Design and Technology

**Design and Technology** is a school subject that is offered to secondary students. During the subject allocation period, students are able to choose to study Design and Technology after certain requirements are met.

## Key Topics

The table below lists all main topics for Design and Technology:

 Theory
 Skill
 Unknown

## Design Process

**Design** refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, though it is sometimes used to refer to the nature of something

* Needs Analysis
	+ Identifies potential issues and factors that contribute to the problem
* **Research**
	+ Collect data and information to make decisions or assist in design
	+ All design processes involve research
* Development
	+ Refine and improve on a chosen solution through sketches and mockups
* Prototyping
	+ Create and produce the final product
* Idea Conceptualisation
	+ Sketch and propose different ways of solving the problem

Acronym: NaRDPIc

## Prototyping

### 1. Template Marking

This is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece; This is the first step in the prototyping process.

1. Transfer (sketch) idea clearly onto vanguard sheet. Rulers may be used.
2. Cut out shaded parts and slots.
3. Check to see if final design works.

### 2. Marking Out

**Marking out is done with a pencil**

1. Use vanguard design and outline design onto wood.
2. Use circle template provided and outline circle on acrylic.

## Freehand Sketching

### Purposes of Sketching

* Fastest way to develop design;
* Easiest way to present and communicate design;
* Identify problems and issues for improvement

### Guidelines for Physical Sketching

* Sketch in light lines and finalize in dark/bold lines;
* Shift the paper, not the arm
* No hairy lines
* 30° diagonal lines
* Parallel lines

### Guidelines for Digital Sketching

* Use stylus or mouse to sketch
* Sketch in light lines - Pencil Gray 2mm
* Finalize in dark/bold lines - Pen Black or Dark Gray 1mm
* Adjust screen to comfortable angle, shift hands as you sketch
* No hairy lines
* 30° diagonal lines
* Parallel lines

## Design Situation, Brief, Specifications

### Needs Analysis - Design Situation (Problem)

It is an extensive, in-depth description of the overall situation; it helps identifies the different potential problems.

Generally covers 5W1H

* What is the problem?
* Who are the people affected by the problem?p
* Where does this problem occur?
* Why does the problem happen?
* How can the problem be solved?

### Needs Analysis - Design Brief

It is a short statement of the proposed solution and what needs to be solved.

"To design and make a \_\_\_*What Product?\_\_*\_ to \_\_\_*Do What?*\_\_\_."

### Design Situation (Problem)

It is a paragraph(s) detailing the problem and solution to that detailed problem.

### Needs Analysis - Design Specifications

It is a list of requirements that the product must meet.

The product must...

* Aesthetics - What design must be used to appeal to users?
* Function - What must the product do?
* User - Who are its intended users?
* Materials - What materials must be used?
* Environment - Where should it be used?
* Safety - What safety aspects will be important for this product?

Acronym: A##FUMES

Note that all areas listed above may not be necessary.

## Mock Ups

Mock Ups are needed to check if a design works in order to make changes or improvements to it.

Designers mainly check for:

* How a design idea looks physically;
* If parts fit together correctly;
* If design looks right in terms of proportion, colour, etc.;
* If design meets specifications;
* If design is safe

### Mock Ups - Materials

Mock Ups mainly use materials that are usually recyclables such as:

* Cardboard
* Vanguard
* Foam
* Paper

### Mock Ups - Safety

#### Correctly Handling of a pen knife

* 2 segments exposed (or 4 cm)
* Ensure lock is used

Methods used:

* Finger rest at top
	+ Good for control over curves

* Stabbing / Thumb Rest at slide
	+ Good for hard materials

#### Proper Cutting

* Cut at low angle to "slide" through the material easily.
* Keep fingers clear of cutting path.
* Use a cutting mat to prevent the knife from slipping and scratching the table surface.
* Do not use steep angles as it makes it hard to cut.

## Workshop Safety

### Attire

* All Students must wear apron during practical sessions.
* Do not wear long sleeved shirts, ties, bracelets or bangles.
* Keep hair neatly tied up.
* No slippers or sandals. (Why would you even wear those to school lmao)

### Tools

* Wear gloves when working with hot equipment or materials.
* Wear goggles when working with cutting, drilling or sanding equipment.
* Use the right tools for the right job.
* Do not use tools that you have not been trained for.

### Behavior

* Do not run in the workshop.
* Stop work and switch off equipment when asked to.
* Return tools to original positions after using them.
* Press the emergency stop button when there is an emergency.

## Workshop Tools and Equipment

### Scroll Saw

* Used to cut thin wooden or plastic materials.
* Wear goggles when using it.
* Hold the cut pieces with two hands.

### Drilling Machine

* Used to drill holes onto plastic or wooden materials.
* Used with drill bit (to drill basic holes) or hole saw (to drill bigger holes)
* Clamp materials before drilling.
* Wear goggles when using.
* Always keep fingers away from drill bit when drilling.

### Buffing Machine

* Used to polish edges of acrylic pieces that have been filed and sanded.
* Polish in the opposite direction.
* Wax is applied to cloth to improve polishing outcome.
* Wear goggles when using.
* Switch machine off before retrieving dropped materials.

## Wood Types

### Jellutong

* Found in Asia (Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo and more)
* Easy to work with (cutting, etc.) but not durable.
* Used for toys, carvings, photo frames, formers.

### Pine

* Found in the Northern hemisphere (North America and South Canada)
* Attractive gains
* Easy to work with (cutting, etc.)
* Used for interior furniture (flooring, cabinetry, etc.)

## Plastic Types

### Acrylic

* Softens when heated, can be shaped.
* Excellent optical clarity.
* Durable and hard.
* Comes in various colours and types. (transparent, translucent and opaque)
* Surface scratches easily.
* Used for spectacle lenses, display signs, light fittings, etc.

## Joining Materials

To assemble parts of different or similar materials together, joining is done.

This is how wood is joined to acrylic:

1. Holes are drilled onto acrylic.
2. Screw the acrylic to the wood using wood screws.