Chess tournaments

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# Chess tournament

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The 35th Chess Olympiad, a biennial chess tournament

A **chess tournament** is a series of chess games played competitively to determine a winning individual or team. Since the first international chess tournament in London, 1851, chess tournaments have become the standard form of chess competition among serious players.

Today, the most recognized chess tournaments for individual competition include the Linares chess tournament (now defunct) and the Tata Steel chess tournament. The largest team chess tournament is the Chess Olympiad, in which players compete for their country's team in the same fashion as the Olympic Games. Since the 1950s, chess computers have even begun entering the tournament scene.

Most chess tournaments are organized and ruled according to the World Chess Federation (FIDE) handbook, which offers guidelines and regulations for conducting tournaments. Chess tournaments are mainly held in either round-robin style, Swiss system style or elimination style to determine a winning party.

A large youth chess tournament in Spain

## Contents

[hide]

* 1History
	+ 1.1Chess Olympiads
	+ 1.2Computers in chess tournaments
* 2Rules
	+ 2.1The chess clock
	+ 2.2Irregularities
	+ 2.3The recording of moves
	+ 2.4The drawn game
	+ 2.5Quickplay finish
	+ 2.6Scoring
	+ 2.7Player conduct
	+ 2.8The role of the arbiter
* 3Formats
	+ 3.1Systems
		- 3.1.1Round-robin
		- 3.1.2Swiss system
		- 3.1.3Elimination
* 4Relaying moves and broadcasting
* 5Handicap inclusivity
* 6Tournament categories
* 7Time controls
	+ 7.1Blitz
	+ 7.2Standard
	+ 7.3Compensation
* 8Prizes
* 9See also
* 10References
* 11External links

## History[edit]

Adolf Anderssen

Although modern chess had been established since around 1475, the first tournament (in the sense of structured competitions) was in Leeds in 1841.[1] There was a knockout tournament in London in 1849 and a tournament in Amsterdam in 1851.[2][3] The first international chess tournament was held in London in 1851.[1][4] The London 1851 tournament took place during The Great Exhibition, and would serve as a guide for future international chess tournaments that would follow it. The tournament not only showed the need for time controls but it also clearly demonstrated the drawbacks to the knockout elimination tournament format.[5] It was won by Adolf Anderssen of Germany, who became regarded as the world's best chess player as a result.[6][7]

The number of international chess tournaments increased rapidly afterwards. By the end of the 1850s, chess tournaments had been held in Berlin, Paris, Manchester, New York, San Francisco, Birmingham, and Vienna.[8][9][10] By the end of World War II there were 24 international chess tournaments per year, and by 1990 there were well over a thousand.[11]

### Chess Olympiads[edit]

Main article: Chess Olympiad

Chess Olympiad tournament hall, Torino 2006

An attempt was made in 1924 to include chess in the Olympic Games. However, because it was very difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional chess players, the event was called off.[12] While the 1924 Summer Olympics was taking place in Paris, the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad took place separately from the Olympics, but also in Paris. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) was formed on the closing day of the first unofficial Chess Olympiad.[13] FIDE organized the first official Chess Olympiad in 1927 in which there were 16 participating countries.[12] By the 29th Chess Olympiad in 1990, there were 127 member countries.[11] The Chess Olympiads were held at irregular intervals by FIDE until 1950; since then, they have been held regularly every two years.[12]

**Growth of Chess Olympiads**

### Computers in chess tournaments[edit]

Main article: Computer chess

A pressure-sensory chess computer with an LCD screen from the 1990s

The first chess engine (a chess playing computer program) to beat a person in tournament play was the Mac Hack Six, in 1967.[14] Soon after, tournaments were created just for chess computers. In 1970, the first North American Computer Chess Championship (NACCC) was held in New York City, and in 1974, the first World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) was held in Stockholm. Kaissa, a chess program of the Soviet Union was named the world's first computer chess champion.[15][16] In 1995, the first World Computer Speed Chess Championship was held in Paderborn, Germany for blitz chess. For a time, computers competed in human tournaments as well,[17] but computers have become so strong that humans are no longer able to compete with them; players now tend to treat them as analysis tools rather than as opponents.[18] Interest remains in computer chess tournaments, especially the World Computer Chess Championship and Top Chess Engine Championship. As of 2016, the World Computer Chess champion is Komodo.[*citation needed*]

## Rules[edit]

Main article: Rules of chess

FIDE tournaments are held according to the FIDE handbook rules, which is used as a basic guide for many chess tournaments. The handbook contains nine articles dealing with chess competitions.[19]

### The chess clock[edit]

A typical analog chess clock. Note the two separate timers.

