Tyrannosaurus/Segments

## Tyrannosaurus rexTyrant Lizard King

* Season I Opening
* Coasts I
* Freshwater II
* Swamps V
* North America I
* Uncovered III

## Presence

* Coasts (Segment 1)
	+ 1 adult male
	+ 5 juveniles (1 deceased)
* Freshwater (Segment 2)
	+ 1 adult male
	+ 1 adult female
* Swamps (Segment 5)
	+ 2 subadult males
* North America (Segment 1)
	+ 1 adult male
* Could T. rex Really Swim?
	+ Stock footage from Coasts
* What Else Lived Alongside The Dinosaurs?
	+ Stock footage from North America
* How Good Were T. rex Senses?
	+ Stock footage from Swamps

## Notes

The only animal (aside from *Nanuqsaurus*) that appeared in multiple segments shown eating in all the segments it was featured in.

 Main **Segments** Gallery

MainSegmentsGallery

These are Prehistoric Planet segments which feature ***Tyrannosaurus rex***.

***“ Surely, one of the most remarkable animals that have ever existed - and certainly one of the most famous - is a dinosaur. Tyrannosaurus rex. An animal to spark the imagination for all of us. What kind of an animal was it? What did it look like? How did it live? ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Prehistoric Planet Season 1 episode opening*
The skeleton of a *Tyrannosaurus* is present in the opening of every episode in the first season of Prehistoric Planet, serving as the overall representative of the dinosaurs, the greatness they stood for, the fascination they garner, and the air of enigma that has long been around them, mysteries that the show aims to solve or at least give viable explanations for. The opening of the second season's episodes continues this by bringing up *T. rex's* swimming capabilities, which were presented and discussed in the first season.

## Coasts

* Hell Creek Formation, Montana - South Dakota, USA
* Western Interior Seaway, USA

**Coasts**, Segment I
**Setting**

* Hell Creek Formation, Montana - South Dakota, USA
* Western Interior Seaway, USA

***“ The southern shores of the great inland sea that splits North America, and the tracks of the land's top predator. A Tyrannosaurus rex taking a swim. Hollow, air-filled bones and powerful hind limbs make T. rex very effective swimmers. This is an adult male, with his young family. His offspring are now just old enough to follow him on a journey to one of the many offshore islands that fringe this coast. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Coasts*
The first segment of the episode takes place by the southern shores of the Western Interior Seaway, an inland sea that splits North America in half, with the tracks of a dinosaur left in the sand. The creature that left the footprint is nowhere on land, however. In the sea, an adult *Tyrannosaurus* is seen swimming, having smelled meat on an offshore island just a short distance from the coast, with his five young offspring following close behind.

***“ It's a short enough crossing, but it can still be a dangerous one... a Mosasaur, a giant marine lizard over twice the size of a tyrannosaur, and weighing over 15 tonnes. It's the largest predator on the planet. Turtles are normally on a mosasaur's menu, but this brood would make a welcome snack. An adult T. rex, even in water, can still defend itself very effectively, but the young must stay close... ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Coasts*
However, a mosasaur, taking notice of the tyrannosaur family, turns around in hopes of snatching one of them. The adult tyrannosaur briefly looks down in the water to gauge how close the mosasaur is, prompting him and his five children to swim faster. The mosasaur, aware that the adult *T. rex* is still capable of defending itself in the water very effectively, sets its sights on the one *T. rex* hatchling lagging behind the rest. As they approach the shore, the mosasaur closing in on them, the hatchling that is lagging behind screeches more as its panic grew greater, until it got dragged down beneath the waves, the mosasaur flicking its tail and turning around just as the rest of the tyrannosaur family reached the coast of the offshore island. The patriarch of the family gets up and faces the sea, realizing that one of his five offspring was taken away.

***“ Tyrannosaurus rex often lose at least two-thirds of their original brood of 15 or so in the first year. Now, there are only four. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Coasts*
With nothing more than can be done, he turns to the smell that drew his attention to the offshore island. Ignoring the giant two-tonne turtles crawling around, having arrived to the beach to lay their eggs, the *T. rex* walks to an already-dead turtle, turns it over, and crushes through its belly with his five-ton bite force. When his chicks try to get a taste, however, he drives them off with a growl, intending for them to learn to hunt for food on their on their own.

