recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Duke of Windsor

**Duke of Windsor** was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 8 March 1937, for former King Edward VIII, following his abdication on 11 December 1936. The dukedom takes its name from the town where Windsor Castle, a residence of English monarchs since the time of Henry I, is situated. Windsor has been the house name of the royal family since 1917.

## History

King Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936, so that he could marry the American divorcée Wallis Simpson.
At the time of the abdication, there was controversy as to how the former King should be titled. The new King George VI apparently brought up the idea of a title just after the abdication instrument was signed, and suggested using "the family name".
Neither the Instrument of Abdication signed by Edward VIII on 10 December 1936, nor its enabling legislation, His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, indicated whether the king was renouncing the privileges of royal birth as well as relinquishing the throne.

On 12 December 1936, at the Accession Council of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, George VI announced he was to make his brother the "Duke of Windsor" with the style of *Royal Highness*. That declaration is recorded in the *London Gazette*. The Dukedom was formalized by Letters Patent on 8 March 1937. Edward, as a royal duke, could neither stand for election to the House of Commons nor speak on political subjects in the House of Lords. On 3 June 1937, Edward married Wallis Simpson, who upon their marriage became the Duchess of Windsor. Following his abdication, Edward and Wallis lived in exile in Paris, France. The Dukedom of Windsor became extinct on the death of its first holder in 1972. The Duchess of Windsor died in 1986.

## Royal Arms

As the  Royal Arms go hand-in-hand with the crown, the undifferentiated Royal Arms passed to George VI. It was and is common heraldic practice for the eldest son to differentiate his  arms in his father's lifetime, but the Duke of Windsor was left in the unusual position of an eldest son needing to difference his arms after his father's death. This was done by means of a label argent of three points, bearing on the middle point an imperial crown proper.

## See also

* Baron Windsor
* Viscount Windsor
* Earl of Windsor

## References

1. ↑ This version is recounted in the Duke's memoir *A King's Story*
2. ↑ His Majesty’s Declaration of Abdication Act 1936. Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved on 31 March 2015.
3. ↑ His Majesty's Declaration Of Abdication Bill. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved on 31 March 2015.
4. ↑ Template:London Gazette
5. ↑ Template:London Gazette
6. ↑ Clive Wigram's conversation with Sir Claud Schuster, Clerk to the Crown and Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor quoted in Bradford, p. 201
7. ↑ Prothero, David (2002-09-24). Flags of the Royal Family, United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved on 2010-04-03.
Anne, Princess Royal

## Anne

**Anne, Princess Royal**, KG, GCVO, GCStJ, QSO, CD, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950) is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her mother – at that time Princess Elizabeth – and older brother, Charles. She rose to second after her mother's accession but is 14th in line

as of August 2019

.

Anne is known for her charitable work and is a patron of over 200 organizations. She is also known for her equestrian talents; she won two silver medals (1975) and one gold medal (1971) at the European Eventing Championships, and she is the first member of the British royal family to have competed in the Olympic Games. Princess Anne has held the title of Princess Royal since 1987 and is its seventh holder.

Anne was married to Captain Mark Phillips in 1973; they separated in 1989 and divorced in 1992. They have two children and four grandchildren. In 1992, within months of her divorce, Anne married Commander (now Vice Admiral) Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mother's equerry between 1986 and 1989. Since 2012, she has held the rank of Admiral and Chief Commandant of Women in the Royal Navy.

## Notes

1. ↑ The Perth Agreement and the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 reformed the line of succession to the British throne to absolute primogeniture. However, this was applied only to those born after the Agreement, so neither the Princess Royal nor her descendants at the time were moved ahead in the line.

## References

1. ↑ Knights of the Orders of Chivalry. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved on 5 March 2012. “Although HRH The Princess Royal and HRH Princess Alexandra are both female they are actually included with the Royal Knights Companions, and they bear the post-nominal letters KG (not LG).”
2. ↑ New appointments to the Order of the Thistle. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved on 5 June 2012.
3. ↑ The Canadian Forces Decoration. Retrieved on 25 May 2018.
"Senior European Championship Results", *British Eventing Governing Body*. Retrieved on 15 September 2012.
Duchy of Aquitaine

The **Duchy of Aquitaine** (Template:Lang-oc, Template:IPA-oc; French: *Duché d'Aquitaine*, IPA: <templatestyles src="IPA/styles.css"/>[dyʃe dakitɛn]) was a historical fiefdom in western, central and southern areas of present-day France to the south of the Loire River, although its extent, as well as its name, fluctuated greatly over the centuries, at times comprising much of what is now southwestern France (Gascony) and central France.

It originated in the 7th century as a duchy of Francia, ultimately a recreation of the Roman provinces of **Lua error in Module:Unicode\_data at line 15: attempt to call field 'length' (a nil value).**. As a duchy, it broke up after the conquest of the independent Aquitanian duchy of Waiofar, going on to become a sub-kingdom within the Carolingian Empire, eventually subsumed in West Francia after the 843 partition of Verdun. It reappeared as a duchy, and in the High Middle Ages, an enlarged Aquitaine pledged loyalty to the Angevin kings of England. Their claims in France triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which the kingdom of France gained control of the territory under dispute in the 1450s, with many incorporated areas coming to be ruled directly by the French kings.

