List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene

North American animals Wiki list articleTemplate:SHORTDESC:North American animals Wiki list article
This is an incomplete **list of extinct animals of North America**. This list covers only extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geological period that extends from the present day back to about 10,000 radiocarbon years, approximately 11,430 ± 130 calendar years BP (between 9560 and 9300 BC).

## Mammals

**Prehistoric mammal extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 C.E.)**

**Recent mammal extinctions (1500 C.E. to the present)**

**Possibly extinct mammals**

 **Garrido's hutia** *Mysateles garridoi*  | 1989 | Banco de los Jardins y Jardinillos, Cuba
 **Puebla deer mouse** *Peromyscus mekisturus*  | 1948 | Puebla, Mexico
 **San Felipe hutia**  *Mesocapromys sanfelipensis* | 1978 | San Felipe, Cuba
 **Sclater's shrew**  *Sorex sclateri* | Unknown | Chiapas, Mexico

## Birds

**Prehistoric bird extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 C.E.)**

**Recent bird extinctions (1500 C.E. to the present)**

**Possibly extinct birds**

## Reptiles

**Recent reptile extinctions (1500 C.E. to the present)**

**Possibly extinct reptiles**

 **Jamaica giant galliwasp**  *Celestus occiduus* | 1840 | Jamaica

## Amphibians

**Recent amphibian extinctions (1500 C.E. to the present)**

 *Craugastor chrysozetetes* | Unknown | Honduras
 *Craugastor escoces* | 1986 | Costa Rica
 **Golden toad**  *Bufo periglenes* | 1989 | Costa Rica

**Possibly extinct amphibians**

 **Bigfoot splayfoot salamander**  *Chiropterotriton magnipes* | Unknown | San Luis Potosí and Querétaro, Mexico
 **Golden coqui**  *Eleutherodactylus jasperi* | 1981 | Puerto Rico
 **Web-footed coquí**  *Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti* | 1974 | Puerto Rico

## Fish

**Prehistoric fish extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 C.E.)**

**Recent fish extinctions (1500 C.E. to the present)**

## Crustaceans

* *Cambarellus alvarezi*, around 1994, Mexico (Nuevo León)
* Chihuahua dwarf crayfish, *Cambarellus chihuahuae* unknown, Mexico (Chihuahua)
* Florida fairy shrimp , *Dexteria floridana*, unknown, Florida
* *Hemigrapsus estellinensis* , 1963, Estelline, Texas
* Pasadena freshwater shrimp , *Syncaris pasadenae*, 1933, Los Angeles, California
* Rubious cave amphipod , *Stygobromus lucifugus*, unknown, Illinois
* Sandhills crayfish , *Procambarus angustatus*, unknown, Georgia
* Sooty crayfish , *Pacifastacus nigrescens*, late 19th century, San Francisco Bay, California

## Insects

* American chestnut moth, *Ectoedemia castaneae*, unknown, the U.S.
* Antioch Dunes shieldback katydid, *Neduba extincta*, unknown, the U.S.
* Athens caddisfly, *Triaenodes phalacris*, unknown, the U.S.
* Castle Lake caddisfly, *Rhyacophila amabilis*, unknown, the U.S.
* Central Valley grasshopper, *Conozoa hyalina*, unknown, the U.S.
* Chestnut casebearer moth, *Coleophora leucochrysella*, 1900, the U.S.
* Chestnut ermine moth, *Argyresthia castaneella*, unknown, the U.S.
* Chestnut clearwing moth, *Coptotriche perplexa*, unknown, the U.S.
* Fort Ross weevil, *Trigonoscuta rossi*, unknown, the U.S.
* *Macrancylus linearis*, unknown, the U.S. and the West Indies
* Mono Lake diving beetle, *Hygrotus artus*, unknown, California
* *Oeobia* sp. Nov, unknown, the U.S.
* Phleophagan chestnut moth, *Ectoedemia phleophaga*, unknown, Virginia
* Pecatonica River mayfly, *Acanthometropus pecatonica*, unknown, the U.S.
* Rocky Mountain locust, *Melanoplus spretus*, 1902, the Great Plains, Canada and the U.S.
* Robert's stonefly, *Alloperla roberti*, unknown, the U.S.
* Robust burrowing mayfly, *Pentagenia robusta*, unknown, the Ohio River area
* Three-toothed caddisfly, *Triaenodes tridonata*, unknown, the U.S.
* Sloane's Urania butterfly, *Urania sloanus*, 1894, Jamaica
* Volutine stoneyian tabanid fly, *Stonemyia volutina*, unknown, the U.S.
* Xerces blue butterfly, *Glaucopsyche xerces*, 1943, the Sunset District of San Francisco, California
* Yorba Linda weevil, *Trigonoscuta yorbalindae*, unknown, the U.S.

