recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Maglev

A **maglev** (from *magnetic levitation*) is train that uses two sets of magnets: one set to repel and push the train up off the track, and another set to move the elevated train ahead, taking advantage of the lack of friction. The train travels along a guideway of magnets which control the train's stability and speed.

Maglev vehicles have set several speed records, and maglev trains can accelerate and decelerate much faster than conventional trains. The Shanghai Transrapid has a top speed of 430 km/h and is the fastest operational high-speed maglev train.

The L0 series has exceeded 600 km/h in 2015. This uses a SCMaglev (superconducting maglev) system of electrodynamic suspension (EDS). The trains' bogies have superconducting magnets installed, and the guideways contain two sets of metal coils. As the train accelerates, the magnetic fields of its superconducting magnets induce a current into these coils due to the magnetic field induction effect. These coils also generate guiding and stabilizing forces.

A limitation of maglev is overcoming drag which takes the most energy and vactrain technology overcomes this.

StarTram is a proposed space launch system propelled by maglev. The initial Generation 1 facility would launch cargo only, launching from a mountain peak at up to 7km. More advanced technology would be required for the Generation 2 system for passengers, with a longer track instead gradually curving up at its end to the thinner air at 22km altitude, supported by maglev, reducing g-forces when each capsule transitions from the vacuum tube to the atmosphere.

### News

* China begins testing 1000km/h Ultra-high-Speed Maglev Train projected to be completed by 2025. It is being built by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Limited (CASIC).
Combustion engine

An **internal combustion engine** (**ICE**) is a heat engine in which the combustion (of typically hydrogen and oxygen) occurs in a combustion chamber where heated gas expands and applies direct force typically to pistons, turbine, rotors, or nozzles. This force moves the component, transforming chemical energy into useful work in a wheel axle for example.

In contrast, in external combustion engines, such as steam engines, energy is delivered to a medium such as air, or hot pressurized water heated in a boiler. This was old technology and was replaced by ICE.

ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. Renewable fuels like biodiesel or bioethanol also also used and commonly blended with fossil fuels. This is the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft and boats for Type 0.
Bulk Beings

In Brane cosmology, a four-dimensional universe is restricted to just a membrane inside a higher-dimensional space, called the Bulk.

The **Bulk Beings** are sentient beings in the Interstellar Universe able to perceive these higher dimensions, and hence are able to see time just as another physical dimension. This allows them to create wormholes and higher-dimensional tesseracts.

The tesseract shown in the film was able to manipulate time itself as a physical dimension, thus being capable of showing and interacting with past events. It is alluded to in the film that these "bulk beings" may in fact be humans existing millennia in the future that possess unfathomably advanced technology and have evolved to the point of existing outside of the four (known) dimensions of time and space.
Humans (Star Trek)

**Humans** (*Homo sapiens*), also known as **Human beings** or **Terrans**, were a warp-capable humanoid species from the planet Earth in the Star Trek Universe.

A founding member of the United Federation of Planets, Earth became warp-capable in 2063, which was the same year humans experienced first official contact with an alien species, the Vulcans.

By the 24th century, Human society had changed from what it was for most of recorded history. On Earth, hunger, war, disease, famine, and poverty had largely been eliminated, and is regarded as utopian and to some a paradise. The acquisition of wealth was no longer the primary driving force in the lives of many Humans. A great deal of emphasis was placed on the importance of continued social and personal development. Thanks to the non-currency-based New World Economy and the development of replicators, material needs were largely satisfied. Although money was no longer used by Humans within the Federation, they did use gold-pressed latinum and other forms of currency. The idea behind not using money was that rather than seeking material possessions, Humans worked to better themselves and the rest of Humanity.

The Borg designation for Humans was "Species 5618". Humans were considered by the Borg to possess below-average cranial capacity, minimal redundant systems, and limited regenerative abilities.

Q once stated that the Human race would one day become more powerful than the Q.

Humans and many of the Milky Way's species all shared a common ancestry back to the Ancient Humanoids and the DNA code they produced and seeded across the galaxy. Though each evolved under separate conditions from each other, their shared DNA allowed these species to remain roughly compatible and viable with each other.
Elementals (Riddick)

The **Elementals** are one of four elder races in the Riddick Universe. Their home world is Quintessa, where they live secluded to study and compute the "cosmic balance".

They were so moved by the teachings and mathematics of Plato that they adopted the five elements of Platonian physics: air, water, fire, earth and quintessence or aether. "Balance" is "the all" to the Elementals.