***“ The beach, however, doesn't look very promising. But as the evening approaches, things start to change. Baby turtles are beginning to hatch from the sand, and rush down to the sea. The young T. rex have been brought to an ideal training ground. Hatchling turtles are the perfect size for a novice to tackle. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Coasts*
The four surviving juveniles at first simply run around the beach, even playing around and riding a giant turtle at one point. As evening approaches, the turtles eggs buried in the sand hatch, and the young turtles make their way to the sea. One young tyrannosaur at first plays around with these turtles, stomping some of them into the sand, and getting scared off by the waves as they take a turtle hatchling into the sea. Their parent still refuses to share the dead turtle he's eating, so one of the juveniles decides to go after a baby turtle, only to be fought off by one of its siblings, which steals and eats the baby turtle for itself, leading to a game of chase. The segment ends with more of the newly-hatched turtles getting swept by the waves into the sea.

## Freshwater

**Freshwater**, Segment II
**Setting**
Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA

In the second segment of Freshwater, a dead *Triceratops* is shown, having been slain by an old *T. rex*, which gets up from his nap and proceeds to feed on his prey, which left a deep gash in his right leg beforehand. The theropod, having been injured by decades of fighting large prey (with one fight even costing him the tip of his tail) goes down to a nearby river to drink and wash his newest wounds. Suddenly, another *T. rex* arrives from the other side of the river. The two theropods growl at each other, but through smell, the old male deduces that the newcomer is a female, younger and smaller than he is. He raises his head, exposing his neck and letting out a throaty bellow to signal that he has no intentions to fight her, but would prefer to mate. The female responds in kind, also letting out a drumming bellow of approval.

***“ The facial area of a tyrannosaur is very sensitive to touch, and they nuzzle. His great size and his battle scars are evidence that he is a survivor, and that, perhaps, in her eyes, makes him an attractive partner. So they stay together, and in the coming weeks, they mate frequently. Eventually, she'll lay up to 15 eggs, and with them comes the promise of the next generation. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Freshwater*
The segment ends with the two tyrannosaurs mating in the middle of the forest before getting up and moving out together, either to hunt food together, or find a better place to rest and mate in.

## Swamps

**Swamps**, Segment V
**Setting**
Hell Creek Formation, Montana - South Dakota, USA

**Filming Location**
Bog Pond, Waterford, Oxford, Maine, USA

In the fifth and final segment of Swamps, a wetlands region, flooded all year round and turned into a lush, excellent feeding ground during springtime, attracts herds of *Edmontosaurus* and *Triceratops*. The large number of herbivores in the area, however, attracts the attention of two subadult *T. rex* brothers. They would prefer to ambush their prey, but with many of the herbivores already aware of their presence (including a formidable trio of *Triceratops*, which glare back at them while drinking from the swamp), the *T. rexes* postpone their attack for a better time.

***“ As darkness falls, some of the herds that had been grazing out in the open retreat into the forest for shelter. Now, the odds switch in favor of the predators. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Swamps*
As night falls, one tyrannosaur quickly looks over the area before waking his brother up, and together, using their superb low-light vision (due to having the largest eyes of any dinosaur) and near-silent movement (helped in part by their cushioned foot pads muffling every step) to their advantage, they sneaking up on a herd of *Edmontosaurus*. Their plan in place, the *T. rex* brothers split and take up different positions. One deliberately makes a noise, alarming the herd, which is now aware that hunters are close by, but don't know exactly where the predators are. Taking advantage of this air of uneasiness spreading through the herd, one *T. rex* rushes out, attacking one *Edmontosaurus*, ramming at it full force while biting its back right leg. This sudden attack causes the herd to panic and rush right where the other hunter is waiting, allowing him to ambush an *Edmontosaurus* and bring his jaws down on its neck.

***“ A perfectly-executed plan by one of the greatest land predators that have ever lived in the swamps of our Prehistoric Planet. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Swamps*
Their target now singled out, the other *T. rex* arrives to help, and both brothers wrestle the *Edmontosaurus* to the ground. The hadrosaur, refusing to go down, put up a decent struggle, pushing, shaking, and kicking its attackers off at times, but in the end, the theropods put the *Edmontosaurus* down for good with bites to the neck and stomach. That night, as the rest of the hadrosaurs fled in fright, the *Tyrannosaurus* brothers feasted on their hard-earned catch.

