调光控制.荧光灯调光镇流器.技术

**以下译文来自122-15- 张志薇**

COURSE DESCRIPTION 课程简介
Fluorescent dimming extends the range of light levels provided by the lighting system with smooth, gradual transitions between levels.
荧光灯调光扩展了照明水平的范围，照明水平是由在各照明水平之间平滑稳定转换的照明系统提供的。

Dimming provides flexibility for users to select light levels suitable for different visual needs, such as A/V presentations, meetings and individual preference.
调光为用户选择适合不同的视觉需求的光照水平提供了灵活性，如A / V演示，会议和个人偏好。
Dimming also saves energy by reducing light levels in response to inputs such as daylight sensing, occupancy sensors, manual controls, time schedules and other devices—particularly in spaces in which people would find switching to be intrusive.
调光也通过减少光输入响应水平节约能源，例如日光感应、占位传感器、手动控制装置、时间安排装置和其他装置——特别是在不适合使用开关控制的空间。
Fluorescent Dimming Ballasts is a two-part series that educates participants about dimmable fluorescent lighting. Part 1 describes how dimming ballasts work, the various types of dimmable ballasts and lamps, and dimming range and methods. By the end of the course, participants will have general knowledge enabling them to evaluate and select an appropriate dimming ballast for a given project.
介绍荧光灯调光镇流器的这部分内容由两部分组成，向读者介绍有关可调光的荧光灯具的知识。第一部分介绍了调光镇流器是如何工作的、不同类型的可调光镇流器和灯具、以及调光的范围和方法。在课程结束的时候，读者将会对给定的一个项目如何评估和选择合适的调光镇流器有大致的了解。

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 学习目标
At the end of the course, participants will be able to:
• have a working knowledge about how fluorescent lighting systems are dimmed, including the importance of a dimmable electronic ballast, and evaluate and select an appropriate dimming ballast for a given project.
• select ballasts that are dimmable as well as lamps they are rated to operate and sockets those lamps are compatible with.
• understand how dimming range is typically expressed, how this range is used to generally classify ballasts as architectural or energy management dimming ballasts, and how long a range is available for different ballast types.
• select fluorescent dimming ballasts based on dimming output, including step or continuous dimming, according to construction, including analog or digital, and based on dimming method, including two-wire, three-wire and four-wire.
在课程结束的时候，读者将能够：
•理解荧光灯照明系统是如何调光的，包括调光电子镇流器的重要性，以及对给定一个的项目的评估并选取一个合适的调光镇流器。
•选择可调光的镇流器以及按操作与接口是否与灯兼容给灯分类。
•了解调光范围通常是如何表示的，调光范围在分类结构镇流器和能源管理调光镇流器中是如何应用的，以及不同的种类的镇流器在多长的调光范围内可用。
•选择荧光灯调光镇流器，基于调光输出，分为分步调光或连续调光。基于架构，分为模拟镇调光和数字调光，基于调光方式，分为双线、三线和四线。
THEORY OF OPERATION 工作原理
Fluorescent ballasts provide starting voltage and subsequently regulate the current flowing through the lamp. Dimmable ballasts are designed to respond to control signals by changing the current flowing through the lamp, which reduces both light output and watts.
荧光灯镇流器提供启动电压，并随后调节流经灯的电流。通过改变灯具的电流使可调光镇流器对控制信号做出响应，从而降低了光输出和功率。

