recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Edmarka

*Edmarka rex*

Edmarka is a synonym of Torvosaurus.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Edmarka may have been the largest meat-eating dinosaur during the Jurassic period. This huge predator was a member of the same family as Megalosaurus and would have been the most fearsome of the Jurassic hunters.

Described in 1992 by Dr. Robert Bakker, Edmarka seems to support the theory that single large predators evolve to dominate particular times and places, preventing the rise of other large predators. Dr. Bakker points out that giant predatory dinosaurs would also evolve more bird-like characteristics. Edmarka is known from three individuals, two adults and a juvenile.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20040214165328fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_edmar.html
Protognathosaurus

*Protognathosaurus oxyodon*

***Protognathosaurus*** (meaning "early jaw lizard") is a genus of dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. It was a sauropod found in what is present-day China, which lived in the mid-Jurassic period, approximately 165 to 160 million years ago, between the Bathonian and Callovian, at lo which is today Asia. Found in the Xiashaximiao Formation of Sichuan, China. The type species, P. oxyodon , was originally described by Zhang in 1988 as Protognathus oxyodon , However, the generic name was concerned, already in use, with an extinct beetle genus, Protognathus (Basilewsky, 1950). Therefore meanwhile, George Olshevsky changed the species name to combinatio nova Protognathosaurus oxyodon in 1991. The generic name is derived from the Greek πρῶτος , protos , "first", and γνάθος , gnathos , "jaw". The specific name is derived from the Greek ὀξύς , oxys , "sharp" and ὀδών , odon , "tooth". Protognathosaurus is known for an unusual fragmentary lower jaw, holotypeCV 00732 previously cataloged as ChM V7 The fragment consists of the left frontal dentary and shows eighteen dental positions, some of which still contain sharp replacement teeth, hence the name of the genus. Most researchers consider Protognathosaurus to be a nomen dubium.
Euskelosaurus

*Euskelosaurus browni*

***Euskelosaurus*** ("good leg lizard") was a semi-bipedal dinosaur from the Late Triassic. It was a plateosaurid that lived in the Late Triassic Period, in present-day South Africa, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe.

## History of discovery

It was first described by Thomas Henry Huxleyin 1866 as *Euskelesaurus brownii* based on holotype BMNH R1625, limb and spinal bones found by Alfred Brown in 1863. It may actually be the same animal as *Plateosauravus* also found in southern Africa. The name was in 1902 emended by Friedrich von Huene into *Euskelosaurus*.

## Description

*Euskelosaurus* has been estimated to have been about ten metres in length, which is somewhat large for a plateosaurid. Its limbs were large and sauropod-like. Another distinguishing feature of the limbs of *Euskelosaurus* is that the shaft of its thigh bone is twisted. Paleontologist Jacques van Heerden has suggested that this configuration effectively rendered *Euskelosaurus* bow-legged. If this is correct it is highly unusual for a dinosaur, as dinosaur legs are typically oriented directly under the body like in mammals.

## Classification

While paleontologists generally consider Euskelosaurus a basal plateosaurid sauropodomorph, it has recently been considered a nomen dubium and a “waste-basket” taxon with poorly understood phylogenetic relationships, warranting further study.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Euskelosaurus was one of the largest of the early dinosaurs and lived during the Late Triassic. In fact, this dinosaur was one of the largest animals to ever walk the Earth up until that point in time.

Euskelosaurus was a plant-eater that lived in the southern part of what is now Africa. It was similar to some of the early dinosaurs that have been uncovered in Argentina. This is possible because Africa and South America were connected during the Late Triassic period.

Euskelosaurus provides insight into dinosaur evolution because of its large size and early appearance. This animal also represents an interesting link in the evolutionary path towards quadrapedalism.

Known from a great deal of fragmentary material, a number of dinosaurs have been reclassified as Euskelosaurus, making it a seemingly abundant and successful herbivore. It is possible that this animal was an ancestor to Plateosaurus, which appeared after Euskelosaurus.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031006150819fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_euske.html
Euparkeria

*Euparkeria capensis*

***Euparkeria*** (meaning “Parker's good animal”) was a small African reptile of the early Triassic period who was an ancestor of archosaurs, a group of animals that includes dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds. *Euparkeria* was quick on its feet and walked on two feet. It had a light, lean body with a long tail and a head filled with tiny, needle-sharp teeth.

## Paleobiology

*Euparkeria* had a light, lean body, long tail, and a small skull with tiny, needle-like teeth. It probably fed on insects and any other small animals that it could find on the forest floor, and would have periodically shed its teeth in order to keep them sharp. The first fossils were found in South Africa in 1913, but better specimens were found in 1924. *Euparkeria* was one of the smaller reptiles of its time, with the adults reaching 60 centimetres (24 in); the size of a large lizard. *Euparkeria* had relatively long hind legs, and may have been semi-bipedal, able to move using only its hind legs when running quickly. It lived alongside primitive thecodonts, archosaurs, and some synapsids like *Placerias*.

