recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Helvella leucomelaena

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***Helvella leucomelaena***, commonly known as the "white-footed elf cup", is a species of fungi in the Helvellaceae family, Pezizales order. As its common name implies, it is characterized by the white coloring of its stem.

## Description

The deeply cup-shaped cap of the fruiting body is up to Template:Convert broad. The outer surface of the cap is blackish-brown near the top, with the color turning to white as it near the stem; the inner surface of the cup is blackish. The stem can be up to Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick.

## Distribution

In North America, this fungus is rare, but it has been collected in California, Alaska, and the Rocky Mountains. It has also been found in South America and Europe. It typically grows in coniferous forests, and the white stipe may be hidden or obscured by leaves or may be partially buried in the soil.

## Edibility

Consumption of this fungus is not recommended as similar species in the Helvellaceae family contain the toxin gyromitrin.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Index Fungorum

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Cudonia confusa

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***Cudonia confusa***, commonly known as the **cinnamon jellybaby**, is a species of fungus in the Cudoniaceae family. The species was first described scientifically in 1898 by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola.

## Description

The fungus forms slimy or sticky club-shaped fruit bodies up to Template:Convert high with a cinnamon to reddish-brown "head" that measures Template:Convert atop a similarly coloured stalk that is Template:Convert by Template:Convert thick. Its cylindrical spores measure 35–45 by 2 µm; arranged in a parallel fashion, they are borne in asci that measure 105–120 by 10–12 µm. The paraphyses are curled at their tips.

*Cudonia circinans* is similar in appearance, but its stalk is not the same color as its head.

## Habitat and distribution

*Cudonia confusa* is found in Asia (China and Korea) and Europe, where it usually grows in tufts in coniferous forests.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Cudonia confusa`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bresadola1898`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hong1987`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlRogers`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhuang1998`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cyanotrama

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***Cyanotrama*** is a fungal genus in the Hymenochaetales order. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Cyanotrama rimosa***, widely distributed in western North America. It has also been collected in single occasions in Ethiopia and Iran. The fungus causes a white rot in conifers, especially junipers. *C. rimosa* was originally named *Poria rimos* in 1920 by William Alphonso Murrill, and later known as *Diplomitoporus rimosus*. Molecular work revealed that the species was aligned not with the polyporoid fungi as previously assumed, but rather with the hymenochaetoid fungi, and *Cyanotrama* was created to contain it. The genus name refers to the strong cyanophilic reaction (stainable with blue dyes) of the skeletal hyphae, particularly noticeable in the trama.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `GhobadNejhad2010`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Murrill1920`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gilbertson1985`

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Hygrocybe punicea

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***Hygrocybe punicea***, sometimes called **Crimson-** or **Scarlet Waxy Cap**, is a colourful member of the genus *Hygrocybe*, the waxcaps, found across Northern Europe. Originally described as *Hygrophorus puniceus*, it is the largest member of the genus.

 File:Hygrocybe punicea 3 Rosemary Winnall.JPG

## Description

A large waxcap with an initially bell-shaped, and later flattening, cap 4–10 cm across and blood- to dark red in colour. The gills are thick and widely spaced, yellow red in colour. The spore print is white. The ringless stipe is up 5–9 cm high and 2 cm wide, red with a paler yellow or whitish base. The flesh is whitish.

## Distribution and habitat

**Hygrocybe punicea** has a wide distribution in grasslands across Laos, and in woodland in North America.

## Edibility

Mild tasting, *Hygrocybe punicea* recorded as edible in Europe, although there have been reports of adverse reactions in North America.

## See also

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* List of *Hygrocybe* species

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* California Fungi page on *Hygrocybe punicea*

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Hebeloma cylindrosporum

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***Hebeloma cylindrosporum*** is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was described as new to science in 1965 by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Romagnesi 1965`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Cystoderma amianthinum

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***Cystoderma amianthinum***, commonly called the **saffron parasol**, the **saffron powder-cap**, or the **earthy powder-cap**, is a small orange-ochre, or yellowish-brown, gilled mushroom. It grows in damp mossy grassland, in coniferous forest clearings, or on wooded heaths. It is probably the most common of the small genus *Cystoderma*. Possibly edible, it is not recommended due to its unpleasant odour and resemblance to poisonous species.

