recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Moonstone

Moonstone

Moonstone is a gem who got presumebly locked up by yellow diamond in a light jail, on earth. She, however didn't get corrupted due to the intensity of the light prison. She would soon be freed by Jake and befriend with him before locking him and the brute crystals in a dungeon in the episode Moonstones' trial.

She would then fly of to an unknown place in space.

## Appearence

She seams prety tall, pearl or morganite sized but smaller than hessonite. She has long, really light blue hair and derk blue eyes. She wears a winter cape with constelations on it. Her cape is half light blue, half dark blue. her outfit itself is really fancy: A long purple dress similar to what a rich woman would wear if she had a date. Her earings resembles two small eyes and her necklace is a sacred talisman created by turquoise, homeworld's sacred gems who creates charms and powerful modern gem weapons like the light prism. Her arms are not covered by any peace of clothing exept for one bracelet on her left wrist which is what helps her protect diplomatic gems. She is some sort of a witch. Finally, She wears long black boots similar to holly blue agate's boots, but skinnier.

## Abilities

Moonstones have the ability, like Sunstone to shield a large perimeter with their corresponding element. Moonstone can shield with water, or ice. she is then used to protect large perimeter of soldiers. Moonstones don't go directly on the battle field, they stay at the back.

### Natural Abilities

* **Ice barrier :** this barrier is summoned by moonstone often during battles. It's used in critical conditions or against a hard battles.
* **Water barrier :** this barrier is used by moonstones to hide an army.
* **Water projection :** Moonstone's water staff can fire hard water ball that create a wave that weakens nearby gems when it comes in contact.
* **Ice Projection :** Moonstone's staff can fire ice spikes that simply hit.

### Unique abilities

* Night reversion: Moonstone can make it night time by waving her hand. this does not switch to the next day.
Abell 68

## Abell 68

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

Here again we see how the gravitational field surrounding
this massive cluster of galaxies acts as a natural lens in space to brighten
and magnify the light coming from very distant background galaxies. In this
cluster, the image of a spiral galaxy at upper left has been stretched and
mirrored into a shape similar to that of a simulated alien from the classic
1970s computer game Space Invaders!
Fusions

Fusion is a natural ability that every gem have. two same colored and same type of gem fusion makes a bigger version of that same gem. However, two different types of gems (even sametypes of gems, but different color) fusion is forbidden on homeworld as it makes a completlly different gems that falls outside of the caste sytem. they are therefore useless.

## brute crystals fusions

* Amber (Sunstone + Morganite)
* Aragonite (Morganite + Emerald)
* Cuprite (Emerald + Sunstone)
* onyx (Emerald + Sunstone + Morganite)
* Jaella (Jake + Stella)
* TBA (Jake + Moonstone)
* TBA (Jake + Emerald)
* TBA (Jake +,Morganite)
* TBA (Jake + Sunstone)
* TBA (Jake+Emerald+Morganite+Sunstone)
* TBA

## Off colored fusions

TBA
Milky Way-Andromeda Collision

## Milky Way-Andromeda Collision

Andromeda is heading towards the Milky Way. If the transverse
side to side velocity is as we currently think it is, then Andromeda will
collide with the Milky Way in 4-5 billion years from now, and start a one
billion yearlong collision process. But if you recall, from our discussion
about how far away stars are in the galaxy; for example, our nearest star,
Proxima Centauri, is 4 light years away. Those large distances between stars
mean that it’s a million to one shot that any star will actually collide when
the galaxies passed through each other.
NGC 3310

## NGC 3310

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 3310 does not form stars at a slow rate because it
belongs to a special class of galaxy called a starburst galaxy. These
starburst galaxies have extremely active star formation regions. There
are several hundreds of star clusters visible in the galaxy. Each one
can form a million stars.
NGC 7603

## NGC 7603

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

NGC 7603 and 7603B are identified as interacting according to
the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. But they have a very interesting problem. In this
case, the redshift for 7603 is a good deal smaller than the redshift for NGC
7603B. A deep study of this pair of galaxies was conducted to see if we could
find an explanation. What the study found was two Quasars inside the filament
connecting the two galaxies. And these quasars have even greater, in fact much
greater redshifts.
ESO 510-G13

## ESO 510-G13

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The strong warping of the disk indicates that this galaxy has
recently undergone a collision with a nearby galaxy and is in the process of
swallowing it. In the outer regions, especially on the right-hand side of the
image, we see that the twisted disk contains not only dark dust, but also
bright clouds of blue stars. This shows that hot, young stars are being formed
in the disk.
Hen 2-10

## Hen 2-107 / ESO 495-21

 ​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

Hen 2-107 is a dwarf starburst galaxy 3,000 light years in diameter. A radio source was detected in the galaxy that corresponded to an earlier X-ray source. This pointed to the existence of a supermassive black hole of 1 million solar masses. Astronomers think this galaxy is a close analogue of some of the earliest galaxies formed in the universe. Therefore, finding a black hole is indication that they came first.
Universes; Galaxies Wiki

There are 32 articles on the Universes; Galaxies Wiki! Congratulations! just ∞ more!