This tendency towards bipedal locomotion makes *Euparkeria* one of the earliest reptiles to walk on two legs, a feature that would be retained in some dinosaurs and early Crurotarsi. Like many early archosaurs, it had a row of relatively light bony plates along its back and tail. Another means of defence that *Euparkeria* possessed was a sharp claw on its thumb, which could have been used as a weapon in close combat. Comparisons between the scleral rings of *Euparkeria* and modern birds and reptiles indicates that it may have been nocturnal, supporting the idea that early archosaurs adapted to dim light. However, as *Euparkeria* may have been a polar animal, it likely lived under different lighting conditions from typical archosaurs and may not have inherited its nocturnal adaptations from a common ancestor with archosaurs.

## Appearance in other media

### *The Land Before Time*

An early draft of *The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock* script refers to the primitive tetrapod in the opening narration as a *Euparkeria*;
Barsboldia

*Barsboldia sicinskii*

**Barsboldia** (named for Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold in 1981) is a Lambeosaurine hadrosaur from the early Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation of Ömnogöv', Mongolia. It is known from a partial vertebral column, partial pelvis, and some ribs. It was about 32.8 feet (10 meters) in length, 13 feet in height, and weighed about as much as a rhinoceros. Known from only the rear half of a skeleton.

## Description

Teresa Maryańska and Halszka Osmólska based this genus on ZPAL MgD-1/110, a partial skeleton consisting of nine back vertebrae, nine hip vertebrae, fifteen tail vertebrae, a left ilium, parts of the left and right pubis, several ribs, and a few fragments of the hind limbs, with the backbone largely articulated. The most distinctive features of this skeleton are found in the neural spines. These are very tall, particularly over the hips, and were described as second only to those of *Hypacrosaurus altispinus* and the tips of those found in the first few vertebrae of the tail are club-shaped (possibly a sign of old age).

## Phylogeny

Maryańska and Osmólska described their new genus as a lambeosaurine (or hollow-crested duckbill), the first from the Nemegt Formation, although it lacked a skull. However, the sacrum has a keel along the bottom, a possible lambeosaurine feature, and the bones closely resemble those of *Hypacrosaurus*. With only one partial skeleton known, and no skull, the genus has been considered dubious or a possible lambeosaurine of uncertain placement. A newer study published in 2011 suggests that *Barsboldia* is actually a valid saurolophine.

The following cladogram was recovered in the 2011 phylogenetic analysis of Hadrosauroidea by Prieto-Márquez (the relationships within Lambeosaurinae and between basal hadrosauroids aren't shown).

## Paleobiology

As a hadrosaurid, Barsboldia would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and was furnished with hundreds of continually-replaced teeth. If it was a lambeosaurine, it would have had a hollow crest formed out of expanded skull bones containing the nasal passages, with a function relating to identification by sight and sound.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Barsboldia was a large, plant-eating duck-billed dinosaur that lived in Asia. This is the only member of this dinosaur family known from Asia. The huge size of this duckbill indicates that the Gobi Desert was once a much different environment with lots of plants and water.

Some scientists don't consider Barsboldia to be a valid genus. They argue that the distinction between this specimen and Hypacrosaurus are age related and not indicative of a new genus.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031008032348fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_barsb.html
Lycorhinus

*Lycorhinus angustidens*

Lycorhinus Angustidens is an extinct genus of heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian to Sinemurian ages) strata of the Elliot Formation located in the Cape Province, South Africa.

## Description

*Lycorhinus*, including the remains described by Gow in 1975 as *Lanasaurus*, is a small (1.2 metres (47 in) in length) herbivorous dinosaur despite the long canines it sported in its jaws.

## History of discovery

The fossil material consists of dentaries and maxillae, hence the characters mentioned by the name *Lycorhinus angustidens* that Sidney H. Haughton attributed to the remains in 1924, where the generic name means "wolf snout", as it was at first misidentified as a cynodont, and the specific descriptor means "constricted tooth".

The holotype, **SAM 3606**, consists of a mandible found by Dr M. Ricono. Three other species of *Lycorhinus* have been named. *Lycorhinus parvidens* was created by Robert Broom and *Lycorhinus tucki* by Richard Anthony Thulborn in 1970 renaming *Heterodontosaurus tucki*, but these have failed to find recognition. *Lycorhinus consors*, named by Thulborn in 1974, was renamed *Abrictosaurus* by James Hopson in 1975.

### *Lanasaurus*

The type and only species of *Lanasaurus* is *L. scalpridens*, described by Christopher Gow in 1975 from the same horizon as *Lycorhinus*. The generic name is derived from Latin *lana*, "wool" and Greek *saurus*, "lizard", and honours Professor Alfred Walter Crompton, nicknamed "Fuzz" because of his woolly hair. The specific name is derived from Latin *scalprum*, "chisel", and *dens*, "tooth". It is based on a partial upper jaw bone, the maxilla, holotype **BP/1/4244**, found in the Upper Elliot Formation of Free State. The teeth show a typical replacement pattern in which during each replacement cycle every third tooth is renewed.

Gow himself in 1990 concluded that the holotype of *Lanasaurus* was actually a specimen of *Lycorhinus angustidens*. This has been commonly accepted since.

## Classification

*L. angustidens* is thought to be allied to *Heterodontosaurus*. Only in 1962 Alfred Walter Crompton recognised it was an ornithischian dinosaur. Thulborn in 1971 created a separate Lycorhinidae but this group was in 1972 equated with Heterodontosauridae by Peter Galton.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Lycorhinus was one of the first of the Jurassic dinosaurs to appear in Africa. This was a little plant-eater, related to Heterodontosaurus. The heterodontosaur family of dinosaurs was primitive and seemed to have died out in the Jurassic period. They were all small animals with no real defenses against predators. In fact, they were probably an easy meal for the meat-eaters.

