Pujades 9

"UNIVERSAL CHRONICLE OF THE HISTORY OF CATALONIA" (1609) by Geronimo Pujades

Translated from Spanish and annotated by Ras Feqade, AD 2021 [in progress]

### Chapter 9

*Referring to the diversity of opinions that exist on which path Tubal took to come to Spain, and the first place he populated.*

1. Since we know the divisions of Spain, which are explained in the antecedent chapters, as it seems necessary for the intelligence of the following ones, let us return to deal with the settlers and lords, and consecutively with the things that happened in this our land.

2. I leave it said in the third chapter, following the common opinion, that Tubal, fifth son of Japheth and grandson of Noah, was the first inhabitant of the whole land, which in the eighth chapter I left demarcated and divided, and in the others described in general and designated. Now continuing the same matter, it should be known that the coming of Tubal to Spain was already in the year 142 after the Flood, which I left written in the second chapter. And this account is according to that of our Barcelonian Pedro Antonio Viladainor in his manuscript and not printed Chronicle, and of our Florian de Ocampo in the General Chronicle of Spain, conforming to the account of the Hebrews, which according to it came to be 2173 BC, according to their opinion, and Estéban Garibay in the Supplement to the Chronicles. Others affirm that this coming of Tubal was 2162 BC; and 1799 after the Creation of the world, according to Fr Juan Pineda, which only disagrees in one year from the first count of the years before Christ. Juan Antonio de Viterbo and Pedro Antonio Beuter, following Berosus the Chaldean, Damian Goes, Felipe Garcia and Micer Pons de Icart, say that this coming of Tubal was in the year 143 after the Flood; and so 2174 BC. We began to count, and we already began to see the differences of the accounts; I don't know what we'll do in the end. I do not want to find out anything, but to refer what I will find. Either in one year, or in another, those already cited agree that, dividing Europe among the sons of Japheth, Spain fell to Tubal, and that in order to make his journey, he had to depart from those lands later named Phoenicia or Jafa, or others from Syria, which is where the trips to the West are taken. And although in this they are in agreement, they have great disagreement in two things: one in whether Tubal came by sea, or by land; and the other where it was where he first landed, and in what part of Spain he made the first habitation and population.

[*A Brief History of Spain* by John Stevens (AD 1701) says Tubal came to Spain in 2163 BC, 142 years after the flood, in the 'year of the world' 1697. John Swinton's *History of the Spaniards* (AD 1760, in Sale's *Universal History*) puts it in year 134 after the flood. Wyndham Beawes' *History of Spain and Portugal* (AD 1793) has the same figures as Stevens, except for the 'year of the world' he says was 1798, but also quotes Arius Montanus as saying it was 143 after the flood, "year of the world" 1800, and 2317 BC. James Anderson's *Royal Genealogies* (AD 1732) with differing calculations, says Tubal's reign began 2167 BC, 'year of the world' 1837, which he says was 27 years after the confusion at Babel.

*Defloratio*, surely an ancient source, says in the 12th year of Nymbrotus, corresponding to 2412 BC, "Jubal" founded the empire of the Celtiberians. Jubal, the name of an antediluvian Cainite, is an error for Tubal, and 'Celtiberians' is also an error, for the Celtiberians were Celts who entered Spain much later under king Celtes of Celtica. Tubal's kingdom was known as (Se)Tubalia, later Iberia and Turdetania and then Hispania. The 12th year of Nymbrotus, ie Enmerkar as King of Uruk, is also the 12th year after the fall of the 'Tower of Babel' at Eridu. Previously Enmerkar had been foreman over the Hamites at Babel, and overall chief foreman, and the Sumerian account of *Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird* seems to count his accession from the beginning of the tower in 2467 BC, whereas *Defloratio* counts his era as king of Uruk, starting in 2424 BC. Thus Tubal founded Tubalia or Setubalia in the 143rd year after the flood according to *Defloratio*, which should be amended to 343rd year after the flood in accordance with *Jubilees*. As for 'year of the world', it seems certain now that the Earth is far older than human history beginning with Adam, but on the basis of *Jubilees* the creation or birth of Adam and Eve can be placed in 4063 BC, hence the settlement of Tubal took place in the year 1651 from Adam.