## Races

The Races of Trinity are waiting! (only 3 races have been created) :

Darem, Darem pages are Darem History, Darem History pt. 2, Trepos, The Quest for Cookies, and Daris

Sphynx, Sphynx pages are Afini, Treacherous Statue, Secret Scrolls, Cleanse the Land, and Underground Oasis

Magman, Magman pages are Great-world.

## Latest activity

Photos and videos are a great way to add visuals to your wiki. Add one below!
NGC 1316

## NGC 1316

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 1316 is one of the brightest elliptical galaxies in
the Fornax Cluster of galaxies. It is unusual as an elliptical because
large, dark dust lanes can be seen inside the galaxy. Since elliptical
galaxies stopped their star formation already, it is unusual to see such
lanes inside one.
Aragonite

Argonite is a fusion in Snowflake obsidian. He is the first fusion seen in this show. He is a fusion of Emerald and Morganite.

## Appearence

Aragonite's hair ressembles Morganite's, but his clothing ressembles Emerald's. His primary color is orange-like, but he can switch between green and pink while using his abilities.

## Abilities

As a fusion Aragonite is far stronger than both Emerald and Morganite unfused.

### Fusions

* When fused with Sunstone, they make Onyx.
* When fused with Jake and Sunstone (or TBA), they make TBA.

### Skillset

* sword proficiancy: Aragonite is able to summon his blooming crystal sword which can create vines that traps the enemy or squeeze the enemy.
* Bow proficiancy: Aragonite can also summon his crystalized sword which semnds beems of magnified crystal that traps whatever it touches into a stasis crystal.
Arcturus

## Arcturus

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

Arcturus is another orange star that is quite bright
for being an orange star, since it is the 4th brightest star
within 50 light years. It is a red giant that, although is the same mass
as the sun, is many times larger in radius and in luminosity.
NGC 1275

## NGC 1275

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

We see fine, thread-like filamentary structures in the gas
surrounding the galaxy. The red filaments are composed of cool gas being
suspended by a magnetic field, and are surrounded by the 100-million-degree
Fahrenheit hot gas in the center of the Perseus galaxy cluster.
David Butler

**Type**
  **Created:**
 Videobooks on one channel

David Butler is the narrator and creator of the series How Far Away is it? So
far, he has created How far away is it, how small is it, and How fast is it? When he was younger, he was
always fascinated by outer space. He went to Oxford University and received a
Master’s Degree. For this master’s degree, he studied Quantum Field Theory.
After college, instead of following his interest in space, he went in to the
computer business for 40 years. Although it was a satisfying career, he never
had the time to keep up to date with astronomy or any of his other interests.
After his 40 years, he retired, so now he has the time. After catching up with
what we learned in the 40 years he was in the computer business and looked at
some of the amazing photos from the Hubble Space Telescope, he was
inspired to start a channel on Youtube to create an educational series. He also
went on to create a website. Currently, he is working on a new Videobook, how old is it?
HVS 4

## HVS 4

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

HVS 4, also known as Hypervelocity Star 4, is an
example of hypervelocity star. It was the fourth hypervelocity star
discovered, hence its name. It is moving at 805 km/s and is expected to be
completely free from the galaxy’s gravity in 80-100 million
years. It is in the galaxy’s halo.
Cities

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Earth

A city is a large group of people, structures, etc. They can be seen from space during night as they are usually well lit. David Butler has many analogies about cities and other astronomical objects. If we start with David's home base of San Diego, then nearby cities are like nearby stars, as we are most familiar with them, and distances are measured in hundreds of km like nearby stars with trillions of km. This includes Los Angeles (193 km), Las Vegas (526 km), Phoenix (571 km), and San Francisco (808 km). As we move east across north america, distances grow to thousands of kilometers, just as distances to faraway stars grow to hundreds of trillions of km. This includes Miami (4271 km), Washington DC (4323 km), and New York (4504 km). We then jump by thousands of km when we cross the "voids" of the oceans, which reminds David of the great voids that separate superclusters of galaxies from each other. This includes Dublin (8364 km), London (8933 km), Paris (9141 km), Athens (11077 km), and Jedda and Mecca (13500 km). Once we reach one of the furthest cities (Karachi at 13668 km) we start measuring distances to the west because Earth is round- it's interesting if this happens to the universe, but only if it were curved enough to be closed. The rest of the cities are Tokyo (9044 km), and Honolulu (4196 km) (and then he's back again).
Hipparcos

## Hipparcos

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

Only a few hundred stellar parallax were accurately
measured since the method was first developed before a new spacecraft,
called Hipparcos, was launched in 1989. It was launched by the European space
agency to accurately measure parallax and did so for 118,000 stars.
Hipparcos’ range extends to the limit of parallax at 650 light years.
NGC 2976

