9699/11/M/J/15

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## **Section A**

Answer question 1.

**1** In many Asian societies, there has been an increase in female headed *households*. This is due to a
variety of reasons including widowhood, migration, marital instability and women choosing to have
children outside of marriage. In recent decades an increasing number of women, particularly rural
women, have become heads of households because men, the traditional heads of households, have
moved away from home to find employment. Moreover, due to civil unrest and natural disasters, a
refugee situation exists in a number of countries in the region, often resulting in females taking over
the task of running the household.

**(a)** What is meant by the term *households*? [2]

One mark for a partial definition such as the people in a house together.

Two marks for a clear and accurate definition such as a group of people living in a house
who share facilities.

**(b)** Describe **two** causes of marital instability. [4]

Points that can be included are:

• changing laws allowing divorce

• female access to paid employment

• changing attitudes to the value of marriage

• weakening of traditional means of social control, for example through the absence of
men, or women, from household for employment, or other reasons

• any other valid point.

Answers can refer to reasons for instability within marriage in any society.

One mark for each cause plus one mark for development (2 × 2)

**(c)** Explain why the social status of women can change when men move away from home
to find employment. [8]

**L 1 0–4** Answers at this level are likely to show only limited appreciation of the issues
raised in the question.

Lower in the level, a simple answer which identifies how, when men are away,
women have to carry out all the tasks, may be worth **1 or 2 marks**.

Higher in the level, an answer might advance a few limited observations, such as
women having to make decisions without reference to husbands, or having to
control the household, may be worth **3 or 4 marks**, but there will be little depth in
the explanations offered and the answer will rely on description rather than
explanation.

**L 2 5–8** Answers at this level show some sociological knowledge and understanding of
the question.

Lower in the level, answers may be a simple description of the way in which
women may become the household head in the absence of males. Other factors
that could be referred to can include, having to make decisions for sons, factors
influencing social status such as wage earning, age and social position in the
stratification system. Such answers could receive a **mark of 5 or 6**.

Higher in the level, a more detailed account of how the social status of women
can change could gain **7 or 8 marks**. Such answers can include the effects of
family planning, education, and changing social status. Place at the top of the
level according to the depth and/or range of examples explained and supported
by reference to theory or empirical data.

**N.B.** This question asks candidates to ‘explain’ therefore there is no
requirement for assessment.

**(d)** Assess the view that the nuclear family is no longer the main type of family in modern
industrial society. [11]

**L 1 0–4** Answers at this level are likely to show only limited appreciation of the issues
raised in the question.

Lower in the level, a simple answer that identifies a few basic features about
different types of families may gain **1 or 2 marks**; these types of answers may
describe different, specific families rather than outline different structures.

Higher in the level, an answer might advance a few limited observations or
general descriptions of different family structures and whether they are to be
found in modern industrial societies. Such answers may go to the top of the level
and receive **3–4 marks**. Other top of the level answers may argue that nuclear
families are not to be found in modern industrial societies and describe
alternative types with little or no reference to the question.

**L 2 5–8** Answers at this level show some sociological knowledge and understanding of
the question.

Lower in the level, a simplistic description of the way in which the nuclear family
can no longer be seen as the main type of family in modern industrial societies,
would be worth a **mark of 5 or 6**. Such answers could be supported by
descriptions of the variety of family types to be found in different societies.

Another answer worth **5 or 6 marks** could argue that the nuclear family is still the
dominant family form to be found in modern industrial societies. This may be
supported by evidence, such as statistics on household structures.

Higher in the level, there will be a more detailed account of the diversity of family
forms to be found, and may be worth **7 or 8 marks**. Answers may note that
nuclear families did not necessarily dominate in the past and/or that they may still
be found in modern industrial societies.

A descriptive answer cannot gain more than 8 marks.

**L 3 9–11** Answers at this level will demonstrate good sociological knowledge and
understanding applied to the question. There will also be an assessment of the
view on which the question is based.

Lower in the level, **9–10 marks**, the assessment may be based on a simple
juxtaposition of the way in which nuclear families can and cannot be seen as the
main type of family to be found in modern industrial society, or may be confined
to just one or two evaluative points.

At the top of the level, **11 marks**, theories will be evaluated explicitly and in
reasonable depth. The notion of the nuclear family being the main type, or not,
will be directly addressed, probably by a discussion of key concepts such as
globalisation, different cultural expectations, five types of diversity and a variety of
different family structures.

## **Section B**

Answer **either** question 2 **or** question 3.

**2** Explain and assess the view that men continue to dominate family life. [25]

**L 1 0–6** Answers at this level are likely to be assertive and focus on a few common sense
observations about the different activities that man and women undertake in the
house/home (which can be stated as either having changed or not changed) with little
or no sociological support.

Lower in the level, answers may be confined to one or two simple points based on
assertion and/or common sense understanding. For example, one or two simple
points about men undertaking more household tasks such as DIY or child care, may
gain up to **3 marks**.

