recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Kapingamarangi phonology

## Consonants

Kapingamarangi has 18 consonants /p, pʰ, t, tʰ, k, kʰ, w, wʰ, h, hː, m, mʰ, n, nʰ, ŋ, ŋʰ, ɺ, ɺʰ/ (Leiber & Dikepa, 1974).

## Vowels

The main vowels in Kapingamarangi are /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/ (Leiber & Dikepa, 1974). In the Kapingamarangi language, the vowels can be described as long or short vowels. A long vowel means that the vowel sound is stressed more in a word when spoken and held out for longer. The long vowels are written by writing two of the same letters next to each other. Therefore, the Kapingamarangi language is composed of ten vowels (Lieber & Dikepa, 1974).

ex. ʻʻduliʻʻ bird
ʻʻduliiʻʻ small, little

Kapingamarangi vowel phonemes have diphthongs because in Kapingamarangi language, it is possible to have any two vowels next to each other. For example, the word *eidu* which means "spirit" has a diphthong with the letters /e/ and /i/ (Lieber & Dikepa, 1974).

## Syllable structure

The syllable structure of the Kapingamarangi language is VV, VVV, VCV, CVV, CCVV, CVCV, and CCVCV (Lieber & Dikepa, 1974). In Kapingamarangi, like most Polynesian languages, it is impossible for a word to end in a consonant, but it is possible for there to be two consonants together, as long as it is the same letter.

Example: The term for un-groomed hair is *libgo wwana*. In this term, the two (W's) stand together in the word *wwana*.
Iduna phonology

## Consonants

The inventory of the Iduna language consists of 14 consonant phonemes.

Voiced plosives generally contrast with their unvoiced counterparts, except for the bilabial series, where /b/ varies freely between [b] and [p]. Moreover, the phoneme /g/ is commonly realized as [g], though for some speakers it may be pronounced as a voiced fricative [ɣ] without contrast. Finally, /t/ has also two allophonic realizations: [t] occurs word initially and word medially before non-front vowels /a/, /o/ or /u/, whereas [s] only appears before front vowels /i/ or /e/. Other minor allophonic realizations may occur. Among these variations only the last one is reflected in the orthography.

## Vowels

There are 5 vowel phonemes in Iduna.

Vowels have allophones too. The major allophonic variations are described in the following table. These include the double realization of /a/, which corresponds to [a] when found in stressed syllables, while it approximates [ʌ] in unstressed environments, and the nasal allophonic variant of /u/.

 /u/ | [u], [ũ] | [ũ] following /m/; [u] elsewhere
Kagate phonology

## Consonants

There are 36 consonants in Syuba, which are summarized in the table below. The form is given in IPA and then to the right in brackets is given the form more frequently used in Roman orthography if different.

## Vowels

There are five places of articulation for vowels. While there is a length distinction in closely related varieties such as Yolmo and Kyirong, the current Syuba orthography does not mark vowel length, and the status of vowel length is therefore unclear. In Roman orthographies the [ɔ] is usually written <o>.

 **Mid** | e
 **Low** |  | a

## Tone

Syuba has a two-tone language system, with tone located on the first syllable of a word.

 *tò* | ‘stone’

Tone is predictable in some environments. It is always high following aspirated stops, aspirated affricates and voiceless liquids (which speakers treat as equivalent to aspirated). Tone is always low following voiced stops, voiced fricatives and voiced affricates. Tone can be high or low in all other environments.
Kikai phonology

The following is the phonology of the Onotsu dialect, which is based on Shirata (2013b).

As with most Ryukyuan languages to the north of Central Okinawan, stops are described as "plain" C’ and "glottalized" C‘. Phonetically, the two series are aspirated [Cʰ] and tenuis [C˭], respectively.

## Northern Kikai

### Vowels

According to Shirata (2013b), Onotsu dialect has /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/. In more conventional interpretations, two more vowels /ɨ/ and /ɘ/ are added.

## South–Central Kikai

The following is the phonology of the Kamikatetsu dialect, which is based on Shirata (2013a).

### Vowels

Kamikatetsu has /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/.

## References

1. ↑ Samuel E. Martin (1970) "Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus", in the *Journal of the American Oriental Society*, vol. 90, no. 1 (Jan–Mar), pp. 97–139.
Idun phonology

## Consonants

1. Only in recent loanwords, mostly from Hausa

## Vowels

All vowels except the near-close vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ can appear long, nasalised or both; the vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ are being lost for young speakers.

## Tone

There are three level tones in Idun, as well as a rising tone and falling tone arising from adjacent level tones.

## References

1. ↑ Roger Blench, The Idũ language of Central Nigeria: Phonology, wordlist and suggestions for orthography changes. (2010:6).
2. ↑ Roger Blench (2010:1-2).
3. ↑ Roger Blench (2010:1)
Kokborok phonology

Kókborok has the phonology of a typical Sino-Tibetan language.

## Vowels

Kokborok has six vowel (monophthong) phonemes: /i u e w o a/.

**Vowels**

Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use the letter **w** as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English. In some localities, it is pronounced closer to i, and in others, it is pronounced closer to o.

In Kokborok spelling, **u** is used for the sound /w/ in the diphthongs /wa/ (used initially, spelled as **ua**) and /wo/ (used finally, spelled as **uo**). It is also used for the diphthong /ɔi/ (spelled **wi**) after **m** and **p**

## Consonants

**Ch** is used for /t͡ʃ/, while **kh**, **ph**, **chh** and **th** are used for /kʰ/, /pʰ/, /t͡ʃʰ/ and /tʰ/ respectively.

**N'** is the pronunciation of the nasal sound; e.g., **in'** (*yes*).

**Ng** is a digraph and is generally used in the last syllable of a word; e.g., **aming** (*cat*), **holong** (*stone*).

Ua is often used initially; e.g., **uak** (*pig*), **uah** (*bamboo*), **uatwi** (*rain*).

Uo is often used finally; e.g., **thuo** (*sleeping*), **buo** (*beat*).

## Diphthongs

A diphthong is a group of two vowels. The **wi** diphthong is spoken as **ui** after sounds of the letters *m* and *p*. Two examples are **chumui** (*cloud*) and **thampui** (*mosquito*). The **ui** diphthong is a variation of the **wi** diphthong. Other less frequent diphthongs, such as **oi** and **ai**, are called closing diphthongs. A closing diphthong refers to a syllable that does not end in a consonant.

