recursal/Fanatic-Fandom huggingface dataset:
Dicraeosaurus

*Dicraeosaurus hansemanni*

***Dicraeosaurus*** (Gr. δικραιος, *dikraios* "bifurcated, double-headed" + Gr. σαυρος, *sauros* "lizard") is a genus of small diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur. It was named for the spines on the back of the neck. The first fossil was described by paleontologist Werner Janensch in 1914.

## Description

Unlike most diplodocoids, *Dicraeosaurus* had a large head with a relatively short and wide neck. The neck contained 12 unusually short vertebrae, so it could probably browse vegetation only from ground level to a height of about 3m ft. It also lacked the whiplash tail that other diplodocids had. It was smaller, at only reached 12m ft in length. It gets its name, which means two-forked lizard, from the spines that came from the vertebrae. They were not straight as in some members of the family. Each one was “Y” shaped, like a fork. These spines also provided muscle attachment points.

## Paleoecology

*Dicraeosaurus* lived in the Late Jurassic. It was herbivorous; however, it didn’t compete with other dinosaurs for vegetation. Fossils have been discovered in the rocks of Tendaguru Hill in Tanzania. The rocks also yield fossils of *Giraffatitan* and *Kentrosaurus*. As there was a distinct difference in size between these animals, they would probably have browsed for vegetation at different levels, allowing them to co-exist without significant competition.

## Classification

The following cladogram follows an analysis by Sereno *et al.* in 2007.

## JPInstitute.com Description

This large African long-necked (sauropod) dinosaur is not very well known. It is related to the much more famous Diplodocus from North America. It had a long tail and its neck was not quite as long, relative to its body, as that of Diplodocus.

Discovered in 1914 and on display at the Humboldt Museum in Germany, this large sauropod has not received the attention of its better known relatives. The display specimen is a composite of several individuals. The genus has two species. It is one more example of a North American dinosaur family being found in Africa.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20040214162552fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_dicra.html

## References

1. ↑ Template:Cite book
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite book
3. ↑ Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Witmer LM, Whitlock JA, Maga A, et al. (2007) Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur. PLoS ONE 2(11): e1230.
Atrociraptor

*Atrociraptor marshalli*

***Atrociraptor*** (meaning "savage robber") is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian stage) of Alberta, Canada.

The type (and only) specimen of *Atrociraptor*, holotype RTMP 95.166.1, was discovered by Wayne Marshall in 1995, in layers of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation also containing an *Albertosaurus* bonebed, near Drumheller. This bonebed is located at the top of Unit 4 of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, which dates to about 68.5 million years ago. The only known specimen consists of parts of the upper and lower jaws — both premaxillae, a right maxilla, both dentaries — teeth and numerous small fragments. The skull appears to have been unusually short and tall. The teeth are relatively straight, but they emerge from the tooth sockets at an angle to the jaw line, resulting in a strongly raked row of teeth. A number of isolated teeth (previously referred to *Saurornitholestes*) have also been recovered from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation; they can be recognized by their unusually large serrations.

## Description

In 2004 Philip J. Currie and David Varricchio named and described the type species of *Atrociraptor*: *Atrociraptor marshalli*. The generic name is derived from the Latin atrox, "savage", and raptor, "seizer". The specific name honours Marshall.

In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at two metres, its weight at fifteen kilogrammes. Atrociraptor differs from *Bambiraptor* and other velociraptorines in its more isodont dentition — the teeth have different sizes but the same form — and short deep snout. A skull opening, the maxillary fenestra, is relatively large and positioned right above another opening, the promaxillary fenestra, a condition not known from other species.

*Atrociraptor* was by its describers assigned to the Velociraptorinae within a larger Dromaeosauridae. However, in 2009 Currie published a cladistic analysis showing *Atrociraptor* to be a member of the Saurornitholestinae.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* A pack of 4 *Atrociraptors* appears in *Jurassic World Dominion*. Like with other dromaeosaurids in the franchise, they are over-sized, featherless, and have pronated wrists. Their design is very similar to Jurassic World's *Velociraptor*, but with a much boxier head and longer legs along with a very pale coloration. This pack of 4 was trained to kill at the point of a laser and would stop at nothing until their target was dead.
* *Atrociraptor* is also included in the Dominion Malta Expansion paid DLC for *Jurassic World Evolution 2*. Their model, behavior, and sounds are heavily based on *Jurassic World Dominion*.
Histriasaurus

*Histriasaurus boscarollii*

***Histriasaurus*** (HIS-tree-ah-SAWR-us) (meaning "Istria lizard") was a genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian to Barremian stages, around 130 million years ago). Its fossils, holotype WN V-6, were found on the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, and described in 1998 by Dalla Vecchia. It was a diplodocoid sauropod, related to, but more primitive than, *Rebbachisaurus*. Phylogenetic analyses published in 2007 and 2011 placed *Histriasaurus* as the most basal member of Rebbachisauridae.

