recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Zunityrannus

Credit: Tomopteryx on the Wikimedia Commons.

"Zunityrannus" is a naked and dubious genus of tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaur that lived in western New Mexico during the Late Cretaceous, about 92 million years ago.

## Etymology

"Zunityrannus" was first referred to as a small dromaeosaurid by Kirkland and Wolfe (1998) in their description of Zuniceratops. The name was first introduced by the 2011 made-for-TV documentary Planet Dinosaur. The name is derived from the Zuni Basin, in which its remains were discovered. The second half of the name comes from a nickname researchers applied to the remains: the "Zuni tyrannosaur" or the "Zuni coelurosaur". The name stuck, but eventually went into obscurity when the genus was officially named *Suskityrannus*, or "coyote tyrant" in 2019.

## Description

The animal was quite small for a tyrannosaurid, being about 3 meters long, 1 meter tail and 20-40 kilograms in weight. Its body was slender, a feature stockier tyrants abandoned.

## References

* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0888-0?fbclid=IwAR0ttpfkX6R2mgiRy8EG8jXkdjXGX5\_-mrbz4tQajj4F-UmMZrzculmfhJM
* https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691190594-015/html
* https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691190594-013/html
Pseudomegachasma

Credit: Hodari Nundu on DeviantArt.

*Pseudomegachasma* is an extinct genus of shark that lived in Russia and the United States during the Cretaceous.

## Classificaton

*Pseudomegachasma* is closely related to modern sand tiger shark. *Pseudomegachasma* is the only planktivorous odontaspid, and the oldest planktivorous elasmobranch. It is most derived from the older *Johnlongia*. *Pseudomegachasma* was first classified as a megamouth shark, but is an unrelated odontaspid.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomegachasma
Quenstedtoceras

*Quenstedtoceras* is an extinct genus of ammonite that lived in Europe during the Late Jurassic.

## Description

*Quenstedtoceras*' shell is strongly ribbed and strongly evolute, as typical in ammonoids. All whorls are visible, as well. The shells maximum width varies between species, from narrowly pinched to a broader structure, as seen in the shells ribbing. *Quenstedtoceras*' ribs extend from the umbilical shoulder laterally, to the mid flank region. They then curve and divide forward, to the outer rim, venter, meeting at the keel. Shells of *Quenstedtoceras* are usually about mid-sized, most usually reaching a diameter of about 6 centimeters (2.4 inches). Shells are known with various pathologies.

## Gallery

A pathology protruding on the venter of an immature individual, caused by bivalves.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenstedtoceras
Sanchusaurus

Credit: Maya Jade McCallum.

Sanchusaurus is a naked genus of ornithomimid dinosaur that lived in Japan during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

The name was leaked in a 2019 theropod illustrated manual, with no coined species and stated to be based on GMNH-PV-028, a partial tail vertebra. It is near identical to *Gallimimus*, being the second ornithomimid from Asia, but (opposed by Dong (1990)) is likely not synonymous based on age and location. Morphology suggests it is not derived.

## References

* http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin03\_1.pdf
* https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691190594-013/pdf
* https://a-dinosaur-a-day.com/post/162980176235/sanchusaurus
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs
Rhabdodon

Credit: Tom Parker.

*Rhabdodon* is an extinct genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived in France and Spain during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

*R. priscus*, the type, and *R. septimanicus* are known. Remains are known from France, with fragments recovered from eastern Spain. *Rhabdodon* was large compared to its relatives, with Ősi et al. (2012) determining it is larger than the basal rhabdodont status, suggesting it was part of mainland gigantism, and not insular dwarfism.

## Paleobiology

*Rhabdodon* was an important herbivore in Cretaceous Europe, being predated by *Arcovenator* and *Pyroraptor* (when young).

## Paleoecology

*R. priscus* are known from a specimen from the Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation, including a dentary and postcrania. It is known from the Bellevue layer, one who produces many vertebrate fossils. Though it produces vertebrates, the formation also scarcely provides plants and invertebrate. Non-dinosaur vertebrates include *Lepisosteus*, a turtle and a crocodile. Dinosaurs include *Ampelosaurus*. a dromaesaur and ankylosaur. *Gargantuavis* and eggs have, also, been recovered. It is also known from Gres de Saint-Chinian with eggs, a nodosaur, a theropod, *Variraptor*, an avialan, an enantiornithe and a possible abelisaur. R. priscus make one of the few vertebrates known from the Gres de Labarre Formation, alongside *Ampelosaurus* and a nodosaur.

*R. sp.* from the Latest Cretaceous Lo Hueco, Villalba de la Sierra Formations - situated near the coastal Tethys Sea eith brackish-freshwater near the coast and a a muddy floodplain beside it with distributary channels of sand and terrigenous material - is one of the large roster of known fauna. This consists of: possible *Lirainosaurus*, *Ampelosaurus*, an unknown basal euornithopod, likely ankylosaurs, a dromaeosaurine and velociraptorine. Carbonized branches and leaves are reported. Bivalves and gastropods are the only invertebrates. Lepisosteids, actinopterygian and teleostean indeterminate are known fish, who lived with *Polysternon*, *Rosasia* and pancryptodiran indeterminate turtles (very common). Squamates include undetermined lizards and eusuchian crocodiles.

## Classification

Below is a phylogenetic tree based on Ösi et al. (2012):

## References

* Ősi, A.; Prondvai, E.; Butler, R.; Weishampel, D. B. (2012). Evans, Alistair Robert (ed.). "Phylogeny, Histology and Inferred Body Size Evolution in a New Rhabdodontid Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary". PLoS ONE. '7' (9): e44318. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044318. PMC 3448614. PMID 23028518.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdodon
* https://archive.org/details/g.s.paul2016theprincetonfieldguidetodinosaurs/page/n258/mode/1up
Rahonavis

*Rahonavis* is a genus and species of theropods from the Late Cretaceous, northwestern Madagascar that shown avian-esque characteristics.