## References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:
Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Aquitaine". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. **2** (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–253.

* Emile Mabille, (1870) *Le Royaume D'Aquitaine Et Ses Marches Sous Les Carlovingiens*
* Jean Penant, (2009) *Occitanie, l'épopée des origines*
County of Poitou

The **County of Poitou** (Latin *comitatus Pictavensis*) was a historical region of France, consisting of the three sub-regions of Vendée, Deux-Sèvres and Vienne. Its name is derived from the ancient Gaul tribe of Pictones. The county was bounded on the north by the Duchy of Brittany, the counties of Anjou and Touraine, on the east by the County of La Marche and on the south by the County of Angoulême. The seat of the county was at Poitiers.

Poitou was ruled by the count of Poitou, a continuous line of which can be traced back to an appointment of Charlemagne in 778. From the 950s on, the counts were also dukes of Aquitaine. After the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Louis VII of France in 1138, the Seneschal of Poitou was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the county. From 1154, through Eleanor's second marriage, Poitou passed to the kings of England.

Poitou was conquered by King Philip II of France in 1205 after he declared it a confiscated fief of the crown. Henry III of England failed to retake it in the Saintonge War. One of the main battlegrounds of Hundred Years' War between the French and English in the 14th and 15th centuries, Poitou was finally absorbed into the Kingdom of France in 1416.

## References

* Knight, Charles (1840). .
* Beech, George T. (1995). pp. 1408–09. Garland.
Commonwealth of Nations

The **Commonwealth of Nations**, generally known simply as the **Commonwealth**, is a political association of 54 member states, nearly all former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organization are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states.

The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonization of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was originally created as the *British Commonwealth of Nations* through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which modernized the community and established the member states as "free and equal".

The human symbol of this free association is the Head of the Commonwealth, currently Queen Elizabeth II; the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting appointed Charles, Prince of Wales to be her designated successor, although the position is not hereditary. The Queen is the head of state of 16 member states, known as the Commonwealth realms, while 33 other members are republics and 5 others have different monarchs.

Member states have no legal obligations to one another, but are connected through their use of the English language and historical ties. Their stated shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games.

The countries of the Commonwealth cover more than 29,958,050 km2 (11,566,870 sq mi), equivalent to 20 per cent of the world's land area. The total population is estimated to be 2,418,964,000 as of 2016, equivalent to nearly a third of the global population, making it the second largest intergovernmental organisation by population behind the United Nations.

## References

"BBC News – Profile: The Commonwealth", February 2012.
2. ↑ About us. The Commonwealth. Retrieved on 3 October 2013.
3. ↑ The Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. Retrieved on 30 June 2013.
4. ↑ Imperial Conference 1926 Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report, Proceedings and Memoranda (November 1926). Retrieved on 14 June 2018. “Their position and mutual relation may be readily defined. *They are autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations.*”
5. ↑ The London Declaration. The Commonwealth. Retrieved on 4 July 2013.
6. ↑ Charter of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. Retrieved on 30 June 2013.[dead link]Template:Cbignore
Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty

Template:Infobox television
***Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty*** is a British television documentary about the Plantagenets presented by Dan Jones and first broadcast from 27 November to 18 December 2014. The four-part documentary follows the period from Henry II to Richard II.

The four-part Channel 5 (UK) was an adaptation of Jones's book *The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England*  (2012, HarperPress: ISBN: 978-0-00-721392-4
).

## Episode list

 1
 1
 1

## References

1. ↑ Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty. Channel5.com. Retrieved on 2015-07-01.
"The Plantagenets: On the trail of Britain's bloodiest dynasty", *The Telegraph*, 27 November 2014. Retrieved on 13 December 2017.

## External links

* *Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty*  at the Internet Movie Database
Act of Security 1704

The **Act of Security 1704** (also referred to as the **Act for the Security of the Kingdom**) was a response by the Parliament of Scotland to the Parliament of England's Act of Settlement 1701. Queen Anne's last surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, had died in 1700, and both parliaments needed to find a Protestant successor. The English Parliament had settled on Electress Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of King James VI and I, without consulting the Scottish Parliament.

The response of the Scottish Parliament was to pass a bill in 1703 requiring that, on the death of Queen Anne without issue, the three Estates of the Parliament were to appoint a Protestant successor from the descendants of the Scottish kings, but not the English successor unless various economic, political and religious conditions were met. The bill was refused Royal Assent by the Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland.

The following year, 1704, the bill became an Act after the Scottish Parliament refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Duke of Marlborough's army in the War of the Spanish Succession unless Royal Assent was given.

The English Parliament retaliated with the Alien Act 1705, threatening to cut trade and free movement between the two countries, unless negotiations opened leading either to the repeal of the Act of Security, or (as in the event happened) to the Act of Union in 1707. The end result was the Union of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain, approximately one hundred years after the Union of the Crowns.