## Arachnids

* Caribbean monk seal nasal mite, *Halarachne americana*, 1952, the Caribbean Sea
* *Tityus exstinctus*, 1884, Martinique

## Mollusks

* Acorn pearly mussel, *Epioblasma haysiana*, unknown, the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
* Acorn ramshell, *Planorbella multivolvis*, unknown, Michigan
* Agate rocksnail, *Leptoxis clipeata*, unknown, Alabama
* Alabama clubhsell, *Pleurobema troschelianum*, unknown, Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee
* Alabama pigtoe, *Pleurobema johannis*, unknown, Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee
* *Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis*, Unknown, Guadeloupe
* Angled riffleshell, *Epioblasma biemarginata*, after 1967, the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
* Arc-form pearly mussel, *Epioblasma arcaeformis*, 1940, the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
* Arcuate pearly mussel, *Epioblasma flexuosa*, unknown, the U.S.
* Bigmouth rocksnail, *Leptoxis occultata*, unknown, Alabama
* Boulder snail, *Athearnia crassa*, unknown, Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia
* Brown pigtoe, *Pleurobema hagleri*, unknown, the U.S.
* Cahaba pebblesnail, *Clappia cahabensis*, 1965, the Cahaba River, Alabama
* Carolina elktoe, *Alasmidonta robusta*, unknown, the Carolinas
* Channeled pebblesnail, *Somatogyrus wheeleri*, unknown, Arkansas
* Closed elimia, *Elimia clausa*, after 1967, Alabama
* Cobble elimia, *Elimia vanuxemiana*, unknown, Alabama
* Constricted elimia, *Elimia impressa*, unknown, Alabama
* Coosa elktoe, *Alasmidonta mccordi*, unknown, Alabama
* Coosa pigtoe, *Pleurobema murrayense*, unknown, the U.S.
* Coosa rocksnail, *Leptoxis showalterii*, unknown, the U.S.
* Corded purg, *Pyrgulopsis nevadensis*, unknown, Nevada
* Eelgrass limpet, *Lottia alveus*, the 1920s, Labrador to New York
* *Elimia gibbera*, unknown, Alabama
* *Elimia macglameriana*, unknown, Alabama and Georgia
* Excised slitshell, *Gyrotoma excisa*, unknown, Alabama
* Fine-rayed pearly mussel, *Epioblasma personata*, the early 20th century, Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee
* Fish Lake physa, *Gyrotoma excisa*, unknown, Alabama
* Fusiform elimia, *Elimia fusiformis*, unknown, Alabama
* Green-blossom pearly mussel, *Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum*, the 1980s, the Tennessee River
* Hazel pigtoe, *Pleurobema avellanum*, unknown, the U.S.
* Hearty elimia, *Elimia jonesi*, unknown, Alabama
* Highnut, *Pleurobema altum*, unknown, the U.S.
* High-spired elimia, *Elimia hartmaniana*, unknown, the U.S.
* *Incerticyclus cinereus*, unknown, Martinique
* *Incerticyclus martinicensis*, unknown, Martinique