It is debatable whether they have true elemental powers or use technology to create illusions. As an Air Elemental, Aereon cannot fly, but "glide very well." When she moves or is hit by a gust of wind, she appears to dissolve into a transparent, human-shaped mist. This does not prevent her from being shackled by the Lord Marshal of the Necromongers.
Fusion candle

**Fusion candle** technology is used to produce thrust, heat and light to Jovian or Neptunian gas giants.

Fusion candles are massive fusion-powered thrusters which are suspended in the atmosphere of the planet. They suck in atmospheric material like hydrogen or helium isotopes and use it as propellant to apply a direct force on the planet. They are used in the atmosphere of unpopulated worlds, their moons and anything else in orbit with them.

Fusion candles can also provide heating and illumination to a dark world or its moons. They can also be used in mining operations and planet lifting.
Kzinti

The **Kzinti** (singular Kzin) are a species of feline aliens known for their bloodthirsty and warlike disposition. From approximately 2360 to 2618 CE humans in the Sol and Alpha Centauri systems fought several protracted interstellar wars with the Kzinti. Kzint tactics are somewhat cat-like in nature, with 'Scream and leap' being the primary mode of attack.

Kzinti evolved from a plains hunting cat on planet Kzin a slightly colder, drier planet than Earth. They are the first on-going alien contact that humanity has met within the Known Space universe. The first contact with humanity ends the human golden era of peace, and thus began the Man-Kzin Wars.

See Also

Kzin
Decepticons

The **Decepticons** are a group of Cybertronians in the Transformers Universe whose goal was to return to the empire-building, space-faring ways of their ancestors. The name "Decepticon" came from propaganda by the Autobot High Council, labeling them liars and thieves. In the Great War and long after, they were opposed by the Autobots. Their leader was Megatron.
Banks orbital

A **Banks orbital** is a ring megastructure orbiting a star. It was proposed by Iain M. Banks in his Culture Universe, serving as a means of exploring the implications of large-scale space colonization and the challenges of creating a self-sustaining human civilization in space.

Unlike a Ringworld or a Dyson Sphere, an orbital does not enclose the star. Like a Bishop ring, the orbital rotates to provide an analog of gravity on the inner surface. A Culture orbital rotates about once every 24 hours and has gravity-like effect about the same as the gravity of Earth, making the diameter of the ring about 3,000,000 km, and ensuring that the inhabitants experience night and day. The interior is quite Earth-like, with forests, rivers, and other features typically found on a planet. It also has a population of millions of inhabitants.

Along the rims of the inner surface are high walls that prevent water and air from escaping into space; these are foamed diamondoid to a height of hundreds of km. Solids, liquids, and gases comparable to those of the desired planetary type are held against the inner surface by centrifugal effects and prevented from slipping off the edge into space by these walls.

The tremendous size of a Banks orbital and the stresses involved mean that exotic matter is required for its construction, such as magmatter. They last for millions of years without maintenance before becoming uninhabitable.

See also:

Banks Orbital
Endless

The first to travel widely between the stars were known as the **Endless**. Much is told of the Endless--of their technologies, of their societies, and especially of the uncountable splinters into which their nation eventually shattered itself. Their history is glorious but above all tragic; though they unlocked the secrets of time-space, the stars, and life itself they were unable to master their own internal conflicts. But we must remember this: though their explorations covered millions of stars across endless light-years of space, even they are barely a drop in the vast sea that is the universe. The Endless got almost godlike capabilities through a resource known as Dust. A war between two factions of them:The Concretes and the Virtuals.The Concretes were immortal genetic modified Endless and the Virtuals immortal virtual Endless. But how it is in war there isn't a winner.Their civilization collapsed.

What remains now of the Endless are strange, disjointed traces in the forms of seeds, of observatories, of experiments, of cities and worlds and perhaps – though not all of this is clear or verifiable – in the forms of other peoples.

See Also

Endless
Beyonders

This is an obsolete, archived page.

The **Beyonders** are the ultimate class of civilization. They inhabit the Beyond and regard their existence as private and hallowed, and use their powers to guard their realm. Their existence is outside of reality and non-reality, and beyond the Afterlife and even beyond the adverse. The highest that everyone else can hope to achieve is Type XIX. What we know about the Beyond and its structure, as well as the Beyonders themselves, is passed on to lower beings as mere concepts.

It is not known what their origins are or what they look like, or whether they are biological or artificial. They prize zero conflict over all else and live in eternal harmony. Their realms are eternal but are protected dimensionally as well as by powers unknown to lesser beings.

The Beyond exists as an infinitely repeating series of thought projections overseen by the Eye which pervades over all at the apex of the Pyramid. All Beyonders are privy to an impossibly complex thought network enforced by the Brain.

Beyonders enjoy a blissful existence and have a collective sense of purpose. Systems of morality and science have converged into a *truth singularity*. This is the true meaning of existence. This is deemed true by the Brain.