The Parliament of Great Britain passed an Act (Repeal of Certain Scotch Acts 1707 6 Ann. c. 32) explicitly repealing this Act together with the Act anent Peace and War.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lynch, Michael (1992). Scotland: A New History pp. 311. Pimlico.
2. ↑ Westminster passes the 'Alien Act', 1705. parliament.uk. Retrieved on 17 December 2014.
Absolute monarchy

**Absolute monarchy** (or **absolutism** as doctrine) is a form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, principally not being restricted by written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from or is legally bound or restricted by a constitution or legislature.

The popularity of the notion of the absolute monarchy declined substantially after the French Revolution, which promoted theories of government based on popular sovereignty.

Some monarchies have a weak or symbolic legislature and other governmental bodies which the monarch can alter or dissolve at will. Countries where monarchs still maintain absolute power are: Brunei, Eswatini, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Vatican City and the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates, which itself is a federation of such monarchies – a federal monarchy.

## References

1. ↑ . Cambridge University Press (2006-08-31). Retrieved on 13 January 2016.
2. ↑ Zibaldone. Farrar Straus Giroux (2013).
3. ↑ Nathanial Harris (2009). Systems of Government Monarchy pp. 10. Evans Brothers.
4. ↑ Jerome Blum et al., *The European World* (1970) 1:267-68
"Qatar: regional backwater to global player", *BBC News*, 2013-01-07.
"Q&A: Elections to Oman's Consultative Council", *BBC News*, 2011-10-13.
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cavendish78`
"Swaziland profile", *BBC News*, 2018-09-03.
9. ↑ State Departments. Vaticanstate.va. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
"Vatican to Emirates, monarchs keep the reins in modern world".
11. ↑ State Departments.

## Further reading

* Anderson, Perry. *Lineages of the Absolutist State*. London: Verso, 1974.
* Beloff, Max. *The Age of Absolutism From 1660 to 1815* (1961)
* Blum, Jerome et al. *The European World* (vol 1 1970) pp 267–466
* Kimmel, Michael S. *Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and Society in Seventeenth-Century France and England*. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988.
* Méttam, Roger. *Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France*. New York: Blackwell Publishers, 1988.
* Miller, John (ed.). *Absolutism in Seventeenth Century Europe*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990.
* Wilson, Peter H. *Absolutism in Central Europe*. New York: Routledge, 2000.
* Zmohra, Hillay. *Monarchy, Aristocracy, and the State in Europe - 1300-1800*. New York: Routledge, 2001
City of Westminster

The **City of Westminster** is an Inner London borough that also holds city status. It occupies much of the central area of Greater London including most of the West End. Historically in Middlesex, it is to the west of the City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and its southern boundary is the River Thames. The London borough was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon its creation, it inherited the city status previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from 1900, which was first awarded to Westminster in 1540.

Aside from numerous large parks and open spaces, the population density of the district is high. Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough, including St James's Palace, Buckingham Palace, the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) and 10 Downing Street. The borough is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night-time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the borough is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local government body is Westminster City Council.

A study in 2017 by Trust for London and The New Policy Institute found that Westminster has the third-highest pay inequality of the 32 London boroughs. It also has the second-least affordable private rent for low earners in London, behind only Kensington and Chelsea. The borough performs more positively on education, with 82% of adults and 69% of 19-year-olds having Level 3 qualifications.

## References

1. ↑ London's Poverty Profile. Retrieved on 19 June 2018.
Charles Edward Stuart

**Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart** (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788) was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart, grandson of James II and VII, and the Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain after 1766 as "**Charles III**". During his lifetime, he was also known as "**the Young Pretender**" and "**the Young Chevalier**"; in popular memory, he is "**Bonnie Prince Charlie**". He is best remembered for his role in the 1745 rising; his defeat at Culloden in April 1746 effectively ended the Stuart cause, and subsequent attempts failed to materialise, such as a planned French invasion in 1759. His escape from Scotland after the uprising led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure.

## See also

* Monument to the Royal Stuarts
* "Óró sé do bheatha abhaile"
* Prince Charlie's Targe
* Palazzo di San Clemente
* Touch piece
* The Skye Boat Song
* The Master of Ballantrae
* *Wha'll be King but Charlie?*, a popular folk tune supporting Stuart

## References

### Notes

1. ↑ McLynn *Charles Edward Stuart* pp. 449–454
2. ↑ McLynn, Frank. *Charles Edward Stuart: a tragedy in many acts*

### Bibliography

* Chidsey, Donald Barr. *Bonnie Prince Charlie*. London: Williams & Norgate, 1928.
* Daiches, David. *Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie*. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.
* Douglas, Hugh. *Charles Edward Stuart*. London: Hale, 1975.
* Kybett, Susan M. *Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart*. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1988.
* McLynn, Frank. *1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World*. London: Pimlico, 2005
* McLynn, Frank. *Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts*. London: Routledge, 1988.
* McLynn, Frank. *The Jacobites*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985.
* Longmate, Norman. *Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945*. Harper Collins, 1993.

## External links

* *Prince Charles Edward Stuart National Galleries of Scotland*
* The Jacobite Rebellion, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic & Allan Macinnes (*In Our Time*, 8 May 2003).
Balmoral Castle

Balmoral Castle (/bælˈmɒrəl/) is a large estate house in Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, owned by Queen Elizabeth II. It is near the village of Crathie, 6.2 miles (10 km) west of Ballater and 6.8 miles (11 km) east of Braemar.