It is quite plausible that Tubal would have embarked from Jaffa a year earlier, as local Italian histories reveal that he first established a colony at Ravenna, well within his portion alotted in Jubilees, with his son Subres. Subres would later go on to found another city at Milan. Tubal would not be the only son of Japheth to embark from Canaan, as Tiras is said to have somewhat later, in 2352 BC, sailed from Tyre to Tyras at the mouth of the Dniester. The other Japhethites are all said to have migrated from Armenia, suggesting a different pre-dispersion disposition for Tubal and Tiras.

The tradition of Tubal first settling Spain is not dependent on *Defloratio* printed in AD 1498. Tubal's settlement is also mentioned earlier by the historian kings Pedro IV of Aragon (1370) who says Tubal's descendants were first called Cetubales and settled along the Ebro before changing their name to Iberians, and Alfonso X of Castile (1280), who wrote that they settled in the Pyrenees, the name Cetubales came from a word *cetus* meaning 'tribe', and that they later changed their name to Celtiberians. No doubt there was a good deal of confusion among the later occupants of Spain between the ancient Iberians and Celtiberians. And earlier still is the Arabic account of Abentarique (AD 750), regarding Tubal in Spain, mentioned in the next chapter]

3. Florian de Ocampo, one of those who believe Tubal came by sea, says he made his navigation through the Ocean Sea, and that entering through the land of Spain, the first province where he stopped on purpose, and made a seat, was Baetica, which today is called Andalusia; and although he points out that he populated some places, he does not name them. And he says that after having given them laws and a way of life: sailing along the coast of the Ocean Sea, and the Portuguese shore, he founded a town that he named Setúbal; and that afterwards he turned back to the Mediterranean, and he arrived in the province that today is called Catalonia; and that on a high place by the sea he built a town he named Tarazoau (which in the Chaldean language means Congregation of shepherds) and today it is called Tarragona, the word corrupted; and that from there he founded many others, of which I will not discuss because it is outside my intention; and I am referring to the aforementioned authors, and to Pineda, who also says what I wrote.

[The original language used in Tubalia is said to have been "Chaldean", this most probably means not actual Chaldean but a dialect of proto-Semitic, and indeed Canaan, a son of Ham, and his family also seems to have used a similar form of proto-Semitic, however it seems Tubal's brothers in Armenia - Gomer, Madai, Javan and Meshech, adopted proto-Indo-European -- apart from Magog, who had already left Armenia before the adoption of proto-Indo-European, and whose family spoke proto-Finnic.]

4. Others, and among them our Viladamor and Pedro Antonio Beuter say that Tubal came through the Mediterranean Sea, and this opinion seems to be followed by Master Pedro Medina, because he says Tubal embarked in Jafa to come to Spain; and if so, he had to navigate precisely the Mediterranean, since he could not go to the Ocean. And Viladamor and Beuter continue saying that when Tubal entered what is now Spain, he discovered some very high mountains he named Setubals, and which after some time were called the Pyrenees; and that while navigating there along the shoreline, the first place he founded was Tarazoau, which today is called Tarragona as I have said. And they say that from there he went to cross the Strait of Gibraltar, and sailing through the Ocean he went to the coast of Portugal, and he founded Setubal, of which I have mentioned above. Garibay is also of this opinion, that Tubal came through the Mediterranean; but he says that he went up the Ebro river, because it was navigable to Cantabria, as I will explain in chapter twelve, and that he took a seat, and founded his first hamlets or barracks, and towns in those mountains of Cantabria. Garibay tries to enforce his opinion in many chapters, and with many reasons, and it is one of them that those mountains are fertile, and abundant in wild fruits, and wild sustenance, which men then ate, and lived with those foods; another reason is, he says, because perhaps Tubal fearing another flood like the past, he wanted to protect himself by building in very high parts: which corroborates with the similarity of the names found there, with those of the places where Tubal left, because he says that especially the names of rivers and mountains conform a lot with those.

5. Other historians, and among them our Catalan Tomic, say that Tubal came by land, and this was understood by Diego de Valera, and Archbishop D Rodrigo, referred to by Micer Luis Pons de Icart; but these three are all at odds as to where Tubal first took his seat with his people. Tomic says that the first town that Tubal founded in Spain was Amposta, located below Tortosa on the Ebro shore near the sea, and thus in the lands of Catalonia. Diego de Valera says he first settled in Montes de Hoca, near the city of Burgos in Castilla. Archbishop D Rodrigo says the first settlement of Tubal was in the Pyrenees mountains, but he does not say which town, or in which place, but that from here the other populations of Spain came down to continue. But I am of the feeling that he was deceived, as I will write in the eleventh chapter.

