recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Optimal solution

An **optimal solution** is a "solution to an optimization problem which minimizes (or maximizes) the objective function".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "optimal solution", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 12 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/optimalsoltn.html
Q-Q plot

A **Q-Q plot** (sometimes stylized as **q-q plot** or **QQ plot**, shortened from **quantile-quantile plot**) is a type of plot used to determine "if two data sets come from populations with a common distribution".

## See Also

* plotting position
* qqplot
* quantile

## Further Reading

* Dudoit, Sandrine, Yee Hwa Yang, Matthew J. Callow, and Terence P. Speed. "STATISTICAL METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN REPLICATED CDNA MICROARRAY EXPERIMENTS." *Statistica Sinica* 12 (2002): 111-39. Print.

## References

1. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Quantile-Quantile Plot." From *MathWorld*--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Quantile-QuantilePlot.html
Herceptin

**Herceptin** (**trastuzumab**) is a "monoclonal antibody that binds to HER2 sites in breast cancer tissue and inhibits proliferation of cells that overexpress HER2 protein".

## External Links

* Anti-HER2 Mechanisms of Approved HER2 Inhibitors
* Herceptin: A Multimodal Approach Targeting HER2 Positive Breast Cancer

## References

1. ↑ "Herceptin." *Drug Guide*. 2015. Farlex and Partners 11 Oct. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Herceptin>
Neuroproteomics

**Neuroproteomics** is the "sub-field of proteomics dedicated to answering [the] same questions [that proteomics asks] about the organs, tissues, and cells that make up the nervous system".

## References

1. ↑ Alzate O. *Neuroproteomics*. In: Alzate O, editor. *Neuroproteomics*. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2010. Chapter 1. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56022/
RSA

**RSA** is a "public-key encryption technology developed by RSA Data Security, Inc. The acronym stands for Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman, the inventors of the technique. The RSA algorithm is based on the fact that there is no efficient way to factor very large numbers. Deducing an RSA key, therefore, requires an extraordinary amount of computer processing power and time".

## References

1. ↑ Beal, Vangie. "What Is RSA?" *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2015.
Preorder traversal

**Preorder traversal** or **pre-order traversal** is an algorithm which processes "all nodes of a tree by processing the root, then recursively processing all subtrees".

## External Links

* Tree Traversals- Preorder traversal - YouTube

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "preorder traversal", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2008. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/preorderTraversal.html
Polymorphism

A **polymorphism** is a "form of genetic variation, specifically, a discontinuous variation that occurs within plant and animal species in which distinct forms exist together in the same population, even the rarest of them being too common to be maintained solely by mutation".

## Further Reading

* Offermanns, Stefan, and Walter Rosenthal. *Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology*. Berlin: Springer, 2008. Print.
* Schildgen, Verena, and Oliver Schildgen. "How Is a Molecular Polymorphism Defined?" *Cancer* 119.9 (2013): 1608. Print.

## References

1. ↑ Slotman, Michel A., Powell, Jeffrey R., and Ford, E. B. "Polymorphism (genetics)." *AccessScience*. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. Web. 12 June 2015.
Pattern recognition

In computer science, **pattern recognition** refers to the "imposition of identity on input data, such as speech, images, or a stream of text, by the recognition and delineation of patterns it contains and their relationships".

## References

1. ↑ "pattern recognition". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 09 Jun. 2016 <http://www.britannica.com/technology/pattern-recognition-computer-science>.
Molecular biology

**Molecular biology** is the "branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules (e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life".

## Further Reading

* Waddington, C. H. "Molecular Biology or Ultrastructural Biology?" *Nature* 190.4781 (1961): 1124-125. Print.

## External Links

* What is Molecular Biology? - Coriell Institute for Medical Research

## References

1. ↑ "Definition Von Molecular Biology in Englisch." *Oxford Dictionaries*. Oxford University Press, 2015. Web. 12 June 2015.
Perl for Biologists, Level 1

***Perl for Biologists, Level 1*** is a course offered by Bioinformatics.Org that "helps biologists learn how to use the scripting language Perl to automate certain tasks".

## References

1. ↑ "Perl for Biologists, Level 1." *ISCB*. International Society for Computational Biology, Inc., 18 Apr. 2011. Web. 08 June 2015.
Pharmacogenomics

**Pharmacogenomics** or **pharmacogenetics** is a "branch of pharmacology concerned with using DNA and amino acid sequence data to inform drug development and testing. An important application of pharmacogenomics is correlating individual genetic variation with drug responses".

## Further Reading

* Evans, W. E. "Pharmacogenomics: Translating Functional Genomics into Rational Therapeutics." *Science* 286.5439 (1999): 487-91. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "Pharmacogenomics - Glossary Entry." *Genetics Home Reference*. N.p., 01 June 2015. Web. 08 June 2015.
RefSeq

The **RefSeq** (**Reference Sequence**) database at NCBI is a "non-redundant collection of sequences representing genomic data, transcripts and proteins".