Balmoral has been one of the residences of the British royal family since 1852, when the estate and its original castle were bought from the Farquason family by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. Soon afterwards the house was found to be too small and the current Balmoral Castle was commissioned. The architect was William Smith of Aberdeen, and his designs were amended by Prince Albert. Balmoral remains private property of the Queen and is not part of the Crown Estate.

The castle is an example of Scottish baronial architecture, and is classified by Historic Environment Scotland as a category A listed building.[1] The new castle was completed in 1856 and the old castle demolished shortly thereafter.

The Balmoral Estate has been added to by successive members of the royal family, and now covers an area of approximately 50,000 acres (20,000 ha). It is a working estate, including grouse moors, forestry, and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, Highland cattle, and ponies.
Blenheim Palace

**Blenheim Palace** (pronounced <templatestyles src="IPA/styles.css"/>/ˈblɛnɪm<templatestyles src="IPA/styles.css"/>/

```
*BLEN-im*) is a monumental country house in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England.  It is the principal residence of the Dukes of Marlborough, and the only non-royal, non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace.  The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and 1722, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.

```

The palace is named for the 1704 Battle of Blenheim, and thus ultimately after Blindheim (also known as Blenheim) in Bavaria. It was originally intended to be a reward to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough for his military triumphs against the French and Bavarians in the War of the Spanish Succession, culminating in the Battle of Blenheim. The land was given as a gift, and construction began in 1705, with some financial support from Queen Anne. The project soon became the subject of political infighting, with the Crown cancelling further financial support in 1712, Marlborough's three-year voluntary exile to the Continent, the fall from influence of his duchy and lasting damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh.

Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s. It is unique in its combined use as a family home, mausoleum and national monument. The palace is notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill.

Following the palace's completion, it became the home of the Churchill (later Spencer-Churchill) family for the next 300 years, and various members of the family have wrought changes to the interiors, park and gardens. At the end of the 19th century, the palace was saved from ruin by funds gained from the 9th Duke of Marlborough's marriage to American railroad heiress Consuelo Vanderbilt.

## References

1. ↑ Blenheim. Collins Dictionary (n.d.). Retrieved on 23 September 2014.
2. ↑ Blenheim Palace. *World Heritage sites*. UNESCO. Retrieved on 8 May 2010.
3. ↑ Voltaire wrote of Blenheim: "If only the apartments were as large as the walls are thick, this mansion would be convenient enough." Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope, and Robert Adam (normally an admirer of Vanbrugh's) also all criticised the design.
Battle of Gisors

**Strength**| * 200 and/or more knights
* unknown amount of infantry-presumably more than knights
* unknown amount of infantry-presumably more than knights

The **Battle of Gisors** (September 27, 1198) was a skirmish fought in Courcelles-lès-Gisors, Oise, Picardy, part of the ongoing fighting between Richard I of England and Philip Augustus of France that lasted from 1194 to Richard's death in April 1199. The earlier conflict restarted after the truce between the two kings expired (just long enough to see the harvest in, according to the chronicler Roger of Hoveden). Both kings invaded and pillaged the other's territory, causing great suffering to the local population by having their captives' eyes put out.

Richard advanced through French territory by capturing several castles, most notably, the castle of Courcelles (of which the imposing unique oval *donjon* remains) and the stronghold at Burris. The French king tried to recapture Courcelles as he marched from Mante with 300 knights and a gathering of footsoldiers and citizens. The two forces met, after the Frankish army — which was superior in numbers — changed directions and advanced towards Gisors. The Anglo-Normans defeated the French and captured many prominent knights, as well as riderless horses. The French fled the field by crossing the bridge at the town of Gisors, which broke down under their weight, "and the king of France, as we have heard say, had to drink of the river" Richard reported to the Bishop of Durham; with the French king struggling for his life, his troops managed to pull him out of the water. The impregnable fortress of Gisors remained in French hands, nevertheless.

The battle was followed by another temporary truce, made at Vernon.

Allegedly, before Gisors, Richard coined as countersign the parole of the day to tell friend from foe, "Dieu et mon droit", a denial of his fealty to the King of France. By this motto, Richard attested that he owed his kingdom—and Normandy, Aquitaine, and Anjou—to God and his right alone.

## External links

* *The Annals of Roger of Hoveden* (London, 1853), Henry T. Riley. Roger quotes at length a report from Richard to the Bishop of Durham
* Image of the battle at the British Library
* Xenophon Group: "War of Bouvines" : Context of this battle in the run-up to the conclusive battle at Bouvines (1214)
Ssú

* Back Ssú
* Grey Ssú
1/7

## Ssú “the Enemies of Man”

The Ssú are mankind’s deadliest foes, still filled with bitter hatred because humans destroyed the original form of their planet. The ancient Ssú were once masters of the land masses of Tékumel, while their cousins the Hlüss ranged the coasts and the seas.

They are friendly to the Hlüss and may be neutral to Shunned Ones and Hláka.

