Other Fauna/Uncovered

Minor **Uncovered** Cut

MinorUncoveredCut

Listed on this page are various animals that were only displayed and/or mentioned in the Uncovered segments of Prehistoric Planet, grouped by segments, which are in turn arranged by the order of the episodes each Uncovered segment is associated with.

Some Uncovered segments feature a few creatures known only from post-Mesozoic times leading up to the modern day (e.g. lions, elephants, horses, modern birds), or are otherwise not shown in a Mesozoic setting (e.g. cuttlefish). These would clearly not be featured on this page.

Species that were neither referenced by name nor shown in any capacity on Prehistoric Planet will also not appear here (one example is *Zuul crurivastator*, which showed evidence of intraspecific combat between ankylosaur in a 2022 study that was most likely referenced by the end of the Uncovered segment "How Did Ankylosaurs Use Their Tail?", but since it was neither displayed nor referenced by name, it won't be present on this page).

It is best not to identify animals that cannot possibly or reasonably be identified (e.g. the mammals that appeared in "What Else Lived Alongside The Dinosaurs?"). If unidentified animals appear in a group (like the aforementioned mammals), they are to be put under one section. It is only once an animal can be reasonably identified that it can be given its own section.

## Flamboyant Flyers

### *Dawndraco*

***Dawndraco*** (Dawn Dragon) is a pteranodontid pterosaur that lived in the Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Formation, Utica, Kansas, USA, around 86 million years ago, during the Santonian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period. Its existence is controversial since it is believed to be nothing more but a junior synonym of *Geosternbergia*, which is itself mostly considered to just be a species of *Pteranodon* (*P. sternbergi*). With a wingspan of 6 meters (20 feet), it was large by pteranodontid standards, but moderately-sized when taking into account all pterosaurs including the azhdarchids.

*Dawndraco kanzai*, along with other crested pterosaurs, briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species.

### *Dsungaripterus*

***Dsungaripterus*** (Junggar Wing) is a dsungaripterid pterosaur that lived in the Tugulu Group, Junggar Basin, northwest China, around 133 - 100 million years ago, from the Hauterivian to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period. With a wingspan of 3.5 - 5 meters (11 - 16 feet), *Dsungaripterus* is believed to have navigated across the wetlands of the lacustrine (lake-based) Junggar Basin to probe mud, sand, and tiny crevices for food (e.g. shellfish), using the toothless, upturned tip of its narrow 50-centimeter (20-inch) skull to pry prey from cracks in rocks before crushing them with flat, knob-like teeth in the back of its jaws. It also has a low, bony crest that ran from the back of its head to half of its beak. It is by this low crest, toothless, upturned beak tip, and knobbly rear teeth adapted for durophagy (the consumption of tough food, like shelled prey) that *Dsungaripterus* can be identified.

*Dsungaripterus weii* (depicted crushing a clam with its rear teeth), along with other crested pterosaurs, briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species.

### *Pteranodon*

***“ Pteranodon. A genus of pterosaur that included some of the largest known flying reptiles, with wingspans over 7 meters. ”***

― Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - Flamboyant Flyers
***Pteranodon*** (Wing without Teeth) is one of the most famous of the pterosaurs, with over 1,200 discovered specimens found Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota and Alabama, USA, indicating its importance to the ecosystem of the Western Interior Seaway around 86 - 84 million years ago, during the Santonian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period.

Believed to play a role analogous to a modern-day seabird, with long, soaring wings and a diet comprised of fish and invertebrates (captured either by skimming the water's surface or, more likely, by diving and swimming), *Pteranodon* is also theorized to be sexually dimorphic, with the females possessing wingspans of 3.5 meters (11 feet) and the males possessing wingspans of 6 - 7 meters (20 - 23 feet), though estimates of 7 meters and above have proven to be unreliable in recent years.

*Pteranodon longiceps*, along with other crested pterosaurs, is shown in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species. It was first seen along with the heads of other pterosaurs like *Thalassodromeus* and *Dsungaripterus*, then it is put alongside *Tupandactylus* to briefly compare the two and further showcase the great variation of crest design in pterosaurs.

