recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Chip 'n' Dale: Park Life

***Chip 'n' Dale: Park Life*** is an animated television series based on the cartoon characters Chip 'n' Dale. The series premiered on Disney+ on July 28, 2021, and is co-produced by The Walt Disney Company France and Xilam Animation. Unlike other iterations of the characters, the series is non-verbal, similar to other shows produced by Xilam.

On June 15, 2022, it was announced the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on May 24, 2023.

In the U.S., it premiered on Disney Channel on January 9, 2023, and on Disney XD on January 14, 2023 on linear television, making it the first Xilam animated series to air in the United States since KidsClick aired Oggy and the Cockroaches in 2019.

In June 2023, it was announced that more episodes of the series were ordered.
Central vowel

i
y

ɨ
ʉ

ɯ
u

ɪ
ʏ

ʊ

e
ø

ɘ
ɵ

ɤ
o

e̞
ø̞

ə

ɤ̞
o̞

ɛ
œ

ɜ
ɞ

ʌ
ɔ

æ

ɐ

a
ɶ

ä

ɑ
ɒ

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

A **central vowel**, formerly also known as a **mixed vowel**, is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel. (In practice, unrounded central vowels tend to be further forward and rounded central vowels further back.)
Chokri language

**Chokri**, (also known as **Chakrü**, **Chakhesang** and **Eastern Angami**) is one of three languages spoken by the Chakhesang Naga of Phek district, Nagaland state, India. There are also some Chokri speakers residing in the Senapati District of Manipur. In 1991, it was estimated that there were 20,000 native Chokri speakers.

## Phonology

### Consonants

* /b/ is heard as a fricative [β] when before /ɯ/.
* /p/ is heard as [pf] when before /ɨ/.
* /m/ is heard as [ɱ] when before high back vowels.
* /ts, tsʰ, dz/ is heard as [tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ], /s, z/ as [ʑ, ɕ], and /n/ as [ɲ], all occurring when before /i/.
* /n/ is heard as [ŋ] between two high back vowels.
* /k, kʰ/ can also be heard as [q, qʰ], /ɡ/ as [ɣ], /ɻ/ as [ɣ, ʁ], and /ɻ̊/ as [χ] all occurring in free variation.

### Vowels

Vowels

* /ɨ/ is heard as [ə] in unstressed position.
* Sounds /e, o/ can be heard as [ɛ, ɔ] in free variation.
Carving

**Carving** is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material. The technique can be applied to any material that is solid enough to hold a form even when pieces have been removed from it, and yet soft enough for portions to be scraped away with available tools. Carving, as a means for making stone or wooden sculpture, is distinct from methods using soft and malleable materials like clay, fruit, and melted glass, which may be shaped into the desired forms while soft and then harden into that form. Carving tends to require much more work than methods using malleable materials.
Cleaver

A **cleaver** is a large knife that varies in its shape but usually resembles a rectangular-bladed hatchet. It is largely used as a kitchen or butcher knife and is mostly intended for splitting up large pieces of soft bones and slashing through thick pieces of meat. The knife's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation (such as garlic) and can also be used to scoop up chopped items.

Tools described as cleavers have been in use since the Acheulean period. "Cleaver" was commonly spelled *clever* in the late 17th century.
Class of 3000

***Class of 3000*** is an American animated musical television series created by André 3000 (best known as a member of the hip hop duo Outkast) for Cartoon Network. The series follows superstar and music teacher Sunny Bridges (voiced by 3000), who teaches a group of students at Atlanta, Georgia's Westley School of Performing Arts. Bridges is a jazz and blues artist who occasionally lectures in Atlanta's Little Five Points residential area. Both OutKast and Cartoon Network are based in Atlanta. Twenty-eight episodes were produced.

*Class of 3000* was produced by Tom Lynch Company, Moxie Turtle, and Cartoon Network Studios. It is also the final Cartoon Network original series to premiere when Jim Samples was Cartoon Network's General Manager and Executive Vice President, as he later resigned following the 2007 Boston Mooninite panic.
Chipotle Mexican Grill

**Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc.**, often known simply as **Chipotle**, is an American chain of fast casual restaurants specializing in bowls, tacos and Mission burritos made to order in front of the customer. Chipotle operates restaurants in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and France. Its name derives from *chipotle*, the Nahuatl name for a smoked and dried jalapeño chili pepper.

