recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Nationalism

**Nationalism** is the belief that members of one culture constitute a nation, and that the nation should be united due to its perceived superiority over other nations. An extreme form of patriotism, nationalism advocates the creation of ethnicity-based nation states, and Nazi Germany used this ideology when it annexed culturally-German areas such as the Rhineland, the Ruhr, Memel, and the Sudetenland in the 1930s. Nationalism first developed at the time of the Hundred Years' War in the 14th century, when England and France fought each other for 116 years due to England's desire to reclaim lost territory in France. Since then, it has driven countries to go to war with other countries, as nationalists believe that it is their duty to spread their nation's culture across the world. Extreme nationalism has also been seen in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, when immense national pride led to France taking on the great powers of Europe in an attempt to conquer as much land as possible. Today, nationalism is often associated with the far-right, and it often includes militarism and racism. However, there are such ideologies as left-wing nationalism (advocating for self-determination) and civic nationalism (in which people are encouraged to conrtibute to the greatness of their country).
Nauvoo

**Nauvoo** is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, across the Mississippi River from Fort Madison, Iowa. The first white settlers built cabins in the area in 1827, and it was founded as the town of Venus in 1832, being renamed to Commerce two years later. In late 1839, arriving Mormons bought the small town and renamed it to "Nauvoo", meaning "beautiful place" in Hebrew. The Mormons were initially sick due to their camp's location near a swamp, but it developed into a prosperous town. By 1844, the population had swollen to 12,000 as immigrants, escaped slaves, and Mormon converts bolstered the already-existing population of Mormon refugees from Missouri. After Joseph Smith's murder in 1844, most of the Mormons - led by Brigham Young - left Nauvoo and emigrated to Utah, where they founded Salt Lake City. By the early and mid-20th century, Nauvoo was a predominantly Catholic town. In 2016, Nauvoo had a population of 1,105 people.
Omaha Beach

**Omaha Beach** was one of the five beaches assaulted by the Allied Powers during Operation Overlord on June 6, 1944. The United States Army was responsible for the landings at the 5-mile-long Omaha Beach, assisted by warships from the United Kingdom, Canada, and France, and 43,250 inexperienced American troops landed on the beach. The landings were botched, and German fortifications and resistance were stronger than expected; the American troops suffered heavy losses during the landings. Two small isolated footholds had been held by the US troops by the end of 6 June 1944, and the US forces eventually linked up after taking the beaches and the nearby towns. Despite suffering heavy losses, the Americans emerged from Omaha Beach and began to break out of the Normandy beachheads, starting the Liberation of France.
House of Romanov

The **House of Romanov** was the ruling dynasty of Russia from 1613 to 1917, succeeding the Rurikids. The dynasty originated with Michael I of Russia, and the family would rule the Tsardom of Russia until 1721, when it became the Russian Empire. In 1762, Peter III of Russia's cadet branch of the family would come to rule Russia after Elizabeth of Russia's death, and the Romanovs would be one of the most powerful and prestigious families in Europe. In 1917, after the Russian Revolution, 18 of the 65 family members would be killed by the Bolsheviks, and the family was forced into exile.
Louisiana

**Louisiana** is a state in the American South region of the United States. The state consists of 64 parishes, the only state (apart from Hawaii) not to consist of counties; Baton Rouge is the capital, while New Orleans is the largest city. Louisiana was purchased in 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase from France, and it was admitted to the union on 30 April 1812, the 18th state. Louisiana is known for its strong Cajun and Louisiana Creole influences, notably the celebration of Mardi Gras and Cajun cuisine, as well as for its bayous and for its large cities of Baton Rouge and New Orleans, the latter of which is one of the most diverse and unique cities in America. In 2015, the state had a population of 4,670,724 people, with significant populations of African-Americans, Cajuns, and Native Americans (Louisiana has the largest amount of Native American tribes in any southern state, 18 tribes).
Jihad

**Jihad** is a concept in Islam which regards the preservation of the faith, through an inner spiritual struggle and having a violent or non-violent struggle against non-believers. In its most common usage, *jihad* refers to holy war waged by Islamist groups against secular/pro-West Muslim governments or non-Muslim nations, and the term has been associated with al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, and other Islamist terrorists. *Jihad* could only be called by the caliph in traditional jurisprudence, but imams with great influence could muster hundreds or thousands of Muslims to fight for *jihad* against perceived enemies of the faith. It is sometimes considered to be the sixth pillar of jihad, but the term has since been filthied by media portrayal and terrorist Kharijite-like ideology.
Hanover

**Hanover** (1692-1866), also called the **Electorate of Brunswick-Luneburg**, **Electorate of Hanover**, and **Kingdom of Hanover** was a long-lived North German city-state. Connected to Great Britain by the House of Hanover since 1714, the state was an ally of Britain during its wars in Europe such as the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War. It was occupied by France during the Napoleonic Wars, but after the wars it gained independence as a kingdom, rather than an electorate. It allied with Austria during the Seven Weeks War, a mistake that cost it its freedom at the hands of Prussia.
Kaliningrad Oblast