### *Raeticodactylus*

***Raeticodactylus*** (Raetian Finger, named after the area it was found in, the Swiss Canton Grisons, which used to be known as "Raetia" when it was a province under the Roman Empire) is a non-pterydactyloid pterosaur that lived in the Kössen Formation of the central Austroalpine of Grisons, Switzerland, around 213 - 209 million years ago, from the Norian to the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic Period. Being one of the earliest pterosaurs, it had a mere wingspan of 1.35 centimeters (4 feet, 3 inches), and, based on other early pterosaurs like its relative *Caviramus*, evolved its fang-like teeth for an omnivorous diet. It had a keel on its lower jaw as well as a thin, tall, bony crest on its nose, one of the first known head ornaments on a pterosaur.

*Raeticodactylus filisurensis*, along with other crested pterosaurs, briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species.

### *Sinopterus*

***Sinopterus*** (Chinese Wing) is a sinopterine tapejarid pterosaur that lived in the Jiufotang Formation, Chaoyang, Liaoning, northeast China, around 120 million years ago, during the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period. It was the first tapejarid discovered outside of Brazil, as well as the earliest and most complete tapejarid. It is a small animal with a maximum wingspan of 1.9 meters (6 feet, 2 inches) and weighed around 2.87 kilograms (6.3 pounds).

*Sinopterus dongi* is known from several different fossils of various growth stages. Other tapejaramorph pterosaurs that lived alongside it, like *Huaxiapterus jii* and *Nemicolopterus crypticus*, are believed to be merely juveniles of this species. Although *Nemicolopterus* has underwent ossification (bone formation) in its toes, sternum, and gastralia (belly ribs), making it appear to be a still-growing sub-adult, Dr. Darren Naish, Prehistoric Planet's lead consultant, brought up how pterosaurs may have been precocial (mobile just shortly after birth and quick to mature, an idea shown on Prehistoric Planet through the *Alcione* and the azhdarchids of the Songliao Basin), thus, the fact that *Nemicolopterus* was undergoing some bone fusion and ossification at the time of its death does not necessarily dismiss the theory that it is just the hatchling of a *Sinopterus*, with the idea being formally presented and supported in a 2021 study.

*Sinopterus dongi*, along with other crested pterosaurs, briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species.

### *Tapejara*

***Tapejara*** (from a Tupi word meaning "Lord of Ways") is a pterosaur that lived in the Romualdo Formation, Santana Group, Araripe Basin, northeast Brazil, around 112 million years ago, during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period. It is the type species of the tapejarids, a family of pterosaurs known for their large crests. It was a small animal, with a wingspan of 1.2 - 1.3 meters (4 feet - 4 feet, 4 inches), and a moderately-sized crest on its nose (though the animal is sometimes reconstructed with this crest being significantly taller and wider, extending all the way to the back of its head). Based off of its sclerotic rings (the bony rings within the eyes), which were proportionally moderate in size compared to those of modern birds and reptiles, *Tapejara* is suggested to have been cathemeral (active through both day and night in short, irregular intervals). The animal was likely an omnivore or a frugivore (fruit-eater) based on its parrot-like beak, a trait shared by many of its relatives.

*Tapejara wellnhoferi*, along with other crested pterosaurs, briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species.

### *Thalassodromeus*

***Thalassodromeus*** (Sea Runner) is a raptorial, macropredatory thalassodromine tapejarid (or thalassodromid azhdarchoid) pterosaur that lived in the Romualdo Formation, Santana Group, Araripe Basin, northeast Brazil, around 110 million years ago, during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period. It stood around 1.8 meters (6 feet) tall, matching a human in height, and has a wingspan of around 4.2 - 4.5 meters (14 - 15 feet). While its weight isn't known, it likely weighed as much as its relative, *Tupuxuara*, around 25 kilograms (55 pounds), or perhaps slightly greater due to its more robust physique.

