American Gangster (film)

2007 film by Ridley ScottTemplate:SHORTDESC:2007 film by Ridley Scott

* Ridley Scott
* Brian Grazer
* Russell Crowe
* Denzel Washington
* Chiwetel Ejiofor
* Cuba Gooding Jr.
* Josh Brolin
* Ted Levine
* Armand Assante
* John Ortiz
* John Hawkes
* RZA
* Imagine Entertainment
* Scott Free Productions
* Relativity Media
* October 19, 2007 (2007-10-19) (Apollo Theater)
* November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02) (United States)

***American Gangster*** is a 2007 American biographical crime film directed and produced by Ridley Scott and written by Steven Zaillian. The film is fictionally based on the criminal career of Frank Lucas, a gangster from La Grange, North Carolina who smuggled heroin into the United States on American service planes returning from the Vietnam War, before being detained by a task force led by detective Richie Roberts. The film stars Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe in their first lead acting roles together since 1995's *Virtuosity*. The film also co-stars Ted Levine, John Ortiz, Josh Brolin, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Norman Reedus, Ruby Dee, Lymari Nadal and Cuba Gooding Jr.

Development for the film initially began in 2000, when Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment purchased the rights to a *New York* magazine story about the rise and fall of Lucas. Two years later, screenwriter Steven Zaillian introduced a 170-page scriptment to Scott. Original production plans were to commence in Toronto for budget purposes; however, production eventually relocated permanently to New York City. Because of the film's rising budget Universal canceled production in 2004. After negotiations with Terry George, it was later revived with Scott at the helm in March 2005. Principal photography commenced over a period of five months from July to December 2006; filming took place throughout New York City and concluded in Thailand.

*American Gangster* premiered in New York on October 20, 2007, and was released in the United States and Canada on November 2. The film was well received by most film critics, and grossed over US$266.5 million worldwide, with domestic grosses standing at $130.1 million. Many of the people portrayed, including Roberts and Lucas, have stated that the film took much creative license with the story, and three former DEA agents sued Universal claiming the agency's portrayal was demoralizing. *American Gangster* was nominated for twenty-one awards, including two Oscar nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Supporting Actress (Ruby Dee), and won three including a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Dee.

## Plot

In 1968, Frank Lucas is the right-hand man of Harlem mob boss Ellsworth "Bumpy" Johnson. When Johnson dies of a heart attack, Frank enters the heroin trade, buying directly from producers in Thailand and smuggling it into the U.S. through returning Vietnam War servicemen. Frank sells his heroin under the brand "Blue Magic", whose affordability and purity make it incredibly popular, eliminating much of his competition.

Newark detective and aspiring lawyer Richie Roberts is ostracized in his precinct after handing in almost $1 million that he found in a mobster's car. After his outcasted and addicted partner overdoses on Blue Magic, Captain Lou Toback puts Roberts in charge of a special task force that targets major local drug suppliers. Roberts is also depicted having a bitter divorce battle with his ex-wife over his infidelity.

Frank's heroin racket prospers; he eventually sells Blue Magic wholesale to many dealers in the New York Tri-State Area and expands his distribution through other criminal organisations. With this monopoly, Frank becomes Harlem's top crime lord, opening legitimate business fronts and maintaining a low profile, while befriending politicians and famous celebrities such as Joe Louis. He buys a mansion for his mother and recruits his five brothers as his lieutenants. Frank eventually falls in love with and marries Eva, a Puerto Rican beauty queen. He attends the Fight of the Century with her, where Roberts spots Frank, notices he has better seats than the Italian mobsters, and begins investigating him. Frank also comes to odds with competing local gangster Nicky Barnes; corrupt NYPD detective Nick Trupo, who is among many people Frank is forced to bribe; and the Corsican mafia, who unsuccessfully attempt to assassinate Frank and his wife for putting them out of business.

One night, Roberts' detectives witness one of Frank's cousins, Jimmy Zee, shoot his girlfriend; he becomes their informant in lieu of being convicted. They make Jimmy wear a wire, through which they learn that Frank has negotiated one final shipment of heroin after the fall of Saigon. They identify and search one of the last planes carrying Lucas' stock, discovering that it is being smuggled through the coffins of dead servicemen. They follow the drugs into Newark's projects and obtain a warrant to raid Frank's heroin processing facility, which results in the arrest of Frank's brother Huey. They then arrest the other four brothers, and finally Frank himself.

