recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Attachment Theory

**Attachment theory** is the idea that a "strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development." It proposes having a caregiver, usually the mother, give all her time and energy to a child, and hypothesizes that if this is not done properly the child may develop problems later in life. It is the basis for attachment parenting and intensive mothering, and it was invented by John Bowlby in the 1930s.

## References

1. ↑ "Attachment Theory," Psychologist World, https://www.psychologistworld.com/developmental/attachment-theory.
Pro-sex Feminism and "Do Me" Feminism

**Pro-sex feminism** places emphasis on sexual freedom and choice. It dates back to the 1980s and 90s, when pro-sex feminists began to push back on the anti-porn feminists of the 1970s to argue in favor of promoting genuine sexual pleasure free of guilt for women. These women argue that anti-porn feminists reinforce Victorian morality of shaming women for sex, and that these arguments are actually a step backward. Pro-sex feminists see sexual freedom as crucial to female equality. This movement has been critiqued for failing to acknowledge inequity beyond the sexual realm and for perpetrating neoliberal values. Further, it has been critiqued for perpetuating the idea that women are sex objects for male consumption.
Happiness Scripts

**Happiness scripts** are Sara Ahmed's idea that certain paths will guarantee us happiness. Some of these scripts include "financial affluence, professional acclaim, relaxing vacations, enriching friendships, harmonious marriages, well-behaved children, and so on." While our society promotes the idea that aspiring for these goals will ensure happiness, they often "fail to deliver what they promise," and are very hard to achieve. Happiness scripts inspire the idea that "our exertions will in due course bear fruit," and that if we just keep at something eventually we will attain it. Thus, our failure to attain happiness and our goals is placed on us, even when it is due to external circumstances. Thus, as Mari Ruti notes, "those who fail to live up to dominant ideals of happiness end up carrying the burden of bad feelings whereas those who prosper push these feelings aside... proponents of dominant happiness scripts... suppose that those who struggle are the architects of their own discontent" rather than recognizing the ways in which society marginalizes and oppresses certain groups and individuals.
Whitewashing

**Whitewashing** refers to the practice of using white women to represent women of color. It is particularly commonly used to refer to the practice of directors in Hollywood to cast white women for roles of non-white women. It also refers to the phenomenon by which as women of color become more successful, they are presented in ways that make them look more like white women and in ways white women are traditionally represented.

## References

1. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/whitewashing-words-were-watching
Nuclear Family

The **nuclear family** is the idea that the family unit is made up of a heterosexual couple and their children. American society is organized around the nuclear family as the "basic social unit." The nuclear family is criticized for its exclusion of recognizing other family structures as legitimate families (ie: homosexual couples, single mothers, polyamorous relationships).
The Glass Ceiling

**The glass ceiling** refers to an invisible barricade to women's advancement. The term was first coined by Marilyn Loden in 1978 at a panel on female ambition. The metaphor of a glass ceiling is utilized to describe ascending the hierarchy of high-achieving jobs because the barrier is not usually felt until a woman "hits" it.

The phrase is frequently used in politics. In 1984, it was used when Geraldine Ferraro became the first woman nominated as vice-president for a major U.S. party. Having a female president is referred to as the "final frontier of equality."

## References

1. ↑ Susan Bordo, "Dilemmas of the Female Politician," The Destruction of Hillary Clinton, 2017.
Political Correctness

**Political correctness**, abbreviated as **PC**, refers to using language and behaviors that are "intended to give the least amount of offense," particularly to marginalized racial, gender, cultural, or sexual orientation groups. It is often used to critique the left for being too sensitive and for overreacting.

## References

1. ↑ Cynthia Roper, "Political correctness," Encyclopedia Britannica, November 5, 2013, https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-correctness.
Trigger Warnings

**Trigger warnings** are notifications to the reader or viewer of a work that he or she may find content distressing or upsetting. Proponents of trigger warnings argue that they offer individuals who have had traumatic experiences in the past the opportunity to prevent that trauma from being relived, while critics believe they are an overreaction and overly sensitive.
Cruel Optimism

**Cruel optimism** is Lauren Berlant's idea that if we keep pushing through, our efforts will eventually yield success and things will improve, even when this is likely not going to happen. Cruel optimism instills false hope and makes individuals feeel as though they are the obstacles to their own happiness, rather than external circumstances. This is very connected to the idea of happiness scripts.

Mari Ruti builds on this idea, identifying a "quintessentially American creed conditions us to believe a positive attitude will enable us to achieve our goals regardless of how many obstacles we encounter."

## References

1. ↑ Mari Ruti, "The Disenchanted: Queer Theory Between Negativity and Flourishing," http://dasunbehagen.org/wp-content/uploads/121617-Mari-Ruti.pdf.
2. ↑ Mari Ruti, Penis Envy and Other Bad Feelings: The Emotional Costs of Everyday Life," 2018.
The Kinsey Scale

**The Kinsey Scale** is a range of numbers from 0, denoting exclusively heterosexual tendencies, to 6, denoting exclusively homosexual tendencies, that is used to describe someone's sexual orientation. It was created by Alfred Kinsey in 1948, and it represented a major breakthrough in understanding sexuality as a spectrum, rather than strict categories.
Postfeminism

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**Postfeminism** has many different definitions and understandings, but the one dscribed in this article is courtesy of Rosalind Gill. A "distinctive sensibility," consisting of the idea that femininity is a bodily property, the transition from objectification to subjectification, self-surveillance, individualism, empowerment, and choice, a makeover paradigm and the naturalization of sexual difference.

