Coen brothers

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American filmmakersTemplate:SHORTDESC:American filmmakers[[Category:**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Pagetype/config' not found.**s with short description]]

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* the Coen brothers
* Roderick Jaynes
* Mike Zoss

**Joel Coen** (born November 29, 1954) and **Ethan Coen** (born September 21, 1957), collectively referred to as **the Coen brothers** (Template:IPAc-en), are American filmmakers. Their films span many genres and styles, which they frequently subvert or parody. Their most acclaimed works include *Miller's Crossing* (1990), *Barton Fink* (1991), *Fargo* (1996), *The Big Lebowski* (1998), *O Brother, Where Art Thou?* (2000), *No Country for Old Men* (2007), *Burn After Reading* (2008), *True Grit* (2010), *Inside Llewyn Davis* (2013), and *The Ballad of Buster Scruggs* (2018).

The brothers write, direct and produce their films jointly, although until *The Ladykillers* (2004) Joel received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing. They often alternate top billing for their screenplays while sharing editing credits under the alias **Roderick Jaynes**. They have been nominated for 13 Academy Awards together, and individually for one award each, winning Best Original Screenplay for *Fargo* and Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay for *No Country for Old Men*. The duo also won the Palme d'Or for *Barton Fink* (1991).

The Coens have written a number of films they did not direct, including the biographical war drama *Unbroken* (2014), the historical legal thriller *Bridge of Spies* (2015), and lesser-known, commercially unsuccessful comedies such as *Crimewave* (1985), *The Naked Man* (1998) and *Gambit* (2012). Ethan is also a writer of short stories, theater and poetry.

Known for many distinctive stylistic trademarks including genre hybridity, the brothers' films *No Country for Old Men*, *A Serious Man* and *Inside Llewyn Davis* have been ranked in the BBC's 2016 poll of the greatest motion pictures since 2000.

## Background

### Early life

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Joel Daniel Coen (born November 29, 1954) and Ethan Jesse Coen (born September 21, 1957) were born and raised in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.** Their mother, Rena (née Neumann), was an art historian at St. Cloud State University, and their father, Edward Coen, was an economist at the University of Minnesota. The brothers have an older sister, Deborah, who grew up to become a psychiatrist working in Israel. Both sides of the Coen family were Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern European origin. Their paternal grandfather, Victor Coen, was a barrister in the Inns of Court in London before retiring to Hove with their grandmother. Edward Coen was an American citizen born in the United States, but grew up in Croydon, London and studied at the London School of Economics. Afterwards he moved to the United States, where he met the Coens' mother, and served in the United States Army during World War II.

The Coens developed an early interest in cinema through the medium of television. They grew up watching Italian films (ranging from the works of Federico Fellini to the *Sons of Hercules* films) aired on a Minneapolis station, the Tarzan films and the comedies of Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope and Doris Day.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.** In the mid-1960s, Joel saved money from mowing lawns to buy a Vivitar Super 8 camera.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.** Together, the brothers remade movies they saw on television, with their neighborhood friend Mark Zimering ("Zeimers") as the star. Cornel Wilde's 1965 film *The Naked Prey* became their *Zeimers in Zambezi*, which featured Ethan as a native with a spear. The 1943 film *Lassie Come Home* was reinterpreted as their *Ed... A Dog*, with Ethan playing the mother role in his sister's tutu. They also made original films like *Henry Kissinger, Man on the Go*, *Lumberjacks of the North* and *The Banana Film*.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.**

### Education

Joel and Ethan graduated from St. Louis Park High School in 1973 and 1976, respectively,Template:Citation needed and from Simon's Rock in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

After Simon's Rock, Joel spent four years in the undergraduate film program at New York University, where he made a 30-minute thesis film called *Soundings*.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.** In 1979 he briefly enrolled in the graduate film program at the University of Texas at Austin, following a woman he had married who was in the graduate linguistics program. The marriage soon ended in divorce and Joel left UT Austin after nine months.**Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor\_id\_list' not found.**

Ethan went on to Princeton University and earned an undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1979. His senior thesis was a 41-page essay, "Two Views of Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy".

### Personal lives

Joel has been married to actress Frances McDormand since 1984. In 1995, they adopted a son, Pedro McDormand Coen, from Paraguay when he was six months old. McDormand has acted in several Coen Brothers films: *Miller's Crossing*, *Raising Arizona,* *Barton Fink*, *Blood Simple*, *Burn After Reading*, *The Man Who Wasn't There*, and *Fargo*, the latter of which won her the Academy Award for Best Actress.

Ethan married film editor Tricia Cooke in 1990. They have two children: daughter Dusty and son Buster Jacob, who goes to Vassar College.

Both couples live in New York.

