recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Alpha Centauri (system)

**Alpha Centauri** is the closest star system and closest planetary system to Earth's Solar System at 4.37 light-years (1.34 parsecs) from the Sun. The name is latinized from α Centauri, and abbreviated Alpha Cen or α Cen. It is a triple star system, consisting of three stars: Alpha Centauri A (officially Rigel Kentaurus), Alpha Centauri B, and Alpha Centauri C (officially Proxima Centauri).

Alpha Centauri A and B are Sun-like stars (Class G and K), and together they form the binary star Alpha Centauri AB. To the naked eye, the two main components appear to be a single star with an apparent magnitude of −0.27, the brightest star in the southern constellation of Centaurus and the third-brightest in the night sky, outshone only by Sirius and Canopus. Proxima Centauri or Alpha Centauri C is a small and faint red dwarf star (class M). Though not visible to the naked eye, Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to the Sun at a distance of 4.24 light-years (1.30 pc), slightly closer than Alpha Centauri AB.

## See Also

* Proxima Centauri
* Centaurus (constellation)
* List of star systems
* Multiple star system
COROT-7b

**COROT-7b** is an exoplanet, and is considered one of the "most interesting planets found outside our solar system yet". This is the first "Super-Earth" discovered and the 7th planet found by the COROT satellite. Formerly known as **Corot-Exo-7b**, this planet was discovered on February 3rd, 2009, predating any terrestrial Kepler planet. This exoplanet's surface is mostly covered with lava, sometimes cooled.

COROT-7b is 489 light-years (150 parsecs) away from Earth. It was first detected photometrically by the French-led CoRoT mission and reported in February 2009. Until the announcement of Kepler-10b in January 2011, it was the smallest exoplanet to have its diameter measured, at 1.58 times that of the Earth (which would give it a volume 3.95 times Earth's) and the first potential extrasolar terrestrial planet to be found. The exoplanet has a very short orbital period, revolving around its host star in about 20 hours.

## Discovery

Corot-7b was discovered by the French Corot satellite using differential photometry. The apparent brightness of its host star, Corot-7, was found to slightly dim on a regular period of about 20 hours. It was confirmed to have a 1.3 hour transit before the discovery and was announced a year later.

## Transit

Corot-7b transits its star once every 20.486 hours, with a transit duration of 1.3 hours. The planet blocks less than 0.25% of the light from its host star, Corot-7.

## Physical Properties

Corot-7b was confirmed to have a diameter around 1.53 times that of Earth, or about 12,163 miles. However, its mass is actually not confirmed but estimated known to have 7 Earth masses. The young age of the Corot-7 systems means that Corot-7b's star is highly active and interrupts the radial velocity signal that would show the planet's mass.

The original discovery paper of Corot-7b by Didlier Queloz weighed Corot-7b at about 4.8 times the mass of Earth, showing the variations of the estimated mass measured by radial velocity. The observations that gave Corot-7b this mass also showed the existence of a non-transiting planet known as Corot-7c.
Tethys

Tethys, imaged by Cassini on 11 April 2015

**Tethys** or **Saturn III**, is a mid-sized moon of Saturn about 1,060 km (660 mi) across. It was discovered by G. D. Cassini in 1684 and is named after the titan Tethys of Greek mythology.

Tethys has a low density of 0.98 g/cm3, the lowest of all the major moons in the Solar System, indicating that it is made of water ice with just a small fraction of rock. This is confirmed by the spectroscopy of its surface, which identified water ice as the dominant surface material. A small amount of an unidentified dark material is present as well. The surface of Tethys is very bright, being the second-brightest of the moons of Saturn after Enceladus, and neutral in color.

Tethys is heavily cratered and cut by a number of large faults/graben. The largest impact crater, Odysseus, is about 400 km in diameter, whereas the largest graben, Ithaca Chasma, is about 100 km wide and more than 2000 km long. These two largest surface features may be related. A small part of the surface is covered by smooth plains that may be cryovolcanic in origin. Like all other regular moons of Saturn, Tethys formed from the Saturnian sub-nebula—a disk of gas and dust that surrounded Saturn soon after its formation.

## Physical characteristics

Tethys is an icy body similar in nature to Dione and Rhea. The density of Tethys is 0.97 g/cm3, indicating that it is composed almost entirely of water-ice. The Tethyan surface is heavily cratered and contains numerous cracks caused by faults in the ice.

There are two different types of terrain found on Tethys, one composed of densely cratered regions and the other consisting of a dark colored and lightly cratered belt that extends across the moon. The light cratering of this second region indicates that Tethys was once internally active, causing parts of the older terrain to be resurfaced. The exact cause of the darkness of the belt is unknown but a possible interpretation comes from recent *Galileo* orbiter images of Jupiter's moons Ganymede and Callisto, both of which exhibit light polar caps that are made from bright ice deposits on pole-facing slopes of craters. From a distance the caps appear brighter due to the thousands of unresolved ice patches in small craters present there. The Tethyan surface may have been formed in a similar manner, consisting of hazy polar caps of unresolved bright ice patches with a darker zone in between.

