List of Roman emperors and other monarchs

Yep. **All** of them. Includes co-emperors and usurpers. Send help.

I also added the kings, plus other monarchs, for good measure.

Huge WIP. Will first focus on adding all emperors and dates, *then* come their feats.

## Some notes

The regnal numbers in this list differ from those listed at, say, Wikipedia, largely because this list also issues regnal numbers to usurpers (as long as they had actual power and some form of recognition) and co-emperors. For example, Theodosius, son of Emperor Maurice, is named as Theodosius III, and the "next" Theodosius, of the 8th century, is numbered as Theodosius IV. There is no uniform regnal number set used ubiquitously throughout Roman historiography, and many of these alternate regnal numbers are also mentioned on Wikipedia. As regnal numbering of Roman emperors was a trend started by historians only *after* the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, we may afford much more freedom in numbering the emperors.

Starting from Nicephorus I (r. 802 - 811), the Roman emperors styled themselves as Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans, supplanting the earlier title Emperor of the Romans, which was used by all emperors from Heraclius I (r. 610 - 641) until Constantine VIII (r. 780 - 797). Autocrat, just like despot, was initially a normal aristocratic title in the Eastern Roman Empire, being redefined as a synonym for tyrant only after its fall.

## Kings of Rome (753 BC – 509 BC)

All reigns are BC. The office was elective until the reign of Priscus.

### Elected monarchs (753 BC – 616 BC)

**Issue**  Pompillia

### Etruscan / Tarquinian dynasty (616 BC – 509 BC)

**Issue**
Tarquinia
Tarquinius Superbus
Arruns Tarquinius

Built the Circus Maximus

Enlarged the Senate

**Issue**  Tullia

Democratic reforms

Financial reforms

**Issue**
Titus Tarquinius
Arruns Tarquinius
Sextus Tarquinius

## Dictatorship of the Roman Republic (49 BC – 44 BC)

Julius Caesar, while the Roman dictator, served as a Roman emperor in all but name, and his reign gave rise of the empire, with his adopted son becoming the first emperor. (All dates BC)

Julius  Caesarion  Augustus (adopted)

## Unified Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD)

* (c.) Co-emperor
* (s.) Solo reign, for emperors who were both co-emperors and solo emperors. These emperors are marked as such in the reign column, rather than the name column.
* (u.) Usurpator

### Non-dynastic (192 – 193)

 (u.) **Pescennius Niger**  *Gaius Pescennius Niger* | 193 – 194

### Non-dynastic (235 – 284)

235 to 284 was the Crisis of the Third Century, where dozens upon dozens of men attempted to seize the imperial office, leading to a period of military anarchy where no emperor managed to hold the office for very long.

### Western Roman emperors in the Tetrarchy (284 – 307)

 **Severus II**  *Flavius Valerius Severus* | 305 – 307

### Eastern Roman emperors in the Tetrarchy (284 – 324)

 **Galerius**  *Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus* | 293 – 311

### House of Theodosius (379 – 395)

The Theodosian dynasty managed to fully seize power only in the 390's.

* Theodosius was the final emperor to rule over both halves of the empire while they still existed 'separately'. After his death, the empire was partitioned (with three temporary interregna wherein the Eastern emperors were also the Western emperors). The western part fell in 480, after which the eastern emperors became the sole Roman emperors again. However, aside from two vassal states from 476 to 535, no separate western administration was established.

## Western Roman Empire (395 – 480)

### First interregnum (456 – 457)

From 17 October 456 to 28 December 457, Marcian and Leo I were the sole Roman emperors.

### Second interregnum (465 – 467)

During this period, Leo I was the sole Roman emperor.

### Third interregnum (472 – 473)

From 2 November 472 to 3 March 473, Leo I was the sole Roman emperor.

## Vassal kings of Italy (476 – 535)

Following the conquest of Italy by Odoacer in 476, the Eastern Roman Empire allowed him to rule Italy (and Dalmatia after the death of emperor Nepos) as an autonomous vassal of the Eastern Roman emperor, now the sole Roman emperor. Dissidence towards the emperor and refusal to comply with his orders was answered with military intervention, which happened twice: first, the Eastern Roman Empire deposed Odoacer and replaced him with another vassal (Theoderic the Great) in 493; later, the disloyalty of Theoderic's descendant Theodahad prompted intervention by Eastern emperor Justinian the Great, after which Italy was directly ruled from 553 (when the final resisting vassal was defeated) to 584 and from 751 to 1071, and through autonomous viceroys (exarchs) from 584 to 751.

## Eastern Roman Empire (395 – 1453)

Sole Roman emperors from 17 October 456 to 28 December 457, from 465 to 467, from December 472 to March 473, and from 480 to 1475.