recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Austroasiatic languages

The **Austroasiatic languages** /ˌɒstroʊ.eɪʒiˈætɪk, ˌɔː-/ *OSS-troh-ay-zee-AT-ik, AWSS-* are a large language family spoken throughout mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in Vietnam and Cambodia, and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of Thailand, Laos, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nepal, and southern China. Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are Vietnamese speakers. Of the Austroasiatic languages, only Vietnamese, Khmer, and Mon have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the national languages of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the Wa language is a 'recognized national language' in the de facto autonomous Wa State within Myanmar. Santali is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. The remainder of the family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status.

*Ethnologue* identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages. These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps Shompen, which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon–Khmer, and Munda. However, one recent classification posits three groups (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and Khasi–Khmuic), while another has abandoned Mon–Khmer as a taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family.

Austroasiatic languages appear to be the extant autochthonous languages in mainland Southeast Asia, with the neighboring Kra–Dai, Hmong-Mien, Austronesian, and Sino-Tibetan languages having arrived via later migrations.
Animal Planet

**Animal Planet** (stylized in all lowercase since 2018) is an American multinational pay television channel owned by the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. First established on June 1, 1996, the network is primarily devoted to series and documentaries about wild animals and domestic pets.

The channel was originally a joint venture with BBC Worldwide, and primarily focused on nature documentaries surrounding wildlife, targeting a family audience. In 2008, Animal Planet rebranded with a more mature programming direction, with a greater emphasis on aggressive and predatory portrayals of animals, as well as an increase in reality series following personalities involved in animal-related occupations and investigations. Animal Planet rebranded again in October 2018, pivoting away from its more aggressive branding.

As of January 2016, approximately 91,603,000 households receive Animal Planet. Discovery has also established or licensed international versions of the channel in various regions.
Attossol

**Attossol** is equal to {10,10 (1) 10,10,10,...1018 10's...10,10,10,100} in BEAF. The term was coined by XRQ CORPORATION.

## Etymology

The name of this number is based on prefix "**atto-**" and the number "gossol".

## Approximations

 Slow-growing hierarchy | \(g\_{\vartheta((\Omega^{\Omega+{10^{18}}})\omega)}(100)\)

## References

1. ↑ XRQ CORPORATION's Googol Series (accessed 2022-08-30)
Amphibia

***Amphibia*** is an American animated television series created by Matt Braly that aired on Disney Channel from June 17, 2019 to May 14, 2022. The series features the voice talents of Brenda Song, Justin Felbinger, Bill Farmer, Amanda Leighton, Anna Akana, Troy Baker, Haley Tju, and Keith David.

*Amphibia* has received a strong positive reception from critics with praise for its characters, animation, voice-acting, humor and emotional weight.
Andersen Monogatari

***Hans Christian Andersen***, also known as ***Paramount Pictures Presents Hans Christian Andersen*** and known in Japan as ***Andersen Stories*** (アンデルセン物語, *Anderusen Monogatari*), is a Japanese anime anthology series based on the legendary stories of Hans Christian Andersen which aired on Fuji TV from January 3 to December 26, 1971. It consists of 52 episodes and was produced by Mushi Production and Zuiyo Enterprise.

Third entry in the *Calpis Comic Theater*, a precursor of the World Masterpiece Theater series. Zuiyo Enterprise, would split in 1975 into Nippon Animation Company, Ltd. (which employed some of the anime's production staff and continued with the World Masterpiece Theater franchise) and Zuiyo Company, Ltd., which retained the rights of the series along with Mushi Production.
Aunt

An **aunt** is a woman who is a sibling of a parent or married to a sibling of a parent. Aunts who are related by birth are second-degree relatives. Alternate terms include **auntie** or **aunty**. Children in other cultures and families may refer to the cousins of their parents as aunt or uncle due to the age and generation gap. The word comes from Latin: *amita* via Old French *ante* and is a family relationship within an extended or immediate family.

The male counterpart of an aunt is an uncle, and the reciprocal relationship is that of a nephew or niece.
At sign

The **at sign**, **@**, is an accounting and invoice abbreviation meaning "at a rate of" (e.g. 7 widgets @ £2 per widget = £14), now seen more widely in email addresses and social media platform handles. It is normally read aloud as "at" and is also commonly called the **at symbol**, **commercial at**, or **address sign**.

The absence of a single English word for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French *arobase* or Spanish and Portuguese *arroba*, or to coin new words such as *ampersat* and *asperand*, or the (visual) onomatopoeia *strudel*, but none of these have achieved wide use.

Although not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, it was on at least one 1889 model and the very successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It started to be used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now routinely included on most types of computer keyboards.
Alune language

**Alune** is an Austronesian language of west Seram in the Maluku archipelago of Indonesia.

## Phonology

Vowels

* /d/ can be heard as a trill [r] in word-initial and intervocalic positions, and may also fluctuate to an affricate [dʒ] sound.
* /n/ can be heard as a velar nasal [ŋ] when preceding velar stops.

