recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Special operations

**Special operations** (**S.O.**) are military, law enforcement or intelligence operations that are "special" or unconventional and carried out by dedicated special forces and other special operations forces units using unconventional methods and resources. Special operations may be performed independently, or in conjunction with conventional military operations. The primary goal is to achieve a political or military objective where a conventional force requirement does not exist or might adversely affect the overall strategic outcome. Special operations are usually conducted in a low-profile manner that aims to achieve the advantages of speed, surprise, and violence of action against an unsuspecting target. Special ops are typically carried out with limited numbers of highly trained personnel that are adaptable, self-reliant and able to operate in all environments, and able to use unconventional combat skills and equipment. Special operations are usually implemented through specific, tailored intelligence.

## Use and efficiency

### United States

The decade 2003–2012 saw U.S. national security strategy rely on special operations to an unprecedented degree. Identifying, hunting, and killing terrorists became a central task in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). Linda Robinson, Adjunct Senior Fellow for U.S. National Security and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, argued that the organizational structure became flatter and cooperation with the intelligence community was stronger, allowing special operations to move at the "speed of war". Special Operations appropriations are costly: Its budget went from $2.3 billion in 2001 to $10.5 billion in 2012. Some experts argued the investment was worthwhile, pointing to the raid in May 2011 that killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Others claimed that the emphasis on Special Operations precipitated a misconception that it was a substitute for prolonged conflict. "Raids and drone strikes are tactics that are rarely decisive and often incur significant political and diplomatic costs for the United States. Although raids and drone strikes are necessary to disrupt dire and imminent threats…special operations leaders readily admit that they should not be the central pillar of U.S. military strategy." Instead, Special Operations commanders stated that grand strategy should include their "indirect approach", which meant working with non-U.S. partners to accomplish security objectives. "Special Operations forces forge relationships that can last for decades with a diverse collection of groups: training, advising, and operation alongside other countries' militaries, police forces, tribes, militias or other information groups."
Triple junctions

In plate tectonics theory during the breakup of a continent, three divergent boundaries form, radiating out from a central point (the triple junction). One of these divergent plate boundaries fails (see aulacogen) and the other two continue spreading to form an ocean.

* The opening of the south Atlantic Ocean started at the south of the South American and African continents, reaching a triple junction in the present Gulf of Guinea, from where it continued to the west. The NE-trending Benue Trough is the failed arm of this junction.

* The junction of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the East African Rift centered in the Afar Triangle (the Afar Triple Junction) is a Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (R-R-R) triple junction.

The term triple-junction has come to refer to any point where three tectonic plates meet.

From Aulacogen:

An **aulacogen** is a failed arm of a triple junction.

The failed arm of a triple junction can be either a transform fault that has been flooded with magma, or more commonly, an inactive rift zone. Aulacogen formation starts with the termination of an active rift zone, which leaves behind a graben-like formation. Over time, this formation starts to subside and eventually minor volcanism starts to take place. The final inversion stage takes place when tectonic stress on the aulacogen changes from tensional to compressional forming horsts.

Aulacogens can become a filled graben, or sedimentary basin surrounded by a series of normal faults. These can later become the pathway for large river systems such as the Mississippi River. The rock forming an aulacogen is brittle and weak from when the rift zone was active, causing occasional volcanic or seismic activity. Because this is an area of weakness in the crust, aulacogens can become reactivated into a rift zone.

* An example of a reactivated aulacogen is the East African Rift or the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, an ancient aulacogen that reactivated during the breakup of Pangaea.

Abandoned rift basins that have been uplifted and exposed onshore, like the Lusitanian Basin, are important analogues of deep-sea basins located on conjugated margins of ancient rift axes.
Sino-Chinese

Enosh = Sino. Kenan = China

ocean travel distance from Africa to China = 15,000 km

To make the voyage in one year the ship would have to travel 1 mph

when the Adam began to multiply upon the earth and daughters were born to them then the sons of Elohym saw that the daughters of Adam were fair and came into them

The bull-men were in the earth in those days, and even afterwards when sons of Elohym come in unto daughters of men, and they have borne to them -- they [are] the (autistic) gibborim, who, from (Hyper-)ion, [are] the men of name.

And the ark lochosed upon the water.

And Enoch lochosed with Elohym after his begetting Methuselah three hundred years, and begetteth sons and daughters.
And all the days of Enoch are three hundred and sixty and five years.
And Enoch lochosed with Elohym, and he is not, for Elohym hath taken him.
Transudate

**Transudate** is extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity (< 1.012). It has low nucleated cell counts (less than 500 to 1000 /microliter) and the primary cell types are mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and mesothelial cells. For instance, an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma is transudate. It results from increased fluid pressures or diminished colloid oncotic forces in the plasma.

## Transudate vs. exudate

See also: Light's criteria
There is an important distinction between transudates and exudates. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation. They have a low protein content in comparison to exudates and thus appear clearer.

Levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or a Rivalta test can be used to distinguish transudate from exudate.

Their main role in nature is to protect elements of the skin and other subcutaneous substances against the contact effects of external climate and the environment and other substances – it also plays a role in integumental hygiene.

## Pathology

The most common causes of pathologic transudate include conditions that :

* Increase hydrostatic pressure in vessels : left ventricular heart failure,
* Decrease colloid oncotic pressure in blood vessels :
	+ Cirrhosis (Cirrhosis leads to hypoalbuminemia and decreasing of colloid oncotic pressure in plasma that causes edema)
	+ Nephrotic syndrome (also due to hypoalbuminemia caused by proteinuria).
	+ Malnutrition (hypoalbuminism)

## See also

Exudate – extravascular fluid due to vessel alteration during inflammation (increased permeability, vascular constriction then dilation). This results in an extracellular fluid of high protein content, with cell debris present and high specific gravity (>1.020).

This is in contrast to transudate where the extracellular fluid is an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and thus larger molecules such as proteins and cell debris are absent.
Trials

Modern trials are based on the ridiculous and infantile idea that if a guilty person is placed before a court and questioned then his guilty conscience will cause him to break down or at least look guilty and everyone will be able to see that he is guilty. The person is judged by the look on their face.

In reality the people that commit heinous crimes do not have a conscience and will go free. The trial system as it stands now lets the guilty go free and punishes those that have a conscience.

Winning arguments does not prove that you are right. Winning arguments just proves that you are the better arguer.
Technical school

In the United States, a **technical school** is a two-year college that covers fields such as business, finance, hospitality, tourism, construction, engineering, visual arts, information technology and community work.

## Associations supporting technical schools

The Association for Career and Technical Education is the largest U.S. education association dedicated to promoting career and technical education.

## United States military

Technical school is also the term used in the United States Armed Forces for the job specific training given immediately after recruit training. Though similar to the training provided by a two-year college, the training is much more concise, eschewing any coursework outside the minimum necessary to begin working in the chosen career field; additionally, the training is more time intensive, often including more than nine in-class hours per day. Military technical school is typically one to three months in duration, though some schools are as short as two weeks or as long as two years.

Upon graduation, military technical school recruits are qualified only as apprentices and must work under supervision until they have completed a more extensive on-the-job training program. Many times the military training can be converted to standard university credits, leaving the graduating recruit with only a few general education requirement courses (such as speech or composition) to complete in order to receive the more traditional two-year technical school diploma referenced above.
Structure of Earth

## Template:Earth Labelled Map

**Antarctica**
**Oceania**
**Africa**
**Asia**
**Europe**
**North
America**
**South
America**
**Pacific
Ocean**
**Pacific
Ocean**
**Atlantic
Ocean**
**Indian
Ocean**
**Southern Ocean**
**Arctic Ocean**
Middle East
Caribbean
Central
Asia
East Asia
North Asia
South
Asia
Southeast
Asia
SW.
Asia
Australasia
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
Central
America
Latin
America
Northern
America
Americas
C.
Africa
E.
Africa
H.
Africa
N.
Africa
Southern
Africa
W.
Africa
C.
Europe
E.
Europe
N.
Europe
S.
Europe
W.
Europe

## Links

* http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/igrockclassif.htm
* http://www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/rocktbl.htm
* intheplaygroundofgiants
* http://intheplaygroundofgiants.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Table-2.1.2.jpg
* http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~lang/Geol284/Min9IgMafic.pdf
* Earth polar radius = 6,357 km
* Equatorial maximum = 6,378 km
* Average = 6371
* Bowen's reaction series
* The continental crust has an average composition that approximates granodiorite
* Brittle–ductile transition zone
* Template:Metamorphic facies to click
* https://www.thoughtco.com/metamorphic-facies-1440842
* Mineral assemblages and metamorphic zones

Purge
Tax deductions

**Tax deduction** is a reduction of income that is able to be taxed and is commonly a result of expenses, particularly those incurred to produce additional income. Tax deductions are a form of tax incentives, along with exemptions and credits. The difference between deductions, exemptions and credits is that deductions and exemptions both reduce taxable income, while credits reduce tax.

Many jurisdictions allow certain classes of taxpayers to reduce taxable income for certain inherently personal items. A common such deduction is a fixed allowance for the taxpayer and certain family members or other persons supported by the taxpayer. The U.S. allows such a deduction for “personal exemptions” for the taxpayer and certain members of the taxpayer's household. The UK grants a “personal allowance.” Both U.S. and UK allowances are phased out for individuals or married couples with income in excess of specified levels.