6. Of these opinions that are affected to the country of their respective authors, I will not deal now, but I will leave it for the next chapter, stopping here to find out which way of their coming seems rather the truth. Those who say he came through the Ocean Sea seem to have no reason, because considering the place where Tubal's people left, and considering where they were going, it is likely that they set out to sail the Mediterranean Sea, since they had the shortest navigation, and the voyage more direct; because by the Ocean they had to round the cape that today is called Good Hope, surrounding more than seven hundred navigational leagues. And so it seems the most certain that, since they came to populate a part of Europe, they would follow the same coast of it, and they would not go to shoot that of Africa, which is where those of Cam's lineage were going to populate. Those who say that Tubal came by land are also deceived; as they are convinced by reasons, in my opinion evident. Because coming by land, on the way they had to pass the Hellespontic Sea, and many navigable rivers, which without bridges or boats could not be crossed, and then there were not any in the rivers. And if they want it to be like that, for them to come by land, they must say that at each of those steps they stopped to build boats or bridges, or that they carried them with them on mules, because wheels had not yet been invented; and neither of these two means is credible, because they are both implausible: since in order to manufacture the ones that they would need each time, they had to stop for a long time, and this would happen very frequently. Taking them with you is more difficult, as anyone understands; for all of which I consider it almost impossible for Tubal and his people to come by land. The other, that if they already knew how to make boats to cross arms of the sea, and cross navigable rivers, they would also know how to navigate by the shortest; especially when Polidoro Virgilio says that although some have attributed the invention of sailing to various men of different nations, Noah was the first inventor of navigation and that for this reason Berossus named Noah's Ark a ship. I have also read in Jewish Josephus, where he deals with the division of Noah's sons and grandsons, that some, passing by in ships, populated and inhabited the islands; and that they were there, can be deduced from Juan Pineda, where he says (writing of Fanat, Donaim's son, and Japheth's grandson) that this was the one who made the ships to go to the islands. Here it can be seen, then, that ships were already in use, although not as perfect as now; thus if ships and navigation were already used, it is more likely that they came by sea than by land. The third, because coming by land they had to be continually fatigued and afflicted with hunger, heat and cold, abundance of terrible winds and copious downpours, which would have made them sick, and many would have died, and very few reached the object of so long a journey: without obstructing the saying that jobs are also passed by sea, because there are not so many, and the promptness of the trips makes them bearable when the wind is favorable. For all these reasons, I repeat that it is plausible that Tubal came with his people to Spain sailing our Mediterranean Sea; and that it is implausible that he came by land, or by the Ocean.

[I have not yet seen the account of Pineda, but the reference to "Fanat, Donaim's son, and Japheth's grandson" is surely derived from the ancient *Biblical Antiquities* of so-called Pseudo-Philo, where he is called Phenech, son of Dodanim (Rhodes), son of Javan. He is also said to be identified with Samothes, who founded a colony in France in 2411 BC, a year after Tubal landed in Spain. As *Biblical Antiquities* says, it was Phenech (ie Samothes) who commanded ships to be made, and if his party landed at Nantes on the Atlantic coast, there is no telling if they had been with the settlements in Spain before that, or Italy, Canaan, or elsewhere.]

### Chapter 10

*Referring to how Tubal founded Tarragona, and gave his name to Spain, and other things of his time.*

