德意志帝国

**Germany,** or officially the **Deutsches Kaiserreich** (German: *German Empire*) is a country in Central Europe. The Empire is a semi-constitutional monarchy composed of twenty-seven constituent monarchical states, ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty. Germany is frequently considered the most powerful country in the world, with its influence stretching across much of the globe. The German Empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors of Palace of Versailles in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco-Prussian War. As the main victor of the Weltkrieg, Germany controls a vast overseas empire with colonial holdings in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Germany also leads the Reichspakt and Mitteleuropa, military and economic alliances respectively involving several Eastern, Central, and Northern European nations.

德国，正式名称为**德意志帝国（Deutsches Kaiserreich）**，位于中欧。德意志帝国是一个由二十七个君主制国家组成的半君主立宪制国家，由霍亨索伦王朝统治。德国被公认为是全球作为强大的国家，能在全球范围内施展其影响力。德意志帝国作为普法战争的结果，在1871年1月18日，凡尔赛宫镜厅宣告成立。作为世界大战的主要胜利者，德国控制着一个庞大的殖民帝国，在非洲、亚洲和太平洋拥有自己的殖民领地。同时，德国也是帝国公约与中欧联盟的领导者，在东欧、中欧乃至北欧都拥有与其在军事或者经济上形成同盟的友邦。

Germany is bordered on the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea, to the east by Poland, Lithuania, and the United Baltic Duchy, to the south by Austria-Hungary and Switzerland, and to the west by the Commune of France, Flanders-Wallonia, and the Netherlands. Through colonial possessions, Germany also borders Spain, The French Republic, Liberia, Abyssinia, Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, South Africa, Portugal, Siam, the Qing Empire (by way of the League of Eight Provinces and the Shandong Clique), and Australasia.

德国的北部边境接邻北海、丹麦与波罗的海。而东部边境则接壤波兰、立陶宛与波罗的海联合公国。南部边境接壤奥匈帝国与瑞士。西部边境接壤法兰西公社、法兰德斯-瓦隆以及尼德兰。如果考虑殖民领地，那么德国同时也和西班牙、法兰西共和国、利比里亚、阿比西尼亚、埃及、奥斯曼帝国、南非、葡萄牙、暹罗、大清帝国（通过八省联合与鲁系军阀），以及澳大拉西亚。

历史
--

### 德国统一

Under the pressure of Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (the "Iron Chancellor") Germany was finally united: The German Empire was proclaimed in the palace of Louis XIV, Versailles, on January 18, 1871. Wilhelm I, the ruling Kaiser at the time, died on March 9, 1888; his son and heir, Friedrich III, died also only 99 days later, due to incurable throat cancer. Friedrich's son, Wilhelm II, subsequently rose to the throne. Considering Bismarck's foreign policy as too soft, the Kaiser dismissed the Iron Chancellor in 1890, replacing him with more malleable replacements.

在普鲁士宰相奥托·冯·俾斯麦的引导下，德国终于完成统一：第一任德皇威廉一世在1871年1月18日于路易十六的凡尔赛宫镜厅宣布了德意志的最终建立。威廉一世皇帝驾崩于1888年3月9日；他的长子，皇储弗雷德里希三世在加冕为皇帝99天后便因喉癌驾崩。弗雷德里希三世的儿子，威廉二世则登基称帝。威廉二世认为俾斯麦的外交政策过于软弱，因此在1890年将其解职，以更俯首帖耳的替代品担任首相。

### 阳光下的地盘

Wilhelm II was obsessed with his colonial ambitions and began a naval rivalry with Britain on the advice of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, leading to an increasing isolation of a belligerent Germany. Europe came close to war for the first time in 1911 with the Agadir Crisis, when Wilhelm II claimed Morocco. This crisis, adding to the Kaiser's reputation as an irresponsible firebrand, was defused without a war breaking out - but the outbreak had been merely delayed for a few years. However, as history was soon to show, Wilhelm II's gamble would pay off, he would achieve all his aims and more, and even many of his sharpest critics would be forced to admit as much.

