recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Joseph Maréchal

**Joseph Maréchal**, 1878 bis 1944, war ein belgischer Jesuit und Philosophie-Professor. In seinem Werk *Le point de départ de la métaphysique* (6 Bände) nimmt er Immanuel Kants Metaphysik-Kritik (und damit Kritik der Religions-Philosophie) auf, um damit scharfsinnig "Kant durch Kant zu überwinden" und eine Metaphysik im Sinne Thomas von Aquins zu begründen.

## Quelle

E. Coreth et al.: *Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts*

## Anmerkung

1. ↑ Metaphysik: Lehre von den Grundursachen des Seins *jenseits* von Sinnes-Wahrnehmung und Erfahrung.
Rare Items

Rare items are denoted by a lavender colored name and are the middle tier of rarity. Similarly to commons, rare items give increases to basic stats as well as often having an added special effect. Rare items sell to merchants for 25 gold and can be bought from merchants for anything between 45-65 gold.
Philosophie des Christentums Wiki

**Willkommen im Philosophie des Christentums Wiki!**

Wir sind eine Community-Website zum Thema *Philosophie des Christentums* (Start: Februar 2021). Das Wiki soll nebst allgemein bildenden Informationen gegebenenfalls auch Denkanstösse für die persönliche Lebensgestaltung nach den Prinzipien christlicher Philosophie und eine Perspektive bezüglich Sinnsuche vermitteln. Inhaltlicher Schwerpunkt ist die Vorstellung **wichtiger philosophischer Persönlichkeiten im geschichtlichen Ablauf**, falls möglich in separaten Artikeln ergänzt durch konkretes Schrifttum der betreffenden AkteurInnen. Nach Anmeldung könnt ihr das Wiki bearbeiten.

## Wichtige Bereiche

* Philosophie der Spätantike
* Philosophie des Mittelalters
* Philosophie der Neuzeit

## Panoptikum Philosophie und Christentum

Die Bilder zeigen links den Philosophen G.W.F. Hegel und rechts den Essener Dom

```
     ____| |____
     ____   ____

```

Du kannst Teil der größeren Fandom-Familie von Communitys sein. Besuche Fandoms deutsches Community-Wiki!
Unreflektierte Geringschätzung der mittelalterlichen Philosophie

Nachstehend einige Beispiele für ziemlich **unreflektierte Geringschätzung der mittelalterlichen (christlichen) Philosophie.**

Es werden vor allem ziemlich häufig Erkenntnisse der *Philosophie der Aufklärung* zugeschrieben, welche in Wahrheit bereits den mittelalterlichen Philosophen geläufig waren.

* Die Ablösung der allgemeinen Wissenschaften von der Religion erfolgte zwar seit der Aufklärung immer konsequenter und schärfer, es waren aber die mittelalterlichen Philosophen, welche - relativ behutsam zwar - damit begannen, ihre eigene und auch andere Disziplinen aus der Theologie herauszulösen. Als bekanntestes, aber bei weitem nicht einziges Beispiel dafür könnte wohl Thomas von Aquin genannt werden, aber auch etwa Albert der Groβe tendierte klar in diese Richtung.
* Der Universalgelehrte *Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz* wird nicht selten ebenfalls zu den Aufklärern gezählt - vor allem mit seiner Theorie der "Monaden", die bis zur "ultima ratio rerum, Gott selbst", entwickelt wird; jede Monade sei "von göttlicher Vernunft festgesetzt". Schaut man sich allerdings hier um, so sieht man etwa bei Petrus Abaelard bereits ganz ähnliche Argumentations-Stränge, die sogar eher weniger abstrakt erscheinen.
* Die Beispielliste könnte noch deutlich erweitert werden, etwa mit der Gegenüberstellung der beiden Namensvetter und Empiristen Roger Bacon und Francis Bacon.

Bei allem dem darf aber gerechtigkeitshalber doch auch nicht übersehen werden, dass die mittelalterlichen Denker nicht Weniges bereits aus der klassischen antiken Philosophie, mit den Leitfiguren Aristoteles und Platon, übernommen haben.
Anselm von Canterbury

**Anselm von Canterbury**, † 1109, war Erzbischof der wichtigen englischen Diözese Canterbury. Seine Philosophie, relativ streng rational, enthielt bereits Elemente einer Dialektik. Daraus ergibt sich etwa sein bekannter Gottesbeweis: Gott sei als das zu denken, worüber hinaus Vollkommeneres nicht gedacht werden könne. Zudem analysiert Anselm z.B., relativ bibelnah: Der "Gottmensch" Jesus von Nazareth sei als Versöhnung für die Verletzung von Gottes Ehre durch die menschlichen Sünden gesandt worden.

## Quelle

K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
G.W.F. Hegel

**Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel**, 1770 (in Stuttgart) bis 1831, wird gemeinhin vielfach mit dem Marxismus in Verbindung gebracht, weil dieser sich bei dessen Dialektik-Lehre der geschichtlichen Abläufe bediente. In Tat und Wahrheit hatte Hegel eine ganz klar christliche Grundhaltung, die durchaus auch in seine philosophischen Lehren einfloss. Der Staat, sagte er etwa, habe dafür zu sorgen, dass sich das Christentum in einer universellen Form verbreite, um jedem Menschen eine Beziehung zu Gott zu vermitteln. Seine Staatsvorstellung allerdings war unter dem Einfluss der negativen Auswüchse der *Französischen Revolution* nur bedingt demokratisch, er trat für die bestehenden, verfassungsmässig nur *teilweise* beschränkten Monarchien ein.