STEP DIMMING 分步调光
Step dimming provides a limited choice of light levels, with two or more preset increments between OFF and full output. Typically, there is no fade between lighting states, so while technically the approach is dimming, the visual effect is the lights are being switched to a lower state. This approach is typically implemented for fluorescent systems using a special ballast that enables luminaires to be uniformly dimmed in spaces circuited for bilevel switching—as opposed to typical bilevel switching, where alternate lamps or luminaires are turned OFF to achieve the lower state.
分步调光提供有限的照明水平选择，在关闭和全输出之间有两个或更多个预设的增量。通常情况下，在照明水平之间没有褪色渐变，所以在技术上的做法是调光，视觉效果是灯都被切换到一个较暗的状态。这种方法通常为荧光灯系统引用一个特殊的镇流器，使灯具在双极开关短路的空间中均匀变暗——与交替的灯关闭或者灯具全关的典型的双极开关截然不同。
Most products are programmed-start T8 ballasts, which may experience a loss of efficacy during light level reduction; dimming to 50%, for example, may reduce wattage by 40%. Instant-start step-dimming ballasts are available that offer proportional reductions in light output and input watts, although instant-start operation is not recommended by some manufacturers for applications with five or more ON/OFF cycles per day. These ballasts can operate without low-voltage wiring. Other hi/lo switching opportunities include corridors that receive a lot of daylight (with a photosensor) and stairwells (with an occupancy sensor)
大部分产品是可编程启动T8镇流器，在照明水平下降时其可能会遇到功效的损失;例如，调光至50％，可以减少40％功率。虽然瞬时启动操作不被一些每天应用五或更多的开/关周期厂家推荐，但瞬时启动分步调光镇流器可有效的降低光输出和输入功率的比值。这类镇流器可以无低压接线操作。其他高/低转换因素包括接受到大量日光的（带有光电传感器）走廊和楼梯间（带占用传感器）。
CONTINUOUS DIMMING 连续调光
Continuous dimming enables users to raise and lower light levels over a specified range, with smooth transitions between levels. This provides a higher degree of flexibility for manual dimming control driven by application needs such as A/V presentation, mood setting and so on. It also enables light output to be automatically reduced to save energy without irritating occupants, and is therefore the control method of choice for automatic control strategies in spaces occupied by people performing stationary tasks.
连续调光使用户能够在指定范围内随着在照明水平之间的平滑过渡升高和降低照明水平。这为应用需求驱动的手动调光控制提供了更高的灵活性，如A / V演示，心情设置等驱动。它还自动降低光输出，在不刺激居住者的条件下节省能源，因此它是人们对进行固定工作的场所实施自动控制策略所选用的控制方法。
The rest of this course will focus on continuous dimming..
本课程的其余部分主要介绍连续调光。
LAMPS AND BALLASTS
灯具和镇流器
Most dimmable ballasts are electronic programmed-start ballasts with models available for control of up to 4 linear T8 lamps (including energy-saving lamps), 1 or 2 linear and twin-tube T5 and T5HO lamps, and 1 or 2 four-pin compact fluorescent lamps. T8 lamp types covered by dimmable ballasts include 2-ft. 17W, 3-ft. 25W, 4-ft. 32W (and 23W, 25W, 28W and 30W) and 5-ft. 40W.
大部分调光镇流器是编程启动镇流器，可用于控制高达4个直管T8灯（包括节能灯），1或2个直管和双管T5和T5HO灯，和1或2个四引脚紧凑型荧光灯。T8灯管所涵盖的可调光镇流器包括2 ft .17W，3 ft .25W，4 ft. 32W（和23W，25W，28W和30W）和5 ft .40W。
Note that some amalgam lamps are dimmable but do not respond instantly to dimming commands.
请注意，某些汞灯是可调光的，但不立即响应调光指令。
LAMPS AND BALLASTS
灯具和镇流器
Programmed-start ballasts maintain cathode heating throughout the dimming range while extending service life in frequently switched applications such as occupancy sensor installation. The most efficient dimmable ballasts, identifiable via the NEMA Premium Ballast mark, provide similar wattage as comparable fixed-output instant-start ballasts.
编程启动镇流器在整个调光范围始终保持阴极加热，同时时常切换应用程序以延长使用寿命，例如占空传感器的安装。最有效的调光镇流器，可通过NEMA高级镇流器标志识别，提供的功率可与固定输出的瞬时启动镇流器相媲美。
LAMP SOCKETS 灯具接口
Dimmable ballasts require a secure contact with the lamp, requiring special sockets to ensure a good electrical connection and desired lighting performance.
可调光镇流器需要与灯安全接触，需要特殊的接口以确保良好的电连接和要求的光环境。
Lamp Type 灯泡类型 Recommended Sockets 推荐接口
Linear T8 and T12
直管T8和T12 Rapid-start knife-edge/Rotary locking
快速启动刀口/旋转锁定
Linear T5 直管T5 Rotary locking 旋转锁定
T4 CFL T4紧凑型荧光灯 4-pin 四脚接口
T5 twin-tube CFL

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T5双管紧凑型荧光灯	Socket that “locks” lamp in place

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固定灯具的接口

DIMMING RANGE 调光范围
Dimming is often expressed as a percent. While this may be the fraction of rated power, usually it is an expression of relative light output. For example, a lighting system at 25% dimming range produces 25% of its full light output.
调光通常用百分比表示。虽然这也许是额定功率的一部分，但通常是相对于光输出的表达。例如，一个照明系统在25％的调光范围内产生的光输出占全部光输出的25％。

