LED的照明控制，第一部分：LED控制的介绍

AIA/CES Provider Number: 50111167

## **EE300: Lighting Control of LEDs, Part 1:Introduction to LED Control**

**EE300:LED照明控制第一部分：LED控制介绍**
Course Number: 000000003001

Educator: Kevin Willmorth

## ***以下内容由照明172-1505090222-赵兴宇翻译***

### **EDUCATION CREDIT 教育学分**

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for LEU (NCQLP) credit and80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate of Completion for each type of credits. For LCcertification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES, Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIACES.

在本课程结束后，学员将能够完成在线考试，通过成绩达到70％以上才能获得LEU（NCQLP）学分，80％以上才能获得LU/HSW学时（AIA/CES）。成绩合格后，您将可以下载各类学分的结业证书。对于LC认证维护（LEU），学分是自我报告的。对于AIA /CES，照明控制协会将向AIACES报告本课程获得的学分。

### **NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS-没有得到认证组织的认可。**

This course is registered with NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemedor construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

本课程已在NCQLP和AIA CES注册为继续专业教育课程。因此，它不包括可能被视为或解释为这些组织对任何建筑材料或任何材料或产品的处理、使用、分发或交易的方法或方式的批准或认可的内容。

###

### **COPYRIGHT-版权声明**

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without writtenpermission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

本演示文稿受美国和国际版权法的保护，未经照明控制协会的书面许可，禁止复制、分发、展示和使用。 未经照明控制协会的书面许可，禁止复制、分发、展示和使用本演示文稿。

###

### **DISCLAIMER-免责声明**

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damagesas a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association,National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc., Lumenique, LLC or their employees or members. All informationcontained in this course is published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this courseprovide professional services such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained,registered, regulated and insured professionals.

本课程中包含的信息是从被认为可靠的来源获得的。由错误、遗漏或损害引起的损害
由于使用或误用本课程中包含的数据或信息，照明控制协会不承担责任，
国家电气制造商协会、ZING通信公司、Lumenique有限责任公司或其环境管理计划

LED technology delivers exceptional opportunities for lighting control application.

LED技术为照明控制应用提供了特殊的机会

However, due to differences in how LEDs operate, controlling LED products differs from traditional light sources. This course provides a workingunderstanding of control methods for LED lighting products and how to integrate these methods into modern lighting design.

然而，由于LED工作方式的不同，控制LED产品与传统光源不同。本课程提供了对LED照明产品控制方法的工作理解，以及如何将这些方法整合到现代照明设计中。

Part 1 offers an overview of LED drivers and power supplies and the impact of control functions on LED light output, efficacy, life, dimmer expectations and flicker behavior.

第1部分概述了LED驱动器和电源，以及控制功能对LED光输出、功效、寿命、调光器预期和闪烁行为的影响。

Part 2 shows how single-color white light LED products can be controlled within conventional wired control architectures.

第2部分展示了如何在传统的有线控制架构中控制单色白光LED产品。

Part 3 explores wireless controls advanced control physical layers and protocols applicable to modern solid-state and digital lighting application

第3部分探讨了适用于现代固态和数字照明应用的无线控制高级控制物理层和协议。

Part 4 describes LED color how controls impact color performance of LED products, and methods used to control color and shade of white light.

Image courtesy of Lumenpulse

第4部分介绍了LED颜色如何控制影响LED产品的颜色性能，以及用于控制白光的颜色和阴影的方法。

###

### **LEARNING OBJECTIVES-学习目标**

At the end of the course, participants will be able to:

课程结束时，学员将能够：

1.Understand how control effects such as dimming and switching affect LED sources

1.了解调光和开关等控制效果如何影响LED光源

2.Understand the basic function of LED drivers and the difference between constant-voltage and constant-current drivers

2.了解LED驱动器的基本功能和恒压与恒流驱动器的区别。

3.Distinguish pulse-width and pulse-amplitude modulation and how they are used to adjust the luminous intensity of LED sources