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Intersexuality

The GLAAD media guide defines **intersexual** as, "an umbrella term describing people born with reproductive or sexual anatomy and/or a chromosome pattern that can't be classified as typically male or female."

As Anne Fausto-Sterling notes, the very idea of intersexuality is rooted in the idea that there are two sexes -- male and female, and defining who qualifies as "intersex" has been left up to doctors.

Approximately 1.7 percent of people are born with anatomical or chromosomal abnormalities that place them outside of the traditional categories of "female" or "male".

It used to be common practice for doctors to assign gender to these babies after birth, and sometimes surgeries would accompany this assignment; however, in recent years there has been a call to end these surgeries. California lawmakers recently passed the first resolution to prevent surgery on intersex children "until the child is able to participate in decision making."

## References

1. ↑ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide," https://www.glaad.org/reference/lgbtq.
2. ↑ Anne Fausto-Sterling, "The Five Sexes: Revisited," Sciences, 2000.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Amy Littlefield, "Intersex People Want to End Nonconsensual Surgeries. A California Resolution Is Their 'Warning Shot'," August 13, 2018, https://rewire.news/article/2018/08/13/intersex-people-want-to-end-nonconsensual-surgeries-a-california-resolution-is-their-warning-shot/.
The Wage Gap

**The wage gap** refers to the discrepancy in compensation for working men and women. It usually refers to the median yearly salary of all women who work full-time compared to that of men. Going off this ratio, women earn approximately 80% of what men do. It is commonly said that white women ear seventy-eight cents to ever white man's dollar, but if you look at statistics of black and Hispanic women, they earn even less. The wage gap has stagnated since 1982, and another way to understand the gap is that women work for free 10 weeks out of the year. It is the same to say that women are under-compensated as it is to say that men are overcompensated.

The wage gap differs in different sectors of the economy. The pay gap is highest in the knowledge economy. Importantly, the gender breakdown in different industries further contributes to the wage gap. Women are more likely to take up domestic work that is lower-paying -- women's work is undervalued.

Critiques of the wage gap say that women choose to go into lower-paying industries and leave their jobs to raise families voluntarily, but these claims do not match up to reality.

## References

1. ↑ Deborah J. Vagins, "The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap," AAUW, https://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/.
2. ↑ Global News, "The gender pay gap is not a myth. Here are 6 common claims debunked," April 13, 2018, https://globalnews.ca/news/4142982/gender-pay-gap-not-a-myth/.
Love Your Body Discourses

**Love your body** (**LYB**) **discourses** are "positive, affirmative, seemingly feminist-inflected media messages, targeted exclusively at girls and women, that exhort us to believe we are beautiful, to 'remember' that we ae 'incredible' and that tell us to believe we are beautiful, to 'remember' that we are 'incredible' and that tell us that we have 'the power' to 'redefine' the 'rules of beauty.'"

LYB discourses have appeared recently due to capitalize on the trend of critiquing the media for promoting unrealistic and harmful ideals concerning women's bodies. These discourses tell women that they are "beautiful just the way you are", and then implicitly suggest that women need to purchase some product in order to be beautiful.

LYB discourses combine capitalism and feminism, and it is important to note that these discourses are commercially-motivated. Companies are motivated to "maintain female body dissatisfaction in order to sell their products." They also depend on and perpetuate the idea of the female body as inherently "difficult to love" and sugest that women are responsible as individuals for hating their bodies, rather than acknowledging the social and cultural structures that exist to suggest women should dislike or change their bodies.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rosalind Gill & Ana Sofia Elis, "'Awaken Your Incredible': Love Your Body Discourses and Postfeminist Contradictions," International Journal of Media & Culture, 2014.
Anger

**Anger** is a feeling of displeasure. Traditionally, women have been told that they cannot feel or express anger.

## Benefits of Anger

Brittany Cooper notes that, "the clarity that comes from rage should also tell us what kind of world we want to see, not just what kind of things we want to get rid of.”

Anger can be crucial in identifying injustice, and proponents of the use of anger in the political process recognize its power as a galvanizing force.

Further, with groups such as women who have traditionally been excluded from feeling anger, anger can be a tool to challenge hierarchy and power. Notes Suzanna Danuta Walters: "The world has little place for feminist anger. Women are supposed to support, not condemn, offer succor not dismissal."

It is important to note that some groups of women have traditionally been excluded from feeling anger more than others. Black women expressing emotion have been ignored or punished, while white women expressing anger or sadness have been seen as victims.

## Dangers of Anger

There is some concern that anger can be "blinding" and unproductive. These individuals believe it can "lead to bad decisions and endanger the well-being of individuals and collectives," fueling hatred.

Martha Nussbaum argues that "anger is a poison to democratic politics, and it is all the worse when fueled by lurking fear and sense of helplessness."