## NGC 2976

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

NGC 2976 does not look like a typical spiral galaxy. In this
view of the galaxy's inner region, there are no obvious spiral arms. Dusty
filaments running through the disk show no clear spiral structure. Although the
gas is centrally concentrated, the galaxy does not have a central bulge of
stars.
Cassiopeia A

## Cassiopeia A

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

Cassiopeia A, or Cas A for short, is the youngest known
supernova remnant in the Milky Way galaxy. Its light reached Earth in the late
1600s. It is notable for, despite not being recorded by any astronomers, being
the brightest radio source in the sky. Infrared images taken from the remnant
show dust indicating motion at the speed of light. However, this isn’t dust
moving at the speed of light, it is light moving through the dust. Spitzer can
detect these light echoes.
Brown Dwarf

A brown dwarf is a failed star that did not have enough mass to star hydrogen fusion. Theorized to exist in 1960, they were not discovered unitl Teide 1 in 1995 due to their low light. They only shine in the infrared due to deuterium fusion.

Some brown dwarfs might have the ability to form terrestrial planets around them, like Rho Oph-102.

Brown dwarfs form just like stars: molecular cloud collapse. An object becomes a brown dwarf when there is not enough mass in the collapsing molecular cloud to create nuclear fusion.

Two spectral types extend to brown dwarves. L class includes the upper mass brown dwarves while T class includes the lower mass ones.

They are difficult to distinguish from planets, but easy to distinguish from stars due to their ability to have atomospheric lithium.
Big Bang

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

The Big Bang is the event that created the entire universe
and all objects that we know of inside of it. Although it only produced hydrogen
and helium, heavier elements were made later in the cores of stars.
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, we can see galaxies to as far
back as almost to the Big Bang. The time at which the Big Bang occurred can be
determined by Hubble’s
Law. Using the constant, we can find the time in which the Big Bang
occurred at 13.7-13.8 billion years ago.
Earth (planet)

## Earth (Planet)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**

The Earth is big. Really big. Many scientists in history have
tried to measure just how big the Earth really is, using distance tools
that they could use in their own backyards. The Earth is our home and where the
members of Homo sapiens primarily resides. It is only recently that our species
have started exploring outside of our home world. However, the Earth is the key
to understanding the distances to the planets, which have in turn help
us to understand distances to stars.

**In the**
Distance Ladder

Earth is important to include in the Cosmic Distance
Ladder. Using geometry to find the Earth’s size, we can triangulate
off the earth and into the solar system. In doing so, we can find the distance
to the sun (AU) and then use that distance as our baseline for stellar
parallax. Each rung on the distance ladder supports the steps above it. As
the lowest step, the Earth has helped us not only find distances to planets,
but indirectly has helped us to learn the distances to galaxies across
our entire universe.

**The Size of**
the Earth

In 200 BC, a Greek philosopher named Eratosthenes
calculated the size of the Earth and came pretty close. He knew that the Earth
was round and thus the sun would appear in different locations to different
observers, at different locations. He also knew that on midday the first day of
summer, the sun was directly overhead at a city named Syene (now Aswan).
Knowing how far apart Syene and Alexandria were, he used a tower at Alexandria
to measure the angle to the sun at midday on the first day of summer. Using
geometry and his calculation of an angle 1/50th of a circle, he
calculated the size of the earth at the equator to be 39,650 km whereas the
modern value is 40,074 km. He was only 1% off. The diameter is 12,756 km.

Using Universal Gravitation, the mass of the Earth was
determined to be 6.6\*1021 tons!
NGC 1512

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

NGC 1512 is a barred spiral galaxy spanning 70,000
light-years. At the center of the magnificent barred spiral galaxy NGC 1512,
colors, which indicate differences in light intensity, map where newly born
star clusters exist in both dusty and clean regions of the galaxy. The galaxy's
core is unique for its 2,400 light-year-wide circle of infant star clusters,
called a circumnuclear starburst ring.

The neighboring galaxy NGC 1510 is interacting with it and it is classified as a dwarf galaxy:
Messier 60

## M60 and M60 UCD1

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2014

NGC 4647 is the spiral galaxy in the upper right; M60 is the
large elliptical galaxy. On the edge of M60, there is an Ultra-Compact galaxy
known as M60-UCD1. New Hubble observations have found a supermassive black hole
with the mass of 20 million Suns at its center, making this tiny galaxy the
smallest ever found to host such a black hole. M60-UCD1 is a tiny galaxy with a
diameter of 300 light-years, containing some 140 million stars. This was
probably because this galaxy was originally a normal sized galaxy, but was
stripped by its neighbor of all its stars.
NGC 4755

## NGC 4755 (Jewel Box Cluster)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

NGC 4755, or the Jewel Box open cluster, is a cluster of
several pale blue supergiant stars that also includes a solitary red supergiant
star at the center of the cluster. It also includes a variety of other brightly
colored stars towards the outside of the cluster.
Cygnus Loop