All of the cosmos outside the Beyond, at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, is known and understood by the *truth*. The *truth* is beyond science and beyond philosophy. It is merely the truth and its system is beyond the comprehension of lesser beings. Beyonders enjoy this system because everything outside is visible and transparent. Everything inside is 'seen' either by individuals, overseen by the Eye, and controlled by the Brain.
Forerunners

The **Forerunners** are a highly advanced alien species from the Halo Universe. Their species was created on planet Ghilbalb by an hyper-advanced species known as the Precursors which were mythologized by them. The Forerunners weren't chosen for the Mantle by the Precursors and they went to war against each other. The Forerunner civilization won and drove them out of the galaxy. Eons of peace lasted until a parasite named The Flood invaded and threatened all life in the Milky Way galaxy. The Forerunners fought a forlorn war against them. They activated vast superweapons named Halos to destroy all life in the galaxy. Before they did this they collected two pairs of every race in the galaxy and left until the parasite was killed. After the Floods were defeated they seeded life again and swore never to return to the galaxy.

They classify as a 3.2 civilization on the Kardashev scale.
Guardians of Oa

The **Guardians of the Universe** or **Maltusians** are an alien civilization from DC. They originate from planet Maltus and are the immortal founders and leaders of the interstellar peacekeeping force known as the Green Lantern Corps. At some point they came into contact with symbiotic beings that existed on Maltus, and became immortal, with genius level intellect, and gained godlike abilities. They experimented on the worlds around them. One experiment led to the creation of a new species, the Psions.

In a pivotal moment, billions of years ago, a Maltusian named Krona used time-bending technology to observe the beginning of the Universe. A cosmic lightning bolt hit the machine, causing an explosion. This experiment unleashed evil across the universe and created the multiverse, and an evil antimatter universe. One group of Oans wanted to dedicate their immortal existences to contain evil. This group eventually became the Guardians of the Universe. Another group decided that evil should be destroyed. Traveling to another universe this group became the Controllers. The females, however, saw no need to involve themselves and, since the Oans were by then immortal and had no more need to reproduce, left their mates and became known as the Zamarons.

It was later revealed that the same experiment flooded the beginning of the Universe with entropy causing it "to be born old". Feeling responsible for Krona's actions, the Maltusians relocated to the planet Oa (at "the center of the Universe") and became the Guardians of the Universe. Their goal was simple: combat evil and create an orderly universe. And they acted quickly on that goal. During this period they also changed to their current appearance. They chose Oa as the home of their Central Power Battery.

See also:

Guardians of Oa
Magog

The **Magog** are a bipedal furred sentient race that are the single most feared species in the Andromeda Universe.

The Magog's origins are unknown. This warlike species seemed to appear out of nowhere making vicious strikes on several of the Commonwealth worlds.

The most frightening and formidable adversary ever faced by Commonwealth civilizations, the Magog secrete paralytic venom from their fangs and are also armed with razor-sharp claws, superior senses which include echolocation abilities, swift reflexes and great physical strength. In addition Magog warriors have been known to spit what appears to be a form of acid from their digestive tracts directly into the face of their enemies, immobilizing the victim before they feed on them. They're also incredibly resistant to injury and damage, they can survive without oxygen for an hour and in the vacuum of space with the assistance of an oxygen mask. Intelligent, able to talk within days of being born and utilizing extremely advanced technology they however generally exhibit and prefer a feral, caveman like lifestyle with Magog cunning almost entirely directed toward killing other sentient beings or using them as unwilling hosts for their progeny.

The leader and god of the Magog is the Spirit of the Abyss.
Downstreamers

The **Downstreamers** or **The Old Ones**, are a vastly powerful and immortal race of descendants of humankind from the Manifold series by Stephen Baxter. Born in the "primal universe", they are the first and oldest race in the Manifold Trilogy, and are the creators of Manifolds and the descendants of humanity who live some 10^117 years in the future. They survived the heat death of their universe, and seeking to expand their possibilities in regard to the creation of life, reached back in time to send messages to the 21st century, telling their ancestors the "Blue children" of their plans to restructure the Manifoldverse. The Downstreamers then succeeded to transformed their multiverse from an finite to an infinite multiverse and did this with other multiverses as well.

Their abilities and feats include:

* Time travel - they can travel to any point in the past and move between timelines at will, or alter timelines
* multiversal / dimensional travel - they can travel to other universes along the Manifold
* Omniscience - their neutrino computer at the end of time contains all of the information, down to the quantum level, completely describing the history of the entire universe from the Big Bang to the end of time. They have complete knowledge of all possible timelines (megaversal)
* Non-corporeal - they can transmit influence back through time and make subtle alterations to the DNA of organisms like human beings, and also give them their knowledge.
* They can built time portals made out of molded spacetime. The portals can project a field around them that can alter the laws of physics- it's powerful enough to shield someone from thousands of Big Bangs and Big Crunches per second.
* They managed to send back information and genetically reprogram human children under the age of 8 to increase their intelligence enough to build a space/time ship that was bigger on the inside than the outside (like a TARDIS)
* Immune to brute force weaponry
* Can could also send objects back through time to specific coordinates in time and space. In the end the Downstreamers sent back instructions for the children to build a quark strangelet - powered device that induced a vacuum decay, creating an expanding sphere of altered physics that spread across the universe at the speed of light, destroying and remaking the entire Manifold of universes so new life could arise.