威廉二世有着强烈的殖民野心，在阿尔弗雷德·冯·提尔皮茨（Alfred von Tirpitz）海军上将的建议下，德国开始了同英国的海军军备竞赛。于是，这样一个好战的德国便成为了被孤立的对象。1911年，威廉二世宣称德国在摩洛哥的利益，这引发了第二次摩洛哥危机（阿加迪尔危机；Agadir Crisis），首次将欧洲带到了大战的边缘。这场危机最后得以平息，大战也暂时得以避免，直到1914年才爆发。但正如历史将展现的那样，德皇的博弈终获成功，他达成了所有的目的并获得了额外的利益，而所有针对他的批评者不得不暂时闭上嘴巴。

### 世界大战

Archduke Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian revolutionary. One month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in retaliation, and Germany rallied to her side; soon, the German Empire found itself at war against France, Britain, and Russia. Quickly invading Belgium and Luxembourg, the German advance was stopped at the Marne and in Poland, creating the stalemate that would define the war.

1914年6月28日，奥匈帝国皇储斐迪南大公在萨拉热窝遇刺身亡，行刺者是一位塞尔维亚的革命分子。一个月后，奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚宣战，德国随之响应参战。而法国，英国和沙俄迅速站到了对立面，与德国及其盟友开战。在迅速占领比利时和卢森堡之后，德国的攻势停滞于马恩地区和波兰，决定整场战争的漫长拉锯战开始了。

In 1917, Russia collapsed into Revolution and thousands of soldiers were transferred from the Eastern Front to the West. The situation at the home front had become bleak; hunger, deprivation, and anger over the war led to a Socialist uprising in November 1918 that quickly spread and eventually required front line units to be fully suppressed, leading to the signing of the Enabling Act by an intimidated Reichstag.

1917年，沙皇俄国在革命运动中崩溃，数以万计的德军从东线脱身，开赴西线战场。但是国内的情形不容乐观，饥饿、贫困和对漫长战争的愤懑导致了社会主义者在1918年11月发动起义。革命运动迅速蔓延，前线军队不满情绪高涨。这导致诺懦弱的帝国议会签署了授权法，使军方获得了极大的特权。

But finally, in March 1919, after four and a half years of attrition warfare, the German offensive on the Western Front finally succeeded in overrunning the Entente defenses. As their army collapsed, the exhausted French government surrendered and allowed the German army to occupy their nation. However, the French Civil War prevented the Germans from fully realizing their territorial demands.

在长达四年半的拉锯战后，在1919年3月，德军在西线发动的攻势终获成功，突破了协约国的防线。在法军溃败后，惊恐的法国政府投降，将法国全境拱手交予德军。但是，由于法兰西内战的爆发，德国最终还是没能实现全部的领土诉求。

The debate around a possible intervention in this new war also ended with the still-powerful Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) pressuring the weak Reichskanzler, Michaelis, into only allowing Ludendorff continued war-time privileges until the end of this renewed conflict. Enraged, Ludendorff ordered the Kaiser to dismiss the Reichstag, the Bundesrat, and Michaelis and make Paul von Hindenburg new Reichskanzler, thus beginning the Ludendorff dictatorship. Only the Progressive People's Party (FVP) and the SPD protested this obvious coup d'etat, while the Kaiser willingly obliged.

势力犹存的德国社会民主党（Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,SPD）试图迫使懦弱的帝国总理米夏埃利斯（Michaelis）收回鲁登道夫的战时特权，结束军方干政。愤怒的鲁登道夫强迫德皇解散了帝国议会和联邦议会，米夏埃利斯下台，保罗·冯·兴登堡成为了新任帝国总理。于是，鲁登道夫独裁时期开始了。进步人民党（Fortschrittliche Volkspartei,DVP）和社民党强烈抗议这场丝毫不加掩饰的政变，但是没有取得德皇的支持。

### 鲁登道夫独裁

Following their stunning victory against France, German troops were rapidly deployed to secure the occupation of treaty lands the Ottoman Empire's southern fronts. A ceasefire was signed in November 1919 in Copenhagen, but the war with Britain and the remaining Entente nations did not truly end until 1921 when the Peace with Honour was secured.

