recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Skeletocutis albocremea

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***Skeletocutis albocremea*** is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science by Alix David in 1982. It was reported as new to Russia in 2004.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `David 1982`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Spirin 2005`

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Sphagnurus paluster

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***Sphagnurus paluster*** is a species of fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae which parasitizes Sphagnum moss. It was first described by Charles Horton Peck in 1872. It is commonly called the **Sphagnum Greyling** due to it being found in peat bogs and to its cap turning grey as it ages and dries.

## Description

*Sphagnurus paluster* can be white pruinose when young and does not stain or bruise when crushed. Its flesh is thin, soft, and watery. The cap is Template:Convert in diameter, starting as conical or bell shape when young, expanding flat with a distinct umbo when older. It is smooth, striate, and hygrophanous; usually an olive-brown when moist, drying to a pale grey color. The white to grey gills are adnate or with a slight tooth. Subgills are often present creating a close to subdistant spacing. The stem is Template:Convert long and Template:Convert in diameter, equal and hollow. The coloring is usually lighter than the cap, being grey-brown or grey. The white to cream colored spores are 5.5 to 8.5 µm x 4 to 4.5 µm, elliptical, and smooth.

## Distribution and habitat

Grows in spring to early summer in cool northern climates that support Sphagnum. Found single to gregarious, often growing in bogs or ditches always on *Sphagnum*.

## Parasitism

*Sphagnurus paluster* parasitizes living *Sphagnum* mosses by forming penetration pegs through hyphae pressure. At the tips of these pegs pectinases are produced to digest the lamella between leaf cells which facilitates entry into both hyaline and chlorophyllous cells. The result is a deterioration of the protoplast and necrosis of the cells. The rate of parasitic expansion is theorized to be related to the amount of available nitrogen in the host and parasite mediums.

## References

1. ↑ Gibson, Ian. LYOPHYLLUM and Allies in the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Northwest Key Council. Retrieved on May 17, 2011.
2. ↑ Lyophyllum palustre. Rogers Mushrooms. Retrieved on May 15, 2011.
3. ↑ Davey ML, Currah RS: Interactions between mosses (Bryophyta) and fungi. Can J Bot 2006, 84:1509-1519

## External links

Template:Commons category

* *T. palustris* at Commanster.eu
* *L. palustre* at Rogers Mushrooms

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Sarcodon humilis

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***Sarcodon humilis*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1971 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1971`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma orirubens

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***Tricholoma orirubens***, commonly known as **blushing tricholoma**, is an edible gilled mushroom native to Europe. The grey-capped fruit bodies are generally found singly or in small groups in deciduous and coniferous woodland in autumn.

## Taxonomy

*Tricholoma orirubens* was described by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1873. The generic name derives from the Greek *trichos*/τριχος 'hair' and *loma*/λωμα 'hem', 'fringe' or 'border'. It lies within the section terrea within the subgenus Tricholoma within the genus *Tricholoma*.

## Description

*Tricholoma orirubens* has a dark grey or grey-brown cap up to Template:Convert in diameter with darker blackish scales, and a straight or undulating margin. The cap is conical with a slight boss before opening and flattening, eventually with either a boss or central depression. The thick grey gills are emarginate or adnate and widely spaced, and turn red when bruised. The white or pale grey ringless stipe measures 4.5 to 8 cm tall and 0.7 to 2.5 cm wide, and has a distinctive blue tinged base.

## Distribution and habitat

Widespread across Europe, *Tricholoma orirubens* is not common. It is rare in the Netherlands. Found singly or in small groups in deciduous and coniferous woodland in autumn, it prefers clayey or chalky soils. It is ectomycorrhizal.

*Tricholoma orirubens* can also form fairy rings. One found in Germany had a diameter of around Template:Convert and contained an estimated 10,000 mushrooms.

## Edibility

Smelling and tasting strongly of flour, *T. orirubens* is one of the more appetising members of the genus. It can taste sweet as well.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite book

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Tricholoma inocyboides

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***Tricholoma inocyboides*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Sabah, Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula laeta

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***Russula laeta*** is a brittle gill species that was first described by Julius Schäffer in 1952. This species is critically endangered in Belgium.