## North America

**North America**, Segment I
**Setting**
Javelina Formation, Texas, USA

**Filming Location**
Wharariki Beach, Cape Farewell, South Island, New Zealand

***“ The coast of the vast, inland sea that almost splits North America in half. Here in the south, as the tide falls, giants are drawn to the shoreline. These Alamosaurs are a hundred feet long, and weigh some 80 tonnes. They are the largest dinosaurs on the continent. So huge that no predator can tackle them. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
In the first segment of North America, by the shores of the Western Interior Seaway, a herd of *Alamosaurus* travel along a beach. Given their great size, the titanosaurs are able to travel without fear of harm from any predator.

***“ Some live to a great age. This male is around 70 years old. Many in the herd are likely to be his offspring. But his long life is now coming to an end. His immense body is beginning to fail him. He may not survive the night. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
As they go around a bend in the path, one 70 year-old male, feeling that his time is up, slowly drops down on the beach, the rest of the herd moving on without him. Accepting that his long life is at its end, the old male lays his head on the sand, closes his eyes, and peacefully passes away.

***“ Dawn. And these troodontids have picked up a scent. They're quick to investigate anything new, especially if it might be worth eating. But biting through a three inch-thick hide is beyond their power. Very frustrating. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
The next day, a trio of troodontids visit the beach, having smelled the corpse of the recently-deceased titanosaur. Skittishly, they explore and climb atop the dead sauropod, looking for the best part to start their meal. To their frustration, however, the small theropods found themselves unable to bite through the titanosaur's hide, which is three inches thick.

***“ Tyrannosaurus rex. North America's top predator. With his six inch-long teeth, tearing through an Alamosaur's tough skin is not a problem. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
As they continued to attempt to take bites out of the corpse, the troodontids are then scared away by a male *Tyrannosaurus*, which is easily able to feed on the carcass with his six-inch teeth and bone-crushing bite. One troodontid manages to take one strip of meat as the *T. rex* feeds before being forced away again.

***“ T. rex might be able to bully troodontids, but a carcass as big as this soon attracts more formidable competition... ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
The smell of the massive carcass, extremely visible on the open beach, soon attracts the attention of other carnivores. As he is eating his meal, the *T. rex* soon hears a series of booming calls from above, and turns towards the source of the noise, growling in frustration upon realizing that he can no longer eat the carcass undisturbed.

***“ Quetzalcoatlus, a giant pterosaur. One of the few creatures that will challenge an adult tyrannosaur. One strike from its six foot-long beak could easily cost T. rex an eye. Even so, it seems that he's not going to back down. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
A *Quetzalcoatlus* lands down on the beach, eyeing the dead titanosaur right in front of it. The *T. rex* roars at the *Quetzalcoatlus* in an attempt to scare it off, but the azhdarchid pays no heed to the theropod's warnings as it slowly marches towards the carcass. The *T. rex* turns to face the pterosaur, revealing that his right eye is milky, with a horizontal scar across the eyeball, implied by the narration to have been rendered blind by a prior *Quetzalcoatlus* attack. As the *T. rex* continued to growl at it, the azhdarchid paused its advance to test the extent of the *T. rex's* aggression. Believing that his taller, lankier rival would not attempt to challenge him further than it already has, the *T. rex* turns back to his meal, prompting the *Quetzalcoatlus* to try and walk towards the carcass again.

***“ But the arrival of a second Quetzalcoatlus changes the odds. After all, two beaks are deadlier than one. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
No sooner did the theropod return to eating than another bellow echoed from the skies. Both the *T. rex* and the *Quetzalcoatlus* paused to turn their attention to the new arrival. A second *Quetzalcoatlus* has landed on the beach, letting loose a booming call to challenge the land-bound predator, with the *T. rex* responding in kind with his own fearsome roar. Emboldened by each other's presence, the two pterosaurs close in on the *T. rex*.

Both *Quetzalcoatlus* charge in, snapping their beaks to make clear their defiance, but quickly dart away as the aggravated *T. rex* rushed towards them. Their intent is not to take on their heavier and more powerful adversary head-on, however. Instead, they plan to repeatedly harass and even injure him until they had inflicted enough discomfort to convince him to leave. While one *Quetzalcoatlus* gets chased off by the *T. rex*, the other lands atop the *Alamosaurus* corpse, diverting the *T. rex's* attention and enraging him even further.