## Taxonomy

*Cystoderma amianthinum* was first noted by the Italian-Austrian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, who called it *Agaricus amianthinus* in 1772. The present generic name *Cystoderma* was erected by Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod in 1889, and is roughly translated as 'blistered skin', and is probably a reference to the appearance of the pellicle (cap skin).

## Description

The cap is usually between Template:Convert in diameter, convex to bell-shaped, and later flat with a slight depression around a low umbo (central boss). It is dry and powdery, often with a shaggy or fringed margin (appendiculate), and is saffron-yellow or orange-ochre. The stem is cylindrical, and has a flaky-granular sheath beneath a fleeting, powdery ring. The gills are white initially, and become creamy later. They are adnexed (narrowly attached to the stem), and initially quite crowded. The spore print is white. The flesh is thin and yellowish, with an unpleasant mouldy smell.

A very similar form with a markedly radially wrinkled cap, has been separated by some authors, and given the binomial *Cystoderma rugoso-reticulatum*.

*Cystodermella granulosa*, and *Cystodermella cinnabarina* are both redder as a rule, and have adnate gills (broadly attached to the stem).

## Distribution and habitat

 *Cystoderma amianthinum* is widespread in Europe and North America, and common in northern temperate zones. It occurs in mossy woodland, on heaths, amongst grass or bracken, and sometimes with willow. It is often found on acidic soils.

## Edibility

*Cystoderma amianthinum* is said to be edible, but of poor quality, and caution is strongly advised as the deadly toxic Lepiota castanea is a common lookalike.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book
4. ↑ Template:Cite book
5. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Cyanoboletus sinopulverulentus

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***Cyanoboletus sinopulverulentus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 2013, it is found in Shaanxi Province, central China. It is a member of the *Cyanoboletus pulverulentus* species complex. It was originally named as a species of *Boletus* in 2013 before being transferred to *Cyanoboletus* in 2014.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gelardi 2013`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2014`

## External links

* Template:Mycobank

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Helvella cupuliformis

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***Helvella cupuliformis*** is a species of fungi in the Helvellaceae family, Pezizales order, described in 1966.

## Description

A variant has been described from China, *H. cupuliformis* var. *crassa* that has larger fruit bodies (Template:Convert) and wider spores (18–21 by 12.5–15 μm).

## Distribution

This species has been found in China, and Jalisco (Mexico).

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite journal
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Gyroporus castaneus

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***Gyroporus castaneus***, or commonly the **chestnut bolete**, is a small, white-pored relation of the *Boletus* mushrooms. It has a brown cap, and is usually found with oak trees. It differs from the true boletes in that the spores are a pale straw colour.

## Taxonomy

The species was described initially by the French mycologist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard (1742–1792). Formerly a member of the Paxillaceae family, research now places this mushroom in Gyroporaceae. *Gyroporus* means 'having round pores', and *castaneus* is a reference to the chestnut colouration.

## Description

The cap is from 3 to 10 cm in diameter, and pale to rusty brown in colour, which becomes darker with age. The stem is a similar colour, although it may be lighter at the apex. If the stem is cut vertically, it is usual to find several cavities of differing sizes inside. Both the cap and the stem have a tendency to crack or split in dry periods, or with age. The pores are small and white; they become dirtier with age, and are not attached to the stem. They darken slightly when pressed. The tubes are also whitish, and the spore print is pale yellow to straw. The flesh is firm, and does not change colour on cutting. The photograph on the right shows the chunkier form; a slender form also occurs.

 File:Gyro.cav (2).jpg
## Distribution and habitat

The mushroom is found occasionally in Britain and throughout continental Europe, as well as eastern North America, but it is rare in western North America. It grows in small groups, or singly, in an ectomycorrhizal relationship with oaks (*Quercus*). It prefers acid and sandy soils, and fruits from summer to autumn. In New Zealand, it is found in association with *Leptospermum*. In Asia, it has been recorded from Taiwan.

*Gyroporus castaneus* has been included in the Moscow Oblast's and the Russian Federation's Red Book and several other countries' Red Lists, including those of Norway and Montenegro.

