List of United States over-the-air television networks

In the United States, for most of the history of broadcasting, there were only three or four major commercial national broadcast networks. From 1946 to 1956, these were ABC, CBS, NBC and DuMont (though the Paramount Television Network
 had some limited success during these years). From 1956 to 1983, the "Big Three" national commercial networks were ABC, CBS, and NBC (with a
few limited attempts to challenge them, such as National Telefilm Associates [and its NTA Film Network] and the Overmyer Network). From 1954 to 1970, National Educational Television was the national clearinghouse for public television programming; the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) succeeded it in 1970.

Today, more than 50 national broadcasting networks exist. Other than the non-commercial educational (NCE) PBS, which is composed of member stations, the largest broadcast television networks are the traditional Big Three television networks (ABC, CBS and NBC). Many other large networks exist, however, notably Fox and The WB which air original programming for two hours each night instead of
three like the original "Big Three" do, as well as syndication services like Ion Television
 which feature reruns of recent popular shows with little to no original
 programming. Fox has just about the same household reach percentage as
the Big Three, and is therefore often considered a peer to ABC, NBC, and CBS since it has also achieved equal or better ratings since the early 1990s. Most media outlets now include Fox in what they refer to as the "Big Four" television networks.

The transition to digital broadcasting in 2009 has allowed for television stations to offer additional programming options through digital subchannels, one or more supplementary programming streams to the station's primary channel that are achieved through multiplexing
 of a station's signal. A number of new commercial networks airing specialty programming such as movies, reruns of classic series and
lifestyle programs have been created from companies like Weigel Broadcasting, Luken Communications and even owners of the major networks such as The Walt Disney Company (through the Disney–NBC Television Group subsidiary) and Paramount Communications (through the ABC-Paramount subsidiary). Through the use of multicasting, there have also been a
number of new Spanish-language and non-commercial public television
networks that have launched.

Broadcast networks in the United States can be divided into four categories:

* Commercial broadcast networks – which air English-language programming to a general audience (for example, CBS);
* Spanish-language broadcasting networks – fully programmed networks which air Spanish-language programming to a primarily Hispanic and Latino audience (for example, Telemundo and Univision);
* Educational and other non-commercial broadcast networks – which air English- and some foreign-language television programming, intended to be educational in nature or otherwise of a sort not found on commercial television (for example, PBS);
* Religious broadcast networks – which air religious study and other faith-based programs, and in some cases, family-oriented secular programs (for example, Daystar).

Each network sends its signal to many local affiliate television stations across the country. These local stations then air the "network feed," with programs broadcast by each network being viewed by up to tens of millions of households across the country. In the case of the largest networks, the signal is sent to over 200 stations. In the case of the smallest networks, the signal may be sent to just a dozen or fewer stations.

As of the 2015-16 television season, there are an estimated 116.4 million households in the United States with at least one television set.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Table of broadcast networks
	+ 1.1 Major English-language commercial networks
	+ 1.2 Public television networks
	+ 1.3 Spanish-language networks
	+ 1.4 Genre-based and general entertainment television networks
	+ 1.5 News, sports and lifestyle networks
	+ 1.6 Shopping networks
	+ 1.7 Program Guide networks
	+ 1.8 Religious television networks
* 2 English-language commercial networks
	+ 2.1 Conventional networks
	+ 2.2 Minor and digital multicast networks
	+ 2.3 Nomenclatures for commercial networks
* 3 Spanish-language commercial networks
* 4 Non-commercial networks
	+ 4.1 Public/cultural/educational non-commercial
	+ 4.2 Religious
* 5 Defunct networks
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes

## Table of broadcast networks

All of the networks listed below operate a number of terrestrial
television stations. In addition, several of these networks are also
aired on cable and satellite services.