During a trial against Frank, Roberts offers him a chance at leniency if he will help him expose corrupt police officers, to which Frank agrees. Following Frank's cooperation, three-quarters of the New York DEA and many NYPD officers are arrested and convicted, while Trupo commits suicide. Roberts becomes a defense attorney and has Frank as his first client. Frank is sentenced to 70 years in prison, of which he serves 15 years and is released in 1991.

## Cast

* Denzel Washington as Frank Lucas
* Russell Crowe as Richie Roberts
* Chiwetel Ejiofor as Huey Lucas
* Josh Brolin as Detective Trupo
* Lymari Nadal as Eva
* Ted Levine as Lou Toback
* Roger Guenveur Smith as Nate
* John Hawkes as Freddie Spearman
* RZA as Moses Jones
* Yul Vazquez as Alfonse Abruzzo
* Malcolm Goodwin as Jimmy Zee
* Ruby Dee as Mama Lucas
* Ruben Santiago-Hudson as Doc
* Carla Gugino as Laurie Roberts
* John Ortiz as Javier J Rivera
* Cuba Gooding Jr. as Nicky Barnes
* Armand Assante as Dominic Cattano
* Joe Morton as Charlie Williams
* Ritchie Coster as Joey Sadano
* Idris Elba as Tango
* Common as Turner Lucas
* Tip Harris as Stevie Lucas
* Kevin Corrigan as Campizi
* Robert Funaro as McCann
* Jon Polito as Rossi
* KaDee Strickland as Richie's attorney
* Norman Reedus as Detective in morgue
* Roger Bart as US Attorney
* Ric Young as Chinese general
* Clarence Williams III as Bumpy Johnson (uncredited)

## Production

### Development and writing

In 2000, Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment purchased the rights to "The Return of Superfly", by Mark Jacobson, an article published in *New York* magazine story about the rise and fall of the 1970s heroin kingpin Frank Lucas. In 2002, screenwriter Steven Zaillian brought a 170-page script to director Ridley Scott, who expressed interest in making two films from it. However, Scott did not immediately pursue the project, choosing to make *Kingdom of Heaven* instead. In November 2003, Universal and Imagine entered negotiations with Brian De Palma to direct *Tru Blu*, with a script by Zaillian based on the life of Frank Lucas. Zaillian interpreted the account as one of "American business and race", focusing the script thematically on corporate business. Production was initially slated for a spring 2004 start.

In March 2004, the studio entered new negotiations with Antoine Fuqua to direct, as well as Denzel Washington to star in the film as Frank Lucas. The following May, Benicio del Toro entered negotiations to star as Detective Richie Roberts, who brought down Lucas. Production of *Tru Blu* was reset to begin in early fall 2004, with the film slated for a release date of June 3, 2005. In September 2004, Dania Ramirez entered negotiations to join the cast of the film, now titled *American Gangster*.

Universal Pictures reported that it greenlit *American Gangster* with a budget of $80 million, which escalated to $93 million, with $10 million for development costs and $3 million for the delay of the production start date. Sources close to the director insist that the budget was $93 million from the beginning. The studio also sought for *American Gangster* to be produced in Toronto rather than New York City to save money, but Fuqua resisted the re-location. The studio's parent company General Electric received tax credits in New York City, so production was moved to the city. This change increased the budget to $98 million. Fuqua's camp insisted that it was seeking ways to reduce the budget, but the studio argued about several aspects of the project under him. The director had wanted to film a Vietnam sequence in Thailand and to cast notable names such as Ray Liotta and John C. Reilly in minor roles. To add to the studio's budgetary concerns, Fuqua was rewriting the script during the pre-production process. The director did not have a shot-list, final locations, and supporting actors signed to initiate production.

Fuqua was fired on October 1, 2004, four weeks before principal photography would begin. The studio cited creative differences for its action. After Fuqua's departure, the studio met with Peter Berg to take over directing the film, and Denzel Washington had approved of the choice. Due to the search potentially escalating a budget already in the US$80 million range and the difficulty in recouping the amount based on the film's subject matter, Universal canceled production of *American Gangster*, citing time constraints and creative elements. The cancellation cost the studio $30 million, of which $20 million went to Washington and $5 million went to del Toro due to their pay or play contracts.

