9699/31/M/J/15

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## Section A: Education

Answer **either** Question 1 **or** Question 2.

**1 (a)** Explain why females now achieve higher educational qualifications than males in
many modern industrial societies. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few general observations about gender inequality in education, with no direct links to the
question would be worth 1 or 2 marks. An accurate account of one reason why females now
achieve higher educational qualifications than males could gain up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Likewise, an answer that covers a number of relevant points, but only in a skeletal fashion,
would fit the top part of the band.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. Lower in the band, answers will provide a
sound account of two or more reasons why females now achieve higher educational
qualifications than males, but the account will lack detail and depth. Higher in the band, the
explanation will be more substantial and perhaps cover a wider range of factors, possibly
with some links to theory and/or relevant studies. Answers that merit the top part of the band
may also cover both the reasons why female educational performance may have improved
and also consider the possibility that the educational performance of boys from certain
groups may have deteriorated.

**(b)** ‘The education system serves the interests of the ruling class.’ Assess this view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few simple points about the functions or role of education, with no direct links to the
question, would fit the lower part of the band. An answer that made some basic assertions
about how the education system may serve the interests of the ruling class, with no wider
analysis or assessment, would merit the upper part of the band.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will provide a sound sociological account of the ways in which the
education system may serve the interests of the ruling class. Lower in the band (7–8 marks),
the answer may be list-like and references to relevant concepts, theories and thinkers will be
lacking. Higher in the band (9–11 marks), the answers will either provide a more substantial
account of the links between the education system and the interests of the ruling class, or
there will be an attempt to contrast the Marxist view of education with other theories of the
role/function of education.

An answer that does not include evaluation cannot score higher than 11 marks.

[12–16]
Answers at this level will demonstrate a good understanding of the Marxist theory of
education. There will be a clear explanation of how the education system may serve the
interests of the ruling class. There will also be an attempt to assess the Marxist viewpoint.
Lower in the band, the assessment may be limited to a basic juxtaposition of Marxist theory
with other accounts of the role/function of education. To reach the top part of the band,
however, the assessment must also include some relevant analysis that goes beyond the
simple juxtaposition of contrasting theories. For example, candidates might refer to evidence
suggesting that economic needs are not always well served by the education system. A good
answer might also note that education may be a tool that is used by some people to
challenge the status quo and the capitalist system. Candidates might also question the
findings from research studies that broadly support the Marxist view of education, such as
the work of Willis, Bowles and Gintis.

**2 (a)** Explain how pupil sub-cultures can affect the educational performance of working
class boys. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few simple points about pupil sub-cultures with no links to educational performance would
be worth 1 or 2 marks. Answers that provide a simple account of how pupil sub-cultures may
affect educational performance, but with little or no reference to working class boys, would fit
the higher part of the band. A simple account of this kind will cover only a limited range of
relevant points and may be based largely on assertion, lacking clear links to appropriate
sociological concepts and evidence.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. Lower in the band, answers may be
confined to describing just one or two ways in which pupil sub-cultures may affect the
educational performance of working class boys. Better answers at this level will either cover
a wider range of explanations or else provide a detailed account that focuses on just one or
two key links between pupil sub-cultures and educational performance. Be wary of answers
that describe different pupil sub-cultures, but fail to link the material well to the impact of subcultures on educational performance. Clear links to the educational performance of working
class boys specifically are required in order to reach the top mark band.

**(b)** 'Lack of cultural capital is the main reason why pupils from some minority ethnic
groups underperform in the education system.' Assess this view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few simple points about the educational performance of different social groups would fit the
lower part of the band. An attempt to explain the concept of ‘cultural capital’, with no further
links to the question, would merit a mark in the top half of the band.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will provide a sound sociological account of the relationship between
cultural capital and educational achievement. A basic explanation of how educational
performance generally may be influenced by cultural capital would be worth 7 or 8 marks.
More marks would be justified were the discussion linked directly to the educational
performance of minority ethnic groups. Answers at this level may be confined to an
explanation of the links between cultural capital and educational performance, and therefore
lack assessment. Reward candidates who are able to distinguish between different minority
ethnic groups in ways that are relevant for answering the question.

[12–16]
Answers that fit this band will demonstrate a good understanding of how cultural capital may
play a role in explaining the educational performance of some minority ethnic groups. There
will also be an assessment of the view on which the question is based. Lower in the band,
the assessment may be presented through a simple account of some other factors, apart
from cultural capital, that may affect educational performance. Better answers will go beyond
this type of response to question directly the extent to which lack of cultural capital is the
main reason why pupils from some minority ethnic groups underperform in the education
system. For example, candidates may question whether possession of cultural capital alone
would be sufficient to overcome the obstacles to educational success that pupils from some
ethnic minority groups face. High-quality answers might also consider whether the concept of
cultural capital is too abstract and divorced from the way that the education system actually
operates; it might also be criticised as an outdated concept.

