Southern Mongolia

*There were recent protests in Southern Mongolia against a law that would restrict the teaching of the Mongolian language in schools. Updates about the protests here:*

* "Fighting for ‘pure’ Mongolian" by Gegentuul Baioud https://www.languageonthemove.com/fighting-for-pure-mongolian/ [EN]
* Mongolia Live announcing the news of the forced transition away from Mongolian language instruction in China https://www.facebook.com/mongolialive.org/posts/3380165285378597 [EN]
* "Bilingual Education in Inner Mongolia: An Explainer" by Christopher P. Atwood https://madeinchinajournal.com/2020/08/30/bilingual-education-in-inner-mongolia-an-explainer/ [EN]
* "Will education reform wipe out Mongolian language and culture?" by Gegentuul Baioud https://www.languageonthemove.com/will-education-reform-wipe-out-mongolian-language-and-culture/ [EN]

* "全区民族语言授课学校小学一年级和初中一年级使用国家统编《语文》教材实施方案政策解读" http://www.nmg.gov.cn/art/2020/8/31/art\_1081\_337853.html [ZH] (PRC government)
* “赵克志在内蒙古和宁夏调研时强调 深入学习贯彻习近平总书记重要训词精神 坚决做到绝对忠诚绝对纯洁绝对可靠” http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0902/c42510-31846906.html [ZH] (PRC government)
* “State councilor inspects security forces in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia” http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/zhaokezhi/202009/03/content\_WS5f505ef6c6d0f7257693b77b.html [EN] (PRC government)
* “从新教材里感受祖国的美好”(Feeling the beauty of our country from the new textbooks) https://web.archive.org/web/20200916050028/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ILxnnZHEeiMJ2T04p4p13AA [ZH] (Inner Mongolia News Broadcasting,State-owned media)
* “第23届全国推广普通话宣传周开幕” (The 23rd National Putonghua Promotion Week opens) https://web.archive.org/web/20200916050946/https://www.sohu.com/a/418385606\_243614 [ZH] (China Education News Network,State-owned media)
* “秋季学期起我区民族语言授课学校小学一年级和初中一年级使用国家统编语文教材”(Starting from the fall semester, the first grade of primary school and the first grade of junior high school in the district's ethno-linguistic schools will use the national uniformly edited Chinese language textbooks) https://web.archive.org/web/20200916051517/https://news.sina.cn/2020-08-25/detail-iivhvpwy2958871.d.html [ZH] (Sina news quotes from government website,Inner Mongolia Education Release)
* "Language rules for Inner Mongolia another step to erode ethnic groups in China" by Linda Lew https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3101186/language-rules-inner-mongolia-another-step-erode-ethnic-groups [EN] (owned by Alibaba)
* "Undoing Lenin: On the Recent Changes to China’s Ethnic Policy" by Christian Sorace https://madeinchinajournal.com/2020/09/25/undoing-lenin-on-the-recent-changes-to-chinas-ethnic-policy/ [EN]
* "Concerned Parents Opposed to Proposed Changes to Mongolian Language Texts, Inner Mongolia" http://mongoliainstitute.anu.edu.au/mongolink/2020/09/21/concerned-parents-opposed-to-proposed-changes-to-mongolian-language-texts-inner-mongolia/ [EN]
* "The Truth About Mongolia’s Independence 70 Years Ago" by Sergey Radchenko https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/the-truth-about-mongolias-independence-70-years-ago/ [EN] (mentions how Mao wanted Mongolia under Chinese control)

### **Research Articles**

* "Inter-ethnic relations in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia" by Joakim Enwall https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/14631361003779539 [PDF, 195kb, EN]
* “The dog that hasn’t barked: assimilation and resistance in Inner Mongolia, China” by Enze Han https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/14631369.2011.538223 [PDF, 364kb, EN]
* "Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China" by Uradyn E. Bulag https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/3567140 [PDF, 2.1 MB, EN]
* "The 2011 Protests in Inner Mongolia: An Ethno-environmental Perspective" by Nimrod Baranovitch https://www.academia.edu/26735678/The\_2011\_Protests\_in\_Inner\_Mongolia\_An\_Ethno\_environmental\_Perspective [PDF, 526 KB, EN]
* "From Yeke-juu league to Ordos municipality: settler colonialism and alter/native urbanizationin Inner Mongolia" by Uradyn E. Bulag https://www.academia.edu/5157779/Uradyn\_E\_Bulag\_2002\_From\_Yeke\_juu\_league\_to\_Ordos\_municipality\_settler\_colonialism\_and\_alter\_native\_urbanization\_in\_Inner\_Mongolia\_Provincial\_China\_Vol\_7\_No\_2 [PDF, 193 KB, EN]
* “Contesting the Words that Wound: Ethnicity and the Politics of Sentiment in China” by Uradyn E. Bulag https://www.academia.edu/5157488/Uradyn\_E\_Bulag\_2008\_Contesting\_the\_Words\_that\_Wound\_Ethnicity\_and\_the\_Politics\_of\_Sentiment\_in\_China\_Inner\_Asia\_vol\_10\_no\_2 [PDF, EN]