## References

1. ↑ E. Wattimury, Ny. A. Haulussy, and J. Pentury. Struktur Bahasa Alune. 1997. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series

***All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series*** is an American animated television series, which aired from 1996 to 1998 in syndication and on Fox Family from 1998 to 1999 with 40 half-hour episodes produced in total. Don Bluth's 1989 animated feature All Dogs Go to Heaven featured a disreputable mongrel (with a mixture of a German Shepherd) named Charlie who died, went to heaven, escaped back to Earth for vengeance on his murderer and then found redemption with the help of a young orphan girl named Anne-Marie. It spawned a 1996 sequel, All Dogs Go to Heaven 2. The series takes place after the second film.
American Girl

**American Girl** is an American line of 18-inch (46 cm) dolls released on May 5, 1986, by Pleasant Company. The dolls portray eight- to fourteen-year-old girls of various ethnicities, faiths, nationalities, and social classes throughout different time periods throughout history. They are sold with accompanying books told from the viewpoint of the girls. Originally the stories focused on various periods of American history, but were expanded to include characters and stories from contemporary life. Aside from the original American Girl dolls, buyers also have the option to purchase *Truly Me* dolls where customers can create a doll that looks like themselves. The options for the line of *Truly Me* dolls include eye color, face mold, skin color, hair texture, and hair length. A variety of related clothing and accessories is also available. A service for ordering a custom-made doll with features and clothing specified by the owner dubbed *Create Your Own*, was introduced in 2017.

Pleasant Company was founded in 1986 by Pleasant Rowland in Middleton, Wisconsin, and its products were originally purchasable by mail order only. In 1998, Pleasant Company became a subsidiary of Mattel after Mattel purchased the company for $700 million. The company has been awarded the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award eight times and was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2021.
Arrernte language

**Arrernte** or **Aranda** (/ˈʌrəndə/; Eastern Arrernte pronunciation: [aɾəⁿɖə]) or sometimes referred to as **Upper Arrernte** (**Upper Aranda**), is a dialect cluster in the Arandic language group spoken in parts of the Northern Territory, Australia, by the Arrernte people. Other spelling variations are **Arunta** or **Arrarnta**, and all of the dialects have multiple other names.

There are about 1,800 speakers of **Eastern**/**Central Arrernte**, making this dialect one of the widest spoken of any Indigenous language in Australia, the one usually referred to as Arrernte and the one described in detail below. It is spoken in the Alice Springs area and taught in schools and universities, heard in media and used in local government.

The second biggest dialect in the group is Alyawarre. Some of the other dialects are spoken by very few people, leading to efforts to revive their usage; others are now completely extinct.

## Phonology

This description relates to Central or Eastern Arrernte.

### Consonants

/ɰ ~ ʁ̞/ is described as velar [ɰ], and as uvular [ʁ̞].

Stops are unaspirated. Prenasalized stops are voiced throughout; prestopped nasals are voiceless during the stop. These sounds arose as normal consonant clusters; Ladefoged states that they now occur initially, where consonant clusters are otherwise forbidden, due to historical loss of initial vowels; however, it has also been argued that such words start with a phonemic schwa, which may not be pronounced (see below).

### Orthography

Central/Eastern Arrernte orthography does not write word-initial /ə/, and adds an *e* to the end of every word.
Armadillo

**Armadillos** (meaning "little armored ones" in Spanish) are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata. The Chlamyphoridae and Dasypodidae are the only surviving families in the order, which is part of the superorder Xenarthra, along with the anteaters and sloths. Nine extinct genera and 21 extant species of armadillo have been described, some of which are distinguished by the number of bands on their armor. All species are native to the Americas, where they inhabit a variety of different environments.

Armadillos are characterized by a leathery armor shell and long, sharp claws for digging. They have short legs, but can move quite quickly. The average length of an armadillo is about 75 cm (30 in), including its tail. The giant armadillo grows up to 150 cm (59 in) and weighs up to 54 kg (119 lb), while the pink fairy armadillo has a length of only 13–15 cm (5–6 in). When threatened by a predator, *Tolypeutes* species frequently roll up into a ball; they are the only species of armadillo capable of this.
Ahom script

The **Ahom script** or **Tai Ahom Script** is an abugida that is used to write the Ahom language, a dormant Tai language undergoing revival spoken by the Ahom people till the late 18th-century, who established the Ahom kingdom and ruled the eastern part of the Brahmaputra valley between the 13th and the 18th centuries. The old Ahom language today survives in the numerous manuscripts written in this script currently in institutional and private possession.
Ashley HomeStore

**Ashley Home Stores Ltd.** (doing business as **Ashley** and still known as **Ashley Furniture HomeStore** in some countries) is an American furniture store chain that sells Ashley Furniture products. Opened in 1997, the chain comprises over 2000 locations worldwide. The chain has both corporate and independently licensed and operated furniture stores.
Algherese dialect

**Algherese** or **Alguerese** is the variant of Catalan spoken in the city of Alghero (L'Alguer in Catalan), in the northwest of Sardinia, Italy.

