recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Sagittarius A*

## Sagittarius A\*

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Milky Way

Sagittarius A\* or Sag A\* for short is the mysterious object
at the center of the galaxy that is obscured by some much gas and dust that it
is nearly impossible to study. However, the UCLA galactic center group in
conjunction with Keck Observatory have been able to observe the region
immediately around the object. After years of constant observation, the speeds
and trajectories of a number of stars around the area have been studied. Using
many calculations, the center of the star’s rotations was discovered, but when
we focus our telescopes at that region, we don’t see anything. The speeds and
trajectories also allowed for the point’s mass to be measured, which resulted
in us knowing its mass. It’s 4 million times the mass of the sun. This
constituted evidence that Sagittarius A\* was actually a black hole, since no
singular object such as a star can be stable at that high of a mass. One of the
closest stars to the point, known as S2, made its closest approach to the black
hole in 18 billion kilometers, without bumping into anything. This put the mass
of the object into a very small space, providing almost definite proof that it
was a black hole. But, some scientists thought a dim and massive star cluster
could produce these results. In 2002, S2 made its closest approach to Sag A\*.
If it was a cluster, the orbit would wobble. It did not wobble, proving that
Sag A\* was indeed the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.
Sextans A

## Sextans A

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Andromeda

Sextans A is an irregular galaxy that is a satellite of NGC
3109. It is a gumdrop shape galaxy. The foreground stars are the bright ones,
and they are in the Milky Way. The bright blue stars of Sextans A are part of
the clusters.
Rotten Egg Nebula

## Rotten Egg Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Rotten Egg Nebula is a nebula that contains a large
amount of sulfur compounds. Of course, Sulphur compounds are usually very
smelly, especially hydrogen sulfide. The large amounts of this rotten egg
smelling molecule give the nebula its name.
Star Clusters and Supernova (episode)

## Star Clusters and Supernova (Episode)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Star Clusters, Supernova

Planetary Nebula is the seventh episode of the first
Videobook, How Far Away is
it? It covers the beautiful star clusters and supernova that can be
found in the Milky Way Galaxy. He explains the difference between the
main two types of star clusters, which are the Globular cluster and the open
cluster. He then takes a tour to visit all sorts of different clusters
including the open clusters and the globular clusters. He covers how very
bright globular clusters can actually be used as a Standard Candle because,
although their luminosity varies, it does not vary by much and so it is
accurate as a standard candle. He then begins to cover supernovae and their
magnitude by comparing the nova and Crab Nebula supernova explosion.
He then goes into the sizes and densities of white dwarves and neutron
stars. He then goes into one of the most important standard candles, the Type
Ia supernova, and how it is really a binary setup that eventually explodes
and the physics involved in this. He then takes a tour through many Supernova
remnants and recorded supernovae throughout history. He ends with light
echos and the ladder additions.
Trumpler 14

## Trumpler 14

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2016

It is in the Carina Nebula. Because the cluster is only
500,000 years old, it has one of the highest concentrations of massive,
luminous stars in the entire Milky Way. These blue-white stars are burning
their hydrogen fuel so ferociously that they will explode as supernovae in just
a few million years.
Star System

## Star System/ Binary Star System

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars and later

A star system consists of any two or more stars that
are currently orbiting around each other. There are many different types
of star system, and the most common are binary stars. In fact, half of all
stars are binary or larger. Star systems like Castor even have 6 stars
within them. Using Newton’s equations, they became the key for measuring
a star’s mass. They were the first sign that gravitational influences
existed outside of the solar system.
Southern Crab Nebula

​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

The Southern Crab Nebula is a planetary nebula with two stars at its center: a white dwarf and a red giant. As the red giant expells its materials during its death process, some of the material gets attracted by the gravity of the white dwarf star. As a result, both stars are embedded in a flat disk of gas stretched between them. This restricts the flow of gas so it only flows above and below the disk, giving the nebula its characteristic hourglass shape. The "legs" of the nebula are formed as the outflowing gas slams into pre-existing gas, either from the interstellar medium or a previous ejection of gas from the star.
SN 1987A

## SN 1987A

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

SN 1987A was such a recent stellar explosion that we have an
image of the progenitor star before it exploded. The supernova remnant is made
of two rings with a number of bright spots on it. This is where the blast wave
is colliding with the surrounding gas, heating it up and causing it to glow. In
1997, the first spot was detected, but now, there are more than 12.