Chipotle was one of the first chains of fast casual dining establishments. Founded by Steve Ells on July 13, 1993, Chipotle had 16 restaurants (all in Colorado) when McDonald's Corporation became a major investor in 1998. By the time McDonald's fully divested itself from Chipotle in 2006, the chain had grown to over 500 locations. With more than 2,000 locations, Chipotle had a net income of US$475.6 million and a staff of more than 45,000 employees in 2015.

In May 2018, Chipotle announced the relocation of their corporate headquarters to Newport Beach, California, in Southern California, ending their relationship with Denver after 25 years.
Chalcogen

The **chalcogens** (ore forming) (/ˈkælkədʒənz/ *KAL-kə-jənz*) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the **oxygen family**. Group 16 consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and livermorium (Lv). Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term "chalcogen" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word "chalcogen" is derived from a combination of the Greek word *khalkόs* (χαλκός) principally meaning copper (the term was also used for bronze/brass, any metal in the poetic sense, ore or coin), and the Latinized Greek word *genēs*, meaning *born* or *produced*.

Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th century, and livermorium in 2000. All of the chalcogens have six valence electrons, leaving them two electrons short of a full outer shell. Their most common oxidation states are −2, +2, +4, and +6. They have relatively low atomic radii, especially the lighter ones.

Lighter chalcogens are typically nontoxic in their elemental form, and are often critical to life, while the heavier chalcogens are typically toxic. All of the naturally occurring chalcogens have some role in biological functions, either as a nutrient or a toxin. Selenium is an important nutrient (among others as a building block of selenocysteine) but is also commonly toxic. Tellurium often has unpleasant effects (although some organisms can use it), and polonium (especially the isotope polonium-210) is always harmful as a result of its radioactivity.

Sulfur has more than 20 allotropes, oxygen has nine, selenium has at least eight, polonium has two, and only one crystal structure of tellurium has so far been discovered. There are numerous organic chalcogen compounds. Not counting oxygen, organic sulfur compounds are generally the most common, followed by organic selenium compounds and organic tellurium compounds. This trend also occurs with chalcogen pnictides and compounds containing chalcogens and carbon group elements.

Oxygen is generally obtained by separation of air into nitrogen and oxygen. Sulfur is extracted from oil and natural gas. Selenium and tellurium are produced as byproducts of copper refining. Polonium is most available in naturally occurring actinide-containing materials. Livermorium has been synthesized in particle accelerators. The primary use of elemental oxygen is in steelmaking. Sulfur is mostly converted into sulfuric acid, which is heavily used in the chemical industry. Selenium's most common application is glassmaking. Tellurium compounds are mostly used in optical disks, electronic devices, and solar cells. Some of polonium's applications are due to its radioactivity.
Cardinal numeral

In linguistics, and more precisely in traditional grammar, a **cardinal numeral** (or **cardinal number word**) is a part of speech used to count. Examples in English are the words *one*, *two*, *three*, and the compounds *three hundred [and] forty-two* and *nine hundred [and] sixty*. Cardinal numerals are classified as definite, and are related to ordinal numbers, such as the English *first*, *second*, *third*, etc.
Chicago

**Chicago** (/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ⓘ *shih-KAH-goh*, locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ *shih-KAW-goh*; Miami-Illinois: *Shikaakwa*; Ojibwe: *Zhigaagong*) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and the third-most populous in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. With a population of 2,746,388 in the 2020 census, it is also the most populous city in the Midwest. As the seat of Cook County, the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area.

Located on the shore of Lake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, but Chicago's population continued to grow. Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture, such as the Chicago School, the development of the City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper.

Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It has the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone. O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked among the world's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic, and the region is also the nation's railroad hub. The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018. Chicago's economy is diverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.

Chicago is a major tourist destination. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts, literature, film, theater, comedy (especially improvisational comedy), food, dance, and music (particularly jazz, blues, soul, hip-hop, gospel, and electronic dance music, including house music). Chicago is home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Chicago area also hosts the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois Chicago, among other institutions of learning. Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues, including two Major League Baseball teams.
Case variants of IPA letters

With the adoption of letters from the **International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)** in various national alphabets, **letter case** forms have been developed. This usually means capital (uppercase) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop ʔ, both uppercase ⟨Ɂ⟩ and lowercase ⟨ɂ⟩ are used.

