recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
GRIS Wiki

**Welcome to the...**
**GRIS WIKI**
**Reinstated by JustLeafy on January 11, 2022**
**64 articles • 36 files • 352 edits**

**WHAT IS GRIS?**

***GRIS*** is a 2018 indie adventure-platformer game developed by Nomada Studio and published by Devolver Digital. It was released on December 13, 2018.

**Gameplay**

The game delivers a serene and evocative experience, free of danger, frustration or death. Through the game light puzzles, platforming sequences, and optional skill-based challenges will reveal themselves as more of Gris's world becomes accessible.

**READ MORE**

**FEATURED ARTICLE: GRIS (THE PROTAGONIST)**

**Gris** is the protagonist of the 2018 indie adventure platformer game of the same name. At some point, she lost her mother and her voice as well, so her goals were to collect mementos scattered around the world, which in turn will create constellations in the sky that will eventually add color back to the world, and re-gain the ability to sing.

**Looks**

She appears to be a skinny girl with a white skin tone, short teal hair, and skinny legs. She is wearing a black cloak, a gray cloak underneath, and black leggings.

**History**

After losing her mother at some point before the game, Gris wakes up in the palm of a crumbling statue. She attempted to sing, but as the statue's hands crumble, she started losing her voice, which had then dropped her to the colourless earth below her. After landing, she continued to walk forward and discovers a wide variety of unusual looking structures that seem to be powered by light points that tend to resemble stars. These lights could be collected by Gris to gain new abilities.

**READ MORE**

**CHAPTERS**

**CHAPTER 1****CHAPTER 2****CHAPTER 3****CHAPTER 4****CHAPTER 5**

**ABOUT THE WIKI**

This is the wiki about 2018 indie adventure-platformer game *GRIS* that anybody can edit. The wiki was originally founded possibly sometime in 2019 but was likely closed because of its lack of information. We've now reinstated the wiki in 2022 and is one of the many gaming wikis founded by JustLeafy. This wiki tends to explain all of the in-depth details of the story of the game, the stages, and how to get all of the achievements in the game.
Balanced ternary

**Balanced ternary** is a ternary numeral system (i.e. base 3 with three digits) that uses a balanced signed-digit representation of the integers in which the digits have the values −1, 0, and 1. This stands in contrast to the standard (unbalanced) ternary system, in which digits have values 0, 1 and 2. The balanced ternary system can represent all integers without using a separate minus sign; the value of the leading non-zero digit of a number has the sign of the number itself. The balanced ternary system is an example of a non-standard positional numeral system. It was used in some early computers and also in some solutions of balance puzzles.

Different sources use different glyphs used to represent the three digits in balanced ternary. In this article, T (which resembles a ligature of the minus sign and 1) represents −1, while 0 and 1 represent themselves. Other conventions include using '−' and '+' to represent −1 and 1 respectively, or using Greek letter theta (Θ), which resembles a minus sign in a circle, to represent −1. In publications about the Setun computer, −1 is represented as overturned 1: "1".

Balanced ternary makes an early appearance in Michael Stifel's book *Arithmetica Integra* (1544). It also occurs in the works of Johannes Kepler and Léon Lalanne. Related signed-digit schemes in other bases have been discussed by John Colson, John Leslie, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, and possibly even the ancient Indian Vedas.
Achievements

In *GRIS*, there are 17 achievements, separated into several types of achievements: achievements that are involved in the story of the game (each of which can be achieved only by completing a part of a game), achievements that can be unlocked from either locating hidden objects in the game or by completing mechanics in the game perfectly, achievements that are linked to each stage in the game, and two other achievements that don't belong in these categories.

## Story achievements

There are five story achievements:

* Red
* Green
* Blue
* Yellow
* The End

## Level achievements

There are five level achievements in the game:

* Sandstorm
* Inuksuit
* Apples
* Eel
* Magic Fowls

## Five stages of grief

There are five "five stages of grief" achievements in the game:

* Denial
* Anger
* Bargaining
* Depression
* Acceptance

## Others

There are two other achievements that do not belong in the above categories:

* Mementos
* Childhood
Blue

**Blue** is an achievement in *GRIS*. The player can get this achievement by simply completing chapter 3 of the game.

## Trivia

* The meaning of the achievement/color is anger. Given that Gris traverses into her mind from the five stages of grief, and that this is the third chapter after the prologue (which is denial, that is gray), she is going into depression.
* The hex code for the color is #54abe2.
Mementos

> "Collect all of the mementos"
>
>

**Mementos** is an achievement in *GRIS*. Upon unlocking the achievement, there will be an extra hidden scene that couldn't be unlocked in any other way.

## Appearance

It appears to be a series of circles of different sizes with the same size.

## Achieving

The player can get this achievement by getting a total of 28 mementos from all of the 5 chapters. The player can find out how to get all of the mementos in each chapter here:

* Chapter 1 Mementos
* Chapter 2 Mementos
* Chapter 3 Mementos
* Chapter 4 Mementos
* Chapter 5 Mementos
Chapter 1

**Chapter 1** is the first chapter of *GRIS*. The color of the level is represented as gray, which translates to the first stage of grief, which is denial. At some point, Gris gains the ability to jump and run. There are 2 mementos to collect in this chapter.

## Walkthrough

Chapter 1 is an introduction to basic controls and concepts. Left stick, D-pad, or WASD are the primary controls used in this game. Other controls will be introduced as you progress.