## Cygnus Loop

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

The Veil nebula is part of a larger nebula known as the
Cygnus loop. The Veil nebula is only one part of the nebula in the visible
spectrum, additional filters need to be added to see the whole thing. It is the
edge of another supernova that took place 15,000 years ago.
Hubble Space Telescope

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Almost every chapter

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is one of the most famous and profound telescopes ever constructed. Although it had some problems initially since its launch in 1990 (t was repaired 5 times in its history, including a time to fix a blurry or out of focus lens), it has given us much insight about the universe. Most photographs of deep space objects on David Butler's channel are from Hubble as well.
Abell 370

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

Abell 370 is a massive galaxy cluster in which
scientists first observed the phenomenon called gravitational lensing. This
important process had been predicted earlier but this was the first
observational evidence for it. In order to produce this effect, the galaxies
have to be very massive.

Hubble studied it when it was returning to the same area of space covered by the Spitzer telescope.
NGC 922

## NGC 922

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2013

The ring structure and the galaxy’s distorted spiral shape
result from a smaller galaxy scoring a cosmic bull’s-eye, hitting the center of
NGC 922 some 330 million years ago. As the small galaxy passed through the
middle of NGC 922, it set up ripples that disrupted the clouds of gas, and
triggered the formation of new stars.
NGC 2818

## NGC 2818

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

NGC 2818 is a planetary nebula. An interesting fact about
this nebula is that it is often associated with a nearby open cluster. However,
although some open clusters do survive until planetary nebula age, the
occurrence of these nebula make such associations hard to find.
Cepheid Variable Star

**Type**
 Ladder Rung
  **Based On**
 Parallax
 Inverse
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 Local Supercluster (Virgo)

A Cepheid variable star is a type of Standard
Candle that is crucial to our study of external galaxies and their distance
to us. They are named after a star called Delta Cephei, the first
Cepheid variable star completely analyzed. Another well-known Cepheid is Polaris,
our current day North Star. Cepheid variables go through periodic changes in luminosity.
However, most stars go through some change in luminosity, like our sun’s 11
year cycle. But Cepheid variable’s change in luminosity is more dramatic and
caused by a regular pulsating in the outer layers of the star.

Early in the 1800s, an American astronomer, Henrietta
Leavitt, decided to plot the star’s luminosity with the star’s period.
Surprisingly, there was a correlation! This is now known as one of the most
important discoveries in finding distances in space. All that has to be done to
find distance to a Cepheid is to measure the period, use the Cepheid variable
equation to get the luminosity, and then measure apparent brightness. Then use inverse
square rule to calculate the distance to the star.
Comet

## Comet

A comet is a small Solar System object made of a mixture of
frozen water, ammonia and various hydrocarbons, such as methane. When passing
close to the Sun, it heats up and begins to outgas and displaying a visible
atmosphere or coma, and sometimes a tail, which is the coma pushed back by the
solar wind. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers
across. The coma and tail are much larger and, if sufficiently bright, may be
seen from Earth without a telescope.

From ancient Greece to the middle of the 16th century, Comets
were thought to be luminous vapors in the earth’s atmosphere. Tycho Brahe
studied the Great Comet of 1577, a very bright comet that shone in the night
sky for 74 days. He found that he could not see any parallax. From his data, he
concluded that the comet must be at least six times further away from the Earth
than the Moon. This took it out of the earth’s atmosphere and started people
thinking differently about comets and planets. Remember that the Ptolemy model
had rotating spheres holding each plant in place. Tycho’s finding would have
comets crashing through these crystal spheres. As you can imagine, this tipped
the scales in favor of the Copernican sun centric model and left open the
question about just what holds the comets up. Using the Great Comet of 1680,
Edmund Halley worked with Isaac Newton to find out if comets were subject to
the same forces as Newton had proposed for the planets. The data showed that
the long elliptical paths of the comets fit Newton's theory of gravity
perfectly.

Comets come at us from all directions. And we have seen that
they have two kinds of orbits: long and short. Long period comets can take
thousands of years and have unpredictable orbits. Short period comets take as
few as 3 and as long as 200 years. They are also much more predictable. This
lead to the idea that comets originate from two different places: Oort cloud
and Kuiper Belt.
Galaxy Rotation Curves

## Galaxy Rotation Curves

To see how the velocities give us a measure of mass, we’ll
start with our solar system. Here’s the ‘rotation curve’ we get when we map the
velocity of the planets orbiting the Sun. Because the Sun has 99% of all the
matter in the system, the mass within any orbit will be relatively fixed at the
Sun’s mass. Therefore, the further away from the central mass we get, the
weaker the gravitational pull and the slower the orbital velocity. The model is
call Keplerian because it follows Kepler’s laws for orbital motion.