Lycorhinus was one of the first recognized members of the heterodontosaur family. It is known from only a partial jaw, and the jaw seems to indicate that it still chewed in a reptilian manner.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20040214170818fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_lycor.html
Breviceratops

*Breviceratops kozlowskii*

***Breviceratops*** (meaning "short horn face") was a herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia.

## Discovery and naming

The first fossils were during the 1960s discovered by the Polish expedition to the Khulsan locality in the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert. The specimens were originally described by Teresa Maryańska and Halszka Osmólska in 1975 and named as a second species of *Protoceratops*, *Protoceratops kozlowskii*, the specific name honouring Polish paleontologist Roman Kozłowski.

The holotype, **ZPAL MgD-I/117**, was found in the Barun Goyot Formation dating from the late Campanian. It consists of a juvenile postcranial skeleton. Other specimens were referred: MgD-Ij116, a skul and lower jaws of a juvenile; MgD-Ij 118, fragmentary poctcrania and lower jaws of a juvenile; MgD-Ij119, a dentary and three neural arches; MgD-IjI20, two dentaries and loose teeth; MgD-JjI21, a maxilla fragment with four teeth of a juvenile; and MgD-JjI22, teeth.

They were then named as a separate genus, *Breviceratops*, by Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov in 1990, the generic name combining the Latin *brevis*, "short", with a reference to the Ceratopia. Kurzanov also referred an additional number of fossils from Khermin Tsav, the type locality of *Bagaceratops*, to the new genus. The Khermin Tsav specimens closely resemble *Bagaceratops*, which has led to the proposal that *Breviceratops* and *Bagaceratops* are synonymous. However, the type specimen from Khulsan has premaxillary teeth and lacks a foramen between the premaxilla and maxilla, features inconsistent with *Bagaceratops*.

## Classification

*Breviceratops* belonged to the Ceratopsia (the name is Greek for "horned face"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period. It appears to be most closely related to *Protoceratops*.

## Diet

*Breviceratops*, like all ceratopsians, was an herbivore.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Breviceratops was a small member of the horned dinosaur family, closely related to Protoceratops. Like its relative, it lived in China and would have browsed the dry Cretaceous land for low-growing plants. It is another example of the development of the ceratopsian family in Asia.

Originally assigned to Protoceratops, there is still discussion as to whether this specimen deserves its own genus. It may eventually be reassigned to Bagaceratops.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20030803053606/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_chaoy.html

## References

1. ↑ Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H., 1975, "Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia", *Palaeontologica Polonica* **33**: 133–181
2. ↑ Kurzanov, S., 1990, "A new Late Cretaceous protoceratopsid genus from Mongolia", *Palaeontological Journal*, **24**: 85-91
Tim Bradley

Tim Bradley's unique vision and unorthodox approach to dinosaur art represents a new and lively perspective on what the creatures of the distant past may have been like. Tim works closely with leading paleontologists to insure the accuracy of his artwork and to be able to incorporate the latest theories of what dinosaurs would have looked like. His departure from the conventional caught the eye of Hasbro Toys and propelled Tim into a lead designer role on the Jurassic Park: Chaos Effect and Jurassic Park 3 dinosaur toys.

The Care and Feeding of Dinosaurs (The Millbrook Press) is Tim's first foray as author/illustrator into the children's book arena. To critical acclaim, The Care and Feeding of Dinosaurs takes a fun and informative look at what it might really be like to have your very own dinosaur. What would a dinosaur like to eat? Where would it sleep? Would it get along with your other pets? The answers to these and other questions not only entertain children, but impart solid scientific information and current theories about these amazing animals. Filled with dynamic color illustrations, The Care and Feeding of Dinosaurs is sure to delight dinosaur enthusiasts of all ages. Featured in the Book Review section of the Jurassic Park Institute website, The Care and Feeding of Dinosaurs is available from Barnes and Noble's online store (bn.com).
When Tim isn't drawing dinosaurs, his current assignments include concept and storyboard art for film and television, product design, creation of exciting educational exhibitry, and writing/illustrating children's books.
Tim lives with his wife and son in Southern California.

## References

1. ↑ JPInstitute.com, Dinolab, Dino Academy, Art Gallery, Artist. Link.
Koparion

*Koparion douglassi*

***Koparion*** is a genus of small coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs (probably troodontids), from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage), of Utah. It contains the single named species *Koparion douglassi* which is known only from a single isolated tooth.

## Discovery and history

In 1993, Daniel Chure and Brooks Britt reported the discovery of small theropod remains, found by screenwashing large amounts of earth in the Rainbow Park near Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah. In 1994, Chure named and described a unique tooth as the type specimen of the new species *Koparion douglassi*. The generic name *Koparion* comes from the Ancient Greek κοπάριον, "small surgical knife", in reference to the small size of the tooth. The specific name honors Earl Douglass, who, in the early twentieth century, excavated the Dinosaur National Monument quarry.

