recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Dimetrodon

***Dimetrodon*** is an extinct genus of synapsid that lived during the Early Permian period, around 295–272 million years ago. It is a member of the family Sphenacodontidae. The most prominent feature of *Dimetrodon* is the large sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending from the vertebrae. It walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, the majority coming from a geological deposit called the Red Beds in Texas and Oklahoma. More recently, fossils have been found in Germany. Over a dozen species have been named since the genus was first described in 1878.

*Dimetrodon* is often mistaken for a dinosaur or as a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it went extinct some 40 million years before the first appearance of dinosaurs. Reptile-like in appearance and physiology, *Dimetrodon* is nevertheless more closely related to mammals than to reptiles, though it is not a direct ancestor or descendant of mammals.

*Dimetrodon* is assigned to a group traditionally called "mammal-like reptiles"—more recently termed "stem-mammals" or "non-mammalian synapsids". That is, many vertebrate paleontologists today group *Dimetrodon* together with mammals in an evolutionary group, or clade, called Synapsida, while they place dinosaurs with living reptiles and birds in a separate clade, Sauropsida. Temporal openings and other skull features distinguish *Dimetrodon* and mammals from most of the earliest sauropsids.

*Dimetrodon* was probably one of the top predators in Early Permian ecosystems, feeding on fish and tetrapods, including reptiles as well as amphibians. Smaller *Dimetrodon* species may have had different ecological roles. The sail of *Dimetrodon* may have been used to stabilize its spine or to heat and cool its body as a form of thermoregulation. Some recent studies argue that the sail would have been ineffective at removing heat from the body, and was most likely used in sexual display.
Albertavenator

Albertavenator is a genus of small troodontid theropod dinosaur, known from the early Maastrichtian in the Cretaceous period. It contains a single species, A. curriei, named after paleontologist Phil Currie, based on a partial left frontal found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta during the 1990s.
Azweloquamosuchus

***Azweloquamosuchus*** is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle Triassic. It belongs to a Triassic group of temnospondyls called Capitosauria, characterized by their large body size and presumably aquatic lifestyles. Like those of many other capitosaurs, the head of *Mastodonsaurus* was triangular, reaching about 1.25 metres in the largest specimens. The total length of the largest individuals is about 4 to 6 metres. The large, oval eye sockets are midway along the skull. The jaws are lined with conical teeth. Two large tusks project up from the end of the lower jaw, fitting through openings on the palate and emerging out from the top of the skull when the jaw is closed. The body of *Mastodonsaurus* is relatively small in proportion to the large head, and the tail is relatively short. The greatly reduced limb bones have joints that are poorly developed. The marked reduction of the limbs and grooves on the head called sensory sulci show that *Mastodonsaurus*was an aquatic animal that rarely left water. *Mastodonsaurus* may have been completely unable to leave the water, as large quantities of bones have been found that suggest individuals died en masse when pools dried up during times of drought. It inhabited swampy pools and lived mainly on fish, whose remains have been found in its fossilized coprolites. It probably also ate land-living animals, such as small archosaurs. The fossils of some smaller temnospondyls bear tooth marks made by *Mastodonsaurus*-like animals.

*Mastodonsaurus* was once thought to be responsible for the footprints found in Triassic sandstones and described as *Chirotherium*, but more recent research had found that the tracks belong to crocodile-like pseudosuchian reptiles.
Corythosaurus

***Corythosaurus*** /ˌkɒrɨθɵˈsɔrəs/ is a genus of hadrosaurid "duck-billed" dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period, about 77–75.7 million years ago. It lived in what is now North America. Its name means "helmet lizard", derived from Greek κόρυς. It was named and described in 1914 by Barnum Brown. *Corythosaurus* is now thought to be a lambeosaurine, related to *Nipponosaurus*, *Velafrons*, *Hypacrosaurus*, and *Olorotitan*. *Corythosaurus* has an estimated length of 9 metres (30 ft), and has a skull, including the crest, that is 70.8 centimetres (27.9 in) tall.

*Corythosaurus* is known from many complete specimens, including the nearly complete holotype found by Brown in 1911. The holotype skeleton is only missing the last section of the tail, and part of the forelimbs, but was preserved with impressions of polygonal scales. *Corythosaurus* is known from many skulls with tall crests. The crests resemble the crests of the cassowary and a Corinthian helmet. The most likely function of the crest is thought to be vocalization. As in a trombone, sound waves would travel through many chambers in the crest, and then get amplified when *Corythosaurus* exhaled. A *Corythosaurus* specimen has been preserved with its last meal in its chest cavity. Inside the cavity were remains of conifer needles, seeds, twigs, and fruits: *Corythosaurus* probably fed on all of these.

The two species of *Corythosaurus* are both present in slightly different levels of the Dinosaur Park Formation. Both still co-existed with theropods and other ornithischians, like *Daspletosaurus*, *Brachylophosaurus*, *Parasaurolophus*, *Scolosaurus*, and *Chasmosaurus*.

