recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Pandemic Stages

In order to classify if a disease outbreak is either an epidemic or a pandemic, the World Health Organization created criteria in order to distinguish the outbreak level. Listed below are the 6 phases of a pandemic as defined by the WHO:

## WHO Pandemic Stages

WHO released an image describing the 6 Stages of a pandemic.

* **Phase 1:** There is no animal influenza virus that is circulating among animals that cause infection to humans
* **Phase 2:** An animal influenza or virus circulating in wild or domestic animals is known to cause infections in humans and is considered to be a potential pandemic threat
* **Phase 3:** An animal or human-animal influenza virus has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people but has not caused any human-to-human transmission that can sustain a community-level outbreak
* **Phase 4:** Human-to-human transmission of the virus is verified to be sustained in community-level outbreaks
* **Phase 5:** The same identified outbreak in phase 4 has caused sustained community-level outbreaks in two or more other countries in one WHO region
* **Phase 6:** In addition to the criteria in phase 5, the virus has caused community-level outbreaks in at least one other country

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/pandemic\_phase\_descriptions\_and\_actions.pdf
Sars Pandemic (2003)

Notable Pandemics

SARS virus

SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is the result of a coronavirus strain that was discovered in 2003. It is though to have originated from an animal, particularly a bat, then was spread to other animals prior to infecting humans; the first case was discovered in China. SARS affected roughly 26 countries and infected about 8000 people; transmission was primarily person to person close contact. Symptoms of SARS was similar to the flu, there are no distinct differences in symptoms that are exclusive to this disease. There was no specific treatment as SARS differed from person to person, however depending on the severity, an individual who has contracted this disease may require ventilation and oxygen therapy

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/
2. ↑ https://www.medicinenet.com/severe\_acute\_respiratory\_syndrome\_sars/article.htm
Symptoms

Covid-19

Many people infected with Covid-19 may not exhibit any symptoms, this is because symptoms are similar to those of a cold or flu. Due to the incubation period, symptoms may not occur until 14 days after the virus has infected the body. However, the most common symptoms experienced by people infected with the coronavirus include:

* Fever
* Dry Cough/Sore throat
* Fatigue
* Difficulty breathing
* Pneumonia in both lungs
* Loss of smell or taste (extreme cases)

Some of the less frequent symptoms that have been shown are: coughing sputum, headaches, and diarrhea.

While most cases exhibit mild to moderate symptoms, there are some cases where severe symptoms occur such as difficulty breathing and pneumonia. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms it is important to contact your local testing centre.

### Diagnosing Covid-19

Covid-19 is diagnosed by healthcare providers through a medical test. The medical test is administered by medical professionals, this test requires a viral throat swab in which a sterile swab is inserted through the nose and into the upper respiratory tract in order to collect cells to test. Once the test is administered, it takes about 2-4 days to receive the results. If someone is diagnosed with Covid-19, treatment options will be discussed by your healthcare provider.

### Covid-19 vs. Common Cold vs. Flu

Though the symptoms are common between Covid-19, the Common Cold, and the Flu, there are some factors to help distinguish which illness you have.

This Chart created by Alberta Health Services compares the three illnesses and lists the symptoms that are common or rare.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/symptoms.html
2. ↑ https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/laboratory-services/test-information-index/wuhan-novel-coronavirus
What did China do to reduce the spread of Corona Virus

China

After the spread of the virus increased, China began taking serious measures to reduce the spread of coronavirus.

* 2 specialist hospitals were built to house and treat patients
* Many hospital provisions were transferred to online services
* Businesses were shut down
* Major events were cancelled
* Mandatory quarantines set in place
* Travel Bans

Shutting down businesses and implementing a mandatory quarantine had a major impact on the spread of coronavirus. As the spread and number of cases reduced, China slowly began removing the quarantine order and opening schools and businesses.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-how-is-china-recovering-from-the-outbreak-11954433
28 Days Later

Movies

28 Days later is a horror/sci-fi drama that was released in 2002 and was directed by Danny Boyle. 28 Days Later begins when a group of animal activists that try to release chimps in a laboratory that have been infected with a virus. 28 Days Later, the protagonist of the movie awakes in a hospital from a coma and is unable to find any surviving humans because the humans have been infected with the incurable virus that was being studied in the animal laboratory. This movie follows the protagonist and his journey to find sanctuary in a world overcome by a pandemic. To learn more about 28 Days Later, visit the IMDB page.

1. ↑ [1]
Quarantine

Treatment

Quarantine refers to a state of isolation for a period of time. When you are quarantining (self-isolating), that means you are not currently experiencing symptoms, but you have either:

* travelled outside of the country
* had close contact with someone who may have been infected with Covid-19.

Most countries require a period of self-isolation for at least 14 days to minimize the spread of the virus and to flatten the curve. When you are quarantine, you must stay home and avoid contact with other individuals; all while practising social distancing with members of your household and community.