Begin your journey by moving to the right. She will stumble once, after which your movement speed increases and you will be able to jump. Eventually she will encounter a 'star', one of many you will collect through the game. Continue right after acquiring your new star.

After a while you will see what looks like a ruined bridge or aqueduct above you. You are walled in to the right shortly after that. Jump up onto it and follow it to the left. This will dead-end after a while, though please note the circular object near the edge of the screen, that is a Memento. These are optional to collect but there is an achievement for getting them all. Continue climbing upwards and she will soon collect another star.

A cutscene is triggered at the top, showing you a star bridge. Visual and audible indicators show that you have two of three stars needed. The star bridge concept repeats throughout the game. Go left and jump onto the stairs and begin to climb the tower. A star bridge will form when you reach the top, as this one only requires two stars to complete, leading you to the tower containing the remaining star needed to progress further.

After you collect the star, drop back down and go back to the first star bridge, which you can now complete and cross. Continue right until you trigger a cutscene in the palm of a broken statue hand.

## Mementos

### Memento #1

The first memento is located on the way to the third star players must locate in order to advance through the main story.

To acquire this memento, instead of continuing up the staircase in the tower, you will have to proceed to the left and fall or jump away from the tower. You will land near the memento. Jump into it to collect it.

After collecting this memento you may head to the right in order to continue progressing.

### Memento #2

Unfortunately this memento cannot be obtained in the first chapter, instead you will need to acquire it during the final chapter.
Yellow

**Yellow** is an achievement in *GRIS*. The player can get this achievement by simply completing chapter 4 of the game.

## Trivia

* The meaning of the achievement/color is anger. Given that Gris traverses into her mind from the five stages of grief, and that this is the fourth chapter after the prologue (which is denial, that is gray), she is going into acceptance.
* The hex code for the color is #fabb08.
Magic Fowls

**Magic Fowls** is an achievement in *GRIS*. There are a total of seven hidden birds that will be appear in Chapter 5, the first two appearing immediately after singing.

## Achieving

All of the birds can be found in their respective locations (links below):

* Magic Fowls 1 & 2
* Magic Fowls 3
* Magic Fowls 4
* Magic Fowls 5
* Magic Fowls 6
* Magic Fowls 7
Devolver Digital

**Devolver Digital** is an American video game publisher that was founded in June 2009 and is currently based in Austin, Texas. It specializes in the publication of independent video games, one of these games being *GRIS*.

The day before release, Devolver Digital released the launch trailer for GRIS, then released the game on Steam on December 13, 2018.
Inuksuit

**Inuksuit** is an achievement in *GRIS*. There are 14 inuksuit to find.

## Achieving

The player must topple all 14 inuksuit (stone piles that wobble upon touch) by using the “heavy” ability.

The inuksuit are found in the third part of chapter two.

* Inuksuk 1
* Inuksuk 2
* Inuksuk 3
* Inuksuk 4
* Inuksuk 5
* Inuksuk 6
* Inuksuk 7
* Inuksuk 8
* Inuksuk 9
* Inuksuk 10
* Inuksuk 11
* Inuksuk 12
* Inuksuk 13 & 14

## Trivia

Inusksuit (singular inuksuk) are stone landmarks built by the peoples of the North American Arctic. They often resemble people.

The word "inuksuk" means "in the likeness of a human."
Apples

**Apples** is an achievement in *GRIS*. There are eight apples to get.

## Appearance

It appears to be a square apple with a pair of leave at the top, and there are two bites on its side.

## Achieving

The apples can be found in their respective positions (links below):

* Apple 1
* Apples 2 & 3
* Apple 4
* Apple 5
* Apple 6
* Apple 7
* Apple 8
Anger

**Anger** is an achievement in *GRIS*.

## Achieving

The player can get this achievement by following these steps:

1. When the player reaches the second checkpoint, they will be met by a number of statues some of which a player can destroy.
2. There are 3 fragile statues that the player can use “Heavy” on in order to shatter.
3. Upon breaking all three, the player will be able to unlock this achievement.
Nomada Studio

**Nomada Studio** is a Spanish video game development team, based in Barcelona, which is behind the development team of the 2018 adventure-platformer *GRIS*. It is composed of developers and artists outside of video games with disciplines in illustration, painting, and graphic design. GRIS is the first game of the team and it took over three years to make it.
Depression

**Depression** is an achievement in *GRIS*.

## Achieving

The player can get this achievement by requiring the player to search through the darkness and locate a turtle in Chapter 4 at checkpoint 2. The player will then have to make their way to the left in order to be covered by complete darkness, unlocking this achievement.
Akha phonology

The Alu dialect has 23 or 24 consonants depending on how the syllabic nasal is analyzed. The /m̩/, realized variously as [ˀm] or [m̥], can be analyzed as a separate single consonant or as sequences of /ʔm/ and /hm/. Katsura chose the latter but listed the /m/ component of the syllabic consonant with the vowels.

Any consonant may begin a syllable, but native Akha syllables which don't end in a vowel may only end in either -m or -ɔŋ. A few loan words have been noted that end in -aŋ or -aj. In the case of a nasal coda, some vowels become nasalized. Alu Akha distinguishes ten vowel qualities, contrasting rounded and unrounded back vowels at three heights while only the mid front vowels contrast roundness.