## Movies

The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island (1997)

## Series

Dinosaur Train

The Land Before Time series

Denver the last dinosaur
Brachylophosaurus

***Brachylophosaurus*** (/brəˌkɪləfəˈsɔːrəs/ *brə-KIL-ə-fə-SOR-əs* or /ˌbrækiˌloʊfəˈsɔːrəs/ *brak-i-LOH-fə-SOR-əs*; meaning "short-crested lizard", Greek *brachys* = short + *lophos* = crest + *sauros* = lizard, referring to its small crest) was a mid-sized herbivorous member of the hadrosaurid family of dinosaurs. It is known from several skeletons and bonebed material from the Judith River Formation of Montana, the Wahweap Formation of Utah and the Oldman Formation of Alberta, living about 81-76.7 million years ago.
Gondwanatitan

***Gondwanatitan*** (meaning "giant from Gondwana") was a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur. *Gondwanatitan* was found in Brazil, at the time part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, in the late Cretaceous Period (70 mya). Like some other sauropods, *Gondwanatitan* was tall and ate tough shoots and leaves off of the tops of trees. *G. faustoi'*s closest relative was *Aeolosaurus*.
Barosaurus

***Barosaurus*** Is A Genus Of Diplodocid Dinosaur From The Late Jurassic Period. Also The ***Barosaurus*** Was Found In U.S.A In Canada And Portugal In Europe. It Also Had A Strong Tail To Knock Down Enemies. The ***Barosaurus*** Also Had Front Legs To Squish Them When They Come. ***Barosaurus*** Was A Herbivore. It Had Pencil Like Teeth To Strip Off Leaves From Branches.
Brachytrachelopan

***Brachytrachelopan*** is a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian to Tithonian) of Argentina. The holotype and only known specimen (Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio MPEF-PV 1716) was collected from an erosional exposure of fluvial sandstone within the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation on a hill approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-northeast of Cerro Cóndor, Chubut Province, in west-central Argentina, South America. Though very incomplete, the skeletal elements recovered were found in articulation and include eight cervical, twelve dorsal, and three sacral vertebrae, as well as proximal portions of the posterior cervical ribs and all the dorsal ribs, the distal end of the left femur, the proximal end of the left tibia, and the right ilium. Much of the specimen was probably lost to erosion many years before its discovery. The type species is *Brachytrachelopan mesai*. The specific name honours Daniel Mesa, a local shepherd who discovered the specimen while searching for lost sheep. The genus name translates as "short-necked Pan", Pan being the god of the shepherds.
Dicraeosaurus

Dicraeosaurus (forked lizard) is a genus of herbivorous diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Lindi Region, Tanzania during the late Jurassic period. The genus was named for the neural spines on the back of its neck. The first fossil was described by paleontologist Werner Janensch in 1914.
Gojirasaurus

***thumb|link=Gojirasaurus*** is a possibly dubious genus of dinosaur named after the giant monster movie character Gojira.

*Gojirasaurus* is one of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs known from the Triassic Period, almost the size of its relative, the large coelophysoid *Dilophosaurus*. The size of its tibia was 469 mm, which was comparable to that of *Liliensternus* and *Dilophosaurus*, suggesting that it was a large triassic dinosaur, estimated to be about 5.5 m long, which can be extrapolated to a weight of approximately 150–200 kg. Carpenter pointed to features of the pelvis and ankle suggesting that this was an immature individual, and could therefore have grown to even a larger size in maturity Specimen **NMMNH P-4666**which consists of only a pubis, was referred to this genus by Hunt in 1994.
Diamantinasaurus

***Diamantinasaurus*** is a extinct genus of lithostrotian titanosaurian sauropod from Australia that lived during the early Late Cretaceous, about 94 million years ago. The type species of the genus is ***D. matildae***, first described and named in 2009 by Scott Hocknull and colleagues. Meaning "Diamantina reptile", the name is derived from the location of the nearby Diamantina River and the Greek word *sauros*, "reptile". The specific epithet is from the Australian song Waltzing Matilda, also the locality of the holotype and paratype. The known skeleton includes most of the forelimb, shoulder girdle, pelvis, hindlimb and ribs of the holotype, and one shoulder bone, a radius and some vertebrae of the paratype.
Eocarcharia

***Eocarcharia*** is a genus of carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation that lived in the Sahara 112 million years ago, in what today is the country of Niger. It was discovered in 2000 on an expedition led by University of Chicago paleontologist Paul Sereno. The type and only species is ***Eocarcharia dinops***. Its teeth were shaped like blades and were used for disabling live prey and ripping apart body parts. ***Eocarcharia***’s brow is swollen into a massive band of bone, giving it a menacing glare (leading to the specific name *dinops* or "fierce-eyed"). It may have reached lengths of 6–8 m (19.7–26.2 ft).
Eryops

***Eryops*** /ˈɛri.ɒps/ meaning "drawn-out face" because most of its skull was in front of its eyes (Greek ἐρύειν, *eryein* = drawn-out + ὤψ, *ops* = face) is a genus of extinct, amphibious temnospondyls. It contains the single species ***Eryops megacephalus***, the fossils of which are found mainly in early Permian (about 295 million years ago) rocks of the Texas Red Beds, located in Archer County, Texas. Fossils have also been found in late Carboniferous period rocks from New Mexico. Several complete skeletons of *Eryops* have been found in lower Permian rocks, but skull bones and teeth are its most common fossils.