See also:

Downstreamers
Na'vi

The **Na'vi** are a race of sentient alien humanoids who inhabit the lush jungle moon of Pandora in the Avatar Universe. Humans refer to them as "blues", "savages", "the locals", "hostiles", "the natives", or "blue monkeys".

They are the only known extraterrestrial species discovered to be sapient like humans. Although the Na'vi are hunter-gatherers with technology equivalent of Earth's Paleolithic epoch, they have developed a sophisticated culture based on a profound spiritual connection to other life on their moon, each other, and an encompassing "goddess" they call Eywa.
Humans (Buck Rogers)

In a dystopian 1987, Buck Rogers was propelled 504 years into the future in a deep space accident. In a sort of utopian future Earth, the human civilization had spread once again across the planet, and also to the stars. There are no more mutants and barren radioactive wastelands and the world is lush and green. Earth no longer has an invisible defense shield surrounding it and is shown to be the center of an interstellar human-dominated government, sometimes called "the Federation" or "the Alliance", with its capital at New Chicago.

Travel between the stars was accomplished with the use of "stargates": artificially created portals in space (similar in appearance to wormholes), but referred to as "warp" travel. Stargates appear as a diamond-shaped quartet of brilliant lights in space that shimmer when a vessel is making transit.

Humans have a conflict with the Draconian Empire who try to invade Earth.
Drukhari

The **Drukhari** or "Dark Ones" or **Dark Eldar**, are an ancient and highly advanced but forsaken and corrupt alien race in the Warhammer 40k Universe.

The Drukhari revel in piracy, enslavement and torture, and are sadistic in the extreme. Drukhari armies make use of various anti-gravity skimmers such as Raiders and Ravagers to launch high speed attacks.

They strike with little or no warning, using an interdimensional labyrinth known as the Webway to traverse the galaxy safely and far more quickly than most advanced starfaring species are able to with their warp jumps.
Antikythera Mechanism

The **Antikythera mechanism** is an ancient geared computing device that was used to calculate astronomical positions and that mystified scientists for over a century. Discovered around 1902 by archaeologist Valerios Stais in a shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island Antikythera, the device is thought to have been built about 150–100 B.C. It was described as "a sophisticated piece of machinery consisting of precisely cut dials, pointers and at least thirty interlocking gear wheels; nothing close to its complexity appears again in the historical record for more than a thousand years, until the development of astronomical clocks in medieval Europe", and "by turning the handle on the box you could make time pass forwards or backwards, to see the state of the cosmos today, tomorrow, last Tuesday or a hundred years in the future. Whoever owned this device must have felt like master of the heavens.”

A dial on the front of the device probably carried at least three hands, one indicating the date and the other two indicating the positions of the Sun and the Moon. The device was also probably used to track dates of ancient Olympic games, predict solar eclipses, and indicate other planetary motions. The Moon mechanism uses a special train of bronze gears, two of them linked with a slightly offset axis, to indicate the position and phase of the moon. As is known today from Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion, the moon travels at different speeds as it orbits the Earth (e.g. faster when it is closer to the Earth), and this speed differential is modeled by the Antikythera mechanism, even though the ancient Greeks were not aware of the actual elliptical shape of the orbit. Additionally, the Earth travels faster when it is closer to the Sun than when it is far away.

### News

* It is claimed that the mechanism was first "started up" on Dec. 22, 178 B.C.
Kugelblitz

A Schwarzschild *kugelblitz* (German: "ball lightning") is a concentration of heat, light or radiation so intense that its energy forms an event horizon of a black hole and becomes self-trapped. It could be created by a massive amount of energy concentrated into a small space, such as that produced by a gamma-ray burst. This extremely intense gravitational field generates temperatures in excess of a billion degrees.

Kugelblitz drives are used in black hole starship engines.
Humans (Space Odyssey)

In 2001 a mysterious Monolith is discovered on Earth’s moon, left there by an unknown extraterrestrial intelligence, and it sends a transmission into outer space. A crew of five astronauts then go to Jupiter in a spaceship *Discovery*, together with a supercomputer called HAL 9000 that begins acting unpredictably. Hal is an AI with a human personality capable of speech, speech recognition, facial recognition, lip-reading, interpreting emotions, expressing emotions, and chess, in addition to maintaining all systems on Discovery.

