Lilith

The following information is based on events in *The Fallen Angel* and contain spoilers.

**Lilith** (pronounced /ˈlɪlɪθ/, Hebrew: לִילִית *Lîlîṯ*) was God's first attempt at creating a human woman and was the first wife of Adam, before Eve. The attempt failed and Lilith became a horrible creature that was a hybrid of a human and animals, who was also rumored to have behaved maliciously towards Adam and the animals of Eden. In the end God banished her from Paradise to Outer Reach, where she later met her husband-to-be, Cain, and together they became the ancestors of the accursed and the founders of the city of Enoch.

Because Lilith was banished before the fall of man, she remained immortal and never-aging. Before the start of the Great Devil War, both Lilith and Cain was on the side of Aziel Stofeles, until Aziel murdered Cain. After the end of war and Aziel's death, Lilith hid herself in the basement beneath Lucifer's castle in Hell, where at one point she was met by a devil named Droel. He did not tell Lilith who he was, but told her that she could have her husband back with the help of Jesus and convinced her to abduct him and his son, Joseph. However, when Lilith came to the forgotten underworld that they had agreed to meet in, but was betrayed by Droel, who stabbed a knife in her throat. Then Droel forced Jesus to resurrect the corpse, which were in reality the body of Aziel and not Cain.

## History

### Creation and banishment to the Land of Nod

Lilith was God's first attempt at creating a female human, as a counterpart and wife for the first man, Adam, however she was a failed attempt, as she came out as a hideous cross between animal and human, and treated the animals of Eden and Adam awfully, even with malice. God banished Lilith to the Land of Nod, which was the name for Outer Reach at that time. After Adam and Eve's first son, Cain, was also banished to Outer Reach, upon him killing his own brother, Lilith and Cain met one another in the darkness. They fell in love and became husband and wife, and together they became the ancestors of the accursed, the hundreds of different kinds of monsters that inhabit Outer Reach. Together Lilith and Cain built a city in Nod called Enoch, which would later be used by the devil Aziel Stofeles for his New Hell during the Great Devil War.

### In Aziel Stofeles' army

Lilith was present when Aziel Stofeles came to her and Cain in the darkness of Outer Reach, and made Cain swear his allegiance to him. Because of this, Lilith was on Aziel's side until the Great Devil War begun, even though she did not trust the devil. She thought that it was difficult to trust a devil when she had not even been able to trust God. She also did not care for the glint she saw in Aziel's black eyes.

### Aziel Stofeles' murder of Cain

Lilith witnessed Aziel murder her husband, Cain, which was what began the final battle of the Great Devil War, and from that moment she was no longer on Aziel's side. The murder took place in the outer court of Hell, in front of the gate to Hell and the wall around the afterlife, and Aziel's entire army was present. Lilith saw Aziel speak with a completely clear and calm voice to Lucifer and the devils of Hell, who were standing on a bridge above the black gate, and heard him order them to worship him or die. Cain and Aziel stood side by side, as if they were equals. Although Lilith did not know that Aziel was about to murder her husband, she sensed that something was amiss, and did not like the situation. The devils next to Lucifer had their bows and arrows pointed at Aziel throughout the entire speech. Then Aziel took one more step forward, and Lilith just had time to think that the devil had made a mistake and moved too close to the wall and arrows. Lilith heard an arrow being fired towards him, saw one corner of Aziel's mouth lift itself in a smile, and him grabbing Cain and pulling him in front of him as a shield, so that the arrow pierced Cain's chest and killed him instead. As it happened, Lilith felt as though she was the one who had been shot, and stared at her husbamd in shock as he collpased with an expression of disbelief in his face.

Lilith snuck into Hell through a crack in the wall created by the power of Aziel's replica of the Ark of the Covenant. Lilith had the burning desire for revenge on Aziel, and it was her only thought and the only thing she lived for. Around her the war was raging at its highest and Hell's army was about to lose when JEhovah and his army of angels came down from the sky and turned Lucifer's defeat to triumph. As Lilith saw the angels fly down and God gallopping across the black sky on a horse of fire, she did not know what to feel. Once she would have felt anger over him banishing her whose only sin had been being created deformed, but she had forgotten the anger after meeting Cain, who had been a light for her in the eternal darkness. But now, as the light was gone, the only anger she felt was for Aziel. Although Jehovah's intervention abruptly changed the outcome of the war, it was not over yet, because in the following nights she hid herself in Lucifer's castle, keeping to the shadows and corners and hiding behind doors, and learned with a strange mix of fear and delight that Aziel had escaped. Lilith swore by her creator and dead Cain that she would find Aziel, and she would smile as she slowly cuts his throat.

