The Galapagos

## **History of the Galapagos**

**Galapagenian History**

**El Maulí ~ Los Maulíes/Maulís**

Mowlee - Mā’oli

The first settlers to the Galapagos came from the Marquesas around 1100 AD, during the exchange of sweet potatoes. Their first settlement was at Te Fanga or Tagus Cove. They had a strong class system headed by the Aliki Nui, of the lineage of the God Longo. The Aliki Nui ruled over the Aliki, the chiefs of the various clans. Below the Aliki in rank were the Tufunga, the priests and keepers of knowledge. Below them were the Kaifenua or the People of the Land. They were the commoners.

The Galapagenians made few voyages to the west as it took about a month to get to the Marquesas. Eventually contact ceased altogether around the 1300’s. The Galapagenians focused on their eastern neighbours instead, particularly the Chimu and Manteno Cultures.

They adopted their confederation like government, and created a trading league based on the Aliki. They adopted pottery, maize, cassava, potatoes, chili peppers, etc.

Tortoises and iguanas died up on the major islands like Isabela/Albemarle/Te Mata’u and Chatham/San Cristobal/Waka. The Galapagenians grew sugarcane(too) and bananas(maika) on islands like Waka.

They were largely peaceful at first, trading seal furs and sailcloth to their eastern neighbors in exchange for metal jewelry, cotton, pottery etc. Chickens and bananas were brought eastwards, and potatoes and guinea pigs west. Pigs were eventually eradicated from the islands due to their using up of too much resources.

Water was usually collected from rainwater, largely on Longo/Santa Cruz and Waka, but drought and dwindling water forced the Galapagenians to turn to piracy. They had originally attempted to compete with the Manteno as mercantile middlemen, but the Manteno largely outcompeted them due to greater resources.

The Galapagenians, now with lesser resources, started expanding at first. They settled Cocos Island(Motu Niu) and started a new settlement there, but overpopulation led the Galapagenians to expand even further, but being weak, they turned to piracy.

They raided their eastern neighbors in quick hit-and-run raids as far north as Mexico to northern Chile. They plundered undefended settlements quickly and grew rich from the raids. They took slaves from the peoples of Panama and Chile and sold them to Andean societies.

The Chimu and Manteno were largely untouched due to their defenses, but the many undefended towns especially around the Bay of Guayaquil and north of it were plundered. Galapagenian people became rulers in some areas.

The Galapagos and Cocos Island were heavily fortified and they developed armor made of seal skin and shields, both based on Andean designs. They were often employed as mercenaries, and Galapagenian boat designs were copied by the Andeans.

Tupac Inca Yupanqui would visit the islands eventually after encountering Galapagenian Traders at Tumbes. He attempted a conquest of the island, but failed. He led a trade expedition instead to the islands and returned with much gold and slaves.

The Spanish eventually discovered the islands under the Panaman Bishop. They seized the capital at Waikulii and renamed it San Cristobal. The natives were largely left alone as the Spanish perceived the place to be infertile and useless.

The natives often hid in isolated coves and raided Spanish galleons and ships. They worked with English pirates and managed to drive away the skeleton garrison at San Cristobal and the islands became a pirate haven.

Piracy was eventually ended however and whalers came, largely from New England, Cornwall and the London area. The natives by this point had been devastated by disease, leaving two third’s of the island’s population dead.

Slave raids and blackbirding was common, and the islands had been devastated. Various aliki had been taken as slaves and smallpox and measles had ravaged the island. Society had largely crumbled and the social order had been dismantled.

The British, seeking to expand, seized the islands in 1832. The few natives lead the British to populate the islands with Afro-Caribbeans and other Polynesians, mostly from Tahiti, Tonga and New Zealand, to work the sugarcane plantations on Waka Island. The British also seized the nearby Cocos Island which by then was still heavily populated by natives.

In 1835 Charles Darwin arrived on the islands and through his research, especially on native plants, was able to formulate the Theory of Evolution.

In 1863, the ship Adelante dumped 426 Tongan ex-slaves on Cocos Island where they integrated with the natives, and in 1897 Cocos Island became home to a German adventurer named August Gussler who was given governorship of the island by the British. He eventually bought the island from the British in an attempt to find the treasure there. His descendants still own the island which has become a center for native Galapagan Culture.

The new populations developed a new creole language based on Caribbean English Creoles and heavily influenced by Polynesian languages. Convicts bound for Australia were sometimes redirected to the Galapagos as another penal colony, and they helped decreolize Galapagan Creole.

In the 1920’s and 30’s, European settlers, largely from Norway and Germany, settled the islands.

In 1942, the Americans built a joint military base with the British on South Seymour Island in the Galapagos on the threat of German U-boats being spotted in the area.

In 1959 the Islands were declared a National Park and Environmental Reserve. As a result, people were removed from much of the islands, which led to violent protests which eventually died down.

Tortoises and iguanas were introduced into the other islands, and tourism remains an important sector there today.

The first Galapagans came to the islands in the 1130’s from the Marquesas. Oral history makes mention of the chief Longo who journeyed to the far east with five canoes in search of new land.

