recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
US 101st Airborne Division

The **101st Airborne Division**, also nicknamed as the "Screaming Eagles", is a light infantry division of the United States Army trained for air assault operations. The division was first activated in 1918, from 1921 to 1942, from 1942 to 1945, from 1948 to 1949, from 1950 to 1956, and from 1956. The division notably took part in the Operation Overlord airborne operations of World War II in 1944 before taking part in Operation Market Garden, the liberation of the Netherlands, and the Siege of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge, and it was also sent to enforce the admission of the Little Rock Nine to Little Rock Central High School in 1956. The division fought in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, and the Somali Civil War after World War II.
Royalism

**Royalism** is a political ideology that advocates support for an incumbent monarchial regime. Royalism and monarchism are closely related, but while monarchism refers to the support for a monarchial form of government, royalism advocates the support of the current ruler or dynasty. Historically, the term "royalist" was used to describe the Cavaliers during the English Civil War, the White Army during the Russian Civil War, the Chetniks during World War II, the Legitimists in France, the Miguelists in Portugal, the Carlists in Spain, supporters of the Spanish Empire during the South American Wars of Liberation, and supporters of the Italian monarchy during World War II.
Sicily

**Sicily** is an island located to the south of mainland Italy, and it is currently an autonomous region of Italy. Located in the Mediterranean Sea region, it has a climate similar to other Mediterranean countries, and it has a rich culture that has been taken from multiple other cultures in the past. The Greeks and Phoenicians settled Sicily by around 750 BC, but the Roman Empire would conquer Sicily in the Punic Wars and rule it until the Vandals and Ostrogoths conquered it in the 5th century. Over the next thousand years, Sicily changed hands as the Byzantine Empire, Emirate of Sicily, Normans, House of Hohenstaufen, House of Anjou, Spain, House of Habsburg, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies took power at different dates, and the unification of Italy in 1860 led to Sicily being united with the Kingdom of Italy on the mainland. In 2015, Sicily had a population of 5,077,487 people, and Sicilian and Italian are the two largest languages of Sicily.
Second Continental Congress

The **Second Continental Congress** was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from May 10, 1775, to March 1, 1781, during the American Revolution. The Congress managed the war effort of the United States/patriots, and it was the *de facto* government of America. The congress signed the US Declaration of Independence on July 2, 1776, and ratified it two days later, and the congress had around 60 members during its existence.

## Gallery

Independence Hall on July 4, 1776.Men signing the declaration
Vermont Republic

The **Vermont Republic** was a self-proclaimed republic located in the present-day state of Vermont in the United States, established on January 15, 1777. The republic existed until March 4, 1791, when Vermont was admitted to the union as a state; it had previously been considered to be a part of New York. Thomas Chittenden served as its governor from 1778 to 1789 and 1790 to 1791, with Ethan Allen and Seth Warner serving as generals of Vermont during the American Revolutionary War during the struggle for independence from Great Britain.
T-34

The **T-34/76** was a medium tank built by the Soviet Union from 1940 to the late 1960s, and since the 1950s it has been in use with several other countries. It was called the most effective and important tank built in World War II, and Ewald von Kleist called it the "finest tank in the world". By 1996, the T-34 was still in use in over 27 countries.
United Nations

The **United Nations** is an intergovernmental organization founded on 24 October 1945 after the end of World War II with the goal of promoting international cooperation to prevent another world war. In 2015 it had 193 member states, and it united many countries under it. The UN had various purposes, ranging from peacekeeping and relief duties to preserving cultural sites and cultures.

## History

The United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945 after the San Francisco Conference under President Harry Truman of the United States, with the UN Charter being passed that day. The UN consisted of 51 people at its start, but it grew as dozens of countries won their independence in the period of decolonization following World War II's end. It was a way to mediate between the Western Allies (the USA, United Kingdom, France, et.) and Comintern (the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea), and the United Nations sought to prevent another world war from occurring. A world war was at risk in 1950-1953 when North Korea invaded the capitalist South Korea, leading to the UN assembling a coalition to restore the status quo; China fought in the war, and it was eventually resolved with the Treaty of Panmunjom in 1953, declaring a ceasefire that ended the bloody and pointless war. During further conflicts in the Cold War, countries could send representatives to appeal to the Security Council or other chambers of the UN, and they held meetings to discuss various issues, ranging from wars and crises to the preservation of cultural sites and economic issues. The UN became a way for all countries in the world to have a voice in the same room, and the UN allowed for the world to be temporarily united. However, the UN could not prevent all wars from happening, and they were forced to send peacekeepers to some areas to keep two hostile sides apart or - in extreme cases - to fight an enemy.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

**Zulfikar Ali Bhutto** (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 (succeeding Yahya Khan and preceding Fazal Ilahi Chaudhury) and Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977 (succeeding Nurul Amin and preceding Muhammad Khan Junejo). He was the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan (and a member of the socialist Pakistan People's Party), and he was overthrown by Mohammed Zia ul-Haq in 1977 and was unjustly executed in 1979.

