recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Pangaea

Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.

Laurasia was the more northern of two supercontinents (the other being Gondwana) that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent around 335 to 175 Mya. It separated from Gondwana 215 to 175 Mya

## Break up

The break-up of Pangaea began in the Central Atlantic, between North America and Northwest Africa, where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains. The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging from 200 to 170 Ma.

The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous large igneous provinces in Earth's history associated with the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, one of Earth's major extinction events.
Theoliitic dikes, sills, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5×106 km2 (1.7×106 sq mi) of which 2.5×106 km2 (9.7×105 sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil.

The formation of the Central American Isthmus closed the Central American Seaway at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago. The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land-living animals, known as the Great American Interchange, but the closure of the seaway resulted in a "Great American Schism" as it affected ocean currents, salinity, and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct.

The **Mid-Atlantic Ridge** (**MAR**) is a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent or constructive plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. In the North Atlantic, it separates the Eurasian and North American plates, and in the South Atlantic, it separates the African and South American plates. The ridge extends from a junction with the Gakkel Ridge (Mid-Arctic Ridge) northeast of Greenland southward to the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic. Although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is mostly an underwater feature, portions of it have enough elevation to extend above sea level. The section of the ridge that includes Iceland is known as the **Reykjanes Ridge**.

The ridge has an average spreading rate of about 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) per year. At that rate of growth a newly formed ocean ocean would expand to cover an entire hemisphere in 800 million years.
Paper terrorism

**Paper terrorism** is a neologism to refer to the use of false liens, frivolous lawsuits, bogus letters of credit, and other legal documents lacking sound factual basis as a method of harassment, especially against government officials. These methods are popular among some anti-government groups and those associated with the redemption movement. Mark Pitcavage of the Anti-Defamation League states that these methods were pioneered by the Posse Comitatus. Some victims of paper terrorism have been forced to declare bankruptcy. An article by the Southern Poverty Law Center states that another tactic is filing reports with the Internal Revenue Service falsely accusing their political enemies of having unreported income. Such frivolous lawsuits also clog the court system making it more difficult to process other cases and including using challenges to the titles of property owned by government officials and others. Another method of paper terrorism is filing bankruptcy petitions against others in an effort to ruin their credit ratings.

In the late 1990s, the "Republic of Texas", a militia group claiming that Texas was legally independent, carried out what it called "a campaign of paper terrorism" using bogus land claims and bad checks to try to congest Texas courts.
Metatable

A **metatable** is the section of a database or other data holding structure that is designated to hold data that will act as source code or metadata. In most cases, specific software has been written to read the data from the metatables and perform different actions depending on the data it finds.

### Object-oriented programming

Although Lua does not have a built-in concept of classes, object-oriented programming can be achieved using two language features: first-class functions and tables. By placing functions and related data into a table, an object is formed. Inheritance (both single and multiple) can be implemented using the metatable mechanism, telling the object to look up nonexistent methods and fields in parent object(s).

There is no such concept as "class" with these techniques; rather, prototypes are used, similar to Self or JavaScript. New objects are created either with a factory method (that constructs new objects from scratch) or by cloning an existing object.

Lua provides some syntactic sugar to facilitate object orientation. To declare member functions inside a prototype table, one can use `function table:func(args)`, which is equivalent to `function table.func(self, args)`. Calling class methods also makes use of the colon: `object:func(args)` is equivalent to `object.func(object, args)`.

Creating a basic vector object:

```
local Vector = {}
Vector.\_\_index = Vector

function Vector:new(x, y, z)    -- The constructor
  return setmetatable({x = x, y = y, z = z}, Vector)
end

function Vector:magnitude()     -- Another method
  -- Reference the implicit object using self
  return math.sqrt(self.x^2 + self.y^2 + self.z^2)
end

local vec = Vector:new(0, 1, 0) -- Create a vector
print(vec:magnitude())          -- Call a method (output: 1)
print(vec.x)                    -- Access a member variable (output: 0)

```
Phonophobia

**Phonophobia**, also called **ligyrophobia** or **sonophobia**, is a fear of or aversion to loud sounds (for example fireworks)—a type of specific phobia. It can also mean a fear of voices, or a fear of one's own voice. It is a very rare phobia which is often the symptom of hyperacusis. Sonophobia can refer to the hypersensitivity of a patient to sound and can be part of the diagnosis of a migraine.
Occasionally it is called **acousticophobia**.

The term *phonophobia* comes from Greek φωνή - *phōnē*, "sound" and φόβος - *phobos*, "fear".