The dialect has its roots in 1372, when Catalan-speaking colonists were allowed to repopulate Alghero and expel the native population, after several revolts. Catalan was replaced as the official language by Spanish, then by Italian in the mid-18th century. Today the language has semi-official recognition alongside Italian.

Studies give an approximate number of 20,000 to 30,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. In communities where Algherese is spoken, Italian and Logudorese Sardinian are often used as well.
Album

An **album** is a collection of audio recordings (e.g., music) issued on a medium such as compact disc (CD), vinyl (record), audio tape (like 8-track or cassette), or digital. Albums of recorded sound were developed in the early 20th century as individual 78 rpm records collected in a bound book resembling a photo album; this format evolved after 1948 into single vinyl long-playing (LP) records played at 33+1⁄3 rpm.

The album was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption from the mid-1960s to the early 21st century, a period known as the *album era*. Vinyl LPs are still issued, though album sales in the 21st-century have mostly focused on CD and MP3 formats. The 8-track tape was the first tape format widely used alongside vinyl from 1965 until being phased out by 1983, being gradually supplanted by the cassette tape throughout the 1970s and early 1980s; the popularity of the cassette reached its peak during the late 1980s before sharply declining during the 1990s. The cassette had largely disappeared by the first decade of the 2000s.

Most albums are recorded in a studio, although they may also be recorded in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. The time frame for completely recording an album varies between a few hours to several years. This process usually requires several takes with different parts recorded separately, and then brought or "mixed" together. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed "live", even when done in a studio. Studios are built to absorb sound, eliminating reverberation, to assist in mixing different takes; other locations, such as concert venues and some "live rooms", have reverberation, which creates a "live" sound. Recordings, including live, may contain editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, artists can be recorded in separate rooms or at separate times while listening to the other parts using headphones; with each part recorded as a separate track.

Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, and lyrics or librettos. Historically, the term "album" was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage, the word was used for collections of short pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78 rpm records were bundled in book-like albums (one side of a 78 rpm record could hold only about 3.5 minutes of sound). When LP records were introduced, a collection of pieces or songs on a single record was called an "album"; the word was extended to other recording media such as compact disc, MiniDisc, compact audio cassette, 8-track tape and digital albums as they were introduced.
Ambel language

**Ambel** (Amber), also known as **Waigeo** after the island where it is primarily spoken, is a heavily Papuan-influenced Austronesian language spoken on the island of Waigeo in the Raja Ampat archipelago near the northwestern tip of West Papua, Indonesia. It is spoken by approximately 1,600 people. It is endangered, as the population is shifting to Papuan Malay and few people born after the year 2000 have any knowledge of the language.

## Phonology

The sounds of the Ambel language are as follows:

### Consonants

/h/ can be heard as [f] or [ɸ] in free variation.
American Greetings

**American Greetings Corporation** is a privately owned American company and is the world's second largest greeting card producer behind Hallmark Cards. Based in Westlake, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, the company sells paper greeting cards, electronic greeting cards, gift packaging, stickers and party products. In addition, the company owns the Carlton Cards, Tender Thoughts, Papyrus, Recycled Paper Greetings and Gibson brands.

American Greetings’ former toy design and licensing division, initially called Those Characters From Cleveland, subsequently renamed AG Properties and American Greetings Entertainment and now separately owned as Cloudco Entertainment. American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters.
Apical consonant

An **apical consonant** is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue (apex) in conjunction with upper articulators from lips to postalveolar, and possibly prepalatal. It contrasts with laminal consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue, just behind the tip. Sometimes *apical* is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the tip of the tongue and *apicolaminal* for an articulation that involves both the tip and the blade of the tongue. However, the distinction is not always made and the latter one may be called simply *apical*, especially when describing an apical dental articulation. As there is some laminal contact in the alveolar region, the apicolaminal dental consonants are also labelled as *denti-alveolar*.

It is not a very common distinction and is typically applied only to fricatives and affricates. Thus, many varieties of English have either apical or laminal pairs of [t]/[d]. However, some varieties of Arabic, including Hadhrami Arabic in Yemen, realize [t] as laminal but [d] as apical.