The holotype specimen, DINO 3353, was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the late Kimmeridgian, about 151 million years old. The taxon is thus present in stratigraphic zone 6 of the Morrison Formation. The specimen consists of a single maxillary (upper cheek) tooth crown (the root is missing). It cannot be determined whether it represents a left or a right tooth.

## Description and classification

The tooth is two millimeters tall and very recurved, with a strongly convex front edge and a nearly vertical back edge. The tooth is stout, with a maximum fore-aft length of 1.9 millimeters. Both edges are serrated, showing low rectangular denticles (individual serrations). The twelve denticles on the rear edge are much higher than the fourteen on the front edge, which cover only the nearly horizontal upper part of the front edge. The tooth base, though very wide, is constricted. The base is asymmetrical, with the right side in front view protruding much further than the left side; because it is not known whether it is a left or right tooth, it cannot be established what is the inner and what the outer side. The denticles are separated by "blood grooves", and "blood pits" are also present. The back denticles point obliquely upwards but have no hooked upper corners.

Chure assigned *Koparion* to the Troodontidae based on the anatomy of the tooth. At that time, it was the oldest known troodontid, and is the first of that group discovered from the Jurassic. A troodontid presence in the Jurassic was predicted by the standard theory regarding the origin of birds, claiming that birds and troodontids are closely related (Chure suggested that they may even have been sister taxa, though this is not currently supported). Within this context, *Koparion* could be used to refute the temporal paradox argument, that such a close relationship were unlikely because the then oldest known bird, *Archaeopteryx*, lived much earlier than the Deinonychosauria, i.e. the Troodontidae and the Dromaeosauridae; later also non-fragmentary Jurassic troodontid material was reported, from China.
T-Rex: Hunter or Scavenger?

T-Rex: Hunter or Scavenger? or in Spanish T-Rex: Hunter or Scavenger? is a book that belongs to the Jurassic Park Institute series in which scientific dissemination is made about the heated paleotological debate on the food habits of the most famous dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex.

## Dinosaurs

* Alamosaurus
* Ankylosaurus
* Edmontosaurus
* Ornithomimus
* Pachycephalosaurus
* Triceratops
* Tyrannosaurus rex
Archelon

*Archelon ischyros*

***Archelon*** is a genus of extinct sea turtle, the largest that has ever lived.

## Description

*Archelon* did not have a solid shell like most modern turtles, but a skeletal framework supporting a leathery or bony carapace. It had a pointed tail, a thin skull, a relatively narrow, high-vaulted shell, and a strong overbite.  The live weight of an *Archelon ischyros* was at least 4,900 pounds.

## History

The largest *Archelon* fossil, found in the Pierre Shale of South Dakota in the 1970s, measures more than 13.5 feet (4 meters) long, and about 16 feet wide from flipper to flipper. It was a seagoing turtle, related to present day Leatherback Sea Turtles. Its fossils date to 70 million years ago in the Cretaceous period, when a shallow sea covered most of central North America. Most of the known remains have been found in South Dakota, Kansas, and Nebraska. Though anatomically similar to the earlier species *Protostega gigas*, it was much larger.

## Paleobiology

The enormous size of a grown *Archelon* probably gave it enough protection from being eaten, so the bones could be part of the armor reduced, which facilitated the movement in the water.

They probably had a strong bite and fed on marine mollusks such as squid. The specimen at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna is thought to have lived to be a century old, and may have died while brumating on the ocean floor.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* *Archelon* can be created in Jurassic Park: Builder as a limited edition crustaceavore, even though in reality, it likely ate jellyfish and seedweed like most sea turtles.
* *Archelon* is a tournament reef in Jurassic World: The Game.
* *Archelon* makes an appearance in Jurassic World Evolution 2 via the Prehistoric Marine Species Pack released on August 10th, 2023.

### *The Land Before Time*

* The film The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists features a helpful, atypically cave-dwelling *Archelon* named "Archie" assisting the juvenile sauropod named Littlefoot in the story.

## References

1. ↑ http://www.uhaul.com/supergraphics/turtle/archelon.html
2. ↑ http://www.uhaul.com/supergraphics/turtle/archelon.html
3. ↑ http://www.uhaul.com/supergraphics/turtle/archelon.html
4. ↑ Marine Turtles
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 BHI/Fossils & Minerals/Rept. and Amph./Archelon
Microceratus

*Microceratops gobiensis*

***Microceratus*** (meaning "small-horned face" or "small-horned") is an extinct genus of small ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in the Cretaceous period in Asia. It walked on two legs, had short front arms, a characteristic ceratopsian frill and beak-like mouth, and was maybe 60 centimeters (2 feet) long. It was one of the first ceratopsians, or horned dinosaurs, along with *Psittacosaurus* in Mongolia.

The type species, "*Microceratops*" *gobiensis*, was first described by Bohlin in 1953. However, the generic name is not preoccupied by an ichneumon wasp (subfamily Gelinae) with the same name. Though much of the material has since been reassigned to the genus *Graciliceratops*, another great name *Microceratus* was created by Mateus in 2008 for the type specimen.

## Classification

*Microceratus* belonged to the Ceratopsia (the name is Ancient Greek for "horned face"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period, which ended roughly 65 million years ago. All ceratopsians became extinct at the end of this era.

