recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Dissociative Amnesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Dissociative Amnesia (DA)** occurs when an individual blocks out certain events, often associated with stress or trauma, leaving the individual unable to remember important personal information. In some cases, the individual may forget most or all of their personal information and may sometimes travel to a different location and adopt a completely new identity, this is called dissociative fugue.

## Types of Amnesia

There are different types or patterns of dissociative amnesia:

* **Localized**: Memory loss affects specific areas of knowledge or parts of the individual's life. Often the memory loss focuses on a specific trauma.
* **Generalized**: Memory loss affects major parts of an individual's life and/or identity, such as being unable to recognize one's own name, job, family and friends.
* **Fugue**: When the individual has generalized amnesia and adopts a new identity.
* **Selective**: Involves forgetting only some of the events during a certain period of time or only part of a traumatic event. Individual may have both localized and selective amnesia.
* **Systematized**: Individuals forget information in a specific category, such as all information about a particular individual or about their family.
* **Continuous**: Individuals forget each new event as it occurs.

Most cases of dissociative amnesia are relatively short. Often, memories return suddenly and completely. Memory recovery may be triggered by something in the individual's surroundings or in therapy.

## Causes

Dissociative amnesia has been linked to overwhelming stress, which may be caused by traumatic events such as war, abuse, accidents or disasters. The individual may have suffered trauma or just witnessed it. There may be a genetic connection in dissociative amnesia, as close relatives often have the tendency to develop amnesia.

## References

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9789-dissociative-amnesia

https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-amnesia

Leong S, Waits W, Diebold C. Dissociative Amnesia and DSM-IV-TR Cluster C Personality Traits. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2006 Jan;3(1):51-5. PMID: 21103150; PMCID: PMC2990548.
Body Dysphoria

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.Body ImageThe following page includes discussions of body image, including starving oneself, binging and purging, exaggerated self-analysis, and body dysphoria. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Body Dysphoria** is a subset of gender dysphoria. It's the specific distress caused from the disconnect between ones body and the body desired for an individual's gender identity.

Body dysphoria is what most individuals think of when they think of dysphoria. It includes genitals, chest, height, body shape, facial features, body hair, voice and menstrual cycle. Individuals do not have to be dysphoria about all parts of their body, one may be dysphoric about certain traits but be fine with others.

One with body dysphoria may also experience genital dysphoria, NCST dysphoria, chest dysphoria, and/or gonadal dysphoria.

## References

https://www.britannica.com/science/gender-dysphoria

https://www.lgbtqia.wiki/wiki/Dysphoria
Brief Psychotic Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.UnrealityThe following page includes discussions of unreality, including delusions, hallucinations, derealization, and depersonalization. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Brief Psychotic Disorder (BPD)** is a sudden, short-term display of psychotic behavior, such as hallucinations or delusions, which occur with a stressful event.

## Signs & Symptoms

Individuals with brief psychotic disorder must have at least one of the following:

* Behavior that is odd or out of character.
* False ideas about what is taking place (delusions).
* Hearing or seeing things that aren't real (hallucinations).
* Strange speech or language.

The symptoms are not due to alcohol or other drug use, and they last longer than a day, but less than a month.

## Causes

Brief psychotic disorder is triggered by extreme stress, such as a traumatic accident or loss of a loved one. It is followed by a return to previous levels of function. The individual may or may not be aware of the strange behavior.

## Treatment

Treatment for brief psychotic disorder is similar to treatment for an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia; supervision and short-term treatment with antipsychotics may be required.

Relapse is common, but those with BPD typically function well between episodes and have few or no symptoms.

## References

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001529.htm

Stephen A, Lui F. Brief Psychotic Disorder. [Updated 2022 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539912/

https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/mental-health-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/brief-psychotic-disorder

https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/brief-psychotic-disorder
Onychotillomania

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Onychotillomania** is characterized by the compulsive picking, pulling or harmful biting/crewing of one's nails. One may also use tools such as scissors, nail files, knives, etc., to pull or pick at their nails.