## Syllables

Most words are formed by combining the root with an affix:

* **kuchuk** is formed from the root **chuk** (*to be high*), with the prefix, **ku**.
* **phaidi** (*come*) is formed from the root **phai** (*to come*), with the suffix **di**.

There are no Kókborok words beginning with **ng**. At the end of a syllable, any vowel except *w* can be found, along with a limited amount of consonants: *p*, *k*, *m*, *n*, *ng*, *r* and *l*. *Y* is found only in closing diphthongs like *ai* and *wi*.

## Clusters

"Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like *phl*, *ph* + *l*, in **phlat phlat** (*very fast*), or *sl* in **kungsluk kungsluk** (*foolish man*). Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as **phran** (*to dry*) which is actually **phw-ran**. These are very common in echo words : phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc.

## Tone

There are two tones in Kókborok: high tone and low tone. To mark the high tone, the letter *h* is written after the vowel with the high tone. These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes the meaning:

1. *lai* easy *laih* crossed
2. *bor* senseless *bohr* to plant
3. *cha* correct *chah* to eat
4. *nukhung* family *nukhuhng* roof
Khoemana phonology

In Korana, [oe] and [oa] can be pronounced as [we] and [wa].

* The phoneme [k] can be realized as /c/ before [e] or [i].
* An intervocalic [p] and [b] are sometimes realized as /β/.
* [s] is stated to be alveolar-postalveolar when not followed by a close front vowel [i], [ĩ], or [e].
* The aspirated phoneme [tʰ] is realized as an affricate sound /ts/ when followed by a close front vowel [i], [ĩ], or [e].
* The aspirated sound [kʰ] can sometimes be realized as [kx]. Some Griqua speakers may pronounce [kʰ] as [kʼ].
* The [tsʼ] sound only seldom occurs.
* [m] and [n] can occur syllabically as [m̩] and [n̩].
* The trilled [r] can also be realized as a flapped [ɾ] in some speech.
* Voicing can be very weak in Khoemana in casual speech, so voiced plosives can be hard to distinguish from voiceless plosives.

There are four tones in Khoemana:

 falling- ̂
Karelian phonology

## Vowels

### Monophthongs

Like Finnish, the Karelian language has 8 phonemic vowel qualities, totalling 11 vowel phonemes when vowel length is considered:

Only the close vowels /i/, /y/ and /u/ may occur long. The original Proto-Finnic long mid and open vowels have been diphthongized: \*ee, \*öö, \*oo > /ie/, /yö/, /uo/ (as also in Finnish); \*aa, \*ää > /oa/, /eä/ or /ua/, /iä/ (as also in Savonian dialects of Finnish).

### Diphthongs

North Karelian and Olonets Karelian have 21 diphthongs:

### Triphthongs

In addition to the diphthongs North Karelian has a variety of triphthongs:

 Close-mid-close
 Close-open-close

Olonets Karelian has only the triphthongs ieu, iey, iäy, uau, uou and yöy.

## Consonants

There are 23 consonants in Karelian:

The two interbracketed consonants /f/ and /ts/ are found in loanwords.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 П.М. Зайков. *Грамматика карельского языка*. Петрозаводск: Периодика, 1999
Kashubian phonology

## Vowels

* The exact phonetic realization of the close-mid vowels /e, o/ depends on the dialect.
* Apart from these, there are also nasal vowels /ã, õ/. Their exact phonetic realization depends on the dialect.

## Consonants

Kashubian has simple consonants with a secondary articulation along with complex ones with secondary articulation.

* /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are palato-alveolar.
* /ɲ, tɕ, dʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ are alveolo-palatal; the last four appear only in some dialects.
* The fricative trill /r̝/ is now used only by some northern and northeastern speakers; other speakers realize it as flat postalveolar [ʐ].
* The labialized velar central approximant /w/ is realized as a velarized denti-alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ̪] by older speakers of southeastern dialects.
Kavalan phonology

There are 15 consonants and 4 vowels in Kavalan.

Vowels

In Kavalan, Proto-Austronesian phonemes have merged as follows:

* \*n, \*N, \*j, \*ɲ as n
* \*t, \*T, \*c as t
* \*d, \*D, \*Z as z
* \*s, \*S as s
* \*q, \*ʔ, \*H are deleted

The following Proto-Austronesian phonemes are split:

* \*k into q and k
* \*l into r and ʁ (written as R)
* \*a into i (if adjacent to q) and a

The Kavalan language is also notable for having a large inventory of consonant clusters. It is also one of the only two Formosan languages that has geminate consonants, with the other one being Basay. Consonant gemination is also common in the northern Philippine languages, but is non-existent in the Central Philippine languages except for Rinconada Bikol.
Kiowa orthography

Kiowa orthography was developed by native speaker Parker McKenzie, who had worked with J. P. Harrington and later with other linguists. The development of the orthography is detailed in Meadows & McKenzie (2001). The tables below show each orthographic symbol used in the Kiowa writing system and its corresponding phonetic value (written IPA).
Kholosi phonology

While no published phonology has been found on Kholosi, the following phonology has been constructed from examples provided in the sources below.

Vowels
 High-mid | e eː
 Low-mid | ɛ
 Low | æ æː

Kholosi also contains the diphthongs /ɑi, ɑw, ow/ and possibly others.

*Note\**: The phonemes marked with an asterisk are assumed based on the structure of the attested phonemes.
Karuk orthography

Karuk consonants have been historically written using several different conventions. A comparison between these conventions follows:

In two-consonant sequences [sh] or [th] are distinguished from the digraphs ⟨sh th⟩ which represent the single phonemes /ʃ θ/ with the use of a dash ⟨s-h t-h⟩.

## Vowels

Long vowels are represented by doubling the letters: ⟨ii⟩, ⟨aa ⟩ and ⟨uu⟩ are used for /iː/ /aː/ and /uː/.

Tones are marked for vowels in Karuk using accent marks. The high and falling tones are represented using the acute and circumflex diacritics, respectively, above the vowels. The low tone is not represented, and tones on long vowels are notated only on the first letter in the digraph.
Kirundi phonology

## Consonants

Although the literature on Rundi agrees on 23 vowels, the number of consonants can vary anywhere from 42 consonants. The table below is compiled from a survey of academic acceptance of Rundi consonants.