Ligyrophobics may be fearful of devices that can suddenly emit loud sounds, such as computer speakers or fire alarms. When operating a device such as a home theater system, computer, television, or CD player, they may wish to have the volume turned down all the way before doing anything that would cause the speakers to emit sound, so that once the command to produce sound is given, the user can raise the volume of the speakers to a comfortable listening level. They may avoid parades and carnivals due to the loud instruments such as drums. As festive occasions are accompanied by music of over 120 decibels, many phobics develop agoraphobia. Other ligyrophobics also steer clear of any events in which fireworks are to be let off .

Another example is watching someone blow up a balloon beyond its normal capacity. This is often an unsettling, even disturbing thing for a person with ligyrophobia to observe, as he or she anticipates a loud sound when the balloon pops. When balloons pop, two types of reactions are heavy breathing and panic attacks. The sufferer becomes anxious to get away from the source of the loud sound and may get headaches.

It may also be related to, caused by, or confused with "hyperacusis", extreme sensitivity to loud sounds. Phonophobia also refers to an extreme form of misophonia.
Myr

The abbreviation **myr**, "million years", is a unit of a quantity of 1,000,000 (i.e. 1×106) years, or 31.536 teraseconds.

## Usage

Myr is in common use where the term is often written, such as in Earth science and cosmology. Myr is seen with *mya*, "million years ago". Together they make a reference system, one to a quantity, the other to a particular place in a year numbering system that is *time before the present*.

Myr is deprecated in geology, but in astronomy *myr* is standard.
Where "myr" *is* seen in geology it is usually "Myr" (a unit of mega-years). In astronomy it is usually "Myr" (million years).

## Debate

In geology the debate of the millennia concerns the use of *myr* remains open concerning "the use of *Myr* plus *Mya*" versus "using *Mya* only". In either case the term *Ma* is used in geology literature conforming to ISO 31-1 (now ISO 80000-3) and NIST 811 recommended practices. Traditional style geology literature is written

> The Cretaceous started 145 Ma and ended 66 Ma, lasting for 79 Myr.
>
>
>

The "ago" is implied, so that any such year number "X Ma" between 66 and 145 is "Cretaceous", for good reason. But the counter argument is that having *myr* for a duration and *Mya* for an age mixes unit systems, and tempts capitalization errors: "million" need not be capitalized, but "mega" must be; "ma" would technically imply a *milliyear* (a thousandth of a year, or 8 hours). On this side of the debate, one avoids *myr* and simply adds *ago* explicitly (or adds *BP*), as in

> The Cretaceous started 145 Ma ago and ended 66 Ma ago, lasting for 79 Ma.
>
>
>

In this case, "79 Ma" means only a quantity of 79 million years, without the meaning of "79 million years ago".
Pork

See also: Animal slaughter and Inert gas asphyxiation

## Pig toilet

From Wikipedia:Pig toilet:

A pig toilet (sometimes called a "pig sty latrine") is a simple type of dry toilet consisting of an outhouse mounted over a pigsty, with a chute or hole connecting the two. The pigs consume the feces of the users of the toilet, as well as other food.

Pig toilets (Chinese: 猪圈毛坑 zhūquānmáokēng) were once common in rural China, where a single Chinese ideogram (Chinese: 圂; pinyin: hùn) signifies both "pigsty" and "privy". Funerary models of pig toilets from the Han dynasty (206 BC to AD 220) prove that it was an ancient custom. These arrangements have been strongly discouraged by the Chinese authorities in recent years, although as late as 2005 they could still be found in remote northern provinces
Parasitic pneumonia

**Parasitic pneumonia** is an infection of the lungs by parasites. It is a rare cause of pneumonia, occurring almost exclusively in immunocompromised persons (persons with a weakened or absent immune system). This is a respiratory infection that may or may not be serious.

There is a variety of parasites that can affect the lungs. In general, these parasites enter the body through the skin or by being swallowed. Once inside the body, these parasites travel to the lungs, most often through the blood. There, a similar combination of cellular destruction and immune response causes disruption of oxygen transportation. Depending on the type of parasite, antihelmynthic drugs can be prescribed.

The most common parasites involved:

* *Ascaris*
* *Schistosoma*
* *Toxoplasma gondii*
List of paleocontinents

This is a list of paleocontinents, significant landmasses that have been proposed to exist in the geological past. The degree of certainty to which the identified landmasses can regarded as independent entities reduces as geologists look further back in time. The list includes cratons, supercratons, microcontinents, continents and supercontinents. For the Archean to Paleoproterozoic cores of most of the continents see also list of shields and cratons.
Nasal irrigation

**Nasal irrigation**, (also called **nasal lavage** or **nasal douche**) is a personal hygiene practice in which the nasal cavity is washed to flush out mucus and debris from the nose and sinuses. The practice is reported to be beneficial with only minor side effects. Nasal irrigation can also refer to the use of saline nasal spray or nebulizers to moisten the mucous membranes.