The type species, *H. boscarollii*, was described by Dalla Vecchia in 1998. The specific name honours the discoverer of the site, Darío Boscarolli. Although some authors consider *Histriasaurus* a dubious taxon, more recent papers support the original classification.
Bellusaurus

*Bellusaurus sui*

Bellusaurus (meaning ''Beautiful Lizard'') is a genus of short necked sauropod from the temporal range, Middle Jurassic 170 million years ago which measured about 4.8 metres (16 ft) long. Its fossils were found in Shishugou Formation rocks in the northeastern Junggar Basin in China.

## Discovery and naming

The type and only species is Bellusaurus sui, is described and named by a Chinese paleontologist named Dong Zhiming in 1991. Seventeen inviduals of Bellusaurus sui were found in Shishugou Formation in the northeastern Junggar Basin in China. It is unknown what may have killed the herd, but it has been suggested that the herd had been killed in a flash flood. A paleontologist suggested they may have been juveniles left by their parents.

## Description

It is unknown if the material representing Bellusaurus is from juvenile specimens. Juvenile characteristics of dinosaurs have been noted by Galton in 1982 of stegosaur growth, whose study would suggest that the group of small *Bellusaurus* sauropods were juveniles that were subjected to a single catastrophe resulting in the mass death assemblage seen from this discovery. Because of the uncertainty of the specimens age, it could be difficult to place the species into a specific taxonomic assignment due to having unstable morphological characteristics. Bellusaurus sui was 4.8 meters long in length, though if they may have been juveniles then they might've have been much bigger. Weight is unknown, and needs to be identified.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Bellusaurus was a small, long-necked (sauropod) dinosaur that lived in what is now China. It belonged to the same family as Cetiosaurus , and it is not very well known, although parts of 17 different Bellusauruses were found in one spot.

Discovered in "Dinosaur valley" in 1954 by oil-seeking geologists, the Bellusaurus remains were found in a bone bed containing 17 individuals. The position of the remains suggests that a herd of these dinosaurs may have been caught in a flash flood and that the smaller individuals were killed. It is not known how large they may have grown. The known specimens are quite small for mid-Jurassic sauropods.

## Links

http://web.archive.org/web/20030216000600fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_bellu.html#
Dinosaurs Alive

**Dinosaurs Alive!** is a short novel under the Step into Reading and Jurassic Park Institute series for kids in the hardest reading category, 5. *Dinosaurs Alive!* is written by Dennis Shealy.

## Dinosaurs and other Prehistoric Creatures

* *Archaeopteryx*
* *Compsognathus*
* *Dimetrodon*
* *Hesperornis*
* *Megalosaurus*
* *Nomingia*
* *Sinornithosaurus*
Araucanoraptor

*Araucanoraptor argentinus*

Araucanoraptor is a synonym of a Neuquenraptor.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Araucanoraptor is one of the newly discovered bird-like dinosaurs. It was a swift predator that may have had feathers. It is most closely related to Troodon and was about the size of Velociraptor. Araucanoraptor was discovered in the same area as the huge Megaraptor.

Very little is known about this creature. Scientists have developed their theories from the fossil evidence made up of some foot material.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20030802074842/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_arauc.html#
Geranosaurus

*Geranosaurus atavus*

Geranosaurus atavus is the only known species of the extinct genus Geranosaurus ("lazy lizard") Heterodontosaurid neornithischian dinosaur, which lived at the beginning of the Jurassic period, approximately 190 million years ago, in the Sinemurian. It was found at the top of the Clarence Formation in the Cape Province, South Africa. Known only from a jaw fragment it is considered doubtful and possibly a Heterodontosauridae. Its type species is Geranosaurus atavus, which was described by Broom in 1911. The genus name is derived from geranos Greek, "sloth,", a reference to the sloth-shaped hind limb. The specific name means "ancestor" In latin. The limb elements have inventory number SAM 1871.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Geranosaurus was a small plant-eater that lived in what is now South Africa. It was a very early member of the plant-eating family called ornithopods. These small plant-eaters probably lived in family groups or small herds for protection.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031007215917fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_geran.html
Caenagnathasia

*Caenagnathasia martinsoni*

Caenagnathasia martinsoni (meaning "recent jaw from Asia") is an extinct genus of caenagnathid oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur that lived in Uzbekistan during the Late Cretaceous period.

## Discovery

The type species Caenagnathasia martinsoni was named and described in 1994 by Philip J. Currie, Stephen Godfrey and Lev Nesov. The generic name is a combination of a reference to the species' placement in the Caenagnathidae, with Asia, the continent of its provenance. The specific name honours Gerbert Genrikhovich Martinson. The genus is based on holotype N 401/12457, a pair of fused dentaries of the lower jaws. The specimen was found near Dzharakuduk in layers of the Bissekty Formation, dating to the Turonian-Coniacian, around 90 mya, making it the oldest known caenagnathoid. A second specimen was referred to the species, N 402/12457, a right dentary of a slightly smaller individual. Both individuals were adult. In 2015, new material of Caenagnathasia was described. From the same site as the holotype, the material includes various vertebrae, a dentary, and a femur.

