recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Atheism

**Atheism** is the rejection of a creator and all religions; it should not be confused with agnosticism, the idea that the existence of deities are unknowable and can neither be disproved nor proven, but not necessarily its rejection. Atheism literally means "without gods", meaning that it is the absence of belief in the existence of deities. . Atheism's beginning came during Enlightenment in the 16th century as thinkers challenged Catholicism and other beliefs, emphasizing humanism and individualism - today, it is common for people to turn away from religion as modernization overshadows religious observance. Historically, people who have rejected God have been labelled as heretics and have been murdered, and atheism in Islamic states can be punished with death or forced conversion. Today, atheists make up 11% of the world population and 12% more irreligious; many modern countries and communist/former communist nations have notable atheist/irreligious populations, with 64.3% of the population of North Korea, 62.5% of Ukraine, 61% of China, 46.5% of South Korea, 40% of France, 34.2% of the Czech Republic, 25.7% of the United Kingdom, 24% of Cuba, 22.8% of the United States, 13.4% of Slovakia, 13% of Russia being atheist or irreligious.
Ethiopia

The **Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia** is an East African nation with its capital at Addis Ababa. The country has a population of 100 million people, making it the most populous landlocked country on Earth and the second most-populous country in Africa, behind Nigeria. Ethiopia is the point of origin of toll booths and coffee, and it has had a rich history; many civilizations, such as Abyssinia, Axum, and the Ethiopian Empire, ruled over the nation.

In 1974, the empire was overthrown by the communist Derg, which formed a fearsome dictatorship. The Derg repelled an invasion of the Ogaden region by Somalia in 1977-1978 with Cuban and Soviet assistance, but the nation's allies could not prevent the people of Ethiopia from rising against the tyrannical government; the Derg massacred thousands of political opponents, and they were powerless to stop the famine that struck the country during the 1980s.

In 1991, the democratic socialist opposition overthrew the Derg government, and Ethiopia became the richest country in eastern and central Africa during the 21st century, as well as having the third-strongest military in Africa. During the 2000s, Ethiopian troops intervened in the Somali Civil War, invading the country to fight the al-Shabaab terrorists.
Free City of Cracow

The **Free City of Cracow**, also known as the **Republic of Krakow**, was a republican government in Poland that ruled over the city of Krakow, existing from 3 May 1815 to 16 November 1846. The republic was established as a protectorate of Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire as a result of the Congress of Vienna, which stripped the Duchy of Warsaw of its independence. Adam Czartoryski devised the republic's initial constitution, which was expanded in 1818. Legislative power was vested in the Assembly of Representatives, and the Governing Senate held the executive power. After the 1833 November Uprising against Russia, the partitioning powers lowered the numbers of senators and deputies, decreased the competences of the Cracovian politicians, and empowered the partitioning commissioners. In 1835, a secret treaty between the partitioning powers was concluded, uner which Austria could annex Cracow in the case of additional Polish unrest. After the Krakow Uprising of 1846, Austria annexed Cracow, which became the Grand Duchy of Krakow.
Celts

**Celts** are an Indo-European ethnolingustic group of Europe which originated in Austria in 800 BC. By the year 450 BC, the Celts, through trans-cultural diffusion or migration, had spread to the British Isles, France and the Low Countries (Gaul), Bohemia, Poland, Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, and northern Italy; starting in 279 BC, the Celts began to settle in Eastern Europe and the Galatia region of Anatolia. The expansion of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire into Celtic lands starting in the 3rd century BC pushed the Celts out of Italy, and the Romans conquered Gaul during the mid-1st century BC, Spain in the late 1st century BC, England and Wales in the mid-1st century AD, and other Celtic regions. In addition, the migration of the Germanic tribes forced the Celts to relocate, and their culture was restricted to Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, the Isle of Man, and Brittany. Today, Irish, Scots Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton are still spoken in parts of their historical territories, and Cornish and Manx are undergoing a revival.
Central Europe

**Central Europe** is one of the five regions of Europe, known for common cultural, historical, and social identity. The region is located in Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Slovenia. In 2016, the region had a population of 163,518,571 people, and it covered 643,970.4625 square miles.
Anglo-Irish

The **Anglo-Irish** are a social group in Ireland, descended from the dissenting Protestant English, Scottish, and Huguenots that settled in Ireland during the early 17th century and onwards. Descended from the Protestant ruling class of Ireland, the Anglo-Irish can refer to Irish members of the Church of Ireland, Irish people of English descent, or of mixed English and Irish or Welsh descent. Famous Anglo-Irish people are William Johnson, Edmund Burke, Arthur Wellesley, Edward Pakenham, Jonathan Swift, Frederick Roberts, Oscar Wilde, and C.S. Lewis.
Chinese

The **Chinese** are a cultural group that live mostly in China, with minorities in Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, and other nearby countries. While there is no Chinese ethnicity - there are 56 recognized ethnic groups in mainland China - the Chinese people have been nationally united, with the writing system and language being shared by most Chinese. The largest ethnic group in China are the Han Chinese.
Alicia Garza

**Alicia Garza** (March 4, 1981-) was a founder of the Black Lives Matter activist movement in the United States in 2013.