Hubble studied the ring and its changing nature in 2017.
Red Giant

## Red Giant

A red giant is a type of star that was originally on
the main sequence, but have left due to running out of hydrogen fuel.
Most stars from red dwarves to those 8 times the mass of the sun leave the main
sequence to become red giants, while more massive stars become supergiants.
The core contracts and gets hotter once a star runs out of hydrogen, and this
heat expands the outer layers. This reduces the density and turns the star red.
It also causes the star to become more luminous and have a much larger radius.
They are found at the top right on the HR diagram. When a red giant runs
out of all fuel that is fuseable, it goes nova and becomes a planetary
nebula, and then cools into a white dwarf.
Witch's Head Nebula

## Witch’s Head Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

Reflection nebulae are clouds of interstellar dust grains
that are reflecting light from a nearby star. An example of this is the Witch
Head Nebula which is reflecting light from the nearby star Rigel. The blue
light found in most reflection nebulae are due to the dust scattering the
light, which is the same process that turns Earth’s daytime sky blue.
Supergiant Star

## Supergiant

A supergiant is a type of star that was originally on
the main sequence, but have left due to running out of hydrogen fuel.
Most stars with 8 times the mass of the sun, like blue supergiants, leave the
main sequence to become red giants, while less massive stars become red giants.
The core contracts and gets hotter once a star runs out of hydrogen, and this
heat expands the outer layers. This reduces the density and turns the star red.
It also causes the star to have a much larger radius. Sometimes this
radius is larger than the orbit of Jupiter! They are found at the very
top right on the HR diagram. When a supergiant runs out of all fuel that
is fuseable and it has all turned to iron, it goes supernova and becomes
a supernova remnant, and leaves behind either a neutron star or black
hole.
Triangulation

**Type**
  **Based On**
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 The Earth

Triangulation is the second rung on the Cosmic Distance
ladder. It is based on direct measurement because you must know the
size of the baseline in order to triangulate. Here is how triangulation works.
Pick a point on a distant object that you are studying. Measure an angle of 90
degrees. Step off a known amount in this 90 degree direction (this is where
direct measurement comes into play). Measure the angle from the second spot. The
length of the baseline multiplied by the tangent of the angle measurement gives
you the length. Triangulation is mathematical. The only errors that are
introduced are the accuracy of the direct measurement and the angular
measurements that are taken. A protractor can only take you so far, more
accurate instruments like the theodolite that measure down to a second of arc
help with greater accuracy. In addition, there are two limits to triangulation:
you have to see the object (you can’t see the top of the sky) and you
have to be able to measure the baseline (lightning lasts too short to
measure this). Triangulation cannot take you to space, but an extension of
triangulation, parallax, can.
Recessional Velocity

## Recessional Velocity

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster
 ·
 The Local Superclusters
 ·
 The Cosmos

Recessional velocity is a value that is simply the velocity
that an object is travelling away from an observer. It is a very important
concept in both redshift
and the Doppler Effect. In the Doppler Effect, the recessional velocity
can be calculated from the elongation of waves from their rest wavelength.
So, as recessional velocity increases, the wavelength of light gets longer. In
redshift, the greater the recessional velocity, the greater the distance to the
object. The recessional velocity equals the Hubble Constant times the distance.
Trifid Nebula

## Trifid Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The Trifid nebula is a large nebula named for its three huge
intersecting dust lanes found inside of it. The dust lanes cradle the young
stars found at the very center of this emission nebula. A group of massive
young stars can be seen, newly formed, at the nebula’s center.
Eric Island Government

Maillet Castle is the home to the center of government and finance on Eric Island. Both the Bank of Ericlandia and the Ericorium are located here.

## Bank of Ericlandia

The Bank of Ericlandia was founded 300 years ago. It is where all the gold and diamonds are stored for Eric Island. The local currency, the Eritola, is currently worth about 100 USD. This makes it one of the most valuable forms of currency in the world.

Some of the main products produced on Eric Island are the bloody cap diamonds produced by the endemic species the bloody cap and the golden milk of the red goat. The diamonds drive the economy and the milk makes the worlds most delicious cheese and yogurt.

## Ericorium

The government, a democratically elected panel of talented individuals, is housed in the Ericorium. The main job of the government is to focus on jobs creation.
SDSS J1531+3414

## SDSS J1531+3414

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

At the center of this cluster lie two elliptical galaxies
that have strayed into each other’s paths. While this region has been observed
before, this new Hubble picture shows clearly for the first time that the pair
are two separate objects. However, they will not be able to hold on to their
separate identities much longer, as they are in the process of merging into
one.
The Virgo Supercluster (episode)

## The Virgo Supercluster (Episode)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Virgo Supercluster

The Virgo Supercluster is the thirteenth episode of the first
Videobook, How Far Away is
it? It covers the Virgo Supercluster and all the galaxies that are
notable inside it. First, he looks at the content and the structure of the
supercluster including all of the galaxy groups inside it, such as the Local
Group and the Virgo Cluster. He then talks about the way these
structures are arranged to give an overall perspective on the supercluster. He
looks at various galaxies within multiple clouds such as the Virgo Cluster and
the Fornax Cluster, as well as the Eridanus Cluster. The only
cluster not mentioned are some of the minor clusters as well as the Local one
since that was already covered. Lastly, he covers redshift as we have
covered lots of galaxies to calculate Hubble’s Constant and to find the
distance. Due to this, we add redshift to our cosmic distance ladder.
VV 34