* Lewis pearly mussel, *Epioblasma lewisii*, unknown, the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
* *Leptoxis torrefacta*, unknown, the U.S.
* Little flat-top snail, *Neoplanorbis tantillus*, unknown, Alabama
* Lined pocketbook, *Lampsilis binominata*, unknown, U.S.
* Longnut, *Pleurobema nucleopsis*, unknown, the U.S.
* Lyrate rocksnail, *Leptoxis lirata*, unknown, Alabama
* Maiden rocksnail, *Leptoxis formosa*, unknown, Alabama and Georgia
* Nearby pearly mussel, *Epioblasma propinqua*, 1901, the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
* *Neoplanorbis carinatus*, unknown, the U.S.
* *Neoplanorbis smithi*, unknown, the U.S.
* *Neoplanorbis umbilicatus*, unknown, the U.S.
* Oachita pebblesnail, *Somatogyrus amnicoloides*, unknown, Arkansas
* Ochlockonee arcmussel, *Alasmidonta wrightiana*, unknown, Florida
* *Oleacina guadeloupensis*, unknown, Guadeloupe
* Olive marstonia, *Marstonia olivacea*, 1940, Alabama
* Pagoda slitshell, *Gyrotoma pagoda*, unknown, Alabama
* *Pleurodonte desidens*, 1834, Martinique
* Pupa elimia, *Elimia pupaeformis*, unknown, Alabama
* Pygmy elimia, *Elimia pygmaea*, unknown, Alabama
* Pyramid slitshell, *Gyrotoma pyramidata*, unknown, Alabama
* *Reverse pebblesnail*, *Somatogyrus alcoviensis*, unknown, Georgia
* Ribbed elimia, *Elimia laeta*, unknown, Alabama
* Ribbed slitshell, *Gyrotoma pumila*, unknown, Alabama
* Rotund rocksnail, *Leptoxis ligata*, unknown, Alabama
* Rough-lined elimia, *Elimia pilsbryi*, unknown, Alabama
* Round slitshell, *Gyrotoma walkeri*, unknown, Alabama
* Sampson's pearly mussel, *Epioblasma sampsonii*, unknown, Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky
* Scioto pigtoe, *Pleurobema bournianum*, unknown, the U.S.
* Shoal sprite, *Amphigyra alabamensis*, unknown, the U.S.
* Short-spired elimia, *Elimia brevis*, unknown, Alabama
* Steward's pearly mussel, *Epioblasma stewardsonii*, unknown, the U.S.
* Stone's pearly mussel, *Epioblasma lenior*, after 1965, Alabama and Tennessee
* Striate slitshell, *Gyrotoma lewisii*, unknown, the U.S.
* Striped rocksnail, *Leptoxis vittata*, unknown, the U.S.
* Thick-lipped pebblesnail, *Somatogyrus crassilabris*, unknown, Arkansas
* Tombigbee moccasinshell, *Medionidus mcglameriae*, unknown, the U.S.
* True pigtoe, *Pleurobema verum*, unknown, Alabama
* Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel, *Epioblasma torulosa torulosa*, unknown, Canada, Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee and West Virginia
* Turgid-blossom pearly mussel, *Epioblasma turgidula*, unknown, the U.S.
* Umbilicate pebblesnail, *Clappia umbilicata*, 1928, Alabama
* Yellow pigtoe, *Pleurobema flavidulum*, unknown, the U.S.