The western hemisphere of Tethys is dominated by a huge impact crater called Odysseus, whose 400 km diameter is nearly 2/5 of that of Tethys itself. The crater is now quite flat (or more precisely, it conforms to Tethys' spherical shape), like the craters on Callisto, without the high ring mountains and central peaks commonly seen on the Moon and Mercury. This is most likely due to the slumping of the weak Tethyan icy crust over geologic time.
Calabash Nebula

The **Calabash Nebula**, also known as the **Rotten Egg Nebula** or by its technical name **OH 231.84 +4.22**, is a protoplanetary nebula (PPN) 1.4 light years (13 Pm) long and located some 5,000 light years (47 Em) from Earth in the constellation Puppis. The name "Calabash Nebula" was first proposed in 1989 in an early paper on the expected nebular dynamics, based on the nebula's appearance  The Calabash is an almost certain member of the open cluster Messier 46, as it has the same distance, radial velocity, and proper motion. The central star is QX Puppis, a binary composed of a very cool mira variable and an A-type main sequence star.

## Description

Violent gas collisions that produced supersonic shock fronts in a dying star are seen in a detailed image from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.

The object is sometimes called the Rotten Egg Nebula as it contains a relatively large amount of sulphur. The densest parts of the nebula are composed of material ejected recently by the central star and accelerated in opposite directions. This material, shown as yellow in the image, is zooming away at speeds up to one and a half million kilometers per hour (one million miles per hour). Most of the star's original mass is now contained in these bipolar gas structures.

This new Hubble image used filters that only let through light from ionized hydrogen and nitrogen atoms. Astronomers were able to distinguish the warmest parts of the gas heated by the violent shocks and found that they form a complex double-bubble shape. The bright yellow-orange colors in the picture show how dense, high-speed gas is flowing from the star, like supersonic speeding bullets ripping through a medium in opposite directions. The central star itself is hidden in the dusty band at the center.

Much of the gas flow observed today seems to stem from a sudden acceleration that took place about 800 years ago. Astronomers believe that 1,000 years from now, the Calabash Nebula will become a fully developed planetary nebula.
The Third Bush

The Third Bush is situated in the Year 7 Yard, just outside of The Bush Church and next to Triplet Trees.

It has been there since before Generation Meme.

It is currently the second most popular location for sacrifices.

Although more people get thrown into this bush rather than The First Bush, it is the least iconic.

The Third Bush has very similar traits and appearance to The Second Bush.

**Image not yet available.**
Natural Satellite

A **natural satellite** is a non-*man-made* object that orbits a planet or other body larger than itself. It is commonly referred to as a **moon** (not capitalized). The term *natural satellite* may also refer to a planet orbiting a star, as is the case with the eight or nine planets orbiting the Sun. There are 240 known moons within the Solar system, including 80 orbiting minor planets (not the bodies in the asteroid belt) and over 150 orbiting the planets.

The large gas giants have extensive systems of moons, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth's moon. Mercury and Venus have no moons at all; Earth has one large moon (The Moon); Mars has two tiny moons; and Pluto has five satellites, including a large companion called Charon. Pluto-Charon and some of the asteroid systems are sometimes considered to be double planets.

The largest moon on the Solar System is Ganymede, also known as Galilean Moon, orbiting Jupiter with a diameter of 5,268 km.

## See also

* The Moon
* List of moons
* Asteroid
List of star extremes

A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity. Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such as mass, volume, velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distance from Earth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme. This is a list of such stars.

Records that are regarded as authoritative and unlikely to change at any given point are recorded on a white background, while those that could change with new information and/or discoveries are recorded on a grey background.
Umbriel

**Umbriel** is a moon of Uranus discovered on October 24, 1851, by William Lassell. It was discovered at the same time as Ariel and named after a character in Alexander Pope's poem *The Rape of the Lock*. Umbriel consists mainly of ice with a substantial fraction of rock, and may be differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle. The surface is the darkest among Uranian moons, and appears to have been shaped primarily by impacts. However, the presence of canyons suggests early endogenic processes, and the moon may have undergone an early endogenically driven resurfacing event that obliterated its older surface.

Covered by numerous impact craters reaching 210 km (130 mi) in diameter, Umbriel is the second most heavily cratered satellite of Uranus after Oberon. The most prominent surface feature is a ring of bright material on the floor of Wunda crater. This moon, like all moons of Uranus, probably formed from an accretion disk that surrounded the planet just after its formation. The Uranian system has been studied up close only once, by the spacecraft *Voyager 2* in January 1986.
Gliese 581 c

**Gliese 581 c** is an extrasolar planet found orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 581. It is a Super-Earth (a category of planets from 5 to 10 Earth masses) with about 5.5 times the mass of our home planet. Gliese 581 c was discovered in April of 2007 along with its sibling planets Gliese 581 b and Gliese 581 d. It was originally thought to be an Earth-like world, but later analysis showed that Gliese 581 c is orbiting slightly closer to its star than the habitable zone's inner boundary and therefore may be a Venus analogue. Also, it is tidally locked (always faces the parent star with the same face) so if life had a chance to emerge, the best hope of survival would be in "the Terminator zone."