Major English-language commercial networks

Public television networks

Spanish-language networks

Genre-based and general entertainment television networks

News, sports and lifestyle networks

Shopping networks

Program Guide networks

1. of households viewable
1. of Full-power affiliates

Religious television networks

## English-language commercial networks

### Conventional networks

* **American Broadcasting Company (ABC)** – The nation's third-largest commercial network, ABC was originally formed from the NBC Blue Network, a radio network which the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) forced NBC to sell in 1943; the ABC television network began broadcasting in 1948. Owned by Paramount Communications, ABC airs original programming, sports, and news seven days a week. It has over 200 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations, almost all of which air local newscasts.
* **CBS** (originally the Columbia Broadcasting System) – The nation's second-largest commercial network, it originated as the CBS Radio Network in 1927; the CBS television network commenced broadcasts in 1941. Owned by News Corporation, CBS airs original programming, sports and news seven days a week. The network has over 200 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations, almost all of which air local newscasts. For most of its existence, CBS has been the nation's most watched network.
* **National Broadcasting Company** (NBC) – The nation's largest and oldest commercial network, the NBC television network was formed out of the NBC Red Network radio service, which launched in 1922; the network commenced television broadcasts in 1941. Owned by The Walt Disney Company, NBC airs original programming, sports and news seven days a week. It has over 200 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations, almost all of which air local newscasts.
* **Fox Television Service (Fox)** – The nation's fourth-largest commercial network, Fox was launched in July 1983 through Turner Entertainment's purchase of Metromedia earlier that year (two of the network's owned-and-operated stations once owned by that group at its founding had formed the hub of the DuMont Television Network, which existed from 1944 to 1956) and the purchase of the 20th Century Fox film studio four years earlier. Owned by Turner Entertainment, Fox airs first-run programming and sports seven days a week, programming two hours each night in primetime (three hours on Sundays), along with the CNN-produced political talk program *Fox News Sunday* on Sunday mornings and the optional infomercial block *Weekend Marketplace* on Saturday mornings. (Fox also allows affiliates the option to air the *Xploration Station* block on Saturday mornings in place of *Weekend Marketplace*.) It has nearly 200 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations, almost all of which air local newscasts, with some producing newscasts in-house and others airing newscasts produced by a local affiliate of another major network.

* **The WB** (formerly **The Warner Brothers Network**) – The nation's fifth-largest commercial network, The WB was launched on January 8, 1992 by Time Warner and the Tribune Company. It maintains approximately 100 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations in the top 100 television markets; it also has approximately 90 additional cable-only and digital subchannel affiliations in smaller television markets through a fully programmed feed known as The WB Plus. The network airs two hours of first-run programming in primetime and one hour in daytime on Monday through Fridays, as well as a five-hour children's program block on Saturday mornings called One Magnificent Morning. It has 43 owned-and-operated stations through Tribune Broadcasting (which Time Warner purchased in 1996). Some WB affiliates air local newscasts, most of which are produced by another station in the market though ten of its affiliates produce local newscasts in-house.

* **Ion Television**

```
– Ion Television (originally known as Pax TV from 1998 to 2005, and i:

```

Independent Television from 2005 to 2007) is a mid-sized network owned
by Ion Media Networks; it airs off-network repeats of recent television series and select
English-language imported programming, as well as feature films for eighteen hours per day. Ion is the largest English-language network that is wholly responsible for handling programming on behalf of its affiliates, some of which run limited locally produced public affairs and religious programming. It has around 70 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations, the majority of which are owned by parent Ion Media Networks); Ion Television is available in markets without an over-the-air affiliate via a national feed that is distributed to cable and satellite providers. As Pax TV and i, it aired several hours a week of original programming in primetime (often produced in conjunction with NBC). Ion owned-and-operated stations and some affiliates also carry two sister multicast services on their digital subchannels, children's network Qubo (which handles most of the federally required educational programming content for the network's stations) and lifestyle-oriented Ion Life, with many of the network's O&Os also carrying QVC and the Home Shopping Network on additional subchannels.

### Minor and digital multicast networks

* **Me-TV** (a backronym for "Memorable Entertainment Television") – Me-TV is a television network owned by Weigel Broadcasting that airs reruns of classic television series from the 1950s to the 1980s sourced primarily from the CBS Television Distribution, NBCUniversal Television Distribution and 20th Television

 program libraries, as well as some limited content from Weigel. The
network is maintains over 160 affiliates (mainly through digital
subchannel affiliations, with a small number of stations carrying it as a
 primary network affiliation), making it the most widely distributed
multicast network and the seventh-largest commercial broadcast network
in the United States.

* **This TV** – This TV is a movie-oriented multicast network owned as a joint venture between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Tribune Broadcasting;

 originally owned by MGM in conjunction with Weigel Broadcasting, the
network was launched on November 1, 2008. The network primarily carries
feature films from the libraries of MGM and select other film studios
(such as Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures and Sony Pictures Entertainment),
 as well as limited amount of television series from the 1950s to the
1990s. The network maintains over 110 affiliate stations (primarily on
digital subchannels, with a small number of stations carrying the
network as a primary network affiliation), making This TV the
eighth-largest commercial broadcast network in the United States.