## References

1. ↑ Russula laeta. Catalogue of Life (2011). Retrieved on May 21, 2014.
2. ↑ Russula laeta. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Retrieved on May 21, 2014.

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Sarcodon martioflavus

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***Sarcodon martioflavus*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, found in Europe and North America. It was first described by Wally Snell, Kenneth A. Harrison, and Henry Jackson in 1962 as *Hydnum martioflavum*. Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus transferred it to the genus *Sarcodon* in 1964. He considered his *Sarcodon armeniacus*, described the year previously, to be a synonym. The fungus was originally described from collections made in Quebec and Nova Scotia, Canada, growing under spruce and balsam fir. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Snell 1962`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1963`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1964`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Senn-Irlet 2007`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodon cyrneus

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***Sarcodon cyrneus*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Europe, it was described as new to science in 1975 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. The specific epithet *cyrneus* is derived from the Latin "Corsican", referring to Corsica, the type locality. Fruit bodies contains neurotrophic cyathane diterpene compounds called cyrneines.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1975`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1975b`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Obara 2007`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Marcotullio 2007`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Marcotullio 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum
* Images and description in Italian

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Suillus nueschii

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***Suillus nueschii*** is a rare species of mushroom in the genus *Suillus*. A European species, it was first described scientifically by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1962.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer1961`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Template:Boletales-stub
Tremellodendropsis tuberosa

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***Tremellodendropsis tuberosa***, commonly known as the **ashen coral**, is a species of coral fungus in the family Tremellodendropsidaceae. Described in 1825, it is found in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. It has a pale-colored, branched and tufted fruit body up to Template:Convert tall and Template:Convert in diameter. Its branches are forked, and they feature elongated, tapering tips.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as *Merisma tuberosum* by Scottish mycologist Robert Kaye Greville in 1825. D.A. Crawford transferred it to its current genus *Tremellodendropsis* in 1954, and made it the type species. It is classified in the subgenus *Tremellodendropsis*, which contains species with basidia that are partially partitioned (septate) at their apices; other species in this subgenus include *T. pusio* and *T. flagelliformis*. The fungus is commonly known as the "ashen coral".

## Description

The fruit body is a coral-shaped structure ranging in height from Template:Cvt and up to Template:Cvt in diameter. The arms can be either unbranched, or sparsely branched, and the tips are rounded and frequently flattened. The fruit body is whitish, but tends to turn brownish in maturity. The tough stem is white, as is the flesh, and is covered with whitish mycelia at the base. The edibility of the fruit body is unknown.

In deposit, the spores are white. Spores are elongated-elliptical or spindle-shaped, have a smooth surface, and measure 13–20 by 4.5–6.5 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) often have longitudinal partitions at their apices.

## Habiat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Tremellodendropsis tuberosa* grow on the ground in woods or clearing, singly or in groups. The fungus is known to occur in north temperate regions, including Europe and North America, and it is also found in South Brazil and Borneo.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Tremellodendropsis tuberosa`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Crawford 1954`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Buczacki 2012`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Davis 2012`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 1986`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula sardonia

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***Russula sardonia***, commonly known as the **primrose brittlegill**, is a mushroom of the genus *Russula*, which are commonly known as **brittlegills**. The fruiting body, or mushroom, is a reddish-purple, the colour of blackberry juice, and is found in coniferous woodland in summer and autumn. It is inedible, and like many inedible members of the genus, has a hot, peppery taste.

## Taxonomy

It was given its present binomial name by the eminent Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838. The specific epithet *sardonia*, from the Greek, means bitter or acrid, and is a reference to its taste. *Russula drimeia* described by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in 1881, *R. chrysodacryon* by Rolf Singer in 1923, and *R. emeticiformis* by William Alphonso Murrill in 1938, are synonyms. The name has also been applied to what is now considered *R. queletii*.