## Medical uses

Nasal irrigation can be an effective therapy to relieve symptoms of both chronic sinusitis as well as acute sinuitis caused by upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold. The evidence for use in chronic sinusitis is weak.

It can also be useful for the temporary relief of the symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.

## Adverse effects

Adverse effects include nasal irritation, nosebleeds, headache, and drainage after the irrigation is done. It is generally well-tolerated.

There is a risk of infection if the water is not sterile or the device is not cleaned after use. If the device is used improperly this can be harmful. In fact, proper application suggests the use of boiled water or saline water. In 2018, a patient was reported to have contracted *Balamuthia mandrillaris* after using tap water during nasal irrigation. Rare cases of fatal naegleriasis have occurred due to nasal insufflation of the amoeba *Naegleria fowleri* from untreated tap water.

## Mechanism of action

Flushing the nasal cavity can soothe inflamed tissue and remove irritants like allergens; it may help clear mucus.

Allow the water to flow out on its own. Do not blow the water out forcefully as this can result in bleeding.

## Solutions

To prepare an isotonic saline solution for nasal rinsing, approx. ¼L lukewarm drinking water and half a level teaspoon of table salt is required. (One heaping teaspoon per liter.)

The water should not be tap water, which may contain small amounts of bacteria that are safe to drink but may be dangerous in the nose. The water should be sterile or filtered for micro-organisms; if tap water is used it should be boiled. Saline solution is also sometimes used.

A number of other compounds may be included in irrigation fluids such as the steroid budesonide in an effort to treat chronic rhinosinusitis.

## Devices

Neti pots are commonly used and rely on gravity and head position in order to rinse the outer sinus cavities. Typically they have a spout attached near the bottom, sometimes with a handle on the opposite side.

Various squeeze bottles for nasal irrigation have also been used to apply the water.

Bulb syringes are commonly used for infants and children.

There are also irrigation machines available that utilize electric motor-driven pumps.
Marsupialia

**Marsupials** are any members of the mammalian infraclass **Marsupialia** (from Latin *marsupium* "pouch"). All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to these species is that most of the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials include kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, possums, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. Some lesser-known marsupials are the dunnarts, potoroos and cuscuses.
Marsupials represent the clade originating from the last common ancestor of extant metatherians. Like other mammals in the Metatheria, they give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers’ abdomen for a certain amount of time. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur on the Australian continent (the mainland, Tasmania, New Guinea and nearby islands). The remaining 100 are found in the Americas — primarily in South America, but thirteen in Central America, and one in North America, north of Mexico.

The word *marsupial* comes from *marsupium*, the technical term for the abdominal pouch. It, in turn, is borrowed from Latin and ultimately from the ancient Greek μάρσιππος mársippos, meaning "pouch".
Proto-mitochondrion

The **proto-mitochondrion** is the hypothetical ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria in eukaryotes are thought to descend.

## Phylogeny

The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alphaproteobacterial origin for this endosymbiont. Although the order *Rickettsiales* has been proposed as the alpha-proteobacterial sister-group of mitochondria, there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha-proteobacterial group the proto-mitochondrion emerged. Martijn *et al*. found mitochondria are a possible sister-group to the alphaproteobacteria.

## Metabolism

Toni Gabaldón and Martijn Huynen (2003) reconstructed the proteome (the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome) and corresponding metabolism of the proto-mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha-proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an aerobic alpha-proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genomes analyzed in the study.
Physics

See also: Wikisource:The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1846) and Galilean relativity

*Reality is what doesnt go away when you arent looking at it.*
*Something is known Beyond a reasonable doubt if any doubt that it is true is unreasonable. A doubt is reasonable if it is consistent with the laws of cause and effect.*

From Wikipedia:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica:
In the four rules, as they came finally to stand in the 1726 edition, Newton effectively offers a methodology for handling unknown phenomena in nature and reaching towards explanations for them.

Rule 1: We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances.
Rule 2: Therefore to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes.
Rule 3: The qualities of bodies, which admit neither intensification nor remission of degrees, and which are found to belong to all bodies within the reach of our experiments, are to be esteemed the universal qualities of all bodies whatsoever.
Rule 4: In experimental philosophy we are to look upon propositions inferred by general induction from phenomena as accurately or very nearly true, not withstanding any contrary hypothesis that may be imagined, till such time as other phenomena occur, by which they may either be made more accurate, or liable to exceptions.
Classical mechanicsw

Newtonian mechanicsw, Lagrangian mechanicsw, and Hamiltonian mechanicsw
The difference between the net kinetic energy and the net potential energy is called the “Lagrangian.”
The action is defined as the time integral of the Lagrangian.
The Hamiltonian is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies.
Noether's theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law.
Relativistic mechanics

Special relativity, and General relativity
Energy is conserved in relativity and proper velocity is proportional to momentum at all velocities.
Quantum mechanicsw

https://www.eng.famu.fsu.edu/~dommelen/quantum/style\_a/contents.html
Reality-based community

***Reality-based community*** is a derisive term for people who base judgements on facts. It was first attributed to a senior official working for U.S. president George W. Bush by the reporter Ron Suskind in 2004. Many American liberals adopted the label for themselves, using it to portray themselves as adhering to facts in contradiction to conservatives presumably disregarding professional and scientific expertise.