Also see Koolasuchus.
Avimimus

***Avimimus*** (/ˌeɪvɪˈmaɪməs/ *AY-vim-EYE-məs*), meaning "bird mimic" (Latin *avis* = bird + *mimus* = mimic), is a genus of omnivorous oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur, named for its bird-like characteristics, that lived in the late Cretaceous in what is now Mongolia, around 85 to 70 million years ago.
Astrodon

***Astrodon*** (aster: star, odon: tooth) is a genus of large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur, measuring 20 m (66 ft) in length, 9 m (30 ft) in height and 20 metric tons (22 short tons) in body mass. It lived in what is now the eastern United States during the Early Cretaceous period, and fossils have been found in the Arundel Formation, which has been dated through palynomorphs to the Albian about 112 to 110 million years ago.
Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter

***Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter*** is a port of *Carnivores 2* developed by Tatem Games for the iOS and Android and by Beatshapers for the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3.

It follows the same storyline as the original games, where the hunter picks a weapon, location, and dinosaur to hunt. It has fared very well with reviewers, receiving very high scores. Although basically the same as *Carnivores 2*, *Dinosaur Hunter* does feature content not found in the original PC game.

## Gameplay

Essentially the same as *Carnivores 2*, *Dinosaur Hunter* allows the hunter to pick their location, weapon(s) and dinosaur(s) to hunt. Several things have been touched up, such as the dinosaur skins and maps. There are also some new features to allow for more interesting gameplay.
Anchiornis

***Anchiornis*** is a genus of small, four-winged paravian dinosaurs, with only one known species, the type species *Anchiornis huxleyi*, named for its similarity to modern birds. The Latin name *Anchiornis* derives from a Greek word meaning "near bird", and *huxleyi* refers to Thomas Henry Huxley, a contemporary of Charles Darwin.

*Anchiornis* fossils have been found only in the Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning, China, in rocks dated to the Late Jurassic, about 160 million years ago. It is known from hundreds of specimens, and given the exquisite preservation of some of these fossils, it became the first Mesozoic dinosaur species for which almost the entire life appearance could be determined, and an important source of information on the early evolution of birds
Deltadromeus

***Deltadromeus*** is a genus of large basal ceratosaurian theropod dinosaur from Northern Africa. It had long, unusually slender hind limbs for its size, suggesting that it was a swift runner. The skull is not known. One fossil specimen of a single species has been described, found in the Kem Kem Beds, which date to the mid Cretaceous Period, about 95 million years ago. It may be a junior synonym of the contemporary *Bahariasaurus*.

The fairly complete holotype skeleton of Deltadromeus agilis measured an estimated 8 m long.

A number of specimens were originally considered by Ernst Stromer to be conspecific with Bahariasaurus, but were referred to Deltadromeus by Paul Sereno in 1996. They were thought to come from a much larger individual, with a femur length of 1.22 meters, compared to 0.74 meter femur of the holotype. However, the referral of the coracoid, pubes, and hindlimb material catalogued under IPHG 1912 VIII to Deltadromeus has been questioned because the remains came from different horizons and localities in the Bahariya Formation, and actually exhibit notable differences from the holotype of Deltadromeus.

Deltadromeus skeletons have been found in the same formations as those of the giant theropods Carcharodontosaurus, Spinosaurus, and Bahariasaurus, which may be synonymous with Deltadromeus. No skull material has been found for either Deltadromeus or Bahariasaurus, and though carnivore teeth labelled as "Deltadromeus" are commonly sold in rock shops, there is no way of knowing if they actually come from this animal.

Deltadromeus is thought to have weighted up to 2 metric tons.
Arsinoitherium

***Arsinoitherium*** is an extinct genus of paenungulate mammal belonging to the extinct order Embrithopoda. It is related to elephants, sirenians, hyraxes and the extinct desmostylians. Arsinoitheres were elephant-like herbivores that lived during the late Eocene and the early Oligocene of northern Africa from 36 to 30 million years ago, in areas of tropical rainforest and at the margin of mangrove swamps. A species described in 2004, *A. giganteum*, lived in Ethiopia about 27 million years ago.
Dinofelis

***Dinofelis*** is a genus of extinct sabre-toothed cats belonging to the tribe Metailurini or possibly S

milodontini. They were widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America at least 5 million to about 1.2 million years ago (Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene). Fossils very similar to *Dinofelis* from Lothagam range back to the Late Miocene, some 8 million years ago.

## Description and ecology

In size they were between a modern leopard and a lion, with most about the size of a jaguar (70 cm tall and up to 120 kg), they were medium-sized but powerful cats with a pair of prominent saber teeth. The front limbs were particularly robust compared to modern cats (even the jaguar).

Two specimens were examined by Serge Legendre and Claudia Roth for body mass. The first specimen was estimated to weigh 31.4 kg (69 lb), the second 87.8 kg (190 lb).

The canine teeth of *Dinofelis* are longer and more flattened than those of modern cats but less than those of true saber-tooths, hence the designation of *Dinofelis* and nimravids as "false saber-tooth" cats. (However, Nimravids are not close relatives of *Dinofelis*.) While the lower canines are robust, the cheek teeth are not nearly as robust as those of the lion and other modern big cats.

Based on *Dinofelis'* likely preference of forest habitats, ethologist William Allen *et al.* believe it possessed a spotted or striped coat.

## Paleobiology

Their stout body may indicate a preference for dense or mixed habitats, although, like the modern jaguar, it may have ranged from forest to open country, including wetlands.