In addition, many jurisdictions allow reduction of taxable income for certain categories of expenses not incurred in connection with a business or investments. In the U.S. system, these (as well as certain business or investment expenses) are referred to as “itemized deductions” for individuals. The UK allows a few of these as personal reliefs. These include, for example, the following for U.S. residents (and UK residents as noted):

* Medical expenses (in excess of 7.5% of adjusted gross income)
* State and local income and property taxes
* Interest expense on certain home loans
* Gifts of money or property to qualifying charitable organizations, subject to certain maximum limitations,
* Losses on non-income-producing property due to casualty or theft,
* Contribution to certain retirement or health savings plans (U.S. and UK),
* Certain educational expenses.

Many systems provide that an individual may claim a tax deduction for personal payments that, upon payment, become taxable to another person, such as alimony. Such systems generally require, at a minimum, reporting of such amounts, and may require that withholding tax be applied to the payment.

### 2018 tax brackets under current law

From Wikipedia:Tax bracket:

As of January 1, 2018, the tax brackets have been updated due to the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act:

 12%
 22%
 24%
 32%
 35%
 37%

## References

1. ↑ "Tax Brackets | Income Tax Brackets 2013". Bankrate.com. http://www.bankrate.com/finance/taxes/tax-brackets.aspx. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
The Tactics of Aelian

**Aelianus Tacticus** (Greek: Αἰλιανός ὀ Τακτικός; fl. 2nd century AD), also known as **Aelian** (/ˈiːliən/), was a Greek military writer who lived in Rome.

## Work

Aelian's military treatise in fifty-three chapters on the tactics of the Greeks, titled *On Tactical Arrays of the Greeks* (Περί Στρατηγικών Τάξεων Ἑλληνικών), is dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, though this is probably a mistake for Trajan, and the date 106 has been assigned to it. It is a handbook of Greek, i.e. Macedonian, drill and tactics as practiced by the Hellenistic successors of Alexander the Great. The author claims to have consulted all the best authorities, the most important of which was a lost treatise on the subject by Polybius. Perhaps the chief value of Aelian's work lies in his critical account of preceding works on the art of war, and in the fullness of his technical details in matters of drill.

Aelian also gives a brief account of the constitution of a Roman army at that time. The work arose, he says, from a conversation he had with the emperor Nerva at Frontinus's house at Formiae. He promises a work on Naval Tactics also; but this, if it was written, is lost.

Critics of the 18th century — Guichard Folard and the Prince de Ligne — were unanimous in thinking Aelian greatly inferior to Arrian, but Aelian exercised a great influence both on his immediate successors, the Byzantines, and later on the Arabs, (who translated the text for their own use). The author of the *Strategikon* ascribed to the Emperor Maurice selectively used Aelian's work as a conceptional model, especially its preface. Emperor Leo VI the Wise incorporated much of Aelian's text in his own *Taktika*. The Arabic version of Aelian was made about 1350. It was first translated into Latin by Theodore Gaza, published at Rome in 1487. The Greek editio princeps was edited by Francesco Robortello and published at Venice in 1552.

In spite of its academic nature, the copious details to be found in the treatise rendered it of the highest value to the army organisers of the 16th century, who were engaged in fashioning a regular military system out of the semi-feudal systems of previous generations. The Macedonian phalanx of Aelian had many points of resemblance to the solid masses of pikemen and the squadrons of cavalry of the Spanish and Dutch systems, and the translations made in the 16th century formed the groundwork of numerous books on drill and tactics.

The first significant reference to the influence of Aelian in the 16th century is a letter to Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange from his cousin William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg on December 8, 1594. The letter is influential in supporting the thesis of the early-modern Military Revolution. In the letter, William Louis discusses the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica. Aelian was discussing the use of the counter march in the context of the Roman sword gladius and spear pilum. William Louis in a 'crucial leap' realised that the same technique could work for men with firearms.
Topic-prominent language

A **topic-prominent language** is a language that organizes its syntax to emphasize the topic–comment structure of the sentence. The term is best known in American linguistics from Charles N. Li and Sandra Thompson, who distinguished **topic-prominent** languages, such as Korean and Japanese, from subject-prominent languages, such as English.

In Li and Thompson's (1976) view, topic-prominent languages have morphology or syntax that highlights the distinction between the topic and the comment (what is said about the topic). Topic–comment structure may be independent of the syntactic ordering of subject, verb and object.

## Common features

Many topic-prominent languages share several syntactic features that have arisen because the languages have sentences that are structured around topics, rather than subjects and objects:

* They tend to downplay the role of the passive voice, if a passive construction exists at all, since the main idea of passivization is to turn an object into a subject in languages whose subject is understood to be the topic by default.
* They rarely have expletives or "dummy subjects" (pleonastic pronouns) like English *it* in *It's raining*.
* They often have sentences with so-called "double subjects", actually a topic plus a subject. For example, the following sentence patterns are common in topic-prominent languages:

Mandarin
這個人 個子 很高。

≡

S
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d

{\displaystyle \equiv\_{Simplified}}

 这个人 个子 很高。
zhège rén gèzi hěn gāo
"This person *(topic)* height *(subject)* tall."

