recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Arctic Medal

The first edition of the Arctic medal.

The Arctic Medal is an award offered to those who have gone on expeditions to the polar regions.

## History

The Arctic medal was created in 1857 by the British government as an award to those who had served on the Arctic voyages between 1818-1855. The recipients were the men from all of the expeditions that Britain had launched at that point, including the 1818 and 1829 Ross expeditions, the 1836 Back expedition, the 1854 Rae expedition and famously, the Franklin expedition, as well as the search expeditions in the late 1840s and early 1850s.

In 1904, the Arctic medal was renamed to the Polar medal and was amended to include expeditions to the Antarctic in its roster.

## Recipients

1. Sir John Franklin
2. Francis Crozier
3. James Fairholme
4. John Irving
5. Robert Thomas
6. Alexander McDonald
7. Thomas Terry
8. James Thompson
9. Thomas Johnson
10. Edmund Hoar
11. William Gibson
12. Thomas Armitage
13. Edward Genge
14. David McDonald
15. John Kenley
16. John Torrington
17. Luke Smith
18. William Johnson
19. Thomas Farr
20. Samuel Honey
21. Henry Sait
22. Robert Johns
23. Magnus Manson
24. George Thompson
25. William Shanks
26. Samuel Crispe
27. Thomas Tadman
28. John Bates
29. Josephus Geater
30. Thomas Work
31. Edwin Lawrence
32. William Wentzell
33. William Sinclair
34. David Leys
35. George Kinnaird
36. John Handford
37. Solomon Tozer
Francis Dunn

**Francis Dunn** was the caulker's mate on *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Francis Dunn Jr. was born in Llanelli Wales in 1820, and baptized on March 4, 1821. He was the son of Francis Dunn Sr. and Mary Barrett.

## Naval Career

Dunn joined the Royal Navy on October 6, 1843. The ship that he served on was the *HMS Belvidera*.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 27, 1845, Dunn joined the Franklin expedition as the Caulker's Mate of *HMS Erebus*. Like most of the Franklin sailors, his final fate is currently unknown.
James Reid

James Reid in 1845

**James Reid** was the ice master aboard *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

James Reid was born in Montrose, Scotland on January 20th, 1795. He was the son of William Reid and Mary Arcle.

## Sailing Career

Between 1813 and 1815, Reid served as the helmsman on the whaler *London*. After that, he became the harpooner for that ship and a few others.

## Marriage

On September 28th 1818, Reid married Ann Walker. Together they had nine children (Six sons and three daughters).

## Franklin Expedition

In March 1845, Reid joined the Franklin expedition as the ice master on *HMS Erebus*. According to a letter he wrote to his wife, he had previously been offered a position on the whaler *Neptune*, but had refused it to sail with the Franklin expedition.

July 22nd 1845, the *Erebus* and *Terror* encountered the whalers *Prince of Wales* and *Enterprise* in Baffin Bay. Captain Robert Martin of the *Enterprise* conversed with Reid and Sir John Franklin for 15 minutes before the ships parted ways,

## Artifact Discovery

In 1854, one item purchased by the Rae expedition from the Inuit at Repulse Bay was a gold pocket watch dust cover with Reid's name on it.

## Body Possibly Found?

In 1993, the skull of a Franklin sailor was discovered in Erebus Bay. 22 years later, scientists did an examination of the skull as well as a facial reconstruction. When the man's face was reconstructed, it was found that he bore a resemblance to ice master Reid. However in 2021, it came to light that this individual was not Reid, but actually engineer John Gregory.

## Character

Reid was described by James Fitzjames as *"rough, intelligent, unpolished, with a broad north country accent, but not vulgar; good-humoured, and honest-hearted"'*, adding that he amused the crew of the *Erebus* with his *"quaint remarks and descriptions of the ice, catching whales, etc"*. Lieutenant Henry Le Vesconte was critical of Reid's character, calling him a *"queer fellow"* and writing that *"most of us think we should be better off without him"*.

## Gallery

The dust cover of Reid's pocket watchThe reconstruction of a man with similar characteristics to Reid. In 2021, this man was identified as Erebus' engineer John Gregory
## References

Schuster, F. (2023). James Reid (1795?–1850?). *Polar Record,* *59*, E25. doi:10.1017/S0032247423000189
Ogle Point

Ogle Point is a location on the Adelaide Peninsula.

## History

Ogle Point was first discovered by George Back in 1834. It was named after admiral Sir Charles Ogle.

## Franklin Expedition

On August 8th 1855, James Anderson found a couple of Franklin expedition artifacts in an Inuit cache there.

## What was Found There

* A small piece of cod line
* A stripped cotton strip, two inches long and an inch wide
John Bridgens

**John Bridgens** was the Subordinate Officer's Steward aboard *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

John Bridgens was born in Woolwich Kent in 1819. He was the son of Harriet Bridgens.

## Naval Career

Before he came to the *Erebus*, Bridgens served as an able seaman aboard the *HMS Endymion*.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 20, 1845, Bridgens joined the Franklin expedition as the Subordinate Officer's Steward on *HMS Erebus*. His fate is currently unknown.
Archimedes

Plans showing the internals of the Archimedes

The Archimedes was one of two steam engines that were used to power the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror. In this case, the Archimedes was used on the Terror.

## Background

The Archimedes was built by J. & G. Rennie in 1839 as the London & Croydon Railway's number 6.

## Franklin Expedition

In 1845, the Archimedes and another engine from the L&CR, named the Croydon, were purchased by the British government to be used for powering the propellers of Erebus and Terror.
William Orren

**William Orren** was an able seaman aboard *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

William Orren was born in Chatham, Kent on 8th May, 1806 (source: family gravestone). He was the son of John and Margaret Orren.