## Origin

The phrase was attributed by journalist Ron Suskind to an unnamed official in the George W. Bush administration who used it to denigrate a critic of the administration's policies as someone who based their judgements on facts. In a 2004 article appearing in the *New York Times Magazine*, Suskind wrote:

> The aide said that guys like me were 'in what we call the reality-based community,' which he defined as people who 'believe that solutions emerge from your judicious study of discernible reality.' [...] 'That's not the way the world really works anymore,' he continued. 'We're an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality. And while you're studying that reality—judiciously, as you will—we'll act again, creating other new realities, which you can study too, and that's how things will sort out. We're history's actors...and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do'.
>
>
>

International relations scholar Fred Halliday writes that the phrase *reality-based community* (in contrast to *faith-based community*) was used "for those who did not share [the Bush administration's] international goals and aspirations". The source of the quotation was guessed to be Bush's senior advisor Karl Rove, although Rove has denied saying it.

## Reactions

Political scientist and former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski characterized the encounter with the senior White House aide, as reported by Suskind, as exemplary of the "arrogance that swept the Bush White House". Journalist Steven Poole compared the phrase to Hannah Arendt's definition of totalitarian thinking, which she described as having "extreme contempt for facts".

Many American liberals adopted the term as a badge of honor. The words "[Proud to be a Member of the] Reality-Based Community" appeared on blogs and T-shirts. The term was used to mock the Bush administration's funding of faith-based social programmes, as well as a perceived hostility to professional and scientific expertise among American conservatives.

The phrase was given a second life by growth of so-called post-truth politics.
Reptiles

**Reptiles** are tetrapod animals in the class **Reptilia**, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.

Because some reptiles are more closely related to birds than they are to other reptiles (e.g., crocodiles are more closely related to birds than they are to lizards), the traditional groups of "reptiles" listed above do not together constitute a monophyletic grouping or clade (consisting of all descendants of a common ancestor). For this reason, many modern scientists prefer to consider the birds part of Reptilia as well, thereby making Reptilia a monophyletic class, including all living Diapsids.

The earliest known proto-reptiles originated around 312 million years ago during the Carboniferous period, having evolved from advanced reptiliomorph tetrapods that became increasingly adapted to life on dry land. Some early examples include the lizard-like *Hylonomus* and *Casineria*. In addition to the living reptiles, there are many diverse groups that are now extinct, in some cases due to mass extinction events. In particular, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event wiped out the pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ornithischians, and sauropods, as well as many species of theropods, including troodontids, dromaeosaurids, tyrannosaurids, and abelisaurids, along with many Crocodyliformes, and squamates (e.g. mosasaurids).

Modern non-avian reptiles inhabit all the continents except Antarctica, although some birds are found on the periphery of Antarctica. Several living subgroups are recognized: Testudines (turtles and tortoises), 350 species; Rhynchocephalia (tuatara from New Zealand), 1 species; Squamata (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards), over 10,200 species; Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators), 24 species; and Aves (birds), approximately 10,000 species.

Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates, creatures that either have four limbs or, like snakes, are descended from four-limbed ancestors. Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have an aquatic larval stage. Most reptiles are oviparous, although several species of squamates are viviparous, as were some extinct aquatic clades?–?the fetus develops within the mother, contained in a placenta rather than an eggshell. As amniotes, reptile eggs are surrounded by membranes for protection and transport, which adapt them to reproduction on dry land. Many of the viviparous species feed their fetuses through various forms of placenta analogous to those of mammals, with some providing initial care for their hatchlings. Extant reptiles range in size from a tiny gecko, *Sphaerodactylus ariasae*, which can grow up to 17 mm (0.7 in) to the saltwater crocodile, *Crocodylus porosus*, which can reach 6 m (19.7 ft) in length and weigh over 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).
Gospel harmony based on John

## Contents

Matthew

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Mark

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Luke

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2
John

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
The four gospels appear to have been constructed from 11 or 12 smaller books.

At the end of each of these smaller books the gospel jumps back in time to the beginning of the next small book.

What's especially interesting is that each of these smaller books ends exactly 2 months after the previous book ended.

Each stripe is 30 days

Purge

## Beginning

Isaiah 11:6 (KJV)

The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them.
Safety

Possibly the biggest source of errors is that people become so focused on ***how*** to do things that they forget ***what*** they are doing.

