and guardian of the deceased emperor's child brother  Pelagius, whom he declared to be emperor in the Anno Chao. During this period he effectively ruled Britain as an independent state.

He defeated the fleet of emperor Theodosius I, who was preparing an invasion of Britain to eliminate Pelagius, near Bononia.

Once Pelagius reached adulthood he rejected Lucius' offer to marry his daughter Lucia Aetia in favor of the beautiful Renata. This created a riff between Lucius and Pelagius, who had once been as close as father and son. As there relationship declined Pelagius eventually decided to move preemptively and had his former mentor killed.

Lucius' two sons  Silus and  Cereticus in response revolted against Pelagius. Cereticus was killed in battle (supposedly by Ambrosius Aurelianus) and Silus made peace with Pelagius, working out a deal that allowed him to govern the north under Pelagius. Silus would go on to become the first king of an independent kingdom in northern Britain.
Ostrogoths

Ostrogoths
 Visigoths, Gepids, Crimean Goths

The Ostrogoths (Latin: Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Germanic people who, along with the Visigoths, made up the two main groups of Goths during the Migration Period. In the 13th century they settled in Pannonia and in the Balkans. The Ostrogothic Kingdom that eventually formed in Pannonia formed under the influence of the Amal Dynasty.
Battle of Hadrumetum (1254)

Location
 Territorialchanges
 Legio VII GeminaLegio I IoviaLegio V IoviaLegio II IsauraLegio II Flavia ConstantiSeveral vexillations
 30,000-40,000
 12,000-18,000

The **Battle of Hadrumetum** was fought on 26 October 1254 between the Roman armies led by Diacoand the Southern Roman forces under Emperor Diotimus Africanus II. It took near the city of Hadrumetum in Africa. The battle was a close victory for Rome.
Decimius Magnus Ausonius

Born
 Died
 Nationality
 Children
 Allegiance
 Service/branch
 Years of service
 Rank
 Commands

Decimius Magnus Ausonius (1063-1148) was a Roman statesmen, poet, governor, and consul from Burdigala in Aquitaine.

## Early life

Decimius Magnus Ausonius was born in 1063 in Burdigala the son of Marcus Julius Ausonius, who was of Greek descent, and Aemilia Aeona, both members of landowning families of southwestern Gaul. His mother died while he was still young and he was raised mainly by his aunt, the influential physician Aemilia Hilaria.

He married Attusa Lucana Sabina, the daughter of the Senator Attusius Lucanacus Talisius. With her he had a son, Hesperius, and a daughter Avita.

He inherited from his parents a fortune made up of ten small estates spread across the Garonne valley between Burdigala, Cossium and Marmande.

He was governor of Dalmatia, Gallia Belgica, and Gallia Aquitania. His time as governor of Belgica inspired him to write his most famous poem, the Mosella.

Ausonius was elected consul in 1106 and again in 1132.

After his second term as consul Ausonius retired to his estates near Burdigala in Gaul. He lived out the rest of his days at his country estates composing poetry and writing to his friends and many famous contemporaries.
Decimius Hilarianus Hesperius

**Decimius Hilarianus Hesperius** (1099 - 1171), was a Roman politician and the son of Decimius Magnus Ausonius.

He was made Proconsul of Africa in 1129 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Thalassius as governor.

With his wife Didia he had three children, two sons and two daughters. His first son, Marcus Hesperius, was born in 1128 and died at the age of 12. His next child, a daughter, Hesperiana was born in 1131.

His second son, Decimius Didius Ausonius, was born in 1140. Ausonius was governing Gallia Lugdunensis during the outbreak of the Anno Chao in 1203. He aligned himself with the emperor Heraclius, and led an army against the usurper Mithraius. Ausonius was killed at the Battle of Matisco fighting against Mithraius on 5 March 1204. He died at 64.

His last daughter, Didia Hilariana, was born in 1142
Heruli

Heruli
 Germanic Paganism(mostly worshipping Odin), Arianism, Nicene Christianity

The **Heruli** (or Herules) were an early Germanic people, possibly originating from Scandinavia.

The Heruli are first mentioned by Roman authors as one of several "Scythian" groups raiding Roman provinces in the Balkans and the Aegean Sea, attacking by land, and notably also by sea.

During the 13th Century they settled in Pannonia, where they warred some with the [[Ostrogoths]]. The Roman emperor Belisarius settled the Heruli into the Drava River valley in the Eastern Alps as a foederati kingdom and buffer to the Germans. During this period the Heruli converted from Arianism to Roman Nicene Christianity However, their kingdom was destroyed by the Slavic Carantanians who migrated into the region in the early 14th century. Some Heruli subsequently became established inside the Roman empire, and continued contributing fighting men to the Roman army, and participating in Roman conflicts.

