Bone:Carpal bones:Bony features

* Eight carpals with 6 main surfaces (except pisiform)
	+ Dorsal & volar: Non-articular; roughened surfaces for ligament attachments; dorsal surface broader than volar (except scaphoid & lunate)
	+ Proximal & distal:Proximal surface convex, distal surface concave; covered with articular cartilage
	+ Medial & lateral: Covered with articular cartilage
* Proximal carpal row
	+ Scaphoid (carpal navicular): Largest proximal carpal bone
		- Articulates with radius, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate
		- Key contours: Tuberosity - distal volar prominence; waist (ridge) - mid lateral portion, location for vascular channels & ligament attachments; proximal pole - proximal to waist; distal pole - distal to waist
		- Variants: Bipartite scaphoid with ossicles separated at waist
	+ Lunate
		- Articulates with radius, capitate, hamate, triquetrum, scaphoid, TFC
		- Key contours: Volar > dorsal height
		- Variants: Type I (34.5%) - no articulation with hamate; type II (65.5%) - facet articulates with hamate
	+ Triquetrum
		- Articulates with pisiform, lunate, hamate, TFC
		- Key contours: Ovoid facet articulates with pisiform
		- Dorsal & volar ligament attachments equally strong (unlike other carpals); dorsal ligaments converge on triquetrum, may avulse bone fragment with forceful wrist flexion
	+ Pisiform: Only carpal with tendon attachment (FCU)
		- Articulates with triquetrum
		- Key contours: Ovoid articular facet
		- Sesamoid-like with FCU inserting & continuing on as pisohamate & pisometacarpal ligaments
* Distal carpal row
	+ Trapezium (greater multangular): Saddle-shaped
		- Articulates with scaphoid, 1st & 2nd MCs, trapezoid
		- Key contours: Groove for FCR; volar tubercle (ridge) - attachment for FR, intrinsic & extrinsic ligaments
		- Key link between carpals & 1st MC
	+ Trapezoid (lesser multangular)
		- Articulates with scaphoid, 2nd MC, trapezium, capitate
		- Key contours: Articular facets
		- Variants: Small facet articulates with 3rd MC (33%)
	+ Capitate: Largest carpal bone
		- Articulates with scaphoid, lunate, 2nd, 3rd & 4th MCs, trapezoid, hamate
		- Key contours: Head - proximal portion; neck - constricted region just distal to head; body - distal portion; volar surface near neck attachment of deltoid volar carpal ligaments
		- Variants: Small facet for 4th MC (85%); multiple ossification centers
	+ Hamate: Wedge-shaped
		- Articulates with lunate, 4th & 5th MCs, triquetrum, capitate
		- Key contours: Articular facet winds around waist, facilitates triquetral motion on volar hamate; hook (hamulus) of hamate - volar distal projection attachment for FR, pisohamate ligament & ODM
		- Variants: Hypoplastic hamate hook; hook as separate ossicle
* Distal radius
	+ Articulates with scaphoid, lunate, & ulna
	+ Key contours: Lister tubercle - dorsal ridge; scaphoid & lunate fossa - concavities articulate with proximal scaphoid & lunate; radial styloid - lateral distal prominence; sigmoid notch (fossa, ulnar notch) - medial concavity articulates with ulnar head; lateral parallel grooves for EPB & APL; dorsal grooves for extensor compartments
* Distal ulna
	+ Articulates with radius, scaphoid & TFC
	+ Key contours: Head - smooth, rounded distal articular surface; fovea (fossa) - concavity at base of styloid for attachment of TFCC; styloid - medial distal prominence; dorsal groove for ECU