recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
List of enzymes by EC number

* EC 1. Oxidoreductases
* EC 2. Transferases
	+ EC 2.1. Transferring one-carbon groups
	+ EC 2.2. Transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups
	+ EC 2.3. Acyltransferases
	+ EC 2.4. Glycosyltransferases
	+ EC 2.5. Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups
	+ EC 2.6. Transferring nitrogenous groups
	+ EC 2.7. Transferring phosphorus-containing groups
		- EC 2.7.1. Phosphotransferases with an Alcohol Group as Acceptor
		- EC 2.7.2. Phosphotransferases with a carboxy group as acceptor
		- EC 2.7.3.
		- EC 2.7.4.
		- EC 2.7.5.
		- EC 2.7.6.
		- EC 2.7.7. Nucleotidyltransferases
			* EC 2.7.7.7. DNA-directed DNA polymerase
				+ DNA polymerase I
				+ DNA polymerase II
				+ DNA polymerase III
				+ DNA polymerase α
				+ DNA polymerase β
				+ DNA polymerase γ
				+ DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)
				+ DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)
				+ deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase
				+ deoxynucleate polymerase
				+ deoxyribonucleic acid duplicase
				+ deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase
				+ deoxyribonucleic duplicase
				+ deoxyribonucleic polymerase
				+ deoxyribonucleic polymerase I
				+ DNA duplicase
				+ DNA nucleotidyltransferase
				+ DNA polymerase
				+ DNA replicase
				+ DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
				+ duplicase
				+ Klenow fragment
				+ sequenase
				+ Taq DNA polymerase
				+ Taq Pol I
				+ Tca DNA polymerase
		- EC 2.7.8.
		- EC 2.7.9.
	+ EC 2.8. Transferring sulfur-containing groups
	+ EC 2.9. Transferring Selenium-Containing Groups
	+ EC 2.10. Transferring molybdenum- or tungsten-containing groups
* EC 3. Hydrolases
* EC 4. Lyases
* EC 5. Isomerases
* EC 6. Ligases
Jalview

**Jalview** (sometimes stylized as **JalView**) is a "free program for multiple sequence alignment editing, visualisation and analysis".

## Further Reading

* Waterhouse, A.M., Procter, J.B., Martin, D.M.A, Clamp, M. and Barton, G. J. (2009) "Jalview Version 2 - a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench" *Bioinformatics* 25 (9) 1189-1191 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp033

## References

1. ↑ "What Is Jalview?" *Jalview.org*. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
List of degree granting programs in bioinformatics by degree type

This is a **list of degree granting programs in bioinformatics by degree type**. It therefore will not include degrees in biomedical informatics, computational biology and other similar programs. Only degrees including "bioinformatics" in the name should be included here.

## Undergraduate Programs

### Bachelor of Science (B.S.)

#### Major

* Carnegie Mellon University
* Gannon University
* Iowa State University
* Loyola University
* Rochester Institute of Technology
* Rowan University
* Saint Vincent College
* Sapienza Università di Roma
* Towson University
* University of New Orleans
* University of Pittsburgh
* University of Saskatchewan
* Walsh University

## Graduate Programs

### Master's Degrees

#### Master of Science (M.S.)

* Arizona State University
* Boston University
* Carnegie Mellon University
* Eidgenössische Technische Hochscule Zürich
* Freie Universität Berlin
* George Washington University
* Georgetown University Medical Center
* Georgia Institute of Technology
* Ghent University
* Grand Valley State University
* Imperial College London
* Johns Hopkins University
* Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
* Marquette University
* Northeastern University
* Rowan University
* Technische Universität München
* University of British Columbia
* University of California, Santa Cruz
* University of Copenhagen
* University of Delaware
* University of Georgia
* University of Glasgow
* University of Manchester
* University of Michigan
* University of Missouri–Kansas City
* University of Queensland
* University of Skövde
* Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
* Wageningen University and Research Center

### Doctorate Degrees

#### Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

* Boston University
* Carnegie Mellon University/University of Pittsburgh
* Case Western Reserve University
* Columbia University
* Harvard University
* Georgia Institute of Technology
* Imperial College London
* Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology
* North Carolina State University
* Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
* University of California, Los Angeles
* University of California, San Diego
* University of Delaware
* University of Massachusetts
* University of Michigan
* University of Southern California
* Yale University

### Dual Graduate Degrees

#### Master of Science (M.S.) / Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

* Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
* University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Information theory

**Information theory** is the "theory of the probability of transmission of messages with specified accuracy when the bits of information constituting the messages are subject, with certain probabilities, to transmission failure, distortion, and accidental additions".

## References

1. ↑ "information theory." *American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition*. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/information+theory>
London forces

**London forces** (also known as **dispersion forces** or **London dispersion forces**) are "attractive forces between apolar molecules, due to their mutual polarizability".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
Imatinib

**Imatinib** is a medication "used to treat certain types of leukemia (cancer that begins in the white blood cells) and other cancers of the blood cells".