## Career

### 1980s

After graduating from New York University, Joel worked as a production assistant on a variety of industrial films and music videos. He developed a talent for film editing and met Sam Raimi while assisting Edna Ruth Paul in editing Raimi's first feature film, *The Evil Dead* (1981).

In 1984 the brothers wrote and directed *Blood Simple*, their first commercial film together. Set in Texas, the film tells the tale of a shifty, sleazy bar owner who hires a private detective to kill his wife and her lover. The film contains elements that point to their future direction: distinctive homages to genre movies (in this case noir and horror), plot twists layered over a simple story, dark humor, and *mise-en-scène*. The film starred Frances McDormand, who went on to feature in many of the Coen brothers' films (and marry Joel). Upon release the film received much praise and won awards for Joel's direction at both the Sundance and Independent Spirit awards.

Their next project was *Crimewave* (1985), directed by Sam Raimi and written by the Coens and Raimi. Joel and Raimi also made cameo appearances in *Spies Like Us* (1985).

The brothers' next film was *Raising Arizona* (1987), the story of an unlikely married couple: ex-convict H.I. (Nicolas Cage) and police officer Ed (Holly Hunter), who long for a baby but are unable to conceive. When a local furniture tycoon (Trey Wilson) appears on television with his newly born quintuplets and jokes that they "are more than we can handle", H.I. steals one of the quintuplets to bring up as their own. The film featured Frances McDormand, John Goodman, William Forsythe, Sam McMurray, and Randall "Tex" Cobb.

### 1990s

*Miller's Crossing*, released in 1990, starred Albert Finney, Gabriel Byrne, and John Turturro. The film is about feuding gangsters in the Prohibition era, inspired by Dashiell Hammett's novels *Red Harvest* (1929) and *The Glass Key* (serialized in 1930).

The following year, they released *Barton Fink* (1991); set in 1941, in which a New York playwright, the eponymous Barton Fink (played by John Turturro), moves to Los Angeles to write a B-movie. He settles down in his hotel room to commence writing but suffers writer's block until he is invaded by the man next door (John Goodman). *Barton Fink* was a critical success, earning Oscar nominations and winning three major awards at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, including the Palme d'Or. It was their first film with cinematographer Roger Deakins, a key collaborator for the next 25 years.

*The Hudsucker Proxy* (co-written with Raimi) was released in 1994. In it, the board of a large corporation in 1958 New York City appoints a naive schmo as president (Tim Robbins) for underhanded reasons. The film bombed at the box office ($30 million budget, $3 million gross in the USA), even though it featured Paul Newman and Jennifer Jason Leigh. Frances McDormand appears in a brief uncredited role.

The Coens wrote and directed the crime thriller *Fargo* (1996), set in their home state of Minnesota. Jerry Lundegaard (William H. Macy), who has serious financial problems, has his wife kidnapped so that his wealthy father-in-law will pay the ransom. His plan goes wrong when the kidnappers deviate from the plan and local cop Marge Gunderson (McDormand) starts to investigate. Produced on a small budget of $7 million, *Fargo* was a critical and commercial success, with particular praise for its dialogue and McDormand's performance. The film received several awards, including a BAFTA award and Cannes award for direction, and two Oscars: a Best Original Screenplay and a Best Actress Oscar for McDormand.

In the Coens' next film, the black comedy *The Big Lebowski* (1998), "The Dude" (Jeff Bridges), a Los Angeles slacker, is used as an unwitting pawn in a kidnapping plot with his bowling buddies (Steve Buscemi and John Goodman). Despite initially receiving mixed reviews and underperforming at the box office, it is now well received by critics, and is regarded as a classic cult film. An annual festival, Lebowski Fest, began in 2002, and many adhere to the philosophy of "Dudeism". *Entertainment Weekly* ranked it 8th on their Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years list in 2008.

*Gates of Eden*, a collection of short stories written by Ethan Coen, was published in 1998. The same year, Ethan co-wrote the comedy *The Naked Man*, directed by their storyboard artist J. Todd Anderson.

### 2000s

 File:COEN Brothers (cannesPH).jpg
The Coen brothers' next film, *O Brother, Where Art Thou?* (2000), was another critical and commercial success. The title was borrowed from the Preston Sturges film *Sullivan's Travels* (1941), whose lead character, movie director John Sullivan, had planned to make a film with that title. Based loosely on Homer's *Odyssey* (complete with a Cyclops, sirens, *et al.*), the story is set in Mississippi in the 1930s and follows a trio of escaped convicts who, after absconding from a chain gang, journey home to recover bank-heist loot the leader has buried—but they have no clear perception of where they are going. The film highlighted the comic abilities of George Clooney as the oddball lead character Ulysses Everett McGill, and of Tim Blake Nelson and John Turturro, his sidekicks. The film's bluegrass and old-time soundtrack, offbeat humor and digitally desaturated cinematography made it a critical and commercial hit. It was the first feature film to use all-digital color grading. The film's soundtrack CD was also successful, spawning a concert and concert/documentary DVD, *Down from the Mountain.*

The Coens next produced another noirish thriller, *The Man Who Wasn't There* (2001). Set in late 1940s California, a laconic chain-smoking barber (played by Billy Bob Thornton) discovers a way to blackmail his wife's lover and use the proceeds to invest in a dry cleaning business.

