Family Quadrigyridae

## Source: Wikipedia

**Quadrigyridae** is the only family within **Gyracanthocephala**, an order of parasitic worms of class Eoacanthocephala. This family contains two subfamilies, ten genera and about 92 species.

## Species

Species in *Quadrigyridae* are divided into two subfamilies: Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928 with five genera and Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920 with three.

### Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928

***Acanthogyrus*** Thapar, 1927

Golvan in 1959 divided the genus Acanthogyrus into two subgenera: Acanthogyrus and Acanthosentis based on the number of proboscis hooks 18 (3 circles of 6 hooks each) in Acanthosentis and 24 (3 circles of 8 hooks each) in Acanthogyrus.[*citation needed*]

***Acanthogyrus (Acanthogyrus)*** Thapar, 1927

* ***Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus*** Thapar, 1927

Found in the intestine of a rohu (*Labeo rohita*) in Lucknow, and from the intestines of a catla (*Catla catla*) from Kolkata, both in India.[*citation needed*]

* ***Acanthogyrus tripathi*** Rai, 1967

***Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis)*** Verma and Datta, 1929

* ***Acanthogyrus acanthuri*** (Cable and Quick, 1954)
* ***Acanthogyrus adriaticus*** Amin, 2005
* ***Acanthogyrus alternatspinus*** Amin, 2005
* ***Acanthogyrus anguillae*** (Wang, 1981)
* ***Acanthogyrus antespinus*** (Verma and Datta, 1929)
* ***Acanthogyrus arii*** (Bilqees, 1971)
* ***Acanthogyrus bacailai*** (Verma, 1973)
* ***Acanthogyrus barmeshoori*** Amin, Gholami, Akhlaghi and Heckmann, 2013

*A. barmeshoori* was found infesting Aphanius farsicus in Maharlou Lake, Fars Province, Iran.

* ***Acanthogyrus betwai*** (Tripathi, 1956)
* ***Acanthogyrus bilaspurensis*** (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
* ***Acanthogyrus cameroni*** (Gupta and Kajaji, 1969)
* ***Acanthogyrus cheni*** Amin, 2005
* ***Acanthogyrus dattai*** (Podder, 1938)
* ***Acanthogyrus giuris*** (Soota and Sen, 1956)
* ***Acanthogyrus gobindi*** (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
* ***Acanthogyrus golvani*** (Gupta and Jain, 1980)
* ***Acanthogyrus heterospinus*** (Khan and Bilqees, 1990)
* ***Acanthogyrus holospinus*** (Sen, 1937)
* ***Acanthogyrus indicus*** (Tripathi, 1959)
* ***Acanthogyrus intermedius*** (Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941)
* ***Acanthogyrus lizae*** (Wang, 1986)
* ***Acanthogyrus malawiensis*** Amin and Hendrix, 1999
* ***Acanthogyrus maroccanus*** (Dollfus, 1951)
* ***Acanthogyrus multispinus*** Wang, 1966
* ***Acanthogyrus nigeriensis*** Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
* ***Acanthogyrus papilo*** Troncy and Vassiliades, 1974
* ***Acanthogyrus parareceptaclis*** Amin, 2005
* ***Acanthogyrus partispinus*** (Furtado, 1963)
* ***Acanthogyrus paucispinus*** Wang, 1966
* ***Acanthogyrus periophthalmi*** (Wang, 1980)
* ***Acanthogyrus phillipi*** (Mashego, 1988)
* ***Acanthogyrus putitorae*** (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
* ***Acanthogyrus scomberomori*** (Wang, 1980)
* ***Acanthogyrus seenghalae*** (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
* ***Acanthogyrus shashiensis*** (Tso, Chen, and Chien, 1974)
* ***Acanthogyrus shuklai*** (Agrawal and Singh, 1982)
* ***Acanthogyrus siamensis*** (Farooqi and Sirikanchana, 1987)
* ***Acanthogyrus similis*** (Wang, 1980)
* ***Acanthogyrus sircari*** (Podder, 1941)
* ***Acanthogyrus thapari*** (Parasad, Sahay and Shambhunath, 1969)
* ***Acanthogyrus tilapiae*** (Baylis, 1948)
* ***Acanthogyrus vancleavei*** (Gupta and Fatma, 1986)
* ***Acanthogyrus vittatusi*** (Verma, 1973)

***Palliolisentis*** Machado-Filho, 1960

* ***Palliolisentis ornatus*** Machado-Filho, 1960
* ***Palliolisentis polyonca*** Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973
* ***Palliolisentis quinqueungulis*** Machado-Filho, 1960