## References

1. ↑ "Imatinib: MedlinePlus Drug Information." *U.S National Library of Medicine*. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 Aug. 2015. Web. 01 Sept. 2015.
MinION Access Programme

The **MinION Access Programme** (**MAP**) is a "community-focused access project which started in Spring 2014. The philosophy of the MAP is to enable a broad range of people to explore how the MinION may be useful to them, to contribute to developments in analytical tools and applications and to share their experiences and collaborate".

## References

1. ↑ "The MinION™ Access Programme." *Oxford Nanopore Technologies*. Oxford Nanopore Technologies, 2015. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
Leftist tree

A **leftist tree** is a "priority queue implemented with a variant of a binary tree. Every node has a count which is the distance to the nearest leaf. In addition to the heap property, leftist trees are kept so the right descendant of each node has the shorter distance to a leaf".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "leftist tree", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 16 November 2009. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/leftisttree.html
Module

In reference to software, a **module** is a part of a program.

In reference to hardware, a **module** is a self-contained component, although this is usually referred to as a computer module.

In mathematics, a **module** is a "mathematical object in which things can be added together commutatively by multiplying coefficients and in which most of the rules of manipulating vectors hold".

## See Also

* Artinian module
* Different
* Direct sum
* Faithfully flat module
* Field
* Flat module
* Graded module
* Group ring

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "What Is a Module?" Webopedia. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 22 June 2015.
2. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Module." From *MathWorld*--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Module.html
Mass spectrometry

**Mass spectrometry** (**MS**) is the "study of matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are detected and characterized by their mass and charge".

## References

1. ↑ Murray, Kermit K., Robert K. Boyd, Marcos N. Eberlin, G. John Langley, Liang Li, and Yasuhide Naito. "Definitions of Terms Relating to Mass Spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)." *Pure and Applied Chemistry* 85.7 (2013): 1515-609. Print.
IRI

An **IRI** (**Internationalized Resource Identifier**) is a generalization of an URI that permits a wider range of Unicode characters, so that every absolute URI and URL is an IRI, but not every IRI is an URI.

## References

1. ↑ "RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax." *W3C*. Ed. Graham Klyne, Jeremy J. Carroll, and Brian McBride. W3C, 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 24 Sept. 2015.
Intron

An **intron** or **intervening sequence** is a "part of a primary transcript (or the DNA encoding it) that is removed by splicing during RNA processing and is not included in the mature, functional mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
List of diseases and related health problems by ICD-10 Version:2015

## Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)

### Intestinal infectious diseases (A00-A09)

* A00 - Cholera
	+ A00.0 - Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae 01, biovar cholerae
	+ A00.1 - Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae 01, biovar eltor
	+ A00.9 - Cholera, unspecified
* A01 - Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
	+ A01.0 - Typhoid fever

## Chapter II: Neoplasms (C00-D48)

### Malignant neoplasms (C00-C97)

#### Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of specified sites, except of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue (C00-C75)

##### Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx

* C00 - Malignant neoplasm of lip
	+ C00.0 - External upper lip
	+ C00.1 - External lower lip
	+ C00.2 - External lip, unspecified
	+ C00.3 - Upper lip, inner aspect
	+ C00.4 - Lower lip, inner aspect
	+ C00.5 - Lip, unspecified, inner aspect
	+ C00.6 - Commissure of lip
	+ C00.8 - Overlapping lesion of lip
	+ C00.9 - Lip, unspecified
MiSeq

The **MiSeq** desktop sequencer is a device which "allows ... access [to] more focused applications such as targeted gene sequencing, metagenomics, small genome sequencing, targeted gene expression, amplicon sequencing, and HLA typing".

## References

1. ↑ "MiSeq Gene & Small Genome Sequencer." *Illumina*. Illumina, Inc., n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
Ion Torrent sequencing

## Further Reading

* Quail, Michael, Miriam E. Smith, Paul Coupland, Thomas D. Otto, Simon R. Harris, Thomas R. Connor, Anna Bertoni, Harold P. Swerdlow, and Yong Gu. "A Tale of Three next Generation Sequencing Platforms: Comparison of Ion Torrent, Pacific Biosciences and Illumina MiSeq Sequencers." *BMC Genomics* 13.1 (2012): 341. Print.
Isoelectric focusing

**Isoelectric focusing** (**IEF**) is an "electrophoretic technique for separating proteins by causing them to migrate under the influence of an electric field through a medium (as a gel) having a pH gradient to locations with pH values corresponding to their isoelectric points".

## References

1. ↑ "Isoelectric Focusing." *Merriam-Webster*. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2015. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
Insertion sort

**Insertion sort** (also known as **linear insertion sort**) is a sorting algorithm which works by repeatedly taking the next item and inserting it into the final data structure in its proper order with respect to items already inserted. Run time is *O*(*n*2) because of moves.

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "insertion sort", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 2 March 2015. (accessed 16 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/insertionSort.html
MMDB

The **Molecular Modeling DataBase** (**MMDB**) is a "database of experimentally determined three-dimensional biomolecular structures, and is also referred to as the **Entrez Structure database**".

## References

1. ↑ "Content of the Molecular Modeling Database." *NCBI*. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
Monoprotic acid

A **monoprotic acid** is an acid "that can release only one proton per molecule and [has] one equivalence point".

