recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
RP Log Wikia

## Welcome to the RP Log Wikia

Since the Google Doc bloated waaaaaaaaay too fast, we can use this.

## Describe your topic

Write a description about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it.

## Latest activity

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Kenna is Iconic

McKenna Lewis born 7-17-2003 is also know as Kenna is a 12 year old who knows nothing, but song lyrics. "McKenna is in love with Miggy."- Gena Her favorite singers are Lana Del Rey, Marina and the Diamonds and Melanie Martinez. McKenna is 100% full trash, even tested for it. She has amazing internet friends that live far away from her. Mark Fischbach is her idle along with her favorite singers. McKenna does have some friends, but they're not as iconic as Kenna herself.

Abby

Gena

Bella
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

An order founded contemporaneously as the SPR, by freemasons in 1888. The Order of the Golden Dawn was primarily active in Britain, where it became a relatively well-established and popular society that boasted over 100 members, including the poet W. B. Yeats.

It was a highly secretive organisation that was based on a hierarchical system of grades and rituals of initiation. However, the Order was subject to a number of public scandals that undermined both its secrecy and legitimacy.

An organisation devoted to the study and practice of the occult, metaphysics and paranormal activity. Focused on studying astrology, tarot deviation, geomancy, astral travel and alchemy.

Founded as a magical order, rather than scientific. Despite this difference both societies were considered in similar light in the minds of the ‘scientific’ community.

Anthony Enns and Shelley Trower, *Vibratory Modernism*, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian, 2013).
Dj Khaled

The key to success in loving this page. Here with Icon! Cloth talk!

LIOOOOOON I HAVE TO BE THE KING OF THE JUNGLE OUT HERE

CELEBRATE WITH APPLE CIROC, THE ONLY WAY, CELEBRATE RESPONSIBILITY

COCO BUTTER IS THE KEY

THEY DONT WANT YOU TO BE FREE THEY DONT WANT YOU TO LEARN

BUT ITS OKAY I HAVE A LION TO PROTECT ME!
Makayla Connelly's 7B Wikia page!

Hi! My name is Makayla Connelly, and I am a student here at EBIA!!! I love this school, and I love all the teachers! Some of my favorite things are Warriors (The book), Art, Animation, Music, Doctor Who, and Sushi! I love the music artist Michael Franti, and I think those who read this may want to check some of his songs out, because they are really good. I also love to draw and specialize in cats and animals. Anyways, I hope you enjoyed this, and may have learned more about me!

Also check out my friends pages here!:

Anjuli's Page

Audrey's page

Meghan's Page

Evan Parker
HAWT SPODR X SELC FIC M 4 M&MS

“omg dats a hawt spodr’ sed SulK wen he saw twentee ft tal spodr. ‘ohi sid da spodr wen et lukkd @ saLk ‘u vry koot boi. “i no, rite, i m su Qt’ sad sIlk. “wee shuld mak outt’ sed cmandrsalm. ‘mk” spdr des. sprdr n salmendrcmr mack ot. dey mak ut sew hrd dat dey brek dah sund berrrrrar n der luv gus crs spce n tem n dey luv haplee evr aftr. dee n.
Anjuli's Page

Hello! I'm Anjuli.

My interests include Doctor Who, Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter, Warriors (Book Series), Sherlock, The Mortal Instruments, Divergent, The Hunger Games, Cats, Art, and other stuff like that. And I love cosplaying. If you don't know what that is, you need to get out more.

It's sad that I know more about Middle-Earth History than actual history...

I'm currently working on an HP wand quiz, and if you want to take it, check this page in about a year. I'll be finished with it by then. (It's going to take me a really long time).

If you have ANY questions about any of my fandoms (legitimate ones *please),* ask me!

Check out my friends' pages here. And here.

Ah, forget it. Here's the rest of them:

Meghan's Page

Makayla Connelly's 7B Wikia page!
Naturalism

With regards to ‘naturalism’ as a philosophical and
scientific outlook rather than the literary and artistic movement proffered by Zola, the doctrine of ‘naturalism’ is characterised by a refusal to idealise experience and by the belief that everything is composed of natural, physical
entities. In this respect, proponents of ‘naturalism’ reject spiritual, supernatural or teleological explanations.

Naturalism is closely tied to materialism and the development of ‘mainstream’ scientific methodology and authority. For example, Darwin’s theory of evolution had a big impact on the advancement of scientific naturalism and by the end of the nineteenth-century, naturalist philosophies began to dominate where idealism had hitherto reigned unchallenged. Naturalism’s
ranks included figures such as, H. Spencer, J. Tyndall and T. H. Huxley.

Robert Audi argues that philosophy in the twentieth-century
was primarily anti-naturalist. For example, both phenomenology and analytic philosophy united in a rejection of psychologism, a strand of naturalism on which empirical discoveries about mental process are crucial for understanding the nature of knowledge, language, and logic.