1. Seeing as Tubal came to Spain sailing the Mediterranean, the doubt about the first settlement he made remains to be resolved. I would not want to be affected by my country, land or nation; but having to follow one or another opinion, the reasons I will give force me to follow the opinion that says Tubal put his seat, his residence and population in Catalonia, and therein in Tarragona. Because it being resolved that he came through the Mediterranean, it is natural that, at the point where he sighted the land he came to populate, and saw the mountains we have mentioned in the ninth chapter, named Setubales, and later seeing the fertility and beauty of the plain of this region, in the best plain and place of land that he would find (such as the Tarragona field), he would build the town of Tarazoau there, since this was the first coast of sea and land he came to populate, and he found it long before Andalusia, and no one ignores that the desire of navigators is to land after they reach the object of their navigation. And for this same reason it is likely that he founded Tarragona earlier than Amposta, because although it is close to the sea, Tarragona is closer, and it is a more fertile and more comfortable territory for everything, and for navigation and sea contracting it is more appropriately Tarragona, not Amposta; especially when Tubal would keep in mind that at the same time they would already be building towns on the coasts and banks of Africa, for whose traffic with that nation the population of Tarragona was striving a lot, due to its proximity to the sea. And for all these reasons it is deduced to be implausible that Tubal was to settle in the mountains of Hoca, distancing himself from the land most proportioned for trade and commerce with other nations. And for this reason, I am of the same opinion as Antonio Viladamor, Beuter, Micer Pons de Icart, and Francisco Compte mentioned in the ninth chapter. The opinions of Archbishop D Rodrigo and Garibay can be reduced to one, since they agree that the first foundation of Tubal was in the mountains, in the terms of which they are not contrary to our opinion; because it could happen that Tubal arose and rested for a few days on this our coast, and left there those who came tired and fatigued from such a long navigation, which as regular, would be the old and weak, because among many there are always such, especially in a long navigation; and these would stay on the shore of the sea where they could rest sooner, and would not want to wander looking for other places; and those who were more robust would go forward following Tubal, and would go up with him as far as the Archbishop and Garibay want, staying first in Tarazoau, which today is Tarragona, if that is not what I will say below.

2. Tubal having therefore arrived in Spain, and landed in Catalonia, the aforementioned Florian, Tarafa and Pineda write that he and those of his company brought a lot of sheep and shepherds, for which reason they named him Tubal Tarraco, and that is how Annius also names him, which means Congregator of Shepherds, and for the same reason the first place he populated and founded was named Tarazoau, which means Congregation of Shepherds, as I said in the preceding chapter.

3. In our days, with the translation that Miguel de Luna made of the History of Abulcacim Tarif Abentarique from Arabic to Spanish, we find another opinion; that Tubal had three sons, Tarraho, Sem Tofail and Ibero, and that he divided Spain among them: so that Tarraho in the portion of his kingdom built a city of his name, which for this reason was called Tarragona, which he says kept his name throughout the kingdom, naming the province of Tarragona until the time of the Goths. So that from Tubal Tarraco, or his son Tarraho would be the foundation of Tarragona at the time of the coming of Tubal.

[Abentarique also says Tubal built a capital at Morar, later Merida, where he claimed to have seen the inscription.]

4. Although the opinions that indicate and treat the foundation of this city are many and diverse; for some say that Hercules founded it, others Teucer, others Romulus, and others the Scipiones, I answer that Micer Luís Pons de Icart satisfies everyone in the "Grandezas of Tarragona", because he resolves that Tubal founded it in the way I leave here referred ; and that the others were not more than restorers, repairers and amplifiers, as in some places of this Work we will see. This city was always very noble, and the head of all this Province called Tarraconense, as I have said above, and it was always taken as its head, as Micer Icart and Felipe Bergomense advertise, and others relate.

5. I have already said above that Tubal was named by various names. Some called him Jobel; and from here the settlements in Spain took their name, calling them Jobeles; because we read in Jewish Josephus, that those of that land were named Jobeles, and for the same reason Jubales must also have been named; and the land would be named Jubalia. And if we want to know how Spain was named before Tubal came to her, and give her her name, Estéban de Garibay tells us it was named Sepharad, and that the prophet Obadiah's Spain was known by this name; and it is verified by the fact that the Hebrews and Jews, who were exiled several times from Spain (as we will see in the discourse of this Work) and those who live in Constantinople, Salonica and other parts of the world, if you ask them where their parents came from they answer 'from Sepharad', and they are honored that they consider them Sephardic, because it is the same as saying Spanish. And although a certain author, as I noticed in the third chapter, says that Spain had this name of some settlers, it already satisfied this right there, and that it only remained to see if at some time Spain had such a name, as says Garibay, referred to by Arias Montano. And as a historian, I have not found such a name before or after Tubal, because only as I have said, I have found it named Jobelia and Setubalia, and from then on Hiberia, Hesperia, and Hispania, with whose name it is preserved to this day.

[If the realm was indeed ever known as Jubalia, it seems more likely to have been connected with the regime of Tubal's grandson Iubelda, whose actual name seems to have been Iubala, whom we shall meet a bit later.]