## Biography

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born on January 5, 1928 in Larkana, Sindh, in British India (present-day Pakistan). He was educated in the University of Southern California in the United States, the University of California in Berkeley, and the University of Oxford before becoming a lawyer. He was given power as President of Pakistan in 1971 and succeeded Yahya Khan after the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War, with Khan imposing an emergency for Bhutto to have power. Bhutto was the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973, as he left the presidency. That year, he authorized an operation to crush Baluch rebels, with a violent crackdown putting down dissent in Baluchistan. He increased ties with the Soviet Union, China, and Saudi Arabia, causing him to move Pakistan towards the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. In 1977, the United States sanctioned a coup.

## Death

General Mohammed Zia ul-Haq and the military declared martial law and elections were declared to take place in 90 days, and Bhutto was imprisoned. He was deposed from power, and although the death sentence as punishment for "murder" was initially waved off, Zia upheld it and Bhutto was hung in Rawalpindi jail. Zia became the new leader of Pakistan, and supported Islamism, eventually leading to the takeover of much of Pakistan by the Taliban and Muslim extremist groups after 2004.
Texans

The **Texans**, also known as the **Texians**, **Texicans**, or **Anglos**, were a cultural group that originated in the 1820s, when American settlers led by Stephen F. Austin were encouraged to enter the Mexican province of Texas to settle lands for the Mexican republic. Most Texans came from the American South and sought to have their own land for building plantations, towns, ferries, and industries, and most were English-Americans or Scots-Irish. Mexican law required that settlers had to convert to Catholicism to become Mexican citizens, and land incentives were given to those who took Mexican wives upon arrival. Therefore, the Texans became a unique cultural group, mixing the Dixie culture of southern Americans with the culture of the Mexicans. In 1835, the Texans stopped calling themselves "Texicans", as it sounded too similar to "Mexicans"; at this point, most of the "Anglos" wanted independence from Mexico. From 1835 to 1836, the Texas Revolution was waged, and the Texans succeeded in creating an independent Republic of Texas. The Texan culture would soon become mixed with other American cultures, although there were still Texan secessionist movements by the 21st century.
Rhode Island

**Rhode Island** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located in the New England region in the northeastern United States. It is the smallest of the fifty states, with Providence serving as the capital; for a small state, its official name of "State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations" is the longest of all of the fifty states. The state was settled by Roger Williams as a center of religious freedom in 1636, and in 1644 it became its own colony. On 4 May 1776, it was the first state to renounce its loyalty to Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War, but on 29 May 1780 it was the last state to ratify the US Constitution, having boycotted the Constitutional Convention. In 2015, the state had a population of 1,056,298, with 81.4% being whites, 5.7% African-Americans, 2.9% Asians, .6% Native Americans, .1 percent being as Pacific Islanders, 6.1% other, and 3.3% multiracial. By ethnicity, 19% are Italians, 18.3% Irish, 12.1% English, 8.2% Portuguese, 8% French, 6.4% French Canadians, 3.3% Dominicans, 3.3% Puerto Ricans, 2.2% Chinese, and 1.8% Guatemalans.
State of Georgia

The **State of Georgia** is a state located in the American South region of the United States. The state was established in 1732, the last of the Thirteen Colonies, and it was named for King George II of Great Britain. On January 2, 1788, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the US Constitution, and on January 19, 1861 it was one of the first seven states to secede to form the Confederate States of America. On July 15, 1870, the state was the last to be restored to the union during Reconstruction. Nicknamed "the Peach State", Georgia is known for its agriculture, which historically had led to Georgia becoming a slave state. In addition, it was historically a major trading state due to Savannah's status as a major port city on the East Coast, enabling the province to trade with the British Isles in Great Britain proper. During the 1800s and 1900s, Georgia experienced a transformation from a plantation state into an agricultural state, with plantations run by slaves being replaced by farms run by all races; the Ku Klux Klan was active in the state from Stone Mountain. Today, Georgia is an ethnic mixture of whites and African-Americans, and the state had a population of 10,214,860 people in 2015.

## Gallery

The Confederate flag version of the Georgia state flag (1956-2001).webpState of Georgia location
US 506th Infantry Regiment

The **US 506th Infantry Regiment** is an airborne light infantry regiment of the United States Army that was first activated in 1942 during World War II. It served with the US 101st Airborne Division during the war, and its soldiers went through training at Camp Toccoa in Georgia; its motto, Currahee, comes from the infamous mountain which they ran "three miles up, three miles down" every day. The regiment was stationed in England until June 1944, when it took part in Operation Overlord in Normandy, France; it later took part in Operation Market Garden, the Battle of the Bulge, and the push into Germany and Austria, encircling the Ruhr Pocket, capturing the Berchtesgaden in the Alps, and occupying Zell am See, Austria at the end of the war. The regiment was disbanded in August 1945 when the war in the Pacific came to an end, but it would be reactivated again from 1948 to 1949, from 1950 to 1953, from 1956 to 1984, and from 1987. Elements of the regiment would later fight in the Vietnam War, the Afghanistan War, and the Iraq War.
Western Europe