Japanese
その　ヤシは　葉っぱが　大きい。
sono yashi-wa happa-ga ookii
"That palm tree *(topic)* leaves *(subject)* are big."
* They do not have articles, which are another way of indicating old vs. new information.
* The distinction between subject and object is not reliably marked.

The Lolo–Burmese language Lisu has been described as highly topic-prominent, and Sara Rosen has demonstrated that "while every clause has an identifiable topic, it is often impossible to distinguish subject from direct object or agent from patient. There are no diagnostics that reliably identify subjects (or objects) in Lisu." This ambiguity is demonstrated in the following example:

 b. "People, dogs bite them."

## Examples

Examples of topic-prominent languages include East Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Malay, Turkish, Indonesian, Singaporean English and Malaysian English. Hungarian, the Somali language, and Amerindian tongues like the Siouan languages are also topic-prominent. Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic-prominent or topic- and subject-prominent language (see Brazilian Portuguese#Topic-prominent language). American Sign Language is also considered to be topic-prominent.

### Lakota

 (As for) me, some horses: I caught them. → It was me who caught some horses. (I caught some horses.)
Speedy Trial Clause

The **Speedy Trial Clause** of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy... trial." The Clause protects the defendant from delay between the presentation of the indictment or similar charging instrument and the beginning of trial.

## History

In *Barker v. Wingo* (1972), the Supreme Court developed a four-part test that considers the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the defendant's assertion of his right to a speedy trial, and the prejudice to the defendant. A violation of the Speedy Trial Clause is cause for dismissal with prejudice of a criminal case. Within these parameters, it was determined that the five-year wait for this case to go trial was not in violation of the Constitution. In response, in 1974, Congress passed the Speedy Trial Act.

This Speedy trial clause protects defendants from waiting more than a certain amount of time for a trial.

## Speedy trial statutes

In addition to the constitutional guarantee, various state and federal statutes confer a more specific right to a speedy trial. In New York, the prosecution must be "ready for trial" within six months on all felonies except murder, or the charges are dismissed by action of law without regard to the merits of the case. This is also known as a "ready rule". In California courts, defendants have a right to a trial within 100 days to a year.

The federal law detailing this right is the Speedy Trial Act of 1974. All U.S. states have either statutes or constitutional provisions detailing this right. In 1979 the Act was amended to ensure that the defendant had time to provide a suitable defense. This amendment made it so trial could not start within less than 30 days after the defendant first appeared in the court.

## Speedy trial cases

In *Doggett v. United States* (1992) the Supreme Court determined that Doggett's eight and a half year wait for a trial violated his sixth amendment rights.

In *Zedner v. United States* (2006) the Supreme Court determined that a defendant cannot waive his right to a speedy trial using the Speedy Trial Clause because the clause protects all parties involved in a case to ensure that no one's interests are being implicated.
Skin fold

**Skin folds** or **skinfolds** are areas of skin where it folds. Many skin folds are distinct, heritable anatomical features, and may be used for identification of animal species, while others are non-specific and may be produced either by individual development of an organism or by arbitrary application of force to skin, either by the actions of the muscles of the body or by external force, e.g., gravity. Anatomical folds can also be found in other structures and tissues besides the skin, such as the ileocecal fold beneath the terminal ileum of the cecum.

Skin folds are of interest for cosmetology, as some kinds may be considered aesthetically undesirable, and for medicine, because some of them are susceptible to inflammation and infection.

## Skin creases, skin folds and lines

The skin creases of the human body are features of great anatomical, morphological, and surgical interest and important for the maintenance of the contour of each anatomic area.

In the literature, when referring to a skin crease, there is variation of terms used other than "crease", such as "fold" and "sulcus", but these terms do not accurately reflect their histology structure nor their function. In the review of literature, a record of the creases of the human body for each anatomic area, including the synonyms that are used for each crease in the literature, has been attempted.

The **skin crease** as a fixed and permanent line, according to their histology, is related to connective tissue attachments with the underlying structures or extensions of the underlying muscle fibers in the dermis of the crease site.

The **skin fold** is characterized by skin redundancy that is responsible partly, often in combination with connective tissue attachments, for the skin crease. It is essential to use appropriate terms that accurately reflect the anatomic structure and histology when referring to the skin lines.

## Human skin folds

The following distinct skin fold types are among the roughly 100 identified in human anatomy:

* Nasolabial fold
* Epicanthal fold
* Interdigital folds (Plica Interdigitalis)
* Inframammary fold
* Triceps skinfold
* Webbed neck
* Vocal folds
	+ False vocal folds
Subthalamus

The **subthalamus** or **prethalamus** is a part of the diencephalon. Its most prominent structure is the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamus connects to the globus pallidus, a basal nucleus of the telencephalon.