## Description

The cap grows to around Template:Convert in diameter. It is commonly purplish-red, but brownish, and greenish forms have been recorded. Usually it is darker in colour towards the middle, which is convex when young, but becomes depressed in the centre with age. The stem is occasionally white, but more commonly is flushed with pale purple-red, and has a grape-like; easily removed bloom. It is 3–8 cm tall and 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The adnexed to slightly decurrent gills are pale primrose yellow, and they darken with age. They are narrow, and exude water droplets when young.(see photograph left) They also turn slowly pink when ammonia is dropped onto them. This identifies the mushroom to species level, and is a ‘must do’ test for the rarer colour forms. The spore print is cream. The flesh is firm, and has a very hot taste, making the mushroom inedible.

### Similar species

* *Russula torulosa* Bres. grows in the same habitat, and is said to smell strongly of 'raw apple'. It has no ammonia reaction.
* *Russula queletii* Fr. which also lives with conifers *Picea* (spruce), and also smells like apples.

## Distribution and habitat

*Russula sardonia* appears in late summer and autumn; growing with *Pinus* (pine) in coniferous woodland, on sandy soils. It is a common mushroom, and is found across Britain, and Northern Europe. It does not occur in North America.

## Edibility

This mushroom is inedible, and has a 'pepper hot' taste. Many similar-tasting Russulas are poisonous when eaten raw. The symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: diarrhoea, vomiting and colicky abdominal cramps. The active agent has not been identified but thought to be sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from this species and the related genus *Lactarius*.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Andina D. *et al*. (1980). Sesquiterpenes from *Russula sardonia*. *Phytochemistry* **19**: 93–97
4. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma porta-dalveyi

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***Tricholoma porta-dalveyi*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Singapore, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Utharomyces

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***Utharomyces*** is a fungal genus in the Pilobolaceae family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single coprophilous (dung-loving) species ***Utharomyces epallocaulus***, which is widely distributed in subtropical regions. *Utharomyces* was circumscribed by the Dutch botanist Karel Bernard Boedijn in 1958. *U. epallocaulus* has been collected in Bahamas, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Mexico, China, and the United States.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk2008`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Boedijn1958`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kirk1980`

 File:Utharomyces epallocaulus 2.jpg
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Sarcodon catalaunicus

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***Sarcodon catalaunicus*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Mediterraean Europe, it was described as new to science in 1937 by French mycologist René Maire. The type collection was found growing under *Quercus ilex* in Santa Coloma de Farners (Catalonia, Spain).

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maire 1937`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Xerocomellus pruinatus

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***Xerocomellus pruinatus***, commonly known as the **matte bolete** and formerly known as ***Boletus pruinatus*** or ***Xerocomus pruinatus***, is a mushroom in the family Boletaceae native to Europe.

It was transferred to the new genus *Xerocomellus* described by Czech mycologist Josef Šutara in 2008.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Šutara 2008`

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Suillus cothurnatus

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***Suillus cothurnatus*** is a species of mushroom in the genus *Suillus*. Found in Malaysia, Brazil, and North America, it was first described scientifically by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1945.

## Description

The cap is obtuse to convex, and sometimes develops a broad umbo. The cap margin is initially turned inward, and usually has remnants of the partial veil hanging off. The cap surface is smooth, sticky, with a variable color ranging from yellow to yellow-brown to yellow-orange to cinnamon to olive brown to grayish brown or dark brown. The flesh is marbled orangish and pale yellow, and when cut or otherwise injured, it will stain dark purple-drab. The odor of the fruit bodies ranges from fragrant to indistinct, and the taste is indistinct. The pore surface on the underside of the cap is initially pale yellow to orange-yellow, but it becomes brownish yellow when mature. The pores, which number 1 or 2 per millimeter, are irregular to radially elongated. The tubes comprising the pore layer are roughly Template:Convert deep. The stem measure Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and it is nearly equal in width throughout or slightly larger near the base. It is solid (i.e. not hollow) with a dry surface that is covered with scattered brownish glandular dots on a whitish to yellowish to brownish background color. It has a thick, baggy partial veil that is whitish and somewhat rubbery in texture. The partial veil is slimy on the outer layer, and forms a band-like ring on the stem with a flaring lower edge. The mycelium at the base of the stem is salmon-colored.

