Pannonia

The Avar conquest led to the rule over much of the Pannonian Basin. Proto-Slavic became a lingua franca in much of the region.

Eventually the Magyars crossed into the region and adopted the Pannonian language as a prestige language after setting the capital in the Latin speaking areas of Lake Pelso.

The Magyars adopted Pannonian but some Magyar speakers remained in the countryside and the mountains as a minority language.

The Pannonian state under the Arpadescu Dynasty rapidly expanded and took control of Croatia and much of the western Balkans.

Pannonian spread especially to the Roman minorities of the Balkans.

Eventually in 1521 the Ottoman Turks invaded Pannonia and annexed much of the region following the interregnum of the collapse of the Arpadescu Dynasty with the death of King Ladislau.

In 1699 Pannonia was reannexed to Austria-Hungary after the Treaty of Karlowitz.

In 1849 the Hungarian Revolution was crushed and ethnic rights were removed, with Pannonian nationalism rising in the wake, as well as the martial law imposed on Pannonia as a historical part of Hungary and as members of the revolution.

The 1855 the Pannonian Revolution occurred against the Austrians which was defeated soon afterwards. Pannonian nationalist beforehand had begun to reassess the Pannonian identity such as through the stablishment of the Academie Panunesca and other Pannonian nationalist items and literature.(Maur Fiarer was arrested during this time for fostering Pannonian nationalism)

Pannonia was granted independence in 1918 after the First World War, with substantial Hungarian and German minorities.

The republic ended following Soviet occupation during World War II.

After WW1 Pannonia only included the Pannonian majority districts of Sopron.

After the war and Hungary’s subsequent expansion into Transylvania, Slovakia and Ukraine, Pannonia was awarded Sopron and Hungary lost all new territories as well as several villages in Slovakia and Romania

**Römény - Römények**

Hungairan name for Pannonians

Röményország

Pannonia at the fall was largely Latin before being overrun with Slavs. Slavs ruled the countrysides with the cities and lake balaton remaining romance.

The magyars overran the slavs in the countrysides and assimilated. the kings however saw latin’s importance and residing in the cities, made Pannonian Romance the official language

slowly Pannonian assimilated the slavic language and hungarian as the kings of hungary made it the official language

Pannonian became the dominant language as Hungarians and Slavs spoke Pannonian to each other. the multi-ethnic Magyars shifted from Hungarian to Pannonian as a lingua franca.

Some Magyars held out in Transylvania where they eventually established a separate state following independence form the Ottomans

Pannonia today is Hungarian at the time of conquest, western Hungarian and German peoples of western Hungary, pannonian basin, principality of pannonia north of the drava

the capital is Castely(ancient Valc). the Hungarian capital in the east is Temesvar(Hungary)

the traditional capital of Hungary is Gorsiu

In 1855 Pannonia declared independence from the Ottomans. The republic was not to last however. Soon afterwards the Austrians under the pretext that Pannonia was Hungarian territory and that Pannonians were already living in Austria Hungary, conquered Pannonia and declared it to be under Hungary.

## Language

Rôtg a deu nostru

Crâly

Li crâlyi del pagês nostru son li arpadesci, filyi de li ungariani ca veneron par aci

Li crályi del pajés nostru son li arpadesci filyi de li magiari ca veneron par aci

Li rêtgi del pagês nostru son li arpadesci filyi de li ungariani ca aun venît par aci

Rêtg

Cûm esta el crâly?

El crâly Sigismund esta molt bûn, e la crâlyina también

Rêtg regina

Crâly esta la paraula arcaica par rêtg parcu en la epoca de li arpadesci panunye fui a bass de li ungari e nu aun potît favlâr lenga sale

## Central European Sprachbund features in Pannonian

a basic three-tense verbal system, an analytical future formed with an inchoative plus the infinitive, an original perfect as the only simple preterite, a pluperfect formed from a double perfect, a pre-posed definite and indefinite article

future - venír + infinitive veny dicér I will say. Domni venyun recuncér Panonye de li turchi barbarosi

Pluperfect (had jumped)(had sung) - Habiu havut cantat(I.have had sung)

original perfect as the only simple preterite

present

imperfect(past)(more common is compound past, using present avér+past participle)

future

abiu venut

lost preterite

cumprér

1sg cumprér(cumprâru) cumprâva venyu cumprét(cumprâtu) | cumprér(cumpráre)