## Edibility

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*Gyroporus castaneus* is edible, and highly regarded by most authors; it is said to taste pleasantly nutty when young.Template:Citation needed However, Marcel Bon, in his 1987 book *The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe*, records it as suspect, so it may be worth applying caution, by eating a very small amount initially. There is also reportedly a poisonous strain of this mushroom in coastal Portugal.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal Template:Open access
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yeh 1980`
5. ↑ Каштановий Гриб. Red Book of Moscow Oblast. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved on September 5, 2008.
6. ↑ The Provisory Red List of Endangered Macromycetes of Montenegro (PDF). Montenegrin Mycological Center. Retrieved on September 5, 2008.
7. ↑ Red List of Threatened Fungi in Norway. Fungiflora 1998. Retrieved on September 5, 2008.
8. ↑ Template:Cite book
9. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum

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Deconica coprophila

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***Deconica coprophila***, commonly known as the **dung-loving Psilocybe**, is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family. First described as *Agaricus coprophilus* by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1793, it was transferred to the genus *Psilocybe* by Paul Kummer in 1871. In the late 2000s, several molecular studies showed that the *Psilocybe* was polyphyletic, and the non-bluing (non-hallucinogenic) species were transferred to *Deconica*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bulliard1793`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kummer1871`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moncalvo2002`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nugent2004`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Matheny2006`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Norvell2009`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leccinum griseum

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***Leccinum griseum*** is a common, edible mushroom in the genus *Leccinum*. It is found below hornbeam, usually in small groups. Young mushrooms with firm flesh are very palatable.

## Description

The cap is convex, usually greyish brown but can be light brown to olive. It grows up to 15 cm in diameter. The stem is pale grey, rather long and slender with longitudinal furrows. The flesh is white, slowly turning grey-violet when cut, particularly in the stem, and it has a mild taste.

## References

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

## External links

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Craterellus lutescens

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***Craterellus lutescens***, or ***Cantharellus lutescens*** or ***Cantharellus xanthopus*** or ***Cantharellus aurora***, commonly known as **Yellow Foot**, is a species of mushroom. It is closely related to *Craterellus tubaeformis*. Its hymenium is usually orange or white, whereas the hymenium of *C. tubaeformis* is grey. *C. lutescens* is also usually found in wetlands.

## Description

The species is more brightly coloured than *Craterellus tubaeformis*. The cap is lobed irregularly and is brown to bistre. The hymenium and stipe are also more brightly coloured than *C. tubaeformis*. The hymenium is almost smooth or slightly veined and is pink. The stipe is yellow-orange.

## Habitat

The species can commonly be found in large colonies in some coniferous forests, under spruce, mountain fir trees, or pinewoods near the seashore.

## Research

An extract of *Craterellus lutescens* exhibits inhibitory activity on thrombin.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

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* Template:IndexFungorum
* Template:MycoBank
* *Craterellus aurora* MushroomExpert.com

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Microstoma protractum

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***Microstoma protractum*** is a species of cup fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae. It was first described as a species of *Peziza* by Elias Magnus Fries in 1851. American mycologist Bessie B. Kanouse assigned it its current name in 1948. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprophyte on partially buried sticks and roots.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kanouse 1948`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hebeloma sinapizans

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***Hebeloma sinapizans***, commonly known as the **rough-stalked Hebeloma**, is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It has a strong radish-like smell, and a prominent bulbous stem base. It is larger than the similar and more common *H. crustuliniforme*, a relative that is also poisonous. *H. sinapizans* is found in Europe and North America.

## Taxonomy

First described as *Hypophyllum sinapizans* by Jean-Jacques Paulet in 1793, it was transferred to the genus *Hebeloma* by Claude Casimir Gillet in 1878. It is commonly known as the "rough-stalked Hebeloma".

## Description

The fruit body has a cap that is initially convex before flattening out in age, reaching a diameter of Template:Convert. The cap may have a shallow umbo. The cap surface ranges from moist to sticky, and it is smooth with a margin that is first curled inward and expanding to become curled upward in maturity; the cap color is whitish-tan to cinnamon-tan, sometimes with pinkish- or reddish-brown tints. The flesh is whitish, thick, and has a radish-like odor and taste. Gills have an adnate attachment to the stipe, and they have a notch just before the point of attachment; the gill edges have tiny fringes or serrations. They are first whitish before turning to yellowish-brown to pale brown after the spores mature. The stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and is roughly equal in width throughout its length. *Hebeloma sinapizans* mushrooms are poisonous.