*Suillus cothurnatus* produces a brown spore print. Spores are roughly elliptical to oblong to somewhat cylindrical, smooth, and measure 8–10 by 2.5–3.5 μm.

Fruit bodies are edible. They are used in mushroom dyeing to produce colors such as beige, light brown, or brownish orange, depending on the mordant used.

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Suillus cothurnatus* grow scattered or in groups on the ground in sandy soil near pine, especially two-needled pine such as red pine and jack pine. In the United States, its range extends from Texas to Florida, and north to North Carolina. The species is also present in Mexico, and has been introduced to Brazil. It has also been recorded from the Cameron Highlands in Malaysia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1945`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2000`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2001`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Snell 1970`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Chavez-Leon 2009`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Watling 1997`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Watling 2001`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma cingulatum

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***Tricholoma cingulatum*** is a mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma*. First described in 1830 as *Agaricus cingulatus* by Elias Magnus Fries, it was transferred to the genus *Tricholoma* by Almfelt in 1830.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1830`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma sulphurescens

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***Tricholoma sulphurescens*** is a mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma*. It was first formally described by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1905. It is found in Europe and northeastern North America.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bresadola 1905`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 2013`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodon leucopus

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***Sarcodon leucopus*** is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Asia and Europe, it was described as new to science in 1825 by Christian Hendrik Persoon. Mycologists Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus and John Axel Nannfeldt transferred it to the genus *Sarcodon* in 1969. Fruit bodies of the fungus have flattened to slightly depressed caps up to Template:Convert in diameter. The surface texture, initially finely felt-like, later cracks to form shiny scales. Its color is pale purplish-brown to dark brown. The stipe measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick. Spines on the cap underside are up to 15 mm long and about 1 mm thick. The flesh has a disagreeable odor, and a bitter taste. Spores are roughly spherical, typically measuring 7.2–7.9 by 4.5–5.6 µm. The fungus is considered endangered in Switzerland.

Fruit bodies of *Sarcodon leucopus* contain novel compounds called sarcoviolins that have been shown to have antioxidative and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon 1825`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1969`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1975`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Senn-Irlet 2007`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ma 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula aeruginea

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***Russula aeruginea***, also known as the **grass-green Russula**, the **tacky green Russula**, or the **green Russula**, is an edible *Russula* mushroom. Widely distributed in northern temperate regions, it is usually found under birch, mostly in pine forests.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in Elias Magnus Fries's 1863 work *Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae*. The specific epithet *aeruginea* is derived from the Latin *aeruginus*, referring to the tarnished color of copper. It is commonly known variously as the "tacky green Russula", the "grass-green Russula", or the "green Russula".

## Description

The cap is flat when young, soon funnel shaped and weakly striped; somewhat sticky and shiny, pale green to light grey-green, more rarely olive green. It is often Template:Convert in diameter. The closely spaced gills are pale cream when young, later becoming light yellow when the spores mature. The stipe is white, occasionally with rust-coloured spots at the base, often rather short with longitudinal furrows. It measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick. The flesh is white, brittle and without scent, with a mild taste. *R. aeruginea* mushrooms are edible.

The spore print is cream-yellow. Spores are spherical to oval with ridges and warts on the surface, and measure 6–8 by 6–7 μm.

Green specimens of the crab brittlegill, *Russula xerampelina*, can be mistaken for *R. aeruginea*. They can be readily distinguished in that specimens of *R. xerampelina* always smell of cooked shellfish, while specimens of *R. aeruginea* do not have any distinctive odor.

## Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of *Russula aeruginea* grow on the ground in woods, in troops in leaf litter or in grass. It is ectomycorrhizal with birch, but also with found under conifers, particularly pine and spruce. It is widely distributed in northern temperate zones. Fruiting occurs from July to November in Europe, and in later summer to autumn in North America. The fungus is also found in East Africa.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Russula aeuginea`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Evenson 1997`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Laessoe 2002`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Garnweidner 1994`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 1986`
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Courtecuisse 1999`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Nilper 1977`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dugan 2011`

## External links

Template:Commons

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma dermolomoides

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***Tricholoma dermolomoides*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Peninsular Malaysia, growing on the soil around of an old termite mound, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodon scabripes

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***Sarcodon scabripes*** is a species of fungus in the family Bankeraceae found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It was originally described in 1896 as *Hydnum atroviride* by Charles Horton Peck. Howard James Banker transferred it to the genus *Sarcodon* in 1906. The fungus makes fruit bodies with a drab gray to flesh-colored cap, and flesh that slowly turns olive-green when cut. In addition to the United States, where it was first documented, *S. scabripes* has been reported from Japan and the Sverdlovsk Oblast region of Russia.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Peck 1896`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Banker 1906`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Seijiro 1969`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Shiryaev 2008`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma parvisporum

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***Tricholoma parvisporum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, where it grows on the ground in secondary forests. It was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula paludosa

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***Russula paludosa*** is an edible species of mushroom within the large *Russula* genus. It is common to Europe and North America.

## Description

The cap is convex to depressed and is coloured a distinctive bloody red, pink, crimson or purple. Sometimes it may show a yellowish or orange tinge in the centre. It may measure between 6 and 20 cm in diameter. The flesh is white with a mild taste and without scent; it quickly becomes soft and spongy and also greyish. The crowded gills are cream coloured when young, and become yellow with age. They are adnexed and are generally thin. Their edges may sometimes occur reddish. The amyloid, elli spores measure 8–10 by 7–10 μm are warty and are covered by an incomplete mesh. The stem is white, sometimes with a pink hue, slightly clubbed. It may measure 5 to 15 cm in height and up to 3 cm in diameter.

## Distribution, ecology and habitat

*R. paludosa* is mycorrhizal and occurs in coniferous woodlands and in peat bogs of Europe and North America; preferably under pine trees, where it forms mycorrhizae. Locally it can be very common.

## Edibility

The mushroom is edible and is a common good in Finnish markets. Yet it may easily be mistaken for *Russula emetica*, which is poisonous.

## References

1. ↑ Pegler.

* Template:Cite book
* Template:Cite book
* Lindsey, J.K.. Russula paludosa. *Ecology of Commanster*.
* Template:Cite book

## External links

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Russula paludosa in First Nature
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Tricholoma apium

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***Tricholoma apium*** is a mushroom of the agaric genus *Tricholoma* that is found in Europe. It is classified as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

## See also

* List of North American *Tricholoma*
* List of *Tricholoma* species

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `iucn`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Stenella anthuriicola

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***Stenella anthuriicola*** is a species of anamorph fungus in the family Mycosphaerellaceae. It grows on the leaves of *Anthurium* plants in Thailand.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Braun 2006`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma columbetta

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***Tricholoma columbetta***, commonly known as **dove-coloured tricholoma**, is an edible mushroom of the large genus *Tricholoma*. It is found in Europe, where it is eaten in France.

## Genus

Elias Magnus Fries described the species in 1821 as *Agaricus columbetta*. Paul Kummer placed it in the genus *Tricholoma* in 1871, within which it is classified in the Section *Albata*.

## Description

The fruit body (mushroom) is white or ivory-coloured, sometimes with a pale ochre tinge in the centre of the cap or pinkish, violet-blue or greenish spots. The cap is conical in young specimens, expanding to convex or flattish with a wavy margin, and is 4–10 cm in diameter. It can be a little sticky when wet. The centre of the cap may have a small boss or be depressed. The gills are adnate and widely spaced. The cylindrical stalk is 6–14 cm tall and 0.8–2 cm thick, and has no ring. The mushroom has a mealy smell, which is stronger when it is cut. The spore print is white. The spores are 5–7.5 x 3.5–5.5 μm. *Tricholoma columbetta* is edible, with a pleasant taste.