Higher in the level, there may be a wider range of simple points based on assertion
and/or common sense understanding. For example, an answer stating that men make
all the decisions, control money and have more privileges than women, may gain up
to **6 marks**.

**L 2 7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.

Lower in the level, **7–9 marks**, the answer may be confined to a narrow range of
points, lacking detail and include some inaccuracies. For example, an outline of
changes in the law or social changes that may have weakened patriarchy, but with no
development, may gain up to **9 marks**.

Higher in the level, **10–12 marks**, answers may either cover a narrow range of points
in reasonable detail or cover a wider range of points in limited detail.

Points candidates might cover include discussion of, for example, the continuation of
domestic violence, or a discussion of other theories, such as functionalist views, for
example, Talcott Parsons and instrumental and expressive roles that are seen as
‘different but equal’. Such answers are likely to rely on one theory.

**L 3 13–18** Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding. The
material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to answering the
question. There is no requirement for assessment at this level.

Lower in the level, **13–15 marks**, answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge. There will be little or no accurate use of concepts/theory, and the points
covered may lack development.

Higher in the level, **16–18 marks**, answers will use a wider range of knowledge,
supported by the use of concepts/theory where relevant and include some welldeveloped points.

**L 4 19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things: **first** there will be good sociological
knowledge and understanding; **second** the material used will be interpreted
accurately and applied effectively to answering the question; and **third** there must
also be some evidence of assessment.

Lower in the level, **19–21 marks**, the assessment may be largely delivered through
juxtaposition of contrasting arguments/theories. Alternatively, the assessment may be
limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated.

Higher in the level, **22–25 marks**, there will be sustained assessment and the points
offered will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely to be a
well-formulated conclusion.

Points that can be included are the position of sons relative to daughters in many
societies, the evidence of continuing domestic violence and the changing work
patterns and economic independence of women. Other concepts such as dual
burden, new man companionate marriage, fertility issues and joint and segregated
family roles may also be usefully applied to answers for this question.

**3** Explain and assess the view that family structures are becoming less diverse. [25]

**L 1 0–6** Answers at this level are likely to be assertive and focus on a few common sense
observations about many different types of families being found in modern industrial
societies (which can be stated as either having become more or less diverse) with
little or no sociological support.

Lower in the level, answers may be confined to one or two simple points based on
assertion and/or common sense understanding. For example, one or two simple
points about universal trends to smaller families, may gain up to **3 marks**.

Higher in the level, there may be a wider range of simple points based on assertion
and/or common sense understanding. For example, an answer describing a number
of different family types to be found in modern industrial societies, may go up to **6**
marks**.**

**L 2 7–12** Answers at this level will show some sociological knowledge and understanding of the
question.

Lower in the level, **7–9 marks**, the answer may be confined to a narrow range of
points, lacking detail and include some inaccuracies. For example, an outline of how
diversity may have declined in some societies with no development, may gain up to **9**
marks**.**

Higher in the level, **10–12 marks**, answers may either cover a narrow range of points
in reasonable detail, or cover a wider range of points in limited detail.

Points candidates might cover include a discussion of the types of families to be
found in societies and how the family structures may have adapted to different
cultural situations or economic factors.

**L 3 13–18** Answers at this level will show good sociological knowledge and understanding. The
material used will be interpreted accurately and applied effectively to answering the
question. There is no requirement for assessment at this level.

Lower in the level, **13–15 marks**, answers may use only a limited range of
knowledge. There will be little, or no accurate use of concepts/theory, and the points
covered may lack development.

Answers that enter this level could refer to ideas linked to the development of a global
culture and may take the form of observations on the possible effects of
Westernisation and its impact on family life worldwide.

Higher in the level, **16–18 marks**, answers will use a wider range of knowledge,
supported by the use of concepts/theory where relevant, and include some welldeveloped points.

This discussion may cover the functionalist view and emphasis on the development of
one family type. An alternative answer would reject convergence in favour of
fundamentalist trends that are preserving local cultures. Answers may rely on the
juxtaposition of different contemporary examples in societies.

**L 4 19–25** Answers at this level must achieve three things: **first**, there will be good sociological
knowledge and understanding; **second**, the material used will be interpreted
accurately and applied effectively to answering the question; and **third**, there must
also be some evidence of assessment.

Lower in the level, **19–21 marks**, the assessment may be largely delivered through
juxtaposition of contrasting arguments/theories. Alternatively, the assessment may be
limited to just one or two evaluative points that are explicitly stated.

Higher in the level, **22–25 marks**, there will be sustained assessment and the points
offered will be explicit and well-directed towards the question. There is likely to be a
well-formulated conclusion.

Points that could be included can be a reference to globalisation and the ability of
individuals to select their own life style making reference to post modernism.

Candidates may argue that migration is making some families trans-national, or that
unique family forms are to be found in some societies. Concepts such as the chosen
family, negotiated family and the convergence of diversity can be referred to, as well
as other relevant concepts.

## Useful information (Hints)

**Question 1(a)**

**Question 1(b)**

**Question 1(c)**

**Question 1(d)**

**Question 2**

**Question 3**