## External Links

* RefSeq: NCBI Reference Sequence Database

## References

1. ↑ Pruitt, K. D. "NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq): A Curated Non-redundant Sequence Database of Genomes, Transcripts and Proteins." *Nucleic Acids Research* 33.Issue Supplement 1 (2004): D501-504. Print.
Self-organizing feature map

A **self-organizing feature map** (**SOFM**; also known as a **self-organizing map**, which may be abbreviated as **SOM**, or a **Kohonen network**) is a "computational method for the visualization and analysis of high-dimensional data, especially experimentally acquired information".

## References

1. ↑ Kohonen, Teuvo, and Timo Honkela. "Kohonen Network." *Scholarpedia*. MediaWiki, 12 Jan. 2007. Web. 10 June 2016.
Principal component analysis

**Principal component analysis** or **principal components analysis** (**PCA**) is a "procedure for identifying a smaller number of uncorrelated variables, called 'principal components', from a large set of data".

## References

1. ↑ "What Is Principal Components Analysis?" *Minitab*. Minitab Inc., n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.
PKa

**p*K*a** is the "negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, *K*a".

## External Links

* Acidity, Basicity, and p*K**a*
* Appendix C: Dissociation Constants and pKa Values for Acids at 25°C
* Chapter 27: pKa and pI values

## References

1. ↑ Lefers, Mark. "pKa." *Hedgehog Signaling Glossary*. Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 26 July 2004. Web. 09 Sept. 2015.
Perfect hash function

A **perfect hash function** (or **perfect hash**; sometimes generally referred to as **perfect hashing**) is a "hash function that maps each different key to a distinct integer. Usually all possible keys must be known beforehand. A hash table that uses a perfect hash has no collisions".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "perfect hashing", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 30 September 2013. (accessed 12 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/perfecthash.html
Secondary structure

**Secondary structure** refers to the "local spatial arrangement of the main chain atoms in a segment of a polypeptide chain[ and can] also [be] applied to polynucleotide structure".

## References

1. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Pattern length

**Pattern length** (***m***; sometimes simply referred to the **length of the pattern**) is a phrase used to describe the size of a query string in a string searching algorithm.

## Further Reading

* Sheik, S. S., Sumit K. Aggarwal, Anindya Poddar, N. Balakrishnan, and K. Sekar. "A FAST Pattern Matching Algorithm." *Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling* 44 (2000): 1251-256. Print.
Phenotype

**Phenotype** may refer to either the "observable physical and/or biochemical characteristics of the expression of a gene" or the "clinical presentation of an individual with a particular genotype".

## See Also

* Allelic heterogeneity
* Dysmorphology
* Genotype
* Genotype-phenotype correlation
* Locus heterogeneity
* Variable expressivity

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
Michaelis-Menten equation

The **Michaelis-Menten equation** (sometimes stylized as **Michaelis Menten equation** or referred to as the **Henri-Michaelis-Menten equation**) is an "initial-rate equation for a single-substrate noncooperative enzyme-catalyzed reaction relating the initial velocity to the initial substrate concentration; *v* = *V*max [S]/(*K*m + [S]), where *v* is the initial velocity of the reaction, *V*max is the maximum velocity, [S] is the initial substrate concentration, and Km is the Michaelis constant".

## External Links

* Deriving the Michaelis-Menten Equation
* Michaelis Menten Equation

## References

1. ↑ "Michaelis-Menten equation." *Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary*. 2012. Farlex 1 Nov. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Michaelis-Menten+equation>
Phototaxis

**Phototaxis** refers to the "movement of an organism or a cell toward or away from a source of light".

## References

1. ↑ "phototaxis." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/phototaxis>
Pyridoxal phosphate

**Pyridoxal phosphate** is an "enzyme that acts with pyridoxamine phosphate and transaminase to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from an alpha-amino acid to an alpha-keto acid, especially alpha-ketoglutaric acid".

## References

1. ↑ "pyridoxal phosphate." *Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition*. 2009. Elsevier 1 Nov. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pyridoxal+phosphate>
Renaturation

**Renaturation** refers to the "refolding of an unfolded (denatured) globular protein so as to restore its native structure and function".

## External Links

* denaturation | biology | Britannica.com

## References

1. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Quality control

**Quality control** (**QC**) refers to the "operational techniques and the activities that sustain the quality of a product or service in order to satisfy given requirements.".

## References

1. ↑ "quality control." *McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering*. 2002. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Oct. 2015 <http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/quality+control>
PCA

**PCA** may refer to:

* Para-Chloroamphetamine
* Patient-controlled analgesia
* Personal care assistant
* Physical configuration audit
* Plate count agar
* Polymerase cycling assembly
* Polymorphous computer architecture
* Posterior cerebral artery
* Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
* Principal component analysis
* Printed circuit assembly
* Probabilistic cellular automata
* Prostate cancer antigen
* Protein-fragment complementation assay
* Pyroglutamic acid
Protein sequence

A **protein sequence**, also known as an **amino acid sequence** or **primary protein structure**, is "the order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation".

## References

1. ↑ "Amino Acid Sequence - Glossary Entry." *Genetics Home Reference*. Health On the Net Foundation, 01 June 2015. Web. 05 June 2015.
Post-transcriptional modification

A **post-transcription modification** is a change in "eukaryotic mRNA, tRNA or other RNAs made after transcription has been completed".