* If you dont know what you are doing then dont try to do it. Either do or do not. Do not try. Trying will get you into far more trouble than refusing to try ever will.
* Slow down. Slow down even when you don't have to otherwise when the need does arise it may already be too late. If you're not actively slowing yourself down then you are not being careful.
* Dont do something just because you see other people doing it.
	+ They might be testing you.
	+ They might know something that you dont.
	+ They might not feel pain.
	+ They may even be suicidal.
	+ They may already be dead.
* If something sounds too good to be true then it probably is. Stay away from it.
* Details matter.
List of ISO 639-1 codes

ISO 639 is a standardized nomenclature used to classify languages. Each language is assigned a two-letter (639-1) and three-letter (639-2 and 639-3) lowercase abbreviation, amended in later versions of the nomenclature.

This table lists all of:

* ISO 639-1: two-letter codes, one per language for ISO 639 macrolanguage

And some of:

* ISO 639-2/T: three-letter codes, for the same languages as 639-1
* ISO 639-2/B: three-letter codes, mostly the same as 639-2/T, but with some codes derived from English names rather than native names of languages (in the following table, these differing codes are highlighted in **boldface**)
* ISO 639-3: three-letter codes, the same as 639-2/T for languages, but with distinct codes for each variety of an ISO 639 macrolanguage

Note: Colors on the leftmost column represent the language family mentioned in second column.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cover, Robin. "Code for the Representation of the Names of Languages. From ISO 639, revised 1989.". http://xml.coverpages.org/iso639a.html.
2. ↑ "Code Changes". *ISO 639-2*. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code\_changes.php. Retrieved 31 May 2012.

## External links

* Official ISO 639 list
* List of language names ordered by code
Police can lie to you

***Frazier v. Cupp***, 394 U.S. 731 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case that affirmed the legality of deceptive interrogation tactics.

Acting on a tip, police picked up and interrogated Martin E. Frazier, a 20-year-old U.S. Marine, about his possible involvement in the murder of Russell Anton Marleau. Frazier, along with his cousin, Jerry Lee Rawls, were seen at a bar with the victim before the murder.

During the interrogation, police falsely informed Frazier that Rawls had already confessed and implicated him in the murder. Frazier denied any involvement in the crime, and suggested speaking with an attorney, but police continued to question him. Police elicited a confession, which was used against him at trial.

Frazier was convicted of the murder of Russell Anton Marleau. Jerry Lee Rawls pleaded guilty to the same offense.

Frazier appealed his conviction to the United States Supreme Court but lost the appeal.

The Court stated,

> The fact that the police misrepresented the statements that Rawls had made is, while relevant, insufficient, in our view, to make this otherwise voluntary confession inadmissible.
>
>

The language of the ruling did not specifically state which forms of police deception were acceptable, but the ruling provided a precedent for a confession being voluntary even though deceptive tactics were used.

Later case law has interpreted *Frazier v. Cupp* as the case permitting police deception during interrogations.
SASP

**Senescence-associated secretory phenotype** (**SASP**) is a phenotype associated with senescent cells wherein those cells secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines, immune modulators, growth factors, and proteases. SASP is one of the three main features of senescent cells, the other two features being arrested cell growth, and resistance to apoptosis.

The concept and abbreviation of SASP originated with Judith Campisi, who first published on the subject in 2008.

SASP expression is induced by a number of transcription factors, the most important of which is NF-κB. SASP factors induce insulin resistance.

SASP disrupts normal tissue function by producing chronic inflammation, induction of fibrosis and inhibition of stem cells. Chronic inflammation associated with aging has been termed inflammaging, although SASP may be only one of the possible causes of that condition. SASP factors stimulate the immune system to eliminate senescent cells.

SASP factors from senescent cells reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in non-senescent cells, thereby reducing the capacity for DNA repair and sirtuin activity in the non-senescent cells.

Despite the fact that cellular senescence probably evolved as means of protecting against cancer early in life, SASP promotes the development of late-life cancers. Cancer invasiveness is promoted primarily though the actions of the SASP factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8). In fact, SASP from senescent cells is associated with many aging-associated diseases, including not only cancer, but atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis. For this reason, senolytic therapy has been proposed as a generalized treatment for these and many other diseases.

SASP can also play a beneficial role, however, by promoting wound healing. But in contrast to the persistent character of SASP in chronic inflammation, beneficial SASP in wound healing is transitory.
Rotational energy

**Rotational energy** or **angular kinetic energy** is kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object and is part of its total kinetic energy. Looking at rotational energy separately around an object's axis of rotation, the following dependence on the object's rotational mass is observed:

E

r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

=

1
2

I

ω
2

{\displaystyle E\_\mathrm{rotational} = \frac{1}{2} I \omega^2 }

where

ω

{\displaystyle \omega \ }

 is the rotational velocity

I

{\displaystyle I \ }

 is the rotational mass around the axis of rotation

E

{\displaystyle E \ }

 is the kinetic energy
The mechanical work required for or applied during rotation is the rotational force times the rotation angle. The instantaneous power of an angularly accelerating body is the rotational force times the rotational velocity. For free-floating (unattached) objects, the axis of rotation is commonly around its center of mass.

