Soviet Union

Restoreation Vote results are: 51% yes 50% no

The **Union of Soviet Socialist Republics** (**USSR**), or simply **Soviet Union**, Also called **Mother Russia** or **Southern Russia** is a vast socialist federation in Eurasia and North America that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991, However, Soviet Union restored at 2023, It was a union of many Soviet republics, the biggest and most important of them being Russia.

The USSR bordered, Germany to the west, Persia to the southwest, China to the southeast and America to the east, Northern empire to the north. It was bounded by numerous bodies of water, including the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Sea, the the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and the North Pacific.

The Union covered a total of 23 million square kilometers (or about 8 million square miles), being one of the largest sovereign states in history. This territory encompassed five climate zones such as tundra, taiga, steppes, desert, and mountains. In its last year of existence, it had a population of about 290 million people. Its highly diverse population was collectively known as the Soviet people. During most of its existence, the country had the world's largest economy and largest standing military.

The Soviet Union had a highly centralized government and economy. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party, with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian SFSR. Other major urban centers were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata and Novosibirsk.

History

The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 when the Bolsheviks, headed by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian tsarist monarchy, Before the Romanovs went into exile. They established the Russian Soviet Republic, beginning a civil war between the Bolshevik Red Army and many Anti-Bolshevik Romanovs across the former Empire, among whom the largest faction was the White Imperial Guard. The disastrous distractive effect of the war and the Bolshevik policies led to 5 million deaths during the 1921–1922 famine in the region of Povolzhye. The Red Army expanded and helped local Communists take power, establishing soviets, repressing their political opponents and rebellious peasants through the policies of Red Terror and War Communism. In 1922, the Communists were victorious, After that, Tsar Romantic I was excuted after he abdicates, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. The New Economic Policy (NEP) which was introduced by Lenin, led to a partial return of a free market and private property, resulting in a period of economic recovery and rapid industrialization. At that time, the recently ended Great War had left Europe in ruins and economic crisis, weakening the European powers and creating a power vacuum. The common opinion was that the Soviet Union and the United States were emerging superpowers that would eventually supersede Europe. This is generally thought to be the start of the Cold War.

During the first post-Civil War years, the Soviet Union rebuilt and expanded its economy and influence. It took effective control over most of the countries of Eastern Europe, turning them into satellite states, which it bound in a military alliance and economic organization. It also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favor the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Later, the Soviets supplied aid to the eventually victorious communists that formed the Warsaw Pact, and its influence grew elsewhere in the world. Fearing its ambitions, countries with political and economical ideologies opposing that of the Soviet Union around the world became its enemies. In the ensuing Cold War, the two sides clashed indirectly in proxy wars. Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all political opposition to his rule inside the Communist Party, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism and ended the NEP, initiating a centrally planned economy. As a result, the industrialization continued even faster, but the country underwent a period of forced collectivization, which led to a significant economic growth, but also led to a man-made famine in 1932–1933 and expanded the Gulag labour camp system founded back in 1918. Stalin also fomented political paranoia and, in order to eradicate accused "enemies of the working class", conducted the "Great Purge" to remove opponents of his from the Party through the mass arbitrary arrest of many people (military leaders, Communist Party members and ordinary citizens alike) who were then sent to correctional labor camps or sentenced to death. Over a million were imprisoned and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. By 1937, Stalin had complete personal control over the party and state.

Stalin's government promoted Marxism–Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-monarchist and anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, particularly in the Iberian War and the West Persian Revolution of 1951. He led the Soviet Union throughout many of its technological developments of the Cold War, including the initial push towards astronautics.

Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist–Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. After Stalin's death in March 1953, a power struggle ensued in which Nikita Khrushchev emerged victorious upon consolidating his authority as First Secretary of the party's Central Committee. On 25 February 1956, at the 20th Party Congress, he delivered the "Secret Speech", which denounced Stalin's purges and ushered in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union.