They arrived at the Land of the Sun where they met with te nga tāngata kolo(the Kolo people(Chimu) and traded with them for provisions, with Longo even taking one of them as a wife.

They discovered the Galapagos soon after on their return to the Marquesas, with the ships docking at Te Fanga to divide the islands among the clans claiming descent from Longo’s sons, before Longo and several of his men returned west to the Marquesas to bring back a proper colonizing expedition where he thus settled at Te Fanga.

These early colonists gradually consolidated into areas of high rainfall and water supply, that is Floreana, Santa Cruz, San Cristobal and parts of Isabela Island.

However with freshwater largely consolidated in a few coastal pools and other highly volatile areas, people gradually grew more violent in an attempt to gather resources which lead to the establishment of the *punanga*, various pā like fortresses scattered throughout the islands as a refuge for the people during times of war, and would eventually become major villages in their own right. They survived off of cistern building and rain barrels.

During this time, various Galapagan colonists discovered Cocos Island and settled it. Trade occurred with the mainland as people fought for resources, with some Galapagan warriors becoming pirates and raiding the mainland due to the scarcity of their homelands.

Various villages and punanga’s would grow rich off of trade and raids. They would bring back bounty from the mainland, and from this, technology and fortress building gradually advanced throughout the islands. Outrigger technology was brought to the mainland.

Eventually the Galapagans would gradually consolidate under the rule of the aliki nui of Chatham Island, King Tūtengana(Tū the loud) around 1340 AD, which lead to renewed trading, even to the long neglected trading ties with western Polynesia and a renewed bout of migrants to the islands.

Tutengana would unite the islands under his rule, taking the different city-states under his rule, even launching an invasion of Motuñú to subjugate the chiefs there.

—

The Archaic period of Galapagan history would soon fall under the restructuring of the islands under Andean norms

All land now was held notionally by the Aliki Nui who traced his descent from Longo, who in myth was now a God much like in the Andean origin myths.

In practice custodianship over the land called a *fenua* was held by local landlords/rulers called langatila, who were mostly absentee landlords and resided primarily in ‘Onekulī. The everyday rule of their lands was handed off to their patrilineal kin such as younger brothers or cousins

A fenua was subdivided into the local mata clans and then further into the different ayllu(fanau)

Each fenua and subsequently ayllu, was required to produce a surplus called an ‘inati or the first fruits which was given to the Aliki Nui by all the chiefs of the islands, worked in the fields by the *cafotes*(kafu aute). Mats, gold, featherwork and textiles were also given. Local fanau were also required to perform labour for the state near their households

Local fenua houses called fale nui near the local mala’e were the houses of the langatila and also served as storage facilities for times of drought and famine for the kingdom

—-

Although the Galapagos seemed very centralized, in truth much of the tributary chiefs were able to exact a high degree of autonomy. The ruling elite of Onekulī let them govern themselves so long as the material tribute and labor was properly exacted, and usually it was expected that the local langatila would spend time in the capital.

Many of the subject fenua still conducted periodic raiding to bring forth tribute for the king and even waged petty wars with each other

During this time the Galapagans were at a competition with the Huancavilca for trading supremacy, though the median position of the Galapagos meant that they could hold better ties with Western Mexico

—

This period of prosperity would come to an end in 1480 when the Inca Tupac Inca Yupanqui would destroy Onekuli.

In 1470 Yupanki conquered the Chimu empire and met some traders from the Galapagos in Tumbes. Intrigued by the prospect of gold and riches, he organized a 10 month expedition to the islands.

After a month at sea, the 20 000 strong Inca army arrived at Onekuli and promptly laid waste to much of the island, bringing back many riches from the powerful trading center

The Galapagans put up a resistance, but they were outnumbered and much of the lowland areas were heavily burned. Many of the people retreated back to the punanga or starved as they fled to the arid highlands.

After the sack of Waka and Hiwa Tu’a, Yupanqui returned to Inca lands with much bounty

The remaining Galapagans were in chaos and a bloody civil war resulted as the line of Tutengana was broken, the Tutengana dynasty men killed, many of the noble women raped and the survivors brought back to Cusco

The civil war ended when several of the chieftains banded together to establish a confederacy in the style of the Huancavilca, the different tribes meeting together at Te Fanga where the first chieftains met during the earliest days of the settlements

This new confederacy was largely autonomous city-states, but they each had a mutual defense pact against outsiders and unified trading laws

——

State control over land water and labor

Tribute labor

Concern with storage

Organization of productiona nf redistribution of goods

Chimu

Major distinciton between nobles ad conmoners

Fonga - preparer of the way who scattered sea shell dust before the path of the king

—-

Aliki Nui -  King of an island

Aliki - Chieftains and Nobility(Traditionally led by a Langatila(also means Captain)

Tufunga - Priests

Kafu aute - Commoners

Kio - Servants, usually war captives

Kingdom

Fuānga - Group of Clans that claim descent from one of Longo’s sons, ramage

Mata - Clans, rule over specific areas. Actual political grouping

Fanau - Ayllu, extended family/kin group self-sustaining social units that would educate their own children and farm or trade for all the food they ate, except in cases of disaster such as El Niño years when they relied on the Inca storehouse system.[7] Each ayllu owned a parcel of land, and the members had reciprocal obligations to each other.[8] The *ayllu* would often have their own *wak'a*, or minor god, usually embodied in a physical object such as a mountain or rock. "Ayullus were named for a particular person or place."[4]:248

——

They are raiders and raid some Andean socities. At the same time, the leaders of the Galapagos don't condone raiders much and sometimes the leaders too participate in raids.