**Kaliningrad Oblast** is a federal subject of Russia that is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea, with Kaliningrad serving as the capital. The territory was formerly part of East Prussia, which was annexed by the Soviet Union following the Allied victory in World War II in 1945. Following the postwar migration and expulsion of the German-speaking population, the territory was populated with citizens from the USSR; by the 2010s, there were virtually no ethnic Germans left in the oblast. In 2010, Kaliningrad Oblast had a population of 941,873 people.
Levant

The **Levant** is a geographical in the eastern Mediterranean Sea region, consisting of the modern-day countries of Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine; Iraq and the Sinai Peninsula are sometimes included due to their proximity (they are fellow Middle Eastern regions), while the Levant in its broadest historical context can include Greece, Turkey, Egypt, and eastern Libya. Most of its inhabitants are Arabs, with Israel having a Jewish majority and Syria and Lebanon having small populations of Druze. The major cities of Jerusalem, Jaffa (now Tel Aviv-Yafo), Amman, Damascus, Homs, Aleppo, Beirut, Sidon, Tyre, and Antioch (now Antakya in Turkey) are located in the Levant region, which is also known to be the cradle of the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Renaissance

The **Renaissance** was a period in European history that lasted from approximately 1350 to 1640, during which Europe experienced a cultural "rebirth"; the classics were rediscovered, humanism became a widespread political movement, the power of the Catholic Church declined, and art was promoted. The Renaissance had its start in the Italian city-state of Florence, and the movement would later spread to Venice, Milan, Rome, England, Germany, Scandinavia, and Spain, becoming a major movement in Western Europe, Central Europe, and Northern Europe. Petrarch is considered to be the "father of the Renaissance" due to his rediscovery of the Roman politician Cicero's letters, but there were many other causes of the era, including the creation of a middle class as the result of the Black Death, the preservation of Greek and Roman works by the Muslims, and the ensuing renewed interest in old works. Families such as the House of Medici and the House of Este gave patronage to artists, funding them and allowing for them to produce masterpieces, bringing prestige to the patrons. The era would see the rise of artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, Giovanni Boccaccio, Sandro Botticelli, Andrea del Verrocchio, Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Durer, William Shakespeare, and Francis Bacon, and it came to an end during the 17th century, when the Scientific Revolution and the age of Enlightenment began.
Isolationism

**Isolationism** is a form of foreign policy that advocates non-interventionism and keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance, in favor of focusing on domestic issues. Isolationism was famously practiced in Asian countries such as Japan and China during the 19th century, and violent xenophobic movements were formed in both countries with the goal of maintaining isolationism, namely the *Sonno joi* movement in Japan and the Boxers of China. Another notable example was the United States, whose conservative politicians sought to keep out of European affairs and focus on issues in North America. During the 1930s and early 1940s, the issue was prominent due to the start of World War II, with the Taftite Republicans and Conservative Democrats opposing intervention in Europe and the New Deal Democrats and Rockefeller Republicans supporting the USA's entry into the war on the side of the Allied Powers. Ultimately, the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led to the public uniting in support of the war, and American isolationism was shattered.
Otto I of Germany

**Otto I the Great** (November 23, 912- May 7, 973) was a Frankish king and Emperor, serving as King of Germany from July 2, 936 to May 7, 973, succeeding Henry the Fowler and preceding Otto II of Germany, and then as Holy Roman Emperor from February 2, 962 to May 7,973, succeeding Berengar of Friuli and preceding Otto II of Germany. He gained his sobriquet "the Great" due to his astounding victory at the Battle of Lechfeld in the year 955, where he defeated the pillaging Magyars of Hungary.

## Biography

In 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided, its easternmost part becoming the kingdom of East Francia. The father of the future emperor, Otto I, Saxon Duke Henry the Fowler, was elevated to the throne of East Francia in 919. Otto succeeded him in 936, but faced a tough fight to assert his authority. Powerful dukes rebelled against royal overlordship and even Otto's own son and brother campaigned against him. His authority might never have recovered but for a wave of raids by the Magyars, swift-moving nomadic horsemen from Asia who were pressing across Germany's eastern borders. To oppose Magyar incursions, the German nobles closed ranks behind Otto. The dukes led forces to support him in an attack on the invaders, who were besieging Augsburg. Otto placed his army, which consisted mostly of mounted armored troops, between Augsburg and the Magyars' home territory, provoking them to give battle. The two sides eventually classed at the battle of Lechfeld on August 10, 955.