Originally thought to be a skimmer like modern seabirds (hence its name), it is now believed to not possess the proper adaptations for such a lifestyle, for its scissor-like bill and thin crest would not have withstood the high and unstable forces of skimming (in fact, this resulted in an aluminum model of *Thalassodromeus* getting destroyed in an experiment meant to test its skimming capabilities), and the metabolic energy required for skim-feeding would not have been feasibly attained - much less sustained - by pterosaurs weighing over a kilogram (2.2 pounds). Instead, it would have prowled inland environments with its short, broad wings (as opposed to the long, narrow wings of marine soarers) that are unlikely to get snagged on obstacles, and maneuvered quickly on the ground with long strides (helped by large shoulder muscles that permitted quick acceleration and short, compact feet). As a macropredator, it was adapted to hunt large prey in proportion to its size, capable of engaging in raptorial (grabbing) behavior by capturing struggling animals with its large, reinforced beak, subduing or outright killing them with the tremendous bite force generated by its powerful jaw muscles, before easily swallowing them with its large, concave palate. Having lived a few million years prior to the first azhdarchids, *Thalassodromeus* was one of the most powerful predatory pterosaurs of its time.

With a skull length of 1.42 meters (4 feet, 8 inches), *Thalassodromeus sethi* is also known for having one of the largest known heads of any non-azhdarchid pterosaur, as well as one of the largest (in terms of proportion) head crests of any vertebrate. This thin, blade-like skull ornament resembles the double-plumed crown supposedly worn by Seth, the Egyptian god of deserts, storms, violence, disorder, and foreigners (hence its species name, "sethi"), though it's been pointed out since 2005 that such a crown is actually worn by Amon, Egyptian god of air (later combined with the Egyptian sun god, Ra, under the name "Amon-Ra"). The crest is believed to have developed late in life (the specimen's fused bones indicated that it was an adult), and thus evolved for sexual display reasons rather than aerodynamics. It is by this distinctive, double-plumed blade-like crest and large skull that *Thalassodromeus* can be identified (it's been theorized that the V-shaped notch at the end of the crest was simply the result of damage chipping its tip off and that, in perfect condition, the crest had a more conventional convex shape much like its relative *Tupuxuara*, though this proposition did not garner that much support).

*Thalassodromeus sethi*, along with other crested pterosaurs, briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species.

### *Tupandactylus*

***“ Tupandactylus imperator. Known from four nearly complete skulls, Tupandactylus is known for its large cranial crest, composed partly of bone and partly of soft tissue. ”***

― Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - Flamboyant Flyers
***Tupandactylus*** (Tupan Finger, named after the thunder god of the native Tupi people) is a tapejarid pterosaur that lived in the Crato Formation, Araripe Basin, northeast Brazil, around 112 million years ago, during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period. It is known for the two bony prongs poking from the tip of its snout and the back of its head, serving as the supports of a massive cranial crest of soft tissue, likely brightly colored to serve as a signaling device.

***“ Some of the ideas that we've had are, in some way, it's helping the animal to fly, maybe it's reducing drag. We've done some tests in wind tunnels, and all the studies have found that there may be a very small advantage to it, and if there is a very small one, then what's the point of putting such a huge structure on the back of your skull if it's not really helping you? So yeah, it's got to be for something else. ”***

― **Dr. Liz Martin-Silverstone**, *School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol*
The type species, *Tupandactylus imperator* was shown in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers", which is dedicated to the extravagant displays of several pterosaur species. It was first seen along with the heads of other pterosaurs like *Thalassodromeus* and *Dsungaripterus*, then it is put alongside *Pteranodon* to briefly compare the two and further showcase the great variation of crest design in pterosaurs. *Tupandactylus* was also shown later on in the segment in a graphic representation of a wind tunnel simulation meant to test the theory that pterosaur crests served an aerodynamic purpose. It was concluded that the advantage huge crests offered in flight was too small for it to be their primary purpose, with the structures being too big to be worth evolving for flight enhancement. With this, the theory that the crests were meant for display purposes appeared more acceptable, and indeed, it is believed that *Tupandactylus* and other crested pterosaurs were sexually dimorphic, with the males (mostly older ones) possessing larger body sizes than the females as well as larger crests (that is, if the females of the species possess crests of any sort at all).