"When I met Frank, I really understood what I saw as the arc of the character. He wears nice clothes and drives fancy cars and all that, so if that means glorifying it I guess that's the case. But for me I was looking at the arc of the character, and he don't look that glorious right now."

—Denzel Washington discussing the arc of Frank Lucas

In March 2005, *American Gangster* was revived as Universal and Imagine entered negotiations with Terry George to revise Zaillian's script and direct the film, which was to be financed with a target budget of US$50 million. Will Smith was approached to replace Washington as Frank Lucas, though an offer would be postponed until George completed his revision of the script. George cut many key scenes, characters and Asian locations to reduce costs, but the project failed to progress given financial problems and producer Grazer feeling they "couldn't make it right" without the removed material.

After Scott and Zaillian met on another project, Zaillian brought up the "Gangster" project again with Scott, who decided he was ready to do it. Producer Brian Grazer and Imagine executive Jim Whitaker decided against pursuing George's attempt and to return to Zaillian's vision. In February 2006, Ridley Scott entered talks with the studio to take over *American Gangster* from George, returning to Zaillian's draft as the film's basis. Washington returned to his role as Lucas, and Russell Crowe was attached to star as Roberts. Crowe was drawn to the project based on his previous work with the director on *Gladiator* and *A Good Year*, Washington wanted to work with Crowe again, after 1995's *Virtuosity*. Production was slated for summer 2006.

Scott had discussed the script with Crowe as they worked on *A Good Year* in France, and they sought to take on the project. The director reviewed Zaillian's script, Terry George's rewrite, and a revision by Richard Price during the project's incarnation with director Antoine Fuqua. Scott preferred Zaillian's approach and chose to follow it. The director encountered a challenge in the script since the characters Frank Lucas and Richie Roberts do not encounter each other until twenty minutes before the end of the film. The director sought to flesh out the private universes of these characters, which would evolve, and to have scenes cut between the two characters to provide a balance. Elements such as Frank Lucas's interaction with his family and Richie Roberts's dysfunctional marriage were written to add to the characters' backgrounds. The rappers T.I., RZA, and Common were added to the cast to appeal to younger audiences.

 File:Harlem condemned building.jpg
Scott chose to direct *American Gangster* by highlighting the paradoxical values of Frank Lucas and Richie Roberts. The film somewhat focuses on the comparatively ethical business practices of the "wicked gangster" and the womanizing and failed marriage of the "do-gooder" police detective. Washington, who was not normally a fan of gangster films, chose to portray Lucas when he saw "the arc of the character", which ended by showing the prices that Lucas paid for his actions.

To prepare for their roles, the actors met the actual persons. In addition, Washington took on Lucas' Southern accent, and Crowe practiced to match Roberts's manner of speaking and body language, requesting tape recordings of Roberts to assist in his preparation. The following March, the studio rehired Zaillian to rewrite the script for *American Gangster*. The budget had escalated to $100 million, which Grazer stated was unexpected given "It's not a high-concept comedy, it's not a fantasy movie, it's not a four-quadrant movie". Grazer and Scott still had to pay back the studio $3 million for a budget overrun.

### Filming

 File:Bk Navy Yard from boat 2007 jeh.jpg
Principal photography began in July 2006 in New York City. *American Gangster* was filmed over a period of approximately four months in over 180 different locations, most of them across New York; it set the record for containing the highest number of filming locations of a movie. Two months were spent in New York, with all the city's five boroughs being used. Approximately fifty to sixty locations were set in Harlem alone. While in the neighbourhood, Scott stated that he found several interiors that had been untouched since the 1940s.

According to production designer Arthur Max, exhaustive location scouting was done to find parts of New York that could still resemble the city of the early 1970s, filming Lucas' headquarters at 116th Street 20 blocks north, on 136th Street. In his interview with ComingSoon.net, Scott stated that "[he] just walked in [...] and [...] just sho[o]t in the house." Several gas masks were brought by producers due to health hazards and sanitary concerns existing in the buildings. Scott found filming in Harlem to be difficult, commenting that the rapid gentrification in Harlem provided poor opportunities for shooting angles. Hand-held cameras were extensively used to depict a "guerrilla filmmaking" style.