One night at the castle, Lilith heard an anguished scream, and ran through the halls in the basement in the direction of the sound. She came to the torture chamber and heard Aziel inside it, who had just finished cutting off the horns, tail and wings of the boy Philip Engel. Philip's father sat bound to a chair and had a near-mortal knife wound in his stomach, and Mortimer, Death, had just arrived and stood petrified staring at the blood bath. Aziel tells Death with a laughter that he bet Death wishes he could intervene, then asked him to take Philip's father. Lilith saw Mortimer clench his fists, and she prepared herself to attack and take revenge. In that moment, Death told Aziel that it was him he had come from, and Lilith just had time to think that Death knew she was there and would kill Aziel, but then Philip was suddenly on his feet with one of his cut-off horns in his hand, which he used to stab Aziel in the heart. Lilith saw Aziel look puzzled at the black horn sticking out of his chest as if he did not know what it was, and saw him look at Philip with an imploring, terrified look. As Aziel collpased on the floor, his eyes were fixed on the door, which was standing ajar, and his eyes squinted a little when he saw Lilith in the doorway, who made sure that he could see her smiling. Then Aziel died.

### Deal with Droel

After the ordeal in the torture chamber, Lilith retreated into the basement and lived there, hidden and quietly for many years, because without Cain there was nothing left in Outer Reach for her. Then, one night she heard footsteps and hid herself. People rarely came down into the basement, and last time she had not hid fast enough and someone had seen her and fled in terror. The devil walked with dragging, unsteady steps, as though he was limp. She snuck closer to get a good view of him. She saw him standing at the edge of the light from the torches on the wall and heard a scraping sound coming from where the darkness took over from the light, and realized that hte devil was writing something on the wall. When he was gone, she snuck over to the wall and saw that he had written her name on the wall and that the devil wished to speak with her. Lilith did not understand why anyone wished to send her a message, or who it had come from, because she was sure that no one knew where she was. She also did not know what he wanted to talk to her about.

It was the devil Droel, Aziel's former right lackey, who had written the words on the wall. When Lilith turned around, Droel was standing in front of her, just outside the circle of light, and though Lilith is used to seeing in the dark, the wavering torchlight confused her and made it impossible to see what the devil looked like. However, she did notice that there was something wrong with him. She noticed that his body leaned to one side and that one of his arms was strangely crippled. Droel was deformed, from the time that Philip Engel had shoved him into the acidic mud of the Bog of Vanity.

Droel did not wish to give Lilith his name, but he wished to make a deal with her. He told her that she could have her husband, Cain, back, by having Jesus resurrect him. Droel told her to blackmail Jesus into following her to a planned meeting spot, by taking his son, Joseph, hostage. Droel gave Lilith a box with two summoning pills and told her to that in order to make sure that Jehovah's attention was diverted while she abducted Jesus and his son, she had to give a boy by the name of Sam the pills and tempt him into thinking of a street while using them. The only thing that Droel wanted in exchange was an apple from the Tree of Life in Paradise. Lilith believed that the payment was fair. Droel told Lilith that she could get to Paradise by flying over the mountain of Purgatory and take the place of one of the repenting humans on the staircase leading to the door to the garden.

### Temptation of Samuel

One night Lilith tested Droel's instructions by flying over the mountain, and verified that the devil had been correct. The night after Lilith went to the library at the school in the devil city, disguised in a hooded robe, where Sam was sitting and reading his homework. She lured him into taking the pills and he did exactly as Droel had predicted, as Sam thought Lilith might be an older student who liked him, and Sam wished to visit his friend, Philip Engel, on Earth. Lilith told him that she was sure he was evil enough to use the pills. As Sam was swallowing one of the summoning pills, Lilith did as Droel had asked her and warned Sam of ever thinking of a street, thereby making him think of a street, and the moment after Sam had disappeared and Lilith had flown off towards Purgatory. On Earth, Sam appeared on a street close to Philip Engel's school and nearly caused a massive traffic accident, which would have shook fate so thoroughly that it would have caused the universe to end, if Jehovah, and Philip who had gained special abilities because of not his faith but knowledge of God's existence, intervened.