At Jupiter an astronaut Bowman finds another monolith in orbit around the planet which brings him into a mysterious passage known as the Star Gate. Bowman finds himself in a hotel room, where he repeatedly encounters older versions of himself. Finally, he sees himself dying. A monolith appears once again and transforms him into an entity of energy called the Star Child.

In 2010: Odyssey Two an astronaut Floyd encounters the Star Child on the *Discovery*. Monoliths on Jupiter act as self-replicating machines and increase Jupiter's density until the planet achieves nuclear fusion, becoming a small star, which Earth names Lucifer. In a foreshadowing of the year 20,001 the Europans have evolved into a primitive civilization who worship Lucifer as well as a monolith on Europa which is now a planet.

In 3001: The Final Odyssey, Bowman as the energy being Star Child merges with HAL 9000 to become Halman. Bowman’s evolutionary life cycles are glimpses of what the Firstborn have become—reincarnating from flesh and blood beings, to energy beings, to merging with their computers, to ultimately becoming “Lords of the Galaxy”.
Bio computer

**Bio computers** use biologically derived molecules — such as DNA and proteins — to perform digital or real computations. This is made possible by nanobiotechnology. They can be biochemical, biomechanical or bioelectronic. All biological organisms have the ability to self-replicate and self-assemble into functional components. The economical benefit of biocomputers lies in this potential. They use transcriptors which are transistor-like devices composed of DNA and RNA rather than a semiconducting material such as silicon.

*DNA digital data storage* is the process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of DNA. It has very high storage density; 0.36 zettabytes can be stored in 1 gram of DNA. In 2019, all 16 GB of text from Wikipedia was encoded into synthetic DNA using genomics**.**

This is early technology eventually used to make bioships.

A wetware computer is an organic computer (or **artificial organic brain** or **neurocomputer**) composed of organic material "wetware" such as "living" neurons (as opposed to artificial neural networks). Wetware computers composed of neurons are different than conventional computers because they are thought to be capable in a way of "thinking for themselves", because of the dynamic nature of neurons. **Dryware** would refer to a non-biological part of a computer or cyborg.

Bio-neural gel packs from Star Trek had fibers capable of making billions of connections, thus generating a sophisticated and responsive computing architecture. This allowed computers to "think" in very similar ways to living organisms; by using "fuzzy logic", they could effectively operate by making a "best guess" answer to complex questions rather than working through all possible calculations.
Humans (Assassin's Creed)

**Humanity**, including many species of the Homo genus, such as Homo sapiens or Homo neanderthalensis, was artificially created by the Isu around 75,000 BCE in the Assassin's Creed Universe.

However, as time progressed, humanity eventually came to resent their rule and war broke out. Brought to the brink of extinction, humanity and their "gods" came together to rebuild. As the years passed, the Isu inevitably became extinct, though humankind continued to revere them as gods in their various religions. Foremost among these groups were the Assassins and Templars.

The **Assassin Brotherhood** is an organized order of assassins and sworn enemies of the Templar Order, against whom they fought a continuous war throughout the entirety of recorded human history. The Assassins have existed since at least 256 BCE, throughout the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the New World, the Industrial Revolution, the World Wars and into the Modern era.

The **Templar Order** (**Knights Templar) is** monastic religious military mythical shadow government. They seek to create a perfect world although their interpretation thereof directly contrasts with the ideals of their sworn enemies, the Assassin Brotherhood.
Humans (The 100)

In a dystopian future 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse wipes out most human life on Earth in The 100 Universe, just over 2000 people live in a space station orbiting Earth, which they call *The Ark*. Three generations have been born in space, but when life-support systems on the Ark begin to fail, one hundred juvenile detainees are sent to Earth in a last attempt to determine whether it is habitable, or at least save resources for the remaining residents of The Ark. They discover that some survived the apocalypse, and thus begins a series of conflicts that determines who survives. The irony is that despite billions of people dying from nuclear war, the last few remaining still want to be at war.
Metamaterials

**Metamaterials** are artificial materials with small-scale structures and patterns that are designed to manipulate electromagnetic waves such as light with a negative index of refraction.

In 2001, scientists from the University of California at San Diego described an unusual composite material that had a negative index, reversing Snell’s Law. This odd material was a mix of fiberglass, copper rings, and wires capable of focusing light in novel ways. Microwaves emerged from the material in the exact opposite direction from that predicted by Snell’s Law.

In 2007 Henri Lezec achieved negative refraction for visible light. In order to create an object that acted as if it were made of negatively refracting material, Lezec and his team built a prism of layered metals perforated by a maze of nanoscale channels. This was the first time that physicists had devised a way to make visible light travel in a direction opposite from the way it traditionally bends when passing from one material to another.