**Western Europe** is the region encompassing the western part of Europe, the countries that are located in this region are: the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Andorra, and Portugal. Western Europe is united both by the general membership in NATO as well as a common past, with the region coming under the Roman Empire's rule in the early Common Era before barbarian tribes conquered the countries and established their own kingdoms; the region was generally on the same side during the Cold War, opposing the Warsaw Pact of Eastern Europe.
Soviet Army

The **Soviet Army** was the land-based branch of the Soviet Union's military that existed from 25 February 1946 to December 1991. From the end of World War II in 1945 to the start of the Cold War in 1948, the Soviet Army was reduced from 11,300,000 to 2,800,000 troops, and it was reduced from 33 to 21 military districts. The Soviet Army's first few wars involved putting down Eastern European partisan movements before putting down an anti-Soviet coup in East Germany in 1953, the Hungarian Revolution in 1956, and the Prague Spring in 1968. Further wars included the Sino-Soviet Split in 1969 and the Soviet-Afghan War in 1978-1989.

The Soviet army relied only on its own arsenal, which included Mikhail Kalashnikov's weapons (the AK-47, RPK, AK-74u, AKM, etc.), the Sukhoi and Mikoyan-Gurevich aircraft companies, and the GAZ armored vehicle company (BTR-60 and others). The Soviet Army was one of the most feared militaries in the world due to its ruthlessness in putting down rebellions, and it had stations in several allied (Warsaw Pact or Eastern Bloc) countries across the world from Cuba in the Caribbean Sea to Libya in North Africa, East Germany in Central Europe, South Yemen in the Middle East, and Vietnam in Southeast Asia. The Soviet Army and the United States Army rivaled each other without directly fighting during the Cold War, but they constantly competed against each other to become the world's strongest army. Unfortunately, the Soviet Army would be disbanded at the Cold War's end in 1991, leaving the United States as the only superpower.
West Africa

**West Africa** is a region of Africa, the westernmost parts of the continent. It includes the countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the United Kingdom possession of Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sao Tome and Principe and Togo. A feature of the region is that most of the population in the northern and western parts of the region are mostly Muslim, while the coastal populations of the southern region tend to be Christian, either Catholic or Protestant.
Saigo Nobutada

**Saigo Nobutada** (1855-1877) was a Japanese *samurai* of the Satsuma Domain and the son of Saigo Takamori. He served under his father during the Satsuma Rebellion, during which he was placed in charge of the mountainous village used as his father's rebel stronghold. He befriended the American captive Nathan Algren and helped teach him Japanese, and he also invited him to eat meals with his aunt Saigo Taka and her children. In 1877, he accompanied his father to Tokyo, where he sought an audience with Emperor Meiji, and he later helped his father escape from Okubo Toshimichi's trap. However, while his father and the others fled across a bridge, Nobutada held off the Imperial Japanese Army riflemen, who mortally wounded him with their bullets. Algren braved rifle fire to bring Nobutada to his father, and Nobutada died cradled in his father's arms.
US House of Representatives

The **United States House of Representatives** is the lower house of the US Congress, under the US Senate. The house's goal is to pass federal legislation that creates laws throughout the whole country, and it has the exclusive abilities to initiate revenue bills, to impeach officials, and to elect the President if the US Electoral College is indecisive. Every state is represented by a group of representatives, with the number based on the population of the state. The Speaker of the House is the head of the house, and there are no term limits for the 435 representatives.
West Point

**West Point**, formally known as the **United States Military Academy**, is the main military academy of the United States, established on March 16, 1802 by Thomas Jefferson. The academy trains officers in the US Military, with most graduates being commissioned as Second Lieutenants upon graduation. The academy's ranks included two presidents of the USA, presidents of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and the Philippines, 75 Medal of Honor recipients, and several great generals. It is located at the eponymous town of West Point in the Hudson Valley of New York.
Tani Tateki

**Tani Tateki** (March 18, 1837 – May 13, 1911) was a statesman of Japan and a Lieutenant-General of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Boshin War, Satsuma Rebellion, and in the Taiwan Expedition.