The Coens directed the 2003 film *Intolerable Cruelty*, starring George Clooney and Catherine Zeta-Jones, a throwback to the romantic comedies of the 1940s. It focuses on hotshot divorce lawyer Miles Massey and a beautiful divorcée whom Massey managed to prevent from receiving any money in her divorce. She vows to get even with him while, at the same time, he becomes smitten with her. *Intolerable Cruelty* received generally positive reviews, although it is considered one of the duo's weaker films. Also that year, they executive produced and did an uncredited rewrite of the Christmas black comedy *Bad Santa*, which garnered positive reviews.

In 2004, the Coens made *The Ladykillers*, a remake of the Ealing Studios classic. A professor, played by Tom Hanks, assembles a team to rob a casino. They rent a room in an elderly woman's home to plan the heist. When the woman discovers the plot, the gang decides to murder her to ensure her silence. The Coens received some of the most lukewarm reviews of their careers in response to this film.

They directed two short films for two separate anthology films—*Paris, je t'aime* (*Tuileries*, 2006) starring Steve Buscemi, and *To Each His Own Cinema* (*World Cinema*, 2007) starring Josh Brolin. Both films received highly positive reviews.

 File:Javier Bardem Coen brothers.jpg
*No Country for Old Men*, released in November 2007, closely follows the 2005 novel of the same name by Cormac McCarthy. Vietnam veteran Llewelyn Moss (Josh Brolin), living near the Texas/Mexico border, stumbles upon, and decides to take, two million dollars in drug money. He must then go on the run to avoid those trying to recover the money, including sociopathic killer Anton Chigurh (Javier Bardem), who confounds both Llewelyn and local sheriff Ed Tom Bell (Tommy Lee Jones). The plotline is a return to noir themes, but in some respects it was a departure for the Coens; with the exception of Stephen Root, none of the stable of regular Coen actors appears in the film. *No Country* received nearly universal critical praise, garnering a 94% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes. It won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay, all of which were received by the Coens, as well as Best Supporting Actor received by Bardem. The Coens, as "Roderick Jaynes", were also nominated for Best Editing, but lost. It was the first time since 1961 (when Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise won for *West Side Story*) that two directors received the Academy Award for Best Director at the same time.

In January 2008, Ethan Coen's play *Almost an Evening* premiered off-broadway at the Atlantic Theater Company Stage 2, opening to mostly enthusiastic reviews. The initial run closed on February 10, 2008, but the same production was moved to a new theatre for a commercial off-Broadway run at the Bleecker Street Theater in New York City. Produced by The Atlantic Theater Company, it ran there from March 2008 through June 1, 2008. and Art Meets Commerce. In May 2009, the Atlantic Theater Company produced Coen's *Offices*, as part of their mainstage season at the Linda Gross Theater.

*Burn After Reading*, a comedy starring Brad Pitt and George Clooney, was released September 12, 2008, and portrays a collision course between a gym instructor, spies and Internet dating. Released to positive reviews, it debuted at #1 in North America.

In 2009, the Coens directed a television commercial titled "Air Freshener" for the Reality Coalition.

They next directed *A Serious Man*, released October 2, 2009, a "gentle but dark" period comedy (set in 1967) with a low budget. The film is based loosely on the Coens' childhoods in an academic family in the largely Jewish suburb of Saint Louis Park, Minnesota; it also drew comparisons to the *Book of Job*. Filming took place late in the summer of 2008, in the neighborhoods of Roseville and Bloomington, Minnesota, at Normandale Community College, and at St. Olaf College. The film was nominated for the Oscars for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay.

### 2010s

*True Grit* (2010) is based on the 1968 novel of the same name by Charles Portis. Filming was done in Texas and New Mexico. Hailee Steinfeld stars as Mattie Ross along with Jeff Bridges as Marshal Rooster Cogburn. Matt Damon and Josh Brolin also appear in the movie. *True Grit* was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

 File:Coen brothers Cannes 2015.jpg
Ethan Coen wrote the one-act comedy *Talking Cure*, which was produced on Broadway in 2011 as part of *Relatively Speaking*, an anthology of three one-act plays by Coen, Elaine May, and Woody Allen.