## References

1. ↑ Lefers, Mark. "Post-transcriptional Modification Definition." *Holmgren Lab*. Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences Department of Molecular Biosciences, 26 July 2004. Web. 03 Sept. 2015.
Optimization problem

An **optimization problem** is a "computational problem in which the object is to find the best of all possible solutions. More formally, find a solution in the feasible region which has the minimum (or maximum) value of the objective function".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "optimization problem", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 27 April 2009. (accessed 12 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/optimization.html
Modulus

In computer science and modular arithmetic, **modulus** (often abbreviated **mod** or in code as **`mod`**) is a "natural number used as a specified divisor in modular arithmetic".

## References

1. ↑ "modulus." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/modulus>
Semantic enrichment

**Semantic enrichment** or **semantic-enrichment** is, fundamentally, the "enriching the content/context of data by tagging, categorizing, and/or classifying data in relationship to each other, to dictionaries, and/or other base reference sources".

## References

1. ↑ "Using Semantic Enrichment to Enhance Big Data Solutions." *IBM Emerging Technologies*. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2015.
Protein homology detection

>RsBtCoV\_3376\_Yunan\_2012nsp7
SKLTDIKCTNVVLLGCLSSMNIAANTKEWAYCVELHNKINLCDDPETAQEMLLALLAFFLSKQKDFGVDDLLESYFSNGTMLQ
>RsBtCoV\_4125\_Yunan\_2012
SKLTDIKCTNVVLLGCLSSMNIASNTKEWAYCVELHNKINLCDDPETAQEMLLALLAFFLSKQKDFGVDDLLESYFSSGTMLQ
>RsBtCoV\_4259\_Yunan\_2012
SKLTDIKCTNVVLLGCLSSMNIASNTKEWAYCVELHNKINLCDDPETAQEMLLALLAFFLSKQKDFGVDDLLESYFSSGTMLQ
>RaBtCoV\_HD13591\_Guangdong\_2013
SKLTDIKCTNVVLLGCLSSMNIAANTKEWAYCVELHNKINLCDDPEVAQELLLALLAFFLSKQKDFGVDDLLDSYFSTGSILQ
>SARS\_nsp7
SKMSDVKCTSVVLLSVLQQLRVESSSKLWAQCVQLHNDILLAKDTTEAFEKMVSLLSVLLSMQGAVDINRLCEEMLDNRATLQ
SNOMED Clinical Terms

**SNOMED Clinical Terms** (**SNOMED CT** or **SNOMED-CT**) is a "comprehensive clinical terminology, originally created by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and, as of April 2007, owned, maintained, and distributed by the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO), a not-for-profit association in Denmark".

## References

1. ↑ "SNOMED Clinical Terms® (SNOMED CT®)." *U.S National Library of Medicine*. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.
Recessive

In genetics, the term **recessive** refers to the "allele of a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype when the dominant allele is present," but can "also refer ... to the phenotype of an individual (homozygote) carrying two recessive alleles".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
Regular expression

A **regular expression** (abbreviated as **regex** or **regexp** and sometimes rarely referred to as a **rational expression**) is an "expression that describes a set of strings (= a regular language) or a set of ordered pairs of strings (= a regular relation)".

## External Links

* Lesson: Regular Expressions (The Java™ Tutorials > Essential Classes)
* RegExr: Learn, Build, & Test RegEx

## References

1. ↑ Mitkov, Ruslan, ed. *The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics*. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003. Print.
SPLICER

**SPLICER'** (**Structued Product Label Information Coder and ExtractoR**) is a natural language processing tool consisting of an SPL Parser, an ADR extractor, and a MedDRA mapper.

## Further Reading

* Friedlin, Jeffrey, and Jon Duke. *Applying Natural Language Processing to Extract and Codify Adverse Drug Reaction Data in Medication Labels*. Rep. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
PROTECT

**PROTECT** (**Pharmacoepidemiological Research on Outcomes of Therapeutics by a European Consortium**) is a "collaborative European project that comprises a programme to address limitations of current methods in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance".

## References

1. ↑ "Welcome to the PROTECT Website!" *PROTECT*. PROTECT, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.
Quality measure

A **quality measure** (**QM**) is a tool "that help[s] ... measure or quantify healthcare processes, outcomes, patient perceptions, and organizational structure and/or systems that are associated with the ability to provide high-quality health care and/or that relate to one or more quality goals for health care".

## References

1. ↑ "Quality Measures." *Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services*. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 17 Apr. 2015. Web. 03 Sept. 2015.
Organism

An **organism** (sometimes referred to as a **living organism**) is "a functionally integrated whole, made up of heterogeneous constituents that are locally interconnected by strong biochemical interactions and controlled by systemic immune interactions that repeat constantly at the same medium intensity".

## Further Reading

* Folse, Henri J., and Joan Roughgarden. "What Is an Individual Organism? A Multilevel Selection Perspective." *The Quarterly Review of Biology Q REV BIOL* 85.4 (2010): 447-72. Print.
* West, Stuart A., and E. Toby Kiers. "Evolution: What Is an Organism?" *Current Biology* 19.23 (n.d.): n. pag. Print.