### Physical Attributes

> “Four wide-spraddled legs extended out from the twisted column of the torso ... The head was oval, the face only vaguely human; there were two eyes, round and black-gleaming, and nostril slits but no nose. The mouth consisted of a vertical ellipse. It was the thing’s skin that was the most repellent: it resembled mottled gray parchment peeling from a roll, the ends loose and ragged, very much like the winding sheet of a corpse long in the grave.”
>
>

Both Grey and Black Ssú are similar in appearance: a central torso set upon a narrow abdomen from which extend four equidistant legs. There are two upper arms ending in three digit hands (the largest ‘finger’ functions as a thumb). The head has two eyes, nostril slits, and a mouth shaped like a vertical oval. Their outer hide is wrapped around their limbs like paper on a roll, similar to a mummification wrap, but loose and baggy, and this ‘skin’ keeps pulling off in fragments.

They sometimes rear up on their back legs to fight, using their middle limbs to hold a shield or another weapon.

The Ssú smell rather like musty cinnamon, and their language sounds like a sweet, high chiming, rippling up and down the scale like a chorus of little bells.

They have three sexes: 15 percent are males, 5 percent females, and neuter worker-fighters makes up 80 percent of their population.

#### Grey Ssú

Grey Ssú are between 1.71m (5'6") and 1.90m (6'2") in height.

Black Ssú are between 1.83m (6') and 2.4m (7'8") in height.

### Enclaves

The Ssú wish to retake their ancient stronghold of Ssúganar (now in Pecháno).

The Grey Ssú dwell just north of Salarvya and Pechano.

The Black Ssú are found on a biggish island far off in the western ocean.

Both also have strongholds on other continents threw out Tékumel.

## Appearances Online

"Secret of the Ssu". archive-url=https://www.oocities.org/stevejohnson.geo/Tekumel/Tsolyanu.htm. Retrieved 12 October 2020.

## Sources

"Ssú". Tekumel.com.

Barker, M.A.R. Flamesong. DAW Books. 1985.

1. ↑ Barker, M.A.R. Flamesong. DAW Books. 1985.
Commonwealth realm

A **Commonwealth realm** is a sovereign state which has Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state. Each realm functions as an independent co-equal kingdom from the other realms.

In 1952, Elizabeth II was the monarch and head of state of seven independent states—the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon. Since then, new realms have been created through independence of former colonies and dependencies and some realms have become republics. As of 2020, there are 16 Commonwealth realms: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom. All are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organization of 54 independent member states. All Commonwealth members are independent sovereign states, whether they are Commonwealth realms or not.

## See also

* British Empire
* States headed by Elizabeth II
* Union of the Crowns

## Bibliography

* Bogdanor, Vernon (1995). . Oxford University Press.
* Cox, Noel (2002). "The Theory of Sovereignty and the Importance of the Crown in the Realms of The Queen". *Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal* **2** (2): 237–255. doi:10.1080/14729342.2002.11421414.

* Forsey, Eugene (1968). . Oxford University Press.
* Maitland, Frederick (1901). "The Crown as a Corporation". *Law Quarterly Review* **17** (131).

* McIntyre, P. (1999). "The Strange Death of Dominion Status". *Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History* **27** (2): 193–212. doi:10.1080/03086539908583064.

## External links

* The Commonwealth at the Royal Family official website
Adam FitzRoy

**Adam FitzRoy** was an illegitimate son of King Edward II of England. The identity of Adam's mother is not known. He accompanied his father in the Scottish campaigns of 1322, and died shortly afterwards on September 18, 1322.

Adam is named as *Ade filio domini Regis bastardo* ("Adam, bastard son of the lord king") in Edward II's Wardrobe account of 1322. Between June 6 and September 18 that year, Adam was given a total of thirteen pounds and twenty-two pence to buy himself "equipment and other necessaries" (*armatura et alia necessaria*) to take part in Edward's Scottish campaign that autumn. This suggests he was somewhere in his teens, born between about 1303 and 1309.

The money was paid in five installments, either to Adam directly or to his 'magister' (tutor) Hugh Chastilloun. Adam died during the campaign, of unknown causes, and was buried at Tynemouth Priory on 30 September 1322; his father paid for a silk cloth with gold thread to be placed over his body.

No other references to him have yet been discovered.

## Sources

* Seymour Phillips, *Edward II* (2010), pp. 102, 428–9
* F.D. Blackley, "Adam, the bastard son of Edward II", *Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research*, xxxvii (1964), pp. 76–7.
* British Library Stowe MS 553.
Livyánu

## Livyáni

Livyánu is a monumental theocracy, created by the the semi-mythological First Thinker Dumúz Mélunez Chiúna, 2000 years ago.

A False Plague killed an estimated 75% of the population of Livyánu. It was an accident and a major plot by many high persons in Livyánu.

Livyáni Appearance: The Livyáni are completely covered in Aomüz - Red and black tattoos that indicate the wearer's clan, city, and religious

affiliation. Sometimes they are multicolored. Livyáni complexions are dune hued. Dláshi women have small, tip-tilted noses.

Dláshi Fashion: Women wear little more than bracelets, belts, and anklets, interlinked with scarves and ribands. Dag bordered cloaks dyed in a dozen bright hues with wooden demon masks favored by the aristocratic women. High born Livyáni women wear demon masks made of wood and little else. Men wear harnesses of straps and plaques worked with jewels, intaglios, and Kenemúzglyphs. Some sport light mantles, sandals, and coiffures consisting of loose ringlets or long braids wound around the crown of the head.