* **Antenna TV**

```
– Antenna TV is a digital multicast network owned by Tribune

```

Broadcasting; launched on January 1, 2011, the network carries classic
television series from the 1950s to the 1990s sourced from the
programming libraries of Sony Pictures Television,
 NBCUniversal Television Distribution and 20th Television as well as
other distributors; the network also carries a limited amount of feature
 films. The network maintains approximately 95 affiliates (nearly all of
 which carry the network on digital subchannels).

* **Movies!** – Movies! is a digital multicast network owned as a joint venture between Weigel Broadcasting and Fox Television Stations; launched on May 23, 2013 and natively transmitted in the 16:9

 format, the network features theatrically released feature films from
the 1920s to the 1980s primarily sourced from the 20th Century Fox
library, as well as select titles from Sony Pictures Entertainment and
Paramount Pictures, most of which are broadcast in the aspect ratio to which they were originally produced. Movies! maintains subchannel-only affiliations with approximately 45 stations.

* **Bounce TV** – Bounce TV is a digital multicast network owned by Bounce Media, LLC; co-founded by Martin Luther King III and Andrew Young,

 and launched on September 26, 2011, its programming is aimed at blacks
and African Americans between the ages of 25 and 54, featuring a mix of
acquired sitcoms, game and talk shows, original programs and feature
films. Bounce TV maintains affiliations with approximately 45 stations
(the vast majority of which are subchannel-only affiliations), primarily
 in markets with sizeable African-American populations.

* **Cozi TV** – Cozi TV is a digital multicast network owned by the NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations

 subsidiary of NBCUniversal; launched on January 1, 2013, the network
carries classic television series from the 1950s to the 1980s sourced
from the NBCUniversal Television Distribution programming library, as
well as lifestyle programming and feature films. Cozi TV traces its
history to the 2010 launch of NBC Nonstop, a local news and lifestyle
programming subchannel format that spread to most of NBC's
owned-and-operated stations. The network maintains approximately 65
affiliates (nearly all of which carry the network on digital
subchannels).

* **GetTV** – GetTV is a digital multicast network owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment;

 launched on February 13, 2014, the network focuses on classic
theatrically released films from the 1920s to the 1960s sourced mainly
from Sony Pictures library, most of which are broadcast in the aspect ratio
 to which they were originally produced (due to the network's native 4:3
 transmission, films presented in widescreen are presented with letterboxing). The network maintains subchannel-only affiliations with approximately 64 affiliates.

* **Escape**

```
– Escape is a digital multicast network owned by Katz Broadcasting;

```

launched on August 8, 2014 and natively transmitted in the 16:9 format
(although some programs are stretched to 16:9
 if not already available in the format), the network features
crime-focused documentary series, as well as theatrically released
mystery and crime drama films aimed at a female audience. Escape
maintains subchannel-only affiliations with approximately 35 affiliates.

* **Grit**

```
– Grit is a digital multicast network owned by Katz Broadcasting;

```

launched on August 8, 2014 and natively transmitted in the 16:9 format
(although some programs are stretched to 16:9
 if not already available in the format), the network features
theatrically released action and western films, as well as a limited
amount of classic television series aimed at a male audience. Grit
maintains subchannel-only affiliations with around 45 stations.

* **WeatherNation TV**

```
– WeatherNation TV is a television and online network owned by

```

WeatherNation, LLC; launched on October 27, 2011 and natively
transmitted in the 16:9 format, the network features national and
regional weather forecasts and analysis; the network's broadcast
affiliates also air local weather updates either provided by the
station's weather staff or via an automated graphical segment. The
network maintains subchannel-only affiliations with approximately 35
stations; WeatherNation is also available on select cable and satellite
providers, as well as via streaming on computers, mobile devices and Smart TVs.

* **Heroes & Icons**

```
– Heroes & Icons (abbreviated as "H&I") is a digital multicast

```

network owned by Weigel Broadcasting; launched in September 2014, the
network carries classic television series and films intended to attract a
 generally male audience (featuring a mix of action series, police procedurals,
 westerns, science fiction/fantasy series and military-themed series).
Heroes & Icons maintains affiliations with around 15 stations
(nearly all of which carry the network as a subchannel-only
affiliation).