## Biography

Alicia Garza was born on March 4, 1981 in Los Angeles, California, and she became a writer and Civil Rights movement activist. She was the one who first stated that "Black lives matter" on Twitter, which became a hashtag that was shared by Patrisse Cullors and later became the name of the Black Lives Matter movement. Garza was involved with leading the BLM movement, continuing the fight for African-American rights in America.
Arabian Peninsula

The **Arabian Peninsula** is a peninsula in Western Asia considered to be a subcontinent of Asia. Also simply known as **Arabia**, the peninsula is the homeland of the Arabs and the birthplace of Islam, which has been the predominant belief in the peninsula since the 7th century. It is the largest peninsula in the world, and it is important to world economy due to its vast oil and natural gas reserves. Saudi Arabia is the largest country on the peninsula, followed by Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.
George II of Great Britain

**George II of Britain**(November 9, 1683 – October 25, 1760) was the king of Great Britain from 1727 until his death in 1760, succeeding George I of Great Britain and preceding George III of Britain. George II's reign was spent taking part in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years War against France, taking over France's North American colonies in the French and Indian War, and attempting to eradicate piracy in the 1740s.
Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel

**The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel** (1269-1815) was a subdivision of Brunswick-Luneburg, with its history plagued by divisions and reunifications. Ruled by the Welfs, it was ruled by the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel provided Hessians for service in the American Revolutionary War, and its leader Ferdinand of Brunswick would lead the army of the Holy Roman Empire during the first stages of the French Revolutionary Wars. Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was overrun by the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars due to its alliances with Austria and Prussia, and it was recreated as Brunswick as a result of the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
Confederate States Army

The **Confederate States Army** was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America from February 28, 1861 to May 26, 1865. The CSA fought in the American Civil War against the Union, being established as a volunteer army two months before the start of the conflict. As many as 1,500,000 men served in the CSA during the civil war, and the army consisted of volunteer soldiers (nicknamed "butternuts" for their ragged brown uniforms) and regular troops who dressed in gray. The CSA surrendered at the end of the war in 1865, with some of the last Confederate troops fleeing to Mexico to aid France in their war against the Mexicans in the French Intervention.

## Gallery

Confederate troopsConfederate troops in battleSoldiers of the Army of Tennessee in battle
Aleutian Islands

The **Aleutian Islands** are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones belonging to both the United States and Russia. They extend 1,200 miles from Alaska in North America to Kamchatka in East Asia, and they are located between the Bering Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Along with Hawaii, the Aleutian Islands suffered one of only two attacks on US territory during World War II during the 1942-1943 Battle of the Aleutians, during which the Japanese occupied the islands before being forced back by the Americans. In 2000, the islands had a population of 8,163 people, almost all of them being native Aleuts.
Belgium

**Belgium** is a country in the Low Countries region of Western Europe, located to the north of France, south of the Netherlands, and west of Germany and Luxembourg. With a small population of 11,250,585 people living in a small stretch of land in the historical regions of Flanders and Wallonia, Belgium is divided between Dutch-speaking Flemish people in the north (which make up 59% of the population) and the French-speaking Walloons in the south (making up 41% of the population). The capital of Belgium is a French-speaking enclave within Flanders, and the country's populace also speaks the Flemish language. From the 1500s to 1830 the region was known as "the battlefield of Europe", as it saw several major battles during the French Wars of Religion, Thirty Years' War, War of the Grand Alliance, War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars, and the Belgian Revolution. In 1830, Belgium won its independence from the Netherlands, and it became an independent monarchy. Belgium managed to form a colonial empire, with the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi being colonies of the Belgian Empire. However, Belgium was forced to give up its possessions in the 1960s, and Belgium returned to being a small country in Europe. Belgium's capital of Brussels in a center of the diamond trade as well as Sabena (an airline company that also owns hotels in Belgium and its former colonies), and Belgium is an important member of NATO and the European Union, holding many EU buildings in Brussels.
American Southwest

he **American Southwest** is a region of the United States, located in the dry, hot, and arid southwestern region of the country. Arizona and New Mexico are considered to be the core of the Southwest, while southern California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado are sometimes also included in definitions; Texas and Oklahoma are rarely considered to be Southwestern states. Phoenix, El Paso, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and Tucson are the most populous cities of the Southwest. The region was well-known as a major region of the "Wild West" era of the 19th and early 20th centuries of US history, with gunslingers such as Billy the Kid, John Marston and Colton White were active in the region. The region was also home to the Apache tribe and its famous chief, Geronimo, who waged a war of resistance against the United States Army during the 1880s.