One of the major reasons that Lilith was able to tempt Sam was that her face still looked like that of a young woman, because she could never age, like Adam and Eve before they ate the apples of Life. Lilith had remained in the shadows to hide her deformities, and Sam had believed that she was an older student who admired him.

At Purgatory, Lilith found a soul who had repented enough so that the staircase of smoke rising from the top of the mountain could support him. Lilith shoved the soul down over the edge, after which she hurried up the stairs and in through the door to Paradise which was open at the end.

When Philip Engel, who had been brought back to the afterlife folowing the near-end-of-the-universe, along with Satina Dargue, visited Samuel to find out why he had summoned himself on Earth, Satina had discovered what she thought was chalk dust on Sam's cape and had brushed it off. Sam had been put in the Classroom, one of the places of punishment in Hell, as punishment for his dangerous summoning, and they believed the dust came from the fire chalk that Sam had forced one of the condemned to write with on the blakcboard and take his punishment. Sam also told them of how the "older student" had tempted him into using the summoning pill. Later, while they were at Satina's house eating supper, Satina's father, Blackhorn Dargue, had seen the dust on Satina's hands and had told them that it was white soot from Purgatory. This gave Philip and Satina a clue to follow.

### Abduction of Jesus and Joseph

In the darkness of night and in moonlight, Lilith found the place where the Tree of Life was supposed to stand, but discovered that it had been cut down and that htere were no apples left. She moved to the Tree of Knowledge, plucked one of the apples of Knowledge with her squid tentacle and crushed it to a pulp and juice. Flinging the rest away, unfurls her wings and flew away. Unbeknownst to her, she was seen by one of the saved named Gregory, who had been out to stargaze and he had been so scared by seeing such a hideous mixture of humand animal in Paradise that he put out bear traps around the tree and the stump to try and capture the creature, whom he thought was a form of demon. Later, one day when Philip Engel and Satina Dargue came by and met Gregory, who in his life had been the janitor at Philip's school and a kind of friend of his, Philip, who had once been a devil and never fully lost the special abilities he'd had then, saw in Gregory's eyes the memory of Lilith. He saw her face and believed he'd seen her before. He realized that it was the same face as the woman who had tempted Samuel to use the summoning pills, as he had seen it in the Globe of Evil in Lucifer's study when he asked the Globe to recall her evil deed. However, he knew that she was not an inhabitant of Hell, but thought it was possible that she might come from Outer Reach and might be one of the accursed.

Lilith went to Jesus' hut in Paradise by daylight. Mary, the daughter of Jesus was standing with a ladybug on her arm, Joseph, the son of Jesus, was standing and eating berries from a bush, and Jesus was standing by the cabin trying to fix a wobbly table. Lilith appeared between the trees and walked in the direction of Joseph, who did not see her. On the way she stopped and saw Mary, and for a brief moment considered taking her instead, but decided to stick to the plan. Sheput her tentacle around Joseph's neck and mouth, so no one could hear him scream, and pulled him into the forest. There Lilith made Joseph call Jesus, who walked out to look for him.

It took Lilith, Jesus and Joseph several days to get to the gate of Paradise because Jesus and Joseph could not fly, and because of the garden's massive size they had to be careful not to be seen. Lilith had Joseph on a rope and made sure not to lose sight of him, because it was him who gave her control over Jesus. At one point there were angels in the sky looking for them, when it was discovered that Jesus and his son had been away for many days, and they hid in a cave in the forest. Lilith put his crab claw to Joseph's throat and looked At Jesus, to force him to stay silent until the angels were gone.