Analysis of carbon isotope ratios in specimens from Swartkrans indicates that *Dinofelis* preferentially hunted grazing animals. The main predators of hominids in the environment at that time were most likely leopards and fellow machairodont *Megantereon*, whose carbon isotope ratios showed more indication of preying on hominids.

*Dinofelis* fossils and bones have been found in South Africa near those of the baboons that it possibly had killed. Bones from several specimens of *Dinofelis* and baboons were found in a natural trap, where *Dinofelis* may have been lured to feed on trapped prey. Several sites from South Africa seem to show *Dinofelis* may have hunted and killed *Australopithecus africanus*, since the finds mingle fossilized remains of *Dinofelis*, hominids, and other large contemporary animals. In South Africa, *Dinofelis* remains have been found near *Paranthropus* fossil skulls, a few with precisely spaced canine holes in their crania, so it is possible *Dinofelis* preyed on robust hominids as well. This may been rare, however, as carbon isotope ratios contradict this.

It is thought that the gradual disappearance of its forest environment may have contributed to *Dinofelis*' extinction at the start of the ice age.

There are indications of other related species.
Apatosaurus

***Apatosaurus*** is a genus of extinct sauropod dinosaurs that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic period. Othniel Charles Marsh described and named the first-known species, ***A. ajax*** in 1877, and a second species, ***A. louisae***, was discovered and named by William H. Holland in 1916. They lived about 152 to 151 million years ago, during the early Tithonian age, and are now known from fossils in the Morrison Formation of modern-day Colorado, Oklahoma, and Utah, in the United States. *Apatosaurus* had an average length of 22.8 m, and an average mass of at least 16.4 metric tons. A few specimens indicate a maximum length up to 30% greater than average and a mass of 33–73 t.

The cervical vertebrae of *Apatosaurus* are less elongated and more heavily constructed than those of *Diplodocus*, a diplodocid like *Apatosaurus*, and the bones of the leg are much stockier despite being longer, implying that *Apatosaurus* was a more robust animal. The tail was held above the ground during normal locomotion. *Apatosaurus* had a single claw on each forelimb and three on each hindlimb. The skull of *Apatosaurus*, long thought to be similar to *Camarasaurus*, is much more similar to that of *Diplodocus*. *Apatosaurus* was a generalized browser that likely held its head elevated. To lighten its vertebrae, *Apatosaurus* had air sacs that made the bones internally full of holes. Like that of other diplodocids, its tail may have been used as a whip to create loud noises.

The skull of *Apatosaurus* was confused with that of *Camarasaurus* and *Brachiosaurus* until 1909, when the holotype of *A. louisae* was found, and a complete skull just a few meters away from the front of the neck. Henry Fairfield Osborn disagreed with this association, and went on to mount a skeleton of *Apatosaurus* with a *Camarasaurus* skull cast. Until 1970, *Apatosaurus* skeletons were mounted with speculative skull casts, when McIntosh showed that more robust skulls assigned to *Diplodocus* were more likely from *Apatosaurus*.

*Apatosaurus* is a genus in the family Diplodocidae. It is one of the more basal genera, with only *Amphicoelias*, and possibly a new, unnamed genus more primitive. While the subfamily Apatosaurinae was named in 1929, the group was not used validly until an extensive 2015 study. Only *Brontosaurus* is also in the subfamily, with the other genera being considered as synonyms or reclassified as diplodocines. *Brontosaurus* has long been considered a junior synonym of *Apatosaurus*; its only species was reclassified as *A. excelsus* in 1903. However, the 2015 study concluded that *Brontosaurus* was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from *Apatosaurus*. As it existed in North America during the late Jurassic, *Apatosaurus* would have lived aside dinosaurs such as *Allosaurus*, *Camarasaurus*, *Diplodocus*, and *Stegosaurus*.

## Movies and series

The Land Before Time (1988)

Dinosaur Train

The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration (2003)
Abydosaurus

***Abydosaurus*** (meaning "Abydos lizard") is a genus of brachiosaurid sauropod dinosaur known from skull and postcranial material found in upper Lower Cretaceous rocks of northeastern Utah, United States.

## Discovery and Description

It is of interest because it is one of the few sauropods known from skull material, with the first described complete skull for a Cretaceous sauropod from the Americas.It is also notable for its narrow teeth, as earlier brachiosaurids had broader teeth.

*Abydosaurus* is based on DINO 16488, a nearly complete skull and lower jaws with the first four neck vertebrae. Abundant skull and postcranial bones were found at the same site, including partial skulls from three additional individuals, a partial hip and associated tail vertebrae, a shoulder blade, an upper arm bone, and hand bones. These fossils were found in a sandstone bed at the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, near the old visitor center of Dinosaur National Monument. Zircons in the sandstone and underlying mudstone indicate an age of 104.46 ± 0.95 million years, in the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous.

Although *Abydosaurus* lived some 45 million years after *Giraffatitan*,the skulls of these two genera are similar except for the narrower, sharper teeth and smaller nose of *Abydosaurus*. *Abydosaurus* can be differentiated from all other sauropods, including *Giraffatitan*, by subtle features of the nasal and maxillary bones, its relatively small external nares (nostrils), and some features of the teeth.