## External Links

* 1.2 What Is a Living Organism?|Introduction to Life Science|University of Tokyo
* definitions - What is an organism? - Biology Stack Exchange

## References

1. ↑ Pradeu, Thomas. "What Is An Organism? An Immunological Answer." *Hist. Phil. Life Sci.* 32 (2010): 247-68. Print.
R, S

***R, S*** refers to the "approved designations (devised by Cahn, Ingold and Prelog) of absolute configuration at four-coordinate (quadriligant) and six-coordinate (sexiligant) stereogenic centres".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Salt bridge

A **salt bridge** is an "interaction between two groups of opposite charge in which at least one pair of heavy atoms is within hydrogen bonding distance".

## References

1. ↑ Donald, Jason E., Daniel W. Kulp, and William F. DeGrado. “Salt Bridges: Geometrically Specific, Designable Interactions.” *Proteins* 79.3 (2011): 898–915. *PMC*. Web. 2 Sept. 2015.
SMID DB

The **Small Molecule Identifier Database** (**SMID DB**) is a database which provides "SMIDs (Small Molecule Identifiers) represent gene-style identifiers for small molecules newly identified in *C. elegans* and other nematodes".

## References

1. ↑ "SMID DB." *SMID-DB.org*. Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, n.d. Web. 08 June 2015.
Radix sort

**Radix sort** refers to a "multiple pass distribution sort algorithm that distributes each item to a bucket according to part of the item's key beginning with the least significant part of the key. After each pass, items are collected from the buckets, keeping the items in order, then redistributed according to the next most significant part of the key".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "radix sort", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 2 March 2015. (accessed 16 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/radixsort.html
PASS2

**PASS2** is an "automatic version of the original superfamily alignment database, CAMPASS" and "contains alignments of protein structures at the superfamily level and is in direct correspondence with SCOPe 2.04 release".

## References

1. ↑ Sowdhamini, R. "About the Database." *PASS 2.5*. R. Sowdhamini, n.d. Web. 20 July 2015.
Reactome

The **Reactome Pathway Database** is a "free, open-source, curated and peer reviewed pathway database" whose goal is to "provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology and education".

## References

1. ↑ "About Reactome." *Reactome Pathway Database*. Reactome, 23 Mar. 2015. Web. 08 June 2015.
Provably unsolvable

In computer science, the phrase "**provably unsolvable**" refers to the "set or property of problems for which no algorithm at all exists".

## References

1. ↑ "provably-unsolvable". *The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing*. Denis Howe. 13 Dec. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/provably-unsolvable>.
Optical coherence tomography

**Optical coherence tomography** (**OCT**) is a "non-invasive imaging test that uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of [the] retina, the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye".

## Further Reading

* Fujimoto, James G et al. “Optical Coherence Tomography: An Emerging Technology for Biomedical Imaging and Optical Biopsy.” *Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)* 2.1-2 (2000): 9–25. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "What Is Optical Coherence Tomography?" *EyeSmart*. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2015. Web. 09 Oct. 2015.
Recurrence relation

A **recurrence relation** is a "specification of a sequence of values in terms of earlier values in the sequence and base values".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "recurrence relation", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 14 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/recurrence.html
Personalized medicine

**Personalized medicine** is an "emerging practice of medicine that uses an individual's genetic profile to guide decisions made in regard to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease".

## References

1. ↑ "Personalized Medicine - Glossary Entry." *Genetics Home Reference*. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 22 June 2015. Web. 29 June 2015.
Palaeos

The **Palaeos** website is a paleontology site focused on "time, being the geological timescale, deep time, which spans not the mere centuries or millennia of world history, but millions or even billions of years, and mapping out the evolution, specifically the evolution of life on Earth; the diversity of organisms that constitute the tree of life, beginning with simple bacteria and proceeding to ever more complex forms from there, as well as the interrelations between them".

## References

1. ↑ "About Palaeos." *Palaeos*. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 June 2015.
Proteomics

**Proteomics** (also sometimes referred to as **proteomic analysis**) is the "systematic identification and quantification of the complete complement of proteins (the proteome) of a biological system (cell, tissue, organ, biological fluid, or organism) at a specific point in time. Mass spectrometry is the technique most often used for proteomic analysis".

## References

1. ↑ "Proteomic Analysis." *Nature.com*. Nature Publishing Group, 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Nondeterministic algorithm

A **nondeterministic** (or **non-deterministic**) **algorithm** is a "conceptual algorithm with more than one allowed step at certain times and which always takes the right or best step. It is not random, as in randomized algorithm, or indeterminate. Rather it has the supercomputational characteristic of choosing the optimal behavior".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "nondeterministic algorithm", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2008. (accessed 13 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/nondetermAlgo.html
SMRT sequencing

Pacific Biosciences' **single molecule, real-time sequencing technology** (**SMRT**) is "one of several next-generation sequencing technologies that are currently in use".