## Gallery

The American Southwest in 1898.West Mitten Butte Monument Valley, view northeastward from Arizona to Utah.
Cajuns

The **Cajuns** are an ethnic group in the United States state of Louisiana, descended from Acadian exiles who fled from Canada during the French and Indian War from 1756 to 1763. The Cajuns make up a large portion of the population of southern Louisiana, and their cultural influence in the region is significant. Unlike Louisiana Creoles, Cajuns tend to be homogenous, with almost all of them being of pure French descent; Creoles are of mixed French, African-American, Spanish, and Native American descent. In 2002, there were around 1,200,000 Cajuns in the USA, with 815,259 living in Louisiana and 56,000 living in Texas, and most are Catholic.
Airborne infantry

**Airborne infantry** are light infantry that are dropped into battle by parachute from planes, allowing for them to be placed behind enemy lines. World War II was the first war to see paratroopers fighting in combat, and since then, the role of airborne infantry have changed from parachute soldiers to soldiers that can be deployed via helicopter, bypassing some weather restrictions as well as facilitating their deployment and evacuation. Famous airborne infantry formations include Nazi Germany's *Fallschirmjaegers*, the United Kingdom's Special Air Service, and the US's US 101st Airborne Division.
Arabs

**Arabs** are a major panethnic group, with 463,450,000 people across the world claiming Arab descent. Arabs can refer to the Bedouin from the Arabian Peninsula, the Phoenicians of the Levant whom they assimilated into their culture, the Nilotic Egyptians also assimilated into their culture, Berbers in North Africa, Tuaregs in the Sahara region, mixed-race Arabs along the Red Sea and Swahili Coast regions, and Druze people in Israel, Syria, and Lebanon. The majority of Arabs are Muslim, with most of the Muslims being Sunni and a minority being Shia or Druze. Christianity and Bahaism are minor, with most Arab Christians living outside of the Arab World.
Caribbean

The **Caribbean** is an island region of North America located in the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean is located east of the Gulf of Mexico, north of South America, south of North America, and west of the Atlantic Ocean, and it consists of around 700 islands. The largest islands are Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, the Windward Islands, and the Antilles.
Free State of Jones

The **Free State of Jones** was a small self-proclaimed "free state" that existed from October 13, 1863 to May 1865, consisting of both white and black rebels who seceded from the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Before the Civil War, Jones County, Mississippi's population was only 12% slave, fewer than any other county in the state. This led to its heightened disloyalty to the Confederacy, as its residents were poor white yeoman farmers who had no reason to fight for the Confederacy and against the Union. In 1862, the army deserter Newton Knight found refuge among Moses Washington's escaped slaves in the swamps of Jones County, and he helped local families to prevent Confederate cavalrymen from stealing their crops and livestock as taxes. After the Siege of Vicksburg in July 1863, many Confederate deserters joined Knight in the swamps, and they began a guerrilla war against the Confederates, stealing crops. They captured a piece of south-east Mississippi, and, despite a lack of help from the Union (which many of the whites did not support), the Free Staters held out until the end of the war.

## Gallery

The refugees in the swampFree Stater guerrillas
Bulgarian Fatherland Front

The **Bulgarian Fatherland Front** (**OF**) was an anti-fascist popular front founded in the Tsardom of Bulgaria in 1942. The OF carried out a coup d'etat in Bulgaria in 1944 when the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and began to invade the Balkans, and the OF allied Bulgaria with the USSR during World War II. The OF would continue to be a political alliance until the fall of communism in 1989.
Afghan National Army

The **Afghan National Army** (**ANA**) is the land warfare branch of the Afghanistan armed forces. The army traced its roots to Hotak dynasty in 1709, when Ahmad Shah Durrani established an independent Afghan in Kandahar. The army was reorganized in 1880 during Abdur Rahman Khan's reign. From the 1960s to the 90s, the army was equipped by the Soviet Union. After the resignation of President Mohammed Najibullah resigned in 1992, the Islamic State of Afghanistan took over the army. The government was driven from power in 1996 by the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan regime, which lasted until NATO invaded the country in 2001. On 1 December 2002, the ANA took on its current form when Hamid Karzai's government took power,  and the ANA became a modern military force. By 2014, the ANA was responsible for the defense of most of Afghanistan from the Taliban, with NATO troops leaving security operations to the ANA as they withdrew from the country. In 2017, the ANA had 175 thousands soldiers.

## Gallery

Afghan National Army enlisted ranks.Afghan National Army officers ranks.Afghan National Army troops in Kandahar, 2009
Bolsheviks

The **Bolsheviks** were a faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) led by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov that split with the Mensheviks in 1903 at the Second Party Congress. The Bolsheviks were the progenitors of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, founded in 1912, and their victory over the White Army in the Russian Civil War allowed for them to establish the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks were both communist and socialist and sought to overthrow the autocratic regime of Nicholas II of Russia in a proletarian revolution, arguing that the revolution would be in alliance with the working classes and that it should occur immediately; the rival Mensheviks wanted to ally with the liberals in politics and fight against the Russian Empire's government in time. However, the Bolsheviks led the successful 1917 Russian Revolution, with the October events leading to the formation of the communist Russian SFSR and the eventual creation of the USSR in 1922. In the end, the Bolsheviks would be divided between Lenin's protees Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky after his death.
Africa