The Gliese 581 system is relatively close to Earth, at 20.37 light-years(192 trillion km or 119 trillion miles) in the direction of the constellation of Libra

## Physical Characteristics

Gliese 581 c has a mass around 5.5 times the mass of Earth. However, since it was discovered by Doppler Spectroscopy, the radius of 581 c is not known.
Gliese 581

### Designations

HO Librae, HO Lib, BD−07°4003, GJ 581, HIP 74995, LFT 1195, LHS 394, LPM 564, LTT 6112, NLTT 39886, TYC 5594-1093-1, Wolf 562

## Physical characteristics

### Mass

0.307 Solar mass

**Gliese 581** is a red dwarf star with spectral type M3V, located 20.3 light years away from Earth. Its mass is estimated to be approximately a third of that of the Sun, and it is the 87th closest known star system to the Sun. Observations suggest that the star has at least four planets: Gliese 581 b, c, d, e.

## Observations

Gliese 581 is known at least from 1886, when it was included in Eduard Schönfeld's *Southern Durchmusterung (SD)*—the fourth part of the *Bonner Durchmusterung*.

The name *Gliese 581* refers to the catalog number from the 1957 survey *Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars* of 965 stars located within 20 parsecs of the Earth. Other names of this star include *BD-07° 4003* (BD catalogue, first known publication) and *HO Librae* (variable star designation). It does not have an individual name such as *Sirius* or *Procyon*.

## Star

The star is a red dwarf with spectral type M3V, located 20.5 light-years away from Earth. It is located about two degrees north of Beta Librae, the brightest star in the Libra constellation. Its mass is estimated to be approximately a third that of the Sun, and it is the 101st closest known star system (including brown dwarfs) to the Sun.

Gliese 581 is a very old star. Its slow rotation makes it very inactive, making it better suited than most red dwarfs for having habitable planets. It is also classified as a variable star of the BY Draconis type, and has been given the variable star designation HO Librae. This is a star that exhibits variability because of the presence of star spots combined with the rotation of the star. It also emits X-rays

## Planetary system

Gliese 581 e - Confirmed - 1.657 *M*🜨 - 0.029 AU
Gliese 581 b - Confirmed - 15.20 *M*🜨 - 0.041 AU

Gliese 581 c - Confirmed - 5.652 *M*🜨 - 0.074 AU

Gliese 581 g - Confirmed - 3.1 *M*🜨 - 0.146 AU

Gliese 581 d - Confirmed - 6.98 *M*🜨 - ~0.218 AU

Gliese 581 f - Confirmed - 7.0 *M*🜨 - 0.7 AU
Kuiper Belt

The **Kuiper belt** is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System, extending from the orbit of Neptune at 30 astronomical units (AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger—20 times as wide and 20–200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies or remnants from when the Solar System formed. While many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such as methane, ammonia, and water. The Kuiper belt is home to most of the objects that astronomers generally accept as dwarf planets: Orcus, Pluto, Haumea, Quaoar, Makemake and Sedna, in which these could be as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Some of the Solar System's moons, such as Neptune's Triton and Saturn's Phoebe, may have originated in the region.

The Kuiper belt was named after Dutch astronomer Gerard Kuiper, though he did not predict its existence. In 1992, minor planet (15760) Albion was discovered, the first Kuiper belt object (KBO) since Pluto (in 1930) and Charon (in 1978). Since its discovery, the number of known KBOs has increased to thousands, and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist. The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for periodic comets, those with orbits lasting less than 200 years. Studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable and that comets' true place of origin is the scattered disc, a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun.

The Kuiper belt is distinct from the theoretical Oort cloud, which is a thousand times more distant and is mostly spherical. The objects within the Kuiper belt, together with the members of the scattered disc and any potential Hills cloud or Oort cloud objects, are collectively referred to as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Pluto is the largest and most massive member of the Kuiper belt and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO, surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc. Originally considered a planet, Pluto's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt, and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs, known as "plutinos," that share the same 2:3 resonance with Neptune.

The Kuiper belt and Neptune may be treated as a marker of the extent of the Solar System, alternatives being the heliopause and the distance at which the Sun's gravitational influence is matched by that of other stars (estimated to be between 50000 AU and 125000 AU).
Apparent magnitude

The **apparent magnitude** (***m***) of a star, planet or other celestial body is a measure of its apparent brightness as seen by an observer on Earth. The brighter the object appears, the lower the numerical value of its **magnitude**.