### Isolation

Isolation occurs if:

* you have been diagnosed with Covid-19 or are waiting for test results
* you have symptoms of Covid-19
* you have travelled out of the country and are experiencing symptoms
* if a public health official has advised you to do so

Isolation means you are to immediately go home and stay home for at least 14 days until your symptoms subside or until a public health official has determined that you are no longer a risk to the community.

1. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quarantine
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/prevention-risks.html
Current Pandemics

microscopic image of HIV virus

Pandemics effect populations around the globe and many of the pandemics in the past have been eradicated. Pandemics are a result of a virus/pathogen that is capable of spreading rapidly throughout communities. Though many pandemics have been managed and most of the viruses have cures now, there are some viruses that have not yet been eradicated. In 2020, there are two notable and impactful pandemics that are occurring:

* HIV/AIDS
* Corona virus (Covid-19)
Treatment

Covid-19

There is no cure that has been established for the coronavirus, however there are some measures that can be taken once someone has been diagnosed. The majority of cases tend to be classified as mild-moderate, and if this is the case the only treatment option is to stay home and recover as you would a flu or common cold. Public Health officials recommend staying at home for 14 days if you are diagnosed with Covid-19. If an individual is experiencing extreme symptoms like shortness of breath, treatment options will require attention from a medical professional.

Vaccines

Quarantine

Extreme Cases

1. ↑ https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/symptoms.html
The Stand (1978)

Books

The Stand is an apocalyptic novel about a patient who escapes a biological testing facility. This patient is infected with a deadly flu-like virus that will eventually eradicate the majority of the human population. This novel follows characters struggling to survive and protect what's left of the human race.
Languages of Nexus

Nexus is an incredibly large and diverse reality. As such, many languages of many natures are spoken here. While there are too many to be codified here, this page will show the most common and noteworthy of them.

## Mundane Languages

### The List

The following table shows all languages, their common speakers, and the Script in which it is usually written in.

### Languages of Acheri

Acheri is split into two halves, the Jungles of Chiron and the Deserts of Khenra, however they both primarily speak in dialects of Primordial. The Jungles of Chiron use many dialects of Primordial, while the Deserts of Khenra primarily speak and write in Auran alone.

### Languages of Aldrow

The main language- Used in all circumstances not particularly strange- of Aldrow is Draconic. Different regions bear different dialects, but they are only marginally different, as dialects go.

### Languages of Alloy

Alloy exists as a hub on the Astral Sea, and as such many languages are spoken. Telepathy is generally preferred by most, but if this is not an option, the most common languages are Celestial and Infernal. Celestial is particularly common in the upper tiers of the city, and Infernal is particularly common in the lower tiers.

### Languages of Anntarrem

Anntarrem is inhabited primarily by Dwarves, Elves, Genasi, and Gnomes, and as such, it's major languages are Dwarren and Elvish. Particularly, while both are used in common speech, discussion of the world is ordinarily conducted in Dwarren, while discussion of magic and people usually happens in Elvish. Creatures from other continents would notice that the dialects of Dwarren and Elvish spoken on Anntarrem borrow heavily from eachother, as well as taking several traits from Primordial, primarily in their writings.

### Languages of Arclent

Arclent is politically divided, however aside from the Dwarren Kingdom of Eustrin and the Elven Nations in the south-east, Clentian is by far the most common language across the land. Even in Zirantia, Clentian is spoken almost as much as Beastkin. In the lands claimed by Citarik, Abyssal is the most common language.

## Mystic Languages

Some languages bear inherent magical power; merely speaking the words aloud carry their magic, all detailed on the following table.

 Sphinx
 Sylvan
 Umbral
Spain

Affected Countries

Areas affected by coronavirus

On February 3, 2020 it was announced that Spain had discovered its first case of coronavirus; a german tourist visiting the country. On March 3, 2020 the rise of cases began, officially starting the coronavirus outbreak in Spain in all 50 provinces. By March 14, the Government imposed a national lockdown in order to reduce the spread of the virus. Spain consistently reported record deaths/day, reporting nearly 1000 deaths in one day; due to these staggering number the lockdown was mandated. Due to the high number of cases and deaths, particularly in Madrid, hospitals are unable to keep up; overcrowded hospitals and shortage or resources are a severe problem. It was reported that elderly individuals who had contracted coronavirus were left abandoned and dead because of the shortages. The death toll in Spain surpassed the death toll in China and the number of cases surpassed Italy's.