*Inside Llewyn Davis* (2013) is a treatise on the 1960s folk music scene in New York City's Greenwich Village, and very loosely based on the life of Dave Van Ronk. The film stars Oscar Isaac, Justin Timberlake and Carey Mulligan. It won the Grand Prix at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, where it was highly praised by critics. They received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song for "Please Mr. Kennedy", which is heard in the film.

*Fargo*, a television series inspired by their film of the same name, premiered in April 2014 on the FX network. It is created by Noah Hawley and executive produced by the brothers.

The Coens also contributed to the screenplay for *Unbroken*, along with Richard LaGravenese and William Nicholson. The film, directed by Angelina Jolie, and based on Laura Hillenbrand's non-fiction book, *Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption* (2010) which itself was based on the life of Louis Zamperini, was released on December 25, 2014 to average reviews.

The Coens co-wrote, with playwright Matt Charman, the screenplay for the dramatic historical thriller *Bridge of Spies*, about the 1960 U-2 Incident. The film was directed by Steven Spielberg, and released on October 4, 2015 to critical acclaim. They were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards.

The Coens directed the film *Hail, Caesar!*, about a "fixer" in 1950s Hollywood trying to discover what happened to a cast member who vanishes during filming. It stars Coen regulars George Clooney, Josh Brolin, Frances McDormand, Scarlett Johansson and Tilda Swinton, as well as Channing Tatum, Ralph Fiennes, Jonah Hill, and Alden Ehrenreich. The film was released on February 5, 2016.

In 2016, the Coens gave to their longtime friend and collaborator John Turturro the right to use his character of Jesus Quintana from *The Big Lebowski* in his own spin-off, *Going Places*, which he would also write and direct. The Coens have no involvement in the production. In August 2016, the film began principal photography.

The Coens first wrote the script for *Suburbicon* in 1986. The film was eventually directed by George Clooney and began filming in October 2016. It was released by Paramount Pictures in the fall of 2017.

The Coens most recently directed *The Ballad of Buster Scruggs*, a Western anthology starring Tim Blake Nelson, Liam Neeson, and James Franco. It began streaming on Netflix on November 16, 2018, after a brief theatrical run.

### Planned and uncompleted projects

In a 1998 interview with Alex Simon for *Venice* magazine, the Coens discussed a project called *The Contemplations*, which would be an anthology of short films based on stories in a leather bound book from a "dusty old library". This project may have influenced or evolved into *The Ballad of Buster Scruggs*, which has the same structure.

In 2001, Joel stated that "a Cold War comedy called *62 Skidoo* is one I'd like to do someday".

The Coens had hoped to film James Dickey's novel *To the White Sea*. They were due to start production in 2002, with Jeremy Thomas producing and Brad Pitt in the lead role, but it was canceled when the Coens felt that the budget offered was not enough to successfully produce the film.

In 2008, it was announced that the Coen brothers would write and direct an adaptation of Michael Chabon's novel *The Yiddish Policemen's Union* (2007). They were to produce the film with Scott Rudin for Columbia Pictures. In the fall of 2012, however, Chabon told *Mother Jones* that "the Coen brothers wrote a draft of a script and then they seemed to move on", and that the film rights had "lapsed back to me".

In 2009, the Coen brothers stated that they are interested in making a sequel to *Barton Fink* called *Old Fink*, which would take place in the 1960s, around the same time period as *A Serious Man*. The brothers also stated that they have had talks with John Turturro in reprising his role as Fink, but they were waiting "until he was actually old enough to play the part".

In 2011, the brothers were working on a television project, called *Harve Karbo*, about a quirky Los Angeles private eye for Imagine Television.

In December 2013, the Coens stated in an interview that they are working on a new musical comedy centered around an opera singer, though they have said it is "not a musical per se". In the same interview, they revealed they are also working on a sword and sandals drama film set in ancient Rome.

In August 2015, it was announced that Warner Bros. had optioned the film rights to Ross Macdonald's novel *Black Money* for the Coen brothers to potentially write and direct.

In October 2016, *The Hollywood Reporter* reported that the Coens would work on the screenplay for Fox titled *Dark Web*, and based on Joshuah Bearman's two-part *Wired* article about Ross Ulbricht and his illicit Silk Road online marketplace. The project originated in 2013, with novelist Dennis Lehane on board for the screenplay. Chernin Entertainment will produce.

### Production company

The Coen brothers' own film production company, Mike Zoss Productions located in New York City, has been credited on their films from *O Brother, Where Art Thou?* onwards. It was named after Mike Zoss Drug, an independent pharmacy in St. Louis Park since 1950 that was the brothers' beloved hangout when they were growing up in the Twin Cities. The name was also used for the pharmacy in *No Country for Old Men*. The Mike Zoss logo consists of a crayon drawing of a horse, standing in a field of grass, with its head turned around as it looks back over its hindquarters.