## Biography

Tani Tateki was born in Kochi, Tosa Province, Japan. Loyal to the Tosa Domain, he convinced Sakamoto Ryoma and Goto Shojiro to form an alliance between the Tosa and Satsuma Domains. Tateki commanded Imperial forces in central Japan during the Boshin War, and in the 1870s he led the quelling of the Saga Rebellion, Shimpuren Rebellion, and the Satsuma Rebellion; in 1874, he led the Taiwan Expedition in response to the murder of Ryukyuan sailors by Taiwanese aboriginies. Although he advocated occupying southern China after the invasion of Taiwan, Tateki later became an anti-militarist, one of the few members of the Imperial Japanese Army to opposed Japanese expansionism. He died in 1911.
Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles occurred on June 28 1919 in the Palace of Versailles in France when the Allied Powers and Germany (representing the defunct Central Powers) signed a treaty that formally put an end to World War I (which had ended by a ceasefire on November 11, 1918). The treaty forced Germany to accept that the German Empire was responsible for the war and suffer the consequences; the Imperial German Army was forced to disarm, large portions of the former empire would be given away (Poland and the Baltic states would be given independence, while Germany's Pacific and African colonies would be given to other empires as "mandates"), Germany would pay $442 million dollars in war reparations, and occupation forces would be stationed in Germany. The treaty left neither side contented, as the treaty destroyed Germany's empire and weakened its economy, while some Allied leaders believed that the treaty was too lenient. Embarrassment caused by the treaty led to a rise in German nationalism, and the Nazi Party swore to avenge the defeat in World War I by making Germany great again.
Roman Catholicism

**Roman Catholicism**, also known simply as **Catholicism**, is the largest Christian denomination, with 1.3 billion baptized adherents by 2017. Roman Catholicism, derived from the Greek word *katholikos* ("universal"), is the theological ideology of the Roman Catholic Church (both the Latin and Eastern churches), and its core tenets are derived from the Nicene Creed. Roman Catholicism teaches that the Roman Catholic Church is the "One, Holy, and Apostolic church" founded by Jesus in his Great Commission, that its bishops are the successors of the Twelve Apostles, and that the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus.

In addition to the Nicene Creed, Roman Catholicism's other guiding tenets include the Seven Sacraments: baptism, confirmation, eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony, which are meant to guide the lives of adherents of the Catholic faith. Roman Catholics believe in consubstantiation (the priest's consecration of bread and wine as the literal body and blood of Christ), Divine Mercy, sanctification through faith and evangelism, voluntary support for the sick and poor, and the veneration of Mary as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven. Catholicism was once the dominant religion of the Western world, but the Muslim conquest of the Levant and North Africa, the 1054 Great Schism with Orthodox Christianity, the 16th century Protestant Reformation and the split of

Protestantism, and the rise of secularism and atheism in the West from the 19th to 21st centuries led to Catholicism's decline. By the 21st century, the majority of Catholics lived in South America and Africa, and Catholicism declined in the secular West due to support for the separation of Church and state, the Roman Catholic Church's clergy sexual abuse epidemic, and a shortage of priests in the church.
Right-wing populism

]**Right-wing populism** is a political ideology that rejects the political establishment and often combines *laissez-faire*, ethnocentrism, and anti-elitism. The ideology is considered "populism" because of its appeal to the "common man" against the elites, and it is also associated with nativism, xenophobia, Islamophobia, nationalism, anti-globalization, and protectionism. From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became popular in Canada, Norway, France, Israel, Poland, Russia, Romania, and Chile, while the parties entered coalition governments in Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Italy, Israel, and Poland. Several right-wing populist parties have their roots in conservatism (from which it has since deviated) or even fascist movements (such as Interwar Years fascist movements in Germany, Italy, Hungary, Spain, and Japan). Since the early 2010s, the National Front in France, Lega Nord in Italy, the Party for Freedom in the Netherlands, and the UK Independence Party in the United Kingdom have grown in popularity in Europe due to their opposition to Muslim immigration, and Republican Party candidate Donald Trump's surprise victory in the 2016 United States presidential election was also a major victory for populism.
[Category:Populism]]
Zachary Taylor

**Zachary Taylor** (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States from 4 March 1849 to 9 July 1850, succeeding James K. Polk and preceding Millard Fillmore. He distinguished himself as a general during the Second Seminole War and the Mexican-American War, and he was elected President as a Whig. He died in office in 1850.

## Biography

Zachary Taylor was born in Barboursville, Virginia in 1784 to a prominent family of plantation owners, and he was raised in Kentucky. Taylor joined the United States Army in 1807, and he first distinguished himself as a captain in the defense of Fort Harrison against the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in 1812. In later conflicts with the Native Americans - the Black Hawk War in 1832 and the Second Seminole War later in the 1830s - he proved a decisive military commander, but also humane and honorable in his dealings with defeated Indians. His victory over the Seminole at Lake Okeechobee in 1837 brought him promotion to Brigadier-General. Taylor became a well-known officer with a distinctive style - his disdain for formality and his "spit and polish" earned him the nickname "Rough and Ready". But it was the outbreak of war with Mexico that made him famous. In January 1846, President James K. Polk ordered him to lead troops south to the Rio Grande, an act of provocation to which Mexico reacted with force. Fighting against heavy odds, Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto in May, principally through aggressive use of mobile field artillery.

