The fundamentals of the Abunese language

*Part of Abun*

*This is an excerpt from the book **"Languages of our world. How the most important civilizations communicate"** written by the Abunese phylosopher and linguist **Athtas Verdan of the Sayis clan**, former court interpreter of king **Mudah Elmves VIII of the Iagee clan**.*

The Abunese language is quite complex in its structure. Its alphabet consists in hundreds of different symbols, and while it may seem difficult for the beginners, it is quite fluent to speak, as it has a simpler grammar structure than the Zonizan, an example of another complex language. [...] Most of the Abunese words don't have sexes or refer to both the sexes, but what could be considered tricky for beginners are the verbs. We Abunese use the same verbs to represent different contexts, and this requires translators to verify which translation is more accurate to the sentence. While it's not a problem for us, native speakers, it could be problematic for foreigners. [...]

[...] What I am going to illustrate now, is a table of the most common Abunese words and their translation, in order to substain a basic conversation. Abunese words and verbs have very little conjugations, which makes it easy to learn but requires time and efforts in order to master it.

## Personal Pronouns

These are the personal pronouns in Abunese language. They are neutral so they can be used for both male and female subjects.

**Anwath** - me

**Najed** - you

**Kell** - he/she/it

**As'Iry** - we

**Belr** - you

**Delnt** - they

## Possessive Adjectives

**Aise** - Mine

**Aije** - Yours

**Isur** - His/Hers/Its

**Ylan** - Ours

**Yecha** - Yours

**Imit** - Theirs

## Cardinal Points, Directions and Positions

### Cardinal Points

**Sam'Tai** - North

**Ran'Tai** - South

**Ina'Tai** - East

**Ves'Tai** - West

### Directions

**Sam'Ath** - Up/Forward

**Ran'Gan** - Down/Backward

**Ina'Rit** - Left

**Ves'Rit** - Right

### Positions

**Sam'Ari** - Above

**Therat'Ari** - Below

## Verbs

These are the basic verbs with their conjugations. Their negative forms are listed below.

**Anwath Is'Ia** - I do

**Najed Is'Ia**- you do

**Kell Is'Ia**- he/she/it does

**As'Iry Is'Ia**- we do

**Belr Is'Ia**- you do

**Delnt Is'Ia** - they do

**Negative form:** Is'Ath (I don't)

### Present

**Anwath rakan** - I am

**Najed rakan** - you are

**Kell rakan** - he/she/it is

**As'Iry rakan** - we are

**Belr rakan** - you are

**Delnt rakan** - they are

**Negative form:** Rakan'Ath (I'm not)

### Past

**Anwath sulath** - I was

**Najed sulath** - you were

**Kell sulath** - he/she/it was

**As'Iry sulath** - we were

**Belr sulath** - you were

**Delnt sulath** - they were

**Negative form:** Sulathee (I wasn't)

### Future

**Anwath age'tan** - I will be

**Najed age'tan** - you will be

**Kell age'tan** - he/she/it wil be

**As'Iry age'tan** - we will be

**Belr age'tan** - you will be

**Delnt age'tan** - they will be

**Negative form:** Age'Tanee (I won't)

### Other verbs

**Rat'In** - To live

**Sayzat** - To work

**Yehin** - To meet

**Uhatu** - To get/take

**Yera'Hin** - To spit (Hin means "To Shoot" in Abunese)

**Hab'Ur** - To travel

## Other essential basics

**Ageh**: The

**Tyn**: Of

**Nyr**: By

**Zal**: From

**Jih**: To

**Osat**: Who

**Orotha**: What

**Ustas**: When

**Hialt**: Why

**Kaltan**: Because

**Ykat**: Before

**Emb**: After

**Taikel**: Can - Negative form: **Taikel'Ath** (Cannot)

**Hon**: A (article)

**Kelish**: Mainly, mostly

**Kohuk**: In, inside

**Kohuka**: Out, outside

**Nas'Aya**: Much

**Nees**: Other, others

**Nural**: Some

**Na'Hid**: Very, really

**Lewar**: Nice

**Tan**: This, these

**Tan'hee**: That, those

**Ris**: But

**Ser**: With

## Common Words

This category lists the most common words in Abunese language. The words are followed by their translation.