### Winning Chance

The Magyar horsemen, armed chiefly with bows, encircled Otto's troops and looked to be the likely victors until they were distracted by plundering the German baggage train. This gave Otto's men an opportunity to mount a series of cavalry charges, inflicting such heavy losses that the Magyars were driven from the field. The German nobles raised Otto on their shields, which was the traditional German manner of proclaiming an emperor. Otto's title was confirmed by the pope in 962, thereby establishing the tradition that the imperial crown would be worn by the king of the Eastern Franks.
New York Police Department

The **New York Police Department** (**NYPD**) is the largest municipal police force in the United States, established in 1845. The NYPD is responsible for law enforcement and investigation in the five boroughs of New York City, with its specialized services including emergency services, harbor patrol, air support, bomb disposal, counter-terrorism, criminal intelligence, anti-gang, anti-organized crime, narcotics, public transportation, and public housing. In June 2004, the NYPD had 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand civilian employees, making it the oldest and largest police force in the USA. In 2010, 53% of policemen were African-Americans, Hispanics, or Asians, while 47% were white; despite this, 82% of captains were white and only 18% were minorities, while 7 of the 10 chiefs were white and 3 were minorities. The NYPD has been known for its efficiency, although corruption was a major problem until the turn of the 21st century, while the occasional killing of unarmed minorities would lead to protests in New York.
Los Angeles Police Department

The **Los Angeles Police Department** (**LAPD**) is the law enforcement agency of Los Angeles and Los Angeles County in southern California. In 1869, the LAPD was formed to enforce the law in the major city of Los Angeles, and it grew to almost 14,000 officers and employees in 2014 to fight crime in the crime-ridden city, which had over 300 gangs. The LAPD has historically been associated with racism, police brutality, and corruption, and it is well-equipped with several military-grade weapons such as M4 carbines, pump-action shotguns, and tear gas that have been used against criminals.
Sparta

**Sparta** was a prominent Greek city-state that existed from the 900s to 192 BC, with the Laconian city of Sparta serving as the capital. Around 650 BC, Sparta became the dominant military power in Greece, developing a militarist society that oversaw the rigorous training of Spartan youths to serve as soldiers, while women played a key role in governing the city-state at times of war. Sparta therefore held overall command of the Greek forces fighting against the Persian invaders from 499 to 449 BC, and Sparta would later fight its traditional rival, Athens, in the Peloponnesian War from 431 to 404 BC, emerging as the dominant Greek city-state. However, Sparta was defeated by Thebes at the 371 BC Battle of Leuctra, ending its military hegemony. The city-state of Sparta continued to remain in existence until 192 BC, when the Roman Republic conquered the Greek city-states.

Sparta was unique for its militarist system and its constitution, with its inhabitants consisting of *Spartiates* (citizens), *mothakes* (non-Spartan freemen), *perioikoi* (inhabitants of the land around the city), and *helots* (enslaved non-Spartans). *Spartiates* underwent the rigorous *agoge* training, and the Spartian phalanxes were considered to be the best in battle. At Sparta's peak in 500 BC, it had a population of 50,000 people, making it one of the largest Greek city-states. Today, Sparta remains an inhabited area as a town in Laconia.
Syndicalism

**Syndicalism** is a socialist-influenced economic system which believes that workers should run their own workplaces to administer them democratically and effectively. The ideology sounds very similar to the communist system, but it instead focuses on the workplace demands of pay and conditions over politics, believing that politics weaken labor unions. It also opposes craft unionism, which divided laborers by the goods that they produced instead of the industry which they worked for; in a school, the teachers' union could not count on the janitors, cleaners, or technicians' unions to support them in strikes in a craft unionist society. Syndicalists played a major role in strikes before World War I, and national syndicalism was founded by nationalists who wanted to combine labor union power with ideals of nationalism and anti-Semitism; both the Nazi Party of Germany and the National Fascist Party of Italy were influenced by national syndicalism.
Panzer

A **panzer** was a tank used by Germany during World War II. Although the word just means "armored vehicle" in German, the term "panzer" was used almost exclusively when describing the Wehrmacht's armored forces. German armored forces were called "Panzerarmee"s or "Panzer divisions", and Heinz Guderian wrote a 1937 book on armored warfare called *Achtung Panzer!*, which provided the standards set for Nazi Germany's tanks.
Korea

**Korea** is a peninsula in East Asia, located along the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea in the Pacific Ocean. Korea has been divided since 1945, when the Soviet Union set up the Stalinist North Korea as a puppet state and when the United States set up South Korea as a capitalist dictatorship. The peninsula has an area of 84,610 square miles, and it is home to 76,497,881 people, most of them in the larger south.
Joint Special Operations Command

**Joint Special Operations Command** (**JSOC**) is the command center for the United States' special forces from its three branches: the United States Army, United States Navy, and United States Air Force. Based at Pope Field at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, JSOC coordinates the activities of the army's Delta Force and Intelligence Support Activity, the navy's SEAL Team Six, and the air force's 24th Special Tactics Squadron. JSOC was established in 1980 in response to the need for coordination in the country's special forces after the failure of Operation Eagle Claw, and JSOC has carried out several operations during the War on Terror in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen.
Pan-Germanism