The scale upon which magnitude is measured has its origin in the Hellenistic practice of dividing those stars visible to the naked eye into six *magnitudes*. The brightest stars were said to be of first magnitude (*m* = 1), while the faintest were of sixth magnitude (*m* = 6), the limit of human visual perception (without the aid of a telescope). Each grade of magnitude was considered to be twice the brightness of the following grade (a logarithmic scale). This somewhat crude method of indicating the brightness of stars was popularized by Ptolemy in his *Almagest*, and is generally believed to have originated with Hipparchus. This original system did not measure the magnitude of the Sun.

The modern system is no longer limited to 6 magnitudes or only to visible light. Very bright objects have *negative* magnitudes. For example, Sirius, the brightest star of the celestial sphere, has an apparent magnitude of −1.46. The modern scale includes the Moon and the Sun; the full Moon has an apparent magnitude of −12.6 and the Sun has an apparent magnitude of −26.8. The Hubble Space Telescope has located stars with magnitudes of 30 at visible wavelengths and the Keck telescopes have located similarly faint stars in the infrared.

## See also

* List of brightest stars
* Magnitude
Betelgeuse

**Betelgeuse** (α Orionis, α Ori, Alpha Orionis) is a semiregular variable star located 427 light-years away. It is the second brightest star in the constellation Orion [and the ninth brightest star in the night sky. Although it has the Bayer designation "alpha", it is not as bright as Rigel (Beta Orionis). It is a vertex of the Winter Triangle asterism

Betelgeuse is a red supergiant, one of the physically largest stars known. If it were placed at the center of our solar system, its outer surface would possibly extend to the orbit of Jupiter. As it is, Betelgeuse is so large and so close that it is the star with the third largest angular diameter as viewed from Earth [1], smaller only than the Sun and R Doradus, and one of only a dozen or so stars that telescopes have imaged as a visible disk (See photo, at right and a picture of hotspots on Betelgeuse.) The angular diameter of Betelgeuse was first measured in 1920–1921 by Michelson and Pease using an astronomical interferometer on the Mount Wilson 100 inch telescope.

## Fading

A pulsating semiregular variable star, Betelgeuse is subject to multiple cycles of increasing and decreasing brightness due to changes in its size and temperature. The astronomers who first noted the dimming of Betelgeuse, Villanova University astronomers Richard Wasatonic and Edward Guinan, and amateur Thomas Calderwood, theorize that a coincidence of a normal 5.9 year light-cycle minimum and a deeper-than-normal 425 day period are the driving factors. Other possible causes hypothesized by late-2019 were an eruption of gas or dust, or fluctuations in the star's surface brightness.

By August 2020, long-term and extensive studies of Betelgeuse, primarily using ultraviolet observations by the Hubble Space Telescope, suggest that the unexpected dimming was probably caused by an immense amount of superhot material ejected into space. The material cooled and formed a dust cloud that blocked the starlight coming from about a quarter of Betelgeuse's surface. Hubble captured signs of dense, heated material moving through the star's atmosphere in September, October, and November before multiple telescopes observing the more marked dimming in December and the first several months of 2020.

By January 2020, Betelgeuse had dimmed by a factor of approximately 2.5 from magnitude 0.5 to 1.5, and reported still fainter in February in *The Astronomer's Telegram* at a record minimum of +1.614, noting that the star is currently the "least luminous and coolest" in the 25 years of their studies and also calculating a decrease in radius. *Astronomy* magazine described it as a "bizarre dimming", and popular speculation inferred that this might indicate an imminent supernova. Astronomers note that the supernova is expected to occur within approximately the next 100,000 years and is thus unlikely to be imminent.
The Crusade of 2020

The Crusade of 2020 occurred in November 2020 on the Year 7 Yard.

The Communists and recruits such as Jake Smith, Oscar Moore, Ashton Davies, Callum Madden and Alex O'Neill armored themselves with sticks and bags.

Kian Maltby was the leader and revolutionist. His goal is to re-establish communism and bring unity to Earth in the name of Vladimir Lenin.

They took custody of The Bush Church, Twin Trees, Observation Tower and the Year 7 Entrance during a short period of time.

As well as this, they managed to take down The Mafia, led by Jayden Jones. Soon after this, Jayden would join The Communists.

This ended The First War.

Whilst at their peak power, they were struck with a biological weapon; Alex Johnson getting COVID-19.

This halted their invasion and sadly resulted in them only staying in control of The Bush Church and Observation Tower, which would go on to become the areas in which they would hold meetings.
Gliese-1132b

**Gliese 1132 b** (also known as **GJ 1132 b**) is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 1132 40 light years (13 parsecs) from Earth, in the constellation Vela. The planet is considered uninhabitable but cool enough to possess an atmosphere. Gliese 1132 b was discovered by the MEarth-South array in Chile.