Eine religionsphilosophische Aussage Hegels ist z.B. folgende: *.... Gott aber muß sich, weil sein Wesen in einem nothwendigen Proceß besteht, offenbaren. Diese Offenbarung ... seiner selbst ist ... sein Sohn. ....* [der Gottessohn Jesus]

Die *Natur* ferner war für den streng rational-logisch (allerdings nicht empirisch) denkenden Hegel noch *das anders sein des Geistes* respektive *Gott in seinem Anderssein* - eine deutliche Anschauung des philosophischen Idealismus, der nicht weit entfernt vom christlichen Denken liegt.

Die philosophische *Logik* sah er als "Darstellung Gottes in seinem ewigen Wesen".

## Quellen

* J. Médina et al.: *Rousseau - Du Contrat Social*
* A.F. Koch: *Freude an der Philosophie*
* K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
Sentenzen des Petrus Lombardus

Die **Sentenzen des Petrus Lombardus** waren das bedeutendste theologisch-philosophische Lehrmittel an den mittelalterlichen Universitäten. Lombardus hatte im 12. Jahrhundert eine Vielzahl von Lehrsätzen aus der Bibel und von Kirchenvätern gesammelt und zusammengestellt, welche dann im Unterricht von den Studenten kommentiert werden mussten.

Ein Beispiel eines kirchlichen Satzes:

```
Er starb als Vorbild für dich bezüglich Tugend, zwecks späterer Seligkeit.

```
Nikolaus von Kues

**Nikolaus von Kues** (genannt auch *Cusanus*), 1401 bis 1464, deutscher Kardinal und Philosoph. Er war einerseits fast der erste nicht-antike europäische Exponent, der auf die Möglichkeit verwies, dass die Erde nicht Mittelpunkt des Kosmos sei. Anderseits hatte er aber auch ein relativ mystisches Gottesbild. Er sprach - übrigens ähnlich wie Dionysius Areopagita 950 Jahre zuvor - davon, Gott sei der Zusammenfall aller Gegensätze im Unendlichen; ein reines Verstandes-Denken könne ihn auf keinen Fall richtig erfassen.

## Literatur

K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
Die Philosophien im politischen Zusammenhang

Wie stark stehen die **christlichen Philosophien in einem Zusammenhang mit der jeweiligen politischen Situation**? Der Philosophie-Historiker Kurt Flasch erkennt in seinem über 800seitigen Reclam-Büchlein keinen *sehr* engen Kontext - die Ideen-Entwicklung wird eher in einem individuellen Denk- und Fühlprozess eingebettet gesehen, allerdings doch bedingt beeinflusst von äusseren Vorkommnissen.

Als Beispiel etwa das *Grosse Schisma* (Spaltung) der universalen Kirche im Jahr 1054, mit der Teilung in orthodoxe Ostkirche und römische Papstkirche im Westen. Philosophen wie *Anselm von Laon* und *Lanfrank* stellten danach plötzlich wieder das Wort Gottes als mindestens gleichberechtigt mit der Vernunft in die Erkenntnislehre ein. Das nun kann durchaus gedeutet werden als damalige Interpretation des als gewaltige Erschütterung des Weltgefüges empfundenen Schismas als *Wille Gottes*. Einer, der sich dem allerdings zeitgleich bereits mit dem Argument einer integralen philosophischen Logik entgegen stellte, war Anselm von Canterbury.

Einen sogar augenfälligen Zusammenhang mit der Politik lässt das spätantike Werk *"Gottesstaat"* des Augustinus von Hippo erkennen - allerdings eines unter vielen auch rein theologisch orientierten Traktaten dieses Autors. Er nimmt hier unter anderem ganz direkt Bezug auf die spätantike römische Besatzungs-Herrschaft, die er durch einen kirchlich geführten "Gottesstaat auf Erden" ersetzt haben wollte. Nicht wenige mittelalterliche Päpste haben darauf abgestützt später versucht, dieses Ziel konkret umzusetzen - grossenteils indes ziemlich erfolglos.

## Fussnote

1. ↑ Den stärksten Einfluss auf die logische Philosophie-Richtung des Mittelalters hatte zweifellos nicht die Politik, sondern - nebst der Bibel - die antik-aristotelische Philosophie

## Literatur

K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*, 1986/2013
Die schöpferische Kraft

Zur **Schöpferischen Kraft** schrieb der an der Harvard-University (USA) lehrende Philosoph *Alfred N. Whitehead* (1861 bis 1947) in seinem Buch *Process and Reality* unter vielem anderem sinngemäss folgendes:

.... *Anselm von Canterbury, René Descartes und G.W.F. Hegel gehen davon aus, man könne Gottes Existenz nur durch Nachdenken erschliessen. Demgegenüber will ich mich stärker auf die Erfahrung abstützen: Alles was ist, wird zu dem was es ist. Ein Apfel etwa ist anfänglich grün und wird dann z.B. gelb. Die treibende Kraft hinter diesem Werden ist die schöpferische Kraft Gottes. Selbstverständlich gibt es Naturgesetze, die bestimmen, dass der Apfel gelb oder rot wird, und nicht etwa blau. Aber damit ist das Problem nicht - im materialistischen Sinne - gelöst. Die Frage ist bloss verschoben: WARUM gibt es unter diesen Naturgesetzen gerade solche? Der Verweis auf den Zufall greift zu kurz. Es muss einen logischen GRUND geben, weswegen die Dinge so sind wie sie sind. Und das ist Gott.* ....
Gottesstaat

Der **"Gottesstaat"** des Christentums entstammt einer Idee des Augustinus von Hippo. In seinem Werk *De civitate Dei* ("Vom Gottesstaat") stellt er der heidnisch-imperialen römischen Besatzungsmacht seiner Heimat einen "Gottesstaat auf Erden" in Form der Kirche gegenüber, welche "dem Schutz der wahren Religion und des in der Kirche wirksamen Gottesreichs" des Neuen Testaments diene; sie werde Frieden und Bestrafung alles Bösen bringen.

