recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
ARP 147

## ARP 147

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

The relatively undisturbed one on the left most probably
punched through the one on the right producing a burst of star formation
appearing as the bright blue ring. Note the dusty reddish knot at the lower
left of the blue ring probably marks the location of the original nucleus of
the galaxy that was hit.
MACS J2129-1

​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

It appears lensed by cluster MACS J2129.4-0741. It is a massive galaxy not elliptical that is dead in star formation, very early on in the universe. It is a disk galaxy 3 times the mass of the milky way, but only half the size and spinning at twice the speed.
2015 Update

## Dark Matter (2015 Update)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Variety

Dark Matter is the twentieth episode of the first Videobook, How Far Away is it? It
is the third update for the series as well. The update is basically a
mini-version of the entire previous series. He begins with an introduction,
like the Preface
in the series. He starts immediately with many different images of nebula
and discusses the Hubble’s anniversary with many of its pictures. These
include the Eagle and Veil nebulae. After this is a Gaia
update and coverage of the Local Group with Andromeda. He then
goes into the Local Void, which is the closest void to us, and a galaxy
in the void. He moves into the Virgo Supercluster and some of the
notable galaxies in this region of the universe. He then talks about Laniakea
and the re-definition of what a supercluster is. He then talks about the
study of dark matter in the local superclusters in depth, and how
we can measure a cluster and galaxy’s mass. He then goes on to the
cosmos to discuss more clusters and galaxies. He then talks about the
possible particles that could contribute to Dark Matter. He then
concludes with the credits.
How Far Away Is It?

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Many Episodes is It**
  **Created**
 August 16, 2013

How Far Away is it? Is David Butler’s first, and currently longest,
video series (or Videobook) to date. It was made to keep the viewers up to date
with information gained in the 40 years that David was in the computer industry.
The series is NOT a repeat of Carl Sagan and Brian Cox’s series, but is instead
taking a slice of physics and just talking about distances and how we
know how far away things are. Currently, it is a channel that is meant to keep
track of astronomy progress and has 3 updates for 2013, 2014, and 2015.
The remaining episodes themselves are updates for viewers for the 40-year
period in the computer business. The series starts in David’s backyard
and moves out to the Earth, the Solar System, the Milky Way,
and the Universe while explaining how we know how far away the various
objects in each level are from us. He also shows the many Hubble images
and uses the tools on the Cosmic Distance Ladder to guide the series. (link to all objects covered in
this series)
He 2-47

## He 2-47 (Starfish Nebula)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

He 2-47 is also known as the starfish because of its shape,
where it appears to have 6 arms sticking out from the central region of the
nebula. The structure of the nebula proves that the star puffed off gas and
dust at least 3 times in 3 different directions.
Helix Nebula

## Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Helix Nebula is one of the most well-known and closest
planetary nebula. Upon closer examination, one can find all sorts of filaments
that appear like comets. These objects are actually the size of the entire
solar system. Its angular diameter is 3 light years.
Lightning

## Lightning

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Earth

Lightning is an atmospheric feature on Earth that
can’t be triangulated to since it doesn’t last long enough to measure
the baseline and angles. It helps to know what lighting and sound are.
Lighting is causes by a massive amount of electrons moving across the
sky. This creates a vacuum in the air, and thunder is the sound of air
collapsing back into the vacuum. Sound travels at 0.32 km/s, so lightning is
(time from flash to sound) \* 0.32 km away.
Abell 2744

## Abell 2744

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

A mix of hazy elliptical galaxies and colorful spirals can be
seen clumping together in the center of this cluster. The effects of the
cluster's gravity can be seen in the blue arcs and distorted shapes that are
scattered across the frame, including galaxies that seem to be bleeding into
the surrounding space. This is gravitational lensing.
NGC 3603

## NGC 3603

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

NGC 3606 is a star formation factory where stars form
frantically from the nebula’s extended clouds of gas and dust. Ultraviolet
winds and intense radiation have carved out a bubble in the gas, revealing the
cluster behind all the cleared dust.
Dark Energy

## Dark Energy

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Cosmos

Dark Energy is the force that scientists proposed to be the
cause of the expansion of
the universe. The reason why scientists call it “dark” is because we
do not know anything about it, even though we have spent plenty of resources in
trying to find it. Dark energy has many different models, none of which have
been proven. Dark energy has been theorized to be a force that has not yet been
discovered as well. Either way, there is still much to be done in the way of
dark energy research.
Local Superclusters (Object)

## Local Superclusters (Object)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The Local Superclusters is a group of many superclusters and
is also referred to as the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex. It extends out to
1 billion light years from the Milky Way galaxy, and it includes Virgo as well
as many other superclusters.
Stretch (TV Series)

Season 9, Episode 10

"**Stretch**" is the tenth episode of the ninth season of AMC's *The Walking Dead*. It is the one-hundred and twenty-ninth episode of the series overall. It premiered on February 11, 2024. It was written by Ivan Evangelista and directed by Demi Chang.

