Volvariella bombycina

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***Volvariella bombycina***, commonly known as the **silky sheath**, **silky rosegill**, **silver-silk straw mushroom**, or **tree mushroom**, is a species of edible mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It is an uncommon but widespread species, having been reported from Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, and North America. The fruit body (mushroom) begins developing in a thin, egg-like sac. This ruptures and the stem expands quickly, leaving the sac at the base of the stem as a volva. The cap, which can attain a diameter of up to Template:Convert, is white to slightly yellowish and covered with silky hairs. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced gills, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pink as the spores mature. The mushroom grows singly or in clusters, often appearing in old knotholes and wounds in elms and maples. *V. bombycina* contains compounds with antibacterial properties.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1774 by German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer as *Agaricus bombycinus*. Throughout its taxonomical history, it has been shuffled to several genera, including *Pluteus* (by Elias Fries in 1836), *Volvaria* (Paul Kummer, 1871), and *Volvariopsis* (William Alphonso Murrill, 1911). Rolf Singer placed it in its current genus, *Volvariella*, in 1951. Other names that have been applied to the species include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's *Amanita calyptrata* and August Johann Georg Karl Batsch's *Agaricus denudatus* (both published in 1783), but these are illegitimate names as Schäffer's earlier 1774 name has priority.

In 1949, Murrill described the variety *flaviceps* from collections made growing on magnolia wood in Gainesville, Florida. Although he originally described it as a new species, *Volvaria flaviceps*, Robert Shaffer considered it a variety of *V. bombycina*. Variety *microspora* was first described in 1953, was later (1961) named by R.W.G. Dennis; variety *palmicola* was originally described as a distinct species *Volvaria palmicola* by Belgian mycologist Maurice Beely in 1928, and later as a variety of *V. bombycina* by the same author in 1937.

The root for the generic name *Volvariella* (as well as *Volvaria* and *Volvariopsis*, genera in which the species had been formerly placed) derives from the Latin *volva*, meaning "wrapper" or "a covering". The specific epithet *bombycina* derives from the Latin root *bombyc*, or "silky". Common names for the mushroom include the "silky sheath", the "silky rosegill", the "silver-silk straw mushroom", or the "tree mushroom".

## Description

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The fruit bodies of *Volvariella bombycina* are initially egg-shaped when still enclosed in the universal veil. As they expand, the caps later becoming bell-shaped or convex, and finally nearly flattened in age, attaining a diameter of Template:Convert. The dry cap surface is covered with silky threads. Its color is white to yellowish, becoming more pale approaching the margin. The flesh is thin, soft, and white, and has an odor, resembling raw potatoes. Gills are crowded close together, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pinkish as the spores mature. The stem measures Template:Convert long by Template:Convert thick, and is typically tapered upward or thickened below. It is white, with a smooth surface, and is often slightly curved. The universal veil is membranous, often areolate (cracked into irregularly shaped blocks) or scaly, and forms a long, saclike volva that wraps around the base of the stem. It is white to yellowish or dingy brown, and often divided into lobes.

 File:Volvariella bombycina var. flaviceps 240536.jpg
The variety *V. bombycina* var. *flaviceps* is distinguished from the main form by its smaller, bright yellow caps, up to Template:Convert in diameter, and its dirty-white, scaly volva. Murrill also noted that it developed a "peculiar sickening odor during drying". *V. bombycina* var. *microspora* has smaller spores (6–7.5 by 4–5 μm), a yellow cap, and a blotched brown volva. *V. bombycina* var. *palmicola* also has a yellow cap and small spores (5.9–7.5 by 4.3–5.4 μm), but can be distinguished from the previous varieties by its distantly spaced gills.

Mushrooms produce a spore print with a color ranging from pinkish to salmon. Spores are elliptical, smooth, and measure 6.5–10 by 4.5–6.5 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 19–43 by 6–11 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia that occur on the gill face) are usually spindle shaped, but have a widely variable morphology; they are abundant in the hymenium, and have dimensions of 26–122 by 8–57 μm. The cheilocystidia (on the gill edge) are similar in morphology and abundance, some may feature knobs held at the end of slender projections up to 20 μm long; dimensions are in the range of 26 and 144 μm long by 8–46 μm wide. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae of *V. bombycina*.