## Diet

*Microceratus*, like all ceratopsians, was a herbivore. During the Cretaceous, flowering plants were "geographically limited on the landscape", and so it is likely that this dinosaur fed on the predominant plants of the era: ferns, cycads and conifers. It would have used its sharp ceratopsian beak to bite off the leaves or needles.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Microceratus is one of the tiniest dinosaurs ever discovered. This was a very small and early member of the family of dinosaurs that includes Triceratops. Some scientists think that this early member may have walked on two legs because it was still small and light. It was also just beginning to show the frill that grew so large on later family members.

There is some controversy over the genus Microceratus. Some feel that it is a juvenile Protoceratops, and it has recently been described and reassigned as Graciliceratops.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20030216020032fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_microzzz.html#

## References

* https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/two-ornithischian-dinosaurs-renamed-microceratops-bohlin-1953-and-diceratops-lull-1905/44EC639EFD439F8B7C85B9046154B657
* https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/47431

* http://www.users.qwest.net/~jstweet1/ceratopia.htm
Titanosaurus

*Titanosaurus indicus*

Titanosaurus was a huge titanosaurid sauropod that lived in India. Similiar its relative, Saltasaurus, it had Dragon-like lumpy spikes on its back. It was the first Titanosaurid to be discovered. Although the genus itself as well as the species attributed to this genus either considered dubious or mismatched.

## Discovery and naming

Titanosaurus, literally meaning 'titanic lizard', was named after the mythological Titans. Titanosaurus was the first Indian dinosaur to be named and properly described, having been recorded for the first time in 1877.

The type species, T. indicus, was named in 1877, and the second species, T. blanfordi, was named in 1879. Both species were named by Richard Lydekker. T. indicus and T. blanfordi are 70 million years old.

## Description

Wilson and Upchurch (2003) treated Titanosaurus as a nomen dubium ("dubious name") because they noted that the original *Titanosaurus* specimens cannot be distinguished from those of related animals. The Sauropod interpreted to behave as similar to other large sauropods in appearance and lifestyle.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Titanosaurus was among the last of the giant sauropods to walk the Earth. This was a giant plant-eater from the same family as Argentinosaurus. It was probably related to dinosaurs that traveled from South America when it was still connected to Africa. The entire family of these Cretaceous giants is named after this dinosaur, even though only a few bones of Titanosaurus have ever been found.
Titanosaurus fossils has discovered in India named by Richard Lydekker the British Paleontologist in 1877.

Titanosaurus was a heavily built sauropod, as is typical for this family. Although some members of this family had scutes, it isn't known if any were present on this animal. A number of species exist for this genus and several genera are attributed to the Titanosauria.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

In Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, *Titanosaurus* is briefly mentioned in the episode *Blown Away* when Owen Grady mentions that it was the subject of Alan Grant's latest book.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20040214172050fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_titan.html

## References

* https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/pranay-lal-india-has-not-marketed-or-preserved-its-discoveries-on-dinosaurs/story-LHl2cxzVnDBIsrAQOxiPGK.html
* https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2000.tb00438.x
* https://www.britannica.com/animal/titanosaur
* https://www.greelane.com/tr/bilim-teknoloji-matematik/hayvanlar-ve-doğa/titanosaurus-1092994/
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40662783\_A\_revision\_of\_Titanosaurus\_Lydekker\_Dinosauria-Sauropoda\_the\_first\_dinosaur\_genus\_with\_a\_Gondwanan\_distribution
* https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/orientation-center/the-titanosaur
* https://www.thoughtco.com/titanosaurus-1092994
* https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.578.8885&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Maleevosaurus

*Maleevosaurus novojilovi*

Maleevosaurus was a small member of the tyrannosaur family. In fact, some scientists think that it was a young Tyrannosaurus bataar. Whatever its name, it would have been pretty scary. It was a fast meat-eater that had powerful jaws and strong legs for running down its prey.

Discussion continues as to how this dinosaur should be classified. The most recent study strongly suggests that it deserves its own genus based on careful study of Tyrannosaurus bataar's growth patterns. Indications are that Maleevosaurus is actually a full-grown animal, not a juvenile.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20030813081253/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_malee.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080706161237/http://kids.yahoo.com/dinosaurs/324--Maleevosaurus
Hallucigenia

This was a small, strange creature that lived about 550 million years ago in the Paleozoic era. It is so unique that there is almost nothing in the modern world to which it can be compared. It was only one inch long and for some years there was confusion about which of its appendages were legs and which were spines (or some other type of projection). It was only after other creatures with soft legs were identified that scientists think they know which end was up. They still aren't able to determine, however, which was the front end and which was the back end of this little sea-dweller.
Ornithosuchus

*Ornithosuchus woodwardi*

Robert F Walters Artwork

***Ornithosuchus*** (meaning "bird crocodile") is an extinct genus of crurotarsan from the Late Triassic of Scotland. Originally it was thought to be the ancestor to the carnosaur dinosaurs (which then included *Tyrannosaurus*), however now it is known to be more closely related to crocodilians than dinosaurs.

## Description

Despite this relationship to crocodiles, *Ornithosuchus* was able to walk on its hind legs, like may dinosaurs. However, it probably spent most of its time on all fours, only moving bipedally when it needed to run rapidly. Its skull also resembled those of theropod dinosaurs, but more primitive features included the presence of five toes on each foot and a double row of armoured plates along the animal's back. *Ornithosuchus* was around 4 meters (13 ft) in length.