They allow them to continue on, and they too trade with those areas sometimes raided, just as there is foreign trade

## **Galapagan Funerals**

When a person dies, the people grieve by ripping their hair out and crying. The priests entreat the fanau god to bring the dead back and challenge them why they would do so.

The dead was made to sit up. The knees were tucked under the chin and the arms wrapped tightly around the legs. The body was wrapped in textiles like mats and cloaks in the house, or for chiefs in the fale nui near the mala’e.

The people would cry and in the case of a chieftain the tufunga would declare a tapu for the whole street and not allow villagers to walk that way, with the sea and lagoon being forbidden for ten to fifteen days until the chief has been buried. On the final day there was a night vigil and fires burning throughout the village and the mala’e

In regular burials the dead is quickly buried after the mourning on the same or next day.

Under influence from foreign cultures, generally the elite and those who could afford to do so buried their dead in shaft tombs.

After the dead was buried in a shallow grave, tree hollow or caves, the bones are scraped and washed. They were brought to the mala’e again for more mourning ceremonies before being buried in shaft tombs to meet their ancestors.

The spirit world was far to the west where the dead went after spending time with the family, yet the dead kept the family alive.

## **Galapagan Culture**

Cultures:

Haida - Raiding

Norse - Raiding Culture and Trading

Moro - Raiding and Trading

Hawaii - Stratified Society and Volcano Religion

Rapa Nui - Monuments

Maori - Warrior Culture

Guancavilca - City-state & Confederacy

West Mexican gold work, hairless dogs, ball game, cacao consumption

Ecuadorian axe monies, city-states, spondylus

Andean textile weaving, pottery making, armor, aqueducts, loom(cotton and imported camelid wool)

Armor: like Kiribati and Inca but made of seal and sea lion leather

Weapon toki and wahaika clubs, bone harpoons

No pigs in Galapagos because resource intensive. Puaka began to refer to Camelids instead, albeit rarely

—-

Gods

Mafuike - god of fire, earthquakes, volcanoes whom Maui stole fire from in the underworld. Maui is his grandson. He is one of the principal gods of the islands, his home is said to be the southern volcano of Albemarle(Te Mata’u a Māui)

—

Te le’o faka’aliki - Chiefly language

Kakawakawa Ceremony - kava but done with chocolate

Cacao beans were imported from Mesoamerica, although some were grown on Cocos Island. It was a drink reserved for the elite and for ritual purposes due to the scarcity. Coronations included chocolate consumption

Cocos Island was an important port, as a waystation between Ecuador and Western Mexico. Many Chinchay and Manteño merchants docked through there on their journey northwards and it made the island rich, as well as providing a large proportion of food for the Galapagos

Copper- red metal calque

—-

## **Spanish Rule**

In 1526 Spanish explorer Juan de Cabeza discovered Cocos Island and claimed it for Spain, although it’s relative unimportance meant it was mostly ignored after an initial pacification attempt made a couple years later.(After an expedition to subdue the island it was left alone besides a couple priests when the people were made to be Hispanicized, they stopped coming after pirates made it difficult to move there. Large parts of Cocos Islanders returned to their native traditions and some of their native clothing after the priests left)

In 1535 Panamanian bishop Tomás de Berlanga discovered the Galapagos. Upon his return to Europe in 1537 this information was eventually relayed to the Spanish Emperor.

In 1546 Diego Centeno left the port of Arica to escape Carvajal after the Battle of Huarina and reunite with the Peruvian(from Panama) governors in the north at Tumbes before marching to Cusco.

In April 1546 they sighted the Galapagos and docked for food and water. The local Galapagans were hostile to the Spaniards, which forced Centeno to attack them and eventually resulted in the sack of Tefanga.

Centeno had a small garrison stationed there before returning east to Tumbes and fighting for Peru.

Following the battle of Jaquijahuana La Gasca awarded Centeno with the Galapagos Islands as well as his old estates in Charcas, Potosí for his mines.

Centeno returned to the Galapagos in 1548 to Tefanga, but seeing it’s relative aridity decided to found a new settlement at San Cristobal on Waka Island or Chatham Island.

Galapagos was under the Audiencia of Quito.

Centeno was recalled soon afterwards on December 1548 to serve as Governor of Paraguay, to which he refused when the news came the next year(25 days from Arica).

Under pain of land confiscation, Centeno relented and falsely sold his holdings in Charcas to his servant Juan Guaso and prepared to return to Spain to be duly compensated and complain, but he fell ill in San Cristobal and died in July 1549

## **British Empire**

The Galapagos and Cocos Island became a part of the British Empire in 1832 when the Treaty was signed between the remaining Galapagan chieftains and the British becoming a British Crown Territory in 1837, much to the chagrin of neighboring Latin America particularly Costa Rica and Ecuador, as a sign confirming their suspicions of the US and the Monroe Doctrine, with the Falklands being annexed a year later.

