Hypsilophodon

*Hypsilophodon foxii*

***Hypsilophodon*** (meaning "*Hypsilophus*-tooth") is an ornithopod dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous period of England.

The first remains of *Hypsilophodon* were found in 1849 and in 1869 the type species *Hypsilophodon foxii* was named. Abundant fossil discoveries were made on the Isle of Wight, giving a good impression of the build of the species. It was a small bipedal animal with an herbivorous or possibly omnivorous diet. *Hypsilophodon* reached up to 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) in length and was about 70 kilogrammes heavy. It could run fast. It had a pointed head equipped with a sharp beak to bite off plant material.

Older studies have given rise to number of misconceptions about *Hypsilophodon*: that it would climb trees, be armoured, reach a length of 2.3 metres and also be found outside of Wight. During the past decades new research has gradually shown this to be incorrect.

## Discoveries and species

The first remains of *Hypsilophodon* were recovered in the early days of paleontology in 1849, when workers on the Isle of Wight dug up the so-called Mantell-Bowerbank block. One piece of it was sold to Gideon Mantell, the other to naturalist James Scott Bowerbank. However, at the time, the bones were thought to belong to a young *Iguanodon*: first Mantell in 1849, and then Richard Owen in 1855 describing the block as such.

It was not until 1870 that paleontologist Thomas Henry Huxley was able to publish a fuller description of *Hypsilophodon* as we know it today, understanding it represented a species different from *Iguanodon*. He had gained access in 1868 to a specimen found in January that year by the Reverend William Fox, who had earlier discovered some fossils of the animal also. This specimen included the skull, which had been lacking with the Mantell-Bowerbank block. Huxley first announced the new species in 1869 in a lecture; the text of this, publicised the same year, forms the official naming article, because it also contained a sufficient description. In 1870 Huxley expanded this into a full article, in which he as the first researcher noticed that the Ornithischia (not yet known as such at the time) had a pubic bone pointing backwards as with birds.

The type species was named *Hypsilophodon foxii*. There is a persistent misunderstanding as to the meaning of the generic name, which is often translated directly from the Greek as "high-ridged tooth". In reality Huxley, analogous to the way the name of the related genus *Iguanodon* ("iguana-tooth") had been formed, intended to name the animal after an extant herbivorous lizard, choosing for this role *Hypsilophus* and combining its name with Greek ὀδών, *odon*, "tooth". *Hypsilophodon* thus means "*Hypsilophus*-tooth". The Greek ὑψίλοφος, *hypsilophos*, means "high-crested" and refers to the back frill of the lizard, not to the teeth of *Hypsilophodon* itself, which are not high-ridged in any case. The specific name *foxii* honours Fox.

The holotype of the animal, today having the inventory number **NHM R197**, is the skull found by Fox. The Mantell-Bowerbank block is the paratype; its two pieces have been combined in the collection of the Natrual History Museum as specimens NHM 28707, 39560-1.

Owen was not convinced by Huxley's conclusion that *Hypsilophodon* represented a different genus and in 1874 renamed the species into a *Iguanodon foxii*. However, this was again rejected by John Whitaker Hulke, who had obtained some additional specimens from Fox, in 1874 described some presumed dermal armour, and in 1882 published a full osteology of the species. Later, the number of specimens was increased by Reginald Walter Hooley. In 1905 Baron Franz Nopcsa dedicated a study to *Hypsilophodon*, and in 1936 William Elgin Swinton did the same, on the occasion of the mounting of two restored skeletons in the British Museum of Natural History.

Modern research of *Hypsilophodon* began with the studies of Peter Malcolm Galton, starting with his thesis of 1967.

Although new finds continue to be made, most known *Hypsilophodon* specimens were discovered between 1849 and 1921 and are in the possession of the Natural History Museum that acquired the collections of Mantell, Fox, Hulke and Hooley. These represent about twenty individual animals. Apart from the holotype and paratype, the most significant specimens are: NHM R5829, the skeleton of a large animal; NHM R5830 and NHM R196/196a, both skeletons of juvenile animals; and NHM R2477, a block with a skull together with two separate vertebral columns. Fossils from other locations, especially from the mainland of southern Great Britain, Portugal and Spain, have once been referred to *Hypsilophodon*. However, in 2009 Galton concluded that the specimens from Great Britain proper were either indeterminable or belonged to *Valdosaurus*, and that the fossils from the rest of Europe were those of related but different species. This leaves the finds on Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England, as the only known authentic *Hypsilophodon* fossils. The fossils have been found in the *Hypsilophodon Bed*, a one metre thick marl layer surfacing in a 1200 metre long strip along the Cowaleaze Chine parallel to the southwest coast of Wight, part of the upper Wessex Formation and dating to the late Barremian, about 126 million years old. Reports that *Hypsilophodon* would be present in the later Vectis Formation, Galton in 2009 considered as unsubstantiated.