## Description

Caenagnathasia is the smallest known oviraptorosaur and one of the smallest non-avian dinosaurs. The jaw fragments are only a few centimetres long and total skull length has been estimated at 3 inches (7.6 cm). A 2010 estimate by Gregory S. Paul gave it a length of 2 feet (0.61 m) and a weight of 3 pounds (1.4 kg). Caenagnathasia would presumably have resembled other oviraptorosaurs, which were feathered, bird-like dinosaurs with beaked skulls, long necks, and long limbs. Recent studies suggest it was one of the more primitive members of the Caenagnathidae.

## Classification

Caenagnathasia was originally assigned to the Caenagnathidae. It was even included in the definition of that clade published by Hans-Dieter Sues. It has been suggested however, that it might have a more basal position in the Oviraptorosauria, outside of the Caenagnathoidea. In 2015 after the description of new material, it was found that Caenagnathasia could confidently be referred to Caenagnathidae.

The below cladogram is based on that resolved in the description of Anzu.

## JPInstitute.com Description

This little dinosaur is a member of the family of that includes the Oviraptor. Very little fossil evidence has been found of this dinosaur, only parts of a lower jaw. It is a great example of how paleontologists can make educated guesses about how dinosaurs may have actually looked. They don't really know for sure, but they are always searching for more fossil evidence to confirm their theories.

Dr. Philip Currie, an advisor to the Jurassic Park Institute, led the team that discovered Caenagnathasia. Dr. Currie noted that this finding was very important because this specimen is the smallest member of this family ever found. He also said the discovery proves that these dinosaurs evolved several million years earlier than scientists previously thought.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031006225406fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_caena.html
Aliwalia

*Aliwalia rex*

Aliwalia is a synonym of Eucnemesaurus.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Aliwalia seems to be the first large meat-eating dinosaur. It appeared shortly after the very first dinosaurs that we know of and it was much larger. This could have been the grandfather of all the large predatory dinosaurs. It was similar in looks to the Herrerasaurus from South America, just bigger.

Discovered in South Africa, there are a number of questions surrounding Aliwalia. Scientists base their theories on just two bone fragments and there is still some question as to the dating of the fossils. If it in fact lived during the late Carnian, as has been suggested, then the size of this dinosaur is staggering. This was a time when there was very little difference in the body types of herbivores and carnivores. Originally, the remains were attributed to a prosauropod based on their size. There is no other evidence of theropods reaching this size until tens of million of years later.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031006001514fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_aliwa.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20080616101004/http://kids.yahoo.com/dinosaurs/184--Aliwalia
Callovosaurus

*Callovosaurus leedsi*

***Callovosaurus*** (meaning "Callovian lizard") is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur known from most of a left thigh bone discovered in Middle Jurassic-age rocks of England. At times, it has been considered dubious or a valid genus of basal iguanodontian, perhaps a dryosaurid.

## History and description

*Callovosaurus* is based on BMNH R1993, a nearly complete left thigh bone. This specimen was collected from the middle Callovian–age (Middle Jurassic) Peterborough Member (former Lower Oxford Clay) of the Oxford Clay Formation of Fletton, near Peterborough in Cambridgeshire, England. The bone is 28 centimetres (0.92 ft) long, and is estimated to have belonged to an animal approximately 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length. A partial shin bone from the same site or nearby, SMC J.46889, may also belong to *Callovosaurus*.

The type species, *C. leedsi*, was first described by Richard Lydekker in 1889 as *Camptosaurus leedsi*, the specific name honouring collector Alfred Nicholson Leeds. Aside from Charles W. Gilmore suggesting in 1909 that it was probably more closely related to *Dryosaurus* than to *Camptosaurus*, *Camptosaurus leedsi* attracted little attention for decades until it was reviewed by Peter Galton. First noting its distinctiveness in a review of English hypsilophodontids,[4] he then gave the species the new genus *Callovosaurus* in 1980, which he placed in Camptosauridae[5] While considered a dubious iguanodontian in several reviews, which refer to it as *"Camptosaurus" leedsi*, Jose Ignacio Ruiz-Omeñaca and coauthors have proposed that *Callovosaurus* is a valid genus, and the oldest known dryosaurid.

## Paleoecology

*Callovosaurus* was found in the lower Oxford Clay, which has yielded a diverse reptile assemblage: ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, crocodyliforms, pterosaurs, sauropod dinosaurs, the stegosaurids *Loricatosaurus* and the dubious *Lexovisaurus*, and the armoured dinosaur *Sarcolestes*. These rocks were once thought to be somewhat younger, from the Oxfordian of the Late Jurassic, but they are now known to be middle Callovian in age.

The diet of *Callovosaurus*, like that of other iguanodontians, was plant material. It is one of the earliest known members of the iguanodontian lineage.
James Gurney

Artist and best-selling author James Gurney is famous around the world for his wonderful Dinotopia books. Many millions of dinosaur and fantasy fans have been enthralled by his stories and artwork. In addition to Dinotopia, Mr. Gurney was commissioned 1997 by the United States Postal Service to create a series of dinosaur stamps that became one of the most sought-after issues ever produced. His work has been featured in many magazines and books, including National Geographic and Discover.