Vowel phonemes

Three vowels, /u/, /ɔ/ and /ɯ/, show marked nasalization when followed by a nasal consonant becoming /ũ/, /ɔ̃/ and /ɯ̃/, respectively.
Apurinã phonology

## Vowels

Apurinã vowels are obligatorily nasalized by surrounding nasal vowels, even across word boundaries.

* /e/ and /ɔ/ can be lowered to [ɛ] and [ɒ] when preceding an oral syllable.
* /o/ and /ɑ/ can be freely realized as [ʊ, u] and [ɐ, ʌ] within various syllable positions.

## References

1. ↑ The World Atlas of Language Structures Online – Chapter 10 – Vowel Nasalization
Abidji writing system

Abidji is written with a Latin alphabet, using the graphemes of the practical writing for the languages of the Ivory Coast. The letter upsilon ‹ Ʊ, ʊ › is often replaced with the V with hook ‹ Ʋ, ʋ ›.

The nasal vowels are written with ‹ n › (‹ m › before ‹ p › and ‹ b ›) : ‹ an, en, ɛn, in, on, ɔn, un, ʊn ou ʋn, ɩn ›.
Alva

## Information

**Alva** is a kind girl with no shortage of energy. She is the first person Frey meets in Setura.

## Story

### Away from Home (Volume 1 Part 1)

Alva was present in the orphanage when Frey first woke up. Although initially overjoyed that he had awakened from his coma, she was heartbroken when she discovering that Frey could not remember her. She left the room, unable to look back or speak a word. She later returned with Carolia, the headmistress of their orphanage and Alva's grandmother.
As they re-familiarise themselves with each other, it's revealed that Alva was there when Frey was struck by lightning and fetched help from Delera to bring him back home.
Allophone

In phonology, an **allophone** is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds, or *phones*, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, [t] (as in *stop* [stɒp]) and the aspirated form [tʰ] (as in *top* [ˈtʰɒp]) are allophones for the phoneme /t/, while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some languages such as Thai and Hindi. On the other hand, in Spanish, [d] and [ð] are allophones for the phoneme /d/, while these two are considered to be different phonemes in English.

The specific allophone selected in a given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context, with such allophones being called **positional variants**, but some allophones occur in free variation. Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme usually does not change the meaning of a word, but the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible.

Native speakers of a given language perceive one phoneme in the language as a single distinctive sound and are "both unaware of and even shocked by" the allophone variations that are used to pronounce single phonemes.
Austronesian languages

The **Austronesian languages** are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples). There are also a number of speakers in continental Asia. They are spoken by about 386 million people (4.9% of the world population). This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Javanese, and Tagalog (Filipino). According to some estimates, the family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family.

In 1706, the Dutch scholar Adriaan Reland first observed similarities between the languages spoken in the Malay Archipelago and by peoples on islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the 19th century, researchers (e.g. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Herman van der Tuuk) started to apply the comparative method to the Austronesian languages. The first extensive study on the history of the Phonology was made by the German linguist Otto Dempwolff. It included a reconstruction of the Proto-Austronesian lexicon. The term Austronesian was coined by Wilhelm Schmidt. The word is derived from the German *austronesisch*, which is based on Latin *auster* "south" and Greek *νῆσος* (*nē̃sos* "island").

The family is aptly named, because most Austronesian languages are spoken by island dwellers. Only a few languages, such as Malay and the Chamic languages, are indigenous to mainland Asia. Many Austronesian languages have very few speakers, but the major Austronesian languages are spoken by tens of millions of people. For example, Malay is spoken by 250 million people. This makes it the eighth most-spoken language in the world. Approximately twenty Austronesian languages are official in their respective countries (see the list of major and official Austronesian languages).

By the number of languages they include, Austronesian and Niger–Congo are the two largest language families in the world. They each contain roughly one-fifth of the world's languages. The geographical span of Austronesian was the largest of any language family before the spread of Indo-European in the colonial period. It ranged from Madagascar off the southeastern coast of Africa to Easter Island in the eastern Pacific. Hawaiian, Rapa Nui, Māori, and Malagasy (spoken on Madagascar) are the geographic outliers.

According to Robert Blust (1999), Austronesian is divided into several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively in Taiwan. The Formosan languages of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan (including its offshore Yami language) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian (sometimes called *Extra-Formosan*) branch.

Most Austronesian languages lack a long history of written attestation. This makes reconstructing earlier stages—up to distant Proto-Austronesian—all the more remarkable. The oldest inscription in the Cham language, the Đông Yên Châu inscription dated to the mid-6th century AD at the latest, is the first attestation of any Austronesian language.
Amami Ōshima phonology

## Consonants

In the southern Shodon dialect (just off Kakeroma Island), \*pʰ has become /ɸ/, and /z/ is only found in recent loans from Japanese.

## Vowels

Ōshima vowel qualities

/ɨ/ and /ɘ/ are generally transcribed "ï" and "ë" in the literature.