**Africa** is the second-largest and second-most-populous continent on Earth. It covers 20.4% of Earth's land area and 6% of the total surface area of Earth, and it has the youngest population of all continents, with the median age being 19.7 years compared to 30.4 in the rest of the world. Africa is the continent where humanity originated, specifically in Ethiopia. Unfortunately, the continent's recent history has seen years of civil warfare and unrest, with decolonization from the European powers leaving most of the people of Africa in poverty due to the exploitation of their lands' resources.
Catholic

**Roman Catholicism**, or **Catholicism**, is the largest Christian denomination, with 1.3 billion baptized adherents by 2017. Roman Catholicism, derived from the (Greek word *katholikos* "universal"), is the theological ideology of the Roman Catholic Church (both the Latin and Eastern churches), and its core tenets are derived from the Nicene Creed. Roman Catholicism teaches that the Roman Catholic Church is the "One, Holy, and Apostolic church" founded by Jesus in his Great Commission, that its bishops are the successors of the Twelve Apostles, and that the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ.

In addition to the Nicene Creed, Roman Catholicism's other guiding tenets include the Seven Sacraments: baptism, confirmation, eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony, which are meant to guide the lives of adherents of the Catholic faith. Roman Catholics believe in consubstantiation (the priest's consecration of bread and wine as the literal body and blood of Christ), Divine Mercy, sanctification through faith and evangelism, voluntary support for the sick and poor, and the veneration of Mary as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven. Catholicism was once the dominant religion of the Western world, but the Muslim conquest of the Levant and North Africa, the 1054 Great Schism with Orthodox Christianity, the 16th century Protestant Reformation and the split of Protestantism, and the rise of secularism and atheism in the West from the 19th to 21st centuries led to Catholicism's decline.

By the 21st century, the majority of Catholics lived in South America and Africa, and Catholicism declined in the secular West due to support for the separation of Church and state, the Roman Catholic Church's clergy sexual abuse epidemic, and a shortage of priests in the church.
Camorra

The **Camorra** is an organized crime syndicate from Naples and other parts of southern Italy, first appearing in 1417 as a secret society during Spain's rule over Naples. In 1753, the term "Camorra" was coined, a combination of the Italian word *capo* ("boss") and *morra* (referring to a common form of gambling). The Camorra grew powerful in both Italy and in America, but Pellegrino Morano's Brooklyn Camorra was wiped out by the Morello crime family during the 1910s. The Chicago Outfit's leadership would consist mostly of Neapolitans during the 1920s and 1930s, making it another Neapolitan family, albeit with the family structure of the American Mafia. Today, the Camorra still exists in Naples, and it is involved in human trafficking in addition to other illicit activities.
British Indian Army

The **British Indian Army** was the army of the British Raj from 1895 to 1947, consisting of troops from across the Indian Subcontinent. The army was established in 1895 to supplement the presidency armies of India, and the Indian army absorbed the presidency armies in 1903. British Indian troops fought in World War I (especially in the Middle East) with the promise of self-determination, but their hopes were let down when the British betrayed their promise. However, the Indians did gain independence after fighting in World War II, and the British Indian Army was disbanded on Indian independence in 1947.
France

The **French Republic**, better known simply as **France**, is a country located in Western Europe, with its capital being Paris. The country also owns several overseas colonies such as French Guiana, Reunion and Mayotte, New Caledonia, and French Polynesia, the last remains of a former colonial empire that once included Canada, a third of what is now the United States, Southeast Asia, and almost all of Africa north of the Equator. France's name comes from the Franks, a Germanic tribe that settled in France in the 5th century after the fall of the Roman Empire, and it became one of the most powerful nations in Europe due to the might of French kings such as Charlemagne, Philip II of France, and Louis XIV of France.

France was a center of Enlightenment (brought home to Rousseau, Voltaire, and other thinkers), art (with Matisse, Dumas, and other writers, painters, and artists living in France, especially Paris), and republicanism (France's French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man influenced the development of revolutionary causes in many countries), but New York City would eventually replace Paris as the center of art, and France has since moved on. French politics as of 2016 is dominated by clashes between far-right and anti-Semitic extremists such as Marine Le Pen, conservatives such as Nicholas Sarkozy, and socialists such as Francois Hollande, with tensions between ethnic groups being displayed in some anti-Jewish acts of violence, Islamic extremist attacks, and far-right demonstrations against Muslims and Jews by radical French people testifying to the hatred in France.