With their kingdom gone, and their remaining people integrated into the Roman empire, the Heruli slowly disappeared from history during the mid 14th century.
Sasanian Empire

The **Sasanian** or **Sassanid Empire**, officially known as the **Empire of Iranians** (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 *Ērānshahr*) was a major Persian political and cultural power in ancient Persia. Named after the House of Sasan, which originated in Persia, the empire was founded by Ardashir I after the defeat of Artabanus IV, the last Parthian king. The Sassanids dominated a large area of western Asia over a period of more than four hundred years, were considered one of the superpowers of the classical world.

The Sassanid period is known as one of the high points of Persian history. The Sasanians developed a centralized government bureaucracy, revitalized Zoroastrianism, built grand structures, and patronized cultural institutions. However Sassanid rule went through many periods of ups and downs, almost collapsing on several occasions. The loss of the capital of Ctesiphon and region of Mesopotamia to the Roman Emperor Aurelian damaged the empire, and led to a rapid decentralization of the Empire.
Caesar (title)

**Caesar** is imperial Roman title. It derives from the *cognomen* of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about 822 AUC, the so-called "Year of the Four Emperors".

The title *Caesar* is mainly used for the designated successor of the emperor, but it is also part of the title of the reigning emperor.
Constantius Britannicus

Predecessor
 Died
 Spouse
 Religion

Flavius Valerius Constantius 'Britannicus' (31 March 1003 – 25 July 1059), also called Constantius I, was a Roman emperor from 1057 to 1059. Constantius was also the father of the emperor Constantine.

Of Illyrian and probably humble origin, Constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army. During this time he became a close friend of the future emperor Marcus Verus. Constantius distinguished himself greatly in the early days of Verus' reign by crushing the revolt of  Carausius in Britain. In the following year he launched a campaign against the Picts extending Roman rule in Britain to its greatest height since Agricola. The victory earned him his agnomen of "Britannicus" (conqueror of Britain), which is how he is known to this day.

In 1056, with his health declining, Marcus Verus designated Constantius as his heir to the Senate who approved of the decision. the following year Constantius became emperor, however due to his age Constantius' reign was brief ending two years later when he died suddenly. He was succeeded by Bassianus, an influential politician and general.
Heraclius

Predecessor
 Died
 Spouse
 Religion
Praefectus urbi (1198)

**Heraclius** (12 September 1140 – 16 March 1206) was Roman emperor between 1203 and 1206 after he murdered and overthrew Emperor Gaudentius II, the son of Emperor Aetius. This action sparked the Anno Chao, a nine year long brutal civil war.

Heraclius worked closely with the Roman Senate in order to carefully orchestrate the assassination of Gaudentius II.

In the immediate aftermath of Gaudentius' assassination, Heraclius quickly secured the throne. Knowing that the Praetorian Guard, loyal to Aetius and his progeny, would be a threat he had in advance secretly prepared Legio II Parthica, based just outside of Rome, whose commander Permedius was loyal to Heraclius. After the assassination the legion quickly struck against the Praetorians. With the full backing of the Senate, Heraclius had established himself as emperor.

However the sudden overthrow led to the revolts of several governors and generals across the empire, who saw Heraclius as illegitimate. The empire was plunged by this into chaos, and Heraclius would never effectively control the whole empire.

Heraclius' reign came to a sudden end when he was killed in a grain riot on the streets of Rome. Permedius, with the support of the senate, seized control in the aftermath.

## Early life

Not too much is known about Heraclius' early life or origins. The historian Hydatius identifies him as the son of a general named Marcius Florus, and that he came from the region of Lydia in Anatolia, though this is disputed

At some point he became a Senator, and in 1183 he served as consul. Following his consulship Heraclius served as governor of Africa. In 1198 he served as praefectus urbi (urban prefect) of Rome.

## Death

By Spring of 1206 the grain shortages had reached critical levels, furthermore the population was further incensed by Heraclius' defeats the previous year. The situation in the city of Rome was extremely volatile.

As Heraclius rode out of the city to meet up with his army camped outside on 16 March 1206, he was set upon by an angry mob. The mob overwhelmed his body guards, seized the emperor, and promptly put him to death. The exact nature of his death is disputed. Hydatius says he was stoned, John of Antioch says he was killed by a soldier named "Caius Oranius", and Jordanes says he was beat to death by the rioters. Regardless of the nature of his death, it is agreed upon that his body was subsequently mutilated and flung into the Tiber.

Permedius arrived too late to prevent the emperor's death but was able to put down the riot. In the aftermath of the riot the Senate named Permedius as the new emperor. Once again the sources disagree with Hydatius claiming the Senate elected Permedius by its own will, while Jordanes says it was at the point of Permedius' sword.
Chrocus (Alemanni leader)

**Chrocus** or **Crocus** (1008–1081 AUC) was a leader of the Alamanni. He was one of the leaders of the Alemanni during  Ceionius' Campaigns. During the Siege of Taroduna when Magnericus became despondent over his son's death Crocus took command of the town. Only a couple days after his taking of command, upon learning of Semnon's defeat, Crocus surrendered to Ceionius. After this surrender Crocus chose to join the Roman military. Crocus seems to have been a Alemannic royal, but gave it up in favor of joining the Roman military.
Lucius Valerius Maximus Basilius (consul 1080)