*Tricholoma albidum* is similar but stains yellow when cut or bruised. *T. columbetta* could be confused with paler specimens of the poisonous *Entoloma lividum*, though the latter has a more grey-white cap, yellow or pink gills.

## Distribution

Widespread across Europe, *Tricholoma columbetta* forms mycorrhizal relationships with oak (*Quercus*) and is found in woodlands, parks, and rarely sand dunes on sandy mildly acidic soils. Mushrooms appear from August to November. In southern Finland, mushrooms appear in August and September.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `fries1821`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kummer1871`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bas1999`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Phillips 2006`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lamaison 2005`
6. ↑ Template:Cite book

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma stipitirufescens

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***Tricholoma stipitirufescens*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Borneo, where it grows on rotten wood and dead trunks in montane forest, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula fellea

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The mushroom ***Russula fellea*** goes by the common name of the **geranium-scented Russula**, or **bitter Russule** and is a member of the *Russula* genus, all of which are commonly known as **brittlegills**. It is straw or honey coloured and in Britain grows in beech woods during autumn. It is inedible.

## Taxonomy

It was first described and named in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, initially as *Agaricus felleus*, before being placed in the genus *Russula* in 1838. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective *felleus* meaning "biliary", in reference to its bitter taste, reminiscent of bile.

## Description

The cap is usually 4–9 cm wide, and convex, flattening later, and often with a broad central boss (umbo). It is sometimes furrowed at the margin when mature. The similarly coloured, but paler stipe is firm and stout, and is 2–6 cm high by 1–2 cm wide. The gills are adnexed, and are the same colour as the stem, giving a spore print that is white to pale cream. The flesh is white, and does not change colour on cutting. It tastes hot, and often has a bitter tang. The smell is variously reported to resemble geraniums, or apple sauce.

## Distribution and habitat

***Russula fellea*** appears in autumn, and is found with beech (*Fagus*) in Britain, but in Europe it sometimes occurs with spruce (*Picea*). It is normally associated with well-drained acid soils, and is widespread in the northern temperate zones; Britain; Europe, and Asia. It is not present in North America where it is replaced by the closely related *R.simillima*. It grows in deciduous and coniferous woods, and forests.

## Edibility

This mushroom is inedible, having a very hot bitter taste.

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book

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Tricholoma griseipileatum

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***Tricholoma griseipileatum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Peninsular Malaysia, where it grows on humus in montane forest, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodon bubalinus

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***Sarcodon bubalinus*** is a European species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. First described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1825 as *Hydnum bubalinum*, it was transferred to the genus *Sarcodon* by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus in 1956.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Persoon 1825`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Maas Geesteranus 1956`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Tricholoma permelleum

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***Tricholoma permelleum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, where it fruits on soil, fallen trunks, and bamboo stumps. It was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Singerina

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***Singerina*** is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ***Singerina indica***, found in Maharashtra, southwest India.

## See also

* List of Agaricaceae genera
* List of Agaricales genera

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sathe 1980`

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Volvariella volvacea

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***Volvariella volvacea*** (also known as **paddy straw mushroom** or **straw mushroom**) is a species of edible mushroom cultivated throughout East and Southeast Asia and used extensively in Asian cuisines.

They are often available fresh in Asia, but are more frequently found in canned or dried forms outside their nations of cultivation.

Straw mushrooms are grown on rice straw beds and picked immature, during the button or egg phase and before the veil ruptures. They are adaptable and take four to five days to mature, and are most successfully grown in subtropical climates with high annual rainfall. No record has been found of their cultivation before the 19th century.

They resemble poisonous death caps, but can be distinguished by their pink spore print; the spore print is white for death caps. The two mushrooms have different distributions, with the death cap generally not found where the straw mushroom grows natively, but many people, particularly immigrants from Southeast Asia to California and Australia, have been poisoned making this mistake.