Basque uses the distinction for alveolar fricatives. Mandarin Chinese uses it for postalveolar fricatives (the "alveolo-palatal" and "retroflex" series). Lillooet uses it as a secondary feature in contrasting velarized and non-velarized affricates. A distinction between apical and laminal is common in Australian Aboriginal languages for nasals, plosives and (usually) lateral approximants.

Most dialects in the Bengali–Assamese continuum distinguish between dental–laminal alveolar stops and apical alveolar stops. In Upper Assamese, they have merged and leave only the apical alveolar stops. In Western Bengali apical alveolars are replaced by apical post-alveolars.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for apical consonants is U+033A ◌̺ COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW.
Amblimation

**Amblimation** was the British animation production subsidiary of Amblin Entertainment. It was formed by Steven Spielberg in May 1989, following the success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), and after he parted ways with Don Bluth, due to creative differences. It was stationed in what was originally the D. Napier & Son factory in Acton, London and had 250 crew members from 15 different nations. It only produced three feature films: An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991), We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993), and Balto (1995), all three of which were composed by James Horner and distributed by Universal Pictures. The company's mascot, Fievel Mousekewitz, appears in its production logo.

The studio closed in 1997 after only eight years of operation and its office building became a self-storage facility called Access Self-Storage. All 250 of Amblimation's crew members went on to join DreamWorks Animation, which was later acquired in 2016 by Universal's parent company NBCUniversal for $3.8 billion.
Angor language

**Angor** (Anggor) a.k.a. **Senagi** is a Senagi language of northern Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in 11 villages of Amanab Rural LLG, Sandaun Province, including Senagi village (3.681265°S 141.20755°E) of Bibriari ward.

## Phonology

### Consonants

Angor has the following 18 consonants.

Litteral notes the following allophonic processes:

* /ɸ/ is voiced [β] word medially.
* /x/ is voiced [ɣ] word medially.
* /ɾ/ is sometimes retroflexed after /a/.
* Final unstressed vowels, especially /ə/, tend to be elided in speech after voiceless plosives /p t k/, prenasalized plosives /ᵐb ⁿd/, and /m n ŋ x/. Prenasalized consonants are pronounced voiceless and aspirated in this position.

### Vowels

#### Monophthongs

Angor has the following 7 monophthongs.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Foley did not explicitly label these as close-mid, but they are written higher than /ə/ in the vowel diagram.

#### Diphthongs

1. ↑ /o.u/ is technically a vowel sequence

Litteral notes the following allophonic processes:

* /e/ tends to be phonetically a glide [eɪ̯] in the medial position (e.g., *tefɨ* [teɪ̯βə] 'tongue').
* /o/ is generally [ɔ] before [ⁿd] and [ɾ].

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Litteral, Robert (1997). Organised Phonology Data. SIL.
Arial

**Arial** (also called **Arial MT**) is a sans-serif typeface and set of computer fonts in the neo-grotesque style. Fonts from the Arial family are included with all versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 3.1 on, some other Microsoft software applications, Apple's macOS and many PostScript 3 computer printers. The typeface was designed in 1982, by Robin Nicholas and Patricia Saunders, for Monotype Typography. Each of its characters has the same width as that character in the popular typeface Helvetica; the purpose of this design is to allow a document designed in Helvetica to be displayed and printed with the intended line-breaks and page-breaks without a Helvetica license. Because of their almost identical appearances, both Arial and Helvetica have commonly been mistaken for each other.

The Arial typeface comprises many styles: Regular, Italic, Medium, Medium Italic, Bold, Bold Italic, Black, Black Italic, Extra Bold, Extra Bold Italic, Light, Light Italic, Narrow, Narrow Italic, Narrow Bold, Narrow Bold Italic, Condensed, Light Condensed, Bold Condensed, and Extra Bold Condensed. The extended Arial type family includes more styles: Rounded (Light, Regular, Bold, Extra Bold); Monospaced (Regular, Oblique, Bold, Bold Oblique). Many of these have been issued in multiple font configurations with different degrees of language support. The most widely used and bundled Arial fonts are Arial Regular, Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic; the same styles of Arial Narrow; and Arial Black. More recently, Arial Rounded has also been widely bundled.

In Office 2007, Arial was replaced by Calibri as the default typeface in PowerPoint, Excel, and Outlook.
Algic languages

The **Algic languages** (also Algonquian–Wiyot–Yurok or Algonquian–Ritwan) are an indigenous language family of North America. Most Algic languages belong to the Algonquian subfamily, dispersed over a broad area from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Canada. The other Algic languages are the Yurok and Wiyot of northwestern California, which, despite their geographic proximity, are not closely related. All these languages descend from Proto-Algic, a second-order proto-language estimated to have been spoken about 7,000 years ago and reconstructed using the reconstructed Proto-Algonquian language and the Wiyot and Yurok languages.
Animal Planet/Logos

## 1994–1996 (pre-launch)

### 2006–2008

Changes included are white text and a colored bottom, as well as the geography of the "planet".