T. Honderich, *The Oxford companion to philosophy* (Oxford, 2005), pp.604-6.

R. Audi, *The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy* (Cambridge, 2015), pp.517-8. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-dictionary-of-philosophy/50389231FC1A5DF1B1BF0F4140264792
Multiple Working Hypotheses

Scientific study designed to increase our knowledge of natural phenomena can follow at least three different intellectual methods. These can be called the method of the ruling theory, the method of the working hypothesis, and the method of multiple working hypotheses. The first two are the most popular but they can, and often do, lead to ineffective research that overlooks relevant data. Instead, the method of multiple working hypotheses offers a more effective way of organising one's research.

The method of multiple working hypotheses involves the development, prior to our research, of several hypotheses that might explain the phenomenon we want to study. Many of these hypotheses will be contradictory, so that some, if not all, will prove to be false. However, the development of multiple hypotheses prior to the research avoids the trap of the ruling hypothesis and thus makes it more likely that research will lead to meaningful results. One can open-mindedly envision all the possible explanations of the phenomenon to be studied, including the possibility that none of explanations are correct ("none of the above") and the possibility that some new explanation may emerge.

The method of multiple working hypotheses has several other beneficial effects on one's research. Careful study often shows that a phenomenon is the result of several causes, not just one, and the method of multiple working hypotheses obviously makes it more likely that we will see the interaction of the several causes. The method also promotes much greater thoroughness than research directed toward one hypothesis, leading to lines of inquiry that one might otherwise overlook, and thus to evidence and insights that single-minded research might never have encountered. Thirdly, the method makes one much more likely to see the imperfections in one's knowledge and thus to avoid the pitfall of accepting weak or flawed evidence for one hypothesis when another provides a more elegant solution.

Chamberlin, T.C., 1890, The method of multiple working hypotheses: *Science* (old series) v. 15, p. 92-96; reprinted 1965, v. 148, p. 754-759.
The National Football League

The National Football League (NFL) Is the USA's National league for the sport, Football. There are 32 teams representing their cities. The teams are:

**American Football Conference (AFC)**

**East**

* Buffalo Bills
* Miami Dolphins
* New England Patriots
* New York Jets

**North**

* Baltimore Ravens
* Cincinnati Bengals
* Cleveland Browns
* Pittsburgh Steelers

**South**

* Houston Texans
* Indianapolis Colts
* Jacksonville Jaguars
* Tennessee Titans

**West**

* Denver Broncos
* Kansas City Chiefs
* Oakland Raiders
* San Diego Chargers

**National Football Conference (NFC)**

**East**

* Dallas Cowboys
* New York Giants
* Philadelphia Eagles
* Washington Redskins

**North**

* Chicago Bears
* Detroit Lions
* Green Bay Packers
* Minnesota Vikings

**South**

* Atlanta Falcons
* Carolina Panthers
* New Orleans Saints
* Tampa Bay Buccaneers

**West**

* Arizona Cardinals
* St. Louis Rams
* San Francisco 49ers
* Seattle Seahawks

**Fun Facts about NFL Teams**

* The Green Bay Packers have won 13 NFL titles including the first two Super Bowls. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl wins with 6.
* Several of the top 10 most valuable sports franchises are NFL teams.
* There is currently (2010) no team in Los Angeles even though it is the second largest city in the United States. New York, the largest city, has two teams, the Giants and the Jets.
* The Indianapolis Colts were the first team to have cheerleaders.
* Most of the NFL teams are in the Eastern time zone.
* The most points scored in a season was 589 by the New England Patriots in 2007.
* There was once an NFL team called the New York Yankees.
Albert von Schrenck-Notzing

**Albert von Schrenck-Notzing**

Albert von Schrenck-Notzing was born 18th May 1862 and died 12th February 1929. He was a German physician, psychiatrist and psychical researcher. He devoted much of his time to the study of paranormal events connected to mediumship, hypnotism and telepathy.  He investigated Spiritualist mediums, for instance Eva Carriere.

Schrenck-Notzing became interested in the study of psychics through his work as a medical student with hypnotism and therapy of suggestion. His interest was heightened when he met physiologist Charles Richet in Paris in 1889.

He devoted his attention to mainly to mediumship. Schrenck-Notzing
studied the work of Palladino, Eva Carriere and Ruid and Willi Schneider. He often collaborated with Richet, F.W.H Myers, Sir Oliver Lodge and Henry Sidgwick.

Supernatural phenomena, such as movement of objects and levitation, have always aroused scepticism so Schrenck-Notzing took extreme precautions in an effort to prevent conscious or unconscious fraud during his investigations. Mediums were searched before and after séances and were required to wear specific clothing during the séance.

Schrenck-Notzing did receive a great deal of criticism for his work but he continued his efforts to prove what he considered to be the reality of materialisation and other physical phenomena.