Abandoned by the Spaniards in 1726 due to increasing pirate raids and the destruction of the San Cristobal garrison by pirates and native forces.

1593 -1816 many pirates, English and Portuguese

1000 AD Mocha Island colony by Arauco Peninsula

1300 to 1450 El Arenal immediately easst of Movha Island near Quidico river

Maori wahaika like handclubs

Toki stone axes

Traditional cooperative work called minga(inherited from Rapa Nui umanga and shared Andean minga, mink’a) under rules of reciprocity

Moon calendar

New year- after pleaides(Mataliki) rising after winter solstice

Magic toki for cutting trees

Hockey like game related to Austral Island pai pai and Mapuche Palin

kumara" y "kumara" = camote;

(2) “chullpa" y "tupa" = tierra redonda;

(3) "minga" y "umunga/umanga" = ayuda económica recíproca;

(4) "curaca" (jefe) y "kura" = lo escogido, lo mejor de algo;

(5) "huaca" y "ahu" = plaza de veneración.

A excepción de (5), comparar "ahu" < proto

Hosler suggests that traders from South America introduced metallurgical techniques into western Mexico in two waves. First between c. 800 and 1250 CE, and second between c. 1250 and the Spanish conquest. It was during the second period that axe-monies are found in western Mexico, though antecedent forms are found in contexts dated as early as 800 CE in Ecuador

Galapagans traded from as far south as trading colonies in Chiloe, to as far north as western Mexico. They worked alongside Chincha and Manteño traders

The Chincha fertilized their fields with dead birds and guano, and this knowledge was passed on to later peoples. The Chincha merchants maintained trade routes by land with herds of camelids used as beasts of burden reaching the Collao (Altiplano) and Cusco. Moreover, the Chincha learned seafaring skills; and new technologies such as raft construction with balsa logs, being the largest capable of carrying twenty people in addition to a large cargo, and the use of the sail

Western Mexico included Michoacan, Balsas River. From Nayarit in the North to Guerrero in the south

Western Mexican maize and Mexican Hairless dogs(chimu, moche, vicus cultures)

## **Galapagan Mestizos**

Although the current censuses do not distinguish between new immigrant Mestizos and the local *Catillo*community, the older mestizos of the islands who lived there for centuries since the 16th century are called the *Catillos*, from Galapagan *kātilia*.

These groups were descended form mixed-race Spaniards and native Galapagans as well as already existing mestizos brought from the mainland.

These new groups formed a distinctive community on the islands with their own distinctive accent.

Much like the coastal Andean accents, they aspirate syllable final s’s, and they lack approximants and retain the ll phoneme due to contact with native Galapagan speakers.

Their isolation from the mainland meant that these groups were subject to native chiefdoms and played a role there, sometimes being made into slaves by Galapagan chiefs or doing the same to the natives.

These isolated groups believed themselves a part of the Spanish Empire, much like the New Mexican *Hispanos*.

Eventually they prospered under British rule, working in the new plantations and helping form the Galapagan Creole language.

Eventually new mestizo migrants came in from the mainland whom the native Galapagans distinguished, as these new migrants were likened to the blackbirding mestizo ships from Peru and Chile, hence they were called the *wanowano* after their habit of looking for and capturing captives for *guano* mining. The wanowano raids began in the early part of the 19th century, with natives being falsely recruited for hard labor. Following British annexation, the British instead began to import other Polynesian slaves for use there.

The native *catillo* minorities were distinguished from these newcomers and were seen as more Galapagan in a sense.

## **Galapagan Demographics**

Following the conquest, 94% of the total Galapagan population died off from disease. Pre-conquest times the total population of the islands was around 10k to 12k, leaving only a total population of 720 in total throughout the islands, with the lowlands being home to mestizos.

The Spanish mismanagement of the rain cisterns and other means of maintaining freshwater left the islands a disaster, with much of the population dying off.

This resulted in the few surviving Galapagans retreating to the much more arid highlands and other hard to reach areas.

Those who did survive in the lowlands married into the arriving Mestizos in places like San Cristobal and Te Fanga.

Eventually the rapid aridity and subsequent rise of piracy resulted in the Spaniards pulling their forces out and much of the settlements to be abandoned, much like the Spanish treatment of Mindoro. Like Mindoro only religious people like friars remained.

With the population in shambles and many Mestizos fleeing for the mainland, the natives slowly grew in number again and began to reoccupy the lowlands, much more wary of foreigners, but also treating with visiting pirates.

Eventually in 1726 a local tufunga led a revolt on Chatham Island, joined by several pirates, they sacked what remained of San Cristobal and with it the last Spanish garrison on the islands.