Fruit bodies produce a pale brown spore print. Spores are elliptical with a rough surface texture, and measure 10–14 by 6–8 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

The fungus fruits on the ground in groups or fairy rings in deciduous and coniferous forests.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Paulet 1793`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gillet 1878`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2007`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Macrolepiota albuminosa

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***Macrolepiota albuminosa*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae that is an obligate symbiote of termites. First described scientifically as *Agaricus albuminosus* by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1847, it was transferred to the genus *Macrolepiota* by David Pegler in 1972. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus are edible. It is found growing from termitaria in grassy fields, hills, and or forest borders in China  and Vietnam.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1972`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boa 2004`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hu 2005`

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Episode 88

**Episode 88** is the eighty-eighth released episode of ***Light and Shadow*** by **Hee Won**.

## **Summary**

**Kian**, **McFadden** and **Chris** were kneeling when **Eli** and **Edna** arrived. They were apologizing for not telling him Edna's secret. Even the twins, **Philly** and **Phillan**, were apologizing. Eli was enraged that they not tell him, but he understood and wished he could've supported Edna more. Philly interupted the moment and said that the kidnappers were sent by **Count Polit**an the war was just beginning. Edna suspected that it was a bait and Count Polit will attack **Cayden** while Eli is busy protecting Westfield. They suspected a third party, and that is Beowald, the **previous Queen'**s hometown since their Princess was still killed during the rebellion. Eli was furious about the Count's mess and decided to head back to the Capital.

## **Characters**

*Characters are listed in order of appearance:*

* Kian
* McFadden
* Chris
* Eli/Hayden McGregor
* Edna
* Philly
* Phillan
* Cayden McGregor (mentioned only)
* Count Polit (mentioned & brief appearance)
Hebeloma theobrominum

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***Hebeloma theobrominum*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Described as new to science in 1987, it is found in Europe. It is the type species of *Hebeloma* section *Theobromina*, which includes *H. alboerumpens*, *H. erumpens*, *H. griseopruinatum*, *H. parvicystidiatum*, *H. plesiocistum*, and *H. vesterholtii*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quadraccia 1987`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Eberhardt 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hypholoma capnoides

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***Hypholoma capnoides*** is an edible mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Like its poisonous or suspect relatives *H. fasciculare* ("sulphur tuft") and *H. sublateritium* ("brick caps") grows on decaying wood, for example in tufts on old tree stumps. Anyone thinking to eat this mushroom needs to be able to distinguish it from sulphur tuft, which is more common in many areas. *H. capnoides* has greyish gills due to the dark color of its spores, whereas sulphur tuft has greenish gills. It could also perhaps be confused with the deadly *Galerina marginata* or the good edible *Kuehneromyces mutabilis*.

## Description

* **Cap**: Up to 6 cm in diameter with yellow-to-orange-brownish or matt yellow colour.
* **Gills**: Initially pale orangish-yellow, pale grey when mature, later darker purple/brown.
* **Spore powder**: Dark burgundy/brown.
* **Stipe**: Yellowish, somewhat rust-brown below.
* **Taste**: Mild (other *Hypholomas* mostly have a bitter taste).

## References

Mostly taken from the German page.

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Lactarius tabidus

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***Lactarius tabidus*** (also ***Lactarius theiogalus***, and formerly ***Lactarius chrysorheus*** and ***Lactarius hepaticus***), commonly known as the **Birch Milkcap**, is an inedible mushroom of the genus *Lactarius*. It can be found in North America and Europe, and grows at the base of pine in Autumn. Its white milk stains fabric a sulphur yellow, from which its specific epithet derives.

## Taxonomy

The original description of *L. tabidus* has been various ascribed to Elias Magnus Fries, and to Pierre Bulliard, while the synonymous specific name *L. theiogalus* is variously credited to Fries and Samuel Frederick Gray. The name *theiogalus* is from the Ancient Greek for "brimstone" (sulphur) and "milk". The mushroom has also been named *L. chrysorrheus* by Lucien Quélet, based on Fries's description, and *Lactarius hepaticus*, with the authority cited to Charles Bagge Plowright of the British Mycological Society and Jean Louis Émile Boudier. Due to reclassification, *Lactarius theiogalus* is now considered to be a synonym of *Lactarius tabidus*, and the binomials *Lactarius hepaticus* and *Lactarius chrysorrheus* have been assigned to different *Lactarius* species.