See Next: What Measure is Spain taking to overcome Corona Virus, Spain Death Toll

1. ↑ http://outbreaknewstoday.com/first-confirmed-coronavirus-case-in-spain-in-la-gomera-canary-islands-20628/
2. ↑ https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-pandemic-timeline-history-major-events-2020-3
3. ↑ https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/world/spain-poised-to-tighten-coronavirus-lockdown-after-record-daily-toll/ar-BB11S9Gj
4. ↑ https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/top-of-the-curve-spain-hopes-covid-19-peak-reached-as-deaths-pass-4-000-1.4213184
5. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/spain-distributes-650000-testing-kits-as-coronavirus-deaths-rise-steeply
Wiki Jorvik

## Bienvenue sur le wiki

Bienvenue sur le wiki Jorvik ! Ce wiki est sur le thème de Jorvik, une magnifique île où se déroule les aventures excitantes des jeux : Star Stable, Starshine Legacy, Star Academy et Star Stable Online.
Pour tous les grands fans ou alors pour ceux qui veulent en savoir plus sur ce jeu vous trouverez tout ce dont vous rêvez. Amusez-vous bien !

## **Présentation**

Jorvik est une magnifique île, qui évolue au fil des semaines. Par les trois premiers jeux Star Stable, Star Academy, Starshine Legacy et par celui qui continue d'évoluer, Star Stable Online. Rencontrez les Soul Riders et les mystères qui les entourent, Pandoria un monde parallèle, participez à des quêtes extraordinaires qui vous émotionneront, des aventures hors du commun avec des amis, sauvez le monde et découvrez Jorvik.
Marine Melodiis 02

Panonia

The Marine Melodiis Song Contest 02 was the second ever edition of the Marine Melodiis Song Contest, an online contest created by Magdalena, Xoán & Mario in March of 2020.This edition was held in the ancient capital of Spain, Tarraco. 15 mediterranean countries are participating this edition, Aegyptus, Melita and Panonia are debuting this edition and joining the other 12 countries that joined in first edition.The winner was eventually XXXX with the song XXXX performed By XXXX**.** They Won with an averege of XXXpoints from all voters.

#### The City Of Tarraco

**Tarraco** is a tiny town located in the coast of Catalonia in Spain. Tarraco used to be one of the biggest cities of the Roman Empire and was considered the capital of Hispania. Nowadays the city is not that relevant. The city has a bit more than 100k inhabitants and actually is one of the most visited places in Catalonia. The **MBU** decided that the contest was gonna be held in the ruins of the **Tarraco Amphitheatre** one of the most important ruins in Spain.

#### Voting System

This second edition semi-finals will be added to the contest. Hispania the host is actually pre-qualified to the final. The rest are gonna be divided into 2 semi-finals of 7 where only 5 on each one will be able to make it through the final.

The voting system will consist in rating all the participating entries from 1 to 10 depending if you like the song or not. The country with the highest averege will be declared the winner of the first even edition of the Marine Melodiis Song Contest and the winner will have also the right to host next editions contest.
Extreme Cases

Treatment

In some cases, individuals who contract Covid-19 and are considered to be vulnerable (elderly patients, patients with underlying medical conditions such as asthma or cardiovascular disease, immunocompromised individuals), require extreme measures during treatment. Although most cases are considered to be mild to moderate, some cases may result in Covid-19 related pneumonia. When this occurs, patients are unable to successfully breathe on their own and they require ventilators to breathe for them due to the lack of oxygen their body is receiving. In some cases, the lung damage is so severe that ventilators do not work and this can result in death.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/02/826105278/ventilators-are-no-panacea-for-critically-ill-covid-19-patients
Prevention

Covid-19

You can reduce your chances of being infected by the coronavirus and reduce transmitting the virus in a number of ways. The most important prevention method is self-isolating, which means staying at home and only leaving the house if it is absolutely essential.

It is also important to maintain a clean environment; it has been confirmed that viruses can be easily killed with proper disinfectants. Although it has not been confirmed if these disinfectants work to kill the coronavirus, cleaners can play an important role in limiting the spread by killing microorganisms.

Wearing face masks is also a prevention method that can be explored. Medical masks are essential to healthcare workers, however they do work if an individual was to wear them by preventing the transfer of droplets that carry the coronavirus. If an individual is wearing a non medical mask, it is important to ensure that your hands are clean and that you are not consistently touching your face, otherwise it may not be effective and the virus could spread.

The most important prevention methods to consider are:

Proper Hygiene

Social Distancing

### Risk of contracting Coronavirus:

Covid-19 is a health threat and the situation differs from country to country, however there is a high risk of contracting coronavirus if people are not practicing proper prevention methods. It is essential that individuals practice these prevention methods in order to help flatten the curve in countries facing the pandemic.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/prevention-risks.html
Ebola Virus

Epidemics

Ebola virus in bloodstream

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is rare, but if it is contracted it can be extremely fatal if left untreated. EVD was discovered in 1976 and is still present today, the virus had spread from wild animals. It is transmitted through human-to-human direct contact with blood or bodily fluids or objects that have been contaminated by bodily fluids from a person that is sick with ebola or has died from the disease. It is believed that the virus originated from fruit bats as they are a natural host to Ebola viruses. The incubation period is between 2-21 days; a person is unable to spread the virus until they develop symptoms. Symptoms include: fever, fatigue, muscle pain, sore throat, rash, vomiting, impaired kidney/liver functions, and in some cases internal and external bleeding. There are vaccines available now to help reduce the progression and spread of EVD, other treatment include rehydration; there is no proven treatment available for EVD at this time.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease
Mauritania Tingitana

Mauretania Tingitana debuted in the first edition of Marine Melodiis and it hasn't been absent in any editions. The broadcaster SNRT is in charge of the moroccan participation in the contest. Mauretania Tingitana was one of the first 12 countries to appear on stage in the first edition. The best result was earned by Faouzia and her song *<<You Don't Even Know Me>>.* They scored a second place with an averege of 6'46. Mauritania Tingitana has never won the contest.