Now a galaxy is much more complex than a solar system. The
mass within increasing orbital volumes is not fixed like it is in solar
systems. As you move out from the center of a galaxy, there is considerable
mass added in addition to the mass of the central bulge. This is because of the
large number of stars, dust and gas in the galaxy’s disk. For instance, it is
estimated that the mass of the central bulge of the Milky Way is 20 billion
solar masses. The velocity of the sun around the center of the galaxy is 200
km/s and its distance from the center is 26,000 ly. So the mass of the galaxy
interior to the Sun's orbit is approximately 74 billion solar masses – a good
deal more than the bulge itself.
Galileo

## Galileo

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Long Ago?**
  **Discussed in**
 Solar System

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who used the newly
invented telescope to prove the heliocentric model of the solar
system. He discovered that the Milky Way cloud was actually stars,
the sun had spots indicating that it rotated, that Venus had
phases like the moon, and that Jupiter had four moons.
Colliding Galaxies (episode)

**Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Colliding Galaxies

Colliding Galaxies is the fifteenth episode of the first
Videobook, How Far Away is
it? It covers the colliding galaxies that may have already been seen
in the previous episodes. He starts with the future collision that will
take place between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way galaxy. He also
covers the trajectories and the effects of the collision that will happen in
about 4 to 5 billion years from now. He then goes into the colliding galaxies
within 1 billion light years of Earth, and describes the collisions in detail
and the effects and outcome each one will have in the participating galaxies.
Then, he describes the extremely long time the collision takes place and shows
a simulation of two colliding galaxies just to show the motion of stars
inside such a collision. To conclude the section, he then displays another
collision, which is the one between the Milky Way and Andromeda.

Note: the category page is called "interacting galaxies", not "colliding galaxies"
Hubble Ultra Deep Field

## Hubble Ultra Deep Field

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Cosmos

In 2004, the Hubble team repeated the experiment of
the Deep Field
and looked in the direction of the Orion nebula. The process took 11
days and used upgraded equipment. When the experiment was done, the astronomers
realized they has found 10,000 of the most distant galaxies known! It was
re-surveyed later with UV light to create the UVUDF.
Kepler's Supernova

## Kepler’s Supernova/ SN 1604

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Clusters + Supernova

In the year 1604, sky watchers including the famous
astronomer Johannes Kepler were startled by the sudden appearance of a new star
in the western sky, rivalling the brightness of nearby planets. Hubble’s view
of the Nebula was not the full picture, X-ray and infrared lights allowed
astronomers to get a closer look at the true nature of the nebula.
Messier 82

## M82

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

This galaxy is remarkable for its bright blue disk, webs of
shredded clouds, and fiery-looking plumes of glowing hydrogen. Throughout the
galaxy's center, young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are
inside our entire Milky Way Galaxy. The fierce galactic superwind generated
from these stars compresses enough gas to make millions of more stars. Young
stars are crammed into tiny but massive star clusters which congregate by the
dozens to make "starburst clumps," in the central parts of M82. Most
of the pale, white objects sprinkled around the body of M82 that look like
fuzzy stars are actually individual star clusters about 20 light-years across
that contain up to a million stars each.
CH Cyg

## CH Cyg

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

CH Cyg is a symbiotic star system in which a white
dwarf feeds from the solar wind from a red giant companion star.
This is a special binary star system setup that will eventually produce a type
Ia supernova, a standard candle.
Jake

sunstone

Jake is the main protagonist of the series. He has his dad's gemstone and has a humain best friend: Stella. He is part of the brute crystals consisting of Emerald, Morganite and Sunstone.

## Abilities

Jake is half humain and half gem. That gives him both natural gem abilities such as floating, super humain strenght and weapon summoning. He can also shapshift and cannot be poofed.

### Fusions

* When fused with Stella, they make Jaella or Steake

## Relationships

### Emerald

Emerald is like a father to Jake. He was Snowflake's best friend. He is also exited to teach Jake how to fight. They havn't fused yet, but he teaches him how to do it.

### Morganite

Morganite is ok with Jake for the most part, and she cares a lot about him.
Molecular Cloud

## Molecular Cloud

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Star Birth Nebula

A Molecular cloud is a massive amount of interstellar dust
and gas floating through the interstellar medium. A molecular cloud can
collapse, forming the different types of star birth nebulae like reflection,
dark, and emission nebulae. They are essential for the formation of new stars
in the universe.
Aurora

## Aurora

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Heliosphere

Aurora lights were a mystery for most of man’s existence, and
it has only been in the past few years in which we have come to an
understanding of them. There are two types, northern lights (Aurora borealis)
and southern lights (Aurora Australis). The magnetosphere routes the
solar wind to the north and the south Polar Regions. There, they collide with
oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere, and kick off the electrons.
When the electrons return to their normal energy state, they release a
photon, which is what we see as light. For example, when oxygen
atoms are hit, and their electrons return, they emit a photon with the energy
of green light.
Luminosity