## Naval Career

In early or late 1820's, Orren served on the *HMS Swan*. He left this ship in June 1830.

## Franklin Expedition

After being out of the navy for 15 years, Orren rejoined and signed up for the Franklin expedition as an able seaman of *HMS Erebus*. His final fate is currently unknown.
Booth Point

Booth Point is a location on King William Island

## History

Booth Point was discovered by Thomas Simpson in 1834. It was named for Sir Felix Booth.

## Franklin Expedition

Around 1850-1851, several members of the Franklin expedition retreated east and eventually divided up in smaller groups one of whom died at Booth point. Charles Francis Hall visited the site in 1869, and his Inuit guides told him that the man was "very large & tall & by the state of gums of lower teeth in terrible sick (bad) state", this man was apparently one of the sailors who had been seen by the Inuit at Washington Bay.

Between 1981 and 2016, archeological expeditions led by Owen Beattie and Douglas Stenton found over 100 Franklin artifacts and relocated the bones the Inuit had found. The morphological analysis of the man's bones concluded that he was an adult Caucasian male, around 20-25 years old and of European ancestry.
Abraham Seely

**Abraham Seely** was an able seaman on *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Abraham Seely was born on November 9th, 1810 in Gravesend Kent, and baptized on December 30th that year. He was the son of Martha and Noah Seely.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Seely joined the Franklin expedition as an able seaman aboard *HMS Erebus*. His final fate is currently unknown.
Chieftain Encounter

The whaler Chieftain

The Chieftain Encounter is an event involving an Inuit with the Franklin expedition sailors

## Background

On July 11, 1849, Captain Kerr of the whaler *Chieftain* has visited by an Inuit hunter who handed him a fascinating drawing of a strip of land and on either side were two ships. The man explained that two of the ships had been stuck in the ice for four years (No doubt the *Erebus* and *Terror*), and the other two, one year (These two are the *HMS Enterprise* and *HMS Investigator*). Apparently, the Inuit had visited the ships in March of that year, and found that most of the men were safe.
William Strong

**William Strong** was an able seaman aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

William Strong was born in Portsmouth in 1823. He was the son of Hannah Strong.

## Naval Career

Until December 1842, Strong had been serving aboard the *HMS Tyne* as a "Boy first class". He was transferred to the *HMS Belvidera* that month.

## Description

He was 5 feet 8 inches tall, of fresh complexion with blue eyes and dark hair.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 13th 1845, Strong signed up for the Franklin Expedition as an able seaman aboard *HMS Terror*. An artifact recovered at Victory Point could signify that he was possibly alive after the ships were deserted.

## Possible Artifact Discovery

When Francis McClintock and his search expedition reached Victory Point in 1859, one artifact they found was the remnants of a sock that said "W. S.". This sock could possibly have belonged to Strong, although since there were three other men with those initials in the expedition (William Smith, William Shanks, and William Sinclair); it could have belonged to any one of them.
Francis Pocock

**Francis Pocock** was an able seaman aboard *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Francis Pocock as born in 1817 in Upnor Kent.

## Naval Career

After working as a fisherman at the mouth of the Medway River, Pocock joined the navy as a sailor aboard *HMS Tortoise*. He would leave this ship in December 1843.

## Description

Popcock was described as being freckled with hazel eyes and light-coloured hair. He was 5 feet 4 inches tall and had smallpox.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Pocock signed up for the Franklin expedition as an able seaman aboard *HMS Erebus*.
Thomas Darlington

**Thomas Darlington** was the caulker on *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Thomas Darlington was born in Plymouth in 1816.

## Marriage

On August 27th, 1837, Darlington was married to Sarah Darlington. The wedding was held in Plymouth.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 31st 1845, Darlington signed onto the Franklin expedition as *HMS Terror*'s caulker. Like most of his fellow shipmates, his final fate is currently unknown.
Repulse Bay

Repulse Bay/Naujaat is a location in Nunavut.

## History

Repulse Bay was discovered by Europeans in the 1740s, it was a popular spot for American and Scottish whalers in the 1800s, then it was pursed by a Christopher Middleton trying for the Northwest Passage in 1742.

## The Franklin Expedition

Though the sailors of the Franklin Expedition are not known to have reached this location, many artifacts belonging to them were purchased from the local Inuit who lived there.

## Artifact discoveries

* A fork and spoon belonging to James Walter Fairholme. (The spoon was marked with Cornelius Hickey's initials).
* Tools made from wood and metal from the expedition
* James Thompson's initials on a fork in 1854.
* Many pocket watch pieces, some being engraved, such as a gold pocket watch dust cover belonging to James Reid
* Round ebony box
* Bradawl
* Square brass box
* Telescope pieces
* Sir John Franklin's Royal Hanovarian Guelphic Order medal
* Four brass buttons
* William Mark and William Fowler's seaman certificate cases
* A bone handled table knife engraved "Hickey"
* Shell gimlet
* A horn handled penknife
* Brass pocket compass
* Pages of the "Student's Manual"
* Royal Navy officers buttons
* A shirt fragment belonging to Charles Des Voeux
* A pocket chronometer
* Two silver pencil cases
* An engraved pistol butt disc belonging to Sir John
* A table fork belonging to Alexander McDonald
* Four table forks belonging to Henry Le Vesconte
* A table fork belonging to John Irving
* A table fork belonging to Robert Sargent
* A dessert spoon belonging to Graham Gore
* Two spoons and three forks belonging to Sir John
* A dessert spoon belonging to John Peddie
* A table fork belonging to Gillies Macbean
* One fork and two spoons without initials
The Great Caribou Hunt

A shotgun used by the Franklin expedition

The Great Caribou Hunt is a fascinating event in Franklin expedition history concerning Inuit collaboration with the Franklin sailors.

