Aardvark

## Description

The aardvark ( ARD-vark; Orycteropus afer ) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata, although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are known. Unlike most other insectivores, it has a long pig-like snout, which is used to sniff out food. It roams over most of the southern two-thirds of the African continent, avoiding areas that are mainly rocky. A nocturnal feeder, it subsists on ants and termites, which it will dig out of their hills using its sharp claws and powerful legs. It also digs to create burrows in which to live and rear its young. The animal is listed as "least concern" by the IUCN, although its numbers are decreasing. Aardvarks are afrotheres, a clade which also includes elephants, manatees, and hyraxes.

## Appearance

The aardvark is a medium-sized, burrowing mammal native to Africa. This animal is easily recognizable due to its unique and unusual appearance: aardvark resembles a pig with rabbit-like ears and a kangaroo-like tail, although the animal is related neither to kangaroos nor rabbits. Instead, it is closely related to elephants. The common name of the species, 'Aardvark', originates from the Afrikaans (South African) language and means "earth pig". Aardvark has a long and sticky tongue and flexible snout. The nostrils are covered with hair in order to protect them from entering dust when digging. The skin color of aardvark varies from pale yellowish-grey to pinkish. However, due to burrowing in the soil, their skin is usually stained, typically exhibiting darker grey or reddish-brown coloration.

## Distribution

Aardvarks inhabit central and southern Africa (except for the Namib desert), occurring south of the Sahara Desert, from Senegal to Ethiopia and South Africa. The preferred habitat of these animals are areas of sandy soil, although they can live in very different environments such as grasslands, rainforests, savanna and woodland. On the other hand, they usually avoid very dry areas as well as rocky grounds, which are hard to dig.

## Behavior

These shy and solitary animals tend to socialize only when mating and caring for young. In areas, densely populated by aardvarks, 2-3 individuals may use a single, large burrow. The presence of an aardvark in the area can be detected by its tracks, burrows as well as scratch marks, left by the sharp claws of this animal. Aardvarks are night feeders. They may travel 2-5 km each night when foraging. Before foraging, they leave their den in an unusual way: they stop at the entrance of the den to check if there are enemies around; then they come out, jump around repeatedly, look around, jump once more and finally leave the den. Aardvarks are known to use grunts as a form of communication. In addition, they may bleat when threatened. These animals possess glands on their elbows and hips that can be used in mating and locating conspecifics, although they don't appear to use scent marking.

## Diet

As myrmecophagous animals, aardvarks feed almost exclusively upon termites and ants. They will also consume the only fruit called the aardvark cucumber.

## Predation

If confronted by a predator, an aardvark will attempt to dig a hole in which to hide, taking about 10 minutes to completely cover itself up. If it cannot dig a hole, it will stand upright on its hind legs and tail, or lay on its back, and defend itself with its large front claws. Humans are the primary predator of aardvarks, but lions, hyenas, and leopards are also known to kill them.

## Communication

The only known sounds made by aardvarks are grunts and, in cases of extreme fear, bleats. Both sexes have glands on their elbows and hips, which may aid in mating or spacing of individuals. However, scent marking has not been observed.Aardvarks have poor vision because their retinas contain only rods, which allow them to see at night, but leave them colorblind. They have a very acute sense of hearing and long ears that can be moved independently, as well as folded back and closed while tunneling. Aardvarks have an exceptional sense of smell due to structures in the nose that increase turbinal surface area, improving the detection of olfactory signals. The olfactory region of the brain is highly developed in aardvarks, giving the middle profile of the skull a swollen appearance.

## Reproduction

Aardvarks are polygynous, which means that one male mates with a number of females. Due to their solitary and territorial behavior, these animals socialize only when mating. In northern African populations, births usually occur in October-November, while those in South Africa produce offspring in May-July. The gestation period lasts for 7 months, yielding a single baby, which is born with open eyes and naked. The baby is born in an underground burrow, where it lives for the first several weeks of its life, feeding upon maternal milk. By 2 weeks old, the baby begins to accompany its mother. By 3 weeks old, the young aardvark starts consuming insects. It becomes independent at 6 months old, reaching reproductive maturity at 2 years of age.

## Population

### Population threats

Being classified as Least Concern, this species is presently not threatened. However, in some parts of its range, the animal suffers from human activities such as logging and agriculture, leading to the destruction of its natural habitat. On the other hand, the animal is hunted for its meat, while the skin, claws, and teeth of an aardvark serve as materials for bracelets, charms, and curios. And finally, burrows of these animals often damage roads, dam walls, fences and farming equipment, due to which aardvarks may come into conflict with humans and be persecuted by farmers.

### Population number

According to IUCN, the aardvark is relatively common and widely distributed but no overall population estimate is available. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List.

### Ecological niche

Aardvarks play a significant role in the local ecosystem since their burrows serve as shelters for hyenas, warthogs, squirrels, hedgehogs, mongooses, bats, birds, reptiles, and many other animals of their range.

### Economic Importance For Humans Positively

Sometimes humans hunt aardvarks for their meat and hide, although products made out of aardvarks are subject to trade restrictions. Aardvarks may help control termite and ant populations, which are pests to humans.

### Economic Importance For Humans Negatively

Aardvark burrows can present a hazard for vehicles.

## Fun Facts

Despite a well-developed sense of smell, these animals have very poor eyesight: they are colorblind since their retinas contain only rods, intended for good vision only at night.

Aardvark possesses a highly-developed sense of hearing. Moreover, the long ears of this animal are able to move independently, folding back and closing as the aardvark digs the ground.

The webbed feet make this animal a good swimmer.

Aardvark is featured in African folklore as a diligent and fearless animal. And indeed, the aardvark is not afraid of soldier ants, tirelessly looking for food.

Aardvark possesses a sticky and long tongue of up to 30 cm, which is used to collect termites. When foraging, this animal may consume up to 50.000 termites per night.

Aardvark has a thick and rough skin, protecting this animal from bites of angry ants and termites, which it feeds upon. Aardvark usually closes its nostrils while eating, so that termites and ants cannot enter its nose.

Aardvark is an excellent digger. A single aardvark will dig faster than several people with shovels, even on solid ground.