* **Retro Television Network** – Retro Television Network (branded as "Retro TV") is a digital multicast network owned by Luken Communications;

 launched in September 2005 as the first multicast network to rely on
older acquired programs, the network carries a mix of classic television
 series from the 1950s to the 1970s (including some public domain
programming), along with recent imported series and feature films. Retro
 Television Network maintains affiliations with approximately 85
stations (most of which carry the network as a subchannel-only
affiliation, and are mostly owned by parent Luken Communications).

* **TV Scout**

```
– TV Scout is a network launched in July 2013, which provides

```

programming listings for broadcast television stations serving the
affiliate's local market. As of October 2013, the network maintains
subchannel-only affiliations with 12 television stations.[20]

* **TouchVision**

```
– TouchVision is a digital multicast and broadband television network

```

owned by Think Televisual, LLC; launched in 2013, it features blocks of
national and international news content presented in a newsreel-style
format. TouchVision's programming is also syndicated to television
stations in a few markets as a substitute for national morning or
evening newscasts, and is also carried a daily programming block on
Heroes & Icons.

* **America One** – A successor to Channel America,

 America One is a network featuring general entertainment programming
(which is wholly scheduled by the network for its affiliates), with a
heavy emphasis on primetime sports programming and events; it maintains
affiliations with approximately 40 stations.

* **FamilyNet**

```
– FamilyNet is a general entertainment cable network owned by the Rural

```

 Media Group; launched in 1988, featuring a mix secular classic
television which continues to hold several broadcast affiliates. It is a
 former religious network launched early in the cable era which has gone
 through several owners, including Jerry Falwell and the Southern Baptist Convention before being acquired by the Rural Media Group, the parent of the rural-focused RFD TV
 in 2013. Most of the network's religious programming now airs only on
Sunday mornings and it is programmed as of September 2014 as a mainly
secular classic television network which continues to hold several
broadcast affiliates, though most religious-focused station groups have
ended their relationship with FamilyNet.
Additionally, several of the cable-oriented theme channels (e.g.
music or shopping channels) have obtained broadcast clearances, usually
on low-power stations, in many markets. Among these are Home Shopping Network, and EVINE Live.

### Nomenclatures for commercial networks

Nicknames referring to the major American networks (most established by the industry publication *Variety* as "slanguage") are as follows:

* ABC: "Alphabet network" (its name is also the first three letters of the alphabet) or "circle network" (the network's logo, used since 1962, is a circle with its initials in lower-case)
* CBS: "Tiffany network" or "eye network" (for the network's high-toned reputation and eye logo, respectively)
* Fox Television Service:

 referred to by media outlets and by the network itself by the
capitalized "FOX", and the legal name is only used in industry media and
 legal documents

* NBC: "Peacock network" (after its multi-colored logo)
* MyNetworkTV: "Fox mini-network" (like Fox, the network was formed by News Corporation)
* PBS: "Head Network" (in reference to the network's educational programming, mascot, and logo)
* UVN (defunct): "Shapes network" or "Disc network" (after the network's 1995 to 2002 and 2002 to 2006 logos)
* The WB: "Frog network" or, the network's secondary branding, "The Frog" (after the network's mascot, Warner Bros. animated character Michigan J. Frog)
* DuMont Television Network (defunct): "The Forgotten Network" (due to its modern-day obscurity, considering it was a major network during the 1940s and 1950s)

Additionally, both The WB and the now-defunct UVN are referred to as "weblets" by *Variety*,
 because of their smaller audiences and reduced program schedules.

## Spanish-language commercial networks

* **Univisión** – The flagship property of corporate parent Univision Communications, Univision was formed in 1986 following the sale of predecessor Spanish International Network (SIN) to Hallmark from Mexican broadcaster Televisa due to federal laws that restrict foreign ownership of U.S. television networks. The network airs a mix of telenovelas, news and variety programming (either produced by the network or sourced primarily from Televisa), as well as soccer

 events and occasional Mexican-imported feature films. It is the
nation's largest commercial Spanish-language network, with approximately
 120 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations (including over 50
full-power stations); Univision is available in markets without an
over-the-air affiliate via a national feed (east and west channels) that
 is distributed to cable and satellite providers. Most of its stations
produce and/or broadcast local newscasts, usually limited to weekday
evening timeslots in most markets. Since the mid-2000s, Univision has
ranked as the fifth highest-rated commercial network overall on average,
 currently placing ahead of English language competitor The CW.[21]