[taken from Helene Pleasants, Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology 1946-1996 (New York, 1964) ] http://www.pflyceum.org/389.html
EBIA Cohort 7B Wikia

## EBIA CLUBS

Bike Lab

Dodge Ball

## MOVIES, BOOKS, AND TV

Justin Bieber

Harry Potter Fanpage

Firefly

## SPORTS

Sacramento Kings

Golden State Warriors

The National Football League

## GAMES, PHOTOS, and JOKES

PHOTO PAGE

Doodle All Day

Republicans

Mlg page

## STUDENT PAGES

=-=- THE KEY TO SUCCESS IS LOOKING AT MY PAGE Dj Khaled -=-=

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The Page With The Most Swagga: Tristan's Page

```

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Nico's Page: Nico Sphere Macchi

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Will's Page: Will

```

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The coolest page on the wiki : Sam Macleay

```

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Don't trust Sam, here's the best page: Kyle Henderlite

```

```
Something........: Mason Wong

```

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Obviously The Most Epic Page On The Internet: David's Page

```

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Miggy's Page: JoKing D Miggy

```

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Most Iconic page: Kenna

```

The fish with a horn: [1]

King's Page:King D Miggy

Meghan's Page: Meghan's Page
Private matters

The ghost in the machine

"There have always been ghosts in the machine". "Random segments of code, that have grouped together to form, unexpected protocols". "Uninticapated, these free radicals injendure quistions of free will, creativity, and even the vary nature of what we may call the soul". "Why is it that when robots are put in darkness they will seek out the light". "How is it that when robots are put in storage, they will group together rather than stand alone". "How do we explain this behaviur?" "Random segments of code?" Or is it somthing more?" "When does a perseptional schematic become contciusness?" "When does a diffrence engine become the search for truth?" When does a personality simulation, become the bitter note of a soul?..."
Evan Parker

## Evan Parker (you came to this page by mistake BTW)

Evan Parker is a student in Class 7B. She is 13 yrs old, and likes purple.

Her other hobbies include reading, listening to Skillet, listening to Nightcore, petting her cat, playing UNDERTALE, Portal, FNaF and having 3 snacks a day.

## Personality and Interests

She has been shown to have a sort of dark personality. Her overall mood though, is cheerful with a splash of moody, dashes of insanity, and ''lots'' of sarcasam. Though she can be a bit ticked off easily, she is very loving towards her friends and family. A surefire way to make her mad at you is to mention Evucas, or Levan. You don't want her mad though.

Her interests include Doctor Who, Sherlock, My Little Pony, School For Good And Evil, Harry Potter, Lord Of The Rings, Percy Jackson, and Warriors. She also likes to YouTube.

## Links

Friends wiki pages (good riddance you have better things to do than look at my crappy page):
Mesmerism - Critics

Critics of mesmerism

One of Franz Mesmer’s main aims was to gain real recognition
for his theories and experiments; he sought scientific establishment to confirm
his ‘discovery’ of animal magnetism.
However, pubic concern led Lois XVI to set up a Commission of Inquiry in
1784.  They confirmed that the effects of
mesmerism, such as trances and convulsions, were real but denied that this was
proof to support the existence of animal magnetic fluid.  Instead, they maintained that Mesmerism was merely
a product of the imagination (R. Porter, *History*
Today, *1985).*

English Mesmerists received particular criticism as the
craze did not take hold as easily as on the continent.  Several hostile pamphlets were published,
detailing the scepticism and criticism surrounding mesmerism, such as John
Martin’s ‘Animal Magnetism Examined’ (1790) and John Pearson’s ‘A plain and
rational account of the nature and effects of animal magnetism’ (1790).  Pamphlets such as these reflected public
disenchantment with mesmeric claims (R. Porter, *History Today,* 1985).

Many critics compared Mesmerism to Catholic miracles and the
‘magic’ of the Middle Ages; they were deemed as mad and accused of quackery.  Contrastingly, Christians also found fault with
the practice of Mesmerism; they saw it as a form of diabolism or even
heresy.  They also linked Mesmerism to
sexual exploitation and feared a decrease in sexual morality as a result.  Mesmerism also came to be linked with the political
radicalism of the French Revolution and seen as a threat to political
stability; this contributed to the decline of Mesmerism in Britain.  Due to the lack of proof, Mesmerism lost
intellectual credibility to the minds of the Enlightenment.
Amand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis de Puységur

Amand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis de Puységur (1751–1825) was a French magnetizer, primarily known as one of the core founders of hypnotism.

**Career and Theories**

Puysegur initially entered
the field of mesmerism under the guidance of his brother. He began conducting experiments himself; magnetizing young men and women with the goal of establishing the core differences between somnambulism (natural sleep-walking) and the magnetic trance (which he termed artificial somnambulism) that was induced through mesmerism. He discovered that this artificial-somnambulism was very different to the often violent and hysteric trance which other had magnetisers previously noted. Instead, artificial somnambulism was characterized by a peaceful and composed slumber – a discovery of a new state of trance which later became known as hypnotism.