It has been called "one of the most important planets ever discovered beyond the Solar System": Due to its relative proximity to Earth, telescopes should be able to determine the composition of its atmosphere, the speed of its winds and the color of its sunsets. This is due in part to the small diameter of its parent star (20% that of the Sun), which increases the effect on the star's light of its transits. The planet's diameter is approximately 20% larger than that of the Earth and its mass is estimated at 1.6 times that of Earth, implying that it has an Earth-like rocky composition. Gliese 1132 b orbits its star every 1.6 days at a distance of 1.4 million miles (2.24 million kilometres).

The planet receives 19 times more stellar radiation than Earth. The temperature of the top of its atmosphere is estimated at 500 °F (260 °C; 533 K). The planet is estimated to be hotter than Venus, as higher temperatures may prevail near the surface.

## References

1. ↑ Chu, Jennifer (November 11, 2015). "New exoplanet in our neighborhood". *MIT News*. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
2. ↑ *NASA Exoplanet Archive* New ticker slide 1
Galaxy

A **galaxy** is a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. The word is derived from the Greek '**galaxias'** (γαλαξίας), literally 'milky', a reference to the Milky Way galaxy that contains the Solar System. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million (108) stars to giants with one hundred trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass.

Galaxies are categorized according to their visual morphology as elliptical, spiral, or irregular. Many are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centers. The Milky Way's central black hole, known as Sagittarius A\*, has a mass four million times greater than the Sun. As of March 2016, GN-z11 is the oldest and most distant galaxy observed. It has a comoving distance of 32 billion light-years from Earth, and is seen as it existed just 400 million years after the Big Bang.

## See also

* Milky Way Galaxy
* Black hole
Exoplanet

An **exoplanet** or **extrasolar planet** is a planet outside the Solar System. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not recognized as such. The first confirmation of detection occurred in 1992 via radial velocity. A different planet, initially detected in 1988, was confirmed in 2003. By March 2022, 5000 officially confirmed exoplanets had been found according to NASA.

There are many methods of detecting exoplanets. Transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the tidal locking zone. In several cases, multiple planets have been observed around a star. About 1 in 5 Sun-like stars have an "Earth-sized" planet in the habitable zone. Assuming there are 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, it can be hypothesized that there are 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way, rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous red dwarfs are included.

The least massive planet known is Draugr (also known as PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), which is about twice the mass of the Moon. The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is HR 2562 b, about 30 times the mass of Jupiter. However, according to some definitions of a planet (based on the nuclear fusion of deuterium), it is too massive to be a planet and might be a brown dwarf instead. Known orbital times for exoplanets vary from a few hours (for those closest to their star) to thousands of years. Some exoplanets are so far away from the star that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to it. Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way. However, there is evidence that extragalactic planets, exoplanets farther away in galaxies beyond the local Milky Way galaxy, may exist. The nearest exoplanets are located 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs) from Earth and orbit Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun.

The discovery of exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for extraterrestrial life. There is special interest in planets that orbit in a star's habitable zone, where it is possible for liquid water, a prerequisite for life on Earth, to exist on the surface. However, the study of planetary habitability also considers a wide range of other factors in determining the suitability of a planet for hosting life.

Rogue planets are those that do not orbit any star. Such objects are considered a separate category of planets, especially if they are gas giants, often counted as sub-brown dwarfs. The rogue planets in the Milky Way possibly number in the billions or more.

## See also

* List of exoplanets by discovery date
* List of potentially habitable exoplanets
The Second Hole

This hole is situated in the Year 7 Yard inside of The Bush Church. It has been there since Year 9 in the middle of April 2021.

The Communists began digging a few days before the easter holidays began with the help of a few others.

Anti-Racism Squad soon joined the construction as well.

It is the sequel to The First Hole.

The Second Hole has been consistently changing sizes. Right now, it's not very deep and does not collect as much attention as it once did. No-one is currently working on it.

Future generations will too wonder where this came from and why it was dug just like we did with The First Hole all the way back in Year 7.

**Image not yet available.**
Halley's Comet

**Halley's Comet** or **Comet Halley**, officially designated **1P/Halley**, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and thus the only naked-eye comet that can appear twice in a human lifetime. Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.

Halley's periodic returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers around the world since at least 240 BC. But it was not until 1705 that the English astronomer Edmond Halley understood that these appearances were reappearances of the same comet. As a result of this discovery, the comet is named after Halley.

During its 1986 visit to the inner Solar System, Halley's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft, providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation. These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction, particularly Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" model, which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices—such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dust. The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas; for instance, it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.
The Boys

The Boys is a group consisting mainly of Jake Hindley, Luke Price, Tobi Caine and Ashton Davies.

However, Shameer Abbas and Kenzie are considered to be apart of the group as well.

Former members include Dixie Brown.

The first known version of this group included Dixie, but he was replaced by Ashton once he began to walk to and from school again in the early stages of Year 9.