* **Telemundo** – Telemundo is a general entertainment network owned by NBC Universal;

 the network carries a mix of original and imported telenovelas, general
 and entertainment news programs, feature films (both dubbed and
natively produced in Spanish), sports and variety programming (much of
the network's programming is filmed in the network's homebase of Miami, although its imported programming is sourced from Mexico, Colombia and to a lesser extent, Brazil).
 The nation's second-largest commercial Spanish-language network,
Telemundo has over 100 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations
(including approximately 40 full-power stations); it is also available
in Mexico and Puerto Rico (where it was founded in 1954 as the brand name for WKAQ-TV).
 Most Telemundo stations air local newscasts, primarily aired in evening
 timeslots, although some affiliates also produce public affairs
programming. Telemundo is available in markets without an over-the-air
affiliate via a national feed (east and west channels) that is
distributed to cable and satellite providers.

* **Azteca**

```
(originally known as Azteca América from 2001 to 2014) – Azteca is a

```

general entertainment network owned by Azteca International Corporation,
 featuring programming primarily sourced from the Mexican Azteca
 networks (though much of the American network's programming airs at
different times), along with original and imported programming from
other U.S. and Latin American distributors; it carries a mix of
telenovelas, feature films (both dubbed and natively produced in
Spanish), sports, news and variety programming. Azteca maintains nearly
90 affiliates (including eight full-power stations), and is the nation's
 third-largest commercial Spanish-language network.

* **MundoMax** – MundoMax is a general entertainment network operated by Colombian broadcaster RCN Televisión SA. Launched in August 2012, the network broadcasts original and imported telenovelas and teleseries,

 as well as feature films (both dubbed and natively produced in
Spanish), news and variety programming, with some imported content being
 sourced by RCN and NTN24.
 MundoMax maintains approximately 60 affiliate stations (consisting of
mostly low-power stations with some full-power affiliates, with some Fox Television Stations-owned
 outlets carrying the network via subchannel-only affiliations to
alleviate availability issues in markets where the network has a
low-power affiliate and/or limited cable distribution), and is the
nation's fourth-largest commercial Spanish-language network. Some
MundoMax stations air local newscasts, while some also carry public
affairs programs.

* **UniMás**

```
(known as Telefutura from its launch in January 2002 until January

```

2013) – UniMás is a general entertainment network owned by Univision
Communications, which airs a mix of original and imported programming,
consisting of telenovelas, Spanish-dubbed versions of U.S. feature films
 and sports programming aimed primarily at teenagers and young adults
ages 12 to 34. UniMás maintains nearly 45 owned-and-operated and
affiliate stations (including 35 full-power stations), and is the
third-largest commercial Spanish-language network in the U.S.

* **Estrella TV** – Estrella TV is a general entertainment network owned by Liberman Broadcasting;

 it airs mainly original variety programming, as well as general and
entertainment news programming, limited scripted programming and
imported Mexican feature films. The network was launched in 2009,
featuring programming originally produced for the Liberman-owned Spanish
 language independent stations that formed the nucleus of the network.
Estrella TV maintains nearly 35 owned-and-operated and affiliate
stations (most of which are owned by Liberman or carry the network as a
subchannel-only affiliation), and is the sixth-largest commercial
Spanish-language network; it is also available nationally on select
cable providers.

* **Multimedios Televisión** – Multimedios is a general entertainment network based out of Monterrey, Nuevo León which features mainly live studio variety programming and news, and is a major regional network in Northeastern Mexico which also features several stations along the Southern Texas

 border, and tailors their programming (and through local stations, news
 programming) to both Mexican and American viewers. The network is
distributed through several separately owned over-the-air affiliates in
the United States mainly in the Southwest and southern Texas, and
nationally through cable providers, though not American satellite
services.

* **LATV** – LATV is a bilingual general entertainment network owned by LATV Networks, LLC; originated as a programming format on KJLA in Los Angeles,

 the network's lone owned-and-operated station, it became a national
network in 2007. It relies largely on unscripted programming aimed at
young adults between the ages of 18 and 34, featuring a mix of variety,
music, lifestyle and talk programs (most of which are sourced by MVS Television and Multimedios Television);
 LATV also airs a limited amount of English language programming,
including overnight content from cable/satellite shopping network Liquidation Channel. LATV maintains nearly 40 owned-and-operated and affiliate stations (available mostly on low-power stations).