**Pan-Germanism** is a nationalist political ideology that supports the unification of all German and Germanic-speaking peoples into a single nation-state known as *Grossdeutschland* ("Greater Germany"). Pan-Germanism first developed at the time of the Reunification of Germany, and it adopted openly ethnocentric and racist policies from the late 19th century onwards. Under Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany annexed regions home to *volksdeutsche* (ethnic Germans living outside of Germany), and he sought to create *lebensraum* ("living space") for the Germanic peoples by conquering new territories and either resettling or exterminating their original inhabitants. After the end of World War II in 1945, Pan-Germanism became a taboo ideology.
Ukrainians

The **Ukrainians** are a Slavic ethnic group native to the Ukraine region of Eastern Europe. There are 59,000,000 Ukrainians spread across the world, with 37,541,693 living in Ukraine, 1,927,988 in Russia, 1,251,170 in Canada, 939,759 in the United States, 500,000 in Brazil, 375,000 in Moldova, 313,698 in Kazakhstan, 300,000 in Argentina, and hundreds of thousands across the world. The largest religion among Ukrainians is Orthodox Christianity.
Pope

The **Pope** is the religious head of Catholicism, regarded as a successor of Saint Peter, whom Jesus appointed as the leader of the new Christian community before his death. The Pope is the head of state of the Vatican City, an enclave within the capital city of Rome in Italy, and the Popes used to rule over the Papal States of central Italy before the Italian Unification led to the conquest of the Papal States by Sardinia-Piedmont. The Pope is currently one of the most powerful people on Earth, as they are responsible for the expansion of Christianity, interfaith dialogue, charitable work, and human rights work.
Ten Commandments

The **Ten Commandments** are, in Judaism and Christianity, a set of instructions from God which were handed down to Moses at Mount Sinai in 1491 BC during the Exodus from Egypt. Before stating the commandments, God told Moses that he was his Lord, and had brought him and the Israelites out of the land of Egypt and out of the "house of bondage". Afterwards, he gave him ten commandments:

1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me
2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain
4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
5. Honor thy father and thy mother
6. Thou shalt not murder
7. Thou shalt not commit adultery
8. Thou shalt not steal
9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor
10. Thou shalt not covet
US 10th Infantry Regiment

The **10th Infantry Regiment** is a United States Army infantry regiment which was raised in Carlisle, Pennsylvania in April 1855. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Edmund Brooke Alexander during the Utah War, the American Civil War (during which it distinguished itself at the Battle of Antietam), and the American Indian Wars, and it went on to serve in the Spanish-American War, the Philippine-American War, and in the Western European campaign of World War II.

## Gallery

10th Infantry Regiment at the Pry Grist Mill at Antietam.US 10th Infantry Regiment in Cuba.
Panzer III

The **Panzer III** was a medium tank developed in 1939 by Nazi Germany. It fought other armored fighting vehicles (AFVs), but its weakness against the Soviet Union T-34 tank led to the development of the Panzer IV tank to compete with the Soviets. 5,774 Panzer IIIs were built during World War II from 1939 to 1943.
Normandy

**Normandy** is a region of northern France, corresponding to the medieval Duchy of Normandy. The name comes from the word "northmen", referring to the Danish Vikings that settled the region under Rollo at the behest of Charles the Simple in the 10th century. The region is home to a unique culture, with the Normans having their own language and history; Normandy was ruled by the Kingdom of England and *vice versa* from 1066 to 1204, when King Philip I of France seized the region from King John of England in a fierce military campaign. In 1559, the English-held port of Calais fell, ending England's presency in Normandy, and the region remains a part of France; the region was famous as a major battleground of World War II in the autumn of 1944, seeing D-Day and the breakout campaign from Normandy. In 2013, the region had a population of 3,322,757 people.
Manhattan

**Manhattan** is the most densely populated of New York City's five boroughs and the city's historical center and birthplace. The island was settled in 1626, having been purchased by the United Provinces from the Native Americans for $1,051. The Dutch controlled the island until 1664, when England conquered the island during a war with the Dutch; the English decided to trade their island of Run in present-day Indonesia for Manhattan, which was annexed after the peace treaty. Manhattan would grow into a large city under British rule, and it served as the *de facto* capital of the United States from 1783 to 1790, when the capital was moved to Washington DC. Manhattan remained the location of the major banks of the United States, and Manhattan would become known as the cultural and financial capital of the world as immigrants from across the world arrived in the second half of the 19th century and for the entirety of the 2th century. The Irish came to the city in the 1840s, and immigrants from Eastern Europe and Central Europe arrived from the 1880s to the 1950s. Manhattan is home to famous sights such as Central Park and Times Square, both of which are international tourist destinations, and it is home to pieces of all cultures, including restaurants and clothing stores. In 2015, Manhattan had a population of 1,644,518 people, with 47.6% being white, 25.8% Hispanic, 18.4% African-American, and 12% Asian.