## Background

In the 1860's, explorer Charles Francis Hall gathered up many stories about the Franklin expedition from the Inuit who lived in the King William Island area. Hall learned that there was a prolonged period of interaction between the Inuit and the Franklin sailors, and was told that the Inuit "had their tupiks on the ice alongside of him during the spring and summer".

One of the things Hall was informed about came from an Inuit man named Kokleearngnun, who told Hall about a joint caribou hunt between the Inuit and several sailors of the Franklin expedition. This hunt happened while the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror and the surviving men had set up camp in Terror Bay, sometime around 1849-1850. Kokleearngnun (who was a part of this hunt) remembered that it was very successful, and that they had "made a line across the whole bay", (It should also be noted that Terror Bay is known to have an abundance of caribou). This hunt can be narrowed down to be from the Franklin expedition since the Ross expedition were unsuccessful at hunting caribou, and that a hunt of any kind is not mentioned in any of Sir William Parry's diaries.

## References

* http://www.ric.edu/faculty/rpotter/woodman/inuittales\_terror.pdf
* Woodman, David C. *Unravelling the Franklin Mystery: Inuit Testimony*. McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, 2015.
Matty Island

**Matty Island** is an island off the northeast coast of King William Island.

## History

Matty Island was first discovered in 1830 by british explorer Sir James Ross. It was named after a sponsor of his expedition.

## The Matty Island Wreck

Between 1925 and 1929, Canadian explorer Major L.T. Burwash collected several Inuit stories about the Franklin Expedition. One story in particular involved the wreck of a ship and a supply cache on nearby Blenky Island. However, the existence of the wreck is debatable.
Henry Sait

**Henry Sait** was an able seaman aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Henry Sait was born in Bognor Sussex in 1822. He was the son of Catherine Whittington.

## Naval Career

In the late 1830's or the early 1840's, Sait joined the Royal Navy. The ship he served on was the *HMS Belvidera*.

## Description

He was 5 feet 5 1/2 inches tall, fair-skinned, with hazel eyes and brown hair.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 20th 1845, Sait joined the Franklin expedition as an able seaman aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition. His final fate is currently unknown.
Tulloch Point

Tulloch Point is a location on King William Island.

## History

Tulloch Point was first discovered by Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson in 1839. It was named after John Tulloch a professor of mathematics at King's College in Aberdeen.

## Franklin Expedition

Franklin's men are known to have passed by this point in the late stages of the Franklin Expedition.

## Discoveries

In 1942, explorer L. A. Learmonth found the skulls of two individuals on a beach near the point. The skulls were then handed over to the RCMP stationed in Cambridge Bay where they were buried. 31 years later in 1973, another skull was found by members of the Royal Canadian Regiment of the Canadian Army during Operation Northern Quest.
Sir John's Death

A dramatization of the event by Julius Von Payer

Sir John Franklin's death is a well known event in Franklin Expedition history.

## Background

On June 11, 1847, Sir John Franklin died at the age of 61 onboard the *HMS Erebus*. However, the cause of his death is still unknown. Some experts say that Sir John might have died from a disease, and that he had been sick for some time (The Victory Point and Gore Point Notes which were signed by Fitzjames and not by Sir John could be proof of this).
Victory Point Note

The **Victory Point** note is a famous Franklin expedition artifact.

## History

In late May 1847, Lt. Graham Gore and mate Charles Des Voeux as well as six men reached James Ross's cairn at Victory Point and left a note inside before they continued on their journey south.

Almost one year late in April 1848, after some difficulty, the note was rediscovered by Lt. John Irving. Irving brought the note back to Captain Crozier and Captain Fitzjames and they updated it before placing it in a cairn at Crozier's Landing, which is a few kilometres south of Victory Point.

## Discovery

In 1859, Francis McClintock and his search expedition rediscovered and opened the cairn and found the note inside.

## Transcript

### 1st Message

28 of May 1847 H.M.S.hips Erebus and Terror Wintered in the Ice in Lat. 70°5'N Long. 98°.23'W Having wintered in 1846-7 at Beechey Island in Lat 74°43'28"N Long 91°39'15"W After having ascended Wellington Channel to Lat 77° and returned by the West side of Cornwallis Island. Sir John Franklin commanding the Expedition. All well Party consisting of 2 Officers and 6 Men left the ships on Monday 24th May 1847.—Gm. Gore, Lieut., Chas. F. Des Voeux, Mate

### 2nd Message

25th April 1848 HMShips Terror and Erebus were deserted on the 22nd April 5 leagues NNW of this having been beset since 12th Sept 1846. The officers and crews consisting of 105 souls under the command of Captain F. R. M. Crozier landed here—in Lat. 69°37'42" Long. 98°41' This paper was found by Lt. Irving under the cairn supposed to have been built by Sir James Ross in 1831—4 miles to the Northward—where it had been deposited by the late Commander Gore in May 1847. Sir James Ross' pillar has not however been found and the paper has been transferred to this position which is that in which Sir J. Ross' pillar was erected—Sir John Franklin died on the 11th of June 1847 and the total loss by deaths in the Expedition has been to this date 9 officers and 15 men.—James Fitzjames Captain HMS Erebus F. R. M. Crozier Captain & Senior Offr And start on tomorrow 26th for Backs Fish River
Daniel Bryant

**Daniel Bryant** was the sergeant and commander of *HMS Erebus*'s Royal Marine detachment.

## Early Life

Daniel or David Bryant was born in Shepton Montague Somerset in 1807. He was the son of Thomas Bryant and Mary Cook.