The gang originated in Year 7 and came into existence once Jake, Luke, Tobi and Dixie began to walk together.
Earth Similarity Index

The **Earth Similar Index** (**ESI**) is a proposed characterization to detail how similar a planet or natural satellite is to the planet Earth. The index has a scale of "0.00" to "1.00", with "0.00" meaning that the planet is completely different to Earth, while "1.00" is either Earth or an Earth-like. The index does not have any meaning for habitability, and even a index of 1.00 would not guarantee a planet is habitable.

Currently, the highest rated planet on the ESI is KOI-4878.01, an unconfirmed exoplanet located about 1075 light years from Earth, which has a rating of 0.98. The highest rated planet which is confirmed is TRAPPIST-1e, which has a 0.95 rating located around 39 light years from Earth.

## Formulation and History

The ESI was first proposed in 2011 by Schulze-Makuch *et al*. in the journal "Astrobiology". The formula incorporates a planet's radius, density, escape velocity, and surface temperature into the index. The authors describe the index as having two components: (1) associated with the interior which is associated with the mean radius and mean density, and associated with the surface which is associated with the escape velocity and surface temperature. An article on arxiv.org attempts to reproduce the ESI using only the temperature and mass of the planet.

## No relation to habitability

Despite the implication of the rating, the ESI does not characterize habitability, so a large rating does not necessarily mean a planet is habitable, even if it has a 1.00 rating. However, given that the point of reference is the Earth, some of its functions match those used by habitability measures. As with the definition of the habitable zone, the ESI uses surface temperature as a primary function (and the terrestrial point of reference). A 2016 article uses ESI as a target selection scheme and obtains results showing that the ESI has little relation to the habitability of an exoplanet, as it takes no account of the activity of the star, planetary tidal locking, nor the planet's magnetic field (i.e. ability to protect itself) which are among the keys to habitable surface conditions.
The Mafia

The Mafia was an organization led by Jayden Jones through Year 8 to Year 9.

It was well known for it's abundance of bodyguards. Many kids joined in protection of their lord and savior, Jayden.

However, some retaliated, such as Ashton Davies and The Communists.

The Communists and The Mafia declared war on each other.

The First War had begun.

This lasted throughout the majority of Year 8 and the early stages of Year 9.

Their main goal was to secure as many locations on the Year 7 Yard and the Main Yard as possible.

Although they tried to truce many times, it didn't work out and the relationship between the two clans became unstable.

During The Crusade of 2020, The Mafia was overwhelmed and were defeated by The Communists.

After their defeat, Jayden Jones would go on to join The Communists.

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Stellar classification

In astronomy, **stellar classification** is a classification of stars based initially on photospheric temperature and its associated spectral characteristics, and subsequently refined in terms of other characteristics. Stellar temperatures can be classified by using Wien's displacement law; but this poses difficulties for distant stars. Stellar spectroscopy offers a way to classify stars according to their absorption lines; particular absorption lines can be observed only for a certain range of temperatures because only in that range are the involved atomic energy levels populated. An early schema (from the 19th century) ranked stars from *A* to *P*, which is the origin of the currently used spectral classes.

## Morgan-Keenan system

Most stars are currently classified under the Morgan–Keenan (MK) system using the letters *O*, *B*, *A*, *F*, *G*, *K*, and *M*, a sequence from the hottest (*O* type) to the coolest (*M* type). Each letter class is then subdivided using a numeric digit with *0* being hottest and *9* being coolest (e.g., A8, A9, F0, and F1 form a sequence from hotter to cooler). The sequence has been expanded with classes for other stars and star-like objects that do not fit in the classical system, such as class *D* for white dwarfs and classes *S* and *C* for carbon stars.

Below is the table in which the common classes are seperated and normally listed from hottest to coldest (with mass, radius and luminosity compared to the Sun) and are:

In the MK system, a luminosity class is added to the spectral class using Roman numerals. This is based on the width of certain absorption lines in the star's spectrum, which vary with the density of the atmosphere and so distinguish giant stars from dwarfs. Luminosity class *0* or *Ia+* is used for *hypergiants*, class *I* for *supergiants*, class *II* for bright *giants*, class *III* for regular *giants*, class *IV* for *subgiants*, class *V* for *main-sequence stars*, class *sd* (or *VI*) for *subdwarfs*, and class *D* (or *VII*) for *white dwarfs*. The full spectral class for the Sun is then G2V, indicating a main-sequence star with a surface temperature around 5,800 K.

## Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram relates stellar classification with absolute magnitude, luminosity, and surface temperature. It should be noted that while these descriptions of stellar colors are traditional in astronomy, they really describe the light after it has been scattered by the atmosphere. The diagram was created independently in 1911 by Ejnar Hertzsprung and by Henry Norris Russell in 1913, and represented a major step towards an understanding of stellar evolution.
Episode II

Episode II is the second chronological BPSCU movie and takes place from Summer 2020 to Summer 2021.