Other locations for principal photography include the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Old Westbury Gardens, a segment of the George Washington Bridge, and the Brooklyn Supreme Courthouse. Briarcliff Manor in upstate New York had the locations for both the Lucas farm and the estate Lucas buys for his family. Filming locations began setting up in Thailand in November 2006, after Branko Lustig consulted with Suvit Yodmanee, the country's tourism minister. Filming for *American Gangster* concluded in Chiang Mai the following month.

Using his experience from visiting New York in the same time period in which the film's story took place, Scott sought to downplay a "Beatles" atmosphere to the film and to instead create a shabbier atmosphere, saying that "Harlem was really, really shabby, beautiful brownstones falling apart." Production and costume design was emphasized, transforming the location into the rundown streets of upper Manhattan from the late 1960s and early 1970s. Denzel Washington, as Frank Lucas, had 64 costume changes.

### Music

In 2006, Greg Calloway was approached by producers to produce a soundtrack for the film. He presented the idea to Atlantic Records chairman Craig Kallman, and one of the company's artists, T.I., got an acting role in the film. However, the deal did not go further because Universal Pictures owned the rights to the film; "It was a Universal film and they were not going to give the soundtrack to WMG" (Atlantic's parent company). Thus Scott brought back Marc Streitenfeld, who had worked with him in *A Good Year*. The composer stated that "the overall tone needed to be something bigger and darker" given the characters' strong personalities, and while not being the original intention, he added shades of blues and soul music to fit the 1970s setting. The musical score for *American Gangster* was recorded between April and May 2007 by Streitenfeld, with the help of orchestrator Bruce Fowler and conductor Mike Nowak, using an 80-piece orchestra recorded in sections as well as acoustic pre-records, performed by Streitenfeld himself. Additional score material was composed and recorded by Hank Shocklee.

The official soundtrack album for *American Gangster* was released by Def Jam Recordings within a week of the film's release. In addition to Streitenfeld and Shocklee's score material, the soundtrack album also features songs influenced by music in the 1960s and 1970s, including from blues and soul musicians such as Bobby Womack, The Staple Singers, Sam & Dave, and John Lee Hooker. Grazer stated that "I wanted to introduce a visual and sonic world that is a contained entity of the '70s", and Scott felt it was vital to have "the brand of music that was Harlem at the time."

Denzel Washington pressed Grazer into inviting rapper Jay-Z to write the film's score, but the producer "just didn't think there'd be enough for Jay-Z to do" given the intentions to do a soundtrack filled with 1970s music. The film's trailer had already used Jay-Z's "Heart of the City (Ain't No Love)", and the rapper was invited to an advanced screening. The film had a profound resonance on the musician, who decided to create a concept album, also entitled *American Gangster*. The rapper recorded tracks that were prompted by specific scenes in the film. It was speculated that the album's release in conjunction with the film would attract a young audience and help Universal Pictures generate profits to recover from the film's troubled development history. According to Jay-Z:

"It was like I was watching the film, and putting it on pause, and giving a back story to the story. It immediately clicked with me. Like *Scarface* or any one of those films, you take the good out of it, and you can see it as an inspiring film."
"

## Release

 File:Apollo Theater, Harlem (2009).jpg
*American Gangster* premiered in Harlem at the Apollo Theater on October 20, 2007. Over two weeks before the release of *American Gangster*, a screener for the film leaked online. The film debuted in the United States and Canada on November 2, 2007, in 3,054 theaters.

### Box office

In its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, it grossed an estimated $43.6 million, averaging $14,264 per theater, placing the film first in the weekend box office. It marked the biggest opening weekend out of any film in both Washington and Crowe's careers. In its second week, grosses declined by 44.8 percent to $24 million, being beaten out by *Bee Movie*. In contrast by its third week, screenings for *American Gangster* increased to 3,110 theaters as the film surpassed the $100 million mark. *American Gangster* finished its box office run in North America with $130,164,645.

The film experienced similar success overseas. *American Gangster* was released in the United Kingdom on November 16, and became the highest-grossing film of the week, garnering £2.6 million ($5.3 million) in the box office. It repeated the feat in its second week, grossing an estimated £1.82 million ($3.7 million) at the box office and beating out *Beowulf* two consecutive times. The weekend of November 16–18 saw *American Gangster* take $14.7 million from fourteen territories internationally. At the same time, *American Gangster* expanded in the European market; it received $2.8 million from 366 theaters in Germany and $3.6 million from 366 screens in France during its opening weekend.