In September, Taylor took Monterrey by assault, agreeing to an armistice with the defenders to limit the lboodshed. This agreement outraged Polk, who took the best of Taylor's troops away for an invasion of Veracruz. But Taylor refused to be relegated to the backstage and continued his campaign. In February 1847, he defeated an army led by the Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at Buena Vista, even though he was outnumbered five to one. The popularity he gained from these victories provided a springboard for Taylor's election as president in 1848. He defeated Winfield Scott and Henry Clay to take the Whig nomination and defeated Democratic candidates Lewis Cass and William Orlando Butler, as well as Free Soil Party candidates Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams Sr.. Taylor did not push for the expansion of slavery, instead seeking sectional harmony. To avoid the issue of slavery, he had New Mexico and California bypass the territorial stage and become states under the Compromise of 1850. He died of a stomach ailment in 1850 at the age of 65.
Scotland

**Scotland** is a country that is part of the United Kingdom alongside England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Its capital is Edinburgh, despite the largest city being Glasgow. Scotland as a Scotland existed from the 9th century until 1603, when it was united with England under King James I of England, and the country was formally united with England in the Acts of Union 1707. While Scotland has different laws and a different culture than the rest of the United Kingdom, it is a part of the UK alongside England, Wales, the Isle of Man, and Northern Ireland. In 2014, Scotland had a population of 5,347,600, with 96% being whites, 2.7% Asians, .7% black, .4% mixed, .2% Arab, and .1% others. 36.7% are nonreligious, 32.4% adhering to the Church of Scotland, 15.9% Catholic, 5.5% other Christian, 1.4% Muslim, 1.2% others, and 7% not stated.
US 2nd Armored Division

The **2nd Armored Division** was an armored division of the United States Army that was active from 1940 to 1995. The division was formed at Fort Benning, Georgia on 15 July 1940, and George S. Patton played a major role in training the division. On 8 November 1942, the division was landed at Casablanca as a part of Operation Torch during World War II, and the division later took part in Operation Husky (the invasion of Sicily) in July 1943. In August 1943, the division was sent to England to prepare for the invasion of Europe, and it landed in Normandy on June 9, 1944 during Operation Overlord. The division encircled the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich and the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Goetz von Berlichingen at Roncey in the Cotentin Peninsula during Operation Cobra and inflicted heavy losses on them, and the division blunted the German attack on Avranches before racing across France with the rest of the US Third Army. It reached the Albert Canal in Belgium on September 8, 1944, crossed the German border near Sittard on September 18 1944 before taking up defensive positions near Geilenkirchen, before taking Julich on 28 November 1944 during its assault on the Siegfried Line. The division was holding positions on the Roer when it was ordered to help contain the German Ardennes offensive during the Battle of the Bulge, clearing the area from Houffalize to the Ourthe River of the enemy. At Celles, the 2nd Armored Division and the British 29th Armored Brigade destroyed the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich's broken-down tanks. On 27 March 1945, after resting for a month, the division broke out across the Rhine and reached the Elbe at Schonebeck on 11 April 1945, the first American division to do so. It halted on 20 April, and it entered Berlin in July, the first American unit to enter the German capital. The division had suffered 981 dead, 4,557 wounded, 60 missing, and 266 captured during the war, while it took 94,151 prisoners-of-war, liberated 22,538 Allied prisoners-of-war, and destroyed 266 enemy aircraft.
Social democracy

**Social democracy** is a political ideology that supports economic and social intervention in the government to promote social justice, while also upholding an economic system of capitalism. Unlike democratic socialism, social democracy supports the reformation of capitalism and not its abolition, and it seeks to create an egalitarian and solidaristic country through creating conditions for capitalism. The Third Way can be associated with social democracy, as it is a compromise between socialism and liberalism.

Social democracy originated with the teachings of the French philosopher Ferdinand Lassalle during the 19th century, and it broke away from hardline socialism to become a moderate leftist ideology. Social democracy became the prevalent ideology in Europe after World War II's end in 1945, and many countries achieved the establishment of a welfare state that provided free education, free healthcare, and collective bargaining rights for workers. In the United States, some people within the US Democratic Party sought to move towards social democracy, with the socialist candidate Bernie Sanders advocating national healthcare and free public college education during the 2016 presidential election. Social democracy has been controversial in many countries, as it has been unfavorably compared to communism and socialism by supporters of a capitalist, free market economy, while its proponents argue that it is a moderate version of socialism that represents the people, protecting their rights to practice capitalism while also ensuring that the wealthy did not take advantage of the less-fortunate.
Weimar Republic

The **Weimar Republic** was a representative democracy which ruled Germany from November 9, 1918 to January 30, 1933. The republic was named for its capital of Weimar in Saxony, and it established a new German constitution on 11 August 1919 after the overthrow of the German Empire. The new republic faced hyperinflation, large-scale political violence between leftist and rightist paramilitary groups, and poor relations with the occupying forces of the Allied Powers, and the German people suffered from immense poverty. This led to the rise of both communism and fascism, both of which sought to use the people's anger to lead revolutions.