It if not specified in the DSM-5, it is classified as a body-focused repetitive behavior under the category of other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder.

## References

Bhardwaj A, Agarwal S, Koolwal A, Bhardwaj C, Sharma R. Onychotillomania as manifestation for underlying depressive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2016 Jan-Mar;58(1):98-9. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.174398. PMID: 26985115; PMCID: PMC4776593.

https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20871
Speech Sound Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Speech Sound Disorder (SSD)**, also known as **Phonological Disorder**, is a communication disorder in which children have persistent difficulty with phonological knowledge of speech sounds or the ability to coordinate the movements necessary for speech.

## Signs & Symptoms

Most children shorten words and syllables as they're learning to talk, but children with speech sound disorder continue this simplification past the age children can produce words clearly, generally agreed to be age 7.

* Specific signs that a child may have speech sound disorder include:
* Trouble moving the jaw, tongue and lips.
* Struggling to make speech sounds.
* Not speaking as well as other children their age.
* Not speaking clearly enough for others to understand.
* Suddenly changing pitch or volume while talking.
* Hoarse, raspy or nasal voice.
* Running out of air while speaking.
* Lisping or stuttering.
* Having a hard time chewing, blowing their nose, or otherwise using muscles in their face.

Speech sound disorder usually starts in early childhood, but it can also show up later.

### Diagnosis

The DSM-5 includes the following diagnostic criteria for speech sound disorder:

* Persistent difficulty with production of speech sounds that interferes with the intelligibility of one's speech or prevents verbal communication.
* Limitations on communication interferes with social participation or performance at school or work.
* The symptoms begin early in life and are not attributable to other medical or neurological conditions.

## Causes

The cause of speech sound disorder is not well understood in many cases. Children who develop sound disorder often have family members with a history of speech or language disorders, suggesting a genetic component of the condition. Speech sound disorder may also occur with other delays in the use of facial musculature.

## References

1. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/speech-sound-disorder
2. https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-speech-sound-disorder/
3. https://www.psychdb.com/child/communication/speech-sound-disorder
Distractible Speech

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Distractible Speech** is a thought disorder in which the individual rapidly shifts from topic to topic in response to external or internal stimuli.

This is a common symptom in mania.

## References

https://dictionary.apa.org/distractible-speech
Fugue State

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Fugue State**, also known as **Dissociative Fugue** (formerly known as **Psychogenic Fugue**), is a temporary state where an individual has memory loss and ends up in an unexpected place. Individuals experiencing a fugue state cannot remember who they are or details about their past. Dissociative fugue is a subtype of dissociative amnesia.

## Signs & Symptoms

Fugue states can last for as little as a few hours or a few weeks, to sometimes even months. In most cases dissociative fugue can be very difficult to distinguish from sleepwalking. When the fugue state is over, individuals usually cannot remember what happened during the period of fugue. The fugue state can end suddenly or more gradually.

Symptoms include:

* Unplanned travel away from home for which one is unprepared.
* Inability to remember past events and experiences.
* Depersonalization.
* Inability to remember identity and details from one's life for days to several months.

## Causes

The onset of dissociative fugue state is usually sudden and follows a traumatic or highly stressful event. Dissociative fugues are associated with difficult events. There may also be a genetic link because individuals with dissociative disorders sometimes have family members with the same condition.

## References

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22836-dissociative-fugue

https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/conditions/dissociative-fugue-psychogenic-fugue

https://study.com/academy/lesson/fugue-state-definition-symptoms-quiz.html
Postpartum-

**Postpartum-** are conditions that are caused by child birth. Any individuals that are able to give birth can be affected by these disorders if they have children. The mental changes after birth are often related to hormonal changes and/or estrogen levels, as birth can affect both.

## Types of Postpartum-

### Postpartum Anxiety

Postpartum Anxiety is when one experiences intense anxiety for a few days to a few months after giving birth. Often times this anxiety is directed towards the child; however, it can be accompanied with anxiety towards other things as well. This anxiety is more than just newfound worry for ones child, and is far more mentally straining than expected parenthood worry.