## VV 340

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

Here is a pair of very gas rich spiral galaxies in their
early stages of interaction. This is the stage when galaxies first begin to
attract each other’s gasses towards each other, as seen here. The next step
involves the stars colliding in the merger.
Spectroscopic Parallax

## Spectroscopic Parallax

  **Type**
  **Based On**
 for development
 Light
 and Spectroscopy
 Inverse
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 Milky Way

Spectroscopic parallax is the rung on the cosmic distance
ladder that utilizes spectroscopy and the HR diagram to
measure the distance to the star. It works to distances across
our Milky Way galaxy for stars beyond parallax reach. After a
scientist has recorded spectroscopy data for a certain star, they are ready to
begin the completion of this method.

Here is how it works. First, we use a star’s color,
temperature, and spectra to locate the star on the horizontal axis of the HR
diagram. Then, we look at the luminosity class and how fuzzy the spectroscopic
lines are. Once we have these two data points, we can plot the star on the HR
diagram. Once we draw a line to the vertical axis, we now have the star’s
luminosity. Using the star’s apparent brightness along with the luminosity, we
can use the inverse square rule to calculate the distance to the star.
This method works for the stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
Tadpole Galaxy

## Tadpole Galaxies (UGC 10214)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

Here we have the Tadpole galaxy. Its distorted shape was
caused by a small interloper, a very blue, compact galaxy visible in the upper
left corner of the more massive Tadpole galaxy. Seen shining through the
Tadpole's disk, the tiny intruder is likely a hit-and-run galaxy that is now
leaving the scene of the accident. Strong gravitational forces from the
interaction created the long tail of debris, consisting of stars and gas that
stretch out more than 280,000 light-years.
Space/Vacuum

## Space, Space-Time, Vacuum

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Many Episodes

Space, Space-time, or the Vacuum is the fabric of the universe.
It surrounds and is inside of everything, as you can find it in between planets,
stars, and galaxies and makes up most of an atom. Some
physics dictates that there is no such thing as empty space, as many different fields
permeate it such as the electromagnetic field. Ever since the beginning, when there was no
space, space has been expanding due to an unknown force called dark energy. The speed at
which space is being stretched is given by Hubble’s Law, which can also give
the date at which space was created. Due to this, space is being created every
single second since the Big Bang. Space can be envisioned as an expanding
balloon and is a useful was to illustrate the expansion of the universe.
Zwicky II 28

## Zwicky II 28

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

The sparkling pink and purple loop in Zw II 28 is not a
typical ring galaxy due to the fact that it doesn’t seem to have the usual
visible central companion. For many years it was thought to be a lone circle on
the sky, but observations using Hubble have shown that there may be a possible
companion lurking just inside the ring, where the loop appears to double back
on itself.
Polaris

## Polaris

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

Polaris, also known as the North Star, is our current
pole star. It currently lies less than one degree from the north celestial
pole. It is a double star system with one star being a supergiant
star. It is the closest Cepheid variable star, an important standard
candle.
Sloan Digital Sky Survey

## Sloan Digital Sky Survey

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

The Sloan Digital Sky survey was an ambitious and influential
project to do a survey of almost a quarter of the sky and plot a 3-D
graph of 1 million galaxies out to 2 billion LY. It operated for 8 years
between 2000 and 2008. The dark space in the middle is because of the dust in
our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The color is based on the age of the galaxies.
Sloan then put each data point into a supercomputer and generated a 3-D plot of
the “big picture” of our universe.
Type Ia Supernova

## Type Ia Supernovae

  **Type**
 Ladder Rung
  **Based On**
 Variables
 Inverse
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 Large part of Universe

A Supernova is a release of an extremely large amount of
energy at the end of the lifetime of a supermassive star. For most explosions
across the cosmos, we have no idea what the luminosity is since that depends on
the mass of the star. But for one case, we do have the luminosity. It is based
on a particular binary star setup in which one is a white dwarf, and the other
star is a giant star. It is distinguishable from other supernovae by is
spectral analysis.

In a Type 1a supernova, mass flows from the red giant to the
white dwarf through the L1 Lagrange Point. This causes the mass of the dwarf
star to increase. Once the mass of the white dwarf reaches a critical level,
called the Chandrasekhar Limit, it will explode in a supernova that rips the
smaller star to pieces. Since we know the normal luminosity of a Type Ia
supernova, we can use the inverse square rule to find out how far away it is.
Retina Nebula

## Retina Nebula (IC 4406)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Retina Nebula is another doughnut shaped nebula, but
unlike with the Ring Nebula, we are viewing the doughnut from the side. It is a
relatively small planetary nebula, and despite its doughnut shape, it looks
like a rectangle from Earth.
Star Birth Nebula (episode)

**Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Emission, Dark, and reflection nebula

Planetary Nebula is the seventh episode of the first
Videobook, How Far Away is
it? It covers the extremely beautiful structures in the Milky Way
Galaxy named the Star birth nebulae. He starts by stating that he
already covered star death and so he will now begin with the birth of
stars. He goes through the three main types of star birth nebulae: Reflection,
emission, and dark nebula. He then covers the structure of these objects and
how stars are born inside and how these structures can evolve until there is
very little nebulosity left. He then goes on a tour of the most beautiful type
of nebula covered yet: the HII Regions and what they are. He covers many
different ones with different aspects to show how many kinds there are in the
Milky Way. He also covers the fact that the most interesting nebula are the combinations
of all three kinds of nebula. Lastly, he adds HII regions to the ladder
for similar reasons that he added globular clusters.
Sun

## Sun

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

The Sun is the star that resides at the center of the Solar
System, and is the star that Earth and all the other planets
orbit around. It defines the entire solar system, since it resides at the
center of it. Unfortunately, distance to the sun is hard to find since it is
too bright to locate an unmoving object behind it to use for parallax.
However, using geometry, we can use Venus to find the distance to the
Sun, also known as an astronomical unit (AU). As Venus orbits the sun, it goes
further from it in the sky until it reaches its furthest point, and then it
returns back to being closer to the sun. Using parallax to measure the distance
to Venus at the point of greatest elongation, we know that the line connecting
Venus to the sun is at 90 degrees to the line connecting Venus with Earth.
Using trigonometry, we get 150 million km to the sun. Once this distance is
known, other parameters can be measured, such as its diameter of 1.4
million km.

The orbit of the Earth around the sun is close to circular,
so dividing its circumference by one year, we get 107,000 km/hr. Using Newton’s
equations, we get a mass for the sun of 2.2\*1027 tons or
2\*1030 kilograms. A million Earths could fit into the sun. In
addition, the sun makes up about 99.8% the mass of the solar system. It takes
8.3 minutes for light to reach Earth from the sun.

The sun is hallway along the Orion Spur, around 26,000 light
years from the center of the galaxy. The sun also orbits around the galaxy at
222 km/s. Even at this rate, it takes the solar system 225 million years to
complete one orbit around the galaxy. The last time we were on the same
position, dinosaurs were just beginning to appear on Earth.
VV 705

## VV 705

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

Here we have two galaxies that seem to be embracing each
other. Two long, highly curved arms of gas and stars emerge from a central
region that has two cores. The two cores are 16,000 light-years apart. The pair
is thought to be midway through a merger.
Speed of Light

The speed of light, also abbreviated as a lowercase c, is one
of the most important physical constants in the universe. It is used in all of
the fields covered by the video books extensively. In the cosmic distance ladder,
it is needed for bringing the staggering distances of the universe down to more
manageable numbers using the unit light year. In quantum mechanics,
it represents the speed at which massless particles are required to travel at.
In relativity, it is proven to be a constant no matter which perspective
you are viewing it as. The constant’s value has been measured to be 300,000,000
meters/second by laser light bouncing.

Many ancient scientists have long agreed that the speed of
light is infinite, all the way up until Galileo. When Galileo tried to
measure the speed of light, he failed and concluded that light was too fast or
possibly infinite. However, scientists that came after Galileo’s time used his
ideas to measure this constant more accurately. An example was a scientist
named Romer. Following a suggestion that the moon of Jupiter Io could be
a good celestial clock, Romer compiled data about the orbit of Io and noticed
something peculiar: as the Earth moved away from Jupiter, the time
between eclipses became longer and vice versa. In a brilliant insight, he
realized it must be due to the finite speed of light. After Romer’s death,
other scientists did the first arithmetic and arrived at 227,000 km/sec.
Although it was around 25% off, this measurement helped us to realize that
light was, indeed, finite.
Eagle Nebula

## Eagle Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The Eagle nebula is 20 light years wide, and inside the
Eagle, there are number of spectacular formations, including well photographed
Pillars of Creation. These pillars are cool, dark clouds that are incubators
for new stars. They are similar to buttes in that they survived erosion longer
than their surroundings. As the pillars are eroded, dense globules called EGGs,
or Evaporating Gaseous Globules, are uncovered containing baby stars. They are
solar system sized.
Rosetta (Spacecraft)

## Rosetta (Spacecraft)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

The European Space Agency launched the spacecraft Rosetta in
2004. Its mission was to rendezvous with comet 67P; deploy a lander called
Philae to its surface; and escort the comet as it orbits the Sun. Ten years
later, on August 6th, 2014, after traveling 6.4 billion kilometer, Rosetta
rendezvoused with 67P. Philae landed on the surface on November 12th, becoming
the first spacecraft to land on a comet. But the harpoons that were meant to
anchor it to the comet did not deploy. It ended in the shade and has lost its
power. And although we have lost touch with the lander (unless it gets some
sunshine down the road), they will continue to receive data from Rosetta as 67P
orbits the sun. It was controlled crashed in 2016 after power shortage.
Spectrum

## Spectroscopy/ Spectra/ Spectrum

In the early 19th century, the German chemist
Joseph Fraunhofer invented the spectroscope, which automatically separates light
into its components. When he separated spectra, he discovered that the spectrum
had a number of dark lines on it. Although he did not know what these were,
they are the key to learning what stars are made of.