The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, in languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala. The most common are open o ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩, open e ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩, and eng ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩, but several others are found. Kabiyé of northern Togo, for example, has ⟨Ɔ ɔ, Ɛ ɛ, Ɖ ɖ, Ŋ ŋ, Ɣ ɣ, Ʃ ʃ, Ʊ ʊ⟩ (or ⟨Ʋ ʋ⟩), as in this newspaper headline:

*MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.*
Some of the IPA letters that were adopted into language orthographies have since become obsolete in the IPA itself.

## Chart

This article contains **phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)**. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Others letters are the graphic equivalent of IPA capitals, but are not identified with the IPA. Examples are ɟ Ɉ (the capital of ɉ), ʎ ⅄ (the capital of λ in Americanist usage), ɹ ꓤ.

## References

1. ↑ Michael Everson, 2012-07-26, Proposal for the addition of ten Latin characters to the UCS, UUG, DK.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Michael Everson, 2012-02-08, Proposal for the addition of five Latin characters to the UCS, UUG, DK.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Presentation of the "African Reference Alphabet" (in 4 images) from the Niamey 1978 meeting. *Bisharat!*.
5. ↑ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt, UUG, DK.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 http://www.pentzlin.com/Proposal-North-American-Indigenous-Letters-Draft2.pdf
7. ↑ http://www.pentzlin.com/EPA\_Proposal\_V5.pdf
Chinchilla

**Chinchillas** are either of two species (*Chinchilla chinchilla* and *Chinchilla lanigera*) of crepuscular rodents of the parvorder Caviomorpha. They are slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, and are native to the Andes mountains in South America. They live in colonies called "herds" at high elevations up to 4,270 m (14,000 ft). Historically, chinchillas lived in an area that included parts of Bolivia, Peru and Chile, but today, colonies in the wild are known only in Chile. Along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family Chinchillidae. They are also related to the chinchilla rat.

The chinchilla has the densest fur of all mammals that live on land, with around 20,000 hairs per square inch and 50 hairs growing from each follicle. In the water, the sea otter has a denser coat. The chinchilla is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who once wore its dense, velvet-like fur. By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become quite rare after being hunted for their ultra-soft fur. Most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm-raised. Domestic chinchillas descended from *C. lanigera* are sometimes kept as pets, and may be considered a type of pocket pet.
Car

A **car**, or an **automobile** is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of *cars* say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people, not cargo.

French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the first steam-powered road vehicle in 1769, while French-born-Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed and constructed the first internal combustion powered automobile in 1808. The modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—was invented in 1886, when German inventor Carl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Commercial cars became widely available during the 20th century. One of the first cars affordable by the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced horse-drawn carriages. In Europe and other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not increase until after World War II. The car is considered an essential part of the developed economy.

Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more complex. These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fuelled by the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than petrol-driven cars before 2025. The transition from fossil fuels to electric cars features prominently in most climate change mitigation scenarios, such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions for climate change.

There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, noise pollution, public health, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience. Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from taxes. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.

There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. Car usage is increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, and other newly industrialized countries.
Charis SIL

**Charis SIL** (/ˈkɛərɪs/) is a transitional serif typeface developed by SIL International based on Bitstream Charter, one of the first fonts designed for laser printers. The font offers four family members: roman, bold, italic, and bold italic.

Its design goal is to "provide a single Unicode-based font family that would contain a comprehensive inventory of glyphs needed for almost any Roman- or Cyrillic-based writing system, whether used for phonetic or orthographic needs."

Charis SIL supports Graphite, OpenType, and AAT technologies for advanced rendering features. Along with Doulos SIL and Gentium, it is licensed under the SIL Open Font License (OFL), and can be downloaded free of charge.

Version 6.2 of the font, with over 3,800 glyphs, current as of 2023, was released on 1 February 2023.
Captain Star

***Captain Star*** is a 1997 animated television series created by Steven Appleby and is based on Appleby's comic Rockets Passing Overhead. It stars Richard E. Grant as the voice of Captain Jim Star. The show was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films and HTV.