## Marine Service

On October 30th, 1828, Bryant joined the Royal Marines as a private. By 1845, he was a sergeant.

## Marriage

In April 1845, Bryant was married to Mary Ann Bryant. The wedding was held in Rotherhithe Greenwich.

## Franklin Expedition

Not long after getting married, Bryant joined the Franklin expedition as the leader of *HMS Erebus*'s Royal Marine detachment. Artifacts found on the wreck of the *Erebus* suggest that Bryant was still alive after the ships were initially deserted.

## Artifact Discoveries

When dives began commencing on the wreck of the *HMS Erebus* in 2015, one item that was found was a shoulder plate that probably belonged to Bryant. Also recovered were a few Royal Marine buttons, but whether they belonged to Bryant or not is uncertain.

## Gallery

A shoulder plate that was probably owned by Bryant
Thomas Evans

## Thomas G. Evans

**Thomas Evans** was a cabin boy aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Thomas G. Evans was born in Deptford Kent in 1827.

## Naval Career

In August 1841, Evans joined the Royal Navy as a cabin boy aboard *HMS Styx*.

## Description

At 16 he was only 5 feet 3 1/2 inches tall, of ﬂorid complexion with grey eyes and dark brown hair. He had been vaccinated for smallpox.

## Franklin Expedition

In April 1845, Evans signed up for the Franklin expedition as a cabin boy aboard *HMS Terror*. What happened to him after the expedition left is currently unknown.
Cornelius Hickey

**Cornelius Hickey** was the caulker's mate aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Cornelius Hickey was born in Limerick Ireland in 1821.

On May 18 of 1821, Thomas Hickey and Margaret Beye baptized their son Cornelius in St Mary’s parish in Limerick, Ireland. Cornelius’ godmother was Mary Hickey.

In 1842, he joined the crew of the Belvidera as part of carpenter’s crew. Mary J Hickey was listed as his mother.

On August 31, 1843, Cornelius Hickey married Bridget Gowdy in St. Mary’s church in Limerick, same parish he was baptized. (Garvey, not Gowdy)

On August 24, 1844, Cornelius and his wife Bridget baptized their son Thomas at St Mary's parish.

## Description

He had black eyes and hair with fair complexion and a ‘Face marked with the Pox.’ He was brought up to the trade of shipwright.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 20th 1845, Hickey signed up for the Franklin expedition as a caulker's mate aboard *HMS Terror*. Artifacts brought back from Repulse Bay suggest that Hickey was still alive after the ships were abandoned.

## Discovery of Artifacts

In 1854, when John Rae's search expedition reached Repulse Bay, some of the artifacts they purchased from the local Inuit were a spoon that belonged to James Fairholme with Hickey's initials on it, and a knife with Hickey's initials and last name.

## Gallery

A knife that was used by HickeyCornelius Hickey baptism recordBelvidera crew listCornelius Hickey marriage recordCornelius Hickey's son baptism
John Hammond

**John Hammond** was a private in *HMS Terror*'s Royal Marine detachment during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

John Hammond was born in Bradford Yorkshire in 1813.

## Marine Service

On January 28th 1832, Hammond enlisted in the Royal Marines.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Hammond joined the Franklin expedition as a private in the Royal Marine detachment on *HMS Terror*. His final fate is currently unknown.
Cape Riley

Cape Riley is an area on the southern coast of Devon Island.

## History

Cape Riley was first discovered in 1819 by Sir William Parry. He named it after a good friend of his, Richard Riley.

When the Franklin expedition stayed at Beechey Island, one of the things they did was go out and explore the surrounding area. One of these areas was Cape Riley, judging by the artifacts found there, it is possible that the sailors used it first as a campsite, and then mostly as a trash pit.

The site was rediscovered in 1850 by Captain William Penny and Erasmus Ommanney. It was the first place where traces of the Franklin expedition were found.

## What Was Found There

* A naturalist's rake (This was the first Franklin relic ever found)
* Four sacks (One with the British broad arrow)
* A piece of canvas marked "*Terror*"
* Direction post
* 700 empty meat tins
* Clothes (One pair of seaman's trousers, one pair of drawers, several socks, an officer's shirt, an elastic glove and several rags)
* An incomplete rope mat
* A tub filled with charcoal and fuel dust
* Rusted pieces of iron
* Bleached rope
* Pieces of canvas (One was marked "N.C. 35", meaning "Naval Canvas 35")
* Blacksmith's anvil
* A rake
* Clay pipe
* Goldner tin can marked with a quartermasters name
* Leather

## Gallery

Some of the artifacts found at Cape Riley
Cape Crozier

Cape Crozier is a location on the southwest coast of King William Island

## Discovery of Skeleton

In August 1879, American explorer Frederick Schwatka discovered the grave of a Franklin Expedition sailor four miles south-southeast of Cape Crozier. Schwatka discovered that the bones were incomplete and the individual's grave had been disturbed. Schwatka had the man's remains reburied and built a cairn to mark the spot, however, it has since gone missing.
John Diggle

**John Diggle** was the cook aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

John Robert William Charles Diggle was born in Westminster, London in 1809. He was the son of John Diggle Sr. and Phoebe Diggle.

## Naval Career

In 1829, Diggle signed up for the Royal Navy. During the Belgian Revolution, he first served on the *HMS Confiance*, but he later left that ship and joined the *HMS Telavara*. In 1834, Diggle became a sailor aboard the *HMS Wolf,* travelling to the East Indies.