Nine days after Lilith abducted Jesus and his son, Philip Engel and Satina Dargue came by Jesus' cabin, and Philip saw that Mary was crying and tried to comfort her, but when he looked into her eyes, something jolted his mind and he saw a glimpse of a nightmare in her eyes. Her mother, the wife of Jesus, who was also named Mary, told Philip that Mary was crying because she missed her father and brother. However, Philip suspected that Mary had seen something, and because of this he went to the Bog of Nightmare once back in Hell, where he saw Mary's nightmare after being shoved into the water by someone, who later turned out to be Droel. In the nightmare, Philip through Mary's eyes saw the incident of Joseph's abduction and how Jesus had walked out into the forest.

### Ressurection of Aziel Stofeles

Lilith reached her and Droel's planned meeting place, a forgotten, dead underworld Lilith had once found. They had planned to meet there, her with one of the apples of Life and Jesus, and Droel with the body of Cain. Lilith had marked the staircase with white soot from Purgatory so that Droel could find it. Droel had lit a fire in the dark and on the other side of it laid a corpse facing away. When Droel saw Lilith walk forth with Jesus, he was scared by the Son of Man. Like in the castle basement, Droel kept a distance from the light and stayed in the darkness. On Droel's orders Lilith chained Jesus and Joseph to a statue near the fire. When Lilith asked for Cain, the devil pointed out the corpse by the fire. Lilith took one step towards the body while briefly wondering why the devil hadn't asked for the apple of Life, which should have been his only thought. But then Droel revealed that the corpse was not Cain at all, and when Lilith turned around, Droel was behind her. She could clearly see his deformed body but still didn't recognize her. Lilith did not have time to think any other thoughts before Droel betrayed her by stabbing her in the throat with a knife. She staggered backwards while Droel held her fast and pulled the knife out of her throat, and she fell over the corpse on the ground, whom she recognized as Aziel Stofeles. Droel told Lilith that he had exchanged Aziel's body for Cain's body, who was now hanging in Spike Woods in Hell decorated with the cut-off horns, tail and wings of Philip Engel, which Droel had stolen from Philip's old chamber in Lucifer's castle.

Even though the blood was streaming from Lilith's throat and her body was screaming with pain, she did not die because she was immortal so it wasn't possible. The only thing that Lilith could see was Droel stepping over to Joseph, putting the knife to his throat and throwing the key to the chains to Jesus and o rdered him to do his job or he would cut Joseph's throat. Jesus unlocked his chains and stepped over to Aziel's body, kneeled at its side and put a hand on the corpse's forehead. He whispered "Aziel, come out", but nothing happened. Lying to Droel, Jesus said that Aziel had been dead for too long, but Droel saw through the lie and threatened with giving Joseph "a new smile". Jesus whispered, asking his father to forgive him, and whispered even lower: "Aziel, come out." Jesus' face was drained of color and became pale as ash, his cheeks hollowed, his eyes rolled back showing the whites, he began to convulse and mouth began to froth and opened in a silent scream. Joseph cried for his father, but Jesus did not react. He still had his hand on Aziel's forehead and his bones had became visible under the skin. A stream of blood ran from one of his ears, and suddenly Aziel opened his eyes, slowly, like he was waking from a deep sleep. His eyes were directed at Lilith and he smiled.

## Physical appearance

Lilith had the face of a beautiful, young human woman, and she had a pair of legs and a pair of arms, but her body is a hideous deformed jumble of different parts from different animals. Her skin was a fair white colour. Even though Lilith had always had a deformed body, the deformities had not been as bad in the beginning, but with time they increased. She has an apish body, which is hunched like a question mark, and it is partly covered by rough, scraggly fur and thick leather-like, wart-infested skin. Strange growths have grown out of her body, in the form of body parts of different animals; a snake's tail and a giant spider leg has grown out of her left side, a great crab's pincer out of her right side, and a slimy squid's tentacle sticks out of the middle of her chest, in-between her breasts. Her right leg was the one of a hoofed animal and ends in a hoof while the left one ends in a lion's paw. Her back is covered by huge, yellow feathered wings and between them a spikey fish fin buckles and bends down her back. Her hands has only four fingers each, and they are like bird talons. On the right arm Lilith wears five golden rings, two on the upper arm and three near the wrist, and around the ankle of her left leg she wears a golden band. Her hair is long, thin and colored red, and she has two braids, one on each side of her head, that hands down over the top of her chest. Lilith is naked.