13 half-hour episodes were produced and aired from 1997 to 1998.
Centation

**Centation** refers to the 100th hyperoperation starting from addition. It is equal to the binary function \(\uparrow^{98}\), using Knuth's up-arrow notation.
"a centated to b" is also \(\{a,b,98\}\) in BEAF, \(\textrm E[a]\underbrace{1\#1\#1...1\#1\#1}\_{97}\#b\) in Hyper-E notation and \(a \rightarrow b \rightarrow 98\) in chained arrow notation.

Centational growth rate is approximately equivalent to \(f\_{99}(n)\) in the fast-growing hierarchy.

## References

1. ↑ Hyper Operators by Aarex Tiaokhiao[dead link]
Cinnamon

**Cinnamon** is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus *Cinnamomum*. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakfast cereals, snack foods, bagels, teas, hot chocolate and traditional foods. The aroma and flavour of cinnamon derive from its essential oil and principal component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as numerous other constituents including eugenol.
Calisto MT

**Calisto MT** is an old style, serif typeface designed for the Monotype Corporation foundry in 1986 by Ron Carpenter, a British typographer.

Calisto MT is intended to function as both a typeface for body text and display text. Its stroke contrast is minimal and it preserves an even color, especially in smaller point sizes, which contributes to its great legibility. Its Roman and italic glyphs are animated by serifs and terminals that are cut on an angle to the baseline, and are concavely indented on the terminals, reminiscent of the Belwe and Palatino typefaces. Minuscule glyphs are of a somewhat large corpus size.
Camel

A **camel** (from Latin: *camelus* and Greek: κάμηλος (*kamēlos*) from Ancient Semitic: *gāmāl*) is an even-toed ungulate in the genus *Camelus* that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. Camels have long been domesticated and, as livestock, they provide food (milk and meat) and textiles (fiber and felt from hair). Camels are working animals especially suited to their desert habitat and are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo. There are three surviving species of camel. The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. The wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is now critically endangered.

The word *camel* is also used informally in a wider sense, where the more correct term is "camelid", to include all seven species of the family Camelidae: the true camels (the above three species), along with the "New World" camelids: the llama, the alpaca, the guanaco, and the vicuña, which belong to the separate tribe Lamini. Camelids originated in North America during the Eocene, with the ancestor of modern camels, *Paracamelus*, migrating across the Bering land bridge into Asia during the late Miocene, around 6 million years ago.
Cambria

**Cambria** is a transitional serif typeface commissioned by Microsoft and distributed with Windows and Office. It was designed by Dutch typeface designer Jelle Bosma in 2004, with input from Steve Matteson and Robin Nicholas. It is intended as a serif font that is suitable for body text, that is very readable printed small or displayed on a low-resolution screen and has even spacing and proportions.

It is part of the ClearType Font Collection, a suite of fonts from various designers released with Windows Vista. All start with the letter *C* to reflect that they were designed to work well with Microsoft's ClearType text rendering system, a text rendering engine designed to make text clearer to read on LCD monitors. The other fonts in the same group are Calibri, Candara, Consolas, Constantia and Corbel.
Cheek

The **cheeks** (Latin: *buccae*) constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. "**Buccal**" means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The area between the inside of the cheek and the teeth and gums is called the vestibule or **buccal pouch** or **buccal cavity** and forms part of the mouth. In other animals the cheeks may also be referred to as "**jowls**".
Children's television series

**Children's television series** (or **children's television shows**) are television programs designed specifically for children. They are typically characterised by easy-going content devoid of sensitive or adult-facing themes and are normally scheduled for broadcast during the morning and afternoon when children are awake, immediately before and after school schedules generally start country-by-country. Educational themes are also prevalent, as well as the transmission of cautionary tales and narratives which teach problem-solving methods in some fashion or another, such as social disputes.

The purpose of these shows, outside profit, is mainly to entertain or educate, with each series targeting a certain age of child: some are aimed at infants and toddlers, some are aimed at those aged 6 to 11 years old, and then there is broadcast content for adolescents and those aimed at all children.
Cartoon Network

**Cartoon Network** (often abbreviated as **CN**) is an American cable television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. It is a part of The Cartoon Network, Inc., a division that also has the broadcasting and production activities of Boomerang, Cartoonito, Adult Swim, and Toonami under its purview. The channel is headquartered at 1050 Techwood Drive NW in Atlanta, Georgia.