## References

1. ↑ Roberts, Richard J., Mauricio O. Carneiro, and Michael C. Schatz. "The Advantages of SMRT Sequencing." *Genome Biology* 14.6 (2013): 405. Print.
Quicksort

**Quicksort** or **quick sort** is a sorting algorithm which picks an element from the array (the pivot), partitions the remaining elements into those greater than and less than this pivot, and recursively sorts the partitions. There are many variants of the basic scheme above: to select the pivot, to partition the array, to stop the recursion on small partitions, etc.

## References

1. ↑ Conrado Martinez, "quicksort", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 2 March 2015. (accessed 16 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/quicksort.html
Poisson distribution

The **Poisson distribution** is a "discrete frequency distribution that gives the probability of a number of independent events occurring in a fixed time".

## External Links

* Applications of the Poisson probability distribution
* Lesson 12: The Poisson Distribution
* Poisson Distribution -- from Wolfram MathWorld
* The Poisson Distribution - Bernd Schröder
* Statistics | The Poisson Distribution

## References

1. ↑ "Definition of Poisson Distribution in English." *Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US)*. Oxford University Press, n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.
Polymerase

A **polymerase** is an enzyme which catalyzes the "formation of polynucleotides of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of DNA or RNA as a template".

## References

1. ↑ "polymerase." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/polymerase>
ROSALIND Glossary

The **ROSALIND Glossary** is a glossary of terms on the Rosalind website.

* 0-Based Numbering
* 1-Based Numbering
* Absolute error
* Adenine
* Adenosine triphosphate
* Adjacency edges
* Adjacency list
* Adjacent Nodes
* Affine gap penalty
* Algo: Abstract data type
* Algo: Adjacency list
* Algo: Adjacency matrix
* Algo: Algorithms by Dasgupta, Papadimitriou, Vazirani. McGraw-Hill. 2006
* Algo: Array
* Algo: Bellman-Ford algorithm
* Algo: Big-O Notation
* Algo: Binary heap
* Algo: Binary search tree
* Algo: Binary tree
* Algo: Bipartite graph
* Algo: Breadth-first search
* Algo: Connected graph
* Algo: Cycle
* Algo: Degree
* Algo: Depth-first search
* Algo: Dijkstra's algorithm
* Algo: Directed acyclic graph
* Algo: Divide-and-conquer
* Algo: Edge List Format
* Algo: Exponential time
* Algo: Fibonacci heap
* Algo: Graph
* Algo: Hamiltonian path
* Algo: Heap
* Algo: In-place algorithm
* Algo: Inversion
* Algo: Linear
* Algo: Logarithmic time
* Algo: Loop
* Algo: Master Theorem
* Algo: Matrix
* Algo: Polynomial time
* Algo: Priority queue
* Algo: Queue
* Algo: Reverse graph
* Algo: Selection algorithm
* Algo: Semi-connected graph
* Algo: Simple directed acyclic graph
* Algo: Simple Directed Graph
* Algo: Simple Graph
* Algo: Sink vertex
* Algo: Sorting algorithm
* Algo: Source vertex
* Algo: Stack
* Algo: Strongly connected component
* Algo: Topological sorting
* Algo: Tree
* Algorithm
* Alignment
* Alignment score
* Alignment-based phylogeny
* Allele
* Allele frequency
* Alphabet
* Alternative splicing
* Alu repeat
* Ambiguity symbol
* Amino acid
* Angstrom
* Anticodon
* Archaea
* Array
* Array notation
* ASCII
* Augmented string
* Autosomal dominant disorder
* Autosomal recessive disorder
* Autosome
* Average mass
* Average mass table
* B Recognition Element
* B-ion
* Bacteriophage
* Base pair
* Basepair edges
* Binary fission
* Binary tree
* Binomial random variable
* BioPython
* Blending inheritance
* BLOSUM62
* Bonding Graph
* Bowtie
* Brute force
* C-terminus
* Catalan numbers
* Cell
* Centimorgan
* Central dogma of molecular biology
* Character
* Character table
* Characterizable strings
* Chargaff's rules
* Child
* Chimeric protein
* Chromatin
* Chromosome
* Circular string
* Clustal
* Coding strand
* Codon
* Combination
* Combinatorics
* Common logarithm
* Common subsequence
* Common substring
* Common supersequence
* Comparative genomics
* Complementary base
* Complementary DNA
* Complementary event
* Complete graph
* Complete spectrum
* Condensation reaction
* Conditional probability
* Connected graph
* Consensus string
* Consistent character table
* Consistent characters
* Consistent matrix
* Consistent quartet
* Constant gap penalty
* Contig
* Convergence of characters
* CpG island
* CpG site
* CRISPR
* Cut
* Cycle
* Cystic fibrosis
* Cytosine
Public-key encryption

**Public-key encryption** (**PKE**; also referred to **public-key encryption**) is a "cryptographic system that uses two keys -- a public key known to everyone and a private or secret key known only to the recipient of the message".

