Antarctica

**Flag of the Táangat People**

Originally developed by Australian Táangat in a bid for indigenous land rights, the flag has come to be used as a pan-ethnic flag throughout Antarctica for its indigenous people. It has official recognition in Norwegian and Australian Antarctica, although it’s commonly flown throughout the continent

Dimensions 2:1

Norwegian red

Antarctic white and blue

The red lines represent the ropes of Maaw(Māui) who tied down the sun(add Inuit explanation for winter sun). There are three of them because of the three main Táangat groups, the Awon(portmanteau)(Further divided into two Taangatobön and Taangatawon; they did not see themselves as ethnically distinct at first and both considered themselves as Awon groups with tons of cultural movement, they were just on a dialect continuum much like the Occitan and French considering themselves both French or the Chinese), Ngusilum(Ngusilumwala), and the Taangawit(Sea Taangat)

The sun represents the sun. The sea and fish for the maritime culture of the natives. White for the snow. White and blue for the Antarctic landscape

Within the Awön however are two major groups, Peninsular Awön and Ellsworth Land Awön

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Taangáawit- /ˈtæŋɡəwɪt/

Ngusilum - /əŋɡuːsɪləm/

Awon - /eɪwʌn/

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The Táangat believe that the sun is weighted down by the cold and frost of winter  that had weighed it down so much that it could no longer lift itself into the sky.

-13.5 C to 6.85 is the air temp

-8 is mediAn

Antarctica is canadian arctic temp

Temperate conifer at tip of peninsula, which is the temp like Subarctic like Qinngua Valley Greenland(like Iceland)

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According to their beliefs, their legendary ancestors had turned into stars and they, together with their families, had become the constellations.

Temaukel, for example, the creator of the first humans, became the star Aldebaran; Cenuke turned into Venus, and Chaskel into the star Canopus.

For the Selk'nam people, the Sun and the Moon were a married couple called Kran and Kra.

They believed there had been a time when women, commanded by Kra, ruled over men by pretending to be spirits

It is said that when Kran discovered the truth, following a battle that ended in the slaughter of almost all the women, Kra was cast out to the sky, where he still pursues her today.

The Selk'nam people were fearful of the Moon, believing that when it glowed red—possibly referring to lunar eclipses—it meant that Kra had devoured a man.

They also believed that Kra ate children, which meant they could only look at the Moon when it was full, which was when Kra was satiated.

**The Sky of the Yaghan People**

In common with the Selk'nams, the Yaghan people believed that their legendary ancestors had turned into stars.

They also had a similar myth about the Sun, which they called Lem, and the Moon, which they called Hanuxa. Their overarching belief about the Moon, however, was that it was associated with the tides.

Fuegians in a Canoe, 1839, From the collection of: Fundación Elkano

The myth describes how Hanuxa threw himself into the sea, provoking a flood that wiped out almost all living creatures. However, he took pity on a group of survivors who had gathered on a small islet to await their deaths, and returned to the sky, causing the sea level to fall.

**Táangat Antáaktika**

[ˈtʰæŋɡət]

-8C mean annual polar temperatures from today’s −28.2° C

15C difference in East Antarctica nearVictoria Land (so around -15C to -1C mean annual temperature)

-13C on interior of Antarctic Peninsula mean of 7C on the coast

Antarctica settled by Maori in 13th to 14th century

Táangat is the general name for the native Antarcticans. The language is referred to by the local name, Taangáawin in the peninsula(after the ethnic group, but their local name for the language is te ree awin)

Antarctica was first inhabited by Maori in the late 14th to early 15th century(1350s to 1450). Previously it was inhabited by small groups related to the Yaghan who arrived some 300 years earlier, the earliest known evidence of human settlement in Antarctica being seal bones cut with human tools radio carbon dated to around 1040 AD

In contrast New Zealand was around 1250 and 1300,[22][30] although newer archaeological and genetic research points to a date no earlier than about 1280, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350

13th to 14th Subantarctic Islands and 1500 Chatham Islands

## **Proto-Antarctic**

Four Branches:

* Taangaawin - Peninsular(Iñupiaq/Nganasan)
* Marie Bird(Inuvialuktun/Enets)
* Úsilum(Inuktitut/Nenets)
* Sea Táangat(Greenlandic/Selkup)

https://www.frathwiki.com/Proto-Samoyedic#Nganasan

Taangawin

* Graham Land Taangawin
* Palmer Land Taangawin

Marie Bird

* Ellsworth
* Marie Bird
* Ross Sea\*

Úsilum

* Oates Land
* George V land
* Wilkes Land
* Wilhelm II Land

Sea Táangat

* Kemp Land\*
* Enderby Land
* Dronning Maud

\*transitional

## **Awön Language - te ree awön**

Actual words:

ihu - nose **M**

tangat - person pl. táangat **M**

ngaa ihu - noses **M**

pánaxa - snow **Y**

ree - language **M**

Úsi - country, land, Earth **Y**

yama - great Y

tee - white M

mawng - mountain M

moč - island M

karakii - incantations and prayers to invoke spiritual guidance and protection M

achuu - spirit M

taan - man M

wahin - woman M

tawr - rope M

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Fenua -> fenuuXX

tea -> tee

ingoa -> ingooXX(not included)

karakia -> karakii

maalie -> marii

reqo doesnt change to ree because of the glottal stop

Yamana: verb phrase, demonstratives, quantifiers

Maori:

ti, tu to chi, chu

word final vowels are elided

Yamana nouns follow Yamana pluralization rules

Mostly Yamana syntax(mostly SOV)

Awön derives nouns, numerals, definite/indefinite articles, possessive pronouns, some adverbs and adjectives from Maori, while it derives demonstratives (in/animate), question words, verbs (in/animacy agreement with the subject/object), and some adverbs/verb-like adjectives from Yaghan.

Verbs: 88-99% Cree-origin

Question words: Cree-origin

Personal pronouns: Cree

Postpositions: Cree-origin

Prepositions: French-origin

Conjunctions: 55% Cree-origin; 40% French-origin

Numerals: French-origin

Demonstratives: Cree-origin

Pronouns

Hai - I

Sö - You

Maatow - We(exclusive)

Taatow - we(inclusive

Too taatow úsi - our land

Nouns follow Māori articles, even if of Yaghan origin: te úsi - the land

Te úsi yama - the Great Land

Te ngaa tahuyama-a-rang

**Proto-Antarctic Lemmas**

Late Antarctic:

\*åwön

\*táangat

Proto-Táangatobön

\*obön

\*tāngat

Proto-Marie Byrd(Awon)

\*awon

\*táangat

Proto-Ngusilum

\*ngawön

\*tàakat

Proto-Sea Taangat

\*awit

\*taangat

## **Táangat Awön**

True People - Originated from a mixing of Maori explorers with native Yaghan people in Antarctica

No rats in Antarctica as they couldn’t survive the cold, but there are reindeer introduced by the Norwegians

So either Táangata Awön or Táangata Wulataka

Táakata awön

https://patlibros.org/yam/ye.php - Yamana Dictionary

It follows South Maori and Moriori devoicing, so originally Maori tangata became Proto-Antarctic \*tangát with a plural of \*táangat

The governments of Patagonia, Norway, France, Australia, the US(Marie Byrd Land) and New Zealand each control a portion of the Antarctic Mainland. The natives are there still, and the respective governments have signed the Antarctic Treaty which prohibits mining and military operations on the continent and allowing the free operation of scientific bases by any free country. The entire continent is Visa Free like Svalbard and visitors follow the laws of their home countries and not the Antarctic territories, however residents must follow the laws of the Antarctic country they live in

Native land rights are mostly protected, however some Antarctic bases are subject to protest from natives. The natives are citizens of their respective countries, but freedom of movement is allowed for everyone in Antarctica. Natives are also guaranteed specific fishing and hunting rights to a limited extent much like in the Arctic. Native hunters must apply for a domestic hunting license, and there is a total count for conservation purposes. Natives are allowed to hunt only in designated tribal areas and must be able to prove that these are traditional hunting areas

5000 total population summer, 1000 population winter

The continent is demilitarized and no firearms are allowed except for a few cases that must be reported to all Antarctic countries

Total Awön population is 16,000 with 5000 resident non-Awön. Around 1000-5000 non-resident workers for research depending on the season, with an additional 1000 working Antarctic seas

Antarctica remained uncolonized until the 1893 when the continent began to be explored and the divisions now in place came about in the 1930s

——

Because of its special status, the American Antarctic Territory is much like American Samoa. The local Awön people are American nationals, not American citizens and cannot vote. Their land rights are ensured however and they follow American law in most cases. They are allowed to move freely within the US however and much like American Samoans are allowed to apply for citizenship after three months of residence

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Non native Antarcticans cannot move to Antarctica without proof of income, and most housing is owned by companies anyway. Housing is only(mostly) possible through employment and you need a job offer to move, with your stay there not even counting for the years to eventual citizenship. There is no permanent residence for the most part unless you are a descendant of pre-Antarctic Treaty residents, are native Taangat or are married to residents. Though there is no visa required to work there, you cannot just show up and if you cannot sustain your lifestyle you will be removed.

