Flag of South Africa

The **flag of South Africa** was adopted on 27 April 1994, at the beginning of South Africa's 1994 general election, to replace the flag that had been used since 1928. The new national flag, designed by the then State Herald of South Africa Frederick Brownell, was chosen to represent the country's new democracy after the end of apartheid.

The flag has horizontal bands of red (on the top) and blue (on the bottom), of equal width, separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal "Y" shape, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side (and follow the flag's diagonals). The "Y" embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes. The stripes at the fly end are in the 5:1:3:1:5 ratio.

## Colour and symbolism

At the time of its adoption, the South African flag was the only national flag in the world to comprise six colours in its primary design and without a seal and brocade. The design and colours are a synopsis of principal elements of the country's flag history. Individual colours, or colour combinations have different meanings for different people and therefore no universal symbolism should be attached to any of the colours.

The central design of the flag, beginning at the flagpost in a "V" form and flowing into a single horizontal band to the outer edge of the fly, can be interpreted as the convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity. The theme of convergence and unity ties in with the motto "Unity is Strength" of the previous South African Coat of Arms.

The design therefore represents a converging of paths, the merging of both the past and the present.

According to the flag's designer, the red symbolizes the blood that was shed during the various wars and conflicts in the country. It is also suggested that the blue represents the sky and the two oceans that flank the country. The green symbolizes the farms and the rich, natural environment of the country, while the yellow represents the natural resources, particularly gold. Finally, it is said that the black represents black South Africans, while the white represents the white population of the country.

## Construction sheet

 File:Flag of South Africa (construction sheet).png
## History

### 1902–1910

The Anglo-Boer War between 1899 and 1902 ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902 and resulted in what is now South Africa falling under the British Union Flag. The former Boer Republics of the Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek (Transvaal) became British colonies along with the existing Cape and Natal colonies. Each was also entitled to a colonial flag following in the British tradition.

### 1910–1928

*Main article: South Africa Red Ensign*
On 31 May 1910 these four colonies came together to form the Union of South Africa and the individual colonial flags were no longer used and new South African flags came into being. Once again, as a British dominion the British Union Flag was to continue as the national flag and the standard British ensign pattern was used as a basis for distinctive South African flags.

As was the case throughout the British Empire, the Red and Blue Ensigns were the official flags for merchant and government vessels at sea, and the British Admiralty authorised them to be defaced in the fly with the shield from the South African coat of arms. These ensigns were not intended to be used as the Union's national flag, although they were used by some people as such. Although these ensigns were primarily intended for maritime use, they were also flown on land.

South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svgThe South Africa Red Ensign was South Africa's *de facto* national flag between 1910 and 1928 and was flown at times from Government buildings.Blue Ensign of South Africa (1910-1912).svgThe Blue Ensign was flown over the Union’s offices abroad between 1910 and 1928.South Africa Flag 1912-1928.svgThe design of the Red Ensign was modified slightly in 1912 when the shield was placed on a white disc so as to make it more distinguishable. The Red Ensign continued to be used as the flag of the South African merchant marine until 1951.
These flags never enjoyed much popular support due to the animosities lingering after the Anglo-Boer War. The Afrikaner descendants of the Dutch settlers from the former Boer Republics found the prominent position of the British Union Flag to be offensive while the English-speakers saw any move to remove it as an Afrikaner plot to deprive them of their imperial symbol.

### 1928–1994 flag

*Main article: Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)*

 File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994, small flags.svg
Due to the lack of popularity of these flags, there were intermittent discussions about the desirability of a more distinctive national flag for South Africa after 1910, it was only after a coalition government took office in 1925 that a bill was introduced in Parliament to introduce a national flag for the Union. This provoked often violent controversy that lasted for three years based on whether the British Union Flag should be included in the new flag design or not. The Natal Province even threatened to secede from the Union should it be decided to remove it.

