recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
June 1982:milestones

February 1982

18 A two day demonstration countdown test for the Shuttle’s third orbital
mission begins with astronauts Lousma and Fullerton aboard Columbia.
The launch team are confident of meeting the scheduled 22 March launch
target.

27 A report in Soviet Weekly confirms that an Indian will take part in a
manned Soviet spaceflight.

28 The Marecs 1 maritime communications satellite, launched by Ariane L04
from Kourou, French Guiana last December, officially takes over from the
Marisat satellite as the Atlantic link in the Inmarsat system. The system
allows ship/shore worldwide communications. The Marisat craft will be
held in a backup capacity and Marecs 2 will be launched towards the end
of April to take over the Pacific service.

March 1982

1 A landing capsule from the Venera 13 spacecraft lands on the surface of
Venus at 7.5' S and a longitude of 303°, east of the Phoebe area. The
capsule survived the 89 atmospheres pressure for about four hours and took
a soil sample aboard for analysis. Photographs through red, green and blue
filters will allow colour pictures of the surface to be assembled. Venera 14
is expected to reach the planet on 5 March.

2 Pioneer 10, the first spacecraft to fly past Jupiter, completes 10 years in
space today. It has travelled more than 6,600 million km and received more
than 40,000 commands from Earth. It is presently halfway between the
orbits of Uranus and Neptune, still returning data on the far reaches of the
Sun’s atmosphere. By tne end of this decade it will have left the Solar
System.

3 Mr. William Whitelaw, the Home Secretary, announces that Britain will have two new TV channels available from Direct Broadcast Satellites by
1986. The BBC will run both channels, one a subscription service with
feature films, sporting and cultural events; the other showing more inter¬
national programmes. British Telecom, British Aerospace and Marconi
have already conducted extensive studies. Further channels will be available
later.

5 The fourth Intelsat V communications satellite is launched by Atlas Centaur from Cape Canaveral. The satellite, capable of handling 12,000
simultaneous telephone calls, will serve the Indian Ocean region.

5 Venera 14 lands a capsule on Venus at 13.25° S and a longitude of 310.7°, east of Phoebe, on a hill. Colour pictures are returned and soil analysis
takes place.
June 1983:satellite digest

COSMOS 1424 1982-117A

Launched: 1000, 16 Dec 1982 from Tyuratam by A-2.

Spacecraft data: Possibly based on the Vostok manned spacecraft with spherical reentry module, instrument unit and a cylindrical, supplementary payload at the forward end. Length about 6 m. diameter (max)
2.4 m and mass around 6000 kg.

Mission: Military photo-reconnaissance,
recovered or re-entered after 43 days.

Orbit: 171X349 km. 89.70 min.

64.90 deg. manoeuvrable.

AMS 5 1982-118A

Launched: 0230, 21 Dec 1982 from Vandenberg AFB by Thor Burner 2.

Spacecraft data: Not available.

Mission: Military meteoroligical meteorological satellite.

Orbit: 815X828 km. 101.35 min,

98.72 deg.

COSMOS 1425 1982-119A

Launched: 0910, 23 Dec 1982 from Tyuratam by A-2.

Spacecraft data: As Cosmos 1424.

Mission: Military photo-reconnaissance,
recovered after 14 days.

Orbit: 348X415 km. 92.20 min,

69.97 deg.

COSMOS 1426 1982-120A

Launched: 1200, 28 Dec 1982 from Tyuratam by A-2.

Spacecraft data: Possibly as Cosmos 1424,
although the design may have been based
on the Soyuz vehicle.

Mission: Photo-reconnaissance and possibly
carrying out parallel studies with the
unmanned Salyut 7.

Orbit: 205X351 km. 90.00 min, 50.53 deg. manoeuvrable.

COSMOS 1427 1982-121A

Launched: 1200, 29 Dec 1982 from Plesetsk by C-1.

Spacecraft data: Not available.

Mission: Possibly a radar calibration
satellite.

Orbit: 445 X 500 km. 94.03 min, 65.84 deg.

COSMOS 1428 1983-1A

Launched: 1350, 12 Jan 1983 from Plesetsk by C-1.

Spacecraft data: Cylindrical body with
domed ends, enclosed in a cylindrical solar
array with length and diameter both about
2 m, mass around 700 kg.

Mission: Navigation satellite.

Orbit: 955X1007 km. 104.74 min, 82.91 deg.

COSMOS 1429-1436 1983-2A-H

Launched: 0220. 19 Jan 1983 from Plesetsk by C-1.

Spacecraft data: Probably spheriodal in shape, around 1 m long. 0.8 m diameter
and mass approx 40 kg each.

Mission: To provide tactical communications
between troops and units in the field.

Orbits: 1401 X1468 km, 114.56 min,
74.02 deg (lowest), and 1468X1521 km.
115.87 min, 74.02 deg (highest).

COSMOS 1437 1983-3A

Launched: 1730, 20 Jan 1983 from Plesetsk by A-1.

Spacecraft data: Possibly based on the
Meteor satellite body with a cylinder, length
about 5 m, diameter about 1.5 m and mass
around 2000 kg.

Mission: Probably military in nature.

Orbit: 630X657 km, 97.60 min.

81.17 deg.
May 1980:satellite digest

Soyuz-T (1)

1979-103A

1979 Dec 16.520

Sphere-cone-cylinder: 7.5 long, 2.2 dia

340

344

51.62

91.33

Expected 3 months

Tyuratam

A-2

USSR/USSR (1)

CAT

1979-104A

1979 Dec 24.718

10 years

Cylinder: 1 dia

202

36000

17.55

633.5

Kourou

Ariane

ESA/ESA (2)

Gorizont 3

1979-105A

1979 Dec 28.44

indefinite

Cylinder+2 panels: 5 long, 2 dia

36290

36333

0.80

1462.9

Tyuratam

D-1-E

USSR/USSR (3)

Cosmos 1148

1979-106A

1979 Dec 28.54

Cylinder+sphere: 6 long, 3 dia

173

342

67.14

89.68

Plesetsk

A-2

USSR/USSR (4)

Supplementary notes:

(1) Test flight of recoverable transport ship for use with orbiting laboratories. Soyuz-T docked with Salyut 6 about 1979 Dec 19.6. Previous tests of Soyuz-T systems were carried out by Cosmos 1001 and Cosmos 1074. Orbital data are at 1979 Dec 16.6, Dec 16.9, Dec 18.9, Dec 20.5,and Dec 25.8.