/ɨ/ derives from \*e and merges with /i/ after alveolar consonants. /ɘ/ mostly derives from a merger of \*ae and \*ai, and so is usually long. In several northern dialects, the nasal vowels /ã õ ɨ̃ ɘ̃/ developed from the loss of a word-medial /m/:

\*pama > pʰaã 'shore', \*jome > juw̃ɨ̃ 'bride', \*kimo > k˭joõ 'liver', \*ɕima > ɕoõ 'island', \*mimidzu > mɘɘ̃dza 'earthworm'
Kasarisani dialect has 11 oral and nasal vowels, while Sani dialect adds long vowels for a total of 18, the largest inventory of any Ryukyuan dialect.
Childhood

> "Memories from the past"
>
>

**Childhood** is an achievement in *GRIS*.

## Achieving

After collecting all of the mementos, the player can get this achievement by entering Chapter 5, heading to the left, and falling below where Gris initially appears. During the descent, the wall on the right will be broken (this break isn't present before collecting all mementos). After entering the hole in the wall, the player must sing in order to access the final cutscene and receive the achievement.
Brahui phonology

Brahui vowels show a partial length distinction between long /aː eː iː oː uː/ and diphthongs /aɪ aʊ/ and short /a u i/.

Brahui consonants show patterns of retroflexion but lack the aspiration distinctions found in surrounding languages and include several fricatives such as the voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ], a sound not otherwise found in the region.
Consonants are also very similar to those of Balochi, but Brahui has more fricatives and nasals (Elfenbein 1993).

## Stress

Stress in Brahui follows a quantity-based pattern, occurring either on the first long vowel or diphthong, or on the first syllable if all vowels are short.
Amis phonology

The following discussion covers the central dialect of 'Amis (Maddieson & Wright).

## Vowels

Amis vowels

'Amis has three common vowels, /i a u/. Despite the fact that a great deal of latitude is afforded by only needing to distinguish three vowels, 'Amis vowels stay close to their cardinal values, though there is more movement of /a/ and /u/ toward each other (tending to the [o] range) than there is in front-vowel space (in the [e] range).

A voiceless epenthetic schwa optionally breaks up consonant clusters, as noted above. However, there are a small number of words where a short schwa (written *e)* may be phonemic. However, no contrast involving the schwa is known, and if it is also epenthetic, then 'Amis has words with no phonemic vowels at all. Examples of this *e* are *malmes* "sad", pronounced [maɺə̆mːə̆s], and *’nem* "six", pronounced [ʡnə̆m] or [ʡə̆nə̆m].
Back vowel

i
y

ɨ
ʉ

ɯ
u

ɪ
ʏ

ɨ̞
ʉ̞

ɯ̞
ʊ

e
ø

ɘ
ɵ

ɤ
o

e̞
ø̞

ə

ɤ̞
o̞

ɛ
œ

ɜ
ɞ

ʌ
ɔ

æ

ɐ

a
ɶ

ä
ɒ̈

ɑ
ɒ

A **back vowel** is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Back vowels are sometimes also called **dark vowels** because they are perceived as sounding darker than the front vowels.

**Near-back** vowels are essentially a type of back vowels; no language is known to contrast back and near-back vowels based on backness alone.

The category "back vowel" comprises both raised vowels and retracted vowels.

## Partial list

The back vowels that have dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

* close back unrounded vowel [ɯ]
* close back protruded vowel [u]
* near-close back protruded vowel [ʊ]
* close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ]
* close-mid back protruded vowel [o]
* open-mid back unrounded vowel [ʌ]
* open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ]
* open back unrounded vowel [ɑ]
* open back rounded vowel [ɒ]

There also are back vowels that don't have dedicated symbols in the IPA:

* close back compressed vowel [ɯᵝ] or [uᵝ]
* near-close back unrounded vowel [ɯ̽] or [ʊ̜]
* near-close back compressed vowel [ɯ̽ᵝ] or [ʊᵝ]
* close-mid back compressed vowel [ɤᵝ] or [oᵝ]
* mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ̞] or [ʌ̝]
* mid back rounded vowel [o̞] or [ɔ̝]

As here, other back vowels can be transcribed with diacritics of relative articulation applied to letters for neighboring vowels, such as ⟨u̞⟩, ⟨o̝⟩ or ⟨ʊ̠⟩ for a near-close back rounded vowel.
Bernese German phonology

* In northern Bernese German, /a/ is rounded to [ɒ] or even merges with /ɔ/ to [ɔ].

### Vowel length

There is a distinctive length opposition in all vowels except [ə]. Unlike in standard German, there is no interdependence of vowel length and vowel quality.

### Diphthongs

Bernese German has seven diphthong phonemes:

* Three closing diphthongs: /ɛi̯, œi̯, ɔu̯/
* Three opening diphthongs: /iə̯, yə̯, uə̯/
* One long diphthong: /aːu̯/

The number of phonetic diphthongs and triphthongs is significantly higher, since all monophthongs (except for short [i], [y], [u], [ə]) and all opening diphthongs may be followed by a [w] (from vocalized /l/), for instance /ˈʃtalː/ → [ˈʃtawː] ('stable'), /ˈʃtaːl/ → [ˈʃtaːw] ('steel'), /ˈkfyə̯l/ → [ˈkfyə̯w] ('feeling').

Additionally, there are certain combinations with [j], for instance [ˈmyə̯j] ('toil') or [ˈd̥ræːjt] ('turns' from [ˈd̥ræːjə] 'to turn').

In southern Bernese German (not in the city of Bern), the closing diphthongs /ɛi̯, œi̯, ɔu̯/ merge with the near-close monophthongs /ɪː, ʏː, ʊː/ to [ɪː, ʏː, ʊː], for instance [ˈɣ̊lɪːd̥] instead of [ˈɣ̊lɛi̯d̥] ('cloth'). This phenomenon is also found in the neighbouring Bernese Highlands and Sense District dialects.