DIMMING METHODS 调光方法
Dimmable ballasts operate according to a dimming method, which may be analog ("step dimming," 0-10VDC, phase control and wireless infrared) or digital (DALI, proprietary). The three major methods are two-wire (below, left), three-wire (below, middle) and four-wire (below, right). Selection of dimming method is typically based on the use of the space, desired dimming range, wiring, lamp type, physical size and /or budget.
可调光镇流器根据调光方法进行操作，调光方法有模拟（“分步调光，”0-10V额定电压，相位控制及无线红外）或数字（数字可寻址照明接口（DALI），专用的）操作。三个主要的方法是两线（下左），三线（下图，中）和四线（下右）。选择的调光方法通常是基于空间的用途，要求的调光范围，布线，灯具类型，物理尺寸或预算。

**以下译文来自122-19-高珍珍**

DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG 0-10VDC
The 0-10VDC ballast features four wires, with two line-voltage leads to power the ballast and two low-voltage control leads to change the light level. The ballast responds to low-voltage control signals transmitted along the communication wires from a compatible control device. When the voltage level is near or above 10V, the ballast responds with full light output. As voltage decreases, the ballast reduces output. These ballasts can dim as low as 3% for T8 lamps and CFLs, and 1% for T5HO lamps.
调光方法：模拟0-10VDC

0-10VDC镇流器有四个输入端口，分别为引入驱动镇流器的电源两个线电压端口和两个用来调节灯的亮度的低压信号线端口。镇流器对从兼容的控制装置发出的，沿信号线传输的低压控制信号作出响应。当电压接近或高于10V时，镇流器作出全光输出响应。当电压降低，镇流器调节灯降低光输出。对于T8节能灯和荧光灯，这类镇流器可以调光输出低至3%， T5-HO灯调至1%。
DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG 0-10VDC
0-10VDC is the most popular type of dimming method for energy management applications. The wiring scheme adds labor and material costs to the installed system cost, but enables the ballast to connect to other ballasts and devices, and multiple lighting circuits can be controlled from a single control location. This type of ballast is compatible with a broad range of control products and manufacturers. Manufacturers of 0-10VDC ballasts include Lutron Electronics (TVE), OSRAM SYLVANIA (Quicktronic Helios and PHO-DIM), Philips Lighting Electronics (Mark 7 0-10), Universal Lighting Technologies (Ballastar, SuperDim) and others.

调光方法：模拟0-10VDC

0-10VDC调光是进行能量管理应用的最常用的类型。该布线方案虽然增加了劳动力和已安装系统的原材料成本，但能够实现所述镇流器与其它镇流器和设备之间的连接，并可以从单个控制单元控制多个照明回路。这类镇流器与很多控制产品兼容。 生产0-10VDC镇流器的厂家有Lutron Electronics (TVE), OSRAM SYLVANIA (Quicktronic Helios and PHO-DIM), Philips Lighting Electronics (Mark 7 0-10), Universal Lighting Technologies (Ballastar, SuperDim) 等。

DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG TWO-WIRE PHASE CONTROL
Analog two-wire phase control—also called AC dimming, forward phase control, triac dimming, phase-chop dimming and two-wire dimming—uses existing power wiring for control signal communication. The ballast features two line-voltage leads for both power and ballast control, wiring the same way as a conventional fixed-output ballast. These ballasts can dim as low as 5% for T8 lamps and CFLs, and 1% for T5HO lamps.
调光方法：模拟双线相位控制

模拟双线相位控制也被称为交流调光，提出了相位控制，双端三相可控硅调光，相控调光，及双线调光，用现有的电源线控制通讯信号。这类镇流器具有两个线电压输入端口，同时控制电源和镇流器，与常规的固定输出镇流器的布线方式相同。对于T8灯和节能灯这类镇流器可以调光低至5%，对于T5-HO可调光至1% 。

The ballast reads the AC power supply signal's starting (or zero crossing) point and then activates the current after a preset waiting time, cutting out part of the cycle and producing a dimming effect. The waiting time—0 to 8.3 milliseconds or one-half the waveform—is related to the dimming.

