Eastern Wolf

## Description

The Eastern wolf (Canis lupus lycaon or Canis lycaon or Canis rufus lycaon ) is a canine native to the Great Lakes region and southeastern Canada. It is considered to be either a unique subspecies of grey wolf or red wolf or a separate species from both. Regardless of its status, it is regarded as unique and therefore worthy of conservation with Canada citing the population in eastern Canada (also known as the "Algonquin wolf") as being the eastern wolf population subject to protection.

## Appearance

The Eastern wolf is small to medium in size, as wolves go, with a reddish or light brown coat. They have long hairs, usually black in color. There is a faint reddish color behind the ears. As the wolf gets older it will grow more long black hairs.

## Distribution

The Eastern wolf is a native of the northeastern side of the Great Lakes region in America, being mainly found in and around Ontario’s Algonquin Provincial Park, also venturing from here into Quebec in Canada. It can also be found in Manitoba and Minnesota. The Eastern wolf lives in coniferous and mixed forests in the north, and deciduous and mixed forests in the south.

## Behavior

Wolves live together in packs, which are social structures of some complexity that are based on the breeding adult pair (the dominant male and female) with their offspring. The pack size varies according to the amount of available prey. The hierarchy of dominance within the pack helps in its functioning as a unit. The wolves are quite loyal within the packs and work hard to keep other wolves out of their area. This is the reason for their frequent howling. They are most active during the night but can be seen during the day. They have large territories of about 150 km and rove constantly searching for food, often as much as 20 km a day. They communicate through scent marking, vocalizations, body posture, and facial expressions.

## Diet

Eastern wolves are carnivores and they eat large hoofed mammals including elk deer and moose, as well as beavers.

## Reproduction

Eastern wolves are monogamous for their lifetime. The dominant pair in the pack will mate between January and February, with the pups born about two months afterwards, a litter numbering 4 to 7. The female will stay in a den until the pups are about two months old. They stay around the den for 6 - 8 weeks and those that leave the pack do so after 37 weeks.

## Population

### Threats

The main threat outside protected areas is probably from hunting and trapping, facilitated by roading networks. Research in Algonquin Park has shown that large numbers of deaths probably limit dispersal and change pack breeding dynamics, causing another main threat: cross-breeding with eastern coyotes due to the scarcity of eastern wolves as mates. Habitat loss and fragmentation due to roading networks and urbanization is another threat to population expansion, as well as negative public attitudes towards them, and established eastern coyote territories.

### Number

According to the Wolf Conservation Center (WCC) resource the total population size of the Eastern wolf is less than 500 individuals. Most Eastern wolves live in central Ontario and western Quebec; the highest population densities are found in Algonquin Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada).

### Ecological niche

Eastern wolves are keystone predators because of their help in maintaining a balanced ecosystem. As they eliminate only weak animals from the pack, the pack becomes stronger and healthier overall.