6. That Spain has been named Sepharad, perhaps because I am not a new theologian, I do not know how to understand the place he mentioned; but if as a chronicler it is lawful for me to mix with Scripture, I will show that Obadiah's place is not to be understood from Spain. Let this be understood very easily, if we put here the same words of Sacred Scripture that say in this way: *Transmigratio Hierusalem, quae in Bosphoro est, possidebit civitates Austri*.

7. So says the text of the Latin Bible; and the Trilingual Vocabulary of the Complutense Academy, in the entry Sepharad, says that the Hebrew text writes: *Transmigratio Hierusalem, quæ in Sepharad est*: and that St Jerome in the Latin Version, for Sepharad renders Bosphor; and that the Hebrews say Sepharad is the region of Spain, based solely on the fact that the Hebrews say so. And from here I am persuaded that Dr Montano's opinion came up: but although the Vocabulary says this, Nicolás de Lira explains it quite the opposite, because he says that term Sepharad, by St Jerome translated as Bosphor, is understood to speak of Babylon, and that the city of Austro is Jerusalem; and Hugo Cardenal there seems to have understood the same about Obadiah. It seems to me that Lira and Hugo are more satisfied in the sense of the Prophecy, because although we look at the text of it, it says the transmigration of Jerusalem, which is in Bosphor or Sepharad, will possess the city of Austro: that is, that those who were transmigrated and passed from Jerusalem to Sepharad, Bosphor, or Babylon would possess the city of Austro, that is, their own city of Jerusalem. So Obadiah prophesied the freedom of those who had been transmigrated and taken captives from Jerusalem to Babylon, their freedom and possession of the city afterwards; and so it seems to agree with the prologue of St Jerome on the same Prophet, who understood him of the captivity that they passed in the time of Nebuchadnezzar, and of the freedom that Cyrus gave them, of which mention is made in the books of the Paralipomenon, Esdras, and of the Kings. And if the Prophecy were to be understood of the Hebrews and Jews who at various times came to Spain, then they should return to Jerusalem, and become lords over it; I would not know how to find this prophecy fulfilled, before I well find the Hebrews who came to Spain, always more distressed and labored, without ever raising their heads, or even having the name of liberty. And so the place of Obadiah cannot be understood from Spain, but from Babylon, leaving for now many things that I could say about this term Sepharad; for not finding such a name in this land before or after Tubal, we cannot say that it was named before Tubal came, nor can we say how it was named. And returning to the purpose, Tubal came to Spain, and naming the towns of his name Jobelos or Jubales as it is said, write Medina, Annio, Garibay, and our Tarafa canon of La Seu de Barcelona, ​​Juan Sedeño, and Estéban Forcátulo, that he gave them laws, and taught the liberal arts, poetic letters, science, philosophy, and morals. And for this reason we can truly say that he was the first legislator, teacher and preceptor who taught science in Spain. And just as Spain and our Catalonia learned them so early in their population, it has always flourished in men who are accomplished in letters, and very scientific, as will be seen in the discourse of this Work.

[*Defloratio* has Tubal giving his laws in the same year as kings Samothes and Tuiscon in the other major realms of Europe, namely the fourth year of Ninus, ie 2302 BC, when Italy was under the misrule of Cam 'Esenus', although some accounts would give a slightly earlier date for Samothes' laws. Stevens and Beawes both relate a tradition that Tubal was first to divide the year into 365 days and six hours, and taught his people to build houses, grind corn and bake bread. Stevens adds that he gave his laws in verse, in the 'Chaldean' language. Anderson instead notes "Tubal found the Natives of Iberia to be all Smiths; whence some conjecture that by the Sounds of the Strokes of their Hammers on the Iron, he invented Musick." However this conjecture seems unlikely, and probably contaminated by confusion with the antediluvian Cainites Jubal and Tubal-cain in Genesis 4:21-22.]

8. The language that Tubal and his companions brought, and whether or not it remained in Spain, has not yet been ascertained, but rather very doubtful, and almost as confused as the confusion of languages of the superb Tower of Babel; so I will only point out what is considered less doubtful is that Tubal and his people would speak the Aramaic language, and that this was the first language used in Spain, and that the Cantabrian language was spoken in the way it is spoken today. Although it is not entirely the same as Aramaic, it is at least the most similar, and the one that has more easily been able to maintain itself without corruption, because of being further away than the lowlands and maritime lands, from the contracting and trade of other nations who later came, who gave up their language to those who dealt with or mingled with them.