## Plot

Growing tensions in Alexandria between two communities cause a divide and it appears that the Militia have more than just the Whisperers to worry about.

## Deaths

* Nora (*Alive*)
* Eugene Porter (*Alive*)
* At least 3 Oceansiders
* At least 2 Alexandrians

## Trivia

* Last Appearance of Nora.
* Last Appearance of Eugene Porter.
* Beatrice is arrested and placed in jail for causing a fight between the Alexandrian's who support Rhys and those who criticize him.
	+ Eugene, Rosita, Judith, Daryl, Dianne and Enid are among those who support him.
	+ Cyndie, Beatrice, Henry, Siddiq and Kyle are among those who criticize him.
	+ Carol and Nora are among those who remain neutral in the matter.

* This is the first episode since "Dark Water" that Rhys has not appeared in.
Hubble Deep Field

## Hubble Deep Field

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

In 1996, Hubble trained its vision on a patch of sky
in the Big Dipper the size of a grain of sand held at arm’s length that
had no stars, planets, or known galaxies. Although this
was controversial because the time was valuable, astronomers let the telescope
see for 10 days. When the image developed, they were surprised to see 3,000
galaxies from 13 BLY away there.
Mercury

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, and is also
the smallest. Due to this, it has no atmosphere, and thus asteroids
can form many craters on it similarly to the moon. It is a hot cratered
rock, not much bigger than the moon. Its daytime surface temperature is 430 degrees Celsius, hot enough to melt lead. Its night time surface temperature descends to -170 Celsius giving it the widest range of planetary temperatures.
Fornax Dwarf Galaxy

## Fornax Dwarf Galaxy

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

New Hubble observations of globular clusters in the dwarf
galaxy Fornax show that they are very similar to those found in the Milky Way,
and so it is assumed that they formed in a similar way. Astronomers used Hubble
to observe four Fornax globular clusters. Detailed observations of the four
clusters show that they also contain a star mix similar to clusters in the
Milky Way. But, unlike the Milky Way, the galaxy that hosts these clusters
doesn't have enough old stars.
Bullet Cluster

## Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-556)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2015

The virial motion of this cluster’s galaxies indicates that a
collision has occurred. Two massive clusters have passed through each other
millions of years ago and the member galaxies are now flying apart. This galaxy
has helped us understand Dark matter better. The galaxies and the dark matter
have traveled a great deal further than the gas. This indicates that the
galaxies and dark matter in the two colliding clusters did not interfere with
each other. In other words, they passed through each other without slowing
down. On the other hand, during the collision, the gas clouds were slowed by a
drag force, similar to air resistance. This combination had the effect of
separating the gas from the dark matter.
El Gordo

## El Gordo

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

El Gordo is a massive galaxy cluster that is actually the
most massive galaxy cluster in the entire universe known to date and it existed
when the universe was half its current age. It is actually the result of
a massive collision at millions of km/h.
Little Ghost Nebula

## Little Ghost Nebula (NGC 6369)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Little Ghost Nebula is a planetary nebula that resembles
a small, ghostly cloud surrounding the faint dying star at its center. The
nebula is not that large, in fact, it is “only” a single light year across,
although that already makes it many times the size of the solar system.
NGC 4639

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 4639 is a spiral galaxy in the Virgo Cluster.
The blue dots in the disk region are signs of young stars. These
regions also contain lots of Cepheid stars, which were used to find the
distance. These were compared to results of type Ia supernova 1990N that
occurred in this galaxy. That way, the supernova was found to be a reliable standard
candle.
61 Cygni

## 61 Cygni

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

**Video Book Info** 61 Cygni is a nearby star studied extensively and was
the first star to have its parallax measured. In addition, the star has
a high motion across the sky, also known as proper motion, which gives it the
nickname “flying star”. It is also a binary system with two orange
stars.

**Other Info**
ARP 127

## ARP 127 (NGC 5679)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

Three galaxies that appear to be partially overlapping in the
group, although they may be at somewhat different distances. The spiral shapes
of two of these galaxies appear mostly intact. The third galaxy is more
compact, but shows evidence of star formation.
NGC 6786

## NGC 6786 + LEDA 62867

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

This is a beautiful pair of interacting spiral galaxies with
swirling arms. The smaller of the two seems to be safe for now, but will
probably be swallowed by the larger spiral galaxy eventually. This represents
the first steps in the collision process of most colliding galaxies.
Moon (Earth's Moon)

