Kazakhstan

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## Country information

### Official language

Kazakh
Russian

### Religion

72.0% Islam
23.1% Christianity
0.9% Others
4.0% No religion

### Government

Unitary dominant-party presidential republic* President of Kazakhstan
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
* Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
Älihan Smaiylov

### Formation

* Kazakh Khanate
1465
* Alash Autonomy
13 December 1917
* Kirghiz ASSR
26 August 1920
* Kazakh ASSR
19 June 1925
* Kazakh SSR
5 December 1936
* Declaration of Sovereignty
25 October 1990
* Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan
10 December 1991
* Independence from Soviet Union
16 December 1991
* CIS Accession
21 December 1991
* Recognised
26 December 1991
* Admitted to the UN
2 March 1992
* Current constitution
30 August 1995

### Preceded by

Kazakh SSR

**Kazakhstan** is a transcontinental landlocked country in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. Its official name is the **Republic of Kazakhstan**.

## History

*Main article: History of Kazakhstan*

The region now known as Kazakhstan has been inhabited by nomadic humans since the Stone Age. Nomadic tribes lived there from the 1st century BC. From the 4th century to the beginning of the 13th century, the territory of Kazakhstan was dominated by a number of nomadic nations until the invasion of the Mongols, who established an administrative district there. The great medieval cities of Aulie-Ata and Turquestan were founded during this time along the northern Silk Road. September 2017

In the 6th century, the first state in the region was formed. Era Göktürks.

Towards the 16th century the Kazakhs emerged as a distinct group, divided into three tribes. The Russians began advancing on the Kazakh steppe in the eighteenth century, and by the middle of the 19th century all of Kazakhstan was part of the Russian Empire. From the second half of the nineteenth century there was peasant migration from Russia and Ukraine, settling in the north, west and southeast of the country. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganized on several occasions before becoming the Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan in 1936, as part of the USSR.

It was part of the Soviet Union as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan until the dissolution of the USSR on December 16, 1991. in which it proclaimed its independence.

During the 1930s and 1950s, some seventy ethnic groups moved to the region under Soviet policies. Between 1931 and 1933, the Soviet government ran programs to make Kazakhs living as shepherds sedentary. During this same time there was a famine (called zhut) that caused population decline and emigration to neighboring regions, losing the country 23% of the population, with China receiving the most.

During World War II the Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan contributed five national divisions to the forces of the Soviet Union. Some of their fighters were praised as War Heroes, and today they are still revered by Kazakhs.

Kazakhstan was the center of several Soviet-era projects, such as the Khrushchev Virgin Land campaign, the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and the now dismantled Semipalatinsk test site, the USSR's nuclear test center.

After the country's independence, the Kazakhstan government pursued repatriation policies. The result was that between 1991 and 2011, 860,400 Kazakhs entered the country. At least in 2015 the country is experiencing the situation of multiethnicity, which is when different ethnic groups are represented in the state. Since independence, political stability has been achieved while being a country that violates human rights.

From 1990 to 2016 the quality of the people of Kazakhstan has improved, according to data collected by the United Nations.

From 2000 to 2013 there was economic growth only stopped during 2008 and 2009 due to the international financial crisis.

In 2006 there was a conflict between the Kazakh and Uighur ethnic groups in Shelek, a village in the Almaty region, which resulted in injuries.

In 2007 there was another between Kazakhs and Chechens in Malovodnoye that resulted in two deaths and six injuries.

In 2012 the population reached 16,757,000 inhabitants, of which 54.7% are urban and 45.3% rural.

In 2013, it was reported that 40% of oil operations are controlled by Chinese organizations.

A 2014 Human Rights Watch report explained that torture by police institutions, lack of freedom of expression, dissent, assembly, and religion are elements of state practice.

On January 1, 2015, he co-founded the Eurasian Union with Russia and Belarus.

In 2017, the country's president said he would continue to comply with the oil pact to reduce the amount of extraction. In that year Kazakhstan was the main exporter of oil from Central Asia.

In January 2022, Protesters started in Kazakhstan until 11 January 2022.

## Geography

The land area is 2,724,900 square kilometers. Located in the central part of the Asian continent, it is one of the countries with the largest land area in Central Asia. It is bordered on the north by Russia, on the south by Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan. There is the Caspian Sea in the west, bordering China in the east, and the “Eurasian Continental Bridge” known as the “Modern Silk Road” crosses the entire border of Kazakhstan. Most of Kazakhstan's territory is plains and lowlands, with the lowest point in the west 132 meters below sea level. To the east and southeast are the Altai Mountains and the Tianshan Mountains; The plains are mainly located in the west, north, and southwest. The middle part is the Kazakh hills. Deserts and semi-deserts account for 60% of the total land area of ​​Kazakhstan.

## Economy

Kazakhstan, with a population of only 17.5 million, but rich in oil and gas resources, has become a very rich country (with a per capita GDP of $ 13,048 in 2013).

Provides money, housing and land to attract immigrants.

Kazakhstan is constantly trying to attract migrants, providing money, housing and land, no way, if the country is big and has a lot of money !!! In recent years, the scope of the immigration incentive policy has narrowed, mainly attracting only Kazakh immigrants,

Kazakhstan has been a heavy industrial base of the Soviet Union since World War II, and its economy has been good. In the years since independence, although the economy has suffered a bit due to the influx of technically Russian and German migrants, Kazakhstan's economy has been growing at around 10% a year in recent years as international oil and other mineral resources have risen. In Kazakhstan, the agricultural population accounts for 20%, the industrial population 30%, and the service sector 50%. Kazakhstan's GDP in 2008 was $ 141 billion, and its per capita GDP was $ 12,000. The currency of Kazakhstan is the coin. It was $ 153 in 2002, $ 136 in 2004, $ 126 in 2006, and $ 120 in 2008.

In 2008, there were 3.237 million landline users, 12.588 million mobile phone users and 1.901 million Internet users in Kazakhstan.