recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Communism

**Communism** is a left-wing social, economic, and political ideology that was founded by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. Communism advocates the absence of social classes, money, and the state, and capitalism's replacement by common ownership of means of production. These beliefs made communism a major opponent to capitalism, which advocated the privatization of business and allowed for competition to determine prices, not their true worth.

Communism's economic ideology champions workers' rights, arguing that workers should be able to be paid more out of surplus value, rather than merchants profiting off of the surplus value without putting in any work. In addition, communism advocates class warfare between the working class and the "capitalist class", aiming for the overthrow of the capitalists by the workers. The system, therefore, became popular among workers and peasants, and communist revolutions occurred in 1848, 1905, 1917, and 1945 across the world.

The first communist state was the Soviet Union that was established in 1922 when the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky overthrew the Russian Empire, defeating the monarchist White Army, and took over the government. Modern communism tends to follow Marxism-Leninism, an ideology stemming from the beliefs of both Marx and Lenin. However, other brands of communism would be formed as more communist leaders took power, with Joseph Stalin's authoritarian Stalinism becoming somewhat of a fascist brand of communism, Mao Zedong's Maoism being more of an old Marxist belief, and Hoxhaism advocating isolationism to combat Stalinism.

Communism ruled over much of Eastern Europe and parts of Asia and Africa from the 1940s to the 1990s, and many communist guerrilla movements sprung up during the Cold War, with many of them being crushed, or they moderated their views to socialism or social democracy to become legitimate political parties. As of 2016, the only remaining communist nations were China (with its own unique form of communism), Nepal, Cuba, Vietnam, and Laos.
Anti-Defamation League

The **Anti-Defamation League** is the United States' premier civil rights and human relations agency that fights against anti-Semitism and bigotry and for democracy and civil rights. Founded in October 1913, it sought to establish justice and fair treatment for all citizens in the USA.

## History

The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith was founded in October 1913 in New York City to stop the defamation of American Jews, and its creation came at the same time as anti-Jewish violence. The ADL's goal was to fight anti-Semitism in addition to any racism or bigotry, while advocating democracy and civil rights. They were enemies of the Ku Klux Klan, Nazism, the anti-Semitic automobile manufacturer Henry Ford, Christian Front leader Charles Coughlin, the Christian Identity movement, German-American Bund, neo-Nazism, white power skinheads, and the "American militia movement". The ADL also held anti-Zionism and opposition to the existence of Israel as forms of anti-Semitism, and in 2013 they criticized United States Secretary of State nominee Michael Kern for editing a 1978 college newspaper article that called for Israel to end their "illegal occupation" of Gaza Strip and West Bank.
French Empire

The **French colonial empire** (*Empire colonial français*) was one of the largest European empires, referring to the overseas possessions of France. Its history was split between two time periods: the first colonial empire, which existed until 1814 and was mostly lost, and the second empire, which existed until 1980. France competed with Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and Britain for colonies in North America and India in the 17th century. It lost most of its colonies during the 18th and 19th centuries, being force to rebuild the French Empire from about 1850. The new territories spanned mostly Africa but also included others, such as French Indochina. These lands provided raw materials and other goods for French markets, as well as manpower during World War I and World War II. By the 1970s, most of this was lost and only a few scattered islands remaining under French control are all that is left of one of the world's largest empires.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The **Communist Party of the Soviet Union** (**CPSU**) was the founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union, established on January 1, 1912 by Vladimir Lenin. The party was founded by the Bolsheviks, a communist faction of Russian politics, and the Bolsheviks seized power from the Russian Empire in 1917. The CPSU formed the ruling party of the USSR after the Russian Revolution, and Joseph Stalin seized power for himself after Lenin's death in 1924, defeating his rival Leon Trotsky. Stalin purged supporters of Lenin and Trotsky in the "Great Purge" from 1936 to 1938, including almost every Red Army general, all of the admirals of the Soviet Navy, and millions of Soviet peasants. The CPSU was Stalinist until 1956, when Stalin's successor Nikita Khrushchev de-Stalinized the USSR. In 1985, the Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev decided to liberalize the economy like Deng Xiaoping had done in China, but the economy hit disastrously low levels, and Gorbachev was forced to resign on December 25, 1991 after a coup by CPSU hardliners was put down. Boris Yeltsin became President of Russia, and the CPSU ended with the disintegrating Soviet Union.
American Revolutionary War