There is only one known species of *Hypsilophodon*, Huxley's original *H. foxii*. Galton and James Jensen named another species in 1978/1979, *Hypsilophodon wielandi*, which is based on a thigh bone from South Dakota, USA, specimen AMNH 2585 found in 1891 by George Reber Wieland. This species was once seen as indicative of a late land bridge between North America and Europe, but it is now regarded as an indeterminate basal ornithopod. Galton in 2009 considered it a *nomen dubium*, the femur in view of the provenance possibly belonging to *Zephyrosaurus*.

## Description

*Hypsilophodon* was a relatively small dinosaur, though not quite so small as, for example, *Compsognathus*. For *Hypsilophodon* often a maximum length of 2.3 metres is stated. This has its origin in a study of 1974 by Galton, in which he extrapolated a length of 2.28 metres based on specimen BMNH R 167, a thigh bone. However, in 2009 Galton concluded that this femur in fact belonged to *Valdosaurus* and downsized *Hypsilophodon* to a maximum known length of 1.8 metres, the largest specimen being NHM R5829 with a femur length of 202 millimetres. Typical specimens are about 1.5 metres long. *Hypsilophodon* would have reached up to half a metre in height. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated a weight of 20 kilograms (44 lb) for an animal two metres in length.

Like most small dinosaurs, *Hypsilophodon* was bipedal: it ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running. A light-weight, minimized skeleton, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail, immobilised by ossified tendons, for balance: all would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size. Galton in 1974 concluded it would have been among the ornithischians best adapted to running.

Despite living in the last of the periods in which non-avian dinosaurs walked the earth, the Cretaceous, *Hypsilophodon* had a number of seemingly "primitive" features. For example, there were five digits on each hand and four on each foot. With *Hypsilophodon* the fifth finger had gained a specialised function: being opposable it could serve to grasp food items. Also, although it had a beak like most ornithischians, *Hypsilophodon* still had five pointed triangular teeth in the front of the upper jaw, the Premaxilla. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by the Early Cretaceous, become sufficiently specialized that the front teeth had been altogether lost (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in *Hypsilophodon*). More to the back, the upper jaw carried up to eleven teeth in the maxilla; the lower jaw had up to sixteen teeth. The number was variable, depending on the size of the animal. The teeth to the back were fan-shaped.

The skull of *Hypsilophodon* was short and relatively large. The snout was triangular in outline and sharply pointed, ending in an upper beak of which the cutting edge was markedly lower than the maxillary tooth row. The eye socket was very large. A palpebral with a length equal to half the diameter of the eye socket overshadowed its top section. A sclerotic ring of fifteen small bone plates supported the outer eye surface. The back of the skull was rather high, with a very large and high jugal and quadratojugal closing off a highly positioned small infratemporal.

The vertebral column consisted of nine cervical vertebrae, fifteen or sixteen dorsal vertebrae, six of five sacral vertebrae and about forty-eight vertebrae of the tail. Much of the back and the tail was stiffened by long ossified tendons connecting the spines on top of the vertebrae. The processes on the underside of the tail vertebrae, the chevrons, were also connected by ossified tendons, which however were of a different form: they were shorter and split and frayed at one end, with the point of the sharp other end laying within the diverging end of the subsequent tendon. Furthermore, there were several counterdirectional rows of these, resulting in a herring-bone pattern completely immobilising the tail end.

A long-lived misconception concerning the anatomy of *Hypsilophodon* has been that it was armoured. This was first suggested by Hulke in 1874, after the find of a bone plate in the neck region. If so, *Hypsilophodon* would have been the only known armoured ornithopod. As Galton pointed out in 2008, the putative armour instead appears to be from the torso, an example of internal intercostal plates associated with the rib cage. It consists of thin mineralized circular plates growing from the back end of the middle rib shaft and overlapping the front edge of the subsequent rib. Such plates are better known from *Talenkauen* and *Thescelosaurus*, and were probably cartilaginous in origin.

