British Broadcasting Corporation

**British Broadcasting Corporation** is British media company owned by the **Crown**. The company have eight television channels and sixty-nine radio stations.

## History

Television broadcasting was suspended from 1 September 1939 to 7 June 1946, during the Second World War, and it was left to **BBC Radio** broadcasters such as Reginald Foort to keep the nation's spirits up.

**BBC** moved much of its radio operations out of London, initially to Bristol, and then to Bedford. Concerts were broadcast from the Corn Exchange; the Trinity Chapel in St Paul's Church, Bedford was the studio for the daily service from 1941 to 1945, and, in the darkest days of the war in 1941, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York came to St Paul's to broadcast to the UK and all parts of the world on the National Day of Prayer.

**BBC** employees during the war included George Orwell who spent two years with the broadcaster.

During his role as Prime Minister during the Second World War, Winston Churchill would deliver 33 major wartime speeches by radio, all of which were carried by the **BBC** within the UK. On 18 June 1940, French general Charles de Gaulle, in exile in London as the leader of the **Free French**, made a speech, broadcast by the **BBC**, urging the French people not to capitulate to the Nazis.

There was a widely reported urban myth that, upon resumption of **BBC** television service after the war, announcer Leslie Mitchell started by saying, "As I was saying before we were so rudely interrupted ..." In fact, the first person to appear when transmission resumed was Jasmine Bligh and the words said were "Good afternoon, everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh ... ?"

The European Broadcasting Union was formed on 12 February 1950, in Torquay with the **BBC** among the 23 founding broadcasting organisations.

Competition to **BBC** was introduced in 1955, with the commercial and independently operated television network of ITV. However, **BBC** monopoly on radio services would persist until 8 October 1973 when under the control of the newly renamed **Independent Broadcasting Authority** (**IBA**), the UK's first Independent local radio station, LBC came on-air in the London area.

As a result of the Pilkington Committee report of 1962, in which **BBC** was praised for the quality and range of its output, and ITV was very heavily criticised for not providing enough quality programming, the decision was taken to award the **BBC** a second television channel, BBC 2, in 1964, renaming the existing service BBC 1. BBC 2 used the higher resolution 625 line standard which had been standardised across Europe. BBC 2 was broadcast in colour from 1 July 1967, and was joined by BBC 1 and ITV on 15 November 1969. The 405 line VHF transmissions of BBC 1 (and ITV) were continued for compatibility with older television receivers until 1985.

Starting in 1964, a series of pirate radio stations (starting with Radio Caroline) came on the air and forced the British government finally to regulate radio services to permit nationally based advertising-financed services. In response, **BBC** reorganised and renamed their radio channels.

On 30 September 1967, Light Programme was split into BBC Radio 1 offering continuous "Popular" music and BBC Radio 2 more "Easy Listening".Third Programme became BBC Radio 3 offering classical music and cultural programming. Home Service became BBC Radio 4 offering news, and non-musical content such as quiz shows, readings, dramas and plays.

As well as the four national channels, a series of local **BBC** radio stations were established in 1967, including Radio London. In 1969, BBC Enterprises department was formed to exploit **BBC** brands and programmes for commercial spin-off products. In 1979, it became a wholly owned limited company, BBC Enterprises.

In 1974, **BBC**'s teletext service, **Ceefax**, was introduced, created initially to provide subtitling, but developed into a news and information service. In 1978, **BBC** staff went on strike just before the Christmas of that year, thus blocking out the transmission of both channels and amalgamating all four radio stations into one. Since the deregulation of the UK television and radio market in the 1980s, **BBC** has faced increased competition from the commercial sector (and from the advertiser-funded public service broadcaster Channel 4), especially on satellite television, cable television, and digital television services. In the late 1980s, **BBC** began a process of divestment by spinning off and selling parts of its organisation.

In 1988, it sold off the **Hulton Press Library**, a photographic archive which had been acquired from **Picture Post** by **BBC** in 1957. The archive was sold to **Brian Deutsch** and is now owned by **Getty Images**. During the 1990s, this process continued with the separation of certain operational arms of the corporation into autonomous but wholly owned subsidiaries of **BBC**, with the aim of generating additional revenue for programme-making. BBC Enterprises was reorganised and relaunched in 1995, as BBC Worldwide Ltd.

In 1998, **BBC** studios, outside broadcasts, post production, design, costumes and wigs were spun off into **BBC Resources Ltd**.

The **BBC Research Department** has played a major part in the development of broadcasting and recording techniques. **BBC** was also responsible for the development of the **NICAM** stereo standard. In recent decades, a number of additional channels and radio stations have been launched: BBC Radio 5 was launched in 1990, as a sports and educational station, but was replaced in 1994, with BBC Radio 5 Live to become a live radio station, following the success of the BBC Radio 4 service to cover the 1991 Gulf War.

The new station would be a news and sport station. In 1997, BBC News 24, a rolling news channel, launched on digital television services and the following year, BBC Choice launched as the third general entertainment channel from **BBC**. **BBC** also purchased The Parliamentary Channel, which was renamed BBC Parliament.

In 1999, BBC Knowledge launched as a multi media channel, with services available on the newly launched **BBC Text** digital teletext service, and on **BBC Online**. The channel had an educational aim, which was modified later on in its life to offer documentaries.