3.区分脉宽和脉幅调制，以及它们如何用于调整LED光源的发光强度。

4.Identify when and why compatibility between controls and power supply components affects dimming performance

4.识别控制和电源组件之间的兼容性何时以及为什么会影响调光性能。

5.Understand methods for attaining optimal performance of a controls scheme through careful product selection

5.了解通过仔细选择产品来实现控制方案最佳性能的方法。

###

### **COMPATIBILITY WITH LIGHTING CONTROL-与照明控制装置的兼容性**

Automatic lighting controls are common in new construction and frequently specified as an element of lighting upgrades. LED products are well suited for operation with controls; LEDs are not negatively affected by frequent switching, and dimming has no negative impact on efficacy or service life.

 寿命（小时）
 流明
 输入功率（瓦）
 流明成本（美金每千流明）
 灯具或包装成本（美金每光源）
 显色性（显色指数）
 调光影响效果
 调光影响寿命
 开光影响寿命

自动照明控制在新建筑中很常见，并且经常被指定为照明升级的一个要素。LED产品非常适合与控制装置一起使用；LED不会因频繁开关而受到负面影响，而且调光也不会对功效或使用寿命产生负面影响。

###

### **LIGHT OUTPUT AND ENERGY-光输出和能源**

LEDs produce light output proportionally to energy input. An LED operating at 50% of its maximum current will produce roughly 50% of its initial light output. Within the product’s design limit, higher current will generate higher light output.

LED产生的光输出与能量输入成正比。一个LED在其最大电流的50%下工作时，将产生大约50%的初始光输出。在产品的设计极限内，更高的电流将产生更高的光输出。

###

### **DIMMING AND EFFICACY-调光和效率**

Most LED devices rate initial lumens at a temperature of 25ºC; this is the temperature at which they are tested for optimum performance. However,most LED luminaires operate LED devices at 35-80ºC. As temperature rises, light output and efficiency drop. Because dimming reduces temperature,it increases efficacy. This means, as at the lowest settings, dimming of light levels is not proportional to actual dimmer power settings.

大多数LED设备在25oC的温度下评定初始流明；这是测试它们获得最佳性能的温度。然而，大多数LED灯具在35-80oC的温度下运行LED器件。随着温度的升高，光输出和效率会下降。由于调光可以降低温度，因此可以提高功效。这意味着，与最低设置一样，光照度的调光与实际调光器功率设置不成正比。

###

### **LED DRIVERS LED-驱动器**

LEDs are low-voltage direct-current (DC) light sources. Operation requires an electronic device that converts incoming AC to DC as the LED sourceand circuit demand. These electronic components, known as “drivers” (because they drive current to the LEDs), also provide a control interface fordimming and/or color control. Drivers and related components may be integral to the luminaire or located remotely.

LED是低压直流（DC）光源。操作时需要一个电子器件，将输入的交流电转换为直流电，作为LED光源和电路的需求。这些电子元件被称为 "驱动器"（因为它们将电流驱动到LED上），还为调光和/或颜色控制提供控制接口。驱动器和相关元件可能是灯具的组成部分，也可能位于远程。

Image courtesy of Lumenique

###

### **CONSTANT-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES-恒流电源**

Constant-voltage power supplies provide a fixed voltage required by the LED module (often 12 or 24VDC) within their output range. They providepower directly to the LED source or to a current control driver that controls energy flow through the LEDs. This is a common approach where the LED load is not known, such as track lighting and linear products of varying lengths.

恒压电源在其输出范围内提供LED模块所需的固定电压（通常为12或24VDC）。它们直接向LED源或电流控制驱动器提供电源，以控制通过LED的能量流。这是一种常见的方法，在LED负载未知的情况下，如轨道照明和不同长度的线性产品。

When directly powering an LED circuit, resistors are typically used to regulate current flow. As these resistors produce no light but consume energy,these power supplies are generally less efficient. For this reason, high-performance products utilize additional constant-current regulation in addition to a constant-voltage power supply.