Citizenship for people born in Antarctica will depend on the laws of the presiding government.

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The local languages were banned under foreign rule, but they have been experiencing a resurgence. Today the local languages are weakest in the US, Australian, French, and Patagonian territories.

The New Zealand Ross Dependency is a Dependent Territory like Tokelau and is entitled to some local rule. Ross Dependency Residents are entitled to New Zealander Citizenship

## **Antarctic Languages**

**Proto-Antarctic**

ə → ∅ / t\_, “in certain positions”

**Vowel lowering**

* \*o > \*å
	+ except when V2 lost (*\*kokə- \*kosə- \*lomə \*ńoxə- \*porə- \*śojə- \*śowə \*tolə- \*toxə* > \*ko- \*kot- \*jom \*ńo- \*por- \*so- \*so- \*toj- \*to)
* \*u > \*ə / \_C(C)a
	+ others: *\*suŋə* > \*təŋ, *\*kurkə/\*karka* > \*kərə, *\*kulkə-* > \*kəj-

**Palatalization of \*l**

* As noted above, \*d₂ > \*ʎ (\*lʲ?) probably dates to already East Uralic
* \*l > \*ʎ / \_C, #\_, \_i(C)#
	+ Otherwise \*l- > \*j- is clear
	+ \*-lw- > \*-jw- is clear
	+ \*-lt-, \*-alm- unchanged (*\*kulta-, \*kalma*; both potential derivativs!)
	+ \*-lkə > \*-j and \*-lə > \*-j may be due to coda position
* \*a > \*a [ɑ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere); is fed by palatalization of \*l, counterfed by \*å-lowering
* \*a > \*a / between two stops (*\*čača-* "be born", *\*čača-* "to go", *\*pata \*taka*)
	+ \*a > \*å [ɒ] / elsewhere

**Unstress'd (generally, final) vowels**

* \*a > \*ä / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
	+ *\*kala \*pala \*kad₂a- \*pud₂a-* > \*kålä \*pålä \*kåjä- \*pəjä (…)
	+ but not in *\*mud₂a \*su(w)d₂a* > \*məjå \*səjå¹
* \*a > \*ə / sometimes (*\*jupta- \*kod₂ka \*konta \*kuma \*muja- \*puna- \*śala \*śod₂a \*tora*…) (*check!*)
* \*a > \*å [ɒ] / elsewhere

**Misc.**

* \*j > ∅ / åə\_ (*\*kalə- \*ńalə- \*walə-* > \*kåə- \*ńåə- \*åə-)
* Word-finally \*ə > ∅ / VC\_# (fed by vocalization of \*x \*ʎ, counterfed by ɣ/w-loss, exceptions *\*jurə, \*śüdₓə*)
* ? \*w > \*m / ʎ\_ (*\*käd₂wa* only - apparently South Smy. only)
* \*w > ∅ / coda (counterbleeds \*ə > ∅; *\*jäwjə, \*täwd₁ə*, etc. Remains *#täwəw* > \*tiwə, also in \*-jw- of either origin (suggesting interm. \*ɣ?))

—

Č to S in all languages except Proto-Usilum

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**Proto-Taangawin**

t → s / i\_

ə → i / at word boundaries

ə → u / u\_

ə → a / a\_

ə → ∅ / else

C0VC0 → C0ː

Regressive MOA assimilation and progressive voicing assimilation in consonant clusters (at least, when C2 is either /l/ or /l̥/)

m n ŋ → v t ɣ / \_C[-nasal]

l̥ → t / \_C

v → p / \_s

v ʁ → p q / S\_

v ɣ ʁ → p k q / \_C (unless C = one of /l dʒ m n ŋ)

{p,v} t {k,ɣ} → m n ŋ / \_N

v → ∅ / u\_i

dʒ → ʁ / i\_u

ədʒ → i / \_{a,u} (except in #U)

adʒ → i / \_a (except in #U?)