## Further Reading

* ChemLab - Chemistry 3/5 - Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids - Chemistry

## References

1. ↑ Spohrer, Christopher, and Zach Wyatt. "Polyprotic Acids & Bases." *UC Davis ChemWiki*. University of California, Davis, n.d. Web. 9 Sept. 2015.
Introduction to Bioinformatics

***Introduction to Bioinformatics*** is a book written by Arthur Lesk which shows "shows how bioinformatics can be used as a powerful set of tools for retrieving and analyzing this biological data, and how bioinformatics can be applied to a wide range of disciplines such as molecular biology, medicine, biotechnology, forensic science, and anthropology". It is also the name of a similar book written by Teresa Attwood and David Parry-Smith which provides "an undergraduate (final year) introduction to bioinformatics focussing on two key areas, genomics and protein sequence analysis. It provides an overview of primary, composite and secondary databases, and gives a brief introduction to the Internet and the world wide web".

## Arthur Lesk

### Fourth Edition

The fourth edition contains "two new chapters, with significantly increased coverage of metabolic pathways, and gene expression and regulation".

### Third Edition

The third edition contains two new chapers on "biological organization in space and reflects recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics" and "scientific publications and archives provides a state of the art inventory on sourcing scientific literature" as well as "expanded coverage of structural bioinformatics" and an "enhanced online resource centre".

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Introduction to Bioinformatics Paperback – January 1, 2014." *Amazon.com*. Amazon.com, Inc, n.d. Web. 12 June 2015.
2. ↑ "Introduction to Bioinformatics Paperback – June 9, 2001." *Amazon.com*. Amazon.com, Inc, n.d. Web. 12 June 2015.
3. ↑ "Introduction to Bioinformatics Paperback – June 2, 2008." *Amazon.com*. Amazon.com, Inc, n.d. Web. 12 June 2015.
Heap

A **heap** is a "complete tree where every node has a key more extreme (greater or less) than or equal to the key of its parent".

## References

1. ↑ Chris L. Kuszmaul, "heap", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 22 April 2015. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/heap.html
Multiple sequence alignment

A **multiple sequence alignment** (**MSA**, sometimes simply referred to as a **multiple alignment**) is "generally the alignment of three or more biological sequences (protein or nucleic acid) of similar length. From the output, homology can be inferred and the evolutionary relationships between the sequences studied".

## References

1. ↑ "Multiple Sequence Alignment." *EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute*. EMBL-EBI, 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Imino acid

An **imino acid** is an organic acid occasionally occurring as an intermediate in the metabolism of an amino acid and containing both an acid group and a bivalent imino group.

## References

1. ↑ "imino acid." *The American Heritage Medical Dictionary*. 2007. Houghton Mifflin Company 23 Oct. 2015 <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/imino+acid>
Hydrophobic effect

The **hydrophobic effect** refers to the "tendency of nonpolar groups to cluster so as to shield themselves from contact with an aqueous environment".

## External Links

* Hydrophobic hydration
* Protein interactions leading to folding

## References

1. ↑ Lefers, Mark. "Hydrophobic Effect." *Hedgehog Signaling Glossary*. Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 26 July 2004. Web. 09 Sept. 2015.
Metabolome

The **metabolome** is the "complete set of small molecule metabolites found with a biological sample (including metabolic intermediates in carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, nucleic acid, and other biochemical pathways, along with hormones and other signaling molecules, as well as exogenous substances such as drugs and their metabolites)".

## References

1. ↑ Committee on the Review of Omics-Based Tests for Predicting Patient Outcomes in Clinical Trials; Board on Health Care Services; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine; Micheel CM, Nass SJ, Omenn GS, editors. *Evolution of Translational Omics: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward*. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012 Mar 23. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK202162/
Medicine

**Medicine** may refer to either the "science that deals with preventing, curing, and treating diseases" or a "substance that is used in treating disease or relieving pain and that is usually in the form of a pill or a liquid".

## References

1. ↑ "Medicine." *Merriam-Webster*. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, n.d. Web. 15 July 2015.
Linear macromolecule

A **linear macromolecule** is a "macromolecule, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition in linear sequence of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass".

## References

1. ↑ Jenkins, A. D., P. Kratochvìl, R. F. T. Stepto, and U. W. Suter. "Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science." *International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry*. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 25 Oct. 1999. Web. 06 June 2015.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test

The **Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test** (usually referred to as the **Kolmogorov-Smirnov test** and abbreviated as the **KS test** or **K-S test**) is a statistical test used to "decide is a sample comes from a population with a specific distribution".

## References

1. ↑ "1.3.5.16. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test." *Engineering Statistics Handbook*. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), n.d. Web. 9 June 2016.
Imidazolium cation

The **imidazolium cation** is an "imidazolium ion that is the cation resulting from protonation at the 3-position of 1*H*-imidazole".