## Gallery

Aerial view of Manhattan, 2008Entry sign to Manhattan outside of the Holland Tunnel, 2018
Susu

The **Susu** are a West African ethnic group from Guinea, also having significant populations in Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. The Susu, 99% of whom are Muslim, favor endogamous cross-cousin marriages with polygamous households, and they have their own caste system. Of the 2,200,000 Susu people living in Africa, 2,042,287 live in Guinea and 192 thousand in Sierra Leone.
Hungary

**Hungary** is a country in Central Europe, located in the Carpathian Basin region, with a capital of Budapest. Hungary was founded in the late 9th century when the Magyars arrived in the Carpathian Basin, displacing the Avars and conquering the region. The Magyars became known as "Hungarians" after settling down in the region, and in 1000 Stephen I of Hungary was the first Hungarian king to be of the Christian faith. Hungary was ruled by the House of Arpad, House of Capet, and other houses, ruling lands that included Croatia, Bohemia, and other neighboring lands. From 1699 to 1918, Hungary was ruled by the House of Habsburg (including the House of Habsburg-Lorraine), and it became independent in 1918 after World War I. In 27 years later in 1945, Hungary ceased to be a kingdom after being occupied by Soviet forces during World War II, and in 1989 it transitioned to a democratic government after the end of the Cold War. With a high-income economy, Hungary has a high human development index. In 2015, the country had a population of 9,855,751 people.
London

**London** is the capital and most populous city of both England and the United Kingdom. The city, standing on the River Thames in South East England, was founded by the Romans as Londinium in 43 AD, and it served as the capital of Britannia until the collapse of Roman rule. In 886, Alfred the Great refounded the city, and it rapidly grew after 950. After the Norman Conquest, the Normans built the Tower of London and the Palace of Westminster, and the institutions of central government began to gather in London during the 12th century. London became the capital of England, and it turned into a large metropolis as the result of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution; it also became a leading global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transportation. London became the world's largest financial center, as well as a world cultural capital. In 2016, Greater London had a population of 8,787,892 people.

## Gallery

Location of LondonLondinium in 64 AD.London in 874 ADLondon in 1013London in 2020.
National Guard of France

The **National Guard** was the home forces of the First French Republic and French Empire that were responsible for putting down insurrections in their home country as well as serving as the standing army during extreme cases, such as the French Revolutionary Wars of the 1790s and the Defense of France in the 1814 campaign.

## History

The French National Guard was formed in 1789, a result of “la Grande Peur”, or the “Great Fear”. Failed harvests led to unrest and the National Assembly needed a police force. The Troupes Provinciales were unreliable because they were recruited, by lottery, from the peasantry who were the source of the unrest. The National Guard, on the other hand, attracted the middle classes to its ranks, if only because guardsmen were expected to pay for their own uniforms and equipment. That social difference made them a more reliable force.

During the French Revolutionary Wars of the 1790s the French army consisted almost exclusively of National Guardsmen, hastily assembled to defend France from the First Coalition. At the Battle of Neerwinden in 1793 the French National Guard was defeated and Charles Dumouriez defected from the French ranks, and the French army reformed, lest they face the same consequences of lacking a professional standing army.

In 1814, when Paris was occupied by the Sixth Coalition, the National Guard recruited 35,000 men. It was meant for maintaining public order, and it performed this job under the Bourbon Monarchy. In 1830 it fought the July Revolution and although they were defeated, they were kept in power by the House of Orleans. Their general Georges Mouton crushed the June Rebellion in 1832 and other rebellions. In 1848, however, it assisted the republican rebels and overthrew Louis-Philippe I of France.

In 1870 the National Guard was bolstered by new volunteers in order to defend against the Prussian invaders who were fighting in the Franco-Prussian War. In 1871 it became the armed wing of the Commune of Paris rebels, who declared independence from the Third French Republic. Upon the rebellion's quashing in 1872, the National Guard was suppressed and disbanded. In 2016, the National Guard was reestablished as a 75,000-strong reserve force in reaction to Salafist terrorist attacks.
United States presidential election, 1789

The **United States presidential election, 1789** was held from 15 December 1788 to 10 January 1789, the first presidential election in the United States due to the recent passage of the US Constitution. All 69 electors cast their votes for George Washington; 11 other candidates were voted for by the electors' second votes, as members of the Electoral College were originally granted two votes each. John Adams won 34 of the second votes, while independent candidates received 35 second votes. Washington was unanimously elected in an election that did not include New York (due to electoral disputes) or the states of North Carolina and Rhode Island, which had not yet ratified the Constitution.