## Structure

The subthalamus is located ventral to the thalamus, medial to the internal capsule and lateral to the hypothalamus. It is a region formed by several grey matter nuclei and their associated white matter structures, namely:

* The subthalamic nucleus, whose neurons contain glutamate and have excitatory effects over neurons of globus pallidus and substantia nigra
* Zona incerta, located between fields of Forel H1 and H2. It is continuous with the thalamic reticular nucleus and receives input from the precentral cortex.
* Subthalamic fasciculus, formed by fibers that connect the globus pallidus with the subthalamic nucleus
* Fields of Forel
* Ansa lenticularis

During development the subthalamus is continuous with the hypothalamus, but is separated by white matter fibres mainly from the internal capsule. Caudally, the subthalamus or prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the zona limitans intrathalamica.

Postnatally, the subthalamus lies beneath the thalamus, hence 'sub' (meaning below) 'thalamus'. It also lies dorsolateral to the hypothalamus.

## Connections

The subthalamus develops efferent (output) connections to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in the telencephalon, to the dorsal thalamus (medial and lateral nuclear groups) in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon. It receives afferent (input) connections from the substantia nigra and striatum.
Timeline of Japanese history

This is a **timeline of Japanese history**, comprising important legal, territorial and cultural changes and political events in Japan and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Japan. See also the list of Emperors of Japan and Prime Ministers of Japan and the list of years in Japan.

## 5th century

Very little is known about the 5th century in Japan. The period was definitely marked by volatile inter-state warfare, complex alliances, submissions and betrayals. Some of the more constant Yamato polity partners were Baekje and Gaya confederacy, while enemies included Goguryeo, Silla and various Chinese groups. All of the records of the era either did not survive or are contentious.

## 6th century

 593 |  | The Soga clan takes control of Japan with the installation of Empress Suiko on the throne.
Pimples

A hot shower allows the outermost layer of dead skin cells to peel off. This is called desquamation. But a hot shower will also wash away the protective oils of the skin. Without oil the outermost layer of skin will become dry and this will prevent desquamation and lead to pimples. The solution is to replace the oil after each shower before the skin dries out. (Jason Skin Oil)
Total angular momentum quantum number

In quantum mechanics, the **total angular momentum quantum number** parameterises the total angular momentum of a given particle, by combining its orbital angular momentum and its intrinsic angular momentum (i.e., its spin).

The total angular momentum corresponds to the Casimir invariant of the Lie algebra **so**(3) of the three-dimensional rotation group.

If **s** is the particle's spin angular momentum and **ℓ** its orbital angular momentum vector, the total angular momentum **j** is

j

=

s

ℓ

.

{\displaystyle \mathbf {j} =\mathbf {s} +{\boldsymbol {\ell }}~.}

The associated quantum number is the **main total angular momentum quantum number** *j*. It can take the following range of values, jumping only in integer steps:

ℓ
−
s

≤
j
≤
ℓ
s

{\displaystyle |\ell -s|\leq j\leq \ell +s}

where *ℓ* is the azimuthal quantum number (parameterizing the orbital angular momentum) and *s* is the spin quantum number (parameterizing the spin).

The relation between the total angular momentum vector **j** and the total angular momentum quantum number *j* is given by the usual relation (see angular momentum quantum number)

‖

j

# ‖

j

(
j
1
)

ℏ

{\displaystyle \Vert \mathbf {j} \Vert ={\sqrt {j\,(j+1)}}\,\hbar }

The vector's *z*-projection is given by

j

z

=

m

j

ℏ

{\displaystyle j\_{z}=m\_{j}\,\hbar }

where *mj* is the **secondary total angular momentum quantum number**, and the

ℏ

{\displaystyle \hbar}

 is the reduced Planck's constant. It ranges from −*j* to +*j* in steps of one. This generates 2*j* + 1 different values of *m**j*.

See also: Canonical commutation relation#Uncertainty relation for angular momentum operators
## See also

* Principal quantum number
* Orbital angular momentum quantum number
* Magnetic quantum number
* Spin quantum number
* Angular momentum coupling
* Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
* Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)
* Rotational spectroscopy
Timeline of Islam

This **timeline of Islamic history** relates the  Gregorian and Islamic calendars in the history of Islam. This timeline starts with the lifetime of Muhammad, which is believed by non-Muslims to be when Islam started, though not by Muslims.