## Phylogeny

Huxley originally assigned *Hypsilophodon* to the Iguanodontidae. In 1882 Louis Dollo named a separate Hypsilophodontidae. By the middle of the twentieth century that had become the accepted classification but in the early twenty-first century it became clear through cladistic analysis that hypsilophodontids formed an unnatural, paraphyletic group of successive off-shoots from the stem of the Euornithopoda. *Hypsilophodon* in the modern view thus simply is a basal (eu)ornithopod. Though not forming a separate branch together, such forms lasting from the late Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous shared the common design of a small running herbivore that apparently was very successful.

## Paleobiology

Due to its small size, *Hypsilophodon* fed on low-growing vegetation, in view of the pointed snout most likely preferring high quality plant material, such as young shoots and roots, in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-three to twenty-seven maxillary and dentary teeth with vertical ridges in the animal's upper and lower jaws which, due to the fact that the tooth row of the lower jaw, its teeth curving outwards, fitted within that of the upper jaw, with its teeth curving inwards, appear to have been self-sharpening, the occlusion wearing down the teeth and providing for a simple chewing mechanism. As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced in an alternate arrangement, with the two replacement waves moving from the back to the front of the jaw. The Z(ahnreihen)-spacing, the average distance in tooth position between teeth of the same eruption stage, was rather low with *Hyspilophodon*, about 2,3. Such a dentition would have allowed to process relatively tough plants.

Early paleontologists modelled the body of this small, bipedal, herbivorous dinosaur in various ways. In 1882 Hulke suggested that *Hypsilophodon* was quadrupedal but also, in view of its grasping hand, able to climb rocks and trees in order to seek shelter. In 1912 this line of thought was further pursued by Austrian paleontologist Othenio Abel. Concluding that the first toe of the foot could function as an opposable hallux, Abel stated that *Hypsilophodon* was a fully arboreal animal and even that an arboreal lifestyle was primitive for the dinosaurs as a whole. Though this hypothesis was doubted by Nopcsa, it was adopted by the Danish researcher Gerhard Heilmann who in 1916 proposed that a quadrupedal *Hypsilophodon* lived like the modern tree-kangaroo *Dendrolagus*. In 1926 Heilmann had again changed his mind, denying that the first toe was opposable because the first metatarsal was firmly connected to the second, but in 1927 Abel refused to accept this. In this he was in 1936 supported by Swinton who claimed that even a forward pointing first metatarsal might carry a movable toe. As Swinton was a very influential populariser of dinosaurs, this remained the accepted view for over three decades, most books typically illustrating *Hypsilophodon* sitting on a tree branch. However, Peter M. Galton in 1969 performed a more accurate analysis of the musculo-skeletal structure, showing that the body posture was horizontal. In 1971 Galton in detail refuted Abel's arguments, showing that the first toe had been incorrectly reconstructed and that neither the curvature of the claws, nor the level of mobility of the shoulder girdle or the tail could be seen as adaptations for climbing, concluding that *Hypsilophodon* was a bipedal running form. This convinced the paleontological community that *Hypsilophodon* remained firmly on the ground.

Of the habitat of *Hyspilophodon* little is known. Besides the remains of *Hypsilophodon* itself, the vertebrate fossil fauna of the *Hyspilophodon Bed* is limited to some scutes from a crocodylomorph and a turtle.

The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, nests not having been found, although neatly-arranged nests are known from related species, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. Though the *Hypsilophodon* fossils were not part of a single herd, the bones gradually having been accumulated, it has often been considered likely that the animals moved in large groups. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly *Hypsilophodon*, have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic". Some indications about the reproductive habits are provided by the possibility of Wikipedia:sexual dimorphism: Galton considered it likely that exemplars with five instead of six sacral vertebrae — with some specimens the vertebra that should normally count as the first of the sacrum has a rib not touching the pelvis — represented female individuals.

## JPInstitute.com Description

This little dinosaur, known from very early European finds, may have been one of the most common of all the plant-eaters. In addition to Europe, Hypsilophodon has also been found in North America and possibly Asia.

Hypsilophodon was a small, quick plant-eater, which probably ran in small herds much like modern deer. It ran on two legs and may have used its arms to grab the plants it would have eaten. It looked very much like the first dinosaurs, although it had acquired a number of improvements over tens of millions of years of evolution.