The islands were in anarchy after that, with the population gradually building up and separated between different chiefdoms. The mestizos who remained operated their own settlements, generally acculturating into Galapagan society, trading with pirates and considered themseves nominally Spanish. The population would slowly climb up to 2730 at the time of contact with the British. At this point 32.29% of the population or 881 people were *Catillo*or Galapagan Mestizo with the remaining 1849 being native Galapagan with some Europeans

In the 19th century however various raids occurred on the islands that aimed to take slaves for use on mainland guano mines, reaching up from the 1840s to the 1930s. An estimated quarter of the native Galapagan population or 462 people were taken by the slave raids. 1387 natives remained.

in 1832 the British came to the islands and signed a treaty with some of the remaining chieftains to acknowledge the British monarch as their sovereign.

They would gradually aim to develop the islands, using it as a military base as well as a plantation for sugar cane and other crops.

Blackbirding continued afterwards, this time done by the British and other governments who aimed to replenish the island’s population with Polynesians for ease of communication with the natives and free labor, unlike mestizos, but some of the latter were brought in as well. The British outlawed the blackbirding of native Galapagans and Peruvian and Chilean blackbirders no longer visited the islands to slave raid but rather coerced the natives instead, although no longer as many as before.

Tongans, Tahitians and Marquesans were the most brought to the islands along with some Samoans. 426 Tongans were brought to Cocos Island alone for example, with several more brought to the Galapagos proper. Some were also brought from the Gilbert Islands, Tongareva(Penrhyn), Northern Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, Samoa, Ellice Islands. Numbers reached up to around 2k to 3k in the islands

## **Galapagan Language**

88% remains of Proto Eastern Polynesian Basic vocabulary. 20% replacement per millenium, 2 percent per century

Mochica: deer(maybe Quechua, if so then luitu)

Koto - corn Beer

Galapagan settlement planning involved an arrangement from north to south with buildings at an angle. Central plaza with nearby royal residence and elite buildings as well as temple complex. Royal tombs were in the west

## **Galapagan Orthography**

Sinki vs singki

Ikai au te sinki mai te moana nui

Ikai au te singki mai te moana nui

E fia tola sinki nei? Sinkuenta? E temasiao kalo

E fia tola kumala nei? Singko pilaso o te singki pa(para) singkuenta tola? E temasiao kalo! E afa koe wenta?

Initial b- in Spanish was loaned invariably as either a w or a p

For example

Kawaio - horse

Wenta - to sell

Wentana - window

Pala - varra(measurement)

Waka - cow

Lekalo - gift

Kulupo - group

Kefe - jefe

Spanish /x/ is rendered as /k/

Ka - each

Puē - can

O - or

Pelo - but

Pa - for

Kātilla

Allapaka

Ñu

ngk

Ch

Kawaio

Spanish Loanwords

O

Pero

Kātilio

Motu niu

Ēpaniolo

Ēpañolo

Kātillo

He fafine

I kai he fafine kātilia he mansana

E wānanga ana ō te le’o ēpaniolo

Icai he fafine catilla he manzana

Evanañgaana o te leo epañolo

Te le'o Mā'oli

Galapagan was on the periphery of the Andean Sprachbund. It adopted some features because of bilingualism with the trade pidgin and Amerindian slaves shifting to Galapagan.

Andean Linguistic Features:

Prefixed tenses and aspects

Clause initial interrogative words

Evidentiality Markers

ɸ, ɲ, ʎ consonants

-adopted -NC- clusters from contact with Andean languages \*lampa, \*tumpisi, \*sinki

Loans are primarily from Mochica and a few from Quechua.

The language of Tumbes was related to Mochica.

Kai kumala õ

Õ kumala kai

Õ i te kumala kai

Õ te ngā nui aliki kite

Verb tenses:

i- > past

kua- > past perfrct(have done, have been doing)(indirect knowledge, u didnt see it)

E- > imperative/future tense

e-VERB-ana > continous habitual stative(because can express continous in any tense or time)

ka- contiguity(action is contiguous with other action. Also immediate future tense)

Ana- irrealis

Lawa- reported speech(daw)

Õ i te kumala kuakai

Õ i te ngā tangata wakawika ekiteana

IMPERATIVE

Ka - done immediately

e - can do whenever in future

Õ koe kite

Kuahaele ki te Tumepe?

Tapu te ngā nui honu

Koe ki te Tumepe kuahaele?

Ia kumala lawa ikai

Ia i te kumala lawa kakai

## **Te le’o faka’aliki**

Two levels, king and chiefs

Higher honorific is ancient from 950 AD

Lower honorific is more recent

From semantic extensions of everyday words. Metaphorical

Chiefs and royals use everyday common register in their home and private life

I sa’ele lawa ia ki Tumpisi

E afa koe e sa’ele ana ki motu nei?

Lawa originally meant something like completely, perfectly, really and truly. Shifted to evidentiality under influence from Costal Andean languages

Langi for funeral for example becuase gods live in sky and chiefs go to sky because gods

Figures of speech drawing analogies between qualities of categories of persons use of terms from the natural world. The sky, the sea, allusions to weather qualities of wind and water. Chiefs are likened to powerful forces of nature

Kingly language has a broader reach in words than commoner talk. Like one king word means many different ones

## **Loanwords in Galapagan**

takalia - foot plow. From Chimu Culture and Inca Empire. Also Taklla. It was originally a sort of copper tipped digging stick that eventually became more like a plough

Takalla

Ñu

Motu ñu ki te moana a te ngā motu honu

Hōho - penguin in Galapagan

The Galapagans borrowed the backstrap loom and weaving styles from their Mochica neighbors.