在取得对法国的辉煌胜利后，德军迅速前往奥斯曼帝国的南部以保护新近获得的土地。1919年11月，交战双方在哥本哈根签署了停火协议，但是直到1921年的光荣和平（Peace with Honour）后，德国与英国及其他协约国成员的战争才得以告终。

However, the economic and social problems the war had caused continued. The population had been pushed to the brink of starvation by the British blockade, which had only truly ended in 1918, and the economy was in a similarly dire state. Demobilization had created a great mass of unemployed men, straining the urban economy, trade with the USA and other neutral countries was only slowly beginning to pick back up, and the eastern puppets were in near-constant chaos.

但是，大战导致的经济和社会问题仍然存在。由于英国对德国港口的封锁，德国在1918年之前一直面临着饥荒的危险，经济也处于崩溃的边缘。复员军人立刻转化为失业人口，消耗着城市经济；与美国及其他中立国的贸易恢复缓慢；而东方的傀儡们也陷入了无止境的混战。

The *Reichskanzler* and the dictator quickly began a series of reform projects to alleviate these problems. The most successful of these was a tax reform spearheaded by Zentrum politician Matthias Erzberger. The reform, which plainly took further power from the constituent countries of the Empire, led to the departure of the Bavarian' *Zentrum*, who formed the *Bayerische Volkspartei (BVP)*. On the other side of the coin, the failed resettlement policies, characterized by the Polish Frontier Strip debacle, failed to help the struggling Junkers and disrupted economic ties with Poland, hindering the economic integration of the eastern puppet states into *Mitteleuropa*.

帝国总理和独裁者迅速开始一系列的改革措施以缓解这些问题。其中最成功的是由中央党党员马蒂亚斯·厄兹伯格牵头的税制改革。这一改革显然从帝国各州中夺取了更多的权力，因此导致了巴伐利亚支部脱离中央党，成立巴伐利亚人民党（BVP）。

With the Reichstag still infinitely suspended, newspaper agitation became the modus operandi of the non-parliamentary opposition, leading to a country increasingly divided between supporters and enemies of the regime; the SPD, exempt from the complete ban on all Socialist party activities, followed a strategy of publicly pushing the boundaries of what was legal, therefore rebranding itself as the only true opposition.

The Kaiser increasingly withdrew from public life, leading to rumors about increasing alienation from his most powerful subordinate. And finally, in 1923, disaster struck; the *Osthilfeskandal* brought together Social Democrats and Liberals with the Kaiser and even Reichskanzler von Hindenburg. Ludendorff found himself banished to his estate and elections were called for the first time in a decade.

### 提尔比茨的黄金时代

After a week of feverish campaigning known as Tage der Schreihälse (German: *Days of the Squallers*), on July 24th, 1923, Ludendorff's DVLP emerged victorious with a vote share of 32%, a harsh blow to Opposition dreams. However, the Kaiser finally picked a new Reichskanzler that proved he would be able to use the calls for reform for his own ends: Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz.

Tirpitz embarked on a program of economic liberalization. Coming after a period of stagnant internal growth, this coincided with the profits of long-term investments in Mitteleuropa finally arriving; the result was an economic boom that would last for the duration of von Tirpitz' chancellorship, cementing his immense popularity and reputation as "The Second Bismarck".

However, this concentration on stimulating the private economy left right-wing elements dissatisfied. On May 14th, 1924, several DVLP Reichstag members formed a new party, the Alldeutsche Verband (German: *Pan-German Union*). With a program of state-controlled economics and Germanic nationalism, this new party seemed to have little chance of success. That changed a year later when the charismatic fighter pilot Hermann Göring became party chairman and led the party to an 8% victory in the elections of 1928.

Tirpitz ended his agenda of foreign withdrawal in 1925 with the well-executed occupation of British colonial possessions following the outbreak of the British Revolution and an alliance with the Zhili Clique of China the next year. With Mittelafrika seizing the English Colonial Holdings and the Allgemeine Ostasien-Gesellschaft, the German dream of a "Place in the Sun" was finally fulfilled.