## Vowels

The table below gives the vowel sounds of Rundi.

## References

1. ↑ Zorc and Nibagwire 2007, p. 23.
2. ↑ Zorc and Nibagwire 2007, p. 25.
Kham phonology

## Consonants

Taka dialect of Western Parbate Kham has 22 consonant phonemes while Gamale Kham possesses around 29 to 30 consonant phonemes.

* green phonemes do not occur in Parbate Kham.
* the phoneme in Light salmon colour appears in Ghusbang and Sheram dialect. All others appear in every Kham dialect.
* The rhotic /ɾ/ is realized as a trill [r] at the end of words. Otherwise, it is a flap.

## Vowels

Taka dialect of Western Parbate has 25 vowel phonemes.

* Light salmon vowels occur in every dialect of Kham.
* Breathy vowels
* Diphthongs
Kuna phonology

Kuna language recognizes four vowel phonemes and 17 consonantal phonemes.

## Consonants

Most consonants may appear either as short (lax) or long (tense). The long consonants only appear in intervocalic position. However, they are not always a result of morpheme concatenation, and they often differ phonetically from the short analogue. For example, the long stop consonants p, t, and k are pronounced as voiceless, usually with longer duration than in English. The short counterparts are pronounced as voiced b, d, and g when they are between vowels or beside sonorant consonants m, n, l, r, y, or w (they are written using b, d, and g in the Kuna alphabet). At the beginnings of words, the stops may be pronounced either as voiced or voiceless; and are usually pronounced as voiceless word-finally (Long consonants do not appear word-initially or word-finally). In an even more extreme case, the long s is pronounced [tʃ]. Underlying long consonants become short before another consonant. The letter *w* may be pronounced as either [v] or [w] depending on dialect and position.

In 2010, the National Kuna Congress decided a spelling reform by which long consonants should be written with double letters. Equally, the phonemes /p, t, c, k/ that may sound like [p, t, c, k] or [b, d, ɟ, ɡ] are represented by ⟨b, d, j, g⟩ in all positions. Equally, the old digraph ⟨ch⟩ becomes ⟨ss⟩ or ⟨ds⟩ depending on its morphological precedence (narassole [naraʧole] < naras + sole, godsa [koʧa] 'called' < godde 'to call' + -sa (past). So, the reformed orthography uses only the fifteen letters ⟨b, d, g, l, m, n, r, s, w, y; a, e, i, o, u⟩ for transcribing all the sounds of the language, with the digraphs ⟨bb, dd, gg, ll, mm, nn, ss⟩ for the tense consonants.
Koyukon phonology

## Consonants

Sounds are given in IPA with the orthographic equivalent in angled brackets:

Plosives and affricates, other than the labial *b* and the glottal*'*, distinguish plain, aspirated and ejective forms. Other consonants include labial and alveolar nasals; alveolar, velar and glottal fricatives; and alveolar and palatal approximants. Again other than the labial *m* and the glottal *h*, these distinguish forms with and without voice.

## Vowels

There are four full vowels in Koyukon:

* iː ⟨ee⟩
* uː ⟨oo⟩
* æː ⟨aa⟩
* ɛː ⟨ɛ⟩
* ɔː ⟨o⟩

And there are three reduced vowels:

* ʊ ⟨u⟩
* ə ⟨e⟩ (previously ⟨i⟩ and ⟨a⟩)
* ɜ ⟨ɨ⟩
* ɞ ⟨ʉ⟩
Kanamarí phonology

## Consonants

An alveolar lateral consonant /l/ may be realized as a retroflex lateral [ɭ]. A velar nasal [ŋ] sound is often heard when following after nasal vowels. A glottal stop [ʔ] can be heard before word-initial vowels. A word-final /k/ may also sound unreleased [k̚].

## Vowels

 Mid | ɛ ɛː
 Low | æ æː

/i/ and /u/ may be realized as approximant sounds [j] and [w], when preceding another vowel.
Kako orthography

Kako is written with two standardized alphabets following the general alphabet of Cameroonian languages, one for East Kako and the other for west Kako.

Nasalized vowels are indicated using the cedilla: ⟨a̧ ɛ̧ i̧ o̧ u̧⟩ for East Kako and ⟨a̧ i̧ u̧⟩ for West Kako.

Tones are usually not indicated, lexical tone never is, but grammatical tone can be indicated with accents when there is ambiguity.
Kanoê phonology

## Consonants

/x/ is limited to a few verb forms, ‿where it occurs before /ĩ/. /ts/ is highly variable, [ts tʃ s ʃ], with the affricates being the more common, [ʃ] rare, and [tʃ ʃ] most common before /i u/. /r/ is [ɾ] between vowels, [d] after [n] and occasionally initially. /ɲ/ varies as [ȷ̃]. /n/ is [ŋ] before /k/, a pattern which occurs during metathesis. /p/ is very rarely realized as [ɓ]. /w/ /j/ are nasalized after nasal vowels.

## Vowels

Vowel qualities are /i ɛ æ ɨ a u ɔ/, all oral and nasal; the nasal vowels have slightly different or variable pronunciations: [ĩ], [ɛ̃]~[ẽ], [æ̃], [ɨ̃], [ã]~[ʌ̃], [ɔ̃]~[õ], [ũ].

Oral vowels are optionally nasalized next to nasal stops, with the variation of phonemically nasal vowels. /ɛ/ varies as [ɛ]~[e] after /ts/ and next to an approximant. /ɨ/ varies as [ɨ]~[ə] after voiceless consonants. /ɔ/ varies as [ɔ]~[o] after /p, m/. Vowels may have a voiceless offglide (effectively [h]) when not followed by a voiced sound.

Vowels are long when they constitute a morpheme of their own. Stress is on the last syllable of a word. Maximally complex syllable is CGVG, where G is a glide /j w/, or, due to epenthesis in certain morphological situations or to elision, the final consonant may be /m n/. One of the more syllabically complex words is /kwivɛjkaw/ 'to shave'. Vowel sequences occur, as in /eaere/ 'chief'.
Karitiâna phonology

## Vowels

Karitiana vowels can be distinguished by the features [high], [back], and [round], and can be short, long, oral or nasal.