(2) First test flight of European Ariane launcher. CAT stands for "Capsule Ariane Technologique” and carries test instrumentation.

(3) USSR communications satellite intended to carry TV relays from the 1980 Olympic games in Moscow. The satellite’s location is above 58° east longitude (Statsionar-5)

(4) Long life, manoeuvrable reconnaissance satellite.
June 1983:JPL space report

IRAS IN ORBIT

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was
placed accurately into its 900 km orbit by a Delta 3910
from the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on
26 January. Although the launch went without incident,
it was in doubt until the last hour or sp due to very
strong winds at 12,000 m. It was not until the final
meteorological report was received that all was "go"
for launch.

I had driven the 240 km north from JPL to Vandenberg to see the launch and looked with more than
casual interest as the rocket slowly lifted from the pad
in a glare of electric-white light; almost seven years of
work on the IRAS project meant there was a large
personal investment for me atop that Delta.
The glare clearly lit up the underside of the cloud
deck as the rocket rose skywards. The launch was
quite visible from JPL according to observers who also
saw the second stage ignite, an event denied to those
of us on site because of the local clouds.

Next day I boarded a plane for England to take part
in the critical first month of satellite operations. The
control centre is at the Rutherford and Appleton Laboratory near Chilton, about 30 km south of Oxford.
Also there is the 12 m antenna used to track the
satellite and receive "data dumps" from it twice daily.
The first two weeks were largely occupied with
checking out, calibrating and tuning up the complex
piece of cryogenic equipment circling the Earth in a
near-polar orbit 14 times a day.
For the first five days of the checkout the telescope
was operated with a protective cover. On the evening
that the cover was blown off, 31 January, most of us
gathered in a room at Rutherford/Appleton to watch
this critical event; a cheer went up as the TV monitor
indicated that the operation had been performed successfully. Now IRAS could see the stars.
April 1980:satellite digest

DSCS II (13)

1979 Nov 21.09

Cylinder:1.8 long, 2.4 dia

35594

35789

2.42

1431.1

ETR

1979-98A

indefinite

Titan 3C

DoD/USAF (1)

Cosmos 1145

1979 Nov 27.42

Cylinder+panels:5 long, 3 dia

Plesetsk

1979-99A

60 years?

623

634

81.21

97.33

A-2

USSR/USSR (2)

Cosmos 1146

1979 Dec 5.44

Cylinder:3 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1979-100A

2 years?

444

494

65.85

94.00

C-1

USSR/USSR

RCA

1979 Dec 7.066

Box+antennae: 1.2 high, 1.5 across

ETR

SATCOM

indefinite

162

35798

23.85

630.0

Delta

1979-101A

RCA/NASA (3)

Cosmos 1147

1979 Dec 12.52

Cylinder: 3 long, 2 dia

195

380

72.86

90.31

25 years

Plesetsk

1979-102A

A-2

USSR/USSR (4)

Supplementary notes:

(1) Pair of US military communications satellites, destined for geostationary orbit.

(2) Possibly an electronic ferret.

(3) US domestic communications satellite operated by the Radio Corporation of America, the satellite was “lost” at the time of apogee motor firing as injection into geostationary orbit was due.

(4) Orbital data are at 1979 Dec 12.5, Dec 13.4 and Dec 15.3.
February 1980:satellite digest

Cosmos 1128

1979 Sep 14.64

Cylinder + sphere: 4 long, 6 dia

Plesetsk

1979-81A

13 days (R)

1979 Sep 27

174

330

62.82

89.55

A-2

USSR/USSR

HEAO 3

1979 Sep 20.22

Hexagonal cylinder: 5.8 long, 2.4 dia

ETR

1979-82A

At least 200 years

484

500

43.60

94.38

Atlas Centaur

NASA/NASA (1)

Cosmos 1129

1979 Sep 25.65

Cylinder + sphere: 5 long, 6 dia

Plesetsk

1979-83 A

20 days (R)

1979 Oct 15

218

377

62.82

90.45

A-2

USSR/USSR (2)

Cosmos 1130-1137

1979 Sep 28.52

Spheroids?

1400

1482

74.03

114.69

Plesetsk

1979-84A

10,000 years

C-1

USSR/USSR (3)

Cosmos 1138

1979 Sep 28.52

Cylinder + sphere: 4 long, 6 dia

199

373

72.86

90.24

Plesetsk

1979-85A

14 days (R)

1979 Oct 12

A-2

USSR/USSR (4)

1979 Oct 1

ETR

1979-86A

indefinite

geostationary orbit

Titan 3C

DoD/USAF (5)

Ekran (4)

1979 Oct 3.72

Cylinder: 5 long, 2.4 dia

Tyuratam

1979-87A

indefinite

geostationary orbit

D-1-e

USSR/USSR (6)

Cosmos 1139

1979 Oct 5.48

Cylinder + sphere: 4 long, 6 dia

Plesetsk

1979-88A

13 days (R)

1979 Oct 18

201

333

72.86

89.49

A-2

USSR/USSR

Cosmos 1140

1979 Oct 11.69

Cylinder: 2 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1979-89A

120 years?

779

804

74.07

100.75

C-1

USSR/USSR

Cosmos 1141

1979 Oct 16.51

Cylinder-boom: 3 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1979-90A

1200 years?

960

1001

82.95

104.76

C-1

USSR/USSR (7)

Supplementary notes:

(1) Third, and last. High Energy Astronomical Observatory. Unlike its two predecessors, the new satellite is measuring cosmic rays and gamma rays rather than X-radiation.