* Troika Design Group Creates New Animal Planet Network Package

## 2008–2018

A new logo for Animal Planet was launched on February 3, 2008 in the United States. The logo was created by Dunning Eley Jones.[1] Despite its decade-long lifespan, it received mostly negative reception from the public, going as far as being one of the worst-received logos of 2008, according to branding blog Brand New.

* Brand New: Best and Worst Identities of 2008
* Brand New: Animals gone Wild… Sort of

The rebranding effort included a new tagline "Same Planet, Different World". Two years later in 2010, Animal Planet's next tagline was "Surprisingly Human". That slogan further reinforced the network's new focus on an increasing number of personality-based series following animal-related investigations and occupations.

## 2018–present

On October 16, 2018, Animal Planet unveiled a new logo that took effect on October 28, bringing back the elephant from the 1996–2008 logo. The new branding symbolizes a new mission of "keeping the childhood joy and wonder of animals alive by bringing people up close in every way." The new branding coincided with the premieres of *Amanda to the Rescue* and *Crikey! It's the Irwins*. The on-screen settings were designed by Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv.

* [2]
* [3]
Athelas

**Athelas** is a serif typeface designed by Veronika Burian and Jose Scaglione and intended for use in body text. Released by their company TypeTogether in 2008, Burian and Scaglione described Athelas as inspired by British fine book printing.

Athelas is included as a system font in Apple's macOS operating system and as a default font in its Apple Books e-books application. It won joint first prize for best Latin-alphabet body text face at the Granshan International Type Design Competition in 2008. It is named after a healing herb in Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*. Cyrillic characters were later added to the font family, designed by Tom Grace, and monotonic Greek characters designed by Irene Vlachou.

In 2017 TypeTogether released an Arabic extension to Athelas. The new script extension was designed by Sahar Afshar, a type designer and researcher from Iran.
Arnold Böcklin

**Arnold Böcklin** is a typeface for display use that was designed in 1904 by *Schriftgiesserei Otto Weisert* foundry. It was named in memory of Arnold Böcklin, a Swiss symbolist painter who died in 1901.

Probably the best-known Art Nouveau typeface, the font had a renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the general Art Nouveau revival in popular design. Its influence can be seen in the work of illustrators such as Roger Dean and the Stuckist artist Paul Harvey.
Antiguan and Barbudan Creole

**Antiguan and Barbudan**, occasionally **Antiguan and Barbudan Creole**, is an English-based creole language consisting of several varieties spoken in the Leeward Islands, namely the countries of Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis and the British territories of Anguilla and Montserrat.

There are subtle differences in the language's usage by different speakers, and islanders often use it in combination with Standard English. The tendency to switch back and forth from Creole to Standard English often seems to correlate with the class status of the speaker. Persons of higher social status tend to switch between Standard English and Creole more readily, due to their more extensive formal education in the English-language school system. Creole usage is more common, and is less similar to Standard English, as speakers descend the socioeconomic ladder. This is an example of a Creole continuum.

Many Creole words are derived from English or African origins. The creole was formed when slaves owned by English planters imitated the English of their enslavers but pronounced it with their own inflections. This can be easily seen in phrases such as "*Me nah go*", meaning "I am not going", or in "*Ent it?*", presumably a cognate of "Ain't it?"

## Pronunciation

Antiguan is pronounced very similarly to Jamaican. This has led some to surmise that the slaves of these countries came from the same place in Africa. Below are a few ways in which some language blends are fused or changed completely.

* "TR" as in 'Truck' is pronounced "CH", thus: 'Chruck.'
* "DR" as in 'Dress' is pronounced" J", thus: 'Jess'
* "TH" as in 'Them' is pronounced "D", thus: 'Dem'
* "TH" as in 'Think' is pronounced "T", thus: 'Tink'
* "WN" as in 'Down' is pronounced "NG", thus: 'Dung'
* "V" as in 'Vex' is pronounced "B", thus: 'Bex'
* Sometimes an ending "T" is left off and words such as 'Best' sound like 'Bess'. Expect sounds like 'Expeck'; and 'Left' sounds like 'Leff'.
Aramaic alphabet

The ancient **Aramaic alphabet** was adapted by Arameans from the Phoenician alphabet and became a distinct script by the 8th century BC. It was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian tribes throughout the Fertile Crescent. It was also adopted by other peoples as their own alphabet when empires and their subjects underwent linguistic Aramaization during a language shift for governing purposes—a precursor to Arabization centuries later—including among Assyrians who permanently replaced their Akkadian language and its cuneiform script with Aramaic and its script, and among Jews (but not Samaritans), who adopted the Aramaic language as their vernacular and started using the Aramaic alphabet even for writing Hebrew, displacing the former Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. (The modern Hebrew alphabet derives from the Aramaic alphabet, in contrast to the modern Samaritan alphabet, which derives from Paleo-Hebrew). The letters in the Aramaic alphabet all represent consonants, some of which are also used as *matres lectionis* to indicate long vowels.

