Republic of San Marino

Sammarinese Reserve Forces:

* San Marino National Guard
* San Marino Coast Guard

The **Federal Serene Republic of San Marino** (*Italian: **Repubblica Federale Serenissima di San Marino**; French: **République fédérale sérénissine de Saint-Marin***), one of the most richest and powerful republics in FCR, is a country located slightly to the east of Central Italy. It's one of the oldest existing republics in the world and the 3rd oldest nation in the world.

## History

The country started as the **Most Serene Republic of San Marino** since its foundation in **3 September 301** (confirmed date) by Saint Marinus.

### Since Foundation and Pre-Confederation Era

Since its foundation in 301 AD, the government was established as a diarchic government under the control fo the church. About 106 years later, the nation started to expand through the south and claimed the region on what is now today as the **Marche Region** (Regione Sud) and later through the north in 2 more years in what is now today as the **Emilia-Romagna Region** (Région du Nord). The San Marino Army, the oldest military branch possibly in the world (second is the San Marino Navy), originally founded the **Crossbow Corps** in 1295. It was the primary sub-branch of the San Marino Army. Today, the **Crossbow Corps** utilizes ceremonial events.

### Confederation Era

Since then, San Marino struggled financially with trade. As a solution, the Sammarinese government changed from a **constitutional diarchic republic** to a **constitutional confederated oligarchy republic** at approximately 1566. The nation always stood neutral in wars and increased trade and create more manufactured goods to other nations. The senators ruled three regions and had good trading alliances. In 1583, when the country was still struggling with the economy, the confederated government didn't last long as it resulted an uprising, leading the ruler to give up the power and transitioned back to a constitutional diarchic republic.

### Post-Confederation Era and Transition to Federalism

Since 1583, the nation came back with two new rulers, resuming the old government system. For 2 centuries, the economy was collapsing and rising at the same time. In 1775, the government started to sign the referendum for another transition of a new government. On June 4, 1776, the referendum was implemented, transitioning to a new government with a new government system, ending the **diarchic government system**.

### New Government and Industrial Revolution

On June 4 1776, just after the ratification of a new government system, a new constitution was implemented. The new government would boost the economy of San Marino. Starting on November 22, 1790, industries would soon expand. It would boom more businesses and more factories. It would also expand the national military. On January of 1802, the president made his first interaction with another nation leader possibly in France, making their first country to start diplomatic relations. Soon, the president would expand the diplomatic relations to other countries. In 1831, builders started to work on the first railroad system that would start from Piacenza to Ancona. After the completion of the railroad, the locomotive, ***Orientale***, was the first train to start train services. When railway transportation expanded, the economy boomed as more industries and more business expanded and more diplomatic relations and trade.

### Colonial Era

San Marino was involved with colonizing North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and part of the Oceania since 1793 up until decolonization in 1965. The country's goal was not conquest; in fact, their primary goal was to negotiate in terms of peace and trade. The aftermath of the Civil War led to a higher security and stricter rules on self and devolved government systems. In 1950, decolonization began when independence was declared to multiple colonies starting from Africa and in the Americas. In 1958 the remaining colonies became overseas territories in the Oceania and in Asia, and the last territory was in Asia, which later gained independence in 1965.

### Civil War

In 1909, when the national economy was improving, a worker strike happened at the factory in the City of Fermo, the provincial capital of Fermo. A Fascist worker lead a march along the South Region, killing hundreds of soldiers along the way. This revolution is called **The Fascist March**. In 1912, the worker declared the South Region as their own breakaway country, known as the **Socialist Republic of San Marino** or in simple context, **South San Marino**, and claims Fermo as its capital. The President of the Federal government (**North San Marino**) placed a demilitarized zone known as the **Falliéres-Gozi Line**. The navy ships docked at the port of Ancona were taken and claimed as their own. The Civil War started when the first fires shot near the FG Line. With the Federal Sammarinese government's assistanced with its neighboring country, the country defended its western border from the Fascist government. The war lasted 3 years. Finally, in 1915, an invasion lead by the Federal government invaded from another country south of the Fascist state and invaded through the north through a surprise attack followed by navy ships. The leader was captured and executed in Fermo, ending the Fascist rule of South San Marino.

### Post Civil War and Modern Era

The country demolished the FG Line and unified the country, absorbing the economy of the old Fascist state. In 1918, the government banned fascism. At the same year, the San Marino Air Force was made. For years the nation has become a **developed country** with **high GDP**. **In 29 July 2021, the Federal Serene Republic of San Marino joins the FCR system and has continued to expand diplomatic relations and grow more businesses today.** In 20 January 2022, an invasion of the Croatian county of **Licka-Senjska** took place, marking the first modern invasion since the **Expansion of 407**.