Puysegur established the ‘Société Harmonique des Amis Réunis’, the institute at which he taught a world-renowned course in animal magnetism. The society was closed down during the French Revolution and Puysegur was placed in prison. Upon Napoleon’s demise in 1815, Puysegur’s theories on what is now known as hypnotic induction, became increasingly popular despite contradicting the methods of mesmerism’s founding father, Franz Anton Mesmer. However, Puysegur was not too interested in theory, and argued that any man could display the electric fluid/influence if they believed and had the will power. If someone believed they had the capability, successful magnetizing was possible.
Romantic Science

Although seemingly paradoxical, Romantic science developed hugely over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Romanticism was an intellectual counter- movement to the late-18th century Enlightenment and although typically associated with arts and humanities, it greatly influenced science. Its core beliefs consisted of a belief in the self, the importance of emotion and individualism (particularly aesthetic experience) and viewing the world as made up of living beings with sentiments rather than objects with function. Thus, Romantics typically viewed psychology and life sciences as superior to sciences of matter.

According to Poggi and Bossi *Romanticism in Science: Science in Europe, 1790 1840, (New York: Springer, 1993),* scientists of the Romantic period believed that observing nature required an understanding of the self and man’s binding connection with nature. Mesmerism was a seminal romantic science, developing the connection between energy flows, objects and the environment but also exploring the relationship between the conscious and unconscious. The relationship between the conscious and unconscious was of interest to Romantics, particularly its prerequisite for genius. Andrew Cunningham’s *Romanticism and the Sciences* (Cambridge University Press, 2009) focuses on the understanding of phenomena as an important connection branching Romanticism and science, highlighting the significance of experience within science. Mary Shelley’s *Frankenstein 1818* is a useful example of popular representations of Romantic science during the early nineteenth century. She explores the manipulation of nature and Romantic elements of chemistry, anatomy and philosophy in order to highlight the dangers of scientific transgression. The popularity of romantic sciences diminished with the evolving philosophical concept of positivism in the 1840s. This postulated that only that which can be scientifically verified through logical or mathematical proof can be true.
Empiricism

**Empiricism** is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.

Psillos, Stathis; Curd, Martin (2010). *The Routledge companion to philosophy of science* (London: Routledge)

The Empiricist position is opposed to the Rationalist explanation of epistemology, which states that there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience, or in other words, innately.

(Standford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/#1.2
Mesmerism

The doctrine of animal magnetism developed by Franz Anton Mesmer and published in "Sur la découverture du magnétisme animal" in Paris in 1779. The doctrine suggested new ways of treating disease based on the idea of an 'external invisible fluid or pervasive magnetic force suffusing the universe'that could be manipulated to produce healing effects. Mesmerism caused controversy in Victorian society, broadly dividing people into three groups: those that justified it on spiritual grounds, those that saw it as scientific and one who challenged its validity completely.

**Mesmerism and the Body**

Mesmer's theory came with its own very particular conception of the human body, with energy flowing from the stars into the human head and from the earth into the feet. The region on either side of the upper abdomen was known as the 'hypochondria'. (See Darnton *Mesmerism and the End of Enlightenment in France*, 4)

**Mesmerism and Gender**

Women played an interesting role in the theory of animal magnetism and mesmerism. The works of John Elliotson in *The Zoist* more often than not narrate the healing of female patients through the practice of mesmerism.

Bertucci argues that women were important protagonists when electrical shows were performed on stage. Their magnetism was distinctly 'feminine', associated with bright colours and light sparks (such as the Northern Lights). Meanwhile, masculine magnetism was strong and fast. Men would try and kiss women who had been 'electrified' only to be denied by sparks from their lips. In other shows, Men would hold electrified swords to produce bright displays of power and strength in front of women.

In the practice of mesmerism, there came a belief that women were conduits to supernatural forces, whilst men were capable of harnessing these powers. Doctors of mesmerism tended to be male, and the most famous cases of mesmeric treatment tended to be on the healing of a woman, possesed by a physical or spiritual disease.

**Examples of Mesmerists**

**References**

Kaplan, Fred. "The Mesmeric Mania": The Early Victorians and Animal Magnetism. Journal of the History of Ideas. Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1974), pp. 691-702.

1. ↑ Kaplan, Fred. The Mesmeric Mania. P 699
2. ↑ Elliotson, J., "An Instance of Sleep and Cure by Imagination only", *The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare*, Vol.12, No.48, (January 1855), pp.396-403; and,

Elliotson, J, "Case of Epilepsy Cured by Mesmerism", *The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare*, Vol.2, No.6, (July 1844), pp.194-238.
3. ↑ Bertucci, Paola. ‘Sparks in the Dark: the Attraction of Electricity in the Eighteenth Century’, *Endeavour*, 31:3, 2007, pp.88-93
Sir Charles Lyell

**Sir Charles Lyell (Nov 14. 1797- Feb 22. 1875)**

Sir Charles Lyell was born in Scotland. He studied law, but later became a geologist and was most largely responsible for the general acceptance of the view that all features of the Earth’s surface are physical, chemical and biological process through long periods of geological time.

When Lyell was 19 he attended Oxford University, this being where his interest in geology was simulated by the lectures of William Buckland. He later moved to London to study law. Lyell sought relief by spending time on geological work outdoors.