镇流器读取交流电源信号的起始（或过零）点，然后过了预设等待时间后产生电流，除去周期的一部分，并产生一个调光效应。等待时间跟调光有关，一般在0—8.3毫秒之间或二分之一波形。
DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG TWO-WIRE PHASE CONTROL
Two-wire phase-control ballasts have the advantage of not needing additional wiring between the ballast and control device, making this method particularly suited to retrofits, standalone applications and cost-sensitive projects. Most (if not all) dimming control manufacturers include a way to adjust the dimming curve for their dimming panels to enable control of two-wire ballasts. Additionally, the control signals are less sensitive to interference than low-voltage analog signals. Manufacturers of two-wire phase-control dimmable ballasts include Lutron (Tu-Wire), OSRAM SYLVANIA (PowerSense, which is compatible with both two-wire and 0-10VDC dimming controls) and Philips Lighting Electronics (Mark 10 Powerline).
调光方法：模拟两线相位控制

双线式相位控制镇流器的优点是不需要镇流器和控制装置之间的额外布线，因此这种方法特别适合于改型，独立应用程序和成本敏感的项目。大多数（可能不是全部）的调光控制器制造商会在调光器中加一种调整调光曲线的方式，从而使调光板能够控制双线镇流器。此外，低电压模拟信号与控制信号相比，对干扰较为敏感。两线相位控制调光镇流器制造商Lutron (Tu-Wire), OSRAM SYLVANIA (PowerSense，这类镇流器与双线调光控制和0-10VDC调光控制兼容）及Philips Lighting Electronics (Mark 10 Powerline). 。

DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG THREE-WIRE PHASE CONTROL
Three-wire phase control uses a third wire (in addition to hot and neutral) to carry the (typically) phase-control signal to the ballast. All three wires are rated Class 1 and can be run within the same conduit. These ballasts can dim lamps as low as 1%.
调光方法：模拟三线相位控制

三线相位控制采用第三根线（除了火线和零线）把相位控制信号传输到镇流器。这三条线都是第一类线，可以穿于同一管道。这类镇流器可调节光输出低至1%。

DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG THREE-WIRE PHASE CONTROL
Typical applications include architectural dimming applications such as conference rooms, boardrooms, patient/exam/treatment rooms, houses of worship, theaters, convention spaces, restaurants, air traffic control centers, partitioned meeting rooms, CAD/CAM workstations, private offices and others. Manufacturers of three-wire phase-control dimming ballasts include Lutron Electronics (Hi-lume, Hi-lume 3D, Compact SE, EcoSystem and ECO-10) and Lightolier Controls (PowerSpec HDF).
方法：模拟三线相位控制调光

典型的应用包括建筑调光应用，如会议室、病房/检查室/治疗室、教堂、剧院、会议空间、餐厅、空中交通控制中心、分区会议室、CAD / CAM工作站，私人办公室及其他场所。生产三线相位控制调光镇流器的厂家有Lutron Electronics (Hi-lume, Hi-lume 3D, Compact SE, EcoSystem and ECO-10) and Lightolier Controls (PowerSpec HDF).

DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG WIRELESS INFRARED
Wireless infrared dimming utilizes an IR transmitter to perform the control function and does not require additional wires. The dimmer is included either in the ballast or as an additional device in the light fixture. These ballasts can dim lamps as low as 1%.
调光方法：模拟无线红外
红外无线调光是利用一个红外发射器执行控制功能，不需要额外的电线。调光器包含在镇流器的灯具或其附加装置内，这类镇流器可以调节灯光输出低至1%
DIMMING METHODS: ANALOG WIRELESS INFRARED
Wireless infrared is highly suitable to spaces where individual fixture control is desired without additional wiring, such as conference rooms, board rooms and open and private offices. This can be a good retrofit solution, and allows for occupant control of their local lighting. Individual fixtures or groups of fixtures can be controlled via a handheld remote control or PDA with a line of sight

调光方法：模拟无线红外

无线红外非常适合于需要单独控制灯具、无需额外的布线的空间，如会议室和开放或私人办公室。这可能是一个很好的改造方案，并允许占用人员对其进行局部照明控制。个别灯具或一组灯具可通过一个手动遥控器或视线控制的PDA进行控制。

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DIGITAL DIMMING BALLASTS

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Digital dimming ballasts are 120/277V programmed-start four-wire fluorescent electronic ballasts currently available for control of up to 4 T8 lamps and 1 or 2 CFL or T5/T5HO lamps. The ballast can dim the lamps down to 1%. What sets this type of ballast apart is embedded intelligence and potential for two-way communication
. Manufacturers of digital ballasts include Lutron Electronics, OSRAM SYLVANIA, Philips Lighting Electronics and Universal Lighting Technologies

数字调光镇流器
数字调光镇流器是120 / 277V编程启动的四线荧光灯电子镇流器，目前最多可用于控制目 4个T8灯和1或2个紧凑型荧光灯或T5 / T5-HO灯。镇流器可调光低至1%。数字镇流器与其他镇流器不同的是，它具有智能嵌入式系统和双向通信的能力。

数字镇流器制造商有Lutron Electronics, OSRAM SYLVANIA, Philips Lighting Electronics and Universal Lighting Technologies.