### Applications

* they enhance an antenna's radiated power
* they absorb large amounts of electromagnetic radiation, useful for solar photovoltaic applications
* a *superlens* uses metamaterials to achieve resolution beyond the diffraction limit and may approach infinite resolution within reality, in order to one day image objects as small as molecules, atoms, and beyond.
* they are a potential basis for a practical cloaking or invisibility device
* seismic metamaterials counteract the adverse effects of seismic waves on man-made structures, providing protection against earthquakes
* metamaterials textured with nanoscale wrinkles could control sound or light signals, leading to nondestructive material testing, medical diagnostics and sound suppression.
Ancients

The **Ancients** are an alien species from Stargate. They were Alterans who left their home galaxy for the Milky Way and seeded it with life. They are one of the most advanced races known to have existed, having evolved for millions of years prior to the present day and reaching their level of technology long before humanity evolved on Earth. They are best known as the builders of the Stargates, Atlantis, and *Destiny*. Most of the Ancients have ascended to energy forms in a higher plane of existence with near infinite knowledge and powerful abilities.

It is not known if they referred to themselves as *Ancients* while they were living on Earth several million years ago. It is likely that they began to use that name after their return to the Milky Way when they would have been *ancient* compared to the relatively young species of Humans who had populated Earth.
Entropy

**Entropy** is state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty in a thermodynamic system. Certain processes are irreversible or impossible, and can not violate the conservation of energy (the first law of thermodynamics). The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of systems cannot decrease with time and must always arrive at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Simply put, the total amount of entropy (disorder or chaos) always increases. This means that all things must pass; objects must rot, decay, rust, age, or fall apart. We never see total entropy *decrease.* For example, we never see fried eggs leap from the frying pan and back into the shell. We never see sugar crystals in a cup of coffee suddenly "unmix" and jump into your spoon.

The Kardashev Scale looks at only energy usage but this raises the concern that any civilization that lets its energy grow out of control may commit suicide. Efficiency, waste heat, and pollution must be taken into account. A civilization must grow in energy and information wisely, so that its planet does not become unbearably hot or deluged with waste. An example of this is Wall-E*,* where in the distant future we have so polluted and degraded the earth that we simply left the mess behind and lead self-indulgent lives in luxury cruise ships drifting in outer space.

So if civilizations of the future blindly produce energy as they rise to a Type II or III civilization, they will create so much waste heat that their home planet will become uninhabitable. Entropy, in the form of waste heat, chaos, and pollution, will essentially destroy their civilization.

An “entropy conserving” civilization is one that uses every means at its disposal to control excess waste and heat. As its energy needs continue to grow exponentially, it realizes that its energy consumption may change the planetary environment, making life impossible. The total disorder or entropy produced by an advanced civilization will continue to soar; that is unavoidable.

An “entropy wasteful” civilization continues to expand its energy consumption without limit. Eventually, if the home planet becomes uninhabitable, the civilization might try to flee its excesses by expanding to other planets. But the cost of creating colonies in outer space will limit its ability to expand. If its entropy grows faster than its ability to expand to other planets, then it will face disaster.

There are ways to control entropy growth. Appliances can be energy efficient via renewable energy and miniaturization. Nanotechnology gives us the opportunity to reduce waste heat even further as machines are miniaturized to the atomic scale. Room temperature superconductors will reduce waste heat in the form of friction, increasing the efficiency of our machines. An advanced civilization will be able to perform vastly more tasks with less energy than we use today, and the scale will need numerical limits on the entropy produced by an advanced civilization.
3D printer

**3D printing** is a process of manufacturing a physical three-dimensional model based on a 3D design created using computer-aided design (CAD) or computer graphics software. Many pre-made 3D models are available on the internet for sale or shared for free under creative commons licenses.

The process of printing physical models can be done in a variety of ways but most DIY hobbyist 3D printers will utilize either stereolithography (SLA) or fused deposition modeling (FDM).

There are many proprietary and open source file formats for 3D printing. Currently the most common formats for hobbyists are .stl or .obj. These file formats contain data such as object dimensions and surface texture.

Before printing a physical model the file containing the digital model is imported into a software program known as a "slicer". The slicer "slices" the model into layers and converts the layers into lines of code that are used to automate the 3D printer's actions as the 3D printer prints the physical model layer by layer. Other data the slicer software shares in the output for the 3D printer includes properties such as type of material being used for layering, print speed, print temperature, ect.

Some believe that 3D printers are an early prototype of the replicator seen in Star Trek. A YouTube video by Isaac Arthur points out some of the limitations that would be encountered trying to 3D print at very small scales.