In 2016, France had a population of 66,689,000 people, with 85% of the population being white, 10% North Africans, 3.3% Africans, and 1.7% Asians. The 1958 constitution made it illegal for the government to collect statistics on ethnicity and ancestry, but it is estimated that 40% of the population is at least partially descended from immigrants. Around 200 thousands immigrants arrive in France each year, with 8% of the population being immigrants and 11% their French-born descendants.
Greece

The **Hellenic Republic**, better known as **Greece**, is a country in Southern Europe. Located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa at the southern tip of the Balkans, Greece consists of land along the Mediterranean Sea region in addition to several islands in the Aegean Sea. The country consists of the regions of Greek Macedonia, Central Greece, Thessaly, Peleponnese, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. Greece is a mixture of long coastlines and mountains, in addition to having 227 populated islands. In 2015, Greece had a population of 10,955,000 people, with 97% belonging to the Orthodox Christian church, 1% to Islam, and 2% to other religions such as Catholicism, Judaism, Paganism, and Hinduism.
Aleuts

The **Aleuts** are the indigenous peoples of the Aleutian Islands of the US state of Alaska and Kamchatka in Russia. The Aleuts first made contact with the Russians during the late 18th century, and many were resettled in the Komandorski Islands of Russia and the Pribilof Islands of Alaska. After the arrival of Russian missionaries, the Aleuts were converted to Orthodox Christianity, following the Russian Orthodox Church. During World War II, both the Americans and Japanese interned the Aleuts, with 19 dying in Japanese POW camps in Hokkaido and 75 dying of starvation and disease while under American internment in Alaska. On 17 June 2017, the US government formally apologized for its treatment of the Aleuts during the war. In 2010, 17,000 Aleuts lived in the USA and 482 in Russia. The Aleuts either followed animism or Russian Orthodoxy.
Cambodia

The **Kingdom of Cambodia** is a country located in Southeast Asia, with its capital at Phnom Penh. Cambodia, formerly known as **Kampuchea**, was vassalized by Luang Prabang during the 15th century and became a protectorate of France in 1863, with the north and west of the country being reclaimed from Thailand to become a part of French Indochina. Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953 as a kingdom ruled by the Norodom dynasty, but the spillover of the Vietnam War led to the communist Khmer Rouge rising up in the country. The Khmer Rouge, assisted by the North Vietnamese Army, entered Phnom Penh in 1975 and created a new communist dictatorship. Cambodia was ruled by Pol Pot's brutal communist government for decades, waging genocide against enemies of the state and attacking the Vietnamese government due to border disputes. In 1979, the Vietnamese government overthrew the Khmer Rouge regime, installing the People's Republic of Kampuchea as the new government. Cambodia would be occupied by Vietnamese troops into the 1990s, when 1991 peace accords held in Paris led to Cambodia's brief transition into a United Nations-governed mission. On 24 September 1993, the monarchy in Cambodia was restored, and Hun Sen and the centrist Cambodian People's Party established a new dictatorship that faced widespread poverty, corruption, lack of political freedom, low human development, environmental destruction, and a high rate of hunger. In July 2016, Cambodia had a population of 15,957,223 people, with the Khmer, Khmer Loeu, Vietnamese, Cham, and Lao being the major ethnic groups of the country.
Canadian Army

The **Canadian Army** is the army of Canada, founded in 1867. The army was created as a militia for the Commonwealth domain of Canada, and it fought against anti-British and Native American uprisings before being deployed overseas alongside other Commonwealth forces during the Second Boer War, World War I, the Russian Civil War, World War II, and the Korean War. The Canadian government supported Britain, its mother country, during several wars during the 20th century, but it would later subordinate its British allegiance to its allegiance to NATO and the United States, sending troops to fight in the Somali Civil War, the Croatian War of Independence, and the Afghanistan War. During the Iraqi Civil War, the Canadian army sent special forces to assist the Kurdish and Iraqi government forces. In 2015, the army had a strength of 23,000 regulars, 17,000 reserves, 5,000 rangers, and 4,500 civilians (49,500 in total).
Austro-Prussian War

Combatants| File:NGF.png **North German Federation*** File:Flag of Prussia.png Prussia
* File:Anhalt.png Anhalt
* File:Braunschweig.png Braunschweig
* File:Bremen.png Bremen
* File:Frankfurt am Main.png Frankfurt am Main
* File:Hamburg flag.png Hamburg
* File:Holstein flag.png Holstein
* File:Lippe-Detmold.png Lippe-Detmold
* File:Lübeck.png Lübeck
* File:Flag of Mecklenburg.png Mecklenburg
* File:Nassau.png Nassau
* File:Oldenburg.png Oldenburg
* File:Flag of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.png Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
* File:Saxe-Meiningen.png Saxe-Meiningen
* File:Saxe-Weimar.png Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

File:Flag of Italy 2.png **Italy** | File:SGF.png **South German Confederation*** File:Flag of Austria.png Austria
* File:Flag of Bavaria 2.png Bavaria
* File:Flag of Baden.png Baden
* File:Flag of Hanover.png Hanover
* File:Flag of Saxony.png Saxony
* File:Flag of Wurttemberg.png Württemberg
* File:Hesse-Darmstadt.png Hesse-Darmstadt
* File:Hesse-Kassel.png Hesse-Kassel