### General Words

**Ash'Ewa**: Sir/Lord

**Ashath'Ewa**: Lady

**Sayther**: Yes

**Seren**: No

**Tay**: Good

**Kalykin**: Bad

**Kaly'Nird**: Loss

**Isnys**: Get/Gain (negative form Isnys'Tanee)

**Habur'Ash**: Traveler (Male)

**Habur'Ashath**: Traveler (Female)

### People

**Ash**: Man

**Ashath**: Woman

**Ashkimet**: Boy

**Ashathkimet**: Girl

**Ashenust**: male child

**Ashathenust**: female child

**Tanhoo**: Together

**Xehucu**: Aggressive, violent

**Aenu**: Species, clan, race

### Politics, Religion and Military

**Hodura**: Citizen (i.e. to say "Abunese citizen" people say Abun'Hodura)

**Ton'Uadh**: Queen (literally Pure Grace)

**Ton'Iri**: King (literally Pure Master)

**Ton'Irech**: Prince

**Ton'Iradi**: Princess

**Honuth'Her**: Priest/priestess (literally Holy Figure)

**Ver'Saya**: Soldier/guard

**Ale'Nyu**: General/Commander

**Zoson**: War

**Emrit**: Peace

**Em'Hran**: Armistice (literally Compromise Peace)

### Moments of the Day

**Sakel**: Morning

**Draban**: Afternoon

**Moyep:** Evening

**Burak:** Night

**Rat**: Life/Day

### Family and Relatives

**Ir'Kim**: Orphan (both male and female)

**Asum**: Father

**Lacha** (Pronouned Las-Ha): Mother

**Nyage'Asum**: Grandfather

**Nyage'Lacha**: Grandmother

**Nel'Ash**: Brother

**Nel'Ashath**: Sister

**Tad'Ash**: Cousin (male)

**Tad'Ashath**: Cousin (female)

**Ban'Issi**: Nephew/Niece/Grandchild

**Os'Ash**: Uncle

**Os'Ashath**: Aunt

## Numbers and Maths

We Abunese have our words to indicate numbers.

**Radun**: 0

**Darcha**: 1

**Dyn**: 2

**Iume**: 3

**Ar'Gara**: 4

**Bel'Os**: 5

**Achnal**: 6

**Tyb'Idu**: 7

**Etem**: 8

**Tanet**: 9

**Daikton**: 10

**Chald**: 100

**Rhaphat**: 1000

**Hinrak**: 10000

**Lyekal**: 1 million

**Nysther**: 1 billion

Numbers beyond Daikton are made with the union of the single number words with the daikton, chald, rhaphat, hinrak, lyekal or nysther. For example to say "12" we say "Daikton'Dyn", combining the words we use for single numbers. Long numbers are spelt in a couple of two digits.

### Basic Maths

**Meet**: Add

**Inat**: Subtract

**Enir**: Multiply

**An'En**: Divide

## Fauna

This category contains the most common word we use for animals. Most of the words listed below are gender neutral.

**Imudar**: Cat

**Enper'Dan**: Dog

**Isytan**: Bird

**En'Au**: Horse

**En'Achy**: Donkey

**En'Nusoly**: Pony

**En'Niad**: Stallion

**En'Isav**: Mare

**Achum**: Fish

**Taiss**: Chicken

**Or'Ryn**: Cock

**Oomu**: Rat/Mouse

**Os'Eru**: Bug/Roach/Cockroach

**Tanebur**: Caterpillar

**War'Asha**: Butterfly (it also means soul)

**Banr**: Fly

**Burah**: Bat

**Quetai**: Snake

**Miradu**: Reptile, reptiles

## Miscellaneous

This category covers some words that do not fit in any other category.

**Yer'Ir:** Also/Too

**Su'Ar**: Love

**Tun'Ag**: Hate

**Todohu**: Indifferent

**Torih**: Right

**Tyhi**: Wrong

**Wom**: Equal/Equals (both as a noun and a verb)

**Adyet**: Large/Big

**Samyt**: Small

**Seris**: Thin

**Oatu**: Thick

**Tasd**: Hot

**Ild'Ran**: Cold

**Lahalin**: Fire

**Irul'Rat:** Water

**Sam**: Host

### Civilizations (Partial list)

**Ineel**: Zonizans (Mountaineers)

**Ash'Sesir**: (pronounced "As-Eesir"): Skree-Gore (People of the Burrows)

**Ash'Tairad**: Aldites (People of the Swamps)

**Ash'Tiz**: Nylusians (People of the Coast)

**Ash'Hetor**: Issadites (People of the Above)

**Hirannal**: Tyrinese (Kingless)

The list is partial because only few civilizations have names in our language. For other civilizations we use their original language names.

### Jewelry

**Tonis'Radem**: Ring

**Ler'Os Radem**: Earring

**Fohya**: Piercing (often coupled with body part name)

**Rhiviss**: Bracelet

**As'Hadi**: Anklet

**Dhar'Sha**: Belly chain

## The human body

This category covers the human body and the words we Abunese use to indicate our parts.

**Ute'Ek**: Head

**Watid**: Neck

**Ny'Sen**: Shoulders

**Darisa**: Chest/Breasts

**Serskel**: Arms

**Tas'At**: Hands

**Aughescha**: Thighs

**Ris'Shya**: Vagina

**Ar'Huma**: Male Member

**Neiz**: Legs

**Neph**: Feet

**Tonis**: Finger

**Yohoz**: Toes

**Ler'Os**: Ears

**Inar**: Nose

**Teest**: Mouth

**Yera**: Lips

**Issh**: Tongue

**Lan**: Nail

**Lynehu**: Hair

**Ute'Ek Lynehu**: Beard/Mustache

**Enad**: Eyes

**Enad Lynehu**: Eyebrows

## Weather

This category covers the words used for the weather and everything related to it.

**Hatara** or **Say'Rada**: Sun (we also use the name of the goddess Say'Rada to refer to the Sun)

**Kuhon** or **Hesut**: Moon (we also use the name of the goddess Hesut to refer to the Moon)

**Him**: Sky

**Iashu**: Clouds

**Siek**: Rain

**Ineet**: Wind

**Hatara'Nee**: Sunny

**Iashu'Nee**: Cloudy

**Siek'Nee**: Rainy/StormyMad