Although best known for his work depicting dinosaurs, Mr. Gurney's talents have enabled him to create many different types of paintings and drawings. Some of his early work for National Geographic included working with archeologists to recreate the cities of ancient civilizations. He is constantly drawing and carries a small sketchbook with him where he records the people and places he visits. Mr. Gurney is always willing to share his work with others, especially children.

## References

1. ↑ JPInstitute.com, Dinolab, Dino Academy, Art Gallery, Artist. Link.
Auroraceratops

*Auroraceratops rugosus*

Robert F Walters Artwork

***Auroraceratops***, meaning "dawn horned face", is a genus of basal neoceratopsian dinosaur, from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian age) of north central China and South Korea. The etymology of the generic name refers to its status as an early ceratopsian and also to Dawn Dodson, wife of Peter Dodson, one of the palaeontologists who described it.

## Discovery and species

The only known specimen was found in the Xinminpu Group, Gongpoquan Basin of the Mazong Shan area of Gansu Province, north central China. The type species, *A. rugosus*, was described by You, Li, Ji, Lamanna, and Dodson in 2005. The specific descriptor, "rugosus", Latin for "rough", refers to the various rugose areas on the surface of both skull and jaw, namely the wrinkled expansion of the lacrimal bone distinctive of this animal. *Auroraceratops* is the second basal neoceratopsian to be found in the Mazong Shan area, after *Archaeoceratops*.

The type specimen, IG-2004-VD-001, consists of a nearly complete subadult skull lacking the rostral bone and parietal crest.

## Description

Though most other neoceratopsians are characterized by a long, narrow snout, *Auroraceratops* has a shorter wider one. The 20 cm (8 in) skull itself is rather flat and wide. The premaxillae have at least two pairs of striated fang-like teeth. Paired rugose areas, very probably covered in keratin in life, are in front of the eyes and on the jugal with corresponding areas on the lower jaw. These roughened knobs were likely to have been used for inter- and intra-specific interactions. While they would not have been much use as a physical defense against predators, another possible function for these structures would be in pushing or butting contests between members of the same species either for mating rights or social disputes.

*Auroraceratops* is a rather derived moderate-sized basal neoceratopsian that adds diversity to that clade, displaying skull features not present in *Archaeoceratops* or *Liaoceratops*.

## Appearance in Jurassic Park and other media

### *Jurassic Park*

The silhouette of *Auroraceratops* is shown in the CIA Black Market tracker list during the events of *Jurassic World: Dominion*.
Hulsanpes

*Hulsanpes perlei*

***Hulsanpes*** (meaning "Khulsan foot") is an extinct genus of halszkaraptorine dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia. It only known species is *H. perlei*, which is known from fragmentary remains of an immature individual. The fossil remains of *Hulsanpes* were found in 1970 by a Polish-Mongolian expedition to the Gobi Desert at Khulsan, Ömnögovi Province.

## Description

*Hulsanpes* is based on holotype ***ZPAL MgD-I/173***, uncovered in a layer of the Barun Goyot Formation, dating from the late Campanian (roughly 73 mya). It consist of a partial right foot skeleton of an apparently immature individual. It contains the second, third and fourth metatarsal and the first and partial second phalanx of the second toe. The longest bone, the third metatarsal, has a length of thirty-nine millimetres.

## History of discovery

The type species, *Hulsanpes perlei*, was named and described by Halszka Osmólska in 1982. The generic name means "foot from Khulsan", from the Latinized name of the type locality (Hulsan) + Latin pēs, "foot". The specific name honors the Mongolian paleontologist Altangerel Perle.

## Classification

Osmólska in 1982 placed *Hulsanpes* in the Dromaeosauridae. Later it was sometimes considered a "primitive" bird. Several features of the fossil were according to Osmólska too "primitive" for it to be a bird, such as the lack of fusion of the metatarsals but this might partly be due to the young age of the individual. Still, more material is needed before *H. perlei* can be assigned to any one lineage with certainty. Although it has been considered an enantiornithine or other primitive avian, it looks somewhat like a miniature *Velociraptor mongoliensis*. And though these traits are plesiomorphic, it might still belong to another, non-avian, maniraptoran lineage altogether, perhaps being troodontid, perhaps dromaeosaurid. It has also been considered to be a velociraptorine dromaeosaur. Pending a comparison with other more recently discovered taxa, all that can presently be said is that it is some sort of maniraptoran.
Eremotherium

***Eremotherium*** is an extinct genus of ground sloth of the family Megatheriidae, endemic to North America and South America during the Pleistocene epoch. It lived from 4.9 mya—11,000 years ago existing (as a genus) for approximately 4.889 million years. It is closely related to modern sloths. E. rusconi reached a length up to 6 m (20 ft) and a weight of more than 3 tons. It is believed that it can burrow in caves tunnel with its sharp claws according to the caves in South America that has claw marks.