## Classification and taxonomy

A single species of *Ornithosuchus* has been described, the type species, *O. longidens*. *Ornithosuchus* is the type genus of the Ornithosuchidae, a family of facultatively biped carnivores that were geographically widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera are currently known, *Venaticosuchus* and *Riojasuchus*.

## Appearance in other media

### Jurassic Park Franchise

*Ornithosuchus* appeared in three Jurassic Park toy lines: Jurassic Park Series 2 as a prototype and The Lost World Series 2. It had a similar paint job to Jurassic Park Series 2's prototype.

## References

* Walker, A.D. (1964). "Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: *Ornithosuchus* and the origin of carnosaurs". *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences*, 248(744): 53-134.

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
Nasutoceratops

*Nasutoceratops titusi*

***Nasutoceratops titusi*** or "big-nose, horn-face," is named for its most significant features: the two enormous horns protruding from its head and its prodigious snout. It the first from the group of short-frilled, horned dinosaurs to have been found in the American south, revising previous theories that those dinosaurs lived only in the north.

## Description

*Nasutoceratops* nose is the biggest of that of any known dinosaur in the ceratopsian family, to which this new species belongs. But the part of the nose that is enlarged is not related to its sense of smell, and scientists are still unsure how its size benefited the animal.

Still, scientists are fairly confident that the humongous horns – the largest in the family in relative terms, as the *Nasutoceratops* five-foot-long head is about half the size of that of other dinosaurs in the group – were used for mating purposes.

Like other dinosaurs in the triceratops family, the quadrupedal herbivore, which measured about 15 feet and weighed some 2 tons, has a frill on its head, like a misshapen halo backlighting its face.

In addition to adding a bizarre new creature to the dinosaur roster, the find also adds new evidence to the idea that the western edge of what is now the United States and Canada was once home to two contemporaneous communities of dinosaurs.

## Paleoecology

The *Nasutoceratops* lived in a subtropical swampy environment on the landmass "Laramidia" and lived with the tyrannosaurid *Teratophoneus*, and also with *Talos sampsoni***,** *Ornithomimus*, *Gryposaurus, Utahceratops, Kosmoceratops,* and *Hagryphus*.

## Appearance in Jurassic Park and other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* *Nasutoceratops* appears in *Jurassic Park: Builder* as a limited edition dinosaur.
* *Nasutoceratops* appears in *Jurassic World: The Game* as a rare dinosaur.
* *Nasutoceratops* is said to appear in Jurassic World: Battle at Big Rock alongside the *Allosaurus*
* *Nasutoceratops* appears in the 1.9 update for *Jurassic World: Evolution*.
* *Nasutoceratops* appears as a rare in *Jurassic World: Alive*.
Rutiodon

This was a phytosaur, a primitive crocodile relative, that grew to about 10 feet (3 m) in length. Some members of the phytosaur family could get very large, up to 40 feet. Phytosaurs like Rutiodon lived in rivers, swamps, coastal marshes and lagoons during the Triassic and in the very early Jurassic. They were fresh water dwellers and, because dinosaurs were still relatively small, they were the dominant carnivores on land. There were likely some spectacular fights between Rutiodon and dinosaurs. Rutiodon lived throughout North America and Europe.
These creatures were very closely related to the ancestors of modern crocodiles. It is believed that they shared a common ancestor, a Psuedosuchian thecodont.
Bugenasaura

*Bugenasaura infernalis*

Bugenasaura was a small, fast plant-eater that lived near the end of the age of the dinosaurs. It is known only from just a few bones and some scientists think that the skull doesn't belong to the rest of the bones with which it was found. It is considered to be an early member of the hypsilophodont family based on the fact that some of its features are of the type found on the first members of this family.

There are some who believe the skull for Bugenasaura does not belong to the other fossil remains attributed to this specimen. It has been suggested that these other remains belong to Stygimoloch.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20030803051115/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_bugen.html#
Olorotitan

*Olorotitan arharensis*

***Olorotitan*** was a genus of lambeosaurine duckbilled dinosaur from the middle or latest Maastrichtian-age Late Cretaceous Tsagayan Formation beds located in Kundur, Amur Region, Far Eastern Russia. There's only one species, *Olorotitan arharensi* whose holotype specimen, consisting of a nearly complete skeleton, was described by Pascal Godefroit et al. in mid-2003. The generic name *Olorotitan* means “gigantic swan” while the specific descriptor *arharensis* refers to the location of the fossil find at Arhara County. *Olorotitan* is distinct from other crested duckbills by its possession of an unusual crest that points backward and takes on a hatchet or fan-like shape. Its discovery has implications for the diversity of lambeosaurine hadrosaurids.

## Description

*Olorotitan arharensis* is based on the most complete lambeosaurine skeleton found outside North America to date. It was a large hadrosaurid, comparable to other large lambeosaurines like *Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus*, and may have grown up to 12 meters long (39 ft). [verification needed] It is characterized by numerous unique features for a hadrosaurid, the most obvious being the large hatchet-like hollow crest adorning its skull. The skull itself is supported by a rather elongated neck, having 18 vertebrae, exceeding the previous hadrosaurid maximum of 15. The sacrum, with 15 or 16 vertebrae, has at least 3 more vertebrae than other hadrosaurids. Further along the vertebral series, in the proximal third of the tail, there are articulations between the tips of the neural spines, making that caudal area particularly rigid; the regularity of these connections suggests that they are not due to a pathology, although more specimens are needed to be certain. Godefroit and his coauthors found through a phylogenetic analysis that it was closest to *Corythosaurus* and *Hypacrosaurus*.