Considered a basal member of the iguanodonts, Hypsilophodon is known from several complete skeletons and a number of partial skeletons. It was a very early dinosaur discovery, found in a quarry in 1849 by stone workers. At first it was thought to have been well suited to live in trees, but this theory, which persisted for over 100 years, was discounted by later study of the specimens.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20030813053754/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_hypsi.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080723141951/http://kids.yahoo.com/dinosaurs/369--Hypsilophodon

## References

Template:References

* Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus. 1st edition. Buffalo, NY: Quintet Publishing Ltd., 2003.

1. ↑ Mantell, G.A., 1849, "Additional observations on the osteology of the *Iguanodon* and *Hylaeosaurus*", *Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions*, **139**: 271-305
2. ↑ Owen, R., 1855, *Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Part II. Dinosauria (Iguanodon). [Wealden]*. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, London, **7**: 1-54
3. ↑ Fox, W.D., 1868, "On the skull and bones of an *Iguanodon*", *British Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual Report for 1867*, London, **38**: 64-65
4. ↑ Fox, W.D., 1866, "Another new Wealden reptile", *Athenaeum* **2014**: 740
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Huxley, T.H., 1869, "On *Hypsilophodon*, a new genus of Dinosauria", *Geological Society of London, Abstracts of Proceedings*, **204**: 3-4
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Huxley, T.H., 1870, "On *Hypsilophodon foxii*, a new dinosaurian from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight", *Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal*, **26**: 3-12
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 P.M. Galton, 2009, "Notes on Neocomian (Lower Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England - *Hypsilophodon*, *Valdosaurus*, "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon" - and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere", *Revue de Paléobiologie*, Genève **28**(1): 211-273
8. ↑ Darren Naish, 2009, *The Great Dinosaur Discoveries*, A & C Black, London, p. 46
9. ↑ Owen, R., 1874, *Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Supplement No. 5. Dinosauria (Iguanodon). [Wealden and Purbeck]*. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 27, pp 1-18
10. ↑ Hulke, J.W., 1873, "Contribution to the anatomy of *Hypsilophodon foxii*. An account of some recently acquired remains", *Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal*, **29**: 522-532
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hulke, J.W., 1874, "Supplemental note on the anatomy of *Hypsilophodon foxii*", *Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal*, **30**: 18-23
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hulke, J.W., 1882, "An attempt at a complete osteology of *Hypsilophodon foxii*, a British Wealden dinosaur", *Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions*, **172**: 1053-1062
13. ↑ Nopcsa, F., 1905, "Notes on British dinosaurs. Part I. *Hypsilophodon*", *Geological Magazine*, London, (5) 2: 203-208
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Swinton, W.E., 1936, "Notes on the osteology of *Hypsilophodon*, and on the family Hypsilophodontidae", *Zoological Society of London, Proceedings*, 1936: 555-578
15. ↑ Swinton, W.E., 1936, "A new exhibit of *Hypsilophodon*", *Natural History Magazine*, London, **5**: 331-336
16. ↑ Galton, P.M., 1967, *On the anatomy of the ornithischian dinosaur* Hypsilophodon foxii *from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight, England*. unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, King’s College, UK, 513 pp
17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 Galton, P.M., 1974, *The ornithischian dinosaur* Hypsilophodon *from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight*. British Museum (Natural History), Bulletin, Geology, London, **25**: 1‑152c
18. ↑ Galton, P.M. & J.A. Jensen, 1978, "Remains of ornithopod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of North America", *Brigham Young University, Geology Studies, Provo*, **25**(3): 1-10
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24. ↑ Abel, O., 1912, *Grundzüge der Palaeobiologie der Wirbeltiere*, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Nägele und Dr Sproesser, Stuttgart
25. ↑ V. Pietschinann (ed), 1914, *Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien*, Vienna, pp 380
26. ↑ Heilmann., G., 1916, *Vor nuværende Viden om Fuglenes Afstamning*, Copenhagen
27. ↑ Heilmann, Gerhard, 1926, *The Origin of Birds*. London, Witherby
28. ↑ Abel, O., 1927, *Lebensbilder aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit*, Fisher, Jena
29. ↑ Galton, P.M., 1969, "The pelvic musculature of the dinosaur *Hypsilophodon* (Reptilia : Ornithischia)", *Postilla*, **131**: 1-64
30. ↑ Galton, P.M., 1971, "*Hypsilophodon*, the cursorial nonarboreal dinosaur", *Nature*, **231**: 159-161
31. ↑ Galton, P.M., 1971, "The mode of life of *Hypsilophodon*, the supposedly arboreal ornithopod dinosaur", *Lethaia*, **4**: 453-465