The **American Revolutionary War** (April 19, 1775- September 3, 1783) was an armed conflict between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, which sought to rule themselves as an independent nation. The war began with the battles of Lexington and Concord, in which the British Army had attempted to capture the leaders of the Continental Congress, an unlawful body which represented the people of the colonies. After this battle, armed colonial militia nicknamed "minutemen" besieged Boston, capturing it in March 1776; Virginia, New York, and other colonies also broke free from the British, with New Hampshire forming its own government in January 1776; this was the first state to form its own government and state constitution separate from the British. The American colonies declared their independence as the United States on 4 July 1776, removing any possibility of the British granting autonomy to the Americans - now, the Americans sought to have their own country and government. Congress became the government of the nascent United States, and the Congress convened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to lead the United States during the war. George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the "Continental Army", the military of the Continental Congress, due to his experience as a British officer during the French and Indian War, and the Continental Army would fight against the British in unconventional warfare. The British captured New York City in August 1776, using the city as a base for the rest of the war; the 32,000-strong British army under William Howe also included Hessians, a force of German mercenaries. The war would see the British attempt to chase down Washington's army, but the survival of Washington's army and the great victory at the battles of Saratoga led to the Kingdom of France, Spain, and the United Provinces deciding to side with the patriots against their British rivals. War was waged on the frontier against Native Americans and their Tory (American loyalist) allies, in the North against British troops and Hessians, and in the South against the British and the southern loyalists. The war's *de facto* end was at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, where Charles Cornwallis' army was forced to surrender, ending Britain's chances of victory. In 1783, after some naval warfare between the British and the French and Spanish and some frontier clashes, the British agreed to the Treaty of Paris, recognizing US independence.
English-Americans

**English-Americans** are Americans of English descent. England was the first country to establish a permanent and long-lasting colony on the United States mainland, and they were the fathers of the Thirteen Colonies; English immigrants sailed from their homeland to establish colonies along the East Coast, and they brought with them English culture and Protestantism. From 1607 until the 1840s, almost all white inhabitants of the country were of British Isles descent, and the English-Americans later headed out to the American West, colonizing more lands and spreading their culture west. They used to be the predominant ethnic group in the country, but the 1800s and 1900s saw immigrants come in from other countries; by 2015, German-Americans were the largest ethnic group in the country, Irish-Americans the second-largest, and English-Americans the third-largest. 27,657,961 Americans are self-reported English-Americans (9% of the population), but the people who ethnically identify as "American" on the census (mostly white southerners) include people of English descent; if all of the "Americans" had identified with their ancestors, English-Americans would make up almost 16% of the population, which would make them the second-largest ancestry group. Famous Americans such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Edison, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Henry Ford were all of English ancestry; most of the Founding Fathers and almost all of the presidents were of English descent.
C. Wright Mills

**Charles Wright Mills** (August 28, 1916- March 20 ,1962) was an American sociologist and professor at Columbia University from 1946 to 1962. He conceived the idea of sociological imagination - the ability to see how individual experiences are connected to the larger society through their personal troubles and public issues.

## Biography

Charles Wright Mills was born in Waco, Texas in 1916, and he went to the University of Texas at Austin and began publishing for sociology journals while still a student. In 1942, he became a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, working there until 1945; from 1946 to 1962, he was a professor at Columbia University in New York City. He wrote for the progressive *The New Republic*, the liberal anti-communist *The New Leader*, and the quarterly *Politics*, and he later authored several of his own books. In *The Power Elite*, he introduced the term "power elite" when referring to class alliances among the American political, military, and economic elites, he wrote *White Collar: The American Middle Classes* in 1951 about the rise of white-collar workers, and wrote *The Sociological Imagination* about how a person's biography (personal experiences) related to history (one's background). He advocated increased public engagement for intellectuals, criticized the formation of power elites in both capitalism and communism (even attacking Soviet censorship while visiting the USSR, and advocating for Leon Trotsky's works to be published), and popularized the term "New Left" in a 1960 open letter, "Letter to the New Left". He died of a heart attack in West Nyack, Rockland County, New York in 1962 at the age of 45.
Arizona

**Arizona** is a United States state located in the American Southwest with its capital at Phoenix. The state was admitted to the union on February 14, 1912, having been taken over by the United States following the Mexican-American War of 1848; it was expanded with the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. The United States Army crushed the Navajo and the other Native American tribes that attempted to resist the white settlement of the Southwest, and the region grew in population as white settlers and immigrants moved in. In 2015, the state had a population of 6,828,065 people.

## Gallery

Location of ArizonaArizona desert in 1898
Capitalism

**Capitalism** is an economic ideology based on private ownership of the means of production. In capitalism, people make profits from the surplus value of their earnings. Core tenets of capitalism include private property, free markets, competition, wage labor, capital accumulation, and a price system based on supply and demand. Free market principles of capitalism have seen a tremendous increase in standards of living around the world during the past couple centuries, but have also allowed for some people to become extraordinarily wealthy at the expense of the working class. The resulting disparities have contributed to the rise of socialism and communism as a backlash. By the 21st century, mixed capitalist systems dominated the West, combining free markets with state intervention.
Ahmadiyya