## Consonants

Karitiana also presents [͡tʃ] and [ʔ], but according to Luciana Storto (1999), the occurrence of the glottal stop is predictable, and [͡tʃ] is extremely rare, though it occurs in Karitiana's personal pronouns. The nasals /m n ɲ/ are prestopped [ᵇm ᵈn ᶡɲ] if they are preceded by an oral vowel, and poststopped [mᵇ nᵈ ɲᶡ] if they are followed by one. The velar nasal /ŋ/ is denasalized to [ɡ] before oral vowels in unstressed syllables, poststopped to [ŋᶢ] before oral vowels in stressed syllables, and prestopped [ᶢŋ] after oral vowels.

/h r j w/ are nasalized [h̃ r̃ w̃ ȷ̃] when surrounded by nasal vowels.
Kamassian phonology

The phonological account of Kamassian is very basic, due to unclear data labeling by K.Donner and Castren. It is uncertain whether Kamassian had primary vowel length, consonant gemination, and palatal stops or affricates as different phonemes. It varied widely between speakers. However, there are audio recordings of the last native speaker.

Kamassian has both palatalized and palatal phonemes.

## Consonants

\*the affricates may just be consonant clusters

\*\**ɣ* seems to have been an allophone of *g* for some speakers.

K.Donner also mentioned a sound ϑ (θ) and an f sound that was used in loanwords. Kamassian also had aspiration.

## Phonotactics

The maximal syllable structure is CVCC. The only type of cluster allowed, in the coda, is ʔC. An example of this would be *naʔb* (duck).

Palatalization only occurs in front of vowels.

Three consonants do not occur word initially: the trill *r*, the velar nasal, and the glottal stop.

## Variations

The last Kamassian speakers had some variations in their speech and a few vowels and consonants were slightly different depending on the speaker, for example:

oo ~ ee

ə ~ *ɯ*

*x ~ k͔´*

b *~ β (w)*
Khroskyabs phonology

## Onsets

The Wobzi dialect has 42 consonantal phonemes, shown in the table below. Other Khroskyabs dialects exhibit similar systems.

## Rhymes

Wobzi Khroskyabs vowels

Except for conjugated verb forms, Khroskyabs does not allow complex codas. In the Wobzi dialect, complex codas are prohibited even in conjugated verbs. The rhymes attested in Wobzi Khroskyabs are listed in the table below, with forms in conjugated verbs between parentheses.

## Tones

Two tones are attested in Khroskyabs, a high (H) tone, noted σ́, and a high-falling (HL) tone, noted σ̂. Some minimal pairs in Wobzi Khroskyabs are illustrated in the table below.

Wobzi Khroskyabs tones
 ʁbɑ́ɣ
 sʁǽi

Only one syllable in a phonological word can bear a tone, and the surface tones of the other syllable(s), if existent, are derived from the tone-bearing syllable.
Kensiu phonology

## Vowels

There are 28 vowels in the Kensiu language: 14 oral monophthongs and 12 nasal monophthongs, as well as 1 oral and 1 nasal diphthong. Front, central and back vowels at a tongue height intermediate to the close-mid and open-mid positions (i.e. true-mid) are also present. The language does not seem to have any voice register distinction.

The following tables are in the transcription of the source rather than standard IPA.
Kashinawa phonology

## Vowels

* In final syllables, /a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃].
* /ɨ, ɨ̃/ can also be heard as mid-back [ɤ, ɤ̃].
* Although nasalization is generally marked by placing a tilde over the vowel, some authors choose to mark it with a following ⟨n⟩ to denote that the previous vowel or contiguous vowels are nasalised.

## Consonants

* The stop consonant **d** /d/ may be pronounced as an alveolar flap [ɾ] when between two vowels, like the North American English pronunciation of ⟨dd⟩ in the word *ladder*.
Kare phonology

Kare has the following consonantal phonemes:

It has the following vowel phonemes:

There is a phonological contrast between high and low tone (eg *sá* "say" vs. *sà* "laugh"), and a rarer phonetic mid tone whose phonological status is not established. Only monosyllabic words may bear rising or falling tone.

## References

1. ↑ Lim 1997:64
2. ↑ Lim 1997:75
3. ↑ Lim 1997:73-80
Kayah Li alphabet

Unlike the Myanmar script, the Kayah Li script is an alphabet proper as the consonant letters do not have any subsequent vowel. Four of the vowels are written with separate letter, the others are written using a combination of the letter for *a* and a diacritic marker. The diacritics can also be used in combination with the letter for *ơ* to represent sounds occurring in loanwords. There is also a set of three diacritics that are used to indicate tone. Unlike the vowel diacritics, that are written above the letter, these are written under.
Kele phonology

The syllable structure of Kele is (C)V(C).

/b d/ are often trilled [bʙ dr]. Additionally, /b d/ are prenasalized when not occurring before another consonant.

Kele has ten vowels: a, e, i, o, u, æ, ɛ, ɒ, ɔ and ʌ. Vowels can also be elongated. Ross (2002) describes this vowel length as non-phonemic, and instead as part of one of four different disyllabic patterns in words. He also notes that no word contains more than one long vowel.
Kapingamarangi orthography

**A**, **B**, **D**, **E**, **G**, **H**, **I**, **K**, **L**, **M**, **N**, **Ng**, **O**, **P**, **T,** **U**, **W**

Long vowels are written with double vowels (Leiber & Dikepa, 1974). The Lieber-Dikepa lexicon also uses double consonants to represent the aspirated consonants in certain cases, namely nasals (where doubled ng is nng), w, h, and l.
Juǀʼhoan orthographic history

Juǀʼhoan is the only variety of ǃKung to be written. Three orthographies have been used over the past half century, two based on pipe letters for clicks and one using only the basic Latin alphabet.

In the 1960s the South African Department of Education set about establishing official orthographies for the languages of Southwest Africa (Namibia). Jan Snyman was selected to develop an orthography for the then-unwritten Juǀʼhoasi, which was accepted in 1969. In this orthography, the name of the language is spelled Žuǀʼhõasi. A slightly modified form (Snyman 1975) is shown below.

In the 1980s the Bible Society of South Africa requested a new orthography, one that used only letters of the Latin alphabet, avoided diacritics as much as possible, and conformed as much as possible to the conventions of Afrikaans. This second orthography was accepted in 1987, in which the language is spelled Zjuc'hôa.