E. rusconi reached a length up to 6 m (20 ft) and a weight of more than 3 tonnes.

## Description

It was first named by Spillmann in 1948, who included it in the family Megatheriidae; later confirmed by Carrol in 1988, Cisneros in 2005 and Salles in 2006. Gaudin in 1995 assigned it to the subfamily Megatheriinae. Carlos de Paula Couto (1910-1985), in 1980, based on a fossil, described the species Xenocnus cearensis which later, in 2008, Cartelle attributed to an Eremotherium laurillardi. The cranial, mandibular and dental morphology between E. laurillardi and E. eomigrans are indistinguishable, but the rest of the skeleton of E. eomigrans is more gracile and the front legs are pentadactyl, while E. laurillardi is more robust and the front legs They are tetradactyls.

## Taxonomy

Eremotherium was named by Spillmann (1948) and was assigned to Megatheriinae by Gaudin (1995); and to Megatheriidae by Spillmann (1948), Carroll (1988) and Cisneros (2005).

## Fossil distribution

Fossils have been uncovered from Chatham County, Georgia; Berkeley County, South Carolina; Espirito Santo; and Pedra Preta, Brazil; Tarapoto, Peru (giant form); Rio Canas, Ecuador.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* Eremotherium appears as a Glacier Park animal in Jurassic Park Builder.
* Eremotherium appears as a Cenozoic animal in Jurassic World: The Game.
* Eremotherium is a common animal that appears in Jurassic World Alive.
Goniopholis

James Gurney Artwork

***Goniopholis*** (Greek for "angled scale")is an extinct genus of crocodilian from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Europe. It's name comes from the distinct angles of its scales. It ranged from 2-4 meters and length and would have had a similar lifestyle to an American alligator or Nile crocodile.

## Discovery and naming

Through the years, many species of Goniopholididae have been referred to *Goniopholis*. Most of these species are no longer considered to belong to this genus. Two species were referred to *Goniopholis* from Brazil. *Goniopholis hartti* (Marsh, 1869) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil is in fact a member of the genus *Sarcosuchus*, while *G. paulistanus* (Roxo, 1936), known only from two tooth crowns and a fragment of the right tibia from the Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group, is a *nomen dubium* referable only to Neosuchia incertae sedis.

From North America, *G. lucasii* and *G. kirtlandicus* are currently placed in their own genera *Amphicotylus* and *Denazinosuchus*, respectively, while *G. felix*, *G. gilmorei* (Holland, 1905) and *G. stovalli* (Mook, 1964), all from the Morrison Formation, are referable to *Amphicotylus* and closely related to *Eutretauranosuchus* which are known from the same formation.

*G. phuwiangensis* (Buffetaut & Ingavat, 1983) is known from NE Thailand, but this species is fragmentary and was recently reassigned to *Sunosuchus*. *Nannosuchus* from the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian stage) of England and Spain currently considered to be valid, was referred to as *G. gracilidens* by some authors.[1] Willett’s / Hulke’s, Hooley’s and Dollo’s goniopholidids represent several complete specimens previously classified as either G. simus or G. crassidens, and one of them was recently re-described as the new species, *G. willetti* (Salisbury & Naish, 2011). More recently these specimens were removed from *Goniopholis*, and two of the, Hooley’s and Hulke’s goniopholidids, have been already reassigned to their own genera *Anteophthalmosuchus* and *Hulkepholis*, respectively.

The type species of the genus, *G. crassidens* which is known from the Berriasian of England, and the referable species *G simus* from the Berriasian of NW Germany, might be conspecific. Other species that are referable to *Goniopholis* include G. kiplingi from the Berriasian of England, and *G. baryglyphaeus* from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal making it the oldest known *Goniopholis* species. The species *G. kiplingi* honors the author Rudyard Kipling, "in recognition for his enthusiasm for natural sciences".

## Description

*Goniopholis* is known from many fossils, including armour, skulls, eggs attributed to the genus in Portugal and various postcranial elements.

## Classification

Below is a cladogram including several Goniopholis species:

## Appearance in other media

### *The Land Before Time*

*Goniopholis* is represented in *The Land Before Time Animated Moviebook*, in the swamp stage of 'The Great Fossil Hunting Grounds' minigame.

## References

1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goniopholis
Epanterias

*Epanterias amplexus*

***Epanterias*** is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur from the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian-age Upper Jurassic upper Morrison Formation of Garden Park, Colorado. It was described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1878. The type species is *Epanterias amplexus*. This genus is based on what is now AMNH 5767, parts of three vertebrae, a coracoid, and a metatarsal. Although Cope thought it was a sauropod, it was later shown to be a theropod. Gregory S. Paul reassessed the material as pertaining to a large species of *Allosaurus* in 1988 (which he classified as *Allosaurus amplexus*). Other authors have gone further and considered *E. amplexus* as simply a large individual of *Allosaurus fragilis*. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul and Kenneth Carpenter noted that the *E. amplexus* specimen comes from higher in the Morrison Formation than the type specimen of *Allosaurus fragilis*, and is therefore "probably a different taxon". They also considered its holotype specimen not diagnostic and classified it as a nomen dubium.

## Description

The name comes from "buttressed" in Greek, referencing the vertebrae. The epithet refers to the copulatory position in amphibians, where males clasp their mates. Therefore, it means "clasping buttressed vertebrae".