### See also

Industrial Additive Manufacturing
4D printer

### References

1. ↑ https://all3dp.com/1/types-of-3d-printers-3d-printing-technology/
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolithography
3. ↑ https://all3dp.com/2/fused-deposition-modeling-fdm-3d-printing-simply-explained/
4. ↑ https://all3dp.com/2/3d-file-format-3d-model-types/
5. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmgYoryG\_Ss
Cyclotron

The **cyclotron** was the first non-linear particle accelerator. From 1929 onwards, using home-made parts, Ernest Lawrence used small electrical pulses to accelerate particles in circles. Eventually his improvements led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939.

Lawrence’s cyclotron accelerated charged atomic or subatomic particles by using a constant magnetic field and changing electrical field to create a spiraling path of particles that started at the center of the spiral. After spiraling many times in an evacuated chamber, the high-energy particles could finally smash into atoms and the results could be studied using a detector. One advantage of the cyclotron over prior methods was its relatively compact size that could be used to achieve high energies.

Lawrence’s first cyclotron was only a few inches in diameter, but by 1939, at the University of California, Berkeley, he was planning the largest and most expensive instrument thus far created to study the atom. The nature of the atomic nucleus was still mysterious, and this cyclotron, requiring electric current sufficient to light the city of Berkeley, would allow the probing of this inner realm after the high-energy particles collided with nuclei and caused nuclear reactions. Cyclotrons were used to produce radioactive materials and for the production of tracers used in medicine. The Berkeley cyclotron created technetium, the first known artificially generated element.

The cyclotron was also important in that it launched the modern era of high-energy physics and the use of huge, costly machines that required many people and large areas to operate. One such machine was the synchrotron, a circular accelerator developed later, seen for the first time at the General Electric Company in 1947. This led to modern accelerators such as the LHC.
Femtotechnology

**Femtotechnology** is used to structure matter on the scale of a femtometer, which is 10−15 m. This is a smaller scale in comparison with nanotechnology and picotechnology which refer to 10−9 m and 10−12 m respectively.

This involves manipulation of excited energy states within atomic nuclei, specifically nuclear isomers, to produce metastable states with unusual properties. In the extreme case, excited states of the individual nucleons that make up the atomic nucleus are used to tailor the behavioral properties of these particles.

'Femtoengineering' at this scale involves working directly with the finest known structures of matter such as quarks and strings to manipulate the properties of atoms. This development is a further step towards the teleportation of objects visible to the naked eye. Significant breakthroughs in force field generation and anti-gravity might benefit from it as well.

This is a massive breakthrough in materials technology. Metals will be produced which are capable of withstanding enormous pressures and heat. For example, we could create probes capable of traveling into the Sun and tunneling machines that can penetrate the Earth's crust into the layers of magma beneath. Longer-term, this development will pave the way for interstellar ships that can withstand the massive forces involved in lightspeed travel.

Other more exotic materials become possible including transparent metals, highly luminous metals, frictionless surfaces, and ultra-dense but extremely lightweight structures. Femtoengineering could be guided and by advanced AIs, which are now trillions upon trillions of times more powerful than human intelligence.

Additionally, this technology will enable self-replicating nanobots to replace any type of matter imaginable (including biological organisms) and spread throughout any area relatively quickly. This is an effective way to infuse any environment with computronium, which is a form of programmable matter that can perform computation, that users can wirelessly control.
Kimera

The **Kimera** were evolutionary ancestors of the Taelons in Earth: Final Conflict. The Kimera possessed the *shaquarava*, vestigial organs on the hands of Taelons, Jaridians and Kimera that allow the bearer to release energy through the hands.

Liam Kincaid was one third Kimera and two thirds Human, and possibly the last of the Kimera.
Large Hadron Collider

The **Large Hadron Collider** (**LHC**) was the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider and largest machine on Earth in 2020. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries.

The aim of the LHC's detectors was to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson and searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories, as well as other unsolved questions of physics.

Protons in the LHC are accelerated at 1012 m/s2 whereas Planck acceleration at the scale of 1051 m/s2 is required to create conditions found in the Big Bang.

The **Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC)** will be the successor to the LHC and it could be built in the mid-2030s. Its accelerator ring will be 62 miles around and it run at seven times the energy of the LHC. The purpose of it is to vastly improve our knowledge about the Higgs Boson particle, dark matter, dark energy, and string theory. In the long term, this new collider could help with the development of picotechnology, which enables technological manipulation of matter that is three orders of magnitude smaller than nanotechnology.
Isaac Asimov

**Isaac Asimov** (1920 – 1992) was an American writer, professor and futurist. Asimov wrote hard science fiction. Along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, he was considered one of the "Big Three" of science fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimov's notable works are the "Foundation" series, "Galactic Empire" series and the Robot series. He linked them, creating a unified "future history" for his stories much like those pioneered by Robert A. Heinlein.