Was in der Folge davon von der offiziellen Geschichtsschreibung oft als imperiale Politik der Päpste bezeichnet wurde, war in Wahrheit zumindest teilweise der Versuch, Augustins Staatsidee in der Realität umzusetzen. Karl Meyer beschreibt es folgendermassen: "Beim Versuch der Durchführung dieses Systems war leider gelegentlich ein solches Mass von Abwehrgiften notwendig, dass es mit dem biblischen Gedanken der Liebe in grossen Widerspruch geriet."
=> *Siehe auch* den ausführlicheren Artikel "Gottesstaat" dazu.

### Quellen

* K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
* K. Meyer: *Weltgeschichte im Überblick*
Petrus Olivi

**Petrus Olivi**, † 1298, war Franziskaner-Mönch. Er verteidigte eine strikte Anwendung des Armuts-Gebots von *Franz von Assisi* und wandte sich vor allem auch gegen eine Tendenz der mittelalterlichen Philosophie, auf die antiken, "heidnischen" und sehr rational philosophierenden *Aristoteles* und *Platon* zurückzugreifen. Die Erstursachen seien nicht logisch, sondern einzig und allein spirituell zu erfassen.

## Quelle

K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
Eriugena

**Johannes Eriugena**, † um 880. Das 9. Jahrhundert sah einen philosophischen Disput um die Frage, ob die Prädestinations-Lehre des Augustinus von Hippo so ausgelegt werden dürfe, dass durch moralisch gutes Leben die Gottesstrafe umgangen werden kann. Es wurde entschieden, die Frage dem Eriugena zur Untersuchung zu unterbreiten. Eriugena war weder Geistlicher noch Philosoph, er war der Hofgrammatiker König *Karl des Kahlen*, eines der drei Enkel Kaiser *Karl des Großen*. Eriugena kam in seiner Studie zu einem Schluss, der viel Empörung auslöste: Er bestritt rundweg, dass es überhaupt eine Höllenstrafe nach dem Tode gebe. Er ging aber noch einen Schritt weiter, er erhob die Stellung des Menschen in der göttlichen Rangordnung sogar über diejenige der Engel. Mit solchen Positionen kann Eriugena mehr oder weniger durchaus bereits als *sehr* früher Empirist eingestuft werden.

An der Synode von Vienne (F) 855 wurde Eriugenas Schrift in der Folge der Verdammnis preisgegeben ("Ein Werk des Teufels"). Bemerkenswert ist allerdings dennoch, dass ihr Urheber nicht etwa - wie in späteren Jahrhunderten - als *Ketzer* verbrannt wurde, sondern gemäss den Prinzipien des *Bergpredigt*-Gebots der Feindesliebe geschont.

Es erwies sich jedoch danach, dass das Traktat vor allem bei den Päpsten eine grosse Überheblichkeit und einen sittlichen Verfall zur Folge hatte. Als Reaktion auf diesen Niedergang der kirchlichen Würde und Moral wurde im Jahr 910 das *Kloster Cluny* im Burgundischen gegründet. Auch die *Ottonen-(Sachsen-)*-Kaiser setzten sich für eine innere Säuberung der römischen Kirche ein. Höhepunkt dieser Bemühungen bildete eine Kirchenreform von Papst *Gregor VII.* (seit 1073), eines vormaligen Cluniazenser Mönchs, an Haupt und Gliedern. Sie bestand nicht nur in den Forderungen des *Investiturstreits* gegenüber weltlichen Herrschern, sondern z.B. auch in der Einführung des *Zölibat*-Gebots, also der Ehelosigkeit für Priester, was es zuvor nicht gegeben hatte. Auch die Käuflichkeit kirchlicher Ämter wurde strengstens verboten. Erst so bekam man die weitreichenden Folgen der Eriugena-Schrift wieder in den Griff, und die Papstkirche entwickelte sich unter Gregor und seinen Nachfolgern des Hochmittelalters sogar auf den Höhepunkt ihrer politischen Ausstrahlung zu.

## Quellen

* K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
* *dtv-Atlas der Weltgeschichte*, Band 1

## Fussnote

1. ↑ Empirismus: Wissens-Erwerb durch Sinnes-Erfahrung, unter Ausschluss des Übersinnlichen (der Metaphysik).
Hildegard von Bingen

**Hildegard von Bingen**, 1100 bis 1179, war eine deutsche Äbtissin und Mystikerin. Sie erzählt von göttlichen Visionen, ihr mitgeteilten "Gedanken Gottes". Gemäss dem Philosophie-Historiker Kurt Flasch war ihr Denken demgemäss weniger rationaler als symbolischer Natur.

## Fussnote

1. ↑ Mystik: Innere, gefühlsmässige Erfahrung einer übernatürlichen Wirklichkeit
Bernhard von Clairvaux

**Bernhard von Clairvaux**, 1090 bis 1153, war französischer Zisterzienser Abt und Mystiker. Bekannt wurde er vor allem durch seinen Konflikt mit dem christlichen Philosophen Petrus Abaelard - er trug massgeblich zu dessen Verurteilung als Ketzer bei. Abaelard war bemüht, die Bibel um philosophische Aussagen zu erweitern (natürlich ausserhalb der Bibel selbst), was Clairvaux als "Angriff auf die Mysterien der Offenbarung" deutete.