The **Ahmadiyya** movement is a sect of Islam founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who claimed to be the Messiah and Mahdi. The religious movement's base was Punjab, the origin of its leaders, and the community sees itself as leading the true and peaceful version of Islam that Muhammad preached, not extremism like other sects. Adherents believe that Ahmad appeared in the likeness of Jesus to end religious wars and reinstitute morality, justice, and peace. Since his death, his successors have been called "caliphs", leading the community in 200 countries and frequently expanding the faith. Many orthodox Muslims consider Ahmadis to be heretics, and Pakistani dictator Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq passed laws against the Ahmadiyya. As a result, the Ahmadiyya were based out of England and India instead.
1211 Avenue of the Americas

**1211 Avenue of the Americas**, also known as the **News Corp. Building**, is a skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York which houses Fox News' main studios and offices. It was completed in 1973 as part of the Rockefeller Center extension, and it became the headquarters of News Corp and 21st Century Fox in 2013 and Fox's successor, the Fox Corporation, from 2019.
Cheyenne

The **Cheyenne** are a tribe of Native Americans from the Great Plains region of the United States. One inhabiting most of the northern Great Plains region, they fiercely resisted the United States' expansion to the west, and only 22,970 Cheyenne remain in the USA, living in Montana and Oklahoma.

## History

The name Cheyenne is linked to the Dakota Sioux term for the tribe, *Sahiyenan*, thought to mean "people of different speech." The Cheyenne call themselves *Tsitsistas*, which translates to - as is the case with many Native American tribal names - “the people.” Originally an agricultural people, the Cheyenne took up the buffalo hunting lifestyle similar to that of the Sioux as the U.S. westward expansion forced them onto the Great Plains. They were excellent horsemen, and (unlike those of most other tribes) their buffalo hunts involved both men and women. Along with the meat provided (including the much prized heart, brain, liver, and kidneys), the buffalo’s hide was used to make winter clothing, teepee coverings, and blankets.

The Cheyenne were made up of many different clans, spread across a large geographic area. Their size offered both a blessing and a curse. Because they were so widespread, the Cheyenne have managed to keep their identity intact to this day. Unfortunately, however, individual Cheyenne clans often suffered unjust retribution at the hands of the U.S. military for supposed offenses they may or may not have committed. The Sand Creek massacre in 1864 epitomized this cycle of violence; over 150 innocent Cheyenne and Arapaho were slaughtered in an unwarranted attack that shocked many even during that period of great conflict.
Gewehr 98

The **Karabiner 98k**, also known as the **Kar98k**, was a bolt-action rifle used by Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945 and by Eastern Bloc countries since 1945. Millions of rifles were produced for the German Wehrmacht and the Axis Powers during World War II, and several of them fell into Soviet hands after the end of the war. The Soviets distributed these rifles as military aid, and their allies across the world would adopt Kar98ks as their rifles of choice. Since World War II, the Kar98k has seen service in the Greek Civil War, 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Korean War, First Indochina War, Chinese Civil War, Suez Crisis, and several wars in Africa and the Middle East. Most recently, the weapon has been seen in Iraq and Syria's civil wars.
Agis of Catana

**Agis of Catana**(310 BC-????) was a politician of the Roman Republic and Praetor from 270 to 266 BC, preceding Decius Maxentius.

## Biography

Agis of Catana was a general of the House of Maxentii, while not a part of the bloodline. He had no sense of command or influence whatsoever, wetting himself at the notion of command and having little control over even his wife. He had poor management, but due to nepotism, he was made the Praetor of the Roman Republic. He held this post until 266 BC, when Decius Maxentius succeeded him.
Chamber of Deputies

The **Chamber of Deputies** was the lower house of the French parliament from 1814 to 1848 under the Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy and from 1875 to 1940 under the French Third Republic. During its first incarnation, the Chamber of Deputies consisted of members elected through census suffrage, while members were elected through universal suffrage during its second incarnation.
Baghdad

**Baghdad** is the capital and largest city of Iraq. Founded in 762 by Caliph al-Mansur as the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, its name means "God's gift" in Middle Persian, and it has grown to be the second-largest city in the Arab World after Cairo. During the Middle Ages, it was the largest city in the world, with a population of 1,200,000 people, but in 1258 the Mongol Empire destroyed the city and massacred the Muslim inhabitants, leaving only the Christians alive. However, Baghdad was rebuilt and became a center of the Arab world in 1938 upon the independence of the Kingdom of Iraq from the United Kingdom, and it served as the capital of Iraq for many decades afterwards. During the Gulf War and Iraq War, Baghdad suffered massive damage, coming from the intense bombing in 1991 in the former and from the several battles between the United States and Iraqi insurgents in the latter war. The city was subject to regular insurgent attacks, and in 2012 it was rated the least-hospitable place to live and the worst quality-of-life major city out of a list of 221 cities. Baghdad has been separated between Sunni neighborhoods and Shia ones such as Sadr City, and the city has been a major battleground during the Iraq War.
Arkansas