(2) International co-operative biosatellite like Cosmos 782 and Cosmos 936. Contributing nations were the USSR,Czechoslovakia, France, the GDR, Hungary, Romania,Poland and the USA. The payload included experiments in radiation medicine and the development of embryos in weightlessness.

(3) Multiple launch of eight small craft, possibly for military communications. An orbit is shown for each satellite.

(4) Orbital data are at 1979 Sep 29.3 and Oct 5.0.

(5) US military satellite, possibly for early warning purposes.

(6) Domestic TV relay satellite, located above 99° east longitude.

(7) Navigation satellite.
January 1982:milestones

August 1981

26 Voyager 2 flies past Saturn in its close encounter. Despite a jammed instrument platform for some of the fly-by. Voyager sends back images of the rings to show that they are even more complex than scientists believed after Voyager 1.

31 Shuttle Columbia is rolled out to the launch pad for an October 9 lift-off. An accumulation of small delays led to the later launch date.

September 1981

5 Soviet sources report that an Indian will be trained as a cosmonaut for a future space mission. According to the pattern set by previous foreign cosmonauts< two men will go through the training, with one finally acting as back-up.

21 Soviet booster takes the French Arcad 3 satellite into orbit. The 2200 lb craft will collect data on the magnetosphere at high latitudes over a planned 6 month lifetime.

22 A leak of nitrogen tetroxide during filling operations of Columbia’s reaction control system damages about 380 tiles, causing some of them to fall off. A faulty seal allowed the corrosive fluid to splash into the nose bay, where much of it was absorbed by thermal blankets, and down the starboard tiles. Most of the tiles are thought to be reusable and the repairs will be carried out on the pad. The 9 October launch date may now slip by over a month.

24 SBS-2, a communications satellite to serve US domestic business needs, is launched by a Delta-PAM combination. It will eventually be located at 97 deg. west longitude. This is the second PAM upper stage launch - the first, with SBS-1 in November 1980, was successful but a ground test failure delayed subsequent use.

29 Salyut 6 completes its fourth year of operation in space. At present it is docked with Cosmos 1267.

October 1981

5 The External Tank for STS-3 (ET-3) arrives at the Kennedy Space Center by barge, and is taken to the Vertical Assembly Building for processing. This will be the first tank to be flown (STS-3 launch date is scheduled for mid-March) without an outer covering of white paint, thus saving over 500 lb in weight. Later tanks will be even lighter.
May 1982:letters

Recovery Times of Cosmos Modules

Sir, After about a month into their respective flights, it was
reported that Cosmos 929 and Cosmos 1267 had separated
large modules (possibly large enough to be manned on future
missions) which were recovered on Soviet soil. Although
recovery dates have been quoted, the times of the recoveries
have not been listed.

The two flights were in orbits inclined at 51.6 degrees and
were in the same general altitude range as the manned Soyuz
craft. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the landing times of
the modules from a comparison with the Soyuz recoveries.
Past experience shows that from 1979 to date, manned recov¬
eries have been made on tfie orbit which crosses the equator
passing northbound between longitudes 11 degrees E and 20
degrees E.

When Cosmos 929 was operating, however, the Soyuz craft
were being recovered one orbit later than this , and if Cosmos
929 followed these early flights, 89 minutes should be added
to the times quoted below for that mission to give the corre¬
sponding times for the next orbit.
The recovery of the Cosmos 929 module is thought to have
taken place between 16-18 August 1977: a consideration of
the times of passing over the nominal landing site, and also
that the recovery took place before the manoeuvre to the 90.8
minute orbit, rules out 18 August. On 16 August Cosmos 929
crossed the equator northbound at 19.19 GMT (all times here
are GMT) over 18.3 degrees E. This suggests a recovery at
19.54 for the object whith would already have separated from
the Cosmos. On 17 August the corresponding crossing was at 18.56 over 17.7 degrees E. This implies a recovery at 19.31.

Turning to Cosmos 1267, the recovery seems to have been
on 24 May 1981, approximately mid-way between the recoveries of Soyuz 40 and Soyuz T-4. On 24 May Cosmos 1267
crossed the equator at 20 degrees E around 12.50, and this
suggests a recovery time of 13.25. This estimate can be checked
with the Soyuz recoveries, which may have been subject to
similar constraints. Soyuz 40 came down on 22 May at 13.58,
while Soyuz T-4 came down on 26 May at 12.38. For 24 May,
the corresponding landing time would have been 13.18, not
taking into account the Cosmos 1267 ground track differing
from that of Salyut 6.

To conclude, taking the launch time of Cosmos 929 as 17
July at 09.00 (1977) and that of Cosmos 1267 as 25' April at
02.01 (1981), the lifetimes of the recoverable vehicles are as
noted below (in the case of Cosmos 929 one should remember
that the landing time may be 89 minutes in error for the
reasons already noted):

Kosmos 929 30d 10h 54m (16 August)

31d 10h 31m (17 August)

Kosmos 1267 29d 11 h 24m
January 1980:satellite digest

Westar 3

1979 Aug 10.014

Cylinder: 1.56 long,1.91 dia

Geostationarv orbit

ETR

1979-72A

indefinite

Delta

Western Union/NASA (1)

Cosmos 1120

1979 Aug 11.39

Cylinder + sphere : 6 long, 2.4 dia

Plesetsk

1979-73A

13 days (R)

1979 Aug 24

169

361

70.56

89.85

A-2

USSR/USSR (2)

Cosmos 1121

1979 Aug 14.65

Cylinder + sphere: 6 long, 2.4 dia

170

346

67.16

89.70

Plesetsk

1979-74A

30 days (R)

1979 Sep 13

A-2

USSR/USSR (3)

Cosmos 1122

1979 Aug 17.32

Sphere-cylinder: 5 long, 2.4 dia

Plesetsk

1979-75A

13 days (R)

1979 Aug 30

212

238

81.34

89.06

A-2

USSR/USSR (4)

Cosmos 1123

1979 Aug 21.47

Cylinder + sphere:6 long, 2.4 dia

Plesetsk

1979-76A

13 days (R)

1979 Sep 4

210

232

81.36

88.99

A-2

USSR/USSR

Cosmos 1124

1979 Aug 28.00

Cylinder-cone + panels + antennae: 3.4 long, 1.5 dia

566

40259

62.99

875.33

Plesetsk

1979-77A

12 years?