Founded by Ted Turner (who appointed Betty Cohen as the first president of the network), the channel was launched on October 1, 1992, and primarily broadcasts animated television series, mostly children's programming, ranging from action to animated comedy. It currently runs from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET/PT on Mondays through Saturdays, and from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. on Sundays (the sign-off time varies with holidays and special programming). Cartoon Network primarily targets children aged 6 to 12, while its early morning block Cartoonito is aimed at preschool-aged children, and nighttime block Adult Swim targets older teenagers and young adults aged 18 to 34.

Cartoon Network offers an alternate Spanish-language audio feed, either via a separate channel with the English audio track removed as part of a package of Spanish-language television networks sold by subscription providers, or a separate audio track accessible through the SAP option, depending on the provider.

As of March 2021, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94 million paid television households in the United States.
Capri Sun

**Capri-Sun** (UK: /ˈkæpri/, US: /kəˈpriː/) is a brand of juice concentrate drinks based in Germany and Switzerland. Invented by Rudolf Wild, it was introduced in West Germany in 1969 by his company as **Capri-Sonne** (a name retired in favor of the English name in 2017). It is now sold in over 100 countries, with licensees including Kraft Foods in the United States (as **Capri Sun**) and Coca-Cola Europacific Partners in parts of Europe. As of 2016, roughly 7 billion pouches are sold per year, making it one of few globally prominent soft drinks not originating from the United States.

Since its launch, Capri-Sun has been packaged in laminated foil vacuum Doy-N-Pack pouches, with which the brand has become strongly associated. In the United States, these pouches were innovative as the first single-serving fruit juice containers. The pouch design has stayed largely the same, but changes in some markets have included transparent bottoms and paper straws, while other container types have been introduced for some products. Capri-Sun is available in varying ranges of flavors in different countries, targeting different national flavor profiles. Globally, its best-known flavor is Orange.

Capri-Sun's main products are high in sugar content, although lower than many competitors. Characterizations of the juice drinks as "all-natural" have led to conflict in several countries between consumer advocates who highlight the high sugar content and low juice percentage, and Capri-Sun and its licensees, who in most cases have maintained that the term correctly describes the ingredients. In the United States, Capri Sun Inc. was owned by tobacco conglomerate Philip Morris Cos. (now Altria) from 1991 to 2007. Prohibited from selling tobacco to children, Philip Morris executives applied their experience to sugary drinks including Capri Sun, adding the pouches to Lunchables and advertising them through a "California cool" aesthetic. Kraft continued to use Philip Morris's techniques after it became independent in 2007.

Capri Sun is one of the most favorably rated brands in the United States among Generation Z. About a third of American parents view the drink as healthy. In France, Capri-Sun has figured prominently in rap songs and has been noted as a drink of choice in poor areas. Disputes over sugar content, "all-natural" status, and marketing to children have led to two lawsuits in the United States (one of which led to the abandonment of "all-natural" for a time), the removal of Capri-Sun from Tesco shelves in the United Kingdom, and a negative award from Foodwatch for deceptive marketing to children.
Cheese

**Cheese** is a dairy product produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk (usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep). During production, milk is usually acidified and either the enzymes of rennet or bacterial enzymes with similar activity are added to cause the casein to coagulate. The solid curds are then separated from the liquid whey and pressed into finished cheese. Some cheeses have aromatic molds on the rind, the outer layer, or throughout.

Over a thousand types of cheese exist and are produced in various countries. Their styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether they have been pasteurized, the butterfat content, the bacteria and mold, the processing, and how long they have been aged. Herbs, spices, or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents. The yellow to red color of many cheeses is produced by adding annatto. Other ingredients may be added to some cheeses, such as black pepper, garlic, chives, or cranberries. A **cheesemonger**, or specialist seller of cheeses, may have expertise with selecting, purchasing, receiving, storing and ripening cheeses.

For a few cheeses, the milk is curdled by adding acids such as vinegar or lemon juice. Most cheeses are acidified to a lesser degree by bacteria, which turn milk sugars into lactic acid, then the addition of rennet completes the curdling. Vegetarian alternatives to rennet are available; most are produced by fermentation of the fungus *Mucor miehei*, but others have been extracted from various species of the *Cynara* thistle family. Cheesemakers near a dairy region may benefit from fresher, lower-priced milk, and lower shipping costs.