在直接为LED电路供电时，通常使用电阻来调节电流流。由于这些电阻不产生光，但会消耗能量，因此这些电源的效率通常较低。因此，高性能产品除了使用恒压电源外，还利用额外的恒流调节。

Image courtesy of Lumenique

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### **CONSTANT-CURRENT POWER SUPPLIES-恒压电源**

Constant-current drivers and power supplies regulate current while allowing voltage to fluctuate. They are generally more efficient and protect the LEDs from overcurrent conditions regardless of operating temperatures or control setting. The power supply and driver may be separate components, combined into single packages similar to a fluorescent ballast, or integrated into products themselves.

恒流驱动器和电源可调节电流，同时允许电压波动。一般来说，它们的效率更高，而且无论工作温度或控制设置如何，都能保护LED不受过流条件的影响。电源和驱动器可以是单独的组件，也可以组合成类似于荧光灯镇流器的单一封装，或者集成到产品本身。

For dimming to be applied, the power supply and driver combination must be designed to include controls capability. If a product is not designed to be dimmed, it cannot be connected to a dimmer, as changes to incoming power (line side) will upset operation of the driver and power supply, delivering unreliable results (or product failure).

为了实现调光，电源和驱动器组合的设计必须包括控制功能。如果产品的设计不具备调光功能，则不能将其连接到调光器上，因为输入电源（线路侧）的变化会扰乱驱动器和电源的运行，从而产生不可靠的结果（或产品故障）。

Image courtesy of Lumenique

###

### **LINEAR VS. SQUARE LAW (LOG) DIMMING-线性VS.平方律 平方律（LOG）调光**

Dimming controls utilize mathematical formulas to generate response behavior to dimming control settings. Linear formulas respond to controlmovement in direct and straight line proportion—i.e., 10% control position = 10% light power setting.Square law and log dimmers utilize formulas that attempt to create a dimming function that creates a variable relationship between control movementand dimmer movement, creating a more natural feeling to the dimmer function.

调光控制利用数学公式来产生对调光控制设置的响应行为。线性公式以直接的直线比例响应控制移动--即10%的控制位置=10%的光功率设置.方形定律和对数调光器利用公式试图创建一个调光功能，在控制移动和调光器移动之间建立一个可变的关系，为调光功能创造一个更自然的感觉。

Image courtesy of Lumenique

###

### **DIMMING METHODS: VOLTAGE AND CURRENT REGULATION-调光方法：电压和电流调**

The methods for controlling the brightness of LEDs include voltage regulation, current regulation, PWM and PAM modulation. The driver utilizes input received from an external control and then processes that information to adjust output to the LEDs themselves to produce a desired light output.

控制LED亮度的方法包括电压调节、电流调节、PWM和PAM调制。驱动器利用从外部控制装置接收到的输入，然后处理这些信息来调整LED本身的输出，以产生所需的光输出。

Voltage regulation is the least useful, as LEDs have a limited tolerance to voltage changes, creating very limited dimming range with drop-OFF and pop-ON effects. For this reason, products connected to constant-voltage power supplies are generally not dimmable.

电压调节的作用最小，因为LED对电压变化的耐受性有限，造成了非常有限的调光范围，具有drop-Off和pop-ON效应。因此，连接在恒压电源上的产品一般不能调光。

DC current regulation is an effective method for controlling LEDs within a limited dimming range of 10-100% of full power. At lower current levels,however, dimming performance can be inconsistent and unpredictable, and color shift may occur.

直流电流调节是在全功率的10-100%的有限调光范围内控制LED的一种有效方法。然而，在较低的电流水平下，调光性能可能会不稳定和不可预测，并可能发生色移。

Image courtesy of Lumenique

## ***以下内容由201-刘珈羽翻译***

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### **DIMMING METHODS: PWM CONTROL-调光方法：PWM**

An LED driver using pulse-width modulation (PWM) incorporates control circuits that alter the width of electrical pulses sent to the LED circuit. Thispulses the LEDs ON and OFF at a very high fixed frequency (28 kHz to 50 kHz, invisible to the naked eye). The advantage of this approach is that current to the LEDs is maintained, which maintains the source at its peak efficacy at all settings. A wide pulse leaves the circuit ON longer, generating more visible light; a shorter pulse leaves the circuit OFF longer, resulting in a reduction of light output.

