Temperance movement in New Zealand.

The **temperance movement in New Zealand** is a movement to curb the consumption of alcohol. It had a large influence on New Zealand politics and New Zealand society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For a time many considered it possible that the country would one day ban the manufacture, importation and sale of alcohol. However it was unsuccessful making prohibition of alcohol. Today, there are organizations that continue to promote the cause of temperance.

## From Drunks to Temperance

Prior to contact with Pakeha, Maori lived in one of the few parts of the world that had never developed alcoholic beverages. Pre-contact Maori mostly drank water, sometimes served in an open gourd, with a fern frond as decoration and flavouring agent, or sweetened with the juice of berries. Crushed cabbage tree roots were used for sweetening, or tutu berries Alcohol in New Zealand can be frist dated from April 1773 when Cooks’ men brewed up a concoction of beer using rimu branches and leaves on Resolution Island in Dusky Sound.

"*The white man and the whisky bottle came to New Zealand together.*"
— Reverend W.J. Williams 1930.

 In colonial New Zealand as in other frontier societies, heavy drinking was commonplace. In the first half of the 19th century, New Zealand society outdid any other period in New Zealand history. One in every eight Aucklanders was convicted for drunkenness in 1847. The rate of convictions for drunkenness far surpassed that of England. It was commonly observed that the main causes of death were drinking, drowning, and drowning while drunk. This Pakeha population quickly earned a reputation of getting drunk. Hone Heke argued that the British should be encouraged to stay, for if they left, “then the French people or the rum-sellers will have us Natives”. In the 1830s the Bay of Islands had a reputation for wild drinking, so it is no surprise that the first temperance society was formed there in 1836. The average New Zealand Pakeha man consuming approximately 45 litres of licit commercial spirits a year during the 1840s, probably equivalent to about 18 litres of pure alcohol. In contrast the average alcohol consumption in New Zealand 2016 at 14.3 litres (pure alcohol) per capita ( both male and female aged 15+). Support for temperance grew slowly over the following decades, with temperance fever properly hitting New Zealand in the 1880s, at a time when calls were being made globally for alcohol to be prohibitedref. In the 1880s, the temperance movement gained momentum with the establishment of branches of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union and of the New Zealand Alliance for Total Suppression of the Liquor Trade, gathering together the numerous temperance organizations. In the following decade, in 1893, New Zealand became the first country in the world to give the vote to women. According to the historical and sociological literature of New Zealand as well as of the U.S., there was a close relationship between the temperance issue and women’s suffrage. It was believed and hoped that women, as guardians of the family and social order, would be more likely to vote Dry.

## The Noble Savages

The first half of 1884 saw much activity by temperance missionaries in the Rohe Potae, particularly the Gospel Temperance Mission and its Blue Ribbon Army. In late April and early May, Blue Ribbon Army missionaries circulated a petition calling for a ban on the sale of intoxicating liquors in the district. Signatories included Wahanui, Rewi Maniapoto, Taonui and other prominent chiefs. In 1847, shortly after the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Sales of Spirits to Natives Ordinance prohibited the sale of spirits and limited other alcohol access for Māori. Following a visit by temperance campaigners, King Country Māori requested a ban on liquor sales in their area, as provided for by the Licensing Act 1881. The famous fighting chief, Rewi, the hero of the last brave stand of the Maoris at the assault by the British troops on the Orakau pah, was the prohibition of alcohol throughout the district, as he had witnessed its detrimental impact on other tribes.

"*O Governor, long may you live! This is my first request that you prevent strong drink from being allowed to come within the Rohe Potae. This my first request will be my last.*"
— Telegram sent to Governor, Lord Glasgow March 30, 1864.