Releases followed in Norway and Sweden the succeeding week, where it earned $392,608 and $465,238 from thirty-seven and fifty-nine theaters, respectively. The film was released in the United Arab Emirates during the film's sixth week and grossed a modest $281,922 at the box office during its first week in the emirate. Similarly, it earned $6.9 million in international markets during its sixth week, adding the total at the time to $40.9 million.

By January 25, 2008, *American Gangster* opened in thirty-seven markets, bringing international grosses to $93 million. In February, screenings for the film debuted in Mexico—with a modest $820,482 opening weekend—and Japan, where it opened at the box office with $2.3 million, landing in second place. *American Gangster* grossed over $266.5 million worldwide at the box office, with international grosses making up 51 percent ($136.3 million). It ranked as the 19th highest-grossing film of 2007 both domestically and worldwide.

### Home media

*American Gangster* was released in DVD and HD DVD format on February 19, 2008. The home release included an unrated extended version of the film, featuring 18 additional minutes and an alternative ending. The film topped both the DVD sales charts with 4 million units during its first week in stores, more than three times as many copies as second place *Michael Clayton*, and the rental charts. *American Gangster* ended up as the 14th best-selling DVD of 2008. It also topped the high-definition charts despite being released in the same week Toshiba announced it would discontinue the HD DVD format. On October 14, the film saw its release on Blu-ray.

A mobile game based on the film was released by Gameloft on November 1.

## Reception

### Critical response

Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 81% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 216 reviews, with a rating average of 7.00/10, with the consensus being: "*American Gangster* is a gritty and entertaining throwback to classic gangster films, with its lead performers firing on all cylinders." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean score out of 100 to reviews from film critics, the film has a score of 76 based on 38 reviews.

"Like many moviemakers [...], Mr. Scott loves his bad guy too much. And by turning Lucas into a figure who seduces instead of repels, an object of directorial fetishism and a token of black resistance, however hollow, he encourages us to submit as well. Part of this is structural and economic: blood and nihilism are always better sells than misery and hopelessness. Yet there's also a historical dimension because when Lucas strolls down a fast-emptying Harlem street after putting a bullet into another man's head and the camera pulls back for the long view, you are transported into the realm of myth. Once, another gunman, or the director, might have taken direct aim at Lucas. But the world belongs to gangsters now, not cowboys."

—Manohla Dargis of *The New York Times*

Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* gave the film a perfect four-star rating and opined, "This is an engrossing story, told smoothly and well." Ebert also praised Crowe's performance, saying that his contribution to the storytelling was "enormous".
Paul Byrnes of *The Sydney Morning Herald* felt that *American Gangster* was "one of the most intelligent gangster films in years" and expressed that the film offers "the spectacle of grand themes and two bigger-than-life characters played by two of the best actors in cinema." Concluding his review, Byrnes gave the film four out of four stars.

IGN's Jim "Stax" Vejvoda rated the film four out of five stars, praising the acting—particularly of the two protagonists, "both dynamic presences on-screen, with neither actor outweighing the other's importance to the story"—and declaring that despite being preceded by other gangster stories such as *Scarface* and *The Sopranos*, *American Gangster* managed to justify its existence with "emphasis on the human and class elements of the story". Manohla Dargis of *The New York Times* strongly commended the film, opining that "greatness hovers just outside *American Gangster*." She continued: "It's a seductive package, crammed with all the on-screen and off-screen talent that big-studio money can buy, and filled with old soul and remixed funk that evoke the city back in the day, when heroin turned poor streets white and sometimes red." These sentiments were echoed by Sukhdev Sandhu of *The Telegraph*, who asserted that the storyline was "amazing".

In comparison, some reviewers were more critical of *American Gangster*. Jonathan Crocker of *Time Out London* was polarized with the film, criticizing its aesthetics. In his review, he wrote, "Scott's meticulous aesthetics can't touch the urban texture and deep focus of *The French Connection*, *The Godfather*, *Serpico* and *Prince of the City* – all looming heavily in intertextual nods." In contrast, Crocker praised Washington's acting, writing, "He's immense: centering every scene with tractor-beam charisma, that dangerous, easy charm hovering between a luxury smile or blazing violence." In conclusion, Crocker gave the film three out of five stars.