When the light from the center of a star passes its outer
layers on its way to us, and it has exactly the right energy level, it will be
absorbed by an electron which jumps to a higher quantum state. The photon
is eliminated, resulting in that part of the spectrum being dark to us. These
are absorption lines. Every atom has its own spectral line signature, so
if we know a star’s spectrum, we can use the dark lines to find out which
elements are in it. This lead to scientists to create a series of spectral
classifications. Also, a giant star’s density is much less than that of one
on the main sequence. When there is more absorption density, the spectral lines
are fuzzier. Astronomers can see how fuzzy the spectral lines are to classify
stars as white dwarves, main sequence stars, red giants,
or supergiants.
Saturn

## Saturn

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

Saturn is a gas giant planet with a number of smaller
moons orbiting it. It is very well known for its large and beautiful rings,
which can easily be seen through a telescope. Although it is the second
largest planet in the solar system, it is the least dense. Its
density is less than water!

Saturn displays stunning aurora on its north pole due to its magnetosphere.
Neutron Star

## Neutron Star

A neutron star is a star that forms as a result of a
supernova. When a star above 8 solar masses collapses, the core degenerates
into a white dwarf, but this electron degeneracy pressure is not enough to halt
the inward force of gravity. Instead, it collapses to a neutron degenerate
state, becoming a star mainly composed of neutrons. They are stars 1.5-2 times
the mass of the sun packed into a sphere the size of 20 km in diameter. This
makes one teaspoon of neutron star weight 10 million tons on Earth. They are
not formed in Type Ia supernova explosions. There are different types of
neutron star: a pulsar and a Magnetaur.
Cuento "Una noche diferente"

De: Ayled Mote Rosas

Narrador: El 8 de Abril de 1996, una noche como cualquier otra,  Mateo y Sebastián se encontraban caminando por el parque de la ciudad, como estaban tan aburrida Mateo le dijo a Sebastián:

Mateo: -¿Qué te parece si vamos al cementerio?

Sebastián: -Para que ir, solo nos meteremos en problemas.

Mateo: -No seas gallina, no va a pasar nada.

(Mateo le da un empujón en el hombro a Sebastián)

Sebastián: -Okey está bien vamos.

(Pone cara de asustado)

Narrador. Los dos chicos iniciaron su camino hacia el panteón, cuando llegaron a la entrada saltaron la reja sin saber lo que estaría por pasar.

Mateo: -Ya vez no pasó nada

Narrador: Después de un rato el par de amigos decidieron sentarse en una lápida a descansar. Cuando de pronto empezaron a escuchar ruidos.

Sebastián: -¡Escuchaste eso!
Mateo: -No seas miedoso no fue nada.

Narrador: Fue entonces que Sebastián saco su teléfono para alumbra, pero su sorpresa fue que ya no tenía batería. De pronto algo rozo la pierna de Mateo.

Mateo: -¡Que rayos fue eso!

Sebastián: -Mi teléfono se quedó sin batería ahora que vamos a hacer.

Mateo: -Hay que salir de aquí.

Narrador: Entonces los dos chivos salen corriendo hacia la reja Mateo sintió como que alguien le tomo del hombro y le dio un tirón hacia atrás. Mateo dio un grito, fue entonces cuando saltaron la reja y desde ese día ya no volvieron a ir al panteón.
SGR 1806-20

## SGR 1806-20

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2016

The most powerful starquake ever recorded came from a
magnetar called SGR 1806-20. In a tenth of a second, one of these starquakes
released more energy than the Sun gives off in 100,000 years. This wasn't a
supernova. It was a cm wide crack on the magnetar's surface.

It is in the giant molecular cloud Westerhout 31.
Spectral Classification

## Spectral Classification

When scientists analyzed a number of spectra from
different stars, they created a classification system that is used to
find a star’s position on the HR diagram. Each star classification
represents a star with a certain temperature. The classification system, from
high to low temperature stars, is OBAFGKM. The numbers represent sub-classes,
where higher numbers represent lower temperatures. With this classification, we
can find a star on the bottom axis of the HR diagram, but we need another
classification for the vertical axis. This is the luminosity class. A
giant star’s density is much less than that of one on the main sequence. When
there is more absorption density, the spectral lines are fuzzier. Astronomers
can see how fuzzy the spectral lines are to classify stars as white dwarves,
main sequence stars, red giants, or supergiants.
Orion Nebula