Livyáni eat in gloomy solemnity with each dinner sitting alone behind a privy screen while silent slaves serve food and no socialization takes place until the eating is finished.

Intelligence Organization: Vrú'uneb- The intelligence/secret police arm of the Shadow Gods Temples. Their cells are known as Palláz. Extremely effective.

Greetings: Keep one's hands at one's side then bow from the waist. In Livyánu there are degrees of bows.

Livyánu Names.

Male: Arvaz, Chorguz, Kiyuvaz, Meluaz, Mikonez, or change the ending of a Tsolyánu name to -az or -z.

Female: Alitheb, Dailab, Ekkuneb, Mikonab, Nalueb, or change the name of a Tsolyánu name to to -ab, -eb, or -b.

Lineage Names: Lineage names do not use anything like the hi- the Tsolyáni employ.

Livyáánu Clans: The clan names are indeed different from those in Tsolyánu but are rather similar semantically.The Level of the Clan varies by region, in some places a clan is high, in others it is low.

Beryl Amulet of Mighty Kikumársha ; Bright Eye of Qamif- Qame'él; Claw of Kirrinéb; Cube of Light- Clan from which Dumúz Ásqar Gyardánaz belongs; Dark Pentacle- Kirrinéb. Jakálla; Dark Pinnacle; Dlekkaniyán- High cast in Dlásh; Fading Sunset- Found in Dlásh; Foam Topped Wave- An old maritime clan; Gilded Wing- Ruling clan in Tsámra; Green Omen; Heights of Rejoicing; High Shining Sphere- High status; High Singing Bird; Intertwined Flowers; Mighty Blue-Green Wave; Raging Black Wave; Seven-Tiered Mansion; Sibilant Singing Rain

Spinning Sphere of Gold; Srajaniyán- Low caste in Dlásh; Striking Sword-Eel; Sweeping Gloom Clan- Sept of Káng Mmrál; Whispering Blue Grotto

White Cliff; Winds of Night- Allied with the Tsolyáni Dark Fear clan.
Cristina, daughter of Edward the Exile

## Cristina

**Cristina**, daughter of Edward the Exile and Agatha, was the sister of Edgar Ætheling and Saint Margaret of Scotland, born in the 1040s. Cristina's nieces Edith and Mary were sent to Romsey Abbey, near Southampton, in 1086 when she was abbess.

## Life

Cristina came to the Kingdom of England with her family in 1057, from Hungary. Along with her siblings, she went into exile in the Kingdom of Scotland, at the court of Malcolm III, her future brother-in-law.

At some time before 1086, Cristina returned to England, and entered the nunnery at Romsey Abbey, where she tutored her nieces Edith and Mary.

Edith gave testimony to a conclave of bishops summoned by Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury to determine whether Edith could lawfully marry Henry I of England. During that enquiry she stated that she had never taken holy vows, insisting that her parents had sent her and her sister to England for educational purposes, and that her aunt Cristina had veiled her to protect her "from the lust of the Normans." Edith claimed she had pulled the veil off and stamped on it, and that Cristina had beaten and scolded her for it.

Cristina's land-holdings in Ulverley, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire are recorded in the Domesday Book. The date of her death is not known, but she does not appear to have given evidence to the conclave, suggesting she died sometime before 1100. Additional evidence of her death includes the transfer before 1093 of her nieces to Wilton Abbey for further education and the appointment of Eadgyth as the next abbess of Romsey Abbey.

## References

* Dunlop, Eileen, *Queen Margaret of Scotland.* National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2005. ISBN: 1-901663-92-2

* Henson, Donald, *The English Elite in 1066.* Anglo-Saxon Books, Hockwold-cum-Wilton, 2001. ISBN: 1-898281-26-2

* Tout, Thomas Frederick (1887). "Christina". In Stephen, Leslie. *Dictionary of National Biography*. **10**. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

## External links

* Christina 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
Shaman Temple Spells

## Shaman (Sh) Generic & Temple Spells

(Sh) Acclimatisation (Ritual: T) immune to natural temperature extremes

(Sh) Adroitness of the Chrí-Fly (R:T) spider climb

Alleviation (Ritual: U,G,T) healing of conditions (Poison, Exhaustion, etc.)

(Sh) Ampliation (Ritual: T) enlarge

(Sh) The Assiduous Pursuer (Psychic: T) tracking

Benefaction (Ritual: G) restores Pedhetl

The Blessing of the Planes (Ritual:G) anti-magic shield

(Sh) Botanic Metamorphosis (Ritual: T) modify vegetable matter

(Sh) The Breath of the Goddess (Ritual: T) bubble of air or vacuum

Comprehension (Psychic: G) universal linguistic translator

(Sh) Decorporealisation (Ritual: T) gaseous form

Demonology (Ritual: T) summon demons

Derangement (Psychic: G) madness and insanity

Desiccation (Ritual:G) shrivel body and remove all fluids

(Sh) The Eater of Souls (Ritual: T) summon construct

(Sh) Emulation (Ritual: T) Disguise

(Sh) Etherealisation (Psychic: T) astral projection

Excellence (Psychic: G) bonus to attacks and saves

Far-Seeing (Ritual:G) telescoping vision

(Sh) Fructification (Ritual: T) Fertility

(Sh) Filamentary Extension (Ritual: T) trap an area with glue

(Sh) The Globe of Distant Discernment (Psychic: T) traveling sight

(Sh) Harmonisation with the Powers (Psychic: T) affect gravity

(Sh) Hebetation of the Intellect (Psychic: T) enfeeblement

Inscription (Ritual: U,G,T)  impress one spell onto an inanimate object for later trigger or release

Mindbar (Psychic: T) blocks memories from being read

The Monument of Excellence (Ritual: T) barrier against all things

Necromantic Domination (Ritual: G) control the undead – Mru’r, Shedra, etc.