## External Links

* organic chemistry - Is there a difference between imidazolidinone and imidazolidone? - Chemistry Stack Exchange

## References

1. ↑ "CHEBI:50059 Imidazolium Cation." *QuickGO*. EMBL-EBI, n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2015.
NCBI resources

**NCBI resources** are resources provided by NCBI.

## Databases

* Assembly
* BioProject (formerly Genome Project)
* BioSample
* BioSystems
* Bookshelf
* ClinVar
* CloneDB (formerly Clone Registry)
* Computational Resources from NCBI's Structure Group
* Concensus CDS (CCDS)
* Conserved Domain Database (CDD)
* Database of Expressed Sequence Tags (dbEST)
* Database of Genome Survey Sequences (dbGSS)
* Database of Genomic Structural Variation (dbVar)
* Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP)
* Database of Major Histocompatibility Complex (dbMHC)
* Database of Short Genetic Variations (dbSNP)
* Epigenomics
* GenBank
* Gene
* Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database
* Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Datasets
* Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Profiles
* GeneReviews
* Genes and Disease
* Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)
* Genome
* Genome Reference Consortium (GRC)
* HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database
* HomoloGene
* Influenza Virus
* Journals in NCBI Databases
* MeSH Database
* MedGen
* NCBI C++ Toolkit Manual
* NCBI Education Page
* NCBI Glossary
* NCBI Handbook
* NCBI Help Manual
* NCBI Website Search
* National Library of Medicine (NLM) Catalog
* Nucleotide Database
* Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)
* PopSet
* Probe
* Protein Clusters
* Protein Database
* PubChem BioAssay
* PubChem Compound
* PubChem Substance
* PubMed
* PubMed Central (PMC)
* PubMed Health
* RefSeqGene
* Reference Sequence (RefSeq)
* Retrovirus Resources
* SARS CoV
* Sequence Read Archive (SRA)
* Structure (Molecular Modeling Database)
* Taxonomy
* Third Party Annotation (TPA) Database
* Trace Archive
* UniGene
* UniGene Library Browser
* Viral Genomes
* Virus Variation
HMMER

**HMMER** is a software tool "used for searching sequence databases for homologs of protein sequences, and for making protein sequence alignments. It implements methods using probabilistic models called profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs)".

## External Links

* HMMER3
* HMMER3

## References

1. ↑ "HMMER: biosequence analysis using profile hidden Markov models." *HMMER*. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 June 2015.
Heidelberg Unseminar in Bioinformatics

**Heidelberg Unseminars in Bioinformatics** (**HUBs**) are "participant-driven meetings where people with an interest in bioinformatics come together to discuss hot topics and exchange ideas and then go for a drink and a snack afterwards".

## References

1. ↑ "HUB - Heidelberg Unseminars in Bioinformatics." *HUB*. MediaWiki, 27 May 2015. Web. 10 June 2015.
MedDRA PT

A **MedDRA PT** (sometimes simply referred to as a **PT**, abbreviated from **Preferred Term**) is a distict descriptor (single medical concept) for a symptom, sign, disease diagnosis, therapeutic indication, investigation, surgical or medical procedure, and medical social or family history characteristic.
Huffman compression

**Huffman compression** or **Huffman encoding** (also referred to as **Huffman code** or **Huffman coding**) is an "algorithm for the lossless compression of files based on the frequency of a symbol in the file that is being compressed".

## References

1. ↑ "What Is Huffman Compression?" *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
NcDNA

**ncDNA** (**non-coding DNA**, sometimes written as **noncoding DNA**) refers to a "sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein".

## Further Reading

* Hainer, Sarah J, and Joseph A Martens. “Transcription of ncDNA: Many Roads Lead to Local Gene Regulation.” *Transcription* 2.3 (2011): 120–123. *PMC*. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.

## References

1. ↑ "noncoding DNA." *WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection*. 2003-2008. Princeton University, Clipart.com, Farlex Inc. 22 Oct. 2015 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/noncoding+DNA
Nernst equation

The **Nernst equation** is a "mathematical expression that defines the electric potential *E* across a membrane as directly proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of the ion concentrations on either side of the membrane and inversely proportional to the valency of the ions".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
Kon

***K*on** or ***K*f** is the rate constant for release of an enzyme from a binding site.

## References

1. ↑ Adachi, Kengo, Kazuhiro Oiwa, Masasuke Yoshida, Takayuki Nishizaka, and Kazuhiko Kinosita. "Controlled Rotation of the F1-ATPase Reveals Differential and Continuous Binding Changes for ATP Synthesis." *Nature Communications* 3 (2012): 1022. Print.
Polarity

In chemistry, **polarity** (also referred to as **chemical polarity** or **molecular polarity**) refers to the "nonuniform distribution of electrons in a molecule".

In molecular biology, **polarity** refers to the "distinction between the 5' and 3' ends of nucleic acids".

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nelson, David L., and Michael M. Cox. *Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry*. 5th ed. New York City: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print.
Nearest neighbor search

**Nearest neighbor search** (**NNS**; also known as **proximity search**, **similarity search** or **closest point search**; sometimes also referred to simply as **nearest neighbors**) is a search process which aims to find the point (rectangle, line, etc.) that is closest to another point.