Similarly, Owen Gleiberman of *Entertainment Weekly* gave the film a 'C−' grade, expressing that *American Gangster* is "never dull, but it could have used more good old-fashioned melodramatic intrigue." Gleiberman found Washington's performance to have "a ghastly ingenuity". *Empire*'s Ian Freer rated the film three stars out of five; he stated that it was "undeniably enjoyable" and praised the cast, but also noted that he felt that "very little in the movie feels fresh, re-treading scenes, riffs and imagery from the whole history of crime flicks" and that the film did not explore enough of Lucas' story and Scott's visual imagination.

*Slant Magazine* journalist Nick Schager harshly criticized the film, giving the film a one out of four stars rating. Schager remarked that the film was "dumb as a rock", and that it was "far too convinced of its import to be any fun." Giving *American Gangster* a two out of five stars, Peter Bradshaw of *The Guardian* was disappointed with Washington's acting, asserting, "He doesn't seem to relax and enjoy himself in the role, or even inhabit it very satisfyingly." He resumed: "He never has the menace of his dirty cop in *Training Day*, and we don't see anything like the transformation from street-hustler to leader in *Malcolm X*. That shoulder-shimmying swagger is rarely seen, and the brand-classic robes of *American Gangster* sit on him heavily."

#### Accuracy of the film

In an interview with MSNBC, Lucas expressed his excitement about the film and amazement at Denzel Washington's portrayal. However, Lucas admitted to several news outlets that only a small portion of the film was true, and that much of it was fabricated for dramatic effect. In addition, Richie Roberts criticized the film for portraying him in a custody battle while in real life he never had a child. Roberts criticized the portrayal of Lucas, describing it as "almost noble".

Sterling Johnson Jr., a federal judge who served as a special narcotics prosecutor for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and assisted the arrest and trial of Lucas, described the film as "one percent reality and ninety-nine percent Hollywood." In addition, Johnson described the real-life Lucas as "illiterate, vicious, violent, and everything Denzel Washington was not." Former DEA agents Jack Toal, Gregory Korniloff, and Louis Diaz filed a lawsuit against Universal saying that the events in the film were fictionalized and that the film defamed them and hundreds of other agents.

The lawsuit was eventually dismissed by US District Judge Colleen McMahon. While McMahon noted that the intertitle that appears at the end of the film, stating that Lucas' collaboration led to the arrest of many corrupt DEA agents, was "wholly inaccurate", in that Lucas' cooperation did not lead to the convictions, and opined that "[i]t would behoove a major corporation like Universal (which is owned by a major news organization, NBC) not to put inaccurate statements at the end of popular films", she stated that the film failed to meet legal standards of defamation because it failed to "show a single person who is identifiable as a DEA agent".

Many of Lucas' other claims, as presented in the film, have also been called into question, such as being the right-hand man of Bumpy Johnson, rising above the power of the Mafia and Nicky Barnes, and that he was the mastermind behind the Golden Triangle heroin connection of the 1970s. Ron Chepesiuk, a biographer of Frank Lucas, deemed the story a myth. Associated Press entertainment writer Frank Coyle noted that "this mess happened partly because journalists have been relying on secondary sources removed from the actual events."

### Accolades

*American Gangster* earned various awards and nominations, in categories ranging from recognition of the film itself to its screenplay and music, to the performances of Ruby Dee and Denzel Washington. Prior to the film's release, it was observed as a candidate for the Academy Awards based on its style and the performances of its actors, including the possibility of an Academy Award for Best Director for Ridley Scott.

The film was recognized as a candidate for best film by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Broadcast Film Critics Association. In addition, the film was included on 54 reviewer lists of the ten best films of 2007, three of them at the top spot. Among the lists ranking *American Gangster* as one of the best of the year were those of *The Miami Herald*, *Rolling Stone* and the Associated Press.