A-2-e

USSR/USSR (5)

Cosmos 1125

1979 Aug 28.04

Cylinder: 3 long, 1 dia

Plesetsk

1979-78A

120 years?

782

811

74.05

100.84

C-1

USSR/USSR

Cosmos 1126

1979 Aug 31.47

Cylinder + sphere:6 long,2.4 dia

Plesetsk

1979-79A

14 days (R)

1979 Sep 15

378

394

72.86

92.31

A-2

USSR/USSR

Cosmos 1127

1979 Sep 5.43

Cylinder + sphere

6 long,2.4 dia

Plesetsk

1979-80A

13 days (R)

1979 Sep 18

213

254

89.41

89.78

A-2

USSR/USSR (6)

Supplementary notes:

(1) Domestic US communications satellite, located above longitude 91° west. The satellite is owned by the Western Union Telegraph Company and was built by the Hughes Aircraft Company.

(2) Manoeuvrable, recoverable satellite.

(3) Orbital date are at 1979 Aug 15.5 and Sep 12.8.

(4) Cosmos 1122 carried an Earth Resources package.

(5) Probably a military early warning satellite. Orbital data are at 1979 Aug 28.6 and Sep 4.1.

(6) Orbital data are at 1979 Sep 5.6, Sep 12.7 and Sep 13.0.
June 1983:space book reviews

The 1983 Satellite Directory

Phillips Publishing Inc., 49pp, 1982, $95.00.

This is the fourth annual compilation designed to meet
the business needs of the US communications industry
though it will also serve as a reference book for many in the
satellite industry generally. The fact that this is a dynamic
and expanding field is borne out by the inclusion of over 50
percent more company entries than in the 1981 edition.

The volume contains descriptions of major US domestic
commercial satellite systems, operational satellites and customers, together with information about international satellite systems, their satellites and member-countries. The
directory also lists US Government agencies as well as
Congressional committees and sub-committees concerned
with satellites, plus those companies and associations which
provide goods and services to the satellite industry. It lists
all licensed Earth stations in the United States, presented
in six different formats. There is also an extensive listing of
satellite hardwear manufacturers and distributors and a list
of Marisat terminals, now part of the Inmarsat system.
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October 1981:news from KSC

MORE LAUNCHES

The Cape returned to more familiar business on 22 May with the launching of GOES-5, one of the newer generation of weather satellites, for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The spacecraft will operate in geosynchronous orbit above Colombia observing weather over eastern North and South America.

One day later, an Atlas Centaur launched Intelsat V-B, the second of nine satellites owned and operated by the 105 nation International Telecommunications Satellite Organization. The craft weighed 1,928 kg and will accommodate 12,000 voice circuits and two colour television channels. It became the prime Intelsat satellite for communications between the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Ford builds the Intelsat series using components developed by manufacturers in Japan, Italy, Germany, France and the United Kingdom.

—————

SHUTTLE NEWS

Major changes in NASA’s way of doing business are predicted by informed observers as the result of Shuttle success and the Reagan administration’s choice of the new administrator and deputy administrator. The latter. German-bom Hans Mark, leaves the post of Air Force Secretary to take NASA’s No. 2 job “to assure utilization of the Shuttle by the military”.

Once head of a NASA research centre, Mark surprised agency executives at a top level conference several years ago when he asked what role the agency should play in the event of war. No one had a good answer then or now. But it is obvious that the military role in US space activities will increase as the Air Force begins to fly Shuttles out of Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for polar orbiting missions. Some defence payloads will also be carried into equatorial orbit by NASA-launched Shuttles from the Cape. Agency policy of full disclosure will probably give way to military secrecy concerning those payloads.

Giving the position to an aerospace executive, so the reasoning goes, means that Reagan believes industry should play a larger role in NASA’s future, perhaps taking over Shuttle operations when Columbia completes the four-mission test series. KSC Director Richard Smith earlier announced plans to install three major contractors by 1984: one responsible for cargo processing, a second for general support, and another for Shuttle launch functions. All of which underlines NASA’s determination to routinise Shuttle operations akin to those of commercial airlines.
November-December 1981:milestones

July 1981

15 Shuttle engine 2108, under test at a NASA facility in Missouri, shuts down after an injector failure. The test was part of series to uprate the engines to 109% of their normal full power level.

21 Meteosat 2, launched by Ariane L03 on 19 June, reaches its intended position at 0 deg. longitude in geosynchronous orbit. The meteorological satellite,spinning at 100 revs/min, is to be tested on station and the first weather pictures from its radiometer will reach the ground by the end of the month.

27 Columbia begins two days of integrated tests, powering up its system and checking compatibility with its payload. The tests began three days late because of electrical problems with the Remote Manipulator System.

August 1981

3 The two Dynamics Explorers are launched into incorrect orbits because the Delta launch vehicle’s second stage failed to fire for its full duration. The mission is expected to be completed.

4 Engineers at KSC begin modifications to the Shuttle launch pad to reduce the pressure wave which will hit Columbia during SRB ignition. The shock in the first mission last April was four times greater than expected.

5 Space Services Inc’s Percheron rocket is damaged during a static test of its 60,000 lbf engine.

7 The Intercosmos-Bulgaria 1300 satellite is launched into a 500 mile high orbit from Baikonur. The Meteor-type craft carries 12 Bulgarian experiments for investigations of the Earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere.

10 GMS 2, a synchronous meteorological satellite, is launched from the Space Centre by the first operational N-2 booster. The satellite will be moved to 140 deg. East to replace GMS 1, launched in July 1977.