## Moon

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

The Moon is a desolate, rocky body that is orbiting around
the Earth. It formed over 4 billion years ago from an impact with a Mars-sized
impactor and has slowly been drifting away from us since. It causes all the
tides on Earth’s surface by the tidal effect. It is rocky and cratered,
and is proportionally large compared to the Earth. It has 1/6th the
Earth’s gravity. In 1752, two French astronomers used parallax
for the first time to find its distance at around 365,000 km. Of course the
moon travels on an elliptical orbit, so its distance varies between
363,000 and 406,000 km.
Abell S0740

## Abell S0740

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The giant elliptical ESO 325-G004 looms large at the
cluster's center. In the course of analyzing this galaxy cluster, astronomers
discovered that ESO325 is actually a gravitational lens. As a result, the more
distant galaxy appears brighter, and distorted into the shape of an arc, or
ring, known as an "Einstein ring" because the phenomenon was first
predicted by Albert Einstein.
Messier 66

## M66

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

It has unusually asymmetric spiral arms which seem to climb
above the galaxy's main disc and a displaced nucleus. Astronomers believe that
M66's once orderly shape has most likely been distorted by the gravitational
pull of its two neighbors. M66 boasts a remarkable record of supernovae
explosions. The spiral galaxy has hosted three supernovae since 1989, the
latest one occurring in 2009.
Messier 30

## M30

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

M30 is a distant globular cluster that is a dense swarm of
over 100,000 stars, which is a typical amount for a globular cluster. It is
about 90 light years across, and may have been part of another galaxy that
merged with ours.
'Oumuamua

## 'Oumuamua / 1I/2017 U1

 **Type**
 **Variety**
 **How Far Away is it?**
 **Appears in**

It is an interstellar asteroid that travelled on a hyperbolic path through our solar system in 2017. It was an elongated asteroid object initially confused for a comet, and was found not to be a comet after it did not outgas or form a coma when it encountered the sun. It is a reddish gray asteroid tumbling lengthwise.
Circinus Galaxy

## Circinus Galaxy

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

This galaxy is called Circinus. Much of the gas in its disk
is concentrated in two specific rings, a larger one 1,300 light-years wide, and
a previously unseen ring 260 light-years wide. Both rings are home to large
amounts of gas and dust as well as areas of major starburst activity. At the
center of the starburst rings is the supermassive black hole that is accreting
surrounding gas and dust. The black hole and its accretion disk are expelling
gas out of the galaxy's disk and into its halo.
NGC 6782

## NGC 6782

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

This galaxy, when seen in visible light, exhibits tightly wound
spiral arms that give it a pinwheel shape similar to that of many other
spirals. However, when the galaxy is viewed in ultraviolet light, its shape is
startlingly different. In ultraviolet, we see a spectacular, nearly circular
bright ring surrounding its nucleus. The ring marks the presence of many
recently formed hot stars.
LH 95

## LH 95

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

LH 95 is a star formation region that has swirls of star
formation going on within it. It reveals a region with low mass, infant stars
and their much more massive neighbors both reside. This is just 1 of 100s of
star forming regions in the LMC.
ARP 256

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

This is a stunning system of two spiral galaxies in an early
stage of merging. The collision display the two galaxies with strongly
disrupted shapes and an astonishing number of blue knots of star formation that
look like exploding fireworks.

The one on the left has very pronounced tidal tails. The galaxies will continue the merger for hundreds of millions of years until they are one galaxy.
NGC 1410 and NGC 1409

## NGC 1410 + NGC 1409

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

There is an intergalactic "pipeline" of material
flowing between two battered galaxies that bumped into each other about 100
million years ago. The pipeline begins in NGC 1410, crosses over 20,000
light-years of intergalactic space, and wraps around NGC 1409.
NGC 2841

## NGC 2841

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 2841 is a spiral galaxy that was imaged by Hubble. It
contains a majestic disk and many different dust lanes. The
extremely bright part of the galaxy marks its center with the dust lanes
spiraling outwards from it. It appears to have a lack of emission nebula
that may be caused by the blue stars’ winds clearing away all the dust
and gas.
Hydra Cluster

## Hydra Cluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The white blobs in this cluster are the galaxies in the
cluster. The bright orange star at the center is a nearby red giant in the
clusters line of sight, not actually in the cluster. This cluster is the most
massive in the Hydra Supercluster.
NGC 4622

## NGC 4622

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

Astronomers are puzzled by its clockwise rotation because of
the direction the outer spiral arms are pointing. Most spiral galaxies have
arms of gas and stars that trail behind as they turn. But this galaxy has two
"leading" outer arms that point toward the direction of the galaxy's
clockwise rotation.
NGC 6984

## NGC 6984

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

This spiral galaxy played host to a supernova explosion back
in 2012, known as SN 2012im. Now, another star has exploded, forming supernova
SN 2013ek — visible in this image as the prominent, star-like bright object
just slightly above and to the right of the galaxy's center.
NGC 6240