## References

1. ↑ Beal, Vangie. "What Is Public-Key Cryptography?" *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2015.
Protein structure prediction

>tr|A0A2S4MT53|A0A2S4MT53\_SHIFL Putative enzyme OS=Shigella flexneri OX=623 GN=yaiH PE=4 SV=1

MKRSLLFSAVLCAASLTSVHAAQPITEPEFASDIVDRYADHIFYGSGATGMALVVIDGNQ

RVFRSYGETRPGNNVRPQLDSVVRIASLTKLMTSEMLVKLLDQGTVKLNDPLSKYAPPGA

RVPTYNGTPITLVNLATHTSALPREQPGGAAHRPVFVWPTREQRWKYLSTAKLKAAPGSQ

AAYSNLAFDLLADALANASGKPYTQLFEEQITHPLGMKDTTYTPSPDQCRRLMVAERGAS

PCNNTLAAIGSGGVYSTPGDMMRWMQQYLSSDFYQRSNQADRMQTLIYQRAQFTKVIGMD

VPGKADALGLGWVYMAPKEGRPRIIQKTGGGGGFITYMAMIPQKNIGAFVVVTRSPLTRF

KNMSDGINDLVTELSGNKPLVIPAS
PHI-BLAST

**Aman Rajvanshi Biotech**

**Position Hit Initiated BLAST** (**PHI-BLAST**) is a "variant of PSI-BLAST that can focus the alignment and construction of the PSSM around a motif, which must be present in the query sequence and is provided as input to the program".

## References

1. ↑ Fassler J, Cooper P. *BLAST Glossary*. 2011 Jul 14. In: BLAST® Help [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2008-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62051/
Oligomer molecule

An **oligomer molecule** (sometimes shortened to **oligomer**) is a "molecule of intermediate relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass".

## References

1. ↑ Jenkins, A. D., P. Kratochvìl, R. F. T. Stepto, and U. W. Suter. "Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science." *International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry*. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 25 Oct. 1999. Web. 06 June 2015.
ProtBLAST

**ProtBLAST** (a shortening of **Protein BLAST**, also known as **BLASTP**) is an algorithm which allows a user to "search with an amino acid sequence against protein databases for locally similar sequences".

## References

1. ↑ "Search Tools." *Bioinformatics Toolkit*. Department of Protein Evolution at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 2015. Web. 05 June 2015.
Partition

**Partition** may refer to either a "division of a set into nonempty disjoint sets that completely cover the set" or the rearrangement the "elements of an array into two (or more) groups, typically, such that elements in the first group are less than a value and elements in the second group are greater".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "partition", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 2 March 2015. (accessed 16 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/partition.html
P

In computational complexity theory, **P** refers to the "complexity class of languages that can be accepted by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time".

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "P", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 9 September 2013. (accessed 13 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/p.html
Phosphatase

**Phosphatase** refers to "any of a group of enzymes capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of esterified phosphoric acid, with liberation of inorganic phosphate, found in practically all tissues, body fluids, and cells, including erythrocytes and leukocytes".

## References

1. ↑ "phosphatase." *Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition*. 2003. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc 31 Oct. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phosphatase>
Personal Genome Machine

The **Personal Genome Machine** (**PGM™**) System is a machine which "combines semiconductor sequencing technology with natural biochemistry to directly translate chemical information into digital data, democratizing sequencing and making it accessible to virtually any lab or clinic".

## References

1. ↑ "Ion Personal Genome Machine® (PGM™) System." *Thermo Fisher Scientific*. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., 2015. Web. 22 Sept. 2015.
Protein-protein interaction

A **protein-protein interaction** (**PPI**) is understood as physical contact with "molecular docking between proteins that occur in a cell or in a living organism *in vivo*".

## References

1. ↑ De Las Rivas J, Fontanillo C (2010) Protein–Protein Interactions Essentials: Key Concepts to Building and Analyzing Interactome Networks. PLoS Comput Biol 6(6)
Sanger sequencing

**Sanger sequencing** (also referred to as the **Sanger method**, **dideoxy sequencing** or **chain termination**) is a "method of DNA sequencing that uses chain-terminating (dideoxy) nucleotides".

## External Links

* The Sanger Method
* Sanger Method - California State University Northridge
* Sanger sequencing definition

## Further Reading

* Sanger, F., and A. R. Coulson. "A Rapid Method for Determining Sequences in DNA by Primed Synthesis with DNA Polymerase." *Journal of Molecular Biology* 94.3 (1989): 441-48. Print.

1. ↑ Lefers, Mark. "Dideoxy Method Definition." *Hedgehog Signaling Glossary*. Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 26 July 2004. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.
Phosphomimetic mutation

## Further Reading

* Pondugula, S. R., C. Brimer-Cline, J. Wu, E. G. Schuetz, R. K. Tyagi, and T. Chen. "A Phosphomimetic Mutation at Threonine-57 Abolishes Transactivation Activity and Alters Nuclear Localization Pattern of Human Pregnane X Receptor." *Drug Metabolism and Disposition* 37.4 (2009): 719-30. Print.
* Wagner, L. E. "Functional Consequences of Phosphomimetic Mutations at Key CAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Phosphorylation Sites in the Type 1 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor." *Journal of Biological Chemistry* 279.44 (2004): 46242-6252. Print.
Rosalind

**Rosalind** (sometimes stylized as **ROSALIND**) is a "platform for learning bioinformatics through problem solving" which "offers an array of intellectually stimulating problems that grow in biological and computational complexity". It is named after Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray crystallography with Raymond Gosling facilitated the discovery of the DNA double helix by James D. Watson and Francis Crick.