['Aramaic', like 'Chaldean' must refer to the common Semitic dialect imported from Canaan. The original standard Ge'ez language of Adam and Noah had been preserved only among some offspring of Eber, while a vulgar Semitic dialect partly mixed with Egyptian would later be standardized as Akkadian in the east, and Canaanite in the west. In fact the Aramaeans and Assyrians were likely speakers of Hurrian at first who later on adopted Akkadian Semitic. The Hebrew language of the Bible is in fact virtually identical to Canaanite. Aramaic later developed from Akkadian, just as Ethiopian Semitic languages would from Geez, the oldest language.

The "Cantabrian language" here probably means Basque, which is probably from the old Iberian language, but the exact relationship of these to any other languages or each other remains an opaque mystery.]

### Chapter 11

*Referring to the coming of Sagan and of the Celts, Caspians and Hiberes, and treating on the patriarch Noah, and on the death of Tubal.*

1. Among other captains, in the company of Tubal, came a brave man named Sagan, son of Cush and grandson of Cam, according to Tarafa and Medina: and this Sagan founded Saga in the Setubals or Pyrenees mountains, in the parts of Ceritania, which today is Cerdanya, as I will explain in its place; and there even in our days are ten or twelve houses that exist with the same name. And as this was in Tubal's lifetime, it may be because Archbishop D Rodrigo erred when he said that the first settlement of Tubal had been made in the Pyrenees, as already said in the ninth chapter, or else he would understand it from the populations of Cantabria, as I mentioned in the tenth chapter. Canon Tarafa also says the same thing, and Fr Pineda follows him, saying that Sagan founded that famous and great city of Sagunto, which today is called Morviedro, in the kingdom of Valencia, whereof with precision I have to deal in some other places of this work. Florian de Ocampo claims that Sagunto was founded by the Greeks of Ionia, as will be discussed below in chapter 33. Others say it was founded by Zacinto, Hercules' companion, as we will touch on in chapter nineteen. Pedro Antonio Beuter has the same opinion as Tarafa, and goes on to say that some of Tubal's companions, seeing the fertility of the land where the Saguntines had built, and finding it was abundant with good pastures, came to make another settlement near them, which they named Edera, which means small cattle; and after the r was changed into t, it was Hamada Edeta, and it became the head of the Edetanes or Sedetanes peoples, who were partly from Catalonia, as I will show in their place.

[This 'Sagan' is the same as Sebtah, son of Kush, who is called 'Sabatius Saga' in *Defloratio*, and 'Sabeth Saturnus' in Aventinus. Though Genesis 10 gives only his name, he seems from other accounts, especially *Defloratio*, to have had an illustrious career, serving first as king in Saga (Armenia and Scythia, mostly Japhethite) from 2387 BC (as derived from Antoine Couillard's chronicle), until the 43rd year of 'Ninus', ie 2263 BC, when he left Saga to the next king Barzanes, and allegedly fled to Pontus 'where Sarmatians live'. He then turns up again in Italy, by now ruled by Janus, in the 1st year of Semiramis, ie 2254 BC, and in her 12th year (2242 BC) Janus appoints him Coritus or Duke over the 'aborigines' south of the Tiber. However, according to Ethiopian records, Sebtah is listed as King of Kush starting in 2263 BC, calculated amazingly enough to the same year he left Saga. Thus Sebtah did not spend his exile in Pontus, nor in Germany as Aventinus implies, but rather ruling Kush, where Yared Girma says he also built a fortress at the source of the Blue Nile. Although Sebtah said to have held the title 30 years in Kush until his successor Electron is listed as the next king there, if the synchronization with *Defloratio* holds, it suggests Sebtah departed Kush earlier, by 2254 BC, which would be the likeliest time for him to have founded Saguntum, en route from Africa to Italy. This would actually be in the reign of Iberus, Tubal's successor, however the idea of Pujades and other Spanish writers that he accompanied Tubal's first settlement seems erroneous anyway.]