## See Also

* Approximate nearest neighbors
* Nearest centroid classifier
* Nearest neighbors classification
* Nearest neighbors regression
* Point access method
* Spatial access method
* Unsupervised nearest neighbors
* Voronoi diagram

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "nearest neighbor", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 2 September 2014. (accessed TODAY) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/nearestNeighbor.html
Kolmogorov-Smirnov plot

The **Kolmogorov-Smirnov plot** (**KS plot**) is a variant of the PPCC plot which consists of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit value for the given value of the shape parameter on the vertical axis and the distributional family parameter value (i.e., the value of the shape parameter) on the horizontal axis.

## References

1. ↑ "KS PLOT." *Dataplot*. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 7 June 2004. Web. 9 June 2016.
Metabolite

A **metabolite** is the product of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction which occurs naturally within a cell. "To be classified as a metabolite a compound must meet certain criteria. Below is a summary of the major factors to consider in designating a substance a metabolite".

* Metabolites are compounds found inside cells
* Metabolites are recognized and acted upon by enzymes
* The product of a metabolite must be able to enter into subsequent reactions
* Metabolites have a finite half-life; they do not accumulate in cells
* Many metabolites are regulators that control the pace of metabolism
* Metabolites must serve some useful biological functions in the cell

## References

1. ↑ Harris, Edward D. "Biochemical Facts behind the Definition and Properties of Metabolites." N.d. MS. Texas A&M University. *U.S. Food and Drug Administration*. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2 Nov. 2015. Web. 8 Nov. 2016.
Ionization state

An **ionization state** of a molecule is a molecule's charge whenever it gains or loses a proton, H+.

However, the **ionization state** (+*m* in the notation *X*+*m*) of an atom is the "number of electrons that have been removed [from the atom]".

## External Links

* Chapter 2: General Principles: Pharmacokinetics
* Physiological ionization and pKa prediction

## References

1. ↑ "ROCO Acid-Base: Ionization State." *Reed Organic Chemistry Online (ROCO)*. Reed College, n.d. Web. 07 Sept. 2015.
2. ↑ Aschwanden, Markus J. *Physics of the Solar Corona: An Introduction with Problems and Solutions. Berlin: Springer, 2006. Print*.
Microbiomics

**Microbiomics** is the scientific study of the microbiome.

## Further Reading

* Shea, John. "Microbiomics: The Next Big Thing?" *Inside Penn Medicine*. The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, 16 July 2014. Web. 02 Sept. 2015.
* Statnikov, Alexander, Mikael Henaff, Varun Narendra, Kranti Konganti, Zhiguo Li, Liying Yang, Zhiheng Pei, Martin J. Blaser, Constantin F. Aliferis, and Alexander V. Alekseyenko. "A Comprehensive Evaluation of Multicategory Classification Methods for Microbiomic Data." *Microbiome* 1.1 (2013): 11. Print.
Medoid

A **medoid** (rarely referred to as a **medianoid**, **exemplar**, or **k representative object**) is an object in a given dataset which is computed such that the total dissimilarity of all objects to their nearest medoid is minimal.

## External Links

* clustering - How is finding the centroid different from finding the mean? - Cross Validated
* Medoid - Wikipedia

## References

1. ↑ Struyf, Anja, Mia Hubert, and Peter Rousseeuw. "Clustering in an Object-Oriented Environment." *Journal of Statistical Software* 1.4 (1996): 1-30. Print.
Hemiaminal

A **hemiaminal** (or **carbinolamine**) refers to "any organic amino compound that has an amino group and a hydroxy group attached to the same carbon atom. Hemiaminals are intermediates in the formation of imines by addition of an amine to an aldehyde or ketone; those derived from primary amines are particularly unstable".

## References

1. ↑ "Hemiaminal (CHEBI:73080)." *ChEBI*. EMBL-EBI, 13 Apr. 2015. Web. 04 Oct. 2015.
Molecular entity

A **molecular entity** is "any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity".

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997).
In-order traversal

**In-order traversal** (rarely **inorder traversal**) is an algorithm which processes "all nodes of a tree by recursively processing the left subtree, then processing the root, and finally the right subtree".

## External Links

* Binary Search Trees - In-Order Traversal - C++ - Part 3 - YouTube
* Binary tree traversal: Preorder, Inorder, Postorder - YouTube

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "in-order traversal", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 14 August 2008. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/inorderTraversal.html
Lipidome

The **lipidome** is the "complete set of lipids in a biological sample".

## References

1. ↑ Committee on the Review of Omics-Based Tests for Predicting Patient Outcomes in Clinical Trials; Board on Health Care Services; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine; Micheel CM, Nass SJ, Omenn GS, editors. *Evolution of Translational Omics: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward*. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012 Mar 23. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK202162/
Hsp70/Hsp40

## External Links

* 11 - Solo Chaperone - Interview with Dr. Gabriela Chiosis - YouTube
* The HSP40/HSP70 protein folding machine | Cayman Chemical

## Further Reading

* Fan, Chun-Yang, Soojin Lee, and Douglas M. Cyr. “Mechanisms for Regulation of Hsp70 Function by Hsp40.” *Cell Stress & Chaperones* 8.4 (2003): 309–316. Print.
* Qiu, X. -B., Y. -M. Shao, S. Miao, and L. Wang. "The Diversity of the DnaJ/Hsp40 Family, the Crucial Partners for Hsp70 Chaperones." *Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences* 63.22 (2006): 2560-570. Print.
* Silflow, C. D., X. Sun, N. A. Haas, J. W. Foley, and P. A. Lefebvre. "The Hsp70 and Hsp40 Chaperones Influence Microtubule Stability in Chlamydomonas." *Genetics* 189.4 (2011): 1249-260. Print.
MAASE

The **Manually Annotated Alternatively Spliced Events** (**MAASE**) database system is a "unique alternative splicing information resource designed specifically with experimentalists in mind. MAASE is an online resource for convenient access, identification, and annotation of alternative splicing events (ASEs)".