A chess clock is a clock with two separate time displays of which only one display can be running at a time. The player with the black pieces will initiate their opponent's timer at the start of the game. Thus the player with the white pieces will have their timer running first, and will make the first move. The player or the arbiter may end the game at any time after the player's opponent has oversteped their time limit. If a timed out clock remains unnoticed, the game will continue as normal. If the game needs to be interrupted, the arbiter shall stop the clock.

Due to most tournaments having increment or delay as well as digital clocks being more precise, digital chess clocks are the preferred choice of equipment in tournaments.

Modern-day digital clocks

### Irregularities[edit]

If it is found that the starting position of the pieces is incorrect, the game must be cancelled and restarted. If it is found that an illegal move has been made, the game must return to the position directly before the irregularity. For the first illegal move by a player, the arbiter shall give two minutes extra time to his opponent each time. If a player is to make a second illegal move in the same game, the arbiter shall declare the game lost by the offending player. If a game begins with the piece colors reversed, the game should be stopped and restarted unless an arbiter rules otherwise. If a player displaces any pieces, they should place them in the correct locations on their own time.

### The recording of moves[edit]

A chess score sheet of a famous match

In games with long time controls, each player is required to record all moves of the game in algebraic chess notation. However, if a player reaches less than five minutes on their clock, and does not have an increment of thirty seconds or more, they are excused from recording the remaining game moves until the game has been completed. At the conclusion of the game, both players must sign each other's scoresheets and turn them to the event organizers if instructed to do so. In fast chess games, players are not required to record moves, as it would take away from important thinking time. The scoresheets must be visible to the arbiter at all times.

### The drawn game[edit]

See also: Draw (chess)

A player must make their own move before offering a draw, and must not stop their own clock and start their opponent's clock before they have made the offer. If a player does not make a move before offering a draw, the opponent can request a move before considering the draw offer (which cannot be retracted). No conditions may be attached to a draw offer. If a player claims a draw according to the rules of chess, the player is allowed to stop both clocks and record the draw claim as long as his or her opponent agrees to the claim.[20] If the opponent disputes the draw claim the director may be called to come to a conclusion. If the claim is found to be correct, the game is drawn. Once a player has made a move from a position eligible for a draw, they lose their rights to claim a draw in that position.[21][22]

### Quickplay finish[edit]

The quickplay finish is the phase of the game when all remaining moves must be made in a limited time. If a player has two minutes or less left on their clock, they may ask the arbiter to adjudicate a draw. The arbiter must decide if the player's opponent is making any attempt to win the game by normal means, or if the position can be won in any way. If the arbiter decides against a draw, the player's opponent will be awarded two extra minutes of time. Otherwise, the game is drawn, and the decision of the arbiter is final.

### Scoring[edit]

 ½–½ | drawn game

Players are granted one point (1) for a win, a half (½) point for a draw, and no points (0) for a loss toward their tournament score, unless otherwise stated by the tournament director beforehand. Full-point byes are received when a player is excluded from a round because of an extra player. Thus, in tournaments with an odd number of players, a different player will receive a full-point each round. A full-point bye is equal in points to a normal win. Half-point byes can be requested by a player who will be unavailable for a round. If accepted, the player will receive a half-point, as if they had drawn the game.[23] A player who wins by forfeit or default will also be granted one point. Players may use the following format to record the game score:

### Player conduct[edit]

Players are not allowed to take any action that will bring the game into disrepute. For example, deliberate attempts at cheating by sneaking a captured piece back on to the board can be punished by this rule, rather than the rules dealing with illegal moves.[24]

Players can not make any use of any outside information. This includes advice, notes, and analysis of another chess board. During play, a player is forbidden to have a mobile phone and/or other electronic means of communication in the playing venue. If it is evident that a player brought such a device into the playing venue, he shall lose the game. The opponent shall win. Chess scoresheets may be used for recording matters relevant to the game. Players should not distract or annoy their competitor in any way. Once a player has finished their game, they are considered a spectator. Refusal of a player to comply with the rules may result in penalty, up to and including forfeiture of the game or even disqualification of the player. If two opponents both refuse to obey the rules, the game may be considered lost by both players. In 1976, smoking was banned in a major tournament for the first time (the National Open, Las Vegas).[25]

### The role of the arbiter[edit]

The arbiter's job is to see that the Laws of Chess are observed and make decisions in the best interest of the competition, but must not interfere with the game otherwise. If a rule is broken, the arbiter may choose from a number of penalties including the following:

* warning the offending player
* increasing the remaining time of the opponent
* reducing the remaining time of the offending player
* declaring a game to be lost
* reducing the points scored in a game by the offending player
* increasing the points scored in a game by the opponent
* expulsion of the offending player from the event.