In 1884 the King Country consequently became New Zealand as its first major dry district. The press did not appear to take much notice of the proclamation at the time, perhaps because of the lack of Pakeha in the district and the significant legal restrictions already in place on Maori access to alcohol. The Native Licensing Act 1878 was still in force. An exception to the lack of press enthusiasm was the Otago Daily Times, which on 4 February 1885 commended the government for its liquor ban, stating that it ‘is undoubtedly a matter of great importance in the history of the Colony’.Howevry local Pākehā could bring in alcohol for their own consumption and a 'sly-grog' trade flourished. Initially, at least, the banning of liquor sales in the King Country appeared to work well. In his May 1887 annual report on the Waikato, native agent Wilkinson noted that ‘the Natives in this district are much more temperate than they used to be in years gone by’. Wilkinson reported that some illegal liquor selling by Maori was taking place, but he considered this reported that some illegal liquor selling by Maori was taking place, but he considered this was for purely political reasons. In 1866, several Maori chiefs, including King Tawhiao, wore the blue temperance ribbon or signed total abstinence pledges. This activity continued into the 1870s. Among Ngai Tahu populations in the 1870s, there was growing resistance to alcohol. In 1879 all South Island tribes petitioned Parliament for the total prohibition of alcohol in the southern provinces. This had followed Ngai Tahu groups in Canterbury and Otago turning away from liquor in the mid-1870s. Maori temperance groups in other parts of New Zealand: by 1878, two Maori Good Templar’s Lodges had been established in Gisborne and Tolaga Bay. Later, Maori temperance songs were composed.

The New Zealand Alliance and other groups had a long history of promoting temperance among Maori, and the cause was supported by many Maori leaders, including Sir Apirana Ngata and Bishop F.A. Bennett.

## Taking the Pledge.

The movement first attained national importance and enjoyed its period of greatest political power in the 1890s.. However the temperance societies, mainly started by church groups, first appeared in the 1820s and 1830s. They required their members to sign pledges that they wouldn't consume alcohol. During 1891, Sheppard began editing a page in the Prohibitionist on behalf of the WCTU. The Prohibitionist was a fortnightly temperance paper with a circulation around New Zealand of over 20,000. Sheppard used the pseudonym "Penelope" in this paper. In 1888 the first New Zealand temperance novel was published called Raromi or the Maori Chief’s Heir. In the earliest temperance novels the story tends to be less important than preaching about the evils of drink.Later novels tend not to take a moral stand. In 1896 a New Zealand Herald columnist wrote that it is ‘idle to close our eyes to the fact that Prohibition is coming’

### Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand

The oldest continuously active national organisation of women in New Zealand is Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand. From the time it was founded in 1885, it worked to promote temperance, Christian values, and social reform, and to abolish the trade in alcohol and drugs. Women’s Christian Temperance Union publish its monthly newspapers the White Ribbon and the Beacon. The society was strongly involved in the suffragette movement which succeeded in getting women the vote in 1893. In October 1917 after New Zealanders voted for Six O'clock Closing of Hotels and, in October 1918 at a Women's Christian Temperance meeting, Lady Stout, the wife of the Premier Sir Robert Stout was their guest speaker.

* I hereby solemnly promise, God being my helper, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt liquors, including wine, beer, and cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same.

* I promise, by the help of God, never to use alcoholic beverages, other narcotics, or tobacco, and to encourage everyone else to do the same, fulfilling the command, "keep thyself pure."

* He whakaae tenei naku kia kaua ahau e kai tupeka, e inu ranei i tetahi mea e haurangi ai te tangata, kia kaua hoki ahau e whakaae ki te tamoko. Ma te Atua ahau e awhina. (I agree not to smoke or drink anything that makes people drunk, and I do not approve of smoking. God help me.)

* We affirm our life-long pledge of total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage, and our willingness to pursue all proper means to discourage and prevent their use in society. We pledge ourselves to work and to pray to this end by endeavouring to promote a personal purity of life, free from the menace of narcotic poisons and drugs, claiming always the promised guidance and help of God.

*List of Presidents*.

## Political action

Prohibition campaigners achieved major victories in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the earliest pieces of legislation making prohibition possible was the Licensing Act of 1873 by which liquor sales could be prohibited in a district, if this was demanded, by a petition signed by more than two thirds of the residents. In 1893 Parliament banned the sale of takeaway liquor to children under 13. The drinking age in pubs was raised to 18 in 1904, and to 21 in 1910. In 1914 those under 21 were banned from buying takeaway liquor. In 1894 Clutha met the no-license requirements and was the first district to go dry. When a district went dry it simply meant alcohol was unable to be sold from licensed premises. Alcohol could still be consumed from private stores, and brought into the district so long as it was purchased privately from a neighbouring region. In 1910 law was set up triennial national referendum at every general election. The threshold was set up at 60 %. New Zealand, the only country to hold nationwide referendums on prohibition at every general election for almost eight decades from 1911 to 1987 except for 1931 and 1951. In 1919 two polls were held, on 10 April 1919 and 17 December 1919. The Masterton Prohibition League (later the Masterton No-License League) was formed in December 1892, after prohibitionists had failed to close the bars through the licensing committee in 1891.