## Quellen

Die deutsche und die französische *Wikipedia*

## Anmerkung

1. ↑ Mystik: Innere, gefühlsmässige Erfahrung einer übernatürlichen Wirklichkeit
Dionysius Areopagita

**Dionysius Areopagita** war ein Philosoph an der Schwelle von der Spätantike zum Mittelalter. Sein Leben ist nicht gut dokumentiert, er lebte um 500 n.Chr. und es scheint, das er Bischof von Athen war. Seine wohl prominenteste Leistung besteht in einer Erklärung der in der Bibel existierenden Widersprüche und unedlen Stellen: Gott denke nicht in menschlichen Denkkategorien, sagt er dazu, sein Wesen sei "über-gegensätzlich".

## Quellen

* *Knaurs Lexikon - Das Wissen unserer Zeit*
* K. Flasch: *Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter*
Marius Victorinus

**Marius Victorinus**, † 364, ist einer der eher unbekannten christlichen Philosophen. Er ist erst acht Jahre vor seinem Tod zum Christentum konvertiert und war von Einfluss auf den berühmtesten "Kirchenvater", Augustinus von Hippo. Zwei seiner Aussagen:

* Die sichtbaren Dinge seien unvollkommen. Ihre Unvollkommenheit verweise logisch auf eine vollkommene, übersinnliche Realität.
* Gott enthalte alles Sein in sich, er sei der mit Wille und Intellekt ausgestattete Weltschöpfer.
M57 (New York City bus)

The **M57** bus route constitutes a public transit line in Manhattan, New York City. The M57 operates between the Upper West Side at 72 Street and East Midtownat 60 Street, serving the 57th Street Crosstown. It uses West End Avenue and 57th Street.

## Current route

The M57 operates as a crosstown, connecting East Midtown with the Upper West Side. It starts at the New York City Subway's 72nd Street subway station, connecting with the 1, ​2, and ​3trains. It then uses West End Avenueto access 57th Street. On 57th Street, it connects with multiple bus and subway lines. Once it reaches First Avenue, eastbound buses turn on 1st, then terminate. Westbound buses then use Sutton Place, 55th Street, and First Avenue to access 57th Street, where they turn back crosstown.

## History

The Fifth Avenue Coach Company began operating their #20 bus on March 15, 1937. The bus route was renumbered the M28 on July 1, 1974. On September 10, 1989, the M28 (57th Street Crosstown) and M103 (59th/60th Street Crosstown) routes were merged to form the M57. M57 buses began operating from 57th Street and Sutton Place South to Broadway and 72nd Street, running via 57th Street and West End Avenue.

## Equipment

The M57 operates out of Michael J. Quill Depot, using OBI Orion VII OG HEV 07.501, OBI Orion VII NG HEV 07.501, New Flyer XD40 Xcelsior, and New Flyer XDE40 Xcelsior buses. Prior to 2019, the route operated Nova Bus RTS-06 buses, but these were replaced by the New Flyer XD40 Xcelsiors.
Crosstown Depot

The **Crosstown Depot**, also referred to as the **Crosstown Annex Facility** or **Crosstown Paint Shop**, was a Brooklyn Division bus depot located at 55/65 Commercial Street near the intersection of Commercial and Box Streets in the neighborhood of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, on the southern shore of Newtown Creek (40.737072°N 73.957400°W).

The first Crosstown Depot was opened in 1885 as a streetcar depot by the Brooklyn Heights Railroad, located at Manhattan Avenue between Box and Clay Streets. It later become part of the BRT/BMT system under the Brooklyn and Queens Transit Corporation (B&QT). The original depot consisted of a two-story brick building, with trolley loops at ground level used for turning trolleys. Around 1945, the depot was no longer used for streetcar operations. In September 1951, the old Crosstown Depot was sold by the Board of Transportation and used as a warehouse for a box manufacturer. On June 30, 1952, the depot was the origin point of an eight-alarm fire that killed at least one person and destroyed 15 buildings including the depot.

The site on Commercial Street was originally a refinery for the American Sugar Refining Company (predecessor to Domino Sugar) opened in 1868, and later became a trolley storage yard and washing facility for the B&QT. In 1946 the Board of Transportation began constructing a new facility on this site, opened in July 1949 as the Crosstown Trolley Coach and Car Depot to serve 78 trolley coaches and 60 trolley cars. It was fully converted into a bus depot in 1954. The current depot consists of a two-story brick administration building facing Commercial Street, and shop for repairs, inspection and washing facing Newtown Creek, along with a large storage lot for buses. The depot holds around 120 buses at capacity. At one time, it operated ten lines: B18 (discontinued), B24, B29 (now part of the B24), B30 (discontinued), B39 (discontinued/reestablished 2013), B48, B59 (now Q59), B60, B61 (originally the Crosstown Line, since split into a new B61 and B62), and B62 (now part of the B43). The B62's northern terminal was located one block away from the depot at Manhattan Avenue and Box Street. The depot operations ended on November 7, 1981, because of service reductions and operating cost. It later stored several new General Motors-built RTS-04 buses awaiting entry into revenue service in 1982.

The Crosstown Depot has since been converted to a paint shop and road service operations facility, located in the former repair shop. The facility contains three paint booths to paint MTA buses, the third of which was installed in 2001. The paint shop operations were consolidated into those of the Grand Avenue Facility when the latter opened in 2008. The site also houses the New York City Subway's Department of Emergency Response in the former administration building, and an Access-A-Ride storage facility utilizing the former bus storage area. The site is planned for redevelopment into a waterfront park, called "Box Street Park".
Q104 (New York City bus)

### **End**

Sunnyside – 48th Street and Queens Boulevard / 46th Street–Bliss Street subway station

The **Q104** constitutes a bus route in Queens, New York that runs primarily on Broadway in Queens and 48th Street, between Ravenswood and Sunnyside.