In Europe, Tirpitz did not have similar success; with the Union of Britain and the Socialist Republic of Italy now firmly established as allies of the Commune of France, he failed in preventing a new German-hostile bloc from forming. A symptom of this failure was the rise in Syndicalist terror, culminating in the assassination of Reichsbank president Karl von Helferrich on August 28th, 1928.

### 空白期

On June 6th, 1930, Reichskanzler von Tirpitz died suddenly during a visit to Hamburg. His death caught the DVLP flat-footed; No other politician was even close to being a possible successor. After von Tirpitz' burial parade through Berlin became the largest mass gathering Germany had ever seen, the media magnate Alfred Hugenberg won the party-internal chairman elections against Ulrich von Hessel.

But even though Hugenberg immediately started a massive campaign to promote himself as the only possible successor of Germany's Second-Greatest Chancellor, the Kaiser did not choose Hugenberg as new Reichskanzler. Instead, after an uncharacteristically long waiting period, Franz von Papen, chairman of the German-conservative party (DKP) - only notable for copying the DVLP program as closely as possible - became Reichskanzler out of the blue on August 3rd.

Shocked and outraged at this most likely personally motivated crossing, Hugenberg adopted a new party program for the DVLP to differentiate them from the DKP; a restoration of power to local nobles and constituent countries, similar to the particularist platform of Zentrum and BVP, but coupled with a return to state-controlled economics and agricultural subsidies for the East-Elbian Junkers.

This new platform proved futile when on July 16th, 1932, after 2 years of eventless business, as usual, von Papen's DKP won a landslide victory, taking 32% and the "new" DVLP sunk to an all-time low of 5%. The SPD stayed the second-largest party with 25%, as they had been for twenty years at this point.

The largest event since then was undefeated Weltkrieg hero Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck becoming honorary chairman for the desolate national-liberal party (NLP) in 1934. The Germans have lost any thirst for adventure; all they - and their politicians - hope for is an extension of the status quo for as long as possible. But the Kaiser is getting old, and so is the post-Weltkrieg order. And even if Germany has never been so powerful, neither has it ever had such heavy burdens.

## 政治与政党

 *主条目：German Empire/Parties*Germany is a semi-federal semi-constitutional monarchy ruled by the German Kaiser (the king of Prussia in a permanent personal union). According to the constitution of the Second German Reich, Chancellor and Government are appointed by - and answer only to - the Kaiser, but legislation needs to be approved by the Reichstag, a chamber elected proportionally by universal male suffrage, and the Bundesrat, consisting of representatives from each of the states.

Despite its rather authoritarian nature, the German political system is very much designed in favor of multi-party coalitions, who secure a majority for the Kaiser's chancellor, therefore gaining a considerable amount of influence on the government's policies. The current coalition is composed out of the German-conservative party (DKP) and the Zentrumspartei (Zentrum).

### 内阁

军事
--

### 陆军

The *Deutsches Heer* (German Army) is the second-largest army in the world, behind the Russian Republic. However, it has been plagued by ， scandals in last few years, indicating that military doctrine and training have not kept pace with the swollen military budget. *Generalfeldmarschall* August von Mackensen, the current head of the *Deutsches Heer,* has been adamant in insisting that there is no need for large-scale reforms: But he is old, and things may soon change.

德意志陆军（*Deutsches Heer* ）是世界上规模第二大的军队，仅次于俄罗斯共和国。但是它这些年饱受丑闻困扰，军事理论和训练的发展远不及它每年吞噬的军费开支。陆军总司令奥古斯特·冯·马肯森（August von Mackensen）元帅坚持认为无需进行大规模改革，但是他老了，有些东西一定要改变。

Most of Germany's ground forces are centralized in Europe, in line with a defense plan created in the late 1920s by *Reichskanzler* Alfred von Tirpitz. Flanders-Wallonia and the currently mothballed Ludendorff Line in Elsass-Lothringen form the basis of defense in the west, while the many Eastern European satellites act as buffer states against Russia in the east. The security of the colonies, save for strategic garrisons in Morocco, Singapore, the Pacific islands, and West Africa, are entrusted to private militias raised and maintained by *Mittelafrika* and the *Aufsichtsrat der Ostasiatische Generalverwaltung*.