## Directing distinctions

Up to 2003, Joel received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing, due to guild rules that disallowed multiple director credits to prevent dilution of the position's significance. The only exception to this rule is if the co-directors are an "established duo". From 2004 on, they were able to share the director credit and since then, the Coen brothers have become only the third duo to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director. The first two pairs to achieve this were Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins (who won for *West Side Story* in 1961), and Warren Beatty and Buck Henry (who were nominated for *Heaven Can Wait* in 1978).

Only seven other directors have won three Oscars for the same film, a distinction the duo shares with Billy Wilder, James L. Brooks, Francis Ford Coppola, James Cameron, Peter Jackson, Alejandro G. Iñárritu and Bong Joon-ho.Template:Citation needed

With four Academy Award nominations for *No Country for Old Men* for the duo (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing as Roderick Jaynes), the Coen brothers have tied the record for the most nominations by a single nominee (counting an "established duo" as one nominee) for the same film. Orson Welles set the record in 1941 with *Citizen Kane* being nominated for Best Picture (though at the time, individual producers were not named as nominees), Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Original Screenplay. Warren Beatty received the same nominations, first for *Heaven Can Wait* in 1978 and again in 1981 with *Reds*. Alan Menken also then achieved the same feat when he was nominated for Best Score and triple-nominated for Best Song for *Beauty and the Beast* in 1991. In 2018, Alfonso Cuarón was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Cinematography for *Roma*.

## Filmography

*Main article: Coen brothers filmography*

* *Blood Simple* (1984)
* *Raising Arizona* (1987)
* *Miller's Crossing* (1990)
* *Barton Fink* (1991)
* *The Hudsucker Proxy* (1994)
* *Fargo* (1996)
* *The Big Lebowski* (1998)
* *O Brother, Where Art Thou?* (2000)
* *The Man Who Wasn't There* (2001)
* *Intolerable Cruelty* (2003)
* *The Ladykillers* (2004)
* *No Country for Old Men* (2007)
* *Burn After Reading* (2008)
* *A Serious Man* (2009)
* *True Grit* (2010)
* *Inside Llewyn Davis* (2013)
* *Hail, Caesar!* (2016)
* *The Ballad of Buster Scruggs* (2018)
* *Macbeth* (TBA)

## Collaborators

*See also: List of frequent Coen Brothers collaborators*
 File:Frances McDormand 2015 (cropped).jpg
The Coen brothers frequently cast certain actors in their films, most frequently Frances McDormand, Steve Buscemi, John Goodman, Jon Polito, George Clooney, and John Turturro. They have worked twice with Jeff Bridges, Billy Bob Thornton, Scarlett Johansson, and Tim Blake Nelson and at least three times with Michael Badalucco, Richard Jenkins, Stephen Root, Bruce Campbell, J.K. Simmons, and Josh Brolin.

The Coens similarly tend to collaborate with certain filmmakers as well, especially Roger Deakins, Jess Gonchor, Skip Lievsay, and Mary Zophres. They used cinematographer Barry Sonnenfeld on their first three films, through *Miller's Crossing*, until Sonnenfeld left to pursue his own directing career. Deakins has been the Coen brothers' cinematographer for all their subsequent films except *Burn After Reading*, on which they employed Emmanuel Lubezki, and *Inside Llewyn Davis* and *The Ballad of Buster Scruggs*, on which they employed Bruno Delbonnel.

Sam Raimi is another frequent collaborator. He helped write *The Hudsucker Proxy*, which the Coen brothers directed, and the Coen brothers helped write *Crimewave*, which Raimi directed. Raimi took tips about filming *A Simple Plan* (1998) from the Coen brothers, who had recently finished *Fargo*. (Both films are set in blindingly white snow, which reflects a lot of light and can make metering for a correct exposure tricky).Template:Citation needed Raimi has cameo appearances in *Miller's Crossing* and *The Hudsucker Proxy*. Raimi and the Coens met when Raimi directed *The Evil Dead* (1981), for which Joel was hired as an assistant editor.

Carter Burwell has scored all of the Coens' films, aside from *Crimewave* (1985), although T Bone Burnett produced much of the traditional music in *O Brother, Where Art Thou?* and *The Ladykillers*, and was in charge of archive music for *The Big Lebowski*. Skip Lievsay handles the sound editing for all of the Coens' films.

Most of the Coens' films have been credited to the editor "Roderick Jaynes", an alias which refers collectively to the two Coen brothers. Tricia Cooke, Ethan's wife, was also an editor on three of their films (*The Big Lebowski*, *O Brother, Where Art Thou?*, and *The Man Who Wasn't There*) after working as assistant editor on four of their earlier films (*Miller's Crossing*, *Barton Fink*, *The Hudsucker Proxy*, and *Fargo*). Michael R. Miller edited *Raising Arizona* and *Miller's Crossing*.