The route was formerly a streetcar line named the Broadway Line, that ran between Astoria Ferry and Woodside. The route was then operated by Steinway Transit until 1988 and then Queens Surface Corporation until MTA takeover in 2005.

## Route description

The Q104 begins at Vernon Boulevard and 34th Avenue, and 11th Street to access Broadway, while buses heading to the terminus use Vernon Boulevard and 34th Avenue. It then continues on Broadway until it uses Newtown Road, 49th Street, and Northern Boulevard to access 48th Street, while buses heading westbound use 48th Street to access Broadway. It then continues on 48th Street until it ends at Queens Boulevard. For buses heading westbound, they use Queens Boulevard, 47th Street, and 43rd Avenue to access 48th Street.

## History

### Streetcar line

On April 13, 1875, the Common Council granted a franchise to the Long Island City Shore Railroad to run horsecars on Broadway. The Broadway Line was extended to Newtown Road from Steinway Street on March 21, 1899.

### Decline and conversion to bus service

Beginning in the 1920s, many streetcar lines in Queens and the rest of the city began to be replaced by buses, particularly after the unification of city's three primary transit companies under municipal operations in June 1940. The Broadway Line was losing patronage, also due to the opening of the IND Queens Boulevard Line in 1936. Buses were substituted for streetcars on September 29, 1939. The Steinway Railway Company would become Steinway Omnibus, then Steinway Transit.

The bus company would become Queens-Steinway Transit Corporation in 1986, and Queens Surface Corporation in 1988.

### MTA takeover

On February 27, 2005, the MTA Bus Company took over the operations of the Queens Surface routes, part of the city's takeover of all the remaining privately operated bus routes.

In December 2019, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Queens bus network. As part of the redesign, the Q104 bus would have been replaced with the QT63, a "neighborhood" route that would've run between Ravenswood and Elmhurst, and the QT75, also a "neighborhood" route that would have run between Midtown Manhattan and Woodside. The redesign was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020, and the original draft plan was dropped due to negative feedback. A revised plan was released in March 2022. As part of the plan, the Q104 would be extended to Roosevelt Island to replace the discontinued Q102 bus route.
Bx18 (New York City bus)

The **Bx18** constitutes a bus route in the Bronx, New York running primarily on Sedgwick Avenue, Undercliff Avenue, and Macombs Road, between Morris Heights and Morrisania.

The Bx18 began service in 1941, and had changes during the late 20th century. The Bx18 was expected to be a loop bus route in 2020, but has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. This split is now set to take effect on June 26, 2022.

## Route description

The Bx18 begins at Undercliff Avenue, and continues on Sedgwick Avenue until it turns to West Tremont Avenue, while buses heading to the terminus goes on Undercliff Avenue and then Sedgwick Avenue until it reaches the terminus. It then mostly continues on West Tremont Avenue, except for a brief interruption where eastbound buses use University Avenue and westbound buses use Macombs Road. It then continues on Macombs Road until it turns to East 170th Street, and continues on that street until it ends at Grand Concourse, at the 170th Street station on the IND Concourse Line.

## History

The Bx18 began service on June 22, 1941. The original eastern terminus was at Claremont Parkway-Webster Avenue. Service was cut back to its current terminus in July 1974.

The original western terminus was at Andrews Avenue-West 175th Street. It was extended west via the former Bx39 service (which was discontinued in 1953) to the River Park Towers in July 1974.

As part of the MTA's 2017 Fast Forward Plan to speed up mass transit service, a draft plan for a reorganization of Bronx bus routes was proposed in draft format in June 2019, with a final version published in October 2019. The plan included the Bx18 route being extended south from River Park Towers to 168th Street and east on 168th Street, Shakespeare Avenue, and 170th Street to the Grand Concourse, making the Bx18 a loop route. This will replace the discontinued portion of the Bx11. This change was proposed to be implemented by mid-2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the changes were halted for over a year. In February 2022, it was announced that the modifications would take place on June 26, 2022.
S89 (New York City bus)

The **S89** constitutes a bus route in Staten Island, New York and Bayonne, New Jersey, running primarily on Richmond Avenue and New Jersey Route 440, between Eltingville and Bayonne, New Jersey at the 34th Street station on the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail. It is the only local bus route in New York City that goes outside state borders.

The S89 was created in September 2007, as a rush hour, limited stop route.

## Route description

The S89 begins at Hylan Boulevard and Richmond Avenue, and continues on Richmond Avenue, except for an interruption in which it uses Platinum Avenue, Marsh Avenue, and Richmond Hill Road, until it uses Walker Street and Trantor Place to access the ramp to the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Expressway/Willowbrook Expressway and the Bayonne Bridge, while buses getting off the ramp from the Bayonne Bridge turns to Richmond Avenue. It then continues on New Jersey Route 440 until it ends at 34th Street station on the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail. The S89 does not make any stops between 34th Street HBLR station and Elm Park in Staten Island.

Unlike all limited-stop services, which duplicate the routes of their respective local services, the S89 does not duplicate any routes. This is the same case with the S93 bus.

## History

The S89 was introduced in September 2007, as a rush hour, limited stop route running between Staten Island, New York and Bayonne, New Jersey.
Teilhard de Chardin

**Pierre Teilhard de Chardin**, 1881 bis 1955, war ein französischer Jesuitenpater, Paläontologe (Erforscher des Lebens vergangener Erdzeitalter) und Philosoph. Er versuchte, das Christentum mit der Wissenschaft zu harmonisieren. Daraus resultierte seine Position zur *Evolution*: Er unterscheidet - nach dem göttlich inszenierten Urknall - eine Phase, wo sich Universum und danach das Leben auf der Erde gemäss Prinzipien des Zufalls entwickelten. Danach jedoch, beim Aufkommen des Menschen im Rahmen der Evolution der Lebewesen, habe wieder göttliche Planung eingesetzt, vorab bei der Entwicklung der den menschlichen Verstand ermöglichenden Grosshirnrinde (Cortex) im Gehirn.