Note the close relationship between the result for rotational energy and the energy held by linear (or translational) motion:

E

t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

=

1
2

m

v
2

{\displaystyle E\_\mathrm{translational} = \frac{1}{2} m v^2 }

In the rotating system, the rotational mass, *I*, takes the role of the mass, *m*, and the rotational velocity,

ω

{\displaystyle \omega}

, takes the role of the linear velocity, *v*. The rotational energy of a rolling cylinder varies from one half of the translational energy (if it is massive) to the same as the translational energy (if it is hollow).

An example is the calculation of the rotational kinetic energy of the Earth. As the Earth has a period of about 23.93 hours, it has an rotational velocity of 7.29×10−5 rad/s. The Earth has a rotational mass, I = 8.04×1037 kg·m2. Therefore, it has a rotational kinetic energy of 2.138×1029 J.

A good example of actually using earth's rotational energy is the location of the European spaceport in French Guiana. This is within about 5 degrees of the equator, so space rocket launches (for primarily geo-stationary satellites) from here to the east obtain nearly all of the full rotational speed of the earth at the equator (about 1,000 mph, sort of a "sling-shot" benefit). This saves significant rocket fuel per launch compared with rocket launches easterly from Kennedy Space Center (USA), which obtain only about 900 mph added benefit due to the lower relative rotational speed of the earth at that northerly latitude of 28 degrees.

Part of the earth's rotational energy can also be tapped using tidal power. Additional friction of the two global tidal waves creates energy in a physical manner, infinitesimally slowing down Earth's rotational velocity *ω*. Due to the conservation of rotational momentum, this process transfers rotational momentum to the Moon's orbital motion, increasing its distance from Earth and its orbital period (see tidal locking for a more detailed explanation of this process).

## See also

* Flywheel
* List of energy storage projects
* Rigid rotor
* Rotational spectroscopy
Protection of Diplomats Convention

The **Protection of Diplomats Convention** (formally, the **Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents**) is a United Nations anti-terrorism treaty that codifies some of the traditional principles on the necessity of protecting diplomats.

## Adoption

The convention was adopted as a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly on 14 December 1973 in response to a series of kidnappings and murders of diplomatic agents, beginning in the 1960s. It was drafted by the International Law Commission (ILC), which began work on it in 1971. It was adopted within two years, which was exceptionally fast by ILC standards.

## Content

Parties to the convention agree to criminalise the commission of murders or kidnappings of internationally protected persons as well as violent attacks against the official premises, private accommodation, or means of transport of such persons. Parties to the convention also agree to criminalise the attempted commission or threatened commission of such acts. "Internationally protected persons" is a term created by the convention, and refers explicitly to heads of state, heads of government, foreign ministers, ambassadors, other official diplomats, and members of their families.

A central provision of the convention is the principle of *aut dedere aut judicare*—that a party to the treaty must either (1) prosecute a person who commits an offence against an internationally protected person or (2) send the person to another state that requests his or her extradition for prosecution of the same crime.

## Ratifications and parties

By the end of 1974, the convention had been signed by 25 states and it came into force on 20 February 1977 after it had been ratified by 22 states. As of October 2016, it has been ratified by 180 state parties, which includes 177 United Nations member states plus the Holy See, Niue and the State of Palestine. The UN member states that have not ratified the convention are:

* Angola
* Chad
* Republic of the Congo
* East Timor
* Eritrea
* Gambia
* Indonesia
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Somalia
* South Sudan
* Suriname
* Tanzania
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Zimbabwe

## External links

* Michael Wood, "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents", un.org
* Text.
* Ratifications.
Precursor cell

In cell biology, a **precursor cell**, also called a **blast cell** or simply **blast**, is a partially differentiated cell, usually referred to as a unipotent cell that has lost most of its stem cell properties. A precursor cell is also known as a progenitor cell but progenitor cells are multipotent. Precursor cells are known as the intermediate cell before they become differentiated after being a stem cell.

Usually, a precursor cell is a stem cell with the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type. Sometimes, *precursor cell* is used as an alternative term for unipotent stem cells. In embryology, precursor cells are a group of cells that later differentiate into one organ.

A blastoma is any cancer created by malignancies of precursor cells.

Precursor cells, and progenitor cells, have many potential uses in medicine. As of 2017[update], there is research being done to use these cells to build heart valves, blood vessels and other tissues, by using blood and muscle precursor, or progenitor cells.