For the first edition, SNRT organised a little 4-song national final based in the famous **The Way To The Top**, the british national final for Dinavision Song Contest.

### •Participation

 #02 |  Tarraco

### •National Finals

The Way To The Top Morocco
 Tears Of Gold
 My Heart's Grave
Flu Pandemic (1889-1890)

Notable Pandemics

Illustration obtained from: https://www.history.com/news/1889-russian-flu-pandemic-in-america

The Flu pandemic of 1889, also known as the Russian Flu, was a deadly influenza pandemic. Scientists have discovered that the flu pandemic was caused by a strain of Influenza type A virus. It was believed to have killed about 1 million people worldwide. The Russian flu infiltrated other countries through ships, however the origins of the virus are still unknown, and it was transmitted through human to human contact . The symptoms of the Russian flu are similar to those of the common flu; this particular flu was considered to be a more mild strain, regardless of the death toll. At the time of the outbreak, there was not a vaccine created, therefore individuals were forced to wait until the virus died out; which it eventually did.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.geni.com/projects/Influenza-1889-1890-Flu-Pandemic/28068
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/new-maps-show-how-1889-russian-flu-rode-the-rails-to-circle-the-globe-in-months/
3. ↑ https://www.history.com/news/1889-russian-flu-pandemic-in-america
USA

Affected Countries

Areas affected with the coronavirus

The first case of coronavirus was reported on January 20, 2020 in Washington and the first death was reported on February 29, 2020 . Since then, the virus has continued to rapidly spread throughout the nation and the President stated that the pandemic will only get worse. On March 13, 2020 a US National Emergency order was declared due to the continuous rise in cases. President Trump also implemented a travel ban in order to reduce the spread. It was declared that the state of New York an epicentre on March 23, 2020 and the death rates in the country surpassed both China and Italy, while the reported cases have surpassed all countries, making the United States number 1 in cases. This increase has resulted in 38 states to implement stay-at-home orders. While the cases continue to rise, many hospitals are experiencing medical shortages and overcrowding problems. Many states, particularly New York, are urging people to donate masks to hospitals because of the shortage. Unless serious measures are taken, the cases will continue to rise and the country will suffer greatly.

See next: How USA is combating Corona Virus, USA Death Toll

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-pandemic-timeline-history-major-events-2020-3
2. ↑ https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/united-states-leads-coronavirus-cases-not-pandemic-response#
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-updates-united-states.html
Paraelemental Plane of Grass

Despite the name's suggestion, the meeting of Earth and Water doesn't only produce Grass. Instead, this Plane is filled with life of all sorts. People, plants, animals, and many, many other things. With little to no Fire or Positive Energy, there isn't much hear to allow sentience or full thought, but the things here live in unique and interesting ways. And hey, Gravity exists here in an objective form, owing to the fact that roughly half of this plane is made from Earth.

Lots of things here are cute and cuddly. Lots of things here are nasty and deadly. Not much of use can be found here, save for magical plants. Take the risk if you wish.
Asian Flu Pandemic (1957-1958)

Notable Pandemics

Influenza virus

The Asian Flu Pandemic was discovered in 1957 and was an outbreak of influenza in East Asia that spread to other countries around the world. This particular pandemic was estimated to cause 1-2million deaths worldwide. The Asian Flu was considered to be an avian flu that mutated and combined with the human influenza virus. The symptoms of the asian flu mimic influenza, these symptoms include: fever, weakness, dry cough, sore throat, no appetite, and body chills. The recovery time may take weeks, however a vaccine was quickly developed once the virus was discovered and the vaccine is no longer needed as the virus no longer circulates in humans and is only carried by animals. The death toll from this pandemic ranges between 1-2 million worldwide and this pandemic is considered to be one of the "least severe influenza pandemics" of the 20th century.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 https://www.britannica.com/event/Asian-flu-of-1957
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.sinobiological.com/research/virus/1957-influenza-pandemic-asian-flu
The Companions (2020)

Books

The Companions is about a city being under quarantine due to a highly contagious virus that has caused a pandemic. Living individuals are forced to stay inside, however those who are dying are able to upload their consciousness to "robots" as a way to stay living and continue to be with their families. This novel is very interesting and explores apocalyptic ideas that can occur in a world suffering through a deadly pandemic.
Small Pox