### **News Articles**

* “Rare-earth mining in China comes at a heavy cost for local villages” by Cecile Bontron https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/07/china-rare-earth-village-pollution [EN] (owned by Scott Trust Limited)
* “Inner Mongolia detains dozens in Communist party internet crackdown” by Jonathan Kaiman https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/06/inner-mongolia-internet-crackdown [EN] (owned by Scott Trust Limited)
* China Mongols protest in Xilinhot over shepherd's death https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13547933 [EN] (British state-owned media)
* “China's finishing touch on cultural genocide in Southern Mongolia” https://www.smhric.org/news\_671.htm [EN]
* “Social media crackdown intensifies as Southern Mongolian protests escalate” https://www.smhric.org/news\_672.htm [EN]
* "Southern Mongolia: China Censors And Threatens Mongolian Language Policy Critics" https://unpo.org/article/22036 [EN]
* "Southern Mongolia: Mother Tongue to be Removed from Schools" https://unpo.org/article/22034 [EN]
* "Southern Mongolia: Herders Protest Pig Farming" https://unpo.org/article/22028 [EN]
* "Southern Mongolia: Herders Continue Protests Against Land Seizure" https://unpo.org/article/21997 [EN]
* "Don’t try to tame me’: Mongols in China protest plan to teach in Chinese" by Viola Zhou https://www.inkstonenews.com/society/dont-try-tame-me-mongols-china-protest-plan-teach-chinese/article/3099606 [EN]
* "Massive civil disobedience breaks out, tension rises" www.smhric.org/news\_673.htm [EN]
* "Inner Mongolia protests at China's plans to bring in Mandarin-only lessons: Beijing plan to replace Mongolian language in some school subjects sparks fears of cultural assimilation" https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/01/inner-mongolia-protests-china-mandarin-schools-language [EN] (owned by Scott Trust Limited)
* "Students in Inner Mongolia protest Chinese language policy" by Huizhong Wu https://apnews.com/fbec428448572f4789f9b3f711d7e2f8 [EN]
* "China cracks down on Inner Mongolian minority fighting for its mother tongue" by Alice Su https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-09-03/china-inner-mongolia-bilingual-education-assimilation-xinjiang-resistance-crackdown [EN]
* "China’s insatiable appetite for control is forcing even its “model minority” to rebel"-Isabella Steger https://qz.com/1899397/inner-mongolians-in-china-rise-up-against-language-suppression/ [EN] (owned by Uzabase, Inc.)
* “阿拉善盟一名女公务员跳楼自杀，抗议当局部分取消蒙语教学 …" by 远航一号 http://redchinacn.net/portal.php?mod=view&aid=47091 [ZH] (Maoist)
* "Parents Keep Children Home As China Limits Mongolian Language In The Classroom" by Emily Feng "Parents Keep Children Home As China Limits Mongolian Language In The Classroom" by Emily Feng https://www.npr.org/2020/09/16/912623822/parents-keep-children-home-as-china-limits-mongolian-language-in-the-classroom [EN]
* "【每日怪事】内蒙古实行“双语教育改革”，遭蒙古族学生和家长反对" https://gonghao51.github.io/2020/09/10/guaishi/ [ZH]
* "Mongolian students share support for Inner Mongolia protests by making a 46-foot-long banner" by Serena Dugar Ioane https://kealakai.byuh.edu/mongolian-students-share-support-for-inner-mongolia-protests-by-making-a-46-foot-long-banner [EN]
* "Sweden Is About to Deport Activist to China—Torture and Prison Be Damned | Opinion" by Judith Bergman and Aaron Rhodes https://www.newsweek.com/china-mongolia-activist-deport-sweden-1559101 [EN]

### **Documents**

* "内蒙古自治区教育厅使用国家统编教材“有问必答”（第一期）" http://www.baotou.gov.cn/info/1585/230432.htm [ZH] (PRC government)

### **Encyclopedia**

* “2011 Inner Mongolia Unrest” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011\_Inner\_Mongolia\_unrest [EN]