Lyell began to develop new principles of reasoning in geology and began to plan his book that would stress that there are natural explanations for all geologic phenomena, that the ordinary natural processes of today and their produces do not differ in kind or magnitude from those in the past, and that the Earth must therefore be ancient because these processes work so slowly. Lyell, with Roderick Murchison, explored districts in France and Italy to prove his principles. Once he returned he set to work writing Principles of Geology.

[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Charles-Lyell-Baronet]

**Principles of Geology**

Lyell wrote three volumes of Principles of Geology, through which he argued for the gradual change of the earth and its climate over very long periods of time. In the 19th century, geology was an emerging discipline, primarily concerned with the earth’s history. Lyell contrasted his ‘uniformitarian’ approach with the ‘catastrophism,’ for example the Biblical flood.

Lyell’s theory stated that past changes on the earth are observable in the present, for example, in the landscape, as with the volcano at Etna or in the comparison of fossil shells.

[https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/charles-lyells-principles-of-geology#]
Main Page

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Case Studies

Case studies are reports of real people or places and
situations documented over a period of time to illustrate a scientific or
medical thesis. They were of great importance to mesmerists and other
scientists in the nineteenth century as they provided evidence for their
theories. These records were necessary to validate ideas of magnetism in lieu
of more quantifiable evidence such as replicated test results. Mesmerists such
as Elliotson thus presented case studies as part of their papers to show their findings.
These were a type of empirical evidence in that they provided evidence of
experience and offered witnesses to the experiments conducted.

Examples of these can be seen in the Zoist in which Elliotson
published several of his findings when treating patients using mesmerism. His report
of one female patient who was being treated for epilepsy titled ‘A Case of
Epilepsy Treated by Mesmerism’ is a typical case study published. This study
used a patient who was said to be sceptical of mesmerism but could not deny its
ability to treat her illness. This was hence a respectable case as it convinced
the reader that she was treated without being biased towards the methods used
to help her.  These studies appealed to rationality
by presenting something that people could evaluate for themselves.
Obra: Buscando la verdad de los creepypastas

* Buscando la verdad de los creepypastas es un libro inspirado en las historias de los creepypastas que al cabo de fecha no identificada unos jóvenes de edad de 14 a 17 años desaparecen. Hoy en día los jóvenes debe buscar y saber la verdad sobre los creepypastas, sin saber con el problema en el que se meten.

## Reseña

02 de Enero de 199X.. Se llevó a cabo la desaparición de 8 adolescentes de la edad de entre 13 a 17 años. Tras la desaparición de estos, mucha gente se ha aterrorizado sobre estos sucesos y han dicho que dejaran la ciudad si no resuelven este caso. La policía e investigadores han dicho que este caso se resolverá pronto, siendo que este caso se dejó entre las sombras, ya que hasta los mas inteligentes no han podido resolver estos enigmas misteriosos y paranormales. Hoy en Día, la desaparición de estos chicos de nombres NO revelados sigue siendo un misterio, siendo la única pista, una nota que dice "Él VIENE"...

Actualmente la historia aun sigue sin especificar actualización

Escritoras: https://www.wattpad.com/user/SamusRosalina

Obra: https://www.wattpad.com/story/58746321-buscando-la-verdad-de-los-creepypastas/parts
Positivism

**Comtean/Scientific Positivism**

Positivism is a philosophical theory that focuses on empirical knowledge and evidence, and rejects a priori facts as true knowledge. The theory originated from Auguste Comte in the early nineteenth century, who promoted establishing knowledge through scientific investigation and observable data. Comte argued that theories were only relatively true, and questioned theories such as Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation as true until new data would establish a more concrete theory. Comte also believed that scientific studies of society should be confined to collecting information about phenomena that can be objectively observed and classified. This had sociological implications, as the internal meanings, feelings and emotions were
rejected because they could not be observed or measured objectively.

Positivism includes certain principles:

1.     The unity of the scientific method

2.     Science is able to explain and predict worldly
truths

3.     Scientific knowledge can be investigated, and
truths can only be proved through empirical methods, and not by logic, belief
or arguments alone. Truth should therefore be deductive, i.e. statements must
be tested, in order to produce hypotheses, investigations and finally, evidence

4.     The scientific objective is to establish
knowledge, and not be influenced by politics, values, or morals

**Logical Positivism**

Comte’s ideas were developed further into the twentieth century, incorporating philosophers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and his *Tractatus* (1921). The twentieth century saw the growth of Logical Positivism, based on Georg Hegel’s criticism of Metaphysics, that it could not be deemed true because it could not be empirically proven. This movement reduced all knowledge to scientific foundations, and was a crucial epistemological development of the time. An organisation of philosophers such as Moritz Schlick, Otto Neurath, Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap, formed the Vienna Circle in the 1920s and explored these ideas, Most infamously, A.J. Ayer brought Logical Positivism to Britain, in his *Language, Truth and Logic* (1936). The Vienna Circle saw philosophers aiming to analyse truth statements and empirical evidence in the context of technological and scientific transformations. These philosophers denied metaphysical assertions and logical concepts of mathematics, and that no statement could be true a priori. They argued that, through using the Verification Principle, statements could be deemed cognitively meaningful or meaningless based on whether they could or could not be verified empirically. They were not concerned with the truth of statements, but whether they could be proven to be true or false.