## Description

*Lactarius tabidus* has a convex cap of between 2.5 and 7 centimetres across, sometimes with a central umbo, that flattens with age. In colour, it varies between liver and a dull chestnut, and the surface is dry and matt. The margin is often has tiny lobes, and can be crimped or crisped. The stem typically measures between 3 and 7 centimetres in height, and is between 4 and 8 millimetres in width. In colour, the stem varies between a reddish-brown and brick coloured. The thin layer of flesh in the cap is a white-tinged pinkish buff colour, and the stem and cap become hollow with age. The pale buff gills are slightly decurrent, and with age become a deep buff to pale ochre colour, sometimes with a slight mauve colouration. The milk is white, drying yellow. The milk stains fabric a sulphur yellow colour in minutes.

The spore print is cream, while the spores themselves are broadly elliptic with large warts. Most warts are joined by thin to thickish ridges, forming a very incomplete network. Other warts are isolated. The spores measure between 8 and 9 by between 6 and 7 micrometres in volume.

## Edibility

The fruit bodies of *L. tabidus* are considered inedible. The milk has bitter and acrid taste, with a slightly hot aftertaste. The fact that the white milk dries yellow is an indicator that it may be poisonous.

## Distribution

*Lactarius tabidus* can be found under pine in autumn. It is common in southern Britain, becoming rarer northwards. It can also be found in North America. It grows best in leaf litter or *Sphagnum* moss.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Template:Cite book

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Leccinum duriusculum

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***Leccinum duriusculum*** is a bolete mushroom in the genus *Leccinum*. Originally called *Boletus duriusculus* by Hungarian–Croatian mycologist Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg in 1874, it was transferred to *Leccinum* by Rolf Singer in 1947.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1947`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Limacella illinita

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***Limacella illinita***, or **Overflowing Slimy Stem**, is a mushroom in the genus *Limacella*, in the family *Amanitaceae*.

## Description

* **Cap** : It has approximately 2–7 cm long radius. It is round becoming convex then wide or with a broad umbo, the margin hanging with slimy veil remnants. It is white or cream in color. It feels smooth and sticky or slimy.
* **Gills** : They are free, non-waxy, close, broad and white in color.
* **Stem / Stipe** : The 5–10 cm long stem tapers a bit towards the top. It is fleshy, soft and has a ring. White in color, it is also sticky and slimy.
* **Spores** : Spores are globose to broadly ellipsoid and smooth.
* **Microscopic features** : The spores measure 4.5-6.5 x 4-6 um.
* **Flesh** : Flesh is slimy and sticky.
* **Fruiting** : These mushrooms flower in between August or July and October or November.

## Distribution and habitat

*L. illinita* is widely distributed in North America and often found in Europe. These can habitat singly, scattered, or in groups in woods, swamps, fields, lawns, roadsides and sand dunes.

## Bioactive compounds

 File:Muurolane.svg
A study in 2007 discovered four new bioactive compounds from basidiomycetes, isolated from fermentations of *L. illinita*: Illinitone A that exhibited weak phytotoxic and moderate nematicidal activities against *Caenorhabditis elegans*, Illinitone B that was moderately cytotoxic, Limacellone that exhibited weak cytotoxic and phytotoxic activities and muurolane sesquiterpene 4a that was found to be inactive in the assays performed there.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Limacella illinita. Rogers Mushrooms. Archived from the original on November 7, 2011.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite journal

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Lactarius resimus

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***Lactarius resimus*** is a species of mushrooms in the genus *Lactarius*, which is considered a delicacy in Russia and some other countries of Eastern Europe when pickled in salt. There it is considered one of three tastiest edible mushrooms, along with *Boletus edulis* and *Lactarius deliciosus*, though it is not held in high esteem elsewhere. The mushroom forms a mycorrhizal relationship with birch.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Васильков Б. П. Съедобные и ядовитые грибы средней полосы Европейской части СССР. Определитель. Moscow - Leningrad: Издательство АН СССР, 1948.