2sg

3sg

Era el miêç de la vara

tilmatsch

vintsch

amäre - amâr

**Infinitive**

cantâr

Pres.**Past(imperfect)**Composed Past **Future**.Conditional

cant **cantäva** abiu cantât **veny cantâr** cantare

cant **cantâv** ai cantât **vên cantâr** cantarissi

canta **cantäva** a cantât **veni cantâr** cantare

cantâm **cantavâm** avêm cantât **venîm cantâr** cantarîm

cantäti **cantaväti** aveti cantât **veniti cantâr** cantarît

cantan **cantavan** aun cantât **venyon cantâr** cantaren

**pluperfect(had sung)**

abiu avût cantât

ai avût cantât

a avût cantât

avêm avût cantât

aveti avût cantât

aun avût cantât

**SUBJUNCTIVE**

**present**

canti

canti

canti

cantêm

canteti

canten

**past(imperfect)**

cantässi

cantässi

cantässi

cantassêm

cantasseti

cantassen

**imperative**

canta cantäti

**Perfective:(archaic)**

cantäi

cantasti

canta

cantâm(o)

cantasti

cantäron

fiâr

â has two variants, é and á. fiâr is fiár but fierâr is fierér

á is only derrived if from er

old/medieval Pannonian still had two past tenses, the imperfect and the preterite

--

lu penetu - I regret it. Im sorry.

penetare

penetér - to regret

Lu penét.

long vowels are stressed open vowels when the next vowel is lost

Lu penêt, amîc meu

Lu penét amíc meu

balér - to dance in Pannonian also dançér

bél cun

Veny balér cun tene

Voly balér cun tene

Voly balér cun tén

per placér - please

Borders of Pannonia are Danubiu, Drâva, and Arâba

Era el miéç de la vara e li agricultori aun enceput el grân

Domnu, sçiu ce filyu vostru ha gitu

Domn, sçiu ce fily vostru ha git

Lord, I.know that son your has gone

Domn, marit teu sent un rumen

mulyere - woman/wife

masclu - man

plecare - to leave/to fold. from usage by Magyars

ie > i

future perfect/pluperfect > conditional

**averi stât - would have been**

**Renunça:**

Silenç en el Nêu esta asezât en una storie alternativa ondi li panunesci romanizäti aun supravivît le incursiuni nomade repetäte en tiare lôr. Acest roman e le opiniuni ca el expune sent li tentativi märi del autor di aretâr cäli averi stât li sentimenti en una panunye otomana e nu reflectêr le opiniuni personale del autor.

polvâr(pronounce dpolvaar means dust)

negliger

negliget

Elei - her

elui - his

lôr - their

the ff are used  sparingly, save in the subjects of the sentence

seu/sua

sei sale

Era el miêç de la vara e li agricultori sol aun encepût a sicilâr el grân. Flore furmose aun enflorît - maci rosi aprensi, margarite albe, albastrele scure e viole aromatice.

Marie a scôs una entri le viole e lu a englutît, el udôr doltsch unfla en nâs elei.

„Feta!” El vezetâr a clamât. „Duveri esser fapt! Sîm aprôp e nu te vêny asteptâr.”

Marie a suspirât.

Ela a picât la flôr e a gît al coci.

La sträta al nord di Nou Castêly di Bregêç era polvarosa - a gondît Marie. Li turchi aun avût negligêt le vecle sträte paumentäte e adês eran complesiti di giomi.

Nou Castêly au Caxtai, cûm lu aun clamât li turchi, era en teritoriu muselman.

Marie era abituât a viagi cûm acest. Tata elei era un neguçator e molt temp aun avût frequentât li mäli del Danubiu per vendêr marhe lôr.

reflectâr is an ê verb

Cîn esti?

Sun Stefân.

Cûm esti?

Sun bên, e tu?

Sun mâl.

Ce favlâm?

Favlâm panonesc adês.

Eli vaun a mên a cumprâr carguie

Cui joca esta acesta?

**Pannonesco**

La lengua romänesca esta la lengua fablato en Pannonia, un loco au tera al norde del Dalmaçia per le cetäti del campo pannonesco

La lenga romänesc esta la lenga favlât en Panunye, un lôc au tiara al nord del Dalmaçie par le cetêti del camp panunesc

Dulôr

Dulorôs - Dulorôsa

Dulyôs

Dulye - ache, pain(literary)

Una carta di una feta a sua amant

Stimât General:

Li turci sont aprôp di la dräva. Io propost ca movarem armata nostra al sud di la tiara par Voivodina en Serbie.

Sperand par respuns seu rapid,

Joan di Septcastêly

Câra Marie:

Par placêr, ven par cäsa nostra. Tu tata a mort e aviu nevôly de tên

——-

The archaic conjugations began to be lost in the 16th century and fully disappeared from spoken speech in the 18th century.

They still continued to be prescribed in written speech until 1855 after the Pannonian Independence movement when many prominent Pannonian leaders led a language reform through the Academie Panunesca that aimed to modernize the Pannonian language, especially by taking roots from French and Italian like Romanian.