12 Columbia is mated to its External Tank and Booster in the VAB.
March 1983:milestones

November 1982

18 The Salyut 7 cosmonauts, Lebedev and Berezevoi, eject the small Iskra 3 amateur communications satellite into space. It will be controlled
by students from centres in Moscow and Kaluga.

22 Shuttle Orbiter Columbia is returned to the Kennedy Space Center atop its 747 transport
aircraft.

23 Shuttle Orbiter Challenger is transferred to the
Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space
Center in preparation for mating with its Boosters and Tank for the STS-6 mission currently
scheduled for 24 January.

30 Shuttle Orbiter Challenger is transported to the
launch pad for the STS-6 mission.

December 1982

2 A NASA board of enquiry reports its findings on
the failure of the two spacesuits that should
have been used for space walks during the
Shuttle STS-5 mission. Astronaut Lenoir's suit
failed to fully pressurise) had two small parts
missing from its pressure regulator, not having
been installed during construction. The oxygen
circulation fan in Allen's suit failed because of
a faulty magnetic sensor.

6 Moscow reports that the Venera 13 and 14
main craft, launched in October and November
1981, continue to return information from their
orbits around the Sun. Included among their
instruments are solar gamma and X-ray detectors. Two probes from these craft landed on
Venus in March 1982 and returned the first
colour pictures of the surface.

10 Cosmonauts Berezevoi and Lebedev return to
Earth, landing in darkness and during a snowstorm, in the Soyuz T-7 craft after a record-breaking 211 days aboard the Salyut 7 space
station. They were launched on 12 May 1982.

20 A £34 million contract is signed in Bristol, England between the European Space Agency and
British Aerospace for the construction of the
Giotto Halley's comet probe.

22 It is reported that NASA is considering equipping
Space Shuttle Boosters (which fly up to 46 km
before returning to Earth for recovery) with small
payloads to conduct upper atmosphere
experiments.
November 1982:letters

Salyut 6 Cosmonauts

Sir, In an article in the August 1981 issue of Aviatsiya I
Kosmonavtika entitled “The Extended Life of Salyut 6” Gherman Titov states that “the original plans for operations on
board Salyut 6 envisaged only three basic expeditions”. Given this information, I believe it is possible to reconstruct
the crew assignments for the three long-duration missions
originally planned for Salyut 6:

Prime crew

Kovalyonok-Ryumin

Romanenko-Ivanchenkov

Lyakhov-Lebedev

Reserve crew

Romanenko-Ivanchenkov

Lyakhov-Lebedev

Popov-Strekalov

I am adhering to the pattern observed during the successful
long-duration missions to Salyut 6 of the reserve crew advancing to prime status on the subsequent “basic expedition". The assignments for the first expedition have been documented but those of the second and third are somewhat more speculative. Teaming Lyakhov with Lebedev is the product of
supposition from the actual crew assignments, as outlined
below. There is precedence for a Popov-Strekalov crew, since
they served as reserves to Bykovsky and Aksyonov on
Soyuz 22.

The crew assignments were disrupted by the Soyuz 25
docking failure, possibly leadirtg to the following scenario.
Grechko, due to his familiarity with the station’s docking
mechanism, replaced Ivanchenkov as Romanenko’s flight
engineer in order to assess any damage as a result of the Soyuz
25 docking attempts. Ivanchenkov was joined by Kovalyonok
to form the Soyuz 26 reserve crew. Dzhanibekov and
Makarov then flew aboard Soyuz 27 to provide the long-
duration crew with a fresh spacecraft for their return flight. As
Kovalyonok and Ivanchenkov were again the reserves for Soyuz
27,it would appear that the Soyuz 27 crew were not
involved in training for long-duration missions. They had
probably been summoned out of the Soyuz T development
programme specifically for this flight. Makarov's appearance
on the Soyuz T-3 mission would seem to bear this out. Kovalyonok and Ivanchenkov then moved on to fly Soyuz 29, with
Lyakhov and Ryumin as the reserve crew. Ryumin’s preferential assignment to the third basic expedition crew (Soyuz
32) therefore moved Lebedev to reserve status for that mission
with Popov. As a result of this, Strekalov was probably removed
from training for a long-duration flight to Salyut 6. He was
then free to begin training for flights aboard the improved
Soyuz T spacecraft, subsequently serving as cosmonaut
researcher on Soyuz T-3. The unexpected longevity of the
station provided the opportunity for two additional basic
expeditions to be flown.
June 1982:letters

Voskhod and Soyuz

Sir, Since the publication of James Oberg’s excellent article
"Soyuz 1 Ten Years After: New Conclusions” (Spaceflight,
May 1977, pp. 183-189) there have been numerous letters of
correspondence. Amid all the discussions of the mission, one
point seems to have been missed. The concept of two Soviet
manned spacecraft docking and the crew making an EVA
transfer had been around for at least five years before Vladimir
Komarov made his fatal and still controversial mission. The
earliest reference I have seen is the 24 August 1962 Life
Magazine (after the Vostok 3 and 4 flights). It shows an artist’s
concept of two bullet shaped Vostoks docked tail to tail. The
ejection seats and hatch covers have been extended and a
cosmonaut is transferring. The text said that this manoeuvre
was believed to be the next step in the Soviet space
programme.