Critics of the use of anger in the political process argue that it is ineffective and serves to divide people even more.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Casey Cep, "The Perils and Possibilities of Anger," The New Yorker, October 8, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/15/the-perils-and-possibilities-of-anger.
2. ↑ Suzanna Danuta Walters, "Why Can't We Hate Men?" The Washington Post, June 8, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-cant-we-hate-men/2018/06/08/f1a3a8e0-6451-11e8-a69c-b944de66d9e7\_story.html?noredirect=on&utm\_term=.1184f8e750c9.
3. ↑ Brittney Cooper, "White Girl Tears," Eloquent Rage, 2018.
Ryu (Super Smash Bros. Crusade)

Ryu's art for version 0.9.2

Ryu is a starter character in *Super Smash Bros. Crusade.*

Ryu ranks 45th on the current tier list, placing him in the D tier.

## Attributes

Ryu is a character who, though he is in a game very different to his home series, uses most of his techniques from the Street Fighter series of games, most notably with the Hadoken, which can be inputted to deal more damage. One of the most notable features Ryu possesses is how he can cancel his attacks for immediate followups, making him easy to perform combos with. Tatsumaki Senpukyaku is a great move to end combos with, and can provide horizontal recovery, though it can only be used once in midair. Shoryuken covers a considerable vertical distance if inputted for max height, and Ryu's down special, Focus Attack, is great for punishing, and grants super armor during the charge.

However, Ryu is relatively slow, which prevents him from escaping opponents' attacks in time. Additionally, due to the amount of endlag his moves have, he is easily punishable if an opponent avoids his attacks, especially with his Hadoken: though it has utility as a spacing tool, it is easily avoidable, meaning that opponents can easily jump over the projectile or dodge it, putting Ryu in a disadvantegous position due to the move's endlag. Focus Attack's armor is very limited, only being able to take up to 9% damage before Ryu is hit out of the move. Additionally, Tatsumaki Senpukyaku's aerial horizontal distance is very mediocre at best, and Ryu can only use it once in midair. Finally, Shoryuken, though powerful, undergoes heavy lag once Ryu lands on the ground, making him open to attack if he misses it, much like the rest of his special moves.

Overall, Ryu is a great character to use when comboing and finishing, but one must be careful with his moves, as he is easily punishable if he misses his attacks.

## Moveset

* Ryu can cancel any of his attacks into any of his other moves at any time
* Ryu will always face his opponent if he's in a 1v1 match. If the match has more than two players, or if Ryu dashes, he faces the direction the player inputs.
* His special moves can be inputted to be stronger than their normal variants.

### Final Smashes

Unlike most characters, Ryu has access to three Final Smashes, toggled with the alternate character icon.

 Final Smash 2
Mansplaining

**Mansplaining** refers to the phenomenon in which a man interrupts a woman to explain something in a "patronizing and condescending" manner. Usually in the case of mansplaining, the woman will actually know more about the topic than the man; however, he believes that due to his status as a man, he knows best.

## References

1. ↑ Julie Keating, "Mansplaining," LovePanky, https://globalnews.ca/news/4142982/gender-pay-gap-not-a-myth/.
On and Off Ramps

**On and off ramps** refer to the idea of giving women -- and others -- routes to leave their jobs for a given period of time and then return to their job at the same level. Currently, when individuals, particularly women, leave their jobs for a few years, they are forced to return to the workforce at a lower level than they were at before they left. The grand majority of women who leave the workforce intend to return, but women's "earning power" decrease by 28% when they take time off, and the longer time they take off the even more drastic this decrease is.

 Proponents of on and off ramps also frequently support the idea of making work more project-based rather than hours-based, so that it is easier for individuals, and particularly women on whom most of the burden falls, to raise families and maintain careers.

## References

1. ↑ Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Carolyn Buck Luce, "Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Keeping Talented Women on the Road to Success," The Harvard Business Review, March 2005, https://hbr.org/2005/03/off-ramps-and-on-ramps-keeping-talented-women-on-the-road-to-success.
Revenge Porn

**Revenge porn** is, as defined by Clare McGlynn et al., "the non-consensual distribution of private, sexual images by a malicious ex-partner." The proliferation of revenge porn has greatly increased with the internet, which makes sharing these images much easier. In recent years, laws have criminalized the practice of sharing explicit images of someone without her consent, but these laws apply to specific situations only and, as McGlynn argues, fail to consider the full range of practices that can be committed in distributing someone's personal sexual images without her consent. Thus, McGlynn supports an understanding of "revenge porn" that combines a span of non-consensual sexual image distribution, including upskirting.

## Upskirting

Upskirting is the practice of taking images of an individual's genital region underneatht their clothing in public. The practice is becoming more widespread and popular, similarly to revenge porn, due to the easy distribution of the images on the internet.

## Sexualized Photoshopping

Sexualized photoshopping is the practice of photoshopping someone's face onto someone else's body to make it look as though that individual is participating in pornographic undertakings.

## Images of Sexual Assault and Rape

Recordings of rape and non-consensual activity also proliferate on the internet.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Clare McGlynn et al., "Beyond Revenge Porn: The Continuum of Image-Based Sexual Abuse," Feminist Legal Studies, 2017.
Emotional Labor

**Emotional labor** is the work of controlling one's feelings, usually for the pleasure or convenience of others. This occurs at work and at home, and it is borne by women.