### Postpartum Depression

Postpartum Depression is when one experiences intense depression for a few days to a few months after giving birth. Often times the low moods are directed towards the child; however, it can be accompanied with depression towards other things as well.

### Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Postpartum OCD)

Postpartum OCD is when one experiences obsessive and compulsive thoughts and behaviors a few days to a few weeks after giving birth. Often times this is related to the obsessive desire to keep a baby safe; however, it can be related to other things as well.

### Postpartum Psychosis

Postpartum Psychosis is when one experiences hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, rapid mood swings, and similar a few days to a few months after giving birth.

## References

https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/postpartum-anxiety

https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/postpartum-depression

https://www.postpartum.net/learn-more/obsessive-symptoms/

https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-partum-psychosis/
Gonadal Sofrimento

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.Body ImageThe following page includes discussions of body image, including starving oneself, binging and purging, exaggerated self-analysis, and body dysphoria. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Genital Sofrimento** is an umbrella term used to describe an individual who feels disconnect towards their gonads. This includes their testicles, ovaries, or ovotestes.

The term was coined by Cryptocrew, specifically Anamika, on May 9th, 2021.

## Gonadal Dysphoria

Gonadal dysphoria is a feeling of distress stemming from a disconnect between one's internal desire of gonadals and one's actual gonadals, due to the fact that their gonadals do not correctly represent their gender identity.

## Gonadal Dysmorphia

Gonadal dysmorphia is a feeling of distress towards one's gonadals that comes from a desire for a different type of gonadal, or no gonads at all. This has nothing to do with their gender identity. This is considered a subset of body dysmorphic disorder.

## References

https://www.lgbtqia.wiki/wiki/Gonadal\_Sofrimento
Other Specified Anxiety Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Other Specified Anxiety Disorder** is a category of DSM-5 diagnoses that applies to individual who have symptoms characteristic of an anxiety disorder, but do not meet the full criteria for any of them. Other specified anxiety disorder is used in situations in which the clinician chooses to communicate the specific reason the individual does not meet the criteria for any specific anxiety disorder. This is done by recording "other specified anxiety disorder" followed by a specific reason.

## Reasons

Examples of presentations that can be specified using the "other specified" designation include the following:

* Limited-symptom attacks.
* Generalized anxiety not occurring more days than not.
* Wind attacks, a term used by Cambodians to describe palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and cold extremities.
* Attack of nerves, a cultural syndrome used frequently in the Hispanic community to describe symptoms of intense emotional upset.

## References

https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/z-other-specified-anxiety

http://seniorcarepsychological.com/other-specified-anxiety-disorder-symptoms-and-related-dsm-5-diagnosis/
Seasonal Affective Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.Self-HermThe following page includes discussions of self-harm and suicide. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)** is a type of depression that's related to changes in seasons. SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year.

## Signs & Symptoms

In most cases, seasonal affective disorder symptoms appear during late fall or early winter and go away during the sunnier days or spring and summer. Less commonly, individuals with the opposite pattern have symptoms being in spring or summer. In either case, symptoms may start out mild and become more severe as the season progresses.

* Feelings of listless, sad or down most of the day, nearly every day.
* Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed.
* Having low energy and feeling sluggish.
* Having problems with sleeping too much.
* Experiencing carbohydrate cravings, overeating and weight gain.
* Having difficulty concentrating.
* Feeling hopeless, worthless or guilty.
* Having thoughts of not wanting to live.

### Fall and Winter

Symptoms specific to winter-onset SAD, sometimes called **Winter Depression**, may include:

* Oversleeping.
* Appetite changes, especially a craving for foods with high carbohydrates.
* Weight gain.
* Tiredness or low energy.

### Spring and Summer

Symptoms specific to summer-onset season affective disorder, sometimes called **Summer Depression**, may include:

* Trouble sleeping.
* Poor appetite.
* Weight loss.
* Agitation or anxiety.
* Increased irritability.