Both the rise of the Spartacist League and the far-right Kapp Putsch were put down, limiting the power of the leftists and rightists in Germany and bringing an end to much of the violence by 1923. After the far-right *Freikorps* put down the communist uprisings, the government had the *Freikorps* disbanded, and the government maintained the small and ineffective Reichswehr as its official military; Germany was not allowed to have a navy under the Treaty of Versailles. For the rest of the 1920s, there were street clashes between the fascists and the communists, and the fascist Nazi Party gained popularity among the German people due to its promises to reunite the German peoples, to bring an end to the hyperinflation in Germany, and to make Germany a power again. After the failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1926, the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was imprisoned, but he was released from prison and was active in politics again. In 1933, he was elected Chancellor of Germany, and the Reichstag fire led to Hitler suspending the power of the parliament, creating a totalitarian state that became known as Nazi Germany.

## Gallery

Germany in 1930Poor German people waiting on line for foodThe site of a political assassination in Berlin, 1931
The Bronx

**The Bronx** is the northernmost of New York City's five boroughs, located across the Harlem River from Manhattan and across the East River from Queens/Long Island. The Bronx is named for Jonas Bronck, who purchased the area in 1639; after 1643, the local Lenape natives were displaced by the European settlers. The Bronx was isolated from the rest of the city for years, but West Bronx was annexed into New York City in 1874, and the rest of the Bronx in 1895. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigrants from Ireland, Germany, and Italy moved into the area as it was urbanized, followed by Caribbean immigrants from Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic and African-American migrants from the American South. As the Bronx became more densely populated and urbanized, its culture began to form, with hip-hop and Latin music both growing out of the area. The construction of the Cross Bronx Expressway and white flight would lead to the rapid decay of the Bronx, however, leading to a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life; a wave of arson followed during the 1960s and the 1970s. The Bronx became one of the poorest and most crime-ridden areas of New York, and crime rates were very high for several decades. During the late 1980s, redevelopment efforts began, and the Bronx slightly improved with each year. In 2015, the Bronx had a population of 1,455,444 people, with 10.5% being white, 30.7% African-American, 4.2% Asian, and 54.6% Hispanic.
Turkey

**Turkey** or **Türkiye** is a country located in Western Asia and Southern Europe, with land on both sides of the Dardanelles; they own Eastern Thrace in Europe as well as Asia Minor in Asia. The Republic of Turkey was established as a country on October 29 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk following the Turkish War of Independence, and the country was founded on the ideals of secularism. Ankara is the capital of Turkey, with Istanbul being the largest city.

## History

Turkey was declared a republic on 29 October 1923 in the aftermath of the Turkish War of Independence, where World War I hero Mustafa Kemal evicted occupying Allied Powers soldiers from Turkey and he became known as "Ataturk" ("father of the Turks"). Ataturk formed a secular state to succeed the Ottoman Empire caliphate, and Turkey was at peace for many years. During the Cold War, Turkey aligned with the West, and it joined NATO, becoming a key ally of the United States in the region; in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, its permission of the United States to place Jupiter missiles on its territory forced the Soviet Union to back down from the crisis. In 1974, Turkey won a military victory over Cyprus by occupying Northern Cyprus, and in 1980 a military junta took power in Turkey. The government crushed Kurdish separatists from the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and Turkey became known as a brutal dictatorship in the early 21st century while fighting the Kurds. Eventually, the country abandoned secular ideals, and the Justice and Development Party Islamicized society, and the country gave support to Islamist groups in the Syrian Civil War such as the Free Syrian Army, Islamic Front, al-Nusra Front, and Ahrar ash-Sham. Turkey acted as a route for foreign fighters through which foreign fighters could join the Islamic State, and Turkey gave money, weapons, and healthcare to Islamic State fighters. In 2015, after shooting down a Russian Air Force plane, Turkey entered a rivalry with Russia, a new development that could potentially cause another world war.

By 2015, Turkey had a population of 78,741,054 people. 96.5% were Muslim (mostly Sunni), .3% Christian, and 3.2% atheist or other beliefs. Turks are the majority of Turkish citizens, but Kurds form a large minority, and Arabs, Armenians, Slavs, and Persians form minority groups.
Shem

**Shem** (2448 BC-1848 BC) was the son of Noah and Emzara, the brother of Ham and Japheth, and the husband of Sedeqetelebab. During the Great Flood, he and the rest of Noah's family were saved aboard the ark, and he went on to father Elam, Ashur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. He died at the age of 600, and he was the father of the Semitic peoples.
Scots-Irish

The **Scots-Irish** are a community of people in the United States descended from Scottish colonists in Ireland (Also known as Ulster Scots in the United Kingdom). 3,075,137 Americans identify as Scots-Irish, with 12% of Americans claiming Irish descent and 2% of Scots descent, with most of them being Presbyterian. Scots-Irish communities are mostly located in the South, with the Carolinas, Lancaster County in Pennsylvania, and Virginia having significant Scots-Irish populations.
Slovenia

**Slovenia** is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located to the east of Italy, to the south of Austria, to the southwest of Hungary, to the northwest of Croatia, and to the northeast of the Adriatic Sea. With its capital at the city of Ljubljana, **Slovenia** is a mountainous and heavily-forested country located among the eastern Alps, and it had a small population of 2,064,188 people in 2016. Slovenia was once a part of the Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, and the Austrian Empire, and Slovenia became one of the constituent socialist republics of Yugoslavia during the Cold War era. However, Slovenia gained its independence on 25 June 1991, maintaining its status as a secular republic. In 2016, Slovenia was the richest *per capita* of any Slavic country in terms of nominal GDP, and second behind the Czech Republic by GDP.
Tosa Domain

The **Tosa Domain**was a feudal domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate that was ruled by the Yamauchi clan.