As this azhdarchid gets into a squabbling match with the *T. rex*, having the annoyed theropod's undivided attention, the other *Quetzalcoatlus* flies at the *T. rex* from behind, almost pecking him in the back as it passed overhead. With the *T. rex* distracted yet again, the other *Quetzalcoatlus* leaps off the dead *Alamosaurus* to take part in the aerial harassment. Again and again, the two *Quetzalcoatlus* strike the *T. rex* in the back with their long beaks as he tried to swing around and grab one of them.

***“ For T. rex, this is now too dangerous. Some fights just aren't worth the risk. For now, the flying giants have won. They quickly eat all they can. But T. rex will almost certainly be back to claim his share once his flying rivals leave. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *North America*
Overwhelmed by the assault, the *T. rex*, unwilling to risk receiving potentially more grievous injuries, abandons the titanosaur corpse to the azhdarchids, whom promptly feast on the bountiful meal. Given how the *Quetzalcoatlus* pair are unlikely to strip a considerable amount of the massive carcass clean, the *T. rex* will almost certainly return to feast on what's left once the pterosaurs have had their fill and moved on.

## Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - Could *T. rex* Really Swim?

  **Could *T. rex* Really Swim?**
**Subject**
The evidence supporting the idea of *T. rex* being capable of swimming, much like other large animals in the modern day.

**Experts**
Dr. Darren Naish
Footage from the Coasts episode is used for this Uncovered segment, dedicated to discussing whether *T. rex* can really swim. Its large skull, huge teeth, and evidence of an acute sense of smell serve are excellent proof of its prowess as a hunter, but what's being asked for is proof regarding its ability to swim. The answer lies in the muscular bird-like hind limbs of the theropods, good for walking and running. It is therefore argued that the kicks generated by these same, powerful legs can help *T. rex* cross large bodies of water.

***“ And in the fossil record, there is direct evidence for exactly this. Score-like marks known as swim traces, created when the claws of a two-legged dinosaurs like T. rex scraped sediment on the bottom of lakes, rivers, and the seabed as they swam. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - Could T. rex Really Swim?*
CT scans also helped reveal that many theropod bones were hollow, which would have helped their massive bodies float. This helps serve as further evidence that *T. rex* is an excellent swimmer, and, using this ability, it can expand its feeding opportunities, as seen on the show, when it swam to an offshore island to feed on a dead turtle. To help dispel doubt, comparisons are made with several large animals alive in the modern day. Footage of swimming horses, elephants, ostriches, and emus are shown, proving that, even today, some of the heaviest animals can regularly go out for a swim.

***“ In the modern world, the animals that are most similar to T. rex in general body shape are giant, flightless birds like ostriches and emus. And, perhaps surprisingly, these animals are very good swimmers. There are places where these birds make sea crossings, sometimes of several miles, so they can reach offshore islands and find new sources of food. ”***

― **Dr. Darren Naish**, *Lead Scientific Consultant*
Even so, the ability to swim does not make *T. rex* completely safe. With giant predators like *Mosasaurus* prowling the seas, ready to snatch them (most especially the more vulnerable juveniles) at any time, *T. rex* would have only been brief visitors of the prehistoric oceans, for, though it is the "Tyrant Lizard King", mosasaurs are still undisputedly the masters of the waves.

## Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - What Else Lived Alongside The Dinosaurs?

  **What Else Lived Alongside The Dinosaurs?**
**Subject**
The other weird and wonderful creatures that lived alongside the dinosaurs, from *Beelzebufo*, marine reptiles, and pterosaurs, to their successors, mammals.

**Experts**
Dr. Darren Naish, Dr. Marc Jones, Dr. Mark Witton, Professor Anjali Goswami
In this Uncovered segment, which goes over the many animals that lived alongside the dinosaurs, the pterosaurs are brought up as masters of the skies, following the part dedicated to *Mosasaurus*, the "greatest marine predators of all time". Footage of *Barbaridactylus* from Deserts, as well as the juvenile azhdarchids and *Quetzalcoatlus* from Freshwater are shown, lauded as "the very first animals with backbones to fly".

***“ They were not just very big, they also had a skull that was about three meters long and ended in giant, stabby jaws. If you were Tyrannosaurus, you would probably think twice about approaching an animal that dangerous. ”***

― **Dr. Darren Naish**, *Lead Scientific Consultant*
More focus is brought to them with footage of the pair of *Quetzalcoatlus* harassing a *T. rex* in North America, to drive home how the largest can pose a threat to even the deadliest of predatory dinosaurs. The pterosaurs, along with many other impressive creatures that lived alongside the dinosaurs, were not like anything alive today, though, as shown by the next part, dedicated to mammals like *Adalatherium*, there were also some other animals that might seem a little bit more familiar.

## Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - How Good Were *T. rex* Senses?

  **How Good Were *T. rex* Senses?**
**Subject**
The acute senses of a *T. rex*, the brain behind these senses, and nocturnality in dinosaurs.

**Experts**
Dr. Susannah Maidment, Professor Paul Barrett, Dr. Darren Naish
Footage from the final segment of Swamps, following two tyrannosaurs hunting in the night, is reused in this Uncovered segment, where the key factors to a tyrannosaur's success are discussed. Their senses of sight, smell, and hearing are described as great, with the question at hand being how great, exactly. The problem with this is that dinosaur sense organs are not really preserved, though the characteristics of observable parts, like the skull, can still give clues regarding the understanding of dinosaur senses. For example, the eye sockets can help indicate the size of the animal's eyeball and the direction in which it faced. With this, it can be inferred that *T. rex's* eyes, the size of grapefruits, faced forward, proof of binocular vision.

***“ The fields of vision of its two eyes overlap substantially, giving it very good depth perception, which would have made it a very effective predator. ”***

― **Professor Paul Barrett**, *Natural History Museum*
Of course, sight is just one great hunting tool out of many. As shown by modern-day hunters like African wild dogs, which have superb vision, acute senses of hearing and smell can help predators track and pinpoint prey from miles away. In order to determine whether *T. rex* can rely on these same senses, it is important to take of note of key areas that relate to different senses, which can be gauged by observing different lobes of the animal's brain, and the bigger those lobes are, the better. As CT scans of *T. rex's* head reveal, the optic (sight) and olfactory (smell) lobes of its brain are exceptionally large. The CT scans also reveal that the inner ear of the theropod is adapted to picking up low frequencies, which can help detect prey over long distances.

***“ These really impressive senses would have combined to allow them to hone in on prey very quickly and very accurately. ”***

― **Dr. Susannah Maidment**, *Natural History Museum*
With this, an exciting new theory is formed. Today, predators with such a deadly combination of senses are observed using these senses to hunt effectively during the night. It is believed that *T. rex* may have done the same.

***“ Until recently, it was assumed that dinosaurs were animals of the daytime. But if we actually look at the behavior of living animals, there's no reason to think this is true. ”***

― **Dr. Darren Naish**, *Lead Scientific Consultant*
In low-light conditions, where predators can use their acute senses and the cover of darkness to zero in on prey and ambush them, *T. rex* would have made most of such an advantage, using its excellent senses of sight, smell, and hearing to make it one of the greatest predators to ever live on the Prehistoric Planet.

## Prehistoric Planet Immersive

*Tyrannosaurus rex* is scheduled to appear in "Prehistoric Planet Immersive", a film on Apple Vision Pro (not to be confused with a new Prehistoric Planet app on the Apple Vision Pro, "Encounter Dinosaurs"). The animal's appearance in the upcoming film involves teenage *T. rexes* disturbing a coastal colony of currently unidentified pterosaurs until they are stopped by their mother.

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## Trivia

### General

* *T. rex* is one of the two animals that appeared in multiple segments shown eating in all the segments it was featured in. It ate a protostegid in the first segment of Coasts, fed on a *Triceratops* that it hunted offscreen in the second segment of Freshwater, engaged in cooperative nocturnal hunting to bring down an *Edmontosaurus* in the fifth segment of Swamps, and scavenged an *Alamosaurus* in the first segment of North America. The other such animal to hold that distinction is *T. rex's* Alaskan relative *Nanuqsaurus*, which hunted *Pachyrhinosaurus* in the sixth segment of Ice Worlds and *Ornithomimus* in the fifth segment of North America. Close contenders include
	+ *Velociraptor*, which ate a lizard in the second segment of Deserts and begun consuming a *Prenocephale* by the end of the second segment of Badlands, but only ran off with a juvenile azhdarchid to eat it offscreen by the end of the first segment of Freshwater.
	+ *Hatzegopteryx*, which ate a juvenile *Zalmoxes* in the seventh segment of Forests and a juvenile *Tethyshadros* in the second segment of Islands, though in its third appearance, it only used a juvenile *Tethyshadros* as a reusable proof of strength, with neither the male nor the female he mated with actually consuming it by the end of the sixth segment of Islands.