Epidemics

small pox virus

Smallpox is a disease that is caused by the variola virus. It was eradicated in 1979 and it was estimated to cause roughly 300 to 500 million deaths. Symptoms of this deadly disease began with a high fever and extreme tiredness, as the virus progresses, it causes a rash on the face, arms and legs. This rash then becomes filled with pus and eventually dries up and falls off; smallpox was extremely dangerous and once it progressed to this point, death was inevitable. Smallpox was extremely contagious and spread through droplets from a persons saliva, once an individual contracted the disease, it progressed slowly. There is no official cure for small pox, however a vaccine was created that is effective in preventing the progress of the disease if someone has contracted it. Due to smallpox being eradicated, it is not necessary to get the smallpox vaccine, however if it were to reemerge, there is a vaccine available to combat it.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/faq/en/
2. ↑ https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/health/diseases/epidemics-of-the-past-smallpox-12000-years-of-terror
Cholera

Epidemics

Vibrio cholerae bacterium

Cholera is an extremely dangerous diarrhoeal disease that can cause death if it is untreated. Cholera is a result of ingesting food or water that has been contaminated by the bacterium *Vibrio cholerae*. Cholera spread began in the 19th century and is still a great threat to public health as it has not been eradicated. Once the disease has been contracted, symptoms appear begin to appear within 12 hours - 5 days; these symptoms are not always obvious, however they can be mild to moderate and a small group of the infected may have watery diarrhea. The transmission of cholera is closely linked to poor access to clean water and sanitation facilities. Once the disease is contracted, death can occur within hours. Cholera is a treatable disease if discovered early, the majority can be treated using oral rehydration solutions and there are 3 oral vaccines available; these vaccines should only be utilized in areas where cholera is high risk and during cholera outbreaks.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera
Influenza

Many Pandemics that have occurred in the past originated from a strain of the influenza virus.

microscopic image of an influenza strain

*Influenza* is caused by the influenza virus and is a contagious infection that affects airways and lungs. At this moment, scientists believe that all strains of human influenza viruses that have occurred in history have originated from birds. These viruses are passed from bird to human in a number of ways: improper hygiene, contact with sick or dead birds/chickens, not cooking chicken throughly, contact with bird faeces from sick or dead birds, or eating sick birds/chickens. There are four types of viruses knows as Influenza A,B,C, and D.

There are 3 groups of influenza: avian, seasonal, and pandemic.

### Avian Influenza

Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is exclusive to birds and primarily only infects birds. Avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to other birds the same way humans can transmit influenza viruses; sick birds can cough or sneeze and transfer droplets that can be inhaled by other birds.
It is possible for humans to get avian influenza viruses; this usually occurs when humans and birds live closely to one another. If there is close contact, it is possible for the virus to evolve so it can infect humans.

### Seasonal Influenza

Seasonal influenza viruses occur yearly, usually in the winter months, and infects humans on a smaller scale than a pandemic would. Most seasonal influenza viruses have vaccines; this is because the components of the seasonal influenza virus are typically known and vaccines can be created accordingly. Seasonal influenza originates from Influenza types A and B.

### Pandemic Influenza

Influenza pandemics occur when there is an emergence of a new influenza virus strain that spreads around the world. The reason for the rapid spread is due to the fact that most people will not have immunity to the new virus. Only type A influenzas can cause a pandemic and once this new virus is transmitted, it will be easily transmitted between human-to-human. Without containment of the new virus, the impact could be detrimental, so it is important to learn about the management of pandemics.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 https://www.who.int/diseasecontrol\_emergencies/training/m1\_transmission.pdf?ua=1
2. ↑ https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/pandemic\_flu.html
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently\_asked\_questions/pandemic/en/
Spanish Flu (1918-1920)

Notable Pandemics

Spanish Flu Virus

The Spanish Flu is one of the deadliest flu pandemics that have ever occurred in history. Discovered in 1918, the Spanish Flu infected 500million people worldwide and killed roughly 20-50million people. This flu was first discovered in Europe and it quickly spread throughout the world. There were 2 waves of the Spanish flu that occurred, the first wave occurred in 1918 and was generally mild; individuals who contracted this flu were experiencing typical flu symptoms and the deaths reported were low. The second wave of the flu was highly contagious and dangerous; individuals who contracted this strain died within hours or days of exhibiting symptoms. At the time of the outbreak, there were no vaccines available to cure the disease, as a result many people died and had to wait out their symptoms to see if they would get better.

1. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/reconstruction-1918-virus.html
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/1918-flu-pandemic
28 Weeks Later

Movies

28 Weeks Later is a horror/sci-fi drama and is the sequel to 28 Days Later. It stars Jeremy Renner and Rose Byrne. 28 Weeks Later takes place 6 months after the events of 28 Days Later. The US Army was able to control the Rage Virus that overcame the UK in 28 Days later and the quarantined population is beginning to repopulate the city. However, the controlled Rage Virus somehow re-enters and begins infecting people once again

1. ↑ [1]
The Walking Dead

TV Shows

The Walking Dead is one of the most popular shows in the pandemic genre and there are many wiki's dedicated to it. This series follows the life of Rick who awakes in a hospital and discovers that there was a viral outbreak that causes a zombie apocalypse. The series is about Rick's journey to survive in a post-apocalyptic world. For more information, visit the IMDB website.
Plague of Justinian (541-542 A.D.)

Notable Pandemics

bodies discovered of people who died from the Justinian Plague

The Plague of Justinian occurred during 541 A.D. and was finally eradicated in approximately 750 A.D. This plague infected countries in the Mediterranean and was believed to have originated from China and India. The plague was transmitted by black rats that carried fleas which travelled in trade ships and infected individuals all around the world. It was believed to have caused 30-50 of million deaths throughout the world. Later on, it was determined that the Plague of Justinian was actually the bubonic plague. The symptoms of this plague included: fever, headache, chills, swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain, gangrene. Modern science has determined the strain responsible for the Justinian plague known as *Y.pestis*; which is still present in about 200 rodent species, this means there is a chance that this bubonic plague can reemerge today.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.ancient.eu/article/782/justinians-plague-541-542-ce/
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/1/140129-justinian-plague-black-death-bacteria-bubonic-pandemic/
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://www.passporthealthusa.com/2016/05/what-was-the-plague-of-justinian/
Vaccines

Treatment

There are currently no vaccinations available or cure for coronavirus. However, many countries including Canada and the United States have been working diligently to create a vaccine that can combat this virus. Once a vaccine is created, it will take about 6 months-1 year to make it to the market due to testing the vaccine and following proper procedures.
Khenra

Khenra, the Great Sand Sea, is a country on Acheri. It is ruled by a Pharaoh, chosen and protected by the god Nepra. The current Pharaoh is Great Khemara of the Night, who has been Pharaoh for over 1000 years. His rule and guidance has brought about a golden age of magical development in Khenra, and no Diviner has found a threat to him through their magic. Though he is still in power, he is seen as one of the greatest Pharaohs Khenra has ever known.

## Khenran Religion

In Khenra, the Gods are Gods of Life and Death, but never one or the other, and none are gods of the elements. They are worshiped alongside the Elemental Exemplars, who take on all of Khenra's elemental spheres.

Nepra- The God of the Pharaoh, who both chooses and guards the Great Pharaoh. It is Nepra's Divine Duty to see the Pharaoh's reign to it's natural end, and few would oppose them in the task. Nepra is the goddess of Knowledge, Order, and Unity, and can be worshiped in these capacities, though it is rare compared to many other deities.

Deska and Esnre- The twin sister and brother gods of the Sun and Moons, respectively. They are gods of the Arcane, and worshiped together, never alone under any circumstances. Such is akin to blasphemy. Deska is a goddess of the Arcane, Light, and Life, and in turn the Sun, taking a back seat to her brother when the sun is replaced by the moons. Esnre is a god of the Arcane, Darkness, and Death, a God of the moons, who rests while his sister takes dominance when the Sun is out. Together, they may be worshiped as gods of the Arcane, Grave, and Twilight.
Management of Pandemics

graphical illustration of community mitigation ("flattening the curve")

Once a pandemic has been identified, the most important stages are containment and mitigation. Containment usually occurs in the early stages of an outbreak; this is when the disease has been identified within a community and public health officials determine how to contain the disease to reduce transmissions to others in the community. During this phase, contact tracing and isolating infected individuals take place to reduce the spread of disease . Once public health officials determine that the disease can no longer be contained, the mitigation period begins.

Mitigation measures are actions that a community can undertake in order to slow the spread of viruses. Some examples of mitigation measures include: self-isolation/quarantine, proper hygiene, and social distancing. These steps are taken in order to "flatten the curve" and reduce the spread of the disease.

1. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54163/
2. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/rr/rr6601a1.htm
How Canada is combating Corona Virus

Canadian Death Toll

Canada is taking a variety of measures in order to reduce the spread of coronavirus, these measures are similar to other countries and they include:

* Quarantine set in place for at least 14 days (self-isolation)
* Social distancing measures
* School and university closures
* Many non-essential business closures
* Work from home measures put in place by many businesses
* Strict rules implemented in essential businesses

Although Canada is not nearly as bad as other countries, these measures have been put in place for at least 2 more weeks as Canadian projections show that cases with continually rise if social distancing is not followed.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/canadas-reponse/government-canada-takes-action-covid-19.html
What measures are Italy taking to overcome Corona Virus

Italy Death Toll

Like many other countries, Italy has take a number of precautions in order to reduce the spread of the coronavirus. These measures include:

* Mandatory lockdown for the entire country of Italy
* Travel restrictions
* Schools and universities shut down
* All restaurants close
* Factories closed and non-essential production ceased
* Creation of new intensive care facility to keep up with the demands