## References

1. ↑ "MAASE." *MAASE*. The Regents of the University of California (in San Diego) / San Diego Supercomputer Center, 2005. Web. 20 July 2015.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic

The **Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic** (**K-S statistic**), ***D***, represents a "measure of the significance of the maximum vertical displacement between two cumulative frequency distributions". It may also refer to the maximum (vertical) distance between distributions (**D**, typically not italicized). Rarely, the given vertical distance may also be abbreviated as **D** or be referred to as the **D value** (the **distance value**).

## Critical Values

The critical value for a given sample size *n* is abbreviated as ***Dn***.

## External Links

* Critical values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for goodness of fit
* RPubs - kolmogorov-smirnov plot in R

## References

1. ↑ Watson, James V. Flow Cytometry Data Analysis: Basic Concepts and Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print.
NLP

**NLP** (**Natural Language Processing**) is a "branch of artificial intelligence that deals with analyzing, understanding and generating the languages that humans use naturally in order to interface with computers in both written and spoken contexts using natural human languages instead of computer languages".

## References

1. ↑ "NLP." *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc., 2015. Web. 07 June 2015.
Nervous system

The **nervous system** is the "bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs".

## See Also

* central nervous system
* autonomic nervous system
* peripheral nervous system

## References

1. ↑ "Nervous System." *Merriam-Webster.com*. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 23 July 2015. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nervous%20system>.
National Drug File Reference Terminology

The **National Drug File - Reference Terminology'** (**NDF-RT**) is an "extension of the VHA National Drug File (NDF)" which "organizes the drug list into a formal representation".

## External Links

* 2015AA UMLS National Drug File - Reference Terminology Source Information

## References

1. ↑ "National Drug File Reference Terminology (NDF-RT)." *United States Department of Veteran Affairs*. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 3 Sept. 2015. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.
Macromolecule

A **macromolecule** (rarely **polymer molecule**) is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass".

## References

1. ↑ Jenkins, A. D., P. Kratochvìl, R. F. T. Stepto, and U. W. Suter. "Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science." *International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry*. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 25 Oct. 1999. Web. 06 June 2015.
Nematode.net

**Nematode.net** an online database whose mission "is through integrated approaches to accelerate progress towards developing more efficient and sustainable parasitic nematode control programs".

## References

1. ↑ Martin J, Rosa BA, Ozersky P, Hallsworth-Pepin K, Zhang X, Bhonagiri-Palsikar V, Tyagi R, Wang Q, Choi Y, Gao X, McNulty S, Brindley PJ and Mitreva M (2014) "Helminth.net: expansions to Nematode.net and an introduction to Trematode.net." *Nucleic Acids Research*, first published online November 12, 2014.
Molecular structure

**Molecular structure** is the description of the "type, arrangement, position, and direction of the bonds linking atoms within a molecule".

## Further Reading

* Bader, Richard F. W. "Definition of Molecular Structure: By Choice or by Appeal to Observation?" *The Journal of Physical Chemistry A* 2010 114 (28), 7431-7444.
* Wilson, E. B. (1979), "On the definition of molecular structure in quantum mechanics." *Int. J. Quantum Chem.*, 16: 5–14.

## References

1. ↑ "molecular structure." *Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine*. 2005. Elsevier, Inc. 7 Jun. 2015.
Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

The ***Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology*** (**JBCB**) is a journal which "aims to publish high quality, original research articles, expository tutorial papers and review papers as well as short, critical comments on technical issues associated with the analysis of cellular information".

## References

1. ↑ "JBCB Aims and Scope (World Scientific)." *Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology*. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2015. Web. 08 June 2015.
Key

**Key** refers to the "part of a group of data by which it is sorted, indexed, cross referenced, etc".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "key", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 16 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/key.html
Introduction to Genomics

***Introduction to Genomics*** is a book by Arthur M. Lesk which includes information about "what can be revealed from the study of genomes: how organisms differ or match; how different organisms evolved; how the genome is constructed and how it operates; and what our understanding of genome structure and function means in terms of our future health and wellbeing".

## References

1. ↑ "Introduction to Genomics Paperback – April 26, 2012." *Amazon.com*. Amazon.com, Inc, n.d. Web. 12 June 2015.
Isotonic

In chemistry, **isotonic** or **isosmotic** refers to when two solutions have the same osmotic pressure.