## Marriage and Family

John Diggle married Mary Ann Johnson on August 2, 1834, in Stoke Damerel, Devon; two months later, he went to sea for four years aboard the *HMS Wolf,* leaving his wife behind. In 1840 the two had a daughter, Mary Ann Erebus Diggle (named in honor of the HMS Erebus). The couple may have been seperated, however. Mary Ann and her daughter lived with her parents in Stoke Damerel, and John Diggle's service pay was assigned to his mother, instead of his wife.

## Ross Antarctic Expedition

After staying in England for a year, Diggle joined Sir James Clark Ross' 1839 expedition to the Antarctic as an able seaman aboard *HMS Erebus*. At some point during the voyage, Diggle received a promotion to quartermaster.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Diggle signed up for the Franklin expedition as a cook aboard *HMS Terror*. What happened to him after that is currently unknown.
James Rigden

## James Frederick Elgar Rigden

**James Rigden** was the Captain's Coxswain aboard *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

James Frederick Elgar Rigden was born in Upper Deal Kent on September 19, 1811. He was the son of John Rigden and Frances Rebecca Rigden.

## Naval Career

The first ship Rigden served on was the *HMS Pelican*. He later served on the steam ship *HMS Dwarf*.

## Ross Antarctic Expedition

On May 2, 1839, Rigden signed up For Sir James Clark Ross' Antarctic expedition as the captain's coxswain aboard *HMS Erebus*. In August 1841, Rigden was briefly demoted to able seaman, but was promoted to Captain of the Maintop in September. In May 1843, Rigden was again promoted, this time to Quartermaster.

## Later Naval Career

After he came home from the Antarctic, Rigden rejoined the *Dwarf*. He would eventually leave this ship in March 1844.

## Description

According to a Description Book, Rigden was 5 feet 7 1/2 inches tall, with a fresh complexion, grey eyes, and brown hair; also that he had ‘2 Sailors and J.R. [tattooed] on [his] right arm’.

## Franklin Expedition

In March 1845, Rigden signed up for the Franklin expedition as Captain's Coxswain aboard the ship he served on in the Antarctic, *HMS Erebus*. What happened to him after the expedition left is currently unknown. Prior to the start of the expedition, Rigden married in Portsea, Hampshire in March, 1845, to Caroline New. After her death in March 1853, Rigden's pay instead went to his mother Frances in 1855.
David Leys

**David Leys** was an able seaman on *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

David Leys was born in Montrose Scotland in 1808.

## Marriage

On November 27th, 1827, Leys was married to Christina Leys. The wedding was held in Brechin Scotland.

## Franklin Expedition

On April 14th 1845, Leys signed onto the Franklin expedition as an able seaman on *HMS Terror*. Like a majority of *Terror*'s crew, his final fate is currently unknown.
Livingstone Point

Livingstone Point is a location on the eastern side of King William Island.

## History

Livingstone point was first discovered in 1859 by Francis McClintock during his Franklin search expedition. He named it after the famous explorer David Livingstone.

## Franklin Expedition

In 1869, Charles Francis Hall heard from In-nook-poo-zhe-jook about an Inuit hunter discovering a butcher knife under a cairn a Livingstone Point. As McClintock had been the only confirmed white to have come through there, Hall thought that the knife may have belonged to his expedition, although In-nook-poo-zhe-jook said this wasn't true, in that McClintock had built a cairn near Livingstone point, but a knife wasn't among the items deposited there.
Reuben Male

**Reuben Male** was the Captain of the Forecastle of *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Reuben Male was born in Woolwich in 1818. He was the son of Hannah Male.

## Naval Career

In 1840, Male joined the Royal Navy. At first, he started out as an able seaman on the *HMS Pelican.* He was discharged from the *Pelican* in January 1845 after having been promoted to Quartermaster.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 24th 1845, Male joined the Franklin expedition as the Captain of the Forecastle of *HMS Terror*. Like many of the Franklin sailors, his final fate is unknown.
Samuel Brown

**Samuel Brown** was the Boatswain's mate of *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Samuel Brown was born in Hull, Yorkshire in 1818.

## Ross Antarctic Expedition

On April 13, 1842, Brown joined Sir James Ross's Antarctic expedition under the assumed name "William Hardy".

## Marriage

On April 7, 1845, Brown was married to Mary Brown. The wedding was held in Woolwich.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Brown joined the Franklin expedition as the Boatswain's mate of *HMS Erebus*. Like most of the Franklin sailors, his final fate is currently unknown.
Beechey Island

A map of Franklin locations on the Island

**Beechey Island** is an island in the Canadian Arctic. It was where the Franklin expedition spent it's first winter.

## Discovery

In 1819, Sir William Parry was the first European to discover the island. The island was named after the artist William Beechey by his son Frederick who was serving as a lieutenant in Parry's expedition.

## Franklin Expedition

In the late fall of 1845, the Franklin expedition set up it's first winter camp on the island. The men built washhouses, a forge, a small garden and cairns. In January 1st 1846, Stoker John Torrington and Seaman John Hartnell on January 4th were buried on the island. They were joined by Pvt. William Braine who died on April 3rd of that year. In late April or early May the expedition left. For some reason however, they left the cairns empty. The early search expeditions found many items such as some rope, cow, lamb, pork, seal, walrus and reindeer bones, salt beef, as well as scarred polar bear remains.

## What was found there

* The graves of John Torrington, John Hartnell, William Braine.
* Walrus, seal, reindeer, cow, lamb, pork bones, as well as polar bear remains.
* Rope, canvas, tents, cans, and many other objects.
* A circle made of stones.
Gloucester Balloon Discovery

A balloon used by the Franklin search expeditions

The Gloucester Balloon Discovery is a little known event in Franklin expedition history.