A third orthography was developed by the Juǀwa Bushman Development Foundation in 1994. This is the orthography that is currently in use in Namibia; there does not seem to be any publication in Botswana.

The three orthographies, along with the IPA, are compared below. Tone is evidently unmarked.

The modern (1994) orthography also has *ih, eh, ah, oh, uh* for breathy (murmured) vowels, and *ihn, ahn, ohn, uhn* for breathy nasal vowels. However, Snyman maintains that these are positional variants of low-tone vowels, and not needed in an orthography (at least, not if tone were marked). Glottalized vowels are written with an apostrophe in all three orthographies.
Kikuyu phonology

Symbols shown in parentheses are those used in the orthography.

## Vowels

 Mid-high | e (ĩ/𑨄)
 Mid-low | ɛ (e/𑨅)
 Low | æ (æ/𑨈)

## Consonants

The prenasalized consonants are often pronounced without prenasalization, and thus /ᵐb ⁿd ᶮdʒ ᵑɡ/ are often realized as [b d dʒ ɡ].

## Tones

Kikuyu has two level tones (high and low), a low-high rising tone, and downstep.

## References

1. ↑ Kevin C. Ford, 1975. "The tones of nouns in Kikuyu," *Studies in African Linguistics* 6, 49–64; G.N. Clements & Kevin C. Ford, 1979, "Kikuyu Tone Shift and its Synchronic Consequences", *Linguistic Inquiry* 10.2, 179–210.
Klallam phonology

## Vowels

Klallam has 5 vowels:

* The sound e is rare, and occurs only before ʔ or y and y'.
* The schwa can be pronounced as /ʌ/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, or /ɑ/ depending on its environment:
	+ Before ʔ or h, it becomes /ɑ/.
	+ Around c and č, it becomes /ɪ/.
	+ Before rounded dorsal consonants, it becomes /ʊ/.
* Vowels may be stressed or unstressed. Unstressed vowels are shorter and lower in intensity than stressed vowels.
	+ Unstressed schwas are often deleted. For example 'nətán' ("my mother") is often pronounced as 'ntán'. Schwa deletion is consistent for English-oriented opinion, but "for the best speakers this rule is variable".
	+ In the case of schwa deletion after a nasal consonant, the nasal consonant is doubled. For example, 'ʔínət' ("what did you say") is pronounced as 'ʔínnt' even in very careful speech.
* Vowels are lowered when followed by a glottal stop /ʔ/:
	+ 'bird'   /t͡sʼiʔt͡sʼəmʼ/ → [t͡sʼɛʔt͡sʼəmʼ ]
	+ 'deer'   /huʔpt/ → [ hoʔpt ]
	+ 'salmon backbone'   /sχəʔqʷəʔ/ → [ sχaʔqʷaʔ ]

## Consonants

The 34 consonants of Klallam written in its orthography, with IPA in brackets when different:

* Glottalized sonorants /mˀ/, /nˀ/, /ɴˀ/, /jˀ/, /wˀ/ are realized either

1. with creaky voice: [m̰], [n̰], [ɴ̰], [j̰], [w̰],
2. as decomposed glottal stop + sonorant: [ʔm], [ʔn], [ʔɴ], [ʔj], [ʔw], or
3. as decomposed sonorant + glottal stop: [mʔ], [nʔ], [ɴʔ], [jʔ], [wʔ]

* The alveolar affricate /t͡s/ contrasts with a sequence of stop + fricative /ts/.
* Doubled stops and affricates are pronounced as two separate sounds, but doubled sonorants and fricatives are pronounced as long versions of a single sound.

## Syllable Structure

In Klallam, strings of consonants are acceptable both at the beginning and ends of syllables. In the onset, consonant clusters are rather unstructured, so words like 'ɬq̕čšɬšáʔ' (fifty) can exist without problem. Similarly, codas can contain similar clusters of consonants, as in 'sx̣áʔəstxʷ' (to dislike something, to be no good).

## Stress

Stress in Klallam defines the quality of the vowel in any given syllable and can occur only once in a word. If a vowel is unstressed, the changes are entirely predictable, as unstressed vowels get reduced to schwas. In turn, unstressed schwas are deleted. Mark Fleischer (1976) argues that schwa may be the only underlying vowel, as all others can be derived from the environment.

Stress normally falls on the penultimate syllable; however, some affixes attract stress. Additionally, not all words can have stress.
Kera phonology

The phonetic symbols and charts used are from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

## Vowels

* **High** The tongue is positioned near the top of the mouth.
* **Round** The lips are rounded while the vowel is pronounced.
* **Front** The tongue is positioned at the front of the mouth.

 Mid
 Low

Kera has vowel harmony.

In Kera, many words are required to only have vowels in the **high** or **not high** vowel class. For example, a word may have any of the vowels **i ə u** or any of the vowels **e a o**, but words containing both, e.g. words with **i** and **o**, are prohibited.
Kawaiisu phonology

## Vowels

Kawaiisu has a typical Numic vowel inventory of twelve vowels.

## Consonants

Kawaiisu has an atypical Numic consonant inventory in that many of the predictable consonant alternations in other Numic languages are no longer predictable in Kawaiisu. The Kawaiisu consonant inventory, therefore is much larger than the typical Numic language.

* /l/ and /ŋ/ are found only in loanwords.
Kangri phonology

## Consonants

* It is not clear whether or not [j] is considered as a separate phoneme, but it does occur in various phonetic environments.
* [ɳ] is heard mostly as either an allophone of /ɽ̃/, and as /n/ before a retroflex stop.

## Vowels

 Near-close | ɪ
 Mid | e
 Open-mid | ɛ
 Open | æ

* /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.
Kaytetye phonology

Consonants occur plain and labialized.

[w] is phonemically /ɰʷ/. In the orthography, /ɰ/ is written ⟨h⟩.

Two-vowel systems are unusual, but occur in closely related Arrernte as well as in some Northwest Caucasian languages. It seems that the vowel system derives from an earlier one with the typical Australian /i a u/, but that \*u lost its roundedness to neighboring consonants, resulting in the labialized series of consonants, while \*i lost its frontness (palatal-ness) to other consonants as well, resulting in some cases in the prepalatalized series.
Kabyle phonology

The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Kabyle.