The arbiter may also expel offending spectators from the venue. Spectators are also forbidden to use mobile phones at any time in the playing area, and may be expelled for it. Member federations are allowed to ask FIDE authorities to give an official decision about problems relating to the Laws of Chess.

## Formats[edit]

Most chess tournaments are held in either round-robin style, Swiss system style or single-elimination style.

### Systems[edit]

#### Round-robin[edit]

In round-robin tournaments, each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times.[26] Round-robin tournaments involving four participants are known as quads. Round-robin tournaments are often used for small groups because the element of luck is reduced when every player plays everyone else.[27] Rating categories are sometimes used to separate players of different levels into different round-robin groups. The World Chess Federation, the Australian Chess Federation, and the United States Chess Federation all use different categorization scales to distinguish player ability.[28] Similar to the Round-robin style is the Scheveningen system. The Scheveningen system is often used to face two chess teams against each other, where each player on one team plays each player on the other team.[21][29]

Most round robin tournaments use the traditional 1-1/2-0 scoring system. However, in recent years, a few tournaments, such as Bilbao and London, experiment with the soccer 3-1-0 scoring system to encourage players going for a win.

#### Swiss system[edit]

A tournament that has too many participants for a round-robin format is commonly conducted as a Swiss-system tournament.[30] In the Swiss style, players are paired with opponents who have done equally well.[31] For example, players with six points will play other players with six points (if possible), so that the player with the most points at the end of the tournament is the winner.[31] Pairing players for Swiss system tournaments is often quite complicated due to some nontrivial constraints:

* Players don't face the same opponent more than once.
* Players often don't play with the same color more than twice, and in the end, the difference between the number of white and black games should be no more than one.
* Players of the same federation cannot be paired in the last round to avoid match fixing, or for political situations, players of certain federations cannot face each other.

Nowadays, tournament organizers commonly use a chess tournament software to pair players, such as Swiss manager.

Due to the high percentage of draws and the small granularity of the scoring system which is entirely based on the final results, it is relatively common for players to have the same score as the tournament finishes. Although it is often not an issue, as the tied players often split the prize equally, in case of necessary (for trophy, qualifications to other tournaments, etc), there are a few ways to achieve tiebreak, such as (listed in no particular order here):

* Sonneborn–Berger score
* Rating performance
* Number of wins, number of black wins, etc.
* Tiebreak games, often involving the players playing a series of games with increasingly faster time control until one player scores higher point (explained in more details in Elimination section)

In case of more than two players tie, a combination of above the tiebreak rules apply to resolve the tie.

#### Elimination[edit]

A 16-player single-elimination tournament bracket

Single-elimination style or knock-out style are also sometimes used for chess tournaments. In fact, the first international chess tournament was held in single-elimination style.[32] In single-elimination tournaments, the loser of a game is immediately eliminated from winning the first prize.[33][34] In most single-elimination chess tournaments there is a chance for players to compete for positions other than first. Players are normally given seeds based on their rating in order to prevent the highest ranked players from facing each other early in the competition. Double-elimination tournaments work in the same way as single-elimination tournaments except that a player loses eligibility to take first prize after two losses.[35]

Since chess inherently has the first move advantage for white, to ensure fairness, the players have to face each other in equally number of white and black games. For example, in Chess World Cup, players face off each other in two classical games, except the final with 4 games. Resolving ties is absolutely crucial in this format, with the modern rule is generally of following:

1. The players play a number of rapid games (2 or 4) until ties are broken.

2. If the players are tied, they keep playing pairs of blitz games until ties are broken, or after a number of times (usually 1 or 2 pairs, although it could be up to 5 pairs).

3. If the players are still tied, a single deciding game (Armageddon) will be used, with Black receiving draw odds (draw count as a win) in exchange for White having time advantage (typically 5 vs 4 minutes).