Finally, a compromise was reached that resulted in the adoption of a separate flag for the Union in late 1927 and the design was first hoisted on 31 May 1928. The design was based on the so-called Van Riebeeck flag or "Prince's Flag" (*Prinsenvlag* in Afrikaans) that was originally the Dutch flag; it consisted of orange, white, and blue horizontal stripes. A version of this flag had been used as the flag of the Dutch East India Company (known as the VOC) at the Cape (with the VOC logo in the centre) from 1652 until 1795. The South African addition to the design was the inclusion of three smaller flags centred in the white stripe. The miniature flags were the British Union Flag (mirrored) towards the hoist, the flag of the Orange Free State hanging vertically in the middle and the Transvaal Vierkleur towards the fly. The position of each of the miniature flags is such that each has equal status. However, to ensure that the Dutch flag in the canton of the Orange Free State flag is placed nearest to the upper hoist of the main flag, the Free State flag must be reversed. The British Union Flag, which is nearest to the hoist and is thus in a more favoured position, is spread horizontally from the Free State flag towards the hoist and is thus also reversed. Although placed horizontally furthest from the hoist, to balance the British Union Flag, the Vierkleur is the only one of the miniature flags which is spread in the same direction as the main flag. This compensates for its otherwise less favourable position. In this arrangement, each of the miniature flags enjoy equal precedence. Note that the miniature flag of the Orange Free State contains a miniature of the Dutch flag, making the South African flag the only flag in the world containing a flag in a flag in a flag.

The choice of the *Prinsenvlag* as the basis upon which to design the South African flag had more to do with compromise than Afrikaner political desires, as the *Prinsenvlag* was believed to be the first flag hoisted on South African soil by Jan van Riebeeck of the VOC and was politically neutral, as it was no longer the national flag of any nation. A further element of this compromise was that the British Union Flag would continue to fly alongside the new South African national flag over official buildings. This dual flag arrangement continued until 1957 when the British Union Flag lost its official status per an Act of Parliament.

Following a referendum the country became a republic on 31 May 1961, but the design of the flag remained unchanged. However, there was intense pressure to change the flag, particularly from Afrikaners who still resented the fact that the British Union Flag was a part of the flag. In 1968, the then Prime Minister, John Vorster, proposed the adoption of a new flag from 1971, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the declaration of a republic but this never materialised.

### Current flag since 1994

 File:New South African flag unveiling.jpg
The present South African national flag was first flown on 27 April 1994, the day of the 1994 election. However, the flag was first intended to be an interim flag only, and its design was decided upon only a week beforehand.

The choice of a new flag was part of the negotiation process set in motion when Nelson Mandela was released from prison in 1990. When a nationwide public competition was held in 1993, the National Symbols Commission received more than 7,000 designs. Six designs were shortlisted and presented to the public and the Negotiating Council, but none elicited enthusiastic support. A number of design studios were then contacted to submit further proposals, but these also did not find favour. Parliament went into recess at the end of 1993 without a suitable candidate for the new national flag.

In February 1994, Cyril Ramaphosa and Roelf Meyer, the chief negotiators of the African National Congress and the National Party government of the day respectively, were given the task of resolving the flag issue. A final design was adopted on 15 March 1994, derived from a design developed by the State Herald Fred Brownell, who had also previously designed the Flag of Namibia. This interim flag was hoisted for the first time on the 27 April 1994, the day when the nation’s first fully inclusive elections commenced which resulted in Nelson Mandela being inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected president on 10 May 1994.

 File:Pm cricket shots09 6058.jpg
The proclamation of the new national flag by South African President F. W. de Klerk was only published on 20 April 1994, a mere seven days before the flag was to be inaugurated, sparking a frantic last-minute flurry for flag manufacturers. As stated in South Africa's post-apartheid interim constitution, the flag was to be introduced on an interim probationary period of five years, after which there would be discussion about whether or not to change the national flag in the final draft of the constitution. The Constitutional Assembly was charged with the responsibility of drafting the country’s new constitution and had called for submissions, inter alia, on the issues of its various national symbols. It received 118 submissions recommending the retention of the new flag and 35 suggesting changes to it. Thus on 28 September 1995 it decided that the flag should be retained unchanged and accordingly it was included as Section One of the Constitution of South Africa which came into force in February 1997.