In 2002, several television and radio channels were reorganised. BBC Knowledge was replaced by BBC Four and became **BBC**'s arts and documentaries channel. CBBC, which had been a programming strand as ***Children's BBC*** since 1985, was split into CBBC and CBeebies, for younger children, with both new services getting a digital channel: CBBC and CBeebies. In addition to the television channels, new digital radio stations were created: 1Xtra, 6 Music and BBC 7. BBC 1Xtra was a sister station to BBC Radio 1 and specialised in modern black music, BBC 6 Music specialised in alternative music genres and BBC 7 specialised in archive, speech and children's programming.

England fans in Manchester during a **2006 FIFA World Cup** game shown on **BBC Big Screen**

The following few years resulted in repositioning of some of the channels to conform to a larger brand: in 2003, BBC Choice was replaced by BBC Three, with programming for younger generations and shocking real life documentaries, BBC News 24 became BBC News in 2008, and BBC Radio 7 became BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2011, with new programmes to supplement those broadcast on BBC Radio 4. In 2008, another channel was launched, BBC Alba, a Scottish Gaelic service.

During this decade, the corporation began to sell off a number of its operational divisions to private owners; **BBC Broadcast** was spun off as a separate company in 2002, and in 2005. it was sold off to Australian-based **Macquarie Capital Alliance Group** and **Macquarie Bank Limited** and rebranded **Red Bee Media**. The **BBC**'s IT, telephony and broadcast technology were brought together as **BBC Technology Ltd** in 2001, and the division was later sold to the German company **Siemens IT Solutions and Services** (**SIS**). **SIS** was subsequently acquired from **Siemens** by the French company **Atos**. Further divestments included **BBC Books** (sold to **Random House** in 2006); **BBC Outside Broadcasts Ltd** (sold in 2008. to **Satellite Information Services**); **Costumes and Wigs** (stock sold in 2008 to **Angels The Costumiers**); and **BBC Magazines** (sold to Immediate Media Company in 2011). After the sales of OBs and costumes, the remainder of **BBC Resources** was reorganised as BBC Studios and **Post Production**, which continues today as a wholly owned subsidiary of **BBC**.

The 2004 Hutton Inquiry and the subsequent Report raised questions about **BBC**'s journalistic standards and its impartiality. This led to resignations of senior management members at the time including the then Director General, Greg Dyke. In January 2007, **BBC** released minutes of the board meeting which led to Greg Dyke's resignation.

Unlike the other departments of **BBC**, BBC World Service was funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, more commonly known as the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting the interests of the United Kingdom abroad.

**BBC Pacific Quay** in Glasgow, which was opened in 2007.

In 2006, BBC HD launched as an experimental service, and became official in December 2007. The channel broadcast HD simulcasts of programmes on BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Three and BBC Four as well as repeats of some older programmes in HD. In 2010, an HD simulcast of BBC One launched: BBC One HD. The channel uses HD versions of BBC One's schedule and uses upscaled versions of programmes not currently produced in HD. **BBC HD** closed in March 2013 and was replaced by BBC Two HD in the same month.

On 18 October 2007, **BBC Director General Mark** Thompson announced a controversial plan to make major cuts and reduce the size of **BBC** as an organisation. The plans included a reduction in posts of 2,500; including 1,800 redundancies, consolidating news operations, reducing programming output by 10% and selling off the flagship **Television Centre** building in London. These plans have been fiercely opposed by unions, who have threatened a series of strikes; however, **BBC** have stated that the cuts are essential to move the organisation forward and concentrate on increasing the quality of programming.

On 20 October 2010, the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne announced that the television licence fee would be frozen at its current level until the end of the current charter in 2016. The same announcement revealed that **BBC** would take on the full cost of running BBC World Service and the **BBC Monitoring** service from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and partially finance the Welsh broadcaster S4C.

Further cuts were announced on 6 October 2011, so **BBC** could reach a total reduction in their budget of 20%, following the licence fee freeze in October 2010, which included cutting staff by 2,000 and sending a further 1,000 to the **MediaCity UK** development in Salford, with BBC Three moving online only in 2016, the sharing of more programmes between stations and channels, sharing of radio news bulletins, more repeats in schedules, including the whole of BBC Two daytime and for some original programming to be reduced. BBC HD was closed on 26 March 2013, and replaced with an HD simulcast of BBC Two; however, flagship programmes, other channels and full funding for CBBC and CBeebies would be retained.

Numerous **BBC** facilities have been sold off, including New Broadcasting House on Oxford Road in Manchester. Many major departments have been relocated to Broadcasting House and **MediaCity UK**, particularly since the closure of **BBC Television Centre** in March 2013.

On 16 February 2016, BBC Three was discontinued and replaced by a digital outlet under the same name, targeting its young adult audience with web series and other content.

Under the new royal charter instituted 2017, the corporation must publish an annual report to **Ofcom**, outlining its plans and public service obligations for the next year. In its 2017–18 report, released July 2017, **BBC** announced plans to "re-invent" its output to better compete against commercial streaming services such as **Netflix**.

These plans included increasing the diversity of its content on television and radio, a major increase in investments towards digital children's content, and plans to make larger investments in other nations of the United Kingdom besides England to "rise to the challenge of better reflecting and representing a changing UK"