Ligne 150 KV - (Enval-Rueyres)

## Présentation:

La ligne à haute tension reliant Enval à Rueyres et une ancienne ligne de 150 KV principalement implantée en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Elle est un maillon de l'ancienne liaison d'interconnexion Rueyres-Enval-Bayet-Gueugnon.

Chargement de la 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class=\"mw-parser-output\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEnval\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E","title":"Enval\n","link":"","lat":45.764936397266226,"lon":2.9988059314603444,"icon":""},{"text":"\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-parser-output\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERueyres\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E","title":"Rueyres\n","link":"","lat":44.77923899562398,"lon":2.689579804273663,"icon":""}]}
## Historique:

### 1935-1981 : une ligne d'interconnexion du réseau national :

L'artère globale Rueyres-Gueugnon fût construite au début des années 1930 pour raccorder le bassin industriel et minier de Saône et Loire et le complexe hydroélectrique de la Truyère dans le Nord-Aveyron (achevé en 1934 et composé alors des usines de Brommat et de Sarrans). Cette liaison électrique de 260 kilomètres était à l'origine gérée par la *Société de Transport d'Energie du Centre* (STEC), qui exploitait un réseau couvrant l'Auvergne, la Loire et la région Lyonnaise. En outre, elle permit de réaliser l'interconnexion du réseau à celui de la *Compagnie Bourguignonne de Transport d'Energie* (BTE) , propriété du groupe Schneider.

La ligne Enval-Rueyres fut le dernier maillon de la continuité. Sa mise en service en 1935 marqua par ailleurs l'achèvement d'une boucle à 150 et 220 KV tissée par la STEC entre le complexe Sarrans-Brommat (plus grande usine de production d'énergie d'Europe à l'époque), Saint-Etienne et le poste d'interconnexion de Bayet. Au poste d'Enval, elle se connectait au réseau à 70KV de la *Compagnie Hydro-Electrique d'Auvergne* (CHEA) qui alimentait la région depuis les années 1920.

Elle joua un rôle majeur dans l'alimentation électrique de Clermont-Ferrand et ses usines Michelin jusqu'au milieu des années 1950, avant que ne soit réalisée la première grande liaison Nord-Sud à 225 000 volts traversant l'Auvergne (Lignes Marmagne-Bayet, Bayet-Malintrat et Malintrat-Pratclaux).

Le développement du réseau 225 KV dans la région au cours des années 1980 entraina le déclassement progressif de la ligne puis son morcellement en plusieurs liaisons à 63KV. Depuis 2018, une bonne partie de la ligne est hors tension.

### Evolution de la ligne depuis 1981 :

* 1981 : Mise en service de la première cellule 225 KV au poste d'Enval et relèvement de la tension sur la ligne Bayet-Enval.
* 1982 : Un deuxième transformateur 225 KV est installé à Enval et la ligne Enval-Issoire voit à son tour sa tension relevée, créant un nouvel axe 225 KV entre Bayet et Issoire.
* 1984 : L'échelon 150 KV disparait totalement du poste d'Enval. Un pylône à 12 (!) triangles est installé au croisement de la ligne Issoire-Super Besse à Tourzel: depuis Rueyres, la ligne 150 KV est déviée vers Issoire tandis que la section Enval-Tourzel est déclassée. A ce stade, la ligne se compose d'un itinéraire à 63 KV Enval - Super Besse et un autre à 150 KV Issoire-Rueyres.
* 22/12/1988 : Mise en service du poste 225/63 KV de Savignac, alimentée depuis Rueyres en réutilisant un tronçon de la ligne. Le reste de l'ancienne liaison est désormais exploité intégralement à 63 000 volts. Cet événement marque la fin du réseau 150 KV en Auvergne.
* 1991 : Piquage dans le poste 63 KV de Montaigut-Le-Blanc nouvellement créé.
* 2018 : Mise hors tension des tronçons Enval-Montaigut et Tourzel-Massiac suite à une restructuration du réseau régional. 8 pylônes sont également remplacés entre Tourzel-Ronzière et Montaigut-le-Blanc, seule section encore exploitée dans le Puy-de-Dôme.

## Description du tracé:

* La ligne débute au poste d'Enval, au pied du Puy de Dôme sur les hauteurs de Clermont-Ferrand .
* Elle prend la direction du Sud jusqu'au lac d'Aydat et franchit la D2089 à Fontfreyde.
* Depuis Aydat, elle se dirige vers le Sud-Est jusqu'au Cantal, en passant à l'Ouest de Montaigut le Blanc et Tourzel, où elle croise la ligne 63 KV Issoire-Super Besse .
* Dans le Cantal, elle bifurque vers le Sud-Ouest, passe à l'Ouest de Massiac , franchit la vallée de l'Alagnon à Molompize et se raccorde au poste de Savignac.
* Après Savignac, elle poursuit dans la même direction jusqu'à la Truyère, puis bifurque ensuite un peu plus vers l'ouest jusqu'à se raccorder au poste de Rueyres, qui surplombe la centrale électrique de Brommat.

## La ligne de nos jours:

La ligne n'est plus exploitée en 150 KV depuis les années 1980. Elle est actuellement fractionnée en 5 sections distinctes:

* Ligne hors tension d'Enval à Montaigut le Blanc.
* Exploité en 63 KV de Montaigut à Tourzel (piquage sur la ligne Issoire-Super Besse).
* Hors tension de Tourzel à Massiac. Sur la photo principale, on remarque la forme particulière des isolateurs du pylône à 3 triangles, qui datent d'une autre époque...
* Exploitée en 63 KV de Massiac à Savignac.
* Exploitée en 225 KV de Savignac à Rueyres, ce tronçon est en majorité composé de portiques. Raccordé au réseau 400 KV à Rueyres, cette dernière section assure l'alimentation électrique de la moitié est du Cantal depuis le poste de Savignac, d'où rayonne le réseau 63 KV en direction de St-Flour, Neussargues et Massiac.

## Futur:

Les parties de lignes hors tension ne sont pas déposées et les pylônes sont dimensionnés pour transporter du 225 000 volts. Par ailleurs la ligne 63 KV Issoire-Super Besse (anciennement exploitée à 150 KV, capacité max 225) a été rénovée en 2018 d'Issoire jusqu'au «croisement» de Tourzel, avec le remplacement de certains supports par des pyônes "chat" pouvant également transporter de la très haute tension.

De cette façon, RTE se laisse la possibilité de créer une future liaison 225 KV entre Issoire et Savignac suivant l'évolution des besoins électriques du Cantal ( sur l'image, on remarque d'ailleurs que le pylône à 12 triangles est déjà équipé d'isolateurs 225 KV sur l'itinéraire Issoire-Savignac).

## Tronçons récupérés pour la création de nouvelles lignes:

#### Lignes actuelles :

1. Ligne 63 KV - (Issoire-Montaigut le Blanc-Super Besse) - Piquage.
2. Ligne 63 KV (Massiac-Savignac).
3. Ligne 225 KV - (Ruyeres-Savignac).

#### Situation intermédiaire :

1. Ligne 63 KV - (Enval-Super Besse) - *de 1984 à 1991*
2. Ligne 63 KV - (Enval-Montaigut-le-Blanc-Super Besse) - piquage - *de 1991 à 2018*.
3. Ligne 150 KV - (Issoire - Rueyres) - *de 1984 à 1988*
4. Ligne 63 KV - (Issoire-Neussargues) - *de 1988 à 2013*
5. Ligne 63 KV - (Issoire-Peyrusse-Neussargues) - Piquage - *de 2013 à 2018*