**Arkansas** is a state of the United States located in the American South. Arkansas is known as "the Natural State" for being divided between the Ozarks and forests, with the cities of Arkansas being scattered across the state. On 15 June 1836, Arkansas was admitted to the union as the 25th state after being purchased from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, and the state capital was Little Rock. The state's reliance on slavery and plantations led to slow economic growth after the end of the American Civil War, and the state is still a mostly-rural region. In 2015, Arkansas had a population of 2,978,204 people.
Guelders

**Guelders** was a historical state of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from 1096 to 1795. Guelders was named for the German city of Geldern, and it occupied much of what is now the Dutch state of Gelderland. Guelders, located in Lower Lorraine, was often at war with the Duchy of Brabant, County of Holland, and the Bishopric of Utrecht, and the county was defeated by the Brabantines at the 1288 Battle of Worringen. In 1543, William of Julich-Cleves-Berg was forced to condede Guelders to the Holy Roman Emperor after allying with France against the Holy Roman Empire during the Italian Wars, and Guelders lost its independence. Emperor Charles V of Germany transferred control of Guelders to the Spanish Netherlands, and it remained a part of the Habsburg Netherlands until it was conquered by France in 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Bernard-Rene de Launay

**Marquis Bernard-Rene Jourdan de Launay** (8 April 1740 – 14 July 1789) was a French nobleman who was Governor of the Bastille from 1776 until his death in 1789.

## Biography

Bernard-Rene Jourdan was the son of the Marquis of Launay and was appointed to an honorary position in the musketeers at the age of eight. He replaced the governor Jumilhac as governor of the Bastille prison in 1776 and was not only in charge of the prisoners but also the vast gunpowder storage under the castle.

### Death

   Launay was the Governor of the Bastille during the time of the outbreak of rioting. In July 1789, the rioting people of Paris stormed the armory and armed themselves with 15,000 muskets; they had no gunpowder to fire their guns. They resolved to storm the Bastille prison and take advantage of the gunpowder storages in the basement. Launay ordered his men to fire on the crowds, who were heavily-equipped, starting a battle. The storming of the Bastille of 14 July 1789 was the flashpoint of the French Revolution, and the people of Paris were aided in the storming by Arno Dorian, a member of the Assassin Order. Dorian killed all of Launay's accompanying soldiers, and Launay threatened to blow up some gunpowder barrels (which would kill both him and Arno), but he was scared to do so, and Arno put out the light on the stick. Launay was spared by Arno, but was left to the mercy of the crowd. He surrendered, but when he kneed an unemployed cook in the groin, the crowd beheaded him and his head was mounted on a pike.
Bronze Star

The **Bronze Star Medal** (**BSM**) is a United States Armed Forces decoration awarded to members of the United States Armed Forces for either heroic achievement, heroic service, meritorious achievement, or meritorious service in a combat zone.

When the medal is awarded by the Army, Air Force, or Space Force for acts of valor in combat, the "V" device is authorized for wear on the medal. When the medal is awarded by the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard for acts of valor or meritorious service in combat, the Combat "V" is authorized for wear on the medal.

Officers from the other Uniformed Services of the United States are eligible to receive this award, as are foreign soldiers who have served with or alongside a service branch of the United States Armed Forces. Civilians serving with U.S. military forces in combat are also eligible for the award.
Free Syrian Army

The **Free Syrian Army** is a rebel group consisting of former Syrian Arab Army soldiers who defected to the Syrian Opposition at the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2015. Led by defected army officers, the FSA was a moderate group whose views ranged from secularism to moderate Islamism. 90% of the Free Syrian Army consisted of the abused Sunni majority of the country, who fought against the Shia Alawites in the Syrian military during the civil war. The army had up to 60,000 soldiers during the war, initially consisting of soldiers who refused to fire on demonstrators and later including volunteers such as former protesters or newly-come-of-age Syrians opposed to Bashar al-Assad's Ba'ath Party government. The FSA was represented by the Syrian National Coalition in politics, and it had the backing of the United States, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, and France, with the West supporting it due to its moderate viewpoints. In Syria, the FSA was allied to the Islamic Front, YPG, Army of Mujahideen, Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union, Sham Legion, Alwiya al-Furqan, and the al-Nusra Front, while it was enemies with the Syrian government, some YPG units, some al-Nusra factions, Jund al-Aqsa, and the Islamic State.
American loyalists

The **Loyalists**, also known as the **Tories**, were American colonists who remained loyal to the crown of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). The Tories were conservative and loyal to King George III, and they resisted radical change due to being older and better established; they saw rebellion against the crown as illegitimate and wrong; they opposed the Patriots' use of violence; they held pro-British sentiments due to business and family links; they sought to postpone independence until a later date; they were afraid of chaos and mob rule; they lacked confidence in an American victory; and they felt that the British Parliament was the legitimate authority in America. Around 20% of the American population (around 500,000 people) supported the crown during the war, and several Tories took up arms against their fellow countrymen, especially in the American South and on the frontier. Backcountry Scots were notably in favor of continued British rule, and they fought against the Americans at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge in 1776. Many Tories fled to New York City to avoid being tarred and feathered or murdered, and 70,000 Tories fled to other parts of the British Empire (such as Great Britain itself, or Canada) upon the war's end in 1783. Loyalists who stayed in the United States were nevertheless allowed to retain their property and acquire citizenship.
Grady Travis

**Grady Lawrence Travis** (March 29, 1921 - April 25, 1945) was a Private First Class in the United States Army who served as a tank loader in the US 2nd Armored Division during World War II.