Cañari:

Tilu - monkey

Mochica:

ieme - To weave, weaving

Hele - cassava

Aulō - chilli pepper

Lakio - big predatory cat(eventually shifted to mean monster)

Barbacoan:

sita (loom)

Kute - horizontal stick used to separate threads

Pita - llama

Calqued from Barbacoan:

Kōtā - wooden tool

Kōtā kawe - Horizontal wood for guiding the vertical strands(kawe)

Sita sanga - wooden fork used to rest the loom on

Alpacas and llamas were not present in the Galapagos. They were known from trade, and some of them were brought to the islands, but the heat and lack of water made them hard to sustain and they died off quickly.

Instead most Galapagans trade for their wool instead, bringing unprocessed wool to the islands such as in Wasilālanga where they were processed into cloth

Four things the Galapagans imported from Mesoamerica was chocolate consumption, the Mesoamerican ballgame, rubber and hairless dogs

Chocolate - kakawakawa(from kava, original sense of immitation kava(kawakawa) then modified due to folk etymology with kakawa)

Cacao - kakawa

Rubber - na’a(borrowed from a Mixe-Zoquean language)

Mesoamerican ball game - pōpō na’a(ball rubber)

From West Mexico came similarities in weaving technology, textiles, dog breeds, shaft tombs and certain vessel types

Dogs from Colima

Textile tech and design from Ecuador to West Mexico highland Jalisco

Sisimi - Marine otter

Tāka - round mollusc with hair

Š > s

Č > t

From burials copper and copper-silver cold hammering annealing and lost wax casting

Onekulī - Seal beach(originally Galapagan did not distinguish between seals and sea lions)(Capital of Galapagos)

Kawaliki - Palo Santo, also a district in Onekulī

No pigs in Galapagos

Loto - lagoon

Mato - valley (tangata mato(Inca/Quechua)

Langa - Ecuadorian balsa raft (tangata langa - Guayaquil tribes)

Tele/Tele waka - fisherman

Tangata tele - Balsa River people

Manene - Panamanian people(from wanderer/stranger)

Tāsae - likely the Mapuche. Natives of the Chilean Coast(from wild, savage)

Kai- prefix indicating patrilineally determined identity/race of people (taga in tagalog)

(kaimotu fonu(Galapagan) kailaʻalaʻa(Laʻalaʻa(Chan Chan)), Kaitafiti(Tahitian), Kaikele(Black race), kaitele(Race of fishermen, Purepecha, Western Mexicans)

Motu Fonu for the Galapagos is a recent naming convention. In earlier times the islands were not grouped together and known simply as Ngā Motu(the islands). Motu Fonu is a literal translation of the Spanish *Galapagos*.

Te ʻaliki nui o te ngā motu

Langikawa and not Langi pohe(pohe is a Tahitian loanword)(kawa te fafa is thirsty, lit. bitter mouth)

Fenua - land, soil ( He kawa te fenua e he nui te kāinga)

Kāiga -homeland, land(country)

He - from PN \*se, initial s to h

H was not entirely lost in Proto Eastern Polynesian having been retained in some words

## **Mesolectal**

KIT: [ɪ]

DRESS: [ɛ]

TRAP: [ɛ]

LOT: [ɔ] = [lɔt]

STRUT: [ʌ]

FOOT: [ʊ]

FLEECE: [i;]

FACE: [eɪ]

PALM: [ɑː]

THOUGHT: [ɔ]

GOAT: [oʊ̯]

NEAR: [iə̯]

SQUARE: [ɛə̯]

START: [ɑː]

FORCE: [oː]

SURE: [oə̯]

BATH: [ɑ]

NURSE: [ɜː]

GOOSE: [u:]

PRICE: [ɑɪ̯]

CHOICE: [ɔɪ̯]

MOUTH: [æʊ̯]

HAPPY: [i]

LETTER: [ə]

HORSES: [ɪ]

COMMA: [ə]

PURE - [jʊə]

CORNISH-NEW ENGLAND-ESTUARY PIDGIN

GUYANESE-SAINT KITTS-JAMAICAN-BELIZEAN-CANADIAN

AUSTRALIAN-NEW ZEALAND-TOK PISIN-HAWAIIAN-PITKERN-NORFUK

RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION-AMERICAN

## **GALAPAGENIAN PIDGIN:**

No prepositions

Anker – small barrel

Aye – yes? What for?

Backalong – in former times

Better way – it would be better if

Affy? – do you understand?