## Causes

The cause of SAD is not fully understood. Research indicates that individuals with SAD may have reduced activity of serotonin, which helps regulate mood. Research also suggests that sunlight controls the levels of molecules that help maintain normal serotonin levels, but in individuals with SAD, this regulation does not function properly.

Other findings suggest that individuals with SAD produce too much melatonin. Deficits in vitamin D may exacerbate problems with vitamin D is believed to promote serotonin activity.

## References

1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20364651
2. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder
Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors

**Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs)** include any repetitive behaviors that include biting, pulling or scraping at one's own body that can lead to physical damage.

## Types of BFRBs

### Trichotillomania

Trichotillomania, also known as hair pulling disorder, is characterized by the action of repeatedly pulling one's hair.

### Excoriation Disorder

Excoriation Disorder, also known as skin picking disorder or dermatillomania, is characterized by the repetitive picking of one's own skin.

### Onychophagia

Onychophagia, also known as nail biting, is characterized by the habitual biting of one's own finger nails.

### Cheek Biting

Cheek Biting, also referred to as cheek chewing, is the repetitive action of biting one's own cheeks.

### Other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors

Other BFRBs include lip biting, nail picking, scab eating and other self-grooming-related behaviors.

## References

https://www.bfrb.org/your-journey/what-is-a-bfrb

https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/co-occurring-disorders/body-focused-repetitive-behaviors
Spatial Sequence Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Spatial Sequence Synesthesia (SSS)**, also called **Sequence-Spatial**, **Sequence-Space** and **Visuo-Spatial Synesthesia** consists of visualizing certain sequences in physical space. Apart from spatial position, these elements may also have their own color, texture and shape. Although the exact spatial arrangement is different for each synesthete, it is consistent and tends to remain the same throughout their lifetime.

## Types of SSS

There are different types, and it is possible to have just one type or several types at the same time. The types are:

### Calendar Synesthesia

Calendar Synesthesia is a form of synesthesia in which the individual has a visual perception of time units such as days, months, hours, years, decades or centuries, seen in the space surrounding or in front of them.

### Number Form

Number Form is a form of synesthesia in which the individual perceives numbers as a sequence visualized spatially around them or in front of them.

### Letter Form

Letter Form is when one perceives the alphabet represented spatially, around them or in front of them.

### Spatial Sequence of Other Concepts

Spatial Sequence of Other Concepts is a type of synesthesia that involves consistently visualizing concepts other than time units, letters or numbers in physical space.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/spatial-sequence-synesthesia.html
Time Unit Personification

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Time Unit Personification** is a type of ordinal linguistic personification. It includes the personification of days, months, and other time unites. Each day of the week or month of the year may have its own physical appearance, style of dress, gender, age and personality. These are consistent associations that do not vary throughout the individual's lifetime.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/02/personification-of-days-and-months.html
Fregoli Delusion

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Fregoli Delusion** is the mistaken belief that an individual is a familiar individual in disguise. The stranger is believed to be psychologically identical to this known individual who is not present, even though the physical appearance of the stranger is different. This can also be described as the belief that an individual is repeatedly changing their appearance.

Fregoli delusion is not included in the DSM-5.

## References

Langdon R, Connaughton E, Coltheart M. The Fregoli delusion: a disorder of person identification and tracking. Top Cogn Sci. 2014 Oct;6(4):615-31. doi: 10.1111/tops.12108. Epub 2014 Sep 13. PMID: 25219764.

Ventriglio A, Bhugra D, De Berardis D, Torales J, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Fiorillo A. Capgras and Fregoli syndromes: delusion and misidentification. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020 Aug-Sep;32(5-6):391-395. doi: 10.1080/09540261.2020.1756625. Epub 2020 May 7. PMID: 32378427.

Mojtabai R. Fregoli syndrome. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1994 Sep;28(3):458-62. doi: 10.3109/00048679409075874. PMID: 7893241.
Separation Anxiety Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)** is an intense fear of being separated from home or from loved ones/caregivers. While separation anxiety is a regular part of a child's development, SAD is an extreme fear of being separated, it's much more intense.