## Vowels

Kabyle has three phonemic vowels:

Tamazight vowel phonemes

⟨e⟩ is used to write the epenthetic schwa vowel [ə] which occurs frequently in Kabyle. Historically, it is thought to be the result of a pan-Berber reduction or merger of three other vowels.

The phonetic realization of the vowels, especially /a/, is influenced by the character of the surrounding consonants; emphatic consonants invite a more open realization of the vowel, e.g. aẓru = [azˤru] 'stone' vs. amud = [æmud] 'seed'. Often /a, i, u/ are realized as [æ, ɪ, ʊ].

## Consonants

### Assimilation

In the Kabyle language there are various accents which are the result of assimilations (these accents are generally divided into western and eastern Kabyle). Some of these assimilations are present among all Kabyle "dialects" and some not. These assimilations are not noted in writing, such as:

* *Axxam n wergaz* ("the house of the man") is pronounced either « axxam n wergaz », « axxam bb wergaz » or « axxam pp wergaz ». (N+W=BB)
* *D taqcict* ("it's a girl") is pronounced « tsaqcict ». (D+T=TS)
* Here is a list of some of these assimilations: D/T+T=TS, N+W=BB/PP, I+Y=IG.

Gemination affects the quality of certain consonants, turning semivowels and fricatives into stops; in particular, geminated *ɣ* becomes *qq*, geminated *y* becomes *gg*, and geminated *w* becomes *bb*.

### Fricatives vs. stops

Kabyle is mostly composed of fricatives, phonemes which are originally stops in other Berber languages, but in writing there is no difference between fricatives and stops. Below is a list of fricatives vs. stops and when they are pronounced (note that gemination turns fricatives into stops).

 Is a stop in the words(and their derivatives)
Karuk phonology

## Vowels

 Mid |  | eː

There are 5 vowel qualities in Karuk /i e a o u/, some of which may also differ in terms of length. Vowel qualities /a i u/ occur as both long and short vowels, while mid vowels /e o/ only occur as long vowels.

## Consonants

Karuk has 16 phonemic consonants, a small number compared to the relatively large consonant inventories of most California languages. Karuk also lacks secondary articulation to its consonants such as glottalization or labialization, also unusual for a Californian language.

## Tones

Karuk has a tone system consisting of three tones: high, low, and falling. Falling tones only occur in long vowels.

Karuk vowel stress

## Syllable structure

When /i u/ occur next to one another in a word, whichever is the first vowel is pronounced as a glide, as in the following examples.

 *suniiθih* | *sunjíθih* | nut of a giant chinquapin

*Note: Syllabification in these examples are from right-to-left.*

The following example is a more rare case in Karuk where the syllabification is from left-to-right.
Kodava phonology

## Vowels

Dravidian vowel systems contain five vowel qualities i.e. those usually corresponding to *a, e, i, o* and *u.,* with a short and long variants for each. However, Kodava has two more: the mid and high (close) back unrounded vowels, with corresponding long variants.

Kodagu has 14 vowels. 7 of these, i, e, ɛ, a, ɑ, o, u, have long equivalents.

## Consonants

Kodava has 25 consonants.

Kodava and Kannada share a lack of palatalization of word-initial *\*k-*, which is a feature found in the Tamil-Malayalam branch.
Klon phonology

All the information in this section is from Louise Baird's grammar. Klon has 17 consonant phonemes and 13 vowel phonemes.

## Consonants

Aspiration is sometimes produced with voiceless stops. The voiced labio-velar approximant /w/ is infrequently produced as a voiced bilabial fricative [β] by some speakers.

Some of the consonants have a limited distribution. The voiced velar stop /g/ only occurs syllable initially. The voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ only occurs syllable finally. The voiced palatal stop /ɟ/, which only occurs word-finally, in a limited number of words. Some older speakers use the voiced alveolar stop [d] for /ɟ/. The rhotic trill /r/ and the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ occur both syllable finally and syllable initially. They occur word initially in only a few lexical items each. Some of these lexical items are clearly borrowings. The voiced labio-velar approximant /w/ and the voiced palatal approximant /j/ do not occur syllable-finally.

## Vowels

### Monophthongs

The mid-front unrounded vowel /e/ and the open mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/ occur infrequently. Schwa only occurs in unstressed syllables.

### Diphthongs

**Diphthong phonemes**

Diphthongs occur in both open and closed syllables.
Konai phonology

Konai has 6 vowels. All of them can be nasalized. The *ou* with inverted breve actually has a regular inverted breve centered between the two letters.

Further information about the phonology of Konai can be found in Årsjö & Årsjö (2005).

## Vowels (orthographic)

 Close-mid
 Open-mid
 Open

## References

1. ↑ Font Features for Doulos SIL
2. ↑ Årsjö, Sören and Britten Årsjö. 2005. Phonology and orthography essentials: Konai (Kalai) language (Western Province Papua New Guinea). In: Parker (ed.), 211–260.
Ket phonology

## Vowels

1. The normally open-mid /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are pronounced as close-mid [e] and [o], respectively, when they have the high-steady tone.
2. /a/ freely varies between [æ], [a], [ɐ], and [ɑ].
3. /ɵ/ and /ɞ/ freely varies between [ɘ] and [ɜ].

## Consonants

Vajda analyses Ket as having only 12 consonant phonemes:

It is one of the few languages to lack both /p/ and /ɡ/, along with Arapaho, Goliath and Efik, as well as classical Arabic and some modern Arabic dialects.

There is much allophony, and the phonetic inventory of consonants is essentially as below. This is the level of description reflected by the Ket alphabet.

Furthermore, all nasal consonants in Ket have voiceless allophones at the end of a monosyllabic word with a glottalized or descending tone (i.e. [m, n, ŋ] turn into [m̥, n̥, ŋ̥]), likewise, [ɮ] becomes [ɬ] in the same situation. Alveolars are often pronounced laminal and possibly palatalized, though not in the vicinity of a uvular consonant. /q/ is normally pronounced with affrication, as [qᵡ].

## Tone

Descriptions of Ket vary widely in the number of contrastive tones they report: as many as eight and as few as zero have been counted. Given this wide disagreement, whether or not Ket is a tonal language is debatable, although recent works by Ket specialists Edward Vajda and Stefan Georg defend the existence of tone.

In tonal descriptions, Ket does not employ a tone on every syllable but instead uses one tone per word. Following Vajda's description of Southern Ket, the five basic tones are as follows:

 Example

The glottalized tone features pharyngeal or laryngeal constriction, or a full glottal stop that interrupts the vowel.