## See also

* List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene
* List of extinct animals
* List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
* List of extinct birds
* Extinct in the wild
* Lazarus taxon
* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
* IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

## References

* IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on February 10, 2007.

1. ↑ Zazula, GD, Hall, E., Hare, PG, Thomas, C., Mathewes, R., La Farge, C., et al. (2017). A middle holocene steppe bison and paleoenvironments from the versleuce meadows, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54(11),
pp.1138-1152.
2. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Megalomys desmarestii*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T12980A22377057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12980A22377057.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
3. ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I. (2018). "*Neotoma bryanti* ssp. *anthonyi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T14576A124171511. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14576A124171511.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
4. ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "*Neotoma bryanti* ssp. *bunkeri*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T14577A124171652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14577A124171652.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
5. ↑ "ARKive species - Bunkers woodrat (Neotoma bunkeri)". Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
6. ↑ Lowry, L. (2015). "*Neomonachus tropicalis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2015**: e.T13655A45228171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13655A45228171.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
7. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Geocapromys columbianus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T9004A22186798. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9004A22186798.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
8. ↑ Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "*Brotomys voratus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T3121A22205792. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3121A22205792.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
9. ↑ Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "*Brotomys voratus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T3121A22205792. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3121A22205792.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
10. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Hexolobodon phenax*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T10034A22187167. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10034A22187167.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
11. ↑ MacPhee, R.; Hoffmann, M. (2008). "*Xenothrix mcgregori*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2008**: e.T136515A4303233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136515A4303233.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
12. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Hexolobodon phenax*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T10034A22187167. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10034A22187167.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
13. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Geocapromys thoracatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T9003A22186735. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9003A22186735.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
14. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Solenodon marcanoi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T20322A22327069. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20322A22327069.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
15. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Isolobodon montanus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T10859A22186956. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10859A22186956.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
16. ↑ Timm, R.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Lacher, T. (2017). "*Oryzomys nelsoni*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T15583A22388135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15583A22388135.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
17. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Collen, B. (2011). "*Pennatomys nivalis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**: e.T199838A9129524. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T199838A9129524.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
18. ↑ Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "*Boromys offella*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T2885A22206052. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2885A22206052.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
19. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Dávalos, L. (2018). "*Isolobodon portoricensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T10860A22186876. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10860A22186876.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
20. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Megalomys luciae*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T12981A22377126. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12981A22377126.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
21. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Dávalos, L. (2019). "*Oligoryzomys victus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T15255A22357957. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T15255A22357957.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
22. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "*Plagiodontia ipnaeum*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T17462A22187847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17462A22187847.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
23. ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "*Neotoma bryanti* ssp. *martinensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T14580A124171713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14580A124171713.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
24. ↑ Helgen, K.; Turvey, S.T. (2016). "*Neovison macrodon*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T40784A45204492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40784A45204492.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
25. ↑ Domning, D. (2016). "*Hydrodamalis gigas*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T10303A43792683. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10303A43792683.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
26. ↑ Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "*Boromys torrei*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T2886A22206099. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2886A22206099.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
27. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Nesophontes hypomicrus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T14672A22281724. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T14672A22281724.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
28. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Nesophontes major*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T136381A22281785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T136381A22281785.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
29. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Nesophontes zamicrus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T14676A22281556. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T14676A22281556.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
30. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Nesophontes edithae*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T41313A22281466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41313A22281466.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
31. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Nesophontes paramicrus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T14674A22281668. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T14674A22281668.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
32. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "*Nesophontes micrus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T14673A22281612. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T14673A22281612.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
33. ↑ Young, R.; Kennerley, R.; Turvey, S.T.; Borotto-Páez, R. (2020). "*Mesocapromys nanus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T13217A166518354. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13217A166518354.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
34. ↑ Soy, J.; Silva, G. (1996). "*Mysateles garridoi (Garrido's Hutia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 21, 2013. old-form url[*dead link*]
35. ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2018). "*Peromyscus mekisturus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T16675A22362990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T16675A22362990.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