## Accolades

*Main article: List of awards and nominations received by the Coen brothers*

## Bibliography

* Template:Cite book (Includes all films up to *The Ladykillers* and some subsidiary works [*Crimewave*, *Down from the Mountain*, *Bad Santa*].)
* Template:Cite book
* Template:Cite book

## References

1. ↑ "UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019", United Press International (November 29, 2019). Retrieved on January 11, 2020. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. "…filmmaker Joel Coen in 1954 (age 65)"
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 State of Minnesota. *Minnesota Birth Index, 1935–2002*. Minnesota Department of Health.
3. ↑ Austerlitz, Saul (December 19, 2010). "Joel and Ethan Coen: A study in subversion", *The Boston Globe*. Retrieved on July 3, 2016.
4. ↑ Jaffe, Ira. "Hollywood Hybrids: Mixing Genres in Contemporary Films". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.
5. ↑ "The 21st Century's 100 greatest films". BBC. August 23, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
6. ↑ "Rena Neumann Coen, 76, Was Art Historian, Filmmakers' Mother" (October 23, 2001), p. B6 local. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
7. ↑ Template:Cite book
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Collin, Robbie (February 26, 2016). "The Coen Brothers: 'We get you invested, then shake the floor'". Retrieved on January 19, 2020.
9. ↑ Handelman, David (May 21, 1987). "Joel & Ethan Coen: The Brothers From Another Planet". Retrieved on January 19, 2020.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bradshaw, Peter (June 15, 2004). "My father lived in Croydon". Retrieved on January 19, 2020.
11. ↑ Brodesser-Akner, Claude. "From Their Childhood Friend, How to Better Know a Coen Brother". http://www.vulture.com/2011/02/from\_their\_childhood\_friend\_ho.html. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Coen brothers prove two heads are better than one", Agence France-Presse (February 24, 2008). Retrieved on October 5, 2008. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009.
13. ↑ "Page for Ethan Coen's senior thesis". http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/handle/88435/dsp01h128nf78s. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
14. ↑ Durbin, Karen (March 2, 2003). "The Prime Of Frances McDormand", *The New York Times*. Retrieved on July 21, 2017.
15. ↑ Nesa, Kamrun (2018-03-11). "Everything We Know About Frances McDormand and Joel Coen's Son, Pedro" (in en-US). https://www.popsugar.com/node/44636563.
16. ↑ Verini, James (March 28, 2004). "The United States of Coen", *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved on March 15, 2012.
17. ↑ Nathan, Ian (January 2008). "The Complete Coens", *Empire*, p. 173.
18. ↑ Template:Cite book
19. ↑ "Blood Simple – Cast, Crew, Directors and Awards". https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/6128/Blood-Simple/details. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
20. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Barton Fink". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/79/year/1991.html. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
21. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Fargo". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4685/year/1996.html. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
22. ↑ "'English Patient' Dominates Oscars With Nine, Including Best Picture". *The New York Times*. https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/05/14/specials/ondaatje-oscar.html. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
23. ↑ "The big Lebowski (1998)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/big\_lebowski/.
24. ↑ Morgenstern, Joe (November 7, 2006). "Deconstructing the Dude – Why 'The Big Lebowski' is a cult classic – and a cultural touchstone", *The Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved on October 5, 2008. Template:Dead link
25. ↑ Ehrlich, Richard. "The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'". CNN. http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
26. ↑ "The Comedy 25: The Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years". *Entertainment Weekly*. http://www.ew.com/gallery/comedy-25-funniest-movies-past-25-years. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
27. ↑ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (December 17, 1998). "BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Shadowy Snapshots of a Nightmare Dreamscape". *The New York Times*. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/17/books/books-of-the-times-shadowy-snapshots-of-a-nightmare-dreamscape.html.
28. ↑ Lindquist, Mark (December 20, 1998). "Gates of Eden". *The New York Times*. https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/20/bib/981220.rv015907.html.
29. ↑ Phipps, Keith. "The Naked Man". http://www.avclub.com/review/the-naked-man-19287. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
30. ↑ "Movie of the Week: "Sullivan's Travels"". http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/movie-of-the-week-sullivans-travels.
31. ↑ "O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/o\_brother\_where\_art\_thou. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