## Geography and Demography

The country is consisted along the eastern side of the Italian Peninsula. It lies along the Adriatic Sea in the east, Savoian Kingdom in the north, Tuscorse in the west, Imperium Romanum in the south and southwest. A **Tuscorsian exclave of Ca'Raffaello** is located along the nation. The country, in total, has 23 provinces. The provinces were sometimes referred as states. Also, in total, the country has 2.03 Million people. The country has 82% of Italian speakers, 11% of French speakers, and 7% of English speakers.

### North Region

The Region is full of French people of Sammarinese descent. The North Region consist of 9 Provinces: Piacenza, Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna, Ferrera, Ravenna, Forlì-Cesena, and Rimini. It has an area of 22,446 km² (8,666 sq mi), and about 1.3 million inhabitants.

### South Region

The Region is occupied with Italian-Sammarinese people. The South Region consist of 5 provinces: Ancona, Ascoli Piceno, Fermo, Macerata, Pesaro e Urbino. Marche extends over an area of 9,694 square kilometres (3,743 sq mi) of the central Adriatic slope between Emilia-Romagna to the north, Tuscany and Umbria to the west, and Lazio and Abruzzo to the south, the entire eastern boundary being formed by the Adriatic.

### Capital Region

The Region is the founding region of the country. The Capital Region consist of 8 provinces: Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Serravalle. San Marino covers a land area of just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi), and has a population of 33,562.

### Croatian Region

The recently annexed Licka-Senjska is the newest province claimed by San Marino. The territory has a total area of 5353 km2. As of the 2021 census, the county had 42.893 residents. The capital of the province is Gospic.

### Territories and Commonwealths

#### Côte d'Azur Territory

The annexed Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur is the recently established territory and it will be the most important territory as it will establish defense over the Mediterranean. The capital of the territory is Marseilles.

#### Sammarinese-Controlled North Westmore Zone

After the Westmore Civil War and upon the agreement between San Marino and other coalition forces, they agreed to split the country into four zones. One of the zones is controlled by the Sammarinese government. Since then, the controlled zone in North Westmore is sometimes referred to as the **Commonwealth of Westmore** or **Commonwealth of North Westmore** by some scholars because of the system of government is leaned on a devolved commonwealth system rather than a regular province/territory system.

## Government

The government is a **constitutional federal presidential republic**. The federal system has an executive branch (lead by the President and the Prime Minister), legislative branch (Parliament and Senate), and the judicial branch. Elections always take place every 6 months. There are 23 governors, each ruling 23 provinces.

## Military

The **Sammarinese Armed Forces**, the oldest confirmed armed forces in the world, still has an operational army, navy, and air force. Beginning of the 1960s, the armed forces added the **Sammarinese Gendarmerie**. The Gendarmerie is responsible for the border and homeland security as well as teaming up with the police forces for provincial security. In total, there are about 830,000 personnel and 130,000 reserves.

### San Marino Army

The oldest confirmed army in the world, the San Marino Army has about 300,000 personnel and about 60,000 in reserves. The army has a military ensemble, responsible for parades. The preserved **Crossbow Corps** for ceremonial purposes. The **Guardians of the Rock** today protects the three towers of San Marino. All of those sub-branch are controlled by the Sammarines Army.

### San Marino Navy

Second oldest branch in the military and possibly the oldest navy in the world, the San Marino Navy has about 230,000 personnel and about 30,000 in reserves. The army also has a military ensemble for parades. The **Coast Guard** protects the Sammarinese coast and uses a variety of patrol and gunboats. Temporarily, in cooperation with the **San Marino Air Force**, they share the Super Frelon and the EC725 for transport and for search and rescue.

### San Marino Air Force

The youngest branch in the military dating back to almost 100 years ago, the San Marino Air Force has about 300,000 personnel and about 40,000 in reserves. The air force also has a military ensemble for parades. There are three air force bases dedicated to transport planes, fighter jets, and reconnaissance planes and helicopters. The air force is responsible for aerial defense and combat search and rescue.

## Highway System

The **San Marino Highway System** is the national highway and road system of San Marino. It consists of Interstatale Freeways, San Marino National Routes and Highways, and Provincial Routes. The system is a mix of American, Canadian, Italian, and French styles.