Psychologist Alicia Grandey describes emotional labor by saying, "It’s kind of like when you get a gift and you don’t really like it, and you have to still smile and act nice because otherwise your Aunt Bernadette would be offended. But you have to do that all day long. Not only that, but it’s explicitly part of your job. It’s tied to your wages and outcomes, and if you don’t do it, there are consequences—like you could lose your job, or you could get in trouble. And it’s with strangers, for the most part.”

In 1983, Arlie Hochschild wrote about how women undertake work around emotions, helping people feel what they should and being forced to always have a smile on their faces. Women, Hochschild argues, are punished differently than men if they fail to accurately perform this emotional labor. Hochschild also identified emotional labor as alienating, because women are forced to wear an emotional mask at all times which separates women from their authentic selves.

## References

1. ↑ Leah Fessler, "An extremely clear definition of emotional labor for anyone who doesn't get it," Quartz Magazine, May 24, 2018, https://qz.com/work/1286996/an-extremely-clear-definition-of-emotional-labor-from-adam-grants-podcast/.
CLICK ME

**CLICK ME** is the first single released by BUDDiiS.

It was released on May 19, 2021. This song was their debut.

## Featured Members

* FUMINORI
* KEVIN
* MORRIE
* SEIYA
* YUMA
* KANATA
* SHOW
* TAKUYA
* HARUKI
* FUMIYA
* SHOOT

## Videos

BUDDiiS「CLICK ME」Official Live Lyric VideoLive Lyrics VideoBUDDiiS「CLICK ME」 Dance PracticeDance Practice
Gaga Feminism

**Gaga feminism** refers to the idea of creating a system in which "normal" gender expression does not exist, so that individuals can rather pick the expression they want without external pressure. Explains the movement's founder Jack Halberstam: "gaga feminism wants to incite people to go gaga, to give up on the tried and the true, the real and the authentic, the proven and the tested, and instead encourages a move toward the insane, the preposterous, the intellectually loony and giddy, hallucinatory visions of alternative futures." Gaga feminism encourages individuals toreject the "norm" so that "every direction is right, every path seems attractive, and getting lost becomes both a possibility and a pleasure."

## References

1. ↑ Judith/Jack Halberstam, "Gaga Sexualities: The End of Normal," from Gaga Feminism, 2012.
Heteronormativity

**Heteronormativity** is the idea of normalizing heterosexuality through social, political, economic, and cultural institutions. Heteronormativity is the "sense of rightness -- embedded in things and not just in sex" in nationality, commerce, medicine, education, cultural conventions, and more. As Lauren Berlin and Michael Warner argue, "heteronormative forms of intimacy are supported not only by overt referential discourse such as love plots and sentimentality but materially, in marriage and family law, in the architecture of the domestic, in the zoning of work and politics."

## Heteronormativity and Women

As Heather Hlvaka argues, "traditional gender arrangements, beliefs, and behaviors reinforce women's sexual subordination to men." Heterosexuality itself orders the way that men and women interact, placing women below men and only valuing women in relation to men.

Heteronormativity conceptualizes women as "passive, submissive and vulnerable", while men are "aggressive, dominant, and eager." Thus, heteronormative discourses fosters and promotes male power and aggressiveness, making women into sex objects.

## References

1. ↑ Lauren Berlin and Michael Warner, "Sex in Public," Critical Inquiry (1998).
2. ↑ Heather Hlvaka, "Normalizing Sexual Violence," Zinn, Gender through the Prism of Difference, 2016/
Global Feminism

**Global feminism** refers to the movement advancing women's rights on a global stage. It is sometimes called "feminism across borders." However, global feminism is critiqued for its posturing of feminism and gender equality as a falsely universal issue. Instead of imposing values and practices on other regions, promoting gender equality is much more effective and meaningful when it comes from listening to communities who are in touch with their own cultural currents, and then aiding them in ways they request.
Broad Act III Description

The government is still enforcing a strict no music law and the rebels are continuing to fight the government. The Government found Dr. Dimitri in his lair and instead of arresting him the government took him in and made him head scientist of the SS to help the government research sound armor and weapons.

Dr. Dimitri ironically is going deaf due to all the experiments he used to do and is not telling the government. Due to his loss of hearing the weapons he creates are not powerful enough so the rebels manage to enter the government building and take over.
Intersectional Feminism

**Intersectional feminism** examines the way in which other types of discrimination converge with gender discrimination, and the way in which these two types of prejudice magnify each other. Intersectional feminism traditionally examines the way in which gendered and racial discrimination converge, but it also includes other categories such as sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and more.

Women who lie at the meeting of different systems of oppression are parcitulary vulernable. As Kimberle Crenshaw writes, "when systems of race, gender, and class domination converge... intervention strategies based solely on the experiences of women who do not share the same class or race backgrounds will be of limited help to women who because of race and class face different obstacles."

## Domestic Violence

Intersectionality greatly influences the way women experience domestic violence, and yet most policymakers and scholars ignore the intersectional dimension of domestic violence. Immigrant women are much more vulnerable to domestic violence, because their partners can use the immigration status to control them and prevent them from leaving the relationship.