## NGC 6240, VV 617

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

This is a peculiar, butterfly or lobster shaped galaxy
consisting of smaller merging galaxies. With two giant black holes 3,000
light-years apart, which will drift toward one another and eventually merge
together into a larger black hole. The merging process, which began about 30
million years ago, triggered dramatic star formation and sparked numerous
supernova explosions. The merger will be complete in some tens to hundreds of
millions of years.
NGC 5548

## NGC 5548

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

NGC 5548 is a well-studied Seyfert galaxy with a bright,
active nucleus. This activity is caused by matter flowing onto a 65 million
solar mass supermassive black hole at the core. As matter spirals down into a
black hole it forms an accretion disc. The disc is heated so much that it emits
X-rays, near to the black hole, and less energetic ultraviolet radiation
further out. The ultraviolet radiation can create persistent winds strong
enough to blow gas away from the black hole.
HD 189733

## HD 189733

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

This system is a binary system with parallax measured by
Hipparcos. The primary star is a dim orange star and the secondary star being a
red star. This star has a Jupiter sized planet orbiting it, in which an organic
molecule was found. This molecule is methane, a key component of life’s
chemistry.
Light Year/ Parsec

## Light Year and Parsec

When we go out into the universe beyond our solar
system, distances grow to hundreds of trillions of kilometers. To
manage these large distance numbers more easily, we use a unit known as the
light year. Light travels at 300,000,000 meters/second and a year
is 31.6 million seconds, giving us a value for light year: 9.5 trillion
kilometers. Now distances that were originally called 100s of trillions of
kilometers are now known as 10s of light years.

Astronomers use another unit of measuring distance known as
the parsec. The parsec is the distance a star would be if its parallax
was 1 arcsecond. Using trigonometry, we find that it is around 30.87 trillion
kilometers or 3.262 light years.
The Solar System (episode)

## The Solar System (Episode)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Solar System

The Solar System is the third episode of the first Videobook,
How Far Away is it?
It covers the distances found inside the solar system and some interesting
features about the planets that lie within. First, he goes into detail
about the Geocentric model of the solar system and introduces the
founding fathers of astronomy, who are Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes
Kepler, Galileo, and Isaac Newton. He covers Galileo’s observations and how
Newton described the heavens using his theories of gravity, finally
changing the accepted model of the solar system to the heliocentric model.
He then introduces parallax, an important rung on the cosmic distance
ladder, and uses it to find the distance to the moon. He then
discusses how, knowing distance, you can find the radius and other features of
an object. After this, he starts to describe the planets with a trip to Mars.
He then goes through every single planet and gives the average distance from
the sun that each object is. After this, he covers Lagrange points
and their effects on Jupiter and Earth. He covers the sun,
its distance, mass, and other features of this interesting star. Lastly,
he gets into how Romer calculated the speed of light using the
moon Io.

It was updated on October 14, 2017

**Objects Mentioned and Timestamps**

Geocentric Model 0:00

Heliocentric Model 1:18

Copernicus 1:18

Tycho Brahe 1:50, 1:57

Johannes Kepler 1:51, 2:15

Galileo 1:52, 2:23

Newton 3:08

Gravity 3:20

Parallax 5:12

Moon 5:12

Mars 7:23

Mercury 10:48

Venus 11:16

Jupiter 11:48

...
Direct Measurement

## Direct Measurement

  **Type**
  **Based On**
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 Solar System

Direct Measurement is the lowest and the first rung on the Cosmic
Distance ladder. Direct measurement is useful in finding distances within
the backyard, where tape measurers can be used. It is needed in order to know
how long a triangulation baseline is, so the triangulation rung is
dependent on this rung. Direct measurement is also useful for finding distances
to things that we cannot find using triangulation. For example, we can’t see
the top of the sky. For these, we send probes there to detect where they
are and report back how far they have gone. Voyager 1 and 2 have done
this out to the heliosphere. As accurate as direct measurement is, it
will not take us to the stars.
Quintuplet Cluster

## Quintuplet Cluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

The Quintuplet cluster is one of two very dense star clusters
that are situated near the galaxy’s core 25,000 light years away. It is located
less than 100 light years from the center of the galaxy and contains the Pistol
Star.
V376

## V376

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

Achoo! This star has just sneezed. If you could carry on
watching for a few years you would realize it's not just one sneeze, but a
sneezing fit. This young star is firing off super-hot, super-fast gas before it
finally exhausts itself. These bursts of gas have shaped the turbulent
surroundings, creating structures known as Herbig-Haro objects.
SN 2002dd

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

SN 2002dd is a supernova that exploded 8 billion years
ago when the universe was decelerating instead of expanding. It is one
of the oldest supernova in the universe and this is about as far as the standard
candle can take us. It was a Type Ia supernova detected by Hubble.
The record has been broken
however.
Kim Bomb Un

From Dai Phat

Kim Bomb Un is the sixth song from the album Dai Phat.