## Discovery and Naming

*Rahovanis* known from a partial skeleton (specimen named; UA 8656) found by Catherine Forster and colleagues in Maevarano Formation rocks at a quarry near Berivotra, Mahajanga Province.

The name *Rahonavis* literally means, cloud menace bird. The words from Malagasy language; the word rahona, means 'cloud' and/or 'menace' with the addition of avis 'ie. Bird' from Latin language.

The specific, *R. ostromi*, is in honor of John Ostrom.

## Description

*Rahonavis* was a noticeably small theropod, barely about 70 centimetres (2.3 feet) long and 2.27 kg with the typical *Velociraptor*-like raised sickle claw on the second toe.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.nhbs.com/the-bird-a-natural-history-of-who-birds-are-where-they-came-from-and-how-they-live-book
2. ↑ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1967472.Dinosaurs
Striatolamia

S. macrota ; Image Copyright Christina Spence Morgan

*Striatolamia* is an extinct genus of shark that lived worldwide from the Early Paleocene to the Late Miocene.

## Description

*Striatolamia* teeth are very big and common. The anterior teeth have elongate crowns that bear striations on the lingual surface and small lateral cusplets. The lateral teeth are smaller, broader and bear weaker striations. *S. macrota* has anterior tooth roots smaller than *S. striata*, often recurving. These two are differentiated based on their tooth length. *S. striata* are generally smaller (13-51 millimeters (0.51-2.01 inches)), with *S. macrota* typically measuring 19-38 millimeters (0.75-1.5 inches) however in some regions specifically the Lutetian and Bartonian have been know to reach upwards of 62 millimeters (2.44 inches)[*citation needed*]. *S. striata* and *S. macrota* are the most common. Fossil teeth and calcified vertebrae are found worldwide. They lived in water with low salinity.

## Classification

*Striatolamia* was once assigned to Mitsukurinidae and Striatolamiidae by others authors, but this has been viewed as outdated.

## Species

* *S. macrota*
* *S. striata*?
* *S. whitei*?
* *S. tchelkarnurensis*?

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatolamia
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=34634
Rhinoptera

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Rhinoptera*, or cownose rays, is a genus of ray that lives worldwide since the Paleocene.

## Species

* *R. adspersa* (rough cownose ray)
* *R. bonasus* (cownose ray)
* *R. brasiliensis* (Brazilian cownose ray)
* *R. javanica* (flapnose ray)
* *R. jayakari* (Oman cownose ray)
* *R. marginata* (Lusitanian cownose ray)
* *R. neglacta* (Australian cownose ray)
* *R. steindachneri* (Pacific cownose ray)
* †*R. prisca*
* †*R. rasilis*
* †*R. raeburni*
* †*R. schlultzi*
* †*R. sherborni*
* †*R. smithii*
* †*R. studeri*
* †*R. woodwardi*
* †*R. dubius*
* †*R. daviesii*
* †*R. maja*
* †*R. sherboni*

## References

* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=34745
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoptera
Plateosaurus

Credit: CisioPurple on DeviantArt.

*Plateosaurus* is an extinct genus of plateosaurid dinosaur that lived in Europe and Greenland during the Late Triassic.

## Description

*Plateosaurus* looked like the typical bipedal herbivorous dinosaur. It had a small head, a long and flexible neck made of 10 cervical vertebrae, a large body and a tail made from ~40 caudal vertebrae that is long and mobile. *Plateosaurus* had arms that were short when compared to other sauropodomorphs ('prosauropods'), but they were strong and had hands equipped to powerfully grasp. Their shoulder girdles are narrow and often misaligned in skeletal reconstructions. The clavicles touched the midline, like other basal prosauropods. Their legs held under the body and the knees and ankles slightly flexed. The foot was digitigrade. *Plateosaurus* was a fast runner, as proposed by the long lower leg and metatarsus. It had a muscular, high-mobile tail (typical of Dinosauria).

## Species

### Reassigned Species

* *"P." tolentinoi*
* *"P." carinatus*
* *"P." mognai*
* *"P." buenei*
* *"P." marayensis*
* *"P." aurifontanalis*

## Synonyms

* *Dimodosaurus*
* *Pachysaurops*
* *Pachysaurus*
* *Pachysauriscus*
* *Sellosaurus*

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateosaurus
* https://archive.org/details/g.s.paul2016theprincetonfieldguidetodinosaurs/page/n87/mode/2up
Rutiodon

Credit: Nobu Tamura.

*Rutiodon* is an extinct genus of phytosaurs that lived in the United States during the Late Triassic.

## History

The type species of *Rutiodon* is *Rutiodon carolinensis*, based on fossils from North Carolina. It was named by Emmons in 1856. One fossil of *Rutiodon caroliensis* was the first reptile fossil acquired by the American Museum of Natural History.

A second species, *Rutiodon manhattanensis* was named in 1913 by Freidrich von Heune, based on fossils found in Fort Lee, New Jersey, right across the Hudson River from Manhattan. *R. manhattanensis* differs from *R. carolinensis* in that the dorsal neural spines are shorter. *R. manhattanensis* is sometimes lumped into the genus *Clepsysaurus*, but this genus is dubious*.*

Additional fossils of *Rutiodon* have been found in Pennsylvania and New York State.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutiodon
2. ↑ https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen\_id=22938
3. ↑ AMNH Museum plaque
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1411//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B032a15.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
5. ↑ https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen\_id=47720
6. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clepsysaurus
Xinghesaurus

Credit: SpinoInWonderland on DeviantArt.