使用脉宽调制(PWM)的LED驱动器集成了控制电路，这些控制电路可以改变发送到LED电路的电脉冲宽度的。它将以一个非常高的固定频率（28 kHz至50 kHz，肉眼看不见）对LED进行脉冲开和关。这种方法的优点是，LED的电流得以维持，从而使光源在所有设置下都能保持其最高功效。宽脉冲使电路开启的时间更长，产生更多可见光；短脉冲使电路关闭的时间更长，导致光输出减少。

PWM is also used as a control signal to a constant-current LED driver to produce variable current to the LEDs. PWM-controlled products are capable of dimming to as little as 1% of full power (10% perceived brightness).

PWM也被用作恒流LED驱动器的控制信号，以产生可变电流给LED。PWM控制的产品能够调光到全功率的1%（10%感知亮度）。

图像由Lumenique提供

### **DIMMING METHODS: PAM CONTROL-调光方法：PAM**

In LED drivers that utilize pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), the current level is pulsed over time based on a variable or fixed frequency (10 kHz to 50 kHz). The change in current passing through the LED changes the level of light output, resulting in dimming. The maximum current is generally set at the highest intended for the LEDs and modulated below that to reduce luminous intensity.

在利用脉冲幅度调制(PAM)的LED驱动器过程中，电流水平根据可变或固定的频率(10 kHz至50 kHz)随时间而脉冲。通过LED的电流变化来改变光输出的水平，从而实现调光。最大电流一般设定在LED的最高预期值，并在该值以下进行调节以降低发光强度。

This blend of pulsed load and current regulation, combined with frequency variation, produces the highest level of precise control and is capable of the lowest possible dim level setting (<10% perceived brightness). However, as the electronics involved are more costly, this approach is limited to sensitive applications where high color fidelity is desired, such as color mixing. Typically, PAM is applied directly to the LED loads themselves and is not used as a control signal.

这种脉冲负载和电流调节的结合，加上频率的变化，实现了最高水平的精确控制，并且能够实现最低的昏暗等级设置（<10%的感知亮度）。然而，由于所涉及的电子器件成本较高，这种方法仅限于需要高色彩保真度的敏感应用，如色彩混合。通常，PAM直接应用于LED负载本身，而不是作为控制信号使用。

### **AC OPERATION OF LED SOURCES   LED-光源的交流电工作**

LED sources may be designed to operate directly on alternating current (AC) circuits either connected directly to line voltage or through simple low voltage transformers. Circuit connections that apply alternating current to produce the direct current LEDs require for operation results in a doubling of incoming 50Hz or 60Hz AC sine wave frequency to an LED operating frequency of 100Hz or 120Hz, similar to magnetic fluorescent and HID system output prior to electronic ballasts. Due to the limited voltage range tolerance of LEDs, however, flicker from these sources is aggravated by any attempt to apply line-voltage dimming control. Further, the lack of through voltage from AC LED products will not support downstream components such as photocells that require continuity for operation.

LED光源可以设计成直接在交流电（AC）电路上工作，或者直接连接到线路电压，或者通过简单的低压变压器。应用交流电的电路连接，以产生LED所需的直流电操作，结果是将输入的50Hz或60Hz交流正弦波频率提高一倍，使LED的工作频率达到100Hz或120Hz，类似于电子镇流器之前的磁性荧光灯和HID系统输出。然而，由于LED的电压范围承受能力有限，任何试图应用线电压调光控制的做法都会加重这些光源的闪烁。此外，AC LED产品缺乏通电电压，将不支持下游组件，如光电池等需要连续运行的组件。

Image courtesy of Lumenique 图像由Lumenique提供

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### **EXPECTATIONS: DIMMING PERFORMANCE ISSUES-期望:调光性能问题**

Dimming of any light source presents challenges to system performance and integrity that require careful consideration. While flicker is one artifact ofpoorly matched system components, other issues require consideration as well:

任何光源的调光都对系统性能和完整性提出了挑战，需要仔细考虑。虽然闪烁是系统组件不匹配的一个结果，但其他问题也需要考虑。

（1）Dimmer control dead travel: when a range of control adjustment results in no change in brightness；

（2）Pop-ON: sudden run-up to an elevated brightness from zero;

（3）Drop out: individual luminaires or groups of loads drop out as the control is moved to lower dim settings;

（4） and inconsistent response to dimmer input.