(Sh) Osteal Thaumaturgy (Ritual: T) power of the bones

Perception of the Energies (Ritual: U,G) detect magic

Pestilence (Ritual: G) a plague

Revivification (Ritual: T) raise the dead

Semblances (Psychic: G) illusion that causes damage

The Silver Halo of Soul Stealing (Ritual: G) sends soul to Unending Grey

(Sh) Simulation of the Immovable (Psychic: T) disguise area

(Sh) Spiritism (Psychic: T) speak with dead

Stealth (Psychic: G) ...

Tranquilisation (Ritual: G) calm the storm

(Sh) Viscosity (Ritual: T) turn stone to mud.

Visitation of other Planes (Ritual: G)  open Nexus points

Zoic Domination (Ritual: U,G) control animals and semi-intelligent creatures

(Sh) Zooification (Ritual: T) animated life to plants

(Sh) Zoomorphy (Ritual: T) the caster takes on traits of their familiar.
Baron Kilkeel

Arms of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, the present Baron Kilkeel

**Baron Kilkeel** is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 19 May 2018 by Queen Elizabeth II as a subsidiary title for her grandson Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, upon the occasion of his marriage to Meghan Markle. It is named after the small fishing port of Kilkeel, County Down, with a population of 6,887, in the District of Newry, Mourne and Down in Northern Ireland. On the same day, he was also created Duke of Sussex and Earl of Dumbarton. Traditionally, male members of the royal family are granted at least one title on their wedding day by the monarch.

## History

Prior to 2018, there had never been a noble title connected to Kilkeel (Template:Irish derived place name), which lies within the historic barony of Mourne. In the Middle Ages, it was said to be the centre of power of the Mugdorna (Múrna, Mughdorna, Mourne), an Irish tribe. It is located near the Mourne Mountains and is used as the base for a large fishing fleet.

The barony was newly created to allow Prince Harry to hold a Northern Irish title. The title of the barony was discussed between the Queen and Prince Harry privately; however, the Queen was the one who chose the title to bestow.

## Line of succession

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* Prince Harry, Baron Kilkeel (b. 1984)
	+ **(1)** Archie Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2019)

## References

1. ↑ Prince Harry and Ms. Meghan Markle: Announcement of Titles, The Royal Household, 19 May 2018.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:London Gazette
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Harry and Meghan appointed Baron and Baroness of Kilkeel (19 May 2018). Retrieved on 19 May 2018.
4. ↑ Dewan, Angela. Duke and Duchess of Sussex: Harry and Meghan's new titles. CNN. Retrieved on 19 May 2018.
5. ↑ Prince Harry, Meghan Markle to become Duke and Duchess of Sussex. Retrieved on 19 May 2018.
6. ↑ Placenames Database of Ireland
7. ↑ Placenames NI
8. ↑ Kilkeel. Retrieved on 15 April 2015.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Royal wedding 2018: Harry becomes Baron Kilkeel. BBC News (19 May 2018). Retrieved on 19 May 2018.
10. ↑ Baron of Kilkeel is Prince Harry’s Northern Irish title. Retrieved on 19 May 2018.
11. ↑ Baron of Kilkeel is Prince Harry's Northern Irish title (19 May 2018). Retrieved on 19 May 2018.
12. ↑ Harry becomes the Duke of Sussex and the Earl of Dumbarton (19 May 2018). Retrieved on 19 May 2018.
Duke of Hereford

**Duke of Hereford** was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1397 for Richard II's cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, due to his support for the King in his struggle against their uncle Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester. It merged in the crown on Henry's usurpation two years later, and has never since been recreated.

The title takes its name from Hereford, Herefordshire, England. The city lies near the border with Wales, and has more often been in the title of the Earl of Hereford or the Viscount Hereford.

## Dukes of Hereford (1397)

*also Duke of Lancaster (1399), Duke of Aquitaine (1399), Earl of Leicester (1265), Earl of Lancaster (1267), Earl of Derby (1337), Earl of Northampton (1384), Baron of Halton (c. 1070)*
* Henry Bolingbroke, 1st Duke of Hereford (1367–1413), eldest son of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, himself third son of Edward III, took the throne as **Henry IV** in 1399 and this title merged with the crown
Acts of Union

**Acts of Union** may refer to:

* Acts of Union 1707
* Acts of Union 1800

**This article is a disambiguation page for Acts of Union**

The following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.

Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or search to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Anne Neville

## Queen Anne

**Anne Neville** (June 11, 1456 – March 16, 1485) was an English queen, the younger of the two daughters and co-heiresses of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"). She became Princess of Wales as the wife of Edward of Westminster (only son and heir apparent of King Henry VI) and then Queen of England as the wife of King Richard III.

As a member of the powerful House of Neville, she played a critical part in the Wars of the Roses fought between the House of York and House of Lancaster for the English crown. Her father Warwick betrothed her as a girl to Edward, Prince of Wales, the son of Henry VI. The marriage was to seal an alliance to the House of Lancaster and halt the civil war between the two houses of Lancaster and York.

After the death of Prince Edward, she married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, younger brother of King Edward IV and of George, Duke of Clarence, the husband of Anne's elder sister Isabel Neville. Anne became queen when Richard III ascended the throne in June 1483, following the declaration that Edward IV's children by Elizabeth Woodville were illegitimate. Anne Neville predeceased her husband by five months, dying in March 1485. Her only child was Edward of Middleham, who predeceased her.
Anne of Burgundy

**Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford** (French: *Anne de Bourgogne*) (September 30, 1404 – November 13, 1432) was a daughter of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1371–1419) and his wife Margaret of Bavaria (1363–1423).

## Marriage

In June 1423 at Troyes, Anne married John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, son of Henry IV, King of England, a marriage agreed by the terms of the 1423 Treaty of Amiens. The marriage was meant to cement relations between England and Anne's brother Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. This alliance was vital for continued English success in France as, in 1422, John had been appointed Regent of France, during the minority of his nephew, Henry VI of England, who was seven months old at the death of his father on 31 August 1422. Burgundy's antagonism towards the House of Valois (which caused the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War) had been one of the leading factors in the losses faced by the French at the hands of the English.

## Death and legacy

John and Anne were happily married. Their union remained childless. Anne died on 13 November 1432 in Paris, at the *Hôtel de Bourbon*, adjoining the Louvre Palace. She was buried at the *couvent des Célestins*, while her heart was deposited at the *couvent des Grands-Augustins*. Her tomb was designed by Guillaume Vluten and, according to one historian, "ranks among the most important Parisian effigies of the first half of the fifteenth century". Of the original funerary monument at the *couvent des Célestins* (which was destroyed in 1849), two pieces have survived: the *gisant* (recumbent statue), which is at the Louvre museum, and the *pleurants* (mourning statue), at the Musée de Cluny, the Middle Ages museum in Paris. Bones remains, found during archeological search of the *couvent des Célestins* in 1847, were identified as being those of Anne, thanks to a plaque bearing her name. In 1853, these remains were taken to Saint Bégnine cathedral in Dijon, and buried in her grandfather's grave.

Anne's death signified the beginning of one of two disastrous trends in Lancastrian history. The following year, John remarried to Jacquetta of Luxembourg, but faced opposition for various political reasons in this decision from Anne's brother the Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. From this time on, relations between the two became cool, culminating in the 1435 peace negotiations between Burgundy and Charles VII, the exiled king of France. Later that year, a letter was dispatched to Henry VI, formally breaking their alliance.

## References

1. ↑ Griffiths, p. 26.
2. ↑ Neillands, p. 231.
3. ↑ Weir, p. 73.
4. ↑ *Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris, 1405–1449*, publié d'après les manuscrits de Rome et de Paris, par Alexandre Tuetey, chez Champion, Paris, 1881, pp. 289-290 [1]
5. ↑ Chipps Smith, p. 39.

## Sources

* Chipps Smith, Jeffrey (1984). "The Tomb of Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford, in the Musée du Louvre". *Gesta* **23** (01): 39–50. JSTOR 766962.

* Griffiths, R.A. (2005). . The History Press.
* Neillands, Robin (2001). . Routledge.
* Weir, Alison (1996). The Wars of the Roses: Lancaster and York. Ballantine Books.
Astraea Redux

***Astraea Redux***, written by John Dryden in 1660, is a royalist panegyric in which Dryden welcomes the new regime of King Charles II. It is a vivid emotional display that overshadows the cautious *Heroique Stanzas* that Dryden composed for Oliver Cromwell's death. In the former, Dryden apologizes for his allegiance with the Cromwellian government. Dryden was later excused by Samuel Johnson for this change in allegiance when he wrote, 'if he changed, he changed with the nation.'

The period between Cromwell and the Restoration is presented in *Astraea* as a time of chaos, and Charles is greeted as a restorer of peace. In the traditional form of the panegyric, Charles is praised for qualities which it is hoped he will attain as well as for those he already possesses, and Dryden recommends that Charles adopt a policy of toleration.

The poem well illustrates Dryden's lifelong commitment to peace and political stability. It also that Dryden was looking for a royal patron.

The name of the poem *Astraea Redux* is defined in *The Nuttall Encyclopaedia* as "an era which piques itself on the return of the reign of justice to the earth." The poem's title is a reference to Greek goddess Astraea, a personification of justice.

## References

1. ↑ The Lives of the Poets, Etc. [With a Portrait.] (en). Pat. Wogan (1804). Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
2. ↑ Wood, James, ed (1907). "Astræa Redux". *The Nuttall Encyclopædia*. London and New York: Frederick Warne.