 The meaning of domestic violence may "differ across racial or ethnic lines," particularly because this corresponds to socioeconomic status. While domestic violence occurs in all social classes, the severity of the violence tends to be inversely related to the social status of the victim. Research also suggests that gay men are often victims of domestic violence, but they are rendered invisible and this phenomenon is not discussed in the public sphere.

Victimization is often denied to women who lie at the intersection of different discriminations, however. Thus, they may not be able to receive the same systems of help that affluent white women are able to.

## References

1. ↑ Kimberle Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color," Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 6 (July 19991): 363.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Michele Bograd, "Strengthening Domestic Violence Theories: Intersections of Race, Class, Sexual Orientation, and Gender," in Sokoloff, Domestic Violence, 2005.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

The **Lilly Ledbetter Act** gives victims of pay discrimination the means to rectify their situation. It states that a salary will "accrue" each time an employee a discriminatory paycheck. However, the wage gap still exists, and thus this demonstrates that laws do not always mean justice will follow. It was enacted in January 2019.

## References

1. ↑ Will Keaton, "Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act," Inestopedia, June 26, 2018, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lilly-ledbetter-fair-pay-act.asp.
Pornography

**Pornography** is visual, audio, or textual articles of erotic or sexual substance intended to sexually stimulate.

Pornography is largely consumed online. It has changed drastically from the 1960s and 70s, which was deemed the "golden age" of porn, to now, when it is easily accessible through the web. Today's pornographic films almost always include penetrative sex, and the most popular categories as of 2015 were "amateur," "anal," "teen," and "mom and son." In 2018, Pornhub had 33.5 billion visits worldwide, and it was ranked as the sixth most popular website in the United States.

Most porn sites are owned by a company called MindGeek.

## Porn Careers

The digitalization of the porn industry has made porn more unregulated and amateur. With porn more accessible to more people and more individuals wanting to get involved in porn to make money, wages have greatly decreased. Individuals are paid more for "riskier" scenes.

Who goes into porn? One criticism against porn is that it preys on economically vulnerable women.

## Porn Wars

The porn wars occured in the 1970s and 80s, when feminists spoke out against the expansion of the pornography industry.

Critics of the porn industry argue that it is "exploitative and infused with fantasies of domination, often involving classist and racist tropes." For more info, see anti-porn feminists.

Defenders of pornography argue that the material promotes sexual empowerment and freedom.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Katrina Forrestor, "Making Sense of the Modern Porn Industry," The new Yorker, September 19, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/26/making-sense-of-modern-pornography?intcid=mod-most-popular&utm\_content=buffer4f9f5&utm\_medium=social&utm\_source=facebook.com&utm\_campaign=buffer.
Hook-Up Culture

**Hook-up culture** encourages casual sexual intimacy such as one-night stands and other encounters without fostering emotional connection or commitment. It promotes not having feelings, and it noramlizes seuxla pressure.

## Defining "Hook-Up"

The term hook-up is used to refer to many different types of sexual encounters: some, including Herbert Helm, Stephanie, Gondra, and Duane McBridge, understand hook-ups as a "one-time sexual encounter between individuals that had no plans to even talk afterwards, let alone repeat the experiences," while others understand hook-ups as meaning a sexual encounter with someone not seen as a significant other. Men engage in more hook-up behavior than women. This may be because there is a societal idea that women should only have sex in relationships. Women are told that they should be wanted by men in hook-up culture, and then they are shamed for having sex. Further, working class students are less likely to engage in hook-up culture because they do not take for granted that they will graduate and they focus more on their studies. Thus, hook-up culture is dominated by people with money.

## Hook-Ups on College Campuses

There is a perception that hook-up culture is particularly prevelent on American college campuses. Hook-ups are now the norm for heterosexual relationships on college campuses, but this norm may be more of a perception than actually grounded in reality. In a study conducted by Helm et. al, members of both sexes thought the other one was more comfortable with hook-up culture than what was actually reported. Not as many people in hook-up culture are having sexual relations as people think others are.

Hook-up culture is anxiety-inducing for many, as expectations are always murky and unclear. Additionally, hook-up culture positions individuals in competition with each other for the attention of their desired sex.

## References

1. ↑ Herbert Helm et al., "Hook-up Culture Among College Students: A Comparison of Attitudes Toward Hooking-up Based on Ethnicity and Gender," North American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 17., No. 2 (2015), 221-232.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lisa Wade, "Wanting to Be Wanted," American Hookup, 2017.
TEAM M!

Promoting Honest (2022)

**TEAM M! from EBiDAN NEXT** aka M!DANCERS from EBiDAN NEXT is a 5-member project group that was formed in July 2021 as an opening act for one of M!LK's tours called, "M!LK BEST L!VE TOUR 〜Thank you for your smile〜".