## Biography

Grady Travis was born in Little Rock, Arkansas but was raised in north Georgia, United States. He was the older brother of Boyd Travis, who changed his name out of spite for their abusive World War I veteran father.

### World War II service

Travis enlisted in the US Army during World War II. He served as the loader of the M4 Sherman tank *Fury* under Donald Collier, as for Travers served as a paratrooper for the US 82th Airborne Division. Grady became known for his vulgarity and barbarity, acquired as the result of his experience in combat in North Africa, France, Belgium, and Germany.

In April 1945, after the US 2nd Armored Division captured the town of Kirchohsen, Travis abused two German women who had befriended Collier and the new bow gunner Norman Ellison, spitting on the food of Emma—Ellison's German lover—and touching her. Collier, who was serious about protecting the two German women, threatened to kick in the teeth of anyone who touched them. Travis would shove Ellison out of the building as the soldiers left, interrupting his goodbye to the young German girl. Travis later shoved him away and verbally abused him after Ellison saw that the girl had been killed in a German artillery bombardment, asking him if he was Jesus Christ, and if he could resurrect her. Norman becomes more brutal and unforgiving to the Waffen-SS.

#### Tiger ambush

A platoon of four tanks, led by Collier, is ordered to hold a vital crossroads from advancing Germans, protecting a camp hosting supply trains and valuable medical and cooking personnel. If the Germans were to reach the camp, they risk the deaths of the personnel and the destruction or theft of the supplies. After encountering and engaging a heavily armored Tiger I tank, only *Fury* remained, the other three vehicles having been ambushed and destroyed by the Tiger. Collier's vehicle was soon immobilized after hitting a landmine; shortly a, a battalion of three hundred Waffen-SS infantry approached. During this time, Grady pulled Norman aside and apologized for talking the way he did about Emma. Grady said that he wasn't a good person, but Norman was. Norman had not seen this behavior from Travis before, deducing his anger from undiagnosed PTSD. Collier refused to leave, and the rest of the crew, initially reluctant, decided to stay and plan an ambush, as Boyd Swan believed God has kept them alive to keep the camp past the crossroads safe.

#### Death

The crew then took part in the tank's last stand at the Battle of Hagenohsen on April 25, 1945. Outnumbered and outgunned, Collier and his men nevertheless inflict heavy losses on the Germans using both the crews' weapons. Although dozens of SS infantry are gradually killed by the crew, Travis was killed when a Panzerfaust missile tore through the tank's turret and shot right through Travis' chest. Swan was devastated by this and cradled his body, begging before covering with his jacket.
Franks

The **Franks** were a confederation of Germanic tribes situated on the Lower and Middle Rhine as of 363 AD, when they started expanding east and west of the Rhine River, conquering the lands of the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Alemanni in Germany and also conquering Jutland from the Saxons. They were eventually forced westwards by the Lombardii and Burgundii, and made a permanent settlement in present-day France, Belgium, and the Netherlands after conquering it from the Western Roman Empire.

## History

The Franks were originally German people living along the Rhine River bordering the Alemanni, Chatti, Marcomanni, and Quadi; the latter three were subject to military expeditions by the Frankish tribes, which resulted in their conquests. The Franks established a power base across the Rhine and expanded to the Elbe and to the Loire, fighting the Lombardii, Burgundii, Alemanni, Saxons, and Western Roman Empire, conquering most of Gaul and Western Europe. They were once humbled by the Saxons by a military expedition, forced to stop their attacks on their empire in return for survival. The Franks continued their wars against Rome and took over Arles, Bordeaux, and Samarobriva, taking over all of West Europe for themselves. After the fall of Rome, they conquered the Alemanni and founded the Merovingian Empire.
Frente Popular

The **Frente Popular** (English: **Popular Front**) was a left-wing coalition of Spanish politics that existed from January 1936 to 1939. On 19 February 1936 it gained control of the Second Spanish Republic with Miguel Azana as its leader, and it gained opposition from the Falange and right-wing parties in politics. The coalition's supporters, ranging from liberals and anti-fascists to socialists and communists, fought against the Falange and the fascist organizations of Spain, and it was defeated in the Spanish Civil War of July 1936-March 1939, ending in their total defeat and destruction despite assistance from the Soviet Union and the International Brigades. The Frente Popular's leadership mostly fled to either Russia or Latin America, and Francisco Franco ruled Spain as a dictator until 1975.
Acrocorinth