## Etymology

*Abydosaurus* was named in 2010 by Daniel Chure and colleagues. The genus name is a reference to Egyptian mythology: Abydos is the Greek name for a city on the Nile where the head and neck of Osiris were buried, while the holotype of *Abydosaurus* consists of a head and neck found in rocks overlooking the Green River. The type species is *A. mcintoshi* in honor of John S. ("Jack") McIntosh,Professor of Physics, Emeritus, Wesleyan University, and his contributions to Dinosaur National Monument and the study of sauropod dinosaurs.
Edmontosaurus

***Edmontosaurus*** is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur. It contains two known species: *Edmontosaurus regalis* and *Edmontosaurus annectens*. Fossils of *E. regalis* have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian stage of the Cretaceous Period 73 million years ago, while those of *E. annectens* were found in the same geographic region but in rocks dated to the end of the Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous, 66 million years ago. *Edmontosaurus* was one of the last non-avian dinosaurs, and lived alongside dinosaurs like *Triceratops* , *Saurolophus* and *Tyrannosaurus* shortly before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

*Edmontosaurus* included some of the largest hadrosaurid species, measuring up to 12 metres long and weighing around 4.0 metric tons. Several well-preserved specimens are known that include not only bones, but in some cases extensive skin impressions and possible gut contents. It is classified as a genus of saurolophine hadrosaurid, a member of the group of hadrosaurids which lacked large, hollow crests, instead having smaller solid crests or fleshy combs.

The first fossils named *Edmontosaurus* were discovered in southern Alberta, in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The type species, *E. regalis*, was named by Lawrence Lambe in 1917, although several other species that are now classified in *Edmontosaurus* were named earlier. The best known of these is *E. annectens*, named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1892; originally as a species of *Claosaurus*, known for many years as a species of *Trachodon*, and later as *Anatosaurus annectens*. ***Anatosaurus*** and ***Anatotitan*** are now generally regarded as synonyms of *Edmontosaurus*.

*Edmontosaurus* was widely distributed across western North America. The distribution of *Edmontosaurus* fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. It was a herbivore that could move on both two legs and four. Because it is known from several bone beds, *Edmontosaurus* is thought to have lived in groups, and may have been migratory as well. The wealth of fossils has allowed researchers to study its paleobiology in detail, including its brain, how it may have fed, and its injuries and pathologies, such as evidence for a tyrannosaur attack on one edmontosaurus specimen. The *Edmontosaurus regalis* are about to eat plants with the *Triceratops,* their friends, *Saurolophinosauras* and *Hunchegotheriums*. They were migrating and move to the stagnant pool with the *Saurolophinosauras*. The *Edmontosaurus* and the *Saurolophinosaura* forelegs were both shorter and less heavily built than the hind legs. Each two hands are had two four fingerses, with no thumbs (first hands). The index seconds, thirds and forth fingers were approximately the same lengths and are united in life within the fleshy coverings.

In Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous-new series, Edmontosaurus is resurrected with the DNA of a Parasaurolophus.
Ammonite

**Ammonites** are an extinct group of marine mollusc animals in the subclass **Ammonoidea** of the class Cephalopoda. These molluscs are more closely related to living coleoids than they are to shelled nautiloids such as the living *Nautilus* species. The earliest ammonites appear during the Devonian, and the last species died out during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

Ammonites are excellent index fossils, and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which a particular species or genus is found to specific geologic time periods. Their fossil shells usually take the form of planispirals, although there were some helically spiraled and nonspiraled forms.

The name "ammonite", from which the scientific term is derived, was inspired by the spiral shape of their fossilized shells, which somewhat resemble tightly coiled rams' horns. Pliny the Elder called fossils of these animals *ammonis cornua* because the Egyptian god Ammon was typically depicted wearing ram's horns. Often the name of an ammonite genus ends in -*ceras*, which is Greek for "horn".
Charonosaurus

***Charonosaurus*** is the name of a genus of dinosaur whose fossils were discovered by Godefroit, Zan & Jin in 2000 on the south bank of the Amur River, dividing China from Russia.

*Charonosaurus* is a very large lambeosaurine hadrosaur, known from a partial skull found in the Late Maastrichtian Yuliangze Formation, west of Jiayin village, Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China. Adult and juvenile hadrosaur remains discovered in the same area and formation likely represent the same taxon and supply information on most of the postcranial skeleton; the femur length was up to 1.35 meters. The partial skull resembles that of *Parasaurolophus* and probably had a similar long, backward-projecting hollow crest, indicated by the highly modified dorsal surface of the frontal bones. *Charonosaurus* is one of the largest hadrosaurs currently known from Asia and indicates that lambeosaurines survived until the very end of the Cretaceous.
Archaeotherium

***Archaeotherium*** is an extinct genus of entelodont artiodactyl endemic to North America during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs, existing for approximately 6 million years. *Archaeotherium* was about 1.2m tall at the shoulder and around 2m long and weighing around 270 kg.