* **TeleXitos**

```
(originally known as Exitos TV from 2012 to December 2014) – TeleXitos

```

is a digital multicast network owned by Disney-NBC; maintaining
affiliations with 15 Telemundo owned-and-operated stations,[22][23] the network originally carried a format featuring repeats of telenovelas
 (mainly those aired by Telemundo), before rebranding in December 2014
to feature Spanish dubbed versions of U.S. classic action-adventure
series and feature films, effectively acting as a Spanish counterpart to
 fellow network Cozi TV.[24]
Additionally, Televisa, which distributes programming to Univision in
 the United States, operates in Mexico, but the company's networks (Canal de las Estrellas, Canal 5 and Gala TV)
 have certain stations which can be received in parts of the United
States located along and near the Mexican border, and likewise with the
American networks have affiliates located or receivable in Mexican
border cities. Some Mexican border stations (such as WB affiliate XETV-TDT in Tijuana)
 maintain affiliations with U.S.-based English or Spanish networks, but
mainly target their programming at their American border city (more than
 the Mexican metropolitan area that they are based in or merely licensed
 to).

Although the English-language programming model in the U.S.
traditionally relies on the network and its stations handling
programming responsibilities, Spanish language networks handle most of
the responsibility for programming, while affiliates are limited to
breakaways from the network feed to provide local news, public affairs
and/or entertainment programming as well as local advertising. As such,
all Spanish language networks primarily available on broadcast
television operate national feeds that are distributed to cable and
satellite providers in markets without a local affiliate.
Spanish-language independent stations also exist, though (particularly with the launch of Estrella TV), these are very limited and mainly exist in large markets.

## Non-commercial networks

### Public/cultural/educational non-commercial

* **PBS (Public Broadcasting Service)** – PBS is the largest public broadcasting

 network in the U.S., with somewhat decentralized operations (PBS is
essentially owned through a consortium of its member stations, reversing
 the traditional network-station ownership model). The network operates
or has operated 24-hour program feeds carried part-time or full-time by
its member stations, the PBS Satellite Service (which maintains feeds for the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones, and was originally conceived as a cable-only channel for areas not served by a PBS station), PBS YOU (devoted largely to adult education, crafts, and public affairs programming, which ceased operations in January 2006), PBS Kids Channel
 (a children's programming network, which was discontinued on October 1,
 2005 in favor of the advertiser-supported cable channel PBS Kids Sprout).
 PBS allows its member stations to run the network's programs out of
pattern; member stations generally produce their own local programming
in the form of news (mainly weekly news/analysis series, though a few
stations carry daily newscasts), documentary and lifestyle programming
that is aired alongside the PBS schedule.

* **NYCTV** – NYCTV is the broadcasting service of the City of New York,

 which offers original programming. Available nationally on PBS
stations, NYCTV in actuality, serves as a provider of programming to
several noncommercial broadcasters in New York outside of its
originating station, WNYE-TV.

* **Annenberg Channel** – Originally known as Annenberg/CPB Channel and formerly operating as a national educational access

 network for public broadcasters and schools, Annenberg Channel was
available on some cable and satellite providers; it now operates as an
online streaming service that is offered for carriage by broadcast
stations and cable providers; many of the channel's broadcast affiliates
 carried its programming to fill overnight and "fringe" timeslots (with
only a few still doing so). It shared some programming with PBS YOU,
various university- and college-owned stations around the U.S., and the
now defunct Research Channel.

* **Deutsche Welle**

```
(DW TV) – Deutsche Welle is a Germany-based noncommercial television

```

service which provides some English-language news programming to public
television stations; its programming feed is available part-time on
select educational independent stations.

* **Create** – Create is a digital multicast network owned by American Public Television (in partnership with PBS, member stations WGBH-TV, WNET and WLIW,

 and the National Educational Television Association), offering
instructional (consisting of cooking, crafts and home improvement
series) and travel programming; the network was launched in January 2006
 in part to fill the void left by the shut down of PBS YOU, and its
primarily carried on the subchannels of PBS member stations.

* **World**

```
(sometimes informally referred to as "PBS World") – World is a digital

```

multicast network owned by American Public Television (in partnership
with PBS, WGBH-TV, WNET, WLIW and the National Educational Television
Association), which primarily carries news and documentary programming.