## History

On October 5th, 1851, Edward Edmunds, manservant to the Russell family of Wotton Gloucester discovered a "dingy red and white" balloon resting against the garden fence. Edmunds discovered that it had apparently come from the Franklin expedition because of the note it carried, which read: *"Erebus, 112 W, Long, 71 deg. N. Lat. September, 3, 1851. Blocked in".* Captain Frederick Beechey and another officer came to Wotton and questioned Edmunds and Mrs. Russell about the balloon While they were convinced that it was a search expedition balloon, the admiralty dismissed it as a hoax.

Modern experts have also ruled the balloon and the note as a forgery for a number of reasons including, the Franklin expedition never carried balloons and that the balloon showed no signs of having traveled thousands of miles around the Earth. However, the main indicator that it was a hoax is the location given in the note is far up on Victoria Island and while there is a river that would lead there, it would be too shallow for ships the size of *Erebus* and *Terror*.

## Gallery

The alleged location of the *Erebus* on Victoria Island
## References

1. Ross, W.. (2002). The Gloucester balloon: A communication from Franklin?. Polar Record. 38. 11 - 22. 10.1017/S0032247400017265.
Douglas Bay

**Douglas Bay** is a location on King William Island.

## History

Douglas Bay was discovered by explorers Thomas Simpson and Peter Warren Dease in 1839. They named it after Sir James Douglas, the first governor of British Columbia.

## Discovery of Skulls and Artifacts

In 1931, explorers Paddy Gibson and William Skinner located the skulls of at least seven individuals on an island on the east side of Douglas Bay. Other things found in the area were several small pieces of wood (one having a nail in it), oak and Norwegian pine shavings and two tent rings. The skulls were placed in a small cairn on the island, and they have since gone missing.

## Gallery

The famous photograph of the Franklin expedition skulls found at Douglas Bay
Luke Smith

**Luke Smith** was a stoker on *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Ross's Antarctic Voyage

In September 1840, Smith signed onto Sir James Ross's Antarctic voyage as an able seaman on *HMS Terror*. He was discharged when the ship returned to England.

## Description

He was 5 feet 8 inches tall, of fresh complexion, with dark hazel eyes and dark brown hair. He had his initials tattooed on his right arm, and the Description Book indicates he had been vaccinated against smallpox.

## Franklin Expedition

On April 15th 1845, Smith signed on to the *Terror*, this time as a stoker for the Franklin expedition. His final fate is currently unknown.
Thomas Johnson

**Thomas Johnson** was the Boatswain's mate aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Thomas Johnson was born in Wisbech Cambridgeshire in 1817. He was the son of Thomas Johnson Sr. and Mary Johnson.

## Ross Antarctic Expedition

On July 1st, 1839, Johnson signed up for Sir James Ross' Antarctic expedition as an able seaman aboard *HMS Terror*. Five days later, he was promoted to Captain of the Maintop. On October 9th, 1840, Johnson was promoted to Quartermaster.

## Description

He was 5 feet 8 inches tall, of sallow complexion with hazel eyes and dark hair.

## Franklin Expedition

On April 26th 1845, Johnson joined the Franklin expedition as the Boatswain's Mate aboard *HMS Terror*. What happened after the ships left Greenland is unknown.
Joseph Healey

**Joseph Healey** was a private in *HMS Erebus*'s Royal Marine detachment during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Joseph Healey was born in Manchester in 1815. He was the son of Karan Healey.

## Marine Service

On April 29th 1834, Healey enlisted in the Royal Marines as a private.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Healey joined the Franklin expedition as a member of the detachment of Royal Marines on *HMS Erebus*. Like most of the other Franklin sailors, his final fate is currently unknown.
John Kenley

**John Kenley** was a quartermaster on *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

John Kenley was born in St. Monance Scotland in 1801.

## Marriage

On November 4th, 1822, Kenley was married to Helen Kenley in the town of Forgue.

## Merchant Service

Because of his age and rank on the *Terror*, it is possible to assume that Kenley had some experience in the Merchant Navy.

## Franklin Expedition

On April 24th 1845, Kenley joined the Franklin expedition as a quartermaster on *HMS Terror*. His exact fate is currently unknown.
Thomas Farr

## Thomas Richard Farr

**Thomas Farr** was the Captain of the Maintop aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Thomas Richard Farr was born in Deptford in 1813.

## Naval Career

In 1826, when he was 13, Farr signed up for the Royal Navy as a cabin boy aboard the *HMS Prince Regent*. Eight months later, Farr was transferred to the smaller *HMS Fairy*, where he served for three years and one month.

## Ross Antarctic Expedition

On November 9th, 1840, Farr Joined Sir James Ross' Antarctic expedition at Hobart Tasmania as Captain of the Maintop aboard *HMS Terror*.

## Description

Farr was descripted as 5 feet 5 inches tall, had a fair complexion, dark hazel eyes, and dark hair. He was also tattooed on ‘Both arms and Thighs.’

## Franklin Expedition

On April 4th 1845, Farr signed up for the Franklin expedition as Captain of the Maintop aboard *HMS Terror*. What happened to him after the expedition departed England, is currently Unknown.
Henry Wilkes

**Henry Wilkes** was a Royal Marine private aboard *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Henry Wilkes was born in Leicester in 1817.

## Marine Service

On April 7th 1836, Wilkes enlisted in the Royal Marines.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Wilkes signed up for the Franklin expedition as a member of *HMS Terror*'s Royal Marine detachment. A brush found at Victory Point with his name on it suggests that he was still alive after the ships were deserted.

## Artifact Discovery

When Frederick Schwatka and his search expedition reached the expedition's abandoned camp site, one item found there was an engraved clothes brush that belonged to Wilkes.

