Cinematographer

Chief over the camera and lighting crews working on a filmTemplate:SHORTDESC:Chief over the camera and lighting crews working on a film

A **cinematographer** or **director of photography** (sometimes shortened to **DP** or **DOP**) is the person responsible for the photographing or recording of a film, television production, music video or other live action piece. The cinematographer is the chief of the camera and light crews working on such projects and would normally be responsible for making artistic and technical decisions related to the image and for selecting the camera, film stock, lenses, filters, etc. The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography.

The cinematographer is a subordinate of the director, tasked with capturing a scene in accordance with director’s vision. Relations between the cinematographer and director vary. In some instances, the director will allow the cinematographer complete independence, while in others, the director allows little to none, even going so far as to specify exact camera placement and lens selection. Such a level of involvement is less common when the director and cinematographer have become comfortable with each other. The director will typically convey to the cinematographer what is wanted from a scene visually and allow the cinematographer latitude in achieving that effect.

The images recorded by the cinematographer are passed to the film editor for editing.

## History

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In the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator emerged. With the advent of artificial lighting and faster (more light-sensitive) film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area.

Cinematography was key during the silent movie era; with no sound apart from background music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting, and set.

The American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) was formed in 1919 in Hollywood, and was the first trade society of cinematographers. Similar societies were formed in other countries. Their aims include the recognition of the cinematographer's contribution to the art and science of motion picture making.

## Societies and trade organizations

There are a number of national associations of cinematographers that represent members (irrespective of their official titles) and are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography, including:

* the American Society of Cinematographers (A.S.C.)
* the Brazilian Cinematographers Society (A.B.C.)
* the International Collective of Women Cinematographers (ICFC)
* the Canadian Society of Cinematographers (C.S.C.)
* the Finnish Society of Cinematographers (F.S.C.)
* the Guild of British Camera Technicians (G.B.C.T.)
* the British Society of Cinematographers (B.S.C.)
* the Australian Cinematographers Society (A.C.S.)
* the Cinematographers Guild of Korea (C.G.K.)
* the Filipino Society of Cinematographers (F.S.C.)
* the French Society of Cinematographers (A.F.C.)
* the Italian Society of Cinematographers (A.I.C.)
* the Western India Cinematographers Association (W.I.C.A.)
* the Indian Society of Cinematographers (I.S.C.)
* the German Society of Cinematographers (BVK)
* the Malaysian Society of Cinematographers (MySC)
* the Netherlands Society of Cinematographers (NSC)
* the South African Society of Cinematographers (S.A.S.C.)
* the Spanish Society of Cinematography Works (A.E.C)
* the International Federation of Cinematographers (IMAGO)
* the Uruguayan Society of Cinematographers (S.C.U)
* the Lithuanian Association of Cinematographers (LAC)
* Cinematographers XX
* Illuminatrix

The A.S.C. defines cinematography as:

## Noted cinematographers

The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a cinematographer for work on one particular motion picture.

A number of American cinematographers have become directors, including Reed Morano who lensed *Frozen River* and Beyonce's *Lemonade* before winning an Emmy for directing *The Handmaid's Tale*. Barry Sonnenfeld, originally the Coen brothers' DP; Jan de Bont, cinematographer on films such as *Die Hard* and *Basic Instinct*, directed *Speed* and *Twister*. Nicolas Roeg, cinematographer on films such as *The Caretaker* (1963) and *The Masque of the Red Death* (1964), directed *Don't Look Now* (1973) and *The Man Who Fell to Earth* (1976). Ellen Kuras, ASC photographed *Eternal Sunshine of The Spotless Mind* as well as a number of Spike Lee films such as *Summer of Sam* and *He Got Game* before directing episodes of *Legion* and *Ozark.* In 2014, Wally Pfister, cinematographer on Christopher Nolan's three *Batman* films, made his directorial debut with *Transcendence,* whilst British cinematographers Jack Cardiff and Freddie Francis regularly moved between the two positions.

## See also

* 3D film
* Camerimage
* Cinematography
* Cinematography Mailing List, a communication forum for cinematographers
* Filmmaking
* Glossary of motion picture terms
* Indian cinematographers
* List of film director and cinematographer collaborations
* List of film formats
* List of motion picture-related topics

## References

1. ↑  The ASC Vision Committee
2. ↑ Hora, John (2007). "Anamorphic Cinematography". In Burum, Stephen H.. *The American Cinematographer Manual* (9 ed.). ISBN 978-0935578317.

## External links

* Cinematography.com
* Cinematography Mailing List (CML)
* International Cinematographers Guild
* The History of the Discovery of Cinematography
* American Society of Cinematographers
* The Guild of British Camera Technicians
* British Society of Cinematographers
* Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC) Template:Webarchive
* European Federation of Cinematographers/IMAGO
* Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS)
* German Society of Cinematography, BVK
* Italian Society of Cinematography , AIC (Autori Italiani della Cinematografia)
* Lithuanian Association of Cinematographers, LAC

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