## Results

* **George Washington** - 69 votes
* John Adams - 34 votes
* Independents - 35 votes
Pinkertons

The **Pinkertons** are an American and British private security guard and detective agency which was founded in 1850 by Scottish immigrant detective Allan Pinkerton. During the American Civil War, Pinkerton thwarted an assassination attempt on Abraham Lincoln in Baltimore, and Lincoln later hired Pinkerton agents for his own private security. Pinkerton was progressive in hiring women and minorities, but, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, business leaders hired Pinkertons to infiltrate unions, supply guards, keep strikers and unionists out of factories, and recruit goon squads to intimidate workers. In the 1892 Homestead Strike, 7 Pinkertons and 9 steelworkers were killed during a Pinkerton attempt to break up a strike. In 2003, Pinkerton was purchased by Securitas AB.
Racism

**Racism** is the belief that humans can be sorted into different groups and judge based on those groups; racism is often associated with negative stereotypes, prejudice, hate speech, discrimination, and even violence. Although ethnicity and race are different, the term "racism" applies to discrimination against people based on either race or ethnicity. Racism has played a major role in human history, whether it was the enslavement of Africans in the Western world, the segregation of African-Americans in the United States and Bantus in South Africa, the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, the Holocaust and the pogroms in Europe, and the proposed ban on Muslim Arab immigration to the USA under Donald Trump and the conservative US Republican Party.
M1917 revolver

The **M1917 Revolver** (formally United States Revolver, Caliber .45, M1917) was a US six-shot revolver of .45 ACP caliber. It was adopted by the United States Army in 1917 to supplement the standard M1911 .45 ACP semi-automatic pistol during World War I. Afterwards, it was primarily used by secondary and non-deployed troops. There were two variations of the M1917, one from Colt and one from S&W. This revolver was created by both Colt and Smith & Wesson to supplement the M1911 pistol during World War I, but after World War I, was mostly relegated to secondary troop usage, and was popular with civilians and police forces; by then, Colt already stopped production of their M1917 revolver, while Smith & Wesson kept theirs in production until they replaced it with the Model 1950 Target. In the 1920s, when the weapons were being distributed to civilians via weapons dealers, civilians loathed using half-moon clips for the loading of the M1917 revolvers despite their ease of use, as damaged clips can cushion firing pin strikes and cause ignition problems; the Peters Company came up with the .45 Auto Rim to solve this issue. By the 1950s and 60s, the M1917 revolver was available through various mail order companies for bargain prices. Over 300,000 M1917 revolvers were made, with approximately 150,000 per manufacturer. The revolvers were in service until 1975, after which they were retired.
Kuwait

**Kuwait** is a Middle Eastern emirate ruled by the House of al-Sabah. Its capital is Kuwait City, and it had the world's sixth-largest oil reserves despite its small size - for this reason, it has been a major country in the Middle East, being threatened by Iraq multiple times and invaded in 1990.

## History

Kuwait gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1913, giving formal independence to Kuwait. After World War I it was occupied by the United Kingdom, and on June 19, 1961 it was given independence. However, there were relationships between the UK and Kuwait that helped to defend it from Iraq, with Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim's plans to annex Kuwait being halted by the deployment of British Army troops to Kuwait. Kuwait later became a trade partner of Iraq, selling them oil and debts during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s, but in 1990 Ba'athist Iraq invaded Kuwait to take over their oil reserves, to annex a 19th province, and to default on their debts. However, the United Nations sent an army to liberate Kuwait in the Gulf War, and from 22-28 February 1991, the UN defeated Iraq and liberated Kuwait City and its islands. After the Gulf War, Kuwait was a regional ally of the United States along with Saudi Arabia, and it took part in Saudi Arabia's air campaign against the Houthis during the Yemeni Civil War in 2015. In addition, they joined the Saudi anti-terror bloc on 15 December 2015 to fight terrorism across the world, including that of the Islamic State.

Kuwait had a population of 4,044,500 in 2014, with 60% of their population being Sunni Muslim and 40% Shia Muslim. There were minorities adhering to Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism, with 600 thousand Hindus, 450 thousand Christians, 100 thousand Buddhists, and 10 thousand Sikhs living in the country.
Puerto Rico

**Puerto Rico** is an unincorporated island territory of the United States, located in the Caribbean islands. San Juan is the capital of Puerto Rico, which had a population of 3,474,182 people in 2015; Spanish is the predominant language on the island. Puerto Rico was claimed for Spain in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, and the island was originally called "San Juan" after John the Baptist, while the capital was called "Puerto Rico" (meaning "rich port" in Spanish); traders and maritime visitors confused the names, leading to the island itself coming to be known as Puerto Rico. Spain ruled Puerto Rico until 1898, when the United States took over the island during the Spanish-American War. It has been a territory of the United States ever since the end of the war, and Puerto Ricans have consistently agitated for either statehood or independence; Puerto Rico's massive debt crisis during the 2010s impeded statehood.
Raymond Poincare

**Raymond Poincare** (August 20, 1860 – October 15, 1934) was President of France from February 18, 1913 to February 18 1920, succeeding Armand Fallieres and preceding Paul Deschanel, and Prime Minister from January 15 1922 to June 1, 1924 (succeeding Aristide Briand and preceding Frederic Francois-Marsal) and again from July 23, 1926 to July 26, 1929 (succeeding Edouard Herriot and preceding Briand).