（1）调光器控制死区：当控制调节范围内的亮度没有变化时；

（2）弹开：从零开始突然上升到更高的亮度；

（3）退出：当控制移动到较低的调光设置时，单个灯具或负载组下降；

（4）以及对调光器输入的反应不一致。

These issues arise from controls interacting with drivers and power supplies in such a way as to deliver inconsistent interaction between a manual dimmer control and the controlled load.

这些问题来自于控制与驱动器和电源的交互，从而在手动调光器控制和受控负载之间提供不一致的交互。

Image courtesy of Lumenique  图像由Lumenique提供

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### **COMPATIBILITY ISSUES-兼容性问题**

LED drivers and power supplies are electronic components designed to perform within a known set of operational conditions. Due to the largenumber of variables between designs and manufacturers involved in providing the numerous components involved, compatibility issues may arise. Interaction between incompatible electronic components, and failures in matching technologies properly, produces a range of undesirable effects.

LED驱动器和电源是电子元件，其设计要求是在一组已知的操作条件下执行。由于设计和制造商在提供众多相关元件时存在大量的变数，可能会出现兼容性问题。不兼容的电子元件之间的相互作用，以及在适当匹配技术方面的失败，会产生一系列不良影响。

 带线电压调光器的AC线电压LED灯调光
 错位控制逻辑（线性/对数）
 调光器与驱动器范围不匹配（例如20%最小量程驱动器全量程调光器）
 控制器和操作员之间的电子反馈或反应
 调光器负载不足（LED负载不能产生全部调光功能的最小负载）
 缺少通过驱动器的断开状态电压
 低压控制系统中缺乏独立的关控负载

### **FLICKER: INTERMITTENT FLUCTUATIONS 闪烁:-间歇性波动**

There are several forms of flicker. The simplest is noticeable as intermittent fluctuations in light output, often caused by variations in incoming line voltage that are beyond what the power supply or driver can absorb. This is an intermittent issue that is mitigated through power line regulation.

闪烁有几种形式。最简单的是光输出的间歇性波动，通常是由输入线路电压的变化引起的，这种变化超出了电源或驱动器可以承受的范围。这个间歇性的问题可以通过电源线调节来缓解。

Flicker may also be present in dimmed lighting products when the electronic components within dimmers and drivers or power supplies interact. Effects include pulsing, fluttering, intermittent flickering at specific light levels, or as controls are moved through the dimming range. This type of flicker can also be caused by an interaction between luminaires connected to neighboring controls on separate circuits. The only solution is to select and apply compatible products and/or test combinations to ensure they do not cause the undesirable interaction.

当调光器和驱动器或电源内的电子元件相互作用时，闪烁也可能出现在调光照明产品中。其影响包括在特定的光照水平下，或当控制装置在调光范围内移动时，出现脉冲、颤动、间歇性闪烁。这种类型的闪烁也可能是由于连接到独立电路上相邻控制的灯具之间的相互作用引起的。唯一的解决方案是选择和应用兼容产品或测试组合，以确保它们不会引起不良的相互作用。

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### **FLICKER: STEADY STATE MODULATION 闪烁：稳态调控**