Georg's 2007 description of Ket tone is similar to the above, but reduces the basic number of tonemes to four, while moving the rising high-falling tone plus a variant to a class of tonemes only found in multisyllabic words. With some exceptions caused by certain prefixes or clitics, the domain of tones in a multisyllabic word is limited to the first two syllables. Some research has shown tone alternation in the absolutive plural.
Karajá phonology

Karajá has thirteen oral vowels, /i ɪ e ɛ ɨ̘ ɨ ɘ ə a u ʊ o ɔ/, and three nasal vowels, /ĩ ə̃ õ/. The Javaé and Xambioá dialects differ from Karajá in lacking /ə/. /a/ is nasalized word initially and when preceded by /h/ or a voiced stop (except in Xambioá): /aθɪ/ → [ãθɪ] 'grass', /ɔha/ → [ɔhã] 'armadillo'. /a/ also triggers the occurrence of the nasal allophones of preceding /b/ or /d/: /bahadʊ/ → [mahãdʊ] 'group', /dadɪ/ → [nadɪ] 'my mother'.

This language has ATR vowel harmony which causes the non-ATR vowels /ɪ ɛ ɨ ʊ ɔ/ to become more tense (/i e ɨ̘ u o/) by the influence of a ATR vowel (one of /i e ɨ̘ ɘ u o ĩ/) located further to the right. The vowels /a ə̃ õ/ are opaque. Note that /ɛ ɔ/ undergo the harmony in an iterative manner (as in {{{1}}} → /ɾ**e**ɾ**o**ɾe/ ‘I ate it’), whether /ɪ ɨ ʊ/ may optionally block the further spread of the [+ATR] feature: {{{1}}} or /ɾɛh**i**ɾe/ ‘I drove it away’.

V → [+ATR] / \_ (C)-V[+ATR]

There are only twelve consonants, eight of which are coronal:

The consonants /d l ɗ θ/ are palatalized to /dʒ dʒ tʃ ʃ/ when adjacent to [+ATR] high vowels. Consonants /b d/ have nasal allophones [m n] when occurring before /a/. In addition, in the Karajá proper dialect only, /k ɾ/ are progressively palatalized to /tʃ dʒ/ following a /i/. In fact, almost all occurrences of /dʒ tʃ ʃ/ can be explained by the operation of these two processes; for these reason, Ribeiro (2012) argues that [dʒ tʃ ʃ] have no phonemic status.
Kamba phonology

## Vowels

 Close-mid | e eː
 Open-mid | ɛ ɛː
 Open |  | a aː

## Consonants

* /tʃ/ occurs as a result of palatalization among /k/ before /j/.
* In post-nasal positions, sounds /t, k, s, tʃ/ then become voiced as [d, ɡ, z, dʒ]. The voiced fricative /β/ then becomes a voiced stop [b] in post-nasal position.
* The palatal glide sound /j/ is typically articulated to the front of the mouth, so that is interdental as [ð̞]. When preceding a consonant however, it is always heard as a regular palatal glide [j].
Kobon phonology

## Vowels

Monophthongal vowels are /i e ɛ ɨ ə æ a ɑ o ɔ u/, diphthongs are /ai̯ au̯/. /i/ and /u/ may be [jɪ] and [wʊ~ʍʊ] word-initially. /ɨ/ ([ɨ~ɯ]) is written ⟨ü⟩ and /ə/ ([ɜ~ɘ~ɪ]) is written ⟨ö⟩.

Only /i a u/ and the diphthongs occur word-initially, apart from the quotative particle, which is variably /a~e~o~ö/. /e o/ occur syllable-initially within a word. All vowels (including the diphthongs) occur syllable-medially (in CVC syllables), syllable-finally and at the ends of words. Many vowel sequences occur, including some with identical vowels.

## Consonants

Kobon distinguishes an alveolar lateral /l/, a palatal lateral /ʎ/, a subapical retroflex lateral flap / / (ɭ̆ ), and a fricative trill /r̝/, though the frication on the latter is variable.

Voiced obstruents may be prenasalized after vowels, depending on the preceding consonant, and are voiceless word-initially. Liquids other than /ʎ/ tend toward final devoicing. For example, final /d/ is [ntʰ] and final /l/ tends to [ɬ]. (/w/ and /j/ do not occur in final position, while nasals and /ʎ/ retain voicing.) Voiceless consonants other than /s/ and /h/ are optionally voiced between vowels.

⟨ƚ⟩ is sublaminal retroflex. It has been described as a lateral flap, [].

All consonants occur syllable initially, though /ŋ/ only occurs word-initially in a single mimetic word. All consonants but /h j w/ occur syllable- and word-finally. Clusters occur in many (C)VC.CV(C) words, as well as initially in a handful of mostly monosyllabic CCV(C) words. Attested initial clusters are /bɽ, xɽ, fr, xl/.

Intervocalically, the lenis obstruents are oral [b d dʑ ɡ~ɣ] when a nasal or another lenis obstruent occurs in the preceding syllable, and are prenasalized [mb nd ɲdʑ ŋɡ] otherwise, with some variability after /h/. They are often oral in a medial cluster after another consonant. Otherwise the allophones in the table above are largely in free variation.

## References

1. ↑ Davies (1981: 215 ff)
2. ↑ Word medially next to a consonant, ⟨p⟩ is [ɸ] or [β] depending on the voicing of that consonant.
Kanikkaran phonology

## Vowels

Kanikkaran has 12 vowels, /a, e, i, o, u, ɜ, ɞ, æ, ɒ, ɨ, ʉ, ʌ/. It demonstrates contrastive vowel length.

## Consonants

They use the phoneme /l̩/ occasionally.

Kanikkaran has transformed words in Malayalam starting with /a/ into /e/. *aɳcu* (5) becomes *eɳcu*, *ari* (rice) becomes *ei*, *arivāɭu* (sickle) becomes *erivāɭu*, *aluku* (split reed) becomes *elakku*. It also adds a suffix *-in* or *-n* after all noun stems, except for nouns ending with *-n* in accusative.
Khwe phonology

Khwe has 70 phonemic consonants, including 36 clicks, as well as 25 vowel phonemes, including diphthongs and nasalised vowels. Khwe's tone system has been analysed as containing 9 syllabic tones (3 register and 6 contour), although more recent proposed analyses identify only 3 lexical tones, high, mid and low, with the mora as the basic unit of phonological structure.