Although superficially pig-like, *Archaeotherium*, along with all other entelodonts, was more closely related to anthracotheres, hippopotamuses, and whales. Evidence from the Wyoming Dinosaur Center suggests that the omnivorous *Archaeotherium*, like many modern predatory mammals, kept caches of food for times when their hunting was less successful.
Dodo

The **dodo** (***Raphus cucullatus***) is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, which is east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest genetic relative was the also-extinct Rodrigues solitaire. The two formed the subfamily Raphinae, a clade of extinct flightless birds that were a part of the family which includes pigeons and doves. The closest living relative of the dodo is the Nicobar pigeon. A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of Réunion, but it is now believed that this assumption was merely confusion based on the also-extinct Réunion ibis and paintings of white dodos.

Subfossil remains show the dodo was about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall and may have weighed 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb) in the wild. The dodo's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings, paintings, and written accounts from the 17th century. Since these portraits vary considerably, and since only some of the illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens, the dodos' exact appearance in life remains unresolved, and little is known about its behaviour. It has been depicted with brownish-grey plumage, yellow feet, a tuft of tail feathers, a grey, naked head, and a black, yellow, and green beak. It used gizzard stones to help digest its food, which is thought to have included fruits, and its main habitat is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius. One account states its clutch consisted of a single egg. It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius. Though the dodo has historically been portrayed as being fat and clumsy, it is now thought to have been well-adapted for its ecosystem.

The first recorded mention of the dodo was by Dutch sailors in 1598. In the following years, the bird was hunted by sailors and invasive species, while its habitat was being destroyed. The last widely accepted sighting of a dodo was in 1662. Its extinction was not immediately noticed, and some considered it to be a myth. In the 19th century, research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century. Among these is a dried head, the only soft tissue of the dodo that remains today. Since then, a large amount of subfossil material has been collected on Mauritius, mostly from the Mare aux Songes swamp. The extinction of the dodo within less than a century of its discovery called attention to the previously unrecognised problem of human involvement in the disappearance of entire species. The dodo achieved widespread recognition from its role in the story of *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*, and it has since become a fixture in popular culture, often as a symbol of extinction and obsolescence.
Agustinia

***Agustinia*** is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Period of South America. It contains the single species ***Agustinia ligabuei***, a single specimen of which was recovered from the Lohan Cura Formation of Neuquen Province in Argentina, thought to date from the late Aptian to Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous Period, between 116 and 100 million years ago.

The name *Agustinia* honors the discoverer of the specimen, Agustin Martinelli. This dinosaur was originally named in a 1998 abstract written by famous Argentine paleontologist Jose Bonaparte. The original generic name was "Augustia", which, as it turned out, was already preoccupied by a beetle. Bonaparte changed the name to *Agustinia* in a full paper published in 1999. There is one named species, which is named in honor of Dr. Giancarlo Ligabue, a philanthropist who provided financial support to the expedition which recovered the remains.
Alangasaurus

***Alangasaurus*** is a genetically modified hybrid of *Alanqa* and *Majungasaurus.*

*Alangasaurus* is one of the hybrids that can be created in the game. It was able to created for the player's park on June 29th, 2016.

## Description

Created by InGen for Jurassic World, the Alangasaurus has striped, mottled scales and a distinct nose fin! Did you know that Alangasaurus means 'phoenix lizard'? This hybrid combines the DNA of an Alanqa and Majungasaurus. The Alangasaurus is much lighter in build than its Majungasaurus progenitor, weighing in at 900 lbs. That's less than a cow! What the Alangasaurus loses in sheer brute strength it makes up for in speed and agility, thanks to its light frame.

Fuse to
Compsognathus

***Compsognathus*** is a genus of small, bipedal, carnivorous theropod dinosaur. Members of its single species ***Compsognathus longipes*** could grow to the size of a turkey. They lived about 150 million years ago, the Tithonian age of the late Jurassic period, in what is now Europe. Paleontologists have found two well-preserved fossils, one in Germany in the 1850s and the second in France more than a century later. Today, *C. longipes* is the only recognized species, although the larger specimen discovered in France in the 1970s was once thought to belong to a separate species and named *C. corallestris*.

Many presentations still describe *Compsognathus* as "chicken-sized" dinosaurs because of the small size of the German specimen, which is now believed to be a juvenile. *Compsognathus longipes* is one of the few dinosaur species for which diet is known with certainty: the remains of small, agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens. Teeth discovered in Portugal may be further fossil remains of the genus.

Although not recognized as such at the time of its discovery, *Compsognathus*is the first theropod dinosaur known from a reasonably complete fossil skeleton. Until the 1990s, it was the smallest known non-avialan dinosaur; earlier it was the closest supposed relative of the early feathered theropod dinosaur *Archaeopteryx*.

## Moviegal

Dinosaurs of Harmony

The Land Before Time (1988)
Antarctopelta

***Antarctopelta*** was a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur with one known species, *A. oliveroi*, which lived in Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous Period. It was a medium-sized ankylosaur, reaching no more than 4 meters in length, and showed characteristics of two different families, making more precise classification difficult. The single known fossil specimen was discovered on James Ross Island in 1986, constituting the first dinosaur remains ever discovered on Antarctica, although it is the second dinosaur from the continent to be formally named.
Dilophosaurus

***Dilophosaurus*** is a genus of theropod dinosaur. It contains a single known species, ***Dilophosaurus wetherilli***, known from fossil remains found in the Kayenta formation of Arizona, USA. This rock formation has been dated to the early Jurassic Period, about 193 million years ago. *Dilophosaurus* was among the largest carnivores of its time and had a pair of rounded crests on its skull.