## Orion Nebula

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

The Great Orion Nebula is a 24 light year across emission
region in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. It contains more than 3000 stars,
including the stars that light up the nebula itself, known as the Trapezium.
Although there are hundreds in this cluster, the 4 main ones look like a
Trapezoid. Next to it is a reflection nebula known as the Running Man Nebula.
RCW 86

## RCW 86

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

The Chinese witnessed this Supernova event in 185 AD,
documenting a mysterious “Guest star” that remained in the sky for 8 months.
Dust and gas have been heated to millions of degrees by the supernova
explosion. If this were the star Capella, it would have arrived on Earth right
now.
The Cosmos (episode)

**Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Universe

The Cosmos is the sixteenth episode of the first Videobook, How Far Away is it? It
covers all notable objects that lie beyond the Local Superclusters, so
it covers all objects beyond the 1 billion light years. So, here we will see
objects that extend all the way back to the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago. He covers
the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and other galaxies and galaxy
clusters. He then starts to talk about the universe as a whole with expansion
and uses the analogy of the expanding balloon to help conceptualize redshift.
He then starts to talk about the mysterious force of dark energy that drives the force of
expansion. He then covers the surveys that help to catalogue galaxies based on
their redshift in order to understand the Hubble Constant and other
expansion features better. He then shows a simulation of the entire universe.
He then concludes with all the review that we have gone through, starting from Copernicus.
He then ends with a quote from Hubble himself about the limits of our
knowledge.
Zwicky 18

## Zwicky 18

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

Zwicky 18 may be the youngest galaxy ever, being only about
500 million years old! On a cosmic perspective, it is basically only a few
years old. This galaxy is a dwarf irregular galaxy and may be typical of
the galaxies that inhabited the early universe.
Omega Centauri

## Omega Centauri

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

Omega Centauri is one of the biggest and most massive of the
Milky Way’s 150-200 known globular clusters. This cluster contains more than
one million stars, and even a small area at its center contains 100,000s of
stars. The average distance between these stars is 1/3 ly.
Supernova Remnants

## Supernova Remnant

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**

When a star goes supernova, it sweeps out a large bubble in
its surroundings fringed with actual stellar debris and materials swept up by
the blast wave. This brightly glowing shell of gas forms a nebula called a
supernova remnant. Such a remnant can remain visible long after the initial
explosion fades away.
Voyager 1 and 2

## Voyager 1 and Voyager 2

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Heliosphere

Unlike other objects in the solar system that can be triangulated
to, the heliosphere cannot be seen, so thus triangulation does not work.
You must go there and report back how far you have gone. This is what Voyager 1
and 2 have done. They were launched in 1977 and conducted a planetary
grand tour. Voyager 1 was requested to take the Pale Blue Dot photo for
Carl Sagan. Voyager 2 is almost out as of 2014, while Voyager 1 is in interstellar
space. Voyager 1 no longer has a working plasma detector, but a solar storm
with pitch oscillation equipment determined it was bathed in plasma 40 times
denser than in solar system. Thus, it was in interstellar space.
Quasar 3C 273

## Quasar 3C 273

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

Quasars have been observed to fire off super-fast jets into
the surrounding space. In this quasar, one of these jets appears as a cloudy
streak, measuring some 200,000 light-years in length. Despite its great
distance, 3C 273 is still one of the closest quasars to our home. It was the
first quasar ever to be identified, and was discovered in the early 1960s.
RS Puppis

## RS Puppis

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

Another Cepheid variable called RS Puppis also illustrates
light echoes. RS Pup is unusual as it is shrouded by a nebula with thick, dark
clouds of gas and dust. The dusty environment around RS Puppis enables this
effect to be shown with stunning clarity. As the star expands and brightens, we
see some of the light after it is reflected from progressively more distant
shells of dust and gas surrounding the star, creating the illusion of gas
moving outwards.
Uranus

## Uranus

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

Uranus is a gas giant planet with a number of smaller moons
orbiting it. It is the second farthest planet from the sun and is very cold,
making it an ice giant. Uranus is known to orbit on its side where its
axial tilt is around 90 degrees! It has a cold hydrogen and helium atmosphere.
Rho Ophiuchi Molecular Cloud

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

Rho Ophiuchi is a binary star located 400 light years away in
a molecular cloud containing all three types of nebulae. It is one of the
closest star forming regions to us. The whole complex is quite small at 5 light
years across, containing small emission nebula as well as some dark nebulae.
Near the bottom is the Blue Horsehead Nebula, which is a reflection nebula.
Using infrared, we see that hundreds of young stars in baby blankets are located
inside.
Telescope

A telescope is an instrument that uses lenses either to reflect or refract light, so that a distant image can be magnified for an observer. Galileo did not invent the telescope but he did use them to discover many important aspect of the solar system. Now, in modern times, telescopes can see not only in optical light but now cover other light types such as ultraviolet and infrared.