In northern Bernese German, a following [w] triggers rounding of the preceding vowel, for instance [ʋʏw] instead of [ʋɪw] ('because'). This phenomenon is also found in the neighbouring Solothurn and Lucerne dialects.
Amuzgo phonology

## Consonants

The dialect presented in the following chart is Upper Eastern, as spoken in San Pedro Amuzgos as analyzed by Smith & Tapia (2002).

The following chart is based on Coronado Nazario et al. (2009) for the variety of Southern Amuzgo spoken in Huixtepec. The phonetic facts are very similar to that of other varieties, but the analysis is different.

In this analysis, the nasals and central approximants have distinctive allophones that depend on whether or not they precede a nasalized vowel. The approximant /w/, which is [b] before oral vowels or consonants in Huixtepec, is [m] before nasalized vowels. The approximant /j/ is likewise nasalized before nasalized vowels, and [j] elsewhere. The nasals are pronounced with an oral non-nasal release when they precede an oral vowel, and as such sound like [nd] in that context. Various other important details about the phonetics of Amuzgo are not presented in a simplified chart such as the one shown above.

## Tones

Amuzgo has three basic tones: high, mid, and low. But it also has several combinations of tones on single syllables. The contour high-low is a common one. The following words are apparently distinguished only by tone in Huixtepec: /ha/ 'sour' (low), /ha/ (mid) 'I', /ha/ (high-low) 'we (exclusive)', and /ha/ (high) 'we (inclusive)'. See also the set: /ta/ 'hill' (low), /ta/ 'thick' (mid), /ta/ ' father (vocative)' (high-low), /ta/ 'slice' (high).
Acehnese phonology

## Vowels

Native-speaking linguists divide vowels in Acehnese into several categories: oral monophthongs, oral diphthongs (which are further divided into the ones ending with /ə/ and with /i/), nasal monophthongs, and nasal diphthongs.

### Oral vowels

Oral diphthong vowels ending with /ə/ are shown in the table below.

 /ɛə/

Oral diphthong vowels ending with /i/ are shown in the table below.

 /əi/
 /ʌi/
 /ai/

### Nasal vowels

Nasal monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.

## Consonants

The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.

## Orthography

The orthography of Achenese features 31 letters: the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet, è, é, ë, ô, and ö.

Notes:

* **ë** is used only for diphthongs ending with /ə/
Belait phonology

General references on Belait phonology include Martin (1990) on Metting Belait and Noor Alifah Abdullah (1992) on Labi Belait. This sketch is based on the Metting dialect. Other dialects may vary in their phonology and lexicon.

## Vowels

Metting Belait has five monophthong vowels /i, u, e, o, a/. There is one diphthong /iə/.

The phoneme /e/ is realised as [ə] in non-final syllables, and as [ɛ] and [e] in final syllables.

## Syllable Structure

Lexical roots are disyllabic. Final syllables are typically (C)V((C)C). Non-final are typically ((C)C)V(C).

## References

1. ↑ Martin, Peter W. 1990. *Notes on the Phonology of Belait*. Unpublished MS.
2. ↑ Noor Alifah Abdullah. 1992. Struktur bahasa Belait. Unpublished BA Thesis, Department of Malay Language and Linguistics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Bokar phonology

## Consonants

* The pronunciation of /ɕ/ may vary between [ɕ] and [s] among different dialects.

* Some speakers may also pronounce /tɕ/ as [ts] when preceding vowels other than /i/.
* /h/ can be realized as either voiced [ɦ] or [h], when preceding /i/.
* Stops /p t k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-coda position.
* A retroflex affricate /tʂ/ can also occur only from Tibetan loanwords.

## Vowels

* /ɯ/ can also be heard as more central [ɨ].
* /o/ is heard as more open and nasalized before /ŋ/ as [ɔ̃ŋ].
Akan phonology

## Consonants

1. -ATR vowels followed by the +ATR non-mid vowels /i̘ a̘ u̘/ become +ATR. This is generally reflected in the orthography: That is, orthographic *e ɛ a ɔ o* become *i e a o u*. However, it is no longer reflected in the case of subject and possessive pronouns, giving them a consistent spelling. This rule takes precedence over the next one.
2. After the -ATR non-high vowels /e a o/, +ATR mid vowels /e̘ o̘/ become -ATR high vowels /i u/. This is not reflected in the orthography, for both sets of vowels are spelled ⟨e o⟩, and in many dialects this rule does not apply, for these vowels have merged.

## Tones

Akan has three phonemic tones, *high* (/H/), *mid* (/M/), and *low* (/L/). Initial syllable may only be *high* or *low*.
Anuta phonology

## Vowels

The length of a vowel makes a difference in phonetics in Polynesian languages.

* matua (husband) vs. maatua (elderly person) vs. maatuaa (parent)
* tangata (man) vs. taangata (men) vs. tangaata (brother-in-law)

In other times, long vowels are to emphasis.

* maatea (great, extreme) → maaatea

The stress in Anutan normally falls on the first syllable.
Bukid phonology

Binukid consists of 20 segmental phonemes and 1 suprasegmental phoneme. The syllable is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in Spanish loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.

## Consonants

### Non-click consonants

There are 33 consonants in Binukid. In some instances, there is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords.

The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in the syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial.

## Vowels

There are generally eighteen vowels in Binukid.