Cheese is valued for its portability, long shelf life, and high content of fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorus. Cheese is more compact and has a longer shelf life than milk, although how long a cheese will keep depends on the type of cheese. Hard cheeses, such as Parmesan, last longer than soft cheeses, such as Brie or goat's milk cheese. The long storage life of some cheeses, especially when encased in a protective rind, allows selling when markets are favorable. Vacuum packaging of block-shaped cheeses and gas-flushing of plastic bags with mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen are used for storage and mass distribution of cheeses in the 21st century.
Cham script

The **Cham script** is a Brahmic abugida used to write Cham, an Austronesian language spoken by some 245,000 Chams in Vietnam and Cambodia. It is written horizontally left to right, just like other Brahmic abugidas.

## Structure

Similar to other abugidas, the consonants of Cham have the inherent vowel. Dependent vowel diacritics are used to modify the inherent vowel. Since Cham does not have *virāma*, special characters should be used for pure consonants. This practice is similar to the *chillu consonants* of the Malayalam script.

Most consonant letters, such as [b], [t], or [p], includes an inherent vowel [a] which does not need to be written. The nasal stops, [m], [n], [ɲ], and [ŋ] (the latter two transliterated *ny* and *ng* in the Latin alphabet) are exceptions, and have an inherent vowel [ɨ] (transliterated *â*). A diacritic called *kai,* which does not occur with the other consonants, is added below a nasal consonant to write the [a] vowel.

Cham words contain vowel and consonant-vowel (V and CV) syllables, apart from the last, which may also be CVC. There are a few characters for final consonants in the Cham script; other consonants merely extend a longer tail on the right side to indicate the absence of a final vowel.

### Final consonants

Cham does not employ a virama to suppress vowels. Final consonants are indicated in one of three ways: an explicit final consonant letter, a combining diacritic mark, or by ꨥ.

Final consonant letters

Final consonant diacritics

### Independent vowels

Six of the initial vowels are represented with unique letters:

Independent Cham vowels

### Dependent vowels

Other initial vowels are represented by adding a diacritic to the letter ꨀ (a). The same diacritics are used with consonants to change their inherent vowel:

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). Proposal for encoding the Cham script in the BMP of the UCS.
Caterpillar

**Caterpillars** are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).

As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Symphyta) are commonly called caterpillars as well. Both lepidopteran and symphytan larvae have eruciform body shapes.

Caterpillars of most species eat plant material (often leaves), but not all; some (about 1%) eat insects, and some are even cannibalistic. Some feed on other animal products. For example, clothes moths feed on wool, and horn moths feed on the hooves and horns of dead ungulates.

Caterpillars are typically voracious feeders and many of them are among the most serious of agricultural pests. In fact, many moth species are best known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce, whereas the moths are obscure and do no direct harm. Conversely, various species of caterpillar are valued as sources of silk, as human or animal food, or for biological control of pest plants.
Cantarell

**Cantarell** is the default typeface supplied with the user interface of GNOME since version 3.0, replacing Bitstream Vera and DejaVu. The font was originated by Dave Crossland in 2009.

Operating systems that ship GNOME (version 3 and later versions) include this typeface family by default, such as Fedora Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes the font family in its Google Fonts directory, making the typeface available for use in Web sites. It is notably absent in Ubuntu which includes the Ubuntu typeface instead.
Cantonese language

**Cantonese** (traditional Chinese: 廣東話; simplified Chinese: 广东话; Jyutping: *Gwong2 dung1 waa2*; Cantonese Yale: *Gwóngdūng wá*) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta. It is the traditional prestige variety of the Yue Chinese group, which has over 82.4 million native speakers. While the term *Cantonese* specifically refers to the prestige variety, it is often used to refer to the entire Yue subgroup of Chinese, including related but partially mutually intelligible varieties like Taishanese.

Cantonese is viewed as a vital and inseparable part of the cultural identity for its native speakers across large swaths of Southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau, as well as in overseas communities. In mainland China, it is the *lingua franca* of the province of Guangdong (being the majority language of the Pearl River Delta) and neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. It is also the dominant and co-official language of Hong Kong and Macau. Cantonese is also widely spoken among Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia (most notably in Vietnam and Malaysia, as well as in Singapore and Cambodia to a lesser extent) and throughout the Western world.