Many of these measures are still in place and Italy is showing results, the death toll has reduced and the number of cases has drastically decreased.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 https://www.axios.com/italy-coronavirus-timeline-lockdown-deaths-cases-2adb0fc7-6ab5-4b7c-9a55-bc6897494dc6.html
2. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coroanvirus-italy-hospital-milan-lombardy-cases-deaths-a9438761.html
Contagion

Movies

Contagion is jam-packed with a number of A-List celebrities and portrays an accurate depiction of pandemics and the fear that ensues amongst populations. This movie is about a virus that spreads rapidly throughout a community after a member of the community returns from a trip to China. Contagion examines how health professionals, the government, the CDC, and everyday people respond to a pandemic caused by this deadly virus. For more information about Contagion, visit the IMDB website.

1. ↑ [1]
Epidemic vs. Pandemic

this illustrates the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic

Though many people get the two confused, pandemics and epidemics have a lot of overlap. An *epidemic* is an outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly and affects many people. A *pandemic* is a type of epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic range - 3 or more countries - and affects a high proportion of people. With these definitions in mind, it can be said that a pandemic can be a type of epidemic, however an epidemic is not a pandemic.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/epidemic-vs-pandemic-difference
Kardavia

Kardavia borders the entire Eastern side of the grand continent of Tieres. It is located East of the wilds of Raelbuck, and South of cultural powerhouse that is Ospen. Kardavia is a tribute to modernity and boasts sprawling cities and large towns, with a government that is an oligarchy that disguises itself as a monarchy. Kardavia also hosts a well-known range of artificial mountains that is home to a family of immensely deadly dragons. The immense river which cuts through the country has been a major raft-based trade route with some even some intelligent water-based beings engaging in trade near the ocean.

Kardavia's richest families live in prominence throughout the country and vie for total control. Some of the largest families include the Gharret family, suppliers of mercenaries and the unofficial army of the country, the Beckett family, a powerful family of mages after which the capitol city was named, the Venizzio family, a merchant family well established in trade, the Champagne family, the well-off suppliers of fine wines to the country, and the Gonghammer clan, a tight-knit family of dwarves with close ties to seemingly all of Kardavia's rather substantial dwarven population.
How USA is combating Corona Virus

USA Death Toll

Due to the increases in cases, the USA has been implementing a number of measures in order to reduce the spread. These measures include:

* The Government has requested all Americans to quarantine in order to reduce the spread, however many Americans are not taking this request seriously
* Many schools and universities have shut down and moved to online courses
* Travel restrictions have been implemented
* Non-essential businesses have halted and many people are working from home
* Social-distancing orders have been put in place

The USA has many more things to consider in order to reduce the spread of Covid-19; many scientists and public health officials believe that more could be done.

1. ↑ https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-updates-united-states.html
Canadian Death Toll

Canada

Graphic obtained from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/canada/

As of April 5, 2020:

* Death: 280
* Cases: 15,512
* Recovered: 2,942

Canada is not nearly as bad as many other countries, but cases continue to rise everyday. The death rate is 9% currently, and there is a chance that it could increase if proper measures are not taken.
Incubation Period

Corona Virus (Covid-19)

illustration of latency period and incubation period

It is important to understand what the terms: exposure moment, latency period, incubation period, and communicability when investigating the coronavirus. These phrases are all related to epidemiology and define the different stages of an infection.

### Exposure Moment

The exposure moment occurs the moment a pathogen enters a host. Once the pathogen enters the host, it will move to the part of the body it plans on infecting, this is when the pathogen begins to multiply.

### Latency Period

The Latency Period is the period between exposure and infection, this means the pathogen is present and effecting the body but the host does not exhibit any symptoms.

### Incubation Period

Incubation period refers to the period of time between exposure of the virus and exhibiting symptoms. This period varies throughout different viruses, for example when considering coronavirus, the incubation period is estimated to be 1-14 days, 5 days being the average.

### Communicability

Communicability, also known as the infectious period, refers to the period of time when an infection/disease can be transmitted from one host to another (human to human, animal to animal).

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://wiki.ecdc.europa.eu/fem/Pages/Incubation%20period,%20Latent%20period%20and%20Generation%20time..aspx
2. ↑ https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2g-communicable-disease/definitions-disease-control
Corona Virus (Covid-19)

Current Pandemics

microscopic image of coronavirus

The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) is the most recent virus to become a global pandemic and has effected many countries around the world. The WHO declared Covid-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. As of April 5, 2020, 1 million cases have been confirmed worldwide.

### What is the Coronavirus?

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause a variety of illnesses in humans. Viruses that come from this family cause illnesses like SARS to the common cold. Viruses from this family can also cause illnesses in animals.

