Anime

Anime is a Japanese produced animation which are created by hand work and computer animation. The term anime was a inspiration from the English word animation which is used to describe any kind of animation regardless of the style or origin in Japan. Also anime are sometimes adaptations of Mangas, Light Novels or Video games. Anime have a large variety of any genre which are usually aimed at certain groups. In the anime industry Japan has about 430 production studios which include famous studios like A-1 Pictures, Madhouse, Studio Bones, Wit Studio, Kyoto Animation, Toei Animation, MAPPA etc...

   Back in the 80s anime was a huge world success and with the high demand for foreign dub and subtitled programming and by around 2016 anime was considered to the 60% of the international animated tv shows.

## History

In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear; animators such as Ōten Shimokawa, Seitarō Kitayama, and Jun'ichi Kōuchi (considered the "fathers of anime") produced numerous films, the oldest surviving of which is Kōuchi's *Namakura Gatana*. Many early works were lost with the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

   By the mid-1930s animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to the live-action industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as Disney, and many animators, including Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata, continued to work with cheaper cutout animation rather than cel animation. Other creators, including Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo, nevertheless made great strides in technique, benefiting from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce educational shorts and propaganda. In 1940, the government dissolved several artists' organizations to form the *Shin Nippon Mangaka Kyōkai*. The first talkie anime was *Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka* (1933), a short film produced by Masaoka. The first feature-length anime film was *Momotaro: Sacred Sailors* (1945), produced by Seo with a sponsorship from the Imperial Japanese Navy.The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated advertisements made in Japan for television broadcasting. In the 1960s, manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified many Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and limit frame counts in his productions. He originally intended these as temporary measures to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with an inexperienced staff, though many of his limited animation practices would later come to define the medium's style. *Three Tales* (1960) was the first anime film broadcast on television; the first anime television series was *Instant History* (1961–64). An early and influential success was *Astro Boy* (1963–66), a television series directed by Tezuka based on his manga of the same name. Many animators at Tezuka's Mushi Production would later establish major studios (such as Madhouse, Sunrise, and Pierrot).

The 1970s saw growth in the popularity of manga, many of which were later animated. Tezuka's work—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (also known as "mecha"), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the super robot genre under Go Nagai and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino, who developed the real robot genre. Robot anime series such as *Gundam* and *Super Dimension Fortress Macross* became instant classics in the 1980s, and the genre remained one of the most popular in the following decades. The bubble economy of the 1980s spurred a new era of high-budget and experimental anime films, including *Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind* (1984), *Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise* (1987), and *Akira* (1988).

*Neon Genesis Evangelion* (1995), a television series produced by Gainax and directed by Hideaki Anno, began another era of experimental anime titles, such as *Ghost in the Shell* (1995) and *Cowboy Bebop* (1998). In the 1990s, anime also began attracting greater interest in Western countries; major international successes include *Sailor Moon* and *Dragon Ball Z*, both of which were dubbed into more than a dozen languages worldwide.

   In 2003, *Spirited Away*, a Studio Ghibli feature film directed by Hayao Miyazaki, won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy Awards. It later became the highest-grossing anime film, earning more than $355 million. Since the 2000s, an increased number of anime works have been adaptations of light novels and visual novels; successful examples include *The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya* and *Fate/stay night* (both 2006).