The **Acrocorinth** was the acropolis of ancient Corinth, located atop a monolithic rock. It was the site of the Temple of Aphrodite at Corinth, where the renowned *hetaerae* offered their services to pilgrims and wealthy Corinthians. During Macedonian rule, the Acrocorinth was converted into a fortress, and it was later heavily fortified under Byzantine rule, becoming the seat of the *strategos* of Hellas. The Franks, Venetians, and Ottomans also used the Acrocorinth as a fortress, and the Christians and Muslims would go on to convert the Temple into a church and then into a mosque. Today, the Acrocorinth is one of the most important medieval castle sites of Greece.
Aliscia Andrews

**Aliscia Andrews** was a United States Marine Corps veteran and Republican political candidate from Virginia. She served in the Marines in Europe, Africa, and Asia before working as a Department of Homeland Security consultant, and she became a pro-Trump Republican who supported his border policy, high military funding, economic deregulation, and gun rights. In 2020, she ran for the US House of Representatives in VA-10, aiming to be the first Marine elected to the US Congress.
Buddhism

**Buddhism** is an eastern religion which originated in 6th century BC India, with its founder being Buddha (the "enlightened one", born Siddhartha Gautama). Buddhism, unlike other major religions, does not explicitly have a god or deity, with some people choosing to deify Buddha. The religion believes that the human problem is suffering, caused by passions and worldliness; it emphasizes self-discovery and humility. Like Hinduism, from which it deviated, it believes in the concepts of *karma* and reincarnation, and its adherents seek to break the cycle of rebirth through achieving the state of *nirvana*, becoming one with everything, or through *bodhisattva* (the path of Buddhahood). The sacred text of Buddhism is the Pali Canon. Buddhism would later spread through much of Asia, with Theravada becoming popular in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia and Mahayana becoming popular in East Asia; Gelugpa Buddhism can be found in Tibet.
Germanic paganism

**Germanic paganism** was a form of paganism. In the the Early Middle Ages, the ancient Germanic belief system was still dominant in Scandinavia, the Low Countries and German-speaking countries. A pantheon of gods under the wise warrior Odin (or Wodan) ruled all the branches of the world tree, Yggdrasil. The other two main gods were Thor (Thunar), friend to mankind, and Frey, god of fertility.
Crimea

**Crimea** is a peninsula located on the Black Sea, in either southeastern Ukraine or southwestern Russia (it has been disputed since March 2014). The Crimea was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, and it would become a part of the Russian SFSR after the October Revolution of 1917. However, it would be transferred to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954, and Crimea remained a part of Ukraine until March 2014, when unmarked Russian Army troops, local cossacks, and Russian sympathizers took over the Crimea from the Ukrainian Army.
Free French Forces

The **Free French Forces** were the armed forces of Free France, led by Charles de Gaulle during World War II. The Free French consisted of French Army troops who had escaped to the United Kingdom after the battle of France in 1940 in addition to French forces in North Africa and abroad; many fighters came from Morocco, Algeria, and Spain in addition to France itself. The Free French assisted the British Army in taking over Vichy France's colonies in Syria, Lebanon, Gabon, and North Africa during the war, and their expeditionary forces served under the British during the invasions of Italy and France in 1943 and 1944. After the 25 August 1944 liberation of Paris (which the Free French general Philippe Leclerc had led), the Free French Forces became the new French Army, and men like De Gaulle would become the new leaders of a liberated France.

## Gallery

A British Army officer inspecting Free French commandosFree French troops in Italy, 1944
German 8th Army

The **8th Army** was a German field army during World War II. In 1939, the army was formed with Johannes Blaskowitz as its commander, and it took part in the invasion of Poland. After the conclusion of the campaign, it was reorganized into the German 2nd Army for the Battle of France, but it was reformed in 1943 after the Battle of Kursk. In 1945, the army, commanded by Hans Kreysing, surrendered in Austria.
Commonwealth of England

The **Commonwealth of England** was a republic that existed in England from 1649 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660, with London serving as its capital. The Commonwealth was proclaimed in 1649 after the overthrow of King Charles II of England by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarians during the English Civil War, and it existed as a nominal democracy until 1653, when Cromwell proclaimed The Protectorate as a military dictatorship. In 1659, the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved and the Rump Parliament recalled, the start of the process that led to The Restoration in 1660, when Charles II returned to power.
FBI

The **Federal Bureau of Investigation** (**FBI**) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and the prime federal law enforcement agency in the country. The FBI was founded on July 26, 1908 as the **Bureau of Investigation** (**BOI**), and the FBI handles domestic security from 56 field offices across the country. The FBI handles counterterrorism, national security, counterintelligence, and criminal investigations, and its director J. Edgar Hoover would lead the FBI in fighting against the Communist Party USA, the Civil Rights movement, feminists, the Puerto Rican nationalist movement, the American Mafia, and other organizations deemed "subversive", using its COINTELPRO program from 1954 to 1971. In 2014, the FBI had 35,104 employees.
Germany