He was famous for adopting the Three Laws of Robotics, and originated the concept of the positronic brain.
Precursors

The **Precursors** are an ancient alien race from the Halo Universe. They are said to have traveled millions of galaxies, seeding them with life. Much of their technology is based on neural physics, a precursor philosophy that said the entire universe was living, but in a way that was beyond the comprehension of biological organisms. This made their structures nearly indestructible. They are said to be trans-sentient beings, having the ability to travel among galaxies and accelerate the evolution of intelligent life.

When they arrived in the Milky Way to create life again, they chose humanity for the Mantle, not the Forerunner race. The Forerunners were angry about this and tried to kill the Precursors. The Precursors were driven out of the Milky Way, but swore to take revenge. They created The Flood to kill all life in the galaxy.

It is also theorised that the The Flood are not just the tainted remains of the Precursors but the actual Precursors themselves, suggesting that their reasons for seeding and accelerating life across the Halo Universe is not for benevolent reasons but rather as a food source or to satisfy the Living Universe so that it can feed off the emotions and feelings of all life. Such a theory however should be taken with a grain of salt.

The Precursors are highly advanced and are the only Tier 0 race on the Halo Tier scale or at least 4.2 civilization on the Kardashev scale.

See also

Precursors
Magnetism

**Magnetism** is the capacity to induce attractive and repulsive phenomena in a magnetic field created by electric currents. Magnetism and electricity make up the combined phenomenon of electromagnetism. Ferromagnetic materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel can be magnetized to become magnets, producing magnetic fields themselves.

Some organisms can detect magnetic fields, a phenomenon known as magnetoception. Some materials in living things are ferromagnetic. Chitons, a type of marine mollusk, produce magnetite to harden their teeth, and even humans produce magnetite in bodily tissue. Magnetobiology studies the effects of magnetic fields on living organisms; fields naturally produced by an organism are known as biomagnetism..

### History

Magnetism was first discovered in the ancient world when people noticed that lodestones, naturally magnetized pieces of the mineral magnetite, could attract iron.

An understanding of the relationship between electricity and magnetism began in the 1800s with Ørsted, Ampère, Gauss, and Faraday. Then James Clark Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism, and optics into the field of electromagnetism. In 1905, Albert Einstein used these laws in motivating his theory of special relativity. Only when both electricity and magnetism are taken into account, is electromagnetism fully consistent with special relativity. Waves in the magnetic field propagate at the speed of light.

### Magnetic dipoles

A common magnetic field found in nature is a dipole, with a South pole and a North pole, dating back to the use of magnets as compasses. Since opposite ends of magnets are attracted, the north pole of a magnet is attracted to the south pole of another magnet.

### Magnetic monopoles

With the new laws of physics, a monopole was a new and fundamentally different kind of magnetic object. It would act as an isolated north pole, not attached to a south pole, or vice versa. Monopoles would carry "magnetic charge" analogous to electric charge.
Electromagnetic spectrum

The **electromagnetic spectrum** is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies. Frequencies range from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of an atomic nucleus, with the limit around the Planck length. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.

*Photon energy* is the energy carried by a single photon. The photon is a particle (boson) that is the quantum of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they always move at the speed of light in vacuum.

The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes:
Humans (World of Tiers)

Humans in the World of Tiers Universe have created small artificial pocket universes in a megastructure shaped in the form of a huge stepped pyramid with five stages or tiers, making it effectively a multiversal megastructure. A small sun and a single moon orbit around this planet, strangely making it geocentric.

These human Lords have inherited advanced technology barely understand but have managed to use it to create novel lifeforms, and also to prevent aging or disease, making them effectively immortal.

Instantaneous travel within and between the pocket universes is achieved by the use of "gates" which seem to function as teleportation devices, or as a means of creating wormholes between different regions of spacetime.
Freeman Dyson

**Freeman John Dyson** FRS was an English-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering. He was professor emeritus in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.

Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, especially the Dyson sphere, a thought experiment that attempts to explain how a space-faring civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output.

He proposed that trans-Neptunian objects, rather than planets, are the major potential habitat of life in space. Several hundred billion to trillion comet-like ice-rich bodies exist outside the orbit of Neptune, in the Kuiper belt and Inner and Outer Oort cloud. These may contain all the ingredients for life (water ice, ammonia, and carbon-rich compounds), including significant amounts of deuterium and helium-3. Colonists could live in the dwarf planet's icy crust or mantle, using fusion or geothermal heat and mining the soft-ice or liquid inner ocean for volatiles and minerals. Colonists of such bodies could also build rotating habitats or live in dug-out spaces and light them with fusion reactors for thousands to millions of years before moving on. Dyson and Carl Sagan envisioned that humanity could migrate to neighbouring star systems, which have similar clouds, by using natural objects as slow interstellar vessels with substantial natural resources; and that such interstellar colonies could also serve as way-stations for faster, smaller interstellar ships.