## Paleoecology and paleobiology

*O. arharensis* shared its time and place with several other types of animal, including two other lambeosaurines: the *Parasaurolophus*-like *Charonosaurus* and more basal *Amurosaurus*. Additionally, remains from turtles, crocodilians, theropods, and nodosaurids were found at its discovery site, and the *Saurolophus*-like hadrosaurine *Kerberosaurus* is also known from roughly contemporaneous rocks in the area. Unlike the situation in North America, where lambeosaurines are essentially absent from Late Maastrichtian rocks, Asian lambeosaurines are diverse and common at the end of the Mesozoic, suggesting climatic or ecological differences.

As a hadrosaurid, *Olorotitan* would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and was furnished with hundreds of continually-replaced teeth. Its tall, broad hollow crest, formed out of expanded skull bones containing the nasal passages, probably functioned in identification by sight and sound.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* *Olorotitan* can be found in *Jurassic World: Evolution* via the *Secrets of Dr. Wu* DLC.
Saltopus

*Saltopus elgininsis*

***Saltopus*** ("hopping foot") is a genus of very small bipedal dinosauriform, roughly 80 to 100 centimeters (30-40 in) long, from the late Triassic of Scotland.

## Description

*Saltopus elginensis* is known only from a single partial skeleton lacking the skull but including parts of the vertebral column, the forelimbs, the pelvis and the hindlimbs. These have been mainly preserved as impressions or natural casts in the sandstone; very little bone material is present. It was about the size of a domestic cat, and would have been roughly 80–100 centimetres (31–39 in) long. It had hollow bones like those of birds and other dinosaurs. It may have weighed around 1 kilogram (2.2 lb). Most of the length was accounted for by the tail. It had five-fingered hands, with the fourth and fifth finger reduced in size. Contrary to the original description, in 2011 it was established that the sacrum (hip vertebrae) as made up of two vertebrae, the primitive ancestral condition, not four.

## History

The only known fossil of *Saltopus* was discovered by William Taylor in the Lossiemouth West & East Quarries. It was named and described by Friedrich von Huene in 1910 as the type species *Saltopus elginensis*. The generic name is derived from Latin saltare, "to jump" and Greek πούς, pous, "foot". The specific name refers to its provenance near Elgin. The holotype NHMUK R.3915, was excavated from the Lossiemouth Sandstone Formation dating from the Carnian-Norian stage.

## JPInstitute.com Description

According to most scientists, Saltopus was one of the earliest dinosaurs. Other scientists think the small, swift meat-eater may have been a reptile that was not quite evolved into a dinosaur. It had features that are found on dinosaurs but which are also found on some reptiles. It ran on its hind legs, had a long snout with sharp teeth, had claws on its hand that could be used for grabbing, and it had a long tail that would have been carried off the ground. These types of animals are very important in helping understand how, when and where dinosaurs first appeared.
Saltopus was found in the northern part of England, an area not known for dinosaur discoveries and usually not considered an area of early dinosaurian evolution. Since most other basal dinosaurs have been found in what was southern Pangaea, this northern specimen is somewhat of an enigma.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20040214155153fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_saltopus.html#
Cynognathus

*Cynognathus crateronotus*

Julius T. Csotonyi Artwork

***Cynognathus*** was a meter-long predator of the Lower Triassic. It was one of the more mammal-like of the "mammal-like reptiles", a member of a grouping called Eucynodontia. The genus *Cynognathus* had an almost worldwide distribution. Fossils have so far been recovered from South Africa, South America, China, and Antarctica.

## Names

The genus *Cynognathus* ("Dog jaw") has been given several different names over the years. It has also been known as *Cynidiognathus*, *Cynogomphius*, *Karoomys*, *Lycaenognathus*, *Lycochampsa*, and *Lycognathus*. *Cynognathus* is presently the only recognized member of family **Cynognathidae**. Opinions vary as to whether all remains belong to the same species.

The species *Cynognathus crateronotus* is also known as *Cynidiognathus broomi*, *Cynidiognathus longiceps*, *Cynidiognathus merenskyi*, *Cynognathus berryi*, *Cynognathus minor*, *Cynognathus platyceps*, *Cynogomphius berryi*, *Karoomys browni*, *Lycaenognathus platyceps*, *Lycochampsa ferox*, *Lycognathus ferox*, and *Nythosaurus browni*. Twelve different names for one Mesozoic creature might be regarded as excessive, but it's by no means a record. The dinosaur *Plateosaurus engelhardti*, has been named well over 20 times. The synonym *Karoomys* is known only from a tiny juvenile specimen.

## Fossil locations

Fossils have been found in Karoo; the Puesto Viejo Formation; Fremouw Formation, in South Africa/Lesotho; Argentina; Antarctica; and China.

## Age

*Cynognathus* lived between the Spathian (Lower Triassic) and the Anisian (Middle Triassic).