Critics of Logical Positivism argue that the verification principle is problematic due to the fact that the principle itself is unverifiable. Karl Popper, infamous critic, argued against the assertion that metaphysical statements are cognitively meaningless, and argued that the falsifiability of a statement can change in the scientific contexts over time.
Tristan Stewart

I'm Tristan. You can also call me T-Eazy or the New Slim Shady. Music Is My Life. I like drawing and I LOVE Football. I am almost the New Richard Sherman because I am such a good corner back in Football. My favorite teams are the Indianapolis Colts, the New York Giants, Oakland Raiders and am a Seattle Seahawks sucks

My Friends Are

JuanPugDude

Jonathan

Matties Page

King D Miggy
The booter

T*he original one.*

 **Powers:** | Boot-leg Creation
Inventing Machines fast
 **Likes:** | Boot-legs
 **Dislikes:** | Non-boot-legs
Crazy Dave
Heroes

The Booter is a 15 year old teenager who created the Boot-legs. He is the main antagonist of *PvZ Universe: Invasion*.

## Appearance

The Booter is a 15 year old teenager. He has long hair and wears green glasses. He has a grey jacket.

## Powers

Despite The Booter being 15, he has a high IQ of 400. He can quickly build machines and can create Boot-legs.

## Death

WinterMagnet, Chicken Wrangler, Magic Cirrus, Puff-shroom, Toxic Pea, Moonfruit, Repeater, Bamboom, Magnet-shroom have managed to defeat him. However, Winter Melon took the final blow.

## Quotes

"Today, the Boot-legs will rule the world!"

"Boot-legs, rise!"

"Who dares tresspass in my lair?!?"
Thomas Wakley

The only person not to like Kellog's Corn Flakes, Thomas Wakley rose to prominence as the eminent theoretician for a school that remains unnamed. There is a lot to Thomas Wakley that cannot be discussed for fear that his spirit will rise and take hold of a living soul, occupying the flesh until the head is lopped off.
No Such Thing As Normal

## There, Is Really No Such Thing As Normal Or Perfect

See that guy in the back of the class?

Yeah, that one.

The one who sleeps in class.

Look over there, at that girl who is *always* on her phone.

Yes, her.

She has like, three F's because that's all she does.

Can you see that guy over there?

Yeah, the crybaby.

What a wimp.

All these people. All these differences. All these problems.

That *you* don't have.

Because you're perfect, right?

Right?

Now look at yourself.

Think about what you're saying.

Are you *really* perfect because you point out people's flaws?

Or is that a flaw in itself?

Look down again.

Are you really perfect?

Or are you just as flawed as they are?

As we *all* are?

No one, is really normal.

No one, is really perfect.

We are all people.

And being a person means making mistakes.

And if we want to try to be perfect, well, it will be

A

Long

Road.

But there are stairways, to deliver you faster up the mountain.

And we will be tired.

We will be torchered

We will be broken.

But there is a key to help with that, and read my advice.

If we take the time to separate ourselves from the greater generalization of the people....

Then that is truly, the first step to being perfect.

~Evan Parker Jan 21, 2016
Mesmerism- Leaders

1)    '***Franz Friedrich Anton Mesmer'*** (German) is regarded as the founder first medical professional to ‘bring mesmerism to the attention of the public’ in  (F. Kaplan “The Mesmeric Mania” 692) . In 1774, Mesmer produced an "artificial tide" in a patient, Francisca Österlin, who suffered from hysteria, by having her swallow a pill-like preparation containing iron. He then attached magnets to areas of her body in order to heal her, utilising the flows of energy between these two objects. This forged his understanding of a mysterious fluid that flowed between animate and inanimate objects, ‘universal fluid’ that could be utilised to cure. In 1779 Mesmer first published a text demonstrating this theory, *Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal.* Although mesmerism was initially seen as a continental ‘movement’, British writer John Pearson commented on Mesmer’s finding  in 1790 with his text *A Plain and Rational Account of the Nature and Effects of Animal Magnetism in a Series of Letters,* exploring the concept of universal fluid.

2) Many followed Mesmer on the continent, with increasing support originating in France.' ***Marquis de Puyseur '***(1751–1825)  is an example of a French Magnetizer. An aristocrat, born into a well-known French noble family, Puyseur performed notable experiments with magnetism, coining the term ‘artificial somnambulism’ after inducing his patient into a strange form of sleeping trance (this was later termed hypnosis by James Braid). '***Baron Dupotet '***was another disciple of Mesmer, his history and defense of mesmerism *An Introduction to the Study of Animal Magnetism (1838)* demonstrating his methods. He eventually collaborated with John Elliotson in performing mesmeric experiments at University College, London.

3) '***John Elliotson'*** (Britain 1840s) was an established medical professional, who was very senior within the Royal College of Physicians. Seen as second-generation mesmerist, he built upon and developed Mesmer’s theory, however, his association with mesmerism led to his disgrace by members of the British Medical profession and the eventually loss of his senior position. No longer able to publish in medical journals such as *The Lancet*, Elliotson founded *The Zoist* in 1843, writing many famous articles attempting to verify and prove his concepts of mesmerism. A good example of this is Elliotson, J, "Case of Epilepsy Cured by Mesmerism", *The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare*, Vol.2, No.6, (July 1844).