A period known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchev Thaw occurred under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev. The country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. Moscow considered Eastern Europe to be a critically vital buffer zone for the forward defence of its western borders, in case of a major invasion. For this reason, the USSR sought to cement its control of the region by maintaining control over its satellite states, including Poland, Austria-Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria. They were dependent upon and subservient to its leadership. Soviet military force was used to suppress several anti-Communist uprisings in Austria-Hungary and Poland during the 1950s.

During the mid to late 1950s, Soviet spies engaged in failed attempts to foment major socialist revolutions in the Chang dynasty, Korea, and Japan, the three largest empires of East Asia, in an attempt to increase Soviet influence in the region. Although most of the spies fled after their failure, others were found and executed by treachery, which worsened the relations between the Soviet Union and the Far East. Despite The Soviet military, however, succeeded in aiding North Vietnam for a long period during the Vietnam War, in which the communists had many chances of victory.

Despite failures in the far east in the 1950s, the Soviet Union did see its sphere of influence expand with successful socialist revolutions in nations such as Las Bahías and Aṉangu, creating a strong Soviet presence on the Australian continent.

In the late 1950s and the 1960s, the USSR dominated most of the Space Race, launching the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 in 1957; a living dog named Laika in 1957; the first human being, Yuri Gagarin in 1961; the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova in 1963; Alexei Leonov, the first person to walk in space in 1965; the first soft landing on the Moon by spacecraft Luna 9 in 1966; Venera 7, the first probe to land on another planet (Venus), and the promise that the Luna program would land humans on the moon by 1970. All this dwarfed the First World's attempts in the astronautic field in the 1950s and 1960s, as the European countries did not invest much in their space agencies at the time.

Khrushchev initiated "The Thaw", a complex shift in political, cultural and economic life in the country. This included some openness and contact with other nations and new social and economic policies with more emphasis on commodity goods, allowing a dramatic rise in living standards while maintaining high levels of economic growth. Censorship was relaxed as well. Khrushchev's reforms in agriculture and administration, however, were generally unproductive. Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional military forces, hoping eventually to rely on missiles for national defense. The Soviet Union also operated the world's oldest ministry of health and had a vibrant economy at the time.

Khrushchev died in an airplane crash in April 1965, while travelling from Moscow to Budapest in Hungary. Due to the advancements and glory achieved during his rule, he is remembered by many to have been the best leader the Soviet Union ever had, perhaps even better than Lenin. To this day, a huge statue of him stands in Kursk. After Khrushchev's death, Leonid Brezhnev took over as First Secretary. Brezhnev's conservative, pragmatic approach to leadership significantly stabilized the position of the Soviet Union and its ruling party. In 1970, the Luna 17 space mission successfully landed on the moon, bringing the first ever astronauts to an astronomical body other than Earth. While Brezhnev's rule was characterized by this achievement, political stability and notable foreign policy successes, it was also marked by corruption, inefficiency, and later rapidly growing technological gaps with the West.

On the 2nd of July 1972 Brezhnev was assassinated by student Vladimar Huznikov. He was shot in the stomach and died three hours thereafter, while Huznikov was shot ten times in the chest and bled out a few minutes later. This tragic event appeared in news worldwide and helped to promote the idea that the Soviet Union was a dangerous and unstable country.

Dissolution (1990-1991)

Before the dissolution was officially agreed upon, there were agreements about how the union's fragmentation would occur. The outcomes were the following:

* The Soviet government was entirely transferred to the Russian republic as the new Russian Federation;
* The republics of Ukraine, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan were restored as independent countries
* The monarchies of Georgia and Moldova were restored after a referendum.
* The republics of Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan became new independent countries
* The communist of Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, and Kazakhstan are restored as Independent states also the Georgian Demorcratic Republic became the very last soviet ally, which is gone at the Georgian War

Restoration

At year 2023 some volunteers want bring communist back to russia, So later Soviet Union is restored

Trivia

* USSR is now bigger than Russian Empire