## Signs & Symptoms

Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are excessive for the developmental age and cause significant distress in daily functioning.

* Recurrent and excessive distress about anticipating or being away from home or loved ones.
* Refusing to be away from home because of the separation.
* Not wanting to be home alone and without a loved one in the house.
* Reluctance or refusing to sleep away from home without a loved one nearby.
* Repeated nightmares about separation.
* Frequent nightmares about separation.
* Frequent complaints of headaches, stomachaches or other symptoms when separation from loved ones is anticipated.

Separation anxiety disorder may be associated with panic disorder and panic attacks.

### Diagnosis

The DSM-V says that a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder must meet three criteria:

* Symptoms must be present for at least six months in adults, four weeks in children.
* Symptoms must cause major impairment to normal functioning.
* Symptoms cannot be explained by a different diagnosis.

## Causes

Separation anxiety disorder can be genetic. Environmental factors can also cause SAD. In children, some factors are:

* Death in the family.
* Separation or divorce of parents.
* Parental absence.
* Geographic move or relocation.
* Change of school.
* Anxiety diagnosis in a parent.
* Parental alcoholism.
* Foster care/adoption.

Adults may experience separation anxiety disorder due to stressful life events or past experiences.

* Loss of a loved one.
* Big life changes, such as a move.
* Strict parental upbringing.
* Diagnosis of an anxiety disorder as a child.
* Diagnosis of other mental health disorders as an adult.

## Treatment

In children and adults, SAD can be treated with therapy. If SAD is severe, medications can be prescribed. Therapy has no risk treatment, and side effects of the medications that could be prescribed are mostly mild.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23142-separation-anxiety
Conduct Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AbuseThe following page includes discussions of abuse, including verbal, physical, neglect, sexual (**SA also has its own warning**), etc. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Conduct Disorder (CD)** is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in children and adolescents characterized by a disregard for others. Children with conduct disorder have a difficult time following rules. Their behavior can be hostile and sometimes physically violent.

## Signs & Symptoms

### Aggression Conduct

* Intimidating behavior
* Bullying
* Physical fights
* Cruelty to others or animals
* Using a weapon
* Forcing someone into sexual activity, rape or molestation

### Destructive Conduct

* Intentionally destroying property
* Arson

### Deceitfulness

* Lying
* Theft
* Shoplifting
* Delinquency

### Violation of rules or age-appropriate norms

* Not going to school
* Running away
* Pranks
* Mischief
* Very early sexual activity

Those with CD often misinterpret the actions of others as being hostile or aggressive. They respond by escalating the situation into verbal or physical conflict.

## Causes

Many factors seem to contribute to conduct disorder. Research has found that children and teens with conduct disorder seem to have an impairment in the frontal lobe of the brain, this interferes with their ability to plan, avoid harm and learn from negative experiences.

In addition, other factors may include:

* A traumatic event
* Genetics
* Child abuse.
* Past school failure
* Social problems

## Treatment

Treatment will depend on the individual's age, symptoms, and general health and will also depend on how severe the condition is.

* Therapy, whether it be personal, family, or peer group
* Medicines

## References

1. https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/conduct-disorder
2. https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/conduct-disorders
3. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/conduct-disorder
4. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/behavior.html
Intermetamorphosis

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.UnrealityThe following page includes discussions of unreality, including delusions, hallucinations, derealization, and depersonalization. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Intermetamorphosis** is defined as a belief that an individual has been transformed, both physiologically and physically, into another. It can be considered a rare variant of capgras syndrome or fregoli syndrome.

## References

Narayanaswamy JC, Gopinath S, Rajkumar RP, Raman RP, Math SB. Co-occurrence of Intermetamorphosis and Frégoli Syndrome in Schizophrenia: A Case Report. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2012;14(2):PCC.11l01279. doi: 10.4088/PCC.11l01279. Epub 2012 Apr 12. PMID: 22943023; PMCID: PMC3425455.