### Coasts

* The adult *T. rex* of this segment has been given the nickname "Hank" by various fans of the show.

### Freshwater

* *T. rex* is seen feeding on a *Triceratops* starting from the neck. As a study in 2012 suggests, *T. rex* likely focused on the nutrient-rich neck muscles behind the frill of a *Triceratops* (which, in life, were necessary to help the ceratopsian support the great weight of its head).
* It is unknown how exactly dinosaurs drank water. Prehistoric Planet chose to depict various types of dinosaur drinking water in different ways, with theropods shown scooping up water with their lower jaws rather than lapping it with their tongues or sucking it up. In the fourth segment of Deserts, *Mononykus*, *Therizinosaurus*, and *Tarbosaurus* drink water in this manner, and *Tyrannosaurus* is depicted doing the same in this segment.
* This is the fifth segment to feature a courtship ritual.

### Swamps

* The original plan for this segment involved two juvenile *T. rexes* attacking an adult *Edmontosaurus*, only to be beaten up.
* With this segment, *T. rex* is the last of the four tyrannosaurs in the series shown hunting onscreen.
	+ As with *Tarbosaurus* and *Nanuqsaurus* (but not *Qianzhousaurus*), *T. rex* is shown engaging in cooperative hunting. Unlike the other two, which involves a trio of tyrannosaurs going after prey, the *T. rexes* hunt in pairs.
* *T. rex*, along with *Phosphorosaurus* (and *Kuru kulla* if one counts nest-raiding as hunting), is the only animal depicted hunting at night on Prehistoric Planet.
* According to Dr. Darren Naish, Prehistoric Planet's lead consultant, the narration bringing up the idea that *Edmontosaurus* is twice as fast as *T. rex* is a mistake. What was supposed to be stated was that both animals had a similar top speed.

### North America

* This segment took 600 days to animate.
* This segment mirrors the first segment of Coasts, and, in some ways, is also its opposite.
	+ In Coasts, a male *T. rex*, followed by his hatchlings, leaves the beach of the mainland, ventures across the sea, encounters an enemy living in the sea, a creature of superior strength and size (a mosasaur), gets away from it, and enjoys scavenging a large carcass (a turtle) on the beach of an offshore island by the end of the segment.
	+ In North America, a lone male *T. rex* visits the beach of the mainland to scavenge a large carcass (*Alamosaurus*), encounters two enemies from the skies, creatures of inferior strength, but greater height (a pair of *Quetzalcoatlus*), and is forced to get away from them by the end of the segment.

### Prehistoric Planet Immersive

The synopsis of the *T. rex* section brings up teenagers (presumably younger than the independent subadult brothers of Swamps) under the care of their mother. Assuming that this is not a mistake in the synopsis, it may possibly indicate that, while *T. rexes* are raised by only one parent, it is not always necessarily the father that rears them.

## References

### General

1. ↑ Apple TV+ unveils groundbreaking, immersive originals from today’s biggest storytellers set to debut on Apple Vision Pro
2. ↑ How to eat a *Triceratops*: large sample of toothmarks provides new insight into the feeding behavior of *Tyrannosaurus*

### Dr. Darren Naish

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The fifth segment of Swamps has two subadult *T. rex* brothers hunting together in order to show the idea that dinosaurs of many sorts likely maintained familial social bonds throughout life.
2. ↑ *Edmontosaurus* is far from defenseless. The original plan for the *T. rex* hunt was to show two juvenile *T. rexes* (as opposed to the subadults of the final version) trying to take on an adult *Edmontosaurus*, only to be beaten back, though this particular idea never ended up getting developed.
3. ↑ The idea that *Edmontosaurus* is twice as fast as *T. rex* is a mistake, the narration was instead supposed to state that both animals had a similar top speed.

### Prehistoric Planet

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 I Know Dino: The Big Dinosaur Podcast, Episode 445: Dinosaurs in Swamps: Featuring Prehistoric Planet 2
2. ↑ As indicated by the name of the *T. rex* pair's theme in the Official Soundtrack, "Tyrannosaurus Brothers
".
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 I Know Dino: The Big Dinosaur Podcast, Episode 447: Dinosaurs in North America: Featuring Prehistoric Planet 2