## Suprasegmentals

There is a suprasegmental phoneme of stress which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example *beleng* [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means "surprise" while *beléng* [bɘˈlɘŋ] means "drunk". Long words may have more than one stress: *balángkawítan* [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster". Stress commonly shift when suffixes are added to the word (as in *kahibeléngan* "mysterious") or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.
Awing alphabet

Long vowels are indicated by repeating the vowel letter.

⟨n⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨ŋ⟩, and ⟨ny⟩ may be syllabic nasals ([n̩], [m̩], [ŋ̩], [ɲ̩]).

Tones are indicated using diacritics on the first vowel or nasal of the syllable. Both high and mid tone are marked with the acute accent, and the low tone is not explicitly written:

 Mid
 Low
 Rising
 Falling

Diaeresis on the vowel before the verb marks the habitual aspect.
Avatime phonology

Avatime is a tonal language with three tones, has vowel harmony, and has been claimed to have doubly articulated fricatives.

## Vowels

Avatime has nine vowels, /i ɪ e ɛ a ɔ o ʊ u/, though the vowels /ɪ ʊ/ have been overlooked in most descriptions of the language. It is not clear if the difference between /i e o u/ and /ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ/ is one of advanced and retracted tongue root (laryngeal contraction), as in so many languages of Ghana, or of vowel height: different phonetic parameters support different analyses.

Avatime has vowel harmony. A root many not mix vowels of the relaxed /i e o u/ and contracted /ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ/ sets, and prefixes change vowels to harmonize with the vowels of the root. For example, the human singular gender prefix is /ɔ ~ o/, and the human plural is /a ~ e/: /o-ze/ "thief", /ɔ-ka/ "father"; /be-ze/ "thieves", /ba-ka/ "fathers"; also /o-bu/ "bee" but /ɔ-bʊ/ "god".

Vowels may be long or short. Records from 1910 showed that all vowels could be nasalized, but that is disappearing, and few words with nasal vowels remained by the end of the century.

## Consonants

/ɸ/ is found in Ewe borrowings, as is /kʷ/, which can be seen to be distinct from /kw/ (which cannot be followed by another consonant) in the loanword /àkʷlɛ̄/ "boat".

The language has been claimed to have doubly articulated fricatives /x͡ɸ ɣ͡β/. However, as with similar claims for Swedish [ɧ], the labial articulation is not fricated, and these are actually labialized velars, /xʷ ɣʷ/. All velar fricatives are quite weak, and are closer to [h ɦ hʷ ɦʷ].

The affricates vary between [t͡s], [d͡z] and [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], which may be a generational difference.

## Phonotactics

Syllables are V, CV, CGV, and N: Avatime allows consonant-approximant clusters, where the approximant may be /l/, /w/, /j/. There is also a syllabic nasal, which takes its own tone: /kpāŋ̄/ "many".

Any consonant but /n/, /l/ may form a cluster with /l/: /ɔ̀kplɔ̄nɔ̀/ "table", /ɔ̀ɡblāɡɛ̄/ "snake", /káɣʷlɪ̀tsã̀/ "chameleon", /sɪ̄ŋʷlɛ̀sɛ̃̀/ "mucous". After a coronal consonant, the /l/ is pronounced [r].

When two vowels come together, they are either separated by a glottal stop [ʔ], fuse into a single vowel, or the first vowel reduces to a semivowel. In the latter case, the four front vowels reduce to [j] and three of the back vowels reduce to [w], but /u/ is fronted to [ɥ].

However, there are /Cw/ and /Cj/ sequences which are not derived from vowel sequences. These are /fw/, /mw/, /fj/, /vj/, /βj/, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/, /zj/, /lj/, /ŋʷj/.
Archi orthography

Until recently Archi did not have a written form, except in studies by specialists who used the Latin script. In 2006, the Surrey Morphology Group developed a Cyrillic alphabet for Archi based on the Avar alphabet, which is used in the Archi–Russian–English Dictionary alongside an IPA transcription.
Belter Creole phonology

## Orthography and pronunciation

Letters with diacritics
 Lowercase letters

## Stress

In most cases the primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a word. For example in:

* *showxa* (/'ʃɒ.xæ/)
* *seteshang* (/se'te.ʃæŋ/)
* *gufovedi* (/gu.fo've.di/)

If the stress for a particular word is on a different syllable, this is indicated with an addition of the acute accent above the letters A, E, O and U. Examples of such words are:

* *ámolof* (/'æ.mo.lof/)
* *idzhifobék* (/id͡ʒi.fo'bek/)
* *belówt* (/be'lɒt/)

When forming compound words, the stress often remains on the head of the compound, which sometimes requires the addition of an accent mark:

* *zakong* (/'za.koŋ/) → *zákomang* (/'zako.mæŋ/)
* *gut* (/gut/) → *gútegow* (/'gut.t.egɒ/)
* *tung* (/tuŋ/) → *túngeting* (/'tuŋ.e.tiŋ/)
Bukawa phonology

## Vowels

Bukawa distinguishes the eight vowel qualities:

* /ɔ/ is heard as [o] when occurring in word-final position.

## Consonants

Bukawa has the largest consonant inventory among the Austronesian languages of mainland New Guinea.

Glottal stop, written with a *c* as in Yabem, is only distinctive at the end of syllables. The only other consonants that can occur syllable-finally are labials and nasals: *p, b, m, ŋ*. Syllable-structure constraints are most easily explained if labialized and prenasalized consonants are considered unit phonemes rather than clusters. The distinction between voiced and voiceless laterals and approximants is unusual for Huon Gulf languages.