Rendezvous and transfer would next appear after the flight
of Voskhod 2. Aviation Week & Space Technology alleged that
the Voskhod 3 countdown was halted shortly before launch,
some 18 to 19 hours after the Voskhod 2 launch. A rendezvous
and transfer was expected by US observers and was rumoured
in Moscow. As NASA was preparing the Gemini 6 mission
the rumours again appeared, Aviation Week carried an article
predicting that a multi-manned, 15 day mission would be the
next Soviet flight. Three mission profiles were mentioned. A
dual launching of manned Voskhod spacecraft with rendezvous
and docking was the primary goal, with a long duration flight
as the secondary one. The second profile was the launching of
a manned and an unmanned Voskhod. They would rendezvous
and one or more cosmonauts transfer to the unmanned spacecraft. The third was a manned circumlunar flight. The article
continued that Soviet scientists considered the transfer of
cosmonauts from one spacecraft to another to be a key step
toward the construction of a space station. A few months
later, in early 1966, the Czech technical journal Veda a Technika Mladezi said that in 1967 two manned Voskhods would
be launched for\_a two week mission that would include rendezvous and docking. (This, however, could have used the
Aviation Week article as a source rather than being independent confirmation.) After this, such reports were tied to the
Soyuz 1 flight.
September-December 1980:satellite digest

Cosmos 1167

1980 Mar 14.44

Cylinder: 6 long, 2 dia

142

595

65.01

91.92

Tyuratam

1980-21A

6 months

F-1-m

USSR/USSR (1)

Cosmos 1168

1980 Mar 17.90

Cylinder: 2 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1980-22A

1000 years

962

1013

82.95

104.90

C-1

USSR/USSR (2)

Cosmos 1169

1980 Mar 27.31

Cylinder: 4 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1980-23A

2 years

476

515

65.84

94.52

C-1

USSR/USSR (3)

Progress 8

1980 Mar 27.786

Sphere-cone-cylinder: 8 long, 2.2 dia

180

260

51.6

88.8

Tyuratam

1980-24A

29 days

A-2

USSR/USSR (4)

Cosmos 1170

1980 Apr 1.33

Cylinder-sphere: 6 long, 2.4 dia

170

371

70.39

89.95

Tyuratam

1980-25A

11 days (R)

1980 Apr 12

A-2

USSR/USSR (5)

Cosmos 1171

1980 Apr 3.32

Cylinder: 4 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1980-26A

1000 years

966

1009

65.84

104.87

C-1

USSR/USSR (6)

Soyuz 35

1980 Apr 9.568

Sphere-cylinder-cone: 7.5 long, 2.2 dia

193

243

51.62

88.80

Tyuratam

1980-27A

6 months

A-2

USSR/USSR (7)

Cosmos 1172

1980 Apr 12.85

Cylinder-cone: 3.5 long, 2 dia

609

40146

62.76

725.91

Plesetsk

1980-28A

12 years

A-2-e

USSR/USSR (8)

Cosmos 1173

1980 Apr 17.36

Cylinder-sphere: 6 long, 2.4 dia

176

355

70.31

89.78

Tyuratam

1980-29A

11 days (R)

1980 Apr 28

A-2

USSR/USSR (9)

Cosmos 1174

1980 Apr 18.03

Cylinder: 4 long, 2.4 dia

362

1025

65.84

98.65

Tyuratam

1980-30A

500 years

F-1-m

USSR/USSR (10)

Cosmos 1175

1980 Apr 18.73

Cylinder: 4.2 long, 3 dia

Plesetsk

1980-31A

3 months

252

459

62.84

91.66

A-2-e

USSR/USSR (11)

Supplementary notes:

(1) Possibly an ocean survey type reconnaissance satellite. Previous flights of this type of vehicle were Cosmos 1094 (1979-33A) and Cosmos 1096 (1979-36A). Orbital data are at 1980 Mar 14.5 and Mar 14.7.

(2) Probably a navigation satellite.

(3) Interception test radar calibration target. See note 6 below.

(4) Unmanned supply vehicle carrying replacement parts and materials to Salyut 6 prior to the Soyuz 35 visit. The first two orbits are based on estimated data and are at 1980 Mar 27 and 1980 Mar 28. The third orbit, after docking at 1980 Mar 29.8, is at 1980 Apr 7.8. This orbit was achieved by an upward manoeuvre of the Salyut/Progress complex on 1980 Apr 3, using the Progress 8 engine.

(5) Orbital data are at 1980 Apr 1.7, Apr 2.1 and Apr 6.1.

(6) Target for Cosmos 1174 satellite interception test.

(7) Ferry vehicle which carried Leonid Popov and Valery Ryumin to Salyut 6. Launched at 1338 UT on Apr 9,

docking took place at 1516 UT on Apr 10. Orbital data are at 1980 Apr 9.8, Apr 10.3 and Apr 13.2.

(8) Cosmos 1172 may be an early warning satellite. Orbital data are at 1980 Apr 13.9 and Apr 18.9.

(9) Orbital data are at 1980 Apr 17.5 and Apr 18.1.

(10) Satellite interception test using Cosmos 1171 as its primary target. Orbital data are at 1980 Apr 18.1 and Apr 18.6.

(11) Probably a failed Molniya-3 satellite.
May 1980:milestones

January 1980

31 NASA announces that it has signed a $183,960,000 contract with the European Space Agency calling for manufacture and delivery in 1984 of a second Spacelab.

February 1980

1 A planned 560 sec firing of the Space Shuttle three main engines at the National Space Technology Laboratories is terminated after 4.6 sec. Reason for the automatic shutdown is a higher than nominal temperature indication.

7 US Air Force launches KH-11 reconnaissance satellite by Titan IIID from Vandenberg AFB, California. The satellite entered an initial orbit of 220 x 498 km inclined at 97 deg to the equator: later the orbit was changed by a manoeuvre to 304 x 469 km x 97.05 deg. Unlike photo-reconnaissance satellites which supply high-resolution images of surface targets by ejecting film capsules, KH-11 obtains its high-resolution imagery by digital transmission. A similar satellite was launched on 14 June 1978.

12 NASA issues a request for proposals for the administration of a Shuttle Student Involvement Project. The project will be a nationwide competition within the United States, to begin September 1980, for the opportunity to submit proposals for scientific and engineering experiments to be flown on the Space Shuttle in late 1981 or 1982.