Bick, P. A. (1984). The syndrome of intermetamorphosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(4), 588–589. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.4.588
Narcolepsy

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Narcolepsy** is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the normal sleep-wake cycle. Affected individuals feel tired during the day and several times a day they may experience an overwhelming urge to sleep.

Narcolepsy does not cause serious or long-term physical health problems, but it can have a significant impact on daily life and be difficult to cope with emotionally.

## Signs & Symptoms

Unregulated sleeping and waking patterns can result in:

* Excessive daytime sleepiness.
* Sleep attacks, falling asleep suddenly and without warning.
* Cataplexy, temporary loss of muscle control resulting in weakness and possible collapse.
* Sleep paralysis.
* Excessive dreaming and waking in the night.
* Hallucinations when falling asleep or waking up.

## Causes

Narcolepsy is often caused by a lack of the brain chemical hypocretin (orexin), which regulates wakefulness. The lack of hypocretin is thought to be caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the cells that produce it or the receptors that allow it to work.

But this is not the cause in all cases of narcolepsy, and the exact cause of the problem is often unclear.

Things that have been suggested as possible triggers of narcolepsy include:

* Hormonal changes.
* Major psychological stress.
* An infection or medicine used against it.

## Types of Narcolepsy

### Type I

NTI is associated with the symptom of cataplexy. NTI was formerly known as narcolepsy with cataplexy. Not everyone diagnosed with NTI experience episodes of cataplexy, NTI can also be diagnosed when an individual has low levels of hypocretin-1.

### Type II

NTII was formerly known as narcolepsy without cataplexy. Individuals with NTII have many similar symptoms as individuals with NTI, but they do not have cataplexy or low levels of hypocretin-1.

## References

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/narcolepsy/

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/narcolepsy/

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy
Semantic Dementia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Semantic Dementia (SD)**, also known as **Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA)**, is a form of frontotemporal dementia. It is characterized by the progressive loss of visual association, along with increased disruption in comprehension of word meaning. It can also include behavioral changes.

## Signs & Symptoms

Symptoms start to appear when one is an adult, most commonly around the ages of 50-75 years old.

Symptoms may include:

* Behavior or personality changes, including inappropriate or impulsive behaviors
* Difficulty with spelling
* Language issues, slow speech, using the wrong words or saying words in the wrong order
* Difficulty planning, organizing, recognizing other individuals and other mental abilities
* Gradual memory problems and memory impairments

## Causes

Semantic dementia results from the temporal lobes of the brain shrinking. For most, this is associated with the build-up of a protein called TDP-43, but there are other factors that cause these changes in the brain. It is known that the condition is not caused by external environmental or lifestyle factors, such as diet, occupation or injury.

## References

https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10792/semantic-dementia

https://cfu.org.uk/semantic-dementia/

https://neighborsdc.org/news/what-is-semantic-dementia/

https://radiopaedia.org/articles/semantic-dementia-2?lang=us

https://www.theaftd.org/what-is-ftd/primary-progressive-aphasia/semantic-variant-ppa-svppa/
Cognitive Disorders

**Cognitive Disorders (CDs)** or **Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)** are conditions formed from brain trauma/injury, genetic abnormality, toxins, stroke/seizures, and/or heart issues. These disorders cause struggles with mental functioning, learning and memory, perceptual motor-function, language, complex attention, and social cognition.

## Types of Cognitive Disorders

### Delirium

Delirium, as a disorder rather than a side-effect, is characterized by difficulty thinking/remembering/communicating, reduced awareness, being easily distracted, withdrawn behavior, slowed behavior, and/or trouble processing things such as reading and writing.

### Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia)

Dementia is a cognitive disorder characterized by issues with memories, complications with comprehending speech, struggles with mental/intellectual reasoning and self-control, and feelings of apathy.

### Mild Neurocognitive Disoder (Amnesia)

Amnesia is a cognitive disorder that holds the same symptoms as dementia, just to a lesser extent.