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"American Gangster (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
2. ↑ Review: Brilliant Washington powers 'Gangster'. *CNN* (November 1, 2007).
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kleinknecht, William (October 5, 2006). "FROM FOES TO FRIENDS AND NOW ON TO FAME". *The Star-Ledger*.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (November 5, 2003). "U is re-Imagined". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Rottenberg, Josh (October 25, 2007). Clash of the Titans.
6. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Leland, John (October 29, 2006). "Gross National Product". *The New York Times*.
7. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Snyder, Gabriel; Michael Fleming (March 15, 2004). "'Tru Blu' has liftoff at Imagine". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
8. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (May 23, 2004). "Del Toro's 'Tru' calling". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
9. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Ramirez Joining Fuqua's American Gangster". ComingSoon.net. September 13, 2004. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca; Jeff Jensen (October 22, 2004). "'Gangster' Wrap". *Entertainment Weekly*. Archived from the original on November 15, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
11. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (October 3, 2004). "Fuqua ankles 'Gangster'". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
12. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (October 6, 2004). "'American Gangster' pic rubbed out by U". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
13. ↑ Rivetti Jr., Tony (October 29, 2006). Gross National Product: The Heroin Trade's New Face.
14. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (March 13, 2005). "U's still high on 'Gangster'". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
15. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (May 30, 2005). "Thesp's 'American' dream". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Eller, Claudia (October 15, 2007). 'Gangster' gets a shot.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Whipp, Glenn (October 28, 2007). NOT MAKING IT WOULD BE A CRIME 'AMERICAN GANGSTER' OVERCOMES MORE OBSTACLES THAN MOST HOLLYWOOD DRAMAS.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (March 23, 2006). "U gets going on 'Gangster'". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Fleming, Michael (February 13, 2006). "'Gangster' redux". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
20. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Morris, Wesley (November 5, 2006). "Russell Crowe learns to smile". *The Boston Globe*.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Douglas, Edward (October 25, 2007). "Ridley Scott's *American Gangster*". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Halbinger, David M.; Leeds, Jeff (September 20, 2007). "For Jay-Z, Inspiration Arrives in a Movie". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 *American Gangster* Production Notes.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Thailand beckons. Star Publications (November 1, 2006).
25. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Schwartz, Robert (April 24, 2007). "'Gangster' puts hit on gentrification". *Variety*. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
26. ↑ Who Is Who is Greg Calloway?. Greg Calloway's official website (2009-01-10).
27. ↑ Gwin, Scott (November 21, 2007). INTERVIEW – Marc Streitenfeld. Cinema Blend.
28. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Goldwasser, Dan (May 15, 2007). "Marc Streitenfeld scores Ridley Scott's *American Gangster*". ScoringSessions.com. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
29. ↑ 'American Gangster' premiere. Daily News (October 20, 2007).
30. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"'American Gangster' Leaked Online a Whole Week Early!". New York. October 24, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
31. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>McClintock, Pamela; Dave McNary (November 1, 2007). "Buzz builds for fall box office". *Variety*. Archived from the original on November 4, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
32. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Goodman, Dean (November 4, 2007). "'American Gangster' squashes bees at box office". Reuters. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
33. ↑ Gray, Brandon (November 5, 2007). 'American Gangster' No. 1 with a Bullet. Box Office Mojo.
34. ↑ Gray, Brandon (November 13, 2007). 'Bee' Keeps Buzzing as 'Fred,' 'Lions' Don't Roar. Box Office Mojo.
35. ↑ Weekend Box Office Results for November 16–18, 2007. Box Office Mojo.
36. ↑ American Gangster guns down Beowulf in UK (November 21, 2007).
37. ↑ American Gangster continues UK box office reign (November 27, 2007).
38. ↑ Bresnan, Conor (November 22, 2007). Around the World Roundup: 'Beowulf' Leads Soft Lot. Box Office Mojo.
39. ↑ Bresnan, Conor (November 29, 2007). Around the World Roundup: 'Beowulf' Tops Another Modest Weekend. Box Office Mojo.