13 Third and final test firing of Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster is successfully completed at Thiokol Corporation’s test site near Brigham City,Utah. Burn duration was just under 120 sec; peak-level thrust approximately 1,390,000 kgf; specific impulse 263 (vacuum). Thiokol achieved a planned 2 per cent increase in burn rate by adding iron oxide to the propellant mix (which slightly shortens thrust duration). This is designed to increase the Shuttle’s payload delivered to polar orbit by 1,500-1,600 lb (680- 725 kg). Present aim is to lift payloads of 14,500 kg into polar orbit from Vandenberg AFB.

13 NASA defers Orbital Cloud Physics Experiment scheduled to fly as a Spacelab payload aboard the Space Shuttle in 1982 because '’technical problems in the transition from ground laboratory to a space flight environment have resulted in increased cost and schedule risks ...” Instead, the specially-built equipment will be used in ground-based laboratories in the agency’s weather and climate research programmes. It is hoped to fly a cloud physics experiment on a future Spacelab mission.
January 1981:space activities report

SPACE LITTER

The absence of a Progress ferry flight in the period between the recovery of Soyuz 36 and the launch of Soyuz 38, whether intentional or otherwise, left the Salyut 6 long-stay crew of Leonid Popov and Valery Ryumin with the awkward problem of what to do with two months’ accumulation of rubbish and waste.

Normally, Salyut’s crew would load the offending items into the returning Progress orbital module for it to be incinerated in the upper atmosphere during re-entry. The absence of a convenient refuse disposal vehicle meant that other means had to be used to rid the station of its unwanted cargo. Salyut is equipped with small airlock chambers specifically for this purpose and the crew put these to good use.

Over a four week period starting in the middle of August,more than a dozen extra objects appeared in Salyut’s orbit as a result of the dumping operation. Most of the work was completed before the manoeuvre at the beginning of September which preceded the Soyuz 38 launch. This meant that the station had no unwanted orbiting companions during the rendezvous operation; a collision could have left either crew in a rather sticky situation!

This type of dumping operation has been a normal part of Salyut’s operation and has resulted in the total number of catalogued objects associated with it rising to nearly eighty. On top of these are several others which have been observed visually but obviously have not been radar tracked as they never received catalogue numbers. The August event though was the largest individual operation.

—————-

74-SEAT SPACE SHUTTLE

Rockwell International, prime contractor for the US Space Shuttle, have recently designed a passenger transport module,capable of transporting up to 74 passengers to Earth orbit,writes Keith T. Wilson. This would be placed in the 18 m long payload bay of the Shuttle Orbiter. This ambitious plan is only part of Rockwell’s continuing investigation to modify the present Space Shuttle system enabling it to orbit larger and heavier payloads.

The passenger transport module, a large version of a pressurised Spacelab module, would be capable of seating 68 people with additional space for 6 more in the lower flight deck of the Orbiter. The module would be inserted into the Orbiter’s payload bay in the Orbiter Processing Facility, in much the same way as Spacelab is inserted. The passenger compartment would have two decks. The upper deck would be four seats wide, leaving room for a 64 cm wide aisle running the length of the module; also on this level would be doors for entry and unloading. The lower deck, only two seats wide with a similar aisle as the upper deck, would have space for storage along both sides of the module. Upper and lower decks would be linked by two ladders adjacent to the payload bay exit doors in the side of the compartment and a tunnel adapter and airlock would link the module with the Orbiter crew compartment. Additional toilet facilities would be included. Rockwell planners feel that a one or two day flight would be possible with minimum launch and re-entry g-forces on passengers.
Candles

"*Candles*" is a song originally by **Daughter** that Conan Gray covered on his YouTube on February 5th, 2017.

## Background

In the description of the YouTube video, Conan wrote:

"i absolutely adore daughter, if you haven't listened to their music before, i would highly highly suggest. they always use such interesting chords and tuning, and have a very very distinct style. i apologize for the grain, my camera doesn't handle low light very well, but i wanted to film at night because whenever i think of this song, i always imagine singing it in the dark. i hope you all don't mind that this isn't very fancily edited or anything, i just felt like doing a lil chill cover :) i love you guys so much, i'm so happy to have y'all in my life see you in a few days,

much love, -cone"

## Lyrics

[Verse 1]

That boy, take me away, into the night

Out of the hum of the street lights and into the forest

I'll do whatever you say to me in the dark

Scared I'll be torn apart by a wolf in a mask of a familiar name on a birthday card

[Chorus]

Blow out all the candles, blow out all the candles

"You're too old to be so shy," he says to me so I stay the night

Just a young heart confusin' my mind, and we're both in silence

Wide-eyed, we're both in silence

Wide-eyed, like we're in a crime scene

[Verse 2]

Well I have brittle bones it seems

I bite my tongue and torch my dreams

I've got a little voice to speak with

And a mind of thoughts and secrecy

And things cannot be reversed, we learn from the times we are cursed

Things cannot be reversed, we learn from the ones we fear the worst

And learn from the ones we hate the most how to

[Chorus]

Blow out all the candles, blow out all the candles

"You're too old to be so shy," he says to me so I stay the night

Just a young heart confusin' my mind, and we're both in silence

Wide-eyed, we're both in silence

Wide-eyed

[Bridge]

'Cause we both know I'll never be your lover

I only bring the heat

Company under covers

Fillin' space in your sheets

And I'll never be your lover

I only bring the heat

Company under covers

Fillin' space in your sheets, in your sheets, oh

[Chorus]

So, please just blow out all the candles, blow out all the candles

"You're too old to be so shy," he says to me so I stay the night

Just a young heart confusin' my mind, and we're both in silence

Wide-eyed, we're both in silence

Wide-eyed, like we're in a crime scene
January 1981:satellite digest

Cosmos 1200

1980 Jul 9.53

Cylinder+sphere: 6 long, 2.4 dia

Plesetsk

1980-59A

14 days (R)

1980 Jul 23

226

289

72.86

89.70

A-2

USSR/USSR (1)

Ekran 5

1980 Jul 14.94

Cylinder+2 panels: 5 long, 2 dia

Tyuratam

1980-60A

geostationary orbit

indefinite

D-1-e

USSR/USSR (2)