Flicker that is visible and constant is the biggest concern. How visible flicker appears to occupants depends on frequency, modulation depth and duty cycle. Flicker is defined by a combination of flicker % and flicker factor. Modulation of light sources at frequencies of less than 80Hz is well known to be visible to a majority of the population and have detrimental effects on individuals susceptible to physiological response (e.g., epilepsy and migraine). Frequencies between 100Hz and 200Hz are considered tolerable by most of the population when the flicker % is <10 and the flicker index is <0.04, but has been shown to negatively affect visual performance. Frequencies over 2,000Hz are considered undetectable to the human visual system.Source: IES Handbook, 8th and 9th Editions

可见且持续的闪烁是最大的关注点。对使用者而言，闪烁的可见度取决于频率、调制深度和占空比。闪烁是由闪烁百分比和闪烁系数的组合来定义的.众所周知，频率低于80Hz的光源调制对大多数人来说都是可见的，并且对易受生理反应影响的个体（如癫痫和偏头痛）有不利影响。在100Hz和200Hz之间的频率被认为是大多数人可以容忍的，当闪烁百分比<10且闪烁指数<0.04时，但已被证明会对视觉性能产生负面影响。超过2000Hz的频率被认为是人类视觉系统无法检测到的。IES手册，第8版和第9版。

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### **FLICKER: A MATTER OF DESIGN AND PRODUCT QUALITY**闪烁：设计和产品质量的问题

Flicker may present in LED products of all configurations, particularly in products with lowquality components and circuits that do not include the required filtering and AC/DC conversion.

This flicker is likely to be aggravated when the product is dimmed or controlled, with additional risk of control malfunction and reduced performance.

By design, however, high-frequency operation of LEDs (>2,000Hz) is considered invisible to occupants and is generally less susceptible to visible flicker and control issues (in products rated as dimmable) than products that operate at line-voltage (100Hz or 120Hz) frequency.

Source: M. Grather,

闪烁可能出现在所有配置的LED产品中，特别是在使用低质量组件和电路的产品中，这些组件和电路不包括所需的滤波和AC/DC转换.

当产品调光或控制时，这种闪烁可能会加剧，并有额外的控制故障和性能降低的风险。

然而，根据设计，LED的高频操作（>2,000Hz）被认为是使用者看不见的，通常比以线电压（100Hz或120Hz）频率操作的产品更不容易出现可见的闪烁和控制问题（在额定为可调光的产品中）。
来源：M. Grather

### **LTLDIMMER CONTROL QUALITY LEVELS-调光器控制质量等级**

LED products dim according to the quality and design of the devices involved. Generally, low-quality luminaires and dimmers produce an inconsistent “step dimming” effect and may offer dimming across a limited range. Further, low-quality dimmers designed to operate conventional lamps often produce a greater rate of dimming relative to the control position, often resulting in the light level dropping to zero well before the control is in the lowest setting position. Low-cost dimmers rarely deliver dimming to 20% of full light output. Additional electronic compensation is required to attain 10% or lower dimming range.

LED产品的调光效果取决于相关设备的质量和设计。一般来说，低质量的灯具和调光器会产生不一致的 "阶梯调光 "效果，并且可能在有限的范围内提供调光。此外，为操作传统灯具而设计的低质量调光器通常会产生相对于控制位置更大的调光率，通常会导致在控制装置处于最低设置位置之前，光照度就会降至零。低成本调光器的调光率很少能达到全光输出的20%。为了达到10%或更低的调光范围，需要额外的电子补偿。

The highest-quality systems produce the smoothest dimming from settings as low as 1%. They not only dim to a lower level, but include programming that dims the connected load using a log scale. This scale utilizes the entire control range, and results in lighting loads being dimmed at a rate that is more closely matched to human perception of the dim rate. Further, these systems provide greater fidelity and full control range of motion.

最高质量的系统可以从低至1%的设置中产生最平滑的调光。它们不仅调光到较低的水平，而且还包括使用对数刻度对连接的负载进行调光的编程。这个刻度运用了整个控制范围，使照明负载的调光率更接近人类对调光率的感知。此外，这些系统提供了更高的保真度和完整的控制范围。

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### **GENERAL COMPATIBILITY OF CONTROLS-控制器的一般兼容性**

There are several different types of dimmers used in lighting. Not all are suitable for controlling LEDs. The following is a summary of the dimmer types, and their likely compatibility.