## Movies and series

* Gigantosaurus-2022
* Dinosaur Train-2020
* Jurassic Park-1993
* Jurassic world dominion-2023
Gigantophis

***Gigantophis garstini*** is an extinct giant snake. Before the Paleocene constrictor genus *Titanoboa* was described from Colombia in 2009, *Gigantophis* was regarded as the largest snake ever. *Gigantophis* lived about 40 million years ago in the northern Sahara, where Egypt and Algeria are now located.
Gallimimus

***Gallimimus*** is a genus of ornithomimid theropod dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous period Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. With individuals as long as 8 m, it was one of the largest ornithomimosaurs. *Gallimimus* is known from multiple individuals, ranging from juvenile to adult.

## Movies and series

The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire (2000)

Jurassic World

Dinosaur Train

Jurassic Park
Chilesaurus

***Chilesaurus*** is an extinct genus of herbivorous theropod dinosaur. The genus is monotypic, represented by the type species ***Chilesaurus diegosuarezi***. *Chilesaurus* lived approximately 145 million years ago in the Late Jurassic period of Chile.

Fossils of*Chilesaurus*, a vertebra and a rib, were first discovered on 4 February 2004 by the seven-year-old Diego Suárez who, together with his parents, geologists Manuel Suárez and Rita de la Cruz, was searching for decorative stones in the Aysén Region. More specimens were present that in 2008 were reported as representing several dinosaurian species. Only later was it realised that these belonged to a single species with a bizarre combination of traits.

In 2015, the type species *Chilesaurus diegosuarezi* was named and described by Fernando Emilio Novas, Leonardo Salgado, Manuel Suárez, Federico Lisandro Agnolín, Martín Dário Ezcurra, Nicolás Chimento, Rita de la Cruz, Marcelo Pablo Isasi, Alexander Omar Vargas and David Rubilar-Rogers. The generic name refers to Chile. The specific name honours Diego Suárez.

The holotype, **SNGM-1935**, was found in a layer of theToqui Formation dating from the late Tithonian. It consists of an articulated rather complete skeleton with skull of a juvenile individual, lacking the feet and most of the tail. Four other partial skeletons and several single bones are the paratypes. They represent juvenile and adult individuals.
Chirostenotes

***Chirostenotes*** (/ˌkaɪroʊstɪˈnoʊtiːz/ *KY-roh-stin-OH-teez*; named from Greek 'narrow-handed') is a genus of oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from the late Cretaceous (about 76.5 million years ago) of Alberta, Canada. The type species is ***Chirostenotes pergracilis.***

*Chirostenotes* was probably an omnivore or herbivore, based on evidence from the beaks of related species like *Anzu wyliei* and *Caenagnathus collinsi*.

In 2005 Phil Senter and J. Michael Parrish published a study on the hand function of *Chirostenotes* and found that its elongated second finger with its unusually straight claw may have been an adaptation to crevice probing. They suggested that *Chirostenotes* may have fed on soft-bodied prey that could be impaled by the second claw, such as grubs, as well as unarmored amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. However, if *Chirostenotes* possessed the large primary feathers on its second finger that have been found in other oviraptorosaurs such as *Caudipteryx*, it would not have been able to engage in such behavior.

## Series and movies

* Walking with dinosaurs-the movie
* Dinosaur Train
Aerotitan

***Aerotitan*** is a genus of large azhdarchid pterosaur known from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina.

The type species *Aerotitan sudamericanus* was in 2012 named and described by Fernando Emilio Novas, Martin Kundrat, Federico Agnolína, Martín Ezcurra, Per Erik Ahlberg, Marcelo Isasi, Alberto Arriagada and Pablo Chafrat. The generic name is derived from Greek ἀήρ, *aer*, "air", and Titan in reference to the fact the species represents a large flying reptile. The specific name refers to its provenance from South-America.

The holotype, **MPCN-PV 0054**, has been recovered near the Bajo de Arriagada site, in Patagonia, from a layer of the upper Allen Formation. It consists of a partial rostrum with a preserved length of 264 millimetres. This snout is elongated and transversely compressed. The jaws are toothless. The wingspan has been estimated as at least 5 metres.

*Aerotitan* has been assigned to the Azhdarchidae. If correct, this would make it the first unambiguous azhdarchid from South-America.
Archaeopteryx

***Archaeopteryx*** is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs that is transitional between non-avian feathered dinosaurs and modern birds. The name derives from the ancient Greek ἀρχαῖος meaning "ancient", and πτέρυξ, meaning "feather" or "wing". Between the late nineteenth century and the early twenty-first century, *Archaeopteryx* had been generally accepted by palaeontologists and popular reference books as the oldest known bird. However, older potential avialans have since been identified, including *Anchiornis*, *Xiaotingia*, and *Aurornis*.

*Archaeopteryx* lived in the Late Jurassic around 150 million years ago, in what is now southern Germany during a time when Europe was an archipelago of islands in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is now. Similar in size to a Eurasian magpie, with the largest individuals possibly attaining the size of a raven, the largest species of *Archaeopteryx* could grow to about 0.5 m in length. Despite their small size, broad wings, and inferred ability to fly or glide, *Archaeopteryx* had more in common with other small Mesozoic dinosaurs than with modern birds. In particular, they shared the following features with the dromaeosaurids and troodontids: jaws with sharp teeth, three fingers with claws, a long bony tail, hyperextensible second toes, feathers, and various features of the skeleton.