### *Tupuxuara*

***Tupuxuara*** (named after a "familiar spirit", a supernatural entity which assists and protects witches, in the mythology of the native Tupi people) is a thalassodromine tapejarid (or thalassodromid azhdarchoid) pterosaur that lived in the Romualdo Formation, Santana Group, Araripe Basin, northeast Brazil, around 112 million years ago, during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period. It stood around 1.8 meters (6 feet) tall, matching a human in height, has a wingspan of around 4.7 meters (15 feet, 5 inches), and weighed around 25 kilograms (55 pounds). Originally viewed as a piscivore (fish eater) or frugivore (fruit eater), *Tupuxuara* is now believed to be a carnivore or omnivore competent in terrestrial locomotion, though, due to its lightly-built skull, it lacks the specializations that allowed its close relative *Thalassodromeus* to tackle and kill much larger prey. Based off of its sclerotic rings (the bony rings within the eyes), which were proportionally moderate in size compared to those of modern birds and reptiles, *Tupuxuara* is suggested to have been diurnal.

There are three species of *Tupuxuara*, each with their own distinct crest shape. The type species, described in 1988, is *T. longicristatus*, which has a long, pointy, narrow crest that is swept back (hence its species name, "longicristatus", which means "long-crested"). Another species, named in 2009 by Dr. Mark Witton (a palaeontologist best known for his pterosaur research, and one of the many experts who worked on Prehistoric Planet), is *T. deliradamus*, which has a shorter, more rounded crest and a diamond-shaped opening in its skull (its species name, "deliradamus", means delirious and diamond, which references both its diamond-shaped skull opening and the song "Shine on You Crazy Diamond" by Pink Floyd, one of Dr. Witton's favorite bands). However, a 2023 study casts doubt on whether this species is *Tupuxuara*, as it instead appears to be a tapejarine related to *Caupedactylus*. What appears to be the most recognized specimen, however, is a species discovered in 1994, *Tupuxuara leonardii* (named in honor of Italian sprinter Giuseppe Leonardi). Its crest appears broader than that of *T. longicristatus*, but longer, more angular, and not as rounded as that of *T. deliradamus*. *Tupuxuara*, like other pterosaurs, likely only fully grew its crest upon reaching sexual maturity, as a subadult specimen described in 2006 did not have a fully-developed crest.

*Tupuxuara leonardii*, along with other crested pterosaurs, briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "Flamboyant Flyers".

## Did *Velociraptor* Have Feathers?

### Unidentified Maniraptorans

***“ The idea that dinosaurs like Velociraptor were fully feathered is no longer at all controversial. We currently know of about 60 dinosaur species that are completely covered in feathers just like modern birds. ”***

― **Dr. Darren Naish**, *Lead Scientific Consultant*
A total of 46 different maniraptorans (counting repetitions of the same animal) were shown in a single diagram in "Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - Did *Velociraptor* Have Feathers?" Most of the species shown were dromaeosaurs (at least one of which appears to be an unenlagiine, as indicated by its narrow snout) and troodontids, though there is at least one oviraptororosaur (the same specimen was shown twice in the diagram) and one therizinosaur (which was also shown twice in the diagram).

### *Zhenyuanlong*

***“ Some of the most perfect fossilized feathers have been discovered in China. This is an image of a specimen that was found in 2015. It's called "Zhenyuanlong". And you can probably guess from these huge claws on its feet that it was related to a Velociraptor. But also, you can see amazingly perfect detail of feathers down its tail and more on its arms, its wings. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *Prehistoric Planet: Uncovered - Did Velociraptor Have Feathers?*
***Zhenyuanlong*** (Zhenyuan's Dragon, named after Zhenyuan Sun, a representative of Jinzhou Paleontological Museum who secured the animal's remains for study) is a dromaeosaurid that lived in the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China, around 125 million years ago, during the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period. It resembled *Velociraptor* in height and length, being around two meters (6 feet, 7 inches) long (though it should be noted that the animal's bones, still in the process of growing, indicate that it is a subadult), but appeared to have been slightly more robust, with a shorter but broader skull and the shortest arm-to-leg length ratio of any dromaeosaur except the basal dromaeosaur *Mahakala* and the large unenlagiine *Austroraptor*.

An image of the remains of *Zhenyuanlong suni* was briefly given focus in the Uncovered segment "Did *Velociraptor* Have Feathers?". Its sickle toe claws were brought up to indicate its relation to *Velociraptor*, and it feathery coat, preserved in exquisite detail, was given emphasis to show clear evidence of the presence of feathers on dromaeosaurs.

