Afro-Eurasia

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**Afro-Eurasia** (or **Afroeurasia**, or **Eurafrasia**) is a landmass comprising the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The terms are compound words of the names of its constituent parts. Its mainland is the largest and most populous contiguous landmass on Earth.

Afro-Eurasia encompasses **Script error: No such module "convert".**, 57% of the world's land area, and has a population of approximately 6.7 billion people, roughly 86% of the world population.

## Related terms

 File:Afro-Eurasia with islands highlighted.svg
The following terms are used for similar concepts:

* The **Ecumene**: a term from classical antiquity for the world as was known to ancient Greek scholars, which was limited to Europe and parts of Asia and Africa.
* The **Old World**: a term from the Age of Discovery which, for European explorers, contrasted their previously known world from the New World of the Americas.
* The **World Island**: a term coined by H.J. Mackinder in his "The Geographical Pivot of History" (1904) and used in geopolitical contexts. Mackinder defines the World Island as the large contiguous landmass, technically excluding islands such as Great Britain. "Afro-Eurasia" generally includes those islands usually considered part of Africa, Europe and Asia.

## Geology

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Although Afro-Eurasia is typically considered to comprise two or three separate continents, it is not a proper supercontinent. Instead, it is the largest present part of the supercontinent cycle.

The oldest part of Afro-Eurasia is probably the Kaapvaal Craton, which together with Madagascar and parts of India and western Australia formed part of the first supercontinent Vaalbara or Ur around 3 billion years ago. It has made up parts of every supercontinent since. At the breakup of Pangaea around 200 million years ago, the North American and Eurasian Plates together formed Laurasia while the African Plate remained in Gondwana, from which the Indian Plate split off. This impacted southern Asia around 50 million years ago and began the formation of the Himalayas. (Around the same time, it also fused with the Australian Plate.) The Arabian Plate broke off of Africa around 30 million years ago and impacted the Iranian Plate between 19 and 12 million years ago, ultimately forming the Alborz and Zagros chains of Iranian Plate. After this initial connection of Afro-Eurasia, the Betic corridor along the Gibraltar Arc closed a little less than 6 million years ago, fusing Northwest Africa and Iberia together. This led to the nearly complete desiccation of the Mediterranean Basin, the Messinian salinity crisis. Eurasia and Africa were then again separated: the Zanclean Flood around 5.33 million years ago refilled the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar and the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez Rifts further divided Africa from the Arabian Plate.

Today, Africa is joined to Asia only by a relatively narrow land bridge (which has been split by the Suez Canal at the Isthmus of Suez) and remains separated from Europe by the straits of Gibraltar and Sicily. Paleogeologist Ronald Blakey has described the next 15 to 100 million years of tectonic development as fairly settled and predictable. In that time, Africa is expected to continue drifting northward. It will close the Strait of Gibraltar, quickly evaporating the Mediterranean Sea. No supercontinent will form within the settled time frame, however, and the geologic record is full of unexpected shifts in tectonic activity that make further projections "very, very speculative". Three possibilities are known as Novopangaea, Amasia, and Pangaea Proxima. In the first two, the Pacific closes and Africa remains fused to Eurasia, but Eurasia itself splits as Africa and Europe spin towards the west; in the last, the trio spin eastward together as the Atlantic closes, creating land borders with the Americas.

## Extreme points

This is a list of the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location on Afro-Eurasia.

***Afro-Eurasia (including islands)***

* Easternmost Point — Big Diomede†, Russia
* Northernmost Point — Cape Fligeli, Rudolf Island, Franz Josef Land, Russia
* Southernmost Point — Cape Agulhas, South Africa
* Westernmost Point — Santo Antão, Cape Verde

***Afro-Eurasia (mainland only)***

* Easternmost Point — Cape Dezhnev†, Russia
* Northernmost Point — Cape Chelyuskin, Russia
* Southernmost Point — Cape Agulhas, South Africa
* Westernmost Point — Cap-Vert, Senegal

† The 180th meridian passes through Asia, meaning that these points are in the Western Hemisphere.

## See also

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* Extreme points of Earth
* Extreme points of Africa
* Extreme points of Eurasia
	+ Extreme points of Asia
	+ Extreme points of Europe
* Geography of Africa
* Geography of Asia
* Geography of Europe
* Intermediate Region
* Old World

## References

1. ↑ **Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".**
2. ↑ Field, Henry. "The University of California African Expedition: I, Egypt", *American Anthropologist,* New Series Vol. 50, No. 3, Part 1 (Jul. - Sep., 1948), pp. 479-493.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 **Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".**
4. ↑ Based upon 2019 population estimates from https://population.un.org/wpp/
5. ↑ Mackinder, Halford John. *The Geographical Pivot of History*.
6. ↑ See Francis P. Sempa, Mackinder's World
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Manaugh, Geoff & al. "What Did the Continents Look Like Millions of Years Ago?" in *The Atlantic* online. 23 Sept 2013. Accessed 22 July 2014.
8. ↑ **Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".**
9. ↑ "Only the inflow of Atlantic water maintains the present Mediterranean level. When that was shut off sometime between 6.5 to 6 MYBP, net evaporative loss set in at the rate of around 3,300 cubic kilometers yearly. At that rate, the 3.7 million cubic kilometres of water in the basin would dry up in scarcely more than a thousand years, leaving an extensive layer of salt some tens of meters thick and raising global sea level about 12 meters." Cloud, P. (1988). *Oasis in space. Earth history from the beginning*, New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Inc., 440. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" />**Script error: No such module "Catalog lookup link".****Script error: No such module "check isxn".****Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".**
10. ↑ **Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".**

## External links

* Interactive scholarly edition, with critical English translation and multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos) Engineering Historical Memory.

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