## Proper display of the flag

The South African government published guidelines for proper display of the flag at designated flag stations, in Government Notice 510 of 8 June 2001 (Gazette number 22356). These rules apply only to official flag stations and not to the general public.

The Southern African Vexillological Association (SAVA), a non-official association for the study of flags, published their own guide for proper display of the flag in 2002. This guide has no official authority but was drawn up with generally accepted vexillological etiquette and principles in mind.

## Heraldic description

An addendum to the Transitional Executive Council agenda (April 1994) described the flag in heraldic terms as follows:

*The National flag shall be rectangular in the proportion of two in the width to three to the length; per pall from the hoist, the upper band red (chilli) and lower band blue, with a black triangle at the hoist; over the partition lines a green pall one fifth the width of the flag, fimbriated white against the red and blue, and gold against the black triangle at the hoist, and the width of the pall and its fimbriations is one third the width of the flag.*

Schedule One of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) replaced the heraldic definition and described the flag in plain English as follows:

1. *The national flag is rectangular; it is one and a half times as long as it is wide.*
2. *It is black, gold, green, white, chilli red and blue.*
3. *It has a green Y-shaped band that is one fifth as wide as the flag. The centre lines of the band start in the top and bottom corners next to the flag post, converge in the centre of the flag, and continue horizontally to the middle of the free edge.*
4. *The green band is edged, above and below in white, and towards the flag post end, in gold. Each edging is one fifteenth as wide as the flag.*
5. *The triangle next to the flag post is black.*
6. *The upper horizontal band is chilli red and the lower horizontal band is blue. These bands are each one third as wide as the flag.*

## See also

* List of South African flags
* Coat of arms of South Africa
* National anthem of South Africa
* National symbols of South Africa
* Southern African Vexillological Association

## References

1. ↑ Flags of the World. South African Vessels Ensign. Retrieved on 2005-03-20.
2. ↑ Volker Preuß. Südafrika – Großbritannien Flaggensystem eingeführt (de). Retrieved on 2008-05-26.
3. ↑ Merchant Shipping Act 1951 (South Africa); South Africa *Government Gazette* No 6085 dated 25 July 1958.
4. ↑ Brownell, Frederick G (2015). *Convergence and Unification : The National Flag of South Africa (1994) in historical perspective,* (PhD). Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Brownell1993`
6. ↑ "New flag", 12 September 1968, p. 18 col C. Retrieved on 2016-04-18.
7. ↑ Fred Brownell: The man who made South Africa's flag. BBC News (27 April 2014). Retrieved on 27 April 2014.
8. ↑ South Africa *Government Gazette* No 15663 dated 20 April 1994.
9. ↑ Bruce B Berry : “Zero to Hero” - the role of the national flag in nation building in post-apartheid South Africa, paper presented at the 26th International Congress of Vexillology, Sydney, Australia (September 2015)
10. ↑ No need to get in a flap over flag etiquette. *IOL News* (12 September 2002). Retrieved on 2013-03-23.
11. ↑ Schedule 1 to the South African Constitution, 1996. Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. Retrieved on 21 January 2014.

## Further reading

* Saker, Harry (1980). *The South African flag controversy, 1925-1928*. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
* Pama, C (1984). *Die vlae van Suider-Afrika* (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg. ISBN 978-0-624-02070-7.
* Brownell, F.G. (March 1994). "The Union Jack over Southern and Central Africa: 1795–1994". *SAVA Journal*. ISBN 0-620-18833-2.
* Van Zyl, J.A. (April 1995). "The History of Flags of South Africa before 1900". *SAVA Journal*. ISBN 0-620-19798-6.

## External links

* Southern African Vexillological Association (SAVA)
* South Africa at Flags of the World
* South Africa (1928-1994) at Flags of the World