Stars have a wide range of apparent brightness as seen on Earth,
which has two things contributing to it: the star’s distance to us, and
the star’s intrinsic luminosity. An intrinsically faint luminous star can
actually appear as bright as a star that is very bright, but far away.
Luminosity is what we use to put precise measurements on the idea of
brightness. Luminosity is the total amount of energy being emitted in watts,
the same measurement used for lightbulbs. Apparent brightness is measured in
watts per square meter, and thus the brightness scale follows the inverse
square rule. If we know the apparent luminosity and the distance, we can
use a formula to calculate the luminosity of a star. For the sun, it is 4\*1026
watts, which is equivalent to 4 billion hydrogen bombs exploding every second.
Although astronomers use more complex systems of apparent magnitude and
absolute magnitudes, only luminosity is needed to understand how to use the cosmic
distance ladder.
Barnard's Star

## Barnard’s Star

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Nearby Stars

Barnard’s star is a very dim red star that is called
the “Runaway star” since it has a very high motion across the sky, called
proper motion. Its motion is so fast that in 11,700 AD, it will be 3.8 light
years from the sun. By then, it will be the closest star to our
own.
How Old Is It?

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Many Episodes is It**
  **Created**
 2018

How Old is it? is an upcoming Videobook and will be the
fourth Videobook in the series. He will presumably start in his backyard
and zoom out to the oldest things, eventually going to the age of the entire universe.
He will explain along the way how we know how old these things are. He will
also explain about the large scale structure of the universe and how
they formed.
Angles

An angle is a unit of measurement that measures apparent size. The main way to measure angle is with degrees (although radians are a moremathematical approach). A degree is equal to 60 arcminutes, and each arcminute is split up into 60 arcseconds. There are 3,600 arcseconds in every single degree. A degree is defined as 1/360th of a circle, so an arcsecond is a very small unit of angle.

Angle can be measured by many devices. A protractor can give you an angle to the granularity of a single degree, while more advanced instruments like those used in telescopes can go down to the arcsecond level. A theodolite is an industrial angle measuring instrument that can also help measure angles at the arcsecond level.

Angle has many uses in astronomy and distance. It can help find distance through parallax and triangulation, and can even determine the size of an object if you know the angle that the object subtends on the sky as well as its distance.

The moon and sun are generally 1/2 of a degree while many deeps space objects subtend arcminutes across the sky. More fine objects such as individual stars (like the actual solar disk) and very distant galaxies subtend angles much less than even an arcsecond. Hubble itself can only see down to the arcsecond level.
Balloons

## Balloons

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**

High flying balloons came into use in the late 1700s to study
the atmosphere. They have been used for over 70 years for atmospheric
exploration. They fly at altitudes in excess of 32 kilometers above the
surface, and now balloons that can go even higher are being created. They are
found in the stratosphere.
Eta Carina

## Eta Carinae

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

Eta Carinae is estimated to be more than a 100 times the mass
of the sun, and is one of the most luminous and massive stars
known. It has a luminosity of 5 million suns, but it can’t be seen because it
is surrounded by a dust cloud of its own ejection. This is due to it being
unstable under its mass. It is located in the Carina Nebula. There are “Eta
carina twins”.
NGC 6503

## NGC 6503

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 2015

Astronomers have previously noticed that the Milky Way sits
in a large, flat array of galaxies called the Local Sheet. NGC 6503, a lonely
galaxy on the edge of this void, spans some 30,000 light-years. In this galaxy,
bright red patches of gas can be seen scattered through its swirling spiral
arms, mixed with bright blue regions that contain newly-forming stars, with
dark brown dust lanes snaking across the galaxy’s bright arms and center.
Lagrange Point

## Lagrange Points

Lagrange points are phenomena set
up by planets or stars as they orbit the main star in the
system. In 1772, a French astronomer named Lagrange showed that there were 5
locations in an orbiting system where gravitational forces and
centripetal forces cancelled each other out. He also demonstrated that small
objects could orbit these points. For Jupiter, L5 is a group of
asteroids named Greeks and L4 is a group named the Trojans. Earth also
has one named 2010 TK7. We commonly position satellites to orbit
these points as well in order to get a better way to observe the sun.
NGC 4214

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

The dwarf galaxy NGC 4214 is ablaze with young stars and gas
clouds. The galaxy's close proximity, combined with the wide variety of evolutionary
stages among the stars, make it an ideal laboratory to research the triggers of
star formation and evolution. Intricate patterns of glowing hydrogen formed
during the star-birthing process, cavities blown clear of gas by stellar winds,
and bright stellar clusters of NGC 4214 can be seen in this galaxy.
Blackbody Radiation