## Members

* Onishi Tsubasa (大西翼)
* Kashiwagi Haru (柏木悠)
* Takeuchi Rei (竹内黎)
* Yoneo Kento (米尾賢人)
* Hara Shoa (原昇亜)

## Discography

### Digital Singles

* [2021.10.17] Honest (as M!DANCERS from EBiDAN NEXT)
* [2022.01.29] Hug Hug Hug

## Trivia

* Onishi Tsubasa last project as a trainee.
Takeda Souse

## Takeda Souse武(たけ)田(だ)創(そう)世(せ)

**Takeda Souse** (武田創世) is a vocal member of Lienel.

## Profile

* **Hobbies:** Doing sport things (Running, Soccer)
* **Special Skills:** Singing, Soccer

## Personal Life

* Family
* Friendships

## Trivia

* He plays soccer since he was 3 years old.
* He loves singing since he was child.
* His favorite food is Hayashi Rice (such as hashed beef stew).
* He gets sunburn easily.
* He won as the "Special Judges Award" in Stardust Promotion [2nd Star Audition].
* The tags of "Special Judges Award" from 2nd Star Audition he took when he sang Citrus by Da-iCE with an impressive high pitch and clear voice.
* He is really good in ballad song.
* He admires with Yuya Yagira because Yagira-san won the "Cannes Film Award" when he (Yagira-san) was 14 and adores him with the project "Asakusa's Kid".
* He admires to Takashi (Bullet Train) because oh his singing skill.
* He is the shortest in EBiDAN.

## Gallery

*Main article:*

*See also: Lienel/Gallery*

## External Links

* Official Lienel Profile
* Stardust Promotion Profile
* Official Lienel +KIRARI
* Official Instagram
White Fragility

**White fragility** is the idea that white people are defensive when it comes to pointing out their privilege and the way in which they perpetuate white supremacy. Thus, they try to avoid conversations about race.

## References

1. ↑ Katy Waldman, "A Sociologist Examines the 'White Fragility' That Prevents White Americans from Confronting Racism," The New Yorker, July 23, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-sociologist-examines-the-white-fragility-that-prevents-white-americans-from-confronting-racism.
Shoryuken

**Shoryuken** (昇龍拳, *Rising Dragon Fist*)is Ryu and Evil Ryu's up special move

## Description

The user announces "SHORYUKEN!" while propelling their fist upwards via a jumping uppercut. Inputting the move changes its damage and knockback output.

### **Ryu**

Ryu's Shoryuken is considerably strong on its own, dealing 11% damage with moderate knockback. However, the move's moderate vertical and low horizontal distance makes it sub-par for recovery. Conversely, EX variant of the move deals 19% damage with much stronger knockback. Additionally, the move gains more vertical and horizontal distance, making it much more useful for recovery. However, both variants of the move are unsafe near the ledge, as it can cause Ryu to launch himself too far from the ledge, leading to a self-destruct.

### **Evil Ryu**

Evil Ryu's normal Shoryuken has two hits, with the first one positioning opponents into the second, which has more launching power, making it marginally stronger than his non-evil counterpart. The EX version, however, has two major differences that sets the move apart from his normal counterpart: The move deals three hits, and if the special button is pressed again at the apex of the jump while Evil Ryu is still in contact with an opponent, he will follow up with a downward slam that launches vertically if it hits ground. However, if this is used in the air, the opponent can escape the move and easily recover, leaving Evil Ryu to self-destruct.
Maternalism

**Maternalism** is the idea that women, whether they are mothers or not, should be caring, giving, and serve others. Rosaline Pollack Petchesky argues that the "modern definition of motherhood" is being "totally and selflessly devoted to one's... children."

## References

1. ↑ Rosaline Pollack Petchesky, "Morality and Personhood," Abortion and Woman's Choice: The State, Sexuality, and Reproductive Freedom, 1990.
Itagaki Mizuki

## Information

### Member Color

      Structural Black (2018-2020)
      Orange Float Milk (2014-2018)

**Itagaki Mizuki** (板垣瑞生) is a Japanese actor and former idol.

He's a former founding member of M!LK and their sub-unit BLACK M!LK.

He graduated from M!LK on January 31, 2020, to focus on acting.

## Profile

* **Hobbies:** Watching movies, playing games, and reading
* **Special Skills:** Soccer, swimming, and marathon

## Trivia

* He has a duo song called, "Hikoukigumo *(ひこうき雲; Contrail)*" with Sano Hayato.
* He has a duo song called, "My World" with Yamazaki Haruki.

## Discography Featured In

### M!LK

#### Albums

* Ousama no Gyuunyuu
* Time Capsule

#### Singles

* Coffee ga Nomemasen
* Hankohki Aventure
* Shin Gakki A La Carte
* Natsuaji Rendezvous
* Sisso Pendulum
* Ternero Fighter
* Bokura Nari Revolution
* Over The Storm
* Kasuka ni, Kimi Datta.
* ERA

### King of Ping Pong

#### Singles

* FAKE MOTION
* FAKE MOTION -Tatta Hitotsu no Negai-

## External Links

* Official Stardust Promotion Profile
* Official M!LK Profile (gone)
* Official Website
* Official Twitter
* Official Twitter (FC)
* Official Instagram
The Prison Boom

**The prison boom** refers to the large increase in the population of women prisoners starting in the 1970s. "Emancipation theorists" such as Freda Adler have proposed that the women's liberation movement that had created new opportunities for women in the working world also did so in the criminal world. Women could now commit crimes such as embezzlement and fraud, and they were able to participate in more aggressive crimes such as burglary, violence, and more.