**The Federal Republic of Germany** is a federated republic in Central Europe, composed of 16 states. Germany's largest city is its capital of Berlin, and it has a large population of 81,500,000 people, becoming the second-largest migrant destination after the United States. Germany has the fourth-largest GDP on Earth, with a 35-hour work week, free education, and cheap healthcare. Germany was united in 1871 under the German Empire, and in 1918 it was replaced by a republic following the German Revolution after World War I. Germany was transformed into a fascist state, using racist ideology and right-wing populism to gain a large support base for Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party. Consequentially, Germany sought to expand across Europe, leading to World War II and the devastation of Germany, which resulted in Germany being divided into the Western Allies-occupied West Germany and the Soviet-occupied East Germany. From 1945 to 1989/1990, Germany was divided between a capitalist west and a communist east, but the end of the Cold War made it unnecessary to maintain the division of Germany with the Iron Curtain and Berlin Wall. In 1990 Germany was reunified as a federal republic, and it has a very high standard of living as of 2016, with one of the highest economies. Social security and universal healthcare are tenets of modern German economics, allowing for Germany to emerge as a world power.
Charlestown, Boston

**Charlestown** is the oldest neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located on a peninsula north of the Charles River. It was laid out in 1629 by an English settler and was named in honor of King Charles I of England; it was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Charlestown became a city in 1848 and was annexed by Boston in 1874. With that, it also switched from Middlesex County to Suffolk County. Following the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s, it grew to have a substantial population of Irish immigrants and their descendants, and it was an Irish blue-collar neighborhood for several decades. However, since the late 1980s its proximity to downtown Boston and its colonial architecture led to gentrification; Charlestown still managed to maintain its "Townie" identity and its large Irish population. By the 21st century, Charlestown was a largely residential neighborhood, with much housing near the waterfront, overlooking Boston's skyline. In 2011, Charlestown had a population of 16,685, with 75.4% being white, 7.5% Asian, 7.4% African-American, 7.4% Hispanic, and 2.2% multiracial.
Afghanistan

**Afghanistan** is a mountainous landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia, with Kabul serving as its capital. Located along the former Silk Road, Afghanistan has had a diverse history marked by the invasions of Alexander the Great, the Indian Maurya Empire, the Muslim Arabs, the Mongols, the British, the Soviets, and the Americans and their NATO allies, acquiring a reputation as an "unconquerable" country and as the "graveyard of empires". Major Afghan kingdoms and empires have included Bactria, the Kushan Empire, the White Huns, the Samanids, the Saffarids, the Ghaznavids, the Ghorids, the Khaljis, the Mughals, the Hotaks, and the Durranis. In 1893, the British Empire created the Durand Line as the border of Afghanistan and British India, and, in 1919 - following the Third Anglo-Afghan War - Afghanistan freed itself from foreign influence. In 1973, the Kingdom of Afghanistan was overthrown in a republican coup, but the republican regime was itself overthrown in the communist Saur Revolution in 1978. The Soviet-backed communist regime was forced to fight against an insurgency by the traditionalist Mujahideen and their foreign jihadist allies in the Soviet-Afghan War, destabilizing the country for decades to come; after the Soviet withdrawal, the communist regime fell apart, but the ensuing power vacuum gave way to the Afghan Civil War. In 1996, the Islamist Taliban movement seized power in Kabul with help from Pakistan, but their Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan government proved unable to win over the non-Pashtun north, leading to continued conflict. In addition, the Taliban's refusal to hand over Osama bin Laden and other wanted al-Qaeda terrorists to the United States in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks of 11 September 2001 led to the US-led invasion of Afghanistan, the creation of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and the Afghanistan War. The twenty-year-long war between the NATO-backed Afghan government and the Taliban insurgency ended on 15 August 2021 when, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban recaptured Kabul and re-established the Islamic Emirate.

In 2015, the population was over 32,000,000 people, with 42% being Pashtuns, 27% Tajiks, 8% Hazaras, 9% Uzbeks, 4% Aimaqs, 3% Turkmen, 2% Balochs, and 4% others (Nuristanis, Pamiris, Arabs, etc.). 50% spoke Dari (Persian), 35% Pashto, 11% Uzbek and Turkmen, and 4% 30 other languages (including Arabic). 90% are Sunni Muslim, 9% Shia Muslim, and 1% other, including Zoroastrian and Zunist (Christianity, Judaism, and atheism are almost nonexistent).
Craftsman

A **craftsman** is a producer of materials, working in the secondary sector. In human geography, secondary sector workers use the products grown by the first sector workers (farmers and laborers) to craft a finished product, such as wine bottles, small arms, explosives, textiles, and other goods. Craftsmen tended to be in either the lower or lower-middle classes during the Victorian era.
Friedrich Engels

**Friedrich Engels** (November 28, 1820 – August 5, 1895) was a German philosopher and Marxist theorist who co-authored *The Communist Manifesto* with Karl Marx in 1848. Engels was instrumental in the creation of socialism, which would later evolve into communism.