Six p.m. closing of pubs was introduced as a temporary wartime measure. During the First World War its supporters promoted sobriety as a patriotic duty, and in 1915 and 1916 nearly 160,000 New Zealanders signed petitions calling for six o’clock closing. Closing, introduced as a temporary wartime measure, remained in place for 50 years. It came about as a result of the temperance movement.

Since alcohol was a very divisive social and political issue, referendums may have played the role of a safety valve, reassuring governments that their actions would be supported by a majority of voters. Referendums are better indicators of a population sentiments and preferences than legislators’ votes as they are direct singleissue processes compared to a political party or representative platform. For economists, they might be the closest measure of demand for a public policy.

A glance at it is enough to understand why New Zealand is a particularly interesting case. This relatively small country represented more than 60 % (26 of 42) of the total number of national referendums on alcohol. No other country set up systematic national prohibition referendums at every general election for almost eight decades from 1911 to 1987. And this was not because referendums were popular tools like in Switzerland. On the contrary, in a parliamentary system such as New Zealand, referendums are atypical as they run against the fundamental principle of a British-type representative government. In New Zealand, the no-licence vote at the local option polls reached a majority nationally in 1905 and 1908 . However, this did not translate into a large number of dry districts as the three-fifths majority was attained in only 12 of the 68 districts. Nationally, there was never more than 16 % of New Zealand population living in a dry district. The average number of votes cast for prohibition in the 16 polls held between 1938 and 1987 was 273,000, and generally exceeded a quarter of a million.

Once a district went dry, it remained dry until the continuance vote reached the three-fifths majority. Alcohol was only prohibited from being sold within a dry district; it was still legal for the alcohol to be imported from a wet district and consumed in a dry district. What is notable about the dry districts is their longevity. Eleven districts were still dry in 1945.

### NZ Alliance

The temperance movement thus far had operated largely at the community level, using methods of moral suasion to attract members and petitioning local government to restrict the number of licensed public houses in the community. The 1880s saw a shift, with temperance reformers focusing more on using legislation to achieve their goals, rather than convincing people it was morally wrong to drink. The New Zealand Alliance for the Suppression and Prohibition of the Liquor Traffic. Or The New Zealand Alliance. It was called for by the growth of sentiment and conviction concerning the need of a more drastic method of dealing with the liquor evil than any hitherto in operation. The year 1886 saw the birth of the New Zealand Alliance for the abolition of the liquor traffic. Its primary aim, was the ‘abolition and prohibition of the liquor traffic in New Zealand by the direct vote of the people’. Effective local veto legislation finally came in 1893, in the form of an Act that enabled voters to close all bars and bottle stores in their electorates through a referendum held every three years. Demands were made for a national poll, which was provided by the Licensing Amendment Act of 1911. In this Act the reduction issue was eliminated but the three-fifths provision was retained in both polls as a concession to the trade. Results of the 1911 referendum were astounding: 55.8 % in favour of national prohibition. Without the 60 % threshold, New Zealand would have become the first prohibitionist nation in the world, nine years before the U.S and three before Russia. After this result in 1911, the Alliance continued to put an enormous pressure on the government to reduce that 60% requirement to a simple majority. The government finally caved to that demand in 1919 but in all the other referendums, the dry vote never reached more than 49 %.

*List of Presidents*.

In 1928, the prohibition vote plummeted to 40%, a 15% fall in support in just three years. On the surface, this would seem to be the end of the prohibition movement in New Zealand. Yet there is a very simple explanation for the 1928 result. A scan of newspapers in the weeks leading up to the poll reveals that not a single advertisement was placed in support of prohibition. The Alliance had decided at its annual meeting not to incur the expense of newspaper advertising.

### Masterton under no-license

The Independent Order of Rechabites first introduced into New Zealand in 1843. They wanted Prohibition of the manufacture, sale, and importation of liquor. Branches of the Order were opened at Masterton. Wine vines were first planted in 1883 but fell victim to the temperance movement in 1905.From 1917 diners were no longer able to consume BYO wine in restaurants after 6 p.m., and hotel dining rooms could not serve wine after 8 p.m. There was a ban on further wine-shop licences from 1920. C. E. Daniell was the Leader in Masterton for the No-License campaign when No-License was carried in Masterton. For about nine years he was a member of the Licensing Committee in Masterton. Masterton voters had the chance to reopen the pub doors every three years, albeit with the same three-fifths hurdle that had haunted the prohibitionists. The poll campaigns now hinged on whether Masterton's experiment was a success or a failure. The debate was lively. Prohibitionists cited statistics showing a huge drop in all kinds of crime.