In physiology, **isotonic** refers to when two or more muscles have equal tension.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "isotonic." *Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged*. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003. HarperCollins Publishers 12 Oct. 2015 <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/isotonic>
Merge sort

**Merge sort** is a sorting algorithm that "splits the items to be sorted into two groups, recursively sorts each group, and merges them into a final, sorted sequence. Run time is *Θ*(*n* log *n*)".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "merge sort", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 2 March 2015. (accessed 15 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/mergesort.html
Khan Academy

**Khan Academy** is an educational web service which "offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom".

## References

1. ↑ "About Khan Academy." *Khan Academy*. Khan Academy, 2015. Web. 23 June 2015.
Master theorem

The **master theorem** is a "theorem giving a solution in asymptotic terms for recurrence relations of the form *T*(*n*) = *aT*(*n*/*b*) + *f*(*n*) where *a* ≥ 1 and *b* > 1 are constants and *n*/*b* means either floor(*n*/*b*) or ceiling(*n*/*b*)".

## References

1. ↑ Sandeep Kumar Shukla, "Master theorem", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 20 January 2004. (accessed 14 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/mastertheorm.html
Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm

The **Knuth-Morris-Pratt** (**KMP**) **algorithm** (also known as the **KMP matching algorithm**) is a tight analysis of the naive algorithm.

## External Links

* ICS 161: Design and Analysis of Algorithms Lecture notes for February 27, 1996
* Introduction to String Matching: The Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) Algorithm
* Tutorial: The Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) String Matching Algorithm
* Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm
Profile Hidden Markov Model

A **profile hidden Markov model** (**profile HMM**) is a "linear state machine consisting of a series of nodes, each of which corresponds roughly to a position (column) in the alignment from which it was built".

## Further Reading

* Eddy, S. R. "Profile Hidden Markov Models." *Bioinformatics* 14.9 (1998): 755-63. Print.

## References

1. ↑ "Profile Hidden Markov Model Analysis." *Profile HMM Analysis*. Accelrys Inc., 2002. Web. 16 June 2015.
NEMABASE

The **NEMABASE database** is an online database which "gives fast, easy access to the host status of plants for plant-parasitic nematodes, and helps with crop rotation, cover cropping, and cultivar selection decisions for nematode management".

## References

1. ↑ "Interactive Tools and Models: NEMABASE." *NEMABASE*. Regents of the University of California, 6 Jan. 2015. Web. 08 June 2015.
Metastasis

**Metastasis** is the "spread of tumor cells from their site of origin and establishment of areas of secondary growth".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
Namespace

## SPARQL

A **namespace** is a "set of names that belongs to a single authority".

## XML

XML **Namespaces** "provide a method to avoid element name conflicts".

## References

1. ↑ Allemang, Dean, and James A. Hendler. *Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective Modeling in RDFS and OWL*. 2nd ed. Waltham: Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, 2011. Print.
2. ↑ "XML Namespaces." *W3Schools.com*. W3Schools, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
Multilayer perceptron

A **multilayer perceptron** (**MLP**; rarely also written as **multi-layer perceptron** or **multi layer perceptron**) is a "feedforward neural network with one or more layers between input and output layer".

## References

1. ↑ "Multi Layer Perceptron." *Java Neural Network Framework Neuroph*. Slashdot Media, n.d. Web. 10 June 2016.
Immunoglobulin fold

The **immunoglobulin fold** is a protein domain which "consists of a pair of β sheets, each built of antiparallel β strands, that surround a central hydrophobic core. A single disulfide bond bridges the two sheets".

## References

1. ↑ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman; 2002. Section 33.2, The Immunoglobulin Fold Consists of a Beta-Sandwich Framework with Hypervariable Loops. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22461/
Ligand-receptor interaction

A **ligand-receptor interaction** or **receptor-ligand interaction** is an "interaction between a molecule (usually of an extracellular origin) and a protein on or within a target cell".

## References

1. ↑ Lefers, Mark. "Ligand-receptor Interaction Definition." *Hedgehog Signaling Glossary*. Holmgren Lab, 26 July 2004. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
Haploid

**Haploid** refers to "an organism or cell having only one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes and hence only one copy (allele) of each gene or genetic locus".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
NP-complete

The phrase "**NP-complete**" refers to the "complexity class of decision problems for which answers can be checked for correctness, given a certificate, by an algorithm whose run time is polynomial in the size of the input (that is, it is NP) and no other NP problem is more than a polynomial factor harder. Informally, a problem is NP-complete if answers can be verified quickly, and a quick algorithm to solve this problem can be used to solve all other NP problems quickly".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "NP-complete", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 22 April 2015. (accessed 13 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/npcomplete.html
Molecular dynamics

**Molecular dynamics** (**MD**) is a "a technique for computer simulation of complex systems, modelled at the atomic level. The equations of motion are solved numerically to follow the time evolution of the system, allowing the derivation of kinetic and thermodynamic properties of interest by means of ‘computer experiments’. Biologically important macromolecules and their environments are routinely studied using molecular dynamics simulations".

