German Rate Socialist Republic

## Germany Rate Socialist Republic

**Deutsche Rate socialistische Republik** (German: Deutsche Rätesozialistische Republik), commonly known as Germany, is a socialist republic located in Central and Western Europe. Its capital is Berlin.

## **HISTORY**

### **Prewar Period**

In 1905, the German Empire became concerned about the geopolitical balance in Europe due to Russia's victory. Russia's expansion of influence posed a security threat to Germany, leading to a reevaluation of its foreign policy. During this period, Germany took measures such as military strengthening and the formation of alliances to counter Russia's rise. Additionally, a dispute with France arose over the Moroccan issue. In the Morocco crisis, Germany received support from the United Kingdom, leading to increased diplomatic tension with France. These developments were perceived as part of Germany's efforts to secure its influence.

In 1906, the German Empire strengthened its relationship with the Ottoman Empire by signing a bilateral agreement. The Ottoman Empire was a crucial strategic partner for Germany and served as an important base for pursuing geopolitical interests. This agreement allowed both nations to deepen economic and military cooperation and pursue mutual interests. Furthermore, Germany enhanced its relations with the United Kingdom by entering into the Anglo-German Treaty (Britannia-Germania Alliance). This treaty declared a friendship between the two nations and aimed to resolve disputes and coordinate foreign policies, establishing an important framework for mutual trust and the avoidance of future conflicts.

In 1908, the German Empire supported Austria-Hungary in the Bosnian-Herzegovinian annexation issue. This issue stemmed from Austria-Hungary's intent to incorporate Bosnia and Herzegovina into its territory, causing tensions with neighboring countries and the international community. Germany valued its alliance with Austria-Hungary and took a supportive stance toward its actions, emphasizing the importance of regional stability and Austria-Hungary's interests.

The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina expanded Austria-Hungary's territory but also heightened ethnic and political tensions in the Balkan region. This issue later became a source of conflict leading up to World War I, spreading turmoil across Europe. Germany's support for Austria-Hungary was seen as an effort to secure regional stability and safeguard Austria-Hungary's interests.

In 1909, Germany signed trade agreements with Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and other countries in South America, aiming to expand its presence in the South American market. This move allowed Germany to enhance its competitiveness in the South American market, ultimately contributing to the development of its domestic economy.

In 1911, tensions between France and Germany deepened, leading to the Second Moroccan Crisis. France asserted its claims over Morocco, which Germany opposed. The United Kingdom initially supported Germany but later withdrew its support to avoid a confrontation. As a result, Germany abandoned its demands regarding Morocco.

In 1912, the First Balkan War erupted, primarily driven by the territorial expansion ambitions of various countries on the Balkan Peninsula, including Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. Germany supported the Ottoman Empire in an attempt to preserve its territorial integrity. However, the power dynamics in the Balkan region shifted, leading to territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire.

### **Great War**

In 1914, Germany, as a member of the Britannia-Germania Alliance, declared war on Serbia alongside the Austro-Hungarian Empire. On the other hand, Russia and France, as part of the Entente Powers, supported Serbia. The first major battle, known as the Battle of the Marne, resulted in a significant defeat for the German army. However, successes on the Eastern Front allowed Germany to continue the war.

In 1915, the French army captured the Alsace region and began advancing into Lorraine. To halt the French advance, Germany introduced new tactics and weaponry. Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, the German army maintained a decisive advantage over the Russian forces and managed to split the front into east and west.

In 1916, the German army prevented the French offensive in Alsace and inflicted heavy losses on them during the Battle of Verdun. Meanwhile, the British army suffered a major defeat during the Battle of the Somme, resulting in significant losses. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army launched a major offensive known as the Brusilov Offensive in 1916. The Russian forces, with their vast numbers and powerful artillery, overwhelmed the German army. Germany, while resisting the Russian offensive, also focused on the Western Front. However, the Russian offensive was relentless, and the German army gradually retreated.

By 1917, the British army faced another defeat, this time at the Battle of Passchendaele. Exhausted by the prolonged war, Britain began leaning towards seeking an early peace settlement. Additionally, the collapse of the Eastern Front meant that Germany could no longer shift troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front, worsening the situation in the west. Simultaneously, Romania's entry into the war posed a significant threat to Germany in the Southeast European theater of war.

### **Revolution**

The German Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval that occurred during World War I. It was triggered by a series of events, including the ceasefires of the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire in 1917, and the beginning of Russia's counteroffensive. During this time, the German Empire aimed to negotiate a favorable peace settlement as the situation on the war front improved. However, widespread discontent among workers and soldiers grew due to poverty and reckless orders.

In Germany, the Social Democratic Party was the majority party, and they led the revolution with the goal of achieving a "peace of reconciliation." Workers' and soldiers' councils, known as "Räte," sprung up across the country, and the empire transferred power to the people, resulting in the emergence of a Social Democratic Party government.

However, France and Russia demanded Germany's unconditional surrender, and peace negotiations led by the Social Democratic Party government made little progress. Within the councils, there was a growing call for an immediate ceasefire, which further eroded support for the Social Democratic Party.

On the other hand, the Independent Social Democratic Party, advocating for an immediate ceasefire, quickly gained support. Its leader, Rosa Luxemburg, was assassinated by the government, but her martyrdom served as a catalyst for heightened revolutionary fervor. In the second stage of the revolution, Germany saw the birth of a socialist state.

### **Levy Administration**

Following the assassination of Rosa Luxemburg, Paul Levi assumed leadership as the chairman of the Communist Party and the leader of the Council Republic. Levi, known as a supporter of Luxemburg, carried significant expectations as a leader.

Levi advocated for unconditional surrender and annexation to stabilize the new nation, taking into consideration the concerns of countries like France and the United States. Consequently, the Council Republic received international recognition. However, domestically, Levi's support gradually waned due to his efforts to suppress radicals aiming to spread revolution to other countries and his expulsion of supporters of the former Social Democratic Party.

The event that marked the downfall of his government was the Italian Revolution of 1922. Levi's administration adopted a passive stance towards this revolution due to international considerations. Nevertheless, the party and councils demanded his resignation, eventually leading to Levi's resignation as chairman.

Despite his fall from power, Levi's policy of "national planning" for post-war reconstruction was carried on by subsequent governments and achieved some success. This policy led to industrial reorganization and fiscal reforms in Germany, laying the foundation for the country to regain its status as a major power.

## **POLITICS**

### **political faction**

**Spartacus League:** The Spartacus League is the largest and dominant faction within the German People's Council. Led by Wilhelm Pieck, they are followers of Luxemburgism, influenced by Marxism, and they aim to establish a system similar to historical Marxism-Leninism.

**Fischer Faction:** Led by Rudi Fischer, this far-left faction espouses an ideology known as Fischerism, which combines elements of socialism with nationalism, resembling historical Stalinism.

**Free Workers' Union:** Led by Willy Munzenberg, this faction originated from labor unions around the Rhine River region. They follow syndicalist policies, emphasizing the importance of labor unions in achieving social change.

**Anarchist Faction:** Led by Rudolf Rocker, the Anarchist Faction adheres to anarchist principles and forms a coalition with the Syndicalist Faction. They ultimately aim to establish a system of anarcho-syndicalism.

**Black Front**: Led by the Strasser Brothers, Joseph Goebbels, and Erich Koch, the Black Front promotes National Spartacist ideology. This faction, similar to historical Nazism, advocates for racialism and seeks revenge against France and Russia.