* All voiceless plosives are phonemically written as /p, t, k/, however; they always are heard as aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ], with the exception of /p/ being heard as unaspirated [p] in word-final position.
* /l/ is heard as a tap [ɾ] in free variation among different speakers, but is most commonly heard as phonemic [l].
Bunun phonology

## Consonants

**Orthographic notes**:

* /tʃ/ as ⟨c⟩.
* /dʒ/ as ⟨j⟩.

**Notes**:

* The glides /j w/ exist, but are derived from the underlying vowels /i u/ to meet the requirements that syllables must have onset consonants. They are therefore not part of the consonant inventory.
* The dental fricative /ð/ is actually interdental (/ð̟/).
* In the Isbukun dialect, /χ/ often occurs in final or post-consonantal position and /h/ in initial and intervocalic position, whereas other dialects have /q/ in both of these positions.
* While Isbukun drops the intervocalic glottal stops (/ʔ/) found in other dialects, /ʔ/ also occurs where /h/ occurs in other dialects. (For example, the Isbukun word [mapais] bitter is [mapaʔis] in other dialects; the Isbukun word [luʔum] 'cloud' is [luhum] in other dialects.)
* The alveolar affricate /dʒ/ occurs in the Taitung variety of Isbukun, usually represented in other dialects as /t/.

## Vowels

**Vowel inventory**

**Notes**:

* /e/ does not occur in Isbukun.
Adzera phonology

## Vowels

The diphthongs /ɑi ɑu/ occur, while other sequences of vowels are split over two syllables.

## Consonants

/h/ occurs in only one word: the interjection *hai* "yes".

The prenasalized consonants tend to lose prenasalization initially and after consonants.

/tʃ ⁿtʃ/ are sometimes realized as [ts ⁿts], especially in codas.
Barman phonology

The Barman Thar phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, nine diphthongs, and twenty consonants (including two semivowels).

## Consonants

In Barman Thar, there are twenty consonants.

It is to be noted that *pʰ* and *z* have idiolectal variations. They are, by some people, sometimes pronounced as *ɸ* and *d͡z* respectively. For example, the word *pʰa* (meaning “father”) is sometimes pronounced as *ɸa* and *nɐmza* (meaning “bad”) is sometimes pronounced as *nɐmd͡za*.

Gemination

Gemination, which is the twinning of two consonants, is also found in the Barman language.

Consonant Clusters

In the study of Barman Thar, carried out by the students of Tezpur University, they found only one word, i.e. *bɾui*, with a consonant cluster. It is a cluster of two consonants, *b* and *ɾ*. And they found no final cluster in any word.

## Vowels

In Barman Thar, there are eight vowels and nine diphthongs.

Monophthongs

 Close-mid
 Open-mid
 Near-open

Diphthongs

 o
 a
Altai phonology

The sounds of the Altai language vary among different dialects.

## Consonants

The voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ varies greatly from dialect to dialect, especially in the initial position, and may be recognized as a voiced affricate /d͡z/. Forms of the word *јок* "no" include [coq] (Kuu dialect) and [joq] (Kumandy). Even within dialects, this phoneme varies greatly.

## Vowels

There are eight vowels in Altai. These vowels may be long or short.
Bavarian phonology

## Consonants

Notes:

* Aspiration may occur among voiceless plosives in word-initial position.
* The phoneme /h/ is frequently realised as [ç] or [x] word-internally and is realised as [h] word-initially.
* Intervocalic /s/ can be voiced to [z].
* A trill sound /r/ may also be realised as a tap sound [ɾ].
* Intervocalic /v/ or /w/ sound can be realised as [ʋ] or [β, w].
* Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise /k/ as an affricate [k͡x] word-initially and before /m, n, l, r/, which is an extension of the High German consonant shift to velar consonants.

## Vowels

Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain Bavarian dialects or only appear as allophones or in diphthongs. Nasalization may also be distinguished in some dialects.

Bavarian has an extensive vowel inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness.
Buol phonology

The vowels of Buol are /a e i o u/. Stress falls on penultimate syllable, with sequence of like vowels counting as one syllable.

The consonants are as follows:

/dʒ/ occurs in loans. /h/, /s/, /ʔ/ are found in loans and a small number of native words, such as /buahaŋa/ 'k.o. cricket', /sio/ 'nine', /naʔal/ 'bark slippers'.

/β/ only occurs before /u/, but there are near-minimal pairs such as /βuŋo/ 'fruit', /buŋol/ 'leaf'.

/l/ is pronounced [l] after a front vowel, as in [dila] 'tongue'; [ɽ] if not preceded, but followed by a front vowel, as in [aɽe] 'chin'; and [ʎ] elsewhere. However, there is an exception with the sequences /lala, lola, lolo/, where the first /l/ is pronounced [l], as in /lolo/ [loʎo] 'face'.
Boro phonology

The Boro language has a total of 30 phonemes: 6 vowels, 16 consonants, and 8 diphthongs—with a strong prevalence of the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. The Boro language use tones to distinguish words. There are three different tones: high, medium and low. The difference between high and low tones is apparent and quite common.

## Vowels

There are 6 vowels in Boro.

* All vowels occur at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of syllables.

## Consonants

Boro has 16 consonants.