The **Austro-Prussian War** (14 June-23 August 1866), also known as the **Seven Weeks' War**, was a conflict between Prussia and Austria for hegemony over the German-speaking world, resulting in a Prussian victory and the formation of the North German Confederation. The war was caused by disagreements over the rulership of the Schleswig-Holstein region in the aftermath of the Second Schleswig War, as well as by Otto von Bismarck's desire to assert Prussian influence over the small German states and Italy's strong sense of irridentism concerning the Veneto region. 500,000 Prussian and German troops were mobilized to fight against the 600,000 Austrian and German troops, and the skilled general Helmuth von Moltke managed to defeat larger German armies from Hanover and Bavaria before turning his attention to the Austrians. At the Battle of Koniggratz on 3 July 1866, Moltke destroyed Ludwig von Benedek's Austrian army, forcing Austria to make peace with the alliance. Prussia annexed parts of large German states such as Bavaria and Hanover, while Italy gained Veneto. The war led to Prussia forming the North German Federation with its allied states, while Austria was forced to form the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary due to an increase in Hungarian nationalism. The war effectively marked the end of Austria as a powerbroker in Europe and the resurgence of Prussia.
Dominican Republic

The **Dominican Republic** is a Caribbean nation located on the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, bordering Haiti to the west. The capital of the nation is Santo Domingo, and the nation had a population of 10,075,045 people in 2016; 72.9% was mixed race, 16.1% white, 10.9% black, and .1% Asian. The island of Hispaniola was claimed by Spain in 1492, and the people of Santo Domingo decided to rebel against Spain in November 1821 in order to join the South American country of Gran Colombia. However, Haiti occupied the republic in 1822, and the republic fought for its independence until it was finally achieved in 1844. Spain took advantage ot the chaos to recolonize the republic, and it was not until 1865 that the Dominican Republic would regain its independence for the last time. From the 1860s until the 1910s, the country experienced internal strife, leading to a United States invasion and occupation of the country from 1916 to 1924. In 1965, the USA invaded the republic again, ending the country's last civil war. Unemployment, government corruption, inconsistent electric service, and mass illegal immigration from Haiti led to the republic suffering from continued social and economic issues during the 21st century, and many Dominicans left for the USA. However, the DR built an advanced telecommunication system and transportation infrastructure, and construction, manufacturing, and tourism made up the bulk of the national economy.
Alaska

**Alaska** is a non-contiguous United States state located in northwestern North America, sharing a maritime border with Russia to the west and a land border with Canada to the east. Alaska was a colony of the Russian Empire from 1648 to 1867, when the USA acquired Alaska from Russia with the Alaska Purchase, paying $7,200,000 for the region. Alaska had abundant oil, natural gas, and fish, and it became a productive state for the rest of the United States despite its remote location. By 2015, Alaska had a population of 738,432 people, making it the third least-populous state in the USA.
Boston Tea Party

The **Boston Tea Party** was a famous act of resistance by the Patriots on 16 December 1773 that was a protest against Great Britain's taxation of tea.

In the aftermath of the French and Indian War in 1763, Great Britain owed more than it could pay to its Thirteen Colonies, whose sacrifices were immense. Britain decided to repay its war debts by taxing their colonists on tea, stamps, and other everyday items. Britain was also upset that their Colonists, led especially by William Johnson, expanded far more west than the Proclamation Line on the Appalachians that was declared to end the French and Indian War.

In 1765 the Stamp Act, the first of the "Intolerable Acts", was declared, and the people of Boston were the most-taxed. They rioted against the taxes, and although there were nonviolent protests, some rioters led by Stephane Chapheau ransacked Governor Hutchinson's mansion in retaliation for the taxes. In 1770 rioters in Boston attacked British regulars on King Street in central Boston, and when a shot rang out, the British fired on the crowd. Five Bostonian rebels were killed and seven wounded, and the people of Boston were enraged.

The 1773 Tea Act was passed after the Stamp Act was repealed, and it instead put a high price on English tea. The high tax on tea caused for William Johnson to run a tea smuggling ring, which could help him in buying the Frontier region from the Mohawk.However, the Freemasons and Patriots did not want a tax at all, and Samuel Adams sent his associate Ratonhnhake'ton to blow up the tea in the harbor. Shortly after several tax collectors were reported as murdered in the Boston Harbor. The final move would be to get rid of the last of the tea.

## Tea Party

Samuel Adams,William Molineux, Stephane Chapheau, Paul Revere, Ratonhnhake'ton, and many other Sons of Liberty militia headed to Griffin's Wharf, where the docked British merchant ships were. The Patriots killed all fifteen British guards and started dumping the tea in the harbor. When the British regulars arrived to put down the unrest, the Patriot militia with muskets fought back against them, and until all 100 chests were dumped in the bay, the redcoats and Americans fought. Many British were killed, and with the destruction of the tea in Boston, the Bostonian people started to riot.

## Aftermath

The British responded to the Tea Party by closing down Boston Harbor and taking away all arms. If a man carried a firearm or weapon, the watch would be summoned to arrest them.