2. There also came to Spain in that season those who called themselves Celts; and they were named thus, because they were not found in the division of the languages, but they always went with Noah, of whom, because he was named Celio, they were called Celts; or they took this name from their king Céltes, according to Berossus and Steven Forcatulus. And these were from the towns that existed in what is now France, between the two rivers Seine and Scheldt, according to Annius: which province they later called Lugdunense. This is how it is found in Pliny and Pomponius Mela. Although Steven Forcatulus seems to have understood that the Celts also possessed even the Garonne River, all of Provence and the Narbonne province, even the cities of Toulouse, Marseilles and Narbonne, placing them among the Celts, and making the city of Toulouse head. The Bishop of Gerona says that Celtica was from the Alps to the Pyrenees. On which Nico las Bertran can also be read in the 'Gestes Tolosanes'. And Master Pedro Juan Nuñez says that although the Celts were properly between the Garonne and Seine, yet later all of Gaul was understood under the name of Celtica. He writes it likewise, but I have given whether it should be understood so generally, and I am more inclined to the way that Forcatulus, Bertran, and Bartolomé Casaneo, who were French, say it, and say that Celtic Gaul was divided into two parts, Lugdunense and Narbonense; and Jacobo Bergomense divides it into three parts: but from which of them came the Celts we are dealing with is not specified. So since we cannot say for sure, so that it can be known with a little more or less where they could come from, I have made all this declaration of the Celtic land. These Celts, who came from one or another part of Celtica, passed and came to Spain, and populated the banks of the river later named Ebro; and it is believed their settlement was the one that D Antonio Agustin says was named Celza, whereof he writes that he saw some medals. It is, however, in doubt whether that would be the one called Xel today, on the banks of the Ebro, nine leagues from Zaragoza, or whether it is the one called Velilla. Either one or the other, the Celts coming to this land, was the reason for all they populated to begin to take their name, as is said in the third chapter. In this way, together with those of Tubal, the name of Setubalia and Setubales was left to the peoples who in former times were called Jobeles or Tubales, as I have written above; which is proven with authorities of the aforementioned authors, the Bishop of Gerona, and others referred by Micer Icart.

[The Celts were not named for Noah and did not come in Tubal's reign; the correct account is that the name Celt is from King Celtes, who ascended the throne of Samothea, renaming it Celtica, in 1997 BC. King Celtes sent colonists to part of Iberia thereafter known as Celtiberia. Thus their settlement is also misplaced here in Tubal's reign.]

3. Also in those times the Caspians, whose coming Annius mentions, came to Spain and populated Caspe with their name.

[Annius, who printed *Defloratio*, also published other commentaries in Latin including one on the kings in Spain that I have not translated yet, where he evidently also mentions the legend of the town of Caspe Spain being founded by 'Caspians' in Tubal's reign. If this happened, they more likely came with Sebtah, and should also be moved to the reign of Tubal's son Iberus.]

4. Beuter also writes that other people who fled from the tyranny of Nembrot came to Spain about the year 177 after the general flood; but he does not say what name they had, but rather it is that in addition to the above mentioned Celts, other Celts who were also fleeing the tyranny of Nembrot, knowing the fertility and goodness of the land of Spain, and that the other nations had come to it, they also came. Along with these came others named Hiberos (written with H as Archbishop D Antonio Agustin wants), who lived on the Taurus mountain. These were men of great religion, and because of necessity (teacher of all things) they improved all the arts; and come to a river, which was the largest that they had found on earth that they entered, in celebration and gift of their name, or in thanksgiving to Tubal because they entered their land, and because on that occasion a son had been born to Tubal, as Viladamor says, who was named Hibero, they also named that river Hibero, and all the land on the other side of the river they named Celtiberia, uniting the two names Céltes and Hiberos; and the land on this side of the river retained its name Setubalia, as I will touch on again below. And this, it seems to me, is what Marquilles, a glosser of the uses of Barcelona, ​​says, although it is not explained so long, nor so clearly. Other things are also said about the name of this river, which I will write in the next chapter.

5. Knowing everything that he has written up to here, and seeing how common it is among writers, I do not know why Miguel Carbonell has tried to demonstrate with malicious language against San Isidoro, treating him as unlearned (quite daringly strange), and putting himself on purpose to write twenty-two chapters chasing Tomic, because they have written the same thing I have here referred to, saying that Tubal, the Celts, and the Hebrews, were not the first settlers of Spain, but that they came more than a thousand years later, coming from Gaul, and who then gave a name to the river, and to the land; in which it seems they are followed by Lucio Marinéo. I would be glad to know the reason Carbonell could be founded upon; but not knowing it, I will follow the common opinion, not only in this, but also in that the Celts and Hiberians came several times, as seen from what has been written, and it will also be seen in another place, which will be in the third chapter of the second book.