大部分德国陆军都遵循帝国总理阿尔弗雷德·冯·提尔皮茨的计划部署在欧洲。佛兰德斯-瓦隆和阿尔萨斯-洛林地区的鲁登道夫防线（Ludendorff Line）守卫西部边境，而东欧的卫星国则防御来自俄罗斯的威胁。除了在摩洛哥，新加坡，太平洋诸岛屿和西非保留驻军外，其他殖民地的安全则交给中央非洲（Mittelafrika）和东亚总督监事会（Aufsichtsrat der Ostasiatische Generalverwaltung）的武装部队负责。

### 海军

The Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) is the largest and arguably the most powerful navy in the world. Despite this, it's supremacy compared to other contemporary navies is not of the same scale as that of the British Royal Navy before the Weltkrieg. Boasting the largest, albeit dated, battleship fleet in the world, the *Kaiserliche Marine* is also one of the few navies in the world to possess aircraft carriers. With bases around the world, the *Kaiserliche Marine* is the German Empire's main method of enforcing the German interests abroad and maintaining security among the vulnerable sea lanes that transport goods to and from the colonies. The *Kaiserliche Marine* is currently headed by Admiral Ludwig von Reuter.

德意志帝国海军是世界上最庞大也是最强大的海军，但是，相较于世界大战前的英国皇家海军，德国海军对于其他国家海军的优势就不那么明显了。虽然德国海军自吹拥有最庞大的战列舰队，但是这些船确实过时了。尽管如此，德意志帝国海军已经装备了世界上为数不多的航空母舰。德国海军在全球都设有基地，正因如此，它成为了德意志帝国在维护海外利益和保护商业航线方面最为依仗的力量。目前，帝国海军的总司令是路德维希·冯·罗伊特（Ludwig von Reuter）海军上将。

### 空军

The *Luftstreitkräfte* (Air Defense Force) is headed by *Generalfeldmarschall* Manfred von Richthofen, the famous combat ace of the *Weltkrieg*. The largest air force in the world, the *Luftstreitkräfte* very much focuses on supporting army operations with a considerable fleet of tactical bombers. The force also maintains a presence abroad, most prominently at Tsingtau, where a large air contingent is located.

德国空军的总司令是世界大战中的王牌飞行员曼弗雷德·冯·里希特霍芬*元帅*。德国空军的规模是世界上最大的，它的主要任务是对地支援，因此它拥有数量庞大的战术轰炸机。在海外，青岛驻扎有一支空军机队。

外交
--

德意志帝国是经济集团中欧同盟的领导人，于1921年战争胜利后成立。中欧同盟由德国及其附属国和欧陆其它盟国组成。

帝国公约是由德国领导的共同防御联盟，包含了德国所有的附属国。

德国与它的前同盟国奥匈帝国、奥斯曼帝国和保加利亚保持着友好关系，这些国家对加入中欧或帝国公约都没有表现出积极的兴趣。

作为一个坚定的反工团主义者，德国已经宣布反对法兰西公社、意大利社会主义共和国和不列颠联盟。德国对协约国的老对手如加拿大和法兰西共和国的看法不太好。

## 殖民地

The burgeoning German colonial empire was largely considered an afterthought during the Weltkrieg, with most of the colonial and dependent territories occupied by the Entente throughout the war. After 1921, the German Empire was able to expand its hold through much of the world, thanks in part to the collapse of the British Empire and French Empire.

由于战时协约国占领了大部分德国的殖民地和附属领土，普遍认为德国殖民帝国在战后才开始快速发展。 1921 年之后，随着大英帝国和法兰西帝国的崩溃，德意志帝国得以将其势力范围扩展到世界大部。

In Europe, Germany controls the island of Malta. In Africa, German dominion is centered on the Mittelafrika, with additional outposts in Berbera, Djibouti, Madagascar, Mauritius Island, Reunion Island, Morocco, and the Suez Canal Zone. In the Far East, the Aufsichtsrat der Ostasiatische Generalverwaltung (AOG) controls several coastal cities while Germany controls the holdings of; Indochina, Kiaochow Bay, Singapore, German Borneo, Ceylon, and Hainan. German colonies in Oceania include; Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, the Bismarck Archipelago, the German Solomon islands, Bougainville Island, Angenehm Island, the Marshall Islands, the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, and German Samoa.