Women of color have been disproportionately represented in this prison boom, particularly with drug charges, as the targets of both gendered and racial discrimination. As of 2009, there are 2.8 black women imprisoned and 1.5 Latina/Latinx women in the United States to every 1 white woman. This has the effect of racially disenfranchising women who, as a result of being incarcerated, have their political and civil rights rescinded. Particularly for women, it has also inhibited their ability to have children or raise families. Some prisoners may be subject to sterilization, and though sterilization now requires "informed consent," evidence shows that this "consent" is not really consensual. These women suffer a "social death", a term coined by Lisa Marie Cacho, meaning that their rights are not recognized.

## References

1. ↑ Julia Sudbury, "Women of Color, Globalization, and the Politics of Incarceration," in Kirk & Okazawa-Rey, Women's Lives, 2003.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jess Whatcott, "No Selves to Consent: Women's Prisons, Sterilization, and the Biopolitics of Informed Consent," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2018, 44(1), 131-153.
Neoliberalism

**Neoliberalism** refers to the idea that individuals can get what they deserve through the market and through market competition. It assumes that everyone is equal and that if individuals try hard enough, they will succeed.

Critiques of neoliberalism note that the theory fails to take into account the way that social context can limit individuals' choices.
Raunch Culture

**Raunch culture**, as termed by Ariel Levy in her book *Female Chauvinist Pigs*, refers to our sex-forward culture in which bodies and women are openly sexualized. Levy argues that the hypegrsexualiation of women has now cause women to aspire to be the "hottest" and "sexiest". Levy thus believes that raunch culture is simply replicating sex inequality, but now it is selling it to women who are helping to perpetuate it. While third-wave feminists and sex-positive feminists argue that this is an expression of female's rights to act sexually and in ways they desire, like men, Levy points out that since we can't control the way that people respond to us, this is actually just recreating the idea that a woman's value and role in society is to provide and obtain sexual appeal from men. Thus, it just replicates the idea of the male gaze.

Pornified femininity is a byproduct of raunch culture. It promotes the blurring of the world of porn into everyday life. For example, in the 1990s Brazilian waxes, which before had been only obtained by porn stars, began to become popular with celebrities and then college women.

## References

1. ↑ Cheryl Wang, "Celebrity Raunch Culture: Is it Feminism?" HuffPost, March 19, 2015, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/celebrity-raunch-culture\_b\_6511570.
Femininity

**Femininity** is the property of being "feminine". Women are expected to be feminine, and if they do not properly exhibit this property, they are punished. Femininity is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "the quality or assemblage of qualities pertaining to the female sex," but scholars such as Sandra Bartky have challenged this idea. Barkty understands femininity as "a set of qualities of character and behavioral dispositions as well as a compelling aesthetic of emodiment."

Femininity is attained through "disciplinary practices" of both the body and the mind. Bartky uses Foucault's understandin of discipline to argue that discilinary "system[s] of micro power" instruct women on how to embody current notions of femininity. The feminine body is attained through practices such as taking up little space, behaving gracefully, shaving, painting nails, wearing makeup, dieting, and more. Feminine behavior is practiced by behaving as mothers, caretakers, and gatekeepers.

Disciplinary practices produce docile, feminized bodies and heavers -- bodies are a certain size, postured a certain way, and serve as ornamented surfaces.

## References

1. ↑ Sandra Bartky, "Suffering to be Beautiful," Sympathy and Solidarity, 2004.
Medicalization and the Medical Industrial Complex

**Medicalization** refers to the process of treating problems as medical conditions that need to be addressed with medicine, diagnosis, or treatment. It is often used as an instrument of social control, and it feeds the medical industrial complex. The medical industrial complex is the process by which doctors and those in the medical profession make money and have incentive to diagnose medical disorders in order to treat them and reap profit.

## References

1. ↑ "Medicalization," Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalization.
2. ↑ "Medical-Industrial Complex," Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical–industrial\_complex.
Fetal Personhood

**Fetal personhood** refers to the idea that the fetus is a person with rights. This idea is supported by many pro-lifers in the abortion debate. It is connected to a criticism of the morality of women, who are positioned as murderers and assailants on the rights of this "individual" through abortion. Scholars have identified the idea of fetal personhood as a relatively new concept, one that has transformed the abortion debate to "one that pits the fetus against the woman in an adversarial relationship of two separate persons."

## References

1. ↑ Rosalind Pollack Petchesky, "Morality and Personhood," Abortion and Woman's Choice: The State, Sexuality, and Reproductive Freedom, 1990.
Consumer Feminism

**Consumer feminism** is the phenomenon of packaging and selling the feminist notion of empowering women through choice, an illusion of freedom, and the idea of autonomy over one's body.

Consumer feminism is dependent on the idea of choice.

Clean eating, dieting, exercising and other phenomena are phrased as "self care", spiritualizing beauty as a moral good and selling beauty as spiritual and imperative.

Consumer feminism promotes the idea that smart women will make good choices about products and prioritize their beauty and "self care".

Makeup and cosmetic surgery are packaged as a "choice" as well, ways women can better express and "feel good" about themselves.