32. ↑ "O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=obrotherwhereartthou.htm. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
33. ↑ "O Brother, This Was the First Movie to Use All-Digital Color Grading". https://gizmodo.com/o-brother-this-was-the-first-movie-to-use-all-digital-1595466651.
34. ↑ "Intolerable Cruelty". Rotten Tomatoes. October 10, 2003. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/intolerable\_cruelty/.
35. ↑ "Terry Zwigoff Talks Battling Over 'Bad Santa,' His Preferred Director's Cut & Much More In Candid Interview". Indiewire. http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/terry-zwigoff-talks-battling-over-bad-santa-turning-down-juno-and-the-beaver-and-much-more-in-candid-interview-20121220. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
36. ↑ "Disney remakes The Lady Killers". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1462296/Disney-remakes-The-Ladykillers.html.
37. ↑ "The Ladykillers Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ladykillers/. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
38. ↑ Springer, Mike. "Tuileries: A Short, Slightly Twisted Film by Joel and Ethan Coen". Open Culture. http://www.openculture.com/2011/12/tuileries\_coen\_brothers.html. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
39. ↑ Fischer, Russ. "Big Directors Small Films: The Coen Brothers Short Film 'World Cinema'". /Film. http://www.slashfilm.com/big-directors-small-films-the-coen-brothers-short-film-world-cinema/. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
40. ↑ "To Each His Own Cinema (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chacun-son-cinema-to-each-his-cinema/. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
41. ↑ "*Paris, I Love You* (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/paris\_je\_taime/. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
42. ↑ "*No Country for Old Men* (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/no\_country\_for\_old\_men. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
43. ↑ "The 80th Academy Awards (2008)". The Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). February 24, 2008. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/80th.html.
44. ↑ "Atlantic Theater Company". Atlantic Theater Company. http://www.atlantictheater.org/. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
45. ↑ "Art Meets Commerce". artmeetscommerce.net. http://www.artmeetscommerce.net.
46. ↑ Brantley, Ben. "Coen's-Eye View of 9 to 5". https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/theater/reviews/08offi.html. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
47. ↑ "Burn After Reading (2008) – Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=burnafterreading.htm. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
48. ↑ Burdick, Dave (February 26, 2009). "Coen Brothers Direct New 'Clean Coal' Ad", *HuffPost*. Retrieved on February 28, 2009.
49. ↑ "Coen Brothers". thisisreality. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090228171514/http://action.thisisreality.org/page/s/coenbrothers.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Covert, Colin (September 6, 2008). "In Twin Cities, Coen brothers shoot from heart". *Star Tribune*. http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/movies/27957494.html?page=1&c=y. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
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53. ↑ Henke, David (August 19, 2008). "Coen brothers will use St. Olaf for movie". *Northfield News*. http://northfieldnews.com/news.php?viewStory=45735. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
54. ↑ Gonnerman, David (October 9, 2008). "St. Olaf gets 'Serious'". St. Olaf College. http://fusion.stolaf.edu/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=NewsDetails&id=4469. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
55. ↑ "The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2010. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
56. ↑ Fleming, Michael (March 22, 2009). "Coen brothers to adapt 'True Grit' – Entertainment News, Film News, Media", *Variety*. Retrieved on February 28, 2011.
57. ↑ "Coen Brothers to film 'True Grit' remake in NM". *Boston Herald*. February 12, 2010. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/national/west/view/20100212coen\_brothers\_to\_film\_true\_grit\_remake\_in\_nm/srvc=home&position=recent. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
58. ↑ "Oscar nominations 2011 in full", BBC News Online (January 25, 2011). Retrieved on July 10, 2014.
59. ↑ "Oscar nominees 2011". MSN Movies UK. January 25, 2011. http://movies.uk.msn.com/movie-awards/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=155966487. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
60. ↑ Isherwood, Charles. "Each Family, Tortured in Its Own Way". https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/reviews/relatively-speaking-at-brooks-atkinson-theater-review.html. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
61. ↑ Fischer, Russ (June 25, 2011). "The Coen Bros. New Script is Based on the 60's NYC Folk Scene", /Film. Retrieved on June 25, 2011.
62. ↑ Labrecque, Gabe (October 31, 2011). "Coen brothers target Justin Timberlake for 'Inside Llewyn Davis'", *Entertainment Weekly*. Retrieved on November 5, 2011.