在欧洲，德国控制着马耳他；在非洲，德国主要的殖民地是中央非洲以及一些零散的殖民前哨，如柏培拉、吉布提、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、留尼汪、摩洛哥和苏伊士运河区；在远东，德属泛东亚公司（AOG）控制着几个港口城市，而德属东亚统治着印度支那、胶州湾、新加坡、德属婆罗洲、锡兰和海南的殖民地；在大洋洲，德国的殖民地包括：威廉皇帝领、俾斯麦群岛、德属所罗门群岛、布干维尔岛、恩德岛、马绍尔群岛、马里亚纳群岛、加罗林群岛和德属萨摩亚。

文化
--

### 德国女性

While economic and social forces have ensured that women fill many jobs in the major cities, particularly in service industries and clerical work, the conservative Reich establishment has thus far prevented them from having a vote in Reichstag elections (although some of the more progressive states, such as Wurttemberg and Baden, have permitted female voting in Regional Assemblies). However, the long presence of female politicians in public life, not least of whom is Rosa Luxemburg, grandmother of German Socialism, has made Frauenwahlrecht (women's suffrage) a hot political issue.

### 文学

Germany´s top author at the moment is Erich Paul Remark, whose anti-war book 'Durchbruch' (1929), followed by 'Der Weg vorwärts' (1931) have become immensely popular, despite opposition from the Großer Generalstab. He is currently working on his third book, set after the final armistice with Britain.Nobel Prize winner Thomas Mann is a well-known admirer of the Kaiser and has often been named a potential foreign minister due to his personal prestige. Ernst Jünger, who inaugurated the fashion of the "Weltkrieg diaries" (depictions of the war from the point-of-view of the soldiers), is currently a high-ranking official in the Mittelafrikan administration. German writers have also been involved in extreme politics: Bertolt Brecht's plays barely avoided censorship due to their celebration of syndicalist values, although this has been diluted somewhat in those plays which he has made with his far more conservative collaborator Oswald Spengler, while Alfred Rosenberg's nationalist read-through of German philosophy (Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche) has a limited but noticeable audience in Germany.

### 音乐

While Germany officially endorses classical music - especially Wagner, Bach, Brahms, Mozart, Händel and all German composers, it isn't quite as popular as it once was. Even the Kaiser has begun worshipping Scott Joplin. The spouse of Kronprinz Wilhelm, Princess Cecilie, is a well-known friend of contemporary musicians. Prestigious composers amongst the likes of Siegfried Alkan, Bogislaw Hubermann, Wilhelm Kempff, Elly Ney, Wilhelm Furtwängler and Herbert von Karajan often perform small concerts for the royal family at Cecilienhof Palace.

### 电影

Babelsberg studios, in Berlin's suburbs, are the greatest in Europe and rival even Hollywood in production, quality and number of films. German cinema has become a worldwide industry and the dream factory for the whole of Europe. Moreover, in large part due to the efforts of the now deceased Friedrich Murnau, it has managed to surpass its tentative roots as a mere government propaganda tool, and take a more artistic approach. Popular with the German public are the likes of Hans Albers and Marlene Dietrich, and the renowned comics of Ernst Lubitsch, though Fritz Lang's works are often considered too dark and realistic for viewer's tastes.

### 绘画, 雕塑, 建筑

The Dada wave has also spread to Germany, a divided country who enjoyed the favorable conclusion of the Weltkrieg while it suffered from the long war and blockade: Max Ernst and George Grosz's work, for instance, is characterized by the trauma of the war years. In urbanism, Walter Gropius and his young rival, Albert Speer, struggle for the attention of the German government, intent on majestic monuments in memory of the Weltkrieg. Arno Breker's statues, first conceived as a celebration of the German man, were censored due to their nudity, judged indecent by German authorities.