While consumer feminism portrays itself as trying to "empower" women, it relies on the idea of "women's body angst and low self-esteem as a way of creating permanent customers."

## Ethnic Surgeries

Consumer feminism is also racialized, with "ethnic surgeries" becoming increasingly possible. For example, the most popular procedure for African-American women is rhinoplasty to make wide noses more narrow, and eyelid surgery is popular amongst Asian-Americans.

## References

1. ↑ Jennifer Cognard-Black, "Extreme Makeover: Feminist Edition," Ms. 17, no. 3 (2007): 47-49.
Lean In

Sheryl Sandberg's "sort-of-feminist manifesto" doctrine that purports to give women the tools to advance professionally. The "**Leaning In**" doctrine can be distilled into two sentences in her chapter "The Leadership Ambition Gap": "not only can women have both families and careers, they can thrive while doing so,” Sandberg writes. "Without fear, women can pursue professional success and personal fulfillment — and freely choose one, or the other, or both". Sandberg argument centers on the choices individual women make. In her chapter "Make Your Partner a Real Partner," Sandberg asserts that the "revolution [of splitting parenting duties between two partners] will happen one family at a time". Sandberg's self-proclaimed "sort-of feminist manifesto" fits perfectly into a neoliberal framing of the world, in which individuals are responsible for everything that happens to them and for their own happiness.

For this reason, she has received much criticism about the limited audience to whom her "manifesto" applies -- Sandberg is very much writing for white, wealthy women in the corporate sphere. She is not addressing the problems faced by, for example, the housekeepers who work at the DoubleTree in Cambridge or the manicurists in New York salons who work for just a few dollars a day, if any money at all. These women do not have the luxury of "choice" -- they are working these jobs not because they want to, but because they have no choice not to. In Leaning In, Sandberg ignores the structural inequities women face and the way gender discrimination intersects with racism, xenophobia, socioeconomic discrimination, and more.

## References

1. ↑ Sheryl Sandberg, "Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead," 2013.
2. ↑ Sarah Leonard and Rebecca Rojer, "Housekeepers Versus Harvard: Feminism for the Age of Trump," The Nation, March 8, 2017.
3. ↑ Sarah Maslin Nir, "The Price of Nice Nails," The New york Times, May 7, 2015.
Bechdel Test

The **Bechdel test** is used to gauge the representation of women in film. In order to pass the Bechdel test, a work must have (1) two or more women with names (2) who talk to each other and (3) who talk to each other about topics other than men. It was created by Alison Bechdel in 1985. As of 2017, over 40 percent of all American films do not pass the test.

## References

1. ↑ Robin Smith, "Sizing Up Hollywood's Gender Gap," Duke Research Blog, August 4, 2017, https://researchblog.duke.edu/2017/08/04/sizing-up-hollywoods-gender-gap/.
Neutral special move

A **neutral special move** (also called **standard special move,** **neutral-B, standard B, B move** or just **B**) is a special attack activated by pressing the special key without any directional input. It is usually a signature move (something that represents the character) and keeps the character stationary (though there are exceptions, such as Jigglypuff's Rollout).
Ogasawara Kai

## KAIカイ

Promotional Photo for "Lesson II" (September 2023)

**Ogasawara Kai** (小笠原海) or better known by his stage name, KAI (カイ) is a member of Choutokkyuu.

## Profile

* **Hobbies:** Painting, playing games, window shopping, listening to music
* **Special Skills:** Dance, soccer, impersonator
* **Language:** Korean, Chinese (during lesson)
* **Position:** Main Dancer
* **Car (Train) Number:** 2号車
* **Group Role:** 神秘担当 (Mysterious)

## Personal Life

* Family
* Friendships

* Has a younger sister who is active as a dancer.

## Biography

* In April 2009, he auditioned as a regular for the variety show "School Kakumei (NTV) and Johnny's & Associates, made it to the third round but failed
* In August 2019, he was scouted by Stardust Promotion from the official mobile site "Debyuu shiyou" in the audition information site "Monthly De-VIew"
* In February 2010, he became the men's model for the teen fashion magazine "Pichilemon"
* In 2010, he made his acting debut in the movie "Kimi e"
* On December 25, he made his debut as the main dancer of Choutokkyuu
* On September 2019, he launched his own production brand "KEEN AND INTENSE"

## Trivia

* He attended the same high school and classes with TAKUYA. They were also classmates with some popular celebrities Kanako Momota (Momoiro Clover Z). Suzuki Airi (former °C-ute/Buono), Matsuoka Mayu (actress). Fujii Shuuka (former E-Girls), Ieiri Leo (singer), Konishi Seiya, etc.
* He was a fan of KAT-TUN and admires Akanishi Jin since elementary school,
* Had a very good academic grades in school
* He wasn't interested in the entertainment industry at first, he used to played soccer a lot. He started learning dance after watching w-inds performances on tv
* A big fan of K-wave, both he and his sister loves KPOP a lot

## Gallery

*Main article: Ogasawara Kai/Gallery*

*See also: Choutokkyuu/Gallery*

## External Links

* Official Stardust Profile
* Official Bullet Train Profile
* Official Instagram
* Official +KIRARI