## Cytological types

* Oligodendrocyte precursor cell
* Myeloblast
* Thymocyte
* Meiocyte
* Megakaryoblast
* Promegakaryocyte
* Melanoblast
* Lymphoblast
* Bone marrow precursor cells
* Normoblast
* Angioblast (endothelial precursor cells)
* Myeloid precursor cells
Placentalia

**Placentalia** ("Placentals") is one of the three extant subdivisions of the class of animals Mammalia; the other two are Monotremata and Marsupialia. The Placentals are partly distinguishable from other mammals in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. It is somewhat of a misnomer since marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less developed young who are then kept for a period in the mother’s pouch.

Placental mammals are anatomically distinguished from other mammals by:

* a sufficiently wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis to allow the birth of a large baby relative to the size of the mother.
* the absence of epipubic bones extending forward from the pelvis, which are found in all other mammals. (Their function in non-placental mammals is to stiffen the body during locomotion, but in placentals they would inhibit the expansion of the abdomen during pregnancy.)
* the rearmost bones of the foot fit into a socket formed by the ends of the tibia and fibula, forming a complete mortise and tenon upper ankle joint.
* the presence of a malleolus at the bottom of the fibula.
Seatbelts

This is why you wear seatbelts:

The car above rolls 3 times in 2 seconds. Cars are about 2 meters wide so the outside of the car is rolling over at 20 mph. The person inside the car experienced 10 g's of force pushing them up against the door and its broken window.

If a car were rolling over at 40 mph then the person inside would experience 40 g's.

There is no way to resist that kind of force.

Being thrown from the car is bad but even worse is been partially thrown from the car and the vehicle continuing to rollover while your head sticks out the window. The result is a broken neck and if you survive then you spend the rest of your life as a quadriplegic.
Sclerosis

**Sclerosis** (from Greek σκληρός *sklērós*, "hard") is the stiffening of a tissue or anatomical feature, usually caused by a replacement of the normal organ-specific tissue with connective tissue. The structure may be said to have undergone sclerotic changes or display sclerotic lesions, which refers to the process of sclerosis.

Common medical conditions whose pathology involves sclerosis include:

* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, sometimes known as Lou Gehrig's disease, a progressive, incurable, usually fatal disease of motor neurons.
* Atherosclerosis, a deposit of fatty materials, such as cholesterol, in the arteries which causes hardening.
* Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a disease that attacks the kidney's filtering system (glomeruli) causing serious scarring and thus a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as an important cause of kidney failure in adults.
* Hippocampal sclerosis, a brain damage often seen in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy.
* Lichen sclerosus, an autoimmune disease that hardens the connective tissues of the vagina and the penis.
* Multiple sclerosis, or focal sclerosis, is a central nervous system disease which affects coordination.
* Osteosclerosis, a condition where the bone density is significantly increased, resulting in decreased lucency on radiographs.
* Otosclerosis, a disease of the ears.
* Systemic sclerosis (progressive systemic scleroderma), a rare, chronic disease which affects the skin, and in some cases also blood vessels and internal organs.
* Tuberous sclerosis, a rare genetic disease which affects multiple systems.
* Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a hardening of the bile duct by scarring and repeated inflammation.
* Primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles.
Renaissance Wax

**Renaissance Wax** is a brand of microcrystalline wax polish used in antique restoration and museum conservation around the world. Commonly used to polish and conserve metal objects, it is also used on gemstones and such organic materials wood, ivory, and tortoiseshell. The product is sometimes used by reenactors to protect armor and weapons. Waxes are more protective and longer-lasting than oil, especially for swords and helmets that are frequently touched by human hands. It has recently been introduced in the world of guitar building, as a finish that protects and gives colour to the wood.

Wax coatings for conservation are most widely, and least controversially, applied to metals. This has several objectives: to produce a barrier that excludes moisture and oxygen from the metal surface, to preclude the introduction of contaminating elements by handling, and to provide a protective layer over anti-corrosion undercoatings.

Microcrystalline waxes used on ethnographic metal objects are discouraged, as they may require extensive treatment for removal.

Renaissance wax is used to protect metals such as silver, brass and copper from tarnishing, on collections of all types of metals (old coins, locks and keys, arms and armour both original and replica), on both the wood and metal surfaces of vintage cars and musical instruments, on bronze sculptures inside the home and outside exposed to the elements, on marble and granite worktops to prevent staining and on smooth leather items.

## Formulation

Renaissance Wax was developed in the British Museum Research Laboratory by Dr A E A Werner in the late 1950s. It is manufactured by Picreator Enterprises Ltd.

Earlier wax polishes based on beeswax and carnauba wax either contained acids or became acidic over time. Renaissance Wax is based on more stable microcrystalline waxes refined from crude oil.