"Xinghesaurus", mistranslated as "Shinhesaurus", is a naked genus of titaosaur that lived in China during the Late Cretaceous.

## History

No species has been assigned to "Xinghesaurus". The dinosaur was featured in an expo named Miracle of Deserts from 2009. It is based on a mounted skeleton displayed in a Tokyo museum exhibit, one which also contains a 35-meter mounted skeleton of an enormous mamenchisaur assigned to *Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum*. Aside from this, it is virtually unheard of in published literature anywhere. It was also featured in the book Miracle of Deserts, a dinosaur faunal list attributing the name to Hasegawa, Carpenter, Lamanna and Xu Xing. In August 2009, photos of the sauropod were first publicized by a Japanese blog. Nima Sassani (late 2011), independent researcher and paleoartist, included the animal in a list of 15 obscure, massive dinosaurs in the 9th entry. However, it was mistranslated as "Shinhesaurus".

## Description

Five photographs are published, revealing a light mount with a horizontal neck that peaks out from a short wall behind it. Featured in some of the images are *Huabeisaurus*, which are noted by Sassani and others to be similar if not the same. However, it is impossible to know how much of the mount is fabricated so this detail is not of use. If this is true, then "Xinghesaurus" is a euhelopodid. Using objects in the photographs such as people, the femoral length is calculated as ~113.8 centimeters long given the man is of average Japanese height. Using the hips, the femur has a length of ~110 centimeters. Using this range it is possible to find measurements of the hips and ilium. The hip height is calculated at ~2.617-2.708 and the ilium height at ~43.62-45.13 centimeters. Using extended features of the body finds a body weight at ~4067-4503 kilograms and a length of ~11.65-12.1 meters. This does not make it a particularly massive animal.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_informally\_named\_dinosaurs#X
* https://thesauropodomorphlair.wordpress.com/2020/01/23/the-forgotten-xinghesaurus/
* https://www.deviantart.com/spinoinwonderland/art/Xinghesaurus-417488570
Saurexallopus

Before formal naming or identification, this organism was known as the following on this wiki:
**Alaskan Therizinosaur**

## Statistics

### Species

*S. cordata
S. lovei
S. zerbsti*

### Diet

Herbivorous

*Saurexallopus* is an extinct ichnogenus of therizinosaur that lived in Alaska, Wyoming, British Columbia and Poland during the Cretaceous.

## Description

*Saurexallopus* is not only one of the only known therizinosaur in North America, but is also the farthest north documented. The animals tracks were found alongside hadrosaur trackways, and could have been migrating alongside them on a land bridge between North America and Asia. These tracks are theorized to be therizinosaur in origin.

However, the attribution of *Saurexallopus* tracks is growing doubtful. For example, DMNH 5998 (Harebell Formation), CU-MWC 224.2 (Lance Formation) and CU-MWC 220 (Laramie Formation) were reassigned to oviraptorosauria rather than *Saurexallopus*. Because of this, Alaskan *Saurexallopus* may have been an oviraptorosaur. Nonetheless, this would mark the first oviraptorosaur reported from said region.

## Paleoecology

The sediment and plants alongside the prints show that the Alaskan Saurexallopus lived in a wet and marshy ecosystem. Associated hadrosaur tracks, similar to the Asian Nemegt Formation, suggest the parameters for continental ecosystems in central Asia were also present in Cretaceous Alaska.

## References

* A. R. Fiorillo and T. L. Adams. 2012. A therizinosaur track from the Lower Cantwell Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Denali National Park, Alaska. Palaios 27:394-400
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=65843
* https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/fossils-of-the-2021-national-fossil-day-artwork.htm
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30110-8
* https://books.google.ca/books?id=wVySAAAAQBAJ&dq=DMNH+5989&source=gbs\_navlinks\_s&redir\_esc=y
Qijianglong

*Qijianglong* is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in China.

## Description

*Qijianglong* is known from partial skull remains and a partially-complete fossil skeleton. Due to the immature bone growth; scientists have determined that this specimen was a juvenile that had reached around 15 meters. *Qijianglong* could have grown much larger, and may been one of the largest sauropod dinosaurs.

*Qijianglong* had a neck about seventeen vertebrae long, keep in mind that the animal was not mature, and at set at 15 meters long, and still growing. The animal stood on four pillar-like legs, longer forelimbs and shorter back limbs. *Qijianglong* had a long tail for supporting the massive weight of the upper body and neck, or possibly for whipping and threatening brave carnivorous dinosaurs.

More fossil evidence of this animal will need to be found to support the claim that *Qijianglong* was on of the largest dinosaurs, due to the incomplete skeleton and juvenile status.

## Paleoecology

*Qijianglong* lumbered through China during the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, plucking leaves from high foliage. Qijianglong may have migrated in herds, or may have been solitary, using its size and tail to ward of predators.

## Classification

*Qijianglong* was placed low down on the mamenchisaur family tree, placed just above *Omeisaurus*.

## Notable Specimens

* QJGPM 1001: The holotype of *Qijianglong*, consisting of a partial skeleton, preserved with the skull intact. Some elements from the skeleton include; the back and mandible of the skull, 61 total vertebrae, ribs, chevrons, the left pubic bone and two upper pedal phalanges. The individual is the only known *Qijianglong* individual, representing a massive juvenile animal.

## References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qijianglong
2. http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/q/qijianglong.html
Sacisaurus

*Sacisaurus* is an extinct genus of silesaurid dinosauriform that lived in brazil during the Late Triassic.