Meanwhile, William Johnson barely escaped. Ratonhnhake'ton, an enemy of Johnson, had the chance to kill him but thought that he was already defeated. Unfortunately, by early 1774 Johnson had came up with enough money to buy Mohawk lands, so he had to be killed.
Francois Darlan

**Francois Darlan** (7 August 1881 – 24 December 1942) was Prime Minister of Vichy France from 9 February 1941 to 18 April 1942, succeeding Pierre-Etienne Flandin and preceding Pierre Laval. Darlan was formerly an admiral in the French Navy, and he commanded French forces in North Africa during World War II; in November 1942, he surrendered North Africa to the Allied Powers after Operation Torch, and he was killed by an angry anti-Vichy, monarchist student in December.

## Biography

Francois Darlan was born on 7 August 1881 in Nerac, Aquitaine, France. He graduated from the Ecole Navale in 1902 and served in an artillery battery at the Battle of Verdun during World War I, rejoining the French Navy after the war's end. In 1929 he was promoted to Rear-Admiral and became a Vice-Admiral in 1932, achieving the title of full Admiral in 1936. In 1940, Darlan was appointed Minister of Marine of Vichy France after Nazi Germany set up Philippe Petain as the head-of-state of a puppet government in France during World War II. Darlan initially believed that Nazi Germany would be a strong ally of France and wanted to wage naval war against the United Kingdom, but Adolf Hitler said that he wanted France to remain neutral while he invaded the Soviet Union in 1941; after Hitler's invasion of the USSR failed and Syria and Lebanon were lost to the Allied Powers, Darlan lost his faith in collaboration with the Nazis. On 18 April 1942 he was replaced as Prime Minister of France by Pierre Laval due to his shaking loyalty to the Germans, but he retained the title of Commander-in-Chief of the French Armed Forces.

On 7 November 1942, Darlan headed to Algiers to be with his son, who was hospitalized with polio. At the same time, the Allied Powers launched Operation Torch, invading French North Africa. Initially, Darlan led the French soldiers against the Allies, but on 10 November 1942 he decided to join the Allies after months of negotiations. All French forces in North Africa joined the Free French, leading to the Germans and Italians occupying southern France and ending Vichy France's autonomy. Darlan was the leader of the French forces in North Africa, but on 24 December 1942 he was assassinated by monarchist student Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle, who was a monarchist French Resistance member in Algiers.
FMLN

The **Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front** (**FMLN**) is a socialist political party in El Salvador that was founded on 10 October 1980. The FMLN was formed as an umbrella group of five leftist guerrilla organizations in the country, and the FMLN resisted the US-backed Salvadoran dictatorship in the Salvadoran Civil War of 1979-1992. After the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords, the FMLN guerrilla was disbanded and the organization became a political party, abandoning Marxism-Leninism in favor of socialism and syndicalism. In 2017, the party held 31/84 Legislative Assembly seats, 85/262 mayorships, and 8/20 Central American Parliament seats.
Black nationalism

**Black nationalism** is a type of nationalism which espouses the belief that black people are a nation and seeks to develop and maintain a black identity. The movement developed during the 20th century, with major leaders including Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and Frantz Fanon. Unlike the Civil Rights movement of Martin Luther King, Jr., black nationalists opposed assimilation into white American culture (through integration or otherwise) and sought to maintain a distinct black identity. Black nationalists also sought to empower black communities socially, politically, and economically.
English Channel

The **English Channel** is a body of water that separates England from France and joins the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The channel is 350 miles long, and it has been a significant part of human history; any invasion of England from France or *vice versa* would have to take place across the channel, leading to the channel being the site of several naval battles during the various wars between the two countries, notably during the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon I's ambitions to conquer Britain were thwarted by British naval superiority in the Channel, and Adolf Hitler was also forced to deal with the fact that Britain was an island, and therefore could only be attacked by sea or by air. The channel is one of Britain's greatest natural defenses, but Britain's physical separation from the European mainland had led to significant support for isolationism and Euroscepticism in British politics.
British Expeditionary Force

The **British Expeditionary Force** (**BEF**) was a military formation of the British Army that was sent to fight in France and Belgium in both World War I and World War II, led by John French and Douglas Haig during the first war and John Vereker in the second war. The BEF arrived in Belgium in 1914 to fight back the advance of the Imperial German Army, but it was destroyed at Mons, Le Cateau, the Aisne, and Ypres, and the BEF was divided into two armies on December 26, 1914. In 1939, the BEF was recreated for deployment to France at the start of World War II, and the BEF suffered a similar fate. It was again forced out of Belgium and into France by Germany, although it was forced to evacuate Western Europe in June 1940 after the Germans overran France. The BEF was evacuated from Dunkirk, and it was disbanded back in England.
Corinth