## External Links

* Rosalind - Facebook
* Rosalind (@ProjectRosalind) - Twitter

## References

1. ↑ "About." *ROSALIND*. University of California at San Diego and Saint Petersburg Academic University, n.d. Web. 06 June 2015.
Repressor

A **repressor** is a "protein that binds to an operator, blocking transcription of an operon and the enzymes for which the operon codes".

## References

1. ↑ "repressor." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/repressor>
Phenomics

**Phenomics** is an "emerging transdiscipline dedicated to the systematic study of phenotypes on a genome-wide scale".

## References

1. ↑ Bilder, R. M., F. W. Sabb, T. D. Cannon, E. D. London, J. D. Jentsch, D. Stott Parker, R. A. Poldrack, C. Evans, and N. B. Freimer. "Phenomics: The Systematic Study of Phenotypes on a Genome-wide Scale." *Neuroscience* 164.1 (2009): 30-42. Print.
Post-office problem

The **Post-office problem**, also known as the **nearest neighbor problem** (**NN problem**), refers to the problem whose "goal is to preprocess a set of objects, so that later, given a query object, one can find efficiently the data object most similar to the query".

## References

1. ↑ Andoni, Alexandr. "Nearest Neighbor Search: The Old, the New, and the Impossible." (2009): 1-178. Print.
Predictive testing

**Predictive testing** (also referred to as **presymptomatic testing**) refers to "testing offered to asymptomatic individuals with a family history of a genetic disorder and a potential risk of eventually developing the disorder".

## See Also

* Disease-causing mutation
* DNA-based testing
* Molecular genetic testing
* Predisposing mutation
* Susceptibility gene

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
SPARQL

**SPARQL** (**Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language**) is a "standard query language and data access protocol for use with the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model".

## External Links

* SPARQL in 11 minutes
* SPARQL RDF Query Language Reference v1.8

## References

1. ↑ "SPARQL." *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Pharmacoepidemiology

**Pharmacoepidemiology** refers to the "study of the use and effects/side-effects of drugs in large numbers of people with the purpose of supporting the rational and cost-effective use of drugs in the population thereby improving health outcomes".

## References

1. ↑ "Introduction to Drug Utilization Research: Chapter 1: What Is Drug Utilization Research and Why Is It Needed?: 1.1. Definition and Domains." *Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal*. WHO, 30 July 2015. Web. 02 Oct. 2015.
Patentome

A **patentome** is a "body of cleaned and annotated data where all text-based, chemistry and pharmacology information can be accessed and mined in its context".

## References

1. ↑ Mucke, Hermann A., Eva Mucke, and Peter M. Mucke. "Towards the Ophthalmology Patentome: A Comprehensive Patent Database of Ocular Drugs and Biomarkers." *Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst* 2.1 (2013): 55-62. Print.
Rate-determining step

The **rate-determining step** (**RDS**; sometimes stylized as **rate determining step**) or **rate-limiting step** is the "slowest step of a chemical reaction that determines the speed (rate) at which the overall reaction proceeds".

## Further Reading

* Ray, William J. "Rate-limiting Step: A Quantitative Definition. Application to Steady-state Enzymic Systems." *Biochemistry* 22.20 (1983): 4625-637. Print.

## References

1. ↑ Mudda, Galaxy, Pamela Chaha, and Florence-Damilola Odufalu. "Rate Determining Step." *UC Davis ChemWiki*. University of California, Davis, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 01 Nov. 2015.
Rheumatologist

A **rheumatologist** is an "internist or pediatrician, who received further training in the diagnosis (detection) and treatment of musculoskeletal disease and systemic autoimmune conditions commonly referred to as rheumatic diseases. These diseases can affect the joints, muscles and bones causing pain, swelling, stiffness and deformity".

## References

1. ↑ "What Is a Rheumatologist?" *American College of Rheumatology*. American College of Rheumatology, 2015. Web. 17 Dec. 2015.
Read

A **read** is a "raw sequence that comes off a sequencing machine. A read may consist of multiple segments. For sequencing data, reads are indexed by the order in which they are sequenced".

## References

1. ↑ The SAM/BAM Format Specification Working Group. "Sequence Alignment/Map Format Specification." *GitHub*. GitHub, Inc., 28 Aug. 2015. Web. 14 Oct. 2015.
Polylysine

**Polylysine** (also stylized as **poly-lysine**; abbreviated as **Poly(Lys)**) is a polyamino acid which "enhances electrostatic interaction[s] between negatively-charged ions of the cell membrane and positively-charged surface ions of attachment factors on the culture surface".

## References

1. ↑ Sitterley, George. "Poly-lysine." *Sigma-Aldrich*. Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, 2008. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
Postorder traversal

**Postorder traversal** (rarely **post order traversal**) or **postfix traversal** is an algorithm which processes "all nodes of a tree by recursively processing all subtrees, then finally processing the root".