### Unspecified Neurocognitive Disorder

An Unspecified Neurocognitive Disorder is a condition that does not fit delirium, dementia, or amnesia, but still holds the symptoms of being a cognitive disorder.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delirium/symptoms-causes/syc-20371386

https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/major-neurocognitive-disorder

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353360
Phobia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Phobias** are an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of objects or situations that pose little real danger but provoke anxiety and avoidance. Unlike the brief anxiety one may feel when giving a speech or taking a test, phobias are long lasting, cause intense physical and psychological reactions, and can affect an individual's ability to function normally in social settings.

Phobias are the most common anxiety disorders, but not all phobias need treatment.

There are many types of phobias and it's not unusual to experience a phobia about more than one object or situation.

## Signs & Symptoms

No matter what specific phobia one has, these reactions are very likely:

* An immediate feeling of intense fear.
* Awareness that the fears are unreasonable and exaggerated but feeling powerless to control them.
* Worsening anxiety as situations or objects get closer in time or physical proximity.
* Doing everything possible to avoid the object or situation or enduring it with intense anxiety or fear.
* Difficulty functioning normally because of the fear.
* Physical reactions and sensations, including sweating, rapid heartbeat, tight chest or difficulty breathing.
* Feeling nauseated, dizzy or fainting when around the object or situation.

### Diagnosis

Phobias are only diagnosed if the specific fear interferes with daily life.

## Causes

Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to the start of a phobia. Certain phobias have been linked to a very bad first encounter with the feared object or situation.

## Types of Phobias

* **Situations**, such as airplanes, enclosed spaces or going to school.
* **Nature**, such as thunderstorms or heights.
* **Animals**, such as dogs or spiders.
* **Blood, injection or injury**, such as needles, accidents or medical procedures.
* **Others**, such as choking, vomiting, loud noises or clowns.

Each specific phobia is referred to by its own term. Common terms include:

### Social Phobia

The fear of social spaces and activities, often also called social anxiety disorder.

### Agoraphobia

The fear of places or situations the individual has no control over.

### And many more

While not every phobia is listed, as there are too many to be listed all in one place, there are many listed here.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/specific-phobias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355156

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/phobias

https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/additional-disorders/phobias
Other Specified Dissociative Disorder-4

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Other Specified Dissociative Disorder-4 (OSDD-4)** describes dissociative trances that do not have any other cause, including other conditions, spiritual practices or drug use. Individuals slip in and out of these trance states, often unaware of their environment while in them, and may come to confused and missing memories of their time while dissociating.

## References

https://pluralpedia.org/w/Otherwise\_Specified\_Dissociative\_Disorder
Ticker Tape Synesthesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Ticker Tape Synesthesia** consists of automatically visualizing written words in the form of subtitles when hearing others speak. It can also occur with one's own speech and/or with internal dialogue or verbal thinking.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/ticker-tape.html
Behavioral-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Behavioral-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD)**, also called **Pick's Disease**, is the most common form of frontotemporal dementia. It is characterized by changes in personality and behavior.

## Signs & Symptoms

With bvFTD, one's memory is usually spared, but they may not recognize the changes in their own behavior.

Most individuals start showing symptoms in their 50s, but some may show signs earlier or later.

Disinhibition is the most prominent symptom of bvFTD, it usually results in socially inappropriate behavior and impulsive actions.

Individuals with bvFTD present a general loss of interest, drive or motivation. In extreme cases, individuals may need prompts to initiate or continue basic activities.

Individuals with bvFTD may seem emotionally cold or detached, including an overt disregard for other's pain or distress.

One may exhibit simple repetitive behaviors or complex compulsive behaviors.

Changes in diet are common as well.

Those with bvFTD show a decrease in complex thinking, such as planning, organization, mental flexibility and generation of ideas.

## Causes

Pick's disease is believed to be caused by abnormal clustering of tau proteins in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, called Pick bodies. As these protein clumps gather in those areas of the brain, brain cells begin to die, causing emotional, behavioral and cognitive changes in one's functioning.