## History

It was discovered in 2001 in Agudo, Rio Grande so Sul of southern Brazil. It was initially known from 50 bones, which were assembled and first presented in 2005 at the 2nd Latin American Congress of Vertebrate Paleontology. The University of São Paulo announced it being a new taxon on November 1, 2006 and was published on October 30 of the same year. It sheds light on early dinosauriform feeding biomechanics. The name is after the folklore character of Saci, and the specific spithet after the city Agudo. It was named after this one-legged character because 35 right femora was discovered, but only 1 left femur.

## Description

Femoral specimens are the basis for size estimates. Some elements mentioned in it's description were later reassigned to other species. It had long legs, suggesting the capability for fast running. The mandible suggests herbivory, with a bone at the tip resembling the ornithischian predentary and was once suggested to be such until other morphological characters confirmed it to be a silesaurid. The longest teeth are 3 millimeters (0.12 inches) long.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacisaurus
Squaloraja

Credit: Joschua Knüppe.

*Squaloraja* is an extinct genus of chimaerid holocephalian that lived in Europe during the Early Jurassic.

## Description

*Squaloraja* is known by its flattened body and their massive snouts which comprise of about half their body length. Males bear a large, horn-like formation on their heads. A specimen from Osteno not assigned a species is nearly complete, only lacking the ethmoid canal, dorsal fin and fin spine. Two purported females, incomplete, from Dorset were reported from Dorset.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaloraja
2. ↑ https://sisn.pagepress.org/index.php/nhs/article/view/642
Scimitar Spinosaur

An image leaked from a conference presentation.

The Scimitar Spinosaur is an unnamed genus of Spinosaurid Dinosaur that lived in Niger during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

This fossil was discovered by Sereno and crew during their 2019 or 2020 field season. They uncovered jaw fragments and a head crest of a novel Spinosaur. The head crest was unique in that it was taller than other Spinosaurid taxa, which gave the researchers confidence that the specimen represented a new species. they dubbed the locality "Spinosaur Archipelago" (known locally as Jenguebi). No formation was provided in the article, but the age of the specimen was given at roughly 90 million years old. So it is probably the Echkar Formation or a formation that overlies it.

## References

* https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-dispatch-sahara-paul-sereno-dinosaurs-20230106-hiynvjw4wrahjbt5jova6h476e-story.html
Suciasaurus

Suciasaurus is a naked genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur that lived in Washington during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

Suciasaurus is the only dinosaur discovered in Washington, and was found in 2012. The dinosaur is likely a tyrannosaurs, older than *Tyrannosaurus*, and smaller. The animal was likely washed out to sea during a flood. When an elementary school student from Parkland heard about the discovery, a petition was sent out to make Suciasaurus the official state dinosaur. The Washington State Legislature introduced a bill in 2019 to make Suciasaurus rex the official Washington state dinosaur.

## References

* https://www.king5.com/article/news/lawmakers-want-to-make-the-suciasaurus-rex-washington-states-official-dinosaur/281-7f9c6065-c4ac-4d82-afbb-5bf393356d17
Sunkahetanka

Sunkahetanka (large) and Hesperocyon (small)

*Sunkahetanka* is an extinct genus of canid that lived during the Oligocene in North America.

## Description

*Sunkahetanka* is one of the first hypercarnivorous 'bone-crushing/cracking' canids. *Sunkahetanka* is between *Cynodesmus* and the later *Enhydrocyon* in size. *Sunkahetanka* existed for about 5 million years before going extinct.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkahetanka
Protosciurus

*Protosciurus* is an extinct genus of squirrel that lived in North America during the Oligocene.

## Description

*Protosciurus* looked similar to the modern gray squirrel, with the most complete skeleton being found Wyoming. *Protosciurus* was likely the origin for modern squirrel forms in North America.

## References

http://newsforsquirrels.blogspot.com/2011/12/first-squirrel.html
Pterygotus

Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

### Length

Varies from species to species. Largest species: P. grandidentatus (1.75 metres)

### Diet

Piscivore, Carnivorous

*Pterygotus* is an extinct genus of sea scorpion that lived in Europe, Asia and North America from the Late Silurian to the Early Devonian.

## Description

*Pterygotus* had a two-part body. Its prosoma had the mouth, large eyes, one pair of small eyes, and twelve limbs. The long opisthosoma had twelve tail segments called tergites. The first six tergites had pairs of gills and also had the creatures sex organs. It’s telson formed a wide paddle. In some sea scorpions, the telson looked like pincers or a stinger. *P. wagganii* was named in 2022 from the Lochkovian of China; it is defined as having the first primary denticles on the middle of the cheliceral ramus and the third primary denticles being even longer than the first.

## Species

* *P. anglicus*
* *P. arcuatus*
* *P. barrandei*
* *P. bolivianus*
* *P. carmani*
* *P. cobbi*
* *P. denticulatus*
* *P. floridanus*
* *P. gaspesiensis*
* *?P. grandidentatus*
* *?P. impacatus*
* *P. kopaninensis*
* *P. lanarkensis*
* *P. lightbodyi*
* *P. ludensis*
* *P. marylandicus*
* *P. monroensis*
* *P. wanggaii*

### Dubious Species

* *?P. australis*
* *?P. formosus*
* *P. nobilis*
* *P. siemiradzkii*
* *P. taurinus*
* *?P. vernonensis*

## Synonyms

#### Species Synonyms

* *P. atlanticus* (=*P. anglicus*)
* *P. minor* (=*P. anglicus*)
* *P. beraunensis* (=*P. barrandei*)

## Paleoecology

*Pterygotus* had big eyes that could detect movement of small fish on the muddy sea floor. *Pterygotus* could slowly crawl or swam slowly toward its victim, then made a burst of speed. The fish would be gripped between the pincers of the animal with spiky edges. This appendage would crush the fish and feed it to *Pterygotus*’ mouth.