63. ↑ "2013 Official Selection". Cannes. April 18, 2013. http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/59652.html. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
64. ↑ "Golden Globes Nominations: The Full List", *Variety* (January 11, 2014). Retrieved on January 14, 2016.
65. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
66. ↑ Kit, Borys. "Coen Brothers to Rewrite Angelina Jolie's 'Unbroken' (Exclusive)", *The Hollywood Reporter*.
67. ↑ "Bridge of Spies". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridge\_of\_spies/. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
68. ↑ Rothman, Michael; McKenzie, Joi-Marie. "Oscars 2016: Complete List of Nominees". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/oscars-2016-complete-list-nominees/story?id=36271826. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
69. ↑ Kit, Borys (July 10, 2014). "Jonah Hill Joining Channing Tatum, George Clooney in Coen Brothers' 'Hail, Caesar!'", *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved on July 10, 2014.
70. ↑ "'Big Lebowski' Spinoff 'Going Places': First Photo of John Turturro as Jesus Revealed", IndieWire (August 22, 2016).
71. ↑ "WILL FERRELL AND JOHN C. REILLY REUNITE TO PLAY HOLMES AND WATSON, PLUS MORE MOVIE NEWS". Rotten Tomatoes. August 19, 2016. https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/will-ferrell-and-john-c-reilly-reunite-to-play-holmes-and-watson-plus-more-movie-news/.
72. ↑ "George Clooney Back With Coen Brothers". *Empire*. November 22, 2005. http://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/george-clooney-back-coen-brothers/. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
73. ↑ "Coen brothers turn to TV with western series The Ballad of Buster Scruggs" (January 10, 2017).
74. ↑ Otterson, Joe (2017-08-09). "Coen Brothers' TV Series 'Ballad of Buster Scruggs' Lands at Netflix" (in en-US), *Variety*.
75. ↑ Tapley, Kristopher (2018-07-25). "Surprise! The Coens' 'Ballad of Buster Scruggs' Is a Film and It's Headed for Oscar Season" (in en-US), *Variety*.
76. ↑ Template:Cite journal
77. ↑ Smriti Mundhra (October 31, 2001). "10 Questions: Joel Coen". http://movies.ign.com/articles/315/315644p1.html. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
78. ↑ Patterson, John (December 21, 2007). "We've killed a lot of animals", *The Guardian* (London). Retrieved on February 28, 2011.
79. ↑ Purcell, Andrew (February 8, 2008). "Scott Rudin is on a roll", *The Guardian* (London). Retrieved on February 12, 2008.
80. ↑ "Michael Chabon's Vinyl Draft", *Mother Jones* (Sep–Oct 2012). Retrieved on 13 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013.
81. ↑ Adam Rosenberg (September 21, 2009). "EXCLUSIVE: Coen Brothers Want John Turturro To Get Old For 'Barton Fink' Sequel, 'Old Fink'", MTV. Retrieved on September 21, 2009.
82. ↑ Goldberg, Lesley (October 4, 2011). "Fox, Coen Brothers Team for Comedy Project", *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved on October 31, 2011.
83. ↑ "The Coen Brothers are Writing a Film About an Opera Singer". SlashFilm.com. http://www.slashfilm.com/the-coen-brothers-are-writing-a-film-about-an-opera-singer/.
84. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr.. "Coen Brothers To Write & Direct Ross MacDonald Novel 'Black Money' – Deadline". *Deadline*. http://deadline.com/2015/08/joel-ethan-coen-black-money-ross-macdonald-movie-warner-bros-1201492294/.
85. ↑ Hollywood Reporter, October 2016. [1].
86. ↑ "The Rise and Fall of Silk Road", *Wired* (May 2015). Retrieved on October 17, 2016.
87. ↑ Siege, Tatiana (October 14, 2016). "Coen Brothers to Write Internet Thriller 'Dark Web' for Fox (Exclusive)".
88. ↑ "Mike Zoss Production Inc – New York City (NY) | Company Profile". Manta.com. http://www.manta.com/coms2/dnbcompany\_f62knp. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
89. ↑ Ross, Jenna (November 9, 2007). "Drugstore has role in lives, film of Coen brothers", *Star Tribune*. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015.
90. ↑ "Burn After Reading: The Coens go back to their kooky roots", *Empire* (December 2007), p. 30.
91. ↑ Desowitz, Bill (December 4, 2013). "New York Film Critics' Cinematography Winner Delbonnel Goes 'Inside Llewyn Davis'", Indiewire. Retrieved on December 6, 2013.
92. ↑ Beggs, Scott (May 23, 2012). "6 FILMMAKING TIPS FROM THE COEN BROTHERS". Film School Rejects. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114052/http://filmschoolrejects.com/features/6-filmmaking-tips-from-the-coen-brothers.php. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
93. ↑ Mottram, James (January 19, 2014). "T Bone Burnett: 'Inside Llewyn Davis? It's the story of my life'", *The Independent*. Retrieved on January 14, 2016.
94. ↑ Beggs, Scott (April 24, 2015). "Tribeca: Here's Why the Coen Brothers' Films Always Sound Magnificent". Indiewire. http://www.indiewire.com/article/tribeca-heres-why-the-coen-brothers-films-always-sound-magnificent-20150424. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
95. ↑ Yuan, Jada (January 22, 2008). "Roderick Jaynes, Imaginary Oscar Nominee for 'No Country'". *New York*. http://www.vulture.com/2008/01/roderick\_jaynes\_imaginary\_osca.html. Retrieved July 10, 2014.

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