There are different theories as to what caused Lilith's deformities to begin with. One is that they are simply a byproduct of God's failed creation process, and that her behavior was a result of her realizing that she was failed and different. Another theory, put forth by Ravine, is that they might have been caused by her behavior. This theory does fit with the fact that humans have bene shown to be able to grow horns, tail and wings based on evil behavior and become a devil. In addition, Lucifer and his followers, who were all angels like him, were transformed into devils by their darker sides when they were cast down into Hell at the end of the war in Heaven. Ravine also considered that Lucifer might have had a hand in her creation, resulting in the failure. According to Lilith's own memories of her banishment to Outer Reach, her only sin was having been created.

## Personality

When Lilith was first banished from Paradise to Outer Reach, Lilith had felt anger. However, at one point she had met Cain in the darkness and fallen in love with him. He became her only light in the darkness of the Land of Nod, until he was taken from her through murder.

Lilith appears to have been a very loving wife, who would do anything for her husband Cain. She even blindly trusted the devil Droel, and did his morally questionable bidding when he promised her Cain back from the dead. If she was truly wronged she could become extremely vengeful, as seen when Aziel murdered Cain. It is said that she acted horribly towards Adam and the animals in Eden, however according to her own memories, she thinks that God was unfair towards her and that her only "sin" was being created, implying that the deformities on her body may have been a byproduct of God's creation process going wrong. Lilith does not appear to be truly evil. In fact, when Cain was convinced to join Ariel Stofeles' army in his conflict against Lucifer, Lilith was uncomfortable with this decision and did not trust the devil. She did, however, do certain questionable things for Droel, including abducting Joseph, son of Jesus, and Jesus himself, as well as tempting Sam to summon himself on earth to divert God's attention well knowing that she could have created a bloodshed that might spell the end of the universe. She also pushed a saved off of the Purgatory mountain who had just been accepted into Paradise, so that she was able to go into the garden instead. All of this, however, could possibly be understood as Lilith being blinded by her love for Cain and the prospect of having him return to her alive, and she might never have done these things willingly if not for this.

## Abilities

Not much is known about Lilith's abilities. She has been shown to possibly have the supernatural power to share her memories with others by looking into their eyes, as shown with Philip Engel, however it is not clear whether this was the past devil in Philip stirring, as these last remaining bits of his old devil powers had many times before allowed him to glimpse memories and dreams in others' eyes.

Lilith can be very persuasive, especially with her very beautiful woman's face. However, usually she will be unable to tempt others if they see the rest of her grotesque body.

Lilith has a pair of wings on her back with which she are able to fly high into the sky, as high as the peak of Purgatory at least.

Lilith has many different limbs with which she can grab things or beings.

## Background

### Etymology

In the Akkadian language of Assyria and Babylonia, the terms *lili* and *līlītu* mean "spirits". Some uses of *līlītu* are listed in *The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago* (CAD, 1956, L.190), in Wolfram von Soden's *Akkadisches Handwörterbuch* (AHw, p. 553), and *Reallexikon der Assyriologie* (RLA, p. 47).

The Sumerian female demons *lili* have no etymological relation to the Akkadian noun *lilu*, "evening".

Archibald Sayce (1882) considered that Hebrew *lilit* (or *lilith*) לילית and the earlier Akkadian *līlītu* are derived from a proto-Semitic word. Charles Fossey (1902) has this literally translating to "female night being/demon", although cuneiform inscriptions from Mesopotamia exist where *Līlīt* and *Līlītu* refers to disease-bearing wind spirits.

### Mythological background

Lilith (Hebrew: לִילִית *Lîlîṯ*, likely from Akkadian *Līlīṯu*, a female demon) is a controversial mythological figure, who in medieval Jewish folklore is perceived as Adam's very first half, wife or lover. The earliest appearance of the figure is in the Babylonian Talmud (third to fifth century). Lilith is often depicted as a dangerous night demon and a sexual creature who steals children in the darkness of the night. The character is thought to originate from a much older class of demon (lilitu) from an ancient Mesopotamian religion found in the cuneiform texts from Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria and Babylonia.