Modern Examples of telescopes:

Hubble Space Telescope (optical)

James Webb Space Telescope (infrared)

Spitzer Space Telescope (infrared)

Gaia (measures star parallax)

Chandra X-ray Observatory (x-rays)

Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope (gamma rays)

COBE, WMAP, and Planck (microwave radiation)
Spacecraft

## Spacecraft

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Earth, Solar System, The Heliosphere

Spacecraft are artificial structures made by humans that
allow for studying and exploring outer space. They are used to examine objects
and to find distances as well. A list of the spacecraft featured in the video
book are found below.

Sentinels of the Heliosphere: They study the Heliosphere

Near Earth Fleet: Survey solar activity and orbit Earth every
two minutes

ISS: This spacecraft orbits 400 km above the surface and is
home to astronauts

Geospace Fleet: Orbits into and around the magnetosphere to
92,000 km

Cluster: a fleet of 4 satellites that measure the 3D
boundaries of magnetosphere

Themis: 5 satellites that study how magnetospheric instabilities
make the Aurora lights

Geotail: Conducts studies of electrons and ions in the
magnetotail in the magnetosphere

Stereo: study the sun with images and particle detectors.
They fly off the earth-sun line for better views. They use the moon to position
themselves as well.

L1 Fleet: they orbit Earth’s L1 Lagrange point at 1,500,000
km away.

Ace: Measures characteristics and composition of the solar
wind

Wind: measures particle flows and fields in the solar wind

SOHO: A famous satellite that studies the sun from its core
to its outer corona

Heliopause fleet: Voyager 1 and Voyager 2
Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2017

Hubble and Gaia observations have plotted the amount of dark matter in this galaxy. They measured the motion of some of its stars to determine dark matter distribution. So far it seems to indicate this galaxy has a dark matter cusp without actually having a central bar.
Terzan 5

## Terzan 5

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2016

This stellar system resembles a globular cluster, but it’s
like no other cluster known. While the properties of Terzan 5 are uncommon for
a globular cluster, they are very similar to the stellar populations which can
be found in the galactic bulge. These similarities lead us to believe that
Terzan 5 is relic of galaxy formation, representing one of the earliest
building blocks of the Milky Way.
RR Lyrae

## RR Lyrae

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

RR Lyrae is the brightest example of a class of variables
that are separate from the Cepheid variables known as the RR Lyrae. RR Lyrae
are much fainter than Cepheids, so they work out to less distance, but they are
much more common.
T Lyrae

## T Lyrae

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

T Lyrae is a carbon star, just like Betelgeuse, and is
also a supergiant star. It has left the main sequence and is now
fusing helium into carbon. This helium is in turn the result of the fusion
of hydrogen that occurred during the main sequence.
Newton

## Newton

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Long Ago?**
  **Discussed in**
 Solar System

Isaac Newton was an English physicist that played an
important role in the development of gravity and the heliocentric
model of the solar system. He developed the theory of Universal
Gravitation that was later used to see that the sun’s mass was much
greater than Earth’s, and that Earth must orbit around the sun.
Rigel

## Rigel

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

Rigel is a blue supergiant star in the constellation
of Orion, and is one of the brightest stars in the sky despite how far away it
is. The spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor
points by which other stars are classified. It is lighting the Witch
head nebula.
The Mice Galaxies

## The Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

These colliding galaxies have been nicknamed "The
Mice" because of the long tails of stars and gas emanating from each
galaxy. The pair will eventually merge into a single giant galaxy. Computer
simulations show that we are seeing two nearly identical spiral galaxies
approximately 100 million years after their closest encounter.
Garðaríki Station

The Garðaríki Station is a major center of trade for the FDA. While the station is still officially under the jurisdiction of the FTA, the station has met a similar fate to that of cities on Terra: the lower rungs of society are very much in anarchy.

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Star

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars and later

A Star is an astronomical body that fuses different elements
into other elements and shine as a result of mass being converted to energy in these
reactions. So, stars run on fusion reactions. The type of reaction and elements
used depends on a star’s mass and stage in lifetime. These characteristics are
plotted on a special diagram called an HR diagram.

**History**

To ancient observers, it was wondered if stars fuse with
their own light or if they reflected the sun’s light, like all the planets did.
When Copernicus proposed the sun-centric model, the outermost layer of “fixed
stars” from the geocentric model did not go away. Nobody, not even the great
scientists of the 16th through 18th centuries could find
any parallax in the stars. This was because parallax was so small for the
stars, and the stars were so far away, that instruments of the day could not
pick up on the shift. Star parallax is less than 1 arcsecond. In the 1830s
there was a race to find the first stellar parallax. The astronomer Frederic
Bessel won with the star 61 Cygni. After thousands of calculations he
announced the parallax, which indicated the star was 10.4 light years and too
far to be reflecting the sun’s light.