36. ↑ Kennerley, R.; Turvey, S.T.; Young, R.; Borotto-Páez, R. (2019). "*Mesocapromys sanfelipensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T13218A22186444. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13218A22186444.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
37. ↑ Cuarón, A.D.; de Grammont, P.C. (2018). "*Sorex sclateri*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T20394A22316927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20394A22316927.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
38. ↑ BirdLife International. (2020). "*Siphonorhis americana*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T22689738A178420953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689738A178420953.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
39. ↑ Dewynter, M.; Powell, R. (2017). "*Pholidoscelis major*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T1120A121642128. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T1120A121642128.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
40. ↑ Powell, R. (2017). "*Leiocephalus herminieri*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T11389A115102240. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11389A71739645.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
41. ↑ Inchaustegui, S.; Landestoy, M.; Powell, R. (2017). "*Leiocephalus eremitus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T11388A115102107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11388A71739619.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
42. ↑ Dewynter, M. (2017). "*Pholidoscelis cineraceus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2017**: e.T1119A121639617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T1119A121639617.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
43. ↑ Powell, R. (2011). "*Cyclura onchiopsis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**: e.T173001A6955940. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T173001A6955940.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
44. ↑ Platenberg, R.; Powell, R. (2017). "*Borikenophis sanctaecrucis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T40791A115177079. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40791A71740001.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
45. ↑ Wilson, B.S.; Hedges, B. (2020). "*Celestus occiduus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T4097A181348221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4097A181348221.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
46. ↑ Geoffrey Hammerson. (2004). "*Plethodon ainsworthi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2004**: e.T29488A9501575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T29488A9501575.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
47. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "*Craugastor chrysozetetes*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T56513A176226932. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T56513A176226932.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
48. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "*Craugastor escoces*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T56588A54367912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T56588A54367912.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
49. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "*Incilius periglenes*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T3172A54357699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T3172A54357699.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
50. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "*Thorius infernalis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T59412A53985683. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T59412A53985683.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
51. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "*Chiropterotriton magnipes*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T59227A3077636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T59227A3077636.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
52. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2021). "*Eleutherodactylus jasperi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2021**: e.T7142A172793582. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7142A172793582.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
53. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2016). "*Thorius narismagnus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T59420A53986703. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T59420A53986703.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
54. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2021). "*Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2021**: e.T7146A172793731. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7146A172793731.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
55. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Gambusia amistadensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T8888A18229604. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8888A18229604.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
56. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Empetrichthys merriami*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T7705A15364173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T7705A15364173.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
57. ↑ Gimenez Dixon, M. (1996). "*Coregonus nigripinnis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**: e.T5371A11124753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T5371A11124753.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
58. ↑ Schmitter-Soto, J. (2019). "*Cyprinodon inmemoriam*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T6176A3107502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6176A3107502.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
59. ↑ Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016). *Los peces dulceacuícolas de México en peligro de extinción*. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-607-16-4087-1.
60. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Pogonichthys ciscoides*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T17874A19032197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T17874A19032197.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
61. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1996). "*Coregonus johannae*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**: e.T5367A11123849. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T5367A11123849.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
62. ↑ Domínguez, O. (2019). "*Notropis aulidion*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T14882A546490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T14882A546490.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Burkhead, Noel M (September 2012). "Extinction Rates in North American Freshwater Fishes, 1900–2010" (PDF). *BioScience*. **62** (9): 798–808. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.9.5 . Retrieved 15 December 2016.
64. ↑ Vega-Cendejas, M.; Matamoros, W. (2019). "*Priapella bonita*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T18135A1725682. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T18135A1725682.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
65. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Moxostoma lacerum*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T39291A19033113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39291A19033113.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
66. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Rhinichthys deaconi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T19490A19035017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T19490A19035017.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
67. ↑ Burkhead, Noel M (September 2012). "Extinction Rates in North American Freshwater Fishes, 1900–2010" (PDF). *BioScience*. **62** (9): 798–808. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.9.5 . Retrieved 15 December 2016.
68. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1996). "*Coregonus alpenae*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**: e.T5361A11123067. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T5361A11123067.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
69. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Etheostoma sellare*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T8128A18230889. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8128A18230889.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
70. ↑ Mejía Guerrero, O. (2019). "*Evarra bustamantei*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T8431A3145702. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T8431A3145702.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
71. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Lepidomeda altivelis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T11577A18229307. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T11577A18229307.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
72. ↑ NatureServe. (2019). "*Notropis orca*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T14891A130025081. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T14891A130025081.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