In Jewish folklore, from the satirical book *Sirach's Alphabet* (can. 700-1000) and on, Lilith appears as Adam's first wife, who was created simultaneously with him (*Roshe Hashanah*) and from the same Earth as Adam - compare the creation story in Genesis 1:27 "And God created "So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them" and the creation story in Genesis 2:22, where the creation of humankind is described more in-depth, and we learn that Adam was formed out of dust, and that Eve was made from one of his ribs after he had been created. Certain theologians and scholars believe that the passage in 1:27 indicates that God created two humans at the same time, and that it refers to Adam and Lilith as opposed to Adam and Eve, and that Lilith has been erased from the Bible, after having been banished. The legend developed further throughout the Middle Ages, in the Aggadah tradition, in the Zohar and in Jewish mysticism. For example, in texts written in the thirteenth century by Isaak Ben Jacob ha-Cohen, it appears as if Lilith leaves Adam when she refuses to be submissive to him and would not return to the Garden of Eden after having fallen in love with the archangel Samael.

In the Zohar, a comprehensive collection of mystical and metaphysical manuscripts that interpret the Torah, it is told that after Lilith's short-lived sexual relationship with Adam, in which she managed to give birth to some children, she left him as she did not think he was a satisfying mate, and later seduced Adam's first son, Cain, whom she birthed several of demons and spirits for. From this comes Kenneth B. Andersen's inspiration for the accursed, who were born in Outer Reach, which is based on the Land of Nod from scripture, and which interestingly enough is the very land Cain is described in scripture as being exiled to by God after killing his own brother, Abel, out of jealousy. According to Abrahamic traditions, all of humanity descends from Adam and Eve. God has "from one man [Adam] he made all the nations, that they should inhabit the whole earth." (Acts 17:26) Adam's wife, Eve, became "mother of all living". (Genesis 3:20) This means that Cain must have married one of Adam and Eve's other descendants. According to many adherents to the Abrahamic religions, Awan, the sister of Cain and the daughter of Adam and Eve, was Cain's wife. However it is also possible that Cain, after having been banished, met Lilith, who had also been banished, but to where she was exiled to is unknown. Additionally, Lilith was the only woman before Eve's creation according to Jewish legends, and Cain and Abel were Adam and Eve's firstborn after all, so there would have to have passed a long time before he could have had a wife who was of an appropriate age to have a child with.

In *The Great Devil War*, Kenneth B. Andersen lets Lilith be exiled to the Land of Nod, as Cain had in scripture, and reveals that Outer Reach and the Land of Nod are one and the same.

Almost all mentions of Lilith have been removed from the Christian Bible, except one place where the name appears in a list of animals.

The wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the wild beasts of the island, and the satyr shall cry to his fellow; the screech owl (Lilith) also shall rest there, and find for herself a place of rest.
Isaiah 34:14
In translations of the Bible the word is often translated with "night creatures", "night monster", "night hag", or "screech owl".

## Appearances

### *The Great Devil War*

* *The Angel of Evil* (mentioned)
* *The Fallen Angel*

## Trivia

* The illustration of Lilith is from the front cover of *The Fallen Angel*, and is drawn and painted by Rasmus Jensen based on the book's description of her character.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Kenneth B. Andersen. *The Angel of Evil*. (Publication House) October 20, 2019. (Original Danish version published April 29, 2010 by Høst & Søn)
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 Kenneth B. Andersen. *The Fallen Angel*. (Publication House) Month #, 2020. (Original Danish version published September 15, 2015 by Høst & Søn)
3. ↑ Kenneth B. Andersen. *The Devil's Apprentice*. Høst & Søn, October 19, 2018 (English print-on-demand paperback). Høst & Søn, October 11 2018 (English e-book). (Original Danish version published September 30, 2005 by Høst & Søn)
4. ↑ Kenneth B. Andersen. *The Wrongful Death*. Høst & Søn, October 19, 2018 (English print-on-demand paperback) (Original Danish version published April 30, 2009 by Høst & Søn)
5. ↑ Erich Ebeling, Bruno Meissner, Dietz Otto Edzard *Reallexikon der Assyriologie* Volume 9 p 47, 50.Template:Verify source
6. ↑ Michael C. Astour *Hellenosemitica: an ethnic and cultural study in west Semitic impact on Mycenaean. Greece* 1965 Brill p 138.
7. ↑ Sayce (1887) Template:Page needed
8. ↑ Fossey (1902) Template:Page needed