**Corinth** was an ancient Greek city-state that existed from 700 to 146 BC, as well as a city in modern Greece. The city-state was originally ruled by the Bacchiadae Dorians, and, in 747 BC, an aristocratic revolution ousted the Bacchiad kings, and, from 747 to 650 BC, Corinth became a unified state. In 733 BC, Corinth established colonies at Corcyra and Syracuse, and, in 657 BC, Cypselus seized power from the Bacchiads and became a tyrant. He reigned for thirty years, and was succeeded by his son Periander (one of the "Seven Wise Men of Greece") in 627 BC. In 581 BC, Periander's nephew was assassinated, ending the dictatorship. Corinth came to rival Athens and Thebes in wealth, and it was a major participant in the Greco-Persian Wars. In 431 BC, one of the factors leading to the Peloponnesian War was the dispute between Corinth and Athens over Corcyra, and, in 404 BC, Sparta angered Corinth by refusing to destroy Athens. This led to Corinth allying with Argos, Boeotia, and Athens against Sparta in the Corinthian War. In 379 BC, Corinth returned to its alliance with Sparta against Thebes, and Corinth and Macedon allied against the other Greek states during the reign of Philip II of Macedon. During the Wars of the Diadochi, the Antigonids conquered Corinth, ruling it for half a century. In 243 BC, the city joined the Achaean League, being liberated from Antigonid rule. In 224 BC, the Macedonians recovered Corinth, and, after the Roman intervention in 197 BC, the city rejoined the Achaean League. In 146 BC, Rome conquered the Achaean League, seizing Corinth and ending its autonomy. The city was ruled by several civilizations, and the existing settlement was destroyed. In 1858, "New Corinth" was founded, and Corinth had a population of 38,132 people in 2011.

## Gallery

Location of CorinthCorinth in 429 BCCorinth in 431 BC
12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

The **12th SS Panzer Division *Hitlerjugend*** was a German Waffen-SS armored division that existed from 13 February 1943 to 8 May 1945. The majority of the enlisted men were Hitler Youth members, while the officers were from the *Schutzstaffel* paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. On 7 June 1944, the division saw action for the first time at the Battle of Caen against the British Army, and the division took part in the Battle of the Bulge offensive against the United States in the winter of 1944-1945. After the operation, the division was sent to fight against the Soviet Union during the Siege of Budapest in Hungary. On 8 May 1945, the division's 10,000 troops under Hugo Kraas surrendered to the United States Army near Enns, Austria.
Greenland

**Greenland** is a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, with Nuuk serving as its capital. It was first inhabited by the Inuit during the 2500s BC, but Norwegian and Icelandic settlers began to settle on the island's western coast after 986. "Greenland" was named as a part of an elaborate land scam, with settlers being attracted by its promising name, which sounded more fertile and warm than "Iceland". In 1261, Greenland submitted to the Old Kingdom of Norway. The Norse colonies disappeared during the late 15th century due to the Black Death, and, in 1499, the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island. In the early 18th century, Danish settlers returned to Greenland, and Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island. In 1953, Greenland was fully integrated into the Danish state, but it was granted home rule in 1979 and self-government in 2008; today, Denmark is only in control of Greenland's foreign affairs and defense, while all other matters are handled by Greenland's Inuit-majority government. In 2018, Greenland had a population of 55,877 people.
Franconia

**Franconia** is a region of southern Germany located in the present-day Bavaria federated state. With large cities at Nuremberg, Wurzburg, and Bayreuth, Franconia has had a rich history, being named for the Franks, whose East Francia kingdom created the Duchy of Franconia. In 1803, due to the Duchy of Bavaria's alliance with Napoleon, Bavaria was able to add Franconia to its domain as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars. By 2016, Franconia had a population of around 5,000,000 people.
English

The **English** are a Germanic ethnic group native to England in the British Isles. The English are descended from the native Britons, the Germanic Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians (collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons), the Danes, and the Normans, among other groups, and English culture is a mixture of Germanic, Celtic, and Latin traditions. The English people speak the English language, a Germanic language with some Romance influences, and the majority of them adhere to either Anglican Protestantism or are irreligious. The English people invented the English language, the Westminster system of parliamentary government, the common law system, the sandwich, and the sports of cricket, rugby, tennis, and soccer. In 2011, there were 37,600,000 English people in England and Wales, 25 million in the United States, 7,200,000 in Australia, 6,600,000 in Canada, and 282 thousand in New Zealand (plus many more of English descent).
Dutch

The **Dutch** are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. The Dutch people have a common culture, with Dutch being the main language; West Frisian is the language spoken by the Frisians of the northern Netherlands, while Dutch settlers in South Africa and their descendants speak the Afrikaans language. The Dutch people were some of the first ethnic groups to adopt Protestantism during the 16th century, as "Reformed" Christianity was spread to the Spanish Netherlands by German missionaries. There is still a Catholic minority in the Netherlands, and irreligion is also a large belief system in the country. In 2006, the world Dutch population was at around 29,000,000, with 13,226,829 living in the Netherlands, 7 million in South Africa, 5,087,191 in the United States, 1 million in France, and another million in Canada.