## Islamic Calendar

Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphs
* 6th century CE (13 BH – 23 AH)

The Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate and its fragmentation, the Mamluk Empire, the Delhi Sultanate
* 7th century CE (23 AH – 81 AH)
* 8th century CE (81 AH – 184 AH)
* 9th century CE (184 AH – 288 AH)
* 10th century CE (288 AH – 391 AH)
* 11th century CE (391 AH – 494 AH)
* 12th century CE (494 AH – 597 AH)
* 13th century CE (597 AH – 700 AH)
* 14th century CE (700 AH – 803 AH)

Regional empires and dynasties (Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire)
* 15th century CE (803 AH – 906 AH)
* 16th century CE (906 AH – 1009 AH)
* 17th century CE (1009 AH – 1112 AH)
* 18th century Ac (1112 AH – 1215 AH)
* 19th century Ac (1215 AH – 1318 AH)

The period of colonialism and postcolonial nation-states
* 20th century Ac (1318 AH – 1421 AH)
* 21st century Ac (1421 AH – present)

## Gregorian calendar

Main articles: Islamic calendar
Islamic dates to Gregorian
* 1st century AH (622 CE – 719 CE)
* 2nd century AH (719 CE – 816 CE)
* 3rd century AH (816 CE – 913 CE)
* 4th century AH (913 CE – 1009 CE)
* 5th century AH (1009 CE – 1106 CE)
* 6th century AH (1106 CE – 1203 CE)
* 7th century AH (1203 CE – 1299 CE)
* 8th century AH (1299 CE – 1397 CE)
* 9th century AH (1397 CE – 1495 CE)
* 10th century AH (1495 CE – 1591 CE)
* 11th century AH (1591 CE – 1688 CE)
* 12th century AH (1688 CE – 1785 CE)
* 13th century AH (1785 CE – 1883 CE)
* 14th century AH (1883 CE – 1980 CE)
* 15th century AH (1980 CE – present)
Timeline of coronavirus outbreak (Mar)

This article documents the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak which originated in Wuhan, China in March 2020, and may not include all contemporary major responses and measures. Furthermore, some developments may become known or fully understood only in retrospect. (Reporting on this outbreak began in December 2019.)

## Case statistics

Further information: Timeline of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak#Case statistics

## Reactions and measures outside Mainland China

*Running summary (as of 1 March 2020):* The virus has spread to six continents and there are more than 86,000 cases confirmed. The 62 nations and territories with SARS-CoV-2 infections are:

* Afghanistan
* Algeria
* Australia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Brazil
* Cambodia
* Canada
* China
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Ecuador
* Egypt
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Iceland
* India
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Lithuania
* Macau
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Monaco
* Nepal
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Vietnam

Strict surveillance measures are being enforced at airports, seaports and border crossings to prevent the disease wide-spreading into countries/territories which share border or locate in the neighbourhood of Mainland China. Accordingly, some countries are thermally monitoring passengers arriving at their major international airports, while flights from and to infected countries were ceased operating. More seriously, countries such as North Korea and Papua New Guinea bans travellers from all Asian countries.

Land and sea borders are being closed over the fears of the virus. For example, Hong Kong, Mongolia, North Korea, and Russia have closed their borders with Mainland China, while Papua New Guinea closed its land border with Indonesia.
Singapore has closed its borders to all recent travellers of China.

Visa has also been suspended for some countries. Vietnam ceased issuing visa to Chinese citizens, only apart from diplomatic work. Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines suspend visa issuance either: on arrival with Chinese citizens, toward the entire infected area of China, toward Hubei-related visitors who previously had travel history or currently hold a passport issued by Hubei and its neighbourhood's authorities.

Evacuations of each country's citizens have been done and most of them are repatriated and quarantined for at least 14 days. Travel restrictions and advisory have been issued, mainly to China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Italy, Thailand, Iran, Malaysia, and Hong Kong.
The President and the Press

> The first advice I'm going to give my successor is to watch the generals and to avoid feeling that because they were military men their opinions on military matters were worth a damn.
>
> *— JFK*

From Wikisource:The President and the Press

The President and the Press: Address before the American Newspaper Publishers Association (1961)
by John F. Kennedy.

Delivered in Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, April 27, 1961 ten days after the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

I want to talk about our common responsibilities in the face of a common danger.

I refer, first, to the need for a far greater public information; and, second, to the need for far greater official secrecy.

In time of "clear and present danger", the courts have held that even the privileged rights of the First Amendment must yield to the public's need for national security.

If you are awaiting a finding of "clear and present danger", then I can only say that the danger has never been more clear and its presence has never been more imminent.

For we are opposed around the world by a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy that relies primarily on covert means for expanding its sphere of influence – on infiltration instead of invasion, on subversion instead of elections, on intimidation instead of free choice, on guerrillas by night instead of armies by day. It is a system which has conscripted vast human and material resources into the building of a tightly knit, highly efficient machine that combines military, diplomatic, intelligence, economic, scientific and political operations.

Its preparations are concealed, not published. Its mistakes are buried, not headlined. Its dissenters are silenced, not praised. No expenditure is questioned, no rumor is printed, no secret is revealed. It conducts the Cold War, in short, with a war-time discipline no democracy would ever hope or wish to match.