## Description

*Cynognathus* was a heavily built animal, and measured around 1 metre (3.3 ft) in body length. It had a particularly large head, 30 centimeters (1.0 ft) in length, with wide jaws and sharp teeth. Like hind limbs were placed directly beneath the body, as in mammals, but the fore-limbs sprawled outwards in a reptilian fashion.

The dentary was equipped with differentiated teeth that show this animal could effectively process its food before swallowing. The presence of a secondary palate in the mouth indicates that *Cynognathus* would have been able to breathe and swallow simultaneously.

The lack of ribs in the stomach region suggests the presence of an efficient diaphragm: an important muscle for mammalian breathing. Pits and canals on the bone of the snout indicate concentrations of nerves and blood vessels. In mammals, such structures allow hairs (whiskers) to be used as sensory organs.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* Cynognathus appears in Jurassic World: Quiz Book.

## References

* Seeley (1895), "Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 5. On the skeleton in new Cynodontia from the Karroo rocks". *Phil. Transactions of the Roy. Soc. of London*, series B 186, p. 59–148.

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
Shuvosaurus

*Shuvosaurus inexpectatus*

*Shuvosaurus* is a genus of Rauisuchian from late Triassic Texas, USA. Although it resembles a coelophysioid superficially, it is an archosaur more related to modern crocodiles than dinosaurs. It lived 221-205 MYA. The type species is *S. inexpectatus*.

## Discovery and classification

Shuvosaurus was described by Sankar Chatterjee in 1993 after it was discovered by his son Shuvo in the early 1990s. It was initially interpreted as a Triassic member of the Cretaceous dinosaur family Ornithomimidae because it had toothless jaws. Like the avian placement of Protoavis, the ornithomimosaur placement of Shuvosaurus was greeted with scepticism by others, and in their 1995 monograph on Late Triassic tetrapods from the American Southwest, Robert Long and Philip Murry considered Shuvosaurus to be possibly the same species as their new taxon Chatterjeea, which was based on 10 postcranial skeletons that had been previously referred to the rauisuchid Postosuchus by Chatterjee (1985), noting that the Shuvosaurus and the Chatterjeea material didn't overlap in terms of available material. For his part, Rauhut (1997, 2000, 2003) agreed with Long and Murry (1995) in questioning the ornithomimosaur placement of Shuvosaurus but classified it as a basal theropod.

In the early 2000s, Sterling Nesbitt and Mark Norell prepared previously unopened jackets of an archosaur from the Whitaker Quarry at Ghost Ranch, which they named Effigia in 2006. This discovery showed that Shuvosaurus is more closely related to crocodilians, and that similarities between this animal and ornithomimids result from convergent evolution, while demonstrated that the taxon Chatterjeea was synonymous with Shuvosaurus.

Shuvosaurus in a cladogram after Butler et al., 2011:

## JPInstitute.com Description

Shuvosaurus is the earliest known beaked dinosaur. This was a small dinosaur with big eyes and no teeth. It had a sharp, pointed beak that was very powerful. It could have crushed hard nuts and berries or torn flesh from another animal. Only its skull and one other bone was found, so scientists don't know if it had long arms and claws, or what its body looked liked. Since it was such an early dinosaur, it probably looked like many other early dinosaurs, with a small, thin, two-legged body designed to move quickly.

Its little skull has caused quite a bit of debate among paleontologists. Shuvosaurus appeared with a toothless beak at a time when basal dinosaurs were just beginning to evolve some differentiating characteristics. That fact that this dinosaur seemed to have evolved such specialized characteristics so soon after the earliest dinosaurs appeared seems to show the speed of the evolutionary process. If it is in fact an early form of ornithomimid, it moves the date of the appearance of this family back 75 million years.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20040831111027/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_shuvosaurus.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080820024730/http://kids.yahoo.com/dinosaurs/410--Shuvosaurus
Yaverlandia

*Yaverlandia bitholus*

* Updated version
* Outdated version

***Yaverlandia*** is a genus of theropod dinosaur. Known from a partial fossil skull found in Lower Cretaceous strata on the Isle of Wight, it was described as the earliest known member of the pachycephalosaurid family, but recent research by Darren Naish shows it to have actually been a theropod, seemingly a maniraptoran. *Yaverlandia* was named from where it was found, Yaverland Point.

## Etymology

Yaverlandia was about 3 ft (1 m) in length and 1 ft (30 cm) in height.

## Discovery and naming

MIWG 1530, the holotype skull, was discovered in 1930, in England and were commented upon by Watson (1930). It was referred to as an iguanodontid of the genus Vectisaurus in 1936. When Steel (1969) followed Hulke (1879) in listing Vectisaurus as an iguanodontid, Peter Malcolm Galton (1971) named the fossil as Yaverlandia, which he described as a pachycephalosaurid since the skull of Yaverlandia was different than that of Vectisaurus (Mantellisaurus).

In 2012 additional remains were reported, but these have not been described.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Yaverlandia is the oldest known member of the dome-headed dinosaurs. It is an ancestor of the Jurassic Park star, Pachycephalosaurus. This was a very small dinosaur, a little plant-eater whose domed head was not as thick as its later relatives.

Discovered in England in the 1930's, this little dinosaur was not formally described until 1971. It is a very early pachycephalosaur and it is somewhat unique in having twin domes on the top of the skull. It is known only from a partial skull.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20040214163336/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_yaver.html