## References

* Dorling Kindersley Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life, p.26 and 27
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotus
* https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/early-devonian-lochkovian-eurypterids-from-the-yunnan-province-of-southwest-china/5B9A951C6F3BB8782ED47188743ADA76
Rapator

Credit: Cameron Spahn.

*Rapator* is an extinct genus of megaraptoran theropod dinosaurs that lived in Australia from the Early to Middle Cretaceous Period.

## Description

*Rapator* lived about 105-95 million years ago; named by von Huene in 1932. The type species is *Rapator ornitholestoides*. The theropods name is overtly generic, causing potential problems in terms of categorization and referencing. This species of megaraptoran has considerable similarity to *Australovenator* - in terms of anatomy and physical structure. This megaraptoran has, similiar to its relatives, an extended, long head structure, longer yet still robust arms as well as claws, a rare physical feature amongst most theropods; a rather slender anatomy.

This theropod was, presumably, within the top tier predators within its ecological habitat and food chain. The theropod had a rather medium tier size estimation as the maximum estimated lenght being 9 meters. There is a potential, albeit unconfirmed and still vague relation - presumably even a synonym - between *Rapator* and the unnamed megaraptoran referred to as The Lightning Claw.

## References

* https://www.australianageofdinosaurs.com/page/90/australian-age-of-dinosaurs-rapator-ornitholestoides
* https://www.mindat.org/taxon-P67936.html
* http://home.alphalink.com.au/~dannj/rapator.htm
* https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115518.2013.770221?journalCode=talc20
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303210113\_Morphological\_comparisons\_of\_metacarpal\_I\_for\_Australovenator\_wintonensis\_and\_Rapator\_ornitholestoides\_implications\_for\_their\_taxonomic\_relationships
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236172579\_Morphological\_comparisons\_of\_metacarpal\_I\_for\_Australovenator\_wintonensis\_and\_Rapator\_ornitholestoides\_implications\_for\_their\_taxonomic\_relationships
* https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Rapator-ornitholestoides-NHMUK-R3718-The-holotype-left-metacarpal-I-specimen-of-Rapator\_fig4\_236172579 [Rapator ornitholestoides NHMUK R3718 | Holotype]
Shake-N-Bake theropod

Credit: Gabriel Ugueto.

The Shake-N-Bake theropod is an unnamed genus of coelophysoid that lived in Colorado during the Jurassic.

## History

The name "Shake-N-Bake theropod" was coined by Ron Tykoski in his unpublished 1998 dissertation describing the holotype, MCZ 8817 b-r and t (dorsal vertebrae (including anterior dorsals), partial sacra, partial pelves, two incomplete mid-cervicals and an incomplete posterior cervical, proximal caudals and a centrum, three proximal femora, four distal tibiotarsi, two distal fibulae, a distal tibia, an astragalus and two scapulocoracoids), but not before having been discussed by himself in 1997. Other assigned specimens are MCZ 9442a and m-p (a sacrum, ilia, proximal pubes, proximal ischia and a distal tibiotarsus) and were once assigned to the holotypic series under the catalogue number of MCZ 8817 before reclassification. One last specimen is TMM 43689-4, consisting of a proximal tarsometatarsus. This includes at least fifteen adult individuals. Rowe (1989) considered them part of *Megapnosaurus* (=*Syntarsus*) *kayentakatae*. It is unknown if the remaining specimens have been recatalogued, as Tykoski's given numbers were preliminary. The tibiotarsal fusion suggests allocation to Coelophysoidea.

## References

1. ↑ Tykoski, 1998. The osteology of *Syntarsus kayentakatae* and its implications for ceratosaurid phylogeny. Masters thesis, University of Texas at Austin. 217 pp.
2. ↑ Tykoski, 1997. A new ceratosaurid theropod from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17(3), 81A-82A
3. ↑ Rowe, 1989. A new species of the theropod dinosaur *Syntarsus* from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 9(2), 125-136.
4. ↑ https://www.theropoddatabase.com/Coelophysoidea.htm
Sinuiju Anurognathid

Credit: Franz Anthony.

The Sinuiju Anurognathid is an unnamed genus of Anurognathid Pterosaur that lived in North Korea during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

The specimen is known from a mostly complete skeleton, only missing the tips of it's tail, wings, and feet. the Skull is crushed which makes it difficult to interoperate.

## Paleoecology

The Sinuiju Series is a Lagerstätten deposit that makes up a part of the Jehol Biota, along with the Yixian, Jiufoutang, Huajiying, and probably the Dabeigou Formation, although the understudied Shahai, Fuxin, Öösh, and Zhangjiakou formations also may fit the assemblage. It would have shared it's environment with the early birds "Proornis" as well as an indeterminate confuciusornitid that was originally mistaken as a specimen of *Archaeopteryx*.

## References

* https://www.pteros.com/pterosaurs/sinuiju-anurognathid.html
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehol\_Biota
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinuiju\_Formation
Skaladromeus

Before formal naming or identification, this organism was known as the following on this wiki:
**Kaiparowits ornithopod**

## Skaladromeus

Credit: Crocodyliform Feeding Traces on Juvenile Ornithischian Dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Kaiparowits Formation, Utah (Clint A. Boyd, Stephanie K. Drumheller, Terry A. Gates).

## Statistics

### Diet

Herbivorous

Skaladromeus, also known as the Kaipaowits hypsilophodontid/ornithopod, is an extinct genus of hypsilophodontid that lived in Utah during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

Skaladromeus is known from many elements; vertebrae, legs, feet, mandible, arms, and several fractured ribs. Two specimens of this unnamed ornithopod have been discovered, showing bite marks from crocodiles.

The animal is presumed to be lanky; long legs for hopping agilely through the plants, grasping arms for grabbing plant matter, and a long neck and tail for balancing.