*Pallisentis* Van Cleave, 1928

* ***Pallisentis channai*** Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015
* ***Pallisentis vinodai*** Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015
	+ *Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus)* Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
* ***Pallisentis allahabadii*** Agarwal, 1958
* ***Pallisentis cavasii*** Gupta and Verma, 1980
* ***Pallisentis croftoni*** Mital and Lal, 1981
* ***Pallisentis fasciati*** Gupta and Verma, 1980
* ***Pallisentis fotedari*** Gupta and Sinha, 1991
* ***Pallisentis guntei*** Sahay, Nath, and Sinha, 1967
* ***Pallisentis indica*** Mital and Lal, 1981
* ***Pallisentis mehrai*** Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ***Pallisentis vietnamensis*** Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
	+ *Pallisentis (Demidueterospinus)* Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
* ***Pallisentis basiri*** Farooqi, 1958
* ***Pallisentis ophiocephali*** (Thapar, 1931)
	+ *Pallisentis (Pallisentis)* Van Cleave, 1928
* ***Pallisentis celatus*** (Van Cleave, 1928)
* ***Pallisentis cholodkowskyi*** (Kostylev, 1928)
* ***Pallisentis chongqingensis*** Liu and Zhang, 1993
* ***Pallisentis clupei*** Gupta and Gupta, 1980
* ***Pallisentis colisai*** Sarkar, 1956
* ***Pallisentis gaboes*** (Maccallum, 1918)
* ***Pallisentis garuai*** (Sahay, Sinha and Ghosh, 1971)
* ***Pallisentis gomtii*** Gupta and Verma, 1980
* ***Pallisentis guptai*** Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ***Pallisentis jagani*** Koul, Raina, Bambroo and Koul, 1992
* ***Pallisentis kalriai*** Khan and Bilqees, 1985
* ***Pallisentis magnum*** Saeed and Bilgees, 1971
* ***Pallisentis nagpurensis'*** (Bhalerao, 1931)
* ***Pallisentis nandai*** Sarkar, 1953
* ***Pallisentis pesteri*** (Tadros, 1966)
* ***Pallisentis rexus*** Wongkham and Whitfield, 1999
* ***Pallisentis singaporensis*** Khan and Ip, 1988

*P. singaporensis* has 8 to 12 proboscis hooks per circle, gradually declining in size posteriorly. They measure from the anterior are 62 to 64, 49 to 54, 36 to 46 and 24 to 28 um long. The trunk spines are conical and do not extend to the posterior end in 25 or 26 circles, each with 10 spines. In the male, the cement gland is long and has 23 to 25 giant nuclei and lack Saefftigen's pouch. They have unequal lemnisci. The female gonopore is terminal.

* ***Pallisentis sindensis*** Khan and Bilqees, 1987
* ***Pallisentis umbellatus*** Van Cleave, 1928
* ***Pallisentis ussuriensis*** (Kostylev, 1941)

***Pararaosentis*** Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000

* ***Pararaosentis golvani*** (Troncy and Vassiliades, 1973)

***Raosentis*** Datta, 1947

* ***Raosentis dattai*** Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ***Raosentis godavarensis*** Vankara and Vijayalakshmi, 2009
* ***Raosentis ivaniosi*** George and Nadakal, 1978
* ***Raosentis podderi*** Datta, 1947
* ***Raosentis thapari*** Rai, 1967

***Triaspiron*** Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012

* ***Triaspiron aphanii*** Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012

### Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920

***Acanthodelta*** Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1958

* ***Acanthodelta scorzai*** (Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1957)

***Machadosentis*** Noronha, 1992

* ***Machadosentis travassosi*** Noronha, 1992

***Quadrigyrus*** Van Cleave, 1920

* ***Quadrigyrus brasiliensis*** Machado-Filho, 1941
* ***Quadrigyrus chinensis*** Mao, 1979
* ***Quadrigyrus guptai*** Gupta and Gunjan-Sinh, 1992
* ***Quadrigyrus machadoi*** Fabio, 1983
* ***Quadrigyrus nickoli*** Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973

*Q. nickoli* was found infesting *Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus* from Colombia. It has four circular rows of between 23 and 29 trunk spines each with heavy dendritic roots. The species name *nickoli* is named after Dr. Brent B. Nickol, a parasitologist from the University of Nebraska.

* ***Quadrigyrus polyspinosus*** Li, 1984
* ***Quadrigyrus rhodei*** Wang, 1980
* ***Quadrigyrus simhai*** Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ***Quadrigyrus torquatus*** Van Cleave, 1920

*Q. torquatus* has been found infesting the intestines of *Ageneiosus caucanus* and *Hoplias malabaricus* in the Magdalena River basin in Colombia. It was also found in *Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus* also from Colombia.

## Hosts

*Quadrigyridae* species parasitize fish.

* Hosts for *Quadrigyridae* species
* The catla is a host of *Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus*

## Notes

1. **^** A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the present genus.
2. **^** The genus Pallisentis has three subgenera: Brevitritospinus, Demidueterospinus, and Pallisentis