## Album

1. Welcome To My Box
2. Live Large, Dai Phat
3. $tash dat Ca$h
4. Crïmpy On Mÿ
5. Harvey A Life (feat. The Machine)
6. Kim Bomb Un

## Video

This is Kim Jon Un speaking and we are bombing Guam

We have the nuclear weapons ready and there's nothing any nation can do about it

I repeat, we are bombing Guam

Guam is no more

Guam is outta here boys

This is Kim Jon Un out!

### **Tom/Rumi**

What did he say? (wot)

Did he say he was bombing Guam

NO WAY (no no no, this ain't right)

It's not, he ain't getting away with it (no he isn't)

Come on boys let's go

### **Tom (Rumi)**

When we herd the news, we were oh so sad (so sad)

All this Guam bombing is making me mad (I'm angry)

We call up the boys, as fast as we can (we can)

We get em' all together and think of a plan (Ya)

We get big boy Cheeze, yeah he be thinking (thinking)

Got crusty old James, mate he be stinking (pe-yu)

Lachlan in the corner while he's just shrinking (so small)

And Harvey's got his water and he'll be drinking (slip slurp)

We're talking all day, and talking all night (all night)

We catch the fattest plan mate, it's a delight (wa)

We chuck the plan into action, we go right away (away)

Cause Guam ain't gonna be bombed today (no it ain't)

First comes cheezy, we chuck him in the Cory

He's whipping up the chems in the laboratory (slip it up)

It's a splish of this, and a splish of that (of that)

Kim Jon's getting a bomb that's nice and fat (fat)

Next comes James and he's dressed in black

He rips out the fountain with a might old crack (crinkle crackle)

He sneaks outta there he's crazy quick (speedy)

Cause his name is JP yeah, and that's the trick (huh)

Big Harvey and he says see you later

He goes to Susan Cory makes a big old crater

He digs a fat hole just like a spelunker (spelunker)

And the boys single handedly build us a bunker (whoa)

Next up is Lachlan, and you can bet (yeah you can)

That the rich little bugger's got a private jet

He slips it in the bunker, pretty easy

When you've got Harvey to carry it, he ain't even weasy (nap)

James got the fountain and Cheezy got the bomb (skrt)

Got El spanio with a taco and then there's Tom (ya)

Harvey's the pilot of Lachlan's spanking plane

North Korea ain't never gonna be the same (it ain't)

Harvey's flying so fast, we'll be there any minute

Very soon, we're just gonna win it (win it)

El spanio got the fountain and the fountain is the bomb (bomb)

It's go time says Harvey on the intercom (yeet)

Kim Jon looks up and he sees a plane (the plane)

El spanio on the roof and he's looking insane (crazy)

They crash into the palace and the whole thing blows up

They're gone forever and that's that YA

Kim Jon is gone and Guam is safe forever (ever)

Guam ain't going no-where, not for never (never ever)

That's the last anyone ever herd of the gang (the gang)

But at least they know they went out with a bang! (pew pew pew)

YA!!!!

﻿
SN 1006

## SN 1006

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

SN 1006 is a supernova that appeared in the year 1006 was
observed. It was brighter than Venus, and visible during the day for weeks. It
was the brightest supernova recorded on Earth, and today we understand that it
was a Type 1a supernova.
Copernicus

## Copernicus

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Long Ago?**
  **Discussed in**
 Solar System

Nicolaus Copernicus was a German mathematician who proposed
to put the sun at the center of the Solar System. He was the one
who originally proposed the Heliocentric Model of our solar system. His
work was continued by other famous scientists much later on.
Butterfly Nebula

## Butterfly Nebula (NGC 6302)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Butterfly Nebula is David’s personal favorite planetary
nebula. This planetary nebula looks like a delicate butterfly, but it is far
from serene. What looks like dainty butterfly wings are actually rolling
cauldrons of superheated gas at around 36,000 F and 1 million km/hr.
Dark Nebulae

## Dark Nebulae

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

Dark nebulae are a kind of nebula that are not shining at
all, and are highly effective at blocking visible light from reaching us. We
can recognize them by how they block light from behind them. Using infrared, we
are able to see through them. Lots of these nebulae cover the Milky Way, so we
are unable to use visible light to survey the core of the galaxy.
Open Cluster

## Open Cluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

An open star cluster is the smaller of the two main types of
clusters of stars found inside our galaxy. An open cluster, also known as a
galactic cluster, is a grouping of around 100 stars lightly bound by gravity.
They are formed at the center of star birth nebulae, and as they mature, they
blow away the nebula. The heavier stars go supernova and leave behind all the
main sequence stars. The galaxy’s gravity then pulls the cluster apart.
Grease

### Vocals

Tom, Rumi

Grease is the second song from the album $luurp Large.