Cosmos 1201

1980 Jul 15.31

Cylinder+sphere: 6 long, 2.4 dia

Plesetsk

1980-61A

13 days (R)

1980 Jul 28

211

246

82.33

89.12

A-2

USSR/USSR

Rohini

1980 Jul 18.1

Spheroid:0.5 dia

Sriharikota

1980-62A

3 years

306

919

44.75

96.85

SLV-3

India/India (3)

Molniya 3 (13)

1980 Jul 18.46

Cylinder-cone: 4.2 long, 2 dia

457

40817

62.79

736.48

Plesetsk

1980-63A

12 years

A-2-e

USSR/USSR (4)

Soyuz 37

1980 Jul 23.77

Sphere-cone-cylinder: 7.5 long, 2.2 dia

190

273

51.58

89.07

Tyuratam

1980-64A

12 days

A-2

USSR/USSR (5)

Cosmos 1202

1980 Jul 24.53

Cylinder+sphere:6 long, 2.4 dia

197

306

72.85

89.58

Plesetsk

1980-65A

14 days (R)

1980 Aug 8

A-2

USSR/USSR (6)

Cosmos 1203

1980 Jul 31.2

Cylinder+sphere:6 long, 2.4 dia

212

268

82.32

89.35

Plesetsk

1980-66A

14 days (R)

1980 Aug 15

A-2

USSR/USSR (7)

Cosmos 1204

1980 Jul 31.48

Octagonal ellipsoid:2 long, 1.5 dia

Kapustin Yar

1980-67A

1 year

345

538

50.66

93.34

C-1

USSR/USSR

Cosmos 1205

1980 Aug 12.49

Cylinder:6 long, 2.4 dia

198

305

72.82

89.57

Plesetsk

1980-68A

14 days (R)

1980 Aug 26

A-2

USSR/USSR (8)

Cosmos 1206

1980 Aug 15.23

Cylinder: 5 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1980-69A

60 years

629

631

81.20

97.30

A-2

USSR/USSR (9)

Cosmos 1207

1980 Aug 22.41

Cylinder+sphere:6 long, 2.4 dia

209

255

82.32

89.20

Plesetsk

1980-70A

13 days (R)

1980 Sep 5

A-2

USSR/USSR (10)

Cosmos 1208

1980 Aug 26.65

Cylinder: 6 long, 2 dia

Plesetsk

1980-71A

10 years

171

336

67.14

89.60

A-2

USSR/USSR (11)

Cosmos 1209

1980 Sep 3.8

Cylinder+sphere:6 long, 2.4 dia

209

279

82.35

89.43

Plesetsk

1980-72A

14 days (R)

1980 Sep 17

A-2

USSR/USSR (12)

Meteor 2 (6)

1980 Sep 9.46

Cylinder:5 long, 1.5 dia

Plesetsk

1980-73A

500 years

846

892

81.25

102.40

A-1

USSR/USSR (13)

Supplementary notes

(1) Orbital data are at 1980 Jul 9.7, 10.3 and 21.2.

(2) USSR domestic TV relay satellite serving remote communities, located above 99° east longitude.

(3) First Indian built and launched small satellite.

(4) Orbital data are at 1980 Jul 18.5 and Aug 16.5.

(5) Manned ferry vehicle carrying an Intercosmos crew of Viktor Gorbatko and Pham Tuan (Vietnam). Soyuz 37 docked with Salyut 6 at 1980 Jul 24.835 and the crew returned to Earth in Soyuz 36 after a flight of 7.864 days.

Orbital data are at 1980 Jul 23.8, 24.0 and 25.3.

(6) Orbital data are at 1980 Jul 24.6 and 25.4.

(7) Orbital data are at 1980 Jul 31.4 and Aug 1.7.

(8) Orbital data are at 1980 Aug 12.8 and 13.2.

(9) Possibly an electronic reconnaissance satellite.

(10) Orbital data are at 1980 Aug 22.7 and 30.0.

(11) Long life photo-reconnaissance satellite.

(12) Orbital data are at 1980 Sep 3.5 and 4.5.

(13) USSR meteorological satellite returning cloud cover photographs and other data.
October 1981:milestones

May 1981

23 The second Intelsat V comsat is launched by Atlas-Centaur. It will be in the main link over the Atlantic because the first Intelsat V, launched 6 December last year, is having hardware problems.

31 India launches her second satellite into a 364 x 181 km orbit. The 84 lb craft enters a 834 x 296 km orbit and the low perigee leads to reentry on 8 June.

31 An object is observed to separate from Salyut 6. Analysts believe it may be the orbital module of Soyuz T-4 (which left on 26 May).

June 1981

1 Contract begin date for work by Convair on converting the Centaur upper stage for use aboard the Shuttle. There are some doubts, however, being expressed in Congress about using Centaur at all.

16 Explorer 55 reenters after 5 years of probing the upper atmosphere.

19 Ariane L03 is successfuly launched from Kourou at 12.33 GMT and takes three satellites into a 201 x 36,207 km orbit. Meteosat 2 (an ESA weather satellite) fires its apogee motor on 20 June, followed by Apple (an Indian comsat) on 21 June, to enter geostationary orbit. Preliminiary examination of launch data shows no problems. Ariane L04 is scheduled for November.

19 Cosmos 1267, launched on 24 April by a Proton rocket, docks with Salyut 6 in a 332 x 360 km orbit. The new vehicle, described as “a prototype space module” by cosmonaut Konstantin Feoktistov, nearly doubles the size of the space station and is an important step towards building permanent orbital bases. On 30 June engines aboard the new module fire to raise the orbit to 339 x 386 km.

25 ESA’s Council, the body which formulates ESA policy and rules in scientific,technical, administrative and financial matters, elects Prof. Hubert Curien (France) as its Chairman.

30 The Shuttle External Tank is mated with the stacked Solid Rocket Boosters on the mobile launch platform in the VAB for STS-2.

July 1981

1 The OSTA-1 payload for Columbia's second mission is inserted into the cargo bay.