When discovered, the two specimens shed light on crocodyliform feeding patterns in Late Cretaceous Utah.

One of the femurs and shoulders collected had puncture marks deep in the bone. The conical teeth marks punctured through the bone; a crocodile death grip. The tooth was ripped from the crocodiles mouth, leaving part of the crown lodged in the femur. It is an orodromine currently being described; nearly the entire life cycle is known

## Notable Specimens

* UMNH VP 21104: A partial skeleton, sporting bite marks in the shoulder.
* UMNH VP 21107: A partial skeleton, sporting bite marks in the femur.

## Paleoecology

Skaladromeus hopped through the thick plants in Late Cretaceous Utah, using its agility to dodge predators. Skaladromeus was herbivorous. Skaladromeus was low on the food chain, preyed on by crocodyliforms. The deep puncture marks in the femur and shoulder likely mean that the animal died after being confronted by its predators.

## References

* https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0057605#pone.0057605-Boyd1
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiparowits\_Formation#Ornithischians
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NguZJ3QSPh4
Stratodus

Credit: Joschua Knüppe.

*Stratodus* is an extinct genus of aulopiformes that lived in Asia, Africa and North America during the Cretaceous.

## Description

*Stratodus* has an extremely elongated body and large jaws filled with many small teeth.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratodus
* https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon\_no=35586
Sceloporus

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Statistics

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Sceloporus*, the spiny lizard, fence lizard, scaly lizard, bunchgrass lizard or swift, is a genus of lizard that has lived in North America since the Miocene.

## Species

* *S. acanthinus*
* *S. adleri*
* *S. aeneus*
* *S. albiventris*
* *S. anahuacus*
* *S. angustus* (Santa Cruz Island sator)
* *S. arenicolus* (dunes sagebrush lizard)
* *S. asper*
* *S. aurantius*
* *S. aureolus*
* *S. becki* (island fence lizard)
* *S. bicanthalis*
* *S. bimaculosus* (two-spotted spiny lizard)
* *S. binocularis*
* *S. brownorum*
* *S. bulleri*
* *S. caeruleus*
* *S. carinatus*
* *S. cautus*
* *S. chaneyi*
* *S. chrysostictus* (yellow-spotted/Yucatán spiny lizard)
* *S. clarkii* (Clark's spiny lizard)
* *S. consobrinus* (southern prairie lizard)
* *S. couchii*
* *S. cowlesi* (southwestern fence lizard)
* *S. cozumelae*
* *S. cryptus*
* *S. cupreus*
* *S. cyanogenys*
* *S. cyanostictus*
* *S. dixoni*
* *S. druckercolini*
* *S. dugesii*
* *S. edbelli*
* *S. edwardtaylori*
* *S. esperanzae*
* *S. exsul*
* *S. formosus*
* *S. gadoviae*
* *S. gadsdeni*
* *S. goldmani*
* *S. graciosus*
* *S. grammicus* (mesquite lizard/graphic spiny lizard)
* *S. grandaevus*
* *S. halli*
* *S. hesperus*
* *S. heterolepis*
* *S. hondurensis*
* *S. horridus*
* *S. huichol*
* *S. hunsakeri*
* *S. insignis*
* *S. internasalis*
* *S. jalapae*
* *S. jarrovii* (Yarrow's spiny lizard)
* *S. lemosespinali*
* *S. licki*
* *S. lineatulus*
* *S. lunae*
* *S. lundelli*
* *S. macdougalli*
* *S. maculosus*
* *S. madrensis*
* *Sceloporus magister* (desert spiny lizard/escorpión)
* *S. malachiticus*
* *S. marmoratus* (northern rosebelly lizard)
* *S. megalepidurus*
* *S. melanogaster*
* *S. melanorhinus*
* *S. merriami* (canyon lizard)
* *S. mikeprestoni*
* *S. minor*
* *S. mucronatus*
* *S. nelsoni*
* *S. oberon*
* *S. occidentalis* (western fence lizard)
* *S. ochoterenae*
* *S. olivaceus* (Texas spiny lizard)
* *S. olloporus* (southern rosebelly lizard)
* *S. omiltemanus*
* *S. orcutti* (granite spiny lizard)
* *S. ornatus* (ornate spiny lizard)
* *S. palaciosi*
* *S. parvus*
* *S. poinsettii* (crevice spiny lizard)
* *S. pyrocephalus*
* *S. salvini*
* *S. samcolemani*
* *S. scalaris* (light-bellied bunchgrass lizard)
* *S. schmidti*
* *S. scitulus* (striated emerald lizard)
* *S. serrifer* (blue spiny lizard)
* *S. shannonorum*
* *S. siniferus*
* *S. slevini* (Slevin's bunchgrass lizard)
* *S. smaragdinus*
* *S. smithi*
* *S. spinosus*
* *S. squamosus*
* *S. stejnegeri*
* *S. subniger*
* *S. subpictus*
* *S. sugillatus*
* *S. taeniocnemis*
* *S. tanneri* (Tanner's spiny lizard)
* *S. teapensis*
* *S. torquatus* (crevice swift)
* *S. tristichus* (plateau fence lizard)
* *S. undulatus* (eastern fence lizard)
* *S. unicanthalis*
* *S. uniformis* (yellow-backed spiny lizard)
* *S. utiformis*
* *S. variabilis* (rosebelly lizard)
* *S. virgatus* (striped plateau lizard)
* *S. woodi* (Florida scrub lizard)
* *S. zosteromus*
* †*S. robustus*

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny\_lizard
Spanish cobra

## Naja iberica

The Spanish cobra (*Naja iberica*) is an extinct species of snake that lived in Spain during the Miocene.