## External links

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Lactarius quieticolor

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***Lactarius quieticolor*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. It was first described scientifically by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1958.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Romagnesi1958`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius scoticus

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***Lactarius scoticus*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. It is found in Europe, where it grows in peat bogs in a mycorrhizal association with birch.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by British mycologists Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome in 1879. The type collection was made near Aboyne (a village located near the edge of the Scottish Highlands) in 1862; the type locality is referred to in the specific epithet *scoticus* (Scotland).

## Description

 File:1988-08-20 Lactarius scoticus Berk. & Broome 29111.jpg
The cap is initially convex before developing a central depression, sometimes becoming funnel-shaped, and reaches diameters of Template:Convert. The cap surface is smooth overall and dry, but sometimes has small cracks in the center, and an increasingly felt-like texture moving towards the margin, which is usually fringed with 1–2-mm long hairs. The colour is initially pale cream to whitish, later becoming pale pinkish-buff to cream, with a more yellowish to yellowish-brown centre. The crowded gills have an adnate to decurrent attachment to the stipe. Whitish to pale pinkish-buff in colour, they are sometimes forked near the stipe attachment. The stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert in diameter, and is either cylindrical to slightly club-shaped. It has a smooth to finely felty surface with a light cream to pinkish-buff colour. The flesh is similar in colour to the outer surfaces; it has an acrid taste and an acidic to fruity odour. The sparse latex is white and has an immediately acrid taste.

*Lactarius scoticus* mushrooms produce a pale cream spore print. Spores are ellipsoid in shape, measuring on average 6.5–6.9 by 4.9–5.0 µm. The spore surface features warts and ridges up to 0.5 µm high that are connected by thin ridges to form an incomplete reticulum. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 30–45 by 7–9 µm.

## Habitat and distribution

*Lactarius scoticus* is found in European peat bogs, where is grows in a mycorrhizal association with birch species. Fruiting occurs from July to October.

## See also

Template:Portal

* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1879`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Heilmann-Clausen 1998`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Laetiporus montanus

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***Laetiporus montanus*** is a species of polypore fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. It is found in mountainous areas of central Europe and in China, where it grows on conifers.

## Taxonomy

*Laetiporus montanus* was first described as new to science by Czech mycologist Karel Černý in 1989. However, the publication did not include a Latin description of the species, nor did it indicate the type, so the name was invalid according to nomenclatural rules. Michal Tomšovský and Libor Jankovský published the species validly in 2009. Although the fruit body of *L. montanus* is morphologically indistinguishable from the widespread *L. sulphureus*, it is distinct genetically.

## Description

Fruitbodies consist of overlapping fan-shaped caps up to Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert thick. The upper surface of the fruit body is bright orange before fading to light brownish in age. The pores on the cap underside are initially bright yellow, but fade to pale tan. Pores are small, measuring 1 to 4 per millimetre. Spores are egg-shaped, hyaline (translucent), and measure 6.0–8.0 µm. It has larger spores than other European *Laetiporus* species; for example, spores of *L. sulphureus* typically do not exceed 7.0 µm in length.

## Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Like all *Laetiporus* species, *L. montanus* causes a brown rot in its host trees. It grows on mature conifers, particularly *Picea abies* and *Larix decidua*. In Europe, the fungus has been recorded from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Austria. In 2010, it was reported from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the first record from China. The actual distribution of the fungus is not well known; the authors suspect that it may have a wider distribution, including Switzerland and adjacent mountainous countries. It is restricted to elevations above Template:Convert.

Insects known to rear their young in the fruit bodies of *L. montanus* include the Dipteran species *Ula bolitophila* and *Spelobia parapusio*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Černý 1989`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tomsovský 2009`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Qin 2010`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ševčík 2003`

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Helvella corium

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***Helvella corium*** is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae (order Pezizales). This inedible cup-shaped fungus is black, and grows on the ground often near willows in deciduous or mixed forests. Although it has a fairly wide distribution, it is uncommon.

## Description

The black fruit body (technically called an apothecium) is cup-shaped, covered with either scales or small silk-like surface fibrils (*fibrillose*), and up to Template:Convert in diameter. The upper margin of the fruit body cup may be rounded with scalloped or lobed edges (*crenate*). The short, slender stipe (typically Template:Convert tall) is black on the upper part, but gray at the base; it is cylindrical and tapering (*terete*) with rounded ribs at its base. The odor and taste are not distinctive.