## Album

1. Phåt
2. Grease

## Lyrics

### **Tom (Rumi)**

cough\* cough\*

Grease, it's fully greasy

Grease, grease it all up

Yo, yeah yeah

Pop it don't stop it mate

I can see you, you can't see me (can't see me)

I go really fast, but really I'm never free (boy)

My house is blue, your house is green (yeah)

My house is the best colour, I've ever seen! (fat!)

Yo, you got the veggies, I've got the grease

Mate, I've got the best stuff, pop it down (rit rat)

Pop it up, you don't know, (oi you what)

Mate I can't hear it and I don't even show (bla)

You've got the lamb spread, I've got the bed (cheeky cheeky)

Hey, you've got a fort and your gonna snort

Mate, I don't know what's rolling about (boy boy)

But I can see you, boy you look like a trout (bap)

I don't mate, oi,

Just don't even try it (nup)

You don't know mate, (yeah nah)

I don't know whats rolling down

Cause, your the purple man, I am blue (he's blue)

You don't know what's rolling, but I do (he does)

You can't see it, you can't even hear (cheeky cracker)

Mate, just look at ya, your full of fear, mate (alright)﻿
SN 0509-67.5

## SN 0509-67.5

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

SN 0509-67.5 is a bubble like supernova remnant found inside
the Large Magellanic Cloud and was viewed by Chandra and Hubble. The X-ray
portion is the bluish green part of the nebula, while the optical red is the
expanding blast wave making contact with the ISM.
IC 10

## IC 10

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

IC 10 is an irregular galaxy. Hubble had long suspected that
it might belong to the local group of galaxies. However, its status remained
uncertain for decades. Its membership in the group was confirmed in the 1960s
using Cepheid variables.
Horsehead Nebula

## Horsehead Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The Horsehead nebula is a famous dark nebula located in the
Orion Molecular cloud. Using infrared, we can peer through the clouds and see
the star birth occurring within this dark cloud. It, overall, is one of the
most photographed objects in the sky. It is located near the Flame Nebula,
which is actually an emission nebula with a number of dark clouds on it.
Oort Cloud

## Oort Cloud

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

Long period orbits indicate that these comets came from a
reservoir much further out than the Kuiper Belt. The Dutch astronomer Jan Oort
proposed the existence of a cloud of comets between 5,000 and extending out to
50,000 astronomical units from the sun. Other estimates have it going out much
further. All estimates put the Oort cloud well outside the Heliosphere. Jan
Oort estimated that this reservoir contained 100 billion comets.
Twin Paradox resolved

The fomula used is Δtearth = Δtrocket (1+αdt/c2)
https://youtu.be/z\_orWVhzF6Q?t=1087

(1+αdt/c2) is simply γ (gamma) derived from the equations at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper\_acceleration#Acceleration\_in\_(1+1)D

Few mistakes were made:
1. Calculation proper time for the ship.
2. Calculating γ, we know it is only ~7 for 0.99c

We can calculate the time and proper time for the acceleration period but it will still not explain the paradox.

The main thing is that the rocket only have a local reference frame, and observing earth clock is very complicated compared to earth that can obsrve the rocket clock at any point between the 2 locations.
What the rocket can easily see is the earth reference frame clocks moving faster.

Even if we accelerated a 25ly reference frame to 0.99c I am quite sure it's own clocks will be out of sync after acceleration.
Quasar Markarian 205

## Quasar Markarian 205

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

Quasar Markarian is a Quasar, and a relatively nearby
quasar at that. Most quasars actually reside billions of light years away and
can be found back to almost the beginning of the universe itself.
Quasars are distant galaxies fueled by massive black holes.
Omega Nebula

## Omega Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The Omega Nebula, also known as the Swan Nebula, is a hotbed
of newly formed stars wrapped in colorful glowing blankets inside of a dark
molecular cloud 15 light years across. Just the center of the nebula is
thousands of times larger than our solar system.
Whirlpool Galaxy

## Whirlpool Galaxy (M51)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

This galaxy has all the attributes of a typical spiral
galaxy, including graceful, curving arms, pink star-forming regions, and
brilliant blue strands of star clusters. It is an interacting galaxy as well,
since two galaxies are in the process of merging.