DIGITAL DIMMING BALLASTS
The ballast functions as the controller, potentially eliminating the need for dimming modules and control panels for switching and dimming. The ballast is addressable, making each ballast potentially a separate control zone. Digital communication architectures use soft configuration schemes such as programming, enabling ballasts to be grouped and zoned and rezoned using software, not wiring. The ballast can provide status information that can be used for energy analysis and ongoing maintenance.

数字调光镇流器

镇流器用作控制器，有可能省去了用于开关和调光的调光模块和控制面板。镇流器的地址是可寻址的，使每个镇流器尽可能是一个独立的控制区域。数字通信架构使用软配置方案，如编程，使镇流器可分组、分区并可使用软件，而不是布线重新改造。镇流器可以提供用于能量分析和后续维护状态的信息。
On the left is a conventional controls wiring scheme. Five separate lead runs from the wall controller are required here, creating complexity. If the system must be changed in the future, wiring is required. On the right is a digital network wiring scheme. All ballasts are connected to the same lead run, simplifying the wiring required. Rezoning and adding controllers is also simplified.
以下左图是传统的控制布线方案。需要五个独立的导线与墙控制器连接，较为复杂。如果以后必须得改变系统，则必需要先布线。右图是一个数字网络布线方案。所有镇流器被连接到同一导线进行工作，简化所需的布线。重新分区与添加控制器也被简化。

DIGITAL DIMMING BALLASTS: PROTOCOLS
The ballasts may communicate with controllers using the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) protocol, which offers the possibility of true interchangeability between manufacturers and defines light output for all levels of dimming signals, ensuring consistent dimming performance regardless of type or manufacturer. Some manufacturers offer products that communicate using a proprietary protocol.

数字调光镇流器：协议

该镇流器通过数字可寻址照明接口标准协议（DALI ）与控制模块连接 ，DALI为不同制造商生产的产品互连提供了可能性，并且定义了各级调光信号的光输出，确保各种类型或不同制造商的产品稳定的调光性能。一些制造商提供使用私有协议通信的产品。

DIGITAL DIMMING BALLASTS: APPLICATIONS
Digital dimming is highly suitable for:
• small and open offices where users can control their own lighting;
• complex control applications where we want to combine multiple lighting control strategies;
• demand response projects;
• large projects where two-way communication can facilitate lighting maintenance;
• conference rooms and classrooms that require different lighting scenes for multiple types of use;
• supermarkets and certain retail spaces where merchandising and layout changes frequently; and
• similar spaces.
The lecture hall shown here is lighted using 18 2xF32T8 dimming ballasts, 6 1xCFM32W dimming ballasts, 1 ceiling-mounted IR sensor kit, 2 wall-mounted ON/OFF up/down controls, 1 handheld programmable remote control and 1 handheld remote with 4-scene recall. Control zones can be set up so that during A/V presentations, the lights near the front can be dimmed while the lights in the rear can be set at higher levels. The 4-scene remote is used with the ceiling sensor dimming control. Controls at the doors provide both ON/OFF and up/down control. The programmable remote is used for programming and is then stored with access only to authorized users.

数字调光镇流器：应用

数字调光非常适合于：

•小而开放的办公室，用户可以控制自己的照明；
•我们要结合多个照明控制策略的复杂的控制应用的空间；
•需求响应项目；
•大型项目中的双向通讯可以促进灯具的维护；
•供多种类型的使用的，需要不同的照明场景的会议室和教室；;
•在商品和布局频繁改变的超市和某些零售空间 ；
•类似的空间。

如图所示的演讲厅，使用18个2xF32T8调光镇流器，6个 1xCFM32W调光镇流器，1个天花板上的红外传感器套件，2个壁挂式开启/关闭 上/下控制，1个手持可编程遥控器和1个可4-场景调用手持式遥控器。控制区可以设置，使得在A / V演示期间，靠近前部的灯可以变暗，而在后面的灯可以设置在较高的照明水平。 4场景远程控制与天花板传感器的调光控制结合使用。在控制门的同时，提供开/关和上/下控制。远程可编程用于编程，存储与访问仅限于授权用户。