## External Links

* Tree traversals- Post Order traversal - YouTube

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "postorder traversal", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2008. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/postorderTraversal.html
Rabin-Karp algorithm

The **Rabin-Karp algorithm** (also referred to as the **Karp-Rabin algorithm**, **Rabin-Karp string searching**, or **rolling hash**) is a search algorithm which "calculates a numerical (hash) value for the pattern *p*, and for each *m*-character substring of text *t*. Then it compares the numerical values instead of comparing the actual symbols. If any match is found, it compares the pattern with the substring by naive approach. Otherwise it shifts to next substring of *t* to compare with *p*".

## External Links

* Rabin Karp
* Programming Interview: Rabin Karp Algorithm for String Matching - YouTube
* RabinKarp.java
* Rolling Hash (Rabin-Karp Algorithm

## References

1. ↑ Kolokolova, Antonina. "Rabin-Karp Algorithm." *Applied Algorithms*. Computer Science, Memorial University, 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
Perl

**Perl** (shortened from **Practical Extraction and Report Language**) is a "programming language developed by Larry Wall, especially designed for processing text. Because of its strong text processing abilities, Perl has become one of the most popular languages for writing CGI scripts."

## References

1. ↑ "Perl." *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Pyrimidine

A **pyrimidine** is a "single-ringed, crystalline organic base, C4H4N2, that forms uracil, cytosine, or thymine and is the parent compound of many drugs, including the barbiturates".

## External Links

* Pyrimidine - PubChem
* Pyrimidine - Wikipedia

## References

1. ↑ *American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language*, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Rh factor

**Rh factor** (shortened from **rhesus factor**) refers to "any of several substances on the surface of red blood cells that induce a strong antigenic response in individuals lacking the substance".

## External Links

* Rh Factor - American Pregnancy Association
* Rh factor blood test - Mayo Clinic

## References

1. ↑ "Rh factor." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 Dec. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Rh+factor>
Prefix

**Prefix** refers to the beginning characters of a string.

## References

1. ↑ Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999, "prefix", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/prefix.html
Schiff base

A **Schiff base** is the "product of the chemical association of an aldehyde with a primary amine".

## External Links

* Section 11.6: Imine (Schiff base) formation - ChemWiki

## References

1. ↑ "Schiff base." *Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged*. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003. HarperCollins Publishers 1 Nov. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Schiff+base>
Reification

**Reification** is the "practice of making a statement about another statement".

## External Links

* Apache Jena - Reification HowTo
* Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification

## References

1. ↑ Allemang, Dean, and James A. Hendler. *Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective Modeling in RDFS and OWL*. 2nd ed. Waltham: Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, 2011. Print.
Population

In statistics, a **population** (sometimes specified as a **statistical population**) is "any entire collection of people, animals, plants or things from which we may collect data. It is the entire group we are interested in, which we wish to describe or draw conclusions about".

In biology, a **population** (sometimes specified as a **biological population**) is a "group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area".

In sociology and human biology, a **population** is the "whole number of inhabitants occupying an area (such as a country or the world) and continually being modified by increases (births and immigrations) and losses (deaths and emigrations)".

## References

1. ↑ Young, Stuart G. "Basic Definitions." Statistics Glossary. N.p., Sept. 1997. Web. 18 June 2015.
2. ↑ Farabee, M. J. "POPULATION ECOLOGY." *Biological Diversity 9*. Estrella Mountain University, 2001. Web. 18 June 2015.
3. ↑ "population". Encyclopædia Britannica. *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 18 Jun. 2015
<http://www.britannica.com/science/population-biology-and-anthropology>.
Primer extension

**Primer extension** is a "technique for determining the 5'-untranslated region of a specific mRNA molecule. Uses an oligonucleotide complementary to the known RNA sequence as a primer for cDNA synthesis via reverse transcriptase".

## References

1. ↑ "primer extension." *Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary*. 2012. Farlex 17 Oct. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/primer+extension>
Proteome

The **proteome** is the "entire set of proteins expressed by a given organism". More specifically, it may refer to the "full complement of proteins expressed in a given cell, or the complete complement of proteins that can be expressed by a given genome".

## References

1. ↑ Koonin EV, Galperin MY. *Sequence - Evolution - Function: Computational Approaches in Comparative Genomics*. Boston: Kluwer Academic; 2003. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20257/
2. ↑ Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Pleiotropy

**Pleiotropy** refers to "multiple, often seemingly unrelated, physical effects caused by a single altered gene or pair of altered genes".

## References

1. ↑ Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2015. *Illustrated Glossary*. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5191/
Psychogenomics

**Psychogenomics** is the "process of applying the powerful tools of genomics and proteomics to achieve a better understanding of the biological substrates of
normal behavior and of diseases of the brain that manifest themselves as behavioral abnormalities".

## References

1. ↑ Nestler, Eric J. "Psychogenomics: Opportunities for Understanding Addiction." *The Journal of Neuroscience* 21.21 (2001): 8324-327. Print.
On-line algorithm

An **on-line algorithm** is "one that receives a sequence of requests and performs an immediate action in response to each request".

## References

1. ↑ Karp, Richard M. On-Line *Algorithms Versus Off-Line Algorithms: How Much Is It Worth to Know the Future?* Tech. no. TR-92-044. Berkeley: International Computer Science Institute, 1992. Print.