73. ↑ Koeck, M. (2019). "*Characodon garmani*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T4530A3000349. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T4530A3000349.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
74. ↑ Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "*Cyprinodon latifasciatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T6155A3105057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6155A3105057.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
75. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Cyprinodon spp. (Perritos De Sandia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 27, 2013. old-form url[*dead link*]
76. ↑ Mercado Silva, N. (2019). "*Notropis saladonis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2019**: e.T14894A546742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T14894A546742.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
77. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Gambusia georgei*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T8891A18233501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8891A18233501.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
78. ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "*Noturus trautmani*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**: e.T14908A19032932. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T14908A19032932.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
79. ↑ Gimenez Dixon, M. (1996). "*Coregonus reighardi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**: e.T5376A11125634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T5376A11125634.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
80. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1996). "*Salvelinus agassizii*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**: e.T19873A9089084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19873A9089084.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.
81. ↑ NatureServe (2013). "*Chasmistes muriei (Snake River Sucker)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**. Retrieved December 27, 2013. old-form url
82. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Stypodon signifer (Stumptooth Minnow)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 27, 2013. old-form url
83. ↑ NatureServe (2013). "*Gila crassicauda (Thicktail Chub)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**. Retrieved December 27, 2013. old-form url
84. ↑ NatureServe (2013). "*Cottus echinatus (Utah Lake Sculpin)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2013**. Retrieved December 27, 2013. old-form url
85. ↑ Contreras-Balderas, S.; Almada-Villela, P. (1996). "*Cyprinodon ceciliae (Villa Lopez Pupfish)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 27, 2013. old-form url
86. ↑ Alvarez, F.; López-Mejía, M.; Pedraza Lara, C. (2010). "*Cambarellus alvarezi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2010**. Retrieved October 2, 2010. old-form url
87. ↑ Alvarez, F.; López-Mejía, M.; Pedraza Lara, C. (2010). "*Cambarellus chihuahuae*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2010**. Retrieved October 2, 2010. old-form url
88. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Dexteria floridana (Florida Fairy Shrimp)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved October 2, 2010. old-form url
89. ↑ Gordon C. Creel (1964). "*Hemigrapsus estellinensis*: a new grapsoid crab from North Texas". *The Southwestern Naturalist*. **8** (4): 236–241. doi:10.2307/3669636. JSTOR 3669636.
90. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Syncaris pasadenae*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved October 2, 2010. old-form url
91. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Stygobromus lucifugus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved May 15, 2010. old-form url
92. ↑ R. F. Thoma; J. Cordeiro; T. Jones (2010). "*Procambarus angustatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2010**. Retrieved October 4, 2010. old-form url
93. ↑ G. A. Schuster; C. A. Taylor; J. Cordeiro (2010). "*Pacifastacus nigrescens*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2010**. Retrieved October 5, 2010. old-form url
94. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Ectodemia castaneae (American Chestnut Moth)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
95. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Neduba extincta (Antioch Dunes Shieldback Katydid)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
96. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Triaenodes phalacris (Athens Caddisfly)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
97. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Rhyacophila amabilis (Castle Lake Caddisfly)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
98. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Conozoa hyalina (Central Valley Grasshopper)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
99. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Coleophora leucochrysella*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
100. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Argyresthia castaneela (Chestnut Ermine Moth)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
101. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Tischeria perplexa (Chestnut Clearwing Moth)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
102. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Trigonoscuta rossi (Fort Ross Weevil)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
103. ↑ Lyal, C. (2014). "*Macrancylus linearis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2014**. Retrieved December 16, 2014. old-form url
104. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Hygrotus artus (Mono Lake Diving Beetle)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
105. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Oeobia sp. Nov*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
106. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Ectodemia phleophaga (Phleophagan Chestnut Moth)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
107. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Acanthametropus pecatonica (Pecatonica River Mayfly)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
108. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Alloperla roberti (Robert's Stonefly)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
109. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Pentagenia robusta (Robust Burrowing Mayfly, Robust Pentagenian Burrowing Mayfly)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
110. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Triaenodes tridonata (Three-tooth Caddisfly)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
111. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Stonemyia volutina (Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
112. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Glaucopsyche xerces (Xerces Blue)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
113. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "*Trigonoscuta yorbalindae (Yorba Linda Weevil)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved December 25, 2013. old-form url
114. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma haysiana (Acorn Pearly Mussel, Acornshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
115. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Planorbella multivolvis (Acorn Ramshorn)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
116. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis clipeata (Agate Rocksnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
117. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Pleurobema troschelianum (Alabama Clubshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
118. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema johannis (Alabama Pigtoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
119. ↑ Bouchet, P. (1996). "*Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
120. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma biemarginata (Angled Riffleshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
121. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma arcaeformis (Arc-form Pearly Mussel, Sugarspoon)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
122. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma flexuosa (Arcuate Pearly Mussel, Leafshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
123. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis occultata (Bigmouth Rocksnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
124. ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "*Athearnia crassa (Boulder Snail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
125. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema hagleri (Brown Pigtoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
126. ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Clappia cahabensis (Cahaba Pebblesnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
127. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Alasmidonta robusta (Carolina Elktoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
128. ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Somatogyrus wheeleri (Channeled Pebblesnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
129. ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K.; Bogan, A. (2012). "*Elimia clausa (Closed Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
130. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Elimia vanuxemiana (Cobble Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
131. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Elimia impressa (Constricted Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
132. ↑ Cummings, K.; Cordeiro, J. (2011). "*Alasmidonta mccordi (Coosa Elktoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
133. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema murrayense (Coosa Pigtoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
134. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis showalterii (Coosa Rocksnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
135. ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Corded Purg)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
136. ↑ Bouchet, P. (1996). "*Lottia alveus (Eelgrass Limpet)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
137. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Elimia gibbera*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
138. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Elimia macglameriana*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
139. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Gyrotoma excisa (Excised Slitshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
140. ↑ Cummings, K.; Cordeiro, J. (2011). "*Epioblasma personata (Fine-rayed Pearlymussel, Fine-rayed Pearly Mussel, Round Combshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
141. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Physella microstriata (Fish Lake Physa)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
142. ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "*Elimia fusiformis (Fusiform Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
143. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma torulosa ssp. gubernaculum (Green-blossom, Green-blossom Naiad, Green-blossom Pearly Mussel, Green Riffle Shell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
144. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema avellanum (Hazel Pigtoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
145. ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "*Elimia jonesi (Hearty Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
146. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema altum (Highnut)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
147. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Elimia hartmaniana (High-spired Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
148. ↑ Bouchet, P. (1996). "*Incerticyclus cinereus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
149. ↑ Bouchet, P. (1996). "*Incerticyclus martinicensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
150. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma lewisii (Forkshell, Lewis Pearly Mussel)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
151. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis torrefacta*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
152. ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "*Neoplanorbis tantillus (Little Flat-top Snail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved December 17, 2014. old-form url
153. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Lampsilis binominata (Lined Pocketbook)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
154. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema nucleopsis (Longnut)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
155. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis lirata (Lyrate Rocksnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
156. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis formosa (Maiden Rocksnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
157. ↑ Cummings, K.; Cordeiro, J. (2011). "*Epioblasma propinqua (Nearby Pearlymussel, Nearby Pearly Mussel, Tennessee Riffleshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
158. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Neoplanorbis carinatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
159. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Neoplanorbis smithi*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
160. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Neoplanorbis umbilicatus*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved December 17, 2014. old-form url
161. ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Somatogyrus amnicoloides (Oachita Pebblesnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
162. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Alasmidonta wrightiana (Ochlockonee Arcmussel)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
163. ↑ Bouchet, P. (1996). "*Oleacina guadeloupensis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **1996**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
164. ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2011). "*Marstonia olivacea (Olive Marstonia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
165. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Gyrotoma pagoda (Pagoda Slitshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
166. ↑ Bouchet, P. (2000). "*Pleurodonte desidens*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
167. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Seddon, M.B.; Mollusc Red List Authority (2000). "*Elimia pupaeformis (Pupa Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
168. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Elimia pygmaea (Pygmy Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
169. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Gyrotoma pyramidata (Pyramid Slitshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
170. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Somatogyrus alcoviensis (Reverse Pebblesnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
171. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Elimia laeta (Ribbed Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
172. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Gyrotoma pumila (Ribbed Slitshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
173. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis ligata (Rotund Rocksnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
174. ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "*Elimia pilsbryi (Rough-lined Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2012**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
175. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Gyrotoma walkeri (Round Slitshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
176. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma sampsonii (Sampson's Naiad, Sampson's Pearly Mussel, Sampson's Riffleshell, Wabash Riffleshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
177. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema bournianum (Scioto Pigtoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
178. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Amphigyra alabamensis (Shoal Sprite)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
179. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "*Elimia brevis (Short-spired Elimia)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
180. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma stewardsonii (Cumberland Leafshell, Steward's Pearly Mussel)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
181. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma lenior (Narrow Catspaw, Stone's Pearly Mussel)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
182. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Gyrotoma lewisii (Striate Slitshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
183. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Leptoxis vittata (Striped Rocksnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
184. ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2011). "*Somatogyrus crassilabris (Thick-lipped Pebblesnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2011**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
185. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Medionidus mcglameriae (Tombigbee Moccasinshell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
186. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Pleurobema verum (True Pigtoe)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
187. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma torulosa ssp. torulosa (Tubercled Blossom, Tubercled-blossom Pearly Mussel, Turberculed Riffle Shell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 3, 2014. old-form url
188. ↑ Bogan, A.E.; Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Epioblasma turgidula (Turgid-blossom, Turgid-blossom Naiad, Turgid-blossom Pearly Mussel, Turgid Riffle Shell)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
189. ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "*Clappia umbilicata (Umbilicate Pebblesnail)*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**. Retrieved January 2, 2014. old-form url
190. ↑ Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000). "*Pleurobema flavidulum*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2000**: e.T17680A7307082. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17680A7307082.en . Retrieved 8 August 2021.