Although Cantonese shares much vocabulary with Mandarin and other varieties of Chinese, these Sinitic languages are mutually unintelligible, largely because of phonological differences, but also due to the differences in grammar and vocabulary. Sentence structure, in particular the verb placement, sometimes differs between the two varieties. A notable difference between Cantonese and Mandarin is how the spoken word is written; both can be recorded verbatim, but very few Cantonese speakers are knowledgeable in the full Cantonese written vocabulary, so a non-verbatim formalized written form is adopted, which is more akin to the written Standard Mandarin. However, it is only non-verbatim with respect to vernacular Cantonese as it is possible to read Standard Chinese text verbatim in formal Cantonese, often with only slight changes in lexicon that are optional depending on the reader's choice of register. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may look similar but are pronounced differently. Conversely, written (vernacular) Cantonese is mostly used in informal settings like social media and comic books.
Central consonant

A **central consonant**, also known as a **median consonant**, is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue. The class contrasts with lateral consonants, in which air flows over the sides of the tongue rather than down its center.

Examples of central consonants are the voiced alveolar fricative (the "z" in the English word "zoo") and the palatal approximant (the "y" in the English word "yes"). Others are the central fricatives [θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ], the central approximants [ɹ ɻ j ɥ ɰ w ʍ], the trills [r ʀ], and the central flaps [ɾ ɽ].

The term is most relevant for approximants and fricatives (for which there are contrasting lateral and central consonants - e.g. [l] versus [ɹ] and [ɮ] versus [z]). Stops that have "lateral release" can be written in the International Phonetic Alphabet using a superscript symbol, e.g. [tˡ], or can be implied by a following lateral consonant, e.g. [tɬ]. The labial fricatives [f v] often—perhaps usually—have lateral airflow, as occlusion between the teeth and lips blocks the airflow in the center, but nonetheless they are not considered lateral consonants because no language makes a distinction between the two.

In some languages, the centrality of a phoneme may be indeterminate. In Japanese, for example, there is a liquid phoneme /r/, which may be either central or lateral, resulting in /ro/ produced as either [ɾo] or [lo].
Claire's

**Claire's** (formerly known as **Claire's Boutiques**, **Claire's Boutique** and **Claire's Accessories**) is an American retailer of accessories, jewelry, and toys primarily aimed toward tween and teen girls. It was founded in 1961 and is based in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. The company is primarily owned by Elliott Management and Monarch Alternative Capital, but, in 2022, announced plans to go public with an initial public offering.

As of October 2012, Claire's had 3,469 stores in 37 countries. Claire's claims it has done more ear piercings than any other retailer, totaling at over 100 million in 25+ years.
Chilia-taxis

The **chilia-taxis** (also called **gaggolchime**) is equal to E1#1#1,000 using Hyper-E notation. The term was coined by Sbiis Saibian. It is equal to \(10\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow1\,000\) using arrow notation.

Username5243 gave the name **toomol**, referring to the value of this number.

## Approximations

 Hyperfactorial array notation
 Nested Factorial Notation
 Slow-growing hierarchy | \(g\_{\zeta\_0}(1\,000)\)

## References

1. ↑ Sbiis Saibian, Hyper-E Numbers - Large Numbers
2. ↑ Part 1 - My Large Numbers
Cirth

The **Cirth** is a semi‑artificial script, based on real‑life runic alphabets, one of several scripts invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works. *Cirth* is written with a capital letter when referring to the writing system; the letters themselves can be called *cirth*.

In the fictional history of Middle-earth, the original *Certhas* was created by the Sindar (or Grey Elves) for their language, Sindarin. Its extension and elaboration was known as the *Angerthas Daeron*, as it was attributed to the Sinda Daeron, despite the fact that it was most probably arranged by the Noldor in order to represent the sounds of other languages like Quenya and Telerin.