### Religious

* **Amazing Facts Television** – Seventh-day Adventist
* **Cornerstone Television**
* **Daystar Television Network**
* **Eternal Word Television Network** – Roman Catholic, primarily cable-based
* **God's Learning Channel** – Hebrew and Jewish roots of the Christian Faith
* **Golden Eagle Broadcasting** (Oral Roberts University)
* **Hope Channel** – Seventh-day Adventist
* **Loma Linda Broadcasting Network (LLBN)**
* **Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN)** – Ecumenical Christian
* **Three Angels Broadcasting Network (3ABN)** – Seventh-day Adventist
* **Total Living Network (TLN)**
* **Unity Broadcasting Network** – five low-power stations
* **Up** – family-oriented secular and religious entertainment network
* **World Harvest Television (WHT)/LeSEA Broadcasting** – family-oriented secular and religious programming (available over-the-air and on satellite)
* **The Word Network** – African American Christian network
* **The Worship Network**

Several religious networks allow their broadcast affiliates to carry
their programming out-of-pattern through clearance arrangements, notably
 FamilyNet, the Trinity Broadcasting Network, 3ABN, Hope Channel and World Harvest Television.

## Defunct networks

* **American Independent Network** – A commercial broadcast network, which operated from the mid-1990s to December 3, 2001; predecessor to UATV
* **America's Store** – A cable and satellite shopping network spun off from the Home Shopping Network,

 which operated from 1988 to April 3, 2007; its broadcast affiliates
were a mix of stations that carried the network full-time as well as
overnight clearances on minor network affiliates and independent
stations.

* **AZN Television**

```
(originally known as International Channel) – A broadcast and cable

```

network, which operated from 1996 to April 9, 2008, featuring a mix of
international programming, which launched before the advent of digital
cable and satellite services that allowed carriage of various foreign
networks; the AZN iteration offered programming aimed at
English-speaking Asian-Americans.

* **Badger Television Network** – A short-lived television network consisting of three stations in Wisconsin; operated from January to August 1958.
* **The Box**

```
(originally Video Jukebox Network) – A music video network with a

```

viewer request format, which operated from 1985 to 2001, at which time
the network was purchased by Viacom and replaced by MTV2. All of MTV2's remaining broadcast affiliates were former affiliates of The Box.

* **Channel America**

```
– A commercial broadcast network which operated from 1988 to 1995; it

```

was the first commercial television network whose affiliate body was
intentionally made up of low-power stations, serving as a model for Pax
and AIN/UATV, and a predecessor of America One.

* **CV Network**

```
(formally CaribeVisión) – A Spanish-language network, which operated

```

from 2007 to July 31, 2012; network closed prior to the launch of
MundoFox.

* **DuMont Television Network** – A commercial broadcast network owned by DuMont Laboratories, which operated from 1946 to 1956; two of its owned-and-operated stations are now owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of 21st Century Fox as O&Os of the Fox network.[3]
* **Hispanic Television Network** – A family-oriented Spanish-language network, which operated from 2000 to July 10, 2003.
* **Hughes Television Network** (HTN; originally Sports Network Incorporated) – A sports-based broadcast network later owned by businessman Howard Hughes, which operated from 1956 to the 1970s.
* **La Familia Cosmovision** - Ceased operations on December 31, 2014.
* **LAT TV**

```
– A Spanish-language network offering family-oriented and educational

```

programming, which operated from May 19, 2006 to May 20, 2008.

* **MGM Family Network** – A commercial broadcast network, which launched in 1973.
* **Más Música** – A Spanish-language music video network, which operated from 1998 to January 2006; predecessor of Tr3s.
* **Mizlou Television Network** – An occasional over-the-air broadcast network and sports syndication service, which operated from 1961 to 1991.
* **Mobil Showcase Network** – An occasional over-the-air broadcast network, which operated in the 1950s.
* **MTV2** – A general entertainment and music network owned by Viacom,

 which remains distributed mainly on cable and satellite providers; it
became a broadcast network on January 1, 2001 when it assumed the
operations of The Box, but slowly dropped its broadcast affiliates in
subsequent years as existing affiliation contracts expired.

* **National Educational Television** (NET) – An educational broadcast network, which operated from 1952 to 1970; serves as a predecessor to PBS.
* **NBC Weather Plus**

```
– A weather-oriented digital multicast network owned by NBC Universal,

```

which operated from November 15, 2004 to December 31, 2008; some
affiliates subsequently replaced the service with an automated local
weather channel under the brand NBC Plus.