## History

The Yamauchi clan owed its power over Tosa Domain to Oda Nobunaga, and then, after the death of the great leader - they gave Tokugawa Ieyasu support during the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Families who supported the new and victorious shogun in the centuries that followed fared rather well. However, during the Boshin War Tosa was mostly faithful to the emperor - mostly, but not entirely. Yamauchi Toyoshige insisted to the shogun to the emperor gave authority, avoiding open warfare, and thus further increase the power of the Choshu and Satsuma Domains. When it became impossible, Tosa sided with the emperor.
Rome

**Rome** is the capital and largest city of Italy, being the center of Italy since the times of the Roman Empire and remaining the center of Christianity. Rome is located in the center of the peninsula, located in the Lazio region on the shores of the Tiber River, and its foundation in 753 BC makes Rome one of the oldest continuously-inhabited cities on Earth. The city was capital of the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire, and then the Kingdom of Italy, and it would later be ruled by the Papal States until the full reunification of Italy in 1870. The city was once the architectural and cultural center of the world, as the Popes gave their patronage to several artists during the Italian Renaissance. Today, it is a center of history, as it is considered to be one of the birthplaces of Western civilization. In 2014, the city had a population of 4,321,244 in the metropolitan city, with 2,869,461 people in the city itself. This does not include the small population of the Vatican City, an independent enclave within the city of Rome that has served as the residence of the Pope since the 1929 Lateran Treaty.
US Congress

The **United States Congress** is the bicameral legislature of the United States, consisting of the US Senate upper house and the US House of Representatives lower house. Congress has 535 seats, with 100 being senators and 435 being representatives. House members serve two-year terms as representatives from their constituencies, while senators serve six years as representatives of their state. Congress is divided between the liberal US Democratic Party and the conservative US Republican Party, and there is little room for third parties in the Congress.
US 1st Infantry Division

The **US 1st Infantry Division**, nicknamed **"the Big Red One"**, is the oldest infantry division in the United States Army, founded in 1917 during World War I. On June 14, 1917, the division left New York City and Hoboken for France, fighting at the Battle of Cantigny, the Battle of St. Mihiel, and in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive against the Imperial German Army. During the war, the division lost 4,964 KIA, 17,201 WIA, and 1,056 MIA/DOW. The division was returned to its headquarters at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn, and the division was moved to Fort Benning, Georgia in 1939 under Walter Short's command.

In November 1942, the division landed in Oran, Algeria as a part of Operation Torch during World War II, and the division pushed through French North Africa before fighting at the Battle of Kasserine Pass in February 1943. The division helped in securing Tunisia, and it had some rest before taking part in Operation Husky - the invasion of Sicily - in July 1943, with Terry Allen commanding the division. The division saw heavy fighting at Gela and Troina, and Clarence R. Huebner took command of the division, replacing the relieved Allen, in August 1943. On November 5, 1943, the division arrived in England to prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of France, and it was a part of the first waves to assault Omaha Beach on 6 June 1944. The division secured Formigny and Caumont in the beachhead before assaulting Marigny on July 27, 1944 during Operation Cobra, the Allied breakout. The division then drove across France in a continuous offensive, reaching the German city of Aachen on October 21, 1944. In the Battle of Aachen, the 1st Division took the city by direct assault, and it proceeded to take part in the Battle of Huertgen Forest, the Battle of the Bulge, the crossing of the Rhine at Remagen, the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket, the capture of Paderborn, the push through the Harz Mountains, and the fighting at Kynsperk, Ohri, Sangerberg, and Mnichov in Czechoslovakia at the end of the war. During World War II, the Big Red One lost 3,616 KIA, 15,208 WIA, 499 MIA, and 1,336 POW while taking 188,382 prisoners.

Since World War II, the division served on occupation duty in West Germany, fought in the Vietnam War, fought in the Gulf War, took part in the intervention in Kosovo in 1999, and fought in Iraq and Afghanistan during the war on terror.
US Bill of Rights

The **United States Bill of Rights** is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified on 15 December 1791. The bill was the work of the Anti-Federalists/Democratic-Republican Party, who saw the need to give more rights to the American people, especially the south. James Madison fathered the bill, with the amendments guaranteeing:

1. Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petitions.
2. Right to bear arms.
3. No soldiers can be quartered in civilian houses without permission.
4. No seizure of property or searching of houses without a warrant.
5. Right to trial before jury and to avoid self-incrimination.
6. A speedy public trial with assistance of a lawyer.
7. In lawsuits, the money awarded must be over $20, and no person can be re-examined in any court after their trial is over.
8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, or cruel nor unusual punishments inflicted.
9. The enumeration of rights cannot deny or disparage other rights.
10. The powers not delegated in the bill or the constitution are delegated to the Statees.
Utah