## Disputed Validity of Genus

The validity of the Epanterias genus is debated, it being so similar to Allosaurus and Saurophaganax (assuming that Saurophaganax is valid) makes many to believe it to be synonymous with them. It may just be a large specimen of Allosaurus Fragilis or just another specimen of Saurophaganax. But for now, Epanterias stays as a genus.

## Size

Epanterias was a huge theropod; approximately 11-13m long and 5-6 tonnes heavy.
Joe Tucciarone

Joseph Michael Tucciarone was born in Youngstown Ohio on June 19, 1953. His parents encouraged his early fascination with dinosaurs and his interest in art. Like many other children growing up in the early sixties, he was also captivated by rockets and outer space. At the age of eight he was enrolled in children's classes at the Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, where he promptly created his first dinosaur and space paintings.

In college, Joe concentrated on astronomy and received a B.S. in physics from Youngstown State University in 1976 and an M.S. in physics from the University of Toledo in 1978. However, upon graduation, he immediately began a career as an illustrator.

Joe's images have been published in magazines such as Science and Discover, and he has been commissioned several times by National Geographic magazine. He has brought together his childhood hobbies of dinosaurs, art and space in a series of paintings depicting the death of the dinosaurs. His "Extinction" image has been widely used, not only in dozens of books and magazines, but by such unusual clients as the United States Department of the Interior and the Risk Assessment Department of the United Kingdom Atomic Weapons Commission! It even made a brief but more glamorous appearance in the movie "Deep Impact". In March 2000, the Board of Trustees at Youngstown State University bestowed an honorary Doctor of Science Degree on Joe in recognition of his lifetime achievements.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20221005080205/http://www.joetucciarone.com/joe.html

## References

1. ↑ JPInstitute.com, Dinolab, Dino Academy, Art Gallery, Artist. Link.
Chubutisaurus

*Chubutisaurus insignis*

***Chubutisaurus*** (meaning "Chubut lizard") is a genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Period. It lived in South America. It is classified as a sauropod, specifically one of the titanosaurs. The type species, *Chubutisaurus insignis*, was described by del Corro in 1975. Its fossils were found in the Cerro Barcino Formation, Albian stage, about 110 million years ago. *Chubutisaurus* had a more robust radius than *Venenosaurus*. In 2010 Gregory Paul gave a length of 18 meters (59 ft) and a weight of 12 tonnes (13.2 short tons). Thomas Holtz estimated its length at 23 meters (75.5 ft) in 2012.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Chubutisaurus was a very large plant eating sauropod (long-necked) dinosaur from South America. This huge plant-eater was at first thought to be related to Brachiosaurus. However, with new South American discoveries of the giant titanosaurs, it is now thought that Chubutisaurus may belong to that family. Unfortunately, not very much of this giant has yet been found. This is why there is a need for lots of new scientists in the field of paleontology! Someone has to answer all these questions.

Found in the early 1970's, Chubutisaurus was assigned to the Brachiosauridae, but more recent examination has led scientists to believe that it is more likely a titanosaur. With so little fossil material available, it is likely that a precise assignment will need to await further discoveries.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20031006233125/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_chubu.html
Doug Henderson

Douglas Henderson is an award-winning illustrator and author whose works of art have been displayed in many museums throughout the world. His greatest love and main source of artistic inspiration is dinosaurs. His books on this subject include Dinosaur Tree and the highly acclaimed Asteroid Impact. He has also illustrated Dinosaur Ghosts: The Mystery of Coelophysis by J. Lynett Gillette which was named Best Book of 1997 by School Library Journal and Living With Dinosaurs by Patricia Lauber. Additionally, his artwork is featured throughout Dinosaurs: A Global View by Sylvia and Stephen Czerkas. Mr. Henderson lives in Montana, where he is happy to be surrounded by dinosaur fossils.

## References

1. ↑ JPInstitute.com, Dinolab, Dino Academy, Art Gallery, Artist. Link.
Eshanosaurus

*Eshanosaurus deguchiianus*

***Eshanosaurus*** is a genus of a dinosaur from the early Jurassic Period. It is known only from a fossil partial lower jawbone, found in China. It may be a therizinosaurian, and so the earliest known coelurosaur.

## Discovery and naming

In 1971 Zhao Xijin discovered a dinosaur fossil at Dianchung in Eshan county.

The type species, *Eshanosaurus deguchiianus*, was described by Xu Xing, Zhao, and James M. Clark in 2001. The generic name is derived from Eshan. The specific name honours Hikaru Deguchi who convinced Xu that he should study dinosaurs. The type specimen, consisting of three fragments of a fossilized left lower jaw and teeth, was uncovered in the Dull Purplish Beds of the Lower Lufeng Formation in Yunnan, dating to about 196 million years ago (Hettangian stage). The specimen is in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, where it is catalogued under accession number IVPP V11579.