## Armed for Seduction?

### *Ceratosaurus*

***“ ...over millions of years, these dinosaurs came to rely more on their mouths for holding and killing prey, so their heads became more powerful, and their arms became smaller. ”***

― **Dr. Darren Naish**, *Lead Scientific Consultant*
***Ceratosaurus*** (Horned Lizard) is a theropod dinosaur that lived in the Morrison Formation of North America, the Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, and possibly the Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, East Africa, and the Tacuarembó Formation of Uruguay, around 153 - 148 million years ago, from the Kimmeridgian to the Tithonian stage of the Late Jurassic Period.

Recognized for its three horns (one over each eye and one on its nose) and its four-fingered hands, this theropod, only 2 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) tall, 7 meters (23 feet) long, and 980 kilograms (2,160 pounds) in weight given its maximum estimates, is usually remembered as a mesopredator that lived in the shadow of other, larger carnivores it coexisted with, like *Allosaurus*, *Torvosaurus*, the last and largest of the megalosaurids, *Saurophaganax* (which may or may not be just an exceptionally-large *Allosaurus*), and *Veterupristisaurus*, the first carcharodontosaurid. However, *Ceratosaurus* is still a fearsome predator in its own right, and may have avoided conflict (albeit not entirely so) by occupying a different niche. Its lower, slimmer, and more sinuous build may have permitted it to hunt in forests and other more restricted terrains while the other predators mostly hunted in more open areas.

*Ceratosaurus* was briefly shown in the Uncovered segment "Armed for Seduction?", being part of an evolutionary sequence where *Coelophysis* turns into *Ceratosaurus*, which then morphs into *Carnotaurus* (referencing how abelisaurs evolved from members of the ceratosaurian clade). Early theropods like *Coelophysis* relied on grabbing prey with long, narrow and weak snouts, long arms, and functional fingers with long claws. But as they continued to evolve, their heads become more powerful, and their arms grew smaller and less functional. While *Ceratosaurus* had functional but shorter arms, by the time of *Carnotaurus*, these limbs were almost useless, lacking claws and even wrists entirely, with the four fingers they got from their ceratosaurian ancestors even immobilized since they were fused together.

### *Coelophysis*

***“ Everyone knows that T. rex had small arms. But dozens of predatory dinosaurs from all around the world had small arms too. They all evolved from earlier dinosaurs that had much longer arms... ”***

― **Dr. Darren Naish**, *Lead Scientific Consultant*
***Coelophysis*** (Hollow Form, a reference to the animal's vertebrae) is an early theropod dinosaur that lived in southwestern USA around 228 - 201 million years ago, from the Carnian to Rhaetian stages of the Late Triassic Period. It grew to around over 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall, three meters (10 feet) long, with weight estimates ranging within 15 - 25 kilograms (33 - 55 pounds). The animal had an overall slender build.

As one of the earliest (but not the absolute earliest) theropods, *Coelophysis* can show just how theropods started out, and how they evolved into the more formidable hunters that appeared later down the Mesozoic. Based on its sclerotic rings (the bony rings that support its eyes), *Coelophysis* is a diurnal predator, possessing sharp vision on par with modern-day birds of prey like eagles and hawks, but possessing poor night vision. Several *Coelophysis* are usually found grouped together in close proximity, which could either be an indication of pack-hunting behavior, or several animals simply being swept away by a flash flood. *Coelophysis* was also, at one point, believed to have cannibalized their own juveniles during times of hardship, but studies since then have indicated that the fossils just so happened to end up on top of each other, with the juveniles apparently being too large to have been consumed (be it whole or in chunks), the bones lacking tooth marks or stomach acid pitting, and the supposedly cannibalized individuals being found significantly lower than the larger animals.

*Coelophysis* was briefly shown in the Uncovered segment "Armed for Seduction?", being part of an evolutionary sequence where it turns into *Ceratosaurus*, which then morphs into *Carnotaurus* (referencing how abelisaurs evolved from members of the ceratosaurian clade). Early theropods like *Coelophysis* relied on grabbing prey with long, narrow and weak snouts, long arms, and functional fingers with long claws. But as they continued to evolve, their heads become more powerful, and their arms grew smaller and less functional.