**Utah** is a state in the western United States, with its capital at Salt Lake City. Named for the Ute tribe, the state was settled by Mormons, who make up 62% of the population; 80% of the population lives in the area around Salt Lake City. Utah is the only state to have a majority of the population adhering to a single church, and it has the second fastest-growing population of any US state. With the least income inequality, the state was rated the best state to live in as per a 2012 Gallup poll report. The state has a population of 2,995,919 people.
South Pacific

The **South Pacific** is the region of the Pacific Ocean located below the Equator, although the Gilbert Islands and Galapagos Islands - both of them located along the Equator - are considered to be in the South Pacific. The South Pacific is also home to the Solomon Islands, Cook Islands, Admiralty Islands, Tuvalu, Marquesas, Samoa, Vanuatu, Fiji, and several other islands.
Sardinia-Piedmont

**Sardinia-Piedmont** (1458-1861), also called **Sardinia** or **Piedmont**, was a union of the kingdoms of Sardinia and Savoy founded in 1720 after years of split rule between the Aragonese Empire of Spain (controlling Sardinia) and the House of Savoy of Italy (controlling Savoy/Piedmont). In 1861 they unified Italy under their banner with French aid.

## History

Sardinia was ruled by the Aragonese Empire from 1323 to 1410 and by the Spanish Empire from then until 1720, when the country was ceded to the Kingdom of Savoy. Sardinia was united with Savoy that year, and not only did they include the island of Sardinia, but also Piedmont in northern Italy.

Sardinia was a close ally of the Austrian Empire, who were their masters. In 1796 the French Republic took over Cuneo and Turin during the Italian Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars and forced Sardinia to have a change of allies. As a vassal of France they lost control of Piedmont in the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, and they were confined to Sardinia. They allied with the Coalitions against Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars of 1805-1815, and they regained their lands in mainland Italy.

Sardinia-Piedmont gained its chance at territorial expansion in 1848 with the revolutions of Europe, and they allied with revolutionaries against the Austrian Empire in order to unify Italy; it consisted of 15 states as of 1815. They were defeated in the First Italian War of Independence of 1848-49, but in the war of 1859-61, they took all of northern Italy with French aid. Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Redshirts landed in southern Italy in 1860 and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and agreed to give the lands to Sardinia, thus unifying Italy (apart from Venice and the Papal States). In 1866, with Prussian aid, Sardinia-Piedmont gained control of Venice, and in 1870 they occupied Rome and Pope Pius IX was held as a prisoner in the Castel Sant'Angelo. But by 1861 they had already declared themselves to be the Kingdom of Italy.
US 82nd Airborne Division

The **US 82nd Airborne Division** is an airborne infantry division of the United States Army that was an infantry division from 1917 to 1942 before becoming the first airborne division of the United States military. During World War I, it saw action in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and it took part in the invasion of Italy in 1943, Operation Overlord, Operation Market Garden, the Battle of the Bulge, and the invasion of Germany uring World War II. Since the end of the war, the airborne division has seen deployments in the Dominican Republic in 1965, the Vietnam War in the late 1960s to the early 1970s, Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, Operation Golden Pheasant in Honduras in 1988, Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989, the Gulf War in Kuwait and Iraq in 1990-1991, the Afghanistan War from 2001 to 2014, and the Iraq War from 2003 to 2011.
VBIED

A **vehicle-borne improvised explosive device** (**VBIED**), also known as a **car bomb** or **truck bomb** (depending on the vehicle) is a type of bomb carried by a vehicle to its target. There are two types of VBIEDs: suicide bombers, and abandoned cars. In the case of suicide bombers in combat, the vehicles are usually improvised armored vehicles, as the suicide bomber is protected inside of the vehicle and can reach his destination without being shot; if the suicide bomber is in a city, it is likely that he will be driving a big vehicle that can protect him to the best of its limited ability. If the vehicle is rigged to explode and detonated by remote, it is usually parked in a crowded area and given some distance by the attackers before they detonate the bombs inside. VBIEDs have been employed since the Armenian Revolutionary Federation assassination attempt on Sultan Abdulhamid II of Turkey in 1905, and the Stern Gang in the Jewish-Arab-British conflicts in Palestine (1940-1948) Irish Republican Army in The Troubles (1960s-1990s), the Mujahideen in the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) and the ensuing Afghan Civil War (1990s) and Afghanistan War (2000s-2010s), Hezbollah during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-2005), and the Tamil Tigers during the Sri Lankan Civil War (1976-2009) have extensively used car bombs. Mass-casualty car bombings are now mostly located in the Middle East, with militants and criminals in India, Palestinian militants, terrorists in Lebanon, Iraqi insurgents, and Mexican drug cartels continuing to use VBIEDs in warfare.