## Blackbody Radiation

Blackbody radiation is a very important relationship between light
and matter. Blackbody radiation says that when heating up a material, it
will emit light at wavelengths that depend on the temperature. Extremely
cold objects emit radiation at radio or microwave frequencies. Most objects we
are familiar with emit infrared radiation, including us. At 2000 Celsius, the
object begins to shine in the color red. By 3000 Celsius, the color is
now orange. By 4,000 Celsius, the color is now yellow like our
own sun. At 6000 Celsius, the star is white and by 10,000
Celsius, it is blue. If the temperature was any higher, it would be
invisible one more in the ultraviolet region. Note how the colors green and
violet do not appear in BB radiation. Using BB radiation, we can now construct
the HR Diagram.
Gravitational Lensing

## Gravitational lensing

Gravitational lensing is an
effect of general relativity that has been experimentally proven by observing
distant and massive clusters of galaxies. Gravitational lensing follows the
general relativity rules that, despite not having mass, photons are affected by
gravitational fields and bend when curving around one. This process is due to
the curvature of space-time itself. This bending of light focused any light
from behind it, acting as an additional lens to our telescopes and magnifying
the light behind it. In massive clusters in the distant universe, there are
many examples of gravitational lensing because these galaxies are incredibly
massive. This is due to dark matter. Thus, dark matter plays a crucial role in
understanding general relativity.

**Effects and Structures**

An example of an effect of
gravitational lensing are Einstein Rings because they were first predicted the
phenomena. An Einstein ring forms when the light from an object behind another
massive object forms a ring around it.
Expansion Parallax

## Expansion Parallax

  **Type**
  **Based On**
  **How Far Does it Extend to?**
  **Covers**
 Milky Way

Expansion parallax is the main way to find the distance
to planetary nebulae, and like its name suggests, it takes advantage of
the fact that planetary nebulae are expanding. Careful observations of
planetary nebula can reveal the angular growth of the nebula on the
plane of the sky. Using the Doppler Effect to approximate the velocity
of the nebula’s expansion, we can calculate the distance of the nebula. Once
the velocity is obtained from the Doppler Effect, we multiply the velocity by
the amount of time the nebula was observed for. We get the total amount the
nebula has expanded. Using trigonometry, the distance is then (360 \* amount
expanded) / (2pi \* angular displacement). Planetary nebulae are hard to
carefully observe past the Milky Way, so expansion parallax is limited.
It, however, has some use on the cosmic distance ladder.
NGC 4013

## NGC 4013

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Virgo Supercluster

NGC 4013 is a galaxy that is also quite similar to our own
galaxy, the Milky Way. This particular galaxy is edge-on to our
line of sight. This galaxy has large dust filaments extending far above
the galactic disk. The image shows only half of the object because it is
incredibly large.
ESO 77-14

## ESO 77-14

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

This is a celestial dance performed by a pair of similar
sized galaxies. The dust lanes between the two galaxy centers show the extent
of the distortion to the originally flat disks that have been pulled into
three-dimensional shapes.
Hydra Supercluster

## Hydra Supercluster

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

The Hydra Supercluster is close to the Virgo Supercluster and
similar in size and shape to it. It’s about 100 million light years long and
contains the large Hydra galaxy cluster. The galaxies in the supercluster range
from 150 to 200 million light years away.
Atmosphere

## Atmosphere

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Earth

The atmosphere is a thin layer of gasses that surrounds the
Earth. It cannot be triangulated to because you can’t see the top of the
sky. To find out how far away it is, you need to go there and find out how far
you have gone, by the process of direct measurement. All we can say
before high-flying probes was that clouds were closer to Earth than the
astronomical bodies, since the clouds always covered these objects up and never
the other way around. Our knowledge in this area began in the late 1700s when
high flying balloons were used. It turns out, the atmosphere doesn’t
have an exact top like the lid of a jar. Instead, the air gets thinner and
thinner and merges into, and eventually becomes, outer space.

**Layers**

The atmosphe

re is divided into layers. The troposphere begins
at the surface and goes to 20 kilometers. This is where all the weather is, and
where passenger jets fly over that weather. The stratosphere contains the ozone
layer and extends from 20 to 50 kilometers. It is where he balloons
discussed above fly. The mesosphere extends from 50 to 84 kilometers, and is
where most meteors burn up upon entry into the atmosphere. The
thermosphere extends from 84 to 386 kilometers, and is the largest layer. The
air is so rarefied that an individual molecule goes 800 meters before a
collision with another molecule. The ISS orbits in this layer.
Hoag's Object

## Hoag’s Object

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

A nearly perfect ring of hot blue stars pinwheels about the
yellow nucleus of an unusual galaxy known as Hoag's Object. A blue ring, which
is dominated by clusters of young, massive stars, contrasts sharply with the
yellow nucleus of mostly older stars. Curiously, an object that bears an
uncanny resemblance to Hoag's Object can be seen in the gap at the one o'clock
position. The object is probably a background ring galaxy.
Mu Ceph