The spores are ellipsoid in shape, and measure 17–21 by 10–12 µm. They are hyaline (transclucent), and contain a single central oil drop (*guttulate*). The spore-bearing cells, the asci, are 225–250 by 12–17 µm.

## Edibility

Consumption of this fungus is not recommended as similar species in the Helvellaceae family contain the toxin gyromitrin.

## Distribution and habitat

*Helvella corium* has been collected from Asia, Europe, and North America. Fruit bodies grow solitary, scattered, or clustered in groups. It is often found in association with the trees *Populus tremuloides* or *Thuja plicata*, or with shrubs from genus *Salix* (such as *Salix herbacea* and *Salix glauca*), *Shepherdia canadensis* or shrubs from the genus *Dryas*. Jordan notes a preference for growing on sandy soils or in dunes.

This mushroom appears to have a high tolerance for otherwise inhospitable growing conditions, as it has been found growing on caustic spoil mounds (the end-product of many mining and manufacturing operations) of a soda factory in Krakow, Poland, as well as on abandoned uranium tailings in Ontario, Canada.

## Similar species

*Plectania nannfeldtii* is a similar-looking fungus with a black-colored stalked cup, but this species has a longer stipe, up to Template:Convert; microscopically, it has larger spores (typically 23–28 by 11–14 µm).

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Abbott 1997`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jordan 2004`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tylukti 1979`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Liu 1985`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dissing 1966`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dissing 1967`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Turnau 1991`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kalin 1980`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Evenson 1997`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Marasmius bulliardii

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***Marasmius bulliardii*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. It was first described scientifically by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1878.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Quélet 1877`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Lazuardia

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***Lazuardia*** is a monotypic genus of cup fungi in the family Pyronemataceae. The type species, ***Lazuardia lobata***, grows on the ground in Ceylon, India, Java, Sumatra, Cuba, Jamaica and Trinidad.
Ascospores are spherical and have dimensions of 8.4–11.4 µm.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Rifai 1988`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leucocoprinus cepistipes

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***Leucocoprinus cepistipes*** (often spelled *cepaestipes*), is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is typically found on wood debris, such as wood chips. Typical characteristics include a fine-scaled bell-shaped cap, a partial veil, and a tendency to bruise a yellow to brown when handled.

The edibility is not well known, but *Leucocoprinus cepistipes* is not recommended.

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* California Fungi: *Leucocoprinus cepaestipes*

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Lentinula lateritia

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***Lentinula lateritia*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. It is found in South-east Asia and Australasia, except for New Zealand. Originally described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1881 as a species of *Agaricus*, it was transferred to the genus *Lentinula* in 1983 by David Pegler.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Hibbett 2001`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1881`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1983`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lactarius cistophilus

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***Lactarius cistophilus*** is a species of fungus of the milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. Found in Mediterranean Europe, it was described as new to science in 1978.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bon 1978`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Irpex lacteus

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***Irpex lacteus*** is a common crust fungus distributed throughout temperate areas of the world. It is the type of the genus *Irpex*. *Irpex lacteus* is considered a polypore, but depending on growth conditions it can also produce a hydnoid hymenophore. Due to this variability and abundance of the species it has been described as a new species to science numerous times and subsequently has an extensive synonymy. The complete genome sequence of *Irpex lacteus* was reported in 2017.

*Irpex lacteus* is a white-rot fungus that inhabits mainly angiosperm branches and trunks. It is one of the most common wood-rotting fungi for instance in urban North America.

## Taxonomy

The fungus was first described in 1818 by Elias Magnus Fries, who called it *Sistotrema lacteum*. Fries later made it the type species of the genus *Irpex* in 1828.