## Classification

The authors who initially described the fossil, classified *Eshanosaurus* as a member of the Therizinosauroidea on the basis of six distinct characteristics of the jaw and teeth, making it the earliest known coelurosaur, a maniraptoran living long before *Archaeopteryx*, 60 million years before certain basal therizinosaurs such as *Falcarius* and *Beipiaosaurus*. A cladistic analysis was not performed and the authors "speculatively" suggested it was the most basal known therizinosauroid. Due to the unusually long chronological gap in the therizinosauroid and coelurosaurian fossil record or ghost lineage created by this interpretation of the find, a few scientists have expressed doubts about the classification of *Eshanosaurus* as a therizinosauroid. James Kirkland and D.G. Wolfe, in their 2001 paper describing the therizinosaur *Nothronychus*, related personal correspondence that the teeth of *Eshanosaurus* bore a medial ridge only seen in prosauropods or basal Sauropodomorpha. Xu, Zhao and Clark, however, had examined the possibility that *Eshanosaurus* was a prosauropod, given that it was found below numerous fossils of *Lufengosaurus*, a prosauropod of which the lower jaw closely resembles in general shape that of a therizinosaur. The authors arrived at their conclusion that the specimen represented an Early Jurassic therizinosauroid, by testing the possibility that it were a basal sauropodomorph as rigorously as they could using the comparative method: the six traits found were those shared between *Eshanosaurus* and therizinosaurs to the exclusion of prosauropods.

In 2009, a paper published by Paul M. Barrett again examined the question of *Eshanosaurus* classification. Barrett examined the type specimen in detail, noting six features shared with therizinosaurs but not shown by prosauropods. Barrett concluded by agreeing with the original interpretation, that *Eshanosaurus* is a therizinosaur, and that its presence in the early Jurassic has important implications for the evolutionary history of coelurosaurs, notably, that large portions of the coelurosaur fossil record remain missing.
Dystylosaurus

*Dystylosaurus edwini*

Dystylosaurus is a synonym of Supersaurus.

## JPInstitute.com Description

Dystylosaurus was a giant plant-eater that was probably very similar to Brachiosaurus. It is known from one very large back bone. Although this one bone can't tell us exactly what it looked like, if it was like a brachiosaur it would have been more than 70 feet (21 m) long and weighed more than 30 tons (27,000 kilos). Like Brachiosaurus, it would have had front legs longer than its back legs and its head would have been held high off the ground.

Although it is thought to most certainly belong to the brachiosauridae, it is clearly different from Brachiosaurus. It is believed likely that more of this individual was collected and misidentified as the quarry in which it was discovered has yielded a number of large sauropod specimens.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20040214164943fw\_/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_dysty.html
Elginia

Julius T. Csotonyi Artwork

***Elginia*** is an extinct genus of Late Permian pareiasaur. It was named for the area around Elgin in Scotland, which has yielded many fossils referred to as the Elgin Reptiles.

## Description

*Elginia* was a dwarf genus of pareiasaur, only about 60 centimetres (2 ft) long, with fossils found at Elgin in Scotland. The type species, *E. mirabilis*, is known only from a single skull, which is about 15 cm long, triangular, coarsely sculptured, and armed with a number of paired bosses or spines, with the longest pair growing out of the back of the skull. These spikes were probably used for display rather than physical combat. The upper jaw bears 12 pairs of teeth, each with 9 or 10 cusps. The teeth are slightly constricted at the base and serrated at the crown.

## Classification

As with many pareiasaurs, precise phylogenetic placement is uncertain. *Elginia* shares with *Scutosaurus* elaborate cranial ornament, which may imply they are related (Boonstra, 1932), although this is more likely to be the result of simple convergence. It was also thought related to the very primitive taxon Dolichopareia (=Nochelesaurus) on the basis of a deeply notched skull table shared with the latter (Walker 1973), but this turned out to be the result of taphonomic distortion (Lee 1997). Cladistic analyses tend to place it as more derived than the earlier giant *Pareiasaurus* and *Scutosaurus*, but evidence of actual phylogenetic relationships is obscure, and phylogenies differ according to whether *Elginia* is the most highly derived Therischian (Lee 1997, Jalil & Janvier 2005) or intermediate between *Scutosaurus* and Pumiliopareiasaurs (Tsuji & Müller 2009).

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

Elginia appears in *Jurassic Park III: Park Builder*.
Ichthyostega

*Ichthyostega stensioei*

***Ichthyostega*** (Greek: "fish roof") is an early tetrapod genus that lived at the end of the Upper Devonian period (Famennian age, 374 – 359 million years ago), in what is now eastern Greenland. It was one of the first tetrapods in the fossil record. *Ichthyostega* possessed lungs and limbs that helped it navigate through shallow water in swamps. Though undoubtedly of amphibian build and habit, it is not considered a true member of the group in the narrow sense, as the first true amphibians appeared in the Carboniferous period. Until finds of other early tetrapods and closely related fishes in the late 20th century, Ichthyostega stood alone as the transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods, combining a fishlike tail and gills with an amphibian skull and limbs.