40. ↑ Bresnan, Conor (December 6, 2007). Around the World Roundup: Softy 'Beowulf' Wins Another Weekend. Box Office Mojo.
41. ↑ Bresnan, Conor (January 25, 2008). Around the World Roundup: 'Legend' First for Fifth Weekend. Box Office Mojo.
42. ↑ Bresnan, Conor (February 10, 2008). Around the World Roundup: 'Asterix' Leaps to the Top. Box Office Mojo.
43. ↑ McCutcheon, David (January 17, 2008). American Gangster Rolls In. IGN.
44. ↑ Arnold, Thomas K. (February 28, 2008). "Gangster" rides to top of DVD charts.
45. ↑ Top-Selling DVDs of 2008. The Numbers.
46. ↑ 'American Gangster' HD DVD Tops VideoScan's Weekly High-Def Disc Sales Chart. High-Def Digest (February 29, 2008).
47. ↑ Foster, Dave (September 5, 2008). Universal 'Gangster' titles on US BD in October – Artwork added. The Digital Fix.
48. ↑ Roush, George (November 16, 2007). American Gangster Review. IGN.
49. ↑ American Gangster. Rotten Tomatoes.
50. ↑ American Gangster (2007): Reviews. Metacritic.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Dargis, Manohla (November 2, 2007). American Gangster (2007).
52. ↑ Ebert, Robert (November 2, 2007). American Gangster.
53. ↑ Byrnes, Paul (January 3, 2008). American Gangster.
54. ↑ Monfette, Pirrello, Christopher, Phil (September 26, 2008). American Gangster Blu-ray Review. IGN.
55. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Sandhu, Sukhdev (November 16, 2007). "Film reviews: American Gangster and Brick Lane". *The Telegraph*. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
56. ↑ Crocker, Jonathan (November 18, 2007). American Gangster (2007).
57. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (October 31, 2007). American Gangster (2007).
58. ↑ Freer, Ian. American Gangster.
59. ↑ Schager, Nick (October 21, 2007). American Gangster.
60. ↑ Bradshaw, Peter (November 15, 2007). American Gangster.
61. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Davis, Bradley (October 26, 2007). "Breakfast with the real 'American Gangster'". *Inside Dateline*. MSNBC.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Susannah Cahalan (November 4, 2007). GANGING UP ON MOVIE'S 'LIES'.
63. ↑ Janelle Oswald (2007-12-09). The Real American Gangster. voice-online. "She spent five years in prison for aiding her husband's narcotic smuggling trade. Having to get used to the public life again after living like a 'ghost' since her release, the making of her partner's life on the big screen has brought back many memories, some good and some bad."
64. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Coyle, Jake (January 17, 2008). "Fabrications dim American Gangster's Oscar hopes". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
65. ↑ DEA agents sue over 'American Gangster'. WPRI.
66. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"American Gangster lawsuit dismissed". ABC News/Reuters. February 18, 2008.
67. ↑ Chepesiuk, Ron (January 17, 2008). "New Criminologist Special – Frank Lucas, 'American Gangster,' and the Truth Behind the Asian Connection" Template:Webarchive.
68. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Harris, Paul (September 30, 2007). "Why drug lord fascinates US". *The Guardian*. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
69. ↑ Nominees & Winners of the 80th Academy Awards. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
70. ↑ Film Nominations 2007. British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
71. ↑ 65th Golden Globe Awards Nominations & Winners. Hollywood Foreign Press Association.
72. ↑ Best Thriller. Bauer Consumer Media (2008).
73. ↑ 2007 12th Annual SATELLITE Awards.
74. ↑ 2007 12th Annual Satellite Awards. International Press Academy.
75. ↑ Bruno, Mike (2007-12-20). The 14th Annual SAG Award Nominations. *Entertainment Weekly*.
76. ↑ The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards. Screen Actors Guild.
77. ↑ Coens land Critics' Choice Awards. *BBC News* (January 1, 2008).
78. ↑ Best of 2007 – CriticsTop10. CriticsTop10.
79. ↑ Metacritic: 2007 Film Critic Top Ten Lists. Metacritic.
80. ↑ Travers, Peters (December 19, 2007). Peter Travers' Best and Worst Movies of 2007.
81. ↑ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Germain, David; Lemire, Christy (December 27, 2007). "'No Country for Old Men' earns nod from AP critics". Associated Press, via Columbia Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2007.

## References

### Bibliography

* <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>Leland, John (October 29, 2006). "Gross National Product". *The New York Times*.
* Collins, Max Allan (October 2007). *American Gangster* (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Forge Books. ISBN 978-0-7653-5901-8. https://archive.org/details/americangangster00coll.

## External links

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* Official website
* *American Gangster* at IMDb
* Template:Rotten Tomatoes
* Template:Metacritic film
* Template:Mojo title
* Template:AllRovi title

Template:Steven Zaillian
Template:Brian Grazer
Template:Empire Award for Best Thriller

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