## Biography

Raymond Poincare was born in Bar-le-Duc, France on August 20, 1860, and he became a lawyer in 1880, the youngest lawyer in France (at the age of 20). In 1887, the young Poincare was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Meuse, and he affiliated himself with the liberal Opportunists. In 1893 and 1895, he served as Minister of Education, and he also served as Finance Minister from 1894 to 1895 and in 1906. Poincare was known to be passionate about cats, to hold conservative views without being an idealist, and to be paranoid about his enemy Georges Clemenceau, a liberal leader in the country. In 1913, Poincare became President of France, and he was in favor of increasing relations with the German Empire rather than going to war. He made the office of President a powerful seat, the first president since Patrice de MacMahon to hold any power in the office. Poincare reinforced the alliance with the Russian Empire after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914, leading to France entering World War I as an ally of Russia when Germany and Austria-Hungary declared war. During the war, the Prime Minister held all the power, and Clemenceau took over the reins of government in 1917. Poincare would serve as premier from 1922 to 1924 and from 1926 to 1929, and Poincare ordered the 1923 occupation of the Ruhr region of Germany to extract war reparations after the Weimar Republic refused to pay any to France. Poincare died in 1934 at the age of 74.
US Navy Seals

The **United States Navy SEALs** is the primary special operations force of the US Navy, founded on New Years day 1962 as an all-purpose special forces unit. The SEALs were trained to fight on sea, air, and land, and they typically took part in small-unit maritime operations that were staged from rivers, oceans, swamps, coasts, and deltas. Historically, the SEALs have fought in the Vietnam War, the Lebanese Civil War, on Grenada, during the Iran-Iraq War, in Panama, during the Gulf War, the Somali Civil War, the 1994-95 civil unrest in Haiti, in the Yugoslav Wars, the Afghanistan War, the Iraq War, the War in North-West Pakistan, and the war against the Islamic State. In 2016, the SEALs had 8,985 authorized positions, all of whom were males and most of the majority are white.
Poland

**Poland** is a country in Central Europe located between Germany to the west and Belarus, Ukraine, and the Baltics to the east. In 966, Mieszko I of Poland created the kingdom of Poland, adopting Catholicism as the religion of the Poles and expanding the Polish nation. Poland reached its height under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772, but it would later be partitioned between Russia, Germany, and Austria, and it would remain divided and under foreign control until 1918. Poland became an independent republic, but it was occupied in 1939 at the start World War II, with Nazi Germany massacring Polish intellectuals, Catholic priests, and Polish Jews. Poland would become independent after the war, first as a communist government that ruled from 1945 to 1989, and then as a capitalist goverment afterwards. On 13 September 1989, Poland became a republic, and Poland has since become one of the fastest-rising economies in post-communist Europe. Its capital is Warsaw, and it is divided into sixteen "voivodeships", the Polish term for "provinces". In 2014, Poland had a population of 38,483,957 people, with almost all of them being Catholic Poles; Poland is one of the least-diverse countries on Earth. However, its rich history and its scenic beauty has led to Poland becoming a popular tourist destination.
Texas

**Texas** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located in the south of the country. Texas is located on the Rio Grande border with Mexico, and it was formerly a republic from 1836 to 1845 after gaining independence from the Mexicans in the Texas Revolution. Texas would be admitted to the union on 29 December 1845, leading to the Mexican-American War, which added more lands to the state. Texas was one of the member states of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, and the state entered a period of economic stagnation after the war's end. Eventually, cattle ranching became the dominant industry in the state, with the image of the cowboy being associated with Texas. In 2015, the state had a population of 27,469,114 people, with its capital being Austin and Houston being the most populous city.
Jackie Robinson

**Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson** (January 31, 1919-October 24, 1972) was an American baseball player and Republican political activist who was best known as the first African-American MLB player.

## Biography

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia on January 31, 1919 to a family of African-American sharecroppers. After his father abandoned the family in 1920, the family moved to Pasadena, California during the Great Migration, and he became a multi-sport athlete in high school and served stateside in the United States Army during World War II. After the war, Robinson became a professional baseball player for the Kansas City Monarchs, and, in 1947, he broke the MLB's color barrier by becoming its first Black player, starting at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on 15 April 1947 with the now-famous number "42". Robinson was seen as an icon of the Civil Rights movement for his central role in the integration of sports, and he retired from sports in 1956.

Robinson became active in Republican politics as a centrist who supported both civil rights and the Vietnam War; in 1964, he led a walkout from the Republican National Convention to protest the pro-segregation Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater's victory over Robinson's favored candidate, the liberal Nelson Rockefeller; he declared that he now had a better understanding of what it was like to have been a Jew in Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany.