## Biography

Friedrich Engels was born on November 28, 1820 in Barmen, Prussia (present-day Wuppertal, Germany), and he dropped out of high school and became an atheist when he was young. While in Bremen, he criticized industrialization, and he became an intellectual while serving in the Prussian Army in the 1840s. In 1842, his parents sent him to work in Manchester, England at a sewing thread mill, with his father thinking that he would reconsider his liberal views if exposed to working-class life. However, he befriended Karl Marx while he was in England, and Engels wrote for Marx's publication, *Rheinische Zeitung*, criticizing child labor and becoming involved in radical journalism and politics. Engels and Marx travelled across Western Europe, and they joined the German Communist League. When Engels and Marx were asked to publish a pamphlet outlining the views of the league, they wrote *The Communist Manifesto*, publishing it in 1848. Their newspaper was suppressed following the 1849 coup in Prussia during the 1848 Revolutions, and Engels took part in the 1849 uprisings. He escaped to Switzerland, and from there to England, where he rejoined Marx in exile. Engels would help in financing the book *Das Kapital*, and he died in London in 1895 at the age of 74.
Caribbean Sea

The **Caribbean Sea** is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west, to the north by Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south by South America. The sea, along with the Gulf of Mexico and the northern Atlantic, help to form the Caribbean region. The sea is known for its tropical islands and its beautiful, clear water, and it has many gulfs and bays. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Caribbean was famous for being home to much pirate activity during the Golden Age of Piracy, and many of its islands are still home to colonial-era forts and buildings, especially the forts in Havana, Cuba and Nassau, Bahamas.
Church of Ireland

The **Church of Ireland** is an autonomous province of the Anglican Christian church, based in Ireland. The church identifies as both Catholic and Protestant, although it rejects the supremacy of the Pope and supports ideas from the Reformation. The church was founded in 1536 as a state church and disestablished in 1871, and it became the second-largest church in Ireland; in 2016, it had 410,000 adherents.
Commonwealth of Nations

The **Commonwealth of Nations** is an intergovernmental organization of 52 countries and states that were former members of the British Empire. The commonwealth was created by the Balfour Declaration on November 19 1926, when Earl Balfour claimed that all British dominions were united in their loyalty to the crown of the United Kingdom. The Commonwealth's many nations would join Britain during World War II, both colonies (British Raj and Mandatory Palestine) and fellow nations (Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, etc.), but the Commonwealth has since ceased to be a military alliance and more of a collection of nations with a shared heritage.
Dakota

The **Dakota** are a Native American tribe that comprise two of the three Sioux subcultures, the Santee (eastern) and Yankton (western) Sioux. The Dakota inhabited the Great Plains during the 19th century, but they were forced onto reservations in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Oklahoma. The Dakota numbered 20,460 people in 2010, with most being Christian.
5th Panzer Army

The **5th Panzer Army** was an armored formation of the German Wehrmacht, existing from 8 December 1942 to 30 June 1943 and from 24 January 1944 to 17 April 1945. The army was commanded by Hans-Jurgen von Arnim in North Africa, but its commander Gustav von Varest was forced to surrender to the Allied Powers on 13 May 1943 after the army was pushed back to Cap Bon in northern Tunisia. In 1944, the army was reformed and saw action under the command of Heinrich Eberbach in the Normandy campaign and then under Hasso von Manteuffel during the Battle of the Bulge. On 17 April 1945, the army was forced to surrender to the United States Army in the Ruhr Pocket of Germany.
Atlanta

**Atlanta** is the capital and the most populous city of the US state of Georgia, established as a city on December 29, 1847. The area was ceded to the white settlers by the Creek Native Americans in 1821, and it was first developed as a zero mile post for a new railroad in 1836; by 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was known as "Marthasville", and it became a city in 1847 under the name "Atlanta". By 1860, the population had grown to 9,554 people, and the city was a railroad center and a supply hub for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of the 1860s. On November 11, 1864, the Union general William T. Sherman had the city burnt down during the March to the Sea, sparing only the city's churches and hospitals from destruction. In 1868, Atlanta replaced Milledgeville as the new state capital of Georgia, and the city was gradually rebuilt. During the early 1900s, Atlanta's population tripled as the city expanded to include streetcar suburbs, and the city became a center of industry during the mid-20th century. During the 1960s, Atlanta was a major support base for the Civil Rights movement, and Atlanta's first black mayor was elected in 1973. From 1975 to 1979, a subway system was built in Atlanta, and the city hosted the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were attacked when an anti-abortion terrorist bombed the Centennial Olympic Park. During the 2000s, immigrants and young Americans moved into Atlanta, causing for a demographic change to occur. In 2015, the Atlanta area had a population of 6,365,108 people, with 51.4% being African-American, 38.3% white, 4.7% Hispanic, and 3.7% Asian.