Volvariella surrecta

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***Volvariella surrecta***, commonly known as the **piggyback rosegill**, is an agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Although rare, the species is widely distributed, having been reported from Asia, North America, Northern Africa, Europe, and New Zealand. The fungus grows as a parasite on the fruit bodies of other gilled mushrooms, usually *Clitocybe nebularis*. *V. surrecta* mushrooms have white or greyish silky-hairy caps up to Template:Convert in diameter, and white gills that turns pink in maturity. The stipe, also white, is up to Template:Convert long, and has a sack-like volva at its base.

## Taxonomy

 File:Knapp 1829 Agaricus surrectus.jpg
The species was first mentioned in scientific literature as *Agaricus surrectus* by English botanist John Leonard Knapp in his 1829 *Journal of a Naturalist*. Knapp described the species and illustrated it in a woodcut. He wrote:

> We have even an agaric, with a bulbous root and downy pileus, that will spring from the smooth summit of another (agaricus caseus), which has a uniform footstalk, though not of common occurrence. Thus a plant, that itself arises from decay, is found to constitute a soil for another; and the termination of this chain of efficiency is hidden from us.
>
>

 Seven years later, Miles Berkeley described the fungus as *Agaricus loveianus*, not aware of Knapp's previous publication, and wrote that it was "a most elegant and curious species which ... appears not to have been hitherto noticed." Berkeley's name was frequently used in literature to refer to the fungus for over a century rather than Knapp. In his 1917 *North American Flora*, William Alphonso Murrill proposed a new name combination for the species based on Berkeley's name, *Volvariopsis loweiana*. In 1942, John Ramsbottom discovered Knapp's image and description of the fungus, and realizing it referred to the same species as Berkeley's *Agaricus loveianus*, made the new combination *Volvaria surrecta*. Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus *Volvariella* in 1951, giving it the name by which it is known presently.

Molecular analysis of DNA sequences suggests that *V. surrecta* belongs to the *Volvariella pusilla* group—a grouping of related *Volvariella* species that produce small, white fruit bodies. In this analysis, *V. surrecta* formed a subclade with *V. hypopithys*. Almost 90 years earlier, Paul Konrad and André Maublanc recognized the relatedness of these species, and proposed that *V. surrecta* should be considered a subspecies of *V. hypopithys*.

The specific epithet *surrecta* is Latin for "to arise". Berkeley's epithet *loveianus* honors British naturalist and Reverend Richard Thomas Lowe. The mushroom is commonly known as the piggyback rosegill.

## Description

 File:Volvariella surrecta 178610 crop.jpg
The fruit bodies of *V. surrecta* have caps that are initially ovoid (egg-shaped. Later they become bell-shaped or convex before flattening; reaching diameters of Template:Convert. The cap sometimes has a shallow umbo, although the presence of this character is not consistent. The cap surface is dry and covered with long, silky hairs; the color is white to light gray, with a yellowish or brownish center. The gills are free from attachment to the stipe and are packed close together. They are initially white, later becoming pink. There are many lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from cap margin to the stipe) interspersed between the gills. The stipe is Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and roughly equal in width throughout the length or somewhat thicker at the base. Its color is white to light gray, and the stipe surface is appressed-fibrillose, with a pruinose coating near the apex. The white volva measures Template:Convert high and Template:Convert broad, and has a lobed margin. The mushroom is not edible.

The color of the spore print is brownish-pink. The spores are egg-shaped to oval, measuring 5.4–7.6 by 3.4–4.9 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 20–31 by 5–10 μm. The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are fusoid-ventricose (distinctly enlarged in the middle and tapered toward both ends), sometimes with an elongated neck. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are also fusoid-ventricose with a neck that is sometimes short and bulbous; they measure 25–50 by 6–20 μm. The hyphae do not have clamp connections.

### Similar species

Because of its occurrence on the fruit bodies of other agarics, *V. surrecta* is unlikely to be confused with other mushrooms. Other parasitic mushrooms include *Asterophora* species, but these have thick gills compared to the thin gills of *V. surrecta*. *Collybia* species, including *C. cookei*, *C. cirrhata* and *C. tuberosa* are saprobic, and grow on the blackened, decayed remains of other agarics. Their fruit bodies are much smaller than *V. surrecta*, with cap diameters up to Template:Convert. Although some other *Volvariella* species have an appearance similar to *V. surrecta*, they grow in grass or in leaf litter.

## Habitat and distribution

 File:Clitocybe Nebularis.JPG
*Volvariella surrecta* grows parasitically on the fruit bodies of *Clitocybe* species, usually *C. nebularis*, although it has been reported growing on *Tricholoma* species, as well as *Melanoleuca brevipes*. The mushrooms grow in clusters, and fruit in the summer and autumn. The host mushroom is sometimes malformed and assumes an irregular appearance. In an early publication, Charles Bagge Plowright commented "Berkeley's figure ... is rather misleading. So is that given by Knapp under the name *Agaricus surrectus* ..., inasmuchas they show the Agaric (*A. nebularis*), upon which it is parasitic, in a very robust condition. In my specimen the host (*A. nebularis*) was quite sodden and collapsed so as to be practically unrecognisable unless one had known what species to expect."

*Volvariella surrecta* is a rare species, even though its major host is quite common; the conditions required for the parasite to produce fruit bodies are not well known. Some authors have suggested that it may grow equally well as a parasite or a saprobe. *V. surrecta* has been found on its host in several different habitat types, including birch woodlands, pine plantations, scrub, thickets of small trees or shrubs beside roads, and under brambles. No definite preference for soil type has been determined, having been found in sands, clay, gravels, and peat. In 1867, Worthington George Smith reported that he had successfully cultivated the species by partially burying fruit bodies under water-soaked rotting fir leaves that were placed in a bell-glass in a warm room. According to his account, a white mycelium grew over the leaves and eventually formed small white pins (immature, undifferentiated fruit bodies) that grew into fully formed mushrooms about two weeks after starting.

The geographical distribution of the fungus includes North America north of Mexico, Northern Africa, Europe, New Zealand, and Asia (Amur region of Russia, India, and Korea).

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Knapp 1829`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Berkeley 1836`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Wells 1998`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Murrill 1917`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ramsbottom 1942`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1951`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Justo 2011`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Volvaria hypopithys subsp. loveiana`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Konrad 1924`
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts 2011`
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Shaffer 1957`
12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1998`
13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith1975`
14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Knudsen 2008`
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Moss 2005`
16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Celka 2000`
17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Miller2006`
18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Harper 1916`
19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Plowright 1903`
20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Buller 1909`
21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith 1867`
22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Taranina 2005`
23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Atri 2005`
24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Seok 1994`

## External links

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