Eta carina twins were found in here.
Tarantula Nebula

## Tarantula Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

The Tarantula is one of the most massive singular emission or
HII regions in the local universe, and contains millions of stars. The central
cluster is known as 30 Doradus as well as R136, which contains the most massive
stars known. It displays the largest diversity of stars known too. It contains
another cluster, Hodge 301, in which so many stars are quite old.
Neptune

## Neptune

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

Neptune is the farthest planet from the sun and is a
gas giant, but its cold temperatures make it an ice giant. It is surrounded by
some smaller moons. It is known for the Dark Blue Spot and for being a
veritable twin of Uranus.
Zeta Geminorum

## Zeta Geminorum

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

Zeta Geminorum is an intermediate luminous supergiant
star. It is a member of the Cepheid variable stars, which are very
important standard candles. Zeta Geminorum has actually been a valuable
star in calibrating the Cepheid-luminosity relationship.
Cone Nebula

## Cone Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The cone nebula is a pillar of star forming dust and gas that
is 7 light years long. Radiation from hot young stars at the top of the nebula
have slowly eroded the nebula, causing the top portion of the nebula to appear
flat.
Stephan's Quintet

## Stephan’s Quintet

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The name of this group is a bit of a misnomer. Studies have
shown that group member NGC 7320 is actually a foreground galaxy. At 40 million
light years, it is about seven times closer to Earth than the rest of the
group. NGC 7319 is a barred spiral with distinct spiral arms that follow along
180 degrees back to the bar. The next galaxy appears to have two cores, but it
is actually two galaxies, NGC 7318A and NGC 7318B. NGC 7317 is a normal-looking
elliptical galaxy that is less affected by the interactions.
The Local Group

## The Local Group (Objects)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

There are 54 galaxies in the local group. Andromeda is the
largest, the Milky Way is second, and Triangulum is third. All the rest are
dwarfs and most of these are orbiting one or the other of the big ones. The MW
has 16 satellite galaxies, Andromeda has 25 satellites, and Triangulum might
have 1. The other members are not gravitationally orbiting any of the other
galaxies.
Supermassive Black Hole

## Supermassive Black Hole

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Milky Way and later

A supermassive black hole is a type of black hole that have
masses of upwards of 1 million solar masses. In fact, some supermassive black
holes are more than one billion solar masses. Almost all supermassive black
holes are found at the cores of their host galaxies, but not all galaxies are
expected to contain one at the center. The Milky Way has a supermassive BH of 4
million solar masses called Sag A\*. The mass of the black hole has a
relationship with the mass of the bulge.
Sirius A and B

## Sirius System

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

Sirius A and Sirius B are two stars in a close stellar
system. One of the stars is a bright white star, and is the closest of
these white stars to the sun. Its companion is not star sized, rather,
it is the entire mass of a star packed into an earth sized body. This is a white
dwarf. They revolve around each other every 50 years.
Red Rectangle Nebula

## Red Rectangle Nebula, HD 44179

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Red Rectangle is one of the most unusual nebula known in
the Milky Way because of its unusual rectangular shape. The shape actually
shows surprisingly straight geometry, although how the nebula formed is still a
mystery.
Nuclear Fusion

## Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear fusion is the process by which one element is
converted to another element with the release of energy and neutrinos.
Most commonly, this process is found inside of the cores of stars. In
the main sequence of stars, like our sun, the main process is hydrogen
fusion where hydrogen is turned into helium. Later on, such as in red giants,
helium and other elements are fused. In very massive stars, even heavier
elements are fused all the way up until iron. A star can fuse with iron, except
that doing so absorbs rather than releases energy. This results in the largest
fusion event in the universe: a supernova!
Pleiades

## Pleiades

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova, Nebula

The Pleiades, or the Seven Sisters, is an open cluster of
extremely luminous blue stars. It is one of the only open clusters close enough
to be able to be measured using a parallax. The Pleiades are one of the most
famous clusters which many amateur astronomers find in telescopes. They are a
cluster that has boiled away most of the nebula from which they formed.

The very first brown dwarf, Teide 1, was found in this cluster.
SN 1993J

## SN 1993J

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

SN 1993J, a Type IIb supernova, is unique in that its light
spectrum shows that the exploding star had no hydrogen. For that to be the
case, a binary system is required to lose the majority of the primary star's
hydrogen envelope prior to the explosion. The problem is that, to date, direct
observations of the predicted binary companion star have been difficult to
obtain since it is so faint relative to the supernova itself. Astronomers using
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have discovered this supernova’s companion star,
confirming this leading model for Type IIb supernovae. It was in the galaxy
M81.
Planetary Nebula (episode)

## Planetary Nebula (Episode)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Planetary Nebulae

Planetary Nebula is the seventh episode of the first
Videobook, How Far Away is
it? It covers the beautiful planetary nebulae that are found in the Milky
Way. First, he introduces astrophotography and how to use
photographic plates. If you let more light fall onto the plate, the better the
image. Also, he gets into what causes planetary nebulae to form: a nova. He
also demonstrates that some planetary nebulae can fill out the space between
the nearest star and the sun. He then gets into how we know how
far away planetary nebulae are, using a special technique called expansion
parallax. In order to explain the technique better, he gets into the Doppler
Effect and how you can use it with light to find out the rate the nebula is
expanding due to blueshift. He continues with many different planetary
nebulae and describes each one in detail. At the end, he explains how the
planetary nebula will be the end of the sun in a few billion years.
Pinwheel Galaxy