The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems can be traced back to it. That is primarily due to the widespread usage of the Aramaic language after it was adopted as both a *lingua franca* and the official language of the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires, and their successor, the Achaemenid Empire.

Among the descendant scripts in modern use, the Jewish Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BC, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes. By contrast the Samaritan Hebrew script is directly descended from Proto-Hebrew/Phoenician script, which was in turn the ancestor of the Aramaic alphabet. The Aramaic alphabet was also an ancestor to the Nabataean alphabet, which in turn had the Arabic alphabet as a descendant.

Writing systems (like the Aramaic) that indicate consonants but do not indicate most vowels other than by means of *matres lectionis* or added diacritical signs, have been called abjads by Peter T. Daniels to distinguish them from alphabets such as the Greek alphabet that represent vowels more systematically. The term was coined to avoid the notion that a writing system that represents sounds must be either a syllabary or an alphabet, which would imply that a system like Aramaic must be either a syllabary (as argued by Ignace Gelb) or an incomplete or deficient alphabet (as most other writers had said before Daniels). Rather, Daniels put forward, this is a different type of writing system, intermediate between syllabaries and 'full' alphabets.
Aureothin

**Aureothin** is a natural product of a cytotoxic shikimate-polyketide antibiotic with the molecular formula C22H23NO6. Aureothin is produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces thioluteus* that illustrates antitumor, antifungal, and insecticidal activities and the new aureothin derivatives can be antifungal and antiproliferative. In addition, aureothin, a nitro compound from *Streptomyces thioluteus*, was indicated to have pesticidal activity against the bean weevil by interfering with mitochondrial respiratory complex II.
Alligator

An **alligator**, or colloquially **gator**, is a large reptile in the Crocodilia order in the genus ***Alligator*** of the family Alligatoridae. The two extant species are the American alligator (*A. mississippiensis*) and the Chinese alligator (*A. sinensis*). Additionally, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the Oligocene epoch about 37 million years ago.

The name "alligator" is probably an anglicized form of *el lagarto*, the Spanish term for "the lizard", which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. Early English spellings of the name included *allagarta* and *alagarto*.
Astillion

The **astillion** is equal to \(10^{3 \cdot 10^{3 \cdot 10^{3 \cdot \text{trillion}}} + 3}\) , or \(10^{3 \cdot 10^{3 \cdot 10^{3 \cdot 10^{12}}} + 3}\). The term was coined by Jonathan Bowers. The number is slightly smaller and comparable to the upper limit of the Poincaré recurrence time.

## Etymology

The name of this number is based on the word **"asteroid"** and the suffix **"-illion"**.

## References

1. ↑ Illion Numbers by Jonathan Bowers
2. ↑ Jonathan Bowers' 4-tiered -illion Series - Large Numbers by Sbiis Saibian
Australian Aboriginal languages

The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous language families and isolates, perhaps as many as 13, spoken by the Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands. The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty, the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages", or the "Australian family".

The term can include both Tasmanian languages and the Western Torres Strait language, but the genetic relationship to the mainland Australian languages of the former is unknown, while the latter is Pama–Nyungan, though it shares features with the neighbouring Papuan, Eastern Trans-Fly languages, in particular Meriam Mir of the Torres Strait Islands, as well as the Papuan Tip Austronesian languages. Most Australian languages belong to the widespread Pama–Nyungan family, while the remainder are classified as "non-Pama–Nyungan", which is a term of convenience that does not imply a genealogical relationship.

In the late 18th century there were more than 250 distinct First Nations Peoples social groupings and a similar number of languages or varieties. The status and knowledge of Aboriginal languages today varies greatly. Many languages became extinct with settlement as the encroachment of colonial society broke up Indigenous cultures. For some of these languages, few records exist for vocabulary and grammar. At the start of the 21st century, fewer than 150 Aboriginal languages remained in daily use, with the majority being highly endangered. In 2020, 90 per cent of the barely more than 100 languages still spoken are considered endangered. Thirteen languages are still being transmitted to children. The surviving languages are located in the most isolated areas. Of the five least endangered Western Australian Aboriginal languages, four belong to the Western Desert grouping of the Central and Great Victoria Desert.