### What is Covid-19

Covid-19 is the newest strain of coronavirus that has caused a global pandemic. This strain of coronavirus causes a mild to moderate respiratory illnesses, however if an elderly individual or vulnerable individuals (those with underlying medical problems - cardiovascular disease, asthma, etc.) is at high risk and this strain may lead to death. The incubation period, which is the amount of time it takes for a person to exhibit symptoms after catching the virus, is estimated to range between 1-14 days.

This new virus/disease was unknown until an outbreak occurred in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Covid-19 began in a poultry and seafood market in Wuhan and had a zoonotic (animal) source, but human to human transmission occurred. Although the actual source of the coronavirus causing Covid-19 has not been confirmed, it is believed to have originated from bats.

As of April 3, 2020, 181 countries have reported cases of Covid-19, this means that the virus will continue to be transmitted until serious actions are taken.

### Covid-19 Transmission

Covid-19 is transmitted from human to human and individuals catch the virus from people who already have it. The disease can spread form person to person through droplets from the nose or mouth; this is spread when the infected person coughs, exhales, or sneezes. Once these droplets have reached surfaces, other people can catch the disease by touching these surfaces and then immediately touching their faces. Covid-19 can also be transmitted if the person infected coughs, sneezes, or exhales within 1 meter of an uninfected person; this is because the uninfected individual can inhale the droplets. At the moment, it is unknown how long the virus survives on surfaces, this is why proper hygiene is very important during this pandemic as it reduces the spread of coronavirus. Since the virus is transmitted through droplets, it is not believed to be airborne because the droplets are too heavy to be suspended in the air.

See next: Covid-19

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 https://ipac-canada.org/coronavirus-resources.php
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
Italy

Affected Countries

Areas affected by coronavirus

Italy's first reported cases of the coronavirus occurred on January 31, 2020. Italy quickly suspended flights to China and declared a national emergency once the cases were confirmed. Coronavirus started to spread throughout northern Italy and began infecting a large number of people, eventually making its way to the southern part of the country. On February 20, 2020 the third case was reported and the outbreak officially started. The first death was reported on February 21, 2020 and quickly the death toll in Italy surpassed the death toll in China. The cases started increasing and Italy was not able to keep up, resulting in a decrease in medical resources and overcrowding in hospitals. Though the country has not recovered fully, there has been a significant decrease in cases and deaths in Italy, this is because serious measures had been taken in order to reduce the spread of the virus

See next: What measures are Italy taking to overcome Corona Virus, Italy Death Toll

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-pandemic-timeline-history-major-events-2020-3
2. ↑ https://www.axios.com/italy-coronavirus-timeline-lockdown-deaths-cases-2adb0fc7-6ab5-4b7c-9a55-bc6897494dc6.html
3. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-italy-idUSKBN20F0UI
4. ↑ https://globalnews.ca/news/6781650/italy-coronavirus-cases-fall/
Causes

virus infiltrating bloodstream

Pandemics begin once a disease has infiltrated other countries on a global scale. Pandemics can start a variety of ways, but the most common cause of pandemics begin with a virus that has been passed from an animal to a human, also known as zoonotic transmission.

Zoonotic transmission enter human populations through domesticated animals like chickens or pigs, or through wildlife like bats . The transmission can occur through consumption, lack of proper hygiene, or from wildlife infiltrating some part of livestocks consumed by humans .

Once the pathogen has infiltrated humans, there is a chance that the virus can mutate and transform, this can result in an increase risk to humans.

See next: Pandemic Stages, Management of Pandemics

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/
H1N1 Swine Flu Pandemic (2009-10)

Notable Pandemics

H1N1 Virus

The H1N1 Swine Flu Pandemic was an influenza pandemic that occurred from 2009-2010. The WHO declared the Swine Flu as a pandemic in June 2009 The Swine Flu was a result of a new strain of the H1N1 virus that was detected in Mexico. The virus was believed to be a mix of swine (pig) and avian flu which was then transmitted to humans. The symptoms of swine flu include: fever, body aches, cough, sore throat, headache, runny nose, vomiting, diarrhea. The disease was transmitted via human to human contacts by droplets in the air or by touching surfaces that were contaminated and then immediately touching your face. If contracted, the flu was treated with a vaccination that was created; the current flu shot now provides immunity against the H1N1 virus.

1. ↑ https://www.statnews.com/2019/06/11/h1n1-swine-flu-10-years-later/
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-h1n1-swine-flu-770496
3. ↑ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4a03/4e350d1037fc93654f5ecb48bf4b6b81c046.pdf?\_ga=2.128933260.1817600299.1586111534-39067733.1586111534
The Happening

Movies

The Happening stars Mark Whalberg and Zooey Deschanel. This movie is about a science teacher and his wife trying to survive a mysterious plague that has overtaken the world and causes the infected people to commit suicide. Although the side effects of this plague are drastic, The Happening is a great movie that gives viewers a glimpse about the idea of epidemics/pandemics and how they spread while also giving insight on how far people will go to survive. For more information about The Happening, visit the IMDB website.