Although it was later largely replaced by the Tengwar, the Cirth was nonetheless adopted by the Dwarves to write down both their Khuzdul language (*Angerthas Moria*) and the languages of Men (*Angerthas Erebor*). The Cirth was also adapted, in its oldest and simplest form, by various races including Men and even Orcs.
Carrot

The **carrot** (*Daucus carota* subsp. *sativus*) is a root vegetable, typically orange in color, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist, all of which are domesticated forms of the wild carrot, *Daucus carota*, native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Persia and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. The most commonly eaten part of the plant is the taproot, although the stems and leaves are also eaten. The domestic carrot has been selectively bred for its enlarged, more palatable, less woody-textured taproot.

The carrot is a biennial plant in the umbellifer family, Apiaceae. At first, it grows a rosette of leaves while building up the enlarged taproot. Fast-growing cultivars mature within three months (90 days) of sowing the seed, while slower-maturing cultivars need a month longer (120 days). The roots contain high quantities of alpha- and beta-carotene, and are a good source of vitamin A, vitamin K, and vitamin B6.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that world production of carrots and turnips (these plants are combined by the FAO) for 2020 was 41 million tonnes, with over 44% of the world total grown in China. Carrots are commonly consumed raw or cooked in various cuisines.
Chalk

**Chalk** is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum.
Cape Verdean Creole

**Cape Verdean Creole** is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. It is the native creole language of virtually all Cape Verdeans and is used as a second language by the Cape Verdean diaspora.

The creole has particular importance for creolistics studies since it is the oldest living creole. It is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based creole language.

The full, formal name is Cape Verdean Creole (*kabuverdianu*), but in everyday usage the creole is simply called "Creole" (*kriolu/kriol*) by its speakers.

## Phonology

Cape Verdean Creole's phonological system comes mainly from 15th-through-17th-century Portuguese. In terms of conservative features, Creole has kept the affricate consonants /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ (written "j" (in the beginning of words) and "ch", in old Portuguese) which are not in use in today's Portuguese, and the pre-tonic vowels were not reduced as in today's European Portuguese. In terms of innovative features, the phoneme /ʎ/ (written "lh" in Portuguese) has evolved to /dʒ/ and the vowels have undergone several phonetic phenomena.

### Vowels

There are eight oral vowels and their corresponding nasal counterparts, making a total of sixteen vowels:

### Consonants and semi-vowels

* Note: The sounds [r], [ʁ] and [ʀ] are variants of the same phoneme /ʀ/.
Broadcasting

**Broadcasting** is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, most implementations of electronic communication (early radio, telephone, and telegraph) were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. The term broadcasting evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about. It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials or by telegraph. Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898.
Chamba Leko language

**Chamba Leko** is one of two languages spoken by the Chamba people, the other being Chamba Daka. It is a member of the Leko branch of Savanna languages, and is spoken across the northern Nigerian–Cameroonian border.

*Chamba* is also spelled 'Samba', *Leko* also 'Leeko', 'Lego' or 'Lekon'. The language is also known as *Suntai*.
Cinderella

***Cinderella*** is a 1950 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on Charles Perrault's 1697 fairy tale of the same title, it is the 12th Disney animated feature film. The film was directed by Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Luske, and Clyde Geronimi. It features the voices of Ilene Woods, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton, Rhoda Williams, James MacDonald, Luis van Rooten and Don Barclay with Helene Stanley and Claire Du Brey each serving as the live model for Cinderella and Fairy Godmother respectively.

During the early 1940s, Walt Disney Productions had suffered financially after losing connections to the European film markets due to the outbreak of World War II. Because of this, the studio endured box office bombs such as *Pinocchio* (1940), *Fantasia* (1940), and *Bambi* (1942), all of which would later become more successful with several re-releases in theaters and on home video. By 1947, the studio was over $4 million in debt and was on the verge of bankruptcy. Walt Disney and his animators returned to feature film production in 1948 after producing a string of package films with the idea of adapting Charles Perrault's *Cendrillon* into an animated film.

*Cinderella* was released to theatres on February 15, 1950, receiving critical acclaim and becoming a box office success, which made it Disney's biggest hit since *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs* (1937) and helped reverse the studio's fortunes. It also received three Academy Award nominations, including Best Scoring of a Musical Picture, Best Sound Recording, and Best Original Song for "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo".

The film was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, *Cinderella II: Dreams Come True* (2002) and *Cinderella III: A Twist in Time* (2007), and a live-action remake in 2015. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".