Robinson endorsed Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and permanently became a Democrat, subsequently supporting Hubert Humphrey against Richard Nixon, whom he had previously supported in the 1960 presidential election. Robinson died of a heart attack at his home in North Stamford, Connecticut in 1972 at the age of 53.
Iberian Peninsula

The **Iberian Peninsula** is a geographical peninsula located in southwestern Europe, south of the Pyrenees mountains. The Iberian Peninsula consists of the countries of Spain, Portugal, Andorra, and the United Kingdom's colony of Gibraltar in the south, and the peninsula is bordered by the Bay of Biscay to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east, being separated from North Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. This peninsula has a rich history, including the epic Reconquista of 719-1492, which saw the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal reconquer the peninsula from the Moors and form the modern-day kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. Today, Moorish culture can still be seen in architecture and cuisine, and the peninsula's culture has also been influenced by the pre-Roman Celts, the Roman Empire, and the Visigoths, with the Basque language being of Celtic origin and the Spanish and Portuguese languages being of Latin origin. The peninsula has a population of around 53 million people.
Morocco

**Morocco**, officially the **Kingdom of Morocco** ("The Western Kingdom" in Arabic), is a state in the northwestern corner of Africa, in the Maghreb region. It is one of the three countries that has both an Atlantic and Mediterranean coastline. It has a long history of independence not shared by its other neighbors and is a combination of Arab, Berber, and European culture. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament, though the King holds a lot of power over military, foreign, and legislative affairs.
Russia

The **Russian Federation** is a federation of 85 federal subjects that spans both Europe and Asia, stretching from the Black Sea and Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. Russia's capital has been Moscow for centuries, and Russia has been a collection of republics and federal subjects since the time of the Soviet Union (USSR), during which the USSR was composed of several Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs), Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs), and Oblasts. On 25 December 1991, Russia was left as the largest of the post-Soviet states after the breakup of the USSR at the end of the Cold War, and it currently consists of multiple federal subjects of several cultures. Russia is considered to be a rising superpower due to the decline of the United States, and Russia has been feared due to the power of its dictator Vladimir Putin and its alliances with North Korea, China, Iran, and Syria. Russia was involved in controversial wars in Chechnya in the 1990s-2010s and Ukraine in the 2010s, and Russia also contributed its air force and special forces to the Syrian Civil War to help the Syrian Arab Army; Russia was more interventionist in world matters than the USA at times. As of 2016, Russia rivalled the United States as the strongest country in the world, causing international concern. Russian is the main language of these groups. In 2012, 41% of the population was Russian Orthodox Christian, 6.5% Muslim, 4.1% unaffiliated Christian, 1.5% other Orthodox faiths, 1.2% pagans or Tengris, .5% Tibetan Buddhists, 1.7% other religions, 25% agnostic, 13% atheist, and 5.5% undecided.
Liberal conservatism

**Liberal conservatism** is a conservative political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances on social and ethical issues. Liberal conservatism supports the classical liberal view of minimal governmental intervention in the economy, and that individuals should be free to participate in the economy and amass wealth without governmental interference. The ideology also supports civil liberties along with some social conservative views; liberal conservatism supported the liberal concepts of individual freedom and human rights.
Russian Revolution

The **Russian Revolution** occurred from March 8 to November 8, 1917 when the Russian Empire was overthrown by Alexander Kerensky's liberal "Provisional Government", which was then ousted from power by Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks. The revolution abruptly ended World War I for the Russian Empire, whose king Nicholas II of Russia would be executed along with his family by the Bolsheviks. The revolution occurred in response to the poor leadership of Czar Nicholas, his oppression of ethnic and religious minorities in the country, and Russia's absolute monarchy. The State Duma, Russia's parliament, seized power in March 1917, and Kerensky established a social democratic government. However, the communist Bolsheviks ousted the provisional government from power in October 1917, and the Russian SFSR was founded to replace the Russian Empire. The capital was moved from Petrograd (St. Petersburg) to Moscow, and the revolution would lead to the Russian Civil War between the monarchist White Army and the communist Bolsheviks, eventually leading to the rise of the Soviet Union in 1922.
Ohio

**Ohio** is one of the fifty states of the United States, located in the Midwest. Ohio became a state in 1803 after the United States acquired the Ohio Country after the American Revolutionary War, and Ohio's state capital is Colombus; Cincinnati and Cleveland are two other major cities. Ohio has been home to six US presidents, and it is notorious as a swing state. By 2015 the state had a population of 11,613,423, with 82.7% being whites, 12.2% African-Americans, 1.7% Asians, .03% Pacific Islanders, 2.1% multiracial, and 1.1% other.
Solomon Islands

The **Solomon Islands** is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and 900 smaller islands located in the Pacific Ocean. Lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu, the islands were granted independence from the United Kingdom on 7 July 1978 after they were previously occupied by Japan during World War II from 1941 to 1945. From 1998 to 2003, violence broke out between ethnic groups led by warlords, but in July 2003 Australian and Pacific Islander troops arrived in the islands to restore peace. In 2009, the islands had a population of 523,000, with 94.5% being Melanesians, 3% Polynesians, 1.2% Micronesians, and 1.3% others.