"*The streets are no longer made repulsive to decent persons by the presence in them of drunken and foul-mouthed victims turned adrift from the bars and other inner recesses of licensed houses. The police records no longer contain strings of names of offenders against the laws of decency and of the land. All classes of crime have shrunk to almost nothingness.*"
— Masterton coroner J.T.M. Hornsby wrote in 1914.

The tide finally turned against no-license in Masterton on 27th of November 1946. Only people who are in enrolled in the Masterton district cloud vote. It triumphed by 6777 votes to 4019. Times had changed, and the generation of temperance activists who had fought for and won no-license for Masterton was dead. The issue of prohibition slowly slid from view, and the community reclaimed the right to decide for themselves. It was thought that returning servicemen, who had experienced a more liberal world during their sterling efforts to defeat the Axis, tipped the balance.

## Downfall

These predictions were of course never realized, although the prohibition movement came tantalizingly close to achieving its central goal in 1919. According to several historians, the movement faded away shortly afterwards. Perhaps the best-known version of this view came from Keith Sinclair, who wrote that the ‘crusade’ to outlaw the sale of liquor in New Zealand ‘fizzled out’ after World War I: ‘The teetotallers almost succeeded, in 1919, in winning their campaign. Only the votes of the Servicemen overseas, ninety percent of whom voted “wet”, saved the New Zealanders from that unlawful thirst which tantalized the Americans in the twenties. Thereafter the enthusiasm and numbers of the prohibitionists declined. The story of the troops ‘rescuing’ the country from prohibition in 1919 is well known, and has been repeated in a number of accounts. Perhaps the most thorough account of the story was provided by R.M. Burdon.

     While the national triennal poll had been abolished in 1987. local restoration polls were held in four dry areas in conjunction with the 1996 general election. Grey Lynn recorded a majority for local restoration; Eden, Roskill and Tawa did not. In the 1999 general election all the three remaining areas voted to go wet.. The failure of American prohibition was a huge blow to the New Zealand movement. Enthusiasm for the cause was flagging by the late 1920s: the prohibition vote slipped to 40.1% at the 1928 election and to 29.6% in 1935 no poll was held in 1931 due to Depression cutbacks.

## Today

Temperance organisations remain active in New Zealand today. Like the Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand. Which was established in 1976, by the government of New Zealand. Whilst New Zealand’s temperance movement never reached the extremes of the American prohibition movement, it had a far-reaching impact on New Zealand society with its influence seen today in modern liquor licensing laws.

## Gallery

This pro-continuance poster urges New Zealanders not to follow the United States in banning alcohol.Prohibition ribbon advocating No License for gallons or alcohol sales dates between 1893 and 1911.White Ribbon was the magazine of the New Zealand Women’s Christian Temperance Movement. Issues from 1885.Temperance Mug containing a headstone reading “remember the sabbath day to keep it holy”.
## References