## References

1. ↑ Tropical Mushrooms: Biological Nature and Cultivation Methods By Shu-ting Chang, T. H. Quimio at 120
2. ↑ Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book
4. ↑ http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/two-die-after-eating-death-cap-mushrooms-20120104-1pk38.html

## External links

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* Straw Mushroom
* http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=307802
* http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=307802

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Tricholoma rugulicinctum

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***Tricholoma rugulicinctum*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Peninsular Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Saproamanita vittadinii

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***Saproamanita vittadinii*** or ***Amanita vittadinii***, commonly known as the **Vittadini's lepidella**, is a European saprophyte mushroom often classified in the genus *Amanita* and more recently in the genus *Saproamanita*. Unlike ordinary *Amanitas*, this species is known to occur without accompanying woody plant symbionts. It has a general aspect somewhat between *Macrolepiota* and *Armillaria*, but it is characterized by a pure white colour overall (whilst those genera are brownish) and by the squamous (scaly) covering of cap and stipe.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite journal[1]
2. ↑ From R. E. Tulloss' website - 'Amanita vittadinii (Moretti) Vitt. "Vittadini's Lepidella"'.
3. ↑ (Translated from Spanish to English)Amanita vittadinii(Moretti)at www.amanitacesarea.com (by José Cuesta and Jorge Jiménez).
4. ↑ Template:Cite journal

## External links

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Russula heterophylla

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The edible wild mushroom ***Russula heterophylla***, that has lately been given the common name of the **greasy green brittlegill** is placed in the *Russula* genus, the members of which are mostly known as **brittlegills**. It is a variably colored mushroom, found in deciduous forests, and woods in Britain, Europe, and Scandinavia. Appearing with broad-leaved trees in summer to early autumn, it usually has a greenish coloration.

## Taxonomy

Noted and described by the South African born mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon as *Agaricus lividus* in 1801. It was placed in the *Russula* Genus by the Swedish mycologist, and botanist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838, with the epithet *heterophylla*. Despite many changes, by several mycologists over the years since then, it is this binomial that is currently recognised, and is in use at present.

The variants *Russula heterophylla* var. *chlora* Gillet 1876, and *Russula heterophylla* var. *virginea* (Cooke and Massee) A.Pearson & Dennis, have been given species status as *Russula violeipes*, and *Russula virginea* respectively.

## Description

The cap is Template:Convert in diameter. It is known to vary in colour, and can be various shades of green, brown, or ochre. It is initially round, flattening with age, and laters develops a depression. The white stem is firm, browning, and gives a salmon reaction when rubbed with ferrous sulphate. The gills are adnexed, and white giving a spore print of the same colour.

### Microscopic characteristics

The spores are the smallest in the genus, and are 5–7 by 4–6 µm, spherical to elliptical, or pear shaped; warts 0.2–0.6 µm high, mostly isolated, but occasionally two or three joined together, or connected by a line.

### Similar species

Green forms of *Russula cyanoxantha* can be distinguished, because they give a greenish reaction, or no reaction when rubbed with ferrous sulphate (iron salts), and have the flexible, 'greasy' feeling gills characteristic of that species.

*Russula virescens* (Schaeff.) Fr., has a cracked or fragmented cap surface.

*Russula aeruginea* Fr., grows with Birch.

*Russula langei* Bon, also has a green reaction to ferrous sulphate, and smells like shellfish, with flesh that stains orange-brown.

## Distribution and habitat

*Russula heterophylla* appears in summer to early autumn, usually growing in small groups. It is occasional in Britain, Europe, and Scandinavia. It grows with several species of broad-leaved trees, on the roots of which it is ectomycorrhizal.

## Edibility

This mushroom is edible and good, although care must be taken as it is very like the deadly *Amanita phalloides* (death cap) when young. It is also prone to slug attacks.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=193557

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Valsa sordida

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***Valsa sordida*** is a species of fungus within the Valsaceae family. A plant pathogen, it causes dieback of small branches and twigs of broad-leaved trees, usually poplar. It is found in Africa, Australasia, Europe, and North and South America. The anamorph is *Cytospora chrysopserma*.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith2009`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Stereum hirsutum

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***Stereum hirsutum***, also called **false turkey tail**, is a fungus typically forming multiple brackets on dead wood. It is also a plant pathogen infecting peach trees. *S. hirsutum* is in turn parasitised by certain other species such as the fungus *Tremella aurantia*. Substrates for *S. hirsutum* include dead limbs and trunks of both hardwoods and conifers.