## Section B: Global Development

Answer **either** Question 3 **or** Question 4.

**3 (a)** Explain how population growth may be affected by development. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few basic observations about development, with no direct links to demographic trends,
would fit the lower part of the band. A simple account of one or two factors influencing
population growth in developing countries would trigger the top half of the band. A simple
account is likely to rely on general knowledge rather than specific sociological evidence and
analysis.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. Lower in the band, answers will provide a
sound account of one or two ways in which demographic trends may be affected by
development. The process of development may impact on demographic trends in ways such
as:

• rising GDP leading to better health care and therefore a lower mortality rate

• economic conditions more conducive to smaller family units and therefore a lower birth
rate

• development is usually accompanied by significantly higher rates of rural-urban
migration

• lower birth rates/mortality rates mean an aging population.

Answers that merit the top half of the band will cover several relevant points about the impact
of development on demographic trends. The explanations offered will be clear and well
developed.

**(b)** ‘There will always be disagreement about the best way to achieve development’.
Assess this view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few simple observations about the social and economic problems that developing countries
may face, with no direct links to the question, would fit the lower part of the band. A limited
attempt to describe one or two approaches to development, with little sociological
underpinning, would merit a mark in the top half of the band.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will provide a sound sociological account of different views about the
best way to achieve development. A basic account of some theories about how best to
achieve development, with no further links to the question, would fit the lower part of the
band. A better answer would begin to explain why it may be difficult to achieve agreement
about the best approach to development. Reasons why it might be difficult to achieve
agreement include: different views about the appropriate aims and goals of development;
contrasting ideological and theoretical perspectives; the different and possibly conflicting
interests of those who might benefit from development; the problems of a ‘one cap fits all’
approach to development.

An answer that does not include evaluation cannot score higher than 11 marks.

[12–16]
Answers at this level will provide a good account of several reasons why it may be difficult to
achieve agreement about the best approach to development. There will also be an
assessment of the view on which the question is based. Lower in the band, the assessment
may be limited to a simple questioning of whether there is a best approach to achieving
development. To merit higher marks, the assessment must be more developed and cover a
wider range of points. For example, candidates might argue that disagreements about the
best approach to development are rooted in political and/or social structural factors, and then
draw conclusions about the implications of this for the chances of formulating an approach to
development that would be widely acceptable.

**4 (a)** Explain the main types of aid in developing countries. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A simple attempt to define what is meant by ‘aid’, with no further links to the question, would
trigger the lower part of the band. An answer that describes some examples of aid projects,
or identifies a few types of aid in a list-like way, would fit the top half of the band.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. Lower in the band, one or two types of
aid will be described in basic detail. Types of aid include:

• Emergency or short-term aid - needed after sudden disasters such as the 2000
Mozambique floods or the 2004 Asian tsunami.

• Conditional or tied aid – when one country donates money or resources to another
(bilateral aid) but with conditions attached eg the controversial Pergau Dam project in
Malaysia, where Britain used aid to secure trade deals with Malaysia.

• Charitable aid – funded by donations from the public through organisations such as
OXFAM.

• Long-term or development aid – involves providing local communities with education and
skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical
Action.

• Multilateral aid – given through international organisations such as the World Bank rather
than by one specific country.
Note that the above is not an exhaustive list; other examples of types of aid can be
rewarded.

Answers that fit the top part of the band will distinguish accurately between several types of
aid.

**(b)** ‘Capitalism is a major obstacle to development in many countries.’ Assess this view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few simple points about capitalism, with no clear links to development, would fit the lower
part of the band. A better answer at this level might comprise a few basic points about
obstacles to development in general.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will provide a sound sociological account of the relationship between
capitalism and development. Lower in the band, there will be a limited attempt to show how
capitalism may limit the scope for development in some countries. The analysis at this level
may lack references to relevant concepts and theories. Higher in the band, the discussion
will be more developed and greater use will be made of relevant sociological sources.
However, there may be little or no assessment at this level. Accounts of the links between
capitalism and development may draw upon the work of Gunder Frank and Wallerstein.
Similarly, Marxist accounts of transnational corporations may be put to good use in
answering the question.

[12–16]
Answers that fit this band will provide a good account of the links between capitalism and
development. This will include references to relevant concepts and theories. There will also
be an assessment of the view on which the question is based. Lower in the band the
assessment may be based on the juxtaposition of different theoretical perspectives, such as
the ideas of Marxist theorists such as Gunder Frank and those within the functionalist and
Weberian traditions. Higher in the band, the assessment will engage more directly with the
claim that capitalism provides an obstacle to development in some countries. For example,
the determinism that underpins Marxist theories of development might be questioned, or
there may be an attempt to clarify which countries in particular may be held back in their
development by capitalism. Reasons why those countries are so affected may also be
explored.