Renaissance Wax contains polyethylene waxes. Some other microcrystalline waxes intended for conservation use do not contain these.
Rodinia

From Wikipedia:Rodinia:

Rodinia (from the Russian родина, ródina, meaning "motherland, birthplace") is a Neoproterozoic supercontinent that was assembled 1.1–0.9 billion years ago.

During this assembly the Canadian shield and Baltica collided with the rest of North America along the line of great lakes visible in the image below. (Many hundreds of millions of years before this they were connected to Australia and India. See Columbia)

750–633 million years ago it split into Laurasia which went north and Gondwana which went south.
Roach Motel

**Roach Motel** is a brand of a roach bait device designed to catch cockroaches. Although the term is the subject of a trademark registration by the insect control brand Black Flag, the phrase **roach motel** has come to be used as a reference to all traps that use a scent or other form of bait to lure cockroaches into a compartment in which a sticky substance causes them to become trapped. Introduced in late 1976 in response to the success of d-CON's roach trap, the Roach Motel quickly became a successful entrant in the industry. By 1979, *New York* magazine reported, "On the strength of its whimsical packaging and an aggressive ad campaign, the Roach Motel now dominates the market, outselling the closest competition by as much as three to one in some cities."

Early versions of the Roach Motels used food-based bait, but later designs incorporated pheromones. The widely known tagline of the Roach Motel was, "Roaches check in, but they don't check out!" The phrase also has been applied to information technology systems such as enterprise resource planning, which readily capture transactions data but make it difficult for organizations to access, report and analyze the data stored in the system.

Black Flag also marketed a related insect trap, the "Flyport," designed to deal with unwanted flying insects like houseflies, with the tagline, "Lots of arrivals, but no departures!" It was less successful than the Roach Motel.

"Roach Motel" is United States federal trademark No. 1,059,314, for which Black Flag claims a date of earliest use of May 7, 1976.
Riemannian connection

An important special case of a metric connection is a **Riemannian connection**. This is a connection

∇

{\displaystyle \nabla }

 on the tangent bundle of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold (*M*, *g*) such that

∇

X

# g
0

{\displaystyle \nabla \_{X}g=0}

 for all vector fields *X* on *M*. Equivalently,

∇

{\displaystyle \nabla }

 is Riemannian if the parallel transport it defines preserves the metric *g*.

A given connection

∇

{\displaystyle \nabla }

 is Riemannian if and only if

∇

X

(
g
(
Y
,
Z
)
# )
g
(

∇

X

Y
,
Z
)
g
(
Y
,

∇

X

Z
)

{\displaystyle \nabla \_{X}(g(Y,Z))=g(\nabla \_{X}Y,Z)+g(Y,\nabla \_{X}Z)}

for all vector fields *X*, *Y* and *Z* on *M*, where

∇

X

(
g
(
Y
,
Z
)
)

{\displaystyle \nabla \_{X}(g(Y,Z))}

 denotes the derivative of the function

g
(
Y
,
Z
)

{\displaystyle g(Y,Z)}

 along this vector field

X

{\displaystyle X}

.

The Levi-Civita connection is the torsion-free Riemannian connection on a manifold. It is unique by the fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry. For every Riemannian connection, one may write a (unique) corresponding Levi-Civita connection. The difference between the two is given by the contorsion tensor.

In component notation, the covariant derivative

∇

{\displaystyle \nabla }

is compatible with the metric tensor

g

a
b

{\displaystyle g\_{ab}}

 if

∇

c

g

a
b

=

{\displaystyle \nabla \_{\!c}\,g\_{ab}=0.}

Although other covariant derivatives may be defined, usually one only considers the metric-compatible one. This is because given two covariant derivatives,

∇

{\displaystyle \nabla }

 and

∇
′

{\displaystyle \nabla '}

, there exists a tensor for transforming from one to the other:

∇

a

x

b

=

∇

a

′

x

b

−

C

a
b

c

x

c

.

{\displaystyle \nabla \_{a}x\_{b}=\nabla \_{a}'x\_{b}-{C\_{ab}}^{c}x\_{c}.}

If the space is also torsion-free, then the tensor

C

a
b

c

{\displaystyle {C\_{ab}}^{c}}

 is symmetric in its first two indices.

### A word about notation

It is conventional to change notation and use the nabla symbol ∇ in place of *D* in this setting; in other respects, these two are the same thing. That is, ∇ = *D* from the previous sections above.
Proto-Supercratons

It might seem hopeless to try to reconstruct the original supercratons but it is not. Dike swarms act like fingerprints that allow one to determine the original positions of the currently existing cratons. See Wouter Bleeker, Richard Ernst & Ken Buchan Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa - PowerPoint PPT Presentation]