**I have no easy answer to the dilemma that I have posed, and would not seek to impose it if I had one.**

...our press was protected by the First Amendment...not primarily to amuse and entertain, not to emphasize the trivial and the sentimental, not to simply "give the public what it wants" – but to inform, to arouse, to reflect, to state our dangers and our opportunities, to indicate our crises and our choices, to lead, mold, educate and sometimes even anger public opinion.
Poisonous animals

This list is a partial list of animals that are poisonous to humans (and other animals). Their flesh is toxic if consumed, or in some cases touched:

## Birds

* Pitohui
* Blue-capped ifrit
* Little shrikethrush
* Spur-winged goose (diet-dependent)
* Common quail (diet-dependent)

## Snakes

* *Rhabdophis* keelback snakes
* Garter snake (diet-dependent, when feeding on Pacific newts)

## Frogs and toads

* American toad
* Asiatic toad
* Cane toad
* Colorado River toad
* Common toad
* Corroboree frog
* European green toad
* Fowler's toad
* Mantella
* Poison dart frog

## Fish

* Tetraodontidae (Blowfish, Pufferfish)
* Greenland shark
* Barracuda (age and diet dependent)

## Cephalopods

* Blue-ringed octopus
* Pfeffer's flamboyant cuttlefish

## Insects

* Blister beetle
* Birdwings
* Milkweed butterfly
* Battus (butterfly)
* Diamphidia

## Cnidarians

* Some members of the genus palythoa produce the highly toxic palytoxin
* Rhodactis species
Slut

Slut is an English-language term for a person, usually a woman or girl, who is considered to have loose sexual morals or who is sexually promiscuous. It is usually used as an insult, sexual slur or offensive term of disparagement (slut-shaming).

The common denotative meanings of slut are 'sexually promiscuous woman', or 'immoral or dissolute woman; prostitute'. These definitions identify a slut as a woman of low character—a woman who allows strangers to use her body for their own pleasure while receiving nothing in return.

People first engage in sexually promiscuous behavior out of misguided experimentation or peer pressure and then become addicted. Like all addicts they want to stop but feel a irresistible compulsion to keep engaging in the behavior.

Slut-shaming is the practice of criticizing women for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct. Slut-shaming addicts is wrong. Addicts deserve sympathy not shame. It isn't as if they enjoy what they are doing.
Protonation

In chemistry, **protonation** (or **hydronation**) is the addition of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming the conjugate acid. Some examples include

* the protonation of water by sulfuric acid:
H2SO4 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + HSO−
4
* the protonation of isobutene in the formation of a carbocation:
(CH3)2C=CH2 + HBF4 ⇌ (CH3)3C+ + BF−
4
* the protonation of ammonia in the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonia and hydrogen chloride:
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)

Protonation is a fundamental chemical reaction and is a step in many stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Some ions and molecules can undergo more than one protonation and are labeled polybasic, which is true of many biological macromolecules. Protonation and deprotonation (removal of a proton) occur in most acid–base reactions; they are the core of most acid–base reaction theories. A Brønsted–Lowry acid is defined as a chemical substance that protonates another substance. Upon protonating a substrate, the mass and the charge of the species each increase by one unit, making it an essential step in certain analytical procedures such as electrospray mass spectrometry. Protonating or deprotonating a molecule or ion can change many other chemical properties, not just the charge and mass, for example hydrophilicity, reduction potential, and optical properties can change.

## Rates of protonation and deprotonation

Protonations are often rapid, partly because of the high mobility of protons in many solvents. The rate of protonation is related to the acidity of the protonating species: protonation by weak acids is slower than protonation of the same base by strong acids. The rates of protonation and deprotonation can be especially slow when protonation induces significant structural changes.

## Reversibility and catalysis

Protonation is usually reversible, and the structure and bonding of the conjugate base are normally unchanged on protonation. In some cases, however, protonation induces isomerization, for example *cis*-alkenes can be converted to *trans*-alkenes using a catalytic amount of protonating agent. Many enzymes, such as the serine hydrolases, operate by mechanisms that involve reversible protonation of substrates.
Statutory law

**Statutory law** or **statute law** is written law passed by a body of legislature. This is as opposed to oral or customary law; or regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary.
Statutes may originate with national, state legislatures or local municipalities.

## Codified law

Main articles: Codification (law)
The term **codified law** refers to statutes that have been organized ("codified") by subject matter; in this narrower sense, some but not all statutes are considered "codified." The entire body of codified statute is referred to as a "code," such as the United States Code, the Ohio Revised Code or the Code of Canon Law. The substantive provisions of the Act could be codified (arranged by subject matter) in one or more titles of the United States Code while the provisions of the law that have not reached their "effective date" (remaining uncodified) would be available by reference to the United States Statutes at Large. Another meaning of "codified law" is a statute that takes the common law in a certain area of the law and puts it in statute or code form.

## Private law (particular law)

Another example of statutes that are not typically codified is a "private law" that may originate as a private bill, a law affecting only one person or a small group of persons. An example was divorce in Canada prior to the passage of the Divorce Act of 1968. If unavailable by administrative or judicial means, it was possible to obtain a legislative divorce by application to the Senate of Canada, which reviewed and investigated petitions for divorce, which would then be voted upon by the Senate and subsequently made into law.