* The three voiceless aspirated stops, /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/, are unreleased in syllable final position. Their unaspirated voiced counterparts are released and cannot occur word final position.
* Sometimes, /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, s/ are pronounced as /b, d, g, z/ respectively.
* The consonants /b, d, m, n, ɾ, l/ can occur in all position.
* The consonants /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, g, s, ɦ/ cannot appear at the end of indigenous Boro words but occur in loanwords.
* The consonants /ŋ, j, w/ cannot appear at the beginning of words.

## Tones

Since Boro is a tonal language, changes in tone affect the meaning:
Bukiyip phonology

## Syllable structure

Syllabic stress is usually placed on the penultimate syllable, which has a higher pitch.

There are four contrastive intonation contours.

1. Final Intonation - falling pitch on the last syllable, followed by a pause
2. Non-final Intonation - level mid pitch on the last syllable, followed by a pause
3. Interrogative Intonation - level mid/high pitch on the last word
4. Imperative Intonation - high pitch and heavy stress throughout clause with a rapid pitch drop on the last syllable

## Consonants

written as: p, t, k, b, d, g, s, ch, j, h, m, n, ny, l, r, w, y

## Vowels

Initial vowels clusters: ou, au, ai, ia

Medial vowel clusters: e (a,o,i,u), a (u,e,i), i (é,a,e), o (u,i), uu, úo

Final vowel clusters: eo, ou, uu

Vowel Phonemes of Bukiyip

written as: i, e, a, o, u, æ, é, ú
Alekano phonology

Alekano has 12 vowels, all unrounded, which is exceptional. It has 12 consonants, but /w/ is found only in the village Wanima, in derivations or in pidgin loanwords.

## Glottal coda

In Alekano, a syllable may be closed only with a glottal stop, as in /ɑʔnesiʔ/ "enough". That is currently not treated as a consonant, but it is unclear if words written as vowel initial begin with a glottal stop. It is written as an acute accent in the orthography, for example, *ánesí*.

## Consonants

The lateral is [l] initially and [ɽ] between vowels.

## Syllables

The most complex syllables are of the form /CVVʔ/: VV may be a diphthong of /ɑ/, /e/, or /ɤ/ followed by /i/ or /ɯ/, or of /iɯ/. Other vowels may also occur in sequence (hiatus).

## Tone

Alekano has low and high tones but with a very low functional load. HL receives strong stress, LH lesser stress.

## References

1. ↑ 1992. Alekano Organised Phonology Data. [Manuscript] [1]
Araki phonology

Araki has a phonological inventory of 16 consonant phonemes and 5 vowels, which are shown in the following two tables:

## Consonants

Araki has 16 consonants which generally appear at the beginning of a syllable, with some exceptions.

Only fluent speakers of Araki distinguish between the flap [ɾ] and the trill [r]; and only they can distinguish and pronounce the linguolabial consonants. 'Passive' users of the language replace these consonants either with bilabial consonants or alveolar consonants. Although many younger people claim to be able to speak Araki, they are usually passive speakers, and therefore do not use linguolabial consonants.

## Vowels

The vowel phonemes are:

**Vowels**

Araki does not possess phonemic long vowels. Also, the language does not have phonemic diphthongs. However, strings of consecutive vowels are possible - indeed prevalent - in the language. In these cases, each vowel builds a separate syllable.

## References

1. ↑ François (2002), p.18.
2. ↑ François (2002), p.6.
Balochi phonology

## Vowels

The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short. These are /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, /uː/, /a/, /i/ and /u/. The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/.

## Consonants

The following table shows consonants which are common to both Northern and Southern Balochi. The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects.

In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.

In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ]. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ]. /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪].
Algonquin phonology

## Consonants

In an older orthography still popular in some of the Algonquin communities, known as the Malhiot ([mɛːjot]) spelling, which the above Cuoq spelling was based upon, are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):

## Vowels

### Nasal vowels

Algonquin does have nasal vowels, but they are allophonic variants (similar to how in English vowels are sometimes nasalized before *m* and *n*). In Algonquin, vowels automatically become nasal before *nd*, *ndj*, *ng*, *nh*, *nhi*, *nj* or *nz*. For example, **kìgònz** ("fish") is pronounced [kiːɡõːz], not [kʰiːɡoːnz].
Breathy voice

**Breathy voice** (also called **murmured voice**, **whispery voice**, **soughing** and **susurration**) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound. A simple breathy phonation, [ɦ] (not actually a fricative consonant, as a literal reading of the IPA chart would suggest), can sometimes be heard as an allophone of English /h/ between vowels, such as in the word *behind*, for some speakers.

In the context of the Indo-Aryan languages like Sanskrit and Hindi and comparative Indo-European studies, breathy consonants are often called *voiced aspirated*, as in the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted *bh, dh, ḍh, jh,* and *gh* and the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European phoneme *gʷʰ*. From an articulatory perspective, that terminology is inaccurate, as breathy voice is a different type of phonation from aspiration. However, breathy and aspirated stops are acoustically similar in that in both cases there is a delay in the onset of full voicing. In the history of several languages, like Greek and some varieties of Chinese, breathy stops have developed into aspirated stops.
Anuak phonology

Anuak is notable for lacking phonemic fricatives.

## Tones

 High
 Mid
 Low

## References

1. ↑ Steven Moran and Daniel McCloy and Richard Wright. 2019. Anuak sound inventory (PH).
In: Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.)
PHOIBLE 2.0.
Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
(Available online at http://phoible.org/inventories/view/1165, Accessed on 2021-06-11.)