## Treatment

There are currently no treatments for bvFTD, and the progress cannot be slowed in most cases.

Behavioral and environmental interventions are considered the most effective way to manage symptoms. SSRIs may help to relieve symptoms of apathy, irritability and disinhibited behavior.

## References

https://www.theaftd.org/what-is-ftd/behavioral-variant-ftd-bvftd/

https://www.med.upenn.edu/ftd/behavioral-variant-frontotemporal-dementia-bvftd.html

https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/ftd/behavioral-variant-frontotemporal-dementia

https://www.verywellhealth.com/picks-disease-behavioral-dementia-98732
Transient Global Amnesia

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)** is a temporary form of amnesia. No treatment is needed for transient global amnesia, it gets better without treatment and it has no lasting effects.

## Signs & Symptoms

The main symptom of transient global amnesia is being unable to create new memories and remember the recent past. Individuals experiencing a TGA episode may appear disoriented and confused. They know who they are and know their friends and family members, but may repeat questions about the time or date. Complex mental tasks, such as the ability to drive a car or cook, are not affected.

Other symptoms include:

* Anxiety and agitation.
* Absence of signs suggesting damage to the brain tissue.

Episodes end in 1-8 hours, no more than 24.

## Causes

The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. It may be linked to a history of migraines or overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problems with blood flow.

Some commonly reported events that may trigger transient global amnesia include:

* Physical exertion.
* Emotional or psychological stress.
* Sudden immersion in cold or hot water.
* Head trauma.
* Pain.
* Sexual intercourse.
* Performing the valsalva maneuver, a breathing technique in which one closes their mouth, pinches their nose, and bears down as if having a bowel movement.

## References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378535

Nehring SM, Spurling BC, Kumar A. Transient Global Amnesia. [Updated 2022 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/transient-global-amnesia-tga.html
Letter Personification

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.

**Letter Personification** is a type of ordinal linguistic personification. It is when one personifies different letters. The attributes associated with each letter begin in childhood and the personalities stay consistent. They can involve simple aspects, such as each letter only having a gender, or they can be more complex, such as letters having personality, gender, a physical appearance, clothes and accessories, likes and dislikes, a job, hobbies, family relationships, friends and enemies, etc. These personalities can evoke an emotional response in the individual who perceives them.

For some individuals, the letters can have different personalities depending on the font or typeface used, whether they are upper or lower case, or whether they are printed or handwritten.

Letter personification often occurs with number personification and also commonly coexists with grapheme-color synesthesia.

## References

https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/03/letter-personification.html
Internet Gaming Disorder

DisclaimerThis page is not here to be used as a self-diagnosis, self-identification, or promotion - it's simply here to be informational. Whether or not one self-diagnoses, self-identifies, and/or seeks a professional diagnosis is up to them.AddictionThe following page includes discussions of addiction, including substance abuse. If you are uncomfortable or get triggered by this topic, it is recommended to not read this page.

**Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)**, or **Gaming Disorder**, is an addictive disorder characterized by impaired control over gaming, increasing priority to gaming over other activities to the extent that gaming takes precedence over other interests or daily activities, and continuation or escalation of gaming despite negative consequences.

IGD is a relatively new diagnosis and there is still more research to be done for more information about the condition.

## Signs & Symptoms

This condition is limited to gaming and does not include problems with general use of the internet, online gambling, or use of social media or smartphones.

* Preoccupied with gaming.
* Withdrawal symptoms when gaming is taken away or not possible.
* Inability to reduce playing, unsuccessful attempts to quit gaming.
* Giving up other activities, loss of interest in previous enjoyed activities due to gaming.
* Continuing to game despite problems.
* Lying to others about the amount of time spent on gaming.
* Use of gaming to relieve negative moods, such as guilt or hopelessness.
* Risk, having jeopardized or lost a job or relationship due to gaming.

## Co-Existing Conditions

IGD is a common disorder accompanied with depression and anxiety, specifically social anxiety.

## References

https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/addictive-behaviours-gaming-disorder

https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/internet-gaming

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6876823/