**Citations**

1. ↑ Māori use of alcohol.
2. ↑ Phillipps 1966, p. 51
3. ↑ Riley 1994, p. 17
4. ↑ First beer brewed in New Zealand.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Coates 1974, p. 21
6. ↑ Prince 1996, p. 49
7. ↑ Trollope 1873, p. 632
8. ↑ Pamphlet 1940, p. 18
9. ↑ The Movement in New Zealand.
10. ↑ Eldred-Grigg 1984, p. 76
11. ↑ New Zealand ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: LEVELS AND PATTERNS.
12. ↑ Cocker 1930
13. ↑ Tyrrell 2010
14. ↑ Skerman 1972, p. 18-19,21
15. ↑ Brady 2000
16. ↑ Story: Liquor laws Contents.
17. ↑ Story: Ngāti Maniapoto.
18. ↑ Story: Liquor laws Contents.
19. ↑ Native Licensing Act 1878 (42 Victoriae 1878 No 32).
20. ↑ Otago Daily Times, 4 February 1885, Page 2).
21. ↑ Maori and prohibition).
22. ↑ NEW ZEALAND POLICE FORCE (ANNUAL REPORT ON).).
23. ↑ NEW ZEALAND POLICE FORCE (ANNUAL REPORT ON).).
24. ↑ McKimmey 1968, p. 209
25. ↑ Eldred-Grigg 1984, p. 87
26. ↑ Thomson 1971, p. 171
27. ↑ Davis 1873, p. 4-26
28. ↑ Maori and prohibition).
29. ↑ Blocker 2003, p. 231
30. ↑ The Movement in New Zealand.
31. ↑ Temperance movement Page 2 – Beginnings.
32. ↑ coloxvs (25 April 1896). "Prohibition in New Zealand.". *New Zealand Herald.*: p. 9. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/new-zealand-herald/1896/04/25/9.
33. ↑ New Zealand Women's Christian Temperance Union.
34. ↑ Blocker 2003, p. 456
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Wood 1986
36. ↑ Prohibitionist, nurse, lay preacher and matron.
37. ↑ W.C.T.U. PLEDGE.
38. ↑ About.
39. ↑ WHITE RIBBON, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 41, 1 NOVEMBER 1898, PAGE 4.
40. ↑ Story: Ward, Anne Contents.
41. ↑ Women's suffrage in New Zealand.
42. ↑ Women's suffrage in New Zealand.
43. ↑ Women's suffrage in New Zealand.
44. ↑ Story: Atkinson, Lily May Contents.
45. ↑ White Ribbon. 11 (131): 5. 15 April 1906.
46. ↑ THE BIBLE IN SCHOOLS FROM A TEACHER'S POINT OF VIEW..
47. ↑ Story: Don, Rachel Contents.
48. ↑ MINUTES OF Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention OF THF N.Z. W.C.T.U. Held in Wesley Hall, Taranaki St., Wellington, March 10th to 18th, 1920..
49. ↑ Story: Taylor, Elizabeth Best Contents..
50. ↑ MINUTES OF 1935 CONVENTION (Abridged.).
51. ↑ The White Ribbon. 18 (4): 2. 1 May 1946.
52. ↑ Licensing Act 1873 (37 Victoriae 1873 No 74).
53. ↑ Eldred-Grigg 1984, p. 190
54. ↑ Prohibition referendums (1st of 3).
55. ↑ Prince 1996, p. 50
56. ↑ Dostie 2016, p. 231
57. ↑ Wilson 2016, p. 300
58. ↑ Masterton under no-license.
59. ↑ 'Six o'clock swill' begins.
60. ↑ The six o’clock swill: How drinking law reforms shaped New Zealand society.
61. ↑ Bollinger 1967
62. ↑ Butler 1994, p. 8-267
63. ↑ Atkinson 2003, p. 101
64. ↑ Eldred-Grigg 1984, p. 164
65. ↑ Newman 1975, p. 3
66. ↑ New Zealand Official Year Book, 1940–1990..
67. ↑ McRobie 1989
68. ↑ The no-license era.
69. ↑ Christoffel 2006, p. 81
70. ↑ Eldred-Grigg 1984, p. 160
71. ↑ Cocker 1930, p. 51
72. ↑ Daniels 1966, p. 874
73. ↑ Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act 1893 (57 VICT 1893 No 34).
74. ↑ Burtt 1973, p. 15
75. ↑ Prohibition referendums).
76. ↑ Prohibition).
77. ↑ Tsar Nicolas II Thought Vodka Was Hurting Russians—But Banning It Helped Destroy His Empire).
78. ↑ Newman 1975, p. 55
79. ↑ Cocker 1930, p. 264
80. ↑ Cocker 1930, p. 139
81. ↑ Cocker 1930, p. 188
82. ↑ Cocker 1930, p. 192
83. ↑ Wairarapa Wine Region).
84. ↑ Industry in flux, 1910s–1960s).
85. ↑ TEMPERANCE AND PROHIBITION IN NEW ZEALAND).
86. ↑ Cocker 1930, p. 215
87. ↑ MAY I THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE.
88. ↑ MASTERTON LICENSING RESTORATION.
89. ↑ Temperance movement.
90. ↑ THE LONG VIEW.
91. ↑ Sinclair 2001, p. 246
92. ↑ Burdon 1965, p. 20-21
93. ↑ New Zealand Official Yearbook 1997.
94. ↑ Murray 2014, p. 229
95. ↑ The decline of prohibition.
96. ↑ WCTU NZ.
97. ↑ alcohol.org.nz.
98. ↑ Alcohol Advisory Council Act 1976.

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