## What Else Lived Alongside The Dinosaurs?

### Unidentified Mammals

A total of eight unidentified mammals (one on a diagram behind research leader Anjali Goswami, seven more in a revolving display) were shown in the Uncovered Segment "What Else Lived Alongside The Dinosaurs?" One of these mammals has outstretched patagia (wing membranes), meaning that it could be *Volaticotherium*, *Maiopatagium*, a cousin of theirs, or some other unrelated mammal that evolved wing membranes.

## How Did Ankylosaurs Use Their Tail?

### *Ankylosaurus*

***“ Powerful muscles and reinforced bone allow them to use these structures as weapons. Fossils show ankylosaur tails had similar adaptations. ”***

― **David Attenborough**, *How Did Ankylosaurs Use Their Tail?*
***Ankylosaurus*** (Fused Lizard) is the type species of the ankylosaurs, as well as the last member of the family. At around 2.14 meters (7 feet) tall, 8 meters (26 feet) long, and 8 metric tons (8.8 short tons) in weight, it was also likely the largest ankylosaur. It lived in various regions of western North America (e.g. the Denver, Hell Creek, Lance, and Scollard Formations) 68 - 66 million years ago, during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period.

***“ There's evidence on the pelvis for muscles that extended down the tail, and that would have attached to the handle of this tail club. ”***

― **Dr. Susannah Maidment**, *Natural History Museum*
*Ankylosaurus* briefly appeared in the Uncovered segment "How Did Ankylosaurs Use Their Tail?". While one diagram near the end of the segment appears to show *Tarchia*, a label on the bottom left of the skeleton (which is later filled in with skin) actually identified it as *Ankylosaurus*, which demonstrated how ankylosaurs would have swung their tails, stiffened and reinforced by bony rods.

Skeleton of an ankylosaur (titled *Ankylosaurus* on the bottom left) meant to stand in for *Tarchia*Reconstruction of an ankylosaur (titled *Ankylosaurus* on the bottom left) meant to stand in for *Tarchia*The tail of *Ankylosaurus*, showing how reinforced an ankylosaurid's tail is
## References

### General

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 As indicated by the original source of the pterosaur artworks used in Flamboyant Flyers, Why Did Pterosaurs Have Crests?
2. ↑ A new pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae) from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China and its implications for biostratigraphy
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Powered flight in hatchling pterosaurs: evidence from wing form and bone strength
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 *The Princeton Field Guide to Pterosaurs*
6. ↑ A new view of pterosaur feeding habits
7. ↑ On the phylogenetic affinities of the tapejarid pterosaur ‘*Tupuxuara deliradamus*’ from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil
8. ↑ Rinehart, L.F.; Heckert, A.B.; Lucas, S.G.; Hunt, A.P. (2004). "The sclerotic ring of the Late Triassic theropod dinosaur *Coelophysis*". *New Mexico Geological Society Spring Meeting*. **26**: 64.
9. ↑ Rinehart, L.F.; Lucas, S.G.; Heckert, A.B.; Spielmann, J.A.; Celesky, M.D. (2009). "The paleobiology of *Coelophysis bauri* (Cope) from the Upper Triassic (Apachean) Whitaker quarry, New Mexico, with detailed analysis of a single quarry block". *New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, A Division of the Department of Cultural Affairs Bulletin*. **45**: 260.
10. ↑ Gay, R.J. (2010a). *Notes on Early Mesozoic Theropods (First ed.)*. Lulu press. pp. 9–24.
11. ↑ Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage

### Dr. Darren Naish

1. ↑ Tiny pterosaurs and pac-man frogs from hell

### Dr. Mark Witton

1. ↑ On the Size and Flight Diversity of Giant Pterosaurs, the Use of Birds as Pterosaur Analogues and Comments on Pterosaur Flightlessness
2. ↑ Did pterosaurs feed by skimming? Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method
3. ↑ Witton, M. P. (2013). *Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy* (1st ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press
4. ↑ A new species of *Tupuxuara* (Thalassodromidae, Azhdarchoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, with a note on the nomenclature of Thalassodromidae