## Relaying moves and broadcasting[edit]

In the old days, relaying moves required another person copying the moves of the players into a large board behind the players, which was then transmitted via radio or telegram. Advancements of camera allow for zooming clearly at the players' board, although relaying moves still had to be done manually. Recently, DGT chess board captures the piece movements and allows for moves to be relayed instantaneously, eliminating the need for manual relay, but due to price (around $3000 per board), it has been limited to only a few tournaments.

In elite tournaments, besides camera on the players' boards, accompanying with is chess commentators, who are strong chess players who comment on the game and explain the thought process and plans of the game. Advances in chess computer also allows for casual viewers to evaluate the position in real time, an ability previously reserved only for strong grandmasters.

## Handicap inclusivity[edit]

The physically handicapped are often welcome to compete in chess tournaments. Although the Blind Chess Olympiad is the most significant chess event for the blind and visually impaired, players in either group can participate at most standard tournaments including international ones.[36][37] In some cases, specially designed chess boards with raised squares and pegs are used to aid the visually handicapped, while a tournament assistant can be used to help players with other physical handicaps.[38]

## Tournament categories[edit]

FIDE classifies tournaments according to the average Elo rating of the participants. The starting category for master-level tournaments is category I, which applies to a tournament whose participants have an average Elo rating from 2251 to 2275. From 2276 to 2300 it is a category II tournament, and so on with a further category every 25 points. The strongest tournaments to date have included a category XXI section.[39][40] The Zurich Chess Challenge 2014, held from 29 January to 4 February 2014, was the first ever category XXIII tournament with an average Elo rating of 2801. The 2014 Sinquefield Cup, held from August 27 to September 7, is the second category XXIII tournament with an average Elo rating of 2802.

## Time controls[edit]

See also: Time control

A time control is a mechanism in tournament play that allows each round of the match to finish in a timely fashion so that the tournament can proceed. The three main types of time controls used in chess tournaments are *blitz*, *standard*, and *compensation*.

### Blitz[edit]

In blitz chess (also known as *sudden death* chess) each player starts with a fixed amount of time to spend on their moves of the game.[41] The FIDE Handbook designates the following common blitz time controls:[42]

* **Bullet:** one or two minutes per side
* **Blitz:** less than 10 minutes per side (often 5 minutes), sometimes with a small time increment every move
* **Rapid:** 10–60 minutes per side (often 25 minutes), sometimes with a small time increment every move.
* **Armageddon:** a single game guaranteed to produce a result, because Black has draw odds (that is, for Black, a draw is equivalent to a victory). To compensate, White has more time on the clock.

Blitz time controls increase the odds that one would "lose on time", meaning a forfeiture of the game due to the expiration of one's chess clock. Blitz tournaments are often documented with the notation "G/5" or "G/15", meaning "game in 5" and "game in 15", respectively.[41]

### Standard[edit]

Standard time controls (STC) are one's in which a player has a set amount of time to complete a specified number of moves. If the specified number of moves is met, the player's time will rejuvenate. The first standard time controls, introduced in 1861, were 24 moves in two hours, with the average game lasting five hours.[43] In the mid-1980s, a new format, 40 moves in two hours, proved popular because few games lasted over 60 moves.[43]

### Compensation[edit]

There are two main forms which provide compensation for both the time lost in physically making a move and to make it such that a player can avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining.

* **Simple delay** (also known as countdown delay and US delay). When it becomes a player's turn to move, the clock waits for the delay period before starting to subtract from the player's remaining time. For example, if the delay is five seconds, the clock waits for five seconds before counting down. The time is not accumulated. If the player moves within the delay period, no time is added or subtracted from his remaining time. There is also Bronstein delay which handles how the delay is shown on the screen differently but is mathematically equivalent to simple delay.
* **Increment**, invented by Bobby Fischer. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time. For example, if the delay is five seconds and the player has ten minutes remaining on his clock, when his clock is activated, he now has ten minutes and five seconds remaining. Time can be accumulated, so if the player moves within the delay period, his remaining time actually increases. This style of time control is common on internet chess servers.

## Prizes[edit]

The winners of chess tournaments are often rewarded with monetary prizes. Often, the chess tournament draws its prizes from a prize fund, from which all the winners in each section are rewarded. For example, the 2008 World Open chess tournament had a prize fund of $400,000. The winner of the open section was rewarded $30,000, while the winners of lesser sections were awarded subsequently smaller amounts.[44] Other chess tournaments, such as the World Chess Championship, also reward the winners with a title, such as the "World Chess Champion".[45] Lesser tournaments sometimes replace monetary rewards with book prizes or trophies.[46]