**Types**

Stars can be classified on the HR diagram, which is a
plot that shows the star’s color/temperature and its luminosity. In
addition, there are stars called variable stars that pulsate on a
regular basis and can be used as standard candles. There are also
stellar remnants like neutron stars or black holes. There are
also brown dwarves, which do not have enough mass to fuse hydrogen, so they
only shine by a conventional means. This makes them hard to detect. Stars evolve
into different types in their lifecycle based on the fuel they have. Once a
star reaches the end of its life, it will explode in a nova (<8 masses) or
supernova (>8 masses).
Proxima Centauri

## Proxima Centauri

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars and 2013

Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our solar
system and is considered a very distant companion of the Alpha Centauri
system. It is a red dwarf star and is thus so faint that it can’t even
be seen with the naked eye despite being the closest star to the sun. It
will no longer be the closest star when Barnard’s star makes its closest
approach to our Solar System. Proxima Centauri is in for a very long life.
Astronomers predict that this star will remain a “main sequence” star for
another four trillion years, a thousand times longer than our Sun.
Wolf 359

## Wolf 359

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

Wolf 359 is another dim red star in our local
stellar neighborhood. This star was featured in Star Trek as a site of a
battle between the Federation and the Borg. It is one of the least luminous
stars known that can still burn hydrogen
Council of Ilar

### Ethics

The Council of Ilar is the prominent Elven faction, and one of the three major powers in space.

## Culture of the Mind

Psionism and religion take center stage in the governmental organization of the Illarian State. The primary governing body is a council of Priestly Judges, that claim to make decisions on a mixture of scriptural divination and prophetic visions. As such, to rise into these upper levels of governmental authority psionic abilities are a requirement. This level of psionic elitism is omnipresent among the various arms of the government, with the military being the most commonly experienced by the outside world. Officer and leadership ranks are also uniquely reserved for those displaying psionic abilities or potential.

Outside of government however, Psionism is a major part of life under the Illarian state, with Elves already being prone to psychic ability, such are abilities are considered a blessing. The use of empaths particularly are utilized heavily to keep the peace. Especially from the outside, it would appear that such endeavors are successful. The Illarian state is the most stable among the major factions, and is unique its its centralization of power.

## Desires for Aesthetics

Aesthetics is an almost religious experience in Illarian culture, the desire to create beauty is inherently tied to the religious practices of the elves. As such, Eleven, and by extension Illarian architecture is always sleek and pleasing to the eye. Buildings are interwoven with natural flora, space craft have foregone some practicality in favor or design. However, the Illarians have a very significant advantage over the other factions, and thus likely have the affordance to forgoe absolute efficiency.

In fact, this desire for the visually pleasing extends to the governmental structure in a very official way. The Court of Aesthetics manages the development and refinement of this visual style, to ensure that there is a cohesive structure and atmosphere to everything that falls under the control of the Illarian Council.

## Peace at a Price

The harshest criticisms against the Illarian government come from the outside. From the outside looking in, while peace and prosperity is plentiful within the state, the citizens have very limited measures of freedom and the state weighs down heavily on those that rebel.

This is most commonly seen in the Culture Wars, which are arguably still ongoing. The Council continues to impose it's will on all Elves under their rule, and any dissent is met with expulsion or execution. The hammer comes down in many forms, as the are many tools at the disposal of the Council. Non-conformists live under the threat of midnight raids and abduction, coupled with alleged re-education centers.
Serpens Nebula

​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

It is a reflection nebula that contains an object called HBC 672. This is a sunlike star that has a disk, which although is too small to be seen by Hubble, is reflected across the gas of the nebula. The shadow is nicknamed the bat shadow.
Planet

## Planet

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**

A planet is a body that orbits around the sun, is
spherical in shape, and has cleared out its orbit from debris. A dwarf planet
satisfies all but the last qualification. An exoplanet is any planet that
orbits around a star outside of the solar system. Planets are
very large, such as the Earth.
The Heliosphere (episode)

## The Heliosphere (Episode)

  **Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Heliosphere, Voyager

The Heliosphere is the fourth episode of the first Videobook,
How Far Away is it?
It covers the Heliosphere and was updated after Voyager got outside of the
solar system. It begins by comparing the heliosphere like a ship plowing
through the water and describes the structure of the heliosphere. Then, he uses
a simulation to show the Sentinels of the Heliosphere and what each
group does to contribute to its studies. He then covers the solar storm
that was caught by the Stereo spacecraft. He then covers quantum
mechanics in order to provide a basis for understanding star light in a few
episodes and because he wants to share how an aurora gets its color.
This includes the Bohr atomic model and how photons can excite electrons
to different energy levels. Then, he covers how we knew that Voyager 1 was
outside our solar system even though its plasma detector was broken.
Lastly, he does a recap of what we learned in the solar system and finishes the
chapter off with Carl Sagan’s Pale Blue Dot speech.