## Quelle

P. Teilhard de Chardin: *La place de l'homme dans la nature*
M31 (New York City bus)

The **M31** constitutes a bus route between Clinton and Yorkville, Manhattan.

## History

The M31 was originally the East Side Omnibus Corporation's M11, which began operating on June 26, 1933. It became the M31 on July 1, 1974.

The M31 was extended along 57th Street to 11th Avenue on January 9, 1994, replacing the M58. Service frequency and span of service were increased on the route.
Bx35 (New York City bus)

### **Via**

West 181st Street, East 167th, East 168th, East 169th Streets, Washington Bridge

### **End**

Longwood – West Farms Road and Southern Boulevard / Simpson Street station

The **Bx35** constitutes a bus route in the Bronx, New York running primarily on West 181st Street, East 167th, East 168th, and East 169th Streets, between Washington Heights in Manhattan and Longwood in the Bronx.

The Bx35 was originally a streetcar route, which was replaced with buses in 1948. In 2019, the route was converted to articulated buses.

## Route description

The Bx35 begins at George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal, at Washington Heights, Manhattan, and uses Broadway to access West 181st Street, while buses accessing the Washington Heights terminus use Wadsworth Avenue and West 179th Street. It continues on West 181st Street until it turns to Edward L. Grant Highway, and continues on the Highway until it turns to East 167th Street. It then continues on East 167th Street until it turns to Webster Avenue, East 168th Street, Franklin Avenue, and East 169th Street. It then continues on East 169th Street until it uses Hoe Avenue and West Farms road to access the terminus, while buses heading to Washington Heights use West Farms Road and East 167th Street to access East 169th Street.

## History

The Bx35 replaced 167th Street Crosstown Line streetcars on July 10, 1948. The original eastern terminus was at Westchester Avenue-East 167th Street (near Whitlock Avenue on the IRT Pelham Line). Service was rerouted to its current terminus in September 1990.

As part of the MTA's 2017 Fast Forward Plan to speed up mass transit service, a draft plan for a reorganization of Bronx bus routes was proposed in draft format in June 2019, with a final version published in October 2019. The plan included extending service via West Farms Road, Jennings Street, and Bryant Avenue. This change was proposed to be implemented by mid-2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the changes were halted for over a year. In February 2022, it was announced that the modifications would take place on June 26, 2022.
Gladiator

## **Abilities**

### **For Glory(Passive):**

Permanently increase your Max HP by (10/20/30) for each battle your party has been victorious. This ability is retroactive.

### **Flourish(Active):**

Deal (150/300/450) Attack Damage. If your target has 35% HP or less, deal double damage.

## **Synergies**

### **Items:**

Life-giving Chamber: Useful if you want your Gladiator to be a pseudo-healer instead of a front-line tank. Particularly useful if your allies have effects which scale with Max HP ( such as Cleric, Bard, or Berserker ).
B40 (New York City bus)

The **B40** constituted a bus route in Brooklyn, New York that ran between Williamsburg and East New York. In its last years, the route was based at the East New York Depot.

The Route was originally a streetcar line named the Ralph and Rockaway Avenues Line; it was replaced with buses in 1951. The B40, along with the B78, were merged to form the current B47 in 2002.

## Route description

The B40 began at Williamsburg Bridge Plaza, and continued on Broadway until it turned to Ralph Avenue. After Ralph Avenue, it made a turn to St. John’s Place, and then East New York Avenue, Mother Gaston Boulevard, and Liberty Avenue, and used Georgia Avenue to access the eastern terminus, while using Atlantic Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue to head to Williamsburg.

## History

The Ralph Avenue Line was one of a number of branch lines of the Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad's Broadway Line, in which the line was acquired in 1885.

Service on the line used to originate at the Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, but was cut back to Washington Plaza in Brooklyn in 1949.

The Ralph Avenue corridor featured two streetcars, the Ralph Avenue Line and the Ralph and Rockaway Avenues Line, both of which originated at the Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal. The former ran via 98th Street, Ralph Avenue, and Broadway,while the latter ran via Rockaway Avenue, Ralph Avenue, and Broadway. Ralph Avenue service was discontinued on November 1, 1943, and Ralph and Rockaway Avenues Line service was discontinued on May 27, 1951.

The B40 bus replaced the northern portion of the Ralph Avenue Line, and it traveled on Broadway, Ralph Avenue, and Liberty Avenue between the Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Bus Terminal Williamsburg and the Liberty Avenue subway station in East New York.

On September 8, 2002, the B40 was discontinued between Ralph Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue, and between Flushing Avenue and Broadway to Williamsburg Bridge Plaza, and the Ralph Avenue portion of the B40 was merged with the B78 at that time to form the current B47 route.
Comprehensive Omnibus Corporation

**Comprehensive Omnibus Corporation** was a bus operator in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It was an affiliate of East Side Omnibus Corporation, organized in 1933, one year after the East Side company, by the same people. It operated three routes, all crosstown, two of which were taken over from Green Bus Lines when GBL was given franchises in Queens.

Comprehensive and East Side Omnibus were coordinated in their transfer policy with New York City Omnibus Co., all three companies exchanging transfers among their routes, even though Comprehensive and East Side were entirely independent in ownership from NYCO.

Both Comprehensive and East Side went bankrupt in 1948, and their routes were taken over by New York City, operated by the New York City Board of Transportation (which later became a State operation, the New York City Transit Authority).