Mackase – quickly

Toolaa – whale

Consonant cluster breaking with schwa

-y as –ei

Polack – unreliable/asshole

Pakakei – white person

**CARRIBEAN CREOLE/CANADIAN/SCOTTISH/IRISH:**

Cheer-chair merger – chia

Bole – to make a small hole

Some as an adverb, for very

Semi, anti as –i

Pook – mound of hay

Final consonant clusters lost last consonant

Uh(done) to o

Ei to ie

Ou to o

Chook – jab/poke/stab

Pickney – child

Obeah for witchcraft

**PACIFIC CREOLE INFLUENCE:**

Infinitive – for VERB

Get – there are

Call – come

Where about – where

Alauau - boonies

**GALAPAGENIAN INFLUENCE:**

Th and dh to t and d

-l to –o

Falling intonation in questions

Reduplication for **VERY** ADJ

Inverted word order for statives (Cute, da bebe)

Aitu – ghost

Tutu’i – candlenut

Waka – canoe

Kumala – sweet potato

Talo – taro

Alengoo – cassava

Niu – coconut

**SPANISH INFLUENCE:**

Sorrochies – altitude sickness

Pana – buddy

Chooped - drunk

**MODERN SLANG:**

Coconut- virgin

Fresh – relaxing

Shoot – fuck

Full – crowded

Pronouns

Mi – I

Yu – you

Im – he

Shi – she

Dem – they

Wi – we

TENSES:

Stap - -ing

Did - -ed

Gwen – will

Bin – have VERB

## **Galapagenian Mythology**

King Longo came from the Marquesas/Hawaiki and ventured east, but a storm blew him off course and he arrived at Fenua Mamoo where he discovered sweet potatoes. From there he returned back to Hawaiki to tell of his new discovery.

He brought back many settlers east, but was unable to find Fenua Mamoo and thus settled in the Motu Onu where Maaui died.

Maui and his brothers were fishing and soon a giant turtle tugged at his line. The turtle ate his fish hook.

Maui travelled east near to where the sun rose to bring back his fish hook.

He found the turtle and told his brothers to tug on the line as he would attach it to the hook so he could get out, but not to make much noise or he would die.

Maui entered the sleeping turtle’s mouth and grabbed the hook, put the line on it and tugged so his brothers would know.

The brothers pulled and as Maui was halfway through the turtle’s mouth, on of his brothers fell and slipped on their canoe.

The turtle woke and snapped its mouth, killing Maaui and bringing death to the world. The turtle snapped Maaui into many pieces, which became the islands of the Galapagos. His hook became Albemarle island.

His brothers killed and sliced up the turtle, which became the tortoises of the Galapagaos.

**THE DEATH OF MAAUI**

Noong unang panahon, nagbangka sa laot si Maui at ang kaniyang mga kapatid.

“Kailangan nating magpaddle papunta sa treasure fish(taonga ika).” Sabi ni Maui.

Kaya sila’y nagpaddle, hanggang di na nila Makita ang lupa.

Namingwit si Maui, at mayroon ngang kumuha sa kaniyang pain.(maunu or moounu). Hindi alam ni Maui, pero ito pala’y hindi isda, kung hindi isang malaking pawikan!

Humila si Maui, at nagthrash ang malaking pawikan. “Paddle pa, mga kapataid!” Sigaw ni Maui. “Malaki an gating nahuli!”

Umahon ang pawikan, subalit ito’y nakalaya, kasama ng fish hook ni Maui.

“Habulin ang pawikan!” Sigaw ni Maui. “Nasa Pawikan ang fish hook ko!”

Kaya kanilang hinabol ito pasilangan, sa dulo ng malaking dagat, malapit na kung saan sumisikat ang araw.

Inintay nila ang gabi para makatulog ito.

Nagtali si Maui ng lubid sa kaniyang baiwang at binigay ito sa kaniyang mga kapatid.

“Hihila ako pagnakuha ko na ang fish hook ko.” Sabi ni Maui. “Higitin nyo ako, pero maging careful. Wag masyadong maingay o magigising ang pawikan.”

Pinasok ni Maui ang bibig ng pawikan. Bumaba siya sa lalamunan nito at sa stomach nito nya natamo ang kaniyang hook. Hinila na nya ang lubid.

“Hila! Hila!” Bulong ng mga kapatid nya sa isa’t isa.

Kalahati na ng katawan ni Maui ang nakalabas ng pawikan nung nadulas ang mga kapatid nya. Sa kabiglaan nito’y sila’y napasigaw, at nagising ang pawikan!

Biglan sinarado nito ang bibig nito, at nung malasahan si Maui’y ito’y ngumuya hanggang nagkahiwahiwalay na ang katawan ni Maui.

Nagitla ang mga kapatid ni Maui at kanilang pinagiispear ang pawikan, subalit huli na ang lahat. Patay na si Maui.

Sa sobrang galit ay pinagiistab ng mga kapatid nya ito gamit ng mga kutsilyo at kanila itong pinagiislice sa maliliit na piraso.

Kaya sa ganoon ay nagkaroon ng kamatayan. Ang katawan ni Maui ay naging mga isla ng Galapagos at ang kaniyang hook ang naging islang Albemarle. Ang turtle naman ang naging mga tortoise na naninirahan sa mga islang ito.

Long ago, Maui and his brothers set out to sea.

“We must paddle to the great fishing grounds. “ Said Maui.

And so they paddles, so far out to sea that all sight of land was lost.

Maui cast his line, and sure enough something took the bait. But unbeknown to Maui, what took the bait was not a fish, but instead a giant turtle!