## Mu Ceph

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Distant Stars

Mu Cephei or Mu Ceph is a red supergiant star, and one
of the largest and most luminous stars known in the Milky Way
galaxy. It is so big, that it can fit a billion suns into its volume.
It is also known as Herschel’s Garnet Star and is 1,260 solar radii.
Heliosheath

## Heliosheath

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Heliosphere

The wide area where the transition from solar wind to
galactic wind occurs is known as the heliosheath. It is also known as the
heliopause. The heliosheath is a long tail of particles that is shortest in the
direction that the sun is travelling. It is in the Heliosphere.
Moons of Jupiter

**Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

Using the newly invented telescope, Galileo discovered
four moons in orbit around Jupiter. Since then, the number of
moons discovered have grown, but the original four moons are the most important
as they helped make many different scientific discoveries. The moons are Io,
Europa, Calisto, and Ganymede. Initially, they provided support for heliocentric
model since they orbited Jupiter. Later on, Io with its eclipses of Jupiter
helped determine the speed of light.

Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system and the only one to have its own internally generated magnetic field.

Callisto's surface is incredibly cratered and ancient.

Europa is the moon of Jupiter that could have a subsurface ocean. Recent observations indicate plumes of water and material erupting from its surface.

Io is the most volcanic body in the solar system. This is because Jupiter's gravity causes tides on the moon's solid surface, creating the heat that in turn makes the volcanic activity.
Europa's surface is mostly water-ice, and there is evidence of a subsurface ocean where life could exist.
Local Superclusters (Episode)

**Type**
  **Series**
  **How Many minutes is It**
  **Covers**
 Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex

Local Superclusters is the fourteenth episode of the first
Videobook, How Far Away is
it? It covers the superclusters that lie within 1 billion
light years from the Earth.  He covers
the nearest 20 superclusters and the major ­voids ­within 1 billion
light years. He then starts to examine each one of these and some of the galaxies
inside them, as well as the structure of each one. Of course, he also gives the
distances to these superclusters and objects. He covers the Hydra
Supercluster in great detail before going to all the other superclusters,
including the most distant of the nearest superclusters to us. He also covers
the flows within the local superclusters such as the Hubble Flow and the
Great Attractor. He then concludes with the overview of the local
superclusters.
Eskimo Nebula

## Eskimo Nebula (NGC 2392)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Planetary Nebula

The Eskimo Nebula is an interesting planetary nebula that is
named because it looks like an Eskimo in a fur parka. Although the central area
of the nebula looks like a ball of twine, it is actually stellar material being
blown out by the central star.
Local Volume Survey

## Local Volume Survey

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Volume

The Local volume is the set of galaxies covered in the Local
Volume Legacy survey or LVL, for short, conducted by the Spitzer team. It is a
complete sample of 258 galaxies within 36 million light years and covers our
local galaxy clusters.
ESO 148-2

## ESO 148-2 (The Owl)

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Interacting Galaxies

This is a beautiful object that resembles an owl in flight.
It consists of a pair of former disk galaxies undergoing a collision. The cores
of the two individual galaxies - seen at the center of the image - are embedded
in hot dust and contain a large number of stars. Two huge wings sweep out from
the center and curve in opposite directions. These are tidal tails of stars and
gas that have been pulled from the easily distorted disks of the original
galaxies.
GRB 190114C

​**Type**
 ​**Variety**
 ​**How Far Away is it?**
 ​**Appears in**

In Jan 2019, an extremely bright and long duration GRB was detected by a number of telescopes. Hubble traced its afterglow to 800 light years from the center of a far away galaxy. It was one of the most powerful bursts recorded as in just a few seconds it released more energy than the sun over its whole ten billion year long lifespan. Matter is emitted from the star at 99.999% of the speed of light.
NGC 4911

## NGC 4911

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

NGC 4911 contains rich lanes of dust and gas near its center.
These are silhouetted against glowing newborn star clusters and iridescent pink
clouds of hydrogen, the existence of which indicates ongoing star formation.
4911 and other spirals near the center of the cluster are being transformed by
the gravitational tug of their neighbors.
NGC 3314

## NGC 3314

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 Local Superclusters

Through an extraordinary chance alignment, a face-on spiral
galaxy lies precisely in front of another larger spiral. This line-up provides
us with the rare chance to visualize dark material within the front galaxy,
seen only because it is silhouetted against the object behind it. The bright
blue stars forming a pinwheel shape near the center of the front galaxy have
formed recently from interstellar gas and dust. A small, red patch near the
center of the image is the bright nucleus of the background galaxy, NGC 3314b.
Kuiper Belt

## Kuiper Belt

  **Type**
  **Variety**
  **How Far Away is it?**
  **Appears in**
 The Solar System

The Kuiper Belt is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets,
extending from Neptune’s orbit to 8.2 billion km from the sun. It is
much larger than the asteroid belt, and it is where many dwarf planets
including Pluto reside. It is also the origin of the Short Period
comets.