This episode is currently ongoing.

The start of the movie picks up soon after the events of Episode I and covers a lot of the world drama that happened during the COVID-19 pandemic.

It is much more serious compared to Episode I as a lot of the events are largely dramatic. It also shows the rise of clan conflict within the school and the BPSCU. These were both created as a form of fun, but were soon taken seriously by a lot of people.

The plot mainly focuses around The Communists, Anti-Racism Squad, The Tie War, The First War and the rise of the BPSCU.

Associated Pages - Plot

Currently under maintenance.
The Canteen

This area of the BPS map is where you go to have lunch. It is a large glass dome, located next to the Year 7 Yard and the Year 8-11 Yard.

It connects to the rest of the school.

In an image taken before Year 7, the chairs appear to be yellow.

During Year 9, the room was split into two areas, one for Year 7 and the other for Year 9. This was due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Year 8-11 Yard

This yard is inferior to the Year 7 Yard among most BPS students.

It is exclusive to Year 8-11 students, but during the COVID-19 pandemic, Year 9 migrated back into the Year 7 Yard for break and lunch.

This means that Year 7, Year 8, Year 10 and Year 11 are now the year groups situated on this yard.

However, Year 11 take custody of the Year 7 Yard during GCSEs. This means that Year 9 had to stay inside of The Canteen or Sports Hall.

It currently has four locations/areas:

• No Man's Land

◙  A long concrete field that has two football/basketball areas. If you go here during a match, you probably won't last long.

• Lonely Corner

◙  Rows of benches can be found here.

• The Cage

◙  A sizeable area with large green fences that act as walls. This place is usually used for football.

• Alpha Ledge

◙  This long and thin row of concrete is a slightly elevated area with benches. You will find the changing rooms and an exit to the front of the school here.

• Entrance Point

◙  This is the first location you will encounter if you are coming through The Canteen or the Year 7 Yard exit. There is also a large gate here that blocks you off from Birkenhead Park.

The Main Yard has four locations/areas in total.

**Images currently not available.**
Mexican Jayden

Not much is known about this man, other than he is a relative of Jayden Jones.

He sadly died in March of 2021. A funeral was held for him at The Bush Church by The Communists.

People such as Kian Maltby, Jake Hindley, Liam, Oscar Awards, Jayden Jones, Ashton Davies, Alex O'Neil, Callum Madman, Lewis Phillips, Stephen Sheard and Tom Lee attended the funeral.

They all gave speeches in honor of their fallen comrade that they had never met.

**Image currently not available.**
Uranus

**Uranus** is the seventh planet from the Sun. Its name is a reference to the Greek god of the sky, Uranus, who, according to Greek mythology, was the great-grandfather of Ares (Mars), grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter) and father of Cronus (Saturn). It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have bulk chemical compositions which differ from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as "ice giants" to distinguish them from the other gas giants. Uranus's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, but it contains more "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons. It has the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (−224 °C; −371 °F), and has a complex, layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds. The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.

Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere, and numerous moons. The Uranian system has a unique configuration because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its solar orbit. Its north and south poles, therefore, lie where most other planets have their equators. In 1986, images from *Voyager 2* showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light, without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets. *Voyager 2* remains the only spacecraft to visit the planet. Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007. Wind speeds can reach 250 metres per second (900 km/h; 560 mph).

## Moons

Uranus has 27 known natural satellites. The names of these satellites are chosen from characters in the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. The five main satellites are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. The Uranian satellite system is the least massive among those of the giant planets; the combined mass of the five major satellites would be less than half that of Triton (largest moon of Neptune) alone. The largest of Uranus's satellites, Titania, has a radius of only 788.9 km (490.2 mi), or less than half that of the Moon, but slightly more than Rhea, the second-largest satellite of Saturn, making Titania the eighth-largest moon in the Solar System. Uranus's satellites have relatively low albedos; ranging from 0.20 for Umbriel to 0.35 for Ariel (in green light). They are ice–rock conglomerates composed of roughly 50% ice and 50% rock. The ice may include ammonia and carbon dioxide.

* Oberon
* Titania
* Ariel
* Umbriel
* Miranda
Episode I

Episode I is the first chronological BPS movie and takes place from August 2018 to March 2020.

August 2018 was the last month before Year 7 of high school began for Generation Meme and March 2020 was when BPS shut down for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Year 8.

It's not as serious as Episode II due to most of the events being comedic. However, it is left on a cliffhanger as the COVID-19 pandemic begins.

Neither a solid plot nor main character list has been nailed down yet. However, Episode II has.

Associated Pages - Plot

• Year 7

• Year 8

• The Mafia

• The Communists

• The First War
Year 7 Yard

This yard is the favorite among most BPS students.

It was exclusive to Year 7 before Year 9 students migrated back into this yard for break and lunch. Their access to the yard was then reduced to only lunch in May of 2021.