### **Videos**

* Mongolian student protesters in China fighting the ban on the teaching of Mongolian language in schools https://twitter.com/cnfreewang/status/1300040551652360192 [00:14, ZH, MN]
* Police brutality against Mongolian protesters in China https://twitter.com/batzorig2012/status/1299633512983609345?s=20 [00:15, ZH, MN]
* Mongolian protesters confront cops (1) https://twitter.com/davaa\_junai/status/1299871389655035905?s=20 [00:31, ZH, MN]
* A Mongolian student committed suicide https://twitter.com/Nergu333/status/1300111055947849728?s=20 [00:04, ZH, MN]
* A Mongolian teacher fainted under pressure https://twitter.com/Nergu333/status/1300317241066520577?s=20 [00:10, ZH, MN]
* Mongolian protesters confront cops (2) https://twitter.com/MungunerdeneT/status/1299966056727851008?s=20 [00:15, ZH, MN]
* Mongolian girl cries over fear of the new language law https://twitter.com/HunChuluu12/status/1299512361041174528?s=20 [00:14, MN]
* Tense standoff between protesters and police https://twitter.com/Bilguun\_beku/status/1299528857863610368?s=20 [00:15, ZH, MN]
* Police brutality against protesters https://twitter.com/Bilguun\_beku/status/1299623342702354432?s=20 [01:14, ZH, MN]
* People petitioning to end the language ban https://twitter.com/Bilguun\_beku/status/1299324246988996610?s=20 [00:14, ZH, MN]
* Demonstration with police nearby https://twitter.com/MongolianZayaa/status/1300049656655745024?s=20 [00:15, ZH, MN]
* "Government demolishes a Mongolian tent" https://twitter.com/NBvsten/status/1300282175313518592 [00:34, ZH, MN]
* Police arrest parents for not sending kids to school https://twitter.com/Eye\_of\_Logos/status/1304957808262045697 [00:15, ZH, MN]
* Police arrest parents for not sending kids to school (2) https://twitter.com/Eye\_of\_Logos/status/1305538390067093505 [00:21, ZH, MN]
* "Inner Mongolia TV Station host rallying the Mongolians not to give up (SMHRIC-20200906)" uploaded by Southern Mongolia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YITkUgu\_f-U&feature=youtu.be [00:18, ZH, MN]
* “Unable to accept the change, a TV host of Inner Mongolia TV Station is emotional (SMHRIC-20200907)” uploaded by Southern Mongolia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfRqlQv5P6A [00:27, ZH, MN]
* "Student protest continues (SMHRIC-20200904)" uploaded by Southern Mongolia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eWnWcNnEyE [00:15, ZH, MN]
* Mongolia herders suffer police brutality at hands of Chinese police https://twitter.com/Eye\_of\_Logos/status/1319934932743929857 [00:15, ZH, MN]

### **Websites**

* “Southern Mongolia” https://www.youtube.com/user/ovormongolmin/videos
* “MongolInk” http://mongoliainstitute.anu.edu.au/mongolink/ [EN]

### **Archived**

* https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1301425801221423104.html - Thread from Cate Cadell about surveillance and policing in regards to the Southern Mongolian protests
* https://archive.vn/jO1kt - An archived social media post in Chinese about the Southern Mongolian protests [ZH]
* A memo from the Southern Mongolian administration threatening teachers who protested against the language law
	+ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EiKIvUAUYAAFr8-?format=jpg&name=large (archived: https://archive.vn/YeUXo) - Part 1
	+ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EiKIvUBVoAIrH\_X?format=jpg&name=large (archived: https://archive.vn/eCL38) - Part 2
* "【公告】锡林郭勒盟教育局 锡林郭勒盟发展和改革委员会关于依法保障未成年人接受义务教育的公告" by 锡林浩特市教育 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/iKIf2bL5mbN-6vSO6qeRbQ (archived: https://archive.is/3TF9o) [ZH] (PRC government)
* "内蒙古自治区教育厅使用国家统编教材“有问必答”（第一期）" https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_9064305 (archived: https://archive.vn/LSgFH) [ZH] (PRC government)
* "重要通知（主要说内容）1.自2020年11月15号开始\*全年禁止放牧。2.全年不可以随意挖草根、砍树。3.自9月15开始严防在野外生火，放火，提高防火觉悟。4.如有违反规定的按国家法律来严惩；5.提醒牧民们尽量多储存材料。" (A ban on grazing from 11/15/2020) https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EiQzRWLVkAAn7Q-?format=jpg&name=900x900 (archived: https://archive.vn/DnBTU)
* “这两天在内蒙古发生的事情：”https://twitter.com/chinese4uyghurs/status/1305489255838384129 (archived: https://archive.vn/vnbDu) [ZH]
	+ Page 1: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4FP8ZWAAMa1w-?format=jpg&name=large (archived: https://archive.vn/Dpo6P) [ZH]
	+ Page 2: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4FP86WoAIKxI0?format=jpg&name=large (archived: https://archive.vn/GOlKa) [ZH]
	+ Page 3: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4FvI6WAAESlAm?format=jpg&name=large (archived: https://archive.vn/mG3sD) [ZH]
	+ Page 4: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4FvJKWoAIg2SC?format=jpg&name=900x900 (archived: https://archive.vn/DnDDJ) [ZH]
	+ Page 5: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4GIxtXsDYnqC7?format=jpg&name=medium (archived: https://archive.vn/m8gkC) [ZH]
	+ Page 6: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4GIxsX0AAePa2?format=jpg&name=900x900 (archived: https://archive.vn/gzzb6) [ZH]
	+ Page 7: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4GIxqXgAA3V\_2?format=jpg&name=large (archived: https://archive.vn/WTtMy) [ZH]
	+ Page 8: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eh4GIxrXgAA0bTJ?format=jpg&name=large (archived: https://archive.vn/NcNBX) [ZH]
* https://archive.is/8WPfk - PRC official responds to the former president of Mongolia defending the crackdown of the Mongolian language [ZH]
	+ https://archive.vn/GbvNT - Letter from former president of Mongolia condemning the language policy [ZH]
	+ https://archive.vn/hAQpe - Response from a PRC official [ZH]