## Section C: Media

Answer **either** Question 5 **or** Question 6.

**5 (a)** Explain how the media have been affected by globalisation. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few observations about globalisation, with little or no reference to the media, would be
worth 1 or 2 marks. Answers that rely on a few assertions about how the media have been
affected by globalisation would fit the top of the band. References to appropriate sociological
concepts, evidence and theories are likely to be scant at this level.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. A basic account of how the media have
been affected by globalisation, with some links to appropriate sociological concepts and
evidence, would trigger the lower part of the band. Better answers will provide a more
detailed view of how globalisation has impacted on the media. The focus of a good answer is
likely to be the various trends that have affected the organisation and presentation of the
media in the wake of globalisation. This would include, for example, the emergence of global
media corporations, cross-media ownership, the rise of the new media and the digital
revolution, internationalisation of media content and new attempts to limit the powers of the
media through censorship.

**(b)** ‘There are no limits to the power of the media.’ Assess this view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few assertions about the role of the media, with little direct bearing on the question, would
fit the lower half of the band. An answer that attempts to explain the power of the media in
very simple terms, with limited sociological underpinning, would fit the higher part of the
band.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will provide a sound sociological account of the power of the media. A
basic sociological account of the power of the media would be worth 7 or 8 marks. A better
answer would provide more detail about the nature of media power, helping to illustrate just
how much power media organisations wield. However, at this level there may be little or no
assessment of the view on which the question is based.

[12–16]
Answers at this level will provide a good account of the power of the media. The response
will draw on references to appropriate sociological sources, such as concepts, theories and
evidence from research studies. There will also be an assessment of the view that there are
no limits to the power of the media. Lower in the band the assessment may be based on a
juxtaposition of theories and/or evidence. For example, the Marxist theory of the media may
be contrasted with the pluralist theory. Better answers at this level will also include some
direct engagement with the issue raised by the question. This might focus on, for example,
the debates about censorship and the scope for government control of media output. The
assessment could also consider evidence about the extent to which audiences are directly
affected by media messages.

**6 (a)** Explain the role of the media in agenda setting. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few general observations about the impact of television on viewers which are of broadly
sociological relevance would be worth 1 or 2 marks. A basic attempt to define the concept of
agenda setting, with little further development, would merit a mark in the top half of the band.
Likewise, an answer that discusses the role of the media in general, while also including
some references to agenda setting, could score up to 4 marks.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. An answer that explains how the media
contributes to agenda setting would fit the lower part of the band. A better answer at this
level would provide further development, such as through references to relevant studies of
the media or by citing specific examples of agenda setting. High-quality answers to this
question will provide a developed account of how the media contributes to the process of
agenda setting.

**(b)** ‘The media support the interests and values of the ruling class’. Assess this view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few assertions about the power of the media, with little sociological foundation, would fit
the lower half of the band. Answers that provide a simple account of how ruling class
interests might be represented by the media would fit the top half of the band.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will provide a sound sociological account of the relationship between
the media and the interests and values of the working class. A basic account of the Marxist
theory of the media would be worth 7 to 9 marks. To go higher within this band the
explanation would need to be more developed. This could be achieved by, for example,
distinguishing between different strands of Marxist theory, or by good use of appropriate
concepts such as hegemony and ISA, or by references to appropriate sociological studies of
the media. There may be little or no evidence of assessment at this level.

[12–16]
Answers at this level will provide a good account of the Marxist theory of the media,
explaining clearly how the media might represent the interests and values of the ruling class.
Effective use will be made of appropriate sociological concepts, theories and evidence.
There will also be an assessment of the extent to which the media represents ruling class
interests and values. Lower in the band the assessment may be in the form of the
juxtaposition of different theories of the media. To go higher, however, the assessment must
also include a direct evaluation of the Marxist position. This could focus on particular case
studies showing the role of the media in supporting or opposing ruling class interests. The
discussion might also consider the power of the state and its role in regulating the media.
The scope to undermine traditional media power through use of the new media could also
provide a hook on which to hang a strong assessment of the issues raised by the question.

## Section D: Religion

Answer **either** Question 7 **or** Question 8.