The fruit bodies can be readily grown in laboratory culture.

### Similar species

The combination of a silky white cap, white stem, pink gills, pink spore print, and growth on wood is characteristic of this species and make identification of *Volvariella bombycina* in the field relatively easy. Some *Pluteus* species have a general similar appearance, and also produce pinkish to pinkish-brown spore prints, but they lack a volva. *Amanita* species grow on the ground and make white spore prints. *V. pusilla* has a small cap measuring Template:Convert in diameter with silky fibers and short lines visible at the cap edge when moist; it grows in soil in gardens and greenhouses and on lawns. *V. hypopithys* has a medium-size white cap that is Template:Convert in diameter with silky to scaly fibers and lacks the short lines at the cap edge when moist; it grows on the ground in woods. *V. caesiotincta* has a bluish-gray cap, while *V. gloiocephala* can be distinguished from *V. bombycina* by its smooth cap that is sticky when damp, and a white volva.

### Edibility

The fruit bodies are edible, and usually considered of good quality. They have been called "excellent", "tasty" with a "modest and pleasant flavor", and "worth eating if found in large enough quantities".

Alexander H. Smith related a story of how unique circumstances led to the development of a local superstition about the species:

> ... the members of a family here in Ann Arbor were poisoned, some fatally, as the result of eating caps of a species of *Amanita*. The next year *Volvaria bombycina* fruited on a maple tree at the home of these people, and the story was circulated that some of the spores of the poisonous fungus, which caused the deaths the year before, had escaped from the house, lodged in the tree, germinated, grew and were now producing fruiting bodies. Consequently the carpophores of the *Volvaria* were held in great awe by the neighbors, and soon came to be referred to as the "ghost mushroom". No one, of course, would consider eating them.
>
>

## Habitat and distribution

 File:Silky Rosegill, maple tree of Vermont, USA, July 2012.jpg
*Volvariella bombycina* is a saprobic species. Fruit bodies grow singly or in small groups on trunks and decayed stumps of dead hardwoods. Favored species include sugar maple, red maple, silver maple, magnolia, mango, beech, oak, and elm. It is often found in clefts and knotholes of dead or living tree trunks. It has been noted to fruit in the same location for several years. Despite its preference for hardwoods, it has been reported growing on rare instances on coniferous wood. An uncommon species with a wide distribution, it has been reported from Asia (China, India, Korea, Pakistan), the Caribbean (Cuba), Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. It acquired protected status in Hungary in 2005, making it a legal offense to pick it. Variety *microspora* is known from Venezuela, while *V. bombycina* var. *palmicola* occurs in the DR Congo.

## Bioactive compounds

Several bioactive secondary metabolites have been isolated and identified from *Volvariella bombycina* fruit bodies, mycelium, or pure culture. The compounds ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene-3-one, ergosterol peroxide, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, and indazole were found in liquid culture. In 2009, the novel compound isodeoxyhelicobasidin was identified from culture broth; this compound inhibits the enzyme human elastase. The fungus also produces compounds that have antioxidative activity.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Fries 1836`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kummer 1871`
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Murrill 1911`
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMycoBank: Volvariella bombycina`
5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Singer 1951`
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Lamarck 1783`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Batsch 1783`
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Murrill 1949`
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Shaffer 1957`
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dennis 1961`
11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Beely 1928`
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Shaffer 1962`
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Arora 1986`
14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `McKnight 1987`
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 1987`
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Roberts 2011`
17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Flegler 1981`
18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Jordan 2004`
19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Bessette 1992`
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Dickinson 1982`
21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Smith 1945`
22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `urlMushroomExpert`
23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `de Vries 1999`
24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Gams 2002`
25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Zhishu 1993`
26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Mishra 2003`
27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Seok 2002`
28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sabir 2003`
29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Pegler 1988`
30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Menolli 2008`
31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Siller 2006`
32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Xu 2010`
33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Xu 2009`
34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Badalyan 2003`

## External links

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