In the United Kingdom Parliament, private bills were used in the nineteenth century to create corporations, grant monopolies and give individuals attention to be more fully considered by the parliament. The government may also seek to have a bill introduced *unofficially* by a backbencher so as not to create a public scandal; such bills may also be introduced by the loyal opposition — members of the opposition party or parties. Sometimes a private member's bill may also have private bill aspects, in such case the proposed legislation is called a hybrid bill.
Timeline of Buddhism

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Buddhism from the birth of Gautama Buddha to the present.

## Dates

### 6th–5th century BCE

 c. 413—345 BCE | Shishunaga, a minister of the ruling Hiranyaka dynasty of Magadha, is placed on the throne and begins the Shishunaga dynasty, after the sitting king is deposed by the people.

### 4th century BCE

 c. 321 – c. 297 BCE | The reign of Chandragupta Maurya, grandfather of Asoka, who subdues the Nanda Dynasty by c. 320 BCE, and gradually conquers much of northern India.

### 3rd century BCE

 c. 220 BCE | Theravada is officially introduced to Sri Lanka by the Mahinda, son of Ashoka, during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura.

### 2nd century BCE

 121 BCE | The Chinese Emperor Han Wudi (156–87 BCE) receives two golden statues of the Buddha, according to inscriptions in the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang.

### 1st century BCE

 2 BCE | The Hou Hanshu records the visit in 2 BCE of Yuezhi envoys to the Chinese capital, who give oral teachings on Buddhist sutras.

### 1st century

 c. 78–101 | According to Mahayana tradition, the Fourth Buddhist council takes place under Kushana king Kanishka's reign, near Jalandar, India.

### 2nd century

 178 | The Kushan monk Lokaksema travels to the Chinese capital of Loyang and becomes the first known translator of Mahayana texts into Chinese.

### 3rd century

 296 | The earliest surviving Chinese Buddhist manuscript dates from this year (*Zhu Fo Yao Ji Jing*, discovered in Dalian, late 2005).

### 4th century

 399–414 | Fa Xian travels from China to India, then returns to translate Buddhist works into Chinese.

### 5th century

 495 | The Shaolin temple is built in the name of Buddhabhadra, by edict of emperor Wei Xiao Wen.

### 6th century

 c. 575 | Zen adherents enter Vietnam from China.

### 7th century

 671 | Uisang returns to Korea after studying Chinese Huayan Buddhism and founds the Hwaeom school.

### 8th century

 760–830 | Construction is begun on Borobodur, the famous Indonesian Buddhist structure. It is completed as a Buddhist monument in 830, after about 50 years of work.

### 9th century

 859 | The Caodong school of Zen is founded by Dongshan Liangjie and his disciples in southern China.

### 10th century

 911 | A printed copy of the Song Dynasty Buddhist canon arrives in Korea, impressing the government.

### 11th century

 1084–1112 | In Myanmar, King Kyansittha reigns. He completes the building of the Shwezigon Pagoda, a shrine for relics of the Buddha, including a tooth brought from Sri Lanka. Various inscriptions refer to him as an incarnation of Vishnu, a chakravartin, a bodhisattva, and dharmaraja.

### 12th century

 1190 | King Sithu II of Pagan realigns Burmese Buddhism with the Mahavihara school of Ceylon.

### 14th century

 1391–1474 | Gyalwa Gendun Drubpa, first Dalai Lama of Tibet.

### 17th century

 1642 | Güüshi Khan of the Khoshuud donates the sovereignty of Tibet to the fifth Dalai Lama.

### 18th century

 1766–1767 | In Thailand, many Buddhist texts are destroyed as the Burmese invade Ayutthaya.
TV vs Real life

*Everything under the sun (i.e. in the public eye) is fake.*

Everything on TV is fake. Even the stuff they say (or imply) is real. Its all fake.

Skilled videographers can splice together short clips (sometimes very short clips) that are taken out of context and therby create something that superficially looks good even though the original material was totally different.

But the real issue runs even deeper than that because what is normal in real life looks stupid on TV and what seems perfectly normal on TV looks (and is) corny and stupid in real life. Thats why TV and movies are said to be "Larger Than Life".

Some people live their whole lives as though they were constantly on TV and the audience was judging them by their appearance.

## Drama vs Action

The two main types of fiction are Drama and action. The main difference between them being that drama focuses on **believability** and **believable people** even if they are sometimes set in situations that require some suspension of disbelief.

From Drama:

Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists are thrust into a series of events that typically include **violence**, extended fighting, physical feats, and frantic chases. Action films tend to feature a resourceful hero struggling against incredible odds, which include life-threatening situations, a villain, or a pursuit which usually concludes in victory for the hero.

However, reactions to action films containing significant amounts...unrealistic, highly unbelievable events are often met with criticism.