[Here Pujades is insinuating that 177 years after the flood, ie corrected to 377 years after the flood or 2378 BC, a religious people known as Hiberes arrived in Spain, along with more 'Celts', from the realm of Nimrod. He even implies they are related to the Hebrews. However the name of Hebrews likely came from Eber, who according to Aventinus has already emigrated with his household to Austria some 21 years before this, in 2399 BC, leaving Abraham's ancestor Peleg behind in Sumer. We may leave open the possibility that a party of Eber's subjects migrated from Austria to Spain in 2378 BC, and that some in Tubalia were called Iberians or Hiberes even before king Iberus succeeded his father Tubal; however we may reject outright that there were any Celts or Celtiberians anywhere before 1997 BC.]

But leaving this behind, Annius writes that people from Persia came to Spain in those days, and he puts them after the coming of the Hiberians, but he does not say in what year.

[Again this must be in Annius' supplemental commentary on the kings of Spain; but I am not familiar with what he could refer to.]

6. Some of the already named writers also notice, and Medina, Juan Sedero, Juan Pineda, and Garibay, that after a few years, that would be 115 of Tubal according to Annius, or 116 according to Nebrisense, with Tubal already being settled in Spain, his grandfather Noah came to visit him, and to see how he was governed; and that from Spain he went to other parts to visit the other grandchildren. Nebrisense says that Noah came in the 100th year of the coming of Tubal, and Tarafa says that it was the 115th year; and that he founded Noela and Noegas, found under the name of Noedes in Conflent, according to Francisco Compte. Forty-eight years after Noah left Spain, Tarafa says that Tubal Tarraco died, and Annius confirms it, because he says the death of Tubal was in the year 155 of the population of Spain; and so say Beuter, Viladamor, Medina, Damian Goes, and Felipe Garcia, Pineda, Pons de Icart, and Garibay: for which, according to the same authors, the death of Tubal would happen in the year 298 after the Flood, and 2008 BC. And although Florian reads the year 195, I believe that the handwriting is corrupt, because if it were not so, it would be singular in saying, and it would keep the count wrong in a little less than forty years, as Sedeño also notes. It is true that some authors have wanted to say there were more than 155 years that Tubal lived in Spain, adding twelve more years, which would be 167 years. But let Tubal live as long as he wants, Tarafa says that he died in Mauritania (which as we all know is in Africa) where he was named Atlas Mauritanus, and he does not say why he passed there. It is believed he would go for the same effect of populating that land, as he did with Setubalia, and that is why he must have died there. It helps me to believe this, what I have read in San Antonino of Florence, that he passed to Mauritania by land from Spain, and then he says that Tubal (who is the same as Jobel, as I have said above in chapter 3) was venerated and worshiped for a god in the land of Mauritania, and I was persuaded it would be for having populated it, and given laws and way of living as he had done in Spain.

[*Defloratio* says it was the tenth year of Ninus (2296 BC) that 'Janus' came via Africa to Spain and founded the towns Noela and Noegla, the names it says are of Japheth and Ham's wives. Although this Janus is mistaken for Noah, the elder Janus, in earlier accounts such as Martin of Opava (c. 1250) and Giovanni di Marignola (1355 AD) it actually refers to Janus II, or Barwain, the fourth son of Noah who traveled widely in the 'Golden Age'. Noah or Janus I had long since passed in 2406 BC, as Genesis says 350 years after the deluge. Thus the calculation of Barwain's visit being 115-6 years into Tubal's reign is roughly correct. Ham's first wife is called Nayella Tama'uk in *Jubilees*, and while Nayella could represent either of these town names, Japheth's wife is called Adata Nesis, a harder match. These are today the towns of Noya and Navia in far northeastern Spain. But Stevens, quoting Carillo, says Tubal's wife was named Noya.

Swinton has Tubal ruling until 258 years after the flood, giving him a reign of only 124 years. Stevens and Beawes give the same figures for Tubal's death as Pujades (saying 2008 BC after ruling 155 years), and both Stevens and Beawes, quoting Miguel de Luna, also mention that Tubal's burial was at Cape St. Vincent, leaving behind 65,000 descendants. Anderson however repeats the claim that he died in Mauritania, and was called Atlas Mauritanius, dating his death to 2014 BC after reigning 153 years. *Defloratio* has Iberus succeed 'Jubal' (sic) in the 49th year of Ninus, ie 2257 BC, thus a 155 year reign for Tubal son of Japheth seems correct.]

* Next page: Chapter 12