## Pinwheel Galaxy (M101)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

The giant spiral disk of stars, dust, and gas is 170,000
light years across or nearly twice the diameter of our galaxy. M101 is
estimated to contain at least one trillion stars. Approximately 100 billion of
these stars could be like our Sun in terms of temperature and lifetime.
Virgo Supercluster (object)

## Virgo Supercluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

The Virgo Supercluster is a Supercluster which is one
of the largest known structures in the Observable universe. It is the
supercluster in which the Milky Way, Andromeda, and many other galaxies reside.
It is also known as the Local Supercluster and it is 110 million light years in
diameter. It contains 4,000 major galaxies grouped into 100 galaxy
groups and clusters. Its volume is extremely large: 7,000 times that of the
Local Group and 100 billion times larger than the Milky Way Galaxy!
The cluster is so large that you can even see that matter is not evenly
distributed in the universe, something you expect to see on the largest of
structures in the universe. It is grouped into clouds, which are grouped
further into clusters.
Local Species of Kailani Island

In Kailani Island there's a large number of exotic species, which the government of has put in protection to ensure their healthy future and continue with the local science study of those animals. Some interesting species that are:

Producers which are the plants:

1. The Nosy Neighbor
2. Dewdrop
3. Could Tree

Primary consumers:

1. EagleChiken
2. Dorse
3. Dragon fish
4. Pankey

Secondary consumers:

1. Pugbird
2. Dorse

Tertiary consumers

1. Liongaroo

This is important because it represent the ecologic cycle of energy and the fauna and flora of the island. All of those animals make the island a attraction for tourist also increasing the well-being of the environment.
Pistol Star

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

The Pistol Star is a star located in the dense cluster
Quintuplet less than 100 light years from the galactic core. It is known for being
an extremely bright star, and it would even be visible to the unaided eye if it
weren’t for gas clouds in the way.
Novae

A novae is a class of exploding star and is the
explosion at the end of the life of stars less than 8 times the mass of the sun.
A novae occurs when the red giant star begins to release large amounts
of its outer layers into the space around it. The star then collapses into a
white dwarf and releases faster moving debris that crashes into the slower
moving debris. This creates the planetary nebula. The nova explosion is a lot
less violent than the explosion at the end of stars greater than 8 solar
masses, also known as Supernovae. It leaves behind a planetary nebula,
which later disperses and leaves only the white dwarf.
Perseus Cluster

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

At the left end of the Perseus-Pisces supercluster is the
massive Perseus cluster, one of the most massive clusters of galaxies within
500 million light-years. As with the others we’ve seen, it is crowded with
Milky Way stars in the foreground that show up as faint dots.

It consists of thousands of galaxies immersed in hot gas. It contains galaxy NGC 1277.
SN UDS10Wil

## SN UDS10Wil

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

In 2013, Hubble broke the record in the quest to find the furthest type 1a
with the discovery of SN UDS10Wil, a supernova that exploded more than 10
billion years ago at a time the Universe was in its early formative years and
stars were being born at a rapid rate.
White Dwarf

A white dwarf is a type of star that was originally a
red giant less than 5 times the mass of the sun, but have left due to shedding
all of its layers into space. Most stars less than 5 times the mass of the sun
leave the red giants to become white dwarves, while more massive stars become supernova
and collapse into a neutron star or black hole. When the star
sheds all of its layers off, all that is left is an earth-sized electron
degenerate core of the star. They are found at the bottom left on the HR
diagram. They are commonly found as the central stars of planetary
nebula, which are the result of the white dwarf lighting up the gas that
was originally a part of the star. It is so dense a spoonful of it would weigh
a few tons here on earth.
The Milky Way (episode)

**Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Milky Way

The Milky Way is the tenth episode of the first Videobook, How Far Away is it? It
covers the structure and morphology of the entire Milky Way galaxy and is the
last episode of the Milky Way part. The first thing that happens is he covers
the structure of the Milky Way and what the ancient people thought of the Milky
Way. The parts contain the halo, the disk, and the bulge. Then
he covers the center of the Milky Way and how we came to know about the black
hole at the center based off of the movements of the star S2. He
also does a note about the G2 gas cloud (which never actually interacted
with the black hole). Then, he covers the forces and the exclusion pressure that
govern the collapse of a star and how they fail in a black hole. He then goes
into a few examples of stellar black holes in the Milky Way. He then
covers the large structure of the Milky Way galaxy like the spiral arms.
He then goes through the galactic halo and its structure and composition, dark
matter, and then he maps the galaxy to show all the objects he has covered
throughout the Milky Way part.