## Description

Naja iberica was named by Szyndlar in 1985 from the holotype blasisphenoid MNCN Alg. I-31, paratype blasisphenoid Alg. I-32 and referred material; 4 right and 5 left maxillae, 5 isolate venom fangs, a left septomaxilla, both palatines, a fragmented right pterygoid, 2 right and 1 left compound bones. 3 right and 2 left dentaries, 2 left quadrates, 1 ?left squamosal, 2 fragmented parietals, 6 basioccipitals, a left prootic, 2 left exoccipitals, a supraoccipital, 25 ribs and "several hundred" vertebrae. Though typical of *Naja*, it differs through: no basiparasphenoid crests, Vidian canal exiting the basiparasphenoid on the internal surface, the vestibular window between the prootic and exoccipital, occipital crest terminating before the parotic process and two non-venomous teeth on the maxilla.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja#Species
* https://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/725/752
Pseudorca

This page is about a genus that contains extinct and extant species; species marked with † are extinct.

## Pseudorca

Credit: Trent O. Ellis, Cascadia Research.

## Statistics

### Species

*P. crassidens*
†*P. yokoyamai*
†*P. yuanliensis*
*P. crassidens* x *Tursiops truncatus*

### Location

Americas, Asia, Africa, Europe and Australia

### Diet

Carnivorous

*Pseudorca* is a genus of oceanic dolphin that lives in Asia, Australia, the Americas, Africa and Europe from the Pliocene to modern day.

## History

Richard Owen (1846) named *P. crassidens* based on a Middle Pleistocene-aged skull on the assumption the species had gone extinct. However, a pod of carcasses washed ashore in 1861 and it was classified as extant and as a new genus (*Pseudorca*) by Johannes Theodor Reinhardt (1862).

## Description

The genus *Pseudorca* contains only one extant species, *P. crassidens* (false killer whale), which is classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN, followed by two extinct species. *P. yokoyamai* is found in the Pleistocene and Pliocene deposits of Japan, and *P. yuanliensis* from Pliocene Taiwan. *P. crassidens* is also known from the fossil record.

## References

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False\_killer\_whale
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorca\_yokoyamai
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorca
Prisursky Nature Preserve elasmosaur

Credit: @fishboy86164577 on Twitter.

The Prisursky Nature Preserve elasmosaur is an unnamed genus of elasmosaur that lived in Russia during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

This unnamed elasmosaur, seeming to lack a specimen identification tag, most of the cervical vertebral column, a fragmented shoulder girdle, a partial fin lacking the tip, several cervical ribs, some ribs, back vertebrae and a few caudals. This specimen is very large, representing a new genus and species, and has a neck longer than most contemporaneous taxa. It is a basalmost member of elasmosauridae. Berezin Alexander (2020) published the finds in Russian. Currently, no translations are available.

## References

https://www.academia.edu/44636618/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9\_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80\_Elasmosauridae\_gen\_sp\_PLESIOSAURIDEA\_PLESIOSAURIA\_%D0%B8%D0%B7\_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85\_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD\_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0\_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9\_
Pteraspis

*Pteraspis* is an extinct genus of fish that lived during the Late Silurian to the Early Devonian worldwide.

## Description

*Pteraspis* had a large shield on its head, with a spear pointing out of its head. *Pteraspis* was a good swimmer thanks to its stiff wing-like fins at both sides of their bodies. The two protrusions originate from the head shield that barely covers the gills. *Pteraspis* had one large spin on their backs, and multiple smaller spines lining the tail. Aside form the spins and armour for protection, *Pteraspis* was a streamlined planktivorous predator. *Pteraspis* lacked functioning jaw muscles.

## Paleoecology

*Pteraspis* is thought to have swam through shoals of plankton, sucking in large amounts of food. The heavy armour plating protected the vulnerable fish from hungry sea scorpions. Pteraspis fed near the surface if the water.

## Reference

* Dorling Kindersley Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life, p. 39
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteraspis
Jumbo Avocado Pachycephalosaur

The Jumbo Avocadeo Pachycephalosaur is an unnamed genus of Pachycephalosaurid that lived in Utah during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

The taxon is known from at least a partial skull cap. it may represent the collection number UMNH VP 11939 which was referred to earlier by the same authors as Pachycephalosauridae indet., if this taxon is UMNH VP 11939, then it would also be known from teeth. Joe Sertich referred to the skull cap as being, "a little guy, about the size of a jumbo avocado, maybe." It is currently being described by Joe Sertich and David Evans. This taxon represents the second oldest Pachycephalosaur known in North America, with the oldest being *Acrotholus*.

## References

* https://youtu.be/NguZJ3QSPh4?t=2279
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahweap\_Formation
Prodeinodon

*Prodeinodon* is a wastebasket and presumably dubious genus of theropod; that lived in Asia during the Early Cretaceous.

## Description

Fossils assigned to *Prodeinodon* are mostly fragmentary, mostly attributed; disarticulated teeth.

The genus contains three species: *P. mongoliense*, *P. kwangshiensis*, and "P. tibetensis"; an informal nomen briefly mentioned in a paper in 1986, which may belong to a separate genus. Another species, "P. mongoliensis", is mentioned elsewhere on the internet. This species is said to be known from a tooth and described by Osborn in 1924 from the Oshih Formation. It is likely this is a lapsus, where the intended species is *P. mongoliense*. Reportedly, Bohlin described large hindlimbs of this species in 1953. The tibula and fibula were 1 meters long, but incomplete. It is thought these remains belonged to a 10 meter long theropod dinosaur, but are likely lost or damaged.