有几种不同类型的调光器用于照明。并非所有的调光器都适合控制LED。以下是调光器类型的总结，以及它们可能的兼容性。

 TRIAC或标准白炽灯调光器（又称电阻负载调光器或前沿调光器）
 感性负载调光器
 电子负载调光器MOSFET或尾部边缘调光器设计
 荧光调光器
 DMX512控制
 DALI控制
 低端电控

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### **APPLICATION NOTES-应用说明**

There is currently no single standard establishing universal compatibility between LED products, drivers, power supplies and controls systems. Before proceeding with the design of any control scheme involving LED products, carefully consider:

目前还没有一个单一的标准建立LED产品、驱动器、电源和控制系统之间的通用兼容性。在着手设计任何涉及LED产品的控制方案之前，请仔细考虑：

Not all LED products can be dimmed. If the driver and power supply are not designed to accommodate dimming, there are no controls available to operate the products other than switches or relay contactors. There are many proprietary LED products and systems that utilize unique controls systems or require adaptive integration modules to work with other systems. Do not assume compatibility automatically exist between disparate manufacturers. LED products may be incompatible with wallbox dimmers, photocells, sensor-based controls or electronic relays. These devices may include internal resistive components that malfunction when connected to LED loads or circuits. Verify compatibility with the LED and control product manufacturers prior to integrating them into a system. Many LED products present a load that is below the minimum design capacity of standard dimmers, which will cause erratic dimmer response. This is particularly problematic for retrofit applications using LED sources. Application of low-wattage LED retrofit products on existing 12V transformers may not produce adequate load to support transformer electronic function. Further, they may cause magnetic transformers to produce a higher output voltage.

并非所有的LED产品都可以调光。如果驱动器和电源的设计不适合调光，那么除了开关或继电器接触器之外，就没有其他控制装置来操作产品。有许多专有的LED产品和系统利用独特的控制系统或需要自适应集成模块与其他系统一起工作。LED产品可能与壁盒调光器、光电池、传感器控制或电子继电器不兼容。这些设备可能包含内部电阻元件，当连接到LED负载或电路时，会发生故障。许多LED产品的负载低于标准调光器的最小设计容量，这将导致调光器响应不稳定。在现有的12V变压器上应用低瓦数的LED改造产品，可能不会产生足够的负载来支持变压器的电子功能。此外，它们可能会导致磁性变压器产生更高的输出电压。

Before considering any control of LED products—whether for switching, relay control, automatic sensor or dimming—verify that all selected components are specifically compatible and supported by the manufacturers involved. When possible, test the intended component combinations to ensure proper function.

在考虑对LED产品进行任何控制之前--无论是开关、继电器控制、自动传感器还是调光--请确认所有选择的组件都是特别兼容的，并得到相关制造商的支持。在可能的情况下，测试预期的组件组合，以确保正确的功能。

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### **YOU’RE FINISHED-你完成了**

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course EE300: Lighting Control of LEDs, Part 1: Introduction to LED Control. You are now ready to take Part 2: Wired Control of LED Lighting. Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course. You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for LEU (NCQLP LC) and LU/HSW (AIA CES) credit. A 70+% passing grade is required for LEU credit and 80+% for AIA CES credit. Upon passing the test, you may download a Certificate of Completion on the Courses page. If you are an AIA member, please email your course completion certificate to LCA with your AIA number.

到这就结束了美国建筑师协会继续教育系统课程EE300：LED照明控制，第1部分：LED控制简介。您现在已经准备好参加第2部分：LED照明的有线控制.请花 一点时间提供关于您的经验与本课程的反馈.您也可以参加理解测试，以测试您的学习和LEU（NCQLP LC）和LU/HSW（AIA CES）学分的资格。LEU学分要求70％以上的合格成绩，AIA CES学分要求80％以上的合格成绩。通过考试后，您可以在课程页面下载结业证书。如果您是AIA会员，请将您的课程结业证书连同您的AIA编号一起发到LCA。