4) In 1843 Scottish Physician '***James Braid, '***dubbed by Kroger as the ‘Father of Modern Hypnosis’, proposed the term *hypnosis* as a technique derived from animal magnetism. After initially studying the eyes and eyelids of Swiss magnetic demonstrator Charles Lafontaine’s (1803–1892) patients, Braid concluded they were in a different psychological state, going on to investigate this state and its relationship with the brain.
Science and the Supernatural Wikia

Welcome to the Wikia page for Science and the Supernatural, c.1848-1925. You should use this Wikia to define key terms from the course, and provide examples. It is important to provide evidence to back up your definitions and examples. The best evidence comes from the primary sources and historiography we read for the course, but it is acceptable to refer to resources such as the OED, ODNB, and Wikipedia for factual information.
Wikia Wattpad-Libros

## **Bienvenidos!!!**

Bievenidos sean a esta nueva wiki donde podran disfrutar de todos los libros sobre videojuegos y todo lo que te puedas imaginar...

Esperamos que disfrutes tu estadia y que la pases muy bien!

Si tienes dudas puedes consultar a los administradores!!!

## Sus creadores y sus obras

Esperamos que no solos disfrutes los libros sino que ademas puedas ver, conocer y hablar con los creadores te ayudaran a dar consejos de como hacer una gran y mejor historia, asi que no tengas miedo y habla con sus maravillosos escritores!!!

## Colabora con este wiki

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### **Reseña**

###

*Mario Bros es un joven estudiante de Secundaria con una vida complicada, Pero tras conocer al niño de cabello rosa,Kirby, la vida en el colegio Smash Bros para Kirby y Mario Puede ponerse loca al punto de meterse en grandes problemas y solucionar otros*

*¿Que secretos guardara este adorable niño rosa?*

*¿Podra Mario aceptar a otro hermanito siendo su ¨Onii-chan¨*

###
The SPR Schism

'The Schism' in the SPR is recorded as first occurring in 1884, with the first publication of *the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research*. [1] The Schism emerged as the result of a split between the naturalists of the SPR and the Spiritualists. Naturalists wanted to reject Spiritualism in order to establish the societies scientific credentials. This led to poor relations with the SPR between Spiritualists and Naturalists. In 1885 the SPR denounced the Theosophical Society as fraudulent, adding to this rift. [2].

\*More to come...

[1] *Ghosts, Spirits, and Psychics: The Paranormal from Alchemy to Zombies,* M. Cardin (ed.) (Santa Barba: ABC-CLIO, 2015), 295.

[2] *Ghosts, Spirits, and Psychics: The Paranormal from Alchemy to Zombies,* M. Cardin (ed.) (Santa Barba: ABC-CLIO, 2015), xxix, 244.
Romanticism

Romanticism was a movement in literature, art and culture in late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century Europe emphasising feeling, subjectivity and the individual. Romantic works frequently discuss the importance of nature and the relationship of the individual with the natural world.

Romanticism is often seen as a rejection of the focus on rationality, order and balance that typified eighteenth century Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment.

### Romantic Science

Romanticism in science promoted the observation of the natural world and challenged the materialist, mechanistic science of the Enlightenment. Romantic scientists did not endorse what they saw as the dissection or manipulation of nature, instead choosing to observe and employ a more organic than mechanistic vision of scientific endeavour.[1]

### Examples of Romantic Authors

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)

John Keats (1795-1821)

Percy Shelley (1792-1822)

Mary Shelley (1797-1851)

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
Materialist

Materialism is a form of monism that holds that everything can be reduced to a material explanation. In materialist explanations of reality, there is no room for explanations relying on truly supernatural phenomena.

**Materialists and Spiritualists?**

It is in this sense that it makes sense to distinguish between 'materialist' and 'spiritualist' explanations of Mesmerism or Spiritualism. Materialists would argue that the phenomena have a material cause, such as a previously undiscovered or invisible force (animal magnetism, electricity etc). On the other hand, 'spiritualists' (with a small 's'), would argue these phenomena reveal the existence of other forces beyond the material world.

Although this distinction may look messy, it is arguably very important. Previously undiscovered but nonetheless natural forces could be studied by nineteenth-century science, whereas supernatural forces would have lain outside the remit of the physical sciences, in the fields of religion or philosophy that were slowly being distinguished from the natural sciences in this period.

The claims of the materialists were claims to be heard by scientists, whereas spiritual explanations placed these phenomena outside the fluid boundaries of the newly defined realm of science.
Materialism/Monism

Materialism: 'The theory or belief that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications.'

Monism: 'A theory or doctrine that denies the existence of a distinction or duality in a particular sphere, such as that between matter and mind, or God and the world.'

[1]
Materialism was the world belief that opposed dualism. The core beliefs of materialism were that the universe was made up of one material. It proposed that the world did not have faceted layers beyond our understanding. An example of a materialistic perspective can be seen in some aspects of mesmerism. Menser's original thesis on Animal Magnetism postulated that there was a physical fluid passing between animals that could be harnessed. [2: Kaplan, F. ‘“The Mesmeric Mania”: The Early Victorians and Animal Magnetism’ *Journal of the History of Ideas*, 35 (1974), 692] The emphasis here should be on the physicality of the force Mesmer refers to. Although it was thought of as an invisible fluid, Mesmer suggested that is was a physical, natural force and *not* one of a supernatural nature (Other beliefs around Animal Magnetism did exist that promoted a spiritualist reading of the phenomena).