## References

1. ↑ Meller, Jarošaw. "Molecular Dynamics." *Encyclopedia of Life Sciences* (2001): n. pag. Print.
Hypertonic

**Hypertonic** refers to an "external solution whose solute concentration is high enough to cause water to move out of cells due to osmosis".

## References

1. ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. *Molecular Cell Biology*. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/
List of glossaries

This list includes glossaries, lexicons, and dictionaries related to biology, computer science, statistics, and other sciences and fields allied with the subject of bioinformatics.

B

* Basic Principles of Genetics: Glossary of Terms (Dennis O'Neil)
* Bioinformaticsweb.tk Bioinformatics Glossary
* BioU Interdisciplinary Bioinformatics Glossary
* Birgid Schlindwein's Hypermedia Glossary Of Genetic Terms
* BLAST Glossary

C

* Centre for Genetics Education - Glossary
* *Current Protocols in Bioinformatics* APPENDIX 2 Glossary of Bioinformatics Terms (1 JUN 2007)
* *Current Protocols in Bioinformatics* APPENDIX 2 Glossary of Bioinformatics Terms (1 SEP 2011)

E

* EMBLog Bioinformatics Glossary
* *Evolution of Translational Omics: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward* Glossary

G

* Genetic Alliance UK Glossary of genetic terms
* Genetics Home Reference - Glossary
* GLOSSARY OF GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS TERMS

H

* Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003 Glossary

I

* *Implications of Genomics for Public Health: Workshop Summary* Appendix A, Glossary

N

* *The National Plant Genome Initiative: Objectives for 2003–2008* Glossary
* NCBI FieldGuide Glossary
* NCI Dictionary of Genetics Terms

R

* ROSALIND Glossary

S

* *Sequence - Evolution - Function: Computational Approaches in Comparative Genomics* Glossary
* SMART LEXICON/GLOSSARY

T

* Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms

## Notes

1. ↑ This glossary was partially compiled based on publicly available glossary of genomics terms at the
Human Genome website: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human\_Genome.
Michaelis constant

The **Michaelis constant**, ***K*****M** (sometimes represented as ***KM*** or ***KS***; also referred to erroneously as the specificity constant), is the substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is 50% of the *V*max.

## References

1. ↑ "Michaelis-Menten Kinetics and Briggs-Haldane Kinetics." *A Quick Guide to Enzyme Kinetics & Simulations*. Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics of the University of Washington, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2015.
MyHits

**MyHits** is an integrated service dedicated to the analysis of protein sequences.

## References

1. ↑ Pagni, Marco, Vassilios Ioannidis, Lorenzo Cerutti, Monique Zahn-Zabal, C. Victor Jongeneel, Jörg Hau, Olivier Martin, Dmitri Kuznetsov, and Laurent Falquet. "MyHits: Improvements to an Interactive Resource for Analyzing Protein Sequences." *Nucleic Acids Research* 35.Web Server (2007): 433-37. Print.
Linked list

A **linked list** is a "list implemented by each item having a link to the next item".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "linked list", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 29 August 2014. (accessed 16 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/linkedList.html
Min-heap property

The **min-heap property** states that "each node in a tree has a key which is greater than or equal to the key of its parent".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "min-heap property", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 21 Oct. 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/minheapprop.html
Intractable

The phrase "**intractable**" refers to a "problem for which no algorithm can exist which computes all instances of it in polynomial time".

## References

1. ↑ Paul E. Black, "intractable", in *Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures* [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed 13 December 2015) Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/intractable.html
Histopathology

**Histopathology** refers to the "examination of tissue samples in order to understand the manifestations of disease in the organism from which the samples were obtained".

## References

1. ↑ Committee on the Review of Omics-Based Tests for Predicting Patient Outcomes in Clinical Trials; Board on Health Care Services; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine; Micheel CM, Nass SJ, Omenn GS, editors. *Evolution of Translational Omics: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward*. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012 Mar 23. Glossary. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK202162/
NCBI Glossary

The **NCBI Glossary** is a part of the NCBI Handbook which contains descriptions of NCBI tools and acronyms, bioinformatics terms and data representation formats.

## Glossary

* 3-D or 3D
* Accession number
* *Alu*
* allele
* API
* ASN.1
* BAC
* BankIt
* bit score
* BLAST
* blastn
* blastp
* BLAT
* BLink
* BLOB
* BLOSUM 62
* Boolean
* build
* CCAP
* CD
* CDART
* CDD
* cDNA
* CDS
* CEPH
* CGAP
* CGH
* CGI
* cluster
* Cn3D
* codon
* COGs
* consensus sequence
* contig
* Coriell
* CPU
* CSS
* Cubby

## External Links

* Glossary - The NCBI Handbook - NCBI Bookshelf
Polyglutamic acid

**Polyglutamic acid** (also stylized as **Poly(glutamic acid)** and variously abbreviated as **PGA** or **Poly(Glu)**) is a "water-soluble, anionic, biodegradable, and edible biopolymer produced by *Bacillus subtilis*".

## References

1. ↑ Bajaj, Ishwar, and Rekha Singhal. "Poly (glutamic Acid) – An Emerging Biopolymer of Commercial Interest." *Bioresource Technology* 102.10 (2011): 5551-561. Print.