* **Network One**

```
(N1) – A small independent network featuring a mix of acquired and

```

first-run programming, which operated from the mid-1990s to November 13,

* **Overmyer Network**

```
(ON; launched as the United Network, not to be confused with UVN) – A

```

short-lived commercial network, which operated from May 1 to June 1,

* **Paramount Television Network** – A commercial broadcast network owned by Paramount Pictures,

 which operated from 1949 to 1953; most of its partner stations were
also affiliates of major broadcast networks, relegating it to secondary
affiliations in most markets.

* **PBS Kids**

```
– A digital multicast network operated by PBS, which operated from 1999

```

 to 2005; some of its functions were assumed by the advertiser-supported
 cable network PBS Kids Sprout, while some of PBS' member stations and
state networks carry independently programmed digital subchannels
featuring children's programs produced for broadcast on the network and
through public television syndication. PBS originally planned to launch a
 successor service, PBS Kids Go!, in October 2006, which never launched. The PBS Kids name remains in use as the branding for PBS' children's programming block.

* **PBS YOU**

```
("YOU" being an initialism for "Your Own University") – A public

```

television network featuring a mix of instructional, news/commentary and
 documentary programs, which operated from the late 1990s to 2006. Many
of its affiliates joined Create, a similar service from American Public Television that focuses more on craft and travel programming, after YOU ceased operations.

* **PTL Satellite Network** – An Evangelical Christian religious network founded by Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, which operated from 1977 to 1987; it was known for its flagship program, the *PTL Club*. The network collapsed in the wake of a sex and embezzlement scandal that resulted in Jim Bakker being sentenced to prison.
* **Retro Jams**

```
– A digital multicast music video network, which operated from 2007 to

```

2008; it was carried by some low-power stations owned by Equity Media Holdings,
 most of which replaced it with the Retro Television Network; the music
video format reappeared in 2009 after Equity terminated its affiliation
agreements with RTN.

* **SFM Holiday Network** – A limited-run ad-hoc network that specialized in Christmas specials.
* **Shop at Home Network**

```
– A home shopping network available on broadcast and cable television,

```

which operated from 1987 to 2008; its broadcast affiliates were a mix of
 stations that carried the network full-time as well as overnight
clearances on minor network affiliates and independent stations.

* **SOI TV** – A small Spanish-language network, which operated

from March 2012 to January 2013. Launched with a $20 million investment,
 it was founded by a Venezuelan banker and former political prisoner
under that country's president Hugo Chavez,
 who was granted asylum in the U.S.; the network used interactive
broadcast technologies allowing real-time response by viewers regarding
its television content via Twitter and Facebook. SOI's programming was carried by cable network La Familia beginning in December 2012;[25] while Disney-NBC owned Telemundo stations formerly carried the network on their digital subchannels until January 2013.[26]

* **Spanish International Network** (SIN) – A Spanish-language commercial network, which operated from 1961 to 1986; it is a predecessor to Univisión.
* **Star Television Network** - This classic television network was in planning as early as 1987 and launch in 1990 then folded in 1991.[27]
* **The Tube Music Network**

```
– A music video-focused digital multicast network, which operated from

```

2004 to October 2007, when it folded due to financial difficulties.

* **ThinkBright** – A New York-based public broadcasting network.
* **TuVisión** – A Spanish-language commercial network owned by Pappas Telecasting Companies, which operated from 2007 to 2009.
* **TVS Television Network**

```
– A sports programming syndication service, which had its peak years in

```

 the 1960s and 1970s. It continued to provide limited programming from
then on until the company ceased operations in 2012.

* **UVN** (formerly an initialism for the "United Viacom Network") – A conventional general entertainment network originally owned by Viacom and Chris-Craft Industries (whose interest was acquired by Viacom in 2000); operating from January 16, 1995 to September 15, 2006, Viacom shut down the network due to money losses.
* **Urban America Television**

```
(UATV) – A successor to the American Independent Network, which

```

operated from December 3, 2001 to May 1, 2006. UATV was a small network with approximately 60 affiliates at its peak, carrying a mix of original programming, and older films and series.

* **Variety Television Network** – A digital multicast network owned by Newport Television, whose stations served as its affiliates, which operated from 2007 to January 2009.

# ```

```

* **Vista Sports**

```
(formerly World Championship Sports Network) – A digital multicast

```

network offering sports programming, consisting mainly of events
sanctioned for play in the Olympic Games,
 which operated from 2005 to December 31, 2011; at its peak, it had 56
subchannel-only affiliates (including all of NBC's owned-and-operated
stations). Vista Sports transitioned into a cable and satellite-only
 channel on January 1, 2012. It will close down on November 16, 2015.[28]

==