However, Year 11 take custody of this yard during GCSEs. This means that Year 9 had to stay inside of The Canteen or Sports Hall.

It currently has three areas:

• Thin Plains

◙  Has both holes.

◙  Contains two locations:

► The Bush Church

► Triplet Trees

• Colossal Concrete

◙  Takes up the majority of outside space.

◙  Contains six locations:

► Observation Corner

► Forbidden Alleyway

► The Battlefield

► Hazardous Environments

► Roadman City

► Drug Corner

• The Woodlands

◙  A sheet of unknown material is lodged into the ground here, half sticking out. Nobody can explain what it is, nor how or when it got there, giving off similar vibes to The First Hole. It has been here since before Year 7.

◙  Doubles as a location and area.

The Year 7 Yard has nine locations in total.

**Images currently not available.**
Callum Madman

Callum Madden is a straight white male currently situated in Year 9.

He is affiliated with Luke, Oscar Moore, Ashton Davies, Dixie Brown, The Communists, Kian Maltby and more.

His online identity is titled 'Communist Kid' or 'CK' and he is also referred to as 'Callum Madman' jokingly.

Links

https://www.youtube.com/c/CallumMaddenErrorTain/videos
The First Bush

The First Bush, also known as The Spikey Bush, is situated in the Year 7 Yard inside of The Bush Church. It has been there since before Generation Meme.

It was the most popular location for sacrifices and is known as the largest bush in the Year 7 Yard.

However, when Year 9 was moved back into the Year 7 Yard, The Second Bush quickly became a replacement. It was smaller but easier to push people into.

The First Bush is what inspired The Communists to start a Spikey Bush Religion.

**Image not yet available.**
Arlo Breakwinter

Arlo is a now dead Nordling King, who brought a mass of Nordling beyond the boundaries of the North, hence the name Breakwinter

## History

### Birth and Early Life

Born within the Grove of Underhill to Merrill and Terion, both influential members of the Druidic Circle of the Land. Unfortunately they were killed while protecting the Grove from Stone Trolls. They were buried within the Druid's Hollow. Talias was then brought up by the Elder of Underhill, Willehad Eldercrest.

Willehad taught him everything Talias knows, the delicate magics and weaves that make up the world, the care and love for all creatures as well as the ability known as Wildshape, this allowed Talias to over time, turn himself into a variety of creatures and beasts that he had seen, such an ability became essential at moments of his future adventures.

In his early life, Talias believed that being a Druid meant protecting all natural life, and in some way perhaps he was right, but he also learned that some things in nature, just aren't good. He knew the power that lay in store for him and believed only in the power until Willehad showed him their true calling, their duty to the wider world.

In his dreams he saw a circle of shadowed figures, around the base of a great tree, and overtime they manifested more and more until such a time he wished to seek the source of the visions, he once entered a deep meditative state usually reserved for the Elder, a hibernation trance that brought him into the spirit of a bird in flight. It took him to a cave that was somewhat familiar to him and his name was called out to him, the trance didn't last long enough.

### Meeting the Prophet

On the fifteenth summer since his parents were killed, Talias felt a pull to the Druid's Hollow. He woke up at Twilight and ventured through the forest for several miles until he reached the cave, upon entering he didn't know what had pulled him there, but he went to his parent's graves and prayed. As he left the burial chamber an instinct kicked in, and he used the Barkskin spell, alert he investigated the main chamber where a great tree stood. He found the Prophet knelt by the tree, carving something into it's trunk. Introduced as Anfaire, a prophet of the Everglade they talked for sometime, she spoke of a great many conflicts to come, that he would be able to protect the world from. He interpreted this as a fact that he would have to stop the conflicts from happening. She offered him a box andinstructed Talias to find the Spirit of Duty, the Star Shepherd and the World Trees that hold the world together, without him the world would be sundered.

### Calling to the Mainland

To the disappointment of his Elder, Talias immediately began to pack for his journey as he got home he was excited to get underway, but the hatching of his egg distracted him for a moment. The hatching of the Phoenix that would earn him his title. It made sense that the Prophet referred to him as the Phoenix bearer before it hatched. Nevertheless he was stalwart in his idea, he would venture to the mainland and seek the Spirit of Duty and the Star Shepherd, ultimately neither would prove particularly difficult.
The Second Bush

The Second Bush is situated in the Year 7 Yard inside of The Bush Church. It has been there since before Generation Meme.

It is currently the most popular location for sacrifices.

In Year 7 and 8, the majority of people focused on The First Bush due to The Communists praising it.

However, when Year 9 was moved back into the Year 7 Yard, The Second Bush quickly became a replacement. It was smaller but easier to push people into.

The First Bush is what inspired The Communists to start a Spikey Bush Religion.

There is also two bushes similar to The Second Bush in appearance and traits, titled The Third Bush and The Fourth Bush.

**Image not yet available.**