Yolŋu languages from north-east Arnhem Land are also currently learned by children. Bilingual education is being used successfully in some communities. Seven of the most widely spoken Australian languages, such as Warlpiri, Murrinh-patha and Tiwi, retain between 1,000 and 3,000 speakers. Some Indigenous communities and linguists show support for learning programmes either for language revival proper or for only "post-vernacular maintenance" (Indigenous communities having the opportunity to learn some words and concepts related to the lost language).
Alamo Rent a Car

**Alamo Rent a Car** is a rental car agency based in Clayton, Missouri, United States. The company has branches across North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and Oceania. Alamo is owned by Enterprise Holdings, along with other agencies including Enterprise Rent-A-Car and National Car Rental. Alamo typically caters to budget-conscious leisure travelers and is the largest car rental provider to international travelers visiting North America.
Armenian alphabet

The **Armenian alphabet**, or more broadly the **Armenian script**, is an alphabetic writing system developed for Armenian and occasionally used to write other languages. It was developed around 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader. There are several inscriptions in Armenian lettering from Sinai and Nazareth that date to the beginning of the 5th century. The script originally had 36 letters; eventually, two more were adopted. It was in wide use in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Armenian word for 'alphabet' is այբուբեն (*aybuben*), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet: ⟨Ա⟩ Armenian: այբ *ayb* and ⟨Բ⟩ Armenian: բեն *ben*. Armenian is written horizontally, left to right.

## Alphabet

**Notes:**

1. **^** Primarily used in classical orthography; after the reform used word-initially and in some compound words.
2. **^** Except in ով /ɔv/ 'who' and ովքեր /ɔvkʰer/ 'those (people)' in Eastern Armenian.
3. **^** Iranian Armenians (who speak a subbranch of Eastern Armenian) pronounce the sound represented by this letter with a retracted tongue body [ɹ̠]: post-alveolar rather than alveolar.
4. **^** In classical orthography, ու and և are considered a digraph (ո + ւ) and a ligature (ե + ւ), respectively. In reformed orthography, they are separate letters of the alphabet.
5. **^** In reformed orthography, the letter ւ appears only as a component of ու. In classical orthography, the letter usually represents /v/, except in the digraph իւ /ju/. The spelling reform in Soviet Armenia replaced իւ with the trigraph յու.
6. **^** Except in the present tense of 'to be': եմ /ɛm/ 'I am', ես /ɛs/ 'you are (sing.)', ենք /ɛnkʰ/ 'we are', եք /ɛkʰ/ 'you are (pl.)', են /ɛn/ 'they are'.
7. **^** The letter ը is generally used only at the start or end of a word, and so the sound /ə/ is typically unwritten between consonants. One exception is մըն /mən/ (Western Armenian indefinite article, when followed by a word beginning with a vowel), e.g. մէյ մըն ալ /mɛj mən ɑl/ 'one more time'.
8. **^** The ligature և has no majuscule form; when capitalized it is written as two letters Եւ (classical) or Եվ (reformed).
Aquarius

**Aquarius** (♒︎) (Greek: Υδροχόος, romanized: Hydrokhóos, Latin for "water-bearer") is the eleventh astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the constellation Aquarius. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun is in the Aquarius sign between about January 20 and February 18. Aquarius is one of the three air signs, alongside Gemini and Libra. The ruling planets of Aquarius are Saturn (alongside Capricorn), and Uranus. The opposite sign of Aquarius is Leo.
Amazon Go

**Amazon Go** is a chain of convenience stores in the United States and the United Kingdom, operated by the online retailer Amazon. The stores are cashierless, thus partially automated, with customers able to purchase products without being checked out by a cashier or using a self-checkout station. As of 2023, there are 43 open and announced store locations in Seattle, Chicago, London and New York City.

Amazon Go stores were conceptualized and tested by a team of Amazon executives, who constructed a 15,000-square-foot mock supermarket in a rented warehouse in Seattle, before revealing the work to Amazon founder Jeff Bezos in 2015. The first store, located in the company's Day 1 building, opened to employees on December 5, 2016, and to the public on January 22, 2018. The flagship store sells products such as prepared foods, meal kits, limited groceries and liquor. A larger variant, Amazon Go Grocery, opened in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood on February 25, 2020. The following month Amazon began to offer its technology to other retailers so that their customers could make purchases without the involvement of cashiers or Amazon accounts.
Amaryllis

***Amaryllis*** is the only genus in the subtribe Amaryllidinae (tribe Amaryllideae). It is a small genus of flowering bulbs, with two species. The better known of the two, *Amaryllis belladonna*, is a native of the Western Cape region of South Africa, particularly the rocky southwest area between the Olifants River Valley and Knysna.

For many years there was confusion among botanists over the generic names *Amaryllis* and *Hippeastrum*, one result of which is that the common name 'amaryllis' is mainly used for cultivars of the genus *Hippeastrum*, widely sold in the winter months for their ability to bloom indoors.