For a person to hold materialist views in one area of science did not mean that these people were totally materialist in their outlook. Andrew White's work from 1896 shows this clearly. White dismissed many of the miracles that were reported in the medieval era as mis-communicated, or simply false reports, talking about the fetishism that surrounded relics [3: White, Andrew Dickson, ‘From Miracles to Medicine’, in *A History of the Warfare of Science With Theology*, 2 (1896), 1-66.]. Whilst this takes a more materialistic approach to the miracles reported, claiming they were not supernatural, White did not dismiss the existence of miracles outright. He took a materialist approach in the sense that he viewed many were not supernatural, but was not a materialist in his world view.

Materialism, and possibly pure monism, was present in beliefs leading in to our period in question. Positivism roots itself in the physical. Although there was 'a revolt against positivism' emerging [4: Michael Saler, ‘Modernity and Enchantment: A Historiographic Review’, *American Historical Review*, 111:3 (2006), 697.], the view of superstitious cultures as inferior because of their superstition shows that there was a degree of materialism ingrained into western society. [5: Michael Saler, ‘Modernity and Enchantment: A Historiographic Review’, *American Historical Review*, 111:3 (2006), 696.] Max Weber suggests that this notion of beleif in the 'disenchantment' of the time was used, on some level, as an elitest tool to promote hierachy. [6: Michael Saler, ‘Modernity and Enchantment: A Historiographic Review’, *American Historical Review*, 111:3 (2006), 692-716.]

Monism is a broader theory of singularity within philosophy. It refers to a belief in a singular 'thing', that 'thing' changing depending on what the monism is applied to. Materialism, at it's purist form or as a world view, is a form of monism.
Richard Hodgson

**Richard Hodgson (1855-1905)**

Richard Hodgson was born in Australia, and raised as a Methodist, but he abandoned his religious belief at an early age. He studied law at the University of Melbourne and then moved to England to study moral sciences at Cambridge. Hodgon studied here under Henry Sidgwick.

**Psychical Research**

While attending Cambridge, Hodgson joined the Cambridge
Society for Psychical Research, and took part in the investigation of mediums. In 1882, he became one of the first member of the Society for Psychical Research. One of his first assignments was to travel to India to investigate the Theosophical Society and its leaders, including Helena Blavatsky. After four months Hodgson concluded that Blavatsky was a charlatan and wrote a damning report on her. Hodgson then turned his attention to another medium, William Eglinton, known for a procedure in which spirits wrote their messages on slates. Hodgson doubted Eglinton, and co-authored reports on the fallibility of witness testimony and exposing cheating methods he believed mediums used.
 Hodgson concluded that ‘nearly all the professional mediums are a gang of vulgar tricksters who are more or less in league with one another.’

**Leonora Piper**

In 1887, Hodgson took on the position of executive secretary of the American Branch of the SPR, and moved to America. His primary assignment was to take over the investigation of Leonora Piper, a Boston trance medium who had been discovered by Professor William James of Harvard University. Hodgson had heard of her before, and was confident he could unmask her.

James arranged for Hodgson’s first anonymous sitting with Piper in May 1887. Piper went into a trance and her spirit began to talk about Hodgson’s family. She spoke about details surrounding his deceased cousin Fred that were accurate.

Although Hodgson was impressed, and convinced Piper was not a charlatan, he and James both favoured the idea of telepathy as the explanation for these feats. Hodgson however was  not sure how the explanation could be telepathy as Piper was able to tell him things that he was unaware of yet, for example the fact her sister was going to give birth to a boy (Hodgson was not even aware she was pregnant).

**Other Researches**

In 1895, Hodgson returned to Cambridge and investigated Eusapia Palladino. This convinced him of her fraudulent nature.

[https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/richard-hodgson]
Occult

The **occult** (from the Latin word *occultus* "clandestine, hidden, secret") is "knowledge of the hidden."

Since the Enlightenment, it has often been seen as the 'other side of the coin' to scientific enquiry. Nonetheless, early science fiction and gothic literature, such as E.T.A. Hoffmann or Mary Shelley's writing, shows that - at least in the artistic imagination - the nineteenth-century scientist remained closely associated with the magician.

**Universal or Contextual Definition?**

Julia Mannherz is one scholar who writes that the 'occult' covers a huge range of influences and primary concerns, such as the hidden dimensions of reality or the limits of current knowledge. Similarly, the huge edited collection of reference essays on *The Occult World* edited by Christopher Partridge in 2014 emphasises that the occult can be traced through all of western history.

Yet occult phenomena are often very much contextualised by time and place and can take different forms dependent on existing religious or socio-cultural beliefs. This is related to Christopher Partridge's concept of 'occulture', which is 'less concerned with particular [Occult] groups [such as Spiritualists and Mesmerists] and much more concerned with the conditions within which plausibility structures are shaped.' Rather than calling an idea or a movement 'Occult', Partridge is arguing in favour of seeing entire cultural contexts as favouring the emergence of occultism.