## References

* https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128158496?and\_facet\_source\_title=jour.1364668
* https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.629.2938&rep=rep1&type=pdf
* https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/MGS/article/view/1325
* https://www.researchgate.net/figure/KS-7001-a-lateral-view-b-close-up-of-transverse-lines-which-are-continuous-with\_fig1\_297686824 [Attributed Specimen]
* https://a-dinosaur-a-day.com/post/161779848419/prodeinodon
Rauisuchus

Credit: Paleocolour on the Wikimedia Commons.

*Rauisuchus* is an extinct genus of basal archosaur that lived in Brazil from the Middle to the Late Triassic.

## Description

*Rauisuchus* fossils are found in the Santa María Formation (Geopark of Paleorrota), and is monotypic, only containing *R. tiradentes*. *Rauisuchus* belonged to a group of basal crocodiles and archosaurs. *Rauisuchus* was an apex predator, consuming a wide range of small reptiles, including some of the earliest dinosaurs.

*Rauisuchus* could grow up to 4 meters (13 feet) long, stood 90 centimeters (35 inches) tall at the hip and weighed about 250 kilograms (550 pounds).
Skybalonyx

Credit: Midiaou Diallo.

*Skybalonyx* is an extinct genus of drepanosaur that lived in the United States during the Late Triassic.

## Description

*Skybalonyx* is known from disarticulated manual unguals on a bone bed carrying microvertebrates. But comparing *Skybalonyx* with 173 mammals and 13 reptiles that exist in said substrate, this animal would have had a strange life. *Skybalonyx* had a large and widened claw, which could have been used to burrow into soil, unlike other drepanosaurs that possess claws similar to arboreal taxa. This means that *Skybalonyx* would have used its unique mash of traits to dig burrows, unlike all other known drepanosaurs that had a lifestyle similar to arboreal anteaters.

## References

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1810058
Suchoolithus

*Suchoolithus* is an extinct oogenus of crocodile eggs that lived during the Jurassic of Portugal.

## Description

*Suchoolithus* are the oldest known crocodylomorph eggs, and are noticeably small. *Suchoolithus* were arranged horizontally in a small clutch. Each egg lacks pores, with one possible canal. The eggs are small, blunt and ellipsoid in shape.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchoolithus
Sierraceratops

Credit: Sergey Krasovskiy.

*Sierraceratops* is an extinct genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in New Mexico during the Late Cretaceous.

## Description

It is differentiated from a short, robust and mediolaterally compressed posorbital horns, a flattened medial ridge at the posterior of the pterygoid, a jugal with anterior flanges that are pronounced, an epijugal horncore that is long and pyramid-shaped, a D-sjaped cross section in the median parietal bar and a squamosal that has a pointed tip and low episquamosal ossifications.

## Classification

Phylogenetic analyses place *Sierraceratops* as sister to *Bravoceratops* and *Coahuilaceratops* as part of a clade endemic to southwest USA and Mexico. This taxon indicates Laramidian endemism and diversity, with endemic clades and distinct community structures in the Hall Lake Formation.

## Gallery

**Credit: SmirnovaNataliaArt on the Wikimedia Commons.**
## References

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121002822
Procolophon

Credit: Gabriel Ugueto.

*Procolophon* is an extinct genus of procolophonid parareptile that lived in Brazil, South Africa and Antarctica from the Late Permian to the Late Triassic.

## History

*Procolophon* was first discovered in Donnybrook in the 1870s, southwest of Pietermaritzburg, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. It was accessioned by Harry Seeley, who then described it in 1878. More material has been recovered from the Eastern Cape and Free State provinces, South Africa.

## Description

*Procolophon* is often considered a small herbivore or insectivore. A pair of latero-posteriorly directing cheek spikes and spiked dermal ossicles. It is debated what these were really used for. Some suggest the cheek spines are muscle attachment points. Its eyes are large, and it could have had acute nocturnality. It has peg-like teeth adapted for crushing plants, with a short, blunt skull with a nasal opening oriented near-to the mouth.

## Classification

*Procolophon* is a basal prcolophonid, being a sister taxon to *Tichvinskia*.

## Paleoecology

*Prcolophon* is known from the *Lystrosaurus* Assemblage Zone of the Katberg and Normandien Formations. It is also present in the Sanga do Cabral and Fremouw Formations and Paraná Basin. This spans South Africa, east Brazil and the Transantarctic Mountains.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procolophon
Vendoconularia

*Vendoconularia* is an extinct genus of Cnidarian (incertae sedis, under review) that lived in Russia during the Ediacaran.

## Description

*Vendoconularia* is known from fossils preserving a hexagonal shell, which was home to a tentaculate organism. Three longitudinal ridges are spread across the six sides of the shell.

## Classification

*Vendoconularia* was likely affiliated with Conulariids, and given the nickname of "Vendoconulariids".

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_Ediacaran\_genera

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendoconularia

https://dinopedia.fandom.com/wiki/Vendoconularia
Rhizomnium dentatum

*Rhizomnium dentatum* is an extinct species of moss that lived in Europe during the Middle Eocene.

## History

*R. dentatum* was discovered alongside several *Pyrrhobryum* species, 3 fragments of a pleurocarpous shoot, a hypnalian moss that is flat laying and a centipede in a transparent chunk of amber. It is housed in the American Museum of Natural History, recovered from 37-to-48-million-year-old Baltic amber. It was researched by Jochen Heinrichs et al. (2014), with the specific epithet referencing the toothed leaf margins.

## Description

Specimens are the upper gametophyte shoots and do not preserve structure. They are up to 7 millimeters (0.28 inches) long. *R. dentatum* is diagnosed with a zig-zag structure that differentiates them from extant *Rhizomnium*. The leaves sprout from the outer stem bend angles, being 2.8 millimeters (0.11 inches) long and 1.92 millimeters (0.076 inches) wide. They are oval-to-oblong, with a smooth-edged yet sparsely-toothed margin.

## References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizomnium\_dentatum