Plants of the genus *Amaryllis* are known as belladonna lily, Jersey lily, naked lady, amarillo, Easter lily in Southern Australia or, in South Africa, March lily due to its propensity to flower around March. This is one of numerous genera with the common name 'lily' due to their flower shape and growth habit. However, they are only distantly related to the true lily, *Lilium*. In the Victorian language of flowers, amaryllis means "love, beauty, and determination", and can also represent hope and achievement.
Albanian

* Albanian language
* Caucasian Albanian script

Disambiguation page for AlbanianThe following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Apple Inc.

**Apple Inc.** is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. Apple is the world's largest technology company by revenue, with US$394.3 billion in 2022 revenue. As of March 2023, Apple is the world's biggest company by market capitalization. As of June 2022, Apple is the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales; the largest manufacturing company by revenue; and the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world. It is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.

Apple was founded as **Apple Computer Company** on April 1, 1976, by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as **Apple Computer, Inc.** in 1977. The company's second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company developed computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces, including the 1984 original Macintosh, announced that year in a critically acclaimed advertisement called "1984". By 1985, the high cost of its products, and power struggles between executives, caused problems. Wozniak stepped back from Apple and pursued other ventures, while Jobs resigned and founded NeXT, taking some Apple employees with him.

As the market for personal computers expanded and evolved throughout the 1990s, Apple lost considerable market share to the lower-priced duopoly of the Microsoft Windows operating system on Intel-powered PC clones (also known as "Wintel"). In 1997, weeks away from bankruptcy, the company bought NeXT to resolve Apple's unsuccessful operating system strategy and entice Jobs back to the company. Over the next decade, Jobs guided Apple back to profitability through a number of tactics including introducing the iMac, iPod, iPhone and iPad to critical acclaim, launching the "Think different" campaign and other memorable advertising campaigns, opening the Apple Store retail chain, and acquiring numerous companies to broaden the company's product portfolio. When Jobs resigned in 2011 for health reasons, and died two months later, he was succeeded as CEO by Tim Cook.

Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to be valued at over $1 trillion in August 2018, then at $2 trillion in August 2020, and at $3 trillion in January 2022. In June 2023, it was valued at just over $3 trillion. The company receives criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors, its environmental practices, and its business ethics, including anti-competitive practices and materials sourcing. Nevertheless, the company has a large following and enjoys a high level of brand loyalty. It has also been consistently ranked as one of the world's most valuable brands.
Atomic number

The **atomic number** or **nuclear charge number** (symbol *Z*) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the **proton number** (*n*p) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used to uniquely identify ordinary chemical elements. In an ordinary uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.

For an ordinary atom which contains protons, neutrons and electrons, the sum of the atomic number *Z* and the neutron number *N* gives the atom's atomic mass number *A*. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of the nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in daltons (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass"), is within 1% of the whole number *A*.

Atoms with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers, and hence different mass numbers, are known as isotopes. A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.

The conventional symbol *Z* comes from the German word ***Z**ahl* 'number', which, before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order was then approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this *Z* number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word *Atom**z**ahl* (and its English equivalent *atomic number*) come into common use in this context.

The rules above do not always apply to exotic atoms which contain short-lived elementary particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons.
Around the World with Willy Fog

***Around the World with Willy Fog*** (Spanish: *La vuelta al mundo de Willy Fog*) is a Spanish animated television adaptation of the 1873 novel *Around the World in Eighty Days* by Jules Verne produced by Spanish studio BRB Internacional and Televisión Española, with animation by Japanese studio Nippon Animation, that was first broadcast on TVE1 weekly between 8 January and 15 July 1984.
Apinayé language

**Apinayé** or **Apinajé** (otherwise known as Afotigé, Aogé, Apinagé, Otogé, Oupinagee, Pinagé, Pinaré, Uhitische, Utinsche, and Western Timbira) is a Northern Jê language (Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken in Tocantins, Eastern Central Brazil by some 2277 speakers of Apinajé people according to the most recent census taken by SIASI/SESAI in 2014. There are thirteen villages that speak the Apinayé language. The biggest and oldest villages include São José and Mariazinha; and the smaller villages are Cocalinho, Patizal, Buriti Comprido, Palmeiras, Prata, Cocal Grande, Serrinha, Botica, Riachinho, Bonito and Brejão. It is a subject–object–verb language.

Ethnologue considers Apinayé "developing," with a rating of 5 on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS). It can be hypothesized that language transmission is high, since Apinayé was ranked as a threatened language in the past 10 years, but presently it is no longer at that level.

## Phonology

The consonant and vowel inventory follows.
Albert the Fifth Musketeer

***Albert the Fifth Musketeer*** is an animated series based on the 1844 novel *The Three Musketeers* by Alexandre Dumas. It is a France Animation, Ravensburger and Cinar co-production, for Children's BBC and Canal+ in association with PolyGram Video, Animation Services Hong Kong Limited and Koroness Filmproduktion GmbH.