* Consonant palatalization: s k t ŋ n → š š č ń ń / \_{i e} (but not \_{ä ö ü})
* Vowel (anti)palatalization: \*ë (? → e) → i / {s, ń}\_; \*ä → a / {s, ń, j}\_
* "Umlaut loss": \*ü \*ï \*ë \*ä \*ö → i i a e \*o
	+ Modern /y/ results from assimilations of /i/, /u/
* Back raising: \*o \*å → u o;
	+ including \*oə \*åə → ua oa → ua ua
* Sequence smoothing
	+ \*iə → ie (via [iæ]?)
	+ \*üə → i
	+ \*ëə (→ ? \*aa) → a
	+ \*öə → oa (not ˣua ! probably wasn't actually [øə])
* †e → ɨ (very late; oldest record still record <e>)
	+ however: e → i / ń\_
* \*äj \*ej → ea; \*əj → oj
	+ Other Vj develop per components
* \*p → †f → h
	+ fu ==
	+ \*mp → ŋh
	+ \*fa → fua
* Glide fortition: \*w \*j → b dʲ / \_V

**Proto-Marie Byrd**

* \*å → a
* \*ə → ŏ (short)
* \*ä → e
* "Umlaut loss": \*ï \*ë \*ü \*ö → i i u o
* \*åə \*oə \*uə → a ua ua
* \*iə, \*ëə → io
* \*əj \*äj \*aj \*oj \*uj → ej e ä o o
* Dialect changes
	+ \*a → Forest e, Tundra a
	+ \*üə → Forest ie, Tundra io (via → \*ia, cf. prev?)

ə → u / u\_

ə → a / a\_

ə → i / else

ɣ ʁ → k q / \_#

C0VC0 → Cː

Regressive MOA assimilation and progressive voicing assimilation in consonant clusters, at least when C2 is either /l/ or /l̥/

m n ŋ → v t ɣ / \_C[-nasal]

l̥ → t / \_C

v → p / \_s

v ʁ → p q / S\_

{p,v} t {k,ɣ} → m n ŋ / \_N

v → ∅ / u\_i

ədʒ → i / \_{a,u} (except in #U)

adʒ → i / \_a (except in #U?)

**Proto-Usilum**

* Coda glottalization (shared with Enets, Nganasan?): \*s \*t \*k > ʔ / \_{C #}
* Nasal prothesis: ∅ > \*ŋ / #\_V
* Lo rotation: \*å \*a \*ä > \*a \*ä \*e (shared with?)
	+ \*ä remains / \_#
* Reduction
	+ \*i \*ü \*ï \*u > ə / unstressed (but \*i triggers palatalization?)
	+ \*iə \*uə > \*i \*u / unstressed
* Front/back contrast shifts from vowels to consonants:
	+ \*i \*e \*ä \*ö > ʲi ʲe ʲa ʲo
	+ \*ï \*ë > i e (actually only a reanalysis; these remain phonetically [ɯ ɤ])
* Palatal fronting: \*kʲ \*ŋʲ > sʲ nʲ
* \*nʲ > j / V\_V
* \*n > ŋ / \_#
* ~Monofthongization
	+ \*ij \*iə > iː
	+ \*uj \*uə > uː
	+ \*oj > o
	+ \*aj \*əj \*ej > all æː [ae] (incl. \*aj from both \*åj > \*aj and \*aj > \*äj)
	+ \*aj > a
* Cluster simplification:
	+ \*ŋm \*nm > mm
	+ \*ŋn > nn
	+ \*nŋ > ŋ
	+ \*nt \*lt \*rt > nn ll r
	+ \*ŋt > nt

**Proto-Sea Taangat**

ə → u / u\_

ə → a / a\_

Cː → C / except when CV\_V in U1U2

t → s / i\_

ə → i / else

dʒ → tʃ → s / “in certain positions” (except for Thule Greenlandic, where dʒ → tʃ and stayed there, apparently)

m n ŋ t {{ɣ,ʁ} → {k,q}} → p t k n ŋ / \_#

m n ŋ → v t ɣ / \_C[-nasal]

{p,v} t {k,ɣ} → m n ŋ / \_N

S1S2 → F1F2

* \*ns > \*š (possibly indicates that \*ńć was still retained here; cf. \*ns > Tundra Nenets *nc*, Mator *ndž*)
* Back raising: \*å(ə) > u
	+ \*o remains however (!?)
	+ Helimski sez [citation needed]: \*å split to u, o (before \*-u, \*-o, generally \*-a), uː, oː (before \*-ä, \*-ə, monosyllables) (with some opposite examples for \*-a and \*-ə), \*uë (irregularly)
* \*uə \*ëə \*öə > uë a aː
* \*əj \*åj \*oj \*uj > aj öː öː üː
* \*e > \*ä > aː / #\_C\*a (disharmonic stems; is initial position relevant?)
* Lengthening
	+ \*i \*ï \*ü \*u > iː ïː üː uː / \_Cə
	+ \*ë \*e \*o > ïː iː uː / \_Cə
	+ \*e > eː / \_(j)tCə
	+ \*ë \*o > ïː oː / \_CCə (also \*ëptə > ooptə?)
* After lengthening: \*-a, \*-ä, \*-ə > \*-ə