## Routes

THe following routes were operated by the East Side Omnibus Company:

 M12
 M13
 M14
 M15

Note that the current M15 is a successor to both East Side's M13 and M15, as the two routes were combined when First and Second Avenues were made one-way.
M22 (New York City bus)

The **M22** bus route constitutes a public transit line in Manhattan, New York City. The M22 operates between Battery Park City and the Lower East Side.

## Current route

The M22 bus route begins at North End Avenue and Vesey Street in Battery Park City. Buses heading east uses Park Row and Frankfort Street, whereas buses heading west use Chambers Street to access the terminus. The M22 stays on Madison Street until Grand Street. Eastbound buses use the service road to access Grand Street, where they terminate at Madison Street and Grand Street. Westbound buses then use East Broadway and Worth Street to access Chambers Street, where they head back to Battery Park City.

## History

The M22 was originally the New York City Department of Plant and Structures bus route M1. This route replaced New York Railways' Chambers and Madison Streets Line streetcar on September 21, 1919.

It was renumbered the M22 on July 1, 1974.

Overnight service was discontinued on June 27, 2010, due to a budget crisis.
B71 (New York City bus)

The **B71** was a public transit line in Brooklyn, New York City, running mostly along Union Street and Eastern Parkway between Cobble Hill and Crown Heights. Originally a streetcar line known as the Union Street Line, it was replaced by a bus route, but is no longer operated.

## Description

The route began at Sackett and Van Brunt Streets, and the route turned left onto Union Street. It continued until it reached Grand Army Plaza, and went around the plaza to Eastern Parkway. It the continued until it turned left onto Rogers Avenue, and right at Sterling Place, where it ended.

For buses heading towards Cobble Hill, they contiued until they turned left on Bedford Avenue and then right onto Eastern Parkway. It then continued, until at Grand Army Plaza, where it went around the plaza. It then went on Union Street, for most of its length, until it turned left on Third Avenue and right on Third Street. After going on the street for a length, it then turns right on Smith Street and then left on Sackett Street, and then continued until at Van Brunt Street, where it ended.

## History

The Union Railroad was chartered on May 6, 1884 and incorporated June 19 by other parties to connect the Hamilton Ferry with Prospect Park along Union Street. In 1892, Patrick L. Flynn, a real estate developer who owned land on Fifth Avenue south of 25th Street, took over the railroad. His plan was to build the Union Street Line and a connection along Second Avenue to the Coney Island, Fort Hamilton and Brooklyn Railroad, allowing the RIFH&B to reach Hamilton Ferry. Flynn also planned to extend the Union Street Line east via East New York to City Line.

The Union Street Line streetcar was built in 1901–1902, but it didn’t open until April 28, 1905 due to public opposition to a trolley line on Union Street, which was a strictly residential street.

The Union Street Line streetcar ran until December 1, 1945. Buses were substituted for streetcars that same year.

On June 27, 2010 due to budget cuts, the B71 bus route was discontinued.
Queens Transit Corporation

**Queens-Nassau Transit Lines** was a bus operator in the borough of Queens in New York City. It began operating bus replacements for the New York and Queens Transit Corporation trolleys in 1937.

The Salzberg family, dealers in scrap metal and a short line railroad operator, acquired the NY&QTC (originally the New York & Queens County Railway Company) for the purpose of replacing the street railway operations with buses and selling the scrap steel. They formed QNT as the operator of the lines, and the company was renamed **Queens Transit Corporation** in 1957.

It came to control Steinway Transit, another Queens operator which had begun operating buses over former Steinway Railway lines in 1939, and the two companies merged in 1986 to form the **Queens/Steinway Transit Corporation**, still under Salzberg ownership. Queens/Steinway operated the merged routes until 1988, when the Linden Bus Company (which had operated in New Jersey) acquired the routes and changed its name to Queens Surface Corporation.
B103 (New York City bus)

### **Start**

Flatbush-Flatbush Avenue and Nostrand Avenue at Flatbush Avenue (2,5 trains) or Downtown Brooklyn-Tillary Street and Cadman Plaza West

### **End**

Canarsie – Williams Avenue and Flatlands Avenue

The **B103** constitutes a bus route in Brooklyn. Originally operated by Command Bus Company, the bus route is now operated by MTA Bus Company, running between Downtown Brooklyn and Canarsie.

## Description

The B103 operates via these primary locations:

* Borough Hall/Court Street station
* Atlantic Avenue-Barclays Center station
* Fourth Avenue/Ninth Street station
* Church Avenue station (IND Culver Line)
* Cortelyou Road station

## History

The B103 bus began service on June 2, 1986. The former terminus was at East 94th Street and Flatlands Avenue and requested trips to Cozine Avenue and Ashford Street.

In 2005, the MTA Bus Company took over the routes from Command Bus Company, including the B103 bus. In 2006, Saturday service was added.

On November 8, 2008, Canarsie-bound service was rerouted from Third Avenue to Fourth Avenue between Flatbush Avenue and Bergen Street.

It was rerouted and extended to Williams Avenue on May 4, 2009 and Sunday service was added on September 6, 2009. Expanded service and extra trips between Brooklyn College and Canarsie was then added on weekdays in 2009, Saturdays in 2010, and Sundays in 2012. Gowanus and Boerum Hill service was added on April 6, 2014.

On December 1, 2022, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Brooklyn bus network. As part of the redesign, B103 service would be discontinued west of Flatbush Avenue, and would be extended on its eastern end to the New Lots Avenue station. Closely spaced stops would be eliminated.
Michelle Waterson

Born
 Fights out of
 Nationality
 Age
 Height
 Weight
 Reach
 Division
 Debut
 Style

Michelle Waterson is a American mixed martial artist from Aurora, Colorado, U.S.. She currently competes as a Strawweight in the UFC.