Predecessor
 Died
 Spouse
 Gens
 Occupation

**Lucius Valerius Messalla** (fl. 3rd century) was a Roman senator who was consul in 1033 AUC.

He was married twice. His first marriage may have been to a Septimia, a daughter of  Lucius Septimius Bassus. They had one son together, named Lucius Valerius Septimius Bassus. His second marriage was to Vulcacia, the daughter of a Neratius Junius Flavianus. They had two children, a son, Maximus, and a daughter, Valeria, who may have become a Christian through her possible marriage to a Rufius Maecius Placidus.
Lounesid Dynasty

The **Lounesids** (Latin: *Lounesi*) were a Berber Dynasty in Mauretania, ruling from 1814 to 1926. Named after the founder, Lounes I. They replaced the collapsing Aghilasid Dynasty.

Lounesid rule saw a continuation of many of the trends of the later Aghilasid Dynasty: increased focus on mercantilism, a decrease in interest in Mediterranean affairs, and increased interest and involvement across the sea in Hesperia.

Merchant class and certain Jewish groups grew increasingly powerful, attempts to curb their influence backfired leading to a popular revolt and the collapse of the Dynasty. They were replaced by the extremely decentralized Mezianid Dynasty, under the rulership of King Meziane.

## List of Rulers

* Lounes – (1814–1852)
	+ Revolts and overthrows the Aghilasids
	+ very devoutly Christian
	+ Moves the capital to Mehdya
* Yohanan I – (1852–1862)
	+ Son of Lounes
	+ also sometimes called John (Yohanan is a form of John)
* Yohanan II – (1852–1870)
	+ Son of Yohanan I
* Badis III – (1870–1883)
	+ Yohanan II
	+ Jewish pirates of *Aloubaéra*
* Yohanan III – (1883–1896)
	+ Brother of Badis III
* Yohanan IV – (1896–1919)
	+ Son of Yohanan III
* Ioues – (1919–1926)
	+ Son of Yohanan IV
	+ Attempts to curb the influence of Merchants and wealthy Jewish families, ultimately leading to a revolt and his overthrow
Thrasamund (Vandal King)

Predecessor
 Died

**Thrasamund** (1203–1276), King of the Vandals and Africans (1261–1276), was the second king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals.

Thrasamund also ended the persecution of the Nicene Church, a move which improved the Vandals' relations with the Roman Empire.

Thrasamund died in 1276 and was succeeded by his son Fridamal.
Latin

**Latin** (*latīnum* or *lingua latīna*) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in the area around Rome, known as Latium. Through the power and expansion of Rome Latin spread across much of the world. There are many varieties of Latin, including its standard form: Modern Standard Latin, also referred to as Literary or Modern Latin, which is modernized Old Classical Latin. Many speakers of Latin are native bilinguals of both Standard Latin and other regional varieties of Latin.
Siege of Taroduna

Location
 21,000• including 2,800 cavalry
 Not significant

The **Siege of Taroduna** or **Battle of Taroduna** was a military engagement around the *oppidum* (fortified settlement) of Taroduna or Tarodunum. It was fought by the Roman army of Marcus Ceionius against the Alemanni and Longiones. The battle was a decisive Roman victory and the German army was completely shattered.

## Background

After the narrow Roman victory at the Ambush at the Tragisama River, the German army, disorganized in its retreat, split into two portions. The first larger group of 15,000 under Magnericus, retreated to the fortified town of Taroduna. The second group, composing of around 10,000, led by Semnon fled north from the failed ambush into the Black forest. This second group held within it almost all the remaining German cavalry. Preferring to stay in the unwooded valley of the Tragisama river, as to avoid another ambush, pursued Magnericus' group. Laying siege to Taroduna on 12 August, the day after the ambush.

## Battle

At night Ceionius sent Diocles with a few hundred cavalry to raid the German camp and draw out Semnon. While he hid most of the rest of the cavalry in the woodsThe attack was sudden and caught the Germans somewhat off-guard, Diocles then staged a false retreat, and, hoping to catch and crush the raiding force, Semnon and most of his cavalry pursued them south. They ran straight into a Roman ambush. Ceionius and the rest of the Roman cavalry massacred the Germans and capturing Semnon.

After this Ceionius and Diocles charged the camp with the rest of their cavalry. Still at night the leaderless and mostly sleeping German camp, heard the sound of the cavalry coming but assumed, falsely, that it was Semnon an his cavalry, presumably returning after beating the Romans. Thus the Romans were able to achieve total surprise, the Germans only becoming aware when the Romans were already upon them. The German camp fell into absolute chaos, and, despite their superior numbers, we’re almost immediately routed. Semnon second son, did, managed to lead a small group of 1000 to flee into the surrounding forest, but the next day they were surrounded by pursuing Roman Cavalry and surrendered to Diocles.

When Magnericus, who was still distraught over his son’s death at the Battle of the Tragisama, heard of Semnon’s defeat, quickly surrendered to the Romans.