## JPInstitute.com Description

The first part of this creature's name means fish for a very good reason. This very early amphibian was one of the first creatures to leave the water and live part-time on dry land. Its ancestors were fish, and it would have been born in the water and lived there full-time until its legs developed, just like a modern tadpole. It was most likely omnivorous - eating fish, insects, other amphibians and soft plants. Ichthyostega grew quite large for an early amphibian, up to three feet (1 m), and scientists wonder if, even though it is one of the earliest ever found, there might not have been earlier, smaller amphibians. These early amphibians were called tetrapods and were the link between fish and reptiles. Once a creature laid the first egg with a shell, instead of the jelly-like amphibian eggs, the link to the water had been broken and land animals had been born.
Agujaceratops

***Agujaceratops*** (horned face of Aguja) is a chasmosaurine ceratopsian from what is now known as Texas. Originally known as *Chasmosaurus mariscalensis,*it was named a new genus in 2006 by Lucas, Sullivan, and Hunt. It lived in what may have been a swamp during the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage). The species is *Agujaceratops mariscalensis*and in 2016, Lehman, Wick, and Barnes may have found a new species: *Agujaceratops mavericus.*

## Discovery and species

In 1938, three dinosaur bone beds were excavated, and ceratopsian material was collected from Big Bend National Park (Texas) by William Strain. This material was studied by Lehman in 1989 and named Chasmosaurus mariscalensis. It is known only from the holotype UTEP P.37.7.086 a partial adult skull which includes a braincase, left supraorbital horncore, left maxilla and a right dentary. Additional material was associated with the holotype, but not considered to be part of it. All specimens of Agujaceratops were collected from the lower part of the Upper Shale member of the Aguja Formation, dating to about 77 million years ago, in the Big Bend National Park, Brewster County. Additional material was recovered from elsewhere in west Texas, including a nearly complete skull from Rattlesnake Mountain designated TMM 43098-1.
Originally described as Chasmosaurus mariscalensis by Lehman in 1989, subsequent analysis resulted in the taxon being put in its own genus. Agujaceratops was named by Spencer G. Lucas, Robert M. Sullivan and Adrian Hunt in 2006, and the type species is Agujaceratops mariscalensis.
Later, Lehman and colleagues revisited the Agujaceratops material and found substantial variation. They described the Rattlesnake Mountain skull as a new species, Agujaceratops mavericus.

## Description

Agujaceratops was a relatively large horned dinosaur, reaching 4.3 metres (14 ft) in length and 1.5 metric tons (1.7 short tons) in body mass. It was similar to other chasmosaurines such as Pentaceratops in having a short nose horn, long brow horns, and an elongate frill circled by small hornlets. The back of the frill has a strong notch, as in Pentaceratops and Chasmosaurus, giving it a heart shape, with three or four pairs of spike-like hornlets. The edges of the frill bear numerous low, blunt hornlets, giving it a strongly scalloped appearance. The brow horns are oriented up and out, and curve backwards in side view.
Agujaceratops mariscalensis squamosal
Two species are known, Agujaceratops mariscalensis and A. mavericus. A. mariscalensis has shorter brow horns and a shorter frill.

## Appearance in other media

### *Jurassic Park*

* The skull displayed in Lockwood Manor appears to be a mix of Agujaceratops and another genus in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. While the plague digitally displayed Agujaceratops, production designer Andy Nicholson confirmed it was one of two they combined to create a new, fictional genus. The hybrid dinosaur Indoraptor, while fighting Blue the Velociraptor on the glass roof above the skull, falls on the skull and dies on it.
Ingenia

*Ingenia yanshini*

Ingenia appears to have been a fairly typical member of the family of dinosaurs that includes the Oviraptor. It was a small, fast carnivore with keen senses and it was highly intelligent for animals of the Cretaceous era. The main difference between Ingenia and its other family members was in the shape of the hands on its front limbs.

Nests and embryos have been found, indicating that Ingenia had some parenting instincts. It had an apparently powerful hand relative to the other oviraptorines, but a less powerful jaw. Its skull shows a number of avian characteristics, linking this family with birds.

## Links

https://web.archive.org/web/20030813054140/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_ingen.html
Becklespinax

*Becklespinax altispinax*
 **Pronounced:**beck-ell-Spy-nax
**Diet:**Carnivore( meat-eater)
**Name Means:**"Beckle's Spined"
**Length:**26 ft. (8 m)
**Height:**9 ft. (3 m)
**Weight:**1 ton (900 kilos)
**Time:**Cretaceous - 128 mya

An interesting story associated with this dinosaur, although it can't be proven, is that Sir Richard Owen had the tall neural spines of this dinosaur when he was providing direction to Waterhouse Hawkins on how to design his sculptures. The famous Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, which still stand today in London, include what is known as the "Humpbacked *Megalosaurus*". This humped feature may be a result of Owen's interpretation that these neural spines belonged to *Megalosaurus*, as was believed in an early assignment of the specimen.

## Link

https://web.archive.org/web/20040606014110/http://www.jpinstitute.com/dinopedia/dinocards/dc\_beckl.html
Eotyrannus

Eotyrannus is a genus of tyrannosaur from the Early Cretaceous in what is now England. Rivaling with Baryonyx and Neovenator, Eotyrannus live in an ecosystem where it prey on Pelorosaurus, Acanthopholis, Hypsilophodon, and Iguanodon. It is possibly the descendant of Proceratosaurus since it lived here before and while some go to Asia, other stayed here where they evolve after the climate change.