## Background

Born in Colorado Springs and raised in Aurora, Waterson is of Caucasian and Thai descent. She began her modeling career in 2004 after she graduated from Aurora Central High School. She then attended the University of Denver until she realized she wanted to fight for a career.

## MMA record

 **By submission** | 1
 **By decision** | 3
 **Draws** | 0
S40 and S90 buses

The **S40** and **S90** consitutes bus routes in Staten Island, New York running primarily on Richmond Terrace, South Avenue, Forest Avenue, Gulf Avenue between the Saint George Ferry Terminal and Bloomfield. It was originally a streetcar route, then the R1 route. The S90 was started in 1998 as a rush hour, limited-stop bus of the S40.

## Route description

The route begins at Saint George Ferry Terminal Ramp D, and goes on Richmond Terrance. It then continues along the street until it makes a turn to South Street, Forest Avenue, Goethals Road North, Gulf Avenue, Bloomfield Avenue, Chelsea Road, 5th Street, and finally Lambert Lane. It the goes on the lane until it ends. Buses heading to Saint George Ferry Terminal use Forest Avenue instead of Goethals Road North and Gulf Avenue.

During rush hours, the S90 bus replicates the S40, heading to Saint George during AM rush hours and PM hours to Matrix Global Logistics Park. It makes all local stops south of Richmond Terrace and South Avenue. When the S90 is running, the S40 peak direction buses start/terminate at South Avenue/Arlington Place.

## History

The S40 was originally the Route 1 streetcar, operated by Staten Island Electric Railroad, and later the Richmond Light & Railroad Company and then Richmond Railways. The streetcar was replaced with buses on January 21, 1934, and was initially operated by Staten Island Coach Company, then the Isle Transportation Company. The original terminus was Port Ivory, at the Proctor and Gamble's Plant on Western Avenue.

Isle Transportation Company went bankrupt in 1947, and the New York City Board of Transportation took over the buses on February 23 of that year.

The R1 was renumbered the S1, and then the S40 on April 2, 1989. On this date the route's western terminus was swapped with the S107, which was renumbered the S48 at the same time. Free transfers began being offered to the S46 and the S48. Port Ivory service was later discontinued, resulting in South Avenue receiving service from both routes.

When the Howland Hook Container Terminal opened (also on Western Avenue), the service was extended to service that facility, starting on January 12, 1998, between 5:30 a.m. and midnight.

When the apartment buildings on Holland Avenue were built, the end of the line was Holland Avenue and Richmond Terrace, with only certain trips to Howland Hook to accommodate the employees' work schedules.

A.M. rush hour service was supplemented by service from Andros Ave and Richmond Terrace to the ferry and Park Avenue & Richmond Terrace to the ferry, while P.M. rush hour service was also supplemented with the same destinations in reverse.

In 1998, the S90 began service as a rush hour, limited-stop bus variant of the S40. It originally ran PM rush hours only. AM rush hour service was introduced in September 2006. The S40/S90 extended to Matrix Global Logistics Park on September 23, 2018.
Q101 (New York City bus)

The **Q101** consitiutes a bus route in Queens and Manhattan, New York running primarily on Northern Boulevard, Steinway Street, 20th Avenue, between East Midtown, Manhattan and Steinway, Queens. Formerly a streetcar route known as the Steinway Street Line, it was then operated by Queens Surface Corporation until MTA takeover in 2005.

## Route description

The Q101 begins at Second Avenue and 60th Street, and then goes on the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge, and then goes on Queens Plaza South, while buses heading to East Midtown use Queens Plaza North. It then continues until eastbound buses use 28th Street, 42nd Road, and Jackson Avenue to access Northern Boulevard, while westbound buses turns right on Queens Plaza North. It then continues on Northern Boulevard until it goes on Steinway Street, which is continues on until it turns to 20th Avenue. It then continues on the avenue until it uses 49th Street and 19th Avenue to access the terminus. Westbound buses use Hazen Street to turn back to 20th Avenue.

## History

### Streetcar line

On August 1, 1879, the Steinway Street Line trolley opened to 34th Street Ferry. It was extended to 20th Avenue on August 12, 1883.

### Decline and conversion to bus service

Beginning in the 1920s, many streetcar lines in Queens and in the rest of the city were replaced by buses, particularly after the unification of the city's three primary transit companies in June 1940. The Steinway Street streetcar was substituted for buses on November 1, 1939. It was operated by Steinway Transit until 1988, and then by Queens Surface Corporation until takeover in 2005.

The original northern terminus was Rikers' Island; when the Q101R (now Q100) was created, service was truncated to 19 Avenue. Prior to the creation of the Q101R, this route was the only local bus route to traverse three boroughs, since Rikers' Island is located in The Bronx.

On October 10, 2010, the route's Manhattan terminal was moved from Second Avenue and East 58th Street to avoid obstructing the bus lane for the planned M15 Select Bus Service. The new last stop was moved to East 61st Street between First Avenue and Second Avenue, while a new first stop was established at the southwest corner of East 61st Street and Second Avenue.

In December 2019, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Queens bus network. As part of the redesign, the Q101 will be replaced by a "high density" route called the QT2, which would have run from Steinway, Queens, to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and the QT76, a "neighborhood" route that would have ran between Astoria, Queens and Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The redesign was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020, and the original draft plan was dropped due to negative feedback. A revised plan was released in March 2022. As part of the new plan, the Q101 bus would be discontinued and replaced by the Q68, a bus route that will run between Steinway, Queens and Williamsburg, Brooklyn.