## Gallery

An engraved clothes brush that Wilkes owned
George Kinnaird

**George Kinnaird** was an able seaman on *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

George Kinnaird was born in Hastings Sussex in 1822.

## Franklin Expedition

On April 22nd 1845, Kinnaird signed onto the Franklin Expedition as an able seaman on *HMS Terror*. Like many of his fellow sailors, his final fate is currently unknown
Thunder Cove

**Thunder Cove** is a cove on the Adelaide Peninsula.

## History

Thunder Cove was first discovered by Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson in 1839. They named it after a thunderstorm that occurred while they were there.

## Discovery of Skull

In 1926, the fur trader Peter Norberg discovered a skull along with an oak sledge runner, fragments of blue navy cloth and shoe leather at Thunder Cove. Norberg gave the skull to archaeologist Henri-Marc Ami. Ami's conclusion was that the skull belonged to a young European man and presumably an Englishman.
Victoria Island

**Victoria Island** is an island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

## History

Victoria Island was first discovered by Scottish explorer, John Richardson in 1826. He named the area "Wollaston Land".

In 1839, Scottish Explorer Thomas Simpson and fur trader Peter Warren Dease explored and mapped the southeast coast. They renamed the island "Victoria Land".

## Artifact Discoveries

In 1851, Dr. John Rae and the search expedition he was part of discovered part of the mizzen mast and an oak stanchion for the second cutter of one of the ships on the south east coast of the island.

Two years later, a party dispatched from the *HMS Enterprise*, found two pieces of wood from the frame of a ship's hatchway in the same area.
King William Island

King William Island is an island in Nunavut and is where most of the major Franklin expedition events took place.

## History

The island was first discovered by Europeans in 1830 by the Ross expedition. At the time, the island was named "King William Land" because no one knew weather it was an island or a peninsula.

By 1845, the island's northern and southern coasts had been mapped

## Locations

* Cape Felix
* Cape Maria Louisa
* Franklin Point

* Le Vesconte Point
* Two Grave Bay
* Little Point
* Washington Bay
* Gladman Point
* Douglas Bay
* Livingstone Point
* Peel Inlet
Hall's Boat Place

A painting by William Thomas Smith depicting "The Boat Place".

Hall's Boat Place is a location on King William Island that is sometimes confused with the "Boat Place" found by Francis McClintock.

## The Story

When Charles Francis Hall was interviewing the Inuit on King William Island, an Inuit man named In-nook-poo-zhee-jook described a story where he encountered a boat that was left behind by members of the Franklin expedition.

## Confusion With the McClintock Site

Due to its proximity to the site found by Francis McClintock in 1859, these two are often confused as being the same place when they actually weren't. This site was apparently covered by snow which may explain why the McClintock expedition didn't find it.

## What Was Found There

* Six paddles.
* Table knives with white handles.
* A pocket watch.
* A spyglass (telescope).
* Wet and flaky pieces of tobacco.
* A compass.
* Many tin dishes.
* A complete skeleton with his clothes still on as well as dried flesh.
* A pile of bones.
* Three skulls.
* Many bones and skulls alongside the boat. As well as a fire place nearby.
* Boots with cooked flesh inside them.
Ben Hargreeves (Netflix)

## Rodzina

Sir Reginald Hargreeves † (przybrany ojciec)-
Grace (przybrana matka)-
Luther Hargreeves (przybrany brat)-
Diego Hargreeves (przybrany brat)-
Allison Hargreeves (przybrana siostra)-
Klaus Hargreeves (przybrany brat)-
Numer Pięć (przybrany brat)-
Vanya Hargreeves (przybrana siostra)-
Claire (przybrana siostrzenica)

## Przynależność

Akademia Umbrella

**Ben Hargreeves**, znany jako **Numer Sześć** — jedno z czterdziestu trzech dzieci, które urodziły się tego samego dnia w 1989 roku. Ben potrafił przywoływać macki z innego wymiaru poprzez portal w swoim ciele i był jednym z siedmiu dzieci adoptowanych przez sir Reginalda Hargreevesa, którego zamiarem było wyszkolenie drużyny bohaterów do ochrony świata.

Zmarł z nieznanych przyczyn w trakcie jednej z misji w 2006 roku, co spowodowało rozpad Akademii Umbrella.

## Występy

* „The Umbrella Academy” – sezon 1
	+ 01. „Widujemy się tylko na weselach i pogrzebach” (debiut)
	+ 02. „Biegnij, chłopcze, biegnij”
	+ 03. „Zwykła niezwykła”
	+ 04. „Człowiek na księżycu”
	+ 05. „Numer Pięć”
	+ 06. „Dzień, którego nie było”
	+ 07. „Dzień, który był”
	+ 08. „Słyszałam plotkę”
	+ 09. „Zmiany”
	+ 10. „Białe skrzypce”
* „The Umbrella Academy” – sezon 2
	+ 01. „Powrót do początków”
	+ 02. „Film Frankelów”
	+ 03. „Szwedzka robota”
	+ 04. „Majestic 12”
	+ 05. „Valhalla”
	+ 06. „Kolacja”
	+ 07. „Öga for Öga”
	+ 08. „Siedem etapów”
	+ 09. „743”
	+ 10. „Coś się kończy”
James Hart

**James Hart** was the leading stoker aboard *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

James Hart was born in Hampstead around 1812.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Hart signed up for the Franklin expedition as the leading stoker on *HMS Erebus*. What happened to him after the expedition departed is currently unknown.
Henry Collins

## Henry Foster Collins

Henry Collins in 1845

**Henry Foster Collins** was the second master on *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Henry Foster Collins was born on May 3, 1818. He was the son of Henry Collins Senior and Georgina Collins.