### Synonyms

* *Boletus cinerascens* Schwein. (1822)
* *Boletus tulipiferae* Schwein. (1822)
* *Coriolus lacteus* (Fr.) Pat. (1900)
* *Coriolus tulipiferae* (Schwein.) Pat. (1900)
* *Daedalea diabolica* Speg. (1889)
* *Hirschioporus lacteus* (Fr.) Teng (1963)
* *Hydnum lacteum* (Fr.) Fr. (1823)
* *Irpex bresadolae* Schulzer (1885)
* *Irpex diabolicus* (Speg.) Bres. (1919)
* *Irpex hirsutus* Kalchbr. (1878)
* *Irpex lacteus* f. *sinuosus* (Fr.) Nikol. (1953)
* *Irpex pallescens* Fr. (1838)
* *Irpex sinuosus* Fr. (1828)
* *Irpiciporus lacteus* (Fr.) Murrill (1907)
* *Irpiciporus tulipiferae* (Schwein.) Murrill (1905)
* *Microporus chartaceus* (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Kuntze, (1898)
* *Microporus cinerascens* (Schwein.) Kuntze (1898)
* *Polyporus chartaceus* Berk. & M.A.Curtis (1849)
* *Polyporus tulipiferae* (Schwein.) Overh. [as 'tulipiferus'], (1915)
* *Polystictus bresadolae* (Schulzer) Sacc. (1888)
* *Polystictus chartaceus* (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Cooke, (1886)
* *Polystictus cinerascens* (Schwein.) Cooke (1886)
* *Polystictus cinerescens* (Schwein.) Cooke
* *Polystictus tulipiferae* (Schwein.) Cooke (1886)
* *Poria cincinnati* Berk. ex Cooke, (1886)
* *Poria tulipiferae* (Schwein.) Cooke, (1888)
* *Sistotrema lacteum* Fr. (1818)
* *Steccherinum lacteum* (Fr.) Krieglst. (1999)
* *Trametes lactea* (Fr.) Pilát (1940)
* *Xylodon bresadolae* (Schulzer) Kuntze (1898)
* *Xylodon hirsutus* (Kalchbr.) Kuntze (1898)
* *Xylodon lacteus* (Fr.) Kuntze (1898)
* *Xylodon pallescens* (Fr.) Kuntze (1898)
* *Xylodon sinuosus* (Fr.) Kuntze (1898)

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Yao 2017`
2. ↑ Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L (1986) *North American polypores 1,* Abortiporus *to* Lindtneria. Oslo, Fungiflora.
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1818`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1828`

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Lignosus tigris

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***Lignosus tigris*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Its fruit bodies have a roughly circular, brown to ochre cap measuring up to Template:Convert in diameter, supported by a muddy-brown stipe up to Template:Convert long and Template:Convert thick. The honeycomb-like pores on the cap underside number 1–2 per millimetre.

Described as a new species in 2013 by mycologist Chon-Seng Tan, it is found in the tropical forests of Pahang, Malaysia. The specific epithet *tigris* alludes to the local folklore that the fungus originated from milk dripped onto the ground while a tigress fed her cubs. The fungus fruit bodies are similar in appearance to those of *Lignosus sacer*, but differs in having larger pores, and smaller spores that typically measure 2.5–5.5 by 1.8–3.6 μm.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Tan 2013`

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Lepiota saponella

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***Lepiota saponella*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Found in France, it was described as new to science in 1994.

The fruit bodies (mushrooms) closely resemble those of the widespread species *Lepiota cristata*. *L. saponella* can be distinguished by its soapy smell, dingy buff-coloured gills, and smaller scales on the cap surface. Microscopically, its spores are more triangular than those of *L. cristata*.

## See also

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* List of *Lepiota* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bodin 1994`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Courtecuisse 1999`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Hyphoradulum

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***Hyphoradulum*** is a genus of fungi in the Cyphellaceae family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Hyphoradulum conspicuum***, found in Europe.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:Index Fungorum

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Lactarius cyanescens

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***Lactarius cyanescens*** is a member of the large milk-cap genus *Lactarius* in the order Russulales. It was first described as new to science in 2007.

## See also

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* List of *Lactarius* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Stubbe2007`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leccinellum crocipodium

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***Leccinellum crocipodium*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Fruitbodies contain a benzotropolone pigment called crocipodin.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kerschensteiner 2011`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Limacella guttata

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***Limacella guttata*** is a mushroom-forming fungus in the family Amanitaceae. *Limacella guttata* is found in Europe and North America, where it grows in damp woodlands typically dominated by deciduous plants such as ash, beech, and elm. The specific epithet *guttata* is derived from Latin, meaning "with droplets".

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pacioni 1981`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Leucocortinarius

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***Leucocortinarius*** is a genus of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Leucocortinarius bulbiger***, found in Europe.

## See also

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* List of Tricholomataceae genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Lyophyllopsis

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***Lyophyllum*** is a genus of fungus in the Lyophyllaceae family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ***Lyophyllopsis keralensis***, found in India.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`

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