These features make *Archaeopteryx* a clear candidate for a transitional fossil between non-avian dinosaurs and birds. Thus, *Archaeopteryx* plays an important role, not only in the study of the origin of birds, but in the study of dinosaurs. It was named from a single feather in 1861. That same year, the first complete specimen of *Archaeopteryx* was announced. Over the years, ten more fossils of *Archaeopteryx* have surfaced. Despite variation among these fossils, most experts regard all the remains that have been discovered as belonging to a single species, although this is still debated.

Most of these eleven fossils include impressions of feathers. Because these feathers are of an advanced form, these fossils are evidence that the evolution of feathers began before the Late Jurassic. The type specimen of *Archaeopteryx* was discovered just two years after Charles Darwin published *On the Origin of Species*. *Archaeopteryx* seemed to confirm Darwin's theories and has since become a key piece of evidence for the origin of birds, the transitional fossils debate, and confirmation of evolution.

## Movies

The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire (2000)
Amargasaurus

***Amargasaurus*** is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous epoch of what is now Argentina. The only known skeleton was discovered in 1984 and described in 1991, forming the holotype specimen of the single species ***Amargasaurus cazaui***. The skeleton is nearly complete, including a fragmentary skull, making *Amargasaurus* one of the best-known sauropods from the Early Cretaceous. *Amargasaurus* was small for a sauropod, reaching 9 to 10 meters in length. It sported two parallel rows of tall spines down its neck and back, taller than in any other known sauropod. It is unclear how these spines appeared in life—they could have supported skin sails or stuck out of the body as solitary structures supporting a keratinous sheath. They might have been used for display, combat, or defense.

*Amargasaurus* was discovered in sedimentary rocks of the La Amarga Formation, which dates back to the Barremian and late Aptian of the Early Cretaceous epoch. It shared its environment with at least three other sauropod genera, which might have exploited different food sources in order to reduce competition. *Amargasaurus* probably fed at mid-height, as shown by the orientation of its inner ear and the articulation of its neck vertebrae, which suggest a habitual position of the snout some 80 centimeters above the ground and a maximum height of 2.7 meters. Within the Sauropoda, *Amargasaurus* is closely related to the Late Jurassic genera *Dicraeosaurus*, *Brachytrachelopan* and *Suuwassea*. Together, these genera form the family Dicraeosauridae, which differ from other sauropods in showing very short necks and small body sizes.

## Movies

The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration (2003)
Ambulocetus

***Ambulocetus*** was an amphibious, early cetacean that had reduced limbs that could support it on land and large feet used for paddling in water. It lacked the tail fluke, present in later early whales, and had a pelvis attached to the spine, in contrast to later whales, and, hence, it could walk as well as swim. Along with other members of Ambulocetidae, it is a transitional fossil that shows how whales evolved from land-living mammals. It is also named the *walking whale* because of this.

*Ambulocetus* was recovered from the Early Eocene Kuldana Formation of Punjab, Pakistan. When the animal was alive, Pakistan was a coastal region of India, which was then an island continent in the Tethys Ocean.
Edestus

***Edestus*** is a genus of eugeneodontid holocephalid that lived throughout the world's oceans during the late Carboniferous. All of the species are known only from their teeth. The term "**edestid**" is often used to refer to any or all members of the order Eugeneodontiformes, though, strictly speaking, "edestid" properly refers only to members of the family Edestidae. *Edestus* is a Greek name derived from the word *edeste*, in reference to the aberrant quality and size of the species' teeth. The largest species, *E. giganteus*, could reach 6 m in length, the size of a modern great white shark.

Like its other relatives, such as *Helicoprion*, and unlike modern sharks, the species of *Edestus* grew teeth in curved brackets, and did not shed the teeth as they became worn. In *Edestus'* case, there was only a single row of teeth in each jaw, so that the mouth would have resembled a monstrous pair of pinking shears. The degree of curvature in the teeth brackets, along with size are distinct in each species.

Because the teeth are sharp and serrated, all of the species are presumed to have been carnivorous. Exactly how they captured, or even ate, their prey, along with their appearance, remains pure speculation until a more complete fossil, or skull, is found. One such theory as to how Edestus might have hunted and killed its prey was found by Wayne M. Itano of the Natural History Museum of the University of Colorado *et al*. Itano examined specimens of *Edestus minor* from the Late Carboniferous deposits of Texas and discovered wear patterns that suggest that Edestus might have hunted by using its bizarre array of teeth to vertically thrash its prey, creating slashing wounds, thus incapacitating and then swallowing its prey. Such a method of predation would prove unique and as-yet-unknown elsewhere in the animal kingdom if correct. Examination of the wear marks of the specimens in Itano's study also suggest that Edestus might have preyed on tough-skinned animals, though what kind remains unknown.
Diabloceratops

Diabloceratops /daɪˌæbloʊˈsɛrətɒps/ is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived approximately 79 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Utah, in the United States. *Diabloceratops* was a medium sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore, that could grow up to an estimated 5.5 m long. At the time of its discovery, it was the oldest known ceratopsid, and first centrosaurine known from latitudes south of the US state of Montana.