In 1948 a final standardized push was used after the establishment of the Pannonian People’s Republic(La Republica Populara Panunesca) which aimed to further modernize the spelling by removing homonyms. So â was finally only used for a long a and ê for a long e. The double ss and single s introduced in the 1855 spelling reform was abolished to make the language more phonetic

In 1989 upon the return of democracy, there was some debate as to whether to return to the original etymological spelling, but ultimately the change was accepted with the additional stipulation that â would be used in -are stem infinitives while the ss/s distinction was re-added to the language

Cal buna - Bon Voyage(lit. good road, calqued from Ro. And Hun.)

Deveri esser fapt

Fieru + aru

Fiaru eru

Fiâr + êr(Written Fiârâr)

Maur Fiârêr

Çigân - Çigani

Fiârêr, cûm un çigân? Nu sciu nemica çigâni parcu son panunesc, nu son di indie. Antenâti mei fuirunt romani nu romi

If stressed vowel + geminate, not an /ä/

So val is valley

El val, li vali

Cas -cheese

Poç -well(not lengthened because CjV clusters don’t trigger vowel lengthening)

Turkic loans:

Cänäc - shirt(dialectal/archaic. Also inherited camesie)

Aie - palm of the hand(dial./arch Also inherited palma) from aya

Tor - dust

Amolâr - (originally amulare, trom Turkic amul/amɨl meaning gentle/quiet)

Pultsch - *flea* partly from Turkic burche, partly inherited from latin Pulicem, compare Ro. Purice

(Because geminates were lost early on, CVCV turned into CV:C, so vallis > valis > Vali > vale > vâl)(not sure yet)

## Pannonian Copula

Infinitive: essere

Gerund: standu

Past participle: statu

Present Indicative:

Io son

Tu este

El/Ella esta

Noi simo

Voi site

Eli/ele sent

Imperfect:

Io era

Tu eri

El/Ella era

Noi eramu

Voi erate

Eli/ele eran

Preterite:

Io fui

Tu fuiste(fusti)

El/Ella fui(fu)

Noi fuimu

Voi fuiste

Eli/Ele fuiran

Subjunctive:

Io fuisse

Tu fuisse

El/Ella fuisse

Noi fuissemu

Voi fuissete

Eli/Ele fuisseru

Imperative:

Tu se

Voi site

(gw and kw remained in Proto-Eastern Romance. They turned to g and k in Dalmatian. Gw turned

to b in Romanian and kw to k and eventiallualy ch

Gw and kw turned hard before front vowels, not yet palatalized

Aquesta seta esta de Cina(akwesta seta esta de kina)

il omu esta unu tata de Roma(the man is a father from Rome)

El om esta un tata de roma

akwi sent li filli del presveteri(presveter/presveteru)(Modern prevetru/prevetri)

Esti aprope de mene

You are close to me

El re de Panonia esta Re Stefanu de li Maghiari

Ceu to Cju( Hordeum > Ordiu. Tj palatalized to ch later)

Putiu(Pronounced putsu)

Rogatione(pronounced rogacione)

Sociu(pronounced Sotsu)

Casiu - cheese

Vinia - vine

Mulyere - woman

Puzu

Deu sape rogacioni mele

Deu sci rogacioni mele

Vinye - vines

Favli lingua romana?

## Conditional pannonian

Ia cantare

Ia cantari(cantarisi)

Ia cantare

Iamu cantarimu

Iati cantaritu

Ian cantaren

Synthetic forms based on future perfect

Volere una ciascia de cafe cun lapte e crema

Ciaxa

Io créd

Tu créd

El credi

Noi credém

Voi credeti

Ei credon

--

Svîç - Pannonian name for Switzerland

Santg - blood

Un ôm svîç.

Chocolât svîç

Chaxa

Choban

k = qu

Ch - ci

gh = g

gi = dzh or j

Ghequercin

Aun avût ajutêt con siciland li jomi

Quês

giom - weed

Vezetâr - to drive(e stem verb)

Coci - cart, wagon

there are two kinds of â in Pannonian. Those with an é sound and those with an á sound.

In Pannonian Latin, a stressed open syllable a turned into an ä and subsequently into an e. Then in medieval Pannonian, sequences of er turned into ar. So words like diciâr are pronounced with an á but are conjugated as an  e verb like faciar.

http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/ei/ei\_3.htm - dalmatian resource

https://archive.org/stream/1rosettiAlexandruIstoriaLimbiiRomane/1rosetti\_alexandru\_istoria\_limbii\_romane\_djvu.txt- history of romanian

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145235346.pdf - northern dialects of pannonian vukgar latin

Curen - polecat(from Oghur) El curen

el cargui(hawk)

bagator - hero/brave

canôs - bloody

ertme - covering

iapancia - raincoat

giaruga - cliff/ravine

chisa - money purse

anyêl - lamb also Turkic bärän

20 + number startin with consonant gets e (vincevopt(vinciun)

Prefix

a- (afuma)(ad)

com(cumpara)(cum-)

de(degera)

des-

ecce-(acis, acii, acicea)

edcum