## Vowels

Khwe vowels
 Close-mid | e
 Open-mid | ɛ
 Open | æ

* /o/ is realized as [o] when lengthened, but is realized as [ɔ] if it is pronounced short.
* Three nasal vowels are recognized as /ã ĩ ũ/. A nasal /õ/ also exists, but only in diphthongs as /õã/.
* Nasal diphthongs include /ãĩ, ũĩ, ãũ, õã/.
* /oɛ/ and /uɛ/ are free in variation with /oe/ and /ue/, but only dependent upon speakers.

## Consonants

* /ʃ/ is realized as [ç] only in Buma-Khwe, but as [s] in ǁXo-Khwe and Buga-Khwe, and as [ʃ] in ǁXom-Khwe
* /l/ is only found in borrowings.

### Click consonants

Khoe click inventories generally combine four anterior constrictions types with nine to eleven anterior constrictions. The exact size of the click inventory in Khwe is unclear. Köhler established an inventory of 36 click phonemes, from combinations of four influxes /ǀ ǂ !! ǁ/, and nine effluxes, as well as a borrowed voiced alveolar click, ⟨ǃ̬⟩. Khwe is the only language to have a pre-nasalized voiced click.

## Tones

There are three tones in Khwe: high /V́/, mid /V̄/, low /V̀/. Long vowels and diphthongs have eight tones (missing only \*mid–low as a combination).
Kimbundu phonology

## Consonants

Allophones:

[ɸ] and [β] are allophones of /p/ and /b/, respectively, before /a/ and /u/. The phoneme /l/ is phonetically a flap [ɾ], the plosive [d] or its palatalized version [dʲ] before the front high vowel /i/. In the same way, the alveolars /s/, /z/ and /n/ are palatalized to [ʃ], [ʒ] and [ɲ], respectively, before [i]. There may be an epenthesis of [g] after /ŋ/ in word medial positions, thus creating a phonetic cluster [ŋg] in a process of fortition.

There is long distance nasal harmony, in which /l/ is realized as [n] if the previous morphemes contain /m/ or /n/, but not prenasalized stops.

## Vowels

There are two contrasting tones: a high (á) and a low tone (à). There is also a downstep in cases of tonal sandhi.

## Vowel harmony

There is vowel harmony in two groups (the high vowels /i, u/ and the mid and low vowels /e, o, a/) that applies only for verbal morphology. In some morphemes, vowels may be consistently deleted to avoid a hiatus.
Kichwa phonology

## Consonants

* /z/ only occurs rarely phonemically, and is mostly an allophone of /s/.
* Affricate sounds /ts, tʃ/, are often voiced after nasal sounds as [dz, dʒ].
* /ɸ/ is often heard as [f] before a front vowel /i/.
* Sounds /ɾ, w/, are heard in free variation as fricatives [ʐ, β]. A combination /nɾ/ can be heard as [ɳɖʐ].

* /n/ is heard as [ŋ] before a velar consonant.
* /k/ can be heard as fricatives [x] before a voiceless obstruent, and [ɣ] before a voiced obstruent.

## Vowels

* /a, i, u/ can become lax as [ə, ɪ, ʊ] in free variation.
* In the Chimborazo dialect, /a/ is heard as a central [ä], and can also be heard as a back [ɑ] in lax form.
Karkar phonology

The Karkar inventory is as follows.

Stress assignment is complex, but not phonemic within morphemes. Syllable structure is CVC, assuming nasal–plosive sequences are analyzed as prenasalized consonants.

## Vowels

Karkar has a vowel inventory consisting of 11 vowels, which is considered very high for a Papuan language.

There is also one diphthong, *ao* /ɒɔ/. Vowels are written *á* /ɐ/, *é* /ə/, *ae* /ɛ/, *o* /ɔ/, *ou* /o/, *ɨ* /ɨ/.

Foley (2018) lists the 11 Karkar-Yuri vowels as:

Some vowel height contrasts in Karkar-Yuri (Foley 2018):

* *ki* ‘yam’
* *kɨ* ‘loosen’
* *ku* ‘cut crosswise in half’
* *ke* ‘edible nut’
* *kər* ‘put in netbag’
* *ko* ‘pig’
* *kæ* ‘egg’
* *kʌʔr* ‘swamp’
* *kɔ* ‘again’
* *kar* ‘speech’
* *kɒ* ‘bird species’

There are four contrasting central vowel heights:

* *kɨr* ‘red bird of paradise’ (*Paradisaea rubra*)
* *kər* ‘put in net bag’
* *kʌʔr* ‘swamp’
* *kar* ‘speech’

## Consonants

The rhotics and glottal(ized) consonants do not appear initially in a word, and plain /t/, the approximants, and the labialized consonants do not occur finally. Glottal stop only occurs finally. Final *k* spirantizes to [x]. Plosives are voiced intervocalically. Intervocalic *f* and *p* neutralize to [β] (apart from a few names, where [f] is retained), and intervocalic *k* is voiced to [ɣ]. Phonemic labialized stops only occur in two words, *apwar* 'weeds, to weed' and *ankwap* 'another'. Otherwise consonants are labialized between a rounded and a front vowel, as in *pok-ea* [pɔɣʷeɑ] 'going up'. In some words, the plosive of a final NC is silent unless suffixed: *onomp* [ɔnɔm̚] 'my', *onompono* [ɔnɔmbɔnɔ] 'it's mine'.

Prenasalized and labialized consonant contrasts:

* ***p**i* ‘bird tail’, ***pw**i* ‘enough’, ***mp**oran* ‘tomorrow’
* ***k**ar* ‘voice’, ***ŋk**ɔte* ‘over there’, ***kw**ar* ‘ground’, ***ŋkw**akwo* ‘many kinds’

Plain and preglottalized sonorants contrasts, which only occur in word finals:

* *ərə**r*** ‘sore’, *ərə**ʔr*** ‘dig a hole’
* *pa**n*** ‘sago flour’, *pə**ʔn*** ‘blunt’

## References

1. ↑ Dorothy Price, 1993. *Organised Phonology Data: Karkar-Yuri Language [YUJ]: Green River – Sandaun Province*