**7 (a)** Explain why some sociologists view religion as a conservative force in society. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few observations about the nature of religion, with no direct links to the question set, would
fit the lower half of the band. A simple account of how religion may act as a conservative
force, with little sociological underpinning, would trigger the top part of the band. Likewise, a
list-like response summarising the main functions of religion, would also be worth up to 4
marks.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. A sound sociological account of the view
that religion acts as a conservative force would trigger the lower part of the band. To go
higher, the account must be more detailed or wider-ranging in the different concepts and
theories covered. Good answers will include references to relevant theories/theorists and
may also refer to examples of where religion acts as a conservative force. Note though that
examples are not essential in order to gain full marks for this question.

**(b)** ‘Power within religious organisations is increasingly held by women’. Assess this
view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few assertions about the nature of organised religions, with no direct links to the question,
would fit the lower part of the band. An outline of how power is distributed within organised
religions, with only limited reference to the position of women, would merit a mark in the top
half of the band. A basic account of the feminist view that organised religions are patriarchal,
again with no clear references to the idea that woman may have acquired greater power
recently, could also gain up to 4 marks.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will address the claim that women have an increasingly powerful role
within organised religions today. Lower in the band, the answer may be confined to a basic
account of how men traditionally have monopolised power within organised religions, with a
few limited references to how the situation may have changed in recent years. Better
answers within this band will provide a more detailed explanation of the view that women
now hold greater power within religious organisations. However, the discussion at this level
may be one-sided and lacking an assessment of the view on which the question is based.

[12–16]
Answers at this level will demonstrate a good understanding of the evidence and arguments
supporting the view that women now hold greater power within religious organisations. There
will also be an assessment of the view that there has been a power shift in religious
organisations towards women. Lower in the band, the assessment may consist of simply
juxtaposing the view that religious organisations are patriarchal with some evidence and/or
arguments that women now have greater power. Better answers will engage more directly
with the debates and develop well-reasoned arguments for supporting a particular view about
how far power has shifted towards women. High-quality answers may also show other
elements of sophistication, such as distinguishing between the positions of women in
different religions. References to relevant studies of women within religious organisations
might also be used to good effect in high scoring answers.

**8 (a)**Explain how sociologists distinguish between cults, sects and churches. [9]

[0–4]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few points about religious organisations, with no clear distinction between cults, sects and
churches, would fit the lower part of the band. A simple attempt to define the concepts in the
question, with no further development, would trigger the top half of the band.

[5–9]
At this level, there will be some use of relevant sociological sources, such as concepts,
theories and explanations. Answers will cover a range of points and show a sound
understanding of the issues raised by the question. Answers at this level will distinguish
clearly between cults, sects and churches. Lower in the band the distinctions made between
the terms may be lacking in accuracy and/or clarity to some extent. Better answers will
demonstrate a deeper understanding of how these three types of religious entity are
distinguishable from each other.

**(b)** ‘It is a mistake to think that religion has become a less powerful force in society
today.’ Assess this view. [16]

[0–6]
At this level, there may be little or no reference to relevant sociological sources. Answers
may rely on general knowledge and/or personal observation. Explanations will be brief and
cover only a narrow range of relevant points.
A few simple points about the role of religion, with no direct links to the question, would be
worth up to 3 marks. A simple attempt to explain the secularisation thesis, with no further
development, would merit the higher part of the band. A few assertions about the power of
religion in the modern world, with little use of sociological concepts and theories, could gain
up to 6 marks.

[7–11]
Answers at this level will demonstrate a sound understanding of the secularisation thesis.
There will also be an attempt to explain why the claim that religion has become a less
powerful force is mistaken. Lower in the band the answer may focus overwhelmingly on
describing the secularisation thesis. Better answers at this level may start to examine
critically some of the claims on which the secularisation thesis is based. However, there need
be no assessment of the view on which the question is based for answers that fit this band.

[12–16]
Answers at this level will demonstrate a good understanding of the secularisation thesis and
some of the reasons why it may be mistaken to think that religion has become a less
powerful influence in society in recent times. There will also be assessment of the view on
which the question is based. Lower in the band, the assessment may be through the simple
juxtaposition of the secularisation thesis with the ideas of thinkers who questioned the idea
that religious influence has declined. Better answers at this level will offer a more direct
analysis of the issues, examining critically the arguments of those who suggest that religion
remains a very powerful force in society. Good answers may question what is meant by
religion and how it can be distinguished from other belief systems today. Studies of religion
may also be used to support key arguments in high quality answers.

## Useful information (Hints)

**Question 1(a)**

**Question 1(b)**

**Question 2(a)**

**Question 2(b)**

**Question 3(a)**

**Question 3(b)**

**Question 4(a)**

**Question 4(b)**

**Question 5(a)**

**Question 5(b)**

**Question 6(a)**

**Question 6(b)**

**Question 7(a)**

**Question 7(b)**

**Question 8(a)**

**Question 8(b)**