## Sailing Career

Collins joined the merchant navy in 1832. He later joined the Royal Navy in 1844 as the second master of *HMS Shearwater*.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Collins signed onto the Franklin expedition as the second master on *HMS Erebus.*
Edwin Lawrence

**Edwin Lawrence** was an able seaman on *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Edwin Lawrence was born in London in 1815.

## Naval Career

Prior to joining the Franklin expedition, Lawrence served aboard the *HMS Ariadne.* He was discharged from this ship sometime in 1834.

## Marriage

On August 25th, 1838, Lawrence was married to Harriet Lawrence. The wedding was held in London.

## Franklin Expedition

Om April 28th 1845, Lawrence joined the Franklin expedition as an able seaman on *HMS Terror*. Like most of the Franklin sailors, his final fate is currently unknown.
Alexander Wilson

**Alexander Wilson** was the carpenter's mate of *HMS Terror* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Alexander Wilson was born Lindisfarne, Northumberland in 1818.

## Marriage

On June 24th, 1839, Wilson was married to Sarah Wilson. The wedding was held in Wearmouth.

## Franklin Expedition

On March 24th 1845, Wilson signed onto the Franklin expedition as *HMS Terror*'s carpenter's mate. Like most of the Franklin sailors, his final fate is currently unknown.
William Closson

**William Closson** was an able seaman on the *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin Expedition.

## Early Life

William Closson was born in Shetland Scotland sometime around 1820.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Closson signed up for the Franklin expedition as an able seaman aboard the *HMS Erebus*. A fork recovered from Cape Victoria with Closson's initials on it suggest that Closson was still alive after the ships were abandoned.

## Artifact Discovery

In 1859, when the McClintock search expedition reached Cape Victoria, one of the items that was purchased from the Inuit there was a fork belonging to Sir John Franklin with Closson's initials on it.

## Gallery

Closson's Initials on one of Sir John's forks
Cape Norton

**Cape Norton** is a location on the eastern side of King William Island.

## History

Cape Norton was first discovered by Sir John Ross in the early 1830s. He named it after British poet and author Caroline Norton.

## Franklin Expedition

In 1859, the McClintock search expedition encountered a group of Inuit as well as deserted snow huts at Cape Norton. They purchased the Franklin artifacts the Inuit had as well as recovering some artifactss from the huts.

## What Was Found There

* A knife that possibly belonged to seaman Magnus Manson
* A piece of wood with tar on it
* Spoons belonging to Sir John Franklin, Lt. Fairholme and Dr. McDonald
William Bell

**William Bell** was a quartermaster on *HMS Erebus* during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

William Bell was born in Dundee Scotland in 1809.

## Marriage

In November 1831, Bell was married to Margaret Bell. The wedding was held in Dundee.

## Franklin Expedition

In the spring of 1845, Bell signed onto the Franklin expedition as one of three quartermasters on *HMS Erebus*. Like so many other Franklin sailors, his final fate is currently unknown.
Solomon Tozer

**Solomon Tozer** was a sergeant in the Royal Marines aboard *HMS Terror*.

## Early Life

Solomon Tozer was born in 1811 in Axbridge, Somerset to John Wickham Tozer and Mary Ham. He was baptized on December 25, 1817 at the church of St. John the Baptist in Axbridge. He worked as a carpenter for a while before he enlisted in the Royal Marines.

## Royal Marine Service

On November 12th, 1834, Tozer enlisted in the Royal Marines as a private. In 1837, he was promoted to corporal. Seven years later, Tozer was promoted to sergeant.

## Franklin Expedition

In March 1845, Tozer signed up for the Franklin expedition as the leader of *HMS Terror*'s Royal Marine detachment.

## Possible Sighting

In 1857, Roderick MacFarlane who was an employee from the Hudson's Bay Company, was presented a sword which had been given to an elderly Inuit man by one of the Franklin sailors. The man was very likely Tozer because the sword given to the Inuit was of the same kind that Royal Marine sergeants used.
Tikeraniyou

Tikeraniyou is an island off of the Adelaide Peninsula.

## Franklin Expedition

In the early 1850's, several members of the Franklin expedition reached this island during their final retreat.

In August 1936, L.A. Learmonth and D.G. Sturrock discovered three skulls of Franklin expedition sailors as well as ivory button and a George IV half crown on Tikeraniyou. The skulls were collected and reburied at Gjoa Haven

## Gallery

The button and the half crown found at the island
Thomas Armitage

**Thomas Armitage** was the gunroom steward aboard HMS Terror during the Franklin expedition.

## Early Life

Thomas Armitage was born in Chatham Kent in 1805.

## Early Naval Career

in 1819, Armitage joined the Royal Navy as a cabin boy. The ship he joined was the *HMS Bulwark*. Three years later, he left the *Bulwark* and went to work on the *HMS Gloucester*. Not long after that, Armitage served on the frigate *HMS Briton* until 1827.

## Marriage

On October 2nd, 1826, while he was still serving on the *Briton*, Armitage married Cecelia Murray in Gillingham, Kent. It is interesting to note that according to his marriage certificate, Armitage was illiterate. The couple resided at No. 8 Henry Street in Gillingham and had five children.

## Later Naval Career

in 1834, after leaving the *Briton*, Armitage worked on the *HMS Gannet*. During this time, he likely met Harry Peglar. Three years later, Armitage served on the *HMS Serpent*. In 1844, Armitage became gunroom steward on the *HMS Dee*. He left this ship in April 1845.

## Description

He was 5 feet 6 inches tall, of fresh complexion, with brown hair and eyes, and had smallpox.

## Franklin Expedition

On April 29th 1845, Armitage joined the Franklin expedition as the gunroom steward aboard *HMS Terror*.