## References

1. ↑ Thomas J. Volk. 2016 |Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for November 2000.
2. ↑ C. Michael Hogan.*Witch's Butter: Tremella mesenterica*, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed; N. Stromberg Template:Webarchive 2009
3. ↑ Species Fungorum. 2009. Synonymy: *Stereum hirsutum*
4. ↑ USDA. 2009 USDA Fungal Database: *Stereum hirsutum database*Template:Dead link

## External links

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Suillellus mendax

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***Suillellus mendax*** is a species of bolete fungus found in Europe. It was originally published as a species of *Boletus* when it was newly described in 2013, then transferred to *Suillellus* the following year.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Simonini 2014`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Vizzini 2014`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Sarcodontia crocea

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***Sarcodontia crocea*** is a species of toothed crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. The species was first described scientifically in 1822 by Lewis David de Schweinitz, who called it *Sistotrema croceum*. It was transferred to the genus *Sarcodontia* by Czech mycologist František Kotlaba in 1953. *S. crocea* usually occurs on old fruit trees, in which it causes a white rot. It is found in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is red-listed in several European countries.

Fresh fruit bodies of *S. crocea* have an intense, fruity odour resembling pineapple or grated apples. The furan-derived compounds 4-(furan-3-yl)benzaldehyde and 4-(5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)benzaldehyde have been identified as contributing to this odour.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schweinitz 1822`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kotlaba 1953`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Szczepkowski 2010`
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kokubun 2007`

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Sparassiella

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***Sparassiella*** is a fungal genus in the family Sparassidaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species ***Sparassiella longistipitata***, described as new to science in 1964. This fungus is found in the former USSR. The type collection was made in Kazakhstan, where it was found growing on the dead wood of Scots pine.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Schwarzman 1964`

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Tricholoma penangense

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***Tricholoma penangense*** is an agaric fungus of the genus *Tricholoma*. Found in Peninsular Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Corner 1994`

## External links

* Template:IndexFungorum

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Russula betularum

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***Russula betularum*** is a small, very pale member of the *Russula* (brittlegills) genus of mushrooms. It is usually white to very pale pink, inedible, and grows with birch trees. It is commonly known as the **birch brittlegill**.

## Taxonomy

The specific epithet *betularum* "of the birches", refers to its association with birch (*Betula* species). Some sources regard it as a variety of the sickener (*R. emetica*).

## Description

The cap is convex to flattened, and often has a central depression. On expansion the margin becomes furrowed, and bears low warts. It is Template:Convert in diameter, and the cuticle may be peeled off completely. The cap ranges in colour from white to pale pink, to deep pink, and can even be pale buff. Although more often it is white with a pale pink blush, turning pale yellow ochre in the centre. The stem is typically longer than the diameter of the cap, and is cylindrical or slightly club-shaped. It is white, and very fragile. The gills are also white, and well spaced, and the spore print is white. The flesh is white and tastes hot. It might be confused with *Russula fragilis* (Pers.) Fr. which can be pale in colour, and occur in the same habitat. However, the cuticle of the latter species is only three quarters peeling, usually darker at the centre, and with purplish tones. It also has marked serrations on the gill edges.

## Distribution and habitat

***Russula betularum*** appears in summer and early autumn. It is widespread in Britain, Europe, and Scandinavia, and is probably mycorrhizal with birch trees. It often grows in damp places in woodlands.

## Edibility

This mushroom is inedible, and has a hot 'peppery' taste. Many bitter tasting red-capped species can cause problems if eaten raw; the symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: diarrhoea, vomiting and colicky abdominal cramps. The active agent has not been identified but thought to be sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the related genus *Lactarius* and from *Russula sardonia*.

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Template:Cite book

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