And so Maui pulled. “Paddle, brothers!” He shouted.

And lo and behold the beast broke the surface of the sea. His brothers struck their spears at the giant turtle, but the turtle broke free, and with it came Maui’s fish hook.

“Chase the turtle!” Screamed Maui. “My fish hook is with it!”

And so they chased the turtle eastwards, across the Great Sea, close to where the sun rises.

As night fell, the turtle slept.

Maui tied a rope around his waist and gave it to his brothers.

“I will pull on the rope when I get my hook back.” Said Maui. “Pull me out when I do, but be careful. Do not make much noise lest the turtle wake up.”

And so Maui entered the mouth of the sleeping turtle. He went down its throat and its stomach he found his hook. He tugged on the rope to let his brothers know.

His brothers pulled on the rope. “Pull! Pull!” They whispered to each other.

Sure enough Maui was now halfway through the turtle ‘s mouth.

But disaster soon struck. Maui’s brothers slipped and fell.

Their shouts woke the sleeping turtle, which promptly closed it’s mouth, snapping Maui into two. It chewed Maui’s remains until they split into many pieces.

His brothers were horrified and chucked their spears at the great turtle, but it was too late. Maui was dead.

Mad with fury, his brothers set upon the great turtle with knives and sliced it up into pieces.

And so Maui’s body parts became the many islands of the Galapagos, while his great fish hook became Albemarle Island. The great turtle became the many tortoises of the Galapagos.

Cornish, Estuary, Irish, New England and Jamaican all mixed together and was the lamguage of the whites.

The Polynesians spoke Galapagenian, but eventually they shifted to a Creole Language as the soldiers spoke to them in English Pidgin(influenced by Carribbean where some of the soldiers were from and the Pacific pidgin of the whalers)

This English Pidgin was phonologically influenced and similar to the White Accent.

Eventually it decreolized based on the white accent and the two accents became similar like AAVE and Southern English.

The Standard English accent was heavily influenced by the White Accent and Received Pronunciation.

——-

Spanish - Mostly Ecuadorians, Colombians and Peruvians

Polynesian(Mostly Tahitian, Hawaiian and Tongan influences)also some rapa nui

English - Estuary, Irish, New England and Jamaican

PACIFIC PIDGIN ENGLISH:

by and by - later

no - negator

suppose- if

plenty - many

no good - bad

all same -same as like

massa - master

savi - to know

stap - be at

what for - why

too much - very

catch - get

got - to have

gwen.- future marker

numbe one - chief best

he - resumptiv epronoun

belong - of

moon - month

-em - transitive marker(for D.O.)

humbug - problem

been.- tense marker

more better - better

FOR - INFINITIVE

pikini - small black child

bagerap - to ruin

pacific pidgin has many tahitian influences as polynesians spoke the most as well as large spanish influences

**Spanish**;

no can

ste instead of stap. also a copula

heb - there are

bin ste, gwen ste

tru - to throw/release(fart)

open a hole -

eat shit

kampo - countryside

para- to stop, cease

Paga- to pay

Basta- enough

Kapa - castrate

kontra - against

Pedaso- piece

trevous(Travous) - cucumber

travous - Naughty-

choop - to be drunk

sorrochies - altitude sickness

Fanfaron - braggart

Manteca- lard

Kriya- to breed/raise

keda - stay

pato - duck

pekado - sin

hog - to play, game

kalfet - to caulk(seal with waterproof)

kwartel - garrison,barracks

balde- bucket

motra - show

amara - to tie up(borrowed as amala in Galapagan)

sper - wait

grit - shout

skor - scum

bosk, jungle

Kem - burn

auelo - grandparent

mono - monkey

Karapata - tick

moko - nasal mucus

Baba - drool

Nasi - born

Kru - raw

Torse - twist

Baila - to dance

Subi- to climb, go up

Deha- leave

Sende - to light

hura - to swear

pana - friend

**Galapagan:**

fakaola - goodbye

alofa - love, pity

mate - dead

kutu - headlice

kulu - breadfruit

kōpū - stomach, belly

hanga - work

kāinga - land

waka - canoe

fafine - woman

puta - hole

fatu - rock

alengō - cassava

kumala - sweet potato

ma’unga - mountain

mālo - good

tufunga - wise person

aliki - chief

talo - taro

kahuōte - commonfolk, ordinary person

honu - turtle

honu nui - tortoise

sa’ele - to go

fanō - to give birth

fale - house

fanōtama - pregnant woman

tapu - forbidden

poki - child

ta’ane - male

fala - pandan

maika - banana

kota - seaweed

mokotala - iguana

puaka - pig

Pehea koe?(Hello or how are you. general greeting)

**Tahitian**:

pulau - Hibisic Tilliaecus

**Irish**:

bam - buttocks

padok - field(paddock)

**Polynesian**:

blong remains for example :Da kar blong Manny

Decreplization has led to objetc pronouns being reintroduced. Animate